_-^f--vV r" ^ LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIFT OF MRS. MARY WOLFSOHN IN MEMORY OF HENRY WOLFSOHN ^^'MJii'JS:S^S:SJB:S^M^^Ma£ «. ^m m i ^M- ^^.^'^.fe •^,,'f^;' ay- y_K i>, ' '^ e. ?V' ipmm P,i^...- '^ i=^''--6-» GLDE]\ljI(EY @ pI^O^pERITY A ^^ AND r-n •- «A if A COMPLETE EDUCATOR EMBBACmO THOROUGH INSTRUCTION IN EVERY BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL INFORMATION, COMPRISING EVERY ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL LIFE. ILLUSTRATED. Edited by G. L. HOWE, Author of "The Secrets op Success," "The Complete Accountant,' "Elements of Bookkeeping," and "The Science of Accounts." iLIFQfiJii^ CHICAGO : METROPOLITAN PUBLISHING COMPANY, 79 Madison Street, 1885. n COPYRIGHT, By G. L. HOWE 1886. As this book is sold only by subscription, and cannot be found at the bookstores, parties desiring a copy shovild address the publishers, when an agent will call upon them. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. PAGE, A complete list of all the Abbreviations and Contractions of Names, Places and Phrases used in Printing and Writing 401-406 AUTHOR'S REFERENCES. Quotations in Prose and Poetry from the leading Poets, Philosophers and Essay- ists, comprising suitable illustrations for use In speaking and writing, and giving a key to Quotations used in Literature 327-336 AUTOGRAPH ALBUM, THE. Dedicatory Verses— Sentiment and Affection— Life Ends not In Death— Humor- ous— Christmas and New Year— Birthday 28-29 BICYCLE, The 165-166 BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. The True Home— Self -Control— Confidence of Children in Parents— Education of Children— Filial Affection 32-13 BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA. An extensive and comprehensive Compendium of Biography of Eminent Men of all Ages and Countries 345-371 BUSINESS FORMS. Bills— Receipts— Due Bills— Notes— Orders— Checks— Drafts— Bills of Exchange- Forms for Use, and Directions for Same 373-380 CARE OF THE PERSON. Of the Hands— The Teeth— Bathing— The Hair— The Complexion— The Feet— Per- fumes— Dyeing the Hair 160-162 CHARITY. 343 COMPENSATION OF OFFICIALS. List of Executive, Legislative, Diplomatic, Judicial and Departmental OflSces of the United States, with the salaries attached to each position 287-289 COMPLETE LETTER WRITER. Character of Letters— Use of Capitals— Hints Concerning Addresses— Sample Busi- nes Letters— Examples of Letters of Affection, Reference, Advice, Request, Com- miseration and Family Affairs— Introduction— With Presents— Declination 175-188 COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE. The Initial Steps— Unexpected Arrivals— Proposals by Letter— Refusals— The En- gagement—After Betrothal 66-68 DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY, Devices and Frauds— Counterfeit and Genuine Work— Detecting Counterfeiting— Ruling Engine Work— Geometrical Lathe— Vignettes— Solid Print— Bank Note • Paper— Counterfeit Signatures— Altered Bank Notes— Comparing and Examining Notes— Piecing 235-242 DINNER PARTIES. Selecting the Company— Who to Invite— Invitations— Dress for Dinner Parties- Precedence to the Table — Removing Cloth— Table Deportment — Menu Cards — Or- der of Wines — Setting the Table and Decorations— Waiters and Duties of— Fniit— Forms of Menu and Choice Recipes 89-99 DOMESTIC ECONOMY ill CONTENTS. ENTERTAINING. PAqe. Morning Receptions— Reception of Dinner Guesta— Evening Receptions and Balls- House Visiting in Country— Duties of Hostess 106-108 ESSAYS. Profane Language 189-190 Hope 341-»12 Faith 33&-340 Cliarity 843-344 Present, Past and Future; 173-174 FAITH 339 FARMYARD, THE. Sheep— The Cow— The Hog— Poultry 426-430 FLOWERS IN SEASON. January— February— March— April— May— June— July— August- September — Oc- tober-November— Decemlaer 313-314 FOREIGN WORDS AND PROVERDS. Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases used In Speaking and Writing 4C7-411 HEALTHGIVING FOOD 123-124 HOPE 341 HOUSEHOLD VADE MECUM 125-128 HOUSEHOLD FAVORITES 196-197 HOW TO PROLONG THE SIGHT 163-164 HOW POOR BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN 106 HOW TO TRAVEL. Route— Time— Getting Ready— Forethought— Checking Baggage— Getting Aboard —Observation -Companions— On the Cars— General Hints— European Travel 315-818 LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Names of all the Flowers and the Language AUoted to Each in Love and Poetry . . . 319-320 LAWS OP PUBLIC DISCUSSION. A full explanation of the Laws of Parliamentary Usage; a complete guide for the conduct of Public Meetings, Societies and all Deliberative Bodies 295-302 MENU, THE. Ladies' Reception— Dinner Party— Children's Evening Party— Wedding Breakfast- Choice Receipts for 94-97 MILITARY RECORD. List of Generals of the United States, from Washington, with Statistics of the War of the Rebellion 292-294 MOUNT VERNON 45-46 NAMES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. Alphabetical List of Given or Christian Names in Common Use, Male and Female, with their significance 198-200 NOMS DBS PLUMES. Pseudonyms or Flctitioiis Names of the Leading Authors . 324-336 OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS. As Stepping Stones to Greatness— Sdurce and Value of Politeness— Common Errors Respecting— Essential Elements of 156-162 CONTENTS. OUT-DOOR EXERCISES. page. Horse-Back Riding— Carriage Exercise— Boating— Archery 112-1 14 OUR COUNTRY'S CAPITAL. Washington City— Public Buildings— Hall of Representatives— The Executive Man- sion—Smithsonian Institute— Departmental Buildings— State, War and Navy De- partments-Patent Olfice— Washington Monument— Parks and Streets— Population —Society 131-136 PALMISTRY, OR HAND READING. Science of Palmistry, with Diagram of lines of the hand, and the rules of practice of Palmistry 321-323 PAST. PRESENT AND FUTURE 172-174 POETRY 201-234 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Complete Vocabulary of Party Names, Measures, Terms and Maxims 261-282 PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING. Science of Accounts— Principles and Practice of— Forms for Journal, Day Book and Ledger Entries— Rules for Self-Instruction in Double Entry 413-424 PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS. List of the Presidents of the United States and their Cabinets, from Washington to Cleveland, with the names of the occupants of each Cabinet Office, and date of ap- pointment during the same period 283-286 PUBLIC TRAVEL. Tickets— Baggage— Costume— On Cars and Boat— Hotel Deportment, 116-118 PUNCTUATION, CAPITALS AND COMMON ERRORS. Rules for Punctuation— The Comma— The Semicolon— The Colon— The Period- Capitals, when and where to use them— Common Errors in Speaking and Writing. 303-309 SEALS OF THE STATES OF THE UNION. Illustrations of the Great Seal of the United States and the States of the Union. .. 254-260 SIGNAL SERVICE, THE 154-155 SOCIAL CODE, THE. Concerning Dress— The Coiffure— Fashion— Colors— Conduct in Public Places,Street, Theatre and Church— Making Calls and Visits— Calls, Cards, House Visiting— Intro- ductions and Salutations— The Art of Conversation— Courtship and Marriage — Engagement and Wedding— Balls and Parties— At Home— Picnics— Fancy Dress Ball— Dinners— Parties— Introductions— Titles— Outdoor Exercise— Mistresses and Servants— Shopping— Public Travel 49-118 STATE NOMENCLATURE 191-194 STRANGE POST OFFICE NAMES 124 SYNONYMS. Abandon to Advancement 142 Advantage to Archives 143 ArdenttoCalm 144 Cancel to Commotion 145 Communicate to Desist 146 Despicable to Extravagant 147 Fabricate to Hollow 148 Honor to Languid 149 Lassitude to Omen 150 Open to Provide 151 Proviso to Stammer 152 Stare to Zealous 153 TERSENESS IN SPEECH AND WRITING 310-312 THEMES FOR DEBATE. One Hundred and Fifty Topics for Discussion in Debating Clubs and Societies 370-372 THE FOUR SEASONS. Spring, Summer, Autumn Winter— Childhood, Youth, Maturity, Old Age 15-27 ^ VI CONTENTS. THE HORSE. PAGE. What constitutes a good Horse— Points of— Diagrram of— Running:, Trotting: and Draught Stock— How to Estimate Age of— Hints on Training— Paces of— Ailments and Itemedies 243-253 WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. Character— Honesty— Industry— Sobriety— Fidelity — Economy and Frugality- Perseverance— Self -Cultivation— Patlenoo— Determination— Cleanliness 3-13 WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM 16&-171 WRITING MADE EASY. Materials — Study — Position — Exercises — Movement — Rapidity — Illustrated by Diagrams 887-399 LIST OF TABLES OF REFERENCE. Ages Attained by Various Animals 338 Altitude of Celebrated Buildings and Monuments 138 Altitude of Celebrated Mountains., 119 Area, Population, and Education of the World 837 Calendar for Ascertaining Day of Week, any pate for any Oiven Time from 1762 to 1962. . 167 Capitals of States and Territories 137 Census of our Cities 430-i31 Census of Color in United States for Four Decades 168 Colored and Drafted Troops, 1861-5 !.". 298 Compensation of Onioials 287 Ceunties of the United States 280 Distribution of Christians throughout the World 424 Enrollment in the United States Army, 1861-6 298 Exemptions from Judgment in the States and Territories 882 Governors of States and Territories, Salaries and Terms of 137 Instantaneous Computation of Interest 385 Interest, Legal Rates in States and Territories 882 Length of Longest and Shortest Days and Nights at the Principal Oapitals of the World. . 187 Length of Principal Rivers of the World 362 Length of Principal Seas of the World 138 Length, Breadth and Area of Principal Lakes of the World 48 Lumber, Instantaneous Measurement of 338 Meteorological- Mean Temperature at Principal Points of Variance in United States 48 National Elections from 1789 to 1884 290-291 Physicians' Digestion Table 129 Planting Seeds, Mode of and Quantity Used 386 Population and Rank of States 168 Principal Nations of the World, Showing Area, Form of Government, Population, Present Ruler, and Religion 130 Railway Distances, Approximate Fares, and Mail Time from New York to Principal Cities of the Union 362 Religions of the World, Census *25 Salaries of United States Officials 287 Signers of the Declaration of Independence ** Slave Population in 1860, by States ■' 1^ Solid Contents of Boxes of Various Sizes, with Equivalent In Dry and Liquid Measure. . . . 138 Statutory Holidays, List of in States 1^ Statutes of Limitation in States and Territories 381 Sustaining Power of Ice 129 Tacks and Nails, Sizes of and Number to Pound of Each 119 Time, for Cumputing Number of Days from Given Day in the Month to Corresponding Day in any other Month , 47 Weights and Measures Yield per Acre of Various Cereals, Fruits and Vegetables 328 CONTENTS. INDEX TO AUTHORS. PAGE. Anonymous.l, 3, 4, 13. 14, 16, 22, 35 306, 207. 221, 222, 223, 327, 231, 332, 234 Allen, E.A 210 Byron, Lord 215,227 Barrow, J. M 224 Burns, Robert 225 Dickens, Charles 233 Graj% Thomas 202 Goldsmith, Oliver 225,233 Herrick, Robert 206 Hood, Thomas 211 Hunt, Leigh 233 Jonson, Ben 207 Kemble, Frances Anne 339 Knox, William 208 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 215 Lj'tton, Bulwer 230 Moore, Thomas 205, 212, 223, 230 Morris, George V 220 Neale, Hannah Lloyd 216 Norton, Caroline. . .222 Poe, Edgar Allan ....2U Stoddard, Richard Henry 212 Strode, William 215 . Shakspeare, William 220,224 Trowbridge, J. T 218 Tennyson, Alfred 219,228 Wotton, Sir Harry 204 TITLES. A Little Doubtful.— ^non 227 Break, Break, Break.— Alfred Tenny8on.2l9 Bridge of Fnith.— Anon 340 Changed Cross, The.— ..inon 231 Crabbed Age and Youth.— S/iaTfspeorc. . .221 Cosmic Egg, The.— .dnon 227 Dreamland.— Anon (Plate.)226 D&wn.— Shakspeare. 224 Elegy in a Churchyard.— Gray 202 Flow Gently, Sweet Af ton.— Burn* 225 POETRY. • PAQB. Fare Thee Well.— Bj/»*on 226 Faith.- Prances Anne Kemble 339 Gather the Rosebuds.— itobcrt Herrick. . .206 Gains for all our Losses, There axe,— Rich- ard Henry Stoddard 212 Horseshoe, The Legend ot.—Anon 221 Happy Life, A.— Sir Harry Wotton 204 Hope.— OJftJer Ooldsmith 225 Ivy Green, The.— C^iartes Dickens 233 Jenny Kissed Me.— Leigh Hunt 233 Kisses.— TFiZliam Strode 215 Lady of Lyons.— BuJwer Lytton 230 Lady's Dream, The.— Hood 210 Love-Knot, The.— Anon 206 Love Not.— Caroline Norton 222 Life's Fleeting Joys.— JVfoorc 205 Last Rose of Summer.— Jlfoore 223 Lake of the Dismal Swamp.— Moore 229 Meeting of the Waters.- Jfoore 217 Maid of Athens.— B{/ron 215 May Queen,— Tennyson 228 Neglected Call, The.— HanTioft Lloyd . Neale 216 Naughty, but Sweet.— Anon 233 Oft in the Stilly Night.— ilfoore 212 Old Grimes's Hen.— J. M. Barrow 224 O, Why should the Spirit of Mortal be Proud.— TFilliam Knox 208 Raven, The.— Edgar AUan Poe 213 Rock me to Sleep, Mother.— A. E. Allen. 209 Rainy Day, The.— LonflfeUotf; 215 Shells of Ocean.— Anon 207 True Growth.— Ben Jonson 207 Virtue.- Oliwr Goldsmith 233 Vagabond, The.— J. T. Trowbridge 217 Whispers.— A?ion 234 Where are you Going, my Pretty Maid?. .222 Withered Rose, A.— Anon. 223 Woodman, Spare that Tree.— George P. Morris — 220 INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED. PAGE. Adams, Charles 333 Addison, Joseph 327 Allen, Elizabeth Akers 334 Armstrong, John 334 Bacon, Francis 327 Baillie, Joanna 325 Barker, Theodore L 333 Barrington, George 333 Barry, Michael J 334 Beaumont and Fletcher 332 Benserade, de, Isaac 335 Bentley, Richard 332 Berkley, Bishop 335 Blacker, Colonel ... 331 Blair. Robert 335 Bryant, William CuUen 333 Bunyan, John 332 PAGE. Burke, Edmund 327 Burns, Robert 334 Butler, Samuel 327 Byron, Lord 327 Campbell, Thomas 327 Carlysle, Thomas 331 Centlive, Susannah ^ 331 Cervantes, de, Miguel ; 333 Chapman, George 333 Chatham, Earl • 332 Chesterfield, Lord 332 Choate, Rufus 332 Churchill, Charles 333 Gibber CoUey 327 Clarendon Lord (E. Hyde) 332 Cope, Sir Edward 331 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 334 CONTENTS. PAGE. CoUins, ■WiUiam 334 Cowley, Abraham 335 Cowper, William 834 Cranch, Christopher 834 Crasham, Richard 335 Davies, Sir John 335 Davis, Thomas O 833 Dokken, Thomas 332 Denham, Sir John 331 Dcnman, Lord 321 Dibdin, Charles 333 Dikinson, John 333 Disraeli, Isaac 332 Emerson, Ilalph Waldo 335 English, Thomas Dunn 834 Everett, Edward 338 Farquhar, George 831 Fuller, Thomas 333 Gay, John 332 Garrick, David 335 Gibbons, Thomas 335 Goldsmith, Oliver 328 Gray, Thomas 328 Green, Albert G 335 Hale, Bishop 332 HaU, Robert 332 Halleck, Fitz Green 833 Harvey, Stephen 335 Hemans, Felicia D 335 Henry, Matthew 333 Henry, Patrick 333 Herbert, George 331 Hejrwood, Thomas 833 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 836 Hooker, Richard i331 Jefferson, Thomas. 332 Jeffreys, Charles. 234 Johnson, Samuel 329 Jonson, Ben 334 Keble, John 335 Kemble, J. P 333 Kemble, Frances Anne 338 Kempis d, Thomas 831 Key, F. S 335 Lemon, Mark 335 L'Estrange, Robert 334 Lincoln, Abraham 333 Longfellow, Henry W 329 Ls^ton, Bulwer 336 Macaulay, Thomas B 332 Marlowe, Christopher. 331 Milton, John 329 Miner, Charles 332 Montague, Lady Mary 335 PAOK. Montgomery, James 333 Moore, Clement C 334 Moore, Thomas 831 Moss, Thomas 334 Newton, Isaac . 332 O'Hara, Theodore 335 O'Keefe, John 334 Otway. Thomas 331 Paine, Thomas 332 Payne.J. Howard 334 Pitt, William 331 Pollok, Robert 334 Pomfret, John 333 Pope, Alexander 329 Prior, Matthew 330 Quarles, Francis 338 Rabelais, Francis 332 Raleigh, Sir Walter 333 Eochester, Earl of 335 Roscommon, Lord 334 Rumford, Richard 332 Scott, Sir Walter 330 Shakspeare, William 330 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 333 Sidney.Slr Philip 331 8mith,Sldney 330 Smither, Robert 334 SmoUct, Tobias. 331 Steers,lli88 Fanny 835 Sterne, Lawrence 832 Stoughton, William 832 Suckling, Sir John 833 Swift, Jonathan 831 Tennyson, Alfred 331 Thomas, Frederick W. 334 Thomson, James 833 Tobin, John , 335 Tumbull.John 835 Txisser, Thomas 333 Wadsworth, Samuel 333 Walpole, Horace 331 Washington, George 331 Webster, David 331 Wellington, Duke of 331 Wesley. John 331 Whittier, John G 335 Wilde, Richard Henry 339 Willis, Nathaniel 339 Wither, George 334 Winthrop, John 331 Wolcott, John 334 Wolfe, Charles 336 Woodsworth, William 334 Young, Edward 338 CONTENTS. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Art of Carving 98-99 Baptism 81 BaU Room, Tlie 100 Bicycle, The 165 Boyliood 18 " Break, Break, Break I" 219 Capitol at Washington, The 131 Carriage Exercise 113 Complete Letter Writer 176 Country Visiting 107 Detecting Counterfeit Money 237 Dismal Swamp, The 239 Dorking, The .. 429 Dove, The 190 Dreamland 226 Elegy in a Churchyard 202 Farmyard, The 427 " Flow Gently, Sweet Afton." 225 Horse, The Diagram of 244 Lady's Horse, The 112 Lady of Lyons 230 Last Rose of Summer 223 Leaving the Church 76 Life's Fleeting Joys 205 Maidenhood 21 Maid of Athens 2M Meeting of the Waters 217 Mother's Love, The 23 Mount Vernon 46 "Oft in the Stilly Night 213 Ornamental Penmanship 399 Palmistry, Diagram of 322 Picnics 104 " Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," 209 Seals of the States of the Union 254-260 Shells of Ocean 207 Shopping 113 Table Decoration 81 Travel 116 Whispers 234 " Woodman, Spare that Tree," 220 Writing, Position in 389 Youth and Age 26 •'-^t^^ "•^S^^^lg PAGE. Abbreviations, in Writing: and Print- ing 401 Aocuptaiiue of VisitinR Invitations 61 Accounts, Ledger Analysis 419 Actions, jVssault and BUittery, Statute of Limitations 381 Addresses, Hints Concerninjf (letters) 178 Advisory f jottors Hj2 Administrations of the United States Gov- ernment from Washingrton to Cleveland. 283 Addresses (of letters) 178 Affection, Verses of. Albums 28 Lottersof 181 AfterSocial Entertainments 80 Afternoon Parties . 103 Teas 103 Af?o of Horse, Ho w to Tell 245 Agents, Diplomatic, Salaries of 287 Ajfes Attained l)y Animals 326 Ailments of Horses, to Cure 249 Album, Autojfraph 28 Alderney Cows 426 "All Talk and no Clder.'» 281 Altered Bank Notes 240 Altitude and Location of Celebrated Mountains 119 Altitude, Celebrated Buildlngrs 138 Amendments and Substitutes, Debates. . . 299 America, Wonders of 118 American Whijfs. 261 Amnesty 381 Ammonia, Uses of 125 Anti-Masonry 261 Anti-Federalists 261 Aaniversaries, Wedding 78 " " Cards 79 ' " Names of 79 " Birthday 82 " Firemen's 164 " Battle New Orleans 164 Announcement Cards (weddinjr) 72 " Newspaper (wedding) ... 77 " Death and Funeral 84 Ants, to Destroy. . 125 Annual Mean Temperature In United States Cities 48 Apothecaries Weight 383 Appetite, to Procure 125 Apricot Omelette 97 April, Flowers for 313 Aquarium, Cheap 128 The 193 Area, Population and Education of Na- tions and Continents 130 Areas of Principal Lakes 48 Army, Generals of 203 " Emoluments of 204 Articles of Confederation 265 Arrangement of Coiffure 52 Art OP Conversation 63 " Carving 98 * Giving Presents 88 Arrival of Visiting Guests 108 Archery 114 Asthma, to Relieve ...'. 127 Assassins of Presidents 262 " Executions of 271 At Home 102 " The invnted Guest ,102 " Introductions 103 " Forms of Invitation 102 " Weddings 71 August, Flowers for 313 Author's References 327 Autocracy 263 Autograph, Album, The 28 AuTHORS'NoMS DES Plumes 324 Autumn, The Seasons 23 Avoirdupois "Weight 383 page. Baby, Naming 80 BagKagc, ( lu'cking 316 Balance Sheet, Ledger 423 Balls ani> Parties 100 Ball Dresses 52 *' Invitations 100 " Music 100 " Uefresbments 100 " Programmes 100 " Fancy Dress 106 " Uostessat 107 Bal Masque 106 Bank, Note Paper 240 " Altered 240 of United States 262 " and Legal Holidays 164 Bank Checks, Vsn: and Forms of 878 Bantjim Fowl 480 Baptism, Childhood and Birthday 80 Ceremony of 81 Bathing 161 Beautiful Home Lira 82 Beef, I'arving Round of 98 Berkshire Hogs 429 BicYCLE,The .' 186 Bill, Civil Highttt 284 Bills, Forms of in Business 374 " Payable (bookkeeping).... 420 " Receivable " 420 Biographical Cyci.x)p.«dia Abl)ott to Albermarle 346 Albert to Anne Boleyn 848 Anselm to Barnum 847 Barre to Boone 848 Booth to CausUlus 849 Cama>n8 to Child 360 thilotoCushing 351 Cushmaii to Edmunds 852 Edward to Catling 368 Geary to HendricKS ^ 864 Holmes to Knox 365 I.afayftte to Lyourgus 866 Lucretia to Mazzlni 857 Meade tf) Oldeastlc 858 Optic to Rosecrans 859 Rosse to TyndaU 360 Tyngto Young 861 Birds, Care of 195 Birthday, Baptism and 80 " Anniversaries 82 " Washington's 164 " Lincoln's 164 " Verses for Album 29 Black Republican 268 BloodyShirt 262 Blue Laws 263 Boards, Instantaneous Measurement of.. 888 Boating 113 Boxes, Cubic Contents and Equivalent in Dry and Liquid Measure 138 Border Rtifflans 283 Bookkeeping, Practice of 413 Boots, Gloves and 53 " and Shoes, Care of 128 Book, In\ntation 88 Bridge of Faith 340 Brealtf ast Table, Hostess at 108 " 81 " " Wedding Menu for 95 Bread, Time of Digestion 129 Brule, Cafe, Recipe 98 Breckenridge, John C 270 Brother Jonathan 263 Bucktails 263 Bugbear 283 Buildingrs, National 132 " Departmental 133 Celebrated, Table of Altitude.. 138 Bulldoze 263 INDEX. PAGE. Buncombe 263 Burns and Scalds, Cure of 128 Bureau, Meteorological 155 BcsiNESS Forms 373 Cabinets, Presidents and their 283 Cafe Brule (recipe; 96 Cake, Weddinjar, Cutting 77 " Birthday, " '83 Calculator, The Rapid 384 Calculation of Interest, Instantiineous 385 Calendar, to Ascertain any Day of Week and Date of Month for any Given Time from 1752 to 1952 167 Calling 66 Calls, Evening 67 " Ladies Receiving 57 " Gentlemen's Etiquette, Morning.. 57 " " Attending Ladies 57 " of Condolence 58 Canaries 195 Capital, Our Coontry's 131 Capitol at Washington 131 Capitals, Punctuation and Common Er- rors 303 Capitals, Use of 177 Capitals, when and where to use them 306 Capitals of the World, Longest and Short- est Days in 137 Capitals of the States and Territories 137 Capital, Net ( Bookkeeping) 430 Cards, The Lady's 58 " Young Lady's 68 " Gentlemen's 59 Use of 60 Special 60 " Marriage At Home 71 " " Church Cards 74 " Wedding Invitations 71 Call 74 " Afternoon Teas 103 " Dinnerparties 89 " Menu 94 Care of the Person 160 Hands 160 Teeth 160 Eye 163 Carpet-Baggers 263 Cars, Sleeping, Travel 318 Carving, Art of 98 Rules for 99 Caucus 264 Celebrated Mountains, Altitude of 115 Celebrating Birthdays 83 Wedding Anniversaries 78 Cement, Waterproof 126 Census of Color in United States 168 of our Cities 430-431 Cereals, Yield per Acre of 326 Ceremony, Wedding 75 Baptism 80 Character, What Constitutes 3 " of liCtters 177 Characters, to Servants 114 Charity, Essay on 343 Charter Oak 264 Checks, Bunk, Form and Use of 376 Checking Baggage 316 Chesapeake, U. S. Ship 270 Cheviot Sheep 426 Chicken, to Carve 99 " to Broil 96 " Croquettes 96 Childhood, The Seasons 18 Childhood, Baptism and Birthdays 80 ChiHren's Party, Menu for 95 Children, Confidence of, in Parents 37 Education of 40 Chinese Hogs 4S9 Chops, to Broil 96 Choice Recipes 96-97 Christmas Day 164 Christmas Verses for Albums 29 Christians, Distribution of 425 Church, Weddings in . 74 page. Circular Measure 383 Civil War, Statistics of 293 Civil Service Reform 264 " Rights Bill 264 Claims, Court of 287 Closing Lodger 4Ji2 Cloth, Removing the 91 " Measure 383 Clubs, Bicycle 166 Cloak-rooms (balls) 101 Cleveland, Grovcr C 286 Cochin China Fowl . . 430 Coffee, Receipt 96 Colon, The 395 Colored Soldiers 284 Colors, Effects in (Dress) 50 " Census of United States 168 Colored and Drafted Troops (1861-5) 294 Coiffure, Ari-angement oi 52 Companions, Traveling 317 Company, Selecting Dinner 89 Comparing and E.xamining Notes 241 Compensation of Officials 287 Compendium, Biograi>hical 345 Complete Letter Writer 175 Complexion, Care of 161 Compromise, Missouri 278 Comma, The 304 Commercial Correspondence 179 Commiseration, Letters of 184 Committee Meetings 297 " of Whole, Meetings oOO Common Errors in Speakmgand Writing. 306 Common Errors, Capitals, Punctuation and 303 Common Errors Respecting Politeness... 158 Commoner 264 Concerning Drees 50 Concert, Hostess at 107 Concert Room and Theatre Etiquette 55 Conduct in Public Places 54 " Gentlemen's Rule of 54 Confidence of Children in Parents 37 Confirmation 82 Contents, Cubic feet of various boxes with equivalent in Dry and Liquid Measures 138 Continents, Population of 337 Continental 265 " Congress 266 Contractions in Printing and Writing, List of 401 Contraband 266 Convention of 1787 266 Baltimore, 1860 270 " Charleston, 1»60 269 " Richmond, 1860 269 Hartford, 1814 271 Conveyances, Picnics 104 Conversation, Art of 104 " TheStreet 54 Theatre 65 " Driving 55 " Polite Habits of 64 " Habits to be Avoided 64 " Reprehensible Practices. . 64 " Unpleasant Topics 65 " Dinner 65 " Prolonged 65 " Sarcasm and Wit 65 SmallTalk 66 Conversationalist, Requisite of Successful 64 Constitution 265 Le Compton 277 Constitutional Un*on Party 265 Confederation, Articles of 265 Congress, Colonial 265 Continental 266 Library of 131 Control, Self. Importance of 12 Continental Congress, Members of 44 Copperhead 266 Correspondence, Etiquette of 86 Corned-beef Hash, Receipt 97 Corns, Cure of 162 Corporal's Guard 267 INDEX. PAGE. Counterfeit Money, Detecting 235 " and Genuine Work 236 " Signatures 240 Counties of the United States 289 Court, IT. S., Supreme 287 Circuit 287 District 287 Claims 2'»7 Covodc Investitrution 288 Cow.Tiie 428 Cradle of Liberty 2m Cream I'ots. Cows 427 Credit Mobilier 2tt7 Cubic Measure 3KJ Cultivation, Seif, Importance of 12 Curtibcrland Hog 428 Cure of Sprains 127 Snakebites 127 " Snoring 125 " Chilblains 128 " Hiccough 125 " Face Eruptions 126 " Dandruff 126 Asthma 127 " Bleeor 112 Carriage ,. .. 113 Exerci»«'s for Writing 802 Eye, To protert in Iteadlngr. . . . , 163 '* Care of 164 Face, Eniptions of 126 Faith, Attnbuie of Character 830 " Bridge of 310 Family Ia-iuts 186 Faumyakd, The 425 Fabhion, Following the 61 Fancy Dress Ball 106 Fares, Railway, Table of 862 Favorites, Household 191 February. Flowers for 313 Federalist 271 Feet, Care of lei Filial Affection 42 Finish in Writing 300 Fish, Time of Digestion 129 *■ at Dinner 04 " to Broil 90 " White, a la Pt. Shirley 96 Financial Panics 273 Filibusters 272 Fifty-four, Forty or Fight 272 Fidelity HI Character 7 Flowers, to Stimulate 187 in Winter 127 " Betrothal Presents 68 " Birthday Anniversaries 83 " Funeral Decorations. 86 " DinnerTables 94 " Language of 319 " In Season 313 Floral Designs, Funeral 86 Food Suljstances 123 " Digestion Table 129 " Health-giving 123 Forethought in Travel 816 Forms in Bookkeeping 414 Frugality. Es.er. Flowers for 314 Nullification 279 Oak Charter 264 Ohkuik.nce and Politeness as Stepping- SUjnes to Greatness 186 Observation, Use of. Travel 317 Observers (Signal Service) 165 Oceans. Likes and Seas, Measurement of 44 Oirtolior, Flowers for 314 Officers, Signal 156 Old Hickory 280 OldAbe 280 Omelette, Peach or Apricot 97 OmittMig Words, In Letters 178 Open .Vccount.s, Statute of Limitations.. '381 Oi;t-D<)()K Kxkkcises. 108 Order of Wines 98 Order of I'arliamentary Precedence 801 Onler.s, I'se and Forms of 880 Origin of Names and States 198 '* Synomyms 140 Ornamental Penmanship 399 Pairing Quests for Dinner. 107 Paces ol a Horse 247 Palmistry, or Hand Rkauing 321 Panics, Financial 283 Paper Bank Note (Counterfeiting) 240 Money, Commercial Value 236 Parents, Confidence of Children in. . . . 37 Parks (Washington) 131 Parrots, Care ot 193 Parties, Afternoon 99 Dinner 89 " " Dress for 90 Balls and 100 Party, Dinner, Menu for 95 " Children's, Menu for 95 " Democratic 289 Repu'^lican 281 " Names, Measures, Terms, etc 261 Free Soil 273 Past, Present and Future 172 Patent Office 134 Peach Omelettes 97 Perfumes ]62 Period, The (punctuation) 305 Permanent Organization, Meetings 298 Person, Care of ]60 Penalties for Usury 381 Pets, Household 193 Perseverance, Relation to Character 9 Physician's Digestion Table 129 Piecing Bank Notes 241 Pic Nics 100 Pig, Roast, Carving 99 Pigeons, Care of 197 Places of Worship (Etiquette) 56 Planting Seeds, Mode and Quantity 386 Pointsof a Horse, Diagram 244 " of Excellence in Horse 244 INDEX. XV PAGE. Poland Fowls 429 Population by Continents and Nations. . . 337 Popular Nicknames 191 Popular Vote lor Presidents and Vice- Presidents at National Elections 1779- 1884 290 Population and Rank of S^tates 168 Population of I'rincipal Nations 130 Poetry, Miscellaneous Quotations 333 Poets, Leading, Quotations 327 Polite Habits of Convei"sation 64 Poi)ulation at Washington 134 Popular Sovereignty 280 Postscripts in Letter-writing — 176 Political History op the United States 261 Politeness, Obedience and, as Stepping Stones to Greatness 156 Politeness, Common Errors Respecting.. 158 " Essential Elements of 158 Position in Writing 390 Post Offices. Names of Strange 124 Posting Ledger 419 Power, Sustaining of Ice 139 Poultry 429 Poultry, Digestion of 129 Practice of Bookkeepinq 413 Practices, Reprehensible (Conversation). 65 Practical Hints, Useful Receipts and 125 Precedence to Dinner Parties 91 Precedence, Parliamentary 301 Pre-emption Right 280 Preliminary Business, Meetings 297 Preparations, Funeral 84 Preface ill Presidents, Assassination of 262 Vote at National Elections.. 290 Presents, Etiquette of 88 " Wedding 74 ■' Baptismal 81 Presidents AND THEIR Cabinets 283 Principles in Writing 395 Print, Solid (Counterfleiting) 239 Principal Rivers of World, Length of... 362 Printing, Contractions and Abbreviations used in 401 Principal Nations, their Population. Area, P'orm of Government, Religion, and Present Ruler 130 Privacy of Correspondence 87 Privileged Conversation 65 Procession, Funeral 85 Profane Language, Use of 189 Profit and Loss (Bookkeeping) 421 Profits or Losses (Bookkeeping) 413 Programmes, Ball 100 Prolonging the Sight 163 Promissory Notes, Form and Use of 378 Prose Quotations 333 Proverbs, Old Spanish 369 Pseudonyms of Authors 324 Puiilic Buildings, National 131 " Places, Etiquette 54 Puff Paste, French 97 Punctuation, Capitai* and Common Errors 303 Quotations of Prose and Poetry, from Standard Authors 327 Raccoon 193 Rag Baby 280 Railways, Travel 315 " Table of Distances 362 " " Fares 362 " " Mail Time ^ 362 Railroads, Signals Used on 337 Rank, Population and, of State 168 Rapid Calculator, The 384 Rapidity in Writing 391 Rate of Interest, Legal and Contracs 388 Rebellion, War of 282 Receipts, Forms and Use of 376 " for Ailments of Horses 248 Receptions, Wedding 73 Ball 100 page. Receptions, Morning 102 Evening l(i2 Record, Military, of the United States. . . 298 Trotting 250 " Running 258 " Religious 425 Red Bird. Care of I93 Reference, Letters of 181 References, Author's 327 Reform, Civil Service 264 Refreshments, Balls 67 At Homes 103 Relieving Asthma 127 Religions of Principal Countries 130 Religions of the World 435 Removing Grease 126 Warts 127 '* Cloth, Dinner 91 Repetition in Writing Letters 178 Reports in Meetings 299 Representatives, Hall of 133 Reprehensible Practices, Conversation... 64 Republican, Black 262 Party 280 Request, Letter of mi Requisites of Successful Conversationalist 66 Resolutions in Meetings 299 Resources, Business (Bookkeeping) 413 Right of Pre-emption 280 Ring, Wedding 75 River, Salt 283 Rivers, Length of the Principal 362 Roast Pig, Carving 99 Roadsters 245 Rotunda, Washington 132 Round of Beef, Carving 98 Route in Traveling 131 Rule of Conduct, Street 54 Visit 61 " " Introductions 62 Rules for Carving 98 Rules for Computing Interest 385 Rulers of Principal Nations 130 Ruling, Engine Work 238 Rulings of Chair in Meetings 299 Running Stock 245 Record 252 Salve, for Cuts and Bruises 125 Salaries of Foreign Ministers 386 Salt River 282 Salutations, Introductions and 62 Salaries of Governors of States and Terri- tories 137 San Jacinto, Battle of 164 Sarcasm in Conversation 65 Sauce, Hollandaise 96 " Hamburg 97 Scalds and Burns, Cure of 126 School Friends, Correspondence 87 Scott, Dred, Decision 270 Sealed Instruments, Statute of Limita- tions 381 Seals of United States and States of the Union 254 Seasons, The Four 15 Season, Flowers in 313 Seas, Length of Principal 130 " Dimensions and Surface Measure- ment 48 Seeds, Quantity of and Mode of Planting. 386 Selecting Spot for Picnic 104 " Dinner Company 89 Self-Cultivation, Importance of 12 Self-Control, Home Life 35. Semicolon, The (Punctuation) 303 Senate Chamber at Washington 132 Sentiment, Verses of. Albums 29 September, Flowers for 314 Services, Form of Bill for 374 Setting Table. Dinner 92 Servants, Domestic Economy 120 " Mistressesand 114 Service, Signal 135 '• Civil. Reform of 264 Shading (writing) " Shall We Meet Again?" INDEX. PAGE. Shape of Dinner Table 93 Sheep.The 426 Shoes, Hoots and. Care of 120 Shopping, Hints to Ladies 115 Short Horn; Cows 427 Shortest Day In Capitals of the World. ... 137 Shrove Tuesday Ift4 Sideboard, The 93 Sight, to Prolong 163 Signal Seh VICE, The 154 Signals Used on Itailroads 337 Signers Declaration of Independence 44 Signatures, Counterfeit 240 Sirloin lleef, Carving 98 Slander, Statute of Limitations, in Actions for, in States 881 Slant (writing) 389 Slavery, Civil War 292 Slave Population in 1860 in the United States J68 Slave Law, Fugitive 274 Sleeping Cai-s, Travel 318 Small Talk, Conversation W Smithsonian Institute 183 Smoky Lamp, Ueraedy 127 Snake-bite, Cure of 127 Snorers, to Silence 126 Sobriety, Essential to Character. 6 " Intluenceof inUfe 8 Social Entertainment 60 Society at Washington 185 Solid Print (Counterfeltinar 289 Soup, Time of Digestion 129 Soup, Tomato 9T Source and Value of Politenees 168 Sovereignty, Popular 280 Spanish Pr()vcrl)H, Old 369 Spanish Ulluk, Fowl 430 Speaking, Common Errors in 806 Speech and Writing, Terseness in. 310 Special Cards 60 Sponsors, liaptism :, 80 Squirrels, Care of 197 Sprains, Cure for 127 Spring, The Seasons 18 State Department Building 133 " Nomenclature 191 States, Capit^ils of 137 " Confederate 264 " Legal and Contract Rates of Inter- est m 882 " Origin of Names 198 " Population and Rank of 168 " Seals of Different 254 Statue of Liberty 131 Washington 131 Statutory Holidays, List of 164 Statutes of Limitations in States and Ter- ritories, on Notes. Judgments, Open Accounts, Sealed Instruments, Actions for Assault and Slander 381 Steak, to Broil, Receipt 96 " Hamburg 97 Stepping Stones to Greatness 156 Stimulating Flowers 127 Stop Bleeding Nose, To 127 Strange Post Office Names 124 Street Intercourse, Gentlemen 55 " Meetings, Ladies 54 " Convei-sation on .55 Studying, Form, Writing 388 Substitute for Motion (meetings). 299 Success, What Constittjtbs 1 " Prosperity and 9 Suffolk Down, Cows 427 Sundry Items of Interest 128 Summer, The Seasons 21 Sun, to look at without Injury 126 Superstitions, Wedding Day 190 Supper, Ball 101 Sustaining Power of Ice 129 Sweeping and Dusting 121 Synonyms Origin of 139 SynonymSjList of AtoZ 142-153 Use of 140 PAGE. Table, at the Dinner 91 Deportmt-nt 93 " Setting the 92 " Shai>e of 93 " Decorations 93 Tacks, Nails and. Number to No. and Pound 115 Talk, Small, Conversation 66 Tea, to Make 90 " Afternoon 103 Teeth, to Keep White 126 " Care 01 lao Temporary Organization Meetings 296 Terms of Office, Governors of States and Territories 137 Territ(jries, Legal and Contract Rates of Interest in 382 Territories, Capitals of 137 Tersenkss in Speech and Writimo 310 Texan Independence Day 164 1 The Social, Code 49-118 t Themes for Derate 370 The Four Seasons 15 TheHokse 243 Theati-e and Concert Room 65 Conversjition in 55 Theatricals at Afternoon Parties 108 Ticket*, Travel 316 Time, Best on Record, Trotting 250 _" " " Running 232 Time Table for Ascertaining Day of Week for any Given Time from 1752 to 1962... 167 Time Table, Showing Time in Months or Days from any Day in One Month to the Corresponding Day in any Other Month 47 Time, Traveling 818 " Itail way Table of 862 Titles, How TO Use Them 110 " in Introductions 100 Toilet,The 61 " Confirmation 81 " Picnic 104 Tomato Soup Receipt 97 Tongue, U) Cut 99 Topics, Unpleasant Conversation 85 Travel, How to 315 *' European 318 Training Horse 246 Treasurer. Meetings 299 Treasury Building 133 Trial Biilance 422 Trooi)s, Colored and Drafted (1861-5) 294 Trottuig Stock 246 Record 250 True Home. The 82 Turkey, To Carve 99 Underscoring, in ■Writingr 177 Uniformity in Writing 389 Union Party. Continental 285 United States Government, Administra- tions of 283 " Bank of 262 " Slave Population 168 Use of Profane Lansruage 180 " Capitals, Writing 177 Usury, Penalty for in States 381 Vade Mecum, Household 125 Value. Sourc<> and. of Politeness 158 Varnish, for Hard Wood 128 Ve^l, Carving 98 Vegetables, Time of Digestion 129 Vegetables, Yield per Acre 328 Venison, Carving. 99 Ventilation (Domestic Economy) 120 Vernon, Mount 41 Verses, Dedicatory, Autograph Al- bums 28 Vice-Presidents, Popular Vote for 1789- 1884 IfiS Vignettes (Detecting Counterfeiting) — 239 Visits, Calls and 56 " of Condolence 68 Visiting, House, in Country 107 INDEX. PAGE. Waiters. Duties of. ^ WaitiiiK- at Dinner J& War Depai-tment Building: 133 War Kcbellion ^ " Slavery 282 War Department, Salaries in 287 " The Civil, IHil-S 2^ Warts, to Remove 127 Washington's Birthday 164 " George 261 City of 131 " Monument 134 " Capitol at 181 Waterbury Cement 126 Wedding Announcements, Cards — 70 " " Newspapers.. 77 " Anniversaries. 78 Card.« 68 " Names of 78 " At Homes 71 Breakfasts 77 '• " Menu for 95 " Ceremony 75 in Church 74 DayLucky 190 " Invitations 71 " Preparations 69 " Presents . 74 Wedding Ring 75 Waste, to Avoid (Travel) 316 What Constitutes Success 1 Wheel, Bicycle 165 Whigs, American 261 White Fish 96 White House 131 Mice 197 " Sauce 97 Wines, Order of Dinner 93 Winter Flowers 127 Wire, Iron, Weight and Length of, per Bundle 400 Wit, Conversation 65 Wondei-s of America. . . 118 Words, Omitting, in Letters 178 Work, Ruling Engine 238 World, Capitals of, Longest and Shortest Days at 137 World's Letter Bags, The 14 Worship, Places of. Etiquette 69 Writing Made Easy 387 " Common Errors In 306 Writing, Terseness in 310 " Contractions and Abbreviations Used in 401 Youth and Childhood 18 Yield per Acre of Cereals, Fruit and Veg- etables 328 York Hogs 429 Youth, Childhood and 83 " The Seasons 21 , i ^ A -i r HE publishers, in offering this work to the public, do not feel that any apology is necessary for its appearance. It was conceived and entered upon to meet a general and well-defined want, and in carrying out this object the publishers have not only brought to bear, in every branch of knowledge treated within these covers, painstaking labor and industrious research on the part of the best attainable talent, but have studiously endeavored to im- prove upon personal experience in kindred publications, and upon the experience of others who have labored in the same field. It is in very recent years only that the importance and advantage have been realized of jjlacing within the reach of all a comprehensive compendium of every branch of knowledge, useful in the joractical duties of life, elevating in its moral aspect, and softening and refining in the exer- cise of those qualities which go to embellish and adorn social intercourse. The unreserved and more than anticipated favor which our " Secrets of Success" won for itself at the hands of a public whose wants it went very far to meet, did not prove its perfection. On the contrary, the experience of that, and of the few other publications of a similar char- acter, convinced us that there was still something wanting to cover and completely occupy the field, and to offer what may be strictly and with- out exaggeration characterized as a book, a thorough acquaintance with which will constitute, in its best and broadest sense, '* a liberal educa- tion." This work is designed to cover a broader field than any of its prede- cessors, and to furnish not only all the information of a utilitarian nature essential to the successful prosecution of the practical affairs of life and the knowledge necessary to enable the student of its pages to comport himself with propriety in every calling and condition of life, XIX but also those rules for the government of mind, morals and manners which both form the bases of success in practical affairs and are essen- tial to the perfection of Character, the attainment of those characteris- tics which elevate and beautify it, command admiration, affection and esteem, and which unite to form the only avenue by which personal, domestic and social happiness is to be reached, and true and real pros- perity made to crown the labors of Life. The object here briefly set forth, has, we believe, been successfully attained in these pages, and they are offered to the Public as a volume of TcaU, tangible and appreciable value to every person who possesses it, as a source of self -improvement and elevation of mind of incalculable importance to those who make a study of its contents, and as, indeed, in its most practical and realistic sense, as its name implies. The Golden Key, which will surely unlock for every student of Life who masters the knowledge here set forth for his most convenient and easy acquirement, those Treasures of Prosperity and Happiness which comprise the highest ambitions and the best rewards of human existence and labors. G. L. H. Chicago, Febbuaby 1, 1885. •t:^. - : C7f1^0 : ^ S WHAT (JO|\I^TITUTE^ ^UCKJE^^. -^nnf^^^ r^ ^^^mr^ HE person who asks himself this question will jump to the conclusion, at the first glance, that it is one of so complex a character, and to be viewed from so many diversified aspects, as to be incapable of a general answer of universal application. It naturally appears to the casual inquirer that the various avenues to success and the prizes at the end of them, differ so widely in their conditions and characteristics thiit the word " success " cannot be invested with any general inter- pretation. Those who labor for distinction in the field of science, who strive for prominence in the domain of politics, who seek eminence in the social world, or who make it the goal of their ambition to distinguish themselves beyond their fellows in com- mercial enterprise and the accumulation of wealth, would seem at the first blush to be so far separated in their various paths that there can be no universal estimate of suc- cess which will apply equally to all. Yet a proper reflection will soon lead to the conclusion that they have a common goal, " success in life," and that, though they travel by widely divergent roads to reach it, the conditions which are throughout essential to its achieve- ment are identical. No matter to what pursuit either natural incli- nation or the force of circumstances may imjiel the young man who is setting out in life, the success to which he looks forward in the spring-time of his career, and which he will most surely reach if he observe the conditions which the experience of others has marked out for him, and his common sense approved, may be briefly summed up as an honorable place in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, the accumulation of sufficient means to place himself and his family beyond the reach of want, physical capacity to enjoy with appreciation and satisfaction the rewards of life, and that moral self-respect Avhich an honest and upright life affords, and which alone can render of any real value either the possession of wealth or the enjoyment of repu- tation. The earlier the young man makes up his mind txj enter upon his equipment for the struggles of Ufe, the more effective he will find his efforts during the whole course of his career, and it is a duty which he owes to himself, at the very outset of that career, first, to thoroughly realize how absolutely and imperatively necessary to success is Character ; next to comprehend fully what are those quali- ties and attributes which combine to fonn and complete character; and finally to set himself to work with steadfast resolution to so shape his habits of morals, of mind, of ])erson and of manners, that he may attain in his individuality the harmonious whole of true Character. lie will in tiiis light, and with this end in view, cultivate and practice the qualities of Honesty, Industry, Sobriety, Fidelity, Economy, Frugality, Perseverance, Patience, Determina- tion, Cleanliness and Self-cultivation. "With Character founded u}X)n and embracing these qualities, the young man is fully equipped with those weapons by means of w^hich all difficulties are to be over- come, and by which, and which alone, in the history of modern civilization, every successful man, in whatever walk of life, has scided the heights of greatness and prosperity. WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. 3 I HE corner-stone of the edifice of success is Character — the possession of those moral and mental habits and characteristics which guide the footsteps of the student of life in the boundaries of honor and probity, and without which neither wealth, nor ability, nor friends, nor opportunity, nor any adventitious circum- stance whatever in his favor can avail. Without Char- acter, well formed and secured against peril of loss by a full realization of all that it means, as the weapon with which success in life is to be achieved from even the humblest condition, and of all of the wreck of hope and ruin of high aspiration which its absence "or its loss involves, there is no such thing as success, perma- nent, real and lasting, to be attained. And this is something in which every man holds his destiny in his ^ own hands, from the period at which he arrives at years of sufficient discretion to recognize his moral responsibilities. No advantages of moral surroundings, of pious training, of education, or of affluence will insure the young man Character who himself neglects to fulfill those conditions which are necessary to create and retain it ; and no difficulties of birth, poverty, neglect nor misfortune, will be sufficient to restrain from advancement, and all the benefits which Character bestows on its possessor, the young man who realizes what constitutes Character and its importance to his future advancement, and who armors him- self with an inflexible determination to cultivate and practice those habits — of body, and mind and morals — which form the elements of Character. ''^k^:^^^ WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCXIESS. HONESTY. IIE keystone in the arch of Character is Honesty, and he who would win and wear the crown of success cannot too earnestly a])preciate the fact when he places his foot upon the lowest run<^ of the ladder of life. And it is well not to mistake what Honesty is. It is not that superficial kind of Honesty which is the mere creation of a habit of education, a sentiment which vaguely recognizes that dishonesty is dis- graceful, and which too often, in after life, degenerates into belief that the disgrace consists only in being found out. It is not that self-satisfied feeling which attends prosperity reached without passing through the crucible of adversity. Honesty, in the sense in which Character is founded, is based upon the bed-rock of moral principle, and should be the supreme and governing impulse of action, even where necessity was most strongly api)ealed to by temptation. It is a quality which, though quiet and unobtrusive, and modest from its inherent nature, never fails in the course of life to make itself recognized, and to bring its reward to its j>ossessor. in trust, confidence, promotion, and opportunities for advancement, which the unstable or doubtful character will not find open to it. He who strives to form his character so that he may grasp confi- dently for success, will be honest because it is right; because it is a moral obligation with rpwards and penalties in a higher code of laws than those of business; and because it pays to be honest. There never was a truer axiom than that which says, " Honesty is the best policy." It is not only the best policy, but it is the only policy upon which to found Character on a basis which will uphold a superstructure of success. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I II I nil I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I i^ INDUSTRY. Sillil>l:lllllllllil : ERHAPS the attribute of Character next in importance to «i Honesty is Industry. And in no respect does a young man's future rest so entirely with himself as in this. No \ ^ matter how honest or faithful the young man may be ; no matter how bright his intellect, nor how promising his oppor- tunities ; if he have allowed the fatal habit of indolence and sloth WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. to grow upon him, his efforts will be in vain. Industry is the working partner in the firm of attributes which constitute Char- acter. It is the aggressive weapon in the battle of life, and it is trenchant, effective, and victorious in its progress just in pro- portion to its quality. If it be vigorous, persistent and in constant exercise, no difficulties will stay its course. If it be feeble, spas- modic and irregular in its application, a meagre measure of success, or more likely total disapiK)intment, is the certain result. It is the quality above all others which attracts attention, which most readily enlists sympathy, insures confidence, and brings material assistance to him who constantly displays that faculty in every work to which he applies his hand or his head, whether for himself or others. There is nothing of greater importance to the youth Avho sets out in the journey of life with an ambition for success, than that he should early so cultivate habits of industry that they become a second nature to him. Such a habit makes the whole work of a life easier, renders obstacles less difficult to overcome, and success more easy of attainment. It commands confidence, inspires respect, and is the best assurance a man can give to himself of his ability to grasp the prizes of life. t SOBRIETY. j O one who is ever likely to take a prominent position in competition for honor and place in the race of life, needs to have it impressed upon him that Sobriety must go hand in hand with Honesty and Industry in the constitution of that Character by means of which success alone can be attained. No pereon of years of discretion and matured judgment needs to have pointed out to him, in the face of the experience with which he is daily confronted, the fatal results which invariably attend the absence of a strict and uncompromising observance of an undeviating habit of Sobriety. Anything less than that is dangerous to all, and fatal to most men. To the young man who desires to succeed in life, Sobriety is absolutely essential ; and, aside from the fact that without that quality he can seek in vain for the confidence which leads to trust and promotion, or which will .give to his abilities the scope of favorable opportunity, he who deliber- ately ignores this condition, in the face of the warning beacons WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. with which his course is surrounded, and dehberately risks the breakers of failure and disappointment and the rocky shores of ruin, is not deserving of sympathy, much less of success. It is, at the beginning of a career, the easiest of all the elements which make up Character to have under control; because the resort to insobriety is, at the first, a violence to nature, at which every faculty and sense rises in revolt and repugnance. It is a false and unnatural habit, which is only to be attaineecause it involves a senseless expenditure of money; because it destroys the possibility of attaining confidence, and puts barriers in the way of advancement ; and bectiuse it creates contact with associations injurious to personal reputation and prospects. In the individual case it is in the j^eriod of early manhood in which his conduct, in this respect, is subjected to the closest criticism and scrutiny. His movements, his personal tendencies, his companionship, and his associations, are uiore narrowly observed than he dreams by his elders, already engagetl in the serious affairs of life, and to whom presently he will have to owe his opportunities for advance- ment and success. ,And this is the case in every walk of life, commercial or professional, but more strictly so, perhaps, among business men. It is not necessfiry that the young man should be a recluse or an ancliorite ; convivial and social qualities are esteemed with favor in the business world, if they lead a man to clean and rational amusements, to honorable and elevating companionship, and to the avoidance of contact with all that is low, vicious and degrading, or even questionable. But it is a rule that, long before the youth knocks at the door of the business world for admission and seeks to be assignetl a place there, older heads have scrutinized this feature of his character, and will meet him with welcome and favor, or with doubt and distrust, according to whether or not he has approved himself, at the threshold of life, a sober young man. Let it be solemnly and earnestly borne in mind that Character cannot be complete unless it be marked by the habit of Sobriety, and that, while a young man must be content to use and improve the intellect with which nature has endowed him, and may only overcome the difficulties of poverty and want of influence, by a struggle of time, it is in his own power, by the simple exercise of ^^ WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. 7 his will, and proper regard for his self-respect and self-interest, to engrave at once and for liis lifetime the attribute of Sobriety upon his Character. IDELITY is one of the most beautiful traits in the human Character, and is not the least regarded, nor the least im- portant among its composite elements. The man who holds faithful to the principles of honor, who aspires to stamp upon his career the royal insignia of true nobility, who aims to be esteemed as one of " nature's gentlemen," will be found faithful to every trust. He will by his conduct in life establish in his daily progress his fidelity to every duty, to his employer, to his family, and to himself. He who has earned, in whatsoever sphere of life he may elect to move, a reputation for fidelity, has already placed his foot firmly upon the ground of success. It is a quality w^hich commands universal respect, and which most speedily begets confidence and regard, even from the least susceptible, and where it is exhibited so as to be unmistakable in its genuineness, it is an infallible passport to advancement and preferment. Xo young man who proves himself steadfastly and unswervingly faithful to every trust, however small or humble, Avill ever fail to find friends in his course, who will take pleasure in helping him forward in the battle of life. Fidelity in a man is a touchstone which invariably develops its like when brought into contact with other natures, and while, in a higher sense, it is its own reward, the young man who enters the conflict of existence with nothing but talent and Character as his capital, will find in after life that Fidelity, in whatever measure of success he has achieved, has been one of his most effective instru- ments. WHAT CX)N8TITrrrE8 SUCCESS. fllllllllllHIIIIIIIIHilll!K!!lllilll»iB!Mlllffllianiin^^ I ECONOMY AND FRUGALITY. | CONOMY is a feature of character which solely aflfects the individual and reflects upon his prospects and op])ortuni- ties. How fretjuently are we led to wonder tliat ^Ir. A. S- or Mr. B., wliose silvering locks betoken that age is growing upon him, and wlioni we have known ever to be honest, indus- trious, sober and faithful, is still a clerk at the desk, or a pro- fessional man in a rented house, with always a hard struggle to make both ends meet. It is not in these cases always, or even often, a lack of ambition. It is that there has been on the part of such a person a something wanting in the foundation of liis career — a flaw in an otherwise excellent character, which makes him capable of doing his duty in life to everyone's advantage but his own. Econ- omy and frugality are qualities which must be acquired, if ever, in early life, and which are only to be affixed to the character, so as to be borne without being a burden, b}'- painstjiking self-denial in youth till they become settled habits of nature. It is natural to man to be luxurious, to take all the comforts and enjoyments out of life which his pecuniary resources will permit, and where this feel- ing is not restrained by the cultivation of Economy, it becomes a fixture in the Character, and the man who gives way to it will go on through life, without seeming extravagance, yet self-indul gently limiting his outlay only by his income. The 3'oung man should take strict care to be master of his own appetites and wants, and while penury and parsimony are among the passiv^e ^nces, he should, at all times in life but particularly in youth, always maintain a bal- ance to the credit of each month's income, and year by year increase the store which will, when the time and the opportunity arrive, form a capital for the commencement of business. He who has shown his capacit}^ to thus lay up for a rainy day, will find always credit and business friends, while at all events common pru- dence advises every one to make a provision for the future, for any calamity or untoward fortune that may befall; and if this be done in youth, the habit of Economy is insensibly acquired, a lasting benefit throuffh life. WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS, PERSEVERANCE. FV4 |M0NG the leading features of Character, which chiefly fit it to beget success, is Perseverance. It is by no means one of the virtues the most easy to practice, but it is one that is perhaps the most surely of all, certain to find a rich reward in results. Youth is the season of hot blood, of vivid imagina- tion, and of impatient ambition. Nature is at that period more volatile — liable to unreasonable inflation of expectation upon slight foundation, and still more to unreasonable periods of depres- sion and despondency on the occasion of every reverse or unfavorable circumstance. But the man who starts out in life with the necessity for Perseverance against all difficulties, so thoroughly impressed upon his mind by his habit of thought as to be a fixed part of his Charac- ter, is equipped for every emergency, and has as certain a prospect of success before him as it is possible to compass in the scope of human effort. It is a quality that should be early cultivated and ingrained into the character so as to be ineradicable. Over the sea of human life it is not all nor always smooth sailing. Upon the fairest sky the clouds will arise, and the serenity of its beauty be, without warning, distorted by the anger of the tempest. So it is in life, and when all seems smooth for the path of progress, difficulties spring up, and perhaps disasters befall, in spite of every precaution and of every desert, and it is at such times as these that he who lacks Perseverance is tossed like a ship without ballast, of times to utter destruction, while the vessel with Perseverance at the helm will weather the gale in safety, and, if shaken in the struggle, Avill still keep on the course and finally reach the haven of Prosperity and Success. WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. I PATIENCE. 1 MPATIENCE is a habit which often and seriously interferes with the progress of the most deserving young man, and jeo])- ardizes the whole future of his career. Like Perseverance, it is one of the virtues of self-denial, and requires self-control and determination and early practice, before it can be reckoned a part of Character, or be proof against the assaults of tempta- tion. Jt is a part of good temper, which is essential not only to a man's own comfort through life, but to that of tiiose with whom he is brouglit into contiict. It is slow to anger, and quick to forgive- ness. It cements friendship, strengthens old ties, and creates new ones. It is the quality which at the beginning of a young man's career is the most likely to be tried, and to be trietl most frequently. It guards against seeing affront where none was intended, and curbs the rising temper, and prevents hostility, where others give way to anger. The man who has patience is far superior to him who loses his temper, and his superiority is soon recognized in the world in which he moves. It avoids at the outset of his career difficulties which otherwise deprive men of useful and influential friends, in employers, and those in authority over him, and is an attribute of Character which, while it requires constant watchfulness through life, is one of its greatest beautifiers. VERY young man should set out in life with the distinct understanding that he who is not master of himself will *>A\»j- be the slave of many weaknesses and follies which Avill iS. beset his course through life with difficulties and dangers. The J' young man should early cultivate the exercise of his will- i power, so as to acquire, as a habit, an inflexible Determination in the pursuit of all that is upright, honorable, elevating and profitable, and in the shunning of all that is ignoble, degrading, frivolous or vicious. " He cannot say, ' No I ' " Upon the tombstones WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. of how many brightly-dawning Uves, high ambitions and brilliant prospects, is this confession of weakness the -pitiable epitaph ! No young man can do justice to himself, to his opportunities, or to his prospects in life, unless he early acquires and practices this thorough command and mastery over the Aveaknesses and frailties of nature. He Av'ho is his own master — that is, the master of his own impulses, passions, appetites and prejudices — has a safeguard against tempta- tion through life of invaluable importance, and which will not only prove a profit and advantage to himself, but will command the respect of men of weaker will. It is a guard against the infinnities of temper, against the demands of extravagance, against the risks in which indulgent good nature w^ould involve a business man, against the insidious approach of vicious or undesirable habits and evil and unprofitable associations. Determination is in itself a virile virtue, and it develops and strengthens every other mental and moral fac- ulty. CLEANLINESS. *" LEANLINESS, in the proverb, is placed next to Godliness. It is not the least desirable and important of those personal IWh"^ attributes which constitute Character, and is a most essen- ^^„ tial feature of the conditions which go to make up me7is sana in y!^ corpore sano. It is not only essential to physical health and comfort, but it is an indicator of the habits of mind as well. The young man who is careless about his personal appearance and attire, can hardly be expected to have the exact and tidy habits which become a well-ordered counting-room, while he is open to suspicion, perhaps, and generally no doubt, of being a moral as well as a per- sonal " slouch." He who does not see that his apparel and personal habits are clean, if not dandified, and tidy, if not expensive, will find that he will labor from the first at a disadvantage in making his way through the world, and will have himself to blame if he be sus- pected by others — more particularly by those in the social and business world with whom he most desires to (with whom it is most important to him he shaU) stand in good estimation — of lack of proper pride and self-respect, and indifference to the suggestions of good taste and a desire to please. And the young man cannot be too mindful of the fact that this cleanliness must not only mark his habits of dress and person, but also of mind, manners, language and morals WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS. RlSfitiSMJJiUiMiri 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 < I II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 III • 1 1 1 uTiTiTiTmiJ^ I SELF-CULTIVATION. p HT I • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II a I 1 1 1 I II ItTjt HIS is a subject whose importance no young man who sets out in life with an ambition to make his mark in the world, can afford to overlook. How frecjuently in after life a man finds cause to regret bitterly those leisure hours of youth wasted beyond recall in idleness or in social frivolity, in which he might have improved his mind, expanded his intellect, per- fected his education, widened his sphere of knowledge and informa- tion, and lessened ten-fold the difficulties which he has had to surmount in the road tf) prosperity and success in life. Youth is the period at which the mind is in the plastic condition; when it receives impressions most readily and retains them most faithfully and perma- nently; when knowledge is acquired with the least labor and exertion. It is the period, too, when the student is less oppressed with the cares of life, with the res|X)nsibilities of business, and with those anxieties and perplexities which come later in life to fill up the whole current of existence. Some of the best men of our day, who began life in the most humble circumstances, with but the barest rudiments of an eilucation, and amid all the discouragements which beset j^verty and friendlessness, have become learned and widel}' read men of the world, capable of taking a creditable jwsition in the circles of men of letters, when their advancement in life threw them into such society, by devoting a few hours in the evening of each day to persistent, determinetl and industrious effort at self-improvement. The advantages enjoyed by the present generation for this object are incalculable. The golden treasury of knowledge is open wide to all who choose to avail themselves of its priceless stores. The printing press, the great educator of the day, by its marvelous labor, places within the reach and within the means of every young man the facilities by which his mind can be stored with every description of knowledge, whether calculated to aid him in the practical struggle with the world, or to equip himself with those graces and accom- plishments of intellect which embellish and adorn his intercoui*se with others, and are a source of indescribable pleasure and satisfac- tion to him who — in the full enjoyment of the wider fields of interest, amusement, speculation, contemplation, thought and action, thus opened to him — can look back and thank God for the wisdom which Vi WHAT CONSTITUTES 8^C(;^:SS. led him to the task of improving tlie idle hours of youth to self- cultivation, and for the determination which enabled him to pereist in the pursuit of knowledge until it became no longer a task, but a pleasure and delight. RISE AND LABOR. I had drank with lips ungated Where the founts of pleasure burst, I had hewn out broken cisterns. But they mocked my spirit's thirst; And I said, life is a desert. Hot, and measureless and dry, And God will not give me water. Though I thirst, and pant, and die! Spoke there a friend and brother : "Rise and roll the stone away; There are wells of life upspringing To thy pathway every day." But I said : " My lips are sinful. Very sinful in my speech, And the wells of God's salvation Are too deep for me to reach.'' Then he answered: "Rise and labor; Doubt and idleness are death ; Shape thee out a goodly vessel With the strong hand of thy faith.' Then I rose and shaped a vessel And knelt lowly, humbly, there. And I drew up living water By the golden chain of prayer. I THE WORLD'S LETTER-BAGS. I ^\ \ \ \ \.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \N HE statistics oi" the L'niveisul I'ostal Union for last year, collected and published by the International Bureau at Berne, Switzerland, shows that in number of postoffices the United States ranks first, with 45,512 offices, and Great Britain next, with 14,918 offices. Japan is far in advance of Russia, British India, Austria, Italy and Spain, in the number of her postoffices, having 5,094. Switzerland ranks first in the rel- ative portion between the number of her postoffices and the popula- tion, having an average of 985 inhabitants to each postoffice; the United States has 1.12G; Norway has 2,054; and Great Britain has 2,302 inhabitants for each office. In the number of letters con- veyed by mail Great Britain ranks first, with 1,229,354,800 ; the United States next, with 1,046,107,348; then Germany with 563-, 225,700 ; and France ^vith 535,541,373. The Argentine Republic stands at the bottom of the list. The United States conveys more postal cards than any other country ; Germany comes next, followed by Great Britain and Austria. In completeness and jKjrfection of arrangements, the mail service of the United States, notwithstanding the magnificent distances to be overcome, is with its railway mail system, admittedly the best in the world. In respect to the number of letters and postal cards to each in- habitant, the countries rank as follows : Great Britain, 38.7 ; the United States, 27.3; Switzerland, 19.9; Germany, 15.8. The United States has 91,571 miles of railroad ; Germany has 20,573 ; France 16,822, and Russia 14,439 miles. In number of newspapers conveyed in domestic mails, the United States ranks first, with 852,180,792 ; Germany second, with 439,089,900; France third, with 320,188,636, and Great Britain fourth, with 140,789,100. In respect to the amount of gross postal revenue, Germany takes the lead with $41,064,843; the United States next, with $38,- 926,088 ; Great Britain third, with $35,138,000 ; and France fourth, with $30,593,713. Great Britain, Germany and France had a net revenue in 1881 ranging from $13,705,020 to $3,980,088 ; ,but the United States, Russia and Japan had a deficiency in revenue, the same year, rang- ing from $2,883,615 to $264,168. THE SEASONS. These, as they change. Almighty Father, these Are but the varied God. The rolling year Is full of Thee. Forth In the pleasing SPRING Thy Beauty walks, thy Tenderness and Love. Wide flush the fields ; the softening air is balm. Echo the mountains round ; the forest smiles. And every sense, and every heart, is joy. Then comes thy Glory in the SUMMER months »Vith light and heat effulgent. Then thy Sun i Shootest full perfection through the swelling year ; And oft thy Voice in dreadful thunder speaks. And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve, By brooks and groves, in hollow-whispering gales. Thy Bounty shines in AUTUMN unconflned. And spreads a common feast for all that lives. In WINTER, awful Thou ! with clouds and storms Around thee thrown, tempest o'er tempest rolled. Majestic darkness ! On the whirlwind's wing, Riding sublime, Thou bidst the world adore. And humblest Nature with thy northern blast. HE mysterious round of the Seasons, which Thompson, in his Hymn, apostrophizes as the manifestation of the Creator in the things of Nature, is one of the most beautiful forms in which the inscrutable Power which controls and directs the grand harmonies of the universe, is presented to the finite minds of men. Nor has all the wisdom of man, in the most profound and indefatigable labors of science, pursued with ardor and determination for centuries, been able to bring us even to the thresh- hold of knowledge and comprehension of these mys- teries, which lie beyond the curtain through which all must pass at the close of their earthly career, but from which none has ever returned to enlighten the unceasing and unavailing curiosity of man- kind. Even with all the knowledge which science has placed within our reach, we can but scan as " through a glass darkly " the shadowy portents of the Infinite, and the only lesson we are enabled to learn with certainty from the endless circles of the Seasons, is that which teaches us, in an unerriAg and awe-inspiring voice, the immortality of all animate nature — that that which we caU Death is but the gate- 15 10 THE FOUR SEASONS. way to Resurrection, reproduction and development into a new life of higher perfection. The beauty and fragrance of the flower fades away and perishes from our sight and sense ; the blooming meadows, on whose verdant bosom the modest daisies are kissed by the grate- ful dews and caressed by the^olian zephyi*s, become black and bare and desolate before the chill breath of inexorable "Winter. The grateful trees which hang their blossoming garlands ujK)n the beau- teous brow of virgin Spring, and interpose their umbrageous shade to the hot and amorous breath of sighing Summer, yield their golden favors and ripened beauties to the Autumn, and relapse into the bareness and blackness of apparent dissolution. But we know, as surely as we know that the Seasons return in their appointed courses, that this Death is a delusion ; that the fetters of Winter's dissolution will be broken in the resurrection of the coming again of Spring, and that once more the laughter-laden vernal breezes will waft the fragrance of the blushing blossoms abroad upon the flower- ing meads, and that again from out the bonds of the sleep of nature will bui-st in triumph the foliage, the flower and the fruit. The four seasons. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, proceeding in their unfailing round, typify, in a manner and with a significance which is more than an accident, as well the course of existence of humanity, as of the plant, the tree and the flower ; and their recur- rence, after undergoing the process of aj)jmrent decay and death, conveys in language not to be misunderstood the great and awful lesson of Immortality. In the life of man there are distinctly marked the four Seasons — the Spring, the Summer, the Autumn and the Winter — the bud, the blossom, the fruit, and the sere and yellow leaf which ushers in life's winter. Death, from which the immortal part of that which expires passes to the resurrection of a new Spring, the knowledge of which is shut out from our present existence by the imj^enetrable veil which the liand of inscrutable wisdom holds before our eager and inquiring gaze. These four seasons of life have each their peculiar and separate conditions and course of existence, and we pass in order from the one stage to the other — from the helplessness of infancy to the promise of youth, the materializing fruition of maturity, and thence again to the decay of old age, and the grave — tlirough whose grim and dreadful portals each must pass in his ap]X)inted time, and by whose shadowy vale of tears lies the only avenue to the promise of the new Spring-time in the life beyond. As the varying seasons have their peculiar vicissi- tudes and accidents, their sunshine and storm, their periods of calm repose and tempestuous turbulence, so the Seasons of Life are made up of smiles and tears, of joys and sorrows, and delights and disas- ters. And as we know, even in the limited scope of the visual hori- zon of human knowledge, that there is nothing in this universe left to Chance— that the vicissitudes which the varying currents of the seasons present, are the results of well-defined laws under which distinct conditions will evolve definite effects — so we know, too, that in the seasons of our lives, whatever of light or shadow, of sunshine or of tempest, may fall across our pathway, these accidences are governed by undeviating laws, under which the conditions to which we expose ourselves or are exposed, produce inevitable and certain results. And it is in this respect that man is the superior of all created things, — that by the gift of reason which makes him kin to divinity, he can so order his own life in all its courses that he may sow the seed in his Spring time with the full knowledge of what the harvest of his Autumn will bring to his reaping. In the perfectly ordered life, there is, as in the eternal round of the Seasons in the march of nature, a perfect rhythm and harmony. The Spring melts imperceptibly away into the bosom of Summer, which in its turn gilds the borders of autumnal glory with its expir- ing rays, while the Autumn lends a halo to mellow the gray ad- vance of winter. So in life. Childhood advances with a stealthy and imperceptible step toward Youth, and we have scarce had time to note and become accustomed to the change, when the youth as- sumes the duties and dignities of Manhood. The whole of life is a harmony in which there are no sharp or rudden divisions, and it is only when we survey the whole ground, that we can properly sep- arate the distinct periods which constitute existence. These four Seasons, then, constitute the field of every man's life, and it is a duty which prudence suggests to young and old alike, that they should study well its every feature, both for example to emulate, monuments to guide, and beacons to warn away from danger — the old that they may add their own experience to that of others, and apply it to the guidance of the youth, and the young that they may learn how best to lay hold upon the securities and safeguards of their future happiness. Experience is the great teacher of life. It is the principle of progress. By it alone each succeeding generation mounts to a higher plane of moral and ma- terial, mental and physical development. In the labors of life it is to the pilgrim upon that journey through its four revolving Seasons, what his chart and compass is to the mariner who sets out toward a boundless horizon in the sure faith and confidence that these guides will lead him unerringly to the haven he seeks. THE FOUR SEAfiONS. / SPRING. ; " Our wean's the most wonderful wean I e'er saw; It wad tak' me a lan^ simmer day to tell a' His pranks, frae the mornin' till niifht shuts bis ee, When he sleeps like a peerie, 'tween father and me; For in his quite turns siocan questions he'll spier! How the moon can stick up in the sky that's sae clear? What gars the wind blawV and whar frae comes the rain ? He'sa perfee' divert— he's a wonderf+i' wean I " But, 'mid a' his daflln sic kindness he shows. That he's dear to my heart as the dew to the rose; And the unclouded hinnybeum aye in his ee Makes him every day dearer and dearer to me. Though Fortune Ik; saucy and dorty, and dour. And Kloom throuRh her flnfirers like hills through a shooer. When bodies hae gt)t a bit bairn o' their ain. How he cheers up their beartsi— he's a wonderf u' wean ! " ITILDirOOD is the spring-time of life. It is the period when the physical, mental and moral capabilities are in the tender bud, and gently unfolding their beauties and graces to the genial influences and beneficent atmosphere I * of their domestic surroundings, or developing the infancy \ of defects and blemishes cultivated by an unhealthy air de- void of the warmth which should glow at the fireside of every true home. The child has been rightly called by Wordsworth, " the Father of the Man," and those who have assumed the grave and solemn responsibilities of parentage should remember that it is they who are to be held to account for the manhood or womanhood which is to be developed from the tender infant, the guidance of whose growth and formation of whose character is committed to their charge. From the first dawn of the new life the work of parents in the education of the child begins, and it may be divided into three departments : first, the physical development ; second, the for- mation of healthy moral and mental habits ; third, the study of the happiness of the child. And these departments of duty, care and labor, offer to those upon whom they devolve a pleasure in the per- formance and a satisfaction in the result, than which there are no higher to be attained in any other of the supreme rewards of a well spent life. In early infancy the sole care of the child falls upon the mother, and in these duties the instincts of the mother-love may be relied upon to secure their full performance. That mother fails to realize the true nobility of womanhood, who would commit the nourishment of her offspring to the breast of a stranger, and who BOYHOOD. Ah! then how sweetly closed those parting days. The minutes parting one by one like rays That fade upon a summer's eve. But, oh! what charm or ma^ic numbers Can give me back the gentle slumbers Those weary happy days did leave? When by my bed I saw my mother kneel, And with hor blessing took her nightly kiss. Whatever Time destroys, he cannot this— E'en now that nameless kiss I feel. Washinqton Allston. THE FOUR SEASONS. in the first two years of the infancy of her child leaves the tender blossom to the cold attention, or even the rude caresses, of careless dependents, in vrhich the very earliest infancy of the child detects the absence of that maternal sympathy and care, which is as essen- tial to its healthy growth as air and sunshine to the tenderest plant that grows. As the dawn of intelligence begins to assert itself, and reason takes possession of its kingdom in the mind of the child, the duties of parentage begin to be divided between the mother and father, and each should vie with the other in cultivating for themselves the serene and happy fireside joys, which spring from the proper performance of them. It is at this period of life that an unvarying love and tenderness, careful consultation of the happiness of the child in its childish sphere, accompanied by judicious firmness, will secure the habit of obedience founded on love, and save the parents many a painful experience which they will certainly encounter, if this simple rule, which ought itself to be a mutual delight between parent and child, be overlooked, and the lessons of authority have to be enforced by fear as the child advances toward youth. Let every parent remember that the period of childhood is the only one in life in which perfect and unalloyed happiness, untainted by a single anxiety and unalloyed with any responsibility, are possible to any human being between the cradle and the grave. To make the lives of children joyous and happy is a duty which every parent should observe, and lays the best foundation that can be placed under a stable character, a buoyant temperament, and an amiable disposition, which are sure to follow such a course. It is in this period of life that the early work of forming char- acter begins, and the simple lessons which may be indelibly impressed upon the white pages of the childish mind will cling to it through life, strengthening and confirming the more serious teachings which the expanding intelligence, discretion and reason call for. The first lessons to be taught, and which are the more easily conveyed because nature has made the virgin soil congenial for the reception of healthy sentiments, are the habits of truthfulness, of kindness and tenderness, of sympathy, and of abhorrence of anger and passion. These things should be watchfully kept ever before the child till they fi:x themselves upon its mind as a habit, and make the lessons of morality more easily learned, more readily understood and more gratefully received, when they come to be presented at the years of early discretion, on other and higher grounds to its reason and intelli- gence. THE FOUK SEASONS. The period of school hfe is, or ought to be one of the most anx- ious to the parents. While the public school is best for the child, tending to instill into it early the lessons of self-reliance, and to give the impulse of emulation to its ambition, it is also attended with many dangers for the child first fluttering from the pa- rental nest. Endeavor should be made to divert the current of the childish frendships and associations into wholesome and healthful channels. Encourage it to take pride in the company of children whose parents are known to be governed by piety and uprightness, and teach it to despise and avoid the company of idle and vicious playmates. In this you may be certjiin, from your knowledge of the parents, whether the child be a desirable comj)anion. Too great care cannot be exercised, not only in those things which concern the present health of the young child, but in the formation of habits which will make even its daily round of pleas- ures, and the outcome of its instincts of activity and love of pleasure, auxiliaries ever at work in the development of its physical health and strength. Habits of cleanliness are among the first. The child should be not only taught to submit to be " washed " with docility, but should be educated to find its bath one of its most congenial pleasures. Rough or careless handling of children of tender years by servants, and even by careless and too vigorous mothers, often creates a sentiment of repugnance to the bath that makes the duties of cleanliness irksome through life, and leads to their abandonment in time of youth, when they can be avoitled, just at the period when the careful observance of the habits of cleanliness of the person are of the greatest importance to the development of robust and vigor- ous manhood and womanhood. It is the nature of the child to find its earliest pleasures in activity. It is an instinct implanted there by nature to secure the harmonious growth of physical health, strength and perfection. Encourage the child at play. Teach it to find its favorite diversions in active exercise. Bring to its favor pastimes which take it much into the open air and sunlight. Avoid any mistaken kindnesses which are calculated to foster the false habit of effeminacy, which, if permitted to usurp the supremacy of the healthy instincts of nature, will surely to a greater or less degree dwarf and stunt the whole physical being and rob it of the complete development to which it is entitled. By observing these rules, the parent may safely count upon witnessing the procuress of the Child to the period of Youth, and its transition from the Spring to the Summer of life, attended by all the conditions most favorable to the higher stage of development upon which it now enters. 2ALIF02S. MAIDENHOOD. Maiden with the meek, brown eyes. In whose orbs a shadow lies Lilte the dusk In evenlngr skies ! <»**** 41 Standing with reluctant feet. Where the l)rook and river meet. Womanhood and childhood fleet 1 Gazinjr with a timid glance. On the brooklet's swift advance. On the river's broad expanse ! Hear a lily in thy hand. Gates of brass cannot withstand One touch of that magic wand. • «*»»* Bear through sorrow, wrong and rutb In thy heart the dew of youth. On thy lips the smile of truth. »♦*♦* And that smile like sunshine dart Into many a sunlees heart. For a smile of God thou art. LONGrEIJX)W. THE FOUR SEASONS. I SUMMER. I " A breeze 'mid blossoms straying, Where Hope clung feeding like a bee — Both were mine I Life went a-Maying With Nature, Hope and Poesy When I was young 1 " O'er aery cliffs and glittering sands. How lightly then it tlashed along : Like those trim skiffs, unknown of yore. On winding lakes and rivers wide; That ask no aid of sail or oar. That fear no spite of wind or tide Naught cared this body for wind or weather When Youth and I lived in't together. " Flowers are lovely; Love is flower-like; Friendship is a sheltering tree. Oh, the joys that came down shower-like Of Friendship, Love and Liberty, Ere I was old ! —Coleridge. |OUTH is the Summer season of life. It is the season when t the joys of independence, the sweets of friendships, the pride of intellect, the elastic pleasures of conscious health and strength, the reahzation by the mind of the fair expanse of the empire of reason over which it wields the sceptre, come in the first flush of the pleasure of enjoyment to the fullest capa- city for grateful appreciation. It is the period when life is a garden of roses, and the happy youth wiU follow the advice of the poet : " Gather the rosebuds while ye may." The old time theories of ascetic philosophy and ascetic religion have in these days of progress and advancement given place to a higher and better creed, that youth, health, beauty, flowers and sun- shine, in the things of life and nature, are given us to be enjoyed to the fullest degree consistent with innocence and integrity. The teacher who advises : " Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth," is the same who also says to us : "Rejoice, oh young man in thy youth." The school of the duties of life, in which our youth should be spent, is no longer to be regarded as a cave of gloom, which the youth or maiden has to endure, with an impatient longing for the emancipation that the advent to maturity brings. On the con trary, where it has true guidance, the summer of youth will find the parental authority a garland of roses; will discover in every duty a delight; will distinguish true pleasures from the false and vicious, and tread in safety the fields of innocent enjoyment with an elastic and buoyant measure. The youth should lind in the father the " guide, philopher and friend," and the maiden, in the mother, the companion and confidante. Sympathy and confidence should mark every relation between the Summer and the Autumn seasons of life. The parent will reap the grateful rewards of filial obedience, re- spect and confidence, from the love and consideration bestowed upon youth, and the light with which he is able enhance its sunshine; and youth will find it a pleasure to render the tribute of obedience to the paternal rule and observance of its advice and admonition, in grateful recognition of the affection and tender regard of the parental effort to beautify and brighten its buoyant existence. Youth should always remember that this is the season of prepara- tion for the more serious duties and responsibilities of life, and it has, in its early period, arrived at years of sufficient discretion to com- prehend fully how entirely the vigor, strength, pride and success of maturity is dependent upon the formation of character, the acquisi- tion of knowledge and the cultivation of physical, mental and moral health, in that time of life which is left wholly free to pursue this course of healthful preparation. Do not imagine that the most devoted attention to these prerequisites of your future success in life will interfere with the fullest enjoyment of the pleasures of life's Summer. On the contrary, rightly appreciated and conducted, these important duties are among the best of pleasures, and go to make up the variety which is the spice of life in all stages of its enjoyment. The youth devoted wholly to aimless amusements, to the neglect of solid accomplishments, will soon find that his sweet- ness clogs upon him, and his sense of enjoyment palls, while he has perchance lost the faculty of application and the capacity of appre- ciation for the things of higher importance. Remember that the choicest fruit, the healthiest plant, the flower of rarest beauty and fragrance, is not that which draws its growth and inspiration of life from artificial light and heat, but that which is the true offspring of nature, nurtured by the free air of heaven, and fostered b}^ the genial rays which come direct from the centre of light and life in the universe. " Work while you work, and play while you play," is a homely but a good and wholesome adage, and contains a whole volume of wisdom if rightly interpreted. When you devote jonr- self to physical exercises, either for recreation or for improvement, put your whole mind and strength into it. Remember that " health , « A « y- THE MOTHEK'S LOVE. Is there, when the winds are sinking In the happy summer time. When the raptured air is ringing With earth's music heavenward springing. Forest chirp, and village chime ; Is there of the sounds that float Minglingly, a single note naif so sweet, and clear, and wild, As the laughter of a child ? Yes ; a mother's large affection. Hears with a mysterious sense, Breathings that evade detection. Whispers faint, and fine inflection. Thrill in her M-ith power intense. Childhood's honey'd tones untaught, Heareth she in living thought I Tones that never thence depart. For she listens— with her heart. Laman Blanchard. THE FOUK SEASONS. is the vital principle of bliss," and is essential to the highest and most perfect enjoyment of every pleasure of life. In the time al- lotted to stud}'' and mental improvement devote yourself to the task with undivided attention and industry, and an appreciation of not only its future importance but of the present pleasures which are to be found by the earnest student among the treasures of knowledge. In the i)astimes and social pleasures of youth, give your powers of enjoyment full scope and play, and you will find your capacity for the enjoyment of innocent and healthful pleasures redoubled by the wholesome appetite which will have been created by diligent atten- tion to the duties owed to mental, moral and physical development. Bear in mind always the words of the wise man : " Wisdom is the principal thing : therefore get wisdom : and with all thy getting:, get understanding. ' ' " Her wftys are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." " Season of mists and mellow fruitf ulness ! Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun ! Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run To bend with apples the moss'd cottage trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core — To swell the gourd and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel— to set budding more. And still more, later flowers for the trees. Until they think warm days will never cease. For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells." —John Keats. ANHOOD and womanhood are the Autumn of life, the season of perfection and fruition. The boundaries .of f*' youth have been passed, the stately vessel, fully equipped for the sea of life, laden with its precious cargo of hopes, duties, aspirations, ambitions and responsibilities, cuts adrift from the moorings in the placid river which flows alongside the parental home, and steers its course bravely out upon the broad expanse of ocean, to seek that unknown shore which Fortune may appoint. The ties of childhood and home are severed and the youth of yesterday goes out into the world to-day in the strong and con- scious vigor of manhood to set up new altars and found new des- tinies of which he himself shall be the head. The maiden will have attained to that womanhood to whose boundaries she has been led by the hand of modest and reluctant maidenhood, and will have THE FOUB SEASONS. joined her fortunes with the man toward whom her heart and lier inclinations have directed her, and thenceforth through the Autumn period of life, these two streams will flow in one channel onward to the sunset, which ushers in the repose of the evening and winter of life. In this golden age are gathered the fruits of the labors of life, and to those who have attended to the duties of youth — who have founded character upon enduring princij)les, wlio have brought to their aid industry and perseverance, and tlie higher guidance of sound morality — the harvest of that season is one continued return, which honors every draft made upon it in the course of life — a frar grant flowering plant which is in perennial bloom. But wliatever may liave been the successes of life in material things — and these are generally in proportion to the industry, fidelity and enterprise brought to bear upon them — whatever fortune may have attended the efforts for personid distinction, for commercial success, or for public ambition, the highest prizes of life will always be found to be those which cluster around the domestic altar. It is at the shrine of home that the most fragrant incense of our lives is sought and found, and it is here that we live our higher and better life. In his own house every man is a sovereign, and in a well ordered Christian home, where the domestic virtues are cultivated, where the fireside graces hover round, where culture and refinement pervade every relation, and where love and courtesy abound, the household mon- arch and his consort have a court in which there is more honor, truth and loyalty than in the glittering circle which surrounds the crown and sceptre of the proudest throne. Here in mutual respect and honor, cemented by the experiences of life, the man and wife piiss the golden Autumn days, in the serenity of personal comfort and bountiful surroundings which flow in from labors and duties faithfully performed in the outer world ; here they live again in their children the loves and joys of their own cliildhood and youth ; here they watch with thankful pride the stately growth of sons and daughters, whose infancy was tended with anxious prayers, and whose childhood nurtured with tender care and loving hope. In this happy harvest time of life, in which the gilded hours are divided between public, business, social and domestic duties, the too common error of the aere is towards excess of kindness in deal- ing with the following generation. The father who has made his way to affluence and prosperity against early discouragements and adversities, who can remember vividly the cruelties of poverty, and who still feels the frosts which sometimes chilled the growth of springtime, is too frequently prone, in his anxiety for the welfare and comfort of his chikfren, to over-indulgence. No greater mistake can be made in life, nor is there any greater refinement of cruelty, than the infliction of incapacity upon a young man through the mistaken kindness of parents. While it is fit and eminently proper that the parent should accustom the young man to every reasonable indulgence suited to his fortunes, every j'^oung man should be as thoroughly equipped for the stern realities of life, as if he had the world to win for himself. There should be no difference in the physical and mental education of the son of the mechanic and that of the millionaire, except in the degree of luxury of living. Every man should become the master of some calling, art or profession, without regard to fortune. The present generation presents a most memorable and melancholy example, in the family of the most illustrious military figure of his age, the second savior of this great republic, of what sad and gloomy skies may come to cloud the ripe Autumn days of life, by that undue kindness to children which unfits them for the practical duties of existence. If there be a fault to be found with the progressive, vigorous, energetic mode of life which is distinctively American, the charac- teristic of the healthy vitality of our people and of their institutions, it is the tendency, too often developed, to allow the mind to become wholly engrossed in the cares of business, to the neglect of that large fund of resources for the higher enjoyments of domestic and social life, which every man with a sound mind in a healthy body inherently possesses. And this, when it does occur, invariably en- croaches upon that period of life in which the capacity for rational enjoyment and wholesome pleasures is in its most vigorous stage. It is the too common mistake of the man of business to put off for the future day, when he shall have reached the affluence at which he aims, the exercise of that faculty of enjoyment, which he robs of its present gratification with a promise to pay in the indefinite future, in order that he may double his attention to material pur- suits. This is doubly a mistake, in that the future may never be reached, and if it be, then may be found that the time has gone by ; that the capacity has perished in its neglect ; that it is impossible to rekindle the fires of youth in the ashes of old age, and when once resolved to devote the remnant of life to pursuit of pleasure fairly won by arduous toil, there remains only the desire without the realization, able to " clip Elysium, but to lack its joy." He, who keeps life well balanced, neither evading its duties nor refusing its passing rewards, will find in the end that he has made as satisfactory prog- ress in worldly prosperity, and has lived a better and a brighter life THE FOIIB SEASONS. " Only waiting till the shadows Are a little longer grown. Only waiting till the glimmer Of the day's laat beam is flown ; Till the night of earth is faded From the heart once full of day. Till the stars of heaven are breaking Through the twilight soft and gray. " Only waiting till the shadows Are a little longer grown. Only waiting till the glimmer Of the day's last beam is flown ; Then from out the gathered darknen Holy, deathless stars shall ris(>. By whose light my soul shall gladly Tread its pathway to the skies." HE "Winter season of life is essentially that of the home and the fireside. It is not given to many men hke Glad- stone, Montefiore or Peter Cooper, of green and happy memory, to carry the cit>ss of duty to the very door of the tomb; nor is it for the happiness and comfort which is the just due and' the chief enjoyment of a " green old age," that it should be so. Winter is the season of tranquility and repose. The turgid, ambitious and sordid cares of the world will have ceased to trouble the placid existence of old age. It heeds not the storms and the hardships which drive upon the outer world, for among them it has no duties to perform. In its cozy corner by the fireside of life's house- hold, its time is passed in the mellow light of domestic affection, in the serenity of contemplation, and in the soothing attentions of those upon whom the cares of its existence have been bestowed. The prattling innocence of the little children recaU again the days of early manhood and the infancy of the matron who fondly hovers round the armchair set apart for the grandfather, and the tasks taken up again for the second generation, enable the old to live again the best days of their youth and strength. For a life well spent, which has had experience in weighing the empty vanities of the world, and of estimating the comparative worthlessness of the pleasures of am- bition and worldly success, there comes a realization of the great rewards which are garnered up by the fireside in plenteous store, and to which the old man turns with grateful relief when his w^orldly tasks are done. His silver locks are indeed a crown of glory, and life's last days a serene and meUow sunset, diffusing a softened YOUTH AND AGE. O Youth, for years so many and sweet 'Tis known that thou and I were one. I'd think it hut a fond conceit- It cannot be that thou art jrone ! Thy vesper-hell has not yet toll'd ;- And thovi wer't e'er a masker bold ; What strange disgruioe hast now put on To make believe that thou art gone ? I see these locks In silvery slips, I see this drooping gait, this alter'd size — But springtide blossoms on thv lips. And tears take sunshine from thine eyes I Life IS but Thought ; so think, I will. That Youth and I are housemates still. COLSKIOGK. F,er- plexities of those who live no higher life than the strife of "the world and all its motley rout," these have no place in the Home whose head is an honest and upright man, and whose heart a tender, loving and Christian woman, wife and mother. The man who is blessed with such a home — whose helpmeet, besides being tender and affectionate, is faithful and prudent — and who, as the father of chil- dren, having given "hostages to fortune," has that additional stimu- lation to his industry and his ambition, need not despair of any future to which he directs liis efforts, and his life Avill prove in its results that, as old John Fletcher, just three hundred years ago, wrote : " Man is his own star, and the soul that can Bender an honest and a perfect man Commands all li^ht, all influence, all fate. Nothing to him falls early, or too late. Our acts our angrels are, or good or ill. Our fatal shadows that walk by us still." 4 a BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. piiiiiiniiiiHiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiMiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiii^^ r SELF-CONTROL | ^iiiiwiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiPH N the government of the household, the head of the family will occasionally find, in his way, little rifts of unpleasant- ness in the domestic atmosphere, occasioned by the rebeUion of children, the conduct of servants, or possibly the extrav- agance of the wife. On occasions such as these he wiU have need to remember that if, while asserting his authority, he would also maintain his dignity and not endanger his personal respect and affection, he must keep his mind, judgment and all his faculties under control. The little difficulties of domestic discipline are oftimes very trying to the temper, especially where the mind is worried by the contact with the world during the day's business. On such occasions it is that the practice of habitual self-control comes to the assistance of the head of the family, makes his duty easy, and preserves him from mistakes calculated to weaken his authority, and injure his respect in the household as well as his own self-esteem. The parent who never corrects a child except when his self-control gives way, or Avho yields to fits of unreasonable anger, and so chas- tises the child in wrath, and not in justice, commits a terrible breach of parental duty. The parent who fully appreciates the solemn gravity of the duties which devolve upon him in that capacity, will watchfully avoid letting his temper interfere with any domestic duty. The child is generally keenly susceptible to the truth in a case Uke this, and is quick in perceiving that it has been wrongfully or unreasonably punished, and has been made the victim of anger, not of justice. The result is that he is hardened in his disposition, and confirmed in the vicious habit which has brought punishment upon him. The habit of self-control should be cultivated by the future head of a family while forming his Character in the period of youth, so that it will be so firmly implanted in his habit of thought and action, that he will never be tempted to rash courses when he comes to the responsibility of tlie head of a family, — so weakening the paternal authority and exposing flaws in the symmetry of the pater- nal character which the child has been taught to reverence. Self- control is desirable, moreover, in every walk of life, and in every relation of business. It enables a man to receive and retain bad news without alarming others by its premature disclosure, or giving others in business competition the advantage of a tell-tale nervous- ness, or a too frank countenance. It will enable a man suffering under the knowledge of some serious business calamity to carry to the bedside of an invalid wife, child or parent, t-o whom the shock of distressing news might be fatal, a cheerful and smiling countenance, and to administer comfort and consolation where he who possessed not this quality would be a source of danger rather than of comfort. It will, too, enable the man to be the master of his own emotions, and nerve him to a sense of duty where the enforcement of household discipline becomes a greater pain to him who administers it than to those who receive it. It will also enable the head of the house to preserve that equanimity and imperturbability of temper which are essential to his dignity, and to the respect of his household. Self- control will be practiced in its completest extent by every one who wishes to maintain the dignity and integrity of the household rela- tions, and to complete that symmetry of character which makes home happy. The parent who has studied the laws which govern the formation of character will not fail to have been early impressed with this duty which in every condition and sphere of life he owes to himself. When, however, he reaches that stage of existence where the govern- ment of his conduct is invested not only with his personal responsi- bility, but with that of the formation of the character and lives of those whom he has brought into being — when he must in bounden duty appear in his daily walk and conversation a living model and example of the truth of those principles and rules of conduct which he seeks to instill into the hearts and minds of his children — the duty of self-control will assume a higher, graver and more solemn aspect, and he will endeavor by undeviating and uniform mastery and control of his own temper, passions, appetites and weaknesses to give to those precepts which he offers to the child as the only key to the treasury of success, prosperity and happiness, the strength- ening influence of a bright and consistent example. BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. r CONFIDENCE OF CHILDREN IN PARENTS J 'HE confidence of the child in the parent, where it exists as nature implanted it in the infantile breast, a God-given virtue typifying the trust which man himself should feel toward his Creator is one of the greatest joys of that higher and purer existence, which a man leads in the confines of his home — in spirit, if not in fact, " far from the busy haunts of men." It is the delicate germ that, through after years, if its growth be not in youth stunted by the chilling winds of unkind- ness, develops to the maturity of a robust and vigorous sentiment, and whose blossom is that of filial affection. That parent must have a soul dead to the finer instincts, if he be not touched by the faith and confidence extended to him or her by the simplicity and trust of prattling innocence, and surely it ought to be a pleas- ing duty to keep this innocent faith of the child in the parent unshaken till it can be justified to the expanding intelligence of the youth by its own knowledge of the parent. But while this faith springs naturally from the uncorrupted fountain of infantile affec- tion, it is accompanied by that indefinable wisdom or instinct of simplicity, which is oftimes the magic mirror in which insincerity and un worthiness, however craftily concealed, are faithfully revealed. It should be the effort of the parent not only to appear to be worthy of the faith of the child, but also to deserve it, so that there will be no illusion to be destroyed as the child grows older, and the fruit of the tree of knowledge reveals the parental idol as it really is. The child should be met in all things by a reciprocal faith. It should never be deceived, even in the most trivial matters. A promise made to a little one should be more sacredly kept even than an engagement with one of more mature years, for in its little world its disappointment at being deceived is in proportion to its trust, and where shall we find in the world of maturity faith in our word so complete, so entire, so wholly without doubt or reservation ? It is too much the habit among thoughtless young and old married people to make little account of the promises made to children. Let them reflect upon the shock to the little innocent and trusting mind on discovering that " papa " or " mamma " has told them a deliberate falsehood, and upon the effect of the further discovery that this disregard of the truth is a habit and not an oversight ! " Confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom,'' said tlie elder Pitt, but in the tender heart of childhood, unspoiled by contact with the world, it springs spontaneously into being, and if watchfully guarded against abuse in its infancy, will take strong root and flourish apace with increasing years, and so shelter the vir- gin soil in which the graces and virtues of life are to be planted, that the poisonous weeds of doubt, distrust, envy, malice, and unchari- tableness can find no root there. The i)arent who — recognizing the importance of thorough confidence on the part of the child, in his honor, his truth and his judgment, to his parental influence in the coming years — sedulously takes care in the smallest things of the crude and elementary life which it is his duty, as it should be his ])ride and anxious care, to shape to a |)erfect character, will have lightened and made easy the responsibilities which increase upon him as the child advances toward maturity. From the seeds thus sown in the little things of early life, he will reap a rich reward in filial obedience and confident reliance in the paternal counsel, when the dangers and temptations of life assail the approach of youth to man- hood — that critical periotl in the career of the young when, without experience of the world, so many, in the impetuous temerity of youth, who have not been thoroughly imbued with filial respect and confidence, are swept away in their too confident rashness into the vortex of dissipation and ruin. BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. 39 J EDUCATION OF CHILDREN. I mm m§ '==s^ 'O the parents who are rightly imbued with the proper spirit of their obligations to their children the task of waiting upon the budding intelligence, and shaping its growth into perfect symmetry, is not only a duty but a pleasure — a pleas- ure not only in its performance, but in the sure and certain rewards which it treasures up for the enjoyment of later -years. " The child is the father of the man," is a truism which should be ever present in the mind of the parent, associated with the proverb, " As the twig is bent the tree is inclined." The education of the child is but the seed sown in a fertile soil, from which life is to reap a rich and bounteous harvest — of honor, happiness and moral and material prosperity, or of vice, disappointment, disgrace and ruin, according as the seeds implanted under the eye of the parent are those of honor, truth, probity, industry and integrity, or of careless- ness, willfulness, selfishness, sloth, disregard of truth and indifference to honor. The happiness and wellfare, as well as the interest, of. the parent is, too, bound up inseparably in this future. A man may be never so successful in the material objects of his career ; he may have reached every goal of ambition for public or social distinction ; he may enjoy the inestimable boon of the unfaltering love and devo- tion of wife ; he may have the rich reward which comes to him who wears the " white flower of a blameless life ; " and yet to all these may come '^ the worm, the canker and the grief," if compelled to realize " How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is To have a thankless child," and to find all the high hopes which parental fondness and anticipa- tion had formed of a reproduction and higher development of his own successful career in the person of a son, dashed to the ground by irreclaimable waywardness, moral baseness, vicious habits and companionships, shameful weaknesses or a degraded life. And how bitter to such an one, who finds this gall of misery in his cup of well- earned happiness, must be the self -reproaching reflection that such a shattering of his fond aspirations of living again in his children the life of honor, truth and probity, is to be traced by the unerring and inexorable finger of a self -condemning conscience, to the errors and faults of the parent in the early education of the child — to his irre BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. mediable carelessness in laying the foundations of character. The parent, then, who would not reap in tears this melancholy harvest of bitterness, disappointment and self-reproach, must see his duty clearly from the early beginning of his responsibility, and perform it vigilantly and faithfully. Into the warp and woof of the young life intrusted to his guidance he must weave the strong and endur- ing fibers of every virtue. Above all things he must see to it that false love is not pennitted to imix)se that damning blight upon the development of character which the too common expression " a spoiled cliild" implies. There is no greater cruelty i)ossible to he stamped upon the character and inflicted upon the developing cai*eer of the child than that misdirected tenderness which restrains the hand of deserved punishment, weakens in its vital jwint the dignity and control of parental authority and paves the way for its final overthrow and destruction, and gives a lodging-place in the young mind and an influence in the forming character, to those willful- nesses and waywardnesses which may be, even at first, " pretty," " interesting " and " channing," but which all too soon will unfold themselves to the misguided ])arent in the shape of vices which defy his love and anxiety, and distort and disfigure beyond redemption the character, which hardens and becomes permanent as manhood is approached. It is in this regard that the man should assert him- self as the head of the household, responsible and controlling, for it is generally from woman's tenderness and weakness that these dan- gers proceed. The husband and father should be as firm and inflex- ible in the performance of his duty and the assertion of his author- ity as he is gentle and tender in all his relations with the child. Even in the punishment, which is sometimes necessary, it is love for the child which should be the controlling spirit. The wisdom of Solomon, which says " he that spareth his rod hateth his son," does not mean that harshness should be the rule of paternal authority. On the contrary, undue harshness leads to the same deplorable results as undue weakness. It means that while the paternal gov- ernment should be founded on love, it must not hesitate to correct the faults of childish conduct or disposition by fear, when necessary, in order that he may be so thoroughly grounded in true habits of character, that they will safely develop into natural governing impulses as he passes to years of discretion, and through 3'^outh to maturity. It is by the exercise of this watchful firmness that, — like the gardener who by gentle force corrects the deformity of the growing tree tiU it matures into straight and perfect symmetry, the parent by the firm performance of his duty corrects the natural infirmities of the child's temper and disposition, and has the satis- faction of seeing those correct habits into which the child is led by love or guided by authority crystallized into the perfect and stable character. One other point in the education of the children should engage the parents' attention. Never attempt to prevent the young from forming friendships. Man, even in the elementary existence of childhood, is a gregarious animal. The child seeks friendships and companionships of its own age and sympathies as naturally as the rosebud unfolds its blushing beauties to the sunlight. The child which is allowed to make in the early years of discretion one con- genial friend, may be safely trusted not to seek miscellaneous and therefore undesirable company. The parent who watches carefully over the developing character of the child will be content, without apparent pressure, to direct the child's friendship to another which he is assured has the advantage of careful moral training, and the influence of pious parents. Such a friendship he will find to be not only an aid to him in forming the character of the child, but a safe- guard to the latter against many evil companionships and danger- ous associations. And endeavor in the inculcation of every virtue, to imbue the mind of the child and the youth with a sensitive and realizing spirit, in every relation of life for which he is being fitted, of what Burke describes as " that chastity of honor which feels a stain like a wound." BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. giiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiitniiiiiiiHii I FILIAL AFFECTION illllllllHlllllll»lllllll!linillIllllKI!!lllllifii:illlli»l!!illlJIHIiH i NE of the most beautiful, because the most unselfish and iMost honorable, of the many virtues which gather round the domestic hearth, is filial affection, and he who does not possess it, can scarcely be credited with the possession of the finer qualities of the human heart, soul and understanding. In every system of philosophy, mytliology, morality and religion that has ever prevailed in the world throughout the various phases of progressing and developing civilization and enlightenment, filial affection has always been accorded the highest place. It is the natural instinct of man, Avhere not perverted by false education or vicious tendencies on the part of the child, or cast off by the for- feiture of his claim to res})ect and confidence on tlie part of the parents. It is the peremptory command of the Mosaic law, and is numbered among the strictest injunctions of the Gospel dispensation. It is the reward which the parent has earned by years of anxious care and devotion from the hour of the mother's travail, by shelter and protection afforded through the helplessness of childhood, by the l)est yeai*s and tlie highest affections of life freely Ixjstowed, and by the cares and tears and labors which have been ungrudgingly given, that the child may be put forward in the race of life always with greater advantages than the parent was ever conscious of having enjoyed. It is the acknowledgment which justice and com- mon gratitude, as well as nature, demand from the child to be rendered to the parent. In all ages the ingratitude of children to parents, the setting at naught of the dictates of filial affection, has ever been pictured as the blackest and most disgraceful kind of tur- pitude. It is a duty which religion and honor alike impose, and it is one to which all the higher and holier instincts and feelings will naturally lead. Ko man can go through life and expect to rank in his own conscience and self-approval, or in the respect of the world, among the happy number of those " whose yesterdays look backward with a smile," who has any reproach resting — visible, perhaps, only to the eye of his own conscience, or to the sorrowful soul of a neg- lected and ill-requited parent — upon his mind and conscience. As the young man advances in years and strength, and the parent who has been his shield and protection and guardian angel through the BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. period of his weakness and helplessness, goes down the decline of life and casts his lengthening shadow toward the grave, this duty becomes more and more imperative, and he who looks forward in his own turn to the common lot, and Avho would have his conscience and his record clear when his accounts come to be cast up by an arbiter who knows no errors and acknowledges no excuses, will take care that the same kind and considerate love which sheltered him in his infancy, shall smooth and brighten and make grateful the sunset of the parent's life. Young says : "The chamber where a good man meets his fate Is privileged beyond the common wallc Of virtue's life, quite to the verg-e of Heaven." Every man and Avoman who possesses Christian hope, and who believes in a higher, nobler and purer existence hereafter, may well pray for such a deathbed as this, from which to pass the narrow portals of time into the mysterious vista of eternity. Let all such remember that of all the sins of omission or commission which may rest upon the conscience of man, weak and erring at the best, there is none more inexcusable, none for which remorse will more vehe- mently rend his heartstrings when the day of reparation and atone- ment has gone by, than the reflection that he has in life withheld from parents those tributes of filial affection which were their due. No man, however, who cultivates the other virtues of a Christian and upright life will overlook the solemn claims of the parent upon his love, respect and gratitude. That feeling will have been incul- cated in him in youth, and it will have been indorsed by the judg- ment and sense of justice of maturer years. To the man or woman of proper feeling and true integrity this filial affection, in affording some slight return to parents for all their long years of watchful care and attention, will be a gladness and a pleasure. As parents, perhaps, themselves, they will recognize in their duty to their parents in the decline of life, what they themselves must look forward for in a few fleeting years, as the only reward, beyond that which a duty performed bestows, which they will receive for the affection they in turn are lavishing upon their offspring. Hap- pily filial attention is honored in the world even by those who do not regard or comprehend its higher motives. It is the parental heart alone which perceives whether that attention is a cold and formal duty, merely, or whether it is that living, ripe and warm affection which blesses both the giver and the receiver. To bring its real reward, in a conscience at peace with itself, the parental affection should be earnest, grateful and real, springing from the heart and overflowing with respectful love and gratitude. SIGNERS OF THE DECLAEATION. SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION. Following is a List of Members of the Continental Congress Who Signed the Declaration of Independence. Names or thb Siqnbrs. Adams, John MasB. Aduins, Siinuiel Bfaas. Kiirtlett, Josiah N. H Braxton, < "ai-ter Va Carroll, Charles, of CarroUton Md Chiuse, Samiml Md Clurk, Abraham N.J Clymer, Ocorge Penn Ellcry, William K.I.&Prov. Floyd, Willium N. Y Franklin, Ik>njamin Penn Gerry, Klhridjre Maas Gwinnet, lliitton Ga Hall, Lyman Oti Hancock, John Mass Harrison, Benjamin Va. Hart, John N. J Heyward, Thomas, Jr 8. C Hewes, Joseph N. C Hooper. William N. C Hopkins, Stephen R.I. &Prov., HuiitiirKton, Samuel Conn Hopkinson. Francis >. N. J Jetrerson. Thomas Va. Lee, Uichard Henry Va. Lee, Francis Lightroot. Va. Ijewis, Francis F N. Y Livintfston, Philin N. Y Lynch, Thomas, Jr 9. C .". McKean, Thomas Del Middleton, Arthur ' 8. Morris, Lewis N. Y Morris, Hol)ert Penn Morton, John Penn Nelson, Thomas, Jr Va Paca, William Md Paine, Robert Treat Maas Penn, John N. C Read, Georgre Del Rodnev, Ciesar Del Ross, George Penn Rush, Henjumin, M. D Penn Rutledjire, Kdward 8. C Sherman, Roijer Conn Smith, .Tames Penn Stockton, Richard N. J Stone, Thomas Md Taylor, Gcorgre Penn Thornton, Matthew N. H Walton, Georpre Gra Whipple, William N. H Williams, William Conn Wilson, James Penn Witherspoon, John N. J Wolcott, Oliver JConn Wythe, George Va. Delboate rROM BORM AT Braintrec, Mass., Oct. 19, 1786.. Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 172i Amesbury, Maas, Nov. 1729 Newlnirton, Va.. Sept. 10. 1790. Died. July*.. Oct. 2... May 19. Oct. 10. . Nov. 14 Annapolis, ^d., Kent. 30, 1737.. Somerset County, Md.. April 17. 1741 June 19 Elizabeth town, N. J., Feb. 15, IVM... Sept.... Philadelphia, Pa.. 1730 i Jan. 23 . Newport, R. I., Dec. 22, 1727.... Suffolk Co., N. ¥., Dec. 17, 1734. Boston, Maaa., Jan. 17, 1700 Marblenead, Mass., July 1, 1744. Bnsrland, 1732 Connecticut. 1731 Braintree, Mass, 1737 Ilerkley, Va Hopewell, N. J., 1716 St. Lukes, S. C, 1746 Kingston, N. J.. 1730 Boston, Mass., June 17, 1742 Soltuate, Mass., .March 7, 1707.. March.. Oct. 10.. Oct July 13. Wlndbum, Conn, July 3, 1732 'Jan. .5. . Philadelphia, Pa., 1737.. May 9. . Shadwelf, Va., April 13, 1734 ! July 4. . Stratford, Va., Jan. 30, 1732 !June 19. Stratford, Va., Oct. 14,1734 lAprll... Landaff, Wales. March, 1713 jl>ec. 30. Albany, N. Y.. Jan. l-V 1716 June 12. St. George's, S. C, Aug. 6, 1749 ilxjst sea Chester Co., Pa., March 19, 1734 June 24 Middleton Place, S. C, 1743 {Jan. 1 Morrisania, N. Y., 1726. Lancashtre, England, Jan. 1733 Ridley, Pa., 1724 York, V^a., Dec. 26, 1738 Wye Hill. Md.. Oct. 31, 1740 Boston, Mass., 1731 Caroline Co.. Va.. May 17, 1741. . Cecil Co., Md., 17.34 Dover, Del., 1730 Newcastle, Del., 1730 Byberry, Pa., Dec. 24, 1746 Charleston, S. C, Nov. 1740 Newton, Mass., April 19, 1721. . . Ireland Princeton, N. J., Oct. 1, 1730. . . . Charles Co.. Md., 1742 Ireland, 1716 Ireland, 1714 Frederick Co., Va., 1740 Kittery, Me., 1730 Lebanon, Conn.. April 8, 1731. . . Scotland, about 1742 Yester, Scotland, Feb. 5, 1722. . . Windsor, Conn., Nov. 26, 1726. . . Elizabeth City Co., Va., 1726. . . . Jan. 22. May 8.. April... Jan. 4.. May 11. Oct. 26. July April 19. Jan. 23.. July 23.. July 11.. Feb. 28.. Oct. 5... Feb. 23.. June 24.. Feb. 2... Nov. 28 Aug. 2. Aug. 28 Nov. 15 Dec. 1... June 8. . 1820 1808 1796 1797 .1832 .1811 .1794 .1813 .1820 .1821 1790 .1814 .1777 1790 .1793 .1791 .1780 .1809 .1779 .1790 .17S5 .1796 .1790 1828 .1794 .1797 .1803 1778 .1779 1817 1787 1798 1806 1777 1780 1799 1804 1809 1798 1783 1779 1813 1800 1793 1806 1781 1787 1781 1803 1804 1785 1811 1798 1794 1797 1806 •>" pilP^ ^IRI^IOTI. g::/-^— ^ ^< - > i t ' :- Q^ OUNT YEKNON, once the home, is now the last resting- place, of George Washington. The house is in a charm- ing situation, overlooking the river, with beautiful and extensive views. The building itself is a plain structure of wood, in imitation of stone. On the second story, at the south side, is the bedroom of Washington, the bed in this apartment being the same on which the great war- rior, statesman and patriot breathed his last, on December 17, 1799. Near it is the room occupied by Lafayette while Washington's guest. In the dining-room arje several portraits of Washington, besides the famous picture by Rembrandt Peale, "Washington before Yorktown." There are several interesting relics in the house, among them being the key of the French Bastile, presented to Washington by Lafayette. Near the house, on the road from the steamboat-landing, stands the Tomb of Washington and Martha, his wife. Their remains repose, side by side, in marble sarcophagi, which are surrounded by a plain, brick inclosure, entered through a barred, iron gate. Subsequent to the death of Judge Washington, in 1826, the Mount Yernon estate descended to John Augustine Washington, his nephew, who died in 1832, when his widow, Jane Washington, be- came the next heir. John A. Washington, her son, was the last of the family to hold possession of the estate, in 1855. Not having the means to keep it in proper order, he disposed of it in 1860 through the State of Yirginia to the Mount Yernon Association for $200,000. The association was incorporated for the special purpose of acquiring Mount Yernon, and its charter provides that the estate must never pass from its possession. Supervision over the estate is retained by the state of Yirginia, that appoints a board of visitors whose duty is that of making an examination each year and reporting if the con- ditions of the charter have been complied with. A southern woman named Pamelia Cunningham became the originator of the project to purchase Mount Yernon and save the 45 ^s^g^ MOUNT VERNON. home of Washington from decay. She obtained the refusal of it for a time, when its last owner made manifest his intention to sell the estate. Having made an appeal to Congress for money to be used for its purchase, and without success, she appealed to the women of America, under the title of " The Southern Matron," for aid in the commendable work. The Virginia legislature granted a charter, at MOUNT VBRNON. her request, when she organized an association, and became the regent of it. Vice-regents for the different states were appointed by her, and these began to raise funds for the object. Large and small contributions were rhade throughout the United States, the largest smgle contribution, $68,000, being made by Edward Everett. The effort met with success, and Mount Vernon, sacred to every American, became the property of the people. 30h TABLE FOB COMPUTING TIME. TIME TABLE Showing the Time in Months or Days from Any Day in one Month to the Corresponding Day in Any Other Month. FROM Jan. ( TO . -j Mos Jan. 12 365 Feb. 1 31 Mar. 2 59 Apr. 3 90 May 4 120 J'ne 5 151 July 6 181 Auk 7 212 Sept 8 243 Oct. 9 273 Nov 10 304 Dec. 11 ( Days 334 Feb . ]mos Jan. 11 334 Feb. 12 365 Mar. 1 28 Apr. 2 59 May o 89 J'ne 4 120 July 5 150 Aug 6 181 Sept 7 212 Oct. 8 242 Nov 9 273 Dec. 10 ( Days 303 Mabch. . ) Mos Jan. 10 306 Feb. 11 337 Mar. 12 365 Apr. 1 31 May 2 61 J'ne 3 92 July 4 122 Aug' 5 153 Sept 6 184 Sept 5 153 Oct. 7 214 Oct. 6 183 Nov 8 245 Nov 7 214 Dec. 9 ( Days 275 April. . .-JMos Jan. 9 275 Feb. 10 306 Mar. 11 334 Apr. 12 365 May 1 30 J'ne 2 61 July 3 91 Aug 4 122 Dec. 8 ( Days 244 Mat . -JMos Jan. 8 245 Feb. 9 276 Mar. 10 304 Apr. 11 335 May 12 365 J'ne 1 31 July 61 Aug 9? Sept 4 123 Oct. 5 153 Nov 6 184 Dec. 7 ( Days 214 JUNB. . . .-JMos Jan. 7 214 Feb. 8 245 Mar. 9 273 Apr. 10 304 May 11 334 J'ne 12 365 July 1 30 Aug 2 61 Sept 3 92 Sept 2 62 Oct. 4 122 Oct. 3 92 Nov 5 153 Nov 4 123 Dec. 6 ( Days 183 July . . . . . ■< Mos Jan. 6 184 Feb. 7 215 » Mar. 8 243 Apr. 9 274 May 10 304 J'ne 11 335 July 12 365 Aug 1 31 Dec. 5 (Days 153 Aug . . . . . -Imos Jan. 5 153 Feb. 6 184 .Mai\ 212 Apr. 8 243 May 9 273 J'ne 10 304 July 11 334 Aug 12 365 Sept 1 31 Sept 12 365 Sept 11 335 Sept 10 304 Sept 9 274 Oct. 2 61 Oct. 1 30 Oct. 12 365 Oct. 11 334 Oct. 10 304 Nov 3 92 Nov 2 61 Nov ] 31 Nov 12 365 Nov 11 335 Dec. 4 1 Days 122 Sept .]mos (Days Jan. 4 122 Feb. 5 153 Mar. 6 181 212 May 8 242 J'ne 9 273 July 10 303 July 9 273 July 8 242 July 7 212 Aug 11 334 Aug 10 304 Aug 9 273 Aug 8 243 Dec. 3 91 Oct .) Mos Jan. 3 92 'Feb. 4 123 Mar. 5 151 Mar. 4 Apr. 6 182 Apr. 5 151 Apr. 4 121 May 7 212 May 6 181 May 151 J'ne 8 243 J'ne 7 212 Ju'e 6 182 Dec. 3 ( Days 61 Nov JMos .Ja.i. 2 61 Jan. 1 31 Feb. 8 Dec. 1 ( Days 92 120 Feb. Mar. 2 ?i 30 Dkc J Mos Dec. 12 (Days 62 90 365 Explanations.— Suppose the time be required from July 10 to September 10. Find July in the left hand column, and follow out the line to the right until you come to September; the number of months is 2; of days, 63. If the date to which we reckon be either greater or legs than the one from which we reckon, the difference should be added or subtracted, as the ca.se may be. For example: How many days from February 1 to August 31? By following out the February line to the August column, we find the time from February 1 to August 1 to be 181 days, to which if we add ;J0, the difference between 1 and 31, the time required will be 211 daj's. If the time be required lietween February ?8 and August 1, we find the time from February 28 to August 28 to be 181 days, from which, if we subtract 27, the difference between 1 and 28, we gft for the number of days, 1,54. The table is one of quite common use, but is none the less important. It may be used to great advantage in the processes of averaging. TABLES OF GEOGEAPHICAL MEASUEEMENT. Length, Breadth and Superficial Areas of the Principal Lakes. Name. Athabasca Baikal Cayugra . . . Cham plain Constance Erie Geneva . . . Georgre Great Bear Lenerth. Breadth 20 miles 200 miles 380 miles 35 miles 36 miles 4 miles 123 miles 12 miles 45 miles 10 miles 270 miles 60 miles SO miles 10 miles 36 miles Smiles ISOmUes 40 miles Superficial Area. 4,000 sq. m. 12,600 sq. m. 144 sq. m. 1,476 sq. m. 450 sq. m. 13,600 sq. m. 106 sq. m. 106 sq. m. 6,000 sq. m. Namh. Great Slave . Huron Ladoga L. of the Woods Maracaybo . . Michimn Ontario Superior Winnipegr ••• Length. aoOmUes 2S0mUes 125 miles 70 miles 160 miles 390 miles im miles 380 miles 240 miles Breadth 45 miles 90 miles 75 miles 25 miles 60 miles 60 miles 40 miles 120 miles 40 miles Superficial Area. 13,500 sq. m. 22,600 sq. m. 9,375 sq. m. 1,760 sq. m. 9,000 sq. m. 19,H00 sq. m. 7,200 sq. m. 45,600 sq. m. 9,600 sq. m. Dimensions and Siirface Measurement of Oceans, Lakes and Seas. SUPERFICIAL AREAS OF OCEANS. The Arctic Ocean contains. . . 5,000,000 sq. m. Thk Atlantic (3cean contains. .40.000,000 sq. m. The Indian Ocean contains. . .20,000,000 sq. m. BCPERnCIAL AREAS Or OCBAHS— €ONT*D. The Pacific Ooean contains. . .80,000,000 sq. m. The Southern Ocean contains 10,000,000 sq. m. METEOROLOGICAL TABLE Showing Annual Mean Temperature at Various Points in the TJnitod States. Station. State. ll ro])erly ecjuipped for the best society, the apparel of a lady or gentleman requires either profuse or the most rigid adherence to the extreme of fashion. To a ceitain extent, of course, dress must conform to fashionable require- ments, but even these requirements, imperious as are the dictates of Madame Fashion, are subject to the mles of good taste and har- monv'', which have come to be recognized as permanent laws, no matter what may be the caprices of evanescent fashions. Formerly, the commands of fashion were supreme, and her dictates, no matter how absurd her fancies, had, perforce, to be obeyed to the letter. But the growing refinement of later years, the general cultivation of artistic tastes, the more elevated idea that the grace and sym- metry of the human figure are the highest perfection, and that dress is a mere accessory, to relieve and adorn it, and to contribute to its comfort, have banished the theory that dress must be con- sulted for itself alone, and rendered it imi)ossible that we shall ever recur to any of the hideous and fantastic styles of garnishing the person in which fashion formerly delighted to disport her fine fab- rics and rare laces. Permanence in the general scope and design of all fashions have made startling and radical innovations an impossi- bility, and this fact, coupled with the wonderful cheapening in the cost of everything that goes to make up fashionable attire, has ren dered a degree of economy attainable, whicli places pleasing and fashionable costumes and garments within the reach of all, and hence the more imperative the duty imposed upon a man, and still more upon a woman, to consult the fashion in his or her apparel, as far as good taste will permit. FOLLOWING THE FASHION. In this regard the lady who studies effect and refined and ladylike appearance, will be careful to study discretion, in regarding new innovations, in the style of leading articles of attire. In many cases a new fashion may be wholly unsuitable to the "style " or figure of the lady, and in this case good taste will impel her to refrain as long as possible from adopting it, and then to so modify it as to consult her own peculiarities of size, figure, or complexion. In any event, the lady of refined breeding is never the first to "set" a fashion. Many new fashions promulgated prove to be utter failures, and after a brief struggle with adverse judgment, are abandoned, to the great expense and mortification of those who in seeking to lead the fashion have only succeeded in making themselves conspicuous. Wait sufficiently long to make certain that the new fashion is accepted by polite society for the season. Then consult your own personal requirements, and adapt the new fashion to what is indispensable to your personal appearance. In this way, while never forcing the fashion, or presenting a bizarre or outre appearance, you will always be sufficiently in the fashion and always present the most effective and elegant appearance. EFFECTS IN COLORS. As it comes natural to the female sex to desire to please the eye, most women are gifted with that good taste which distinguishes her natural harmonies in color, and in the combiaations of colors, which are presented in dress, and these again when borne in relation to the shade of the hair and the tendency of the complexion and eyes. Others not gifted with this faculty, which is of such momentous importance to the success with which a woman dressed for society undergoes the ordeal of criticism, have to depend on the suggestions of friends or their modistes, not always better capa- ble of judging than themselves. A few simple rules, however, will prevent anyone who observes them, from straying far from the boundaries of good taste ; and this is most important in an economical sense, for the simple incongruity of a single ribbon or bow, or the color of a feather, is sufficient to destroy the tout ensemble of a costume otherwise the most exquisitely faultless. For Blondes. — The blonde can stand the test of most all colors except bright shades of red and crimson, but will prefer generally the lighter shades of color, as well as neutral tints, such as drab and gray, in all the delicate shades. The full com- plexioned blonde, with golden or bronze hair, will add to her charms by giving prom- inence to the darker shades of blue, violet, lilac, or green, while the pale blonde with transparent complexion will appear to better advantage in lighter green and paler shades of other colors. For Brunettes. — Dark green and red, scarlet, orange and yellow are the colors which must be consulted by the brunette. The lighter colors should be used by per- sons of sallow complexion, and the darker by the fuller complexioned. Scarlet or deep red flowers for the hair, if dead black. Suitable to All. — Either blonde or brunette can wear pure white or plain black, but in ribbons, flowers or ornaments must conform to the colors above given, as, for a brimette, a red rose in the hair and scarlet ribbon, or for a blonde, violet flowers and light ribbon or bow. Aktists' Harmonies of Colors. — The following are artists' harmonies in colors, and may be accepted in making contrasts and combinations: White. — With black, blue or red. Black. — With white, orange, scarlet, lilac, pink, maize, buff and slate, or in com- binations of crimson, yellow and white, or blue, yellow or orange, and white. Oreen. — With gold, yellow, ecru, orange and crimson, or combined with scarlet and yellow or crimson and yellow. Blue. — With gold, orange, drab, ealmon, white, gray, black, mauve, ecru, straw, com, chestnut and brown. CrirMon. — With gold, orange, maize, drab, purple and black. IMae. — With gold, maize, chetry, scarlet and crimson. Purple. — With maize, orange and gold. TelUno. — With violet, brown, red, black and crimson. Bed. — With gold, white or gray, or combined with green and orange, or yellow, black and white. ARRANGEMENT OF THE COIFFURE. This is a matter in which good taste is supreme over fashion. While it is the rule to follow certain fashions provided by so doing the classic contour of the head and the general effect is not dt'terinrated, custom permits every lady to dress her hair in such manner as will best relieve defects or improve advantages of appearance. A tall person can with safety adopt the modes founded on the Grecian models, which would be absurd on a petite figure, and vice versa, the latter will dress her hair so as to add to the effect of her stature. The effect of the arrangement of the hair upon the face is also to be considered. Round faces require the hair dressed back close to the head, while oval or long faces are relieved by abundance in the satne way. It is a matter, however, in which every woman can be safely left to her own judgment. JEWELRY. It is in the wearing of jewelry, that the generally best test of refinement is to be had. The vain desire of obtrusive display, in season and out of season, which is too frequently indulged in the excessive use of jewelry, is the most tangible and offensive badge of vulgarity which can be presented to the polite world. For a geutleman, the wearing of a profusion of jewelry is in the worst possible form; good taste forbids the use of more than one ring, and regards with favor small and plain studs and sleeve-buttons, and a chain of modest dimensions, which it is .strictly essential shall be of genuine gold. Young ladies should not affect jewelry, Iteyoud a simple brooch and earrings. Latlles generally should avoid the display of jewelry in the day lime. Strict etiquette confines the use of precious stones to the evenings or to occasions of important public ceremonial, to which ladies are invited, and where costume de rigueur is imperative. BALL DRESSES May be made of any rich material, and are limited in style and expensiveness by the purse of the wearer. They do not, however, involve extravagjint outlay. A simple dress of white tarletan, with natural flowers in the hair and ribbons to suit the complexion is often as effective and as greatly admired as the most expensive creation of the modiste's art. In Europe custom prescribes rigidly the decolete dress for balls and all full dress occasions. American custom very sensibly leaves this a question of choice. A lady who has elegant arms and shoulders is an ornament in a ball-room, but too free an exhibition of the charms of the bust is not in good taste, and is not favored in the most refined American circles, though the rules of European courts prescribe a display which is indelicate if not indecent. THE SOCIAL CODE. The gentleman's ball dress is the stereotyped black suit, with swallow-tail coat and white vest, cut low to display the shirt bosoui. The vest may be of satin, and if desired of delicate mauve or slate color. Coral and pearl buttons are sometimes used, and are in strict good taste. Patent leather or plain low-cut light shoes are worn. ' GLOVES AND BOOTS. No matter what may be the quality of a lady's raiment, there is one point in which refinement and good breeding are most scrupulously exacting, and that is in regard to her gloves and boots. Perfect gloves and perfect boots are indispensable. These require to be of fashionable make, of good quality, and to fit snugly, without the appearance of straining. It is worth a lady's while to reflect that a pair of gloves or boots half a size too small for her, while they destroy her physical and mental comfort, instead of producing the effect desired, in reality give the feet and hands a larger appearance than the properly fitting article. ESSENTIALS FOR GENTLEMEN. A man is said to be "well dressed," that is to present the unmistakable distinguishing marks of a gentleman, when his linen, hat and boots are in irreproachable style and condition. With these essentials, he can be indifferent, to a degree, in every respect but that of tidiness, in regard to the rest of his attire. There is no excuse for a man whose linen is not irreproachable, and on this test most people judging a stranger, will estimate at once his mind, his manner, and his morals. PERFUMES. Fastidiousness in the use of perfumes is a fine test of deli- cacy and refinement. Excessive use of perfumery is not only vulgar in the extreme, but excessively offensive and annoying to well-bred people of sensitive olfactory nerves, while the indis- criminate use of vile preparations, calculated to cover some worse defect of the breath, is disgusting. The person whose habits or condition of health aflfiicts his breath, should cure his habits or his infirmities before invading the drawing-room. Per- fumes, when used, as they may always advantageously be, should be of the finest fragrance, according to»choice, and should be but faintly perceptible about the person. HINTS TO GENTLEMEN. Avoid over-dressing. Do not affect the fashions loo closely. Be particular about the cut and style of your garments, rather than about the quality of the material. Avoid too much jewelry, and beware of all flashy imitations. A heavy chain or guard so large as to attract attention by its apparent expensiveness, is the mark of the retainer of llie turf or the faro table. Be scrupulously careful to cultivate habits of personal cleanliness. The sponge and flesh-brush every day, and the tub once a week, is a good rule. Clean the teeth after each meal, and if you would avoid an offensive breath, after smoking. No gentleman of fastidious habits will chew, tobacco. Keep the hair and beard neatly trimmed, and shave as frequently as necessary to avoid an untidy appearance. Make frequent resort to the lavatorj' when the hands are liable to become soiled in business, and see that the nails are kept clean and neatly pared. In all things avoid the appearance of foppishness, which is the certain sign of ignorant vulgarity or weak-minded vanity. THE SOCIAL CODE. Conduct in Public Places. (M -6^|^« " ^^^^ HE first thing to be considered in the appearance on the street, or in public places, is the deportment. The lady of refinement, on her way through the street, may be noted by a free, light, graceful " gliding " motion, as it has been described, not so rapid as to indicate haste, nor so slow as to suggest languor. She will never look around, and will, in company with others, of either sex, avoid exclamations, and laugh- ter or conversation that will be audible to others, or be liable to attract attention. She will have a pleasiint nod and smile foi- acquaintances and pass on her way, quietly and unobtrusively. MEETING ON THE STREETS. Ladies meeting lady friends on the street do not stop to engage in conversation. A pleasant recognition is sufficient unless there be special reason, and then merely suf- ficient for explanation and future appointment, as in the case, for instance, of friends unexpectedly encountered. Do not bow first to a lady whom you may have only cas- ually met, if she be your elder or superior in social iK>sition. Leave the recognition to her. Acquaintances and even intimacies at summer resorts are not expected to continue unless by special request or mutual agreement. If the lady who has preced- ence desires to continue tlie acquaintance, or otherwise, she will indicate her wish by her manner on meeting. When meeting any person whom you know by employing them as seamstress, dressmaker or milliner, good breeding requires that you recognize them pleasantly, though not familiarly. Bow to a lady first whom you wish to recog- nize and over whom you have precedence of age or social position. Bow first to a gentleman acquaintance. If you have had formal introduction to a gentleman whom you do not wish to number among your acquaintances, bow coldly on the first time of meeting, so that your intention may be apparent, and after not at all. It is allowable, but not desirable, to shake hands with a gentleman on the streets. Never permit a gentleman to stop you for conversation on the 8tre6t. GENTLEMEN'S RULE OF CONDUCT. On the streets, and in public places, as indeed always and at all times and places, the laws of politeness and good-breeding exact from gentlemen toward ladies the most punctilious courtesy. On meeting a lady acquaintance, respond to her recogni- tion by raising the hat — not merely touching it, but raising it quite off the head — and pass on. If it appears to be her pleasure to converte with you, or if you are on suffi- ciently intimate terms and desire to do so, do not stop on the street, but turn and accompany her for a short distance, and on leaving salute her by raising the hat. A cigar should be removed from the mouth if you expect recognition from a lady ap- proaching, and if you enter her company should be thrown away. Always give the lady the inside of the pavement. Do not offer the arm in the daytime, except in case dangerous walk, or up the steps of a public edifice, or to a lady for whom age or physical infirmity demands tlie courtesy as an assistance. At night the arm should always be tendered. Precede the lady into the church, theatre or concert room, be- cause you can so best avoid crowding and assist in procuring her seat. In attending a lady from the street to the shop, open the door wide and let her precede you. In coming out, hold the door quite wide open till she has passed through. Should you see a lady acquaintance unattended, about to alight from a carriage or conveyance, If the driver does not indicate his intention of assisting her, go at once to attend her by opening the door, offering the hand, and protecting the dress from the wheel. When the service is rendered, salute her by raising the hat and proceed quietly on your way. This service may be rendered to a stranger, if she appears to be in a difficulty, but must be offered with an apology and performed without the slightest approach to familiarity. In walking with a lady, take charge of her book, or parcel, or any such small burden. FOR GENERAL GUIDANCE. ^ Never talk across the street nor hold conversation with another party in a vehicle, except both parties be on the same seat. Always accommodate your step to that of the lady whom you are accompanying. To stare at a lady is the height of offensive vulgarity. In giving information to a lady who has addressed a question to you on the street, and with whom you are unacquainted, do so with some phrase of politeness and respect, and do not afterward presume upon the incident unless the lady recognizes you. If you wish to address a lady with whom you are acquainted, on the street, preceding you, do not startle her by calling out in an abrupt manner, and when she recognizes you on being overtaken, ask permission to accompany her in a polite man- ner, indicating the distance of the walk which will be sufficient for your conversation, and take formal leave of her at the point indicated unless she should otherwise express a desire. Never join a party of two — gentleman and lady — except by joint invitation, given in such a manner that you need have no fear of being de trap. Make no mis- take in being sure of the recognition of a lady before saluting or addressing her. To make a mistake of this kind is the most offensive kind of intrusion, and a gentleman will carefully avoid it. GENTLEMEN'S STREET INTERCOURSE. Gentlemen should be careful in their intercourse with others who are engrossed in business, not to intrude upon their attention or time during business hours. A friendly "good-morning," or other form of salutation, is sufficient. If you have anything of a serious or business nature to impart, draw aside from the crowd and state it as briefly as possible. To engage the valuable time of a business man by detaining him on the street for frivolous or inconsequent conversation is a most ill-bred act, and will speed- ily earn for a man the undesirable reputation of a bore. Do not stay to remove the glove in shaking hands if the action occupies time. Always speak a kind or pleasant word on passing a servant or inferior who is not entitled to ceremonious salutation. THE THEATRE AND CONCERT ROOM. Always endeavor to be early at a concert, theatrical or other public performance. Entering after the performance begins is annoying to the audience and attracts atten- tion to the person, which every gentleman, and certainly every lady, should shun. If you have not engaged seats, the reasons for going early are increased. Boisterous applause should be avoided by gentlemen, and a lady should be careful in expressing approbation or giving way to merriment, not to do so in a manner to render herself conspicuous. It is a vulgar sign of ill breeding to make audible remarks unfavorable to the entertainment, or to indulge in derisive laughter in pathetic or tragic parts, even where accident or incompetence is evident. Conduct or conversation, that will inter THE SOCIAL CODE. fere with the appreciation of the performance, by those surrounding you, is most reprehensible. PLACES OF WORSHIP. Of all the siluations in which a gentleman or lady may be placed, there is none where the obligations of true politeness are more imiierative, or where genuine regard for decorum will be more studiously evinced than in attendance at divine worship. The mind which is truly refined cannot by any possibility permit its possessor to be guilty of irreverence or unseemly levity in a sacred edifice, where people are gathered for the purposes of devotion. Even if the persons have no share in the pious and de- vout feelings which tlie very attendance even should express, he must be callous to every true principle of common courtesy, who would allow frivolity to mark his conduct in fiufh a phice on such an occasion. The most common breach of decorum in places of public worship is carelessness, which should Ikj scrupulously guarded against. The gentleman or lady who is guided by refined instincts and polite hal)iis will observe the following rules: Always enter church before the services begins. If unavoidably late, wail and make your entry l)etween the exercises. Enter the church and take your feeat as noiselessly and quietly as possible. The gentleman will remove his hat on crossing the threshold. Let the demeanor be marked by reverence and attention. Avoid salutations with acquaintances whom you may happen to notice. Even if a church is not of your own denomination, conform to the best of your ability with the ceremonial. Talking, whispering and laughing in church indicate gross vulgarity. In entering a strange church, avoid error and confusion by wailing in the vestibule till an usher or church member shows you to a seat. In case you are afforded the freedom of a pew not your own, under no circumstances introduce a friend without previous permission, and never take a child with you. Never leave the church before the benediction is pronounced except La cases of illness or absolute necessity. HIS branch of the usages of polite society is one of which every young gentleman and lady should make a careful study, and in Avhose rules, regulations and convenances they should be thoroughly informed, even if at that period of life there does not appear to be any specij|,l reason for thorough acquaintance with it. Morning Calls. — Morning calls are made at any time in daylight in which you are quite certain the lady called ujwn is prepared to receive. It is a rule of good breeding, however, not to call earl.er than 2 o'clock, p.m., nor later than 4 p.m., in winter and 5 p.m., in summer — the object being to afford time for luncheon or din- ^g^'i^' THE SOCIAL CODE. ner, as the case may be, to be removed, and to allow the lady time to make her dinner or evening toilet. Calls before noon should only be made on express invitation, or where warranted by unusual intimacy. Should the lady be absent, lejive your card. If the call is designed for a visitor, or particular member of the lady's family, leave a second card with the name of the person written ou the top left hand corner. It is a general custom for a lady to set apart a certain day or days of the week for receiving callers, indicated on her cards. In such case a formal call should not be made on any other day. It is proper where a social invitation has been received and unavoidably declined, to call within one week for acknowledgment and regret. Formal calls should be as brief as courtesy will admit, and on special calling days the visitor should retire upon another being announced. Gentlemen's Etiquette in Making Morning Calls. — After properly an- nouncing yourself, on entering leave your cane or umbrella in the hall. On being ushered into the reception room, advance with the hat in the left hand, and retain it during the stay, indicating the formality of the call. If the Jady offers her hand, advance and return the salutation briefly and respectfully. If the hostess merely bows, respond in like manner to the salutation, and take the seat which she may indicate. If other ladies or members of the family are present, speak to each in succession, according to age and precedence, and if there be a stranger present, bow slightly in acknowledgment of their presence. If an introduction ensues after you are seated, rise and bow to them — if gentlemen are introduced they advance mutually and shake hands. If conversation does not at once become general, or you observe that you are interrupting a special circle, pass a few words of ordinary courtesy with the hostess and take your leave. In taking leave a formal bow to a stranger to whom you have been introduced, is sufficient. In Attending Ladies.— Gentlemen who attend ladies in making morning calls, will assist them up the steps, ring the bell, write cards where necessary, relieve them of shawls, etc., where it will conduce to their convenience. If stairs are to be ascended, offer the lady the arm on the wall side. On entering, follow them into the drawing room and wait to pay j'our own respects, or for introduction, till the lady has finished her salutations. If you have to introduce the lady to the hostess, advance with her into the drawing room a little in advance. Do not seat yourself or remain seated while they are standing. If they are required for any purpose to change posi- tion, place a seat for them, and study with courtesy to relieve them from anything likely to involve discomfort or effort. The duration of the visit ia always determined by the pleasure of the lady. Evening Calls. — Evening calls should not be made later than 9 p.m., and un- less you are familiar with the hours observed by the family, under no circumstances protract a call longer than to 10 p.m. Where not on terms of familiarity, the hat and gloves should be retained in one hand unless requested to lay them aside. Where fa- miliar, and if accompanied by a lady friend, the wraps may be laid aside in the hall. Ladies Receiving. — The lady receiving does not advance to greet h< r chIUt, ex- cept where special attention is designed. If the caller be a lady, she \*ill ari.se and advance a step, either extending the hand or bowing, according to the degree of re- spect intended, and remain standing till the caller shall have taken the seat to which she shall direct. Receive a gentleman seated. If engaged at the piano or with a book, the occupation should be laid aside during the visitor's stay. Fancy work which does not distract the attention from the duties of conversation may with propriety ]»e continued. The hostess will direct her conversation during the visit with a view to put the visitor at ease, and will show her good breeding by implying a welcome in her conduct. If several visitors are entertained together she will display her tact by mak- THE SOCIAL CODE. ing the conversation general, and placing all upon a pleasant and easy footing. It is not necessary to accompany the guest to the door where there is a servant to attend. Visits ok Condolence. — A visit of condolence should be paid within a week after the event which occasions it, or in case of slight acquaintance immediately after the family appear at public worship. Unless intimacy or relationship is sufficient to give you a personal interest, it is a more delicate way to express sympathy to merely leave a card. If the visit be deemed necessary, go in a quiet dress — any dark colors are usually chosen. In case of relationship the slightest mourning is considered necessary. mfMimimmmmmmmmmmm ■*^ CARDS. r«- ttiiiiiiiiHimHinmnH 1 ] The rules of observance for the style and forms of vidting cards, and for their proper use, demand the strictest adherence. Any deviation from the most exact com- pliance with these forms and customs, betrays at once a want of familiarity with the usages of good society, which on the threshold of acquaintance creates an unfavorable impression. There are three sizes of cards, with which every stationer and engraver is familiar — the larger being used for married ladies or couples, the medium for immarried women, and the smaller for gentlemen. The printing or engraving in all cases should be neat and plain, as are also tlie cards, and entirely devoid of flourishes or ornamentation. The Lady's Card. — On a marrieti lady's card her own name may appear alone, eras is more strictly en regie, with that of her husband in this shape: Cy^i.. n^u/ C/^4^. OeAtH^ C2ln^. 3l€i tt^ttde-rtcf-. 271 CEDAR STREET. Married ladies who use cards which do not include the husband's name, in making visits of ceremony, should in all cases leave the card of her husband with her own. Where there are unmarried daughters included in the call, the card should include their names with those of their mother, as : or where there is more than one daughter, ' ' The Misses Lawrence," or rence, Miss Julia Lawrence, Miss Sarah Lawrence." Miss Law- THE SOCIAL CODE. Young Ladies' Cards. — In the case of young ladies, the mother's name should precede their own, according to the strict rules of etiquette, though it is common in America to a large extent to honor it in the breach rather than the observance. Where there is no mother, the father's name should precede, as : A card bearing the name of an unmarried lady without the prefix " Miss," is not acknowledged in good society. Gentlemen's Cards. — The gentleman's card may give simply the name, which must invariably have the prefix "Mr." or it may give his residence or club address, as: a^-t. Si/u^i^ ^. 9?a ^i^n^e'n-ce. 271 CEDAR STREET. "yoyiti'leftce. UNION CLUB. THE SOCIAL CODE. It fs allowable for a physician to use his professional title either as " Dr. L. M. Jones," or " L. M. Jones, M.D." OfBcers of the army or navy have their cards en- graved thus : ^^/^^^^, ^ <^ C^ The Use of Cards.— When a latly calls upon another and finds her absent, she leaves a card to denote that she has called. Or, if she desires a visiting acquaintance with a lady with whom she is not so intimate, she leaves cards without inquiring whether the lady visited is at home or not. Under either circumstance the number of cards left is the same. If the lady have a husband, but no daughters in society, the caller will leave one of her own cards and two of her husband's, one of the latter for the gentleman of the family called on, or two cards if they include the husband's name with the wife's. This rule, though in strict etiquette, is not generally observed, and a lady may make calls with perfect propriety by leaving her own card alone. If there are other lady members of the household, another of the lady's cards should l>e left also. If the lady lives alone, the card of husband and wife, or the joint card, should be left. In case the caller finds the lady called on at home, she does not leave her card, but will leave two. of her husband's cards, one for the husband of the lady called on. If the latter be at home when the call is made, leave one of the husband's cards only. In leaving a card where the answer is "not at home," turn down the card at the end to indicate that it has been left in person. When contemplating an extended absence, it has become the custom to notify one's friends by having the letters " P. P. C." printed on the lower left hand comer of cards sent out, though a card turned down at the lower right hand comer will answer the purpose. After Social. Entertainments — After a dinner party, cards should always be left — if not on terms of intimacy, the following day after a dinner party, without inquiry; otherwise within ten days. After a ball, reception, etc., whether the invitation has been accepted or not, cards should be left within a week. It is not allowable, under any circumstances, to send cards by mail. Special Cards. — In calling on a lady who is ill, and who for that reason cannot be seen, the lady will leave a card with the words " to inquire," and also a card of her husband, if the occasion be other than the birth of a child. On recovery, the lady called on acknowledges by issuing cards as follows: "Mrs. Lawrence returns thanks for [blank to be filled in with name of caller] kind inquiries." SOCIAL VISITING. Thorough knowledge of the etiquette of Visiting as distinguished from Calling is essential to all who desire to conform to polite usages, and also consult their own comfort and their social popularity, the following notes should be carefully observed in this branch of social intercourse: Invitation. — No well-bred person will think of paying a visit to a friend without either a distinct invitation or giving due and timely notice of an intended visit. The visitor who consults his own comfort and pleasure, as well as his social duty, will never presume upon a "general invitation," which does not present the certainty that the visit is desired. Many such invitations are merely intended as formal courtesies, though good breeding will prevent them from being offered. " Chinese hospitality" is not polite. If your acquaintance or relationship with the family visited is sufficient to insure a welcome without invitation, send notice to the hostess giving the date of your intended visit and its duration. This will enable her to prepare for your proper entertainment and avoid disturbing her domestic or social arrangements, in which she might by an unheralded arrival be embarrassed and annoyed. The "surprise visit," like the " surprise party," is neither popular nor in good taste. Rules of Conduct During Visit. — On the first evening of arrival, ascertain the hours of meals and general household regulations so far as they concern you as for the time being a member of the family, and conform to them with exactitude and punctuality. Be careful to have your toilet completed in time for the first meal. If you have time on your hands before it is called occupy yourself in your own room, in the garden, or in the library, but do not enter a room used for ordinary, domestic or social purposes. To keep the family waiting at any meal time is an unpardonable breach of propriety. Do not accept too literally any invitation to " make yourself at home." Remember that it is your duty to devote your whole time to your hostess, and to make your visit agreeable, and at the same time you must exercise discretion and consideration, so as not to interfere with her domestic or social duties Under no circumstances either invite, or suggest the invitation of a friend. Your friend is at liberty to call on you at your hostess' residence. Do not accept social invitations in which your hostess is not included during your stay. In case of illness occurring in the house, unless you can be of real service, you should take your departure at once. Be considerate in your relations with the children and servants. Do not allow your hostess to pay for any incidental expense that may be incurred on your account, such as removal of baggage, etc. Before leaving it is proper to make a present as a souvenir to the lady visited. Children may also be remembered in thi>» way, and any servant who has been specially attentive. On returning home always write to the hostess expressing your acknowledgment of the pleasure afforded by your visit. Lady Guests. — The lady guest should be prepared to put out and pay for her own washing, if that is the rule of the family. Have two clothes bags; one to be sent to the laundry, the other to receive soiled linen in its absence. Be careful to have your own work-box, so as to avoid troubling members of the family by borrowing scissors, etc. Take with you also a small writing box, with sufficient stationery and stamps for your visit. Where possible, assist your hostess in any of the lighter duties of the household. Before leaving, express cordially th^ pleasure and gratification which the visit has afforded, and where practicable extend a reciprocal Invitation. Hints to Gentlemen. — In visiting country friends, send a telegram announcing the day and hour of your arrival at the nearest station, so that, if they have convey- ance, they may be able to meet you. In visiting a friend in the city, where notice has not been given, go first to a hotel. Then call and leave your card, and the formal in- vitation will follow as a matter of course, if the visit be desired. Be careful to give reverent attention to any religious observances of the house visited. The Hostess. — When a visitor is expected, learn the exact time of arrival and have some male representative of the family at the station to attend them. Provide THE SOCIAL CODE. such means of conveyance as are within your power. On arrival, have the guest's baggage sent to her room at once, and when a lady guest goes to her room, send a serv- ant to furnish assistance in unpacking, and render any service that may be required. The room should be prepared in advance, with every possible reference to the guest's comfort, and also to their habits and peculiarities, if known to the hostess. The guest's room should receive the first attention in the morning, and when it is done the hostess should visit it to see that it has been properly attended to, but at no other time. While taking care that no appearance of unusual effort is made, provide in every way possible for the pleasure and entertainment of the guest. Never make apologits for the absence of anything which you would like to but are unable to provide. When the guest departs, send a servant to assist in packing and preparations for the journey. If in the morning, provide an early breakfast, and see that some member of the fam- ily is present at the table. Have the family or other conveyance at the door in time, and let some male representative of the family accompany the guest to the starting place, and see them off ; if a lady, procuring tickets, attending to baggage and checks, and seeing her to a comfortable seat in the car, boat or coach. mmmmm mmmmm mmmnmm mmmmmm 1" INTRODUCTIONS AND SALUTATIONS. IIIIIIIIHlllllUIMlliliiilHiillllllHli^ HE forms of salutation proj^r for polite society in this country are : bowing, shaking hands and address. Kissing cannot, with propriety, be indulged in in public, except under peculiar circumstances, and is not to be regarded as a form of salutation. A parent, on the point of a lengthy sep- aration from a child, may exchange a kiss in public. The common mode of recognition is by a bow, to which every acquain- tance is entitled. To omit to return a salutation offeretl in this way is an unpardonable rudeness, even where the person has bowed under misapprehension or by mistake of identity, or belongs to the humblest rank. RULES FOR GUIDANCE.— It is the prerogative of the lady to bow first, and the cordiality of her salutation is governed by the degree of intimacy she is disposed to accord to the gentleman honored by recognition. The gentleman retiu-ning the bow will raise his hat. In the country, where people are not so thickly hived together, it is a pleasant custom to nod to every person met, and this should be borne in mind by city visitors to the couQtry who do not wish to be set down as snobbish and haughty. On horseback, the gentleman who is recognized will either remove the whip to the bridle hand and acknowledge the salute by raising the hat, or he may salute with the whip in military fashion, bringing the whip to the position of the sword of a military officer at the " present." The latter is considered best form. If the gentleman recognized by a lady be accompanied by a friend, the friend should also raise the hat, but vdthout regarding the lady. If a gentleman meet a friend in company of ladies, he will acknowledge the pres- ence of the ladies by raising his hat, but without regarding Ihem, and the gentleman acting as the ladies' escort will also raise his hat in recognition of the courtesy THE SOCIAL CODE. Good breeding will restrain a lady from recognizing a gentleman on the street from a window. In hand-shaking every person has a characteristic of his or her own. The general rule is to give the whole hand, and to give a gentle but firm grasp for the space of a second, in mere salutation. Hand-shaking is, however, susceptible of many expressions— respect, sympathy, love, and gratitude. Never give a hand like a fish, nor one or two fingers. Such a salutation is snob- bish and impertinent. Never offer the left hand. It is not necessary to remove the glove, unless quite convenient, but if the other's hand be bare, pray to be excused for the glove. In addressing a man give him his full title, as "Judge," "Senator," "Doctor," " Major." In addition to the title given with the name use the ordinary form of salu- tation, "Good-morning," "Good-day," " Good-evening," or such conventional snluta- tion as may occur. Never exercise familiarity with a friend in addressing him on the street. Address children and servants by their full Christian names, and never use a nickname in salutation. The wife will address her husband, and vice versa, in society just the same as she would any other gentleman, and in speaking of him, mention his name in the same way. Art -^fe- OF Conversation — ^1^^ l^^i*niS is the crucial test not only of fitness of a man for the social circle by thorough knowledge and observance of the laws of etiquette, but of the rank which is to be awarded, according to his capacity to embellish and adorn social intercourse. One may possess all the attributes of refinement and true gentility, he may be aufalt in every art and accomplishment of etiquette, may be irreproachable in liis man- ner, and in punctilious observance of the minutioi of all the regula- tions provided for social harmony ; but if lie lack either the wit to hold his tongue with eloquence, and so conceal his deficiencies of education, tact and talent, or the good taste, discretion and discern- ment which mark the finished and accomplished conversationalist, he will find himself far behind the front rank in social popu- larity. To possess the graces of a cultivated mind, and the art and ability, without ostentation, to share its treasures with others, is a far more potent weapon, for the achievement of social success, than charms of person or elegance of manner and deportment. But it is one thing to possess the wit, knowledge and learning, and the men- tal powers necessary to the successful conversationalist, and another to be master of the art of using these advantages in accordance Avitli the dictates of refinement, delicacy, decorum and propriety. 'M THE SOCIAL CODE. REQUISITES OF A SUCCESSFUL CONVERSATIONALIST.— The success- ful conversationalist must be a man of good education, should be fairly acquainted with the laws of elocution, must have an extended knowledge of the world and of books, as well as being thoroughly conversant with the current literature of the day. I le must be a constant student of the magazines and newspapers, and possess the faculty of impart- ing the knowledge so gathered, in tlie course of conversation upon any subject that may arise. He must be modest in asserting opinions, avoid dogmatism and any approach to pedantry, be genial and sympathetic in his manner, and cultivate an easy temper. He must talk with his tongue and not with his teeth nor his throat, and must practice a distinct and deliberate, but not drawling utterance. He must modulate his tones according to the circle addressed and the circumstances of the room. A too loud talker is offensive; an indistinct enunciation is an annoyance. He must not dwell too long on one subject, and adapt his style of dealing with it as nearly as he can judge to the capacity or information of his audience. He must take up promptly any subject Introduced by another, listen with respectful and interesteti attention, and advance his opinions with modesty and deference. A popular conversationalist must be also a patient and discerning listener. POLITE HABITS OF CONVERSATION.— In conversation, confine your talk and adapt your voice to a limited circle in your immediate vicinity. No matter how many may be interested in the conversation, do not appear to presume that every one is desirous of listening to you. Be careful not to disturb any conversation in progress in another part of the room. Do not address a person across the room; if you have something special to say to him, wait till you can conveniently join him. Remember that all guests appear upon an equal footing. In whatever company you may be, for the moment strive to make your conversation agreeable and exercise tact in adapting it to the scope of your companion's interest. If there be a guest of special promi- nence, be careful not to engross an undue share of his conversation, no matter how agreeable it may be to you personally. Never absolutely contradict, and where your statement or opinion is contradicted, after mildly expressing confidence in your own opinion, lead the conversation away from the disputed point. Always endeavor to seek a common ground of discussion, from which none in the circle by prejudice or want of information may \ye excluded. Above all things avoid any utterance which will painfully impress upon another a sense of inferiority. HABITS TO BE AVOIDED.— Endeavor to be as careful as possible in your choice of language. Be as far as your knowledge will permit strictly grammatical. Carefully avoid the use of slang or cant phrases — they are the distinguishing marks of vulgarity of mind and habit. Never make complimentary ppceche.s which can be construed into flattery. Flattery is offensive and even painful to people of rofipe'i€^a^. %. C^la/n^ [Jr. C^G«. h. €t^^(^^^d. <&4-wn^ [Jr. <&ay. or, if preferred, in place of the latter card may be substituted the following, which should be larger than those accompanying it. THE SOCIAL CODE. C^^. ^^'^^^/ C/^-U. C^^aat^ {/f. (^^^a^. 71 if) \/fe€^ne*^ e glad to make the wedding anniversary a gala entertainment often relinquish the idea of so doing, from a delicacy of feeling, or else announce on their cards of Invitation that no gifts will be received. It Is to be hoped that we shall soon reach a point In our social observances where such entertainments as these will no longer be viewed as " donation parties," and where giving will signify something more than mere compliance with an unwritten law. "Where the invitation contains an intimation that no gifts are desired It is a gross breach of etiquette to send anything save flowers or a mere trifling souvenir (such as a book). Intimate relatives and very old friends may, of course, take the liberty of dis- regarding the injunction; but on the part of others, such disregard will only be impertinence, and is liable to be resented accordingly. The following style of Invitation, clearly engraved In script, is at once simple and thoroughly proper- u4^e/a t€.ei4-^f^ 2./, Wedding. 241 Locust Street. THE SOCIAL CODE. Sometimes the year of marriage and the year of the anniversary are added to the card, as: r^'' yc^ Wedding, 241 Locust Street. If, as is occasionally done, there is to be a re-celebration of the marriage ceremony, it is usual to add, at the bottom of the invitation, the words, "Ceremony at nine o'clock." Invitations of this character should be answered. An acceptance or declinature (with regrets) should always be sent, accompanied by such congratulations and expres- sions of kind wishes as the acquaintance of the parlies may render suitable. If a formal supper be served it is proper that the host and hostess lead the way to the dining-room, followed by the guests as at ordinary parties. If, however, the refreshments are served in buffet style, the host and hostess remain in their first position during the entire evening, unless to lead the first set (if there be dancing); the first set, under such circumstances, usually being a quadrille. Guests should depart before midnight, after an expression of their wishes for a longevity of health and joy to their hosts. The following table shows the designations given to the various marriage anniver- saries: One year— Cotton. Two years— Paper. Three years- Leather, Five years— Wooden. Ten years— Tin. Fifteen years— Crystal. Twenty years— China. Twenty-live years— Silver. Thirty years- Pearl. Forty years— Ruby. Fifty years— Gold. Seventy-flve years— Diamond. THE SOCIAL CODE. piHUIillUHiliiiliMllllllllHiilliHIIiilHIliilHIIilHH^ BAPTISMAL CEREMONIES. llHIIIIIIIIinilllllllHIIIIIIIIBIIIllIllHlllllilHIIIIIIIIH^ BAPTISM, CHILDHOOD AND BIRTHDAYS. HE birth of a child in the household is always an event of the first importance in any family. It is the first great epoch, after marriage, of the domestic history, and, in- volving as it does the holding of two lives trembling in the balance, is a period of the most supreme anxiety and the most profound interest, not only in the household and the family, but throughout the whole circle of acquaintance in which the family move. The event, therefore, if it have unfortu- nately an untoward result, is an occasion for the usual methods of condolence from friends and acquaintances, whose members in close connection with the family should not have omittetl, during the period of illness, to show their concern by leaving cards "to inquire." But as is happily generally the case, the event is one of congratu- lation and rejoicing, and cards of felicitation are in order. In response, the lady, as soon as she feels prepared to receive visitors, returns cards expressive of her thanks for the intimations of solicitude on the part of her friends. Calls are in order immediately there- after, when the baby is presented, and congratulations personally extended to the mother. BAPTISM. — There is no fixed rule of date at which baptism or christening shall take place, but it is customary to have the ceremony as soon after birth as the health of mother and child will permit. In most religious societies, the customs of the church favor the public ceremonial in the church. In the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches, the rubrics make this rule Imperative, except for special and urgent reasons. SPONSORS. — In the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Lutheran churches, sponsors are necessary to the completeness of the ceremonial. In the two former, the male child will have two godfathers and one godmother, and the female child two godmothers and one godfather. These are supposed to assume responsibility for its moral welfare, until the child arrives at years of sufficient discretion to renew personally the vows of fidelity to the laws of the church. In foreign countries the relation of godfather or godmother is generally held to be almost as close as a tie of blood, and generally, if possible, some person of near kin, having a personal interest in the welfare of the child, is chosen. The sponsors generally are the most important contributors to the christening presents, according to their means. NAMING THE BABY.— This momentous question is generally the subject of anxious domestic consideration, and it is indeed of the greatest importance to the un- conscious and unnamed member of the family which, though it affects its whole THE SOCIAL CODE. future, has no voice in the matter. In case of a male child the name of the father is generally conferred, and vice versa with the female infant. It is customary, too, to confer the name of a god-parent or relative, especially where the latter has signified the intention of making a legatee under will of the little stranger. In choosing names tlie parents will consult the future comfort and gratitude of the child if care be taken not to give names of fantastic or grandiloquent character, to avoid strange names of uncouth sound, and especially names which are liable to give rise to "nicknames," likely to be a source of annoyance and offense to the child through life. In choos- ing second names it is customary to give the family name of the mother and other branches of the family of special pride or interest, and to remember intimate friends, or persons to whom special honor or gratitude is intended to be shown. THE CEREMONY. — Whether the ceremony be performed in church or at the nome, the infant which is being received in the church, and taking the elementary place in society, is attired for the occasion in a christening robe of white, generally elaborately embroidered and trimmed with lace, according to the means, and the relig- ious ceremony being completed according to the ritual of the denomination to which the officiating clergyman belongs. The infant is then retired in custody of the nurse to the nursery. LUNCHEON AND PRESENTS.— On the occasion of christening it is customary for relations and friends of the family to give presents commemorative of the occa- sion, which are stored away to be given over to the child when it arrives at an age when the presents can be appreciated. It is also proper at the conclusion of the ceremony to celebrate the event by a luncheon or even more elaborate dinner party, to which the near friends of the house, including first the oflQciating clergyman and donors of gifts are invited. The health of the child is proposed and its future welfare toasted, to which the god-father, if there, will usually respond. FEES. — The father is generally expected, on the occasion of a christening, to give a fee over and above the customary amount to go to the church, according to his THE SOCIAL CODE. means. A nurse whose services are appreciated will also receive a douceur on the occasion. CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.— The maternal tenderness and pride in her children of a young mother is too frequently the occasion of many gross violations of the social code. The lady who values her social popularity and desires to con- sult the comfort of her guests, will never allow children to be admitted to the table or to the company at a dimier party, and even when visiting guests are temporary members of the household, the child should never be brought to the table till it is able to feed itself. Even then they should be made to understand that if they do not keep quiet and refrain from talking, they will be sent into the nursery. The chatter of children will destroy the harmony of the beet regulated dinner party. Children should be early taught not to repeat the conversation of their elders, and parents will encour- age and confirm them in the habit by refusing to listen to tales brought home from school, or accounts of what occurred if they have been visiting neighbors. CONFIRMATION. — In those religious denominations of whose observances the rite of confirmation forms a part, this ceremony is the first public apfHjarancc of the young girl beyond the shelter of the motherly wing, even temporarily. Whatever be the sex of the youth going up for confirmation, they should be duly impressed by the parents with the solemnity of tlie occasion, even if they do not appreciate it. An Indication of levity on tlie part of the young person during the ceremony not only jars upon the sense of propriety of those gathered in tlie church, but is a direct reflection upon botli the morals and good breeding of the parents. CONFIRMATION TOILET —The mother of tlie young girl going up for con- firmation should take care that the most rigid simplicity is displayed in the dress pro- vided for the occasion, both because the spirit of the ceremony is one of humility, from which all display of worldly pride should be banished, and because candidates for con- firmation are gathered from all ranks and conditions of life, who meet on a common footing at the altar, and it would be contrary both to Christian courtesy and social propriety to put to shame the mmlcst garments of the poor by a display of luxUry in dress. The dress should be of pure white without frills, slashings, pufiings, or any fashionable garniture whatever, a neat and quiet tucking being the limit of ornament- ation. Either veils or caps may be worn, according to preference, it being necessary that the head of the female shall be covered in the church. The material should be muslin, barege, cashmere, or flannel, or some simUar material not expensive, accord- ing to the season. BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARIES. I HE observance of birthdays is yearly growing in favor. American life is essentially so practical, so utilitarian, so prosaic, that we naturally seek some pretext for the mul- tiplication of our holidays ; and what fitter time for rest and recreation can we find than that which marks a fully rounded period in our lives? Each birthday closes one completed cycle in our lives ; these anniversaries are the milestones on life's THE SOCIAL CODK. journey, and it is only natural that we should celebrate their annual recurrence as days of joy. So common is this sentiment, so almost universal has become the observance of birthdays, that the social world is already coming to recognize certain formalities as peculiarly appropriate to enter- tainments given on such occasions. In other words, birthday parties have an etiquette of their own ; while governed by no inflexible rules, there are recognized " proprieties " peculiar to such occasions. HOW CELEBRATED.— Children's birthday parties are becoming more and more general. These way -marks in the lives of the little ones are made full of pleasant memories to them. The most natural mode of giving pleasure to children is "a party," which in childhood is almost a synonym for joy. The child's playmates are invited to a feast ; but, for obvious reasons, the number invited should, in most in- stances, be confined to the number that can be seated at the tables. Daintiness and (above all) abundance should characterize the banquet, rich food being unsuitable. A birthday cake should always be a prominent feature, and it is a pretty practice to adorn this with lighted wax candles, the number of which should correspond with the number of years in the life of the childish host. When candles are used, it is usual to place them in little tin tubes, simken near the cake's outer edge, or (if the number be sufficient) to arrange them in a rim about it. They should be lighted just before the children enter. The cutting of the birthday cake closes the supper, and is performed by the child whose birthday is celebrated, if age and strength will permit. After the supper follow plays and dances. Celebrations of this character may continue until the child is too old to find pleasure in them. The fact that the family is in mourning need not prevent them, although the gaiety of the occasion may be less marked. As the members of a household grow older, the return of a birthday is celebrated more privately, only immediate relatives usually being present. In the case of gentle- men, however, the twenty -first anniversary is very frequently made the occasion of a breakfast, a dinner, a ball or some other social festivity. The repugnance of young ladies (however natural or however absurd) to allow her age to be known, renders this practice unusual in the case of the female members of the household. As a rule, persons who retain (or believe they retain) the vigor of youth dislike to call attention to their progress toward old age. But as the lengthening shadows fall athwart the pathway of life's decline, and the twilight calm wraps its soft mantle around the form of age, each added year seems but a new thread in the silver wreath woven by Time with which to crown a well-spent life. After a lady or gentleman has grown old enough to feel proud of their age, their birthdays are marked by the most beautiful attentions by their young friends as well as by those who were the friends of their childhood. Flowers, congratulatory letters, cards of respect and inquiry, and gifts valuable more from the interest which attaches to them than from their intrinsic worth, are appropriate mementoes. At this period of life, breakfast and dinner parties, as well as receptions, are usual. A few words may be added as to the reception of presents. If you accept a gift, it is your duty to let the donor see that you make use of it in the manner intended. An article of dress or personal adornment should be worn in the giver's presence on the first convenient and suitable opportunity. If the gift be a book, it should be read with the least possible delay, and on the first occasion possible, you should speak of it to the giver in as favorable terms as you conscientiously can. If the present be of a ^^^^" ® THE SOCIAL CODE. perishable nature — such as fruit or flowers — refer to it the next time that you meet the party sending it. One universal rule, applicable to all gifts not delivered by the donor in person, is to send a message of thanks (verbal, at least, if not written) at once. There are persons who believe that a gift is always prompted by mercenary mo- tives, and who make it a rule to return a present of equal (or greater) value at once. Such a practice is open to objection. To make an immediate return of an article of equivalent value always implies suspicion of the donor's motives, and if he or she be sincere such a course cannot fail to wound their tenderest sensibilities. EATH is the common lot of man, and sooner or later in every household, sorrow will take up its abode for a season. Yet, even in that season of woe, the grief of the stricken household is not allowed to overlook the usages by whicli the circle in which the bereaved family move is apprized of the affliction which has befallen them, and enabled witli due and customary decorum to testify their respect for the departed, or sympathy with the stricken and sorrowing. NOTICE OF DEATH. — As soon as the dreaded event Is known, the person In the house next in authority to those iuunediately prostrated by the visitation will see that the blinds of the afflicted residence are drawn, and that notice that there is "death in the house" is further given by hanging crape on the door knob or bell— black, if announcing the death of an adult person; white, if of a child. Similar notice is given at the place of business, if any, of the head of the family, which will remain closed for the day, and also on the day of the funeral generally. Obituary notices should also be forwarded (if by post, prepaid, according to the tariff of the newspaper) to one or all of the newspapers of the community. The following is the usual and best form: ' DIED.— On Thursday, 2d Inst., at the residence of his father, 227 Grosvenor street (cause of deatli may lierebo inserted, as: "of consumption," or "after a linKerinj? Illness,") Edmond. second son of Mr. Charles A. Bentley, agred 17 years. Funeral announcement by cards (or " to-morrow." if the date bo not fixed, or if it is to be publicly announced). Funeral announcement may be either public or by cards. For a funeral annoimcement the following is the best form: DIED.— On Thursday, 2d inst., at the residence of his father, 227 Grosvenor street, Edhond, second son of Mr. Charles A. Bentley, aged 17 years. The funeral will take place from the late residence of the deceased, as above, on Saturday next, at 3 p.m., to the Presbyterian Church, Bay street, and thence to Oakgrove Cemetery. Friends and acquaintances are respectively invited to attend without further intimation. The same form will answer the purpose of annoimcement by card. PREPARATIONS.— Preparations for the funeral are mainly left to the under- taker, whose instructions will be carried out by the person in charge of the household. The better taste which has prevailed of late years has gradually and almost entirely abolished the senseless, and in cases of families of limited circumstances, almost ruinous ostentation which was formerly considered strictly essential to respectability. Funeral ceremonies should be without unnecessary parade or public show, and adapted to the means of the afflicted. FLORAL OFFERINGS. — In cases of persons of prominence and wealth, or where the deceased has been especially popular in Ihe social or business world, or in the circle of relationship, floral offerings are common. These should be of natural flowers, of pure white, and are generally made up in various desigrs symbolic of the solemn event, or of Christian hope. In case of youth, a broken column is a favorite and expressive design. Crosses hung with immortelles, or plain, anchors, etc., are among the most suitable designs. Floral offerings should be sent to the residence of the deceased with a card bearing the name of the donor, on the morning of the day set apart for the funeral. THE FUNERAL. — The relatives and friends invited, pall bearers, and chief mourners, will arrive at the house from one to two hours before the hour of the funeral, and assemble in the most convenient room, where they will be invested by the under- taker with hatband, scarf and gloves. Ladies assemble in their own rooms, and pro- ceed immediately to their conveyances, when they attend the procession (which is the custom in many communities), except where services are held at the house, when they will gather in the mourning room. The funeral procession should be arranged to de- part promptly at the time announced, and should be in the following order: THE HEARSE. PALL BEAKERS. THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN. CHIEF MOURNERS. FRIENDS OP DECEASED. The chief mourners should follow in the order of their nearness of relation to the deceased. If the funeral services take place at the church, the pall-bearers remove the coflin from the hearse and are met at the door by the officiating clergy- man, who, on the conclusion of the ceremony, follows the pall-bearers to the door of the church. The formal attendants are then at liberty to depart, without any fixed order, those who are related or most intimate with the family gathering around the grave, according to their nearness of relation, awaiting with uncovered heads the last words of the clergyman. The sound of the earth upon the coflin is the signal for dispersion. MOURNING. — The garments or badges of mourning are worn both in duration of time and in depth of expression, according to the age or propinquity of relation to the deceased. For minors, the family should wear mourning from three to six months, according to age. For a parent, adult child, brother, or sister, mourning is usually worn for one year, the rule being imperative for husband or wife. The wife who mourns the loss of her husband will wear black, unrelieved, except by the minutest show of white at the neck, for one year, at the end of which half mourning, black, relieved with lilac, or some neutral shade, is worn for three months, when, and not before, it is permissible for the subject of remarriage to be considered. The husband, during the period of a year, will wear plain black, with black studs, sleeve- buttons and chain or guard. THE SOCIAL CODE. -*J^^5H«f^^i* f ^U - <^ >: » -a. f HE use of the pen is something which requires on the part of every person who lias occasion to resort to it, the greatest care and caution, and this is particularly the case with regard to young ladies. As a general rule, and except when writing to a friend whom you may trust as confidently as your own conscience, govern youi' letters by the same rules as you would your conversation in the drawing room. As the letter is regarded as an exposition of the mind, be careful about its grammatical construction. See that you begin the sentence with a capital letter and conclude with a period ; that the period is always followed by a capital letter, and that names of places and persons are capitaUzed. If you are in doubt about the spelling of a word or the construction of a sentence, have your dictionary or grammar handy for consultation, rather than risk being suspected of inexcusable ignorance. After the usual pre- fatory remarks, come directly to the principal topic for which the letter is written. Devote a new paragraph to each change of sub- ject. Do not cross your writing — it looks as if you were endeavor- ing to economize paper and postage ; use another sheet if necessary. Be careful to date your letters. Refrain from expressing harsh opinions of others, as your judgment is liable to be wrong, or in- fluenced by erroneous impressions or information, and you never know when, if too freely expressed in correspondence, it may rise up against you. WITH SCHOOL FRIENDS.— Many young ladies, after leaving school, under- take to keep alive a voluminous correspondence witli class-mates. This is not objec- tionable where the topics are wholesome and live, and the friendship real and healthy, but where there is a tendency to morbid sentimentalism or romantic and imaginative nonsense, avoid it. If your school friend's letters turn altogether upon lovers and beaux, love and hate, drop it as speedily as you conveniently can. WITH GENTLEMEN.— It is a safe rule which does not permit young ladies to correspond with any gentleman unless he be either her betrothed lover or a near rela- tive. It is a dangerous thing for a young lady to place her written signature in the hands of one of the opposite sex. Such correspondence implies an intimacy which modesty forbids should be extended to any man outside the family circle, except him who is looked upon as yoiu- future husband. For all necessary correspondence re- specting social intercourse, society furnishes the forms, which are merely forms, and should never, by any circumstances, be exceeded. Where correspondence on business matters is necessary with a gentleman, confine the letter strictly to the subject in hand, and under no circumstances which may arise, which necessitate your writing to a gentleman, write a sentence which you would not willingly permit your mother or father to read. PRIVACY INVIOLABLE.— It is one of the cardinal points in the code of honor that the statement of one gentleman to another (and how much more in the case of a lady), when communicated by letter, is the secret of the sender, which is not to be repeated or divulged without gross breach of every instinct of honor. Under ordinary circumstances, the wife will show her letters to her husband, and vice-versa in case of the latter, if the letters are of a social character; but that rule is not alwaj's either proper or permissible. The lady's letter may contain her friend's secret, to which her husband has no right, and concerning which he should have no curiosity. If a hus- band receive a letter from a lady, or the wife from a gentleman, it should be shown to the other under all circumstances. For young people, it is well that correspondence should be under the supervision of the parents, but grown-up joung people should be left to their own discretion, if carefully trained in the laws of propriety. INVITATION NOTES.— Be careful in writing notes of invitation always to put the day of the week as well as the day of the month. This is a duty in which the young lady generally assists her mother, and she should be particular that her cal ligraphy is neat and distinct. Always answer a note the same day, and if anything should occur after accepting an invitation to prevent, write a second note explanatory. LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION.— Letters of introduction should never be sealed. In addition to the address, they should contain on the lower left hand corner the words, "Introducing Mr. ." This enables the person whose civilities are requested for the l^earer to address him by name and request to be excused while the letter is read. It is proper always to deliver letters of introduction in person, but if sent they should be accompanied by a card giving your name and place of residence. LETTERS BY HAND.— Letters are frequently sent by hand, in which the bearer has no concern. The letter, sealed of course, should contain, besides the ad- dress, in the lower left hand corner, the words "Politeness of Mr. ," or "By favor of Mr ." The person addressed will thus have an opportunity of thanking the bearer by name. The letter should not be read till the visitor has departed unless he has some interest in it. In writing to strangers for personal information always inclose a stamp, as also in writing to a poor person. ADDRESSES.— In addressing a letter, give tue full title of the person addressed, if he have any public station or piofessional title. As " A. W. Smith, Estj., M. D." or "Dr. A. W. Smith," "Right Reverend Bishop McQuade," "Rev. J. W. Brown, D.D." or "Rev. Dr. J. W. Brown," "Captain Amos Jones, U. S. A." In addressing naval officers on active service, address " Captain H. W. Morton, Commanding U. S. S. Clyde" or "Lieutenant James A. Garland, on board U. S. S. Clyde." People without title or office are addressed "M^;. John Jones," or "John Jones, Esq.'" according to fancy. PRESENTS. There is an art in giving presents which comes intuitively to people of refined instincts, but for wliich no rule can be laid down. The person offering the gift should study in doing so to give (he greatest amount of pleasure and satisfaction. In a gift to a poor person, while it is preferable to give some article of utility, care should be taken that the gift is not a reminder of poverty. Some article both useful and ornamentjU for the table is the most suitable. The most expensive present is not always the most welcome. If possible, ascertain without suspicion something for which the person in question has expressed a special desire, but has been unable to secure. The gift in this case will be a surprise and a real gratification. In wedding presents care should be taken about the suitability of the articles selected for presentation. Articles of perspicuous unsuitability or absurd incongruity, will only excite amusement and derision, which cannot very well be avoided, in place of the gratitude designed to be evoked. Donors should never be present when their presents are being received. In acknowledging presents endeavor to convey appreciation of the friendship which the gift indicates rather than mere gratitude for the gift itself. Express your thanks simply without orofusion of words or effusion of sentiment. INVITATION BOOK. No lady with a large circle of acquaintances will attempt to trust to memory for the issuance of her invitations, as unintended omissions, construed as intentional slights, are the frequent and inevitable result. The lady who desires to avoid this, and to consult her own comfort and convenience, and the success of her social menage, will have a regular invitation book, in which will be inscribed the names of all whom she wishes to retain in the circle of her acquaintance, and classified according to the scale of intimacy which is accorded to them. For instance, a lady may extend invita- tions to an evening reception, which would be confined to a much smaller circle for a dinner party. Lists of eligible parties should be kept for each form of entertainment, and as the accommodation available to a lady of an ordinarily large circle of friends, will not permit of a dinner party to which all can be invited, it is proper to decide at the beginning of the season upon a certain number of dinners during the season, and care should be taken to extend at least one invitation during that period to every person whose name appears on the visiting list THE SOCIAL CODE. I LI EKE is no social responsibility which rests with greater anxiety upon the mind of the mistress of an establish- ment, than that of giving dinner parties, and there is hardly any branch of her social duties Avhere success is attended with greater satisfaction. It is, therefore, of supreme importance to her that before marriage she should not only acquire skill in the ordinary duties of the household, but have a thorough knowledge of the etiquette which governs polite society in the art of dinner giving, and the rules by the observance of which a successful dinner party can be assured. The matter of numbers invited may vary accord- ing to the extent of the hostess' convenience and the circle of acquaintance, but, according to the old rule, there should never be " more than the Graces, nor less than the Muses ;" that is to say, not more than nine nor less than three. If, however, the hostess have space at her table she will find that six guests for each side of the table will make up a very pleasant circle, giving sufficient numbers to insure variety in the conversation. To have thirteen at the table is, by tradition, forbidden. It is a rule of faith with a great many among the French, that where there are thirteen at the table, death will surely claim a victim from their number before the year is out. SELECTING THE COMPANY.— The dinner party is the highest social dis- tinction which can be conferred in polite society upon one's neighbor. Unlike other social entertainments, the dinner party is given in the joint name of the host and hostess, and the first essential to success is the proper selection of the company. WHO TO INVITE.— Having decided upon the number to be invited, the hostess will bear in mind that the party must consist of an equal number of ladies and gentle- men. From her acquaintances she will then proceed to select tho.se who will Ije most likely to be pleased to meet each other, bearing in mind at the same time that a success- ful conversationalist, a good relator of anecdotes, or a gentleman with a polite and refined sense of humor is a great acquisition to a dinner party. Care should be taken not to invite people to meet each other who are not on agreeable terms, or people in public or political position who hold violently opposing views. So far as can be attained harmony of ideas, of friendships and of interest should be secured. If there be young ladies in the house, young people should be invited to meet them, but other- wise it is not customary to invite young ladies to meet married people at a dinner party. Where this is done, however, care should be taken to provide a suitable and congenial escort for them. THE SOCIAL CODE. ISSUING INVITATIONS.— The next thing in order is the issuing of the cards. If the party be small, the hostess will simply dispatch a written note in the following form : " Dear Mrs. Doe,— WiU yourself and Mr. Doe give us the pleasure of your company at dinner, on Monday, the 19th inst.. at a quarter before eight?" For the formal dinner, however, regular cards of invitation are used, and the in- vitations are sent out in tlie following shape : Br. ant) ffirs. Jamcs^ €i)crctt vtquABi tfjc pfcagurc of i^ company of iBBr. €bwarb l^arofcp ^t ©inner, ©Tj ^uci5L)av\ Mavci) 27it) IS85, 31 Bibtri o'cEoch. 357 Vine Street. It is customary in the very highest circles to have these invitation cards printed or engraved, leaving only the names and dates to be filled in. In replying to the first form of invitation, the answer will be in a friendly note of acceptance or declination. In replying to the formal card, the answer Is sent in the following shape : " Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Jones have (m>t will have) much pleasure in accepting Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence's kind invitation to dinner on Monday, the 19th Inst., at 8 o'clock." Cards should always be sent out two weeks before the time set for the dinner, ahd the replies should be made promptly, so as to enable the hostess to issue further invita- tions, in case of a declination, or to complete her arrangements in event of acceptance. A refusal to accept an invitation cannot be made a mere conventional matter, as in case of a party. There must be some real or substantial previous unavoidable engagement where an invitation can be declined with propriety. Otherwise the refusal is insulting to the party who Issues the invitation. DRESS FOR DINNER PARTIES.— The gentlemen have no choice in this respect, having only one style of permissible full dress, and no such thing as a demi toilette. For ladies, however, although the dinner party is a full-dress occasion, it is not strictly de rigiieur. The dinner dress is now usually made quite low, the square, or heart-shaped corsage being adopted. The sleeves should reach the elbow, and be trimmed with lace or frillings. The gloves are retained on the hands till the lady has taken her seat at the table. Where lace mittens are worn, they need not be removed. It is quite permissible to wear dresses made high to the throat, but they should be of rich material, of full-dress style, and be generously trimmed with lace. Strict attention to the requirement of the toilet is exacted from both hostess and guests. THE SOCIAL CODE. PRECEDENCE TO THE DINING-ROOM.— The hostess will have arranged the precedence of her guests, and also taken care to assign escorts to the lady guests, with a view to their comfort and wishes, so that when dinner is announced tliey are promptly assigned to their places, without confusion or delay. The host offers his right arm to the lady of highest rank or consideration in the company, and hands her to the seat on the right hand of the head of the table. Gentlemen will invariably offer the right arm. The gentleman of second rank takes the seat to the left of the host, and so on. In case of married couples the hostess will take care that ladies are placed in charge of gentlemen other than their husbands. Where a young couple, whose engagement is publicly known, are present, they should not be placed together, but, where practi- cable, vis-a-vis. The hostess is the last to enter the room, and is accompanied by the gentleman of the highest rank. Rank, of course, will be understood to be governed by social prominence, or public, professional, or official position. THE GUESTS. — Guests will bear in mind that they are required to observe the strictest pimctuality. The last guest should be fully five minutes before the time set for announcing dinner, as conveyed on the invitation card. To be late at a dinner party is a gross breach of etiquette. At the table while devoting yourself assiduously to your partner, be careful to be interested when the conversation is general, and take a part in it. No more wraps should be taken in going to a dinner than can conven- iently be left in the hall, so that the guest passes almost directly into the drawing room. Go directly to the hostess and receive her greeting before acknowledging the presence of any other person. Join in the conversation and do your best to make the waiting time pass cheerfully, and find a bright and pleasant word for your partner on the way to the dining room. AT THE TABLE. — Considerations of health, comfort and seemliness, suggest that the dinner eating be done leisurely. To eat with haste or avidity is a sure token of ill-breeding, and leaves the guest in the imcomfortable position of having nothing to do while others are finishing the courses. The gentleman should time his move- ments by those of the lady in his charge. He should see that she has such attendance as he can afford, such as handing the salt and giving instructions to the waiter. Avoid questions involving lengthy answers or explanations. In the intervals of the dinner fill up the time with light and agreeable conversation, endeavoring to adapt yourself to the comfort of your charge. Do not refuse soup; you may partake of as little as you please. If you take sherry with your soup, refuse hock when offered with the entrees. Never drink a whole glass of wine. It is courteous to take wine, even if it be merely tasted, except it be understood that you have conscientious objections to doing so. If asked at table what part of the fowl you prefer, answer promptly, as nothing is more embarrassing to the host, if he be the carver, than two or more guests who have "no preference." Good breeding will instinctively lead you to thank the servant. True refinement is always courteous to inferiors. REMOVING THE CLOTH.— On the "removal of the cloth," which has come to be a mere figurative expression, implying the bringing on of the dessert, and the hostess thinks a suitable time has elapsed, she rises, bows to the lady of highest con- sideration, and leads the way from the dining-room, the gentlemen rising as they leave the table. A gentleman may excuse himself to the male company and a<-k leave to join the ladies, but it is not good form to do so. Coffee is handed to the ladies in the draw- ing-room ten to fifteen minutes after retiring, and to the gentlemen after a somewhat longer interval. The host should not allow more than thirty minutes to elapse before giving the signal for joining the ladies in the drawing room, after which tea is handed. A hostess, if musical, may entertain her guests at the piano or harp, or may ask any of her guests to do so, if she knows they have the accomplishment and are not averse. THE SOCIAL CODE. TABLE DEPORTMENT.— While it is unnecessary here to repeat as injunctions in etiquette, the simple habits of decency which are learned in the nursery, such as "Do not leave the table with food in your mouth," "Do not put your fingers in your mouth," or "Do not come to the table in your shirt sleeves," which may be found in some books which profess to give the rules of polite society, there are some gen- eral observations which it will be well to bear in mind, as, for instance: In crude so- ciety it is not considered au fait to take the last piece of bread or cake from the plate, but in the polite world it will be taken as a matter of course, becaiue hesitation would imply the absurd suspicion that there was no more in the bouse. While if asked dur- ing tlie carving your preference as to a part of the fowl you do not hesitate to state it, it should not be expresseil without request. Stones and seeds of fmits and skins of grapes should be removed from the mouth with the sjxKjn and deposited on the plate. Be careful, while judiciously praising any dish that affords you special enjoyment, not to occasion suspicion of your sincerity by overdoing it. Avoid fulsome or indiscrim- inate praise of everything presented. Do not rise from the table, even where smn- moned by telegram, message, or other necessity, without asking to be excused, ad- dressing the request to the company through the hostess. THE MENU CARDS.— While for a very small party the carving by the host and placing of the dishes upon the table may be adopted with propriety, the dinner a la Rutae. may now be considered to l)e the universal rule, as, indeed, the superior convenience which the system affords entitles it to be. For this dinner en cereuwnie menu cards are indispensable. As these are, on exceptional occasions, generally taken away by the guest as a souvenir, it is fashionable to have them of as elegant design as possible. One curd is provided for every couple. The card should show two soups, one or two kinds of fish, the choicest in season, two entrees, two kinds of meat and fowl, in boiled and roast, cold meats, some preparation of cheese, and a variety of dessert, fruit, and confections. ORDER OF WINES.— With the soup and fish the waiter will pass round sherry, taking care to inquire of each guest, and if wine be not declineti, to fill each glass about four-fifths full. If hock is not provided for the entrees, the sherry should be passed round again. With the dinner proper champagne is supplied, in the bottle, as a matter of course, the waiter simply seeing to it that there is wine within convenient reach and removing empty bottles. In sultry weather ice in a glass dish with ice tongs should be passed around. In pouring the wine the waiter will take the neck of the bottle with a clean napkin. At dessert sherry, port, claret or Madeira may be pro- vided, one or all, but generally two varieties. As the standard after-dinner beverage claret has generally supplanted port, which was formerly en regie. The host, after filling the glass of the lady on his right, if she wishes, passes the bottle, which makes the detour of the table to the host, where it remains till the ladies leave the table, when the bottle is circulated according to pleasure. Champagne, ales or stout should be kept in the sideboard, or on the ice, according to season. Wines in decanters are placed, on the table. SETTING THE TABLE —In arranging the table for a dinner-party, at each place there should be placed a knife and fork for dinner and dessert, soup spoon and dessert spoon, napkin, finger bowl and salt. For ordinary domestic dinners, knife, fork, soup spoon, napkin and salt should be at each place. The cruet is usually the centre piece, and the table arranged according to the taste of the lady of the house. The plates are placed on the table after soup, with the joint, by the servant to the right of the host at the head of the table. Plates for all hot meals should be always heated. The head of the family will carve the joint, and the servant will wait upon those at the table in the same manner and order as prescribed for larger dinner parties. SHAPE OF THE TABLE.— A table should not be so wide that a guest Is unable to carry on conversation with his vin-a-vis. For that reason, except for Ihe very smallest number, a round table is inadmissible. The most convenient shape is an oval table, where the whole circle can see and be seen. TABLE DECORATIONS.— The decoration of the table is something which tests the good taste and artistic skill of the hostess. The dinner a la liusse gives scope for a pleasing effect at the table not attainable where the board is crowded with viands. Care should be taken not to be too profuse nor elaborate. The center piece may be a floral design, or an epergne, tastefully arranged with fruit and crowned with flowers. Where the table is lengthy, the center piece should be supported by two side pieces containing pyramids of fruit tastefully arranged. Vases of flowers should be arranged to fill the table with taste, and with regard to the general effect. Nothing is more elegant than bowls of fresh blown roses. Where the table is large enough to warrant, and the choice of a conservatory is available, a floral favor, in glass or silver holder, placed before each guest, or between alternate covers, has a pleasing effect. Tliese should be of the most simple design, such as a rosebud with spray of maiden hair, or pink and white or yellow and red buds delicately relieved with foliage. THE SIDEBOARD.— The arrange- ment of the sideboard will occupy the attention of the hostess scarcely less than the table. The silver necessary to the serv- ice, 'salvers, etc , knives, forks and spoons, cheese plates, dessert plates, etc., should be neatly arranged, both for effect and for the facilitation of the work of the waiter. The champagne (and beer ale or stout, where provided), except when the weather requires it to be kept on the ice, is genei-ally placed upon the sideboard. THE WAITING. — The lady who is anxious for the success of her dinner, and what lady is not alive to the supreme importance of the event in a social sense, will be exceedingly careful about the wailing, as the best dinner in the world will be spoiled by clumsy, uninstructed or ill-trained waiters or waitresses. In large establishments where the services of a butler are retained, that duty is taken off the lady's hands, but in the generality of cases the responsibility is left upon the lady of the house. As a rule women are preferred to men for this work. The waiter requires to be prompt, vigilant, noiseless and quick of perception. For a party of more than twelve and less than twenty, two waiters are indispensable, and the services of a temporary butler should be provided to guard against blunders. He will superintend the work of ihe waiters and take charge of the sideboard. The waiters of course, must receive the hot dishes at the door from some invisible agency connected vdth the culinary depart- ment, which also removes the dishes as fast as they may be dispensed with. DUTIES OF WAITERS.— When there is a small party and only one waiter (the term is applied to either male or female), he takes his place behind the chair of the host on the left hand side. At a signal from the host he removes the cover of the soup tureen, and then proceeds to hand soup to each person, commencing with the lady on the right hand of the host. During the course he will hand round the sherry. He will then, as the guests finish the course, pass a clean plate to each, removing the soup plnte with the spoon in it. When all have finished, the tureen is removed and placed with the soiled plates in the receptacle provided for the purpose. The fish received at the door from the cook is then placed on the table. Each dish should be ready for the waiter at the door as required for the table. The cover is removed as before, and the fish serVed, the waiter taking in his left hand the sauce tureen. If a cruet be used, it should also be passed round, but the rule is that salt, j)epper and sauces are provided on the table. He then goes round with the sherry again during this course, which will be removed as before. The same routine is to be observed, with the eutreen, joints, etc. Cheese is usually placed on the table, where it is cut by the person helping in small pieces on a plate, which the waiter, who has previously placed cheese plates, with biscuits, butter, and celery, will pass around. The waiter will then remove everything from the table except the dessert and flowers, carefully removing the sidecloths, where used, crumbs, etc. The dessert plate and glasses are then placed before each guest, and the wine before the host or gentleman presiding. The waiter should hand round two or three dishes of dessert, after which his duties terminate with the removal of the box or bucket containing the plates, knives, etc. Where there are two waiters one should be assigned lo each side of the table. In passing the entrees, each should Ixave a separate dish which will be exchanged at the foot of the table, the second being profiFered to such guests on each side as have refused the first. FRUIT.— In arranging the fruit for the occasion, the housewife will find it a great convenience to her guests to make an incision round the circumference of tlie orange. By introducing a spoon, the half of the peel can be neatly removed so far that when handed to the person partaking, it Is conveniently got rid of, and the orange thus eaten with comfort, and without the danger of spoiled clothes, which makes so many ladies reject this choicest of fruit at dinner. Sugar, in the granulated form, should be placed on the table for those who prefer it with oranges. t -^"^ ^^'^^^ 3 THE following examples in various forms of menu cards may be advantageously followed both in form, and for pro- gramme, for correct, elegant and fashionable menus : MENU FOR LADIES' RECEPTION. Cream of Terrapin, Puff Paste. Cutlets of Minced Quail, with French Peas in Cream. Chicken Salad. Fresh Lobster Salad. Bread and Butter Sandwiches. French Sponge Rolls. Coffee, with Whipped Cream. Nesselrode Pudding, Kirsch Glace and Coffee Ice Cream, Macaroon Tart Cake. Jellies, in Paper Cases. White Chocolate. Tea. Cream of Oysters. Escaloped Partridge in Shells. Fricadelle of Game, with Truffles. Sweetbread Salad. Assorted Glaces. Walnut and Orange Tart Cakes. French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches. Coffee, with Whipped Cream. White Chocolate. Oolong Tea. Lemonade Frappe, or Punch. THE SOCIAL CODE. AKOTHER. Bisque of Lobster. Cutlets of Minced Cliicken, with French Peas. Fricadelle of Game, Truffle Sauce. Sweetbread Salad. Glaces, in Paper Cases. Walnut and Orange Tart Cakes. French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches. Coffee, with "Whipped Cream. White Chocolate. Oolong Tea. MENU FOR DINNER PARTY. Blue Points. Bisque of Lobster. Baked Blue-fish, Port Wine Sauce. Fried Parisienne Potatoes, Patties of Sweetbreads. Fillet of Turkey, with Truffles and Chestnuts. Asparagus. ^ Croquettes of Potatoes. "'- - -^ ^ Victoria Punch. ' ^^ftV* Broiled Quail, Currant Jelly. \^V^ t Lettuce Salad. ^ So^ Glaces. Cakes. ' 'iumi ""^ Cafe. MENU FOR CHILDREN'S EVENING PARTY. Escaloped Chicken. Sweetbreai Salad. Rolls, Sandwiches. Coffee, with Whipped Cream. Assorted French Creams and Ices. Assorted Cakes. Center Piece, Mottoes and Flowers. Lemonade Frappe. MENU FOR WEDDING BREAKFAST. Cutlets of Minced Lobster, a la Hollandaise. Fricadelle of Turkey, with Truffles. Sweetbread Patties. Chicken Salad. Fresh Lobster Salad. Ices. Creams. Glaces. Tart Cakes. Jellies. Bride's Cake. Groom's Cake. Wedding Cake Boxes Filled. Center Piece Natural Flowers. French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches. Coffee. Tea. Sauterne Punch Frappe. ANOTHER. Chicken Croquettes. Crab Salad. French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches. Coffee, with Whipped Cream. Oolong Tea. Bride's Cake. Groom's Cake. Wedding Cake Boxes Filled. Assorted Cakes. Assorted French Creams and Ices. JeUies. Lemonade Frappe. r4^^^ THE SOCIAL CODE. I CHOICE RECIPES. I The following recipes, furnished by Kinsley, of Chicago, will no doubt be fully appreciated by the ladies at the head of many households : Chicken Croquettes for Ei^ht Persons. Jnorredtento.— Select one irood ben ; ^ lb. butter ; ^ pint sweet cream ; 3 tablespoonfuls sherry ; a very little ground nutmcflr ; 3 tablespoonfuls tlour ; M pint chicken stock ; salt and white pepper to taste ; the juice of half a lemon, and J4 can mushrooms. Boil tlie chicken, and let it cool ; remove the meat from the bone, cut it in small pieces, and chop the niu8hn>om8. Then melt the butter in a sauce|>an, 8tir in the tlour, cream and stock, and continue stirring for about two minutes; then take it off the Are, add the wine and seasoning:, chicken and mushrooms. Spread thin on a platter, and let it cool. When quite cold, shape in the form of pears, dip them in egff and cracker crumbs, and fry in boiling- hot lard, two or three at a time. Green or French peas, or mushroom sauoe, can be served with croquettes. To Broil a Steak, Chop, Chicken, Game, Fish, or Anything:. Season the meal with i>eppcr and salt; place it in a double wire broiler, and put the broiler in a bakinK-|)an containing about ^ inch cold water; put the pan on the top shelf of the oven, which should be very hot. For sirloin steak, eight to ten minutes; other articlee, according to size and heat of the oven. Coffee. Ingreditnt».—llfi quarts boiling water ; y^ lb. best ground coffee; 1 egg. Break the egg into the dry coffee ; stir together until the coffee has entirely absorbed the egg, then put into the boiling water and let it boil five minutes. Strain through a flannel into a china or porcelain coffee-pot, and it is ready to sen'e. Tea. One teaspoonf ul best tea to one cup water. Pour boiling water into a china or earthen tea-pot ; let stand till heated through, then pour off the water ; put in the tea, pour boiling- hot water over it. and serve in three minutes. Cafe Brule for Six. Jn{;red(«nt«.— Take 1 pint strong coffee ; 1 oz. whole spices (consisting of allspice, cloves, cinnamon, mace and lemon-peel) in a linen sack ; 3 oz. old-fashion loaf sugar, in one piece. Pour the coffee into a small bowl ; place the sack of spices in the coffee, and the sugar on top of the spices. Pour cognac over the sugar and coffee, and set on fire. Stir to keep it in a blaze for some minutes. Salad Dressing, or French Mayonnaise. Ingredients.— Take the yolks of 2 eggs; the juice of half a lemon ; a small pinch of cay- enne pepper ; H teaspoonful fine salt ; 3 tablespoonfuls of vinegar ; }i pint best olive oil ; 1 teaspoonf ul dry mustard (Colman's). Put the eggs in a china bowl, salt and mustard them, stir with a fork, and drop in the oil slowly until it thickens ; then add the vinegar and lemon- Juice, stirring all the time till well mixed. Whitefish a la Point Shirley. After cleaning the fish, lay it open and remove the backbone, placing it in a buttered baking-pan, skin next to the pan. Season freely with pepper and salt, a little lemon- juice and butter. Put two cups water in the pan. around the sides of the fish. Bake in a hot oven A f our-poimd fish should cook fifteen minutes. Large white-fish are superior to small ones Muffins. Ingredients.—! pint sifted flour, 1 pinch salt, 3 eggs, yi pint milk, 1 teaspoonf ul powdered sugiir, 3 teaspoonfuls baking powder. Beat the eggs and milk together, put In the salt and sugar; sift the flour and baking powder together into the first mixture, and stir well together. Butter the irons and fill f^bout half full. Have a medium hot oven. French Puff Paste. Itigredients.—l lb. flour, 1 lb. best butter. Mix the flour with one quarter of the butter by rubbing it together, and add enough cold water to make it the consistency of ordinary bread-dough. Roll this out to the thick- ness of half an inch; put the balance of the butter on this in one lump, and fold the four corners of the dough over the butter, entirely covering it, then roll it out to the thickness of a quarter of an inch, as nearly square or oblong as possible; then fold the ends over to the center until the sheet is about four inches wide, then roll it out again. Let it rest one half hour each time, and roll out four times. Peach or Apricot Omelette for Four Persons. Itigredients. — 4 eggs, 2 oz. sugar, J^ can fruit, 14 tea-cup sweet cream, pinch salt. Beat the whites of eggs separate, then beat the yolks and cream together, add the salt and mix all well together. Melt two ounces choice butter in an 8-inch frying-pan, pour in the mixture ; when well set on the bottom place in the oven two minutes ; then place the fruit on and fold over like a turn-over. Serve plain or put on a platter. Sprinkle fine sugar over it, pour rum around it, and set on fire. Corned Beef Hash. Ingredients.— 14 lb. cooked corned beef, chopped fine, double quantity in bulk of cold boiled potatoes chopped fine, 6 drops Tobasco pepper, ^ teacup water, 2 oz. butter, salt and black pepper to taste. Melt the butter in the water, then add the other ingredients and cook till thoroughly heated through, then put into a baking-pan and place in the oven till brown on top. Serve with or without poached eggs. Onions may be added if desired. Hamburg: Steak. Ingredients.— 2 lbs. round of beef, raw, 1 medium size onion, }4 lb- beef suet, pepper and salt to taste. Chop the beef and suet very fine ; chop the onion very fine ; mix well together size of a fish-ball and fry slow in butter till thoroughly cooked through, about five minutes. Mush- room, tomato or truffle sauce may be served with the above. Sauce HoUandaise. Ingredients.— 2 oz. butter, }^ pint sweet cream, pepper and salt, 3 tablespoonfula flour, juice of 1 lemon, yolk of 3 eggs. Melt the butter, stir in the flour, boil the cream and stir it in, and then add the lemon, pepper and salt ; whip the eggs and add to the above. If too thick, thin it with fish broth. White Sauce. Same as above, leaving out the lemon and eggs. Tomato Soup. Ingredients.— 1 can best tomatoes, pinch red pepper, }^ teaspoonf ul sugar, 2 teaspoonfuls flour, equal quantity water, salt to taste, 1 oz. butter, J^ wine glass sherry. Melt the butter and stir in the floiu", then add the tomatoes, water and seasoning ; stir well to mix, and bring to a boil. When ready to serve put in the sherry. Pried bread crumbe may be added if desired. THE SOCIAL CODE. Hillimi: THE ART OF CARVING. iiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiwiiiiiiffliiiiiii ^VERY gentleman should early make himself master of the art of carving. It is a necessary accomplishment, not only for the young man who contemplates himself as the future head of a household, but for everyone. Every young man who has social habits, is hable at any moment to be asked by his hostess to undertake^ the carving of a dinner, and and he will make a jjoor figure, especially in the eyes of those who look upon him with a view to his " eligibility," if he have to plead ignorance. Unscientific carving, hke ignorant waiting, will niin the best eff'orts of the hostess and cook. Young men should take lessons from properly quahfied instructors in carving, where available, or from their eldei*s, when possible. For those who have to depend upon their own aptitude and ingenuity, with practice, for their ac- quaintance with the art of carving, a few rules borne in mind will enable them to carve with the best advantage, and to cut meats so as to give the greatest satisfaction to the guests and to do the greatest measure of justice to the cuisine. RULES FOR CARVING. Serve small fish whole. Mackerel should be quartered. Salmon should be cut in slices, down the middle of the upper side and across on the lower side; codfish is cut in the same manner. The larger fishes, such as the turbot, should be halved down the centre from head to tail, and then served in slices across. The fin of a turbot is esteemed by many a rare delicacy. A sirloin of beef is carved downward to the bone, the inside or tenderloin part being sliced thin lengthwise. Ask each guest the preference, for outside or inside, and serve a small piece of fat with each piece. Otherwise a small piece of the inside should be helped with each piece, being esteemed the choicest portion. A roimd of beef should be cut in thin, smooth, and even slices. Cut a leg of mutton in the middle, being the most juicy part, making the slices thin and deep, and helping each plate to a little of the fat and a portion of the outside brown. Be carefxil not to press too hard with the knife, as the succulent juices, which form the chief merit of a well-cooked leg of mutton, will be squeezed out. If a fillet of veal is stuffed, cut clean through the stuflSng, and serve a portion with each piece. If not stuffed, cut in the same way as a roimd of beef. Ask each person whether the brown or outside is preferred. The most economical way to carve a ham is to cut from the large end. The common way is to cut down the center, to the bone, carving out thin, circular slices, with the fat and lean as evenly distributed as possible. THE SOCIAL CODE. Carve a shoulder of mutton in slices lengthwise from knuckle to joint. Separate the shoulder of a forequarter of lamb from the breast and ribs by passing the knife through and under it. Help from the ribs, or the other part, according to choice. Carve a saddle of mutton in thin slices, beginning close to the backbone, and cutting from tail to end. Help, with each plate, to some of the fat from the sides. Roast pig is sent to the table halved from end to end. Begin by severing the shoulder, and then divide the joints and ribs. The neck end and ribs are considered the choicest parts. Cut a haunch of venison close across to the elbow, after which slice lengthwise. Tongue should be cut across, beginning an inch and a half from the small end, diminishing the slices toward the larger part. Small game is sent to the plate whole, or halved, according to size. ,(f^§i, //,«.„. ~*--;i^<3 In carving a goose or turkey, cut off the apron, or part under the neck and outside the "merry thought," or " wishbone." With the neck end towards you, then cut off the breast in slices from each side down to the bone. In cutting off a wing or a leg (the former first) with the knife, holding the small end of the bone or pinion, press close to the body, and separate the joint with the knife. The wing, sidebones and thighs are next sepa- rated, holding the fowl with the fork on the breastbone and pressing the bone out with the knife till the joint separates, when it is easily removed. Cut the back in two crosswise. The breast and thighs are choice pieces, but a piece of the breast goes with each plate. Chicken or fowl are carved by separating the leg aad wings whole. Divide the breast from the body by cutting through the tender ribs. Cut the breast in two length- wise and the back crosswise. Never pour gravy over white meat, on a plate, as it destroys its delicate appear- ance. THE SOCIAL CODE. e)e-BfIljIiS AND ]^fll^©ies.- • / THE BALL I) ALLS and parties are the occasions where people of both sexes, more especially the young and pleasure-loving, meet for mutual enjoyment and the innocent and exhil- arating pleasures of social intercourse, of which, as a rule, dancing forms the chief feature. And here let it be remarked that many young men of sober thought and serious aspirations are accustomed to look upon danc- ing as a frivolous amusement, to be indulged in only by the empty-headed. It should be remembered, however, that a few lessons in dancing necessitates but a small expenditure of time and money, and they do not involve the promiscuous at- tendance and waste of the precious hours of youtli, at balls and dancing parties, in which too much indulgence is often permitted. The young man should be sufficiently master of the standard dances to be able, later in life, when business success shall have imposed social duties upon him, to make a creditable appearance upon the the ball-room floor. Balls are of three classes, private, public, and fancy dress, the latter of which may be either public or private. Public balls are generally to subserve some practical object, and are in charge of committees of lady patronesses, who supervise the issuing of invita- tions, where they are not offered for public sale, and consider applications for tickets, and of stewards who assist them, and act as masters of ceremonies. Public balls usually extend from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. For a private ball the principal requisites are a room suitable for dancing, and a hostess with sufficient tact not to allow her hospitality to overcrowd the room at her disposal. In the dancing room, where there is not an apartment specially devoted to that pur- pose, the carpet should be removed. A newly waxed floor is not pleasant for dancers ; still floors have to be waxed the first time. In case of an uneven floor, a cover made of strong brown holland stretched tightly over the floor, makes an excellent dancing surface THE SOCIAL CODE. THE MUSIC. — For a small party a piano, or piano and violin, is sufficient, but a large party in a room of corresponding dimensions requires at least a piano, comet, violin and violoncello. CLOAK-ROOMS. — Rooms will be set apart for ladies' and gentlemen's uressing rooms, where the attendants should have duplicate tickets to be given with each article of attire received, so as to avoid confusion at the close. The maids in the ladies' dressing room should have a supply of needles, pins, cotton, hairpains, etc., and there should be mirrors and other toilet accessories. DECORATION AND REFRESHMENTS.— In the cities the decorations can be best left in the hands of a profes- sional, who will supply everything and be responsible. The chief requisite is a profusion of flowers artistically ar- ranged, plenty of mirrors and abundant light. For refreshments there should be a lunch-room on the same floor as the dancing room, where light refec- tions are served out by attendants from a table, with ices and champagne cup, or claret punch. PROGRAMMES. — Each invited guest should be supplied with a card, with pro- gramme of dances to be followed, and blanks for filling in the names of partners, to which a small pencil is attached by a silk cord and tassel. SUPPER. — Supper should be provided in a separate room, and is generally the subject of care on the part of the hostess. It will comprise cold turkey, fowl, game, ham, tongue, salads, pates, soufiies, trifles, etc. , and Moselle, claret, sauterne and lighter wines are the beverages. Everything as far as possible is iced. INVITATIONS AND RECEPTION.— Invitation cards for Balls, At Homes, etc. , are all in very much the same form, which may be generally procured from sta- tioners and the blanks filled in. One example will suffice for all : FRrs. ^ames Everett requests t^e pleasure of your company 3t 0n PHonday, November 23cl inst. Dancing at 9;30 o'clock. THE SOCIAL CODE. The blank may be filled in with the words, "A Ball," or " At Home," or other- wise as the occasion varies. The lady of the house should remain in the vicinity of the door till all the guests have arrivetl, to welcome them by bow or handshake. She should be assisted by sons or daughters, or friends, in the task of performing intro- ductions, finding partners for late arrivals, and generally endeavoring to make the event one of as much pleasure as possible to the guests. OP VARIOUS KINDS.— The term " At Home," is nowadays applied to nearly every kind of evening entertainment. The Invitation may be worded as follows : FRrs. James Everett , requests tbe pleasure of your company on rKonday Qvenina, Rovember 23cl, frbnn 8 to 1 1 o olock. Dancing. As the leading feature of the event, the words. Music, Charades, Theatricals, may take the place of Dancing. The invitations are usually sent out two weeks in advance of the date, and require the same punctilious attention and form of reply as in other social events alluded lo. THE INVITED GUEST.— If the " At Home" be held in the afternoon, if there be dancing or not, ladies will retain their bonnets during the stay, but will avoid large hats which would incommode themselves or others in dancing. The guest on being announced will endeavor to make his way to the lady of the house to pay his respects, but may salute acquaintances on his way. It is good form to arrive a short time a^ter the hour fixed on the invitation card, and to retire some time before the close. Recep- tions are, of course, attended in full evening dress. INTRODUCTIONS. — The "At Home" being of a more, promiscuous nature than other social events, general introductions are neither necessary nor desirable. The hostess in this matter will exercise tact and discretion. If a guest have a desire for an introduction to a stranger of either sex he may, in the absence of a mutual acquaintance, apply to his hostess for it. • The hostess should be watchful, however, to see that no person is left entirely to his or her own resoiu*ces for amusement. THE SOCIAL CODE. REFRESHMENTS.— These are provided in the dining-room, whether at cere- monious ' ' Teas" or "At Homes. " No plates are necessary, except where ices are served. The edibles provided comprise sandwiches, bread and butter, biscuits and cake, with tea and coffee and wine "cups," if desired. Fresh fruit may also have a place on the refreshment list. Strawberries and cream in season are always appreciated. I AFTERNOON TEAS. I HE same regulations will apply to afternoon teas as to "At Homes," and the provision for refreshments will be made in the same manner. For a small five o'clock tea party, the hostess herself dispenses tea or coffee, and the ladies are waited on by the gentlemen present, or, in the absence of gentlemen, by young lady members or friends of the hostess. The gloves are not removed, as a rule, but in some circles the sensible custom of xmgloving the right hand is adopted. AFTERNOON PARTIES.— For more formal afternoon parties, which are popular in the months of June, July, and August, cards are issued in the following manner: CREST MONOGRAM. The name of the invited guest is written across the top of the card, and the date is generally written on a blank line left for the purpose. In the refreshment room, tea, coffee, and ices will be presided over by the lady's maid, and the salads, biscuits, sandwiches, rolls, cakes, fruit, and champagne or claret cup is dispensed by waiters. "Where music of a professional character is included, chairs should be arranged in concert-room order, and guests furnished with programmes; also in the case of theat- ricals; in either case "Music," or "Theatricals" being denoted on the card. The guests should leave cards with the hostess the day succeeding the party. THE SOCIAL CODE. §iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiiinMiiiiDinii!iin«ii!ii!iiwfiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiii!si»iii I §^ PICNICS. ^-2 1 llllll!linillll!llHllllllliniIIIIIIIHIIIIIII!WIIIIIIIIIBIIIIIIIIHI!llllllMII!ll!llBI lllBLMONG social amusements limited to the summer months, there is none 3\ more deservedly popular than the Picnic. The healthful, exhilarating ;»TTO influence of such an event, when a good deal of the stiffness of conven- tional etiquette is relaxed, usually gives the picnic an air of hilarious festivity, which, indeed, indicates its true character, and for this reason care should be taken to have the company invited selected with care and discrimination. SELECTING THE SPOT.— The site selected for a picnic should be not so remote as to be in- convenient of access, nor so near the ' ' busy haunts of men " as to invite intrusion or impertinent curiosity. It should combine the attributes of utility and the picturesque; should afford shade from the meridian heat, and open lawn for afternoon amuse- ments, and, above all, if p>ossible, should be near a stream of liv- ing water. Prudence will also take into account the proxim- ity of some con- venient shelter in which refuge can be had in the event of unpropitious weather. PICNIC TOILETS. — An expensive toilet at a picnic betokens neither good taste nor good breeding. Boots and gloves should, as at all times, be unexceptionable, and the style in which the dress material is made up may be of the most approved fashion The material itself should be of some cheap and strong washing material, white being given the preference. If the w-eather be cool, flannel, serge, or mohair is suitable; if hot, cotton, linen, or hoUand. The dress should be short enough for convenience and comfort in walking. Gentlemen may wear shooting-coats and wide-awake hats if desired. INVITATIONS, CONVEYANCES AND LUNCH.— The most agreeable way of selecting a picnic party is for two or three friends to join the hostess in making the necessary provisions. The invitations are to be written, as there are so many points to be explained that no stereotyped form can be adopted. The guests may be re- quested to meet at the spot selected at a given hour, or they may be rendezvoused at an appointed time for conveyance by rail or carriage. In this case the party issuing the invitations is expected to furnish the conveyances and to make all needful arrange THE 80CIA.L CODE. ments. The guests will, as a rule, pay for their own tickets and traps. The luncheon should consist of an abundance of cold fowl, ham and tongue, salads, canned fish, meats and sardines, sandwiches, pat(38, cold salmon, bread, butter and cheese, tarts, fruits and cake, and a generous supply of cider, claret and champagne — in the " cup" preparation. The party, on reaching the destination, will disperse, leaving the hostess and her chosen attendants to prepare the lunch, a time for which is set, generally about one hour from time of arrival. The gentlemen will wait upon the ladies, and the lunch is altogether sans ceremonie. i&'.^^'t^i^^'^ Ks^&m THE FANCY DRESS BALL k*(i(!Bt »» "^s »» ^>^1 ARDS for the bal inasque, a form of entertaiimient which the hostess, if she have ample accommodation, may give once, but not oftener, in a sea- son, should be of exceptionally elegant and expensive design, marking the more than ordinary character of the event. Invitations are in the following form: FRr. and FRrs. l^alpb Winters request tf^e pleasure of your company in rs(2i:r)cy k)p * ^^ — f I HE laxJy at the head of a household has not only the social reputation of the house on her shoulders in her i,^eneral management of the domestic economy, and her success in providing the substantial elements of comfort, but much also depends upon her personal knowledge of the proprieties, her tact in being in the right place at the right time and saying the right thing to the right person. She should have a distinct understanding of the progrannne neces- sary to be followed upon the various social events, and in carrying this out she will not fail to meet the exjx3ctations of society. MORNING RECEPTIONS —For receiving morning visitors the hostess will rise to receive ladies, but will, as a rule, receive a gentleman seated, shaking hands with each visitor. When the guests depart she will shake hands with each, witliout rising if a gentleman, and ringing the bell for the door as she does so. If, however, her visitor is a lady unattended, the hostess will accompany her to the door of the drawing-room, and close it after her. If two parties are present in the room at the same time, the hostess may introduce them to each other, or not, at her discretion. RECEPTION OF DINNER GUESTS.— In preparing for the reception of guests for a dinner party, the hostess should be in the drawing room for some little time previous to the hour appointed for the arrival of guests, to see that every ar- rangement has been properly executed, and, also, lest a difference in time pieces might announce some guest, who would not find her prepared for the occasion. She will rise on the arrival of each guest, but generally takes a position seated near the door, where she greets the guest, exchanging a few words of conversation, in which the gentleman should be informed whom he will escort to the table, and passes the guest on to some other visitor or coterie where he will be entertained. When the host offers his arm to the premier lady, the hostess, in the order of consideration, mentions the name of each gentleman, instructing him which lady guest to attend to the table. She will give the signal for the conclusion of the dinner by rising and bowing to the part- ner of the host, and will follow the ladies to the drawing-room. She will there devote herself to the entertainment of the ladies by introducing general conversation till the gentlemen reappear. In the drawing-room the hostess will endeavor to divide her attentions and conversation impartially among her guests. EVENING RECEPTIONS AND BALLS.— At afternoon and evening receptions the first guests are received by the hostess seated in the drawing-room, rising to greet each. As the arrivals become more frequent, and the rooms begin to fill, she takes her stand at the drawing-room door, or on the landing, greeting the guests as they reach K THE SOCIAL CODE. the top of the stair-case or the vestibule leading to the drawing-room, passing a word with each, and intimating on occasion that a particular friend of the guest will be found within. She will not leave the drawing-room for the refreshment room till the majority of the guests have done so. If the entertainment be a concert, the hostess must accord a pleasant reception to the performers, see that they are comfortably disposed at the piano, and have every- thing that they require, such as wine and water. At a ball the chief duty of the hostess, after seeing that everything else is in order, is the reception of her guests, as for an afternoon party. It is not necessary to intro- duce people to each other generally, but where a young lady is observed who is not OOUNTBY VISITING. dancing the hostess will ask permission from her chaperon to introduce a partner, or from herself, if the young lady is alone, and she will generally endeavor to find partners for those whose want of acquaintance or diffidence keeps them in the background. When supper is announced, and the host leads the way with the premier lady, the hostess will make introductions so that the company is duly paired off. HOUSE VISITORS IN THE COUNTRY.— The duties of the hostess in town are comparatively slight. It is when entertaining a paity of friends at her country residence that she feels the full anxieties and responsibilities of her place. The first anx- iety is the assembling of a suitable party of people, that is persons who will be likely to be pleased to meet each other, to join in the same recreations, and who sometimes by diversity of special talents, such as music, singing, conversation or humor will con tribute to each other's mutual entertainment and to the fund of common pleasure Invitations should be worded so as to leave no suspicion of mere formality in the mind of the recipient, and should state the day on which the guest is expected, and the duration of the visit. When the acceptance is received, write naming the station, and whether a friend or carriage will be in waiting Guests generally arrive late in the afternoon, and the hostess should, if not engaged in driving with other guests, be ready to welcome them, and have tea ready for their refreshment. When sufficient time has thus elapsed to allow the guests' baggage to be deposited in the room prepared for them, to which the hostess will previously personally have attended, she will accompany the guests, to their rooms, and having informed them of the hour for dinner, and indi- cated the bell to summon the maid, will leave them to rest. When the guests assemble in the drawing room, before dinner, the hostess will introduce them to each other, if on the iirst assembling, or introduce any new addi- tion to the circle. The hostess in pairing off for dinner will give the latest comer due precedence, and will endeavor to alternate the company an much as possible, so that there shall be, if possible, a different order on each evening. After dinner, she will divide the company for various amusements, arrange tables for whist, and other round games, matching those at chess who prefer it, and utilizing those who are mu- sical in playing and singing for the entertainment of tlie company. When the tray with wine and water makes its appearance, at the hour fixed by the custom of the house, the lady suggests the propriety of retiring, and accompanies to their rooms such guests as are new on that day, leaving with polite hoi>e8 for their comfort, and intimations to ring or ask for anything desired. In the morning, the hostess is the first down, and will preside at the breakfast table. Tea is generally made and handed round by the butler or servant, instead of being made at table by the hostess, as was formerly the cut-tom. Formerly it was the duty of the hostess not to lose tight of her guests for a moment, but more rational customs now prevail. At and after breakfast the hostess, will impart to her guests such society news as may have reached her by mail, and after giving such information as may aid the guests to enjoy themselves, will leave them free to follow their own inclinations. She will indicate what points of interest are in the neighborhood, and what horses and conveyances are available, what friends of members of the party are witliin visiting distance, etc., while the host, if in the shooting season, will take charge of those who desire to engage in shooting. The hostess is thus left free to hold counsel with her cook as to the menu, give orders respecting rooms, to give instructions to the gardener as to flowers required for house use, to attend to her correspondence, write menus, rearrange the order of her guests for dinner, and plan the programme of the evening's entertainment. She reappears before luncheon, at which she presides, afterward drives or walks with guests, and is on hand to welcome any fresh guests, before retiring to dress for dinner. When guests are departing the hostess will be on hand early to bid them good-bye, and will inquire the address to which to forward their mail matter, if any should come after their departure. When taking her guests to a neighbor's house for a ball or other party, the hostess should arrive in the first carriage so as to be ready to introduce members of her party to the lady of the house visited. When accompanied by guests to church, the hostess will stop at the door of her family seat, and wait till they have entered, before taking her seat. The really good hostess is she who attends to those trifles which go so far to make up the pleasure of existence. Nearly every person has some peculiarity or preference in their habits of life, eating or drinking, or daily custom, the means of gratifying which, in a strange house, is always particularly grateful. The good hostess will study these trifles, and endeavor to meet the comfort of her guests by providing for them. THE SOCIAL CODE. •<• _i#l_ •>•- INTRODUCTIONS HE ceremony of introduction is one which should never be looked upon as trivial or formal. Though it is in itself the simplest and the most frequent of social cere- monies, it is at the same time one of the most important. There are, of course, occasions when introductions are a mere formality,' rendered necessary by the exigency of the occasion, where the introduction is not designed to, and does not warrant, the foundation of acquaintance, but the true meaning in etiquette of an introduction is that the person who in- troduces the stranger to his (or her) friend takes upon himself the warranty for the worthiness of the person introduced of that friend's esteem. The hostess at a social event should never introduce to a young lady, or cause to be introduced, a gentleman whom she does not consider worthy of her own regard. The conveniences of society ofttimes make it necessary to invite the company at a social gathering of a gentleman whom the hostess would not select for the acquaintance of her own daughters, and she has a moral duty not to be the means of introducing such an one to the respect of a young lady friend by the indorsement of an introduction. FORMS OF INTRODUCTION. In making an introduction; the person of the higher social consideration is always the person to whom the introduction is made. If the parties are lady and gentleman, it is the gentleman who is introduced to the lady. If two ladies, the one having the higher social standing, or of the greater age, is given the place of honor. At a party where a lady or gentleman is the guest of the evening, all the other guests are intro- duced to her or him, as the case may be. The mutual friend or hostess will, in making an introduction, say: "Mrs. Jones, permit me to make you acquainted with (or, to introduce to you) Miss Robinson ; Miss Robinson, Mrs. Jones." If there are others in the group, the introducer will add: "Mrs. Martin, Miss Robinson ; Miss Featherstone, Miss Robinson ; Mr. Hafdy, Miss Robinson," waiting in a short pause between each introduction, the formal salutation, by bow, or otherwise, between the parties introduced. In introductions, always give the full title of either party, military, naval, judi- cial or professional. As, for instance, "Mr. Grace, allow me to introduce to you, Captain Pat ton, of the United States ship Warrant; Captain Patton, the Rev. Mr. Grace, rector of St. Alban's Church ; " or, ' ' Dr. Blade, permit me to make you THE SOCIAL CODE. acquainted with Senator Harvey, of the state of Iowa ; Senator Harvey, Dr. Blade, Professor of Anatomy, in the University of Bonesville." Introductions are frequently made with a business object, which should be fully stated by the intro — ^¥s# — <>- If OT only is the conduct and deportment of a person traveling in public of the strictest account, but an ac- quaintance with the rules which govern them will affect the comfort of the inexperienced traveler. To the traveler who is governed by a few simple rules, a journey on the cars is undertaken with as t much confidence and certainty of enjoyment, as would attend his pjissage from his place of business to his dinner table. On the contrary, to the person, particularly if a lady, who is both a stranger to the experience and to the rules which should be observed, a journey from home is a subject of apprehension and anxiety, which only go to increase the difficulties to be encountered. TICKETS.— The first essential to the traveler is the possession of a reliable Railway Guide. As soon as a journey is contemplated con.sult the Guide, and make up your mind by what route you will travel and also by what train you will leave. If you have sufficient leisure, never leave the purchase of the ticket until the arrival of the train. Send out and get your ticket during the day. If the journey be a pro- longed one, take the sleeping car, and secure your berth before starting. In selecting the berth, if the lady be alone, she will do better to Uike the whole section (two berths), as she will thus avoid even a chance dis- turbance of her privacy. Remember that the best berths are those in the center of the car, where the jar of the wheels is less perceptible, and that lower berths are al- ways preferable to the upper. BAGGAGE. — Unless it be a lady, when a friend or traveling companion takes the responsibility, always personally supervise the checking of baggage. Have your ticket in your hand when you approach the baggageman, and indicate the baggage to be checked, mentioning also its destination. It is a safe rule to compare the coupon check with that attached to the baggage to see that they correspond; but the baggaere- man may be generally trusted to avoid error in that respect. Once you have your check in your satchel, no further concern need be given to the baggage till the destination is reached. THE SOCIAL CODE. In your personal baggage include nothing that is not absolutely necessary to your comfort and requirements on the journey. A lady who enters a railway carriage with a hand-satchel, a band-box, a bird cage, and a miscellaneous collection of parcels is at once set down as ill-bred, no matter how charming in appearance, or how much her accoutrements and apparel may indicate the possession of wealth. TRAVELING COSTUME.— This should invariably be of some quiet material, of texture that will not attract nor retain dust, of a color that will not weary the eye by its perspicuity, and of substance that will shake out into its natural shape after a day's wear, without acquiring permanent folds. It should be suited to the season, but always bearing in miud that even summer nights are chilly, and require a dress of woolen fabric, even if of the very lightest material. Upon every loose article of dress, and of baggage, always have the name and address of the owner, either by card attached or in some other way. THE LADY ON BOARD BOAT OR CAR.— Upon entering a car glance round for a vacant seat, and take possession of the most convenient one that offers, choosing in summer if available the shady side and the seat next the window. If a lady is alone and the car is but sparsely filled endeavor to secure a seat as near as pos- sible to any other lady on the car, and if there are none, seat yourself so that you may not be suspected of desiring the proximity of gentlemen. If an overcoat, satchel or parcel is observed upon an apparently vacant seat accept it as an indication that the seat is occupied, and the owner temporarily absent. A lady traveling alone should invariably resent any attempt on the part of a stranger to engage her in conversation, as an impertinence of which no person, with the title of gentleman, would be guilty. If the lady is in want of any information let her seek it from the conductor, and never accost a strange gentleman except under unavoidable circumstances. If, however, a gentleman who is on a long journey observes a lady whose contin- ued presence indicates that she also is on a protracted journey, and apparently unat- tended, he may with respectful courtesy offer any assistance which is likely to conduce to her comfort. Conversation is in such a case permissible; but the gentleman should never take a seat along side the lady so addressed, but the seat in front of her. If an approach to familiarity is made on part of the gentleman, the lady will promptly check it, by freezing out the conversation, and withdrawing from the acquaintance with quiet dignity. HINTS FOR THE CARS.— Never loll in the seats. Do not monopolize a double seat when you see others standing — you pay only for a single seat. Never open a window without first inquiring from those about you if the draught would be too much for them. If the car is overheated do not open the door without first appealing to the general sense of the passengers. HOTEL DEPORTMENT. The conduct of a lady traveling alone should be a subject of constant care and anxious watchfulness to her. In European countries no lady may travel alone without either escort or servant, but in America much greater freedom of movement is given, and any well-bred lady can travel alone in this country without being misapprehended or experiencing the least want of courteous attention. On arriving at a hotel from the cars, the lady traveling alone will enter by the "ladies' entrance," and proceed to the ladies' parlor, where she will ring the bell and send the servant for the hotel clerk or proprietor, to whom she will give her card, explaining the reason for her traveling alone, giving the length of her stay, and ask them to see to the registering and locating of her room. THE SOCIAL (X)DE. On going down to dinner, notice should be sent to the clerk, who will escort her to the head- waiter, who will assign her a permanent seat. At breakfast it is permissible to read a paper, while waiting to be served, but not at any other meal. She will not permit any conversation at the hotel table to be addressed to her, except from friends, nor will she ask any one to pass anything from the table. The waiter is at hand for that purpose. No lady should ever use the public parlor piano, nor sing In the apartment unless entertaining a company of friends or callers. It is not good taste to sit at the hotel window, and in passing on the stairs or cor- ridors do so quietly and intently, paying no attention to anything or person on the way. Dress quietly and unassumingly, even for dinner, for which a plain black silk, relieved with fine white lace is the most suitable. THE WONDERS OF AMERICA. The following is a list of the chief Natural and Artificial Wonders of the United States, with tlieir location. Niagara Falls. — In the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario; breadth, three-quarters of a mile, height, 175 feet. Natural Bridge. — A natural arch of rock, spanning Cedar Creek, Virginia. Split Rock. — A rock of great height, in Virginia, having a fissure formed by nature extending from top to bottom. Mammoth Cave. — In Kentucky. Supposed to be the largest cave in the world. YosEMiTE Valley. — Sixty miles from Coulterville, California. The length of the valley is about nine miles, and its average width about a mile. It abounds in natural wonders, containing waterfalls from 700 to 1,000 feet in height, a perpen- dicular precipice 3,000 feet high; slopes of great steepness and a height of 3,500 feet; and a nearly perpendicular rock of 3,270 feet in altitude. Lake Superior. — Between Cjmada and Michigan; the largest lake in the world. Croton Aqueduct. — An aqueduct over thirty miles long, bringing water to New York city. East River Bridge. — A suspension bridge, hung on cables of steel wire, connecting the cities of New York and Brooklyn. The National Capitol. — At Washington, D. C. The New York Capitol. — At Albany, N. Y. Washington Monument. — At Washington, D. C. City Park. — At Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Central Park. — In New York city. THE GAUGER'S GUIDE. The following are rules for ascertaining the number of bushels of shelled com in a crib, or of apples, iwtatoes, etc., in a bin, or the number of tons of hay in a mow: Multiply together the length, breadth and height of the crib, bin or mow, to ascertain the number of cubic feet in whichever one is to be measured. Then proceed as follows: To find the number of bushels of shelled com that the crib holds, divide its cubic contents by two. To leara the number of bushels that the bin contains, divide its cubic contents by eight, and point off the right hand figure as a decimal fraction. To ascertain the number of tons that will fill the mow, divide its cubic contents by five hundred and twelve. MI80KLLANEOUS. TABLE Showing the Altitude and Location of the most Celebrated Mount- ains in the World, arranged according to their height. Mountain. Mt. Everest (Himalaya Rang-e) Dhuwaiaghiri (Hima- laya Range) Sorata Chimborazo Hindoo Koosh Cotopaxi (the highest volcano in the world) Mt. St. Elias Popocatapetl Mt. Boa Brown Mountain (Rocky Mt. Range). . . Mt. Blanc Mt. Geesh Mt. Whitney Mt. Fairweather Mt. Ramier Mt. Shasta Antiusua Pike's Peak Mt. Ophir, Sumatra Jungfrau Fremont's Peak Location. Altitude (in Feet.) Thibet 29,0(X) India 35,500 Bolivia 555,400 Ecuador 21,000 Afghanistan 20,544 Ecuador 18,900' Alaska 17,9a) Mexico 17,700 Sandwich Islands 17,500 U.S 16,000 Switzerland. 15,900 Africa 15,100 California, u. s :.. 14,865 Alaska 14,475 Washington Ter., U.S.. 14,445 California, U. S 14,440 Ecuador — 14,300 Colorado 14,215 India l.S,800 ■Switzerland. 13,700 W y d m i n g Ter., U.S.. 13,575 Mountain. Mt. St. Helena. . . Mt. Ararat Temerifife Peak. . Mt. Millazin Purdu Mountain Mt. Hood Mt. .(Etna Mt. Lebanon Mt. Sinai Shehattan St. Bernard Mt. Olympus Black Mountain. Mt. Washington. Mt. Parnassus . . . Mt. Hecla Mt. Marcy Ben Nevis Mt. Mansfield.... Peaks of Otto... "Vesuvius Round Top . Stromboli Location. Washington Ter., U.S.. Armenia Canary Is- lands Morocco France Oregon, U. S Sicily Syria Arabia M orway Switzerland Greece N. Carolina. New Hamp- shire, U.S. Greece Iceland New York, U. S Scotland Vermont, U. S Virginia Italy New York, U.S A volcano in the Mediter- nean Sea. Altitude (in Feet.) 13,475 12,700 12,000 11,498 11,300 11,220 10,000 10,090 8,200 8,100 8,000 6,600 6,500 6,293 6,000 5,500 5,400 4,400 4,275 4,250 3,900 8,800 3,000 TABLE Showing the Various Sizes of Tacks and Xails, the length of each Size, and the Number per Pound. TACKS. Commercial Name. Length. u il ■a 2 . sa o Length. So 1 oz One-half inch 16,000 10,666 8,000 6,400 5,333 4.000 2,666 2,000 10 oz. 13 " 14 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 32 " 24 " Eleven-sixteenths incl*. Three-quarters inch 1,600 1,333 1^ " Three-sixteenths inch 2 " One-quarter inch Thirteen-sixteenths inch 1,143 1,000 888 800 2H " Five-sixteenths inch 3 " 4 " Three-quarters inch Seven-sixteenths inch Fifteen-sixteenths inch One inch 6 " Nine-sixteenths inch One and one-sixteenth inches One and one-quarter inches. . 727 8 " Five-eighths inch 666 NAILS. Commercial Name. 2 penny, fine. Length in Inches. One and one-eighth One and one-quarter One and one-half One and three-quarters. Two Two and one-quarter... Two and one- half Two and three-quarters Three Three and one-quarter. la z Commercial Name. 16 penny, fine, fence Length in Inches. Three and one-quarter Three and one half Four Four and one-half Five Two Two and one-half Three Three and one-half -^ -H^ ^^ mmMm(^ Lmmm ^ HJW.^^ HATEVER may be the opinion of the "butterflies of fashion," housekeeping is, of all the arts, the one which has the most important bearing on the real life of women. It is more than an art : it rises to the dignity of a science. All that goes to make up a well-ordered home is comprehended in it. Considered as an accom- plishment, it is of more solid, practical value than any of those showy attainments that serve to adorn rather than to build up. It is acquired only by study and experiment ; like liberty, " eternal vigilance " is the price of it ; and it is only through great tribulation that the young and inexperienced housekeeper enters into success. Nothing tends more to insure comfort, peace and attractiveness in home than good housekeeping. The mother who desires her daughter's real happi- ness will not fail to instruct her in household duties, and no maiden who looks forward to being one day the mistress of her own home will grudge the time spent in mastering their smallest details. It is a common error of young girls to believe that because they are able (or expect to be able) to keep servants, it is, therefore, un- necessary for them to become familiar with household cares. " Hired help '' are quick to discern the ignorance and incapacity of a mistress, and, as a rule, are equally ready to take advantage of it. A capable housekeeper, however, soon makes her capacity appre- ciated and respected, by her servants. No department of domestic economy is less understood or more neglected than ventilation. Sunlight and pure air are the worst foes to disease. Grates and open fire places are of great value as ven- tilating flues. The heavy, impure air naturally sinks toward the floor, and openings of this kind create a draft which tends to carry it off. If no grates or fire-places are used, throw open the windows and let in the outer air ; do not rely on the air in the halls. Plenty of sunlight — floods of it — should enter the living-rooms of the family. It is better (and cheaper) to replace a faded carpet than to pay a doctor's biU. 130 To sweep and dust properly is " not so easy as it looks," and in this, as in nearly every other department of the housekeeper's care, system, will secure the best results. Statuettes, books and articles ol" bric-a-brac which are difficult to dust should, before sweeping, be covered with "dusters" made of old calico or other convenient material. Admit as much light as possible into the room before sweeping. Scan the ceilings for cobwebs and remove them by means of a broom, around which a towel has been pinned. The housekeeper will be repaid for care in sweeping and dusting by the longer wear of her carpets and by the brightness and freshness of their colors. The " siege " of housecleaning is one of the epochs in household life, and is a most trying period in the housekeeper's existence. The first bright sunshine of spring reveals unsuspected dust and cobwebs, and to her imagination, even the brooms and scrubbing- brushes seem anxious to begin the campaign. In northern latitudes, however, it is not wise to begin too early. Spring breaks her prom- ises of pleasant weather and gives us many days when it will be anything but comfortable to sit, shivering, in a fireless room, when children become unmanageable and husbands growl. So, for the sake of health, peace and comfort, don't remove the stoves before the middle of May. To combat the ravages of the everlasting moth is one of the most tiresome of the housekeeper's duties. The moth works in the dark. During the winter the worms are torpid. Early in the spring they change into chrysalids, and in three weeks afterward they are transformed into Avinged moths, which fly about the house in the evenings of May and June. They lay their eggs (which are too small to be distinguished by the naked eye) in dark corners, and immediately thereafter die. The eggs hatch in about a fortnight, and the young worms at once devote their energies to business. The o'^vner of a cedar closet (or even a cedar chest) is secure against their ravages ; those who do not o^vn either will find camphor, cedar chips, cut tobacco and cayenne pepper, laid in the folds of the gar- ment, valuable preventives. It is a good plan to wrap articles in heavy brown paper and seal the packages closely. Moths will not touch brown paper. Furs should be combed, beaten and aired, sprinkled with camphor gum, sewed up in Unen and then put in a paper bag. It is a prudent course to examine the furs once or twice during the summer. To many housekeepers, servants constitute the " greatest plague of life." The incompetent servant is perpetually repeating her (or him) self. The nurse who tyrannizes over the children, or upsets the baby carriage in the park; the waitress who drinks the cherry brandy and fiUs the bottle witli weak tea ; the cook Avho stimulates her fiery temper with whisky ; all these are more or less famihar examples of tlie "trained servants," whom the inteUigence offices daily send forth to vex tiie souls of their employers. And yet, after all, for how many bad servants are those employers honestly responsible? Servants h^ve a creed of their own. the first article of which is " I do not believe in my mistress ;" and is not this distrust often the result of an experience of injustice? In your in- tercourse with your servants remember that they are human. Bridget, or Gretchen, or Dinah is as susceptible of fatigue and as capable of enjoyment as her employers. Their pleasures are (and should be) separate from yours, but recreation in some form is as necessary for them as for you. At the same time bear in mind the old adage, " familiarity breeds contempt," and do not place yourself and them on the same level by making them your confidantes and associates. Make no rules which you have not carefully considered, and a compliance with which you intend to enforce. Don't tell " Mary " to follow a certain line of conduct, unless you have fully made up your mind that she shaU follow it, and if you have, insist upon obedience. In one word, tiie same principles should con- trol you in the management of your servants as in the government of your children — firmness, joined to consideration and gentleness. Remember, always, tliat they have the same desires and are subject to the same temptations as yourself ; and you ^vill find them, as a rule, ready to meet you fuUy half-way in your efforts to secure a weU-ordered household. HEALTH-GIVING FOOD. imiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiii^ HEALTH-GIVING FOOD. miiiiiimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiWiiiiiiiiiisaiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiii^ N every living human being there is an incessant waste and repair. The body is every moment yielding up its particles to destruction, like the coal which is burned in the furnace. Hunger is the instinct which teaches us that the furnace needs to be replenished. Properly speaking, every ingredient of the body constantly re- quires to be replaced, and every ingredient which goes to make up the body must, therefore, form a part of food. All food substances are accordingly divided into groups, each of which has some distinguishing charac- teristic. The first group comprises what are called inorganic substances, namely, water and what are known as mineral salts. Of these, water is the most abundant, as it is the most indispensable. It forms from two-thirds to three-quarters of the entire body, and is being constantly discharged by perspiration, etc. Of the mineral salts, the most important are the chloride of sodium (or common salt) and phosphate of lime. Salt is found in lean meat in small proportions; phosphate of lime is also found in lean meat, fish, oysters, and eggs, the cereal grains, vegetables, and even in fruit. Alkaline salts (carbonate of soda, etc.,) are also necessary for the nourishment of the body, in order to repair the waste of the secre- tions of the blood. These salts are found in many of the summer vegetables and fruits. The second group of food-substances comprises starch and sugar. Starch is found in the form of minute round grains in a vast number of vegetable products. It is very abundant in wheat-flour, rice, Indian corn, rye, barley, potatoes, peas and beans, and enters, in smaller proportion, into nearly every article of vegetable food. Sugar is not so plentiful in nature as starch, but it forms an ingredi- ent of the sweet juice of nearly all the fruits and most of the vegetables. Wheat flour has five per cent of sugar ; milk nearly as much ; beets, nine per cent., etc., etc. Vegetable foods containing starch and sugar, are always useful in maintaining health. The third group comprises the fats, which are of both animal and vegetable origin. Twenty-five per cent of the yolk of eggs, and all of the butter obtained from cow's milk, belong to this class of food, as well as the natural fat of animals. The fourth group of food substances is known as the albuminoid class. One of the most familiar of this class is the white of an egg, which is pure albumen. Albumen is also found in lean meats as well as in a few vegetables. The articles of food containing most of the substances needed in the body are as follows : For fat and heat making — butter, lard, sugar, and molasses ; for flesh, blood or muscle-forming — lean meat, cheese, peas, beans, and lean fish ; for brain and nerves — shell fish, lean meat, peas, beans, and very active birds and fish which live on food in which phosphorus abounds. Green vegetables, fruits and berries furnish additional supplies of the acids, the salts and the water needed. Water, coffee, tea, cocoa, and other drinks, are simply liquid foods, each supplying nutriment in greater or less amounts and repairing waste. Alcohol, in all its forms, is generally excluded from the list of foods ; but taken in limited quantities and under certain conditions, it is thought by some authors to promote digestion and stimulate the conversion of food into tissue and blood. It is, however, as a rule, a wiser plan to allow the process of diges- tion to proceed under the guidance of nature, unassisted by artificial stimulation of this kind. "Whatever may be the usefulness of alco- hol under proper restrictions, the danger of its abuse is top great to render its use prudent or wise. STRANGE POST OFFICE NAMES. riOME genius with an eye to the double meaning of words has ]^ compiled the following Ust of queer names of post offices in y^ the United States : One hundred and thirty-five Cedar, 124 Pine, 216 Oak, 25 Chest- nut, 100 Maple, 36 Locust, 61 Elm, 28 Apple, 10 Spruce, 38 Hickory, and 27 Poplar. Four have only two letters in their names : Po, Ok, Oz, and Ai. Tw^o are Poor and 106 are Kich ; 81 High and 72 Low ; 113 Big and 106 Little ; 11 Short and 100 Long ; 42 Upper and 24 Lower; 16 Great and 3 Small. The lightest town is Pound, in Wise county, Va. The town that holds the least is Gill, in Franklin county, Mass. There are 240 names of post offices beginning with Rock, 42 with Stone, 106 with Sand, 68 with Clay, and 15 with Mud. There are 200 beginning with Spring, 28 with Summer, 39 with Fall and 17 with Winter. Eight are Hot and 38 Cold ; 13 Wet and 41 Dry ; 47 Clear and 15 Muddy. One is Yiolet, 65 are Blue, 230 Green, 27 Yellow, 42 Orange, 123 Eed, 300 White, 105 Black, and 36 Gray. HE following recipes and hints upon various matters of household economy are carefully collated from the most reliable and valuable sources, and will be found of advan- tage in regulating the domestic economy. The housewife who refers here in a difficulty will find herself extricated from the horns of many little dilemmas, which invariably arise to perplex her. USEFUL RECIPES AND PRACTICAL HINTS. For Sprains. — The white of an egg and salt mixed to a thick paste is one of the best remedies for sprains, bruises or lame- ness, for man or beast. Rub well the parts affected. Salve for Cuts and Burns, — To one- half pound of sweet lard add one-fourth pound of beeswax and the same of resin. Beat all together till well mixed, and pour into small tin box. Apply a little to the wound on a soft cotton cloth. To Cure Chilblains.— Soak the feet fifteen minutes in warm water, put on a pair of rubbers, without stockings, and go to bed. To Procure an Appetite, — Take a slice of fresh cut bread, not too new, rub it all over with garlic, and pour a little fine olive oil over it. This eaten just pre- viously to a meal induces an astonishing appetite. For such as dislike the raw oil, the bread may be lightly fried in butter or oil. Cure for Hiccough. — Hold your nose, and in the meantime drink of any liquid you please. This will cause hiccoughs to cease instantly. White Teeth. — A mixture of honey with the purest charcoal will make the teeth as white as snow. At rare intervals pumice stone, powdered, on the tooth- brush, may be used, but cautiously, so as not to destroy the enamel. To Stop Bleeding.— Apply to a fresh cut wet tea leaves, or wetted scrapings of new sole leather. Both of these sub- stances contain tannin, which is an as- tringent. A strong decoction of white oak bark is still betfer. Eruptions of the Face. — Smear the face over with oil of walnuts at night on going to bed, and wash it off in the morn- ing by means of a little oat meal or Indian meal in the water, instead of soap. A Smoky Lamp. — A smoky lamp not only emits a disagreeable smell, but also spoils the furniture and blackens the ceil- ing. The simple preventative for this is to soak the wick in vinegar and dry it be- fore using. See that the air has free passage up through the bottom of the chimney. To Destroy Ants. — Take a large sponge, wash it well, press it very dry. By so doing it will leave the small cells open. Lay it on a shelf where the ants are most troublesome, and sprinkle sugar lightly over the sponge. At intervals plunge the sponge into boiling water to kill the ants, which will gather by thou- sands in the cells of the sponge. Uses of Ammonia. -To wash paint, put a tablespoonful of ammonia into a quart of moderately hot water ; dip in a flannel cloth, and with this merely wipe over the woodwork ; no scrubbing will be neces- sary. For taking grease spots from any fabric, use the ammonia nearly pure, and then lay white blotting paper over the spot and iron it lightly. For washing laces, put twelve drops in a little warm suds. For cleaning silver, mix two tea- spoonfuls of ammonia in a quart of hot soap-suds, put in your silver and wash it, using an old nail-brush or tooth-brush. For cleaning hair-brushes, etc., simply shake the brushes up and down in a mixt- ure of one teaspoonf ul of ammonia to one pint of hot water, and when they are cleaned rinse them in cold water and stand them in the wind or in a hot place to dry. For washing finger marks from looking-glasses or windows, put a few drops of ammonia on a moist rag and 125 HOUSEHOLD VADE MECrM. make quick work of it. If you wish your house plants to flourish, put a few drops of the spirits in every pint of water used in watering. A teaspoonful in a basin of cold water will add much to the refreshing effects of a bath, and for those who have a sour or sweet smell it will be an absolute remedy for some time. Noth- ing is better than ammonia water for cleansing the hair. In every case rinse off the iiminonia with pure water. Varnish for Hard Wood. — Two parts linseed oil, one part spirits of turpentine, one and a half parts copal varnish. Mix well together, apply with a pic^e of linen rag, and polish with a soft cloth. To Silence Snorers. — If a person snore in your vicinity to such a degree that you cannot go to sleep, steal gently out of bed, seize the water jug, approach his bed side, catch hold of his hand and plunge it into the water. It is strange, but true, notwithstanding, that after thislie will never snore again. The reason of this is that although asleep we still possess a certain amount of moral consciousness, which exercises its influence over the ac- tions; and thus the snorer instinctively associates the shock with the act of snor- ing, and this dread is riuftlcient to control him so as to escape the penalty. Bums and Scalds. — In case of scald- ing by hot water, dash on cold water in- stantly, and lift off from the skin any clothing that may cover the scald, as quickly as possible. Cold milk is still better. If the scald or burn is not serious, keep upon it a cloth wetted with eciual parts of lime-water and linseed oil, with a little spirits of turpentine. If it is a se- vere bum, cover it with simple dry flour. Keep the flour heaped and packed down tightly, so as to wholly exclude the air, and send for a physician. The danger from a burn depends upon the extent of the surface injured. If flame is inhaled into the lungs the patient is not likely to recover, although but little outward mark of the fire may be found. Illusion of Taste. — If the nose be held tightly while the most nauseous medicine is being administered, no taste will be perceptible; and if the eyes be shut while a person is smoking, he will nbt be able to tell whether his cigar or pipe is lighted or not. To liook at the Sun Without In- jury. — Provide a wine-glass filled with plain water, which will keep off the heat so effectually that the brightest sun may be viewed some time through it without any inconvenience. Reviving Withered Flowers. — Flowers that have been twenty-four hours out of water and are withered, may be revived by plunging their stems into hot water, and as the water gradually cools they will become quite fresh again. Boots and Shoes. — As soon as ^ou buy a pair of boots, and before wearmg, rub into the leather with the hand a mixt- ure of equal parts of neats-foot oil and castor-oil, well shaken. Before applying the oil wet the leather slightly with a moist rag, to keep the oil from soaking through into the stockings. The follow- ing is an excellent water-proof for coarse boots: Beef tallow, 13 ounces; resin, 1 ounce; f)eeswax, ounces; neatsfoot oil, 1 gill; castor oil, 1 gill. M\x well, and apply as hot as the leather will stand with- out burning. Remember that a very mod- erate degree of heat will scorch leather and ruin it. The following is another valuable leather preservative, good for b(K)ts and shoes and for leather belting: Melt 21 parts tallow with 3 parts resin, and mix well. In another vessel put 70 {)arts rain-water and 7 parts good wash- Dg-soap, dissolved in the waterby boiling. Add the first mixture and again bring to a gentle boil. When cool it is ready for use. Apply only what will enter the leather in a reasonable time. A Cheap Aquarium. — Cut a nan ow groove in a board the size you wish. Set four panes of glass on edge in the grooves. Put a piece of zinc in the bottom. Make a light frame of wood or zinc, with grooves to correspond, for the top. Pass rods through the frame down the inside of the corners, through the bottom, and screw up tight. Put into the joints and cor- ners the following: Water-Proof Cement. — One part, by measurement, of litharge; one of plaster- Paris; one of fine sand; one- third of finely powdered resin. Keep dry, ready for use, in a well-corked bottle. To use, make into a putty with boiled linseed oil. A little patent drier may be used. Another. — White lead and red lead, equal parts, mixed with boiled linseed oil. For Dandiuff. — One ounce flour of sulphur to one quart of water. Shake at intervals of a few hours. Next day pour off the clear water, and useit to saturate tlie hair every morning. Shampoo, gently, once a week, with mild soap, not rubbing the scalp very hard. Do not use prepara- tions of carbonate of potass, for dandruff, as it will cause the hair to fall out. To Remove Grease. — If simple ben- zine, followed with soap suds, is not sufficient, make the following prepara- tion: Alcohol, one-half pint; sulphuric ether, 2 ounces; pure carbonate of pot- ash-salts of tartar, 10 grains; soft water, 2 ounces ; oil of bergamot, one-fourth ounce. Dissolve the carbonate in the water, and put the oil of berga;,uot in the alcohol. Mix all together and cork for ■^^^ HOUSEHOLD VADB MECUM. use. (The bergamot is only for flavor.) In using, apply with a clean sponge, rub- bing patiently. If the paint or grease has been long on the goods it will be more diflicult to remove than when fresh. To clean Brussels carpets when down, thoroughly sweep, and then scrub with a stiff brush. To clean zinc, or indeed any metal, use kerosene. Remember that kerosene is not harmful to any metal, and is a foe to all rust, grease and paint. To clean saws or tools from rust, when petrolemn will not do, scrub with pumice stone and diluted muriatic acid, afterward washing with water, drying and slightly heating. You must keep your fingers out of the acid. Stimulating Flowers. — To hasten the blooming of flowers, the following liquid has been used with advantage: Sul- phate or nitrate of ammonia, 4 oz. ; ni- trate of potash, 2 oz. ; sugar, 1 oz. ; hot water, 1 pint. Dissolve and keep it in a well-corked bottle. For use, put eight or ten drops of this liquid into the water of a hyacinth glass or jar, for bulbous-rooted plants, changing the water every ten or twelve days. For flowering plants in pots a few drops must be added to the water used to moisten them. Rain- water should be used. If you have only well-water, remove the lime by boiling. Flowers in "Winter. — Flowers may be produced In winter by taking up the plants, trees or shrubs, in the spring, at the time when they are about to bud, with some of their own soil carefully preserved among the roots, placing them upright in a dark cellar till October. Then, with the addition of fresh earth, they are to be put into proper tubs or ves- sels and placed in a hot-house or warm window, where they mu'-t be moistened every morning. Natural Flowers in Winter.— Choose some of the most perfect buds of the flowers you would preserve, such as are latest in blooming and ready to open. Cut them off with a pair of scissors or a knife, leaving to each, if possible, a piece of the stem about three inches long. Cover the end of the stem immediately with Spanish wax. When the buds are a little shrunk and withered, inclose and seal each of them separately in a piece of paper, perfectly clean and dry, and pre- serve them untouched in a box or drawer. Well-sized paper, or paper coated with wax, must be used. In winter, or at any other time when you would have the flowers bloom, take buds over night and cut off the ends of the stems sealed with Spanish wax, and place them in water wherein a little nitre or salt has been dis- solved, and the buds will open the next day, the same as on their native bushes. Snake-Bites. — In 900 cases of snake- bites in India, reported by an English sur- geon, aqua ammonia was administered in- ternally, and over 700 of them recovered, although the average time that had elapsed after the bite, before the ammonia was given, was 3^ hours; and in those who died, 4^. The dose in administering am- monia is 5 to 30 drops, well diluted with water. Nose-Bleed. — Wet a small, soft linen cloth in water, roll it in a convenient size, dip and rub it in tannic acid in the dry powdered form, and pass it into the nos- tril as high up as will allow the tannic acid to reach the point where the blood is issuing. If the acid will not adhere to the cloth, make an ointment of it with a very little lard, and apply as before. Monsel's persulphate of iron is also highly recommended as a styptic, or astringent for causing contraction of the blood ves- sels. In case of severe nosebleed it is well to soak the feet in hot water, to draw the blood away from the head. Compress the little artery in the side of the face leading to the nostril, just where it passes over the jaw bone. To Relieve Asthma. — Wet blotting paper in a strong solution of saltpetre, dry it, and burn a piece three inches square on a plate in the sleeping room, and it will afford quick relief. To Remove Warts. — Touch the warts with caustic potassa, or liquor potassa, or acetic acid. The operation is not painful, does not discolor the skin, and removes the warts in a short time, leaving the skin perfectly smooth. PUZZLES OF HOUSEKEEPERS. Clean brass ornaments by washing with roche alum boiled to a strong lye, after- ward scouring with tripoli. Extract grease from papered walls by washing lightly with spirits of wine. Remove medicine stains from silver spoons with sulphuric acid, diluted some- what. Remove stains from the hands by wash- ing in water containing a very little sul- phuric acid. To clean knives and forks rub with sweet oil, let them lie forty-eight hours, kin should lie in lye before being washed, then scour with powdered unslaked as it sets the color. A strong tea of com- lime. mon hay will preserve the color of French Sharpen light, thin-edged tools by put- linen. Vinegar in the rinsing water for ting them half an hour in water with one pink or green calicoes will brighten them, twentieth part of muriatic acid. and soda answers the same end for both Remove strong vegetable odors from purple and blue. To bleach cotton cloth kitchen utensils by rinsing with powdered take one large spoonful of sal soda and charcoal. one pound of chloride of lime for thirty A spoonful of oxgall to a gallon of yards; dissolve in clear soft water; rinse water will set the colors of almost any the cloth thoroughly in cold soft water, goods soaked in it previous to washing. so that it may not rot. That amount of A tea cup of lye in a pail of water will cloth may be bleached in fourteen or fif- improve the color of black goods. Nan- teen minutes. SUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST. In 1492 America was discovered. In 1848 gold was found in California. Invention of telescopes, 1590. Elias Howe, Jr., invented sewing machines in 1846. In 1839 envelopes came into use. Steel pens first made in 1830. The first watch was constructed in 1476. First manufacture of sulphur matches In 1829. Glass windows introduced into England in the eighth century. First coaches introduced into England in 1569. In 1545 needles of the modem style first came into use. In 1527 Albert Durer first engraved on wood. 1559 saw knives introduced into England. In the same year wheeled carriages Were first used in Prance. In 1588 the first newspaper appeared in England. In 1629 the first printing press was brought to America. The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652. England sent the first steam engine to this continent in 1703. The first steamboat in the United States ascended the Hudson in 1807. Locomotive first used in the United States in 1830. First horse railroad constructed in 1827. In 1830 the first iron steamship was built. Coal oil first used for illuminating purposes in 1886. Looms introduced as a substitute for spinning wheels in 1776. The velocity of a severe storm is 36 miles an hour; that of a hurricane, 80 miles an hour. National ensign of the United States formally adopted by Congress in 1777. A square acre is a trifle less than 209 feet each way. Six hundred and forty acres make a square mile. A "hand " (employed in measuring horses' height) is four inches. A span is 10^ inches. Six hundred pounds make a barrel of rice. One hundred and ninety-six pounds make a barrel of flour. Two hundred pounds make a barrel of pork. Fifty- six pounds make a firkin of butter. The number of languages is 2,750. The average duration of human life is 31 years. physicians' digestion table. PHYSICIMS' DIGESTIOH TABLE. SHOWING THE TIME REGlTnilED FOB, THE DIGESTION OF THE OBDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD. SOUPS. Chicken, 3 hours; Mutton, 3^ hours; Oyster, 3^ hours: vegetable, 4 hoiirs. FISH. Bass, broiled, 3 hours; Codfish, boiled, 2 hours; Oysters, raw, 3 hours; Oysters, roasted, 3i hours; Oysters, stewed. 3i hours; Salmon (fresh), boiled, If hours; Trout, fried, 1^ hours. MEATS. Beef, roasted, 3 hours; Beefsteak, broiled, 3 hours; Beef (corned; boiled, 4i hours; Lamb, roast, 2i hours; Lamb, boiled, 3 hours; Meat, hashed, 2i hours; Mutton, broiled, 3 hours; Mutton, roast, 3i hours; Pigs' feet, soused, 1 hour; Pork, roast, 5i hours; Pork, boiled, 4^ hours; Pork, fried, 4J hours; Pork, broiled, 3i hours; Sausage, fried, 4 hours; Veal, broiled, 4 hours; Veal, roast, 4i hours. POULTRY AND GAME. Chicken, fricasseed, 3i hours; Duck (tame), roasted, 4 hours; Duck (wild), roasted, 4f hours; Fowls (domestic), roasted or boiled, 4 hours; Goose (wild) roasted, 2i hours; Goose (tame), roasted, 2i hours; Turkey, boiled or roasted, 2i hours; Venison, broiled or roasted, H hoiirs. VEGETABLES. Asparagus, boiled, 2^ hours; Beans (Lima), boiled, 2^ hours; Beans (string), boiled, 3 hours; Beans, baked (with pork), 4^ hourg; Beets (young) boiled, 3f hours; Beets (old) boiled, 4 hours; Cabbage, raw, 2 hours; Cabbage, boiled, 4i hours; Cauliflower, boiled, 2i hours; Com (green), boiled, 4 hours; Onions, boiled, 3 hours; Parsnips, boiled, 3 hours; Potatoes, boiled or baked, 3^ hours; Rice, boiled, 1 hour; Spinach, boiled, 21 hours; Tomatoes, raw or stewed, 2i hours; Turnips, boiled, 3^ hours. BREAD, EGGS, MILK, ETC. Bread, com, di hours; Bread, wheat, 3^ hours; Eggs, raw, 2 hours; Cheese, Si hours; Custard, 2| hours; Eggs, soft-boiled, 3- hours; Eggs, hard-boiled or fried, 3i hours; Gelatine, 2i hours; Tapioca, 2 hours. SUSTAINING POWER OF ICE. The sustaining power of ice at various degrees of thickness is given in the following paragraphs: At a thickness of two inches, will support a man. At a thickness of four inches, will support man on horseback. At a thickness of six inches, will support teams with moderate loads. At a thickness of eight inches, will support heavy loads. At a thickness of ten inches, it will support 1,000 pounds to the square foot. •(SJBIIOp) -W«¥s*^'s*'^'*'5p;is>'p'5 ^^^iJ^^^x^ *0 C*^ '3 'O 'aiim aivnbs 9)ira}(qBqai •aoj^Bxndoj • c I. * 3 . P a fc. 3 3 « O E 5 OJ3J3 O 2 iH r .i.it>^ T-^-^i t SDiJIf i.T'i ©lilf li. ■i ^r:i '4t.^i<- f »^S^f»«5*» THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. ASHIKGTOK City, the capital of the United States, occupies a central position in the District of Columbia, on the left bank of the Potomac, 105 miles from its mouth. The site was selected by Washington himself, whose choice was ratified by Act of Congress in 1790. The city is laid out upon a somewhat unique plan. Its streets run parallel with the meridian, or at right angles with it, while a number of avenues intersect these in diagonal directions. The main street is known as Penn- sylvania Avenue, and extends from the Capitol to the White House, which are about a mile apart, and which are themselves the centers around which several of the broad diagonal avenues radiate. The streets are from 70 to 110 feet in width, and the avenues from 130 to 160 feet. The city, although it has become one of the largest in the country, with a population, in 1880, of 147,300, is laid out on so grand a scale that it will be many years before all the streets are lined with buildings. It has acquired the name of the " City of Magnificent Distances." It is said that Washington in his early days, and being before he dreamed of the august destiny and glori- ous career which awaited him, predicted that somewhere in that vicinity would one day stand a great city, and time is rapidly de- veloping the fulfillment of that youthful dream of the saviour of his 131 OUE COUNTRY 8 CAPITAL. IMMWWWH.M I IIffl i ati'lfAltiilM P AMWHWH I AWWHIilM l iWIHHIH PUBLIC BUILDINGS. HE building of the greatest importance in Washington, if not in America, is the National Capitol. It is situated on an elevation known as Capitol Hill, a mile east of the Potomac. The building faces to the east, and before it extends a wide plaza, used for reviews and for some of the inauguration ceremonies. The first building on this site was commenced in 1793, General Washington laying the corner stone, but was destroyed by tire during the British occupancy of the city in 1814. The present edi- fice was commenced in 1821, its corner stone being laid by Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State. It consisted at first of what is now called the central building, but two wings were added in 1851. The cost of this splendid structure has been about $15,000,000 up to the present time. Its entire length is T50 feet. The central build- ing is of freestone, whitened ; it is approached by a flight of steps, on which stand statues of the discovery and first settlement of America. A portico, supported on lofty Corinthian columns, ex- tends across the front of this portion of the building, in front of which stands a colossal statue of Washington. The building is sur- mounted by a lofty iron dome, on whose summit stands a bronze statue of Liberty, also of colossal size, being twenty feet in height. The height to the top of this figure is 307^ feet, being 36 feet less than that of St. Peter's at Rome. Underneath the dome, in the interior of the building, is the Rotunda, an enormous hall, 96 feet in diameter and 168 feet in height. Over its doors are marble bas-reliefs, representing scenes in American history ; and on its walls hang pictures of historical interest. Adjoining the Rotunda is the famous Library of Congress, which occupies three large halls with fire-proof walls and shelving. It contains more than 525,000 books and pamphlets, and about 15,000 are annually added to its numbers. To the north of the Rotunda extends the Senate wing of the building. The Senate Chamber itself is rectangular in form, being 114 feet long, 82 feet wide, and 36 feet high. The ceiling is of cast- iron, paneled with richly ornamented stained glass skylights. Gal- leries capable of seating more than 1,000 persons surround the hall, to which the visitor ascends by spacious staircases of white and colored marble. Adjoining this chamber are reception rooms, re- tiring rooms for senators, etc., etc., all furnished with great mag- nificence, with walls and columns of white and red marble, and the ceilings frescoed and gilded. Hall of Representatives. — This is in the opposite wing of the building. It is of fine proportions, and is richly decorated. It is 139 feet long and 93 feet wide. Spacious galleries surround is for the diplomatic corps, the public and the reporters for the press, capable of seating 1,200 persons. The roof is similar to that of the Senate Chamber, and on its glass panels are painted the arms of the States. The Executive Mansion. — This building, known as the White House, is constructed of whitened sandstone, in the style of architecture called Ionic. It is lYO feet long. Its main entrance is through a portico supported by columns, on the north side of the building; on the south side a semi-circular portico overlooks the Potomac. On the ground floor are the public rooms, consisting of the East Room, the Blue Room, the Green Room and the State Dining Room. The first named is adorned with portraits of former presidents and is sumptuously furnished, its floor being covered by a Turkish carpet presented to the Government by the Sultan. On the upper floor are the executive offices and the private apartments. Presidential levees, to which the public are admitted, are held fre- quently during the congressional sessions. Smithsonian Institute. — This is one of the most important and interesting of the public buildings. It is of red sandstone, and ornamented by seven towers at its extremities. It was erected with money bequeathed to the United States by James Smithson, a natural son of the Duke of Northumberland, at a cost of $450,000. It contains very valuable and extensive collections of minerals, animals, skeletons, shells, costumes, weapons, medals, fossils and photographs. Th6 bmlding is surrounded by spacious and well- kept grounds. Department Buildings.— These are huge piles of marble, granite, or sandstone. Those of special interest are the Treasury, the State, War and Navy Department and the Patent Office. Of these, the Treasury is the largest, being 589 feet long, and 300 feet wide. The north and south porticos and eastern portion are sup- ported by immense columns, 31 feet in height, and 4 feet in diame- ter. The north part opens upon a tesselated plateau containing a fine fountain, and the south portico commands a view over beautiful Wk OUK countky's capital. gardens of the Potomac. The stair-cases and offices are lined with marbles and richly decorated. To most visitors, however, the most interesting portions of the building are the marble Cash Room and the Gold Vaults with their thousands of millions of dollars, so readily seen, yet so difficult to reach ! State, War and Navy Departments. — The building occupied by these departments is one of the most beautiful specimens of architecture in the United States. It is built of granite, and is believed to be absolutely fire-proof. Its length is 567 feet, its width 342 feet, and its cost was $5,000,000. The Hall of the Sec- retary of State, the Ambassadors' Hall and the Library, are sump- tuous apartments. Patent OflElce. — This is also a beautiful piece of architectural work — periiaps it is, architecturally considered, the most perfect in the city. It is built of white marble and sandstone. Here are de- posited models of every patent issued. The !Model Rooms are tilled with objects of the greatest interest, inclosed in cases, the contents of each case being described on a label attached. The original Declaration of Independence may be seen here, and various interest- ing historical relics, originally belonging to Washington, Lincoln, and other patriots. J ^AQUIKiriTnM MnMIIMCMT * WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 'jiyiiip wit liiP oo 10,OoO 1,000 3 500 4,000 4,000 1,000 5,000 2,700 5,000 4 years 2 " California . .. Carson City Concord Trenton Albany 4 " Hartford 2 " New Jersey... New York North Carolina Ohio 3 " Tallahassee 3 " Georgia Illinois Raleigh 4 " Springfield Indianapolis .... Des Monies Columbus. Salem 2 '* Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island . . South Carolina Tennessee .... Texas 4 " Iowa Harrisburgh Providence and Newport Columbia Nashville Austin Montpelier Richmond Wheeling Madison 4 " Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota Frankfort Baton Rouge . . . Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Paul 1 " 2 " 2 " 2 " Vermont Virginia West Virginia . Wisconsin. ... 2 " 4 " 4 ' Mississippi Jackson 2 " II.-TERRITORIES. Territories. Capitals. -> '^9h 'u o O gs§ oHO Arizona .... Dakota Idaho Prescott Bismarck Boise City Tchlequah $2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 4 years New Mexico.. Utah Washington... Wyoming Santa Fe Salt Lake City Olympia Cheyenne $3,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 4 years 4 " 4 " TABLE showing the length of the Longest and Shortest Day and Night in various Capitals of the World. i hi . c . jd Time. -2 a al c 1 1 6 "3 ll a 0. C.2 O.M cS, 3 .& u < pa 6 u O o o P W H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. Longest day . . 16 44 16 38 J5 16 14 13 26 14 22 15 4 17 30 16 56 17 .H3 Longest night.. 16 27 16 20 15 3 13 41 13 18 14 22 14 48 17 6 16 42 17 10 Shortest day... Shortest night. . 7 33 7 40 8 58 10 19 10 43 9 38 9 12 6 ,54 7 18 650 7 16 7 22 8 44 10 10 34 938 8 56 6 40 7 4 638 Time. s % d o i .2 u (2 « d 1 9. St. Pe- ters- burgh. i § > if H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. Longest day Longest night.. Shortest day... Shortest night. 16 23 1« 16 7 44 7 37 15 14 i^ 9 14 9 15 3 14 4'< 9 14 8 57 16 6 15 50 8 10 7 54 12 36 12 26 11 34 11 24 14 58 14 44 9 16 9 2 18 30 18 6 5 54 530 18 44 18 18 5 42 5 16 15 58 15 43 8 17 8 2 14 52 14 38 9 23 9 8 GEOGEAPHICAL TABLE. GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE A Table Showing the Height of the Most Celebrated Buildings and Monuments of the World, Arranged According to their Altitude. Name of EonrcE. HT. FT. LOCATIOW. Namb op EnincK. HT. rr. 855 348 328 272 aoo SS4 221 17« 175 ita 151 110 Location. Washington Monument . Pyramid of riieoue Catliedrul of Antwerp... Stnuibourg' Cathedral 665 4M 47« 474 466 448 411 400 ao6 887 886 865 860 856 356 Washing., D.C Egypt. Antwerp, Bel, Strasb'rgr. Gr. Egypt. Kome. It. Landshut, Gr. Sjiulsb'y. Eng,; rremona, It. Florence, It. Frlbourg, Gr. Ix)ndon, I'.nii. Seville. Spain. Egypt. Utrecht, Hoi. Milan Cathedral Milan, It. Notre Dame Cathedral. . St. Mark's Church Trinitv Church Munich, Bav. Venice, It. • New York Cy. Uokigna, It. Delhi, India. Pyramid of Cephrenca. . . AseiMcll Tower St. Peter's Church Dellii Column St. Martin's Church Saulsbiiry rathodnU Cremonii Ciithc hal Florence Ciithcdnil Churcli at KribouiK St. Paul's Church Seville Cathedral ] Porcelain Tower i Notre Dame Cathedral. . j Hunker Hill Monument liCtining Tower of Pisa. Washington Monument V'endome Column Trajan's Pillar Nankin, China Paris. France. Hoston, Mass. Pisa, It. lialtimorc, Md Paris, France. Pyramid of Sakurab Utrecht Cathedral Obelisk of Lu;(or Paris, France. LENGTH OF SEAS. Baltic Sea Black Sea Carribean Sea. Caspian Sea . . . China Sea . . . Japan Sea .Length 600 miles 1,800 640 1,700 LOOO Mediterranean Sea Length 2,000 miles OkhotskSea " flOO " RedSea " 1,400 " SeaofAral " 260 " White Sea " 460 " Table Showing the Solid Contents of Boxes of Various Sizes, in Cubic Feet or Inches, with the Equivalent in Dry and Liquid Measure. Dimensions of Box. SotXD Contents. CUBIC IN. Equivat.etjt. Dimensions of Box. Solid Contents. CUBIC IH. Equivalent. 4 in. X 4 In. X 4| in. 8in.x4in.x4iin. 8 in. X 8 in. x 4i in. 8 in. X 82 in. x 8 in. 8 in. X 8? in. X 16 in. 67J 134i 268J 537g l,075i 1 quart. 2 quarts i (gal) 1 gallon. 1 peck. 2 pecks (i bu.). 16 in. X 16 In. X 8| in. 16 in. X 16 in. x 12? in. 24 in. X 16 in. X 16| in. 4 ft. X 3A ft. X 2A tt. 2,150J 3,385i 6,451i 3^ cu. ft. 1 bushel, i barrel (Hbu) 1 barrel & bu). 1 ton of coal. YNONYMS are words that have not the same, but similar^ meaning. One word can seldom be ex- plained otherwise than roughly by any other word in the same language. Even if two words are identical in meaning there is a constant tendency to differentiate their meaning, a proc- ess aptly termed by Coleridge as desynonym- izing. No other language is more open to the charge of superfluity of words than the English, and yet rarely do synonyms, which in their literal sense signifiy words of precisely the same meaning, occur. By synonyms, then, we mean that there are words which, with great and essential resemblances of mean- ing, ha,ve at- the same time small, subordinate, and partial differences, these being such as either originally, on the ground of their etymology, inhered in them, or differ- ences acquired by universal usage, or such as, though nearly latent, they were capable of receiving at the hands of wise masters of the tongue. Synonyms are neither on the one hand absolutely identical, nor on the other remotely related to one another. They are words more or less liable to confusion, but which ought not to be confounded. The main source of synonyms in our language arises from mod- ern English, being the result of a compromise between Norman- French and Anglo-Saxon, while to this may be added the words imported into our early literature by writers familiar with foreign tongues. And even in one race, such as the Anglo-Saxon, there was a coalescence of various tribes speaking different dialects. As an illustration of how English has enriched itself from various quarters "we may instance these words, trick, device, finesse, artifice and strat- agem, which are respectively from Anglo-Saxon, Italian. French, Latin and Greek. 139 As society axivances from a simple to a complex state, and lan- guage as an instrument for the conveyance of thought becomes more and more an object of attention, it is felt to be a waste of resources to have more than one sign for one and the same object, and men feel that with a boundless world lying both without and within them, with an infinity of shades of thought and meaning, such extravagance as two signs for one object must be counterbal- anced by a scantiness and straitness in another direction, and hence arises the desynonymizing process. It will serve as a guide to the choice of S3monym in numberless instances to know that of two words, the Anglo-Saxon is generally used in its plain, literal, primary meaning, and relates to the ex- ternal world of sensation, while the Latin or Greek equivalent, is used in a secondary or figurative sense. The pure English word is concrete, the foreign term is abstract ; the former is the language of primitive nature ; the latter of the scientific world. Thus shepherd^ the Anglo-Saxon word, is generally confined to its primary meaning as a keeper of sheep, while pastor is exclusively confined to its fig- urative sense of one who,keeps the flock of God, and so in number- less other cases. While the habit of nice discrimination in the use of words is valuable even for its intellectual training, it biings what is of more value, an increase of mental wealth in the ability to discern between things which really differ, but which we have hitherto confused in our minds, and we have made these distinctions permanently our own in the only way they can be made secure, that is, by assigning to each its own appropriate word and peculiar sign. "What a help to the writing of a good English style is the ability instantly to choose from a list of words presented to the mind that one which expresses the exact shade of meaning we wish to give. When a writer says either more or less than he means, or has said some- thing beside what his intention was, it shows a lack of dexterity in the employment of the instrument of language. Nor is this power of expressing exactly what we mean a mere elegant mental accomplishment; it is something far higher — it is nearly aUied to morality, since it is closely connected with truthfulness. How much that is false has become current by the use of words care- lessly or dishonestly employed. While one may sometimes feel tempted, like Shakspeare's clown, to say that " Words are grown so false, I am loath to prove reason with them," we cannot forego their employment, and this falseness arises rather from their abuse and not from their proper use. Learn to distinguish between words, SYNONYMS. for, as Hooker observes, " The mixture of those things by speech, which by nature are divided, is the mother of all error." The natural way to distinguish the meaning of a word is by the method of induction. Th'us we hear the word oppression repeated in a context so as to convey to our mind the idea of violence ,' then we hear it in another context and perceive that it does not exactly mean violence, but it seems now rather to suggest injustice ; but airain some further mention of the word makes it evident that while oppression is always unjust, yet it is not identical with injustice. If we are accustomed to live in society where words are correctly used, or if we read words by the best masters of English, in course of time we learn to reject incorrect notions of the word and arrive at its exact meaning. The process of rejection may technically be termed elimination. The whole process by which, by introducing the differ- ent instances in which a word occurs, we arrive at the meaning it has in every instance is called induction. Thus, if we say, " The tenant oppressed his landlord by defrauding him of his rent," we feel this is incorrect, as oppression, can only be exercised by the superior on the inferior, by the strong on the weak. Then, again, if we say that, " The robber oppressed the traveler by robbing him of his purse," we see that this is incorrect because oppression denotes conduct more public and self-reliant than the violence of a robber who may at any time be punished by the law. Then, " The tyrant oppressed his steward by giving him a blow," is also incorrect as oppression implies systematic injustice, not a single isolated instance. Hence we can eliminate from the broad ideas of injustice as inherent in all oppression, all injustice that is (1) not practised by the strong against the weak; (2) pubhc and self-reliant ; (3) systematic. The residuum i. e., " injustice more or less open and systematic, practiced by the strong upon the weak," is a fair definition of oppression. To illustrate how the list following should be used, should for in- stance the word pride be under consideration, it is well to make a list of the synonymous group, w^hich is, vanity, conceit, arrogance, as- surance, presumption, haughtiness and insolence, and ascertain first what is the common quality pervading all these synonyms, and second what are the special qualities in which pride differs from each of the others. This common quality is an exaggerated sense of one's own worth as compared with others ; but pride differs from vanity in being more indifferent to the opinion of others ; the proud man has a more soUd foundation of merit than the conceited man ; he is not so selfishly exacting as the arrogant ; not so brutally unfeeling as the insolent; and far too dignified to be accused of 142 SYNONYMS. assurcmce. lie is too certain of liis own merits to presume upon them, knowing that time will bring their acknowledgment without pushing, and the same feeling of merit will lead him to beware of the open contempt of others which the haughty affect. Hence from this analysis will flow a correct definition as follows : (1) Pride is a high opinion of one's own merits, or of something connected with one's self ; (2) it is not pushing like pTf^mnnption^ nor brutal like insolence^ nor openly contemptuous like haughtiness., nor influenced by a desire of admiration like vanity^ etc. "We append below a full list of synonyms. Abandon— relinquish, srive up, desert, for- 8iikt', t'oretfo, yiclfl, fedc, surrender, resigrn, abi<)ti. coiiicssitm, recognition. Acquaint ( oiiimunicate, disclose, inform, make known. Acquiesce -accede, assent, agree, comply, c(»nscnt, yield. Acquire attain, obtain, gain, procure, win. Acquirement— attainment, gain. Acquit -clear, discharge, free, forgive, par- don. Active -agile, busy, vigorous, brisk, quick, industrious, nimble, prompt. Actual— ntal, positive, certain, genuine. Actuate move, impel, uicite, rouse, insti- gate, animate, induce. Acute- penetrating. |)ointed, keen, piercing, subtle, shrewd, sharp. Adage -apothegm, aphorism, maxim, say- ing. i)roverb, axiom. Adapt -accommodate, adjust, fit, suit. Add join, annex, increase. Addition — accession, augmentation in- crease. Address— ability, courtship, direction, ut- terance, skill, speech. Address— accost, salute, harangue, speech, oration, direction, superscription, dexter- ity. Adept— skillful, apt, quick, export. Adhere- attach, cleave, hold, stick. Adherent— disciple, partisan, follower, up- holder. Adhesion— attachment, sticking, adherence, union. Adjacent— ad joining,contlguous,near.close. Adjourn— postpone, defer, delay, put off. Adjust— accommodate, adapt, fit, settle, suit. Adiainister— give, manage, dispense, sup- 1>I>-. serve, execute. Admiration— amazement, esteem, regard, wonder, surprise. Admission— entrance, admittance, access, concession, initiation. Admit— allow, concede, grant, permit, tol- ••rate. Admonition— advice, caution, counsel, re- proof, warning. Adore— revere, reverence, venerate, wor- ship. Adorn— deck, embellish, beautify, decorate, ornament. Adroit— ngile, clever, dexterous, skillful. Adulterate— corrupt, defile, debase, pollute Advancement— improvement, furthennjce prog'ression. AdvantEig«— benefit, good, profit, use. Adventure— ocfurrt'iice. incident, casualty, t'lmnco. ooiitiiiKt'iii-'y. Adversary- opponent, enemy, antagonist. Adverse— liostile, contrary, repugnant, un- t'ortiumte. opposed. Advert— allude, notice, regard, turn. Advertise— publish, proclaim, announce. Advice— instruction, admonition, counsel. Advise— admonish, consult, deliberate, con- sider. Advocate — argiie, defend, plead, support. Affability— civility, courteousness, urban- ity. Affable— courteous, civil, pleasing, urbane. Affair— business, concern, matter, transac- tion. Affect— aim, assume, arrogate, move, pre- tend. Affecting— feeling, pathetic, touching. Affection— tenderness, love, kindness, fond- ness, attachment. Affiliate— adopt, associate, initiate, receive. Affinity— conformity, alliance, relationship, kindred, attraction. Affirm— assert, aver, assure, protest, declare. Affliction— sadness, sorrow, bereavement, calamity, distress, pain, grief, trouble, tribulation. Affluence— opulence, wealth, riches, abun- dance, concourse, influx, plenty. Afford— impart, grant, give, produce, spare, yield. Affray— disturbance, broil, feud, fray, quar- rel. Affright— alarm, appall, frighten, terrify, shock, dismay, intimidate, dishearten. Affront— insult, offend, provoke, outrage. Afraid— fearful, timid, timorous, terrified. Aged— old, elderly, senile, advanced in years. Agent— deputy, factor, representative. Aggravate— tantalize, provoke, exasperate, irritate. Aggregate— accumulate, mass* collect, pile. Agile— nimble, brisk, alert, lively, quick, active, sprijrhtly. Agitate— disturb, shake, move, discuss. Agitation— trepidation, tremor, disturb- ance. Aerony— distress, pain, anguish, torture, suf- fering. Agree— consent, assent, accede, concur, comply, acquiesce. Agreeable— suitable, acceptable, pleasing, srateful. Agreement— bargain, covenant, accord- ance, contract, concurrence, harmony. Aid— assist, help, succor, relieve. Aim— aspire, endeavor, level, strive, point. Air— mien, look, manner, appearance, as- pect. Alarm— apprehension, terror, surprise, sum- mons friiiht, fear, dread, consternation. Alienate— witlidraw, estrange, transfer. AUiiy— soothe, mitigate, appease, assuage. Allege— a.ssert, advance, adduce, affirm. Alleviate— mitigate, relieve, soothe, ease, lessen, diminish, atiate, lighten. Alliance— union, league, confederacy, coa- lition, combination. Allot— a.ssign, apportion, appoint, distribute. Allowance— wages, salary, pay, stipend, grant, concession. All to— very much, entirely, completel'*, altosrether. Allude— refer, intimate, hint, suggest. Allure— decoy, attract, seduce, tempt, en- tice. Alter— change, vary, modify, rearrange. Altercation— difference, dispute, quarrel. Always— continually, incessantly, consant- ly. e\er. perpetually. Amass— heap, pile, accumulate, collect, gather. Amazement— surprise, astonishment, ad- mitation, wonder. AmbigTious— equivocal, doubtful, uncer- tain, obscure. Amenable— answerable, responsible, ac- countable. Amend— rectify, reform, mend, better, cor- rect, improve. Amends— restitution, restoration, recom- pense, reparation. Amiable— kind, agreeable, obliging, charm- ing, delightful, lovely. Ample abundant, large, copious, spacious, extended, plenteous. Amusement— pastime, recreation, diver- sion, sport, entertainment. Ancestors— progenitors, forefathers. Anecdote— tale, story. Angry- passionate, resentful, hot, hasty, irascible, wrathful, furious. Angruish— distress, pain, agony, suffering. Animate— urge, enliven, exhilarate, encour- age, impel, cheer, incite, inspire. Animation— life, spirits, gayety, buoyancy, vivacity, liveliness. Animosity— enmity, hatred, hostility, ma- lignity. Annals— memoirs, anecdotes, chronicles, narrations. Annex— attach, add, affix, subjoin. Announce— proclaim, publish, advertise, de- clare. Annul— cancel, destroy, revoke, repeal, abolish, annihilate. Answer— reply, rejoinder, response. Answerable— accountable, responsible, amenable. Antagonist— foe. adversary, opponent, en- emy. Antecedent— foregoing, former, previoup, anterior, prior, preceding. Anterior— antecedent, pre\ ious, prior, for- mer, foregoing. Antipathy— aversion, dislike, detestation, abhorrence, hatred. Antijiue— ancient, old, antiguated. Anxiety— uneasiness, caution, care, per- ple.vity. solicitude, disquietude. Apathy— insensibility, indifference, uncon- cern, iiiifeelingness. Aperture —cavity, hollow. Aphorism— adage, maxim, apothegm, ax- iom, ijroverb, saying. Apology —plea, excuse, defense. Appall— daunt, dismay, reduce, depress, dis- courage. Apparent— evident, visible, plain, clear, dis- tinct. Appeal— refer, invoke, call upon. Appearance— aspect, air, manner, look, mien, semblance. Appease— assuage, allay, soothe, pacify, calm, tranquilize. Applaud— extol, praise, commend, approve. Applause— acclamation, approval, shout- ing. Appoint— provide, allot, constitute, fix, or- dain, prescrilje, depute, order. Appraise— estimate, value. Appreciate— value, esteem, prize, esti- mate. Apprehension— suspicion, alarm, seizure, terror, fear, fright, dread. Apprise— make known, acquaint, disclose, inform. Approach— admittance, access, passage, av- enue. Approbation— approval, concurrence, con- firmation consent, sanction. Appropriate— set apart, assume, usurp. Appropriate— adapted, exclusive, peculiar, suital)le. Approve— allow, applaud, commend, llKe, esteem. Apt— fit, moot, quick, ready, prompt, liable. Arbitrator— arbiter, referee, judge, um- pire. Archives— annals, records, registers, chron icles. SYNONYMS. Ardent- cujfer, fervent, flery, hot, passion- ate, vehement. Arduous -'lillicult, trying, laborious, hard. Arg-ument —debate, dispute, proof, reason. Arise u.scend. mount, rise, stand up. Arraigrn— accuse, charge, impeacli. Arrange -class, adjust, dispose, place. Arrogance lussumption, haughtiness, pride, pr(';5Uiapti()>rofeaBion, trade, emnloyment, calling, office, busineas. Avoid— shun, ehule, esi-hew. Avow— acknowledge, own, confeflB, recog- nize. Awake— arouse, excite, provoke. Awe -dread, fear, reverence. B Babbling— chattering, idle talk, prattling, loiiwacity. Backward— unwilling, averse, loath, reluc- t4llll. . Baffle -disconcert, elude, confound, defeat, confuse. Balance— equalize, adjust, settle, regulate, liiise. Banter— deride, jest, ridicule, taunt, rally. Bare— naked, unadornetl, stripped, destitute. Bargain— b\iy. purchase, contract. Base low, vile, mean, evil. Bashful -modest, diffident, shy, timid. Basis pedestal, base, foundation. Bastard - illcvritinuitc, spurious. Battle— engagement, combat, flght. Bear— sutfer, undergo, carry, sustain, bring forth, support, endure, yield. Beat— strike, overthrow, defeat, hit. Beau -gallant, dandy, sweetheart, fop. Beautiful— tine, handsome, pretty. Beautify — decorate, ornament, embellish, adorn, deck. Becominer — comely, decent, fit, graceful, suitable. • Beg— beseech, request, ask, crave, supplicate. Begin— enter upon, oriirinate, commence. BegTiile— mislead, amuse, impose upon, de- ceive. Behavior — carriage, deportment, address, conduct. Behold— observe, see, view. Beholder— observer, spectator, looker on. Belief— assent, conviction, confidence, cer- tainty, faith, trust. Below— beneath, under. Bend— bow, distort, incline, lean, subdue. Beneath— below, under. Beneficent— helpful, benevolent, generous, bountiful, lH)eral, munificent. Bent— crooked, awry, prepossession, curved, inclination. Bequeath— devise, give by will. Beseech— urge, beg, implore, solicit, suppli- cate, request, crave, entreat. Bestow— grant, confer, present, give. Better— imi>rrate, reform, mend. Biaa— warp, jjrepossession, bent, prejudice. Blame— inculpate, reijrove, upbraid, con- demn, censure, rei)roacli, reprehend. Blameless — guiltless, innocent, spotless, fjiuliless, unblemibhed, irreproachable. Blast— split, wither up, desolate, destroy. Blemish— flaw, defect, stain, fault, spot, sjK'ck. Blend— mix. mingle, confound. Bliss— happiness, felicity, beatitude, blessed- ness. Blunt— dull, uncouth, brusque, insentient, abrupt. Blunder— error, mistake. Boaster— vaunter, blusterer, braggard, brag- gart. Boasting— parade, ostentation, vaunting. Boisteroua- violent, vehement, furious, im- IH'tUOUS. Bold -courageous, daring, Insolent, impu- dent, intrepid, fearless, audacious. Bondage- servitude, confinement, slavery, imi>ri.sort, pair, couple. Brave— bold, intrepid, fearless, undaunted. heroic, daring, courageous. Breach -chasm, break, gap. opening. Break— destroy, shatter, batter, demolish, tame, dissolve, crush, rend. Breaker— covered rock, surge, wave, sand- bank, billow. Brief— short, epitomized, concise, summary, succinct, compendious. Bright- lucid, glistening, resplendent, brill- iant, glittering, clear, shining, sparkling, vivid. Brilliancy — brightness, luster, radiance, splendor. Brittle crisp, frail, fraalle. Broad —far-reaching,wide, ample, extensive, large. Broil— fight, affray, altercation, feud, quar- rel. Bruise— break, crush, squeeze, pound, com- press. Build— erect, establish, found, construct. Bulk— magnitude, dimensions, greatness, ex- tent, size, largeness. Burden— load, cargo, weight, freight. Burning— ardent, hot. scorching, fiery. Burst— si)lit, crack, rend, break. Business— avocation, occui)ation, employ- nu'iit, trade, work, calling, profession. Bustle— confusion, hurry, tumult, disorder. But— notwithstanding, nevertheless, except, however, still, yet, save. Butchery— havoc.carnage, massacre, slaugh- ter. Buy— procure, purchase, bargain, obtain. Cabal— coalition, intrigue, plot, combina- tion, league, conspiracy. Cajole — fawn, wheedle, coax. Calamity — mishap, misfortune, disaster, mischance. Calculate— count, reckon, estimate, com- pute, number. Call— subpoena, summon, name, cry, bid, in- vite, exclaim. Calling— trade, emplojinent, avocation, oc- cupation, profession, business. Calm— soothe, assuage, allay, appease, com pose, tranquilize, quiet, peace, pacify Cancel— erase, revoke, destroy, annul, at-ol- isli, icpwil. Candid— fnink, honest, ingenuous, open, nrt- U'ss. Capable— able, skillful, fitted, qualified, com- IH'tCllt. Capacity— capability, talent, faculty, genius, al)ility. Caprice— fancy, humor, whim, freak, notion. Capricious— notional, whimsical, variable, l^iiita^ticiil, tickle, chauKeable, Captivate— chai in, fascinate, Uike prisoner, onsi ive, eiiehaiit, attract, enrapture. Captivity— servitude, imprisonment, bond- ajriN confinement. Capture— prize, seizure. Care— distiuietudc. management, worry, anx- k'ty, CDiuern, attention, regard, solicitude. Careful— provident, circumspect, guarded prudent, cautious, solicitous, attentive. Careless— inattentive, unconcerned, negli- gent, thoughtless, remiss, heedless. Caress— fondle, soothe, endear, stroke, em- brace. Carnage— massacre, slaughter, butchery. Carriagre — deportment, walk, bearing, de- nif^anor, manner, behavior, mien. Carry— bear, convey, transport. CtLse —predicament, condition, state, plight, situation. Cast— throw, fling, direct, turn, hurl. Casual— accidental, contingent, incidental. Catch— capture, grip, snatch, lay hold of, seize, grasi). Cause— origin, inducement, reason, motive, source. Caution— solicitude, notice, advice, circum- spection, care, admonition, warning. Cautious— careful, wary, prudent, watchful, circumspect. Cease— leave off, stop, desist, discontinue. Celebrated— illustrious, renowned, famous, honored. Celebrate— praise; commend, extol, perpet- uate Celerity— velocity ,swiftness,fleetne88,qulck- ness. rapidity. Censure— rebuke, reproach,strictu re,blarae, reprimand upbraid, condemnation. Ceremony— rite, form, observance. Certain— actual, real, manifest, sure, con- stant. Chagrin— vexation", mortification, fretful- ness. Challenge— object, demand, except, claim, defy, accuse, call, dare. Chance— Casual, accident, fortune, fate^ for- tuitous, hazard. Change— alteration, vicissitude, variety, conversion, mutation. Changeable— uncertain, unsteady, incon- stant, mutable, fickle, variable. Character— manner, quality, mark, descrip- tion, reputation, cast, letter. Charity— kindness, beneficence, benevo- lence, generosity, good-will, liberality. Charm— fascinate, captivate, bewitch, en- rapture, attract, delight. Chasten— chastise, afllict, correct, punish. Chastpness— purity, simplicity, continence, chastity. Chastise— afflict, correct, punish. Chattels— effects, movable goods. Cheat— fraud, imposition, deception, deceit, stratagem. Cheer- encourage, incite, exhilarate, glad- den, ' omfort. Cheerfulness— sprightliness, livelmess, jol- 'ity, comfort, gayety, mirth, gladness. Cherish— help, nurture, foster, shelter, in- dulge, warm. Chide— scold, reprimand, rebuke reprove. Chiefly— mainly, especially, principally, par- ticularly. Childish— simple, puerile, young, trifling. Childhood— infancy, minority. Children— issue, offspring, progeny. Choke— suffocate, smother, stifle. Choice selection, option, election. Choose- pick, select, elect, prefer. Circulate spread, pass, bruit, diffuse, prop- agate. Circumscribe— limit, inclose,confine,bound. Circumstance— situation, event, condition, state, incident. Circumspect— vigilant, watchful, prudent, wary, particuhir, lautious. Circumstantial- minute, accidental, partic- ular, incidental. Civil— obliging, well-bred, polite, polished, urijane. allable, courteous, complaisant. Civilization— refinement, culture. Claim— demand, ask, right, pretension. Clamor -outcry, cry, uproar, noise. Clandestine— hidden, secret, private. Class ' division, rank, order, degree. Cleansing— purging, purifying, cleaning. Clear obvious, apparent, free, pure, vivid. Clearly — visibly, manifestly, lucidly, dis- tinctly, obviously, plainly. Clemency— mercy, kindness, lenity, mild- ness. Clever— adroit, expert, skillful, ready. Climb— mount, ascend, rise, scale. Cling— hang, clasp, cleave, stick, hold. Close— confined, shut, near, firm, concise, compact. Clothes— apparel, habiliments, raiment, cov- ering, attire, garment. Clouded— overcast, sullen, obscured, varie- gated, gloomy, dark. Clumsy— uncouth, unhandy, bungling, awk- ward. Coadjutor— colleague, ally, assistant. Coalition— conspiracy, union, combination. Coarse— gross, vulgar, rude, rough, inele- gant, unrefined. Coax— fawn, wheedle, tease, flatter, cajole. Coerce— force, compel, restrain. Cognomen— name, appellation, denomina- tion. Coherent— consistent, tenacious, adhesive. Coincide- agree, harmonize, concur. Cold— unaffecting, shy, frigid, chill, re- served. Colleague— ally, partner, associate, coadju- tor. Collected— composed, calm, unruflled,placid, cool, gathered. Collection— gathering, group, assemblage, contribution. Colloquy— conference, talk, dialogue. Color— line, tint, stain. Combination— confederacy, conspiracy, co- alition, union, league, alliance. Comely— handsome, becoming, graceful, agreeable. Comfort— solace, enliven, encourage, con- sole. Comfortless — wretched, desolate, forlorn. Comic- tunny, laughable, ridiculous, ludi- crous. Command— direction, order, precept, be- hest, injunction. Commanding— dictatorial. Imperious, au- thoritative, imperative. Commence— begin, undertake, originate. Commend— approve, laud, praise, applaud, extol, recommend. Commensurate— sufficient, adequate, equal, proportionate. Comment— utterance, elucidation, remark, observation, annotation, note, explanation, exposition. Commiseration— compassion, feeling for, condolence, pity, sympathy. Commission— authorize, empower, enable. Commodious— fit, large, suitable, conven- ient Commodity— goods, wares, merchandise. Common— general, low, mean, frequent, usual, vulgar, ordinary. Commotion— perturbation, confusion, tu- mult, disturbance. Communicate- tell, impart, reveal, disclose, report, make known. Communication— commerce, intercourse, coril'ijreiice. . Communion— union, fellowship, converge, intt^rcoiirsc. Commute barter, excliange. Compact - close, solid, Ann. Companion— imrtner, allv, confederate, ac- eoiiiplice, friend, eomracfe, associate, chum. Company— assembly, congregation, crew, baiKl, corporation, u.isociation. Compass ootmummute, attain, encircle, en- close, environ, in\et>emoaniim-, bewailing, la- meiitinif, reuining, regretting. Complaisant affable, civil, courteous, HRreeahle, obliging. Complete aecoinplinh, eonsumate, con- clude, e.\ecute, efrcet, Hnish, ful£Ul. Complex- complicate, intricate. Compliment flatter, extol, praise. Comply accede, agree, assent, consent, yield, acijuiewe. Composed calm, quiet, put together. Comprehend appreciate, embrace, com- prise, understand. Compress bind, condense, squeeze. Compulsion coercion, restraint, force. Compunction— contrition, repentance, pen- itence, regret. Compute -calculate, reckon, count, esti- mate. Concede— admit, allow, yield, grant, deliver. Conceal— cover, disguise, hide, secrete. Conceit -fancy, vanity, pride, notion, im&gi- nation, freak. Conception idea, notion, porception,fancy. Concern atfuir, matter, l)\isines8, care. Concert adjust, consult, contrive. Conciliate reconcile, propitiate. Conclude llnisli, close, terminate. Conclusive convincing, decisive. Concord iigreement, amity, peace, union, harmony. Concur— agree, coincide, approve, acquiesce. Condemn -i-eproach, doom, sentence, blame. Condense— shorten, contract, abbreviate. Condescension— submission, humility, def- erence. Condition— stipulation, situation, state, rank. Condolence— sympathy, commiseration, coinpa.ssion. Conduct— behavior, deportment, mana^re- ment. Confederate— associate, ally, accomplice. Confer^grant, bestow, give. Confess— admit, disclose, acknowledge, own. Confide— trust, depend, rely, repose. Confident— assured, bold, positive. Confined— imprisoned, circumscribed, lim- ited, contracted. Confirm— strengthen, corroborate, estab- lish. Conform— comply, yield, submit. Congruity— consistency, agreement. Connected— joined, united, related. Conquer— overcome, subdue, vanquish. Consent— agree, assent, comply, jneld, ac- cede. Consider— ponder, deliberate, reflect. Consistent— agreeing, accordant. Conspicuous— noted, prominent, illustri- ous, distinguished. Contract— build, erect, frame, form, make. Consume— absorb, waste, destroy. Contagiotis- inf ectious, epidemic. Contaminate— corrupt, defile, taint, poison, pollute. Contemplate— muse, meditate, consider. Contend contest, vie, strive, argue, debate. Contentment— happiness, satisfaction, grat- ilk-ation. Continuation— duration, continuance. Contraxit— shorten, curtail, reduce, abbre- Ni:it^', condense, abridge. Contrary -opposite, adverse, inimical. Contrivance— invention, plan, scheme, de- vice, means. Controversy— debate, disputation, argu- ment, debute. Convenient— suitable, adapted, handy. Convey— transport, bear, carrv. Convivial— sociable, agreeable, festal, so- cial. Copy-duplicate, specimen, model. Correct -mend, rectify, better, reform. Costly valuable, precious, expensive. Countenance- uphold, sanction, support, favor, eiu'ounige. Couple toniiect. join, unite. Courage heroism, firmness, valor, bravery, fearl(«siies.«. Covering: hiding, concealing, sheltering, screening. Coward— poltroon, dastard, sneak. Crave- lx?g, supplicate, solicit, request, be- st'ech, implore, entreat. Crime— sin, evil, vice, wickedness, guilt. Cross splenetic, ill-tempered, petulant, fretful. j)eevi8h. Cure remedy, restore, heal. Curse imprecation, anathema, malediction. Curtail— abridge, shorten, abbreviate, con- tract, Cuatozn— manner, tisagc, habit, practice. Dainty— choice, delicate. Dampness— humidity, wet, moisture. Dark— dismal, dim, gloomy, obscure. Dead lifeless, inunimute, deceased, still. Dealingr— commerce, trade, trallic. Debas»— degrade, lower, himible, abase. Decay— consumption, decline. Decent— comely, seemly, fit. becoming. Decisive— conclusive, convincing, ending'. Decline— reject, refuse, decay. Decoy -seduce, tempt, allure, entice, in- veigle. Dedicate— consecrate, set apart, devote. Deed - feat, action, exploit, achievement. Defect -blemish, want, imperfection, flaw. Defender— protector, advocate, vindicator, pleader. Deference— veneration, regard, respect. Deficient— imperfect, lacking, wanting. Defraud— eheat, swindle, deceive, rob, track. Degree— class, rank, station, position. Delay -postpone, protract, prolong, defer, hinder. Delig'hted- grateful, pleased, charmed, joy- ful, g-lud. Delinquent — offender, criminal, culprit. Delude— beguile, mislead, cheat, deceive. Demand— claim, ask, require. Demonstrate— manifest, prove, show, evince. Denote- -mark, imply, signify. Dependence— trust, reliance, confidence. Deportment — behavior, demeanor, conduct, carriage. Deprive— depose, strip, divest, hinder, pre- vent. Deputy— delegate, agent, representative. Deride— hiugh at, mock, banter, ridicule. Description— relation, detail, explanation, account, recital, illustration, narration. Design — project, intend, sketch, plan, scheme, purpose. Desist— discontinue, stop, leave off, cease SYNONYMS. Despicable— mean, outrageous, contempti- l)le, pitiliil, vile, wortlik'ss. Despotic arbitrary, sell -willed, absolute. Destitute — bai-e, forlorn, forsaken, poor, seaiUy, needy. Desultory— loose, hasty, slight, roving. Detail iiecount, recital, tale, description, narration. Detect— discover, find, convict. Determined— concluded, ended, firm, reso- lute, iimnovable. decided, fixed. Detestable -hateful, loathsome, abomina- ble, execrable. Detriment— hurt, damage, injury, prejudice, loss, inconvenience, disiidvantage. Deviate— digr ss, err, wander, stray, swerve. Devote— give, dedicate, set apart, apply, con- secrate. Devout— holy, religious, pious, prayerful. Dialect— language, tongue, speech. Die expire, wither, perish, depart, languish Different— various, unlike, diverse. Diffident— modest, retiring, hesitating, bash lul, distrustful, fearful. Diligent— persevering, laborious, attentive, industrious, active, assiduous. Direct— show, sway, regulate, manage, guide, concTfict. Direction— command, order, address, super scription. Disagree— quarrel, dissent, differ, dispute vary. Disappoint— fail, defeat. Disivow— disown, deny, disclaim, repudiate, Discard — cast off, discharge, dismiss. Disclose— discover, reveal, divulge, promul- gate. Discord— dissension, contention, inharmony. Discretion— judgment, prudence. Disdain— scorn, pride, contempt, haughti- ness, arrogance. Disgrace— debase, degrade, abase, dishonor. Disgrust- loathing, nausea, dislike, aversion. Dishonor— shame, disgrace. Dismiss— divest, discharge, discard. Disperse— scatter, deal out, spread, dissi- pate, distribute. Display— parade, show, exhibit, ostentation. Displease— offend, anger, vex. Dispose regulate, adapt, order, arrange. Disseminate — scatter, spread, propagate, circulate. Dissertation— discourse, essay, treatise, dis- quisition. Distaste— aversion, disgust, contempt, dis- like, loathing, dissatisfaction. Distingruish— perceive, see, know, discern, discriminate. Distress— affliction, misery, agony, pain, sor- row, anguish, sadness, suffering, grief. District— county, circuit, locality, province, section, tract, region, territory. Divide— part, share, separate, distribute. Divulge— impart, disclose, publish, reveal, communicate. Doctrine— wisdom, dogma, belief, principle, precept. Doleful— awful, dismal, piteous, sorrowful, woeful, rueful. Drag— pull, draw, bring, haul. Dread— fear, apprehension. Dress— array, attire, vestments, garments, apparel. Dumb— silent, mute, still, inarticulate. Dutiful— submissive, respectful, obedient. Dye— stain, color, tinge. Earn- gain, win, make, obtain, acquire. Ease— rest, repose, quiet. Eccentric— strange, singular, odd. Ecstacy— happiness, joy, delight, rapture, transport, enthusiasm, elevation. Edifice— fabric, building, structure. Efface— expunge, erase, obliterate, destroy, eradicate. Efficient- competent, effective, able, capa- ble, effectual. Effort endeavor, trial, attempt, exertion, es.xa.N'. Elevate— raise, lift, hoist, exalt. Eligible— worthy, fit, capable, suitable. Emanate- issue, flow, arise, spring, pro- ceed. Embarrass— trouble, i>erplex, distress, en- tangle, puzzle. Emblem— symbol, figure, type. Emergrency— exigency, casualty, necessity. Emotion— feeling, tremor, agitation, excite- ment. Empower— enable, commission, delegate, authorize. Enchant— beguile, enrapture, charm, capti- vate, bewitch, fascinate. Encomium— eulogy, praise. Encroach— tresjjass, intrude, infringe. Endeavor- effort, aim, exertion, attempt. Endurance— fortitude,8ubmission, patience, lesignution. Enemy -foe, opponent, antagonist, adver- sary. Enervate— unnerve, enfeeble, deteriorate, weaken, debilitate. Enjoyment— happiness, joy, pleasure, grati- fication. Enlarge— extend, increase, lengthen, widen. Enough— ample, plenty, sufficient, abund- luice. Enrapture— charm, fascinate, attract, capti- ^■ate, enchant. Enterprise— business, adventure, attempt, undertaking. Entice— tempt, allure, seduce, decoy. Entirely— perfectly, wholly, completely. Envy— jealousy, suspicion, grudging. Epidemical— contageous,pestilential,catch- ing. Equal— uniform, adequate, commensurate. Eradicate— root out, extirpate, exterminate. Erase— "ixpunge, cancel, efface, obliterate. Error— fault, blunder, mistake. Escape— elope, pass, avoid, fly, evade, elude. Esteem— prize, love, respect, value, regard, appreciate. Eulogy— encomium, panegyric. Evade— escape, elude, shun, avoid, prevari- cate. Even— smooth, equal, plain, uniform, level. Evidence— proof, witness, deposition, testi- mony. Evil— wicked, bad, sinful. Exact— enjoin, extort, demand, extract. Exalted— high, sublime, dignified, magnifi- cent, raised, refined, elevated. Example— precedent, copy, pattern. Exceed— transcend, surpass, improve, outdo, excel. Except— but, object, besides, unless. Excite — provoke, irritate, arouse, incite, awaken, stimulate. Excursion— jaunt, trip, tour, ramble. Execrable— hateful, detestable, contempti- ble, abominable. Exercise— exert, practice, carry on. Exhilarate — inspire, cheer, animate, en- liven. Exigency— necessity, emergency. Expectation— belief, anticipation, confi- dence, hope, trust. Expedite— hurry, quicken, hasten, acceler- ate. Expel -banish, exile, cast out. Experience— knowledge, test, proof, exi)eri- meiit. trial. Explain— show, elucidate, unfold. Explicit— clear, plain, express, definite. Explore— hunt, search, examine. * Extensive— comprehensi\'e, wide, commo- dious, large. Exterior— outside, outward, external. External — outward, exterior. Extra vagrant — profuse, lavish, wasteful, prodigal. SYNONYMS. Pabrlcate — invent, feigrn, falsify, frame, for«-e. Pact— incident, circumstance. Faculty— ability, power, talent, Rift. Pallinsr — weakness, fault, foible, frailty, mlccarriaK'', iini>erfection, misfortune, Paith fidelity, credit, trust, belief. Palsehood lals;ty, lie, untruth, fiction, fab- rication, falsiHcution. Pamiliar— intimate, free, unceremonious. Panciful —ideal, hypochondriacal, whimsi- cal, cai)rioiouH, fantastical, imutfinutive. Par remote, distant. Pashion-form, style, sort, practice, mode, custom, way, manner. Pastidious— disdainful, particular, squeam- ish. Pa vor— civility, benefit, flrrace, support. Pa vorable -propitious, suitable, auspicious. Paultless — ifuiltlcss, innocent, spotless, blaniclt'.ss. Pearful drejidf ui,tlmorou8,horrlble,afraid, awlui, terrible. Peasibie— plausible, reasonable, practicable. Peeble— Innrm, weak, frail. Peiarn— frame, fornre, fabricate, invent. Pertile— fruitful, productive, proliflo, abun- dant. Pervor— vehemenoe, warmth, zeal, heat, ar- dor. Petter— shackle, bind, chain. Pictlon— invention, untruth, lie, fabrication. Piery— hot, \ehement, fervent, paasionatc, ardent, impulsive. Plnesse— .strat^ijfem, trick, artifice. Plrm -ready, partnership, strong, sturdy, solid, steady, immovable. Pitted suited, competent.quallfled,adapted. Plagr— droop, faint, j)ine, decline, lang^uish. Plavor odor, taste, fnyrranf e, savor. PleeUnff— tninsient, swift, temporary, tran- sitory. Plexible— pliable, plaint, supple. Pluctuate— hesitate, vary, waver, change, vacillate. Pondness— affection, tenderness, love, at- tachment. Porsake -relinquish, leave, desert, abandon, quit, alxlicate. Porbear -retrain, spare, abstain, pause. Porce ^)bliKe, restrain, compel. Porebode- auRur, foretell, betoken, pre- sjiKe, prou-nostlcate. Porepo -)?ive up, quit, resign. Foreiarner— strang-er, alien. Porfelture penalty, line. Forgive— absolve.excuse, remit, acquit, par- don. Form- rite, ceremony, shape, observance. Fortunate— lucky, prosperous, successful. Forward— Immodest, progressive, ready, presumptuous, confident, bold, ardent, eager. Fragile— brittle, tender, weak, frail. Frailty— weakness, foible, failing, unsteadi- ness, instability. Fraternity— brotherhood, society. Fraught— loaded, filled. Freak— whim, fancy, caprice, humnr. Free- deliver, liberate, rescue, clear, enfran- chise, affranchise. Freely— liberally, frankly, unreservedly, cheerfully, spontaneously, unhesitatingly. Fresh— new, modern, cool, recent, novel. Fretful— captious, angry, peevish, petulant. Fright— terror, panic, alarm, consternation. Frighten— terriry, alarm, daunt, scare, in- timidate, affright. Privolous—f utile, petty, trivial, trifling. Pru«tl— careful, prudent, 8a\ing, econom- ical Frustrate — defeat, disappoint, foil, hinder, nullify. Furious— impetuous, boisterous, violent, vehement. Ghain— obtain, profit, get, acquire, attain, win. Gkile— breeze, hurricane, storm, tempest. Gallantry— valor, bravery, courage. Gay dasldng, cheerful, showy, fine, merry, 8pri>flitly. Generally— commonly, frequently, usually. Genteel— polite, cultured, mannerly, refined, p.ilislied. Gentle tame, peaceable, mild, quiet, meek, Germinate— sprout, vegetate, grow, bud. shoot. Gesture -action, attitude, motion, posture. Giddiness-flightiuess, levity, lightness, volatility. Give impart, yield, consign, grant, confer, (wstow. Glance-look, glimpse, sight. Glitter — glisten, radiate, shine, glare, sparkle. Gloom— dark, melancholy, morose, sullen, sad, cloudy, dull, dim. Graceful— comely, neat, becoming, genteel, eleifMnt. Grant -w'll, yield, give, bestow, confer, cfrotect, behold, apiHjaranoe. Loquacioiis talkative, garrulous. Lot -duuni, fortune, sliare, fatis destiny, por- tion. Loud— noisy, vehement, clamorous, turbu- lent, vociferous. Lovely— attractive, beautiful, amiable, ele- giint, flnc, handsome, charming, delightful. Lover— wooer, suitor, beau. Low— despicable, debased, humble, dejected, Imlsc, abject. Lucky— successful, fortunate, prosjjerous. Lunacy — derangement, mania, insanity, iiuiilnes-s. Luxuriant— exuberant, voluptuous, excess- ive, abundant. Luxury— abundance, excess, elegance, pro- fusion. M Magisterial— august, prosperous, stately, nia.iestit-, dignitied. Mag'nitude- bulk, size, greatness. Majestic -august, stately, dignified. Malice— grudge, spite, nineor, pique. Mandate— order, charj^e, injunction, com- mand. Manifest— apparent, plain, open, clear, ob- vious, evident. Margin— border, rim, brltik, verge, edge, brim. Mark— imprint, observe, show, brand, im- press, stamp. Martial— soldier-like, tnilitary, warlike. Massive— ponderous, heavy, large, bulky. Mature— complete, ripe, perfect. Mean— sordid, niggardly, penurious, low, miserly, abject, despicably. Meanvrhile — meantime, intervening, in- terim. Meddle— touch, interfere, interpose, inter- rupt. Meditate— contemplate, muse. Meek soft, humble, gentle, mild. Meeting— congregation, company, auditory, assembly. Melody— harmony, concord, happiness, uni- son. Memory — reminiscence, recollection, re- membrance. Merchant— tradesman, trader. Merciless -hard-hearted, pitiless, cruel, un- luerc-iful. Merry — lively, gay, sprightly, sportive, cheerful, happy, vivacious, mirthful. Metaphor— trope, symbol, embleni,ailegory, similitude. Mighty great, potent, strong, powerful. Mindful— heedful, attentive, regardful, ob- servaiil. Miracle prodigy, marvel, wonder. Mischief— harm, hurt, damage, misfortune, injury. Misfortune— calamity, ill luck, harm, mis- hap, disaster. Misuse— i>ervert, ill-treat, abuse, misapply. Mix mingle, blend, confound. Model— pattern, mould, sample, copy, speci- men. Modem— recent, new. novel, fresh, late. Modify— re-arrange,alter,moderate, change, extenuate. Mollify — ease, soften, assuage, appease, moderate, mitigate. Morose— gloomy, sour, forbidding, sullen, jM-evish. motive -incentive, cause, reason, principle. Mourn— 8»tify, feast, relish. Region -quarter, country, section, district. Regulate — rule, dispose, adjust, control, govern. Reject— deny, repel, refuse, decline. Relieve -succor, assist, mitigate, aid, help, support. Relish - flavor, taste, enjoy. Remain— stay, tarry, continue, abide, so- journ. Remark— comment, observation, note. Remiss — negligent, heedless, thoughtless, careless. Remnant— residue, remainder, rest. Renew— revive, renovate, refresh. Renown— fame, reputjition. celebrity. Reparation— restitution, amends, restora- tion. Repeat— rehearse, recite, detail. Replenish— supply, fill, refill. Repose— 8s, keenness. Shine— glare, glisten, glitter, gleam. Shocking— terrible, dreadful, liorrible. Shorten— curtail, le.s.«en. reduce, abridge. Showy— gay, gaudy, fine, grand. Shudder- tumble, quake, shake. Sickly— sick, ill, unwell, diseased. Signify— exi)res8, imply, utter, declare. Silent- mute, six'eehless, dumb, still. Similarity - liKem-ss, similitude, resem- Vilanee. Simply- merely, solely, only. Sincere— honest, frank, true, plain. Situation— plight, locality, i»lace, position. Slander— vilify, defame, detnut. atperse. Slender— slim. thin, fragile, slight. Slow— dilatory, tedious, tardy, dull. Smooth —mild, easy, bland, even. Snarlin^^snappish. waspish, surly. Sneer— jibe. jeer, scoff. Social— familiar, sociable, convi^ial. Soft— yielding, iiliant, mild, flexible. Solenm— serious, grave. Solid— firm. hard, enduring, fixed. Soothe— compose, quiet, calm, assuagre. Sort— species, kind, order. Sour— acid, sharp, acrimonious, tart. Spacious— capacious, ample, large. Species— kind, sort, order, class. Specimen— pattern, sample, model, copy. Speech— address, sermon, oration, lecture. Sphere— globe, circle, orb. Spite -malice, hatred, grudge. Sport— recreation. ]i!istime, game. play. Spread — sow. disperse, scatter, difiCuse. Sprinkle— tiedew, scatter, water. Stability— firmness. fixednes.s, continuity. Stammer— stutter, falter, hesitate. SYNONYMS. Stare— gaze, gape. Station— situation, place, post, position. Sterility— unl'niiit'uliK'ss, barrenness. Still— pacify, lull, (piii't, appoasi;. Stop— t'licck, hintlcr, delay, rest. Straight— immediate, direct. Stratagem— artiliee,elie«t, finesse, fine work. Strife— contest, dissension, discord. Stroll— nimble, rove, range. Sturdy— firm, robust, strong. Subdue- surmount, subject, conquer, over- come. Subjoin— annex, attach, aiBx, connect. Submissive— obedient, humble, compliant. Substance— support, livelihood, sustenance. Substitute— agent, change, exchange. Subtract deduct, withdraw, take from. Successful— prosperous, fortunate, lucky. Succor- defend, relieve, assist, help. Suffer— endure, allow, permit, bear. SuflB-cient —adequate, plenty, enough. Suggest— propose, hint, allude. Suitor beau, lover, wooer. Summon— cite, bid, convoke, call. Superficial— slight, flimsy, shallow. Supplicate— implore, entreat, ask, beg. Sure reliable, certain, confident. Surmount— subdue, conquer, overcome. Surprise— amazement, wonder, admiration. Surround— incircle, inclose, encompass. Suspense— doubt, hesitation. Sustain— maintain, carry, support, bear. Swarm— crowd, throng, multitude. Symbol— emblem, type, figure. Sympathy — compassion, agreement, con- dolence. System— order, method. Tale— anecdote, story. Talk— conference, lecture, sermon. Taste— relish, savor, flavor. Tedious— tardy, tiresome, slow. Temper— disposition, mood, humor. Temporal— secular, mundane, worldly. Tempt— allure, decoy, induce, entice. Tenderness— fondness, affection, love. Terms— language, expressions, words, con- dition. Terrible— horrible, awful, terrific, fearful. Test— standard, proof, trial, experience. Testimony— proof, evidence. Think surmise, consider, imagine, ponder. Thought— conceit, idea, fancy, reflection. Thoughtless — unthinking, nasty, foolish, careless. Throw— fling, hurl, heave, cast. Time— epoch, era, season, date. Timid^afraid, bashful, fearful. Title— claim, name, appellation. Tolerate— allow, suffer, permit. Total— sum, gross, entire, whole. Tour— trip, round, journey, jaunt. Trade— occupation, ti-affic, dealing. Tranquility— calm, quiet, peace, stillness. Transcend -surpass, exceed, outdo, excell. Transient— short, brief, transitory. Tremendous — dreadful, terrific, fearful, terrible. Trespass— transgression, violation, misde- meanor, offense. Trip— voyage, journey, excursion, jaunt, ramble, tour. True— upright, honest, plain, candid, relia- ble, sincere. Try— attempt, endeavor. Type— mark, illustration, emblem, figure, symbol. U Umpire— arbiter, arbitrator. Judge. Unbounded— infinite, unlimited, boundless. Uncertain— precarious, dubious, doubtful. Unconquerable— insuperable, insurmount- able, invmcible. Undaunted — intrepid, courageous, bold, fearless. Under -subordinate.subject, lower, beneath. Unfaithful— perfidious, untruthful, treach- erous, faithless. Unhandy — awkward, ungdinly, clumsy, uncouth. Uniform— Siime, even, equal, alike. Unite- combine, connect. Unlike— different, dissimilar, distinct. Unmerciful— cruel, hard-hearted, merciless. Unravel— reveal, unfold, extricate, disen- tangle. Unruly— ungovernable, unmanageable, re- fractory. Unspeakable— unutterable, ineffable, inex- pressible. Untruth— falsehood, lie, falsitj'. Upbraid— reproach, reprove, blame,censure. Urbajiity— civility, courtesy, suavity, affa- bility. Urgent— pressing, earnest, importunate. Use— utility, advantage, custom, service, usage, habit. Utterly— fully,completely, perfectly, wholly. Vacant— unused,void,utterly,devoid,empty. Vain— conceited, ineffectual, fruitless, use- less. Vanity— conceit, pride; arrogance, haughti- ness. Variation— vicissitude, deviation, variety, change. Various— diverse, different, sundiy, several. Venal— hireling, mercenary Venture— risk, hazard. Verbal— vocal, oral. Vestige— track, evidence, trace, mark. Vicinity— section, locality, nearness, neigh- borhood. Vile— mean, base. Vindicate— depend, protect. Virtue— efficacy, chastity, goodness, purity. Vivid— bright, lucid, clear. Vouch— attest, assure, protest, warrant, aver. Vulgar— mean, low, ordinary, common. W Wages— allowance, salary, pay, hire, stipu- lation. "Wan- pallid, pale. Want— lack, indigence, poverty, need. Warlike— martial, military. Warning— caution, notice, monition, advice. Wasteful— prodigal, profuse, lavish, extrav- agant. Way— route, means, road, fashion, plan, course, method. Wealth— riches, affluence, opulence. Wedding— nuptials, marriage. Welcome— acceptable, desirable, grateful, iiffi-eable. Whimsical— fantastical. fancifuUcapricious. Wily— crafty, cunning, subtle, artful, sly. "Win— gain, obtain, earn, acquire. Wisdom— understanding, foresight, knowl- edffe. Woeful— doleful, rueful, piteous. Worthy— meritorious, deserving, estimable. "Writer— scribe, author. Wrong— injury, injustice. Yearly— annually. Yet— notwithstanding, but, still, neverthe less, however. Youthful— juvenile, adolescent. Zeal— enthusiasm, warmth, fervor, ardor. Zealous— warm, enthusiastic, earnest, anx ious, fervent, ardent. '9mm mmm INCE the wonderful advance of the telegraphic system into all parts of the countr}'-, allowing the quick trans- misssion of news to points widely distant, there has arisen the comparatively new feature of the War De- partment known as the Signal Service. This branch has been in existence many years, but was formerly confined principally, in its work, to the art of sending military messages from one point to another by means of flags of different colors. Gradually the transmission of other kinds of news was begun, or ratlier tlie sending of news which should be of importance not alone to the navy and the army, but to the merchant marine and those engaged in agriculture. As now conducted, the signal office consists of a large corps of men and officers who devote themselves to the study of the weather. The headquarters of the chief signal officer are in Washington, and his office is furnished with every kind of aj)paratus, of the best known manufacture, and constructed on prmciples arrived at after years of careful exi)eriment, for ascerttiining the changes in the temperature, the amount of rain-fall and snow-fall, the moisture in the atmosphere, tlie direction and force of the wind, the rise and fall of the tides and of the principal rivers, etc. The more im{K)r- tant facilities of the central office, however, are those of the tele- graph, by which reports are received from and advice sent out in all directions. At a great many points over the countr}^, all the way from Maine to California and from the lakes to the gulf, are stationed signal officers and observers, who are more or less completely sup- plied with meteorological apparatus, and who from time to time send to the chief signal officer at Washington the reports of their observations. The " observers " are volunteers, who receive no sal- aries from the government, but in consideration of their services are supplied witli a registering thermometer, dry and wet bulb barometers, wind-gauge and rain-gauge. Their reports are usually sent once a month, but meanwhile they send in special reports con- cerning heavy storms or other extraordinary phenomena. The reports of the " observers " are of no use in maldng predictions as 154 THE SIGNAL SERVICE. to the future, but are of much value as contributions to the experi- ence and general knowledge of the weather which is necessary to the officers at Washington. It is by experience of the past that the future can be judged. The signal " officers," on the other hand, are regularly paid em- ployes of the government, under the control of the signal service, into which they are detailed after being enrolled as recruits for the army. Each of these men is required to have a partial education at least, including some knowledge of science. He is supplied with an office fitted with all the apparatus necessary for his duties. He must take regular observations of the weather at stated times dur- ing each day. The rules for his guidance are very minute, even extending to the wearing and care of his uniform. His observa- tions are very carefully made out, a copy is filed for record, and the result is promptly telegraphed to the chief at Washington every day. Thus the corps at Washington have a bird's-eye view of the whole country, as it were, being instantly informed of every change in the weather at any point, the progress and character of every storm and every current of wind, the look of the clouds, the extent of every rainfall, etc. Having reduced to a science all the manifold features of atmospheric phenomena, they are enabled to deduct cause from effect, and from the information at hand they can predict the weather for many hours in advance, with an accuracy which has grown to be wonderfully reliable. Besides the officers and observers there are persons stationed at different cities throughout the country, whose duty it is to supply all neighboring points with the reports of the service, which were formerly designated as "probabilities," but are now spoken of offi- cially as "indications." These persons receive the midnight report by telegraph, make duplicates by means of type and a printing press, and send copies by mail to all surrounding postoffices, where these copies are displayed for the benefit of the public. The report is also furnished to the Associated Press, and thus telegraphed to all daily newspapers, both morning and evening. Some years ago the proprietor of the New York Herald estab- lished a meteorological bureau, one feature of which was the exchange of weather news between New York and London. Out of this has grown an important adjunct of the marine service, by which warning is sent across the Atlantic, by cable, of the approach of any storm, the rate at which it is traveling, its direction, vio- lence, etc., thus being the means of saving many lives and much valuable shipping. n n ■« I> * ~T-T . t^ T-T-^ i.- f OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS, .Sh § ^•^^m'i¥^* AS STEPPING STONES TO GREATNESS. TIE love of personal freedom of action comes mto exist- ence simultaneously with the dawn of reason, and grows stronger as the years go by. The child, incap- able of perceiving that the motive for parental re- straint is the desire for his future happiness, is disjwsed to look upon his father's commands as the manifesta- tions of caprice, or at least as arbitrary dictation ; the schoolboy is prone to regard his master as a tyrant, and, therefore, his natural enemy ; the boarding-school maiden resists and refuses obedience to the rules framed for her better protection against unseen dan- gers ; and even among persons of maturer years, there is a constant chafing against control. But " order is Heaven's first law." From the mo- ment of his birth to the hour of his death, every man has, in a greater or less degree, to submit his will to the ^ will of others. The foundations of government are ^ laid in the lessons of obedience learned in childhood, and upon this basis is reared the supei'structure of society. AVith- out a " head " to exact and enforce obedience, the home would be the scene of turbulence and confusion, and the school-room would resound with shouts of riotous disorder ; while without law to direct and govern, the ship of state would drift, rudderless^ upon a tem- pestuous sea. And yet, while none of the lessons of life are harder to learn, none are more salutary in their effects. What security would there be for life or property, if the strong arm of the law were not always uplifted, ready to punish disobedience ? What would be the issue of a battle in which each private soldier undertook to wage a desultory warfare of his own, disregarding the command of his general ? What would be the fate of the noble ship, with her costly cargo of merchandise, and her still more precious freight of human souls, if, in the moment of peril, every sailor did not promptly spring to obey the commander's orders ? Or what business enterprise could hope for success if some one mind did not control the many hands 156 OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS. employed, — if each subordinate were free to shape his course according to his own inclinations ? It is especially to the young that these remarks are addressed. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon their minds that obedience to rightful authority is their first and most imperative duty. The employ^ (be he ever so young) who yields a cheerful and unhesitating obedience to his employer's commands, is the one who gains that employer's confidence, and advances to positions of trust, of honor and of profit. It is related of the late A. T. Stewart, the merchant prince of New York, that he once ordered a captain of a vessel, who was in his employ, to proceed to a certain port, there dispose of his cargo, and with the proceeds of the sale to buy a cargo of indigo, with which he was to return home. The captain, on reaching the port named, found that to dispose of his goods there would be to sacrifice them, by selling on a falling market. Accordingly, he proceeded to another port, where he sold the merchandise to great advantage, and, having procured his return cargo of indigo, set sail for New York. On reaching his destination, he hastened to report to Mr. Stewart the results of his enterprise, expecting to be praised for his sagacity and good judgment. But the merchant's reply was to de- mand his immediate resignation. ' But why ?" asked the astonished captain. " You have disobeyed orders," said Mr. Stewart. " But you have gained ten thousand dollars by my exercise of judgment," said his employe. " I have gained this time, it is true," was the reply ; " but I have learned that I cannot trust you. Another time, a similar act of disobedience on your part might cause me to lose ten times as much." " Obey orders, if it breaks owners," is a common proverb among seafaring men, and it contains a whole volume of worldly wisdom. To follow this rule, is to lay the responsibility where it rightfully belongs — on the shoulders of the one who issues the orders. " Theirs not to make reply ; Theirs not to reason why ;" says Tennyson, in describing the famous charge of the six hundred at Balaklava, and these words form a motto suitable for the adop- tion of every young man or woman, from whom obedience can be rightfully exacted. It may not be pleasant ; many things must be met, disagreeable in themselves, and trying to your habits and pa- tience. But no genuine or lasting success can be obtained without a readiness to subordinate your own will, your own judgment, to that of those who have a just claim to demand such a subordination. n, t Source and Value of Politeness. NOTIIER most important — even essential — element of sue K cess, in the care of the young, is politeness. By the word m „ T. __ 1 1 • _ i _„i _ • .• i_ •_. politeness, as here used, is not meant an intimate acquaint- ance with every minute rule of conversational etiquette, but a more comprehensive signification is attached to it. Genu- ine good breeding proceeds from unselfish kindness of heart, and the hand that performs a genuine act of kindness, is equally beautiful, though not covered with the " regulation glove of fashion." And yet, kindness need not be linked with uncouthness. Gentle- ness of demeanor is attainable by all, and a polite man carries in his manners what is better than a letter of recommendation, for his man- ners are seen by all. Everyone loves to gaze on a beautiful picture or statue, and each look reveals beauties not before seen. The refined and beautiful in art awaken emotions of delight ; and it is equally true tluit of two men, \\\i\\ equal talents and attainments, he who is refined and polite is regarded and remembered with vastly more pleasure than his equal, who is awkward, uncouth and boorish in his manners. The French lady who declared that she could never read her prayers except out of a prayer book beautifully bound and decorated, based her remark, not upon fancy, but upon true philos- ophy. That physician's image will be recalled with most pleasure by the feverish, suffering patient, whose kindly grace pronounced him a gentleman. COMMON ERRORS RESPECTING POLITENESS. Do not fear that politeness is inconsistent with independence. It is the man who only half respects himself, who reposes only half confidence in himself, who seeks to obtain from others by impudence what he feels they will not yield without. You may regard the convenience of others, and do all that politeness requires to secure it, and your own independence, so far from being endangered, will be actually strengthened by it. Some persons regard it as a mark of genius, or of a great mind, to be slovenly in appearance or rude in their manners. If this be true, certainly the world has a superfluity of talent and genius. True, a man may rise to great eminence in spite of very bad man- ners ; but so can an elephant accomplish wonders with his trunk. No lady can thread a needle with more ease than he can, but even OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS. the most ardent champion of boorishness would hardly think the lady improved by the substitution of the elephant's trunk for her hand. No station, no rank, no talents, can excuse a man for neglecting the civilities due from man to man. When Pope Clement XIV. ascended the papal chair, the ambassadors of the several states rep- resented at his court, waited on his Holiness to congratulate him. As they were presented, and severally bowed, he also bowed in acknowledgment of the compliment. The master of ceremonies told his Holiness that this act of courtesy, on his part, was unneces- sary. " O, I beg your pardon," replied Clement, " I have not yet been Pope long enough to forget good manners." ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POLITENESS. One essential element of politeness is to treat others with the respect due to their age, sex, and relative position toward yourself. Nothing sooner gains friends for a young man, among those who observe his conduct, than a reverence for age, and a chivalrous (not foppish) demeanor toward women. The little every day acts of courtesy cost but little, and no investment will lead a' larger (or sometimes quicker) return. Another element of politeness is cheerfulness. A gloomy, mel- ancholy man is constantly thinking of himself, whom he cannot forget long enough to attend to others. When you cultivate cheer- fulness, you cultivate the habit of politeness. There is, about some men, a keenness — a sort of razor-like irony — which assumes the air of cheerfulness, but which is, in reality, only another mode of snarl- ing. Much that is impolite and really bitter, is said in this way. Another element of true politeness is the faculty of being easily pleased. To appreciate the motwe from which, rather than the manner in which, an act of kindness is rendered you, will prompt you at once to make a fitting acknowledgment and a suitable return. It must always be remembered, also, that all politeness, to be genuine, must have a foundation of principle. The ancient Romans used the same term — " honi mores " — to express good manners and good morals. " Do unto others as ye would that they should do unto you," is the fundamental rule at once of morality and courtesy. Avoid showing rudeness to another, as you would wish him to avoid rudeness toward you. It is weU nigh impossible to carry this rule into everyday life without becoming considerate, careful and gentle. As a practical aid to success, politeness is invaluable. Combined with obedience, it forms the best of aU recommendations. Its ab sence has been the cause of more than one ignominious failure. _„.,i^^^^^=-,«_ CARE OF THE PERSOR. |rTE desire for improvement and the effort to attain per- fection are nowhere to be more commended than when manifested in the care of the person. Refinement, as shown in other directions, is thrown away if the person be left in slovenly and unattractive condition. Young men are mistaken when they imagine that a reasonable time spent upon the toilet shows effeminacy, and young ladies who neglect the toilet cannot hope to be as attractive to others as they might be. The opera- tions of the toilet should be as carefully performed for the home circle as for the public. The desire to make a good personal ap- pearance is a natural one, and is commendable. * Not only that, but care of the person is an adjunct of good health, as certainly as that perfect health, more than anything else, is the brighest jewel in the crown of beauty. Care of the Hands. — The worst looking hands are those which are not clean; next to that, chapped, bruised, or red hands are un- sightly. The consideration of gloves becomes an important item in the cares of the toilet, when it is desired to keep the hands looking well. The best lotions for chapped hands are glycerine and linseed oil, applied at night on going to bed. After washing the hands with soap, always rinse them well in clear water. The nails sliould be neatly pared, not so short as to seem painful, nor so long as to look like talons. White spots which disfigure finger nails are caused by bruises. Stains may be removed with the juice of lemons or potatoes. The nail brush should not be forgotton. Care of the Teeth. — It surpasses belief, to observe now many people suffer pain and inconvenience during the latter half of their lives, because during the first half they paid no attention to their teeth. It is also an absurdity to see, as we often do, a young man making an otherwise careful toilet, yet allowing his teeth to remain stained and unsightly, or perhaps blackened with tobacco, and his breath in consequence very repulsive. The use of the tooth brush leo should be as habitual as that of the comb. The simplest tooth powder is pulverized charcoal. Brush the backs as well as the fronts of the teeth. A dentist should examine them and put them in good condition at least every two years. Never crack nuts or hard candy with the teeth, or otherwise abuse them, for you will be repaid in pain. Do not suppose that after your natural teeth are gone the dentist can give you just as good a set, for he cannot do it. Artifi- cial teeth are poor ones, at the best. Bathing. — There is no such thing as a toilet, and no such thing as good health, without water, used frequently and regularly. The soap should be of good quality. Warm water removes dirt and sweat, and cold water, followed by brisk rubbing, revives the circu- lation. The sponge bath is almost as good as any other, and the whole person may be simply washed and rubbed with the hands, the same as the face. The Hair. — The best care of the hair is cleanliness, which is attained by washing, better than by combing. Carp should be taken in using the brush and comb, not to irritate the scalp too much. Pomades and hair oil should not be used too liberally. A good hair wash for ladies is made as follows : Beat up the yolks of two eggs with a spoonful of lemon juice and a spoonful of soft water, and with this rub the head and hair thoroughly. Then wash it with plenty of soft tepid water, and wipe it with towels. The hair may afterward be dried by spreading it loose a few seconds in the smoke of a little powdered benzoin, thrown upon a pan of lighted charcoal. The body reclines upon a sofa, while the hair is allowed to fall over the end of the couch in the smoke of the benzoin. This leaves in the hair a very agreeable perfume. The Complexion. — The things which best promote the com- plexion are sleep, exercise and bathing. The use of cosmetics is a mistake, without question. They clog the pores of the skin, and are unnatural. The best cosmetics are sleep, exercise and health. Even the sunshine is better than too much darkness, which makes the face pale. Cosmetics as used by actresses consist of cold cream spread thin upon a perfectly clean face, and then gently rubbed with a soft cloth, so that it becomes almost dry without being rubbed away. Pure and fine powder is then puffed over the face, which is after- ward softly patted with a cambric handkerchief, to remove any loose powder. It should be noted that the continued use of cosmetics will ruin the best complexion. The Feet. — If the shoe fits perfectly, there will be little trouble with the feet ; and those who choose shoes too small for them, through vanity, deserve to have trouble. Corns may be cured by paring, on going to bed, and binding upon them one of the many new salves containing petroleum as an ingredient. This must be continued night after night for a week or more. The same treat- ment will do for chilblains, if they have become broken, and if not they may simply be rubbed with spirits of turpentine. The feet should be washed, then well rubbed, every morning. Perfumes. — One of the most attractive and harmless luxuries is that of sweet odors. It is but natural to ^vish for the continual breath of flowers. It has been said that " Even sound itself has less faculty of association with our ideas than the sense of smell. A waft of perfume in the air carries us back mentally to some scene of childhood or early youth. The favorite perfume of a mother, a sister, a friend, is forever associated with the thought of them, even if they themselves are but a memory." Care should be used not only in their selection, but also in their proper use. On Dyeing the Hair. — Nature always tints the hair, beard and mustache in exact harmony with the complexion. To change the color of the hair, when the shade of the complexion cannot be altered to match it, produces inharmony, as unpleasant to the eye as a discord in music to the ear. Dyes are unnatural, unnecessary to the best possible personal appearance, dangerous in their effects, nearly all of them being poisonous, whetlier mineral or vegetable, and are not a requisite of the toilet. Still less to be commended are acids for bleaching the hair, which have in a number of instances caused insanity. — cy\o. — ^. _ {low TO pi^OLOMI? THE ^Rl T is wonderful, how much hard work and steady use the human eyes Avill submit to when properly taken care of; and it is no less surprising, how small a thing will throw them so far wrong as to cause a great misfortune. The eye is most delicately constructed, yet, like the rest of our complicated organism, is perfectly adapted to its pur- pose, and will itself soon give notice if anything is not right with it. The natural light of the sun is that best adapted for the organ of vision ; yet even it may be too strong. The sunshine in the dry and cloudless countries bordering the Mediterranean, and in New Mexico, Arizona, and other parts of the west, is extremely trying to the eyes, and smoked or green glasses will be found a great relief. A long journey through snow should be similarly guarded against. "Working, reading or writing in insufficient or imperfect artificial light is the principal cause of most eye troubles. The artificial light should not be too strong, and should be perfectly steady. The electric arc light produces very severe effects upon the vison, but the incandescent light is not so unfavorable. The German student lamp, all things considered, gives the most satisfactory light, and gas light with an Argand burner is about the same. Both, however, may be made too strong, and it is well to use a blue glass chimney. The blue color has no special virtue, but it tones down the brilhancy of the light. A very important matter is to regulate the focus at which the eye does its work. Many persons become so interested or earnest in their work as to bend down over it closely, thus bringing the eyes nearer than is natural. The natural focus is destroyed, and the eyes become tired very soon. It is always well to pause occasionally, during protracted work held near the face, and gaze for a moment at some distant object, so as to change the focus and relieve the eyes. Heading on the cars is very injurious, as they are too unsteady. The eyes should be little used during convalescence from sickness, as they are then very weak. A grateful relief to tired eyes is to dash pure 163 HOW TO PROLONG THE SIGHT. cold water into them. On going to bed the eyes may be washed, even using soap slightly for a moment, to remove all sweat and dust, and then rinsing with pure water. The room should be dark during sleep. Never rub the eye with the hands or fingers. When there is any itching sensation, instead of rubbing them, hold them closed till the irritation ceases. Never use " eye cups," as they cause con- gestion. Tobacco smoke, and indeed any smoke, is injurious to the eyes. Do not read much immediately after eating a hearty meal, and never at dusk or in insufficient light. Do not sit at too high a desk, where your reading or WTiting is brought too near the face, and do not read by a jerking, unsteady light. One of the most common and painful diseases of the eye is gran- ulation of the lids. The most effectual treatment for it is dietintr. The patient must eat very lightly of the most easily digested food, with no peppei* or spices, no salt, no salty meats, not much meat of any kind, drink no tea nor coffee, no stimulants, use no tobacco, and must keep upon the eyelids a cloth constantly wetted with cold rain- water, or, better, distilled water, changing it frequently day and night, thus keeping the eyelids constantly cooler than the rest of the body. Such treatment will cure any case of granulated eyelids sooner than any medicine will do it. 3gist 0t statutory JloIidittjB. The following is a list of the legal and bank holidays in the States and Territories of the Union : Independence Day— Fourth of July, In Washington's Bikthdat— (Feb. 22), all States and Territories. in all States and Territories except Ala- Thanksgiving Day, and all • Fast Days bama, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, appointed by Presidential Proclama- Kansas, Maine, Missouri, North Caro- tion, in all States and Territories. lina, Ohio, Texas, Oregon and Tennes- Christmas Day — In all Slates and Terri- see. tories. Decoration Day — (May 30), in Colorado, New Year's Day — In all States and Ter- Connecticut, District of Columbia, ritories except Arkansas, Delaware, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Georgia, Kentucky, Maiae, Massachu- New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania setts. New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island." South Carolina and Rhode Island. In Louisiana Only — Anniversary of the Good Friday — In Florida, Louisiana, battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8); Fire- Minnesota and Pennsylvania. man's Anniversary (March 4); Lincoln's Shrove Tuesday, in Louisiana, and the Birthday (Feb. 12). cities of Selma, Mobile and Montgom- In Texas Only— Texan Independence ery, Alabama. . Day (March 2); Battle of San Jacinto General Election Day— (Tuesday af- (April 21). ter the first Monday in November) in In Georgla Only — Memorial Day California, Maine, Missouri, New York, (April 26). Oregon, South Carolina and Wisconsin. Note.— Good Friday is the Friday next preceding Easter Sunday, and being the hypotheti- cal anniversary of the Crucifixion, is set apart as the most solemn day of fast and prayer in the Lenten period. Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Tuesday, as it is called in England, from thecus; torn of eating pancakes on that day, is the Tuesday before Good Friday. »>5*?X. ¥-HE,EtC:^GkE,, HIS has grown to be one of the recognized means of locomotion, and of late years bicy- cling has become very popular. Of the value of the bicycle for getting over ground no proof is now needed, when it is no uncommon thing for youths to ride sixty or seventy miles in a day, with no undue strain on the muscular powers. The bicycle interest is now assuming vast dimensions, and to a greater extent in the Old World than in America, thus far. In England there are 130 makers of bicycles, a million pounds sterling is invested in the business, and 60,000 bicycles are in existence in London and the British provinces. These are astonishing facts when we remember that only a few years ago the very name did not exist. One of the chief charms of the bicycle, as compared with other modern locomotive improvements, is that there is a privacy and an individuality about it in which the railway and steamboat are lacking. The bicyclist is as independent as the horseman, and is in some respects his superior, for his steed needs no watching, and though he miss his feed of oats can travel as long as the master's own strength holds out. The bicycle demands a more smooth and level road than the horse, and cannot explore woodlands or jump fences and ditches, but as the country is gradually improved, the streets and roads are more and more fitted for travel on the wheel. In America the bicycle is manufactured in many different styles, the best of which are so perfect that no further improvement can be imagined. The old velocipede, the first machine of this kind which was propelled by treadles, had both its wheels of the same size, or nearly so ; but the bicycle has a very small rear wheel, while the front wheel is made so large that its diameter stands as high as the rider's shoulder. This vastly increases the speed, for every revolution measures the increased circumference upon the ground. The " wheel," as it is usually called, " for short," is not only found very useful by messengers and others who in their business have short, quick trips to make, but the sport takes rank with other kinds of competition in racing. The speed record of the bicycle has been constantly lowered, until now a mile is made in but little over three minutes. Sporting authorities preserve careful records of the 165 HOW POOE BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN. speed made in one mile, three miles, six miles, ten miles, and other distances accomplished in the contests, which often attract large crowds of people. ^ In the large cities bicycle clubs are formed, which have the usual forms of society organizations, adopt a uniform and style of trumpet, hold meetings and races, and at times ride in procession. The authorities of many cities forbid the use of the bicycle on public streets. Its rapid, noiseless movement frightens many horses which are afraid of nothing else. ?l0xtr goor Sobs gccomc <§ucccsstul pXcn. OU want some good advice. Rise early. Be abstemious. Be frugal. Attend to your own business and never trust it to another. Be not afraid to work, and diligently, too, with your own hands. Treat every one with civility and respect. Good manners insure success. Accomplish what you under- take. Decide, then persevere. Diligence and industry over- come all difficulties. Never be mean — rather give than take the odd shilling. Never postpone till to-morrow what can be done to-day. Never anticipate wealth from any source but labor. Honesty is not only the best pohcy, but the only policy. Commence at the first round and keep chmbing. Make your word as good as your bond. Seek knowledge to plan, enterprise to execute, honesty to govern all. Never overtrade. Never give too large credit. Time is money. Reckon the hours of the day as so many dollars, the min- utes as so many cents. Make few promises. Keep your secrets. Live within your income. Sobriety above all things. Luck is a word that does not apply to a successful man. Not too much cau- tion — slow but sure is the thing. The highest monuments are built piece by piece. Step by step we mount the pyramids. Be bold — be resolute when the clouds gather; difficulties are surmounted by opposition. Self-confidence, self-reliance, is your capital. Your con- science the best monitor. Never be over-sanguine, but do not underrate your own abilities. Don't be discouraged. Ninety-nine may say no, the hundredth, yes ; take off your coat : roll up your sleeves, don't be afraid of manual labor ! America is large enough for all — strike out for the west. The best letter of introduction is your own energy. Lean on yourself when you walk. Keep good company. Keep out of politics unless you are sure to win — ^you are never sure to win, so look out. A CALENDAR for ascertaining- Any Day of the Week for any griven time within Two Hundred Years from introduction of New Style 1752* to 1952 inclusive Years 1763 to 1953. c s 1- s « 9 P«< ^ ■^ u P. 1 a 3 be a < 4J > o 1 i76l 1767 1778 1789 1795 ISOl 1807 1818 1829 1835 18U6 1857 1903 1863 1914 187k 1935 1885 1931 1891 4 1943 7 7 3 5 1 3 6 2 4 7 2 1783 1773 1779 1790 180-2 181S 1819 18S0 18U1 18U7 1858 1909 1869 1915 1875 1936 1886 1937 1897 5 1943 1 1 4 6 3 4 7 3 5 1 3 1757 1763 1774 I7a5 1791 180S 181U 1835 18S1 181,2 1853 1859 1910 1870 1931 1881 1937 1887 1938 1898 6 1949 3 2 6 7 3 5 1 4 6 2 nm 1765 1771 1783 1793 1799 1805 1811 18SS 183S 1839 1850 1861 1867 1878 1889 1895 2 5 5 1 3 « 1 4 7 2 5 7 1901 1907 1918 1939 m <5 1946 -- - 1755 1766 1777 1783 1794 1800 1806 1817 18gS 18SU 18U5 1851 1903 1862 1913 1873 1919 1879 1930 1890 1941 3 1947 6 6 3 4 7 2 6 1 3 6 1 1758 1769 1775 1786 1797 1809 1815 1826 1837 isw 185U 1905 1865 1911 1871 1933 1882 1933 1893 1939 1899 7 1950 3 3 6 1 4 6 2 5 7 3 5 1753 1759 1770 1781 1787 1798 + 1810 1821 1827 1838 18/49 1855 1866 1906 1877 1917 1883 1933 189k 1934 1900 1 1948 4 4 7 2 5 7 3 6 1 4 6 1953 . 39 3 1 6 4 2 7 4 3 7 5 3 1 7 5 3 1 6 4 2 2 7 5 3 1 6 4 5 3 1 6 4 2 7 7 5 3 1 6 4 2 3 1 6 4 2 7 5 6 4 3 7 5 3 1 1 6 4 3 7 5 3 4 3 7 5 3 1 6 Leap Years. 1 1764 1793 180k 1832 1860 1888 1928 .... 7 6 1768 1796 1808 1836 186k 1892 1904 1932 5 4 1772 . . . 1812 18U0 1868 1896 1908 1936 i 3 1776 1816 ISUU^ 1872 1913 1940 1 7 1780 1820 181S 1876 1916 1944 « 5 1756 1784 182U 1852 1880 1930 1948 4 3 1760 1788 1S28 1856 188k 1924 1952 ; J 5 6 1 1. 2. 3. 1 4. 1 5. 6. S^ 7. Monday 1 Tuesday 1 Wednesd 1 Thui-sda y 1 Friday 1 Saturday 1 mday 1 Tuesday 2 Wednesd. 2 Thursday 2 Friday 2 Saturday 2 Sunday 3 Monday 2 Wedaesd. t Thursday 3! Friday 3 Saturday f 3 Sunday 3 VIonday 3 Tuesday 3 Thursday i Friday * 4 Saturday 4 Sunday 4 Monday 4 Tuesday 4 Wednesd. 4 Friday 5 Saturday 5 Sunday 5 Monday 5 Tuesday 5 Wednesd. 5 Thursday 5 Saturday 6 Sunday 6 Monday 6 Tuesday 6 Wednesd. 6 Thursday 6 Friday 6 Sunday 7 Monday 7 Tuesday 7 Wednesc 1. 7 Thursday 7 Friday 7 Saturday 7 Monday 8 Tuesday 8 Wednesd 8 Thursda V 8 Friday 8 Saturday 8 Sunday 8 Tuesday t Wednesd. 9 Thursday 9 Friday 9 Saturday 9 Sunday 9 Monday 9 Wednesd. 1( Thursday 10 Friday 10 Saturday i 10 Sunday 10 Monday 10 Tuesday 10 Thursday 11 Friday 11 Saturday 11 Sumlay ii! VIonday 11 Tuesday 11 Wednesd. 11 Friday 12 Saturday 12 Sunday 12 Monday ]2:Tuesday 12i Wednesd. 12 Thursday 13 Saturday Ic Sunday 13 Monday 13 Tuesday 13, Wednesd. 13 Thursday 13 Friday 13 Stmday \i Monday 14 Tuesday 14 Wednesc i. 14 Thursday 14 Friday 14 Saturday 14 Monday 15 Tuesday 15 Wednesd 15 Thursda y 15 Friday 15 Saturday 15 Smuiay 15 Tuesday lb Wednesd. 16 Thursday 16 Friday 16 Saturday 16 Sunday 16 Monday 16 Wednesd. 17 Thursday 17 Friday 17 Saturda; i 17 Sunday 17 Monday 17 Tuesday 17 Thursday 18 Friday 18 Saturday 18 Sunday 18 Monday 18 Tuesday 18 Wednesd. 18 Friday \i Saturday 19 Surulay 19 Monday 19 Tuesday 19 Wednesd. 19 Thursday 19 Saturday 3( Sunday 20 Monday 20 Tuesday 20 Wednesd. 20 Thursday 30 Friday 30 Sunday 2] Monday 21 Tuesday 31 Wednes< 1. 21 Thursday 21 Friday 21 Saturday 31 Monday 32 Tuesday 23 Wednesd 23 Thursda y 22 Friday 33l Saturday 22 Sunday 33 Tuesday 2c Wednesd. 23:Thursday '£i Friday 23 Saturday 23. 'iunday 23 Monday 23 Wednesd. 2^ Thursday 34 Friday 34 Saturda y 2iSunday 24i Monday 24 Tuesday 24 Thursday 23 Friday 25 Saturday 25 Sunday 25 Monday 25 Tuesday 25 Wednesd. 25 Friday 3i 31^ Monday 31 Tuesday 31 1752 same as 1772, from Jan. 1, to Sept. 3. From Sept. 14 to Dec. 31, same as 1780 (September 3-13 were omifted). + To ascertain any day of the week, first look in the table for the year required, and under the months are figures which refer to the corresponding fig-ures at the head of the columns of days below. For Example .-—To know on what day of the week May 4 will be in the year 1883, in the table of years look for 1883, and in « parallel line, under May, is figure 3, which directs to column 2, in which It will be seen that May 4 falls on Friday. 167 168 MISCELLANEOUS. POPULATION AND RANK OF THE SEVERAL STATES. State. Male. Female. Native. Forelgrn. White. Ck>lored. Total New York Pennsylvania... . Ohio Illinois Missouri Indiana Massachusetts Kentucky Michi«ran , Iowa Tcxaa Tcnneooee Ocorflria Virginia North Carolina Wisconsin Alabama Mississippi Now Jersey Kansas South Carolina .... I^ouisiana Maryland California Arkansas Minnesota Maine Connecticut Went Virginia Nebraska New Hampshire. . . Vermont Ithodo Island Florida Colorado Dist. Columbia.... Oregon Delaware Utah Dakota New Mexico Washinjflon Nevada Arizona Montana Idaho Wyomingr :..W6,283 ;, !;*{,«:» ,«I4,10.J ,.5«7,4;H ,127.424 ,01U,«T« 8W,4"'" 8;ti,«7« «»Ki,270 848.334 K}8,719 7tW,374 701,184 74.'),839 ««S.3a} 680,100 00,890 667,137 560,883 686,725 490,400 408,838 462,104 518,^n 416,883 419,362 824,084 806.886 814,479 249,275 170,57.'> 166,888 I83,0:« 185.3»i 120,471 88,.')04 10e,.388 74,1.5.3 74,470 82,.-n2 88,761 46,977 42,013 28,202 28,180 21,818 14.151 2.577,527 2,14«,151 1,584.074 l,4"Jl.;Htt l,041.:lHlt 9«;.«8« Se4,.537 81U.U12 774.065 776,386 7.'>3,855 77:1,080 777,864 70«,9«7 71J.844 «'5,374 630.904 564,456 571,160 450,241 606,163 471,270 473.«28 346.415 386,181 861^^4 824,861 816,797 808,964 208,158 176,400 lO.'i.dOS 14:^,406 131.958 65.178 94.044 71.379 T-',501 69,436 52318 64,679 20,143 20.252 12,230 10,977 10,793 6,637 Total 25,620,583 24,632,284 43,475,506 3.872,372 3,803.409 3.495,177 1,957.564 1,834,.')07 l.:»9.919 1.'>85».3IJ7 1,347.985 M63,133 1,478,058 1.6e5,88l 1,628.723 1.498.139 ],:«»!.:«),>• 91U.U63 1,253.131 1,122,429 909,308 886,261 9H7.981 885,964 861.964 672,006 792,260 618,107 600,076 492,879 600,214 866,043 800,961 201,840 802.606 257.631 1.54,809 160..'i33 14.%327 137.182 09.974 83,387 108.498 60.250 36,623 24.419 27.640 22,639 14,943 1,211.438 587,.5:5J 3SM,743 311.340 143. 44;i,U9:i WMTl 3K8,;H« 3U1.4h8 114J)10 16,583 10.315 ]4,(i«rr 3,(;7it 405,41 0,673 0,168 221,686 100,705 7,641 64,130 82.648 202,680 10.296 807,600 68,860 129,804 18,»» 07.890 46.028 40,946 78,980 9.720 39,780 17,115 30,440 9.472 43,982 61,798 9.982 16,861 26,642 16,022 11JS16 0.982 6.845 5,017.116 4.197.106 3,118.344 3,033,174 3.033.5«18 1.939.094 1.764,004 1.:J77.187 1,(114.078 l.OU.WKi 1.197,499 l,i;».]30 8I4.2'.1 8HI,3 1,. 539.048 1.513.HI6 1,400.047 1.315.480 1,262.794 1,131,502 1.180.983 966,906 996.622 940.1(3 084.082 864.686 802,664 780,806 64f.046 622.688 618,443 453,433 346,984 833.286 276,528 267,351 194,649 177,638 174.767 146,654 143,906 135,180 118,430 76,120 63,286 40.441 39.157 32,611 20,788 6,677.3601 43,404.876 6,747,990 50,152,866 Slave Population in the United States in 1860. States. Alabama Arkansas Delaware Florida Georgria Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Mississippi Missouri North Carolina 1850. 343,844 47,100 2.290 30,310 381.682 210.981 244.809 90,368 809.878 87,423 288,548 1860. 435,133 111.104 1,798 61,753 462,230 225,490 832;520 87.188 436.696 114,965 331,081 States. South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Virjfinia Nebraska (Ter.) — Utah (Ter.) New Mexico (Ter.) District Columbia. Total. 1850. 384.984 289.450 58.161 472.628 3.687 * 3.304,077 1800. 402.541 275,784 180.388 490.887 10 29 24 3,181 3,952,801 Color Census of Four Decades. White. 43,404,876 33,589,377 Colored. 6,.577.1.51 4,880,000 1860. 1850. White. 36.932,537 19.553.068 Colored. ■-■ ^ H~^~T-H - T H i» WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM. -*> — ^^^ — "^^^ HE following selection of q)igrams, proverbs, "wise and original conceptions include some of the saws, brilliant passages of standard authors — gleams of sun- light which here and there flash through the foUage of thought — as well as many gems of anonymous origin. They will be found not only full of entertainment and instruction, but useful where a pertinent quotation is required to illustrate ideas either in speech or writing. WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM. 'Tis strange the miser should his care em- ploy, To gain those riches he can ne'er enjoy. —Pope. If you would not have affliction visit you twice, listen at once to what it teaches. Some sort of charity will swallow the egg and give away the shell. A word of kindness is seldom spoken in vain. It is a seed which, even when dropped by chance, springs up a flower. Mean souls, like mean pictures, are often found in good-looking frames. A child is eager to have any toy he sees, but throws it away at the sight of another, and is equally eager to have that. We are most of us children through life, and only change one toy for another from the cradle to the grave. Learning is wealth to the poor, an honor to the rich, an aid to the young, and a support and comfort to the aged. Love is the strongest hold-fast in the world ; it is stronger than death. Hope and fear, peace and strife, Malie up the troubled web of life. False friendship, like the ivy, decays and ruins the wall it embraces: but true friendship gives new life and animation to the object it supports. — Burton. A man who hoards riches and enjoys them not is like the ass which carries gold yet eats thistles. People should remember that it is only great souls that know how much glory there is in doing good. Happiness is a perfume that one cannot shed over another without a few drops falling upon himself. AVith love the heart becomes a fair and fertile garden, glowing with sunshine and warm hues, and exhaling sweet odors; but without it, it is a bleak desert covered with ashes. Prosperity is no just scale; adversity is the only true balance to weigh friends. To discover what is true, and to practice what is good, are the two most important objects of life. Life has its hours of bitterness, Its joys, its hopes and fears; Our way is sometimes wreathed with smiles, And then baptized with tears. Prosperity is not without its trouble, nor adversity without its comfort. As riches and favor forsake a man we discover him to be a fool, but nobody could find it out in his prosperity. — Bruyere. Troubles are like babies — they only grow bigger by nursing. You cannot injure any one by elevating poor fallen humanity. It is the noblest work man can engage in, not oaly to ele- vate himself but to elevate others. Happiness is a butterfly, which, when pursued, is always just beyond your grasp ; but which, if you will sit down quietly, may come and alight on you. Purchase not friends with gifts ; when thou ceasest to give, such will cease to love. — Fkbller. By humility, and the fear of the Lord, are riches, and honor and life. — Proverbs. Life appears to be too short to be spent in nursing animosities or registering wrongs. 170 WOKDS OF WIT AND WISDOM. If thou wouldst be borne with, bear with others. — Fuller. Ladies who have a disposition to punish their husbands should recollect that a little warm sunshine will melt an icicle much sooner than a regular northeaster. A wise man knows his own ignorance; a fool thinks he knows everything. Cyrus, the conqueror of Babylon, of whorp we read in the Bible, was once asked what was the first thing he learned. "To tell the truth," was the reply. Evay man can and should do some- thing for the public, if it be only to kick a piece of orange peel into the road from the pavement. A rich man who is not liberal resembles a tree without fruit. How brightly do little joys beam upon a soul which stands on a ground darkened by clouds of sorrow! So do stars come forth from the empty sky, when we look up to them from a deep well. It is not going into the furnace, but the coming out, which demonstrates the metal. Indulging in dangerous pleasures, saith a Burmese proverb, is like licking honev from a knife and cutting Uie tongue with the edge. There are more p)oor willing to give charity from their necessity than rich from their superfluities. "Wealth does not always improve us. A man, as he gets to be worth more, may become wortli-less. The greatest friend of truth is time, her greatest enemy prejudice, and her con- stant companion is humility. — Coltun. Beauty unaccompanied by virtue is a flower without perfume. Virtue, like a dowerless beauty, has more admirers than followers. Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. Whoso hath this world's goods, and seeth his brother have need, and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth the love of God in him. — 1 John. Every good deed is a benefit to the doer as sure as to the receiver. We should value affliction as we do physic — not by its taste, but by its effects. He that giveth unto the poor shall not lack, but he that hideth his eyes shall have many a curse. — Proverbs. Most of the shadows that cross our pathway through life are caused by our standing in our own way. Avarice is like a graveyard; it takes all that it can get and gives nothing back. It is not wealth, but wisdom, that makes a man rich. Virtue, like a rich stone, looks best when plainest set. The duties and burdens of life should be met with courage and determination. No one has a right to be a wart on the fair face of nature, doing nothing useful, f)ro