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A COMPLETE EDUCATOR
EMBBACmO
THOROUGH INSTRUCTION IN EVERY BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL INFORMATION, COMPRISING EVERY
ESSENTIAL TO SUCCESS IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF
BUSINESS AND SOCIAL LIFE.
ILLUSTRATED.
Edited by G. L. HOWE,
Author of "The Secrets op Success," "The Complete Accountant,'
"Elements of Bookkeeping," and "The Science
of Accounts."
iLIFQfiJii^
CHICAGO :
METROPOLITAN PUBLISHING COMPANY,
79 Madison Street,
1885.
n
COPYRIGHT,
By G. L. HOWE
1886.
As this book is sold only by subscription, and cannot be found at
the bookstores, parties desiring a copy shovild address the publishers,
when an agent will call upon them.
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS. PAGE,
A complete list of all the Abbreviations and Contractions of Names, Places and
Phrases used in Printing and Writing 401-406
AUTHOR'S REFERENCES.
Quotations in Prose and Poetry from the leading Poets, Philosophers and Essay-
ists, comprising suitable illustrations for use In speaking and writing, and giving a
key to Quotations used in Literature 327-336
AUTOGRAPH ALBUM, THE.
Dedicatory Verses— Sentiment and Affection— Life Ends not In Death— Humor-
ous— Christmas and New Year— Birthday 28-29
BICYCLE, The 165-166
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
The True Home— Self -Control— Confidence of Children in Parents— Education of
Children— Filial Affection 32-13
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
An extensive and comprehensive Compendium of Biography of Eminent Men of
all Ages and Countries 345-371
BUSINESS FORMS.
Bills— Receipts— Due Bills— Notes— Orders— Checks— Drafts— Bills of Exchange-
Forms for Use, and Directions for Same 373-380
CARE OF THE PERSON.
Of the Hands— The Teeth— Bathing— The Hair— The Complexion— The Feet— Per-
fumes— Dyeing the Hair 160-162
CHARITY.
343
COMPENSATION OF OFFICIALS.
List of Executive, Legislative, Diplomatic, Judicial and Departmental OflSces of
the United States, with the salaries attached to each position 287-289
COMPLETE LETTER WRITER.
Character of Letters— Use of Capitals— Hints Concerning Addresses— Sample Busi-
nes Letters— Examples of Letters of Affection, Reference, Advice, Request, Com-
miseration and Family Affairs— Introduction— With Presents— Declination 175-188
COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.
The Initial Steps— Unexpected Arrivals— Proposals by Letter— Refusals— The En-
gagement—After Betrothal 66-68
DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY,
Devices and Frauds— Counterfeit and Genuine Work— Detecting Counterfeiting—
Ruling Engine Work— Geometrical Lathe— Vignettes— Solid Print— Bank Note •
Paper— Counterfeit Signatures— Altered Bank Notes— Comparing and Examining
Notes— Piecing 235-242
DINNER PARTIES.
Selecting the Company— Who to Invite— Invitations— Dress for Dinner Parties-
Precedence to the Table — Removing Cloth— Table Deportment — Menu Cards — Or-
der of Wines — Setting the Table and Decorations— Waiters and Duties of— Fniit—
Forms of Menu and Choice Recipes 89-99
DOMESTIC ECONOMY
ill
CONTENTS.
ENTERTAINING. PAqe.
Morning Receptions— Reception of Dinner Guesta— Evening Receptions and Balls-
House Visiting in Country— Duties of Hostess 106-108
ESSAYS.
Profane Language 189-190
Hope 341-»12
Faith 33&-340
Cliarity 843-344
Present, Past and Future; 173-174
FAITH 339
FARMYARD, THE.
Sheep— The Cow— The Hog— Poultry 426-430
FLOWERS IN SEASON.
January— February— March— April— May— June— July— August- September — Oc-
tober-November— Decemlaer 313-314
FOREIGN WORDS AND PROVERDS.
Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases used In Speaking and Writing 4C7-411
HEALTHGIVING FOOD 123-124
HOPE 341
HOUSEHOLD VADE MECUM 125-128
HOUSEHOLD FAVORITES 196-197
HOW TO PROLONG THE SIGHT 163-164
HOW POOR BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN 106
HOW TO TRAVEL.
Route— Time— Getting Ready— Forethought— Checking Baggage— Getting Aboard
—Observation -Companions— On the Cars— General Hints— European Travel 315-818
LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Names of all the Flowers and the Language AUoted to Each in Love and Poetry . . . 319-320
LAWS OP PUBLIC DISCUSSION.
A full explanation of the Laws of Parliamentary Usage; a complete guide for the
conduct of Public Meetings, Societies and all Deliberative Bodies 295-302
MENU, THE.
Ladies' Reception— Dinner Party— Children's Evening Party— Wedding Breakfast-
Choice Receipts for 94-97
MILITARY RECORD.
List of Generals of the United States, from Washington, with Statistics of the War
of the Rebellion 292-294
MOUNT VERNON 45-46
NAMES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.
Alphabetical List of Given or Christian Names in Common Use, Male and Female,
with their significance 198-200
NOMS DBS PLUMES.
Pseudonyms or Flctitioiis Names of the Leading Authors . 324-336
OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS.
As Stepping Stones to Greatness— Sdurce and Value of Politeness— Common Errors
Respecting— Essential Elements of 156-162
CONTENTS.
OUT-DOOR EXERCISES. page.
Horse-Back Riding— Carriage Exercise— Boating— Archery 112-1 14
OUR COUNTRY'S CAPITAL.
Washington City— Public Buildings— Hall of Representatives— The Executive Man-
sion—Smithsonian Institute— Departmental Buildings— State, War and Navy De-
partments-Patent Olfice— Washington Monument— Parks and Streets— Population
—Society 131-136
PALMISTRY, OR HAND READING.
Science of Palmistry, with Diagram of lines of the hand, and the rules of practice
of Palmistry 321-323
PAST. PRESENT AND FUTURE 172-174
POETRY 201-234
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
Complete Vocabulary of Party Names, Measures, Terms and Maxims 261-282
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
Science of Accounts— Principles and Practice of— Forms for Journal, Day Book
and Ledger Entries— Rules for Self-Instruction in Double Entry 413-424
PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS.
List of the Presidents of the United States and their Cabinets, from Washington to
Cleveland, with the names of the occupants of each Cabinet Office, and date of ap-
pointment during the same period 283-286
PUBLIC TRAVEL.
Tickets— Baggage— Costume— On Cars and Boat— Hotel Deportment, 116-118
PUNCTUATION, CAPITALS AND COMMON ERRORS.
Rules for Punctuation— The Comma— The Semicolon— The Colon— The Period-
Capitals, when and where to use them— Common Errors in Speaking and Writing. 303-309
SEALS OF THE STATES OF THE UNION.
Illustrations of the Great Seal of the United States and the States of the Union. .. 254-260
SIGNAL SERVICE, THE 154-155
SOCIAL CODE, THE.
Concerning Dress— The Coiffure— Fashion— Colors— Conduct in Public Places,Street,
Theatre and Church— Making Calls and Visits— Calls, Cards, House Visiting— Intro-
ductions and Salutations— The Art of Conversation— Courtship and Marriage —
Engagement and Wedding— Balls and Parties— At Home— Picnics— Fancy Dress
Ball— Dinners— Parties— Introductions— Titles— Outdoor Exercise— Mistresses and
Servants— Shopping— Public Travel 49-118
STATE NOMENCLATURE 191-194
STRANGE POST OFFICE NAMES 124
SYNONYMS.
Abandon to Advancement 142
Advantage to Archives 143
ArdenttoCalm 144
Cancel to Commotion 145
Communicate to Desist 146
Despicable to Extravagant 147
Fabricate to Hollow 148
Honor to Languid 149
Lassitude to Omen 150
Open to Provide 151
Proviso to Stammer 152
Stare to Zealous 153
TERSENESS IN SPEECH AND WRITING 310-312
THEMES FOR DEBATE.
One Hundred and Fifty Topics for Discussion in Debating Clubs and Societies 370-372
THE FOUR SEASONS.
Spring, Summer, Autumn Winter— Childhood, Youth, Maturity, Old Age 15-27
^
VI CONTENTS.
THE HORSE. PAGE.
What constitutes a good Horse— Points of— Diagrram of— Running:, Trotting: and
Draught Stock— How to Estimate Age of— Hints on Training— Paces of— Ailments
and Itemedies 243-253
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
Character— Honesty— Industry— Sobriety— Fidelity — Economy and Frugality-
Perseverance— Self -Cultivation— Patlenoo— Determination— Cleanliness 3-13
WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM 16&-171
WRITING MADE EASY.
Materials — Study — Position — Exercises — Movement — Rapidity — Illustrated by
Diagrams 887-399
LIST OF TABLES OF REFERENCE.
Ages Attained by Various Animals 338
Altitude of Celebrated Buildings and Monuments 138
Altitude of Celebrated Mountains., 119
Area, Population, and Education of the World 837
Calendar for Ascertaining Day of Week, any pate for any Oiven Time from 1762 to 1962. . 167
Capitals of States and Territories 137
Census of our Cities 430-i31
Census of Color in United States for Four Decades 168
Colored and Drafted Troops, 1861-5 !.". 298
Compensation of Onioials 287
Ceunties of the United States 280
Distribution of Christians throughout the World 424
Enrollment in the United States Army, 1861-6 298
Exemptions from Judgment in the States and Territories 882
Governors of States and Territories, Salaries and Terms of 137
Instantaneous Computation of Interest 385
Interest, Legal Rates in States and Territories 882
Length of Longest and Shortest Days and Nights at the Principal Oapitals of the World. . 187
Length of Principal Rivers of the World 362
Length of Principal Seas of the World 138
Length, Breadth and Area of Principal Lakes of the World 48
Lumber, Instantaneous Measurement of 338
Meteorological- Mean Temperature at Principal Points of Variance in United States 48
National Elections from 1789 to 1884 290-291
Physicians' Digestion Table 129
Planting Seeds, Mode of and Quantity Used 386
Population and Rank of States 168
Principal Nations of the World, Showing Area, Form of Government, Population, Present
Ruler, and Religion 130
Railway Distances, Approximate Fares, and Mail Time from New York to Principal
Cities of the Union 362
Religions of the World, Census *25
Salaries of United States Officials 287
Signers of the Declaration of Independence **
Slave Population in 1860, by States ■' 1^
Solid Contents of Boxes of Various Sizes, with Equivalent In Dry and Liquid Measure. . . . 138
Statutory Holidays, List of in States 1^
Statutes of Limitation in States and Territories 381
Sustaining Power of Ice 129
Tacks and Nails, Sizes of and Number to Pound of Each 119
Time, for Cumputing Number of Days from Given Day in the Month to Corresponding
Day in any other Month , 47
Weights and Measures
Yield per Acre of Various Cereals, Fruits and Vegetables 328
CONTENTS.
INDEX TO
AUTHORS. PAGE.
Anonymous.l, 3, 4, 13. 14, 16, 22, 35 306, 207.
221, 222, 223, 327, 231, 332, 234
Allen, E.A 210
Byron, Lord 215,227
Barrow, J. M 224
Burns, Robert 225
Dickens, Charles 233
Graj% Thomas 202
Goldsmith, Oliver 225,233
Herrick, Robert 206
Hood, Thomas 211
Hunt, Leigh 233
Jonson, Ben 207
Kemble, Frances Anne 339
Knox, William 208
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 215
Lj'tton, Bulwer 230
Moore, Thomas 205, 212, 223, 230
Morris, George V 220
Neale, Hannah Lloyd 216
Norton, Caroline. . .222
Poe, Edgar Allan ....2U
Stoddard, Richard Henry 212
Strode, William 215
. Shakspeare, William 220,224
Trowbridge, J. T 218
Tennyson, Alfred 219,228
Wotton, Sir Harry 204
TITLES.
A Little Doubtful.— ^non 227
Break, Break, Break.— Alfred Tenny8on.2l9
Bridge of Fnith.— Anon 340
Changed Cross, The.— ..inon 231
Crabbed Age and Youth.— S/iaTfspeorc. . .221
Cosmic Egg, The.— .dnon 227
Dreamland.— Anon (Plate.)226
D&wn.— Shakspeare. 224
Elegy in a Churchyard.— Gray 202
Flow Gently, Sweet Af ton.— Burn* 225
POETRY. •
PAQB.
Fare Thee Well.— Bj/»*on 226
Faith.- Prances Anne Kemble 339
Gather the Rosebuds.— itobcrt Herrick. . .206
Gains for all our Losses, There axe,— Rich-
ard Henry Stoddard 212
Horseshoe, The Legend ot.—Anon 221
Happy Life, A.— Sir Harry Wotton 204
Hope.— OJftJer Ooldsmith 225
Ivy Green, The.— C^iartes Dickens 233
Jenny Kissed Me.— Leigh Hunt 233
Kisses.— TFiZliam Strode 215
Lady of Lyons.— BuJwer Lytton 230
Lady's Dream, The.— Hood 210
Love-Knot, The.— Anon 206
Love Not.— Caroline Norton 222
Life's Fleeting Joys.— JVfoorc 205
Last Rose of Summer.— Jlfoore 223
Lake of the Dismal Swamp.— Moore 229
Meeting of the Waters.- Jfoore 217
Maid of Athens.— B{/ron 215
May Queen,— Tennyson 228
Neglected Call, The.— HanTioft Lloyd
. Neale 216
Naughty, but Sweet.— Anon 233
Oft in the Stilly Night.— ilfoore 212
Old Grimes's Hen.— J. M. Barrow 224
O, Why should the Spirit of Mortal be
Proud.— TFilliam Knox 208
Raven, The.— Edgar AUan Poe 213
Rock me to Sleep, Mother.— A. E. Allen. 209
Rainy Day, The.— LonflfeUotf; 215
Shells of Ocean.— Anon 207
True Growth.— Ben Jonson 207
Virtue.- Oliwr Goldsmith 233
Vagabond, The.— J. T. Trowbridge 217
Whispers.— A?ion 234
Where are you Going, my Pretty Maid?. .222
Withered Rose, A.— Anon. 223
Woodman, Spare that Tree.— George P.
Morris — 220
INDEX OF AUTHORS QUOTED.
PAGE.
Adams, Charles 333
Addison, Joseph 327
Allen, Elizabeth Akers 334
Armstrong, John 334
Bacon, Francis 327
Baillie, Joanna 325
Barker, Theodore L 333
Barrington, George 333
Barry, Michael J 334
Beaumont and Fletcher 332
Benserade, de, Isaac 335
Bentley, Richard 332
Berkley, Bishop 335
Blacker, Colonel ... 331
Blair. Robert 335
Bryant, William CuUen 333
Bunyan, John 332
PAGE.
Burke, Edmund 327
Burns, Robert 334
Butler, Samuel 327
Byron, Lord 327
Campbell, Thomas 327
Carlysle, Thomas 331
Centlive, Susannah ^ 331
Cervantes, de, Miguel ; 333
Chapman, George 333
Chatham, Earl • 332
Chesterfield, Lord 332
Choate, Rufus 332
Churchill, Charles 333
Gibber CoUey 327
Clarendon Lord (E. Hyde) 332
Cope, Sir Edward 331
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 334
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
CoUins, ■WiUiam 334
Cowley, Abraham 335
Cowper, William 834
Cranch, Christopher 834
Crasham, Richard 335
Davies, Sir John 335
Davis, Thomas O 833
Dokken, Thomas 332
Denham, Sir John 331
Dcnman, Lord 321
Dibdin, Charles 333
Dikinson, John 333
Disraeli, Isaac 332
Emerson, Ilalph Waldo 335
English, Thomas Dunn 834
Everett, Edward 338
Farquhar, George 831
Fuller, Thomas 333
Gay, John 332
Garrick, David 335
Gibbons, Thomas 335
Goldsmith, Oliver 328
Gray, Thomas 328
Green, Albert G 335
Hale, Bishop 332
HaU, Robert 332
Halleck, Fitz Green 833
Harvey, Stephen 335
Hemans, Felicia D 335
Henry, Matthew 333
Henry, Patrick 333
Herbert, George 331
Hejrwood, Thomas 833
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 836
Hooker, Richard i331
Jefferson, Thomas. 332
Jeffreys, Charles. 234
Johnson, Samuel 329
Jonson, Ben 334
Keble, John 335
Kemble, J. P 333
Kemble, Frances Anne 338
Kempis d, Thomas 831
Key, F. S 335
Lemon, Mark 335
L'Estrange, Robert 334
Lincoln, Abraham 333
Longfellow, Henry W 329
Ls^ton, Bulwer 336
Macaulay, Thomas B 332
Marlowe, Christopher. 331
Milton, John 329
Miner, Charles 332
Montague, Lady Mary 335
PAOK.
Montgomery, James 333
Moore, Clement C 334
Moore, Thomas 831
Moss, Thomas 334
Newton, Isaac . 332
O'Hara, Theodore 335
O'Keefe, John 334
Otway. Thomas 331
Paine, Thomas 332
Payne.J. Howard 334
Pitt, William 331
Pollok, Robert 334
Pomfret, John 333
Pope, Alexander 329
Prior, Matthew 330
Quarles, Francis 338
Rabelais, Francis 332
Raleigh, Sir Walter 333
Eochester, Earl of 335
Roscommon, Lord 334
Rumford, Richard 332
Scott, Sir Walter 330
Shakspeare, William 330
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 333
Sidney.Slr Philip 331
8mith,Sldney 330
Smither, Robert 334
SmoUct, Tobias. 331
Steers,lli88 Fanny 835
Sterne, Lawrence 832
Stoughton, William 832
Suckling, Sir John 833
Swift, Jonathan 831
Tennyson, Alfred 331
Thomas, Frederick W. 334
Thomson, James 833
Tobin, John , 335
Tumbull.John 835
Txisser, Thomas 333
Wadsworth, Samuel 333
Walpole, Horace 331
Washington, George 331
Webster, David 331
Wellington, Duke of 331
Wesley. John 331
Whittier, John G 335
Wilde, Richard Henry 339
Willis, Nathaniel 339
Wither, George 334
Winthrop, John 331
Wolcott, John 334
Wolfe, Charles 336
Woodsworth, William 334
Young, Edward 338
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Art of Carving 98-99
Baptism 81
BaU Room, Tlie 100
Bicycle, The 165
Boyliood 18
" Break, Break, Break I" 219
Capitol at Washington, The 131
Carriage Exercise 113
Complete Letter Writer 176
Country Visiting 107
Detecting Counterfeit Money 237
Dismal Swamp, The 239
Dorking, The .. 429
Dove, The 190
Dreamland 226
Elegy in a Churchyard 202
Farmyard, The 427
" Flow Gently, Sweet Afton." 225
Horse, The Diagram of 244
Lady's Horse, The 112
Lady of Lyons 230
Last Rose of Summer 223
Leaving the Church 76
Life's Fleeting Joys 205
Maidenhood 21
Maid of Athens 2M
Meeting of the Waters 217
Mother's Love, The 23
Mount Vernon 46
"Oft in the Stilly Night 213
Ornamental Penmanship 399
Palmistry, Diagram of 322
Picnics 104
" Rock Me to Sleep, Mother," 209
Seals of the States of the Union 254-260
Shells of Ocean 207
Shopping 113
Table Decoration 81
Travel 116
Whispers 234
" Woodman, Spare that Tree," 220
Writing, Position in 389
Youth and Age 26
•'-^t^^
"•^S^^^lg
PAGE.
Abbreviations, in Writing: and Print-
ing 401
Aocuptaiiue of VisitinR Invitations 61
Accounts, Ledger Analysis 419
Actions, jVssault and BUittery, Statute of
Limitations 381
Addresses, Hints Concerninjf (letters) 178
Advisory f jottors Hj2
Administrations of the United States Gov-
ernment from Washingrton to Cleveland. 283
Addresses (of letters) 178
Affection, Verses of. Albums 28
Lottersof 181
AfterSocial Entertainments 80
Afternoon Parties . 103
Teas 103
Af?o of Horse, Ho w to Tell 245
Agents, Diplomatic, Salaries of 287
Ajfes Attained l)y Animals 326
Ailments of Horses, to Cure 249
Album, Autojfraph 28
Alderney Cows 426
"All Talk and no Clder.'» 281
Altered Bank Notes 240
Altitude and Location of Celebrated
Mountains 119
Altitude, Celebrated Buildlngrs 138
Amendments and Substitutes, Debates. . . 299
America, Wonders of 118
American Whijfs. 261
Amnesty 381
Ammonia, Uses of 125
Anti-Masonry 261
Anti-Federalists 261
Aaniversaries, Wedding 78
" " Cards 79
' " Names of 79
" Birthday 82
" Firemen's 164
" Battle New Orleans 164
Announcement Cards (weddinjr) 72
" Newspaper (wedding) ... 77
" Death and Funeral 84
Ants, to Destroy. . 125
Annual Mean Temperature In United
States Cities 48
Apothecaries Weight 383
Appetite, to Procure 125
Apricot Omelette 97
April, Flowers for 313
Aquarium, Cheap 128
The 193
Area, Population and Education of Na-
tions and Continents 130
Areas of Principal Lakes 48
Army, Generals of 203
" Emoluments of 204
Articles of Confederation 265
Arrangement of Coiffure 52
Art OP Conversation 63
" Carving 98
* Giving Presents 88
Arrival of Visiting Guests 108
Archery 114
Asthma, to Relieve ...'. 127
Assassins of Presidents 262
" Executions of 271
At Home 102
" The invnted Guest ,102
" Introductions 103
" Forms of Invitation 102
" Weddings 71
August, Flowers for 313
Author's References 327
Autocracy 263
Autograph, Album, The 28
AuTHORS'NoMS DES Plumes 324
Autumn, The Seasons 23
Avoirdupois "Weight 383
page.
Baby, Naming 80
BagKagc, ( lu'cking 316
Balance Sheet, Ledger 423
Balls ani> Parties 100
Ball Dresses 52
*' Invitations 100
" Music 100
" Uefresbments 100
" Programmes 100
" Fancy Dress 106
" Uostessat 107
Bal Masque 106
Bank, Note Paper 240
" Altered 240
of United States 262
" and Legal Holidays 164
Bank Checks, Vsn: and Forms of 878
Bantjim Fowl 480
Baptism, Childhood and Birthday 80
Ceremony of 81
Bathing 161
Beautiful Home Lira 82
Beef, I'arving Round of 98
Berkshire Hogs 429
BicYCLE,The .' 186
Bill, Civil Highttt 284
Bills, Forms of in Business 374
" Payable (bookkeeping).... 420
" Receivable " 420
Biographical Cyci.x)p.«dia
Abl)ott to Albermarle 346
Albert to Anne Boleyn 848
Anselm to Barnum 847
Barre to Boone 848
Booth to CausUlus 849
Cama>n8 to Child 360
thilotoCushing 351
Cushmaii to Edmunds 852
Edward to Catling 368
Geary to HendricKS ^ 864
Holmes to Knox 365
I.afayftte to Lyourgus 866
Lucretia to Mazzlni 857
Meade tf) Oldeastlc 858
Optic to Rosecrans 859
Rosse to TyndaU 360
Tyngto Young 861
Birds, Care of 195
Birthday, Baptism and 80
" Anniversaries 82
" Washington's 164
" Lincoln's 164
" Verses for Album 29
Black Republican 268
BloodyShirt 262
Blue Laws 263
Boards, Instantaneous Measurement of.. 888
Boating 113
Boxes, Cubic Contents and Equivalent in
Dry and Liquid Measure 138
Border Rtifflans 283
Bookkeeping, Practice of 413
Boots, Gloves and 53
" and Shoes, Care of 128
Book, In\ntation 88
Bridge of Faith 340
Brealtf ast Table, Hostess at 108
" 81
" " Wedding Menu for 95
Bread, Time of Digestion 129
Brule, Cafe, Recipe 98
Breckenridge, John C 270
Brother Jonathan 263
Bucktails 263
Bugbear 283
Buildingrs, National 132
" Departmental 133
Celebrated, Table of Altitude.. 138
Bulldoze 263
INDEX.
PAGE.
Buncombe 263
Burns and Scalds, Cure of 128
Bureau, Meteorological 155
BcsiNESS Forms 373
Cabinets, Presidents and their 283
Cafe Brule (recipe; 96
Cake, Weddinjar, Cutting 77
" Birthday, " '83
Calculator, The Rapid 384
Calculation of Interest, Instantiineous 385
Calendar, to Ascertain any Day of Week
and Date of Month for any Given Time
from 1752 to 1952 167
Calling 66
Calls, Evening 67
" Ladies Receiving 57
" Gentlemen's Etiquette, Morning.. 57
" " Attending Ladies 57
" of Condolence 58
Canaries 195
Capital, Our Coontry's 131
Capitol at Washington 131
Capitals, Punctuation and Common Er-
rors 303
Capitals, Use of 177
Capitals, when and where to use them 306
Capitals of the World, Longest and Short-
est Days in 137
Capitals of the States and Territories 137
Capital, Net ( Bookkeeping) 430
Cards, The Lady's 58
" Young Lady's 68
" Gentlemen's 59
Use of 60
Special 60
" Marriage At Home 71
" " Church Cards 74
" Wedding Invitations 71
Call 74
" Afternoon Teas 103
" Dinnerparties 89
" Menu 94
Care of the Person 160
Hands 160
Teeth 160
Eye 163
Carpet-Baggers 263
Cars, Sleeping, Travel 318
Carving, Art of 98
Rules for 99
Caucus 264
Celebrated Mountains, Altitude of 115
Celebrating Birthdays 83
Wedding Anniversaries 78
Cement, Waterproof 126
Census of Color in United States 168
of our Cities 430-431
Cereals, Yield per Acre of 326
Ceremony, Wedding 75
Baptism 80
Character, What Constitutes 3
" of liCtters 177
Characters, to Servants 114
Charity, Essay on 343
Charter Oak 264
Checks, Bunk, Form and Use of 376
Checking Baggage 316
Chesapeake, U. S. Ship 270
Cheviot Sheep 426
Chicken, to Carve 99
" to Broil 96
" Croquettes 96
Childhood, The Seasons 18
Childhood, Baptism and Birthdays 80
ChiHren's Party, Menu for 95
Children, Confidence of, in Parents 37
Education of 40
Chinese Hogs 4S9
Chops, to Broil 96
Choice Recipes 96-97
Christmas Day 164
Christmas Verses for Albums 29
Christians, Distribution of 425
Church, Weddings in . 74
page.
Circular Measure 383
Civil War, Statistics of 293
Civil Service Reform 264
" Rights Bill 264
Claims, Court of 287
Closing Lodger 4Ji2
Cloth, Removing the 91
" Measure 383
Clubs, Bicycle 166
Cloak-rooms (balls) 101
Cleveland, Grovcr C 286
Cochin China Fowl . . 430
Coffee, Receipt 96
Colon, The 395
Colored Soldiers 284
Colors, Effects in (Dress) 50
" Census of United States 168
Colored and Drafted Troops (1861-5) 294
Coiffure, Ari-angement oi 52
Companions, Traveling 317
Company, Selecting Dinner 89
Comparing and E.xamining Notes 241
Compensation of Officials 287
Compendium, Biograi>hical 345
Complete Letter Writer 175
Complexion, Care of 161
Compromise, Missouri 278
Comma, The 304
Commercial Correspondence 179
Commiseration, Letters of 184
Committee Meetings 297
" of Whole, Meetings oOO
Common Errors in Speakmgand Writing. 306
Common Errors, Capitals, Punctuation
and 303
Common Errors Respecting Politeness... 158
Commoner 264
Concerning Drees 50
Concert, Hostess at 107
Concert Room and Theatre Etiquette 55
Conduct in Public Places 54
" Gentlemen's Rule of 54
Confidence of Children in Parents 37
Confirmation 82
Contents, Cubic feet of various boxes
with equivalent in Dry and Liquid
Measures 138
Continents, Population of 337
Continental 265
" Congress 266
Contractions in Printing and Writing,
List of 401
Contraband 266
Convention of 1787 266
Baltimore, 1860 270
" Charleston, 1»60 269
" Richmond, 1860 269
Hartford, 1814 271
Conveyances, Picnics 104
Conversation, Art of 104
" TheStreet 54
Theatre 65
" Driving 55
" Polite Habits of 64
" Habits to be Avoided 64
" Reprehensible Practices. . 64
" Unpleasant Topics 65
" Dinner 65
" Prolonged 65
" Sarcasm and Wit 65
SmallTalk 66
Conversationalist, Requisite of Successful 64
Constitution 265
Le Compton 277
Constitutional Un*on Party 265
Confederation, Articles of 265
Congress, Colonial 265
Continental 266
Library of 131
Control, Self. Importance of 12
Continental Congress, Members of 44
Copperhead 266
Correspondence, Etiquette of 86
Corned-beef Hash, Receipt 97
Corns, Cure of 162
Corporal's Guard 267
INDEX.
PAGE.
Counterfeit Money, Detecting 235
" and Genuine Work 236
" Signatures 240
Counties of the United States 289
Court, IT. S., Supreme 287
Circuit 287
District 287
Claims 2'»7
Covodc Investitrution 288
Cow.Tiie 428
Cradle of Liberty 2m
Cream I'ots. Cows 427
Credit Mobilier 2tt7
Cubic Measure 3KJ
Cultivation, Seif, Importance of 12
Curtibcrland Hog 428
Cure of Sprains 127
Snakebites 127
" Snoring 125
" Chilblains 128
" Hiccough 125
" Face Eruptions 126
" Dandruff 126
Asthma 127
" Blee<ling M6
" Corns 162
Cuts and ilruises. Salve for 127
Cyclopedia of Biography 346
Dark Horse 288
Day and Night, Length of In principal
Cities of World 137
Death Notice 84
Debate, Themes for 3370
Decision, Dred Scott 270
Declination, Jyctters of . . . 186
Declaration of Independence, Signers . 44
Decorations, Bails KO
Day 164
Dinner table 98
Dedicatory Verses, Autograph Album. . . 28
Demand Note, Form of 37»
Democratic Party 271
Department Heads, Salaries of 287
Departmental Officers, Salaries of 287
Navy, Salaries of 288
War, Salaries of 287
Departmental Buildings 133
Deportment. Tabic 82
Designs, Floral (funeral) 85
Detectino ConNTERrKiT Monet 236
Devices, Frauds and 236
Dictionary of Synonyms 139
" ForoignWordsand Phrases 407
Digestion Table, Physicians' 129
Dining Room, Precedence to 91
Diplomatic Agents, Salaries of — 287
Distances, llail way Table of. 362
Dinner Party, Menu for 95
Dinner Guests, Receiving 102
District Judges. Salaries of 287
Distribution of Christians 424
Doctrine, Monroe 278
Dollar, Product of one at 1 per cent, 1 to
24 years 337
Domestic Economy 120
Dorking Fowl 429
Douglass, Stephen A 270-278
Drafted Troops, Colored and (1861-6) 294
Draught Horses 245
Dressing Salad (Mayonnaise) 69
Dred Scott, Decision ...; 270
Dress, For Dinner Parties 90
" See Toilet
Dyeing the Hair 162
Economy, Essential to Success 8
Domestic 120
Education of Children 39
Education, Percentage of to Population
of Nations and Continents 337
Effects in Colors, Dress 51
Eggs, Time of Dige.etion 129
Election Day, General 164
Electoral Vote for Presidents, 1789-1884.290-291
Elections, Meetings 296
PAGE.
Eloquence, Masterpieces of ;)0
Engine Ruling zm
Enrollment of U. 8. Army (1861-5) 293
Essex Hog 428
Entertaining, Etiquette of jcb
Errors, Common, ltes|)ecting Politeness. . 158
Eruption on the Face, To Cure 135
Essays. (See 1 ndex of Chapters.)
Essential Elements of Politeness 15Q
Essentials for Gentlemen 63
Etiquette. (See Social Code.)
European Travel .3'8
Evening Reception 103
Kxcelierice, Points of in Horses 244
Executive 'Mi
Mansion 134
Execution of Assassins 271
Executive, Officers and Salaries 287
Exemptions from Judgmentin States and
Territories 382
Exercises, < )utdf>or 112
Carriage ,. .. 113
Exerci»«'s for Writing 802
Eye, To protert in Iteadlngr. . . . , 163
'* Care of 164
Face, Eniptions of 126
Faith, Attnbuie of Character 830
" Bridge of 310
Family Ia-iuts 186
Faumyakd, The 425
Fabhion, Following the 61
Fancy Dress Ball 106
Fares, Railway, Table of 862
Favorites, Household 191
February. Flowers for 313
Federalist 271
Feet, Care of lei
Filial Affection 42
Finish in Writing 300
Fish, Time of Digestion 129
*■ at Dinner 04
" to Broil 90
" White, a la Pt. Shirley 96
Financial Panics 273
Filibusters 272
Fifty-four, Forty or Fight 272
Fidelity HI Character 7
Flowers, to Stimulate 187
in Winter 127
" Betrothal Presents 68
" Birthday Anniversaries 83
" Funeral Decorations. 86
" DinnerTables 94
" Language of 319
" In Season 313
Floral Designs, Funeral 86
Food Suljstances 123
" Digestion Table 129
" Health-giving 123
Forethought in Travel 816
Forms in Bookkeeping 414
Frugality. Es.<iential to Success 8
Fruits, \ield of per Acre 328
Frauds (Counterfeiting) 236
Free Soil Party 273
Fruit, Dinner 94
French Mayonnaise (Receipt) 96
Puff Paste 97
Future, Past and Present 172
Funerals and Mourning 84
" Notice of 84
" Preparations 84
" Order and Procession 85
Furs. C!are of 121
Fugitive Slave Law 274
Garfield, President 262
Game, Time of Digestion 129
" ToBroIl 96
" To Carve 99
Game Fowls 428
Generals of the Army, 1775-1885 292
Geometrical Lathe 238
Gerrymander 274
Gentlemen, Essentials 53
Hints to 53
PAGE.
Gentlemen, Rules of Conduct M
Sti-eet Intercourse 65
Hints to «1
" Correspondence with 87
Genuine Work (counterfeiting) 236
General Election Day 164
General Hints (travel) 318
General Guidance, Conduct in Public
Places 55
Getting Keady (travel) 315
" Aboard " 317
Geograpliit'al Table 138
Gloves and Boots 53
Good Hostess. The 108
Goose, To Carve 99
Good Friday 164
Government, United States, Administra-
tions of 283
Government, Forms of the Principal
Nations 130
Governors of States and Territories,
Sala-^ies and Terms of 137
Grant. President 277
Greenback 274
Grease, to Remove 136
Granulation of Eyel'd — 164
Greatness, Stepping Stones to 156
Gravy, Use of 99
Guiteau, Charles 262-271
Guests, Entertainment of 108
" At Dinner Parties 91
" Lady fvisiting) 61
" Invited (At Homes) 102
Guager's Guide 118
Guidance, Rules for (Introductions and
Salutations) 62
Hail Columbia 274
Half-Breeds 274
Hand Reading, Palmistry or 321
" Diagram of 32;J
"Hard Cider and Log Cabin" 295
Habits, Polite, Conversation 64
" to be Avoided 64
Hardwood, Varnish for 126
Hash, Corned Beef .. 97
Hair, The 161
" Coififure 52
" Dyeing 162
Hands, Care of 160
Hand, Letters by. 87
Hall of Representatives 133
Ham, Carving 98
Hamburg Steak 97
Health-Giving Food 123
Height. Celebrated Buildings and Monu-
ments 138
Hiccough, Cure of 125
Hints on Horse Training 246
Hints Concerning Addresses 178
" to Gentlemen 53-61
" General. Travel 318
" Practical and Useful Recipes 125
Hired Help (Domestic Economy) 120
History of the United States, Political.. . 261
Hog, The 428
Holidays, List of Statutory 164
HoUandaise Sauce 97
Home Life, BEAuriFUii 32
" TheTrue 33
Honesty, What Constitutes, and Relation
to Character 4
Hope, Essav on 341
Horse, The 243
Horseback, The Lady on 113
Horse-power, Definition of 412
Household v ade Mecum 125
" Favorites 195
Housecleaning 121
Housekeepers' Puzzles Solved 127
House Visitors in Country 107
How Poor Boys Become Succkssfxtl
Men 166
How to Prolong the Sight 163
page.
Ice, Sustainingr Power of 129
Indt'pondL'iice, Signers ol tiie Declaration 44
Industry, Kulalion to Character 4
Application of 5
Independents 275
Indications, Signal Service 155
Independence Day 164
Ingersoll at his Brother's Grave 30
at the Grave of a Child 31
Insobriety, Effects of 6
Insolvency, Net (Hookkeeping) 413
Institute, Smithsonian 133
Instanttmeous Measurement of Lumber.. 338
Instructions for Costing Ledger 419
Interest, Inst^mtanoous Computation of. . 385
'* Rules for Computing Simple 400
Interest, Rates of. Legal and Contract,'in
States 382
Introductions, Eti(]uette of 115
Forms of 109
L'tters of 87
" Fancy Dress Ball 105
At Homes : 102
Introductions and Salutations 63
Introductory Letters, Forms of 186
Invited Guest, The 103
Invitation Notes 87
Book 88
Invitations, Social, Visiting 61
" Weddings 71
Balls 101
" at Homes 112
" Afternoon Parties 103
" Picnics 104
" Fancy Dress Balls 105
" Dinner Parties 89
To Visit 108
Items of Interest, Sundry 128
January, Flowers for 313
Jewelry ,53
Joint Note, Form of 379
Judgment,Statute of Limitations in States
and Territories 381
Judiciary, Officers and Salaries 287
June, Flowers for 313
July, Flowers for 314
Blnow Nothings 276
Ku Klux ivlaa 376
Lady's Horse, The 112
Ladies' Reception, Menu for 94
" Shopping 115
Lady Guests, Visiting 61
Lakes, Area of Principal 48
Lamb, To Carve 99
Lamp, Smoky, To Cure 125
Language of Flowers 319
' of Precious Stones 319
Profane 189
Lathe, Geometrical 238
Law, Fugitive Slave 274
" Maine 278
Laws of Public Discussion 295
Lawrence, Capt. (U. S. Chesapeake) 271
Ledger, Rules for Posting 419
Closing the 422
" Accounts, Analysis of 419
Legibility in Writing 390
Legislative Officers and Salaries 287
Le Compton Constitution 277
Length of Principal Rivers, Table 362
" " Seas 125
Letter Writer, Complete 175
Letters, Character of 177
" Repetition in 178
" Sample Business 179
" of Reference 181
of Affection 181
*' Declinatory 186
" Advisory 183
" of Request 183
" of Commiseration 184
" Family 185
" Introductory 186
INDEX.
PAGE.
Letters, of Introduction 87
byHand 87
" of Invitation 87
Legal and Ban It Holidays 164
" Kate of Interest in States and Ter-
ritories 382
Liberty, Statute of 131
Library of Congress 131
Library, United States, Salaries in 287
Liecester Sheep 426
Life Ends not in Death, The Autograph
Album 29
Limitation, Statutes of 381
Lincoln's Birthday 164
Light, to Favor the Eye 163
Little Giant 277
Lincoln, Abraham 270
Llstof Titles 64
Statutory Holidays 164
" Synonyms 142
Lobby 277
Locoroco 277
Log Cabin, Campaign 276
Log Rolling 277
Longest Day at Capitals of the World 137
Lumber, Instantaneous Measurement of. 138
Lunch, Picnic 104
Baptism 81
Hasterpleces of Eloquenoe 90
Masonry, Anti 261
Mason and Dixon's Line 278
MaineLaw 278
Making Calls and Visits (Etiquette).. 66
Marriage (See Wedding)
" General Hints 60
Management of Servants 122
Mail Time, Hallway Table of 362
Mansion, Executive 133
Masque, Bal 106
March Fluwers 813
Materials for Writing 387
Maturity (The Seasons) 23
May Flowers 313
Meetings, Calling Public 296
" on Street 64
Measurement of Oceans, Lakes and Seas. 48
Mean Temperature in Points in the United
States 48
Members of Continental Congress who
Signed Declaration of Independence. . . 44
Meteorological Table 48
Measurement of Luml)er 138
Memorial Day, Georgia 164
Meals, Tune of Digestion 129
Meteorological Bureau 155
Menu Cards 98
" " Forms of 94-6
Merchants' Bill, Form of 375
Mice, White 197
MiLiT.\RY Record, The . 292
Ministers, Foreign, Salaries of 386
Movement Exercises (writing) 392
Mistresses and Servants 114
Milk, Time of Digestion 129
Missouri Compromise 278
Mocking Bird, Care of 196
Money, Detecting Counterfeit 242
Mobilier Credit 267
Monument, Washington 134
Monuments, Altitude of Celebrated 138
Monroe Doctrine 278
Morning Receptions 105
Moth, to Prevent Ravages of 121
Mounting the Horse, Lady 112
Mount Vernon 45
Mountiiins, Height of Celebrated 119
Mourning 85
Muffins, Receipt 96
Mugwumps 279
Music, Ball 101
" Afternoon Parties 103
" " Teas 103
Mutton, Car\ing Leg 98
" Shoulder 99
Saddle 99
page.
Nails, KTumbers to Iien^h and Pound 1 19
Names of States, Origin ol ]t»3
National Elections, JB79-1884 290
" Capitol y,ti
Naturalization 279
Nations, Population of •. 337
Navy Dt-partment, Salaries in . . 2J<8
Not Capital (bookkeeping^ 413
" Insolvency *' 413
Newspaper Announcements, Wedding. . . 77
" " " Funeral... 84
New Years Day 164
" " Album, Verses 29
Nicknames of States and People 191
Nights, Shortest and Longest in Capitals
of World 137
Nosebleed, Cure of 127
Note Paper, Bank 240
Notes A It«'re<l. Bank 240
" ol Introduction 87
" Statute of Limitation 881
" Penalties for Usury 881
Note not Negotiable. Form of 879
Notice of Death, Newspaper 84
Noveml>er. Flowers for 314
Nullification 279
Oak Charter 264
Ohkuik.nce and Politeness as Stepping-
SUjnes to Greatness 186
Observation, Use of. Travel 317
Observers (Signal Service) 165
Oceans. Likes and Seas, Measurement of 44
Oirtolior, Flowers for 314
Officers, Signal 156
Old Hickory 280
OldAbe 280
Omelette, Peach or Apricot 97
OmittMig Words, In Letters 178
Open .Vccount.s, Statute of Limitations.. '381
Oi;t-D<)()K Kxkkcises. 108
Order of Wines 98
Order of I'arliamentary Precedence 801
Onler.s, I'se and Forms of 880
Origin of Names and States 198
'* Synomyms 140
Ornamental Penmanship 399
Pairing Quests for Dinner. 107
Paces ol a Horse 247
Palmistry, or Hand Rkauing 321
Panics, Financial 283
Paper Bank Note (Counterfeiting) 240
Money, Commercial Value 236
Parents, Confidence of Children in. . . . 37
Parks (Washington) 131
Parrots, Care ot 193
Parties, Afternoon 99
Dinner 89
" " Dress for 90
Balls and 100
Party, Dinner, Menu for 95
" Children's, Menu for 95
" Democratic 289
Repu'^lican 281
" Names, Measures, Terms, etc 261
Free Soil 273
Past, Present and Future 172
Patent Office 134
Peach Omelettes 97
Perfumes ]62
Period, The (punctuation) 305
Permanent Organization, Meetings 298
Person, Care of ]60
Penalties for Usury 381
Pets, Household 193
Perseverance, Relation to Character 9
Physician's Digestion Table 129
Piecing Bank Notes 241
Pic Nics 100
Pig, Roast, Carving 99
Pigeons, Care of 197
Places of Worship (Etiquette) 56
Planting Seeds, Mode and Quantity 386
Pointsof a Horse, Diagram 244
" of Excellence in Horse 244
INDEX.
XV
PAGE.
Poland Fowls 429
Population by Continents and Nations. . . 337
Popular Nicknames 191
Popular Vote lor Presidents and Vice-
Presidents at National Elections 1779-
1884 290
Population and Rank of S^tates 168
Population of I'rincipal Nations 130
Poetry, Miscellaneous Quotations 333
Poets, Leading, Quotations 327
Polite Habits of Convei"sation 64
Poi)ulation at Washington 134
Popular Sovereignty 280
Postscripts in Letter-writing — 176
Political History op the United
States 261
Politeness, Obedience and, as Stepping
Stones to Greatness 156
Politeness, Common Errors Respecting.. 158
" Essential Elements of 158
Position in Writing 390
Post Offices. Names of Strange 124
Posting Ledger 419
Power, Sustaining of Ice 139
Poultry 429
Poultry, Digestion of 129
Practice of Bookkeepinq 413
Practices, Reprehensible (Conversation). 65
Practical Hints, Useful Receipts and 125
Precedence to Dinner Parties 91
Precedence, Parliamentary 301
Pre-emption Right 280
Preliminary Business, Meetings 297
Preparations, Funeral 84
Preface ill
Presidents, Assassination of 262
Vote at National Elections.. 290
Presents, Etiquette of 88
" Wedding 74
■' Baptismal 81
Presidents AND THEIR Cabinets 283
Principles in Writing 395
Print, Solid (Counterfleiting) 239
Principal Rivers of World, Length of... 362
Printing, Contractions and Abbreviations
used in 401
Principal Nations, their Population. Area,
P'orm of Government, Religion, and
Present Ruler 130
Privacy of Correspondence 87
Privileged Conversation 65
Procession, Funeral 85
Profane Language, Use of 189
Profit and Loss (Bookkeeping) 421
Profits or Losses (Bookkeeping) 413
Programmes, Ball 100
Prolonging the Sight 163
Promissory Notes, Form and Use of 378
Prose Quotations 333
Proverbs, Old Spanish 369
Pseudonyms of Authors 324
Puiilic Buildings, National 131
" Places, Etiquette 54
Puff Paste, French 97
Punctuation, Capitai* and Common
Errors 303
Quotations of Prose and Poetry, from
Standard Authors 327
Raccoon 193
Rag Baby 280
Railways, Travel 315
" Table of Distances 362
" " Fares 362
" " Mail Time ^ 362
Railroads, Signals Used on 337
Rank, Population and, of State 168
Rapid Calculator, The 384
Rapidity in Writing 391
Rate of Interest, Legal and Contracs 388
Rebellion, War of 282
Receipts, Forms and Use of 376
" for Ailments of Horses 248
Receptions, Wedding 73
Ball 100
page.
Receptions, Morning 102
Evening l(i2
Record, Military, of the United States. . . 298
Trotting 250
" Running 258
" Religious 425
Red Bird. Care of I93
Reference, Letters of 181
References, Author's 327
Reform, Civil Service 264
Refreshments, Balls 67
At Homes 103
Relieving Asthma 127
Religions of Principal Countries 130
Religions of the World 435
Removing Grease 126
Warts 127
'* Cloth, Dinner 91
Repetition in Writing Letters 178
Reports in Meetings 299
Representatives, Hall of 133
Reprehensible Practices, Conversation... 64
Republican, Black 262
Party 280
Request, Letter of mi
Requisites of Successful Conversationalist 66
Resolutions in Meetings 299
Resources, Business (Bookkeeping) 413
Right of Pre-emption 280
Ring, Wedding 75
River, Salt 283
Rivers, Length of the Principal 362
Roast Pig, Carving 99
Roadsters 245
Rotunda, Washington 132
Round of Beef, Carving 98
Route in Traveling 131
Rule of Conduct, Street 54
Visit 61
" " Introductions 62
Rules for Carving 98
Rules for Computing Interest 385
Rulers of Principal Nations 130
Ruling, Engine Work 238
Rulings of Chair in Meetings 299
Running Stock 245
Record 252
Salve, for Cuts and Bruises 125
Salaries of Foreign Ministers 386
Salt River 282
Salutations, Introductions and 62
Salaries of Governors of States and Terri-
tories 137
San Jacinto, Battle of 164
Sarcasm in Conversation 65
Sauce, Hollandaise 96
" Hamburg 97
Scalds and Burns, Cure of 126
School Friends, Correspondence 87
Scott, Dred, Decision 270
Sealed Instruments, Statute of Limita-
tions 381
Seals of United States and States of the
Union 254
Seasons, The Four 15
Season, Flowers in 313
Seas, Length of Principal 130
" Dimensions and Surface Measure-
ment 48
Seeds, Quantity of and Mode of Planting. 386
Selecting Spot for Picnic 104
" Dinner Company 89
Self-Cultivation, Importance of 12
Self-Control, Home Life 35.
Semicolon, The (Punctuation) 303
Senate Chamber at Washington 132
Sentiment, Verses of. Albums 29
September, Flowers for 314
Services, Form of Bill for 374
Setting Table. Dinner 92
Servants, Domestic Economy 120
" Mistressesand 114
Service, Signal 135
'• Civil. Reform of 264
Shading (writing)
" Shall We Meet Again?"
INDEX.
PAGE.
Shape of Dinner Table 93
Sheep.The 426
Shoes, Hoots and. Care of 120
Shopping, Hints to Ladies 115
Short Horn; Cows 427
Shortest Day In Capitals of the World. ... 137
Shrove Tuesday Ift4
Sideboard, The 93
Sight, to Prolong 163
Signal Seh VICE, The 154
Signals Used on Itailroads 337
Signers Declaration of Independence 44
Signatures, Counterfeit 240
Sirloin lleef, Carving 98
Slander, Statute of Limitations, in Actions
for, in States 881
Slant (writing) 389
Slavery, Civil War 292
Slave Population in 1860 in the United
States J68
Slave Law, Fugitive 274
Sleeping Cai-s, Travel 318
Small Talk, Conversation W
Smithsonian Institute 183
Smoky Lamp, Ueraedy 127
Snake-bite, Cure of 127
Snorers, to Silence 126
Sobriety, Essential to Character. 6
" Intluenceof inUfe 8
Social Entertainment 60
Society at Washington 185
Solid Print (Counterfeltinar 289
Soup, Time of Digestion 129
Soup, Tomato 9T
Source and Value of Politenees 168
Sovereignty, Popular 280
Spanish Pr()vcrl)H, Old 369
Spanish Ulluk, Fowl 430
Speaking, Common Errors in 806
Speech and Writing, Terseness in. 310
Special Cards 60
Sponsors, liaptism :, 80
Squirrels, Care of 197
Sprains, Cure for 127
Spring, The Seasons 18
State Department Building 133
" Nomenclature 191
States, Capit^ils of 137
" Confederate 264
" Legal and Contract Rates of Inter-
est m 882
" Origin of Names 198
" Population and Rank of 168
" Seals of Different 254
Statue of Liberty 131
Washington 131
Statutory Holidays, List of 164
Statutes of Limitations in States and Ter-
ritories, on Notes. Judgments, Open
Accounts, Sealed Instruments, Actions
for Assault and Slander 381
Steak, to Broil, Receipt 96
" Hamburg 97
Stepping Stones to Greatness 156
Stimulating Flowers 127
Stop Bleeding Nose, To 127
Strange Post Office Names 124
Street Intercourse, Gentlemen 55
" Meetings, Ladies 54
" Convei-sation on .55
Studying, Form, Writing 388
Substitute for Motion (meetings). 299
Success, What Constittjtbs 1
" Prosperity and 9
Suffolk Down, Cows 427
Sundry Items of Interest 128
Summer, The Seasons 21
Sun, to look at without Injury 126
Superstitions, Wedding Day 190
Supper, Ball 101
Sustaining Power of Ice 129
Sweeping and Dusting 121
Synonyms
Origin of 139
SynonymSjList of AtoZ 142-153
Use of 140
PAGE.
Table, at the Dinner 91
Deportmt-nt 93
" Setting the 92
" Shai>e of 93
" Decorations 93
Tacks, Nails and. Number to No. and
Pound 115
Talk, Small, Conversation 66
Tea, to Make 90
" Afternoon 103
Teeth, to Keep White 126
" Care 01 lao
Temporary Organization Meetings 296
Terms of Office, Governors of States and
Territories 137
Territ(jries, Legal and Contract Rates of
Interest in 382
Territories, Capitals of 137
Tersenkss in Speech and Writimo 310
Texan Independence Day 164 1
The Social, Code 49-118 t
Themes for Derate 370
The Four Seasons 15
TheHokse 243
Theati-e and Concert Room 65
Conversjition in 55
Theatricals at Afternoon Parties 108
Ticket*, Travel 316
Time, Best on Record, Trotting 250
_" " " Running 232
Time Table for Ascertaining Day of
Week for any Given Time from 1752 to
1962... 167
Time Table, Showing Time in Months or
Days from any Day in One Month to the
Corresponding Day in any Other Month 47
Time, Traveling 818
" Itail way Table of 862
Titles, How TO Use Them 110
" in Introductions 100
Toilet,The 61
" Confirmation 81
" Picnic 104
Tomato Soup Receipt 97
Tongue, U) Cut 99
Topics, Unpleasant Conversation 85
Travel, How to 315
*' European 318
Training Horse 246
Treasurer. Meetings 299
Treasury Building 133
Trial Biilance 422
Trooi)s, Colored and Drafted (1861-5) 294
Trottuig Stock 246
Record 250
True Home. The 82
Turkey, To Carve 99
Underscoring, in ■Writingr 177
Uniformity in Writing 389
Union Party. Continental 285
United States Government, Administra-
tions of 283
" Bank of 262
" Slave Population 168
Use of Profane Lansruage 180
" Capitals, Writing 177
Usury, Penalty for in States 381
Vade Mecum, Household 125
Value. Sourc<> and. of Politeness 158
Varnish, for Hard Wood 128
Ve^l, Carving 98
Vegetables, Time of Digestion 129
Vegetables, Yield per Acre 328
Venison, Carving. 99
Ventilation (Domestic Economy) 120
Vernon, Mount 41
Verses, Dedicatory, Autograph Al-
bums 28
Vice-Presidents, Popular Vote for 1789-
1884 IfiS
Vignettes (Detecting Counterfeiting) — 239
Visits, Calls and 56
" of Condolence 68
Visiting, House, in Country 107
INDEX.
PAGE.
Waiters. Duties of. ^
WaitiiiK- at Dinner J&
War Depai-tment Building: 133
War Kcbellion ^
" Slavery 282
War Department, Salaries in 287
" The Civil, IHil-S 2^
Warts, to Remove 127
Washington's Birthday 164
" George 261
City of 131
" Monument 134
" Capitol at 181
Waterbury Cement 126
Wedding Announcements, Cards — 70
" " Newspapers.. 77
" Anniversaries. 78
Card.« 68
" Names of 78
" At Homes 71
Breakfasts 77
'• " Menu for 95
" Ceremony 75
in Church 74
DayLucky 190
" Invitations 71
" Preparations 69
" Presents . 74
Wedding Ring 75
Waste, to Avoid (Travel) 316
What Constitutes Success 1
Wheel, Bicycle 165
Whigs, American 261
White Fish 96
White House 131
Mice 197
" Sauce 97
Wines, Order of Dinner 93
Winter Flowers 127
Wire, Iron, Weight and Length of, per
Bundle 400
Wit, Conversation 65
Wondei-s of America. . . 118
Words, Omitting, in Letters 178
Work, Ruling Engine 238
World, Capitals of, Longest and Shortest
Days at 137
World's Letter Bags, The 14
Worship, Places of. Etiquette 69
Writing Made Easy 387
" Common Errors In 306
Writing, Terseness in 310
" Contractions and Abbreviations
Used in 401
Youth and Childhood 18
Yield per Acre of Cereals, Fruit and Veg-
etables 328
York Hogs 429
Youth, Childhood and 83
" The Seasons 21
, i ^ A -i r
HE publishers, in offering this work to the public, do not
feel that any apology is necessary for its appearance. It
was conceived and entered upon to meet a general and
well-defined want, and in carrying out this object the
publishers have not only brought to bear, in every branch
of knowledge treated within these covers, painstaking
labor and industrious research on the part of the best
attainable talent, but have studiously endeavored to im-
prove upon personal experience in kindred publications,
and upon the experience of others who have labored in the
same field.
It is in very recent years only that the importance and
advantage have been realized of jjlacing within the reach
of all a comprehensive compendium of every branch of
knowledge, useful in the joractical duties of life, elevating
in its moral aspect, and softening and refining in the exer-
cise of those qualities which go to embellish and adorn
social intercourse.
The unreserved and more than anticipated favor which our " Secrets
of Success" won for itself at the hands of a public whose wants it went
very far to meet, did not prove its perfection. On the contrary, the
experience of that, and of the few other publications of a similar char-
acter, convinced us that there was still something wanting to cover and
completely occupy the field, and to offer what may be strictly and with-
out exaggeration characterized as a book, a thorough acquaintance with
which will constitute, in its best and broadest sense, '* a liberal educa-
tion."
This work is designed to cover a broader field than any of its prede-
cessors, and to furnish not only all the information of a utilitarian
nature essential to the successful prosecution of the practical affairs of
life and the knowledge necessary to enable the student of its pages to
comport himself with propriety in every calling and condition of life,
XIX
but also those rules for the government of mind, morals and manners
which both form the bases of success in practical affairs and are essen-
tial to the perfection of Character, the attainment of those characteris-
tics which elevate and beautify it, command admiration, affection and
esteem, and which unite to form the only avenue by which personal,
domestic and social happiness is to be reached, and true and real pros-
perity made to crown the labors of Life.
The object here briefly set forth, has, we believe, been successfully
attained in these pages, and they are offered to the Public as a volume
of TcaU, tangible and appreciable value to every person who possesses it,
as a source of self -improvement and elevation of mind of incalculable
importance to those who make a study of its contents, and as, indeed, in
its most practical and realistic sense, as its name implies. The Golden
Key, which will surely unlock for every student of Life who masters the
knowledge here set forth for his most convenient and easy acquirement,
those Treasures of Prosperity and Happiness which comprise the highest
ambitions and the best rewards of human existence and labors.
G. L. H.
Chicago, Febbuaby 1, 1885.
•t:^.
- : C7f1^0 : ^ S
WHAT (JO|\I^TITUTE^ ^UCKJE^^.
-^nnf^^^
r^
^^^mr^
HE person who asks himself this question will
jump to the conclusion, at the first glance, that
it is one of so complex a character, and to be
viewed from so many diversified aspects, as to
be incapable of a general answer of universal
application. It naturally appears to the casual
inquirer that the various avenues to success and
the prizes at the end of them, differ so widely in
their conditions and characteristics thiit the word
" success " cannot be invested with any general inter-
pretation. Those who labor for distinction in the
field of science, who strive for prominence in the
domain of politics, who seek eminence in the social
world, or who make it the goal of their ambition to
distinguish themselves beyond their fellows in com-
mercial enterprise and the accumulation of wealth,
would seem at the first blush to be so far separated
in their various paths that there can be no universal estimate of suc-
cess which will apply equally to all. Yet a proper reflection will
soon lead to the conclusion that they have a common goal, " success
in life," and that, though they travel by widely divergent roads to
reach it, the conditions which are throughout essential to its achieve-
ment are identical. No matter to what pursuit either natural incli-
nation or the force of circumstances may imjiel the young man who
is setting out in life, the success to which he looks forward in the
spring-time of his career, and which he will most surely reach if he
observe the conditions which the experience of others has marked
out for him, and his common sense approved, may be briefly summed
up as an honorable place in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, the
accumulation of sufficient means to place himself and his family beyond
the reach of want, physical capacity to enjoy with appreciation and
satisfaction the rewards of life, and that moral self-respect Avhich an
honest and upright life affords, and which alone can render of any
real value either the possession of wealth or the enjoyment of repu-
tation.
The earlier the young man makes up his mind txj enter upon his
equipment for the struggles of Ufe, the more effective he will find
his efforts during the whole course of his career, and it is a duty
which he owes to himself, at the very outset of that career, first, to
thoroughly realize how absolutely and imperatively necessary to
success is Character ; next to comprehend fully what are those quali-
ties and attributes which combine to fonn and complete character;
and finally to set himself to work with steadfast resolution to so
shape his habits of morals, of mind, of ])erson and of manners,
that he may attain in his individuality the harmonious whole of
true Character. lie will in tiiis light, and with this end in view,
cultivate and practice the qualities of Honesty, Industry, Sobriety,
Fidelity, Economy, Frugality, Perseverance, Patience, Determina-
tion, Cleanliness and Self-cultivation. "With Character founded u}X)n
and embracing these qualities, the young man is fully equipped with
those weapons by means of w^hich all difficulties are to be over-
come, and by which, and which alone, in the history of modern
civilization, every successful man, in whatever walk of life, has
scided the heights of greatness and prosperity.
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
3
I HE corner-stone of the edifice of success is Character —
the possession of those moral and mental habits and
characteristics which guide the footsteps of the
student of life in the boundaries of honor and probity,
and without which neither wealth, nor ability, nor
friends, nor opportunity, nor any adventitious circum-
stance whatever in his favor can avail. Without Char-
acter, well formed and secured against peril of loss by
a full realization of all that it means, as the weapon
with which success in life is to be achieved from even
the humblest condition, and of all of the wreck of hope
and ruin of high aspiration which its absence "or its
loss involves, there is no such thing as success, perma-
nent, real and lasting, to be attained. And this is
something in which every man holds his destiny in his
^ own hands, from the period at which he arrives at
years of sufficient discretion to recognize his moral
responsibilities. No advantages of moral surroundings, of pious
training, of education, or of affluence will insure the young man
Character who himself neglects to fulfill those conditions which
are necessary to create and retain it ; and no difficulties of birth,
poverty, neglect nor misfortune, will be sufficient to restrain from
advancement, and all the benefits which Character bestows on its
possessor, the young man who realizes what constitutes Character
and its importance to his future advancement, and who armors him-
self with an inflexible determination to cultivate and practice those
habits — of body, and mind and morals — which form the elements of
Character.
''^k^:^^^
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCXIESS.
HONESTY.
IIE keystone in the arch of Character is Honesty, and he
who would win and wear the crown of success cannot too
earnestly a])preciate the fact when he places his foot upon
the lowest run<^ of the ladder of life. And it is well not to
mistake what Honesty is. It is not that superficial kind of
Honesty which is the mere creation of a habit of education,
a sentiment which vaguely recognizes that dishonesty is dis-
graceful, and which too often, in after life, degenerates into belief
that the disgrace consists only in being found out. It is not that
self-satisfied feeling which attends prosperity reached without
passing through the crucible of adversity. Honesty, in the sense
in which Character is founded, is based upon the bed-rock of moral
principle, and should be the supreme and governing impulse of
action, even where necessity was most strongly api)ealed to by
temptation. It is a quality which, though quiet and unobtrusive,
and modest from its inherent nature, never fails in the course of
life to make itself recognized, and to bring its reward to its j>ossessor.
in trust, confidence, promotion, and opportunities for advancement,
which the unstable or doubtful character will not find open to it.
He who strives to form his character so that he may grasp confi-
dently for success, will be honest because it is right; because
it is a moral obligation with rpwards and penalties in a higher code
of laws than those of business; and because it pays to be honest.
There never was a truer axiom than that which says, " Honesty
is the best policy." It is not only the best policy, but it is the only
policy upon which to found Character on a basis which will
uphold a superstructure of success.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I
II I nil I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I
i^
INDUSTRY.
Sillil>l:lllllllllil
: ERHAPS the attribute of Character next in importance to
«i Honesty is Industry. And in no respect does a young
man's future rest so entirely with himself as in this. No
\ ^ matter how honest or faithful the young man may be ; no
matter how bright his intellect, nor how promising his oppor-
tunities ; if he have allowed the fatal habit of indolence and sloth
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
to grow upon him, his efforts will be in vain. Industry is the
working partner in the firm of attributes which constitute Char-
acter. It is the aggressive weapon in the battle of life, and it
is trenchant, effective, and victorious in its progress just in pro-
portion to its quality. If it be vigorous, persistent and in constant
exercise, no difficulties will stay its course. If it be feeble, spas-
modic and irregular in its application, a meagre measure of success,
or more likely total disapiK)intment, is the certain result. It is the
quality above all others which attracts attention, which most readily
enlists sympathy, insures confidence, and brings material assistance
to him who constantly displays that faculty in every work to which
he applies his hand or his head, whether for himself or others.
There is nothing of greater importance to the youth Avho sets out
in the journey of life with an ambition for success, than that he
should early so cultivate habits of industry that they become a
second nature to him. Such a habit makes the whole work of a life
easier, renders obstacles less difficult to overcome, and success more
easy of attainment. It commands confidence, inspires respect,
and is the best assurance a man can give to himself of his ability
to grasp the prizes of life.
t SOBRIETY. j
O one who is ever likely to take a prominent position in
competition for honor and place in the race of life, needs
to have it impressed upon him that Sobriety must go hand
in hand with Honesty and Industry in the constitution of that
Character by means of which success alone can be attained.
No pereon of years of discretion and matured judgment needs
to have pointed out to him, in the face of the experience with
which he is daily confronted, the fatal results which invariably
attend the absence of a strict and uncompromising observance of
an undeviating habit of Sobriety. Anything less than that is
dangerous to all, and fatal to most men. To the young man who
desires to succeed in life, Sobriety is absolutely essential ; and, aside
from the fact that without that quality he can seek in vain for the
confidence which leads to trust and promotion, or which will .give
to his abilities the scope of favorable opportunity, he who deliber-
ately ignores this condition, in the face of the warning beacons
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
with which his course is surrounded, and dehberately risks the
breakers of failure and disappointment and the rocky shores of
ruin, is not deserving of sympathy, much less of success. It is, at
the beginning of a career, the easiest of all the elements which
make up Character to have under control; because the resort to
insobriety is, at the first, a violence to nature, at which every
faculty and sense rises in revolt and repugnance. It is a false and
unnatural habit, which is only to be attaine<l by vicious cultivation,
which blights the promise of life in the bud. Aside from these and
higher moral considerations, the dictates of selfishness and common-
sense say to the young man, that sobriety is desirable because it is
essential to his success. Insobriety is to he avoided because it is a
profligate of time ; because it is injurious to the health ; l>ecause
it involves a senseless expenditure of money; because it destroys
the possibility of attaining confidence, and puts barriers in the way
of advancement ; and bectiuse it creates contact with associations
injurious to personal reputation and prospects. In the individual
case it is in the j^eriod of early manhood in which his conduct, in
this respect, is subjected to the closest criticism and scrutiny. His
movements, his personal tendencies, his companionship, and his
associations, are uiore narrowly observed than he dreams by
his elders, already engagetl in the serious affairs of life, and to
whom presently he will have to owe his opportunities for advance-
ment and success. ,And this is the case in every walk of life,
commercial or professional, but more strictly so, perhaps, among
business men. It is not necessfiry that the young man should be a
recluse or an ancliorite ; convivial and social qualities are esteemed
with favor in the business world, if they lead a man to clean and
rational amusements, to honorable and elevating companionship,
and to the avoidance of contact with all that is low, vicious and
degrading, or even questionable. But it is a rule that, long before
the youth knocks at the door of the business world for admission
and seeks to be assignetl a place there, older heads have scrutinized
this feature of his character, and will meet him with welcome and
favor, or with doubt and distrust, according to whether or not he
has approved himself, at the threshold of life, a sober young man.
Let it be solemnly and earnestly borne in mind that Character
cannot be complete unless it be marked by the habit of Sobriety,
and that, while a young man must be content to use and improve
the intellect with which nature has endowed him, and may only
overcome the difficulties of poverty and want of influence, by a
struggle of time, it is in his own power, by the simple exercise of
^^
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
7
his will, and proper regard for his self-respect and self-interest, to
engrave at once and for liis lifetime the attribute of Sobriety upon
his Character.
IDELITY is one of the most beautiful traits in the human
Character, and is not the least regarded, nor the least im-
portant among its composite elements. The man who
holds faithful to the principles of honor, who aspires to stamp
upon his career the royal insignia of true nobility, who aims
to be esteemed as one of " nature's gentlemen," will be found
faithful to every trust. He will by his conduct in life establish in
his daily progress his fidelity to every duty, to his employer, to his
family, and to himself. He who has earned, in whatsoever sphere
of life he may elect to move, a reputation for fidelity, has already
placed his foot firmly upon the ground of success. It is a quality
w^hich commands universal respect, and which most speedily begets
confidence and regard, even from the least susceptible, and where it
is exhibited so as to be unmistakable in its genuineness, it is an
infallible passport to advancement and preferment. Xo young man
who proves himself steadfastly and unswervingly faithful to every
trust, however small or humble, Avill ever fail to find friends in his
course, who will take pleasure in helping him forward in the battle
of life. Fidelity in a man is a touchstone which invariably develops
its like when brought into contact with other natures, and while, in
a higher sense, it is its own reward, the young man who enters the
conflict of existence with nothing but talent and Character as his
capital, will find in after life that Fidelity, in whatever measure of
success he has achieved, has been one of his most effective instru-
ments.
WHAT CX)N8TITrrrE8 SUCCESS.
fllllllllllHIIIIIIIIHilll!K!!lllilll»iB!Mlllffllianiin^^
I ECONOMY AND FRUGALITY. |
CONOMY is a feature of character which solely aflfects the
individual and reflects upon his prospects and op])ortuni-
ties. How fretjuently are we led to wonder tliat ^Ir. A.
S- or Mr. B., wliose silvering locks betoken that age is growing
upon him, and wlioni we have known ever to be honest, indus-
trious, sober and faithful, is still a clerk at the desk, or a pro-
fessional man in a rented house, with always a hard struggle to
make both ends meet. It is not in these cases always, or even often,
a lack of ambition. It is that there has been on the part of such a
person a something wanting in the foundation of liis career — a flaw
in an otherwise excellent character, which makes him capable of
doing his duty in life to everyone's advantage but his own. Econ-
omy and frugality are qualities which must be acquired, if ever, in
early life, and which are only to be affixed to the character, so as to
be borne without being a burden, b}'- painstjiking self-denial in
youth till they become settled habits of nature. It is natural to
man to be luxurious, to take all the comforts and enjoyments out of
life which his pecuniary resources will permit, and where this feel-
ing is not restrained by the cultivation of Economy, it becomes a
fixture in the Character, and the man who gives way to it will go on
through life, without seeming extravagance, yet self-indul gently
limiting his outlay only by his income. The 3'oung man should
take strict care to be master of his own appetites and wants, and
while penury and parsimony are among the passiv^e ^nces, he should,
at all times in life but particularly in youth, always maintain a bal-
ance to the credit of each month's income, and year by year
increase the store which will, when the time and the opportunity
arrive, form a capital for the commencement of business. He who
has shown his capacit}^ to thus lay up for a rainy day, will find
always credit and business friends, while at all events common pru-
dence advises every one to make a provision for the future, for any
calamity or untoward fortune that may befall; and if this be done in
youth, the habit of Economy is insensibly acquired, a lasting benefit
throuffh life.
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS,
PERSEVERANCE.
FV4
|M0NG the leading features of Character, which chiefly fit
it to beget success, is Perseverance. It is by no means one
of the virtues the most easy to practice, but it is one that
is perhaps the most surely of all, certain to find a rich reward
in results. Youth is the season of hot blood, of vivid imagina-
tion, and of impatient ambition. Nature is at that period
more volatile — liable to unreasonable inflation of expectation upon
slight foundation, and still more to unreasonable periods of depres-
sion and despondency on the occasion of every reverse or unfavorable
circumstance. But the man who starts out in life with the necessity
for Perseverance against all difficulties, so thoroughly impressed upon
his mind by his habit of thought as to be a fixed part of his Charac-
ter, is equipped for every emergency, and has as certain a prospect
of success before him as it is possible to compass in the scope of
human effort. It is a quality that should be early cultivated and
ingrained into the character so as to be ineradicable. Over the sea
of human life it is not all nor always smooth sailing. Upon the
fairest sky the clouds will arise, and the serenity of its beauty be,
without warning, distorted by the anger of the tempest. So it is in
life, and when all seems smooth for the path of progress, difficulties
spring up, and perhaps disasters befall, in spite of every precaution
and of every desert, and it is at such times as these that he who
lacks Perseverance is tossed like a ship without ballast, of times to
utter destruction, while the vessel with Perseverance at the helm
will weather the gale in safety, and, if shaken in the struggle, Avill
still keep on the course and finally reach the haven of Prosperity
and Success.
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
I PATIENCE.
1
MPATIENCE is a habit which often and seriously interferes
with the progress of the most deserving young man, and jeo])-
ardizes the whole future of his career. Like Perseverance,
it is one of the virtues of self-denial, and requires self-control
and determination and early practice, before it can be reckoned
a part of Character, or be proof against the assaults of tempta-
tion. Jt is a part of good temper, which is essential not only to a
man's own comfort through life, but to that of tiiose with whom he
is brouglit into contiict. It is slow to anger, and quick to forgive-
ness. It cements friendship, strengthens old ties, and creates new
ones. It is the quality which at the beginning of a young man's
career is the most likely to be tried, and to be trietl most frequently.
It guards against seeing affront where none was intended, and curbs
the rising temper, and prevents hostility, where others give way to
anger. The man who has patience is far superior to him who loses his
temper, and his superiority is soon recognized in the world in which
he moves. It avoids at the outset of his career difficulties which
otherwise deprive men of useful and influential friends, in employers,
and those in authority over him, and is an attribute of Character
which, while it requires constant watchfulness through life, is one
of its greatest beautifiers.
VERY young man should set out in life with the distinct
understanding that he who is not master of himself will
*>A\»j- be the slave of many weaknesses and follies which Avill
iS. beset his course through life with difficulties and dangers. The
J' young man should early cultivate the exercise of his will-
i power, so as to acquire, as a habit, an inflexible Determination
in the pursuit of all that is upright, honorable, elevating and
profitable, and in the shunning of all that is ignoble, degrading,
frivolous or vicious. " He cannot say, ' No I ' " Upon the tombstones
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
of how many brightly-dawning Uves, high ambitions and brilliant
prospects, is this confession of weakness the -pitiable epitaph ! No
young man can do justice to himself, to his opportunities, or to his
prospects in life, unless he early acquires and practices this thorough
command and mastery over the Aveaknesses and frailties of nature.
He Av'ho is his own master — that is, the master of his own impulses,
passions, appetites and prejudices — has a safeguard against tempta-
tion through life of invaluable importance, and which will not only
prove a profit and advantage to himself, but will command the
respect of men of weaker will. It is a guard against the infinnities
of temper, against the demands of extravagance, against the risks
in which indulgent good nature w^ould involve a business man, against
the insidious approach of vicious or undesirable habits and evil and
unprofitable associations. Determination is in itself a virile virtue,
and it develops and strengthens every other mental and moral fac-
ulty.
CLEANLINESS.
*" LEANLINESS, in the proverb, is placed next to Godliness.
It is not the least desirable and important of those personal
IWh"^ attributes which constitute Character, and is a most essen-
^^„ tial feature of the conditions which go to make up me7is sana in
y!^ corpore sano. It is not only essential to physical health and
comfort, but it is an indicator of the habits of mind as well.
The young man who is careless about his personal appearance and
attire, can hardly be expected to have the exact and tidy habits which
become a well-ordered counting-room, while he is open to suspicion,
perhaps, and generally no doubt, of being a moral as well as a per-
sonal " slouch." He who does not see that his apparel and personal
habits are clean, if not dandified, and tidy, if not expensive, will
find that he will labor from the first at a disadvantage in making
his way through the world, and will have himself to blame if he be sus-
pected by others — more particularly by those in the social and business
world with whom he most desires to (with whom it is most important
to him he shaU) stand in good estimation — of lack of proper pride
and self-respect, and indifference to the suggestions of good taste
and a desire to please. And the young man cannot be too mindful
of the fact that this cleanliness must not only mark his habits of
dress and person, but also of mind, manners, language and morals
WHAT CONSTITUTES SUCCESS.
RlSfitiSMJJiUiMiri 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 < I II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 III • 1 1 1 uTiTiTiTmiJ^
I SELF-CULTIVATION. p
HT I • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II a I 1 1 1 I II ItTjt
HIS is a subject whose importance no young man who sets
out in life with an ambition to make his mark in the world,
can afford to overlook. How frecjuently in after life a man
finds cause to regret bitterly those leisure hours of youth
wasted beyond recall in idleness or in social frivolity, in which
he might have improved his mind, expanded his intellect, per-
fected his education, widened his sphere of knowledge and informa-
tion, and lessened ten-fold the difficulties which he has had to
surmount in the road tf) prosperity and success in life. Youth is the
period at which the mind is in the plastic condition; when it receives
impressions most readily and retains them most faithfully and perma-
nently; when knowledge is acquired with the least labor and exertion.
It is the period, too, when the student is less oppressed with the cares
of life, with the res|X)nsibilities of business, and with those anxieties
and perplexities which come later in life to fill up the whole current
of existence. Some of the best men of our day, who began life in
the most humble circumstances, with but the barest rudiments of
an eilucation, and amid all the discouragements which beset j^verty
and friendlessness, have become learned and widel}' read men of the
world, capable of taking a creditable jwsition in the circles of men
of letters, when their advancement in life threw them into such
society, by devoting a few hours in the evening of each day to
persistent, determinetl and industrious effort at self-improvement.
The advantages enjoyed by the present generation for this object
are incalculable. The golden treasury of knowledge is open wide
to all who choose to avail themselves of its priceless stores. The
printing press, the great educator of the day, by its marvelous labor,
places within the reach and within the means of every young man
the facilities by which his mind can be stored with every description
of knowledge, whether calculated to aid him in the practical struggle
with the world, or to equip himself with those graces and accom-
plishments of intellect which embellish and adorn his intercoui*se
with others, and are a source of indescribable pleasure and satisfac-
tion to him who — in the full enjoyment of the wider fields of interest,
amusement, speculation, contemplation, thought and action, thus
opened to him — can look back and thank God for the wisdom which
Vi
WHAT CONSTITUTES 8^C(;^:SS.
led him to the task of improving tlie idle hours of youth to self-
cultivation, and for the determination which enabled him to pereist
in the pursuit of knowledge until it became no longer a task, but a
pleasure and delight.
RISE AND LABOR.
I had drank with lips ungated
Where the founts of pleasure burst,
I had hewn out broken cisterns.
But they mocked my spirit's thirst;
And I said, life is a desert.
Hot, and measureless and dry,
And God will not give me water.
Though I thirst, and pant, and die!
Spoke there a friend and brother :
"Rise and roll the stone away;
There are wells of life upspringing
To thy pathway every day."
But I said : " My lips are sinful.
Very sinful in my speech,
And the wells of God's salvation
Are too deep for me to reach.''
Then he answered: "Rise and labor;
Doubt and idleness are death ;
Shape thee out a goodly vessel
With the strong hand of thy faith.'
Then I rose and shaped a vessel
And knelt lowly, humbly, there.
And I drew up living water
By the golden chain of prayer.
I THE WORLD'S LETTER-BAGS. I
^\ \ \ \ \.\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \N
HE statistics oi" the L'niveisul I'ostal Union for last year,
collected and published by the International Bureau at
Berne, Switzerland, shows that in number of postoffices
the United States ranks first, with 45,512 offices, and Great
Britain next, with 14,918 offices. Japan is far in advance of
Russia, British India, Austria, Italy and Spain, in the number
of her postoffices, having 5,094. Switzerland ranks first in the rel-
ative portion between the number of her postoffices and the popula-
tion, having an average of 985 inhabitants to each postoffice; the
United States has 1.12G; Norway has 2,054; and Great Britain
has 2,302 inhabitants for each office. In the number of letters con-
veyed by mail Great Britain ranks first, with 1,229,354,800 ; the
United States next, with 1,046,107,348; then Germany with 563-,
225,700 ; and France ^vith 535,541,373. The Argentine Republic
stands at the bottom of the list. The United States conveys more
postal cards than any other country ; Germany comes next, followed
by Great Britain and Austria.
In completeness and jKjrfection of arrangements, the mail service
of the United States, notwithstanding the magnificent distances to
be overcome, is with its railway mail system, admittedly the best in
the world.
In respect to the number of letters and postal cards to each in-
habitant, the countries rank as follows : Great Britain, 38.7 ; the
United States, 27.3; Switzerland, 19.9; Germany, 15.8.
The United States has 91,571 miles of railroad ; Germany has
20,573 ; France 16,822, and Russia 14,439 miles.
In number of newspapers conveyed in domestic mails, the
United States ranks first, with 852,180,792 ; Germany second, with
439,089,900; France third, with 320,188,636, and Great Britain
fourth, with 140,789,100.
In respect to the amount of gross postal revenue, Germany
takes the lead with $41,064,843; the United States next, with $38,-
926,088 ; Great Britain third, with $35,138,000 ; and France fourth,
with $30,593,713.
Great Britain, Germany and France had a net revenue in 1881
ranging from $13,705,020 to $3,980,088 ; ,but the United States,
Russia and Japan had a deficiency in revenue, the same year, rang-
ing from $2,883,615 to $264,168.
THE SEASONS.
These, as they change. Almighty Father, these
Are but the varied God. The rolling year
Is full of Thee. Forth In the pleasing SPRING
Thy Beauty walks, thy Tenderness and Love.
Wide flush the fields ; the softening air is balm.
Echo the mountains round ; the forest smiles.
And every sense, and every heart, is joy.
Then comes thy Glory in the SUMMER months
»Vith light and heat effulgent. Then thy Sun i
Shootest full perfection through the swelling year ;
And oft thy Voice in dreadful thunder speaks.
And oft at dawn, deep noon, or falling eve,
By brooks and groves, in hollow-whispering gales.
Thy Bounty shines in AUTUMN unconflned.
And spreads a common feast for all that lives.
In WINTER, awful Thou ! with clouds and storms
Around thee thrown, tempest o'er tempest rolled.
Majestic darkness ! On the whirlwind's wing,
Riding sublime, Thou bidst the world adore.
And humblest Nature with thy northern blast.
HE mysterious round of the Seasons, which Thompson,
in his Hymn, apostrophizes as the manifestation of the
Creator in the things of Nature, is one of the most
beautiful forms in which the inscrutable Power which
controls and directs the grand harmonies of the universe,
is presented to the finite minds of men. Nor has all the
wisdom of man, in the most profound and indefatigable
labors of science, pursued with ardor and determination
for centuries, been able to bring us even to the thresh-
hold of knowledge and comprehension of these mys-
teries, which lie beyond the curtain through which all must pass
at the close of their earthly career, but from which none has ever
returned to enlighten the unceasing and unavailing curiosity of man-
kind. Even with all the knowledge which science has placed within
our reach, we can but scan as " through a glass darkly " the shadowy
portents of the Infinite, and the only lesson we are enabled to learn
with certainty from the endless circles of the Seasons, is that which
teaches us, in an unerriAg and awe-inspiring voice, the immortality
of all animate nature — that that which we caU Death is but the gate-
15
10 THE FOUR SEASONS.
way to Resurrection, reproduction and development into a new life
of higher perfection. The beauty and fragrance of the flower fades
away and perishes from our sight and sense ; the blooming meadows,
on whose verdant bosom the modest daisies are kissed by the grate-
ful dews and caressed by the^olian zephyi*s, become black and bare
and desolate before the chill breath of inexorable "Winter. The
grateful trees which hang their blossoming garlands ujK)n the beau-
teous brow of virgin Spring, and interpose their umbrageous
shade to the hot and amorous breath of sighing Summer, yield their
golden favors and ripened beauties to the Autumn, and relapse into
the bareness and blackness of apparent dissolution. But we know,
as surely as we know that the Seasons return in their appointed
courses, that this Death is a delusion ; that the fetters of Winter's
dissolution will be broken in the resurrection of the coming again of
Spring, and that once more the laughter-laden vernal breezes will
waft the fragrance of the blushing blossoms abroad upon the flower-
ing meads, and that again from out the bonds of the sleep of nature
will bui-st in triumph the foliage, the flower and the fruit. The
four seasons. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, proceeding in
their unfailing round, typify, in a manner and with a significance
which is more than an accident, as well the course of existence of
humanity, as of the plant, the tree and the flower ; and their recur-
rence, after undergoing the process of aj)jmrent decay and death,
conveys in language not to be misunderstood the great and awful
lesson of Immortality. In the life of man there are distinctly
marked the four Seasons — the Spring, the Summer, the Autumn
and the Winter — the bud, the blossom, the fruit, and the sere and
yellow leaf which ushers in life's winter. Death, from which the
immortal part of that which expires passes to the resurrection of
a new Spring, the knowledge of which is shut out from our present
existence by the imj^enetrable veil which the liand of inscrutable
wisdom holds before our eager and inquiring gaze. These four
seasons of life have each their peculiar and separate conditions and
course of existence, and we pass in order from the one stage to the
other — from the helplessness of infancy to the promise of youth,
the materializing fruition of maturity, and thence again to the decay
of old age, and the grave — tlirough whose grim and dreadful portals
each must pass in his ap]X)inted time, and by whose shadowy vale of
tears lies the only avenue to the promise of the new Spring-time in
the life beyond. As the varying seasons have their peculiar vicissi-
tudes and accidents, their sunshine and storm, their periods of calm
repose and tempestuous turbulence, so the Seasons of Life are made
up of smiles and tears, of joys and sorrows, and delights and disas-
ters. And as we know, even in the limited scope of the visual hori-
zon of human knowledge, that there is nothing in this universe left
to Chance— that the vicissitudes which the varying currents of the
seasons present, are the results of well-defined laws under which
distinct conditions will evolve definite effects — so we know, too, that
in the seasons of our lives, whatever of light or shadow, of sunshine
or of tempest, may fall across our pathway, these accidences are
governed by undeviating laws, under which the conditions to which
we expose ourselves or are exposed, produce inevitable and certain
results. And it is in this respect that man is the superior of all
created things, — that by the gift of reason which makes him kin to
divinity, he can so order his own life in all its courses that he may
sow the seed in his Spring time with the full knowledge of what the
harvest of his Autumn will bring to his reaping.
In the perfectly ordered life, there is, as in the eternal round of
the Seasons in the march of nature, a perfect rhythm and harmony.
The Spring melts imperceptibly away into the bosom of Summer,
which in its turn gilds the borders of autumnal glory with its expir-
ing rays, while the Autumn lends a halo to mellow the gray ad-
vance of winter. So in life. Childhood advances with a stealthy
and imperceptible step toward Youth, and we have scarce had time
to note and become accustomed to the change, when the youth as-
sumes the duties and dignities of Manhood. The whole of life is a
harmony in which there are no sharp or rudden divisions, and it is
only when we survey the whole ground, that we can properly sep-
arate the distinct periods which constitute existence.
These four Seasons, then, constitute the field of every man's life,
and it is a duty which prudence suggests to young and old alike,
that they should study well its every feature, both for example to
emulate, monuments to guide, and beacons to warn away from
danger — the old that they may add their own experience to that of
others, and apply it to the guidance of the youth, and the young
that they may learn how best to lay hold upon the securities and
safeguards of their future happiness. Experience is the great
teacher of life. It is the principle of progress. By it alone each
succeeding generation mounts to a higher plane of moral and ma-
terial, mental and physical development. In the labors of life it is
to the pilgrim upon that journey through its four revolving Seasons,
what his chart and compass is to the mariner who sets out toward a
boundless horizon in the sure faith and confidence that these guides
will lead him unerringly to the haven he seeks.
THE FOUR SEAfiONS.
/ SPRING. ;
" Our wean's the most wonderful wean I e'er saw;
It wad tak' me a lan^ simmer day to tell a'
His pranks, frae the mornin' till niifht shuts bis ee,
When he sleeps like a peerie, 'tween father and me;
For in his quite turns siocan questions he'll spier!
How the moon can stick up in the sky that's sae clear?
What gars the wind blawV and whar frae comes the rain ?
He'sa perfee' divert— he's a wonderf+i' wean I
" But, 'mid a' his daflln sic kindness he shows.
That he's dear to my heart as the dew to the rose;
And the unclouded hinnybeum aye in his ee
Makes him every day dearer and dearer to me.
Though Fortune Ik; saucy and dorty, and dour.
And Kloom throuRh her flnfirers like hills through a shooer.
When bodies hae gt)t a bit bairn o' their ain.
How he cheers up their beartsi— he's a wonderf u' wean ! "
ITILDirOOD is the spring-time of life. It is the period
when the physical, mental and moral capabilities are in
the tender bud, and gently unfolding their beauties and
graces to the genial influences and beneficent atmosphere
I * of their domestic surroundings, or developing the infancy
\ of defects and blemishes cultivated by an unhealthy air de-
void of the warmth which should glow at the fireside of every true
home. The child has been rightly called by Wordsworth, " the Father
of the Man," and those who have assumed the grave and solemn
responsibilities of parentage should remember that it is they who
are to be held to account for the manhood or womanhood which is
to be developed from the tender infant, the guidance of whose
growth and formation of whose character is committed to their
charge. From the first dawn of the new life the work of parents
in the education of the child begins, and it may be divided into
three departments : first, the physical development ; second, the for-
mation of healthy moral and mental habits ; third, the study of the
happiness of the child. And these departments of duty, care and
labor, offer to those upon whom they devolve a pleasure in the per-
formance and a satisfaction in the result, than which there are no
higher to be attained in any other of the supreme rewards of a well
spent life. In early infancy the sole care of the child falls upon the
mother, and in these duties the instincts of the mother-love may be
relied upon to secure their full performance. That mother fails to
realize the true nobility of womanhood, who would commit the
nourishment of her offspring to the breast of a stranger, and who
BOYHOOD.
Ah! then how sweetly closed those parting days.
The minutes parting one by one like rays
That fade upon a summer's eve.
But, oh! what charm or ma^ic numbers
Can give me back the gentle slumbers
Those weary happy days did leave?
When by my bed I saw my mother kneel,
And with hor blessing took her nightly kiss.
Whatever Time destroys, he cannot this—
E'en now that nameless kiss I feel.
Washinqton Allston.
THE FOUR SEASONS.
in the first two years of the infancy of her child leaves the tender
blossom to the cold attention, or even the rude caresses, of careless
dependents, in vrhich the very earliest infancy of the child detects
the absence of that maternal sympathy and care, which is as essen-
tial to its healthy growth as air and sunshine to the tenderest plant
that grows.
As the dawn of intelligence begins to assert itself, and reason
takes possession of its kingdom in the mind of the child, the duties
of parentage begin to be divided between the mother and father,
and each should vie with the other in cultivating for themselves
the serene and happy fireside joys, which spring from the proper
performance of them. It is at this period of life that an unvarying
love and tenderness, careful consultation of the happiness of the
child in its childish sphere, accompanied by judicious firmness, will
secure the habit of obedience founded on love, and save the parents
many a painful experience which they will certainly encounter, if
this simple rule, which ought itself to be a mutual delight between
parent and child, be overlooked, and the lessons of authority have
to be enforced by fear as the child advances toward youth. Let
every parent remember that the period of childhood is the only one
in life in which perfect and unalloyed happiness, untainted by a single
anxiety and unalloyed with any responsibility, are possible to any
human being between the cradle and the grave. To make the lives
of children joyous and happy is a duty which every parent should
observe, and lays the best foundation that can be placed under a
stable character, a buoyant temperament, and an amiable disposition,
which are sure to follow such a course.
It is in this period of life that the early work of forming char-
acter begins, and the simple lessons which may be indelibly impressed
upon the white pages of the childish mind will cling to it through
life, strengthening and confirming the more serious teachings which
the expanding intelligence, discretion and reason call for. The first
lessons to be taught, and which are the more easily conveyed because
nature has made the virgin soil congenial for the reception of healthy
sentiments, are the habits of truthfulness, of kindness and tenderness,
of sympathy, and of abhorrence of anger and passion. These
things should be watchfully kept ever before the child till they fi:x
themselves upon its mind as a habit, and make the lessons of morality
more easily learned, more readily understood and more gratefully
received, when they come to be presented at the years of early
discretion, on other and higher grounds to its reason and intelli-
gence.
THE FOUK SEASONS.
The period of school hfe is, or ought to be one of the most anx-
ious to the parents. While the public school is best for the child,
tending to instill into it early the lessons of self-reliance, and to
give the impulse of emulation to its ambition, it is also attended
with many dangers for the child first fluttering from the pa-
rental nest. Endeavor should be made to divert the current of the
childish frendships and associations into wholesome and healthful
channels. Encourage it to take pride in the company of children
whose parents are known to be governed by piety and uprightness,
and teach it to despise and avoid the company of idle and vicious
playmates. In this you may be certjiin, from your knowledge of
the parents, whether the child be a desirable comj)anion.
Too great care cannot be exercised, not only in those things
which concern the present health of the young child, but in the
formation of habits which will make even its daily round of pleas-
ures, and the outcome of its instincts of activity and love of pleasure,
auxiliaries ever at work in the development of its physical health
and strength. Habits of cleanliness are among the first. The child
should be not only taught to submit to be " washed " with docility,
but should be educated to find its bath one of its most congenial
pleasures. Rough or careless handling of children of tender years
by servants, and even by careless and too vigorous mothers, often
creates a sentiment of repugnance to the bath that makes the duties
of cleanliness irksome through life, and leads to their abandonment
in time of youth, when they can be avoitled, just at the period when
the careful observance of the habits of cleanliness of the person are
of the greatest importance to the development of robust and vigor-
ous manhood and womanhood. It is the nature of the child to find
its earliest pleasures in activity. It is an instinct implanted there
by nature to secure the harmonious growth of physical health,
strength and perfection. Encourage the child at play. Teach it to
find its favorite diversions in active exercise. Bring to its favor
pastimes which take it much into the open air and sunlight. Avoid
any mistaken kindnesses which are calculated to foster the false
habit of effeminacy, which, if permitted to usurp the supremacy of
the healthy instincts of nature, will surely to a greater or less degree
dwarf and stunt the whole physical being and rob it of the complete
development to which it is entitled. By observing these rules, the
parent may safely count upon witnessing the procuress of the Child
to the period of Youth, and its transition from the Spring to the
Summer of life, attended by all the conditions most favorable to
the higher stage of development upon which it now enters.
2ALIF02S.
MAIDENHOOD.
Maiden with the meek, brown eyes.
In whose orbs a shadow lies
Lilte the dusk In evenlngr skies !
<»**** 41
Standing with reluctant feet.
Where the l)rook and river meet.
Womanhood and childhood fleet 1
Gazinjr with a timid glance.
On the brooklet's swift advance.
On the river's broad expanse !
Hear a lily in thy hand.
Gates of brass cannot withstand
One touch of that magic wand.
• «*»»*
Bear through sorrow, wrong and rutb
In thy heart the dew of youth.
On thy lips the smile of truth.
»♦*♦*
And that smile like sunshine dart
Into many a sunlees heart.
For a smile of God thou art.
LONGrEIJX)W.
THE FOUR SEASONS.
I SUMMER. I
" A breeze 'mid blossoms straying,
Where Hope clung feeding like a bee —
Both were mine I Life went a-Maying
With Nature, Hope and Poesy
When I was young 1
" O'er aery cliffs and glittering sands.
How lightly then it tlashed along :
Like those trim skiffs, unknown of yore.
On winding lakes and rivers wide;
That ask no aid of sail or oar.
That fear no spite of wind or tide
Naught cared this body for wind or weather
When Youth and I lived in't together.
" Flowers are lovely; Love is flower-like;
Friendship is a sheltering tree.
Oh, the joys that came down shower-like
Of Friendship, Love and Liberty,
Ere I was old !
—Coleridge.
|OUTH is the Summer season of life. It is the season when
t the joys of independence, the sweets of friendships, the
pride of intellect, the elastic pleasures of conscious health
and strength, the reahzation by the mind of the fair expanse of
the empire of reason over which it wields the sceptre, come in
the first flush of the pleasure of enjoyment to the fullest capa-
city for grateful appreciation. It is the period when life is a garden
of roses, and the happy youth wiU follow the advice of the poet :
" Gather the rosebuds while ye may."
The old time theories of ascetic philosophy and ascetic religion
have in these days of progress and advancement given place to a
higher and better creed, that youth, health, beauty, flowers and sun-
shine, in the things of life and nature, are given us to be enjoyed
to the fullest degree consistent with innocence and integrity. The
teacher who advises :
" Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,"
is the same who also says to us :
"Rejoice, oh young man in thy youth."
The school of the duties of life, in which our youth should be
spent, is no longer to be regarded as a cave of gloom, which the
youth or maiden has to endure, with an impatient longing for the
emancipation that the advent to maturity brings. On the con
trary, where it has true guidance, the summer of youth will find the
parental authority a garland of roses; will discover in every duty a
delight; will distinguish true pleasures from the false and vicious,
and tread in safety the fields of innocent enjoyment with an elastic
and buoyant measure. The youth should lind in the father the
" guide, philopher and friend," and the maiden, in the mother, the
companion and confidante. Sympathy and confidence should mark
every relation between the Summer and the Autumn seasons of life.
The parent will reap the grateful rewards of filial obedience, re-
spect and confidence, from the love and consideration bestowed upon
youth, and the light with which he is able enhance its sunshine;
and youth will find it a pleasure to render the tribute of obedience
to the paternal rule and observance of its advice and admonition, in
grateful recognition of the affection and tender regard of the
parental effort to beautify and brighten its buoyant existence.
Youth should always remember that this is the season of prepara-
tion for the more serious duties and responsibilities of life, and it has,
in its early period, arrived at years of sufficient discretion to com-
prehend fully how entirely the vigor, strength, pride and success of
maturity is dependent upon the formation of character, the acquisi-
tion of knowledge and the cultivation of physical, mental and moral
health, in that time of life which is left wholly free to pursue this
course of healthful preparation. Do not imagine that the most
devoted attention to these prerequisites of your future success in life
will interfere with the fullest enjoyment of the pleasures of life's
Summer. On the contrary, rightly appreciated and conducted,
these important duties are among the best of pleasures, and go to
make up the variety which is the spice of life in all stages of its
enjoyment. The youth devoted wholly to aimless amusements, to
the neglect of solid accomplishments, will soon find that his sweet-
ness clogs upon him, and his sense of enjoyment palls, while he has
perchance lost the faculty of application and the capacity of appre-
ciation for the things of higher importance. Remember that the
choicest fruit, the healthiest plant, the flower of rarest beauty and
fragrance, is not that which draws its growth and inspiration of
life from artificial light and heat, but that which is the true offspring
of nature, nurtured by the free air of heaven, and fostered b}^ the
genial rays which come direct from the centre of light and life in
the universe. " Work while you work, and play while you play," is
a homely but a good and wholesome adage, and contains a whole
volume of wisdom if rightly interpreted. When you devote jonr-
self to physical exercises, either for recreation or for improvement,
put your whole mind and strength into it. Remember that " health
, « A « y-
THE MOTHEK'S LOVE.
Is there, when the winds are sinking
In the happy summer time.
When the raptured air is ringing
With earth's music heavenward springing.
Forest chirp, and village chime ;
Is there of the sounds that float
Minglingly, a single note
naif so sweet, and clear, and wild,
As the laughter of a child ?
Yes ; a mother's large affection.
Hears with a mysterious sense,
Breathings that evade detection.
Whispers faint, and fine inflection.
Thrill in her M-ith power intense.
Childhood's honey'd tones untaught,
Heareth she in living thought I
Tones that never thence depart.
For she listens— with her heart.
Laman Blanchard.
THE FOUK SEASONS.
is the vital principle of bliss," and is essential to the highest and
most perfect enjoyment of every pleasure of life. In the time al-
lotted to stud}'' and mental improvement devote yourself to the task
with undivided attention and industry, and an appreciation of not
only its future importance but of the present pleasures which are to
be found by the earnest student among the treasures of knowledge.
In the i)astimes and social pleasures of youth, give your powers of
enjoyment full scope and play, and you will find your capacity for
the enjoyment of innocent and healthful pleasures redoubled by the
wholesome appetite which will have been created by diligent atten-
tion to the duties owed to mental, moral and physical development.
Bear in mind always the words of the wise man :
" Wisdom is the principal thing : therefore get wisdom : and with all thy getting:, get
understanding. ' '
" Her wftys are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace."
" Season of mists and mellow fruitf ulness !
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun !
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run
To bend with apples the moss'd cottage trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core —
To swell the gourd and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel— to set budding more.
And still more, later flowers for the trees.
Until they think warm days will never cease.
For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells."
—John Keats.
ANHOOD and womanhood are the Autumn of life, the
season of perfection and fruition. The boundaries .of
f*' youth have been passed, the stately vessel, fully equipped
for the sea of life, laden with its precious cargo of hopes,
duties, aspirations, ambitions and responsibilities, cuts adrift
from the moorings in the placid river which flows alongside
the parental home, and steers its course bravely out upon the broad
expanse of ocean, to seek that unknown shore which Fortune may
appoint. The ties of childhood and home are severed and the youth
of yesterday goes out into the world to-day in the strong and con-
scious vigor of manhood to set up new altars and found new des-
tinies of which he himself shall be the head. The maiden will have
attained to that womanhood to whose boundaries she has been led
by the hand of modest and reluctant maidenhood, and will have
THE FOUB SEASONS.
joined her fortunes with the man toward whom her heart and lier
inclinations have directed her, and thenceforth through the Autumn
period of life, these two streams will flow in one channel onward to
the sunset, which ushers in the repose of the evening and winter of
life. In this golden age are gathered the fruits of the labors of life,
and to those who have attended to the duties of youth — who have
founded character upon enduring princij)les, wlio have brought to
their aid industry and perseverance, and tlie higher guidance of
sound morality — the harvest of that season is one continued return,
which honors every draft made upon it in the course of life — a frar
grant flowering plant which is in perennial bloom. But wliatever
may liave been the successes of life in material things — and these
are generally in proportion to the industry, fidelity and enterprise
brought to bear upon them — whatever fortune may have attended
the efforts for personid distinction, for commercial success, or for
public ambition, the highest prizes of life will always be found to be
those which cluster around the domestic altar. It is at the shrine of
home that the most fragrant incense of our lives is sought and found,
and it is here that we live our higher and better life. In his own
house every man is a sovereign, and in a well ordered Christian
home, where the domestic virtues are cultivated, where the fireside
graces hover round, where culture and refinement pervade every
relation, and where love and courtesy abound, the household mon-
arch and his consort have a court in which there is more honor,
truth and loyalty than in the glittering circle which surrounds the
crown and sceptre of the proudest throne. Here in mutual respect
and honor, cemented by the experiences of life, the man and wife
piiss the golden Autumn days, in the serenity of personal comfort
and bountiful surroundings which flow in from labors and duties
faithfully performed in the outer world ; here they live again in
their children the loves and joys of their own cliildhood and youth ;
here they watch with thankful pride the stately growth of sons and
daughters, whose infancy was tended with anxious prayers, and
whose childhood nurtured with tender care and loving hope.
In this happy harvest time of life, in which the gilded hours are
divided between public, business, social and domestic duties, the
too common error of the aere is towards excess of kindness in deal-
ing with the following generation. The father who has made his
way to affluence and prosperity against early discouragements
and adversities, who can remember vividly the cruelties of poverty,
and who still feels the frosts which sometimes chilled the growth of
springtime, is too frequently prone, in his anxiety for the welfare
and comfort of his chikfren, to over-indulgence. No greater mistake
can be made in life, nor is there any greater refinement of cruelty,
than the infliction of incapacity upon a young man through the
mistaken kindness of parents. While it is fit and eminently proper
that the parent should accustom the young man to every reasonable
indulgence suited to his fortunes, every j'^oung man should be
as thoroughly equipped for the stern realities of life, as if he had the
world to win for himself. There should be no difference in the
physical and mental education of the son of the mechanic and that
of the millionaire, except in the degree of luxury of living. Every
man should become the master of some calling, art or profession,
without regard to fortune. The present generation presents a most
memorable and melancholy example, in the family of the most
illustrious military figure of his age, the second savior of this great
republic, of what sad and gloomy skies may come to cloud the ripe
Autumn days of life, by that undue kindness to children which unfits
them for the practical duties of existence.
If there be a fault to be found with the progressive, vigorous,
energetic mode of life which is distinctively American, the charac-
teristic of the healthy vitality of our people and of their institutions,
it is the tendency, too often developed, to allow the mind to become
wholly engrossed in the cares of business, to the neglect of that
large fund of resources for the higher enjoyments of domestic and
social life, which every man with a sound mind in a healthy body
inherently possesses. And this, when it does occur, invariably en-
croaches upon that period of life in which the capacity for rational
enjoyment and wholesome pleasures is in its most vigorous stage.
It is the too common mistake of the man of business to put off for
the future day, when he shall have reached the affluence at which
he aims, the exercise of that faculty of enjoyment, which he robs
of its present gratification with a promise to pay in the indefinite
future, in order that he may double his attention to material pur-
suits. This is doubly a mistake, in that the future may never be
reached, and if it be, then may be found that the time has gone by ;
that the capacity has perished in its neglect ; that it is impossible to
rekindle the fires of youth in the ashes of old age, and when once
resolved to devote the remnant of life to pursuit of pleasure fairly
won by arduous toil, there remains only the desire without the
realization, able to " clip Elysium, but to lack its joy." He, who keeps
life well balanced, neither evading its duties nor refusing its passing
rewards, will find in the end that he has made as satisfactory prog-
ress in worldly prosperity, and has lived a better and a brighter life
THE FOIIB SEASONS.
" Only waiting till the shadows
Are a little longer grown.
Only waiting till the glimmer
Of the day's laat beam is flown ;
Till the night of earth is faded
From the heart once full of day.
Till the stars of heaven are breaking
Through the twilight soft and gray.
" Only waiting till the shadows
Are a little longer grown.
Only waiting till the glimmer
Of the day's last beam is flown ;
Then from out the gathered darknen
Holy, deathless stars shall ris(>.
By whose light my soul shall gladly
Tread its pathway to the skies."
HE "Winter season of life is essentially that of the home
and the fireside. It is not given to many men hke Glad-
stone, Montefiore or Peter Cooper, of green and happy
memory, to carry the cit>ss of duty to the very door of the
tomb; nor is it for the happiness and comfort which is the
just due and' the chief enjoyment of a " green old age," that
it should be so. Winter is the season of tranquility and repose. The
turgid, ambitious and sordid cares of the world will have ceased to
trouble the placid existence of old age. It heeds not the storms and
the hardships which drive upon the outer world, for among them it has
no duties to perform. In its cozy corner by the fireside of life's house-
hold, its time is passed in the mellow light of domestic affection, in
the serenity of contemplation, and in the soothing attentions of those
upon whom the cares of its existence have been bestowed. The
prattling innocence of the little children recaU again the days of
early manhood and the infancy of the matron who fondly hovers
round the armchair set apart for the grandfather, and the tasks taken
up again for the second generation, enable the old to live again the
best days of their youth and strength. For a life well spent, which
has had experience in weighing the empty vanities of the world, and
of estimating the comparative worthlessness of the pleasures of am-
bition and worldly success, there comes a realization of the great
rewards which are garnered up by the fireside in plenteous store,
and to which the old man turns with grateful relief when his w^orldly
tasks are done. His silver locks are indeed a crown of glory, and
life's last days a serene and meUow sunset, diffusing a softened
YOUTH AND AGE.
O Youth, for years so many and sweet
'Tis known that thou and I were one.
I'd think it hut a fond conceit-
It cannot be that thou art jrone !
Thy vesper-hell has not yet toll'd ;-
And thovi wer't e'er a masker bold ;
What strange disgruioe hast now put on
To make believe that thou art gone ?
I see these locks In silvery slips,
I see this drooping gait, this alter'd size —
But springtide blossoms on thv lips.
And tears take sunshine from thine eyes I
Life IS but Thought ; so think, I will.
That Youth and I are housemates still.
COLSKIOGK.
F,<rT
THE FOUR SEASONS.
radiance upon the circle which surrounds him. His hitter life is a book
of wisdom, full of counsel, admonition, encouragement and hope for
the sons and daughters who, with Children in their train, are fast
following the footsteps of the fading life. Happy that old age
which, in the full possession of all the enjoyments which belong to
material comforts and a ripened intellect, can add the consolations
of hope and of religion to the proud consciousness of immortality —
he who can reckon up his life with the thankful self -consciousness
that to the best of his power he has fairly met every duty, and
trace his footsteps upon the sands of his nearly completed course
without a regret. For such the passing hours are laden with the full
cup of serene contentment. In sweet and grateful repose and placid
enjoyment he realizes
" How noiseless falls the foot of Time
That only treads on flowers,"
and with calm resignation and untroubled conscience, awaits the
"privileged chamber" where "the good man meets his fate." To
such an one, who possesses
** A peace above all earthly dignities,
A still and quiet conscience,"
the period of life's decline is a season to be envied of all. His
" Old age is a lusty winter.
Frosty, yet kindly."
His days are a perfect harmony, without care for. the present,
regret for the past, nor fear for the future, and amid the olive
branches of his family tree he is the oracle, venerated, respected,
beloved, diffusing in his leisure hours from out of the treasury of
ripe experience,
" Sydnean phowers
Of sweet discourse, whose powers
Can crown old Winter's head with flowers."
f
Tl^E 4UTOGR4PH i^LBUJ^,
IIE little souvenirs of affection or friendship written on the
pages of an album do not possess their greatest value when
first written. But when absence has separated the friends
who wrote from the owner of the album, or when, perhajjs,
the hands that penned the words are folded in the embrace of
death, tender memories of those loved and lost are recalled by
its pages. The past is brought back, and scenes long forgotten reap-
pear before the mental vision with the distinctness of the present. It
is then that the album is most highly prized, and its pages scanned
with moistened eyes ; while some serve to cheer sadness, and others
as guide-posts on the road to eternity.
DEDICATORY VERSES.
(SuilaJAe for inscription on Uie fint paoea of
Albuma.)
My album's open, come and see !
what I won't you write a line for me?
Write but a thought, a word or two.
That memory may revert to you.
To My FYiends :
My album is a g^arden spot
Where all ray friends mav sow.
Where thorns and tliistk-s nourish not.
But flowers alone may grow.
With smiles for sunshine, tears for showers,
I'll water, watch and guard these flowers.
As life flows on from day to day.
And this, your book, soon fills.
How many may be far away
From treasured vales and hills.
But there is Joy in future lime
To turn the padres o'er.
And see within a name or rhyme
From one you'll see no more.
SENTIMENT AND AFFECTION.
The grem cannot be polished without fric-
tion, nor man perfected without adversity.
Time advances like the slowest tide, but re-
treats like the swiftest current.
Go, album ! range thy gray parterre
From Rem to gem, from flower to flower.
Select with taste, and cull with care.
And bring your offering, fresh and rare.
To this sweet maiden's bower.
When years elapse
It may, perhaps.
Delight us to review these scraps.
And live again 'mid scenes so gay.
That Time's rough hand has swept away;
For when tlie eye, bedimmed with age.
Shall rest upon each treasured page,
These pleasant hours.
That once were ours.
Shall come again, like Autumn flowers.
To bloom and smile upon us here
When all things else seem sad and drear ;
'T will tune our hearts and make them sing.
And turn our Autum-i into Spring.
Go, little book, thy destined covirse pursue,
Collect memorials of the just and true.
And beg of every friend so near
Some token of remembrance dear.
Daily we write our autogrraphs on the
minds and hearts of those around us.
I have tried for a week, and vainly I seek
Words of wisdom to write for you here.
So, wishing you life free from sorrow and
strife.
Nor wanting in friends and good cheer.
With health— perhaps wejilth—
Love belter than self.
And truth, for the best, to the end;
Since content it maintains
While existence remains,
I subscribe myself, truly, your friend.
He is the true nobleman who can work
right on, quietly waiting for recognition, if
it comes ; if not, yet right on.
As you travel through life, scatter kind
Vvords and gentle deeds ; in so doing, you will
enrich your soul. Withhold them, and it
tends to poverty.
May your life be like the day— more beauti-
ful in the evening ; like the summer— aglow
28
THE AUTOGKAPH ALBUM.
with promise; and like the autumn— rich
wltli tiie golden sheeves, wlicre Rood work
and deeds nave ripened on the field.
Be blessings scattered o'er thy way.
My gladsome, joyous, laughing sprite;
Be thy whole life one summer's day
Without the night.
Desire not to live long, but well ;
How long we live, not years, but actions, tell.
Meanness shun, and all its train ;
Goodness seek, and life is gain.
LIFE ENDS NOT IN DEATH.
Through days of doubt and darkness,
In fear and trembling breath.
Through mists of griet and sorrow.
In tears of woe and death ;
Through days of light and gladness.
Through days of love and life.
Through smiles of joy and sunshine,
Through days with beauty rife.
The Lord of life and glory,
The King of earth and sea.
The Lord who guided Israel,
Keep watch, sweet friend, o'er thee.
Among the many friends who claim
A kind remembrance in thy breast,
I, too, would add my simple name
Among the rest.
When the name that I write here is dim on
the page.
And the leaves of your Album are yellow
with age.
Still think of me kindly, and do not forget
That, wherever I am, I remember you yet.
If the recollections of friends brighten mo-
ments of sadness.
What a fund of delight is here treasured
for thee !
If advice and kind wishes bring goodness
and gladness.
How perfect and happy thy future must be.
The tissues of the life to be.
We weave with colors all our own ;
But in the field of Destiny,
We reap what we have sown.
HXIMOROUS.
In the storms of life,
When you need an umbrella,
May you have to uphold it
Some handsome young fellow.
Sliding down the stream of life.
In your little bark canoe.
May you have a pleasiuit trip.
With just room enough for two.
As sure as comes your wedding day,
A broom to you I'll send ;
In sM)i,s//rjir,, use the bushy part ;
In storms, the other end.
CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR.
Health and prosperity
Your life to cheer.
With every blessing
For the bright New Year.
On this New Year's morning
My wishes take their flight.
And wing to thee a greeting
That would make all things bright.
O, bright be the day.
Sweet echoes resounding,
Love lighting the way,
And warm hearts surrounding.
May the breath of His peace
In thy spirit remain,
Till Christmas revisits
The round world again.
Now Christmas comes with hearty cheer.
May kindly thoughts go round.
And bring to you a glad New Year,
With peace and plenty crowned.
BIRTHDAYS.
liOve in every bosom live.
And the truest pleasure give.
And happy smiles each lip adorn
On this happy birthday morn.
This is thy birthday, may it be
A source of happiness to thee.
And may each birthday yet in store.
Be brighter than the one before.
As beauteous flowers in garlands twine,
May peace and love to cheer thy heart com-
bine.
To give you a happy birthday.
If you wish to laugh.
Glance at my autograph.
If words could all my wishes say.
Oh ! how my tongue could talk away.
I wish this day, and many more.
Might on dear blessings pour.
May health and wealth, love and peace,
With each succeeding year increase ;
And, oh ! the last, come when it may,
Be unto thee a happy day.
HIIIMIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIimillllllinililMilill!IHI!llllll!BIIIIlliniIli
I MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE. J
niiiiHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiHitiiiiiiHiiiiininiiiiiiPHiiiiiviiiiKiiii^^
IlIE following masterpieces of elegiac eloquence are unsur-
passed in the repertory of the English classics, for lofty
and noble sentiment, exquisite pathos, vivid imagery,
tenderness of feehng, glowing power of description, brill-
iant command of language, and that immortal and seldom
attained faculty of painting in the soul of the listener or
reader a realistic picture whose sublimity of conception
impresses the understanding with awe and admiration,
and impels the mind to rise involuntarily for the time to an eleva-
tion out of and above the inconsequent contemplation of the common
and sordid things of life.
AT HIS BROTHER'S GRAVE.
The following grand oration was delivered . by Hon. Robert G.
Ingersoll on the occasion of the funeral of his brother, Hon. Eben
C. Ingersoll, in Washington, June 2:
My friends, I am going to do that which the dead oft promised he would do for
me. The love<l and loving brother, husband, father, friend, died where manhood's
morning almost touches noon, and while the shadows were still falling towards the
west. lie had not passed on life's highway the stone that marks the highest point,
but being weary for a moment he lay down by the wayside, and using his burden for
a pillow fell into that dreamless sleep that kisses down the eyelids. Still, while yet in
love with life and raptured with the world, he passed to silence and pathetic dust.
Yet, after all, it may be best, Justin the happiest, sunniest hour of all the voyage, while
eager winds are kissing every sail, to dash against the unseen rock and in an instant to
hear the billows roar, " A sunken ship;" for whether in mid sea or among the breakers
of the farther shore, a wreck must mark at last the end of each and all, and every life,
no matter if its every hour is rich with love, and every moment jeweled with a joy,
will at its close become a tragedy as sad and deep and dark as can be woven of the
warp and woof of mystery and death. This brave and tender man in every storm of
life was oak and rock, but in the sunshine he was vine and flowet He was the friend
of all heroic souls. He climbed the heights and left all superstitions far below, while
on his forehead fell the golden dawning of a grander day. He loved the beautiful,
and was with color, form and music touched to tears. He sided with the weak, and
with a willing hand gave alms. With loyal heart, and with the purest hand he faith-
fully discharged all public trusts. He was a worshiper of liberty and a friend of the
oppressed. A thousand times I have heard him quote the words, "For Justice all
place temple, and all seasons summer " He believed that happiness was the only
good, reason the only torch, justice the only worshiper, humanity the only religion,
and love the priest. He added to the sum of human joy, and were every one for
whom he did some loving service to bring a blossom to his grave, he would sleep to-night
beneath a wilderness of flowers. Life is a narrow vale between the cold and barren
peaks of two eternities. We strive in vain to look beyond the heights. We cry aloud,
80
MASTERPIECES OF ELOQUENCE.
and the only answer is the echo of our wailing cry. From the voiceless lips of the
unreplying dead there comes no word, but the light of death. Hope sees a star, and
listening love can hear the rustle of a wing. He who sleeps here when dying, mistak-
ing the approach of- death for the return of health, whispered with his latest breath,
"I am better now." Let us believe, in spite of doubts and dogmas, and tears and
fears, that these dear words are true of all the countless dead. And now, to you who
have been chosen from among the many men he loved to do the last sad office for the
dead, we give his sacred dust. Speech cannot contain our love. There was, there is,
no gentler, stronger, manlier man.
AT THE GRAVE OF A CHILD.
Colonel IngersoU upon one occasion was one of a little party of
sympathizing friends who had gathered in a drizzling rain to assist
the sorrowing friends of a young boy — a bright and stainless flower,
cut oflf in the bloom of its beauty and virgin purity by the ruthless
north winds from the Plutonian shades — in the last sad office of
committing the poor clay to the bosom of its mother earth. Inspired
by that true sympathy of the great heart of a great man, Colonel
Ingersoll stepped to the side of the grave and spoke as follows :
My friends, I know- how vain it is to gild grief with words, and yet I wish to
take from every grave its fear. Here in this world, where life and death are equal
kings, all should be brave enough to meet what all the dead have met. The future
has been filled with fear, stained and polluted by the heartless past. From the won-
drous tree of life the buds and blossoms fall with ripened fruit, and in the common
bed of earth the patriarchs and babes sleep side by side. Why should we fear that
which will come to all that is? We cannot tell; we do not know which is the greater
blessing — life or death. We cannot say that death is not a good; we do not know
whether the grave is the end of this life or the door of another, or whether the night
here is not somewhere elsp a dawn. Neither can we tell which is the more fortunate,
the child dying in its mother's arms, before its lips have learned to form a word, or he
who journeys all the length of life's uneven road, taking the last slow steps painfully
with staff and crutch. Every cradle asks us " whence," and every coffin " whither? "
The poor barbarian, weeping above his dead, can answer these questions as intelli-
gently and satisfactorily as the robed priest of the most authentic creed. The tearful
ignorance of the one is just as good as the learned and unmeaning words of the other.
No man, standing where the horizon of life has touched a grave, has any right to
prophesy a future filled with pain and tears. It may be that death gives all there is
of worth to live. If those we press and strain against our hearts could never die,
perhaps that love would wither from the earth. May be this common fate treads
from out the paths between our hearts the weeds of selfishness and hate, and I had
rather live and love where death is king, than have eternal life where love is not.
Another life is naught, unless we know and love again the ones who love us here.
They who stand with breaking hearts around this little grave need have no fear.
The larger and the nobler faith in all that is and is to be, tells us that death, even at
its worst, is only perfect rest. We know that through the common wants of life, the
needs and duties of each hour, their grief will lessen day by day, until at last these
graves will be to them a place of rest and peace, almost of joy. There is for them this
consolation, the dead do not suffer. If they live again, their lives will surely be as
good as ours. We have no fear; we are all the children of the same mother, and the
same fate awaits us all. We, too, have our religion, and it is this: " Help for the
living; hope for the dead. "
HE word " Home " comprises and implies all that
is best and highest in the sum of earthly existence.
Taking it in its widest interpretation, it embraces
the attainment of all the best ambitions of life. It
means a perfect existence, and he who lias attained
to its possession enjoys as much of Heaven as is
permitted to visit earth. Cowper writes :
" Domestic Happiness, thou only bliss
Of Paradise that has survived the fall ! "
It is the duty of every young man to seek to realize
what true Home is, of what it consists, how sought and
how to be acquired ; the more so because the happiness
which is to be found at the domestic fireside comes not
accidontalh', unsought nor undeserved, to any man,
and also because, both in its creation and its enjoy-
ment, its perfection depends so largely if not so entirely upon the
seeker and the possessor. Kathaniel Cotton, in his " Fireside,"
strikes the true chord when he exclaims :
' If solid happiness we prize.
Within our breast this jewel lies;
And fools they are who roam :
The world has nothing: to bestow ;
From our own selves our joys must flow
And that dear hut, our Home."
The home which the pbet had in view was not, it will be ob-
served, within the stately walls of a palace.' The gilded abodes of
wealth and luxury are not always, nor indeed often, the dwelling
places of Home and Happiness.
" Well may your hearts believe the truths I tell ;
"Tis ^^rtue makes the bliss, where'er we dwell." — CcJUtk.
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
IV. THE TRUE HOME. yt
HE true home, Avhether lofty or humble, is the abode which
the industry of a man provides for tlie shelter and comfort
of the domestic circle of which he is the head. It is the
shrine of which he is the patron saint, bringing for the adora-
tion of those who put their faith and trust in him, the virtues
of honor, probity, purity, honesty and integrity, faithfulness
in every duty of life, and the example of obedience to every moral
law, and receiving in return,
" That Incense of the heart
Whose fragrance smells to Heaven,"
in the love and devotion of the wife, the confidence, respect and
filial affection of children, and in that pure and unalloyed happiness
which attends the approval of a conscience which appreciates and
meets the responsibility of the head of the household, as the sun of
the little world which revolves around him, and which upon him
depends for the diffusion of the light, heat, and enjoyment of human
existence. The industry of the husband and head of the home will
fix the place in the scale of material comforts, but does not in any
way affect or limit those moral attributes which govern its higher
characteristics. His daily walk and conversation form the pattern
upon which the young children found themselves, for whose present
weli'are and preparation for the future before them the father labors,
and should be marked by purity of mind, manners and morals. In
all things he should have a care to remember that by the example
which he offers, other young lives are shaping themselves for the
future, and guide himself by the responsibility which the fact in-
volves. To the sharer of his hearth and home he should present
always the uniform life-picture of manly devotion, chivalrous court-
esy and connubial fidelity. His children should love him with an
affectionate zeal into which no temper of fear enters, and should
have the most thorough, explicit and unreserved confidence in his
uprightness and integrity. The wife wiU be the care of his life,
and it will be his desire to see that the winds of heaven do not visit
her too roughly. At all times he will treat her with tender and
respectful consideration, calculated to smooth away all difficulties
from her path, and to render the burden of her duties less trying
and more easy to bear. True husband and true wife liave every-
thing in common, and should, from the very outset of the joint jour-
ney through life, recognize this fact, and in all things act up to that
understanding. Remembering by his own ex})erience the perils
that snare the feet of youth and the temptations which beset them,
he will strive to so equip his own children, both • mentally and
morally, as will best enable them to successfully engage in the strug-
gle which he himself has gone through in his own career. He
will reap a rich reward in the love, respect and gratitude of those
who surround his hearthstone, and in all those other benefits which
go to sum up the total of life's happiness. Pursuing the course of
duty, he will find his homo a true one in every sense of the word.
He will find there, always, the warmth and glow of real happiness.
He will enter his household knowing by ex|ierience and intuition
that all of love and comfort it boasts are for him alone, and return-
ing to the field of his daily labors, he will go forth in renewed
strength, courage and vigor. The husband and hetul of the family
should watch carefully over the education of the little ones whom
God has given him, should maintain his authority unquestioned in
the household, keep his dignity always in view, and exact from
others that respect which is due to liis position and authority.
The true Home lias Rest and Peace to guard its portals. Hap-
piness and Contentment sit by its fireside. The angels of domestic
bliss, Conjugal Love and Filial Affection, take up their abode beneath
its roof; while Christian piety, like a fragrant incense, pervades all
its relations. The sordid cares of life, the fever of unrest, which
attend the steps of worldly ambition, the gnawing cares and ]>er-
plexities of those who live no higher life than the strife of "the
world and all its motley rout," these have no place in the Home
whose head is an honest and upright man, and whose heart a tender,
loving and Christian woman, wife and mother. The man who is
blessed with such a home — whose helpmeet, besides being tender and
affectionate, is faithful and prudent — and who, as the father of chil-
dren, having given "hostages to fortune," has that additional stimu-
lation to his industry and his ambition, need not despair of any
future to which he directs liis efforts, and his life Avill prove in its
results that, as old John Fletcher, just three hundred years ago,
wrote :
" Man is his own star, and the soul that can
Bender an honest and a perfect man
Commands all li^ht, all influence, all fate.
Nothing to him falls early, or too late.
Our acts our angrels are, or good or ill.
Our fatal shadows that walk by us still."
4 a BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
piiiiiiniiiiHiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiMiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiii^^
r SELF-CONTROL |
^iiiiwiiiiiiiisiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiPH
N the government of the household, the head of the family
will occasionally find, in his way, little rifts of unpleasant-
ness in the domestic atmosphere, occasioned by the rebeUion
of children, the conduct of servants, or possibly the extrav-
agance of the wife. On occasions such as these he wiU have
need to remember that if, while asserting his authority, he
would also maintain his dignity and not endanger his personal
respect and affection, he must keep his mind, judgment and all his
faculties under control. The little difficulties of domestic discipline
are oftimes very trying to the temper, especially where the mind is
worried by the contact with the world during the day's business.
On such occasions it is that the practice of habitual self-control
comes to the assistance of the head of the family, makes his duty
easy, and preserves him from mistakes calculated to weaken his
authority, and injure his respect in the household as well as his own
self-esteem.
The parent who never corrects a child except when his self-control
gives way, or Avho yields to fits of unreasonable anger, and so chas-
tises the child in wrath, and not in justice, commits a terrible breach
of parental duty. The parent who fully appreciates the solemn
gravity of the duties which devolve upon him in that capacity, will
watchfully avoid letting his temper interfere with any domestic duty.
The child is generally keenly susceptible to the truth in a case Uke
this, and is quick in perceiving that it has been wrongfully or
unreasonably punished, and has been made the victim of anger, not
of justice. The result is that he is hardened in his disposition, and
confirmed in the vicious habit which has brought punishment upon
him. The habit of self-control should be cultivated by the future
head of a family while forming his Character in the period of youth,
so that it will be so firmly implanted in his habit of thought and
action, that he will never be tempted to rash courses when he comes
to the responsibility of tlie head of a family, — so weakening the
paternal authority and exposing flaws in the symmetry of the pater-
nal character which the child has been taught to reverence. Self-
control is desirable, moreover, in every walk of life, and in every
relation of business. It enables a man to receive and retain bad
news without alarming others by its premature disclosure, or giving
others in business competition the advantage of a tell-tale nervous-
ness, or a too frank countenance. It will enable a man suffering
under the knowledge of some serious business calamity to carry to
the bedside of an invalid wife, child or parent, t-o whom the shock of
distressing news might be fatal, a cheerful and smiling countenance,
and to administer comfort and consolation where he who possessed
not this quality would be a source of danger rather than of comfort.
It will, too, enable the man to be the master of his own emotions,
and nerve him to a sense of duty where the enforcement of household
discipline becomes a greater pain to him who administers it than to
those who receive it. It will also enable the head of the house to
preserve that equanimity and imperturbability of temper which are
essential to his dignity, and to the respect of his household. Self-
control will be practiced in its completest extent by every one who
wishes to maintain the dignity and integrity of the household rela-
tions, and to complete that symmetry of character which makes
home happy.
The parent who has studied the laws which govern the formation
of character will not fail to have been early impressed with this duty
which in every condition and sphere of life he owes to himself.
When, however, he reaches that stage of existence where the govern-
ment of his conduct is invested not only with his personal responsi-
bility, but with that of the formation of the character and lives of
those whom he has brought into being — when he must in bounden
duty appear in his daily walk and conversation a living model and
example of the truth of those principles and rules of conduct which
he seeks to instill into the hearts and minds of his children — the
duty of self-control will assume a higher, graver and more solemn
aspect, and he will endeavor by undeviating and uniform mastery
and control of his own temper, passions, appetites and weaknesses
to give to those precepts which he offers to the child as the only key
to the treasury of success, prosperity and happiness, the strength-
ening influence of a bright and consistent example.
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
r CONFIDENCE OF CHILDREN IN PARENTS J
'HE confidence of the child in the parent, where it exists as
nature implanted it in the infantile breast, a God-given
virtue typifying the trust which man himself should feel
toward his Creator is one of the greatest joys of that higher
and purer existence, which a man leads in the confines of his
home — in spirit, if not in fact, " far from the busy haunts of
men." It is the delicate germ that, through after years, if its
growth be not in youth stunted by the chilling winds of unkind-
ness, develops to the maturity of a robust and vigorous sentiment,
and whose blossom is that of filial affection. That parent must
have a soul dead to the finer instincts, if he be not touched by the
faith and confidence extended to him or her by the simplicity
and trust of prattling innocence, and surely it ought to be a pleas-
ing duty to keep this innocent faith of the child in the parent
unshaken till it can be justified to the expanding intelligence of the
youth by its own knowledge of the parent. But while this faith
springs naturally from the uncorrupted fountain of infantile affec-
tion, it is accompanied by that indefinable wisdom or instinct of
simplicity, which is oftimes the magic mirror in which insincerity
and un worthiness, however craftily concealed, are faithfully revealed.
It should be the effort of the parent not only to appear to be worthy
of the faith of the child, but also to deserve it, so that there will
be no illusion to be destroyed as the child grows older, and the
fruit of the tree of knowledge reveals the parental idol as it really
is. The child should be met in all things by a reciprocal faith. It
should never be deceived, even in the most trivial matters. A
promise made to a little one should be more sacredly kept even than
an engagement with one of more mature years, for in its little world
its disappointment at being deceived is in proportion to its trust,
and where shall we find in the world of maturity faith in our word
so complete, so entire, so wholly without doubt or reservation ? It
is too much the habit among thoughtless young and old married
people to make little account of the promises made to children. Let
them reflect upon the shock to the little innocent and trusting mind
on discovering that " papa " or " mamma " has told them a deliberate
falsehood, and upon the effect of the further discovery that this
disregard of the truth is a habit and not an oversight !
" Confidence is a plant of slow growth in an aged bosom,'' said
tlie elder Pitt, but in the tender heart of childhood, unspoiled by
contact with the world, it springs spontaneously into being, and if
watchfully guarded against abuse in its infancy, will take strong
root and flourish apace with increasing years, and so shelter the vir-
gin soil in which the graces and virtues of life are to be planted, that
the poisonous weeds of doubt, distrust, envy, malice, and unchari-
tableness can find no root there. The i)arent who — recognizing the
importance of thorough confidence on the part of the child, in his
honor, his truth and his judgment, to his parental influence in the
coming years — sedulously takes care in the smallest things of the
crude and elementary life which it is his duty, as it should be his
])ride and anxious care, to shape to a |)erfect character, will have
lightened and made easy the responsibilities which increase upon him
as the child advances toward maturity. From the seeds thus sown
in the little things of early life, he will reap a rich reward in filial
obedience and confident reliance in the paternal counsel, when the
dangers and temptations of life assail the approach of youth to man-
hood — that critical periotl in the career of the young when, without
experience of the world, so many, in the impetuous temerity of
youth, who have not been thoroughly imbued with filial respect and
confidence, are swept away in their too confident rashness into the
vortex of dissipation and ruin.
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE. 39
J EDUCATION OF CHILDREN. I
mm m§
'==s^
'O the parents who are rightly imbued with the proper spirit
of their obligations to their children the task of waiting
upon the budding intelligence, and shaping its growth into
perfect symmetry, is not only a duty but a pleasure — a pleas-
ure not only in its performance, but in the sure and certain
rewards which it treasures up for the enjoyment of later
-years. " The child is the father of the man," is a truism which should
be ever present in the mind of the parent, associated with the proverb,
" As the twig is bent the tree is inclined." The education of the
child is but the seed sown in a fertile soil, from which life is to reap
a rich and bounteous harvest — of honor, happiness and moral and
material prosperity, or of vice, disappointment, disgrace and ruin,
according as the seeds implanted under the eye of the parent are
those of honor, truth, probity, industry and integrity, or of careless-
ness, willfulness, selfishness, sloth, disregard of truth and indifference
to honor. The happiness and wellfare, as well as the interest, of.
the parent is, too, bound up inseparably in this future. A man may
be never so successful in the material objects of his career ; he may
have reached every goal of ambition for public or social distinction ;
he may enjoy the inestimable boon of the unfaltering love and devo-
tion of wife ; he may have the rich reward which comes to him who
wears the " white flower of a blameless life ; " and yet to all these
may come '^ the worm, the canker and the grief," if compelled to
realize
" How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is
To have a thankless child,"
and to find all the high hopes which parental fondness and anticipa-
tion had formed of a reproduction and higher development of his
own successful career in the person of a son, dashed to the ground
by irreclaimable waywardness, moral baseness, vicious habits and
companionships, shameful weaknesses or a degraded life. And how
bitter to such an one, who finds this gall of misery in his cup of well-
earned happiness, must be the self -reproaching reflection that such a
shattering of his fond aspirations of living again in his children the
life of honor, truth and probity, is to be traced by the unerring and
inexorable finger of a self -condemning conscience, to the errors and
faults of the parent in the early education of the child — to his irre
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
mediable carelessness in laying the foundations of character. The
parent, then, who would not reap in tears this melancholy harvest
of bitterness, disappointment and self-reproach, must see his duty
clearly from the early beginning of his responsibility, and perform
it vigilantly and faithfully. Into the warp and woof of the young
life intrusted to his guidance he must weave the strong and endur-
ing fibers of every virtue. Above all things he must see to it that
false love is not pennitted to imix)se that damning blight upon the
development of character which the too common expression " a
spoiled cliild" implies. There is no greater cruelty i)ossible to he
stamped upon the character and inflicted upon the developing cai*eer
of the child than that misdirected tenderness which restrains the
hand of deserved punishment, weakens in its vital jwint the dignity
and control of parental authority and paves the way for its final
overthrow and destruction, and gives a lodging-place in the young
mind and an influence in the forming character, to those willful-
nesses and waywardnesses which may be, even at first, " pretty,"
" interesting " and " channing," but which all too soon will unfold
themselves to the misguided ])arent in the shape of vices which defy
his love and anxiety, and distort and disfigure beyond redemption
the character, which hardens and becomes permanent as manhood
is approached. It is in this regard that the man should assert him-
self as the head of the household, responsible and controlling, for it
is generally from woman's tenderness and weakness that these dan-
gers proceed. The husband and father should be as firm and inflex-
ible in the performance of his duty and the assertion of his author-
ity as he is gentle and tender in all his relations with the child.
Even in the punishment, which is sometimes necessary, it is love for
the child which should be the controlling spirit. The wisdom of
Solomon, which says " he that spareth his rod hateth his son," does
not mean that harshness should be the rule of paternal authority.
On the contrary, undue harshness leads to the same deplorable
results as undue weakness. It means that while the paternal gov-
ernment should be founded on love, it must not hesitate to correct
the faults of childish conduct or disposition by fear, when necessary,
in order that he may be so thoroughly grounded in true habits of
character, that they will safely develop into natural governing
impulses as he passes to years of discretion, and through 3'^outh to
maturity. It is by the exercise of this watchful firmness that, —
like the gardener who by gentle force corrects the deformity of the
growing tree tiU it matures into straight and perfect symmetry,
the parent by the firm performance of his duty corrects the natural
infirmities of the child's temper and disposition, and has the satis-
faction of seeing those correct habits into which the child is led by
love or guided by authority crystallized into the perfect and stable
character. One other point in the education of the children should
engage the parents' attention. Never attempt to prevent the young
from forming friendships. Man, even in the elementary existence of
childhood, is a gregarious animal. The child seeks friendships and
companionships of its own age and sympathies as naturally as the
rosebud unfolds its blushing beauties to the sunlight. The child
which is allowed to make in the early years of discretion one con-
genial friend, may be safely trusted not to seek miscellaneous and
therefore undesirable company. The parent who watches carefully
over the developing character of the child will be content, without
apparent pressure, to direct the child's friendship to another which
he is assured has the advantage of careful moral training, and the
influence of pious parents. Such a friendship he will find to be not
only an aid to him in forming the character of the child, but a safe-
guard to the latter against many evil companionships and danger-
ous associations. And endeavor in the inculcation of every virtue,
to imbue the mind of the child and the youth with a sensitive and
realizing spirit, in every relation of life for which he is being fitted,
of what Burke describes as " that chastity of honor which feels a
stain like a wound."
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
giiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiitniiiiiiiHii
I FILIAL AFFECTION
illllllllHlllllll»lllllll!linillIllllKI!!lllllifii:illlli»l!!illlJIHIiH
i NE of the most beautiful, because the most unselfish and
iMost honorable, of the many virtues which gather round
the domestic hearth, is filial affection, and he who does not
possess it, can scarcely be credited with the possession of the
finer qualities of the human heart, soul and understanding.
In every system of philosophy, mytliology, morality and
religion that has ever prevailed in the world throughout the various
phases of progressing and developing civilization and enlightenment,
filial affection has always been accorded the highest place. It is the
natural instinct of man, Avhere not perverted by false education or
vicious tendencies on the part of the child, or cast off by the for-
feiture of his claim to res})ect and confidence on tlie part of the
parents. It is the peremptory command of the Mosaic law, and is
numbered among the strictest injunctions of the Gospel dispensation.
It is the reward which the parent has earned by years of anxious
care and devotion from the hour of the mother's travail, by shelter
and protection afforded through the helplessness of childhood, by
the l)est yeai*s and tlie highest affections of life freely Ixjstowed, and
by the cares and tears and labors which have been ungrudgingly
given, that the child may be put forward in the race of life always
with greater advantages than the parent was ever conscious of
having enjoyed. It is the acknowledgment which justice and com-
mon gratitude, as well as nature, demand from the child to be
rendered to the parent. In all ages the ingratitude of children to
parents, the setting at naught of the dictates of filial affection, has
ever been pictured as the blackest and most disgraceful kind of tur-
pitude. It is a duty which religion and honor alike impose, and it
is one to which all the higher and holier instincts and feelings will
naturally lead. Ko man can go through life and expect to rank in
his own conscience and self-approval, or in the respect of the world,
among the happy number of those " whose yesterdays look backward
with a smile," who has any reproach resting — visible, perhaps, only
to the eye of his own conscience, or to the sorrowful soul of a neg-
lected and ill-requited parent — upon his mind and conscience. As
the young man advances in years and strength, and the parent who
has been his shield and protection and guardian angel through the
BEAUTIFUL HOME LIFE.
period of his weakness and helplessness, goes down the decline of
life and casts his lengthening shadow toward the grave, this duty
becomes more and more imperative, and he who looks forward in
his own turn to the common lot, and Avho would have his conscience
and his record clear when his accounts come to be cast up by an
arbiter who knows no errors and acknowledges no excuses, will take
care that the same kind and considerate love which sheltered him in
his infancy, shall smooth and brighten and make grateful the sunset
of the parent's life. Young says :
"The chamber where a good man meets his fate
Is privileged beyond the common wallc
Of virtue's life, quite to the verg-e of Heaven."
Every man and Avoman who possesses Christian hope, and who
believes in a higher, nobler and purer existence hereafter, may well
pray for such a deathbed as this, from which to pass the narrow
portals of time into the mysterious vista of eternity. Let all such
remember that of all the sins of omission or commission which may
rest upon the conscience of man, weak and erring at the best, there
is none more inexcusable, none for which remorse will more vehe-
mently rend his heartstrings when the day of reparation and atone-
ment has gone by, than the reflection that he has in life withheld
from parents those tributes of filial affection which were their due.
No man, however, who cultivates the other virtues of a Christian
and upright life will overlook the solemn claims of the parent upon
his love, respect and gratitude. That feeling will have been incul-
cated in him in youth, and it will have been indorsed by the judg-
ment and sense of justice of maturer years. To the man or woman
of proper feeling and true integrity this filial affection, in affording
some slight return to parents for all their long years of watchful
care and attention, will be a gladness and a pleasure. As parents,
perhaps, themselves, they will recognize in their duty to their
parents in the decline of life, what they themselves must look
forward for in a few fleeting years, as the only reward, beyond
that which a duty performed bestows, which they will receive for
the affection they in turn are lavishing upon their offspring. Hap-
pily filial attention is honored in the world even by those who do not
regard or comprehend its higher motives. It is the parental heart
alone which perceives whether that attention is a cold and formal
duty, merely, or whether it is that living, ripe and warm affection
which blesses both the giver and the receiver. To bring its real
reward, in a conscience at peace with itself, the parental affection
should be earnest, grateful and real, springing from the heart and
overflowing with respectful love and gratitude.
SIGNERS OF THE DECLAEATION.
SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION.
Following is a List of Members of the Continental Congress Who Signed
the Declaration of Independence.
Names or thb Siqnbrs.
Adams, John MasB.
Aduins, Siinuiel Bfaas.
Kiirtlett, Josiah N. H
Braxton, < "ai-ter Va
Carroll, Charles, of CarroUton Md
Chiuse, Samiml Md
Clurk, Abraham N.J
Clymer, Ocorge Penn
Ellcry, William K.I.&Prov.
Floyd, Willium N. Y
Franklin, Ik>njamin Penn
Gerry, Klhridjre Maas
Gwinnet, lliitton Ga
Hall, Lyman Oti
Hancock, John Mass
Harrison, Benjamin Va.
Hart, John N. J
Heyward, Thomas, Jr 8. C
Hewes, Joseph N. C
Hooper. William N. C
Hopkins, Stephen R.I. &Prov.,
HuiitiirKton, Samuel Conn
Hopkinson. Francis >. N. J
Jetrerson. Thomas Va.
Lee, Uichard Henry Va.
Lee, Francis Lightroot. Va.
Ijewis, Francis F N. Y
Livintfston, Philin N. Y
Lynch, Thomas, Jr 9. C .".
McKean, Thomas Del
Middleton, Arthur ' 8.
Morris, Lewis N. Y
Morris, Hol)ert Penn
Morton, John Penn
Nelson, Thomas, Jr Va
Paca, William Md
Paine, Robert Treat Maas
Penn, John N. C
Read, Georgre Del
Rodnev, Ciesar Del
Ross, George Penn
Rush, Henjumin, M. D Penn
Rutledjire, Kdward 8. C
Sherman, Roijer Conn
Smith, .Tames Penn
Stockton, Richard N. J
Stone, Thomas Md
Taylor, Gcorgre Penn
Thornton, Matthew N. H
Walton, Georpre Gra
Whipple, William N. H
Williams, William Conn
Wilson, James Penn
Witherspoon, John N. J
Wolcott, Oliver JConn
Wythe, George Va.
Delboate
rROM
BORM AT
Braintrec, Mass., Oct. 19, 1786..
Boston, Mass., Sept. 27, 172i
Amesbury, Maas, Nov. 1729
Newlnirton, Va.. Sept. 10. 1790.
Died.
July*..
Oct. 2...
May 19.
Oct. 10. .
Nov. 14
Annapolis, ^d., Kent. 30, 1737..
Somerset County, Md.. April 17. 1741 June 19
Elizabeth town, N. J., Feb. 15, IVM... Sept....
Philadelphia, Pa.. 1730 i Jan. 23 .
Newport, R. I., Dec. 22, 1727....
Suffolk Co., N. ¥., Dec. 17, 1734.
Boston, Maaa., Jan. 17, 1700
Marblenead, Mass., July 1, 1744.
Bnsrland, 1732
Connecticut. 1731
Braintree, Mass, 1737
Ilerkley, Va
Hopewell, N. J., 1716
St. Lukes, S. C, 1746
Kingston, N. J.. 1730
Boston, Mass., June 17, 1742
Soltuate, Mass., .March 7, 1707..
March..
Oct. 10..
Oct
July 13.
Wlndbum, Conn, July 3, 1732 'Jan. .5. .
Philadelphia, Pa., 1737.. May 9. .
Shadwelf, Va., April 13, 1734 ! July 4. .
Stratford, Va., Jan. 30, 1732 !June 19.
Stratford, Va., Oct. 14,1734 lAprll...
Landaff, Wales. March, 1713 jl>ec. 30.
Albany, N. Y.. Jan. l-V 1716 June 12.
St. George's, S. C, Aug. 6, 1749 ilxjst sea
Chester Co., Pa., March 19, 1734 June 24
Middleton Place, S. C, 1743 {Jan. 1
Morrisania, N. Y., 1726.
Lancashtre, England, Jan. 1733
Ridley, Pa., 1724
York, V^a., Dec. 26, 1738
Wye Hill. Md.. Oct. 31, 1740
Boston, Mass., 1731
Caroline Co.. Va.. May 17, 1741. .
Cecil Co., Md., 17.34
Dover, Del., 1730
Newcastle, Del., 1730
Byberry, Pa., Dec. 24, 1746
Charleston, S. C, Nov. 1740
Newton, Mass., April 19, 1721. . .
Ireland
Princeton, N. J., Oct. 1, 1730. . . .
Charles Co.. Md., 1742
Ireland, 1716
Ireland, 1714
Frederick Co., Va., 1740
Kittery, Me., 1730
Lebanon, Conn.. April 8, 1731. . .
Scotland, about 1742
Yester, Scotland, Feb. 5, 1722. . .
Windsor, Conn., Nov. 26, 1726. . .
Elizabeth City Co., Va., 1726. . . .
Jan. 22.
May 8..
April...
Jan. 4..
May 11.
Oct. 26.
July
April 19.
Jan. 23..
July 23..
July 11..
Feb. 28..
Oct. 5...
Feb. 23..
June 24..
Feb. 2...
Nov. 28
Aug. 2.
Aug. 28
Nov. 15
Dec. 1...
June 8. .
1820
1808
1796
1797
.1832
.1811
.1794
.1813
.1820
.1821
1790
.1814
.1777
1790
.1793
.1791
.1780
.1809
.1779
.1790
.17S5
.1796
.1790
1828
.1794
.1797
.1803
1778
.1779
1817
1787
1798
1806
1777
1780
1799
1804
1809
1798
1783
1779
1813
1800
1793
1806
1781
1787
1781
1803
1804
1785
1811
1798
1794
1797
1806
•>"
pilP^ ^IRI^IOTI.
g::/-^— ^ ^< - > i t ' :- Q^
OUNT YEKNON, once the home, is now the last resting-
place, of George Washington. The house is in a charm-
ing situation, overlooking the river, with beautiful and
extensive views. The building itself is a plain structure
of wood, in imitation of stone. On the second story, at
the south side, is the bedroom of Washington, the bed in
this apartment being the same on which the great war-
rior, statesman and patriot breathed his last, on December 17, 1799.
Near it is the room occupied by Lafayette while Washington's
guest. In the dining-room arje several portraits of Washington,
besides the famous picture by Rembrandt Peale, "Washington
before Yorktown." There are several interesting relics in the
house, among them being the key of the French Bastile, presented
to Washington by Lafayette. Near the house, on the road from
the steamboat-landing, stands the Tomb of Washington and Martha,
his wife. Their remains repose, side by side, in marble sarcophagi,
which are surrounded by a plain, brick inclosure, entered through a
barred, iron gate.
Subsequent to the death of Judge Washington, in 1826, the
Mount Yernon estate descended to John Augustine Washington, his
nephew, who died in 1832, when his widow, Jane Washington, be-
came the next heir. John A. Washington, her son, was the last of
the family to hold possession of the estate, in 1855. Not having the
means to keep it in proper order, he disposed of it in 1860 through
the State of Yirginia to the Mount Yernon Association for $200,000.
The association was incorporated for the special purpose of acquiring
Mount Yernon, and its charter provides that the estate must never
pass from its possession. Supervision over the estate is retained by
the state of Yirginia, that appoints a board of visitors whose duty is
that of making an examination each year and reporting if the con-
ditions of the charter have been complied with.
A southern woman named Pamelia Cunningham became the
originator of the project to purchase Mount Yernon and save the
45
^s^g^
MOUNT VERNON.
home of Washington from decay. She obtained the refusal of it for
a time, when its last owner made manifest his intention to sell the
estate. Having made an appeal to Congress for money to be used
for its purchase, and without success, she appealed to the women of
America, under the title of " The Southern Matron," for aid in the
commendable work. The Virginia legislature granted a charter, at
MOUNT VBRNON.
her request, when she organized an association, and became the
regent of it. Vice-regents for the different states were appointed
by her, and these began to raise funds for the object. Large and
small contributions were rhade throughout the United States, the
largest smgle contribution, $68,000, being made by Edward Everett.
The effort met with success, and Mount Vernon, sacred to every
American, became the property of the people.
30h
TABLE FOB COMPUTING TIME.
TIME TABLE Showing the Time in Months or Days from Any Day in
one Month to the Corresponding Day in Any Other Month.
FROM
Jan.
( TO
. -j Mos
Jan.
12
365
Feb.
1
31
Mar.
2
59
Apr.
3
90
May
4
120
J'ne
5
151
July
6
181
Auk
7
212
Sept
8
243
Oct.
9
273
Nov
10
304
Dec.
11
( Days
334
Feb
. ]mos
Jan.
11
334
Feb.
12
365
Mar.
1
28
Apr.
2
59
May
o
89
J'ne
4
120
July
5
150
Aug
6
181
Sept
7
212
Oct.
8
242
Nov
9
273
Dec.
10
( Days
303
Mabch.
. ) Mos
Jan.
10
306
Feb.
11
337
Mar.
12
365
Apr.
1
31
May
2
61
J'ne
3
92
July
4
122
Aug'
5
153
Sept
6
184
Sept
5
153
Oct.
7
214
Oct.
6
183
Nov
8
245
Nov
7
214
Dec.
9
( Days
275
April. .
.-JMos
Jan.
9
275
Feb.
10
306
Mar.
11
334
Apr.
12
365
May
1
30
J'ne
2
61
July
3
91
Aug
4
122
Dec.
8
( Days
244
Mat
. -JMos
Jan.
8
245
Feb.
9
276
Mar.
10
304
Apr.
11
335
May
12
365
J'ne
1
31
July
61
Aug
9?
Sept
4
123
Oct.
5
153
Nov
6
184
Dec.
7
( Days
214
JUNB. . .
.-JMos
Jan.
7
214
Feb.
8
245
Mar.
9
273
Apr.
10
304
May
11
334
J'ne
12
365
July
1
30
Aug
2
61
Sept
3
92
Sept
2
62
Oct.
4
122
Oct.
3
92
Nov
5
153
Nov
4
123
Dec.
6
( Days
183
July . . . .
. ■< Mos
Jan.
6
184
Feb.
7
215
»
Mar.
8
243
Apr.
9
274
May
10
304
J'ne
11
335
July
12
365
Aug
1
31
Dec.
5
(Days
153
Aug . . . .
. -Imos
Jan.
5
153
Feb.
6
184
.Mai\
212
Apr.
8
243
May
9
273
J'ne
10
304
July
11
334
Aug
12
365
Sept
1
31
Sept
12
365
Sept
11
335
Sept
10
304
Sept
9
274
Oct.
2
61
Oct.
1
30
Oct.
12
365
Oct.
11
334
Oct.
10
304
Nov
3
92
Nov
2
61
Nov
]
31
Nov
12
365
Nov
11
335
Dec.
4
1 Days
122
Sept
.]mos
(Days
Jan.
4
122
Feb.
5
153
Mar.
6
181
212
May
8
242
J'ne
9
273
July
10
303
July
9
273
July
8
242
July
7
212
Aug
11
334
Aug
10
304
Aug
9
273
Aug
8
243
Dec.
3
91
Oct
.) Mos
Jan.
3
92
'Feb.
4
123
Mar.
5
151
Mar.
4
Apr.
6
182
Apr.
5
151
Apr.
4
121
May
7
212
May
6
181
May
151
J'ne
8
243
J'ne
7
212
Ju'e
6
182
Dec.
3
( Days
61
Nov
JMos
.Ja.i.
2
61
Jan.
1
31
Feb.
8
Dec.
1
( Days
92 120
Feb. Mar.
2 ?i
30
Dkc
J Mos
Dec.
12
(Days
62
90
365
Explanations.— Suppose the time be required from July 10 to September 10. Find July
in the left hand column, and follow out the line to the right until you come to September;
the number of months is 2; of days, 63. If the date to which we reckon be either greater or legs
than the one from which we reckon, the difference should be added or subtracted, as the ca.se
may be. For example: How many days from February 1 to August 31? By following out
the February line to the August column, we find the time from February 1 to August 1 to be
181 days, to which if we add ;J0, the difference between 1 and 31, the time required will be 211
daj's. If the time be required lietween February ?8 and August 1, we find the time from
February 28 to August 28 to be 181 days, from which, if we subtract 27, the difference between
1 and 28, we gft for the number of days, 1,54. The table is one of quite common use, but is
none the less important. It may be used to great advantage in the processes of averaging.
TABLES OF GEOGEAPHICAL MEASUEEMENT.
Length, Breadth and Superficial Areas of the Principal Lakes.
Name.
Athabasca
Baikal
Cayugra . . .
Cham plain
Constance
Erie
Geneva . . .
Georgre
Great Bear
Lenerth.
Breadth
20 miles
200 miles
380 miles
35 miles
36 miles
4 miles
123 miles
12 miles
45 miles
10 miles
270 miles
60 miles
SO miles
10 miles
36 miles
Smiles
ISOmUes
40 miles
Superficial
Area.
4,000 sq. m.
12,600 sq. m.
144 sq. m.
1,476 sq. m.
450 sq. m.
13,600 sq. m.
106 sq. m.
106 sq. m.
6,000 sq. m.
Namh.
Great Slave .
Huron
Ladoga
L. of the Woods
Maracaybo . .
Michimn
Ontario
Superior
Winnipegr •••
Length.
aoOmUes
2S0mUes
125 miles
70 miles
160 miles
390 miles
im miles
380 miles
240 miles
Breadth
45 miles
90 miles
75 miles
25 miles
60 miles
60 miles
40 miles
120 miles
40 miles
Superficial
Area.
13,500 sq. m.
22,600 sq. m.
9,375 sq. m.
1,760 sq. m.
9,000 sq. m.
19,H00 sq. m.
7,200 sq. m.
45,600 sq. m.
9,600 sq. m.
Dimensions and Siirface Measurement of Oceans, Lakes and Seas.
SUPERFICIAL AREAS OF OCEANS.
The Arctic Ocean contains. . . 5,000,000 sq. m.
Thk Atlantic (3cean contains. .40.000,000 sq. m.
The Indian Ocean contains. . .20,000,000 sq. m.
BCPERnCIAL AREAS Or OCBAHS— €ONT*D.
The Pacific Ooean contains. . .80,000,000 sq. m.
The Southern Ocean contains 10,000,000 sq. m.
METEOROLOGICAL
TABLE Showing Annual Mean Temperature at Various Points in the
TJnitod States.
Station.
State.
ll
<B
42
48
43
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
48
48
49
49
50
50
50
51
51
51
51
52
52
Station.
Btfiifi.
ll
gig.
St. Paul
Minnesota
Vermont . .
Montana Territory. .
Wisconsin
Fort Boise
Idaho Territory
Oregon
fffi
Portland
an
Helena
Columbus
Ohio
53
Trenton
New Jersey
53
Augusta
Concord
Maine
Wilmintrton
Hiinisburg
Baltimore
53
New Hampshire
Alaska
Dakota Territory . . .
Michigan
Pennsylvania
54
Sitka
54
Fort Randall
St. Louis
Misfeouri
55
Detroit
Washmgton
San Francisco
District of Columbia
California
55
Rhode Island
55
Albany
Kentucky
56
Massachusetts
Virginia
.57
Denver
Tennessee
58
Omaha . . .
Atlanta
Raleigh
Georgia
58
Des Moines
Iowa
Nevada
North Carolina
Idaho Territory
South Carolina
Arkansas
.W
Camp Scott
Fort Gibson
Columbia
m
Sprlngrfleld
Illinois
62
Hartford .
Little Rock
Jackson
Mobile
63
Sterlacon
Washington Ter —
New Mexico Ter —
Mississippi
Alabama
Texas
64
Santa F6
m
Leavenworth
«7
Indianapolis
New Orleans
Jacksonville
Tucson
Louisiana
69
Romney
West Virgrinia
Utah Territory
Florida
«9
S< Lake City
Arizona Territory . .
69
f Til %mm^ i;i)ii.i
HE importance of a thorough, or at least a
competent acquaintance with the usages of
good society, has been recognized in all ages,
and has even commanded, with graver sub-
jects, the study of philosophers, who have
given a place to the graces of courteous bear-
ing and conversation and polite deportment,
as among the essentials of thorough education.
Confined originally to ceremonious regulations gov-
erning the intercourse of people of rank, the laws of
etiquette assumed a wider scope and a more authori-
tative shape, with the progress of refinement, the
elevation of the female sex and the general diffusion
of knowledge. In these modern days, a knowledge
of the requirements of etiquette is not only an im-
portant element of success, but a potent factor in
determining the degree of esteem in which a man is
held among Iiis fellows. The young man who sets out early in life
to grapple with its serious problems, is too often prone to esteem
too lightly, and even to look with contempt upon, the graces of
personal conduct, conversation and deportment as the exclusive
heritage of the " gilded youth," and among the frivolities to be de-
spised, rather than the accomplishments to be courted. After life,
when they have risen to high public or social responsibilities, causes
them, to regret in their awkward and brusque habits, abrupt conver-
sation and mauvaise horde where ease and affability are imperative
duties, their neglect of the social graces, which are so easily acquired
by the simple' mastery and observance of the laws of custom in good
society, which constitute Etiquette. Of vastly greater importance is
it to woman, the principal aim of whose existence it is to shed light
and grace upon the sterner realities of life, to adorn the home, and
embellish her particular circle of society, that she should be not only
conversant with the usages of society, but carry them into constant
fp
49
THE SOCIAL CODE.
practice, and be thus thoroughly equipped for tlie performance of
domestic ar)d social duties and obligations, into whatever sphere of
life her lot may be cast, or in whatever circle or surroundings cir-
cumstances may place her. The cultivation of courtesy is, too, a
moral duty, as well, and runs side by side with the practice of the
Christian virtues. In its general asjxjct, it is essential to the har-
mony of society at large and of our mutual relations in the world ;
and for the individual, it affects his own comfort, his enjoyment of
life, his esteem in the world, and the extent and character of his
friendships and associations. Recognizing these facts, let those who
are ambitious to find life a ])leasure as well as a profit, in cultivating
the resources of their minds and the quality of their morals, not
overlook the care of their manners, which are regarded as the out-
ward evidence of mental and moral refinement.
HE first essential of u goo<l a])pearance in polite society is
that of suitable dress. This by no means involves that in
order to be j>ro])erly ecjuipped for the best society, the
apparel of a lady or gentleman requires either profuse or the
most rigid adherence to the extreme of fashion. To a ceitain
extent, of course, dress must conform to fashionable require-
ments, but even these requirements, imperious as are the dictates of
Madame Fashion, are subject to the mles of good taste and har-
monv'', which have come to be recognized as permanent laws, no
matter what may be the caprices of evanescent fashions. Formerly,
the commands of fashion were supreme, and her dictates, no matter
how absurd her fancies, had, perforce, to be obeyed to the letter.
But the growing refinement of later years, the general cultivation
of artistic tastes, the more elevated idea that the grace and sym-
metry of the human figure are the highest perfection, and that
dress is a mere accessory, to relieve and adorn it, and to contribute
to its comfort, have banished the theory that dress must be con-
sulted for itself alone, and rendered it imi)ossible that we shall ever
recur to any of the hideous and fantastic styles of garnishing the
person in which fashion formerly delighted to disport her fine fab-
rics and rare laces. Permanence in the general scope and design of
all fashions have made startling and radical innovations an impossi-
bility, and this fact, coupled with the wonderful cheapening in the
cost of everything that goes to make up fashionable attire, has ren
dered a degree of economy attainable, whicli places pleasing and
fashionable costumes and garments within the reach of all, and
hence the more imperative the duty imposed upon a man, and still
more upon a woman, to consult the fashion in his or her apparel,
as far as good taste will permit.
FOLLOWING THE FASHION.
In this regard the lady who studies effect and refined and ladylike appearance,
will be careful to study discretion, in regarding new innovations, in the style of leading
articles of attire. In many cases a new fashion may be wholly unsuitable to the
"style " or figure of the lady, and in this case good taste will impel her to refrain as
long as possible from adopting it, and then to so modify it as to consult her own
peculiarities of size, figure, or complexion. In any event, the lady of refined breeding
is never the first to "set" a fashion. Many new fashions promulgated prove to be
utter failures, and after a brief struggle with adverse judgment, are abandoned, to the
great expense and mortification of those who in seeking to lead the fashion have only
succeeded in making themselves conspicuous. Wait sufficiently long to make certain
that the new fashion is accepted by polite society for the season. Then consult your
own personal requirements, and adapt the new fashion to what is indispensable to your
personal appearance. In this way, while never forcing the fashion, or presenting a
bizarre or outre appearance, you will always be sufficiently in the fashion and always
present the most effective and elegant appearance.
EFFECTS IN COLORS.
As it comes natural to the female sex to desire to please the eye, most women are
gifted with that good taste which distinguishes her natural harmonies in color, and in
the combiaations of colors, which are presented in dress, and these again when borne
in relation to the shade of the hair and the tendency of the complexion and eyes.
Others not gifted with this faculty, which is of such momentous importance to the
success with which a woman dressed for society undergoes the ordeal of criticism,
have to depend on the suggestions of friends or their modistes, not always better capa-
ble of judging than themselves. A few simple rules, however, will prevent anyone who
observes them, from straying far from the boundaries of good taste ; and this is most
important in an economical sense, for the simple incongruity of a single ribbon or bow,
or the color of a feather, is sufficient to destroy the tout ensemble of a costume otherwise
the most exquisitely faultless.
For Blondes. — The blonde can stand the test of most all colors except bright
shades of red and crimson, but will prefer generally the lighter shades of color, as
well as neutral tints, such as drab and gray, in all the delicate shades. The full com-
plexioned blonde, with golden or bronze hair, will add to her charms by giving prom-
inence to the darker shades of blue, violet, lilac, or green, while the pale blonde with
transparent complexion will appear to better advantage in lighter green and paler
shades of other colors.
For Brunettes. — Dark green and red, scarlet, orange and yellow are the colors
which must be consulted by the brunette. The lighter colors should be used by per-
sons of sallow complexion, and the darker by the fuller complexioned. Scarlet or
deep red flowers for the hair, if dead black.
Suitable to All. — Either blonde or brunette can wear pure white or plain black,
but in ribbons, flowers or ornaments must conform to the colors above given, as, for a
brimette, a red rose in the hair and scarlet ribbon, or for a blonde, violet flowers and
light ribbon or bow.
Aktists' Harmonies of Colors. — The following are artists' harmonies in colors,
and may be accepted in making contrasts and combinations:
White. — With black, blue or red.
Black. — With white, orange, scarlet, lilac, pink, maize, buff and slate, or in com-
binations of crimson, yellow and white, or blue, yellow or orange, and white.
Oreen. — With gold, yellow, ecru, orange and crimson, or combined with scarlet
and yellow or crimson and yellow.
Blue. — With gold, orange, drab, ealmon, white, gray, black, mauve, ecru, straw,
com, chestnut and brown.
CrirMon. — With gold, orange, maize, drab, purple and black.
IMae. — With gold, maize, chetry, scarlet and crimson.
Purple. — With maize, orange and gold.
TelUno. — With violet, brown, red, black and crimson.
Bed. — With gold, white or gray, or combined with green and orange, or yellow,
black and white.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE COIFFURE.
This is a matter in which good taste is supreme over fashion. While it is the
rule to follow certain fashions provided by so doing the classic contour of the head
and the general effect is not dt'terinrated, custom permits every lady to dress her hair
in such manner as will best relieve defects or improve advantages of appearance. A
tall person can with safety adopt the modes founded on the Grecian models, which
would be absurd on a petite figure, and vice versa, the latter will dress her hair so as to
add to the effect of her stature. The effect of the arrangement of the hair upon the
face is also to be considered. Round faces require the hair dressed back close to the
head, while oval or long faces are relieved by abundance in the satne way. It is a
matter, however, in which every woman can be safely left to her own judgment.
JEWELRY.
It is in the wearing of jewelry, that the generally best test of refinement is to be
had. The vain desire of obtrusive display, in season and out of season, which is too
frequently indulged in the excessive use of jewelry, is the most tangible and offensive
badge of vulgarity which can be presented to the polite world. For a geutleman,
the wearing of a profusion of jewelry is in the worst possible form; good taste forbids
the use of more than one ring, and regards with favor small and plain studs and
sleeve-buttons, and a chain of modest dimensions, which it is .strictly essential shall be
of genuine gold. Young ladies should not affect jewelry, Iteyoud a simple brooch
and earrings. Latlles generally should avoid the display of jewelry in the day lime.
Strict etiquette confines the use of precious stones to the evenings or to occasions of
important public ceremonial, to which ladies are invited, and where costume de rigueur
is imperative.
BALL DRESSES
May be made of any rich material, and are limited in style and expensiveness by
the purse of the wearer. They do not, however, involve extravagjint outlay. A
simple dress of white tarletan, with natural flowers in the hair and ribbons to suit the
complexion is often as effective and as greatly admired as the most expensive creation
of the modiste's art. In Europe custom prescribes rigidly the decolete dress for balls
and all full dress occasions. American custom very sensibly leaves this a question of
choice. A lady who has elegant arms and shoulders is an ornament in a ball-room,
but too free an exhibition of the charms of the bust is not in good taste, and is not
favored in the most refined American circles, though the rules of European courts
prescribe a display which is indelicate if not indecent.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
The gentleman's ball dress is the stereotyped black suit, with swallow-tail coat
and white vest, cut low to display the shirt bosoui. The vest may be of satin, and if
desired of delicate mauve or slate color. Coral and pearl buttons are sometimes used,
and are in strict good taste. Patent leather or plain low-cut light shoes are worn.
' GLOVES AND BOOTS.
No matter what may be the quality of a lady's raiment, there is one point in which
refinement and good breeding are most scrupulously exacting, and that is in regard to
her gloves and boots. Perfect gloves and perfect boots are indispensable. These
require to be of fashionable make, of good quality, and to fit snugly, without the
appearance of straining. It is worth a lady's while to reflect that a pair of gloves or
boots half a size too small for her, while they destroy her physical and mental comfort,
instead of producing the effect desired, in reality give the feet and hands a larger
appearance than the properly fitting article.
ESSENTIALS FOR GENTLEMEN.
A man is said to be "well dressed," that is to present the
unmistakable distinguishing marks of a gentleman, when his
linen, hat and boots are in irreproachable style and condition.
With these essentials, he can be indifferent, to a degree, in every
respect but that of tidiness, in regard to the rest of his attire.
There is no excuse for a man whose linen is not irreproachable,
and on this test most people judging a stranger, will estimate at
once his mind, his manner, and his morals.
PERFUMES.
Fastidiousness in the use of perfumes is a fine test of deli-
cacy and refinement. Excessive use of perfumery is not only
vulgar in the extreme, but excessively offensive and annoying to
well-bred people of sensitive olfactory nerves, while the indis-
criminate use of vile preparations, calculated to cover some
worse defect of the breath, is disgusting. The person whose
habits or condition of health aflfiicts his breath, should cure his
habits or his infirmities before invading the drawing-room. Per-
fumes, when used, as they may always advantageously be, should
be of the finest fragrance, according to»choice, and should be but
faintly perceptible about the person.
HINTS TO GENTLEMEN.
Avoid over-dressing. Do not affect the fashions loo closely. Be particular about
the cut and style of your garments, rather than about the quality of the material.
Avoid too much jewelry, and beware of all flashy imitations. A heavy chain or
guard so large as to attract attention by its apparent expensiveness, is the mark of the
retainer of llie turf or the faro table. Be scrupulously careful to cultivate habits of
personal cleanliness. The sponge and flesh-brush every day, and the tub once a week,
is a good rule. Clean the teeth after each meal, and if you would avoid an offensive
breath, after smoking. No gentleman of fastidious habits will chew, tobacco. Keep
the hair and beard neatly trimmed, and shave as frequently as necessary to avoid an
untidy appearance. Make frequent resort to the lavatorj' when the hands are liable to
become soiled in business, and see that the nails are kept clean and neatly pared. In
all things avoid the appearance of foppishness, which is the certain sign of ignorant
vulgarity or weak-minded vanity.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Conduct in Public Places. (M
-6^|^« " ^^^^
HE first thing to be considered in the appearance on the
street, or in public places, is the deportment. The lady of
refinement, on her way through the street, may be noted
by a free, light, graceful " gliding " motion, as it has been
described, not so rapid as to indicate haste, nor so slow as to
suggest languor. She will never look around, and will, in
company with others, of either sex, avoid exclamations, and laugh-
ter or conversation that will be audible to others, or be liable to
attract attention. She will have a pleasiint nod and smile foi-
acquaintances and pass on her way, quietly and unobtrusively.
MEETING ON THE STREETS.
Ladies meeting lady friends on the street do not stop to engage in conversation.
A pleasant recognition is sufficient unless there be special reason, and then merely suf-
ficient for explanation and future appointment, as in the case, for instance, of friends
unexpectedly encountered. Do not bow first to a lady whom you may have only cas-
ually met, if she be your elder or superior in social iK>sition. Leave the recognition
to her. Acquaintances and even intimacies at summer resorts are not expected to
continue unless by special request or mutual agreement. If the lady who has preced-
ence desires to continue tlie acquaintance, or otherwise, she will indicate her wish by
her manner on meeting. When meeting any person whom you know by employing
them as seamstress, dressmaker or milliner, good breeding requires that you recognize
them pleasantly, though not familiarly. Bow to a lady first whom you wish to recog-
nize and over whom you have precedence of age or social position. Bow first to a
gentleman acquaintance. If you have had formal introduction to a gentleman whom
you do not wish to number among your acquaintances, bow coldly on the first time of
meeting, so that your intention may be apparent, and after not at all. It is allowable,
but not desirable, to shake hands with a gentleman on the streets. Never permit a
gentleman to stop you for conversation on the 8tre6t.
GENTLEMEN'S RULE OF CONDUCT.
On the streets, and in public places, as indeed always and at all times and places,
the laws of politeness and good-breeding exact from gentlemen toward ladies the
most punctilious courtesy. On meeting a lady acquaintance, respond to her recogni-
tion by raising the hat — not merely touching it, but raising it quite off the head — and
pass on. If it appears to be her pleasure to converte with you, or if you are on suffi-
ciently intimate terms and desire to do so, do not stop on the street, but turn and
accompany her for a short distance, and on leaving salute her by raising the hat. A
cigar should be removed from the mouth if you expect recognition from a lady ap-
proaching, and if you enter her company should be thrown away. Always give the
lady the inside of the pavement. Do not offer the arm in the daytime, except in case
dangerous walk, or up the steps of a public edifice, or to a lady for whom age or
physical infirmity demands tlie courtesy as an assistance. At night the arm should
always be tendered. Precede the lady into the church, theatre or concert room, be-
cause you can so best avoid crowding and assist in procuring her seat. In attending
a lady from the street to the shop, open the door wide and let her precede you. In
coming out, hold the door quite wide open till she has passed through. Should you
see a lady acquaintance unattended, about to alight from a carriage or conveyance, If
the driver does not indicate his intention of assisting her, go at once to attend her by
opening the door, offering the hand, and protecting the dress from the wheel. When
the service is rendered, salute her by raising the hat and proceed quietly on your way.
This service may be rendered to a stranger, if she appears to be in a difficulty, but
must be offered with an apology and performed without the slightest approach to
familiarity. In walking with a lady, take charge of her book, or parcel, or any such
small burden.
FOR GENERAL GUIDANCE. ^
Never talk across the street nor hold conversation with another party in a vehicle,
except both parties be on the same seat. Always accommodate your step to that of
the lady whom you are accompanying. To stare at a lady is the height of offensive
vulgarity. In giving information to a lady who has addressed a question to you on
the street, and with whom you are unacquainted, do so with some phrase of politeness
and respect, and do not afterward presume upon the incident unless the lady recognizes
you. If you wish to address a lady with whom you are acquainted, on the street,
preceding you, do not startle her by calling out in an abrupt manner, and when she
recognizes you on being overtaken, ask permission to accompany her in a polite man-
ner, indicating the distance of the walk which will be sufficient for your conversation,
and take formal leave of her at the point indicated unless she should otherwise express
a desire. Never join a party of two — gentleman and lady — except by joint invitation,
given in such a manner that you need have no fear of being de trap. Make no mis-
take in being sure of the recognition of a lady before saluting or addressing her. To
make a mistake of this kind is the most offensive kind of intrusion, and a gentleman
will carefully avoid it.
GENTLEMEN'S STREET INTERCOURSE.
Gentlemen should be careful in their intercourse with others who are engrossed in
business, not to intrude upon their attention or time during business hours. A friendly
"good-morning," or other form of salutation, is sufficient. If you have anything of
a serious or business nature to impart, draw aside from the crowd and state it as briefly
as possible. To engage the valuable time of a business man by detaining him on the
street for frivolous or inconsequent conversation is a most ill-bred act, and will speed-
ily earn for a man the undesirable reputation of a bore. Do not stay to remove the
glove in shaking hands if the action occupies time. Always speak a kind or pleasant
word on passing a servant or inferior who is not entitled to ceremonious salutation.
THE THEATRE AND CONCERT ROOM.
Always endeavor to be early at a concert, theatrical or other public performance.
Entering after the performance begins is annoying to the audience and attracts atten-
tion to the person, which every gentleman, and certainly every lady, should shun. If
you have not engaged seats, the reasons for going early are increased. Boisterous
applause should be avoided by gentlemen, and a lady should be careful in expressing
approbation or giving way to merriment, not to do so in a manner to render herself
conspicuous. It is a vulgar sign of ill breeding to make audible remarks unfavorable
to the entertainment, or to indulge in derisive laughter in pathetic or tragic parts, even
where accident or incompetence is evident. Conduct or conversation, that will inter
THE SOCIAL CODE.
fere with the appreciation of the performance, by those surrounding you, is most
reprehensible.
PLACES OF WORSHIP.
Of all the siluations in which a gentleman or lady may be placed, there is none
where the obligations of true politeness are more imiierative, or where genuine regard
for decorum will be more studiously evinced than in attendance at divine worship.
The mind which is truly refined cannot by any possibility permit its possessor to be
guilty of irreverence or unseemly levity in a sacred edifice, where people are gathered
for the purposes of devotion. Even if the persons have no share in the pious and de-
vout feelings which tlie very attendance even should express, he must be callous to
every true principle of common courtesy, who would allow frivolity to mark his
conduct in fiufh a phice on such an occasion. The most common breach of decorum in
places of public worship is carelessness, which should Ikj scrupulously guarded against.
The gentleman or lady who is guided by refined instincts and polite hal)iis will observe
the following rules: Always enter church before the services begins. If unavoidably
late, wail and make your entry l)etween the exercises. Enter the church and take your
feeat as noiselessly and quietly as possible. The gentleman will remove his hat on
crossing the threshold. Let the demeanor be marked by reverence and attention.
Avoid salutations with acquaintances whom you may happen to notice. Even if a
church is not of your own denomination, conform to the best of your ability with the
ceremonial. Talking, whispering and laughing in church indicate gross vulgarity.
In entering a strange church, avoid error and confusion by wailing in the vestibule
till an usher or church member shows you to a seat. In case you are afforded the
freedom of a pew not your own, under no circumstances introduce a friend without
previous permission, and never take a child with you. Never leave the church before
the benediction is pronounced except La cases of illness or absolute necessity.
HIS branch of the usages of polite society is one of which
every young gentleman and lady should make a careful
study, and in Avhose rules, regulations and convenances
they should be thoroughly informed, even if at that period
of life there does not appear to be any specij|,l reason for
thorough acquaintance with it.
Morning Calls. — Morning calls are made at any time in daylight in which you
are quite certain the lady called ujwn is prepared to receive. It is a rule of good
breeding, however, not to call earl.er than 2 o'clock, p.m., nor later than 4 p.m., in
winter and 5 p.m., in summer — the object being to afford time for luncheon or din-
^g^'i^'
THE SOCIAL CODE.
ner, as the case may be, to be removed, and to allow the lady time to make her dinner
or evening toilet. Calls before noon should only be made on express invitation, or
where warranted by unusual intimacy. Should the lady be absent, lejive your card.
If the call is designed for a visitor, or particular member of the lady's family, leave a
second card with the name of the person written ou the top left hand corner.
It is a general custom for a lady to set apart a certain day or days of the week for
receiving callers, indicated on her cards. In such case a formal call should not be
made on any other day. It is proper where a social invitation has been received and
unavoidably declined, to call within one week for acknowledgment and regret.
Formal calls should be as brief as courtesy will admit, and on special calling days the
visitor should retire upon another being announced.
Gentlemen's Etiquette in Making Morning Calls. — After properly an-
nouncing yourself, on entering leave your cane or umbrella in the hall. On being
ushered into the reception room, advance with the hat in the left hand, and retain it
during the stay, indicating the formality of the call. If the Jady offers her hand,
advance and return the salutation briefly and respectfully. If the hostess merely bows,
respond in like manner to the salutation, and take the seat which she may indicate.
If other ladies or members of the family are present, speak to each in succession,
according to age and precedence, and if there be a stranger present, bow slightly in
acknowledgment of their presence. If an introduction ensues after you are seated,
rise and bow to them — if gentlemen are introduced they advance mutually and shake
hands. If conversation does not at once become general, or you observe that you are
interrupting a special circle, pass a few words of ordinary courtesy with the hostess
and take your leave. In taking leave a formal bow to a stranger to whom you have
been introduced, is sufficient.
In Attending Ladies.— Gentlemen who attend ladies in making morning calls,
will assist them up the steps, ring the bell, write cards where necessary, relieve them
of shawls, etc., where it will conduce to their convenience. If stairs are to be
ascended, offer the lady the arm on the wall side. On entering, follow them into the
drawing room and wait to pay j'our own respects, or for introduction, till the lady has
finished her salutations. If you have to introduce the lady to the hostess, advance
with her into the drawing room a little in advance. Do not seat yourself or remain
seated while they are standing. If they are required for any purpose to change posi-
tion, place a seat for them, and study with courtesy to relieve them from anything
likely to involve discomfort or effort. The duration of the visit ia always determined
by the pleasure of the lady.
Evening Calls. — Evening calls should not be made later than 9 p.m., and un-
less you are familiar with the hours observed by the family, under no circumstances
protract a call longer than to 10 p.m. Where not on terms of familiarity, the hat and
gloves should be retained in one hand unless requested to lay them aside. Where fa-
miliar, and if accompanied by a lady friend, the wraps may be laid aside in the hall.
Ladies Receiving. — The lady receiving does not advance to greet h< r chIUt, ex-
cept where special attention is designed. If the caller be a lady, she \*ill ari.se and
advance a step, either extending the hand or bowing, according to the degree of re-
spect intended, and remain standing till the caller shall have taken the seat to which
she shall direct. Receive a gentleman seated. If engaged at the piano or with a
book, the occupation should be laid aside during the visitor's stay. Fancy work which
does not distract the attention from the duties of conversation may with propriety ]»e
continued. The hostess will direct her conversation during the visit with a view to
put the visitor at ease, and will show her good breeding by implying a welcome in her
conduct. If several visitors are entertained together she will display her tact by mak-
THE SOCIAL CODE.
ing the conversation general, and placing all upon a pleasant and easy footing. It is
not necessary to accompany the guest to the door where there is a servant to attend.
Visits ok Condolence. — A visit of condolence should be paid within a week
after the event which occasions it, or in case of slight acquaintance immediately after
the family appear at public worship. Unless intimacy or relationship is sufficient to
give you a personal interest, it is a more delicate way to express sympathy to merely
leave a card. If the visit be deemed necessary, go in a quiet dress — any dark colors
are usually chosen. In case of relationship the slightest mourning is considered
necessary.
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■*^
CARDS.
r«-
ttiiiiiiiiHimHinmnH
1
]
The rules of observance for the style and forms of vidting cards, and for their
proper use, demand the strictest adherence. Any deviation from the most exact com-
pliance with these forms and customs, betrays at once a want of familiarity with the
usages of good society, which on the threshold of acquaintance creates an unfavorable
impression. There are three sizes of cards, with which every stationer and engraver
is familiar — the larger being used for married ladies or couples, the medium for
immarried women, and the smaller for gentlemen. The printing or engraving in all
cases should be neat and plain, as are also tlie cards, and entirely devoid of flourishes
or ornamentation.
The Lady's Card. — On a marrieti lady's card her own name may appear alone,
eras is more strictly en regie, with that of her husband in this shape:
Cy^i.. n^u/ C/^4^. OeAtH^ C2ln^. 3l€i
tt^ttde-rtcf-.
271 CEDAR STREET.
Married ladies who use cards which do not include the husband's name, in making
visits of ceremony, should in all cases leave the card of her husband with her own.
Where there are unmarried daughters included in the call, the card should include
their names with those of their mother, as :
or where there is more than one daughter, ' ' The Misses Lawrence," or
rence, Miss Julia Lawrence, Miss Sarah Lawrence."
Miss Law-
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Young Ladies' Cards. — In the case of young ladies, the mother's name should
precede their own, according to the strict rules of etiquette, though it is common in
America to a large extent to honor it in the breach rather than the observance. Where
there is no mother, the father's name should precede, as :
A card bearing the name of an unmarried lady without the prefix " Miss," is not
acknowledged in good society.
Gentlemen's Cards. — The gentleman's card may give simply the name, which
must invariably have the prefix "Mr." or it may give his residence or club address, as:
a^-t. Si/u^i^ ^. 9?a
^i^n^e'n-ce.
271 CEDAR STREET.
"yoyiti'leftce.
UNION CLUB.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
It fs allowable for a physician to use his professional title either as " Dr. L. M.
Jones," or " L. M. Jones, M.D." OfBcers of the army or navy have their cards en-
graved thus :
^^/^^^^, ^ <^ C^
The Use of Cards.— When a latly calls upon another and finds her absent, she
leaves a card to denote that she has called. Or, if she desires a visiting acquaintance
with a lady with whom she is not so intimate, she leaves cards without inquiring
whether the lady visited is at home or not. Under either circumstance the number of
cards left is the same. If the lady have a husband, but no daughters in society, the
caller will leave one of her own cards and two of her husband's, one of the latter for
the gentleman of the family called on, or two cards if they include the husband's name
with the wife's. This rule, though in strict etiquette, is not generally observed, and a
lady may make calls with perfect propriety by leaving her own card alone. If there
are other lady members of the household, another of the lady's cards should l>e left also.
If the lady lives alone, the card of husband and wife, or the joint card, should be left.
In case the caller finds the lady called on at home, she does not leave her card, but
will leave two. of her husband's cards, one for the husband of the lady called on. If
the latter be at home when the call is made, leave one of the husband's cards only. In
leaving a card where the answer is "not at home," turn down the card at the end to
indicate that it has been left in person. When contemplating an extended absence, it
has become the custom to notify one's friends by having the letters " P. P. C." printed
on the lower left hand comer of cards sent out, though a card turned down at the lower
right hand comer will answer the purpose.
After Social. Entertainments — After a dinner party, cards should always
be left — if not on terms of intimacy, the following day after a dinner party, without
inquiry; otherwise within ten days. After a ball, reception, etc., whether the invitation
has been accepted or not, cards should be left within a week. It is not allowable,
under any circumstances, to send cards by mail.
Special Cards. — In calling on a lady who is ill, and who for that reason cannot
be seen, the lady will leave a card with the words " to inquire," and also a card of her
husband, if the occasion be other than the birth of a child. On recovery, the lady
called on acknowledges by issuing cards as follows: "Mrs. Lawrence returns thanks
for [blank to be filled in with name of caller] kind inquiries."
SOCIAL VISITING.
Thorough knowledge of the etiquette of Visiting as distinguished from Calling is
essential to all who desire to conform to polite usages, and also consult their own
comfort and their social popularity, the following notes should be carefully observed
in this branch of social intercourse:
Invitation. — No well-bred person will think of paying a visit to a friend without
either a distinct invitation or giving due and timely notice of an intended visit. The
visitor who consults his own comfort and pleasure, as well as his social duty, will never
presume upon a "general invitation," which does not present the certainty that the
visit is desired. Many such invitations are merely intended as formal courtesies,
though good breeding will prevent them from being offered. " Chinese hospitality"
is not polite. If your acquaintance or relationship with the family visited is sufficient
to insure a welcome without invitation, send notice to the hostess giving the date of
your intended visit and its duration. This will enable her to prepare for your proper
entertainment and avoid disturbing her domestic or social arrangements, in which she
might by an unheralded arrival be embarrassed and annoyed. The "surprise visit,"
like the " surprise party," is neither popular nor in good taste.
Rules of Conduct During Visit. — On the first evening of arrival, ascertain
the hours of meals and general household regulations so far as they concern you as
for the time being a member of the family, and conform to them with exactitude and
punctuality. Be careful to have your toilet completed in time for the first meal. If
you have time on your hands before it is called occupy yourself in your own room, in
the garden, or in the library, but do not enter a room used for ordinary, domestic or
social purposes. To keep the family waiting at any meal time is an unpardonable
breach of propriety. Do not accept too literally any invitation to " make yourself at
home." Remember that it is your duty to devote your whole time to your hostess,
and to make your visit agreeable, and at the same time you must exercise discretion
and consideration, so as not to interfere with her domestic or social duties Under no
circumstances either invite, or suggest the invitation of a friend. Your friend is at
liberty to call on you at your hostess' residence. Do not accept social invitations in
which your hostess is not included during your stay. In case of illness occurring in
the house, unless you can be of real service, you should take your departure at once.
Be considerate in your relations with the children and servants. Do not allow your
hostess to pay for any incidental expense that may be incurred on your account, such
as removal of baggage, etc. Before leaving it is proper to make a present as a
souvenir to the lady visited. Children may also be remembered in thi>» way, and any
servant who has been specially attentive. On returning home always write to the
hostess expressing your acknowledgment of the pleasure afforded by your visit.
Lady Guests. — The lady guest should be prepared to put out and pay for her
own washing, if that is the rule of the family. Have two clothes bags; one to be sent
to the laundry, the other to receive soiled linen in its absence. Be careful to have your
own work-box, so as to avoid troubling members of the family by borrowing scissors,
etc. Take with you also a small writing box, with sufficient stationery and stamps for
your visit. Where possible, assist your hostess in any of the lighter duties of the
household. Before leaving, express cordially th^ pleasure and gratification which the
visit has afforded, and where practicable extend a reciprocal Invitation.
Hints to Gentlemen. — In visiting country friends, send a telegram announcing
the day and hour of your arrival at the nearest station, so that, if they have convey-
ance, they may be able to meet you. In visiting a friend in the city, where notice has
not been given, go first to a hotel. Then call and leave your card, and the formal in-
vitation will follow as a matter of course, if the visit be desired. Be careful to give
reverent attention to any religious observances of the house visited.
The Hostess. — When a visitor is expected, learn the exact time of arrival and
have some male representative of the family at the station to attend them. Provide
THE SOCIAL CODE.
such means of conveyance as are within your power. On arrival, have the guest's
baggage sent to her room at once, and when a lady guest goes to her room, send a serv-
ant to furnish assistance in unpacking, and render any service that may be required.
The room should be prepared in advance, with every possible reference to the guest's
comfort, and also to their habits and peculiarities, if known to the hostess. The
guest's room should receive the first attention in the morning, and when it is done the
hostess should visit it to see that it has been properly attended to, but at no other time.
While taking care that no appearance of unusual effort is made, provide in every way
possible for the pleasure and entertainment of the guest. Never make apologits for
the absence of anything which you would like to but are unable to provide. When
the guest departs, send a servant to assist in packing and preparations for the journey.
If in the morning, provide an early breakfast, and see that some member of the fam-
ily is present at the table. Have the family or other conveyance at the door in time,
and let some male representative of the family accompany the guest to the starting
place, and see them off ; if a lady, procuring tickets, attending to baggage and
checks, and seeing her to a comfortable seat in the car, boat or coach.
mmmmm mmmmm mmmnmm mmmmmm
1" INTRODUCTIONS AND SALUTATIONS.
IIIIIIIIHlllllUIMlliliiilHiillllllHli^
HE forms of salutation proj^r for polite society in this
country are : bowing, shaking hands and address. Kissing
cannot, with propriety, be indulged in in public, except
under peculiar circumstances, and is not to be regarded as a
form of salutation. A parent, on the point of a lengthy sep-
aration from a child, may exchange a kiss in public. The
common mode of recognition is by a bow, to which every acquain-
tance is entitled. To omit to return a salutation offeretl in this way
is an unpardonable rudeness, even where the person has bowed
under misapprehension or by mistake of identity, or belongs to the
humblest rank.
RULES FOR GUIDANCE.— It is the prerogative of the lady to bow first, and
the cordiality of her salutation is governed by the degree of intimacy she is disposed to
accord to the gentleman honored by recognition. The gentleman retiu-ning the bow
will raise his hat.
In the country, where people are not so thickly hived together, it is a pleasant
custom to nod to every person met, and this should be borne in mind by city visitors to
the couQtry who do not wish to be set down as snobbish and haughty.
On horseback, the gentleman who is recognized will either remove the whip to the
bridle hand and acknowledge the salute by raising the hat, or he may salute with the
whip in military fashion, bringing the whip to the position of the sword of a military
officer at the " present." The latter is considered best form.
If the gentleman recognized by a lady be accompanied by a friend, the friend
should also raise the hat, but vdthout regarding the lady.
If a gentleman meet a friend in company of ladies, he will acknowledge the pres-
ence of the ladies by raising his hat, but without regarding Ihem, and the gentleman
acting as the ladies' escort will also raise his hat in recognition of the courtesy
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Good breeding will restrain a lady from recognizing a gentleman on the street
from a window.
In hand-shaking every person has a characteristic of his or her own. The general
rule is to give the whole hand, and to give a gentle but firm grasp for the space of a
second, in mere salutation.
Hand-shaking is, however, susceptible of many expressions— respect, sympathy,
love, and gratitude.
Never give a hand like a fish, nor one or two fingers. Such a salutation is snob-
bish and impertinent.
Never offer the left hand. It is not necessary to remove the glove, unless quite
convenient, but if the other's hand be bare, pray to be excused for the glove.
In addressing a man give him his full title, as "Judge," "Senator," "Doctor,"
" Major." In addition to the title given with the name use the ordinary form of salu-
tation, "Good-morning," "Good-day," " Good-evening," or such conventional snluta-
tion as may occur. Never exercise familiarity with a friend in addressing him on the
street. Address children and servants by their full Christian names, and never use a
nickname in salutation. The wife will address her husband, and vice versa, in society
just the same as she would any other gentleman, and in speaking of him, mention his
name in the same way.
Art
-^fe-
OF Conversation
— ^1^^
l^^i*niS is the crucial test not only of fitness of a man for the
social circle by thorough knowledge and observance of
the laws of etiquette, but of the rank which is to be
awarded, according to his capacity to embellish and adorn
social intercourse. One may possess all the attributes of
refinement and true gentility, he may be aufalt in every art
and accomplishment of etiquette, may be irreproachable in liis man-
ner, and in punctilious observance of the minutioi of all the regula-
tions provided for social harmony ; but if lie lack either the wit
to hold his tongue with eloquence, and so conceal his deficiencies of
education, tact and talent, or the good taste, discretion and discern-
ment which mark the finished and accomplished conversationalist,
he will find himself far behind the front rank in social popu-
larity. To possess the graces of a cultivated mind, and the art and
ability, without ostentation, to share its treasures with others, is a
far more potent weapon, for the achievement of social success, than
charms of person or elegance of manner and deportment. But it is
one thing to possess the wit, knowledge and learning, and the men-
tal powers necessary to the successful conversationalist, and another
to be master of the art of using these advantages in accordance Avitli
the dictates of refinement, delicacy, decorum and propriety.
'M
THE SOCIAL CODE.
REQUISITES OF A SUCCESSFUL CONVERSATIONALIST.— The success-
ful conversationalist must be a man of good education, should be fairly acquainted with
the laws of elocution, must have an extended knowledge of the world and of books, as
well as being thoroughly conversant with the current literature of the day. I le must be
a constant student of the magazines and newspapers, and possess the faculty of impart-
ing the knowledge so gathered, in tlie course of conversation upon any subject that
may arise. He must be modest in asserting opinions, avoid dogmatism and any
approach to pedantry, be genial and sympathetic in his manner, and cultivate an easy
temper. He must talk with his tongue and not with his teeth nor his throat, and must
practice a distinct and deliberate, but not drawling utterance. He must modulate
his tones according to the circle addressed and the circumstances of the room. A too
loud talker is offensive; an indistinct enunciation is an annoyance. He must not
dwell too long on one subject, and adapt his style of dealing with it as nearly as he
can judge to the capacity or information of his audience. He must take up promptly
any subject Introduced by another, listen with respectful and interesteti attention, and
advance his opinions with modesty and deference. A popular conversationalist must
be also a patient and discerning listener.
POLITE HABITS OF CONVERSATION.— In conversation, confine your talk
and adapt your voice to a limited circle in your immediate vicinity. No matter how
many may be interested in the conversation, do not appear to presume that every one
is desirous of listening to you. Be careful not to disturb any conversation in progress
in another part of the room. Do not address a person across the room; if you have
something special to say to him, wait till you can conveniently join him. Remember
that all guests appear upon an equal footing. In whatever company you may be, for
the moment strive to make your conversation agreeable and exercise tact in adapting
it to the scope of your companion's interest. If there be a guest of special promi-
nence, be careful not to engross an undue share of his conversation, no matter how
agreeable it may be to you personally. Never absolutely contradict, and where your
statement or opinion is contradicted, after mildly expressing confidence in your own
opinion, lead the conversation away from the disputed point. Always endeavor to
seek a common ground of discussion, from which none in the circle by prejudice or
want of information may \ye excluded. Above all things avoid any utterance which
will painfully impress upon another a sense of inferiority.
HABITS TO BE AVOIDED.— Endeavor to be as careful as possible in your
choice of language. Be as far as your knowledge will permit strictly grammatical.
Carefully avoid the use of slang or cant phrases — they are the distinguishing marks
of vulgarity of mind and habit. Never make complimentary ppceche.s which can be
construed into flattery. Flattery is offensive and even painful to people of rofipe<l
minds, and is embarrassing to the sensitive. Be careful equally to avoid speeches
which might be construed into a desire to receive a compliment in return. Avoid long
arguments, and endeavor to change the current of conversation frequently in order to
give variety to its interest. Avoid religious topics, and where they are indiscreetly
introduced, and the expres.sion of opinion cannot be avoided, do so in such a manner
as not to give offense to any one who may be present. In referring to any doctrine or
creed, sjieak as if there were some one present whose sensibilities would be wounded
by harsh crilicism, or absolute condemnation of the religious theory they might
entertain.
EXCEPTIONALLY REPREHENSIBLE PRACTICES. —There are some rules
of conduct, the violation of which is specially ill-bred and offensive, and with many
would exclude offenders from a second admission to the circle in which the breach of
decorum occurs. Among such offenses are: Loss of temper in argument. Absolutely
THE SOCIAL CODE.
disputing a statement of fact by another, even if you be assured that he Is In error.
Introducing scandal of any description, or taking part in its discussion when another
has the bad taste or ignorance to do so. Propounding puns which reflect personally
or by their professional allusion upon any other guest. Interrupting another guest
while he Is speaking in a general conversation.
UNPLEASANT TOPICS.— Both skillful tact and watchful care should be exer-
cised to see that no unpleasant topics are introduced or continued by you. When you
observe that such an element has been introduced in discussion, it is a part of good
breeding to endeavor to lead the course of conversation Into another channel. Among
subjects which are carefully to be avoided are religion and politics. In the case of the
former, it is one upon which people feel deeply, and upon which their sensibilities are
more acute than upon ordinary matters. No matter how small the circle to which
conversation is limited, there will mos^t certainly be some one to be hurt or offended
by an adverse reflection upon his or her religion, and true politeness will avoid the
subject altogether. Discussion of politics is to be avoided, because it is prone to lead
to collisions of opinion which are liable to disturb the harmony of the intercourse for
which the company has been brought together.
DINNER CONVERSATION.— In taking a lady in to dinner, even though a
perfect stranger beyond the introduction, remember that you are the deputy of your
hostess for her entertainment. While it is allowable to exchange occasional remarks
with your vis-a-vis, or .with your left-hand neighbor, your conversation belongs to your
partner. When the cloth is withdrawn, and the ladies have retired to the drawing-
room, conversation becomes general, and is allowed more latitude and freedom than
in the drawing-room. A good anecdote related is generally listened to by the whole
table if the company be not too large, and recollections of foreign travel, remarkable
experiences, enlivened by sallies of wit, are favorable to general enjoyment.
PRIVILEGED CONVERSATION.— Etiquette strictly forbids repetition by any
guest of what has transpired in conversation under the roof of another. Harmless
jokes, or expressions entirely without significance, by being repeated soon assume an
entirely different form and give rise to grave offense and serious social trouble. The
guest, therefore, who betrays the laws of hospitality by relating conversations which
occurred in another's house. Is justly adjudged worthy of expulsion from the pale
of good society. Offens^es are not infrequent in this respect through carelessness or
thoughtlessness, but it should be borne in mind that the consequences are so grave that
carelessness is no palliation.
SARCASM AND WIT. — No man is more welcome in the social gathering than
he who has the reputation of un Jiomme d' esprit — who possesses a fund of humor, the
faculty of sharing it with others, and the discretion to so use it as to judiciously flavor
conversation without spoiling it by extravagance or overdoing. Wit should be so tem-
pered as to avoid offense, as well as excessive frivolity. The man who is forever on
the point of exploding a joke becomes a nuisance and a bore. So with regard to
puns. While not desirable, an occasional pun, if It have originality and humor with-
out offense, is not objectionable; but the habitual punster is shunned. Sarcasm and
railery, however, are two spoilsports in social conversation, which should be rigidly
excluded from polite society. He who has a biting tongue ought to keep it completely
under control. It is the affliction of a diseased temper and an unnatural acerbity of dis-
position, which has no proper place in society, whose laws are framed wholly for the
comfort, ease and enjoyment of mutual intercourse among its members. To attempt
to be sarcastic at the expense of another guest, or of his opinions, Is the depth of ill-
breeding. Repartee, if conducted with genuine good nature, and not pressed to an
undue limit, will interest and amuse, but prolonged um-easonably, or descending to
personal retort or reflection, it is very bad taste indeed.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
SMALL TALK. — The airy nothings which constitute the vapid intercourse which
brainless frivolity chooses to dignify as conversation, is not without its uses even in
society of a more elevated standard. No one can be without a suflBicient fund of it,
to adjust his conversation to all with whom he comes in contact with ease. Entering
into conversation with a stranger, it bridges over the gulf of want of mutual acquaint-
ance and leads you easily and naturally to the proper ground of your neighbor's
tastes and intellectual capacity, while not infrequently you may be compelled in good
breeding to devote yourself conscientously to the entertainment and amusement of a
fair neighbor whose mental ambition and understanding does not soar beyond the
limited region of small talk.
HE contemplation of courtship and marriage, and all that
the subject involves, embraces, it may almost be said,
the whole scope of a young girl's life. Therein is
included for her all that life holds in store, of happiness,
prosperity, rank and station. It is a sweet and solemn
mystery, this mystic urn of Fate, from which, with her
own hand, of her own choice, but not, happily, with
blindfold eyes, she must draw forth the prize of destiny,
domestic happiness, connubial felicities, social ambi-
tions, and every aspiration in the direction of all that makes life
worth living; and, it is little to be wondered that, when she reaches
that period of life when
" Standing with reluctant feet.
Where the brook and river meet,"
she feels that she is rapidly drawing near to the crisis which is to
change the whole current of existence. She should approach this
grave and solemn question with timidity and hesitation. Yet every
true woman, when she does arrive at that age, cannot avoid the
duty of taking into serious consideration how best to comport her-
self to meet the inevitable, and how, in doing so, to consult her
intelligence, discretion and discernment, as well as her heart, so as
to secure for herself the best prospect of future and permanent
happiness. '
THE SOCIAL CODE.
HE INITIAL STEP.— When a young girl first "comes out "Into society,
or is "introduced," as the expression is, she will find herself the subject,
in her social intercouree, of a great number and variety of flattering atten-
tions. She will, however, take all these without trepidation or serious
thought. They are her due, and natural tact and woman's wit will soon lead
her to distinguish between those attentions which are purely complimentary,
and those which indicate a desire to lead to warmer regard. Indeed, it is
not infrequent that the young debutante receives an offer of marriage before she
has been allowed a breathing time in the social world. She should, however, keep
her affections strictly within her own control till she has had ample time to judge by
observation and reflection what is best for herself. There will be some one among
those the tendenc)' of whose advances she receives, but may not recognize, whom she
will in time come to regard as worthier than others, of more congenial temperament
and disposition, and to whom those subtler instincts of nature which are governed by
no rule, will draw her. She should never, under any circumstances, give the slightest
encouragement to one whose advances are distasteful to her, and whom she is certain
she could never wed, and she should, if such advances are pressed, make this so coldly
manifest as to leave the unfavored suitor no excuse for the mortification and pain of a
direct refusal. Her manner towards the one whom she is ready to acknowledge as a
lover, when he shall express his suit, should be in consonance with maidenly dignity
and reserve, but not repellant. The dignity which is too chilling on the part of the
lady, and the doubt which leaves the lover without courage to declare his passion, too
often lead two loving hearts into separate roads of misery.
UNEXPECTED AVOWALS.— It often happens, through the sensitiveness and
secretiveness of a man, and a very delicate modesty, he finds himself very earnestly in
love with a lady, who has not had the slightest reason to suspect the nature of his
feelings. In such a case, when the avowal is made, it will require all the tact and good
feeling of the lady to acquit herself in justice and honor. If she be "heart whole and
fancy free,'" she should consider well if it is possible that she could honestly lead mere
esteem into the warmer latitudes of affection. If she doubt, she may fairly ask time
to consider; but, if she have no doubt, it is her duty to at once give a final answer.
PROPOSAL BY LETTER.— This is a form of proposal frequently resorted to
by those who fear to face the ordeal of possible rejection, and, in most cases, the
proposal, if not the form of it, will not have been unlocked for. The lady should
answer as soon as possible after due consideration, if she be not sure of her own heart.
If the proposal be agreeable, to keep the lover in suspense is needless cruelty. If it is
otherwise, she will be governed in her reply by the esteem in which the wooer is held.
In some cases a simple and immistakable refusal is suflBcient. If she highly esteem
the person refused, she should couch her language so as to assure him of regard and
friendship, explaining the impossibility of entertaining any more tender regard for him.
In any case, the letter of proposal should be returned, and the lady's lips sealed on the
subject thereafter.
REFUSALS.— To a true woman, a lady of delicate and refined instincts, the duty
of refusing the proffer of a sincere and honorable affection is one of the most painful
that could be imposed upon her. She will remember that the suitor upon whom she
THE SOCIAL CODE.
is compelled to visit pain, morliflcation and bitter disappointment, has paid her the
highest honor and compliment in the power of a man to bestow upon a woman, and
while the best kindness is to be so firm in the refusal as not to give rise to bootless
hopes, she will, by the delicacy of her language, show that she appreciates the honor
done her, and extend sympathy with the pain which she has to inflict. It will be due
to him that, except to parents, she shall keep his secret, and will make it a point to meet
him thereafter with the frankness and cordiality of friendship, entirely ignoring what
has passed between them.
THE ENGAGEMENT.— When the suitor has proposed and been accepted, hla
courtship being always presumed to have had the sanction and approval of parents or
guardians, it is first announced to the family through the head of the household, and
the fact becomes generally known in society. On acceptance, the suitor will, accord-
ing to custom, place upon the third finger of the right or left hand the engagement
or betrothal ring, which is not rem^ed till marriage. If on tlie left hand, it is removed
"When the wedding ring is placed on the finger, and thereafter becomes its guard. If
on the right, it is transferred to the corresponding finger of the left hand upon the
wedding ring being put on. Engagement rings may be either of chased gold, often
bearing the Hebrew word, "Mizpah" (" Fidelity"), or " A. E. I." (" Ever "). Rings
set with precious stones arc also favored. The opal should not be used, being the
symbol of misfortune.
AFTER BETROTHAL.— After the engagement the position of the betrothed will
be respected by others in society who are imbued with true good-breeding. If the famil-
iarities of gentlemen friends, however, are continued, the lady must mark her conduct
by unmistakable displeasure and resentment. No true woman will flirt after being
engaged, nor should the gentleman, while being courteous and gallant, as becomes a
gentleman to be, to other ladies, allow his attentions to give rise to jealousy in the mind
of his betrothed. He will make her the object of his special devotion and attention,
will visit her frequently, and extend his courtesies to all members of her family. Ex-
pensive presents from the engaged gentleman to his betrothed are not in good taste,
but flowers, books, music, etc., constitute suitable and unobjectionable attentions.
'jip iiiii" I <p liy li IP' IIP iw \Wi\9 iw ' w f . ]
MARRIAGE. |
EW topics are more interesting to all classes of society
than weddings. From the young girl just budding into
womanhood, to the grey-haired matron surrounded by
prattling grandchildren, the subject of marriage is one
which awakens in the female breast an interest which
nothing else but maternity can arouse. In cottage or
castle, the feminine sisterhood preserve the same instinct,
never blunted by lapse of years.
No fixed and inflexible rules can be laid down governing the
subject of weddings, yet among the better class of society a certain
similarity of usage prevails. After tlie day for the marriage has
been set and announced, the next subject that engrosses the atten-
tion of the engaged couple is the number of persons to be invited
to attend the ceremony, where it shall be performed, and what shall
be the form of invitations.
In answering these questions, each family must have regard to
appropriateness in reference to their circumstances and surround-
ings. Nothing excites more just criticism than to see persons of
small means attempt a cheap imitation of the display made by their
wealthier (yet not necessarily happier) neighbors. Parade is not
always a prelude to peace, and many a bride, the magnificence of
whose wedding has excited the envy of all of her female acquaint-
ances, has been ready, within a few short months, to exchange all
her grandeur for the quiet happiness that fills the humble home of
one of the poorest of her sisters. Another circumstance to be con-
sidered is the surroundings of the families of both bride and groom
with reference to domestic affairs. A recent bereavement, or some
similar cloud overhanging the home, will, of course, render improper
any elaborate preparations for the wedding, even were the heart
disposed toward festivity. Under such circumstances a quiet mar-
riage, in presence of relatives, or, at most, a few intimate friends,
is every way " in better form," as well as, probably, more congenial
to the feelings of the principal participants.
WEDDING PREPARATIONS.— Where, however, the wedding is to be a joy-
ous one, and no tinge of sadness colors the feelings of those who are to be united, or of
those who are to " set forth the marriage feast," the affair may be made as ceremonious
as good taste and the wishes and circumstances of the parties may dictate. If it be
determined to invite any outside of the circle of very near friends, it is better to make
the list long enough to include all those who may not unreasonably feel slighted by
the omission of their names. At such an epoch in life, the heart should feel sufficiently
enlarged by its newly found happiness to find room for every generous impulse, and
yet too small for bitterness or resentment to find a hiding place. It may be, however,
that the circle of acquaintance of the families of the bride and groom is so large,
and embraces social elements so diverse, as to render even a representative assemblage
of those whom one might wish to invite too large to be conveniently entertained or
too mixed in its composition to be agreeable. In such a case, a happy way is afforded
between the horns of the dilemma by having the ceremony solemnized at the church,
where all may meet on one common level, while only those need be invited to the re-
ception whose names affection, or regard, or inclination may suggest.
Having determined upon the number and names of the guests, the next topic that
engages the attention is the invitation. The most usual method of conveying invita-
tions is by cards. The style of these little heralds of Cupid's conquests varies greatly
in different years and even with individual tastes. In case of small, or comparatively
private weddings, cards are unnecessary and are seldom used, although it is not un-
common, in such cases, to issue cards of announcement after the marriage, containing
the names of the bride and groom, their conventional wedded title, and sometimes a
THE SOCIAL CODE.
card announcing when they will be "at home." The follow&g forms will illustrate
what is meant:
tM
S</t^ ^l4>'i€^a^.
%. C^la/n^ [Jr. C^G«.
h. €t^^(^^^d. <&4-wn^ [Jr. <&ay.
or, if preferred, in place of the latter card may be substituted the following, which
should be larger than those accompanying it.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
C^^.
^^'^^^/ C/^-U. C^^aat^ {/f. (^^^a^.
71 if)
\/fe€^ne<Uui'Md <^ <Z?v^a4^c^
J^i^■>*^
<T ^ /(^ A-. -f^^.
Written wedding cards are preferable, printer's ink being not so commonly used as
formerly. Written cards are more expensive, but the outlay is one which will not need
to be repeated, in most domestic histories. The note of invitation should be on a whole
sheet of heavy paper of creamy, satin finish, and when folded once should just fill the
envelope in which it is inclosed. The accompanying reception cards should be exactly
half the size of one page of the note. The letter may or may not be headed by a
monogram or initial, the more fashionable element of society at the present time giving
the preference to placing the design on the envelope only or omitting it altogether. If
it be used on the paper, however, it should always be on the envelope.
The following are among the most modern and approved forms:
FOR INVITATIONS,
-S^^^^?^^ J/t?wW d
"Z-^^.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
FOB THE CABD8.
401 Elbert Street,
THE SOCIAL CODE.
If a wedding reception is to be held immediately after the marriage, the hour
named should be half an hour after that fixed for the ceremony.
The following form of invitation will be iiaed when the wedding ceremony is to
take place at a church.
t.^i-'T^t-
W^««^?^^ /(^ // <s^. -i*^^.
At Home after June 23d.
127 Grace Street.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
The announcement of the future residence of the couple and of their " at home,"
may be made in the way indicated at the bottom of the above form of invitation, or by
separate cards according to preference.
Invitations to weddings should be issued two weeks before the day set for the cere-
mony, and those intended for persons in the same city or town should be conveyed by a
private messenger rather than sent through the mail. Shortly before sending out the
invitations, the prospective bride should make ceremonious calls on her acquaintance.
Invitations to weddings need not be answered, unless a wedding breakfast is to be given,
in which case, replies should always be returned, as in the case of dinner parties. Or-
dinarily, however, if no letter of regret be sent, the invitation is considered as ac-
cepted. Where the ceremony is performed in church, it is customary to send cards of
admission to the building, which are usually about three inches in length and two in
breadth. Two or three of these cards are commonly inclosed for distribution among
the friends of the invited guests, or for the use of servants who may accompany them.
These cards are usually in the following form:
8f. ^arVs €l)urol5,
r»«rfy'®ec«r)a ®!peet,
WEDDING PRESENTS.— The custom of making presents to the prospective
bride and bridegroom, is almost generally observed, and is one which is, if properly
carried out, of no little benefit to the couple just starting in life, fitting the table, the
sideboard and the drawing-room with mapy useful articles, and articles of virtu, which
aid the bride in giving her new home a home- like aspect. It is customary to send
presents from a fortnight previous down to the evening preceding the wedding. If
practicable, learn indirectly what articles have been received to avoid duplicating as
much as possible. Select gifts either with a view to ornament or utility, and use dis-
cretion in their character.
^^^
THE SOCIAL CODE.
THE CEREMONY. I
•^■fi^
^HE date for the solemnization of tlie ceremony should always be fixed by
the bride. All details of the ceremony should be left to her choosing.
She stands at the threshold of a new life; its paths are to her untrodden
and unknown; trustfully, she is about to enter, knowing that however
long or thorny may be the way before her, she must walk in it to the end. It
is due to her tliat the archway through which she passes into this new existence
should be erected at her own command.
All forms of marriage ceremonies may be grouped imder two classes — civil
and religious— while in France and other nations of continental Europe a double cere-
mony i3 commonly performed, one before a civil magistrate, the other before a min-.
ister of religion.
The statutes of every state in the American Union contain provisions that mar-
riage may be solemnized by any minister of religion, as well as by certain civil offi-
cers connected with the executive department of the government. In every state, the
governor, any judge of a court of record, or any justice of the peace, is empowered
so to act. In most states the law requires that notice of the parties' intention to
marry be given by applying to a designated officer for a marriage license. The omis-
sion to do this, however, although it subjects the parties themselves, as well as the
person solemnizing the marriage, to a penalty (usually a fine), does not affect the
validity of the marriage itself. The "publication of bans of matrimony" — in other
words, the public announcement in church on three successive Sundays of the inten-
tion of the parties to marry — is, in some states, made a legal substitute for the obtain-
ing of the marriage license.
In the Roman Catholic Church marriage is considered a sacrament, and no
member of that communion considers himself properly married unless the nuptial
blessing of his clergyman has been pronounced upon his union.
Marriage by a civil magistrate is comparatively infrequent, and extremely rare
in polite society.
The "wedding-ring" is an institution which has come down to us with all the
respectability that attaches to antiquity. It is difficult to trace its origin. Probably
its symbolical significance is to be sought in its form; being a circle, it is endless,
being thereby typical of the union of which it is the outward sign. In all churches
using a liturgical form of worship, the form prescribes a ring, and in the Roman
Catholic Church it is indispensable. Where a ring is used, the groom should always
endeavor so far to keep his faculties at command as to be able to find and produce it
at the moment when it is called for; a delay or "hitch" at this stage of the ceremony
is always extremely embarrassing, and has even been said to be a "bad omen."
The groomsmen are, of course, chosen by the groom, the bridesmaids by the
bride. The latter are usually selected from the sisters or other near relatives of both
parties Their bouquets are presented them by the groom, while the bride frequently
gives to each a memento, in the form of a ring, or bracelet, or locket, etc., which,
however, need not be expensive.
At weddings in church, the attendance of ushers is a necessity. They axe
selected by the bridegroom from among his personal friends. Their gloves, bouquets
and favors are gifts from the bride. It is common for the groom to present each with
THE SOCIAL CODE.
a scarf-pin, charm, or some other trifling souvenir of the occasion. Their duties are
to see tj^at no improper persons are admitted (and where admission is by card, to
exclude all those not holding the coveted pasteboard); to seat the invited guests; to
keep the middle aisle free for the entrance of the bridal party. A white ribbon is
L£ATINO THE CHURCH.
sometimes stretched across this aisle at a little distance back, the pews in front of the
silken barrier being reserved for the families and immediate relatives of the parties.
The ushers should also precede the bridal procession as it moves to its position in
front of the altar or pulpit. It is not infrequent, in order to avoid the awkwardness
and embarrassment natural to finding one's self in an unaccustomed position, to have
one or more rehearsals of the entrance into and exit from the building, a custom
which tends to facilitate ease by practice.
The passage of the bridal party to the altar should be in the following order:
First, the ushers, two and two; following them, the bridesmaids with their attendant
groomsmen, the "best man" and "first bridesmaid" coming last; next, the groom
with the mother of the bride; and lastly, the bride, leaning on the arm of her father,
or other natural or legal male protector. On reaching the chancel the procession
divides, one-half of the ushers, witli the bridesmaids, going to the left, the remaining
ushers, with the groomsmen, going to the right. The ushers stand back, allowing the
remainder of the party to pass and stand before them. The bride and groom (she
standing on his left) take their places immediately before the officiating clergyman,
who meets them at the chancel rail. [A custom has found favor in England by which
the groom and his "best man" advance with the clergyman from his sacristy (or
dressing room) as the procession enters the other end of the church.]
In leaving the church after the ceremony, the order of march is reversed, the bride
walking first, taking her husband's right arm, the rest of the party following, as has
been said, in the reverse order of their entry.
All incidental expenses attendant upon the ceremony itself, such as clergymen's
fees, etc., etc., should be defrayed by the groom, who commonly intrusts their
liquidation to his first attendant. The amount paid depends, in many particulars,
upon the option of the donor, who should show a liberality consistent at once with the
occasion and his purse.
If it be desirable to insert a notice of the marriage in the newspapers, the groom
should see that this is done. Such notices should be sent to the newspapers accom-
panied by the usual charge for insertion, and should be confined to a simple announce-
ment of the performance of the ceremony, giving the names of the parties, the date
and place of the marriage, and the name of the officiating clergyman.
The following forms will be found convenient for reference:
MARRIED.
BROWN— HOLDER.— At the Church of the Epiphany, on Wednesday evening, by the
rector. Rev. Robert Bruce, Frederic J. Brown, of Boston, Mass., to Ada, youngest
daughter of George Holder, Esq.
GREEN— TALBOT.— On Monday morning at 10 o'clock, at the residence of the bride's
parents, Harry S. Green to Miss Alice Talbot, both of this city.
HITCHINGS— MORSE.— On Thursday evening, December 18th, at St. Paul's (M.E.) Church,
by the Rev. Edward Gray, assisted by the Rev. Henry DeWitt, Mr. George Hitchings to
Miss Gertrude Morse, daughter of Mr. John F. Morse, all of this city.
"When the marriage has been a private one, and formal invitations have not been
sent out, the notice of marriage should contain, at the close, the words " No Cards."
If either party has friends at a distance, and desires the marriage to be noticed by
local papers of the town or city where they reside, it is usual to add the words
"Boston (or other locality, naming it) papers please copy."
THE WEDDING BREAKFAST.— This very important event follows directly
after the ceremony and before the happy couple start out upon their bridal tour. The
breakfast may be simple or elaborate, according to taste, economy, or convenience. It
may be partaken of standing or sitting, and it is a matter of choice whether the bride
appear or not. The custom is, however, to have a sitting-down breakfast with the
bride present. The bride is placed at her husband's right hand, with her father and
his mother next, and the bride's mother to the left of the groom with his father next.
The breakfast may be simple or may take the nature of lunch, according to the suita-
bility of the hour, and wine is generally provided. When the meal is approaching
conclusion, the bride takes a knife and makes an incision into the cake before her,
which is then cut and passed around. The bride's father proposes the health of the
THE SOCIAL CODE.
newly united couple, which is responded to by the bridegroom, who in his turn pro-
poses the health of the bridesmaids, which is responded to by the "best man," and
other toasts may follow. The bride then retires to assume her traveling dress, and as
the couple proceed to the carriage they are escorted by the party. In accordance with
custom, signifying "good luck and good wishes," the guests xisually sprinkle the
bride with rice and send after the carriage showers of rice and satin slippers.
WEDDING ANNIVERSARIES.
A writer upon the usages of society says that formal celebrations of each return
of the wedding day is not common among the best families. In the privacy of home
such days are xisually observed by kindly family greetings, by an interchange of
gifts between husband and wife, and by the giving of presenlB from children to parents.
But after a certain number of years have passed, many households celebrate the
marriage anniversary by social hospitality. Custom has selected certain of these
anniversaries as epochs in matrimonial life, designating them by fanciful names.
Of course, as the wedded pair descend the hill of life, such entertainments are
marked by more dignified formality than Is expected of young husbands and wives.
Probably the return of the wedding anniversary would be more frequently observed
by social gatherings were It not for the fact that so many persons consider an invita-
tion to such a celebration very much as a retiuest to " stand and deliver." A cynical
writer has stigmatized such invitations as being "upon the contribution plan ;" and
while it may be a i)leasure to offer a souvenir of our good wishes to a bride. It Is not
always agreeable to be asked for a contribution toward her sustenance after marriage.
As a consequence of this sentiment, many who would l>e glad to make the wedding
anniversary a gala entertainment often relinquish the idea of so doing, from a delicacy
of feeling, or else announce on their cards of Invitation that no gifts will be received.
It Is to be hoped that we shall soon reach a point In our social observances where such
entertainments as these will no longer be viewed as " donation parties," and where
giving will signify something more than mere compliance with an unwritten law.
"Where the invitation contains an intimation that no gifts are desired It is a gross
breach of etiquette to send anything save flowers or a mere trifling souvenir (such as a
book). Intimate relatives and very old friends may, of course, take the liberty of dis-
regarding the injunction; but on the part of others, such disregard will only be
impertinence, and is liable to be resented accordingly.
The following style of Invitation, clearly engraved In script, is at once simple and
thoroughly proper-
u4^e/a
t€.ei4-^f^ 2./,
Wedding.
241 Locust Street.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Sometimes the year of marriage and the year of the anniversary are added to the
card, as:
r^''
yc^
Wedding,
241 Locust Street.
If, as is occasionally done, there is to be a re-celebration of the marriage ceremony,
it is usual to add, at the bottom of the invitation, the words, "Ceremony at nine
o'clock."
Invitations of this character should be answered. An acceptance or declinature
(with regrets) should always be sent, accompanied by such congratulations and expres-
sions of kind wishes as the acquaintance of the parlies may render suitable.
If a formal supper be served it is proper that the host and hostess lead the way to
the dining-room, followed by the guests as at ordinary parties. If, however, the
refreshments are served in buffet style, the host and hostess remain in their first
position during the entire evening, unless to lead the first set (if there be dancing); the
first set, under such circumstances, usually being a quadrille.
Guests should depart before midnight, after an expression of their wishes for a
longevity of health and joy to their hosts.
The following table shows the designations given to the various marriage anniver-
saries:
One year— Cotton.
Two years— Paper.
Three years- Leather,
Five years— Wooden.
Ten years— Tin.
Fifteen years— Crystal.
Twenty years— China.
Twenty-live years— Silver.
Thirty years- Pearl.
Forty years— Ruby.
Fifty years— Gold.
Seventy-flve years— Diamond.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
piHUIillUHiliiiliMllllllllHiilliHIIiilHIliilHIIilHH^
BAPTISMAL CEREMONIES.
llHIIIIIIIIinilllllllHIIIIIIIIBIIIllIllHlllllilHIIIIIIIIH^
BAPTISM, CHILDHOOD AND BIRTHDAYS.
HE birth of a child in the household is always an event of
the first importance in any family. It is the first great
epoch, after marriage, of the domestic history, and, in-
volving as it does the holding of two lives trembling in the
balance, is a period of the most supreme anxiety and the
most profound interest, not only in the household and
the family, but throughout the whole circle of acquaintance in
which the family move. The event, therefore, if it have unfortu-
nately an untoward result, is an occasion for the usual methods of
condolence from friends and acquaintances, whose members in close
connection with the family should not have omittetl, during the
period of illness, to show their concern by leaving cards "to inquire."
But as is happily generally the case, the event is one of congratu-
lation and rejoicing, and cards of felicitation are in order. In
response, the lady, as soon as she feels prepared to receive visitors,
returns cards expressive of her thanks for the intimations of solicitude
on the part of her friends. Calls are in order immediately there-
after, when the baby is presented, and congratulations personally
extended to the mother.
BAPTISM. — There is no fixed rule of date at which baptism or christening shall
take place, but it is customary to have the ceremony as soon after birth as the health
of mother and child will permit. In most religious societies, the customs of the
church favor the public ceremonial in the church. In the Roman Catholic and
Episcopal churches, the rubrics make this rule Imperative, except for special and
urgent reasons.
SPONSORS. — In the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and Lutheran churches,
sponsors are necessary to the completeness of the ceremonial. In the two former, the
male child will have two godfathers and one godmother, and the female child two
godmothers and one godfather. These are supposed to assume responsibility for its
moral welfare, until the child arrives at years of sufficient discretion to renew
personally the vows of fidelity to the laws of the church. In foreign countries the
relation of godfather or godmother is generally held to be almost as close as a tie of
blood, and generally, if possible, some person of near kin, having a personal interest
in the welfare of the child, is chosen. The sponsors generally are the most important
contributors to the christening presents, according to their means.
NAMING THE BABY.— This momentous question is generally the subject of
anxious domestic consideration, and it is indeed of the greatest importance to the un-
conscious and unnamed member of the family which, though it affects its whole
THE SOCIAL CODE.
future, has no voice in the matter. In case of a male child the name of the father is
generally conferred, and vice versa with the female infant. It is customary, too, to
confer the name of a god-parent or relative, especially where the latter has signified
the intention of making a legatee under will of the little stranger. In choosing names
tlie parents will consult the future comfort and gratitude of the child if care be taken
not to give names of fantastic or grandiloquent character, to avoid strange names of
uncouth sound, and especially names which are liable to give rise to "nicknames,"
likely to be a source of annoyance and offense to the child through life. In choos-
ing second names it is customary to give the family name of the mother and other
branches of the family of special pride or interest, and to remember intimate friends,
or persons to whom special honor or gratitude is intended to be shown.
THE CEREMONY. — Whether the ceremony be performed in church or at the
nome, the infant which is being received in the church, and taking the elementary
place in society, is attired for the occasion in a christening robe of white, generally
elaborately embroidered and trimmed with lace, according to the means, and the relig-
ious ceremony being completed according to the ritual of the denomination to which
the officiating clergyman belongs. The infant is then retired in custody of the nurse
to the nursery.
LUNCHEON AND PRESENTS.— On the occasion of christening it is customary
for relations and friends of the family to give presents commemorative of the occa-
sion, which are stored away to be given over to the child when it arrives at an age when
the presents can be appreciated. It is also proper at the conclusion of the ceremony
to celebrate the event by a luncheon or even more elaborate dinner party, to which the
near friends of the house, including first the oflQciating clergyman and donors of gifts
are invited. The health of the child is proposed and its future welfare toasted, to
which the god-father, if there, will usually respond.
FEES. — The father is generally expected, on the occasion of a christening, to
give a fee over and above the customary amount to go to the church, according to his
THE SOCIAL CODE.
means. A nurse whose services are appreciated will also receive a douceur on the
occasion.
CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH.— The maternal tenderness and pride in her
children of a young mother is too frequently the occasion of many gross violations
of the social code. The lady who values her social popularity and desires to con-
sult the comfort of her guests, will never allow children to be admitted to the table
or to the company at a dimier party, and even when visiting guests are temporary
members of the household, the child should never be brought to the table till it is able
to feed itself. Even then they should be made to understand that if they do not keep
quiet and refrain from talking, they will be sent into the nursery. The chatter of
children will destroy the harmony of the beet regulated dinner party. Children should
be early taught not to repeat the conversation of their elders, and parents will encour-
age and confirm them in the habit by refusing to listen to tales brought home from
school, or accounts of what occurred if they have been visiting neighbors.
CONFIRMATION. — In those religious denominations of whose observances the
rite of confirmation forms a part, this ceremony is the first public apfHjarancc of the
young girl beyond the shelter of the motherly wing, even temporarily. Whatever be
the sex of the youth going up for confirmation, they should be duly impressed by the
parents with the solemnity of tlie occasion, even if they do not appreciate it. An
Indication of levity on tlie part of the young person during the ceremony not only
jars upon the sense of propriety of those gathered in tlie church, but is a direct
reflection upon botli the morals and good breeding of the parents.
CONFIRMATION TOILET —The mother of tlie young girl going up for con-
firmation should take care that the most rigid simplicity is displayed in the dress pro-
vided for the occasion, both because the spirit of the ceremony is one of humility, from
which all display of worldly pride should be banished, and because candidates for con-
firmation are gathered from all ranks and conditions of life, who meet on a common
footing at the altar, and it would be contrary both to Christian courtesy and social
propriety to put to shame the mmlcst garments of the poor by a display of luxUry in
dress. The dress should be of pure white without frills, slashings, pufiings, or any
fashionable garniture whatever, a neat and quiet tucking being the limit of ornament-
ation. Either veils or caps may be worn, according to preference, it being necessary
that the head of the female shall be covered in the church. The material should be
muslin, barege, cashmere, or flannel, or some simUar material not expensive, accord-
ing to the season.
BIRTHDAY ANNIVERSARIES. I
HE observance of birthdays is yearly growing in favor.
American life is essentially so practical, so utilitarian, so
prosaic, that we naturally seek some pretext for the mul-
tiplication of our holidays ; and what fitter time for rest and
recreation can we find than that which marks a fully rounded
period in our lives? Each birthday closes one completed
cycle in our lives ; these anniversaries are the milestones on life's
THE SOCIAL CODK.
journey, and it is only natural that we should celebrate their annual
recurrence as days of joy.
So common is this sentiment, so almost universal has become
the observance of birthdays, that the social world is already coming
to recognize certain formalities as peculiarly appropriate to enter-
tainments given on such occasions. In other words, birthday parties
have an etiquette of their own ; while governed by no inflexible
rules, there are recognized " proprieties " peculiar to such occasions.
HOW CELEBRATED.— Children's birthday parties are becoming more and
more general. These way -marks in the lives of the little ones are made full of pleasant
memories to them. The most natural mode of giving pleasure to children is "a
party," which in childhood is almost a synonym for joy. The child's playmates are
invited to a feast ; but, for obvious reasons, the number invited should, in most in-
stances, be confined to the number that can be seated at the tables.
Daintiness and (above all) abundance should characterize the banquet, rich food
being unsuitable. A birthday cake should always be a prominent feature, and it is a
pretty practice to adorn this with lighted wax candles, the number of which should
correspond with the number of years in the life of the childish host. When candles
are used, it is usual to place them in little tin tubes, simken near the cake's outer edge,
or (if the number be sufficient) to arrange them in a rim about it. They should be
lighted just before the children enter.
The cutting of the birthday cake closes the supper, and is performed by the child
whose birthday is celebrated, if age and strength will permit. After the supper
follow plays and dances. Celebrations of this character may continue until the child
is too old to find pleasure in them. The fact that the family is in mourning need not
prevent them, although the gaiety of the occasion may be less marked.
As the members of a household grow older, the return of a birthday is celebrated
more privately, only immediate relatives usually being present. In the case of gentle-
men, however, the twenty -first anniversary is very frequently made the occasion of a
breakfast, a dinner, a ball or some other social festivity. The repugnance of young
ladies (however natural or however absurd) to allow her age to be known, renders this
practice unusual in the case of the female members of the household.
As a rule, persons who retain (or believe they retain) the vigor of youth dislike to
call attention to their progress toward old age. But as the lengthening shadows fall
athwart the pathway of life's decline, and the twilight calm wraps its soft mantle
around the form of age, each added year seems but a new thread in the silver
wreath woven by Time with which to crown a well-spent life. After a lady or
gentleman has grown old enough to feel proud of their age, their birthdays are marked
by the most beautiful attentions by their young friends as well as by those who were
the friends of their childhood.
Flowers, congratulatory letters, cards of respect and inquiry, and gifts valuable
more from the interest which attaches to them than from their intrinsic worth, are
appropriate mementoes. At this period of life, breakfast and dinner parties, as well
as receptions, are usual.
A few words may be added as to the reception of presents. If you accept a gift,
it is your duty to let the donor see that you make use of it in the manner intended.
An article of dress or personal adornment should be worn in the giver's presence on
the first convenient and suitable opportunity. If the gift be a book, it should be read
with the least possible delay, and on the first occasion possible, you should speak of it
to the giver in as favorable terms as you conscientiously can. If the present be of a
^^^^"
®
THE SOCIAL CODE.
perishable nature — such as fruit or flowers — refer to it the next time that you meet the
party sending it.
One universal rule, applicable to all gifts not delivered by the donor in person, is
to send a message of thanks (verbal, at least, if not written) at once.
There are persons who believe that a gift is always prompted by mercenary mo-
tives, and who make it a rule to return a present of equal (or greater) value at once.
Such a practice is open to objection. To make an immediate return of an article of
equivalent value always implies suspicion of the donor's motives, and if he or she be
sincere such a course cannot fail to wound their tenderest sensibilities.
EATH is the common lot of man, and sooner or later in
every household, sorrow will take up its abode for a season.
Yet, even in that season of woe, the grief of the stricken
household is not allowed to overlook the usages by whicli
the circle in which the bereaved family move is apprized of the
affliction which has befallen them, and enabled witli due and
customary decorum to testify their respect for the departed, or
sympathy with the stricken and sorrowing.
NOTICE OF DEATH. — As soon as the dreaded event Is known, the person In
the house next in authority to those iuunediately prostrated by the visitation
will see that the blinds of the afflicted residence are drawn, and that notice that
there is "death in the house" is further given by hanging crape on the door knob or
bell— black, if announcing the death of an adult person; white, if of a child. Similar
notice is given at the place of business, if any, of the head of the family, which will
remain closed for the day, and also on the day of the funeral generally. Obituary
notices should also be forwarded (if by post, prepaid, according to the tariff of the
newspaper) to one or all of the newspapers of the community. The following is the
usual and best form: '
DIED.— On Thursday, 2d Inst., at the residence of his father, 227 Grosvenor street (cause
of deatli may lierebo inserted, as: "of consumption," or "after a linKerinj? Illness,") Edmond.
second son of Mr. Charles A. Bentley, agred 17 years. Funeral announcement by cards (or
" to-morrow." if the date bo not fixed, or if it is to be publicly announced).
Funeral announcement may be either public or by cards.
For a funeral annoimcement the following is the best form:
DIED.— On Thursday, 2d inst., at the residence of his father, 227 Grosvenor street,
Edhond, second son of Mr. Charles A. Bentley, aged 17 years.
The funeral will take place from the late residence of the deceased, as above, on Saturday
next, at 3 p.m., to the Presbyterian Church, Bay street, and thence to Oakgrove Cemetery.
Friends and acquaintances are respectively invited to attend without further intimation.
The same form will answer the purpose of annoimcement by card.
PREPARATIONS.— Preparations for the funeral are mainly left to the under-
taker, whose instructions will be carried out by the person in charge of the household.
The better taste which has prevailed of late years has gradually and almost entirely
abolished the senseless, and in cases of families of limited circumstances, almost ruinous
ostentation which was formerly considered strictly essential to respectability. Funeral
ceremonies should be without unnecessary parade or public show, and adapted to the
means of the afflicted.
FLORAL OFFERINGS. — In cases of persons of prominence and wealth, or
where the deceased has been especially popular in Ihe social or business world, or in
the circle of relationship, floral offerings are common. These should be of natural
flowers, of pure white, and are generally made up in various desigrs symbolic of the
solemn event, or of Christian hope. In case of youth, a broken column is a favorite
and expressive design. Crosses hung with immortelles, or plain, anchors, etc., are
among the most suitable designs. Floral offerings should be sent to the residence of
the deceased with a card bearing the name of the donor, on the morning of the day set
apart for the funeral.
THE FUNERAL. — The relatives and friends invited, pall bearers, and chief
mourners, will arrive at the house from one to two hours before the hour of the funeral,
and assemble in the most convenient room, where they will be invested by the under-
taker with hatband, scarf and gloves. Ladies assemble in their own rooms, and pro-
ceed immediately to their conveyances, when they attend the procession (which is the
custom in many communities), except where services are held at the house, when they
will gather in the mourning room. The funeral procession should be arranged to de-
part promptly at the time announced, and should be in the following order:
THE HEARSE.
PALL BEAKERS.
THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN.
CHIEF MOURNERS.
FRIENDS OP DECEASED.
The chief mourners should follow in the order of their nearness of relation to
the deceased. If the funeral services take place at the church, the pall-bearers
remove the coflin from the hearse and are met at the door by the officiating clergy-
man, who, on the conclusion of the ceremony, follows the pall-bearers to the door of
the church. The formal attendants are then at liberty to depart, without any fixed
order, those who are related or most intimate with the family gathering around the
grave, according to their nearness of relation, awaiting with uncovered heads the last
words of the clergyman. The sound of the earth upon the coflin is the signal for
dispersion.
MOURNING. — The garments or badges of mourning are worn both in duration
of time and in depth of expression, according to the age or propinquity of relation to
the deceased. For minors, the family should wear mourning from three to six
months, according to age. For a parent, adult child, brother, or sister, mourning is
usually worn for one year, the rule being imperative for husband or wife. The wife
who mourns the loss of her husband will wear black, unrelieved, except by the
minutest show of white at the neck, for one year, at the end of which half mourning,
black, relieved with lilac, or some neutral shade, is worn for three months, when, and
not before, it is permissible for the subject of remarriage to be considered. The
husband, during the period of a year, will wear plain black, with black studs, sleeve-
buttons and chain or guard.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
-*J^^5H«f^^i*
f ^U
- <^ >: »
-a.
f
HE use of the pen is something which requires on the
part of every person who lias occasion to resort to it, the
greatest care and caution, and this is particularly the
case with regard to young ladies. As a general rule,
and except when writing to a friend whom you may
trust as confidently as your own conscience, govern youi'
letters by the same rules as you would your conversation
in the drawing room. As the letter is regarded as an exposition of
the mind, be careful about its grammatical construction. See that
you begin the sentence with a capital letter and conclude with a
period ; that the period is always followed by a capital letter, and
that names of places and persons are capitaUzed. If you are in
doubt about the spelling of a word or the construction of a sentence,
have your dictionary or grammar handy for consultation, rather than
risk being suspected of inexcusable ignorance. After the usual pre-
fatory remarks, come directly to the principal topic for which the
letter is written. Devote a new paragraph to each change of sub-
ject. Do not cross your writing — it looks as if you were endeavor-
ing to economize paper and postage ; use another sheet if necessary.
Be careful to date your letters. Refrain from expressing harsh
opinions of others, as your judgment is liable to be wrong, or in-
fluenced by erroneous impressions or information, and you never
know when, if too freely expressed in correspondence, it may rise
up against you.
WITH SCHOOL FRIENDS.— Many young ladies, after leaving school, under-
take to keep alive a voluminous correspondence witli class-mates. This is not objec-
tionable where the topics are wholesome and live, and the friendship real and healthy,
but where there is a tendency to morbid sentimentalism or romantic and imaginative
nonsense, avoid it. If your school friend's letters turn altogether upon lovers and
beaux, love and hate, drop it as speedily as you conveniently can.
WITH GENTLEMEN.— It is a safe rule which does not permit young ladies to
correspond with any gentleman unless he be either her betrothed lover or a near rela-
tive. It is a dangerous thing for a young lady to place her written signature in the
hands of one of the opposite sex. Such correspondence implies an intimacy which
modesty forbids should be extended to any man outside the family circle, except him
who is looked upon as yoiu- future husband. For all necessary correspondence re-
specting social intercourse, society furnishes the forms, which are merely forms, and
should never, by any circumstances, be exceeded. Where correspondence on business
matters is necessary with a gentleman, confine the letter strictly to the subject in
hand, and under no circumstances which may arise, which necessitate your writing
to a gentleman, write a sentence which you would not willingly permit your mother
or father to read.
PRIVACY INVIOLABLE.— It is one of the cardinal points in the code of honor
that the statement of one gentleman to another (and how much more in the case of a
lady), when communicated by letter, is the secret of the sender, which is not to be
repeated or divulged without gross breach of every instinct of honor. Under ordinary
circumstances, the wife will show her letters to her husband, and vice-versa in case of
the latter, if the letters are of a social character; but that rule is not alwaj's either
proper or permissible. The lady's letter may contain her friend's secret, to which her
husband has no right, and concerning which he should have no curiosity. If a hus-
band receive a letter from a lady, or the wife from a gentleman, it should be shown to
the other under all circumstances. For young people, it is well that correspondence
should be under the supervision of the parents, but grown-up joung people should be
left to their own discretion, if carefully trained in the laws of propriety.
INVITATION NOTES.— Be careful in writing notes of invitation always to
put the day of the week as well as the day of the month. This is a duty in which the
young lady generally assists her mother, and she should be particular that her cal
ligraphy is neat and distinct. Always answer a note the same day, and if anything
should occur after accepting an invitation to prevent, write a second note explanatory.
LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION.— Letters of introduction should never be
sealed. In addition to the address, they should contain on the lower left hand corner
the words, "Introducing Mr. ." This enables the person whose civilities are
requested for the l^earer to address him by name and request to be excused while the letter
is read. It is proper always to deliver letters of introduction in person, but if sent
they should be accompanied by a card giving your name and place of residence.
LETTERS BY HAND.— Letters are frequently sent by hand, in which the
bearer has no concern. The letter, sealed of course, should contain, besides the ad-
dress, in the lower left hand corner, the words "Politeness of Mr. ," or "By
favor of Mr ." The person addressed will thus have an opportunity of thanking
the bearer by name. The letter should not be read till the visitor has departed unless
he has some interest in it.
In writing to strangers for personal information always inclose a stamp, as also in
writing to a poor person.
ADDRESSES.— In addressing a letter, give tue full title of the person addressed,
if he have any public station or piofessional title. As " A. W. Smith, Estj., M. D."
or "Dr. A. W. Smith," "Right Reverend Bishop McQuade," "Rev. J. W. Brown,
D.D." or "Rev. Dr. J. W. Brown," "Captain Amos Jones, U. S. A." In addressing
naval officers on active service, address " Captain H. W. Morton, Commanding U. S.
S. Clyde" or "Lieutenant James A. Garland, on board U. S. S. Clyde." People
without title or office are addressed "M^;. John Jones," or "John Jones, Esq.'"
according to fancy.
PRESENTS.
There is an art in giving presents which comes intuitively to people of refined
instincts, but for wliich no rule can be laid down. The person offering the gift
should study in doing so to give (he greatest amount of pleasure and satisfaction. In
a gift to a poor person, while it is preferable to give some article of utility, care should
be taken that the gift is not a reminder of poverty. Some article both useful and
ornamentjU for the table is the most suitable. The most expensive present is not
always the most welcome. If possible, ascertain without suspicion something for
which the person in question has expressed a special desire, but has been unable to
secure. The gift in this case will be a surprise and a real gratification.
In wedding presents care should be taken about the suitability of the articles
selected for presentation. Articles of perspicuous unsuitability or absurd incongruity,
will only excite amusement and derision, which cannot very well be avoided, in place
of the gratitude designed to be evoked. Donors should never be present when their
presents are being received.
In acknowledging presents endeavor to convey appreciation of the friendship
which the gift indicates rather than mere gratitude for the gift itself. Express your
thanks simply without orofusion of words or effusion of sentiment.
INVITATION BOOK.
No lady with a large circle of acquaintances will attempt to trust to memory for
the issuance of her invitations, as unintended omissions, construed as intentional
slights, are the frequent and inevitable result. The lady who desires to avoid this,
and to consult her own comfort and convenience, and the success of her social menage,
will have a regular invitation book, in which will be inscribed the names of all whom
she wishes to retain in the circle of her acquaintance, and classified according to the
scale of intimacy which is accorded to them. For instance, a lady may extend invita-
tions to an evening reception, which would be confined to a much smaller circle for a
dinner party. Lists of eligible parties should be kept for each form of entertainment,
and as the accommodation available to a lady of an ordinarily large circle of friends,
will not permit of a dinner party to which all can be invited, it is proper to decide
at the beginning of the season upon a certain number of dinners during the season,
and care should be taken to extend at least one invitation during that period to every
person whose name appears on the visiting list
THE SOCIAL CODE.
I LI EKE is no social responsibility which rests with greater
anxiety upon the mind of the mistress of an establish-
ment, than that of giving dinner parties, and there is
hardly any branch of her social duties Avhere success is
attended with greater satisfaction. It is, therefore, of
supreme importance to her that before marriage she
should not only acquire skill in the ordinary duties of
the household, but have a thorough knowledge of the
etiquette which governs polite society in the art of dinner giving,
and the rules by the observance of which a successful dinner party
can be assured. The matter of numbers invited may vary accord-
ing to the extent of the hostess' convenience and the circle of
acquaintance, but, according to the old rule, there should never be
" more than the Graces, nor less than the Muses ;" that is to say,
not more than nine nor less than three. If, however, the hostess
have space at her table she will find that six guests for each side
of the table will make up a very pleasant circle, giving sufficient
numbers to insure variety in the conversation. To have thirteen
at the table is, by tradition, forbidden. It is a rule of faith with
a great many among the French, that where there are thirteen at
the table, death will surely claim a victim from their number before
the year is out.
SELECTING THE COMPANY.— The dinner party is the highest social dis-
tinction which can be conferred in polite society upon one's neighbor. Unlike other
social entertainments, the dinner party is given in the joint name of the host and
hostess, and the first essential to success is the proper selection of the company.
WHO TO INVITE.— Having decided upon the number to be invited, the hostess
will bear in mind that the party must consist of an equal number of ladies and gentle-
men. From her acquaintances she will then proceed to select tho.se who will Ije most
likely to be pleased to meet each other, bearing in mind at the same time that a success-
ful conversationalist, a good relator of anecdotes, or a gentleman with a polite and
refined sense of humor is a great acquisition to a dinner party. Care should be taken
not to invite people to meet each other who are not on agreeable terms, or people in
public or political position who hold violently opposing views. So far as can be
attained harmony of ideas, of friendships and of interest should be secured. If there
be young ladies in the house, young people should be invited to meet them, but other-
wise it is not customary to invite young ladies to meet married people at a dinner
party. Where this is done, however, care should be taken to provide a suitable and
congenial escort for them.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
ISSUING INVITATIONS.— The next thing in order is the issuing of the cards.
If the party be small, the hostess will simply dispatch a written note in the following
form :
" Dear Mrs. Doe,— WiU yourself and Mr. Doe give us the pleasure of your company at
dinner, on Monday, the 19th inst.. at a quarter before eight?"
For the formal dinner, however, regular cards of invitation are used, and the in-
vitations are sent out in tlie following shape :
Br. ant) ffirs. Jamcs^ €i)crctt
vtquABi tfjc pfcagurc of i^
company of
iBBr. €bwarb l^arofcp
^t ©inner,
©Tj ^uci5L)av\ Mavci) 27it) IS85,
31 Bibtri o'cEoch.
357 Vine Street.
It is customary in the very highest circles to have these invitation cards printed
or engraved, leaving only the names and dates to be filled in. In replying to the first
form of invitation, the answer will be in a friendly note of acceptance or declination.
In replying to the formal card, the answer Is sent in the following shape :
" Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Jones have (m>t will have) much pleasure in accepting Mr. and Mrs.
Lawrence's kind invitation to dinner on Monday, the 19th Inst., at 8 o'clock."
Cards should always be sent out two weeks before the time set for the dinner, ahd
the replies should be made promptly, so as to enable the hostess to issue further invita-
tions, in case of a declination, or to complete her arrangements in event of acceptance.
A refusal to accept an invitation cannot be made a mere conventional matter, as in case
of a party. There must be some real or substantial previous unavoidable engagement
where an invitation can be declined with propriety. Otherwise the refusal is insulting
to the party who Issues the invitation.
DRESS FOR DINNER PARTIES.— The gentlemen have no choice in this
respect, having only one style of permissible full dress, and no such thing as a demi
toilette. For ladies, however, although the dinner party is a full-dress occasion, it is
not strictly de rigiieur. The dinner dress is now usually made quite low, the square,
or heart-shaped corsage being adopted. The sleeves should reach the elbow, and be
trimmed with lace or frillings. The gloves are retained on the hands till the lady
has taken her seat at the table. Where lace mittens are worn, they need not be
removed. It is quite permissible to wear dresses made high to the throat, but they
should be of rich material, of full-dress style, and be generously trimmed with lace.
Strict attention to the requirement of the toilet is exacted from both hostess and
guests.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
PRECEDENCE TO THE DINING-ROOM.— The hostess will have arranged the
precedence of her guests, and also taken care to assign escorts to the lady guests, with
a view to their comfort and wishes, so that when dinner is announced tliey are promptly
assigned to their places, without confusion or delay. The host offers his right arm to
the lady of highest rank or consideration in the company, and hands her to the seat
on the right hand of the head of the table. Gentlemen will invariably offer the right
arm. The gentleman of second rank takes the seat to the left of the host, and so on.
In case of married couples the hostess will take care that ladies are placed in charge
of gentlemen other than their husbands. Where a young couple, whose engagement
is publicly known, are present, they should not be placed together, but, where practi-
cable, vis-a-vis. The hostess is the last to enter the room, and is accompanied by the
gentleman of the highest rank. Rank, of course, will be understood to be governed
by social prominence, or public, professional, or official position.
THE GUESTS. — Guests will bear in mind that they are required to observe the
strictest pimctuality. The last guest should be fully five minutes before the time set
for announcing dinner, as conveyed on the invitation card. To be late at a dinner
party is a gross breach of etiquette. At the table while devoting yourself assiduously
to your partner, be careful to be interested when the conversation is general, and take
a part in it. No more wraps should be taken in going to a dinner than can conven-
iently be left in the hall, so that the guest passes almost directly into the drawing
room. Go directly to the hostess and receive her greeting before acknowledging the
presence of any other person. Join in the conversation and do your best to make the
waiting time pass cheerfully, and find a bright and pleasant word for your partner on
the way to the dining room.
AT THE TABLE. — Considerations of health, comfort and seemliness, suggest
that the dinner eating be done leisurely. To eat with haste or avidity is a sure token
of ill-breeding, and leaves the guest in the imcomfortable position of having nothing
to do while others are finishing the courses. The gentleman should time his move-
ments by those of the lady in his charge. He should see that she has such attendance
as he can afford, such as handing the salt and giving instructions to the waiter. Avoid
questions involving lengthy answers or explanations. In the intervals of the dinner
fill up the time with light and agreeable conversation, endeavoring to adapt yourself
to the comfort of your charge. Do not refuse soup; you may partake of as little as
you please. If you take sherry with your soup, refuse hock when offered with the
entrees. Never drink a whole glass of wine. It is courteous to take wine, even if it
be merely tasted, except it be understood that you have conscientious objections to
doing so. If asked at table what part of the fowl you prefer, answer promptly, as
nothing is more embarrassing to the host, if he be the carver, than two or more guests
who have "no preference." Good breeding will instinctively lead you to thank the
servant. True refinement is always courteous to inferiors.
REMOVING THE CLOTH.— On the "removal of the cloth," which has come
to be a mere figurative expression, implying the bringing on of the dessert, and the
hostess thinks a suitable time has elapsed, she rises, bows to the lady of highest con-
sideration, and leads the way from the dining-room, the gentlemen rising as they leave
the table. A gentleman may excuse himself to the male company and a<-k leave to join
the ladies, but it is not good form to do so. Coffee is handed to the ladies in the draw-
ing-room ten to fifteen minutes after retiring, and to the gentlemen after a somewhat
longer interval. The host should not allow more than thirty minutes to elapse before
giving the signal for joining the ladies in the drawing room, after which tea is handed.
A hostess, if musical, may entertain her guests at the piano or harp, or may ask any
of her guests to do so, if she knows they have the accomplishment and are not averse.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
TABLE DEPORTMENT.— While it is unnecessary here to repeat as injunctions
in etiquette, the simple habits of decency which are learned in the nursery, such as
"Do not leave the table with food in your mouth," "Do not put your fingers in
your mouth," or "Do not come to the table in your shirt sleeves," which may be found
in some books which profess to give the rules of polite society, there are some gen-
eral observations which it will be well to bear in mind, as, for instance: In crude so-
ciety it is not considered au fait to take the last piece of bread or cake from the plate,
but in the polite world it will be taken as a matter of course, becaiue hesitation would
imply the absurd suspicion that there was no more in the bouse. While if asked dur-
ing tlie carving your preference as to a part of the fowl you do not hesitate to state it,
it should not be expresseil without request. Stones and seeds of fmits and skins of
grapes should be removed from the mouth with the sjxKjn and deposited on the plate.
Be careful, while judiciously praising any dish that affords you special enjoyment, not
to occasion suspicion of your sincerity by overdoing it. Avoid fulsome or indiscrim-
inate praise of everything presented. Do not rise from the table, even where smn-
moned by telegram, message, or other necessity, without asking to be excused, ad-
dressing the request to the company through the hostess.
THE MENU CARDS.— While for a very small party the carving by the host and
placing of the dishes upon the table may be adopted with propriety, the dinner
a la Rutae. may now be considered to l)e the universal rule, as, indeed, the superior
convenience which the system affords entitles it to be. For this dinner en cereuwnie
menu cards are indispensable. As these are, on exceptional occasions, generally taken
away by the guest as a souvenir, it is fashionable to have them of as elegant design
as possible. One curd is provided for every couple. The card should show two soups,
one or two kinds of fish, the choicest in season, two entrees, two kinds of meat and
fowl, in boiled and roast, cold meats, some preparation of cheese, and a variety of
dessert, fruit, and confections.
ORDER OF WINES.— With the soup and fish the waiter will pass round sherry,
taking care to inquire of each guest, and if wine be not declineti, to fill each glass
about four-fifths full. If hock is not provided for the entrees, the sherry should be
passed round again. With the dinner proper champagne is supplied, in the bottle, as
a matter of course, the waiter simply seeing to it that there is wine within convenient
reach and removing empty bottles. In sultry weather ice in a glass dish with ice tongs
should be passed around. In pouring the wine the waiter will take the neck of the
bottle with a clean napkin. At dessert sherry, port, claret or Madeira may be pro-
vided, one or all, but generally two varieties. As the standard after-dinner beverage
claret has generally supplanted port, which was formerly en regie. The host, after
filling the glass of the lady on his right, if she wishes, passes the bottle, which makes
the detour of the table to the host, where it remains till the ladies leave the table, when
the bottle is circulated according to pleasure. Champagne, ales or stout should be
kept in the sideboard, or on the ice, according to season. Wines in decanters are
placed, on the table.
SETTING THE TABLE —In arranging the table for a dinner-party, at each
place there should be placed a knife and fork for dinner and dessert, soup spoon and
dessert spoon, napkin, finger bowl and salt.
For ordinary domestic dinners, knife, fork, soup spoon, napkin and salt should be
at each place. The cruet is usually the centre piece, and the table arranged according
to the taste of the lady of the house. The plates are placed on the table after soup,
with the joint, by the servant to the right of the host at the head of the table. Plates
for all hot meals should be always heated. The head of the family will carve the
joint, and the servant will wait upon those at the table in the same manner and order
as prescribed for larger dinner parties.
SHAPE OF THE TABLE.— A table should not be so wide that a guest Is unable
to carry on conversation with his vin-a-vis. For that reason, except for Ihe very
smallest number, a round table is inadmissible. The most convenient shape is an
oval table, where the whole circle can see and be seen.
TABLE DECORATIONS.— The decoration of the table is something which tests
the good taste and artistic skill of the hostess. The dinner a la liusse gives scope for
a pleasing effect at the table not attainable where the board is crowded with viands.
Care should be taken not to be too profuse nor elaborate. The center piece may be a
floral design, or an epergne, tastefully arranged with fruit and crowned with flowers.
Where the table is lengthy, the center piece should be supported by two side pieces
containing pyramids of fruit tastefully arranged. Vases of flowers should be arranged
to fill the table with taste, and with regard to the general effect. Nothing is more
elegant than bowls of fresh blown roses. Where the table is large enough to warrant,
and the choice of a conservatory is available, a floral favor, in glass or silver holder,
placed before each guest, or between alternate covers, has a pleasing effect. Tliese
should be of the most simple design, such
as a rosebud with spray of maiden hair, or
pink and white or yellow and red buds
delicately relieved with foliage.
THE SIDEBOARD.— The arrange-
ment of the sideboard will occupy the
attention of the hostess scarcely less than
the table. The silver necessary to the serv-
ice, 'salvers, etc , knives, forks and spoons,
cheese plates, dessert plates, etc., should be
neatly arranged, both for effect and for the
facilitation of the work of the waiter. The champagne (and beer ale or stout, where
provided), except when the weather requires it to be kept on the ice, is genei-ally placed
upon the sideboard.
THE WAITING. — The lady who is anxious for the success of her dinner, and
what lady is not alive to the supreme importance of the event in a social sense, will be
exceedingly careful about the wailing, as the best dinner in the world will be spoiled
by clumsy, uninstructed or ill-trained waiters or waitresses. In large establishments
where the services of a butler are retained, that duty is taken off the lady's hands, but
in the generality of cases the responsibility is left upon the lady of the house. As a
rule women are preferred to men for this work. The waiter requires to be prompt,
vigilant, noiseless and quick of perception. For a party of more than twelve and less
than twenty, two waiters are indispensable, and the services of a temporary butler
should be provided to guard against blunders. He will superintend the work of ihe
waiters and take charge of the sideboard. The waiters of course, must receive the
hot dishes at the door from some invisible agency connected vdth the culinary depart-
ment, which also removes the dishes as fast as they may be dispensed with.
DUTIES OF WAITERS.— When there is a small party and only one waiter (the
term is applied to either male or female), he takes his place behind the chair of the
host on the left hand side. At a signal from the host he removes the cover of the
soup tureen, and then proceeds to hand soup to each person, commencing with the
lady on the right hand of the host. During the course he will hand round the sherry.
He will then, as the guests finish the course, pass a clean plate to each, removing the
soup plnte with the spoon in it. When all have finished, the tureen is removed and
placed with the soiled plates in the receptacle provided for the purpose. The fish
received at the door from the cook is then placed on the table. Each dish should be
ready for the waiter at the door as required for the table. The cover is removed as
before, and the fish serVed, the waiter taking in his left hand the sauce tureen. If a
cruet be used, it should also be passed round, but the rule is that salt, j)epper and
sauces are provided on the table. He then goes round with the sherry again during
this course, which will be removed as before. The same routine is to be observed,
with the eutreen, joints, etc. Cheese is usually placed on the table, where it is cut by
the person helping in small pieces on a plate, which the waiter, who has previously
placed cheese plates, with biscuits, butter, and celery, will pass around. The waiter
will then remove everything from the table except the dessert and flowers, carefully
removing the sidecloths, where used, crumbs, etc. The dessert plate and glasses are
then placed before each guest, and the wine before the host or gentleman presiding.
The waiter should hand round two or three dishes of dessert, after which his duties
terminate with the removal of the box or bucket containing the plates, knives, etc.
Where there are two waiters one should be assigned lo each side of the table. In passing
the entrees, each should Ixave a separate dish which will be exchanged at the foot of
the table, the second being profiFered to such guests on each side as have refused the
first.
FRUIT.— In arranging the fruit for the occasion, the housewife will find it a great
convenience to her guests to make an incision round the circumference of tlie orange.
By introducing a spoon, the half of the peel can be neatly removed so far that when
handed to the person partaking, it Is conveniently got rid of, and the orange thus
eaten with comfort, and without the danger of spoiled clothes, which makes so many
ladies reject this choicest of fruit at dinner. Sugar, in the granulated form, should be
placed on the table for those who prefer it with oranges.
t -^"^ ^^'^^^ 3
THE following examples in various forms of menu cards may
be advantageously followed both in form, and for pro-
gramme, for correct, elegant and fashionable menus :
MENU FOR LADIES' RECEPTION.
Cream of Terrapin, Puff Paste.
Cutlets of Minced Quail, with French Peas in Cream.
Chicken Salad. Fresh Lobster Salad.
Bread and Butter Sandwiches.
French Sponge Rolls.
Coffee, with Whipped Cream.
Nesselrode Pudding, Kirsch Glace and Coffee Ice Cream,
Macaroon Tart Cake. Jellies, in Paper Cases.
White Chocolate. Tea.
Cream of Oysters.
Escaloped Partridge in Shells. Fricadelle of Game, with Truffles.
Sweetbread Salad. Assorted Glaces.
Walnut and Orange Tart Cakes.
French Sponge Rolls.
Bread and Butter Sandwiches.
Coffee, with Whipped Cream. White Chocolate. Oolong Tea.
Lemonade Frappe, or Punch.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
AKOTHER.
Bisque of Lobster.
Cutlets of Minced Cliicken, with French Peas.
Fricadelle of Game, Truffle Sauce. Sweetbread Salad.
Glaces, in Paper Cases. Walnut and Orange Tart Cakes.
French Sponge Rolls.
Bread and Butter Sandwiches.
Coffee, with "Whipped Cream. White Chocolate. Oolong Tea.
MENU FOR DINNER PARTY.
Blue Points.
Bisque of Lobster.
Baked Blue-fish, Port Wine Sauce. Fried Parisienne Potatoes,
Patties of Sweetbreads.
Fillet of Turkey, with Truffles and Chestnuts.
Asparagus. ^
Croquettes of Potatoes. "'- - -^ ^
Victoria Punch. ' ^^ftV*
Broiled Quail, Currant Jelly. \^V^ t
Lettuce Salad. ^ So^
Glaces. Cakes. ' 'iumi ""^
Cafe.
MENU FOR CHILDREN'S EVENING PARTY.
Escaloped Chicken. Sweetbreai Salad.
Rolls, Sandwiches. Coffee, with Whipped Cream.
Assorted French Creams and Ices.
Assorted Cakes.
Center Piece, Mottoes and Flowers.
Lemonade Frappe.
MENU FOR WEDDING BREAKFAST.
Cutlets of Minced Lobster, a la Hollandaise.
Fricadelle of Turkey, with Truffles.
Sweetbread Patties.
Chicken Salad. Fresh Lobster Salad.
Ices. Creams. Glaces. Tart Cakes.
Jellies.
Bride's Cake. Groom's Cake. Wedding Cake Boxes Filled.
Center Piece Natural Flowers.
French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches.
Coffee. Tea. Sauterne Punch Frappe.
ANOTHER.
Chicken Croquettes.
Crab Salad.
French Sponge Rolls. Bread and Butter Sandwiches.
Coffee, with Whipped Cream. Oolong Tea.
Bride's Cake. Groom's Cake.
Wedding Cake Boxes Filled. Assorted Cakes.
Assorted French Creams and Ices. JeUies.
Lemonade Frappe.
r4^^^
THE SOCIAL CODE.
I CHOICE RECIPES. I
The following recipes, furnished by Kinsley, of Chicago, will
no doubt be fully appreciated by the ladies at the head of many
households :
Chicken Croquettes for Ei^ht Persons.
Jnorredtento.— Select one irood ben ; ^ lb. butter ; ^ pint sweet cream ; 3 tablespoonfuls
sherry ; a very little ground nutmcflr ; 3 tablespoonfuls tlour ; M pint chicken stock ; salt and
white pepper to taste ; the juice of half a lemon, and J4 can mushrooms.
Boil tlie chicken, and let it cool ; remove the meat from the bone, cut it in small pieces,
and chop the niu8hn>om8. Then melt the butter in a sauce|>an, 8tir in the tlour, cream and
stock, and continue stirring for about two minutes; then take it off the Are, add the wine
and seasoning:, chicken and mushrooms. Spread thin on a platter, and let it cool. When
quite cold, shape in the form of pears, dip them in egff and cracker crumbs, and fry in boiling-
hot lard, two or three at a time.
Green or French peas, or mushroom sauoe, can be served with croquettes.
To Broil a Steak, Chop, Chicken, Game, Fish, or Anything:.
Season the meal with i>eppcr and salt; place it in a double wire broiler, and put the
broiler in a bakinK-|)an containing about ^ inch cold water; put the pan on the top shelf of
the oven, which should be very hot. For sirloin steak, eight to ten minutes; other articlee,
according to size and heat of the oven.
Coffee.
Ingreditnt».—llfi quarts boiling water ; y^ lb. best ground coffee; 1 egg.
Break the egg into the dry coffee ; stir together until the coffee has entirely absorbed the
egg, then put into the boiling water and let it boil five minutes. Strain through a flannel
into a china or porcelain coffee-pot, and it is ready to sen'e.
Tea.
One teaspoonf ul best tea to one cup water. Pour boiling water into a china or earthen
tea-pot ; let stand till heated through, then pour off the water ; put in the tea, pour boiling-
hot water over it. and serve in three minutes.
Cafe Brule for Six.
Jn{;red(«nt«.— Take 1 pint strong coffee ; 1 oz. whole spices (consisting of allspice, cloves,
cinnamon, mace and lemon-peel) in a linen sack ; 3 oz. old-fashion loaf sugar, in one piece.
Pour the coffee into a small bowl ; place the sack of spices in the coffee, and the sugar on
top of the spices. Pour cognac over the sugar and coffee, and set on fire. Stir to keep it in
a blaze for some minutes.
Salad Dressing, or French Mayonnaise.
Ingredients.— Take the yolks of 2 eggs; the juice of half a lemon ; a small pinch of cay-
enne pepper ; H teaspoonful fine salt ; 3 tablespoonfuls of vinegar ; }i pint best olive oil ; 1
teaspoonf ul dry mustard (Colman's).
Put the eggs in a china bowl, salt and mustard them, stir with a fork, and drop in the oil
slowly until it thickens ; then add the vinegar and lemon- Juice, stirring all the time till well
mixed.
Whitefish a la Point Shirley.
After cleaning the fish, lay it open and remove the backbone, placing it in a buttered
baking-pan, skin next to the pan. Season freely with pepper and salt, a little lemon- juice
and butter. Put two cups water in the pan. around the sides of the fish. Bake in a hot oven
A f our-poimd fish should cook fifteen minutes. Large white-fish are superior to small ones
Muffins.
Ingredients.—! pint sifted flour, 1 pinch salt, 3 eggs, yi pint milk, 1 teaspoonf ul powdered
sugiir, 3 teaspoonfuls baking powder.
Beat the eggs and milk together, put In the salt and sugar; sift the flour and baking powder
together into the first mixture, and stir well together. Butter the irons and fill f^bout half
full. Have a medium hot oven.
French Puff Paste.
Itigredients.—l lb. flour, 1 lb. best butter.
Mix the flour with one quarter of the butter by rubbing it together, and add enough
cold water to make it the consistency of ordinary bread-dough. Roll this out to the thick-
ness of half an inch; put the balance of the butter on this in one lump, and fold the four
corners of the dough over the butter, entirely covering it, then roll it out to the thickness of
a quarter of an inch, as nearly square or oblong as possible; then fold the ends over to the
center until the sheet is about four inches wide, then roll it out again. Let it rest one half
hour each time, and roll out four times.
Peach or Apricot Omelette for Four Persons.
Itigredients. — 4 eggs, 2 oz. sugar, J^ can fruit, 14 tea-cup sweet cream, pinch salt.
Beat the whites of eggs separate, then beat the yolks and cream together, add the salt
and mix all well together. Melt two ounces choice butter in an 8-inch frying-pan, pour in the
mixture ; when well set on the bottom place in the oven two minutes ; then place the fruit on
and fold over like a turn-over. Serve plain or put on a platter. Sprinkle fine sugar over it,
pour rum around it, and set on fire.
Corned Beef Hash.
Ingredients.— 14 lb. cooked corned beef, chopped fine, double quantity in bulk of cold
boiled potatoes chopped fine, 6 drops Tobasco pepper, ^ teacup water, 2 oz. butter, salt and
black pepper to taste.
Melt the butter in the water, then add the other ingredients and cook till thoroughly
heated through, then put into a baking-pan and place in the oven till brown on top. Serve
with or without poached eggs. Onions may be added if desired.
Hamburg: Steak.
Ingredients.— 2 lbs. round of beef, raw, 1 medium size onion, }4 lb- beef suet, pepper and
salt to taste.
Chop the beef and suet very fine ; chop the onion very fine ; mix well together size of a
fish-ball and fry slow in butter till thoroughly cooked through, about five minutes. Mush-
room, tomato or truffle sauce may be served with the above.
Sauce HoUandaise.
Ingredients.— 2 oz. butter, }^ pint sweet cream, pepper and salt, 3 tablespoonfula flour,
juice of 1 lemon, yolk of 3 eggs.
Melt the butter, stir in the flour, boil the cream and stir it in, and then add the lemon,
pepper and salt ; whip the eggs and add to the above. If too thick, thin it with fish broth.
White Sauce.
Same as above, leaving out the lemon and eggs.
Tomato Soup.
Ingredients.— 1 can best tomatoes, pinch red pepper, }^ teaspoonf ul sugar, 2 teaspoonfuls
flour, equal quantity water, salt to taste, 1 oz. butter, J^ wine glass sherry.
Melt the butter and stir in the floiu", then add the tomatoes, water and seasoning ; stir
well to mix, and bring to a boil. When ready to serve put in the sherry. Pried bread crumbe
may be added if desired.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Hillimi:
THE ART OF CARVING.
iiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiwiiiiiiffliiiiiii
^VERY gentleman should early make himself master of the
art of carving. It is a necessary accomplishment, not only
for the young man who contemplates himself as the future
head of a household, but for everyone. Every young man
who has social habits, is hable at any moment to be asked
by his hostess to undertake^ the carving of a dinner, and
and he will make a jjoor figure, especially in the eyes of those who
look upon him with a view to his " eligibility," if he have to plead
ignorance. Unscientific carving, hke ignorant waiting, will niin the
best eff'orts of the hostess and cook. Young men should take lessons
from properly quahfied instructors in carving, where available, or
from their eldei*s, when possible. For those who have to depend
upon their own aptitude and ingenuity, with practice, for their ac-
quaintance with the art of carving, a few rules borne in mind will
enable them to carve with the best advantage, and to cut meats so
as to give the greatest satisfaction to the guests and to do the
greatest measure of justice to the cuisine.
RULES FOR CARVING.
Serve small fish whole. Mackerel should be quartered. Salmon should be cut
in slices, down the middle of the upper side and across on the lower side; codfish is
cut in the same manner. The larger fishes, such as the turbot, should be halved down
the centre from head to tail, and then served in slices across. The fin of a turbot is
esteemed by many a rare delicacy.
A sirloin of beef is carved downward to the bone, the
inside or tenderloin part being sliced thin lengthwise. Ask
each guest the preference, for outside or inside, and serve a
small piece of fat with each piece. Otherwise a small
piece of the inside should be helped with each piece, being
esteemed the choicest portion.
A roimd of beef should be cut in thin, smooth, and even slices.
Cut a leg of mutton in the middle, being the most juicy part, making the slices
thin and deep, and helping each plate to a little of the fat and a portion of the outside
brown. Be carefxil not to press too hard with the knife, as the succulent juices,
which form the chief merit of a well-cooked leg of mutton, will be squeezed out.
If a fillet of veal is stuffed, cut clean through the stuflSng, and serve a portion
with each piece. If not stuffed, cut in the same way as a roimd of beef. Ask each
person whether the brown or outside is preferred.
The most economical way to carve a ham is to cut from the large end. The
common way is to cut down the center, to the bone, carving out thin, circular slices,
with the fat and lean as evenly distributed as possible.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Carve a shoulder of mutton in slices lengthwise from knuckle to joint.
Separate the shoulder of a forequarter of lamb from the breast and ribs by
passing the knife through and under it. Help from the ribs, or the other part,
according to choice.
Carve a saddle of mutton in thin slices, beginning close to the backbone, and
cutting from tail to end. Help, with each plate, to some of the fat from the sides.
Roast pig is sent to the table halved from end to end. Begin by severing the
shoulder, and then divide the joints and ribs. The neck end and ribs are considered
the choicest parts.
Cut a haunch of venison close across to the elbow, after which slice lengthwise.
Tongue should be cut across, beginning an inch and a half from the small end,
diminishing the slices toward the larger part.
Small game is sent to the plate whole, or halved,
according to size. ,(f^§i, //,«.„. ~*--;i^<3
In carving a goose or turkey, cut off the
apron, or part under the neck and outside the
"merry thought," or " wishbone." With the neck
end towards you, then cut off the breast in slices
from each side down to the bone. In cutting off a wing or a leg (the former first)
with the knife, holding the small end of the bone or pinion, press close to the body,
and separate the joint with the knife. The wing, sidebones and thighs are next sepa-
rated, holding the fowl with the fork on the breastbone and pressing the bone out
with the knife till the joint separates, when it is easily removed. Cut the back in two
crosswise. The breast and thighs are choice pieces, but a piece of the breast goes
with each plate.
Chicken or fowl are carved by separating the leg aad wings whole. Divide the
breast from the body by cutting through the tender ribs. Cut the breast in two length-
wise and the back crosswise.
Never pour gravy over white meat, on a plate, as it destroys its delicate appear-
ance.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
e)e-BfIljIiS AND ]^fll^©ies.-
• /
THE BALL
I) ALLS and parties are the occasions where people of both
sexes, more especially the young and pleasure-loving,
meet for mutual enjoyment and the innocent and exhil-
arating pleasures of social intercourse, of which, as
a rule, dancing forms the chief feature. And here let
it be remarked that many young men of sober thought
and serious aspirations are accustomed to look upon danc-
ing as a frivolous amusement, to be indulged in only by
the empty-headed. It should be remembered, however,
that a few lessons in dancing necessitates but a small expenditure
of time and money, and they do not involve the promiscuous at-
tendance and waste of the precious hours of youtli, at balls and
dancing parties, in which too much indulgence is often permitted.
The young man should be sufficiently master of the standard dances
to be able, later in life, when business success shall have imposed
social duties upon him, to make a creditable appearance upon the
the ball-room floor.
Balls are of three classes, private, public, and fancy dress, the
latter of which may be either public or private. Public balls are
generally to subserve some practical object, and are in charge of
committees of lady patronesses, who supervise the issuing of invita-
tions, where they are not offered for public sale, and consider
applications for tickets, and of stewards who assist them, and act as
masters of ceremonies. Public balls usually extend from 10 p.m. to
4 a.m. For a private ball the principal requisites are a room suitable
for dancing, and a hostess with sufficient tact not to allow her
hospitality to overcrowd the room at her disposal. In the dancing
room, where there is not an apartment specially devoted to that pur-
pose, the carpet should be removed. A newly waxed floor is not
pleasant for dancers ; still floors have to be waxed the first time. In
case of an uneven floor, a cover made of strong brown holland
stretched tightly over the floor, makes an excellent dancing surface
THE SOCIAL CODE.
THE MUSIC. — For a small party a piano, or piano and violin, is sufficient, but
a large party in a room of corresponding dimensions requires at least a piano, comet,
violin and violoncello.
CLOAK-ROOMS. — Rooms will be set apart for ladies' and gentlemen's uressing
rooms, where the attendants should have duplicate tickets to be given with each article
of attire received, so as to avoid confusion at the close. The maids in the ladies'
dressing room should have a supply of needles, pins, cotton, hairpains, etc., and there
should be mirrors and other toilet accessories.
DECORATION AND REFRESHMENTS.— In the cities the decorations can
be best left in the hands of a profes-
sional, who will supply everything and
be responsible. The chief requisite is a
profusion of flowers artistically ar-
ranged, plenty of mirrors and abundant
light. For refreshments there should
be a lunch-room on the same floor as
the dancing room, where light refec-
tions are served out by attendants from
a table, with ices and champagne cup,
or claret punch.
PROGRAMMES. — Each invited guest should be supplied with a card, with pro-
gramme of dances to be followed, and blanks for filling in the names of partners, to
which a small pencil is attached by a silk cord and tassel.
SUPPER. — Supper should be provided in a separate room, and is generally the
subject of care on the part of the hostess. It will comprise cold turkey, fowl, game,
ham, tongue, salads, pates, soufiies, trifles, etc. , and Moselle, claret, sauterne and lighter
wines are the beverages. Everything as far as possible is iced.
INVITATIONS AND RECEPTION.— Invitation cards for Balls, At Homes,
etc. , are all in very much the same form, which may be generally procured from sta-
tioners and the blanks filled in. One example will suffice for all :
FRrs. ^ames Everett
requests t^e pleasure of your company
3t
0n PHonday, November 23cl inst.
Dancing at 9;30 o'clock.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
The blank may be filled in with the words, "A Ball," or " At Home," or other-
wise as the occasion varies. The lady of the house should remain in the vicinity of
the door till all the guests have arrivetl, to welcome them by bow or handshake. She
should be assisted by sons or daughters, or friends, in the task of performing intro-
ductions, finding partners for late arrivals, and generally endeavoring to make the
event one of as much pleasure as possible to the guests.
OP VARIOUS KINDS.— The term " At Home," is nowadays applied to nearly
every kind of evening entertainment. The Invitation may be worded as follows :
FRrs. James Everett ,
requests tbe pleasure of your company
on
rKonday Qvenina, Rovember 23cl,
frbnn 8 to 1 1 o olock.
Dancing.
As the leading feature of the event, the words. Music, Charades, Theatricals, may
take the place of Dancing. The invitations are usually sent out two weeks in advance
of the date, and require the same punctilious attention and form of reply as in other
social events alluded lo.
THE INVITED GUEST.— If the " At Home" be held in the afternoon, if there
be dancing or not, ladies will retain their bonnets during the stay, but will avoid large
hats which would incommode themselves or others in dancing. The guest on being
announced will endeavor to make his way to the lady of the house to pay his respects,
but may salute acquaintances on his way. It is good form to arrive a short time a^ter
the hour fixed on the invitation card, and to retire some time before the close. Recep-
tions are, of course, attended in full evening dress.
INTRODUCTIONS. — The "At Home" being of a more, promiscuous nature
than other social events, general introductions are neither necessary nor desirable. The
hostess in this matter will exercise tact and discretion. If a guest have a desire for an
introduction to a stranger of either sex he may, in the absence of a mutual acquaintance,
apply to his hostess for it. • The hostess should be watchful, however, to see that no
person is left entirely to his or her own resoiu*ces for amusement.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
REFRESHMENTS.— These are provided in the dining-room, whether at cere-
monious ' ' Teas" or "At Homes. " No plates are necessary, except where ices are served.
The edibles provided comprise sandwiches, bread and butter, biscuits and cake, with
tea and coffee and wine "cups," if desired. Fresh fruit may also have a place on the
refreshment list. Strawberries and cream in season are always appreciated.
I AFTERNOON TEAS. I
HE same regulations will apply to afternoon teas as to "At Homes," and the
provision for refreshments will be made in the same manner. For a small
five o'clock tea party, the hostess herself dispenses tea or coffee, and the ladies
are waited on by the gentlemen present, or, in the absence of gentlemen, by
young lady members or friends of the hostess. The gloves are not removed, as
a rule, but in some circles the sensible custom of xmgloving the right hand is
adopted.
AFTERNOON PARTIES.— For more formal afternoon parties, which are
popular in the months of June, July, and August, cards are issued in the following
manner:
CREST
MONOGRAM.
The name of the invited guest is written across the top of the card, and the date
is generally written on a blank line left for the purpose. In the refreshment room,
tea, coffee, and ices will be presided over by the lady's maid, and the salads, biscuits,
sandwiches, rolls, cakes, fruit, and champagne or claret cup is dispensed by waiters.
"Where music of a professional character is included, chairs should be arranged in
concert-room order, and guests furnished with programmes; also in the case of theat-
ricals; in either case "Music," or "Theatricals" being denoted on the card. The
guests should leave cards with the hostess the day succeeding the party.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
§iiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiiinMiiiiDinii!iin«ii!ii!iiwfiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiii!si»iii
I §^ PICNICS. ^-2 1
llllll!linillll!llHllllllliniIIIIIIIHIIIIIII!WIIIIIIIIIBIIIIIIIIHI!llllllMII!ll!llBI
lllBLMONG social amusements limited to the summer months, there is none
3\ more deservedly popular than the Picnic. The healthful, exhilarating
;»TTO influence of such an event, when a good deal of the stiffness of conven-
tional etiquette is relaxed, usually gives the picnic an air of hilarious festivity,
which, indeed, indicates its true character, and for this reason care should be
taken to have the company invited selected with care and discrimination.
SELECTING THE SPOT.— The site selected for a picnic should be not
so remote as to be in-
convenient of access,
nor so near the ' ' busy
haunts of men " as to
invite intrusion or
impertinent curiosity.
It should combine the
attributes of utility
and the picturesque;
should afford shade
from the meridian
heat, and open lawn
for afternoon amuse-
ments, and, above all,
if p>ossible, should be
near a stream of liv-
ing water. Prudence
will also take into
account the proxim-
ity of some con-
venient shelter in
which refuge can be
had in the event of
unpropitious weather.
PICNIC TOILETS. — An expensive toilet at a picnic betokens neither good taste
nor good breeding. Boots and gloves should, as at all times, be unexceptionable, and
the style in which the dress material is made up may be of the most approved fashion
The material itself should be of some cheap and strong washing material, white being
given the preference. If the w-eather be cool, flannel, serge, or mohair is suitable;
if hot, cotton, linen, or hoUand. The dress should be short enough for convenience
and comfort in walking. Gentlemen may wear shooting-coats and wide-awake hats
if desired.
INVITATIONS, CONVEYANCES AND LUNCH.— The most agreeable way
of selecting a picnic party is for two or three friends to join the hostess in making the
necessary provisions. The invitations are to be written, as there are so many points
to be explained that no stereotyped form can be adopted. The guests may be re-
quested to meet at the spot selected at a given hour, or they may be rendezvoused at
an appointed time for conveyance by rail or carriage. In this case the party issuing
the invitations is expected to furnish the conveyances and to make all needful arrange
THE 80CIA.L CODE.
ments. The guests will, as a rule, pay for their own tickets and traps. The luncheon
should consist of an abundance of cold fowl, ham and tongue, salads, canned fish,
meats and sardines, sandwiches, pat(38, cold salmon, bread, butter and cheese, tarts,
fruits and cake, and a generous supply of cider, claret and champagne — in the " cup"
preparation. The party, on reaching the destination, will disperse, leaving the hostess
and her chosen attendants to prepare the lunch, a time for which is set, generally about
one hour from time of arrival. The gentlemen will wait upon the ladies, and the
lunch is altogether sans ceremonie.
i&'.^^'t^i^^'^ Ks^&m
THE FANCY DRESS BALL
k*(i(!Bt<f* .^ <f> »» "^s »» ^>^1
ARDS for the bal inasque, a form of entertaiimient which the hostess, if
she have ample accommodation, may give once, but not oftener, in a sea-
son, should be of exceptionally elegant and expensive design, marking the
more than ordinary character of the event. Invitations are in the following
form:
FRr. and FRrs. l^alpb Winters
request tf^e pleasure of your company in
rs(2i:r)cy k)p<z-ss
0n rrionday Qvenina, December 22d.
at 9 o clod?.
R. S. V. p.
Gorham Place.
No introductions are possible, and guests are presumed to maintain conversational
Intercourse in accordance vdth the character assumed. A gentleman in mask may beg
the favor of attending the masked lady without an introduction. Masks are removed
on the announcement of supper. The fancy dress ball most in vogue in America dis-
penses with masks, which is the French custom. The ordinary regulations for a ball
prevail.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
«| g-Tr-r .t»K ^ r-T-g ( |>
*
^^ —
f
I HE laxJy at the head of a household has not only the
social reputation of the house on her shoulders in her
i,^eneral management of the domestic economy, and her
success in providing the substantial elements of comfort,
but much also depends upon her personal knowledge of
the proprieties, her tact in being in the right place at the
right time and saying the right thing to the right person.
She should have a distinct understanding of the progrannne neces-
sary to be followed upon the various social events, and in carrying
this out she will not fail to meet the exjx3ctations of society.
MORNING RECEPTIONS —For receiving morning visitors the hostess will
rise to receive ladies, but will, as a rule, receive a gentleman seated, shaking hands
with each visitor. When the guests depart she will shake hands with each, witliout
rising if a gentleman, and ringing the bell for the door as she does so. If, however,
her visitor is a lady unattended, the hostess will accompany her to the door of the
drawing-room, and close it after her. If two parties are present in the room at the
same time, the hostess may introduce them to each other, or not, at her discretion.
RECEPTION OF DINNER GUESTS.— In preparing for the reception of
guests for a dinner party, the hostess should be in the drawing room for some little
time previous to the hour appointed for the arrival of guests, to see that every ar-
rangement has been properly executed, and, also, lest a difference in time pieces might
announce some guest, who would not find her prepared for the occasion. She will
rise on the arrival of each guest, but generally takes a position seated near the door,
where she greets the guest, exchanging a few words of conversation, in which the
gentleman should be informed whom he will escort to the table, and passes the guest on
to some other visitor or coterie where he will be entertained. When the host offers his
arm to the premier lady, the hostess, in the order of consideration, mentions the name
of each gentleman, instructing him which lady guest to attend to the table. She
will give the signal for the conclusion of the dinner by rising and bowing to the part-
ner of the host, and will follow the ladies to the drawing-room. She will there devote
herself to the entertainment of the ladies by introducing general conversation till the
gentlemen reappear. In the drawing-room the hostess will endeavor to divide her
attentions and conversation impartially among her guests.
EVENING RECEPTIONS AND BALLS.— At afternoon and evening receptions
the first guests are received by the hostess seated in the drawing-room, rising to greet
each. As the arrivals become more frequent, and the rooms begin to fill, she takes her
stand at the drawing-room door, or on the landing, greeting the guests as they reach
K
THE SOCIAL CODE.
the top of the stair-case or the vestibule leading to the drawing-room, passing a word
with each, and intimating on occasion that a particular friend of the guest will be
found within. She will not leave the drawing-room for the refreshment room till the
majority of the guests have done so.
If the entertainment be a concert, the hostess must accord a pleasant reception to
the performers, see that they are comfortably disposed at the piano, and have every-
thing that they require, such as wine and water.
At a ball the chief duty of the hostess, after seeing that everything else is in order,
is the reception of her guests, as for an afternoon party. It is not necessary to intro-
duce people to each other generally, but where a young lady is observed who is not
OOUNTBY VISITING.
dancing the hostess will ask permission from her chaperon to introduce a partner, or
from herself, if the young lady is alone, and she will generally endeavor to find partners
for those whose want of acquaintance or diffidence keeps them in the background.
When supper is announced, and the host leads the way with the premier lady, the
hostess will make introductions so that the company is duly paired off.
HOUSE VISITORS IN THE COUNTRY.— The duties of the hostess in town
are comparatively slight. It is when entertaining a paity of friends at her country
residence that she feels the full anxieties and responsibilities of her place. The first anx-
iety is the assembling of a suitable party of people, that is persons who will be likely
to be pleased to meet each other, to join in the same recreations, and who sometimes
by diversity of special talents, such as music, singing, conversation or humor will con
tribute to each other's mutual entertainment and to the fund of common pleasure
Invitations should be worded so as to leave no suspicion of mere formality in the mind
of the recipient, and should state the day on which the guest is expected, and the
duration of the visit. When the acceptance is received, write naming the station, and
whether a friend or carriage will be in waiting Guests generally arrive late in the
afternoon, and the hostess should, if not engaged in driving with other guests, be ready
to welcome them, and have tea ready for their refreshment. When sufficient time has
thus elapsed to allow the guests' baggage to be deposited in the room prepared for them,
to which the hostess will previously personally have attended, she will accompany the
guests, to their rooms, and having informed them of the hour for dinner, and indi-
cated the bell to summon the maid, will leave them to rest.
When the guests assemble in the drawing room, before dinner, the hostess will
introduce them to each other, if on the iirst assembling, or introduce any new addi-
tion to the circle. The hostess in pairing off for dinner will give the latest comer due
precedence, and will endeavor to alternate the company an much as possible, so that
there shall be, if possible, a different order on each evening. After dinner, she will
divide the company for various amusements, arrange tables for whist, and other
round games, matching those at chess who prefer it, and utilizing those who are mu-
sical in playing and singing for the entertainment of tlie company. When the tray
with wine and water makes its appearance, at the hour fixed by the custom of the
house, the lady suggests the propriety of retiring, and accompanies to their rooms
such guests as are new on that day, leaving with polite hoi>e8 for their comfort, and
intimations to ring or ask for anything desired.
In the morning, the hostess is the first down, and will preside at the breakfast
table. Tea is generally made and handed round by the butler or servant, instead of
being made at table by the hostess, as was formerly the cut-tom.
Formerly it was the duty of the hostess not to lose tight of her guests for a
moment, but more rational customs now prevail. At and after breakfast the hostess,
will impart to her guests such society news as may have reached her by mail, and
after giving such information as may aid the guests to enjoy themselves, will leave
them free to follow their own inclinations. She will indicate what points of interest
are in the neighborhood, and what horses and conveyances are available, what friends
of members of the party are witliin visiting distance, etc., while the host, if in the
shooting season, will take charge of those who desire to engage in shooting. The
hostess is thus left free to hold counsel with her cook as to the menu, give orders
respecting rooms, to give instructions to the gardener as to flowers required for house
use, to attend to her correspondence, write menus, rearrange the order of her guests
for dinner, and plan the programme of the evening's entertainment. She reappears
before luncheon, at which she presides, afterward drives or walks with guests, and is
on hand to welcome any fresh guests, before retiring to dress for dinner. When
guests are departing the hostess will be on hand early to bid them good-bye, and will
inquire the address to which to forward their mail matter, if any should come after
their departure.
When taking her guests to a neighbor's house for a ball or other party, the hostess
should arrive in the first carriage so as to be ready to introduce members of her party
to the lady of the house visited.
When accompanied by guests to church, the hostess will stop at the door of her
family seat, and wait till they have entered, before taking her seat.
The really good hostess is she who attends to those trifles which go so far to make
up the pleasure of existence. Nearly every person has some peculiarity or preference
in their habits of life, eating or drinking, or daily custom, the means of gratifying
which, in a strange house, is always particularly grateful. The good hostess will study
these trifles, and endeavor to meet the comfort of her guests by providing for them.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
•<•
_i#l_
•>•-
INTRODUCTIONS
HE ceremony of introduction is one which should never
be looked upon as trivial or formal. Though it is in
itself the simplest and the most frequent of social cere-
monies, it is at the same time one of the most important.
There are, of course, occasions when introductions are a
mere formality,' rendered necessary by the exigency of
the occasion, where the introduction is not designed to,
and does not warrant, the foundation of acquaintance, but the true
meaning in etiquette of an introduction is that the person who in-
troduces the stranger to his (or her) friend takes upon himself the
warranty for the worthiness of the person introduced of that friend's
esteem. The hostess at a social event should never introduce to a
young lady, or cause to be introduced, a gentleman whom she does
not consider worthy of her own regard. The conveniences of
society ofttimes make it necessary to invite the company at a social
gathering of a gentleman whom the hostess would not select for the
acquaintance of her own daughters, and she has a moral duty not to
be the means of introducing such an one to the respect of a young
lady friend by the indorsement of an introduction.
FORMS OF INTRODUCTION.
In making an introduction; the person of the higher social consideration is always
the person to whom the introduction is made. If the parties are lady and gentleman,
it is the gentleman who is introduced to the lady. If two ladies, the one having the
higher social standing, or of the greater age, is given the place of honor. At a party
where a lady or gentleman is the guest of the evening, all the other guests are intro-
duced to her or him, as the case may be.
The mutual friend or hostess will, in making an introduction, say: "Mrs. Jones,
permit me to make you acquainted with (or, to introduce to you) Miss Robinson ; Miss
Robinson, Mrs. Jones." If there are others in the group, the introducer will add:
"Mrs. Martin, Miss Robinson ; Miss Featherstone, Miss Robinson ; Mr. Hafdy, Miss
Robinson," waiting in a short pause between each introduction, the formal salutation,
by bow, or otherwise, between the parties introduced.
In introductions, always give the full title of either party, military, naval, judi-
cial or professional. As, for instance, "Mr. Grace, allow me to introduce to you,
Captain Pat ton, of the United States ship Warrant; Captain Patton, the Rev. Mr.
Grace, rector of St. Alban's Church ; " or, ' ' Dr. Blade, permit me to make you
THE SOCIAL CODE.
acquainted with Senator Harvey, of the state of Iowa ; Senator Harvey, Dr. Blade,
Professor of Anatomy, in the University of Bonesville."
Introductions are frequently made with a business object, which should be fully
stated by the intro<lucing party, as, for instance: " Mr. Marley, allow me to introduce
to you Mr. Yarrow, of the Ebbw Vale Steel and Iron Company, of Bristol, England,
who is seeking to extend the business of the company in the West; Mr. Yarrow, Mr.
Marley, President of the ^lissouri Valley Railway Company, who is well qualified to
give you any information you may desire." Or, in other words: "Mr. Bernard, let
me make you acquainted with Prof. Driscoll, Professor of Mathematics, of the Toronto
University, Canada, who is taking advantage of his holidays to study the systems in
the leading colleges of the United States; Prof. Driscoll, Mr. Bernard, President of the
Faculty of the Mount Allison University."
Gentlemen will take care to bear in mind that an introduction necessitated by
accidental circumstances is not made the ground of obtruding acquaintance. In the
same way ladies, who at home move in different social spheres, often meet on a com-
mon ground at watering-places and other places of public resort; but it should always
be left to the person of higher social standing to indicate whether the acquaintance so
formed shall be continued.
Ji TITLES— HOW TO USE THEM. |
N foreign countries the necessities of etiquette impose quite
a task upon the memory in keeping it stored with the
numerous titles conferred by governments or by educar
^ tional institutions. In our own land the constitution prohibits
the conferring of titles of nobility, yet even our democratic
customs and tendencies do not cause an entire disuse of titles.
Many of them, however, are mere abbreviations, while others indi-
cate a profession or avocation. Nevertheless, there remains among
superficial people a tendency to make the most of their limited
opportunities of wearing titles, and if the}'' have earned none they
are tempted to assume them. More than this, a title once borne is
made to cling ever after to the name which it has adorned in the
past. One must use his own judgment in conceding to a man a title
to which he has not a right, and the tendency ought to be toward
limiting, rather than enlarging, the use of titles. It is rudeness,
however, amounting to insult, to withhold a title which a man has
acquired with unquestioned right, and which the public freely gives
him. In matters of ceremony, especially, this rule must be rigidly
observed. In addressing, or even in writing of, the possessor of an
honorary title, offense may be given or inferred as being intended,
if the usual title is not attached to the name.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
Following are some examples of titles as used in the United
States :
Military. — Gen. U. S. Grant ; Major-General Winfleld Scott ; Lieut-General
Philip Sheridan ; Captain J. J. Lambert, Post Commanding ; Adjutant- General Stimp-
8on ; Majpr O. J. Smith ; Francis S. Dodge, Lieutenant Commanding ; Colonel M. H.
Fitch.
Naval.— Admiral David G. Farragut ; Rear- Admiral Andrew H. Foote ; Com-
modore Isaac Hull ; Commander John Paul Jones ; Captain George H. Preble ; Post-
Captain Jacob Jones.
Civil. — Hon. John A. Logan; Hon. "William R. Grace; Governor Richard J.
Oglesby; Attorney General James Brewster; His Excellency, Chester A. Arthur;
Chief -Justice Marshall ; Judge H. D. Scott : Consul-General Edwin A. Merritt ; Alder-
man Henry Jamison.
Scholastic — Prof. Joseph Luce ; Louis J. R. Agassiz, A.M. ; Edward Hitchcock,
B.A.; William McDonald, M.D.; Dr. J. C. Lay; J. S. Greene, C.E.; John G. Smith,
M.E.; Rev. James Edmondson; Rev. J. C. Reid, D.D.
Social. — Mr. Joseph Medill ; Mrs. E. B. Russell ; Miss Sallie Smith ; Master
John Brown; Messrs. J. V. Farwell & Co.; John Boggs, Esq.; Dear Sir; Gentle-
men (used in the plural); Madam, etc.
The above titles are too frequently used to need explanation. In their use, but
one should be applied to the same name. To say "Mr. William Hyde, Esquire,"
would be useless and absurd. To say " Dr. M. A. Wilcox, M.D.," would be an equally
absurd repetition. An exception is where one title does not imply or include another;
as, "Rev. Matthew Simpson, LL.D."
The title "Mr." is one which every respectable man may claim as his due. It is
the part of politeness to make use of it in all cases where no higher title is known.
Any man who places a value upon courtesy will have "Mr. "at his tongue's end when
addressing all kinds of men, rich or poor. It is in much better taste, placed before a
name, than the anglicism "Esquire " placed after it.
"Honorable" is a title applied to persons who have been elected to seats in the
United States congress or a state legislature; also to members or ex-members of the
president's cabinet, or of a governor's staff, and mayors of cities.
Plural titles are written as follows: Messrs. (for Messieurs, meaning "Gentle-
men"); Misses (plural of Miss); Mesdames (plural of Madame).
The term " His" or "Your Excellency," is applied to the president of the United
States, the governor of any state, and the minister plenipotentiary to any foreign
country.
The address to a man and his wife, in case the man has a title, should be as
follows: His Excellency and Mrs. A. Lincoln; Governor and Mrs. F. Pitkin; Hon.
and Mrs. George Steel; Rev. and Mrs. F. M. Pavey; Dr. and Mrs. F. H. Sutherland;
Rev. Dr. and Mrs. W. H. Thomas. If the person have no title, other than the social,
let it be given; as, " Mr. and Mrs. M. J. Bigelow."
m
-^1
ERCISES.
k OUT-DOOR
^X^
^^ONG the active exercises in which the polite world is
accustomed to indulge, and in which pleasure and profit
are combined, the physical health being as much con-
sulted as social intercourse, are riding, driving and boat-
ing. * Of these exercises, the most elegant, suitable and
beneficial, for the lady especially, is that of horseback
riding, and its popularity is gradually and perceptibly
spreading in American society.
HABIT FOR THE SADDLE.— The
lady's riding habit may be either long or
of moderate length, according to taste.
The long habit is certainly preferable in
point of appearance. It should be of dark
colored stuff of some woolen material,
black, dark green or brown, made plain,
and fitting closely to the figure. Strong
buff gloves should be worn. The left hand,
or the "rear" side is the whip hand, and
the right or "off" side the bridle hand.
A lady who is accustomed to riding exer-
cise will do well to familiarize herself with
the accoutrements of the horse, so as to be
able in event of necessity to remedy an
accident.
THE LADY'S HORSE.— The head of the household will, usually either person-
ally or through some person of proper experience, use care and judgment in the
selection of a lady's horse. The horse should be selected of good stock, of fair sym-
metry, and handsome appearance, of good temper, and free from vicious or nervous
habits, such as biting, kicking, bolting, shying, or stumbling. He should be free
in action, spirited in temper, though gentle under control. He should walk well,
trot swiftly and steadily, and canter lightly, and be obedient but not too sensitive to
the bit. A horse which has the stumbling habit should never be mounted by a lady.
For a lady of petite form, a tall horse should not be providal, nor should a lady of
full stature be mounted on a diminutive animal.
MOUNTING.— The art of assisting a lady to mount her horse is one of which
every gentlemen should be master. It is a grateful courtesy to a lady if gracefully
performed, but one in which awkwardness or clumsiness, which is liable to expose a
lady to ridicule, is not easily overlooked. The lady prepared to mount 'is stationed on
the near side of the horse with her right hand grasping the reins, and holding the
head of the saddle. The cavalier, facing her, stoops and offers his clasped hands as a
THE SOCIAL CODE.
stirrup into which she places her foot, then placing her left hand on his shoulder by
a simultaneous movement, she is placed lightly and easily in the saddle. If necessary,
the gentleman should adjust the stirrup, which should hang just below the ankle bone.
ON HORSE BACK. — In the saddle the lady should sit erect, facing squarely to
the front, and not depending entirely for her seat either upon the stirrup or crutch.
She should accustom herself to the movement of her horse, and at all times keep
him under thorough but gentle control of the bit. If a horse stumble or slip, the
rider should instantly detach her foot from the siirrup, to avoid disaster in case of
being thrown.
On the road always keep to the near side in passing.
The gentleman will usually take the off side in escorting a lady on horseback.
In dismounting the lady will free her knee, placing one hand on the saddle head
and the other on the gentleman's shoulder, and spring lightly to the ground.
The gentleman in escorting a lady on horesback will attend ber on the right hand
side. He will offer such assistance in mounting and dismounting as has been de-
scribed, and will study her comfort by every means at his command, attending to
errands and commissions, and opening gates. After the lady has been mounted for a
time he should see that the saddle girth does not require tightening as is frequently
the case.
In absence of other escort, the lady should always be attended by a groom, who
will ride a respectful distance to the rear.
CARRIAGE EXERCISE.
Let it be borne in mind that you never go for a ride except on horseback. When
you take carriage exercise you always go for a drive. The etiquette of the road, which
is in the hands of the driver, consists in not driving at an unseemly pace, and keep-
ing to your own side of the road, both in meeting and passing vehicles.
If gentlemen accompany ladies in a two-seated carriage, the ladies will be given
the seat facing the horses. The deportment in the carriage should be unaffected and
unostentatious. Avoid loud talking and undue hilarity. Enter a carriage gracfully.
If there is one step, place the left foot upon it, the right reaching the floor, and the
seat being thus easily and naturally reached. If there are two steps, place the right
foot first, and the seat is reached in the same manner.
BOATING.
Many ladies are excellent oarswomen, and, though many in the medical profes-
sion set their faces against the practice as too violent for female health, used in
moderation it is an invigorating and health-developing exercise. The lady who is
attired for rowing should have substantial boots and loose corsets. The costume is a
matter of taste, but is generally of blue serge, trimmed with white braid, and a sailor
114
THE SOCIAL CODK.
hat. There are many other picturesque and elegant costumes worn. The gentleman's
rowing costume is of white flannel, and he should take a pea jacket in the lx)at to put
on when heated with rowing and resting from the oars. Gentlemen should hand the
ladies to their seats, and see that they are comfortably bestowed and placed so as to
have their garments clear of accidental splashing from the oars. "Where ladies are
timid, the gentlemen should reassure them. The accidental rocking of a boat by the
swell of a passing steamer is alarming to the novice, and if the absence of danger be
not explained by the escort, she is liable to a panic from which serious results may
occur.
GENERAL OUT-DOOR EXERCISES.
For archery, an out-door amusement which of late years has become quite popular,
special costumes are generally provided by the ladies. For other out door exercises,
such as croquet, lawn tennis, etc., ladies should be attired in a suitable, cheerful cos-
tume, without train or unnecessary encumbrance, and ha\ing regard to the degree of
exertion involved in the amusement to be engaged in. Conversation should be light
and cheerful, and should be general among parties engaged in a game.
Villi!
n!iiiii!!!«ii!iiii!ni!ii!iiiMninisniiiiii«iniiii!iiffi!!iiii!Hiiiii^
MISTRESSES AND SERVANTS. I
DiiiiwtaiiiiiMiiiiaim
HE rules which govern the relations between mistresses and servants, belong
to the domain of domestic economy rather than that of etiquette, but there
are one or two more or less important points with which etiquette has to
deal, and upon which no lady should fail to perform the duty which she owes
to society.
In the first place in her relations with the servant the lady represents soci-
ety, and has no right to relax the respect due to herself in that capacity by |)er-
mitting undue familiarity or freedom of intercourse with the servant, and so turn the
servant loose upon society to annoy others with offensive breaches of place and imper-
tinent familiarity. The lady of good breeding treats her servant with the same gentle
and considerate courtesy which she extends to all, but the servant must understand
that a request is a command, that his or her duty is prompt, explicit, and respectful
obedience.
In engaging a servant, she should not accept a recommendation from a lady who
is unknown to her. Where practicable, the servant who brings a letter of recommend-
ation, should be asked to arrange with the former employer an hour for an interview
with the lady with whom service is sought ; the lady will then ascertain how far the
" character " is deserved, and how much of it was due to good nature, and also the
characteristics of the intended employee. If "characters" are given from persons
whom she only knows from reputation, a note should be addressed to the party for
direct confirmation of the character given. Servants should be received into the house-
hold with the greatest caution.
When you discharge a servant for cause, never give a character. You have no
right to furnish the false pretenses by which such servant shall gain undeserved con-
fidence in another household. Let your recommendation, if you are warranted in
giving a character, be strictly in accordamce with the deserts of the employee. If he or
she be especially worthy of trust and confidence, word the "character" furnished so
as to be of the greatest benefit to the servant. It is as proper to help a deserving serv-
ant as it is wrong and improper to cover up the slothful, impertinent or dishonest
proclivities of another, with the guarantee of your name and station.
mm
t
THE SOCIAL CODE.
*HE lady "who desires to carry respect with her wherever she goes, and
who would be ponsidered a gentlewoman, even among strangers, and in the
pursuance of every avocation of life, will pay strict attention to her con-
duct while shopping, and in all her dealings with tradesmen.
The first tiling to be impressed upon the mind is the importance of thor-
oughly making up your conclusions, before setting out, as to exactly what you
want, and about to what expense you are prepared to go in the purchase.
When you enter a store speak frankly and courteously to the clerk. Tell him
plainly what class of goods you require, what grade of color, and about what range
of cost, and ask to be shown something in the line indicated.
In examining the goods, unless you are ambitious of distinction for vulgarity,
do not say to the clerk that the goods could be got cheaper at another store, or that
you could get better value else-
where for the same money. If
the goods do not suit for any
reason, state it frankly, and leave
the store.
Never ask to be shown goods
if you do not intend to purchase
on the occasion, without previ-
ously stating to the shopman that
you merely wish to examine
goods with a view to future pur-
chase, if suited.
Remember, in handling goods, more especially in those of delicate constniction,
that if you treat them roughly you are liable to destroy their salableness.
Remember that the time of the clerk is of value to his employer, and that it is
only yours while you are engaged in doing business. Consequently, while you are
engaging his time do not keep him waiting while you indulge in social chatter.
Never attempt to engage the attention of a clerk while he is waiting upon another
person. That is both unreasonable and ill-bred.
If you have no account at the store where you are purchasing, and are not confi-
dent that you are so well known that your credit is unquestioned, always pay cash for
goods, or instruct the clerk to send the bill with them.
If either before or after leaving the store you find that an error in change has
been made in your favor, always return and rectify it. This is not only rendered
necessary to your self esteem by your sense of honesty, but it is an imperative duty
from the fact that the clerk or cashier may be unjustly suspected of dishonesty as a
reason for the shortage in cash which the mistake involves.
Invariably be polite and courteous to clerks. It is the natural instinct of good
breeding, and will be observed if you would avoid a reputation for snobbishness.
THE SOCIAL CODE,
-Hj^«H-^«*-
WMWMU ^MS^Wk:
■"*> — ^¥s# — <>-
If
OT only is the conduct and deportment of a person
traveling in public of the strictest account, but an ac-
quaintance with the rules which govern them will affect
the comfort of the inexperienced traveler. To the
traveler who is governed by a few simple rules, a journey
on the cars is undertaken with as t much confidence and
certainty of enjoyment, as would attend his pjissage
from his place of business to his dinner table. On the
contrary, to the person, particularly if a lady, who is both a stranger
to the experience and to the rules which should be observed, a
journey from home is a subject of apprehension and anxiety, which
only go to increase the difficulties to be encountered.
TICKETS.— The first essential to the
traveler is the possession of a reliable
Railway Guide. As soon as a journey is
contemplated con.sult the Guide, and make
up your mind by what route you will travel
and also by what train you will leave. If
you have sufficient leisure, never leave the
purchase of the ticket until the arrival of
the train. Send out and get your ticket
during the day. If the journey be a pro-
longed one, take the sleeping car, and secure
your berth before starting. In selecting
the berth, if the lady be alone, she will do
better to Uike the whole section (two berths),
as she will thus avoid even a chance dis-
turbance of her privacy. Remember that
the best berths are those in the center of
the car, where the jar of the wheels is less
perceptible, and that lower berths are al-
ways preferable to the upper.
BAGGAGE. — Unless it be a lady, when a friend or traveling companion takes the
responsibility, always personally supervise the checking of baggage. Have your ticket
in your hand when you approach the baggageman, and indicate the baggage to be
checked, mentioning also its destination. It is a safe rule to compare the coupon
check with that attached to the baggage to see that they correspond; but the baggaere-
man may be generally trusted to avoid error in that respect. Once you have your
check in your satchel, no further concern need be given to the baggage till the
destination is reached.
THE SOCIAL CODE.
In your personal baggage include nothing that is not absolutely necessary to your
comfort and requirements on the journey. A lady who enters a railway carriage with
a hand-satchel, a band-box, a bird cage, and a miscellaneous collection of parcels is at
once set down as ill-bred, no matter how charming in appearance, or how much her
accoutrements and apparel may indicate the possession of wealth.
TRAVELING COSTUME.— This should invariably be of some quiet material,
of texture that will not attract nor retain dust, of a color that will not weary the eye
by its perspicuity, and of substance that will shake out into its natural shape after a
day's wear, without acquiring permanent folds. It should be suited to the season,
but always bearing in miud that even summer nights are chilly, and require a dress of
woolen fabric, even if of the very lightest material.
Upon every loose article of dress, and of baggage, always have the name and
address of the owner, either by card attached or in some other way.
THE LADY ON BOARD BOAT OR CAR.— Upon entering a car glance
round for a vacant seat, and take possession of the most convenient one that offers,
choosing in summer if available the shady side and the seat next the window. If a
lady is alone and the car is but sparsely filled endeavor to secure a seat as near as pos-
sible to any other lady on the car, and if there are none, seat yourself so that you
may not be suspected of desiring the proximity of gentlemen.
If an overcoat, satchel or parcel is observed upon an apparently vacant seat accept
it as an indication that the seat is occupied, and the owner temporarily absent.
A lady traveling alone should invariably resent any attempt on the part of a
stranger to engage her in conversation, as an impertinence of which no person, with
the title of gentleman, would be guilty. If the lady is in want of any information let
her seek it from the conductor, and never accost a strange gentleman except under
unavoidable circumstances.
If, however, a gentleman who is on a long journey observes a lady whose contin-
ued presence indicates that she also is on a protracted journey, and apparently unat-
tended, he may with respectful courtesy offer any assistance which is likely to
conduce to her comfort. Conversation is in such a case permissible; but the gentleman
should never take a seat along side the lady so addressed, but the seat in front of her.
If an approach to familiarity is made on part of the gentleman, the lady will promptly
check it, by freezing out the conversation, and withdrawing from the acquaintance
with quiet dignity.
HINTS FOR THE CARS.— Never loll in the seats. Do not monopolize a
double seat when you see others standing — you pay only for a single seat. Never
open a window without first inquiring from those about you if the draught would be
too much for them. If the car is overheated do not open the door without first
appealing to the general sense of the passengers.
HOTEL DEPORTMENT.
The conduct of a lady traveling alone should be a subject of constant care and
anxious watchfulness to her. In European countries no lady may travel alone without
either escort or servant, but in America much greater freedom of movement is given,
and any well-bred lady can travel alone in this country without being misapprehended
or experiencing the least want of courteous attention.
On arriving at a hotel from the cars, the lady traveling alone will enter by the
"ladies' entrance," and proceed to the ladies' parlor, where she will ring the bell and
send the servant for the hotel clerk or proprietor, to whom she will give her card,
explaining the reason for her traveling alone, giving the length of her stay, and ask
them to see to the registering and locating of her room.
THE SOCIAL (X)DE.
On going down to dinner, notice should be sent to the clerk, who will escort her
to the head- waiter, who will assign her a permanent seat.
At breakfast it is permissible to read a paper, while waiting to be served, but not
at any other meal.
She will not permit any conversation at the hotel table to be addressed to her,
except from friends, nor will she ask any one to pass anything from the table. The
waiter is at hand for that purpose.
No lady should ever use the public parlor piano, nor sing In the apartment unless
entertaining a company of friends or callers.
It is not good taste to sit at the hotel window, and in passing on the stairs or cor-
ridors do so quietly and intently, paying no attention to anything or person on the way.
Dress quietly and unassumingly, even for dinner, for which a plain black silk,
relieved with fine white lace is the most suitable.
THE WONDERS OF AMERICA.
The following is a list of the chief Natural and Artificial Wonders of the United
States, with tlieir location.
Niagara Falls. — In the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario; breadth,
three-quarters of a mile, height, 175 feet.
Natural Bridge. — A natural arch of rock, spanning Cedar Creek, Virginia.
Split Rock. — A rock of great height, in Virginia, having a fissure formed by
nature extending from top to bottom.
Mammoth Cave. — In Kentucky. Supposed to be the largest cave in the world.
YosEMiTE Valley. — Sixty miles from Coulterville, California. The length of the
valley is about nine miles, and its average width about a mile. It abounds in
natural wonders, containing waterfalls from 700 to 1,000 feet in height, a perpen-
dicular precipice 3,000 feet high; slopes of great steepness and a height of 3,500
feet; and a nearly perpendicular rock of 3,270 feet in altitude.
Lake Superior. — Between Cjmada and Michigan; the largest lake in the world.
Croton Aqueduct. — An aqueduct over thirty miles long, bringing water to New
York city.
East River Bridge. — A suspension bridge, hung on cables of steel wire, connecting
the cities of New York and Brooklyn.
The National Capitol. — At Washington, D. C.
The New York Capitol. — At Albany, N. Y.
Washington Monument. — At Washington, D. C.
City Park. — At Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Central Park. — In New York city.
THE GAUGER'S GUIDE.
The following are rules for ascertaining the number of bushels of shelled com in
a crib, or of apples, iwtatoes, etc., in a bin, or the number of tons of hay in a mow:
Multiply together the length, breadth and height of the crib, bin or mow, to
ascertain the number of cubic feet in whichever one is to be measured. Then proceed
as follows:
To find the number of bushels of shelled com that the crib holds, divide its cubic
contents by two.
To leara the number of bushels that the bin contains, divide its cubic contents by
eight, and point off the right hand figure as a decimal fraction.
To ascertain the number of tons that will fill the mow, divide its cubic contents
by five hundred and twelve.
MI80KLLANEOUS.
TABLE Showing the Altitude and Location of the most Celebrated Mount-
ains in the World, arranged according to their height.
Mountain.
Mt. Everest (Himalaya
Rang-e)
Dhuwaiaghiri (Hima-
laya Range)
Sorata
Chimborazo
Hindoo Koosh
Cotopaxi (the highest
volcano in the world)
Mt. St. Elias
Popocatapetl
Mt. Boa
Brown Mountain
(Rocky Mt. Range). . .
Mt. Blanc
Mt. Geesh
Mt. Whitney
Mt. Fairweather
Mt. Ramier
Mt. Shasta
Antiusua
Pike's Peak
Mt. Ophir, Sumatra
Jungfrau
Fremont's Peak
Location.
Altitude
(in Feet.)
Thibet
29,0(X)
India
35,500
Bolivia
555,400
Ecuador
21,000
Afghanistan
20,544
Ecuador
18,900'
Alaska
17,9a)
Mexico
17,700
Sandwich
Islands
17,500
U.S
16,000
Switzerland.
15,900
Africa
15,100
California,
u. s :..
14,865
Alaska
14,475
Washington
Ter., U.S..
14,445
California,
U. S
14,440
Ecuador —
14,300
Colorado
14,215
India
l.S,800
■Switzerland.
13,700
W y d m i n g
Ter., U.S..
13,575
Mountain.
Mt. St. Helena. . .
Mt. Ararat
Temerifife Peak. .
Mt. Millazin
Purdu Mountain
Mt. Hood
Mt. .(Etna
Mt. Lebanon
Mt. Sinai
Shehattan
St. Bernard
Mt. Olympus
Black Mountain.
Mt. Washington.
Mt. Parnassus . . .
Mt. Hecla
Mt. Marcy
Ben Nevis
Mt. Mansfield....
Peaks of Otto...
"Vesuvius
Round Top .
Stromboli
Location.
Washington
Ter., U.S..
Armenia
Canary Is-
lands
Morocco
France
Oregon, U. S
Sicily
Syria
Arabia
M orway
Switzerland
Greece
N. Carolina.
New Hamp-
shire, U.S.
Greece
Iceland
New York,
U. S
Scotland
Vermont,
U. S
Virginia
Italy
New York,
U.S
A volcano in
the Mediter-
nean Sea.
Altitude
(in Feet.)
13,475
12,700
12,000
11,498
11,300
11,220
10,000
10,090
8,200
8,100
8,000
6,600
6,500
6,293
6,000
5,500
5,400
4,400
4,275
4,250
3,900
8,800
3,000
TABLE Showing the Various Sizes of Tacks and Xails, the length of each
Size, and the Number per Pound.
TACKS.
Commercial
Name.
Length.
u
il
■a
2 .
sa
o
Length.
So
1 oz
One-half inch
16,000
10,666
8,000
6,400
5,333
4.000
2,666
2,000
10 oz.
13 "
14 "
16 "
18 "
20 "
32 "
24 "
Eleven-sixteenths incl*.
Three-quarters inch
1,600
1,333
1^ "
Three-sixteenths inch
2 "
One-quarter inch
Thirteen-sixteenths inch
1,143
1,000
888
800
2H "
Five-sixteenths inch
3 "
4 "
Three-quarters inch
Seven-sixteenths inch
Fifteen-sixteenths inch
One inch
6 "
Nine-sixteenths inch
One and one-sixteenth inches
One and one-quarter inches. .
727
8 "
Five-eighths inch
666
NAILS.
Commercial
Name.
2 penny, fine.
Length in Inches.
One and one-eighth
One and one-quarter
One and one-half
One and three-quarters.
Two
Two and one-quarter...
Two and one- half
Two and three-quarters
Three
Three and one-quarter.
la
z
Commercial
Name.
16 penny, fine,
fence
Length in Inches.
Three and one-quarter
Three and one half
Four
Four and one-half
Five
Two
Two and one-half
Three
Three and one-half
-^
-H^
^^
mmMm(^ Lmmm ^
HJW.^^
HATEVER may be the opinion of the "butterflies of
fashion," housekeeping is, of all the arts, the one which
has the most important bearing on the real life of
women. It is more than an art : it rises to the dignity
of a science. All that goes to make up a well-ordered
home is comprehended in it. Considered as an accom-
plishment, it is of more solid, practical value than any
of those showy attainments that serve to adorn rather
than to build up. It is acquired only by study and
experiment ; like liberty, " eternal vigilance " is the
price of it ; and it is only through great tribulation that the young
and inexperienced housekeeper enters into success. Nothing tends
more to insure comfort, peace and attractiveness in home than good
housekeeping. The mother who desires her daughter's real happi-
ness will not fail to instruct her in household duties, and no maiden
who looks forward to being one day the mistress of her own home
will grudge the time spent in mastering their smallest details.
It is a common error of young girls to believe that because they
are able (or expect to be able) to keep servants, it is, therefore, un-
necessary for them to become familiar with household cares.
" Hired help '' are quick to discern the ignorance and incapacity of a
mistress, and, as a rule, are equally ready to take advantage of it.
A capable housekeeper, however, soon makes her capacity appre-
ciated and respected, by her servants.
No department of domestic economy is less understood or more
neglected than ventilation. Sunlight and pure air are the worst foes
to disease. Grates and open fire places are of great value as ven-
tilating flues. The heavy, impure air naturally sinks toward the
floor, and openings of this kind create a draft which tends to carry
it off. If no grates or fire-places are used, throw open the windows
and let in the outer air ; do not rely on the air in the halls. Plenty
of sunlight — floods of it — should enter the living-rooms of the
family. It is better (and cheaper) to replace a faded carpet than to
pay a doctor's biU.
130
To sweep and dust properly is " not so easy as it looks," and
in this, as in nearly every other department of the housekeeper's
care, system, will secure the best results. Statuettes, books and
articles ol" bric-a-brac which are difficult to dust should, before
sweeping, be covered with "dusters" made of old calico or other
convenient material. Admit as much light as possible into the room
before sweeping. Scan the ceilings for cobwebs and remove them
by means of a broom, around which a towel has been pinned. The
housekeeper will be repaid for care in sweeping and dusting by
the longer wear of her carpets and by the brightness and freshness
of their colors.
The " siege " of housecleaning is one of the epochs in household
life, and is a most trying period in the housekeeper's existence.
The first bright sunshine of spring reveals unsuspected dust and
cobwebs, and to her imagination, even the brooms and scrubbing-
brushes seem anxious to begin the campaign. In northern latitudes,
however, it is not wise to begin too early. Spring breaks her prom-
ises of pleasant weather and gives us many days when it will be
anything but comfortable to sit, shivering, in a fireless room, when
children become unmanageable and husbands growl. So, for the
sake of health, peace and comfort, don't remove the stoves before
the middle of May.
To combat the ravages of the everlasting moth is one of the
most tiresome of the housekeeper's duties. The moth works in the
dark. During the winter the worms are torpid. Early in the
spring they change into chrysalids, and in three weeks afterward
they are transformed into Avinged moths, which fly about the house
in the evenings of May and June. They lay their eggs (which are
too small to be distinguished by the naked eye) in dark corners, and
immediately thereafter die. The eggs hatch in about a fortnight,
and the young worms at once devote their energies to business.
The o'^vner of a cedar closet (or even a cedar chest) is secure against
their ravages ; those who do not o^vn either will find camphor, cedar
chips, cut tobacco and cayenne pepper, laid in the folds of the gar-
ment, valuable preventives. It is a good plan to wrap articles in
heavy brown paper and seal the packages closely. Moths will not
touch brown paper. Furs should be combed, beaten and aired,
sprinkled with camphor gum, sewed up in Unen and then put in a
paper bag. It is a prudent course to examine the furs once or twice
during the summer.
To many housekeepers, servants constitute the " greatest plague
of life." The incompetent servant is perpetually repeating her (or
him) self. The nurse who tyrannizes over the children, or upsets
the baby carriage in the park; the waitress who drinks the cherry
brandy and fiUs the bottle witli weak tea ; the cook Avho stimulates
her fiery temper with whisky ; all these are more or less famihar
examples of tlie "trained servants," whom the inteUigence offices
daily send forth to vex tiie souls of their employers.
And yet, after all, for how many bad servants are those employers
honestly responsible? Servants h^ve a creed of their own. the first
article of which is " I do not believe in my mistress ;" and is not this
distrust often the result of an experience of injustice? In your in-
tercourse with your servants remember that they are human.
Bridget, or Gretchen, or Dinah is as susceptible of fatigue and as
capable of enjoyment as her employers. Their pleasures are (and
should be) separate from yours, but recreation in some form is as
necessary for them as for you. At the same time bear in mind the
old adage, " familiarity breeds contempt," and do not place yourself
and them on the same level by making them your confidantes and
associates. Make no rules which you have not carefully considered,
and a compliance with which you intend to enforce. Don't tell
" Mary " to follow a certain line of conduct, unless you have fully
made up your mind that she shaU follow it, and if you have,
insist upon obedience. In one word, tiie same principles should con-
trol you in the management of your servants as in the government
of your children — firmness, joined to consideration and gentleness.
Remember, always, tliat they have the same desires and are subject
to the same temptations as yourself ; and you ^vill find them, as a
rule, ready to meet you fuUy half-way in your efforts to secure a
weU-ordered household.
HEALTH-GIVING FOOD.
imiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiii^
HEALTH-GIVING FOOD.
miiiiiimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiWiiiiiiiiiisaiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiii^
N every living human being there is an incessant waste
and repair. The body is every moment yielding up its
particles to destruction, like the coal which is burned in
the furnace. Hunger is the instinct which teaches us
that the furnace needs to be replenished. Properly
speaking, every ingredient of the body constantly re-
quires to be replaced, and every ingredient which goes
to make up the body must, therefore, form a part of
food. All food substances are accordingly divided into
groups, each of which has some distinguishing charac-
teristic.
The first group comprises what are called inorganic substances,
namely, water and what are known as mineral salts. Of these,
water is the most abundant, as it is the most indispensable. It
forms from two-thirds to three-quarters of the entire body, and is
being constantly discharged by perspiration, etc. Of the mineral
salts, the most important are the chloride of sodium (or common
salt) and phosphate of lime. Salt is found in lean meat in small
proportions; phosphate of lime is also found in lean meat, fish,
oysters, and eggs, the cereal grains, vegetables, and even in fruit.
Alkaline salts (carbonate of soda, etc.,) are also necessary for the
nourishment of the body, in order to repair the waste of the secre-
tions of the blood. These salts are found in many of the summer
vegetables and fruits.
The second group of food-substances comprises starch and sugar.
Starch is found in the form of minute round grains in a vast number
of vegetable products. It is very abundant in wheat-flour, rice,
Indian corn, rye, barley, potatoes, peas and beans, and enters, in
smaller proportion, into nearly every article of vegetable food.
Sugar is not so plentiful in nature as starch, but it forms an ingredi-
ent of the sweet juice of nearly all the fruits and most of the
vegetables. Wheat flour has five per cent of sugar ; milk nearly as
much ; beets, nine per cent., etc., etc. Vegetable foods containing
starch and sugar, are always useful in maintaining health.
The third group comprises the fats, which are of both animal and
vegetable origin. Twenty-five per cent of the yolk of eggs, and all
of the butter obtained from cow's milk, belong to this class of food,
as well as the natural fat of animals.
The fourth group of food substances is known as the albuminoid
class. One of the most familiar of this class is the white of an egg,
which is pure albumen. Albumen is also found in lean meats as
well as in a few vegetables.
The articles of food containing most of the substances needed in
the body are as follows : For fat and heat making — butter, lard,
sugar, and molasses ; for flesh, blood or muscle-forming — lean meat,
cheese, peas, beans, and lean fish ; for brain and nerves — shell fish,
lean meat, peas, beans, and very active birds and fish which live on
food in which phosphorus abounds. Green vegetables, fruits and
berries furnish additional supplies of the acids, the salts and the
water needed. Water, coffee, tea, cocoa, and other drinks, are
simply liquid foods, each supplying nutriment in greater or less
amounts and repairing waste. Alcohol, in all its forms, is generally
excluded from the list of foods ; but taken in limited quantities and
under certain conditions, it is thought by some authors to promote
digestion and stimulate the conversion of food into tissue and blood.
It is, however, as a rule, a wiser plan to allow the process of diges-
tion to proceed under the guidance of nature, unassisted by artificial
stimulation of this kind. "Whatever may be the usefulness of alco-
hol under proper restrictions, the danger of its abuse is top great to
render its use prudent or wise.
STRANGE POST OFFICE NAMES.
riOME genius with an eye to the double meaning of words has
]^ compiled the following Ust of queer names of post offices in
y^ the United States :
One hundred and thirty-five Cedar, 124 Pine, 216 Oak, 25 Chest-
nut, 100 Maple, 36 Locust, 61 Elm, 28 Apple, 10 Spruce, 38 Hickory,
and 27 Poplar. Four have only two letters in their names : Po,
Ok, Oz, and Ai. Tw^o are Poor and 106 are Kich ; 81 High and 72
Low ; 113 Big and 106 Little ; 11 Short and 100 Long ; 42 Upper
and 24 Lower; 16 Great and 3 Small. The lightest town is
Pound, in Wise county, Va. The town that holds the least is Gill,
in Franklin county, Mass. There are 240 names of post offices
beginning with Rock, 42 with Stone, 106 with Sand, 68 with Clay,
and 15 with Mud. There are 200 beginning with Spring, 28 with
Summer, 39 with Fall and 17 with Winter. Eight are Hot and
38 Cold ; 13 Wet and 41 Dry ; 47 Clear and 15 Muddy. One is
Yiolet, 65 are Blue, 230 Green, 27 Yellow, 42 Orange, 123 Eed,
300 White, 105 Black, and 36 Gray.
HE following recipes and hints upon various matters of
household economy are carefully collated from the most
reliable and valuable sources, and will be found of advan-
tage in regulating the domestic economy. The housewife
who refers here in a difficulty will find herself extricated
from the horns of many little dilemmas, which invariably
arise to perplex her.
USEFUL RECIPES AND PRACTICAL HINTS.
For Sprains. — The white of an egg and
salt mixed to a thick paste is one of the
best remedies for sprains, bruises or lame-
ness, for man or beast. Rub well the
parts affected.
Salve for Cuts and Burns, — To one-
half pound of sweet lard add one-fourth
pound of beeswax and the same of resin.
Beat all together till well mixed, and pour
into small tin box. Apply a little to the
wound on a soft cotton cloth.
To Cure Chilblains.— Soak the feet
fifteen minutes in warm water, put on a
pair of rubbers, without stockings, and
go to bed.
To Procure an Appetite, — Take a
slice of fresh cut bread, not too new, rub
it all over with garlic, and pour a little
fine olive oil over it. This eaten just pre-
viously to a meal induces an astonishing
appetite. For such as dislike the raw oil,
the bread may be lightly fried in butter
or oil.
Cure for Hiccough. — Hold your nose,
and in the meantime drink of any liquid
you please. This will cause hiccoughs
to cease instantly.
White Teeth. — A mixture of honey
with the purest charcoal will make the
teeth as white as snow. At rare intervals
pumice stone, powdered, on the tooth-
brush, may be used, but cautiously, so as
not to destroy the enamel.
To Stop Bleeding.— Apply to a fresh
cut wet tea leaves, or wetted scrapings of
new sole leather. Both of these sub-
stances contain tannin, which is an as-
tringent. A strong decoction of white
oak bark is still betfer.
Eruptions of the Face. — Smear the
face over with oil of walnuts at night on
going to bed, and wash it off in the morn-
ing by means of a little oat meal or Indian
meal in the water, instead of soap.
A Smoky Lamp. — A smoky lamp not
only emits a disagreeable smell, but also
spoils the furniture and blackens the ceil-
ing. The simple preventative for this is
to soak the wick in vinegar and dry it be-
fore using. See that the air has free
passage up through the bottom of the
chimney.
To Destroy Ants. — Take a large
sponge, wash it well, press it very dry.
By so doing it will leave the small cells
open. Lay it on a shelf where the ants
are most troublesome, and sprinkle sugar
lightly over the sponge. At intervals
plunge the sponge into boiling water to
kill the ants, which will gather by thou-
sands in the cells of the sponge.
Uses of Ammonia. -To wash paint, put
a tablespoonful of ammonia into a quart of
moderately hot water ; dip in a flannel
cloth, and with this merely wipe over the
woodwork ; no scrubbing will be neces-
sary. For taking grease spots from any
fabric, use the ammonia nearly pure, and
then lay white blotting paper over the
spot and iron it lightly. For washing
laces, put twelve drops in a little warm
suds. For cleaning silver, mix two tea-
spoonfuls of ammonia in a quart of hot
soap-suds, put in your silver and wash it,
using an old nail-brush or tooth-brush.
For cleaning hair-brushes, etc., simply
shake the brushes up and down in a mixt-
ure of one teaspoonf ul of ammonia to one
pint of hot water, and when they are
cleaned rinse them in cold water and
stand them in the wind or in a hot place
to dry. For washing finger marks from
looking-glasses or windows, put a few
drops of ammonia on a moist rag and
125
HOUSEHOLD VADE MECrM.
make quick work of it. If you wish
your house plants to flourish, put a few
drops of the spirits in every pint of water
used in watering. A teaspoonful in a
basin of cold water will add much to the
refreshing effects of a bath, and for those
who have a sour or sweet smell it will be
an absolute remedy for some time. Noth-
ing is better than ammonia water for
cleansing the hair. In every case rinse
off the iiminonia with pure water.
Varnish for Hard Wood. — Two parts
linseed oil, one part spirits of turpentine,
one and a half parts copal varnish. Mix
well together, apply with a pic^e of linen
rag, and polish with a soft cloth.
To Silence Snorers. — If a person
snore in your vicinity to such a degree
that you cannot go to sleep, steal gently
out of bed, seize the water jug, approach
his bed side, catch hold of his hand and
plunge it into the water. It is strange,
but true, notwithstanding, that after thislie
will never snore again. The reason of this
is that although asleep we still possess a
certain amount of moral consciousness,
which exercises its influence over the ac-
tions; and thus the snorer instinctively
associates the shock with the act of snor-
ing, and this dread is riuftlcient to control
him so as to escape the penalty.
Bums and Scalds. — In case of scald-
ing by hot water, dash on cold water in-
stantly, and lift off from the skin any
clothing that may cover the scald, as
quickly as possible. Cold milk is still
better. If the scald or burn is not serious,
keep upon it a cloth wetted with eciual
parts of lime-water and linseed oil, with a
little spirits of turpentine. If it is a se-
vere bum, cover it with simple dry flour.
Keep the flour heaped and packed down
tightly, so as to wholly exclude the air,
and send for a physician. The danger
from a burn depends upon the extent of
the surface injured. If flame is inhaled
into the lungs the patient is not likely to
recover, although but little outward mark
of the fire may be found.
Illusion of Taste. — If the nose be held
tightly while the most nauseous medicine
is being administered, no taste will be
perceptible; and if the eyes be shut while
a person is smoking, he will nbt be able
to tell whether his cigar or pipe is lighted
or not.
To liook at the Sun Without In-
jury. — Provide a wine-glass filled with
plain water, which will keep off the heat
so effectually that the brightest sun may
be viewed some time through it without
any inconvenience.
Reviving Withered Flowers. —
Flowers that have been twenty-four hours
out of water and are withered, may be
revived by plunging their stems into hot
water, and as the water gradually cools
they will become quite fresh again.
Boots and Shoes. — As soon as ^ou
buy a pair of boots, and before wearmg,
rub into the leather with the hand a mixt-
ure of equal parts of neats-foot oil and
castor-oil, well shaken. Before applying
the oil wet the leather slightly with a
moist rag, to keep the oil from soaking
through into the stockings. The follow-
ing is an excellent water-proof for coarse
boots: Beef tallow, 13 ounces; resin, 1
ounce; f)eeswax, ounces; neatsfoot oil,
1 gill; castor oil, 1 gill. M\x well, and
apply as hot as the leather will stand with-
out burning. Remember that a very mod-
erate degree of heat will scorch leather
and ruin it. The following is another
valuable leather preservative, good for
b(K)ts and shoes and for leather belting:
Melt 21 parts tallow with 3 parts resin,
and mix well. In another vessel put 70
{)arts rain-water and 7 parts good wash-
Dg-soap, dissolved in the waterby boiling.
Add the first mixture and again bring to
a gentle boil. When cool it is ready for
use. Apply only what will enter the
leather in a reasonable time.
A Cheap Aquarium. — Cut a nan ow
groove in a board the size you wish. Set
four panes of glass on edge in the grooves.
Put a piece of zinc in the bottom. Make
a light frame of wood or zinc, with grooves
to correspond, for the top. Pass rods
through the frame down the inside of the
corners, through the bottom, and screw
up tight. Put into the joints and cor-
ners the following:
Water-Proof Cement. — One part, by
measurement, of litharge; one of plaster-
Paris; one of fine sand; one- third of finely
powdered resin. Keep dry, ready for use,
in a well-corked bottle. To use, make
into a putty with boiled linseed oil. A
little patent drier may be used.
Another. — White lead and red lead,
equal parts, mixed with boiled linseed oil.
For Dandiuff. — One ounce flour of
sulphur to one quart of water. Shake at
intervals of a few hours. Next day pour
off the clear water, and useit to saturate
tlie hair every morning. Shampoo, gently,
once a week, with mild soap, not rubbing
the scalp very hard. Do not use prepara-
tions of carbonate of potass, for dandruff,
as it will cause the hair to fall out.
To Remove Grease. — If simple ben-
zine, followed with soap suds, is not
sufficient, make the following prepara-
tion: Alcohol, one-half pint; sulphuric
ether, 2 ounces; pure carbonate of pot-
ash-salts of tartar, 10 grains; soft water,
2 ounces ; oil of bergamot, one-fourth
ounce. Dissolve the carbonate in the
water, and put the oil of berga;,uot in the
alcohol. Mix all together and cork for
■^^^
HOUSEHOLD VADB MECUM.
use. (The bergamot is only for flavor.)
In using, apply with a clean sponge, rub-
bing patiently. If the paint or grease
has been long on the goods it will be more
diflicult to remove than when fresh.
To clean Brussels carpets when down,
thoroughly sweep, and then scrub with a
stiff brush.
To clean zinc, or indeed any metal, use
kerosene. Remember that kerosene is not
harmful to any metal, and is a foe to all
rust, grease and paint.
To clean saws or tools from rust, when
petrolemn will not do, scrub with pumice
stone and diluted muriatic acid, afterward
washing with water, drying and slightly
heating. You must keep your fingers out
of the acid.
Stimulating Flowers. — To hasten
the blooming of flowers, the following
liquid has been used with advantage: Sul-
phate or nitrate of ammonia, 4 oz. ; ni-
trate of potash, 2 oz. ; sugar, 1 oz. ; hot
water, 1 pint. Dissolve and keep it in a
well-corked bottle. For use, put eight or
ten drops of this liquid into the water of
a hyacinth glass or jar, for bulbous-rooted
plants, changing the water every ten or
twelve days. For flowering plants in
pots a few drops must be added to
the water used to moisten them. Rain-
water should be used. If you have only
well-water, remove the lime by boiling.
Flowers in "Winter. — Flowers may
be produced In winter by taking up the
plants, trees or shrubs, in the spring, at
the time when they are about to bud,
with some of their own soil carefully
preserved among the roots, placing them
upright in a dark cellar till October.
Then, with the addition of fresh earth,
they are to be put into proper tubs or ves-
sels and placed in a hot-house or warm
window, where they mu'-t be moistened
every morning.
Natural Flowers in Winter.— Choose
some of the most perfect buds of the
flowers you would preserve, such as are
latest in blooming and ready to open.
Cut them off with a pair of scissors or a
knife, leaving to each, if possible, a piece
of the stem about three inches long.
Cover the end of the stem immediately
with Spanish wax. When the buds are a
little shrunk and withered, inclose and
seal each of them separately in a piece of
paper, perfectly clean and dry, and pre-
serve them untouched in a box or drawer.
Well-sized paper, or paper coated with
wax, must be used. In winter, or at any
other time when you would have the
flowers bloom, take buds over night and
cut off the ends of the stems sealed with
Spanish wax, and place them in water
wherein a little nitre or salt has been dis-
solved, and the buds will open the next
day, the same as on their native bushes.
Snake-Bites. — In 900 cases of snake-
bites in India, reported by an English sur-
geon, aqua ammonia was administered in-
ternally, and over 700 of them recovered,
although the average time that had elapsed
after the bite, before the ammonia was
given, was 3^ hours; and in those who
died, 4^. The dose in administering am-
monia is 5 to 30 drops, well diluted with
water.
Nose-Bleed. — Wet a small, soft linen
cloth in water, roll it in a convenient size,
dip and rub it in tannic acid in the dry
powdered form, and pass it into the nos-
tril as high up as will allow the tannic
acid to reach the point where the blood is
issuing. If the acid will not adhere to
the cloth, make an ointment of it with a
very little lard, and apply as before.
Monsel's persulphate of iron is also highly
recommended as a styptic, or astringent
for causing contraction of the blood ves-
sels. In case of severe nosebleed it is
well to soak the feet in hot water, to draw
the blood away from the head. Compress
the little artery in the side of the face
leading to the nostril, just where it passes
over the jaw bone.
To Relieve Asthma. — Wet blotting
paper in a strong solution of saltpetre, dry
it, and burn a piece three inches square
on a plate in the sleeping room, and it
will afford quick relief.
To Remove Warts. — Touch the warts
with caustic potassa, or liquor potassa, or
acetic acid. The operation is not painful,
does not discolor the skin, and removes
the warts in a short time, leaving the skin
perfectly smooth.
PUZZLES OF HOUSEKEEPERS.
Clean brass ornaments by washing with
roche alum boiled to a strong lye, after-
ward scouring with tripoli.
Extract grease from papered walls by
washing lightly with spirits of wine.
Remove medicine stains from silver
spoons with sulphuric acid, diluted some-
what.
Remove stains from the hands by wash-
ing in water containing a very little sul-
phuric acid.
To clean knives and forks rub with
sweet oil, let them lie forty-eight hours, kin should lie in lye before being washed,
then scour with powdered unslaked as it sets the color. A strong tea of com-
lime. mon hay will preserve the color of French
Sharpen light, thin-edged tools by put- linen. Vinegar in the rinsing water for
ting them half an hour in water with one pink or green calicoes will brighten them,
twentieth part of muriatic acid. and soda answers the same end for both
Remove strong vegetable odors from purple and blue. To bleach cotton cloth
kitchen utensils by rinsing with powdered take one large spoonful of sal soda and
charcoal. one pound of chloride of lime for thirty
A spoonful of oxgall to a gallon of yards; dissolve in clear soft water; rinse
water will set the colors of almost any the cloth thoroughly in cold soft water,
goods soaked in it previous to washing. so that it may not rot. That amount of
A tea cup of lye in a pail of water will cloth may be bleached in fourteen or fif-
improve the color of black goods. Nan- teen minutes.
SUNDRY BRIEF ITEMS OF INTEREST.
In 1492 America was discovered.
In 1848 gold was found in California.
Invention of telescopes, 1590.
Elias Howe, Jr., invented sewing machines in 1846.
In 1839 envelopes came into use.
Steel pens first made in 1830.
The first watch was constructed in 1476.
First manufacture of sulphur matches In 1829.
Glass windows introduced into England in the eighth century.
First coaches introduced into England in 1569.
In 1545 needles of the modem style first came into use.
In 1527 Albert Durer first engraved on wood.
1559 saw knives introduced into England.
In the same year wheeled carriages Were first used in Prance.
In 1588 the first newspaper appeared in England.
In 1629 the first printing press was brought to America.
The first newspaper advertisement appeared in 1652.
England sent the first steam engine to this continent in 1703.
The first steamboat in the United States ascended the Hudson in 1807.
Locomotive first used in the United States in 1830.
First horse railroad constructed in 1827.
In 1830 the first iron steamship was built.
Coal oil first used for illuminating purposes in 1886.
Looms introduced as a substitute for spinning wheels in 1776.
The velocity of a severe storm is 36 miles an hour; that of a hurricane, 80 miles
an hour.
National ensign of the United States formally adopted by Congress in 1777.
A square acre is a trifle less than 209 feet each way.
Six hundred and forty acres make a square mile.
A "hand " (employed in measuring horses' height) is four inches.
A span is 10^ inches.
Six hundred pounds make a barrel of rice.
One hundred and ninety-six pounds make a barrel of flour.
Two hundred pounds make a barrel of pork.
Fifty- six pounds make a firkin of butter.
The number of languages is 2,750.
The average duration of human life is 31 years.
physicians' digestion table.
PHYSICIMS' DIGESTIOH TABLE.
SHOWING THE TIME REGlTnilED FOB, THE DIGESTION OF THE
OBDINARY ARTICLES OF FOOD.
SOUPS.
Chicken, 3 hours; Mutton, 3^ hours; Oyster, 3^ hours: vegetable, 4 hoiirs.
FISH.
Bass, broiled, 3 hours; Codfish, boiled, 2 hours; Oysters, raw, 3 hours; Oysters,
roasted, 3i hours; Oysters, stewed. 3i hours; Salmon (fresh), boiled, If hours; Trout,
fried, 1^ hours.
MEATS.
Beef, roasted, 3 hours; Beefsteak, broiled, 3 hours; Beef (corned; boiled, 4i
hours; Lamb, roast, 2i hours; Lamb, boiled, 3 hours; Meat, hashed, 2i hours;
Mutton, broiled, 3 hours; Mutton, roast, 3i hours; Pigs' feet, soused, 1 hour; Pork,
roast, 5i hours; Pork, boiled, 4^ hours; Pork, fried, 4J hours; Pork, broiled, 3i
hours; Sausage, fried, 4 hours; Veal, broiled, 4 hours; Veal, roast, 4i hours.
POULTRY AND GAME.
Chicken, fricasseed, 3i hours; Duck (tame), roasted, 4 hours; Duck (wild), roasted,
4f hours; Fowls (domestic), roasted or boiled, 4 hours; Goose (wild) roasted, 2i hours;
Goose (tame), roasted, 2i hours; Turkey, boiled or roasted, 2i hours; Venison, broiled
or roasted, H hoiirs.
VEGETABLES.
Asparagus, boiled, 2^ hours; Beans (Lima), boiled, 2^ hours; Beans (string), boiled,
3 hours; Beans, baked (with pork), 4^ hourg; Beets (young) boiled, 3f hours; Beets
(old) boiled, 4 hours; Cabbage, raw, 2 hours; Cabbage, boiled, 4i hours; Cauliflower,
boiled, 2i hours; Com (green), boiled, 4 hours; Onions, boiled, 3 hours; Parsnips,
boiled, 3 hours; Potatoes, boiled or baked, 3^ hours; Rice, boiled, 1 hour; Spinach,
boiled, 21 hours; Tomatoes, raw or stewed, 2i hours; Turnips, boiled, 3^ hours.
BREAD, EGGS, MILK, ETC.
Bread, com, di hours; Bread, wheat, 3^ hours; Eggs, raw, 2 hours; Cheese, Si
hours; Custard, 2| hours; Eggs, soft-boiled, 3- hours; Eggs, hard-boiled or fried, 3i
hours; Gelatine, 2i hours; Tapioca, 2 hours.
SUSTAINING POWER OF ICE.
The sustaining power of ice at various degrees of thickness is given in the
following paragraphs:
At a thickness of two inches, will support a man.
At a thickness of four inches, will support man on horseback.
At a thickness of six inches, will support teams with moderate loads.
At a thickness of eight inches, will support heavy loads.
At a thickness of ten inches, it will support 1,000 pounds to the square foot.
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THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.
ASHIKGTOK City, the capital of the United States,
occupies a central position in the District of Columbia,
on the left bank of the Potomac, 105 miles from its
mouth. The site was selected by Washington himself,
whose choice was ratified by Act of Congress in 1790.
The city is laid out upon a somewhat unique plan.
Its streets run parallel with the meridian, or at right
angles with it, while a number of avenues intersect
these in diagonal directions. The main street is known as Penn-
sylvania Avenue, and extends from the Capitol to the White House,
which are about a mile apart, and which are themselves the centers
around which several of the broad diagonal avenues radiate. The
streets are from 70 to 110 feet in width, and the avenues from 130
to 160 feet. The city, although it has become one of the largest in
the country, with a population, in 1880, of 147,300, is laid out on so
grand a scale that it will be many years before all the streets are
lined with buildings. It has acquired the name of the " City of
Magnificent Distances." It is said that Washington in his early
days, and being before he dreamed of the august destiny and glori-
ous career which awaited him, predicted that somewhere in that
vicinity would one day stand a great city, and time is rapidly de-
veloping the fulfillment of that youthful dream of the saviour of his
131
OUE COUNTRY 8 CAPITAL.
IMMWWWH.M I IIffl i ati'lfAltiilM P AMWHWH I AWWHIilM l iWIHHIH
PUBLIC BUILDINGS.
HE building of the greatest importance in Washington, if
not in America, is the National Capitol. It is situated on
an elevation known as Capitol Hill, a mile east of the
Potomac. The building faces to the east, and before it
extends a wide plaza, used for reviews and for some of the
inauguration ceremonies.
The first building on this site was commenced in 1793, General
Washington laying the corner stone, but was destroyed by tire
during the British occupancy of the city in 1814. The present edi-
fice was commenced in 1821, its corner stone being laid by Daniel
Webster, then Secretary of State. It consisted at first of what is
now called the central building, but two wings were added in 1851.
The cost of this splendid structure has been about $15,000,000 up to
the present time. Its entire length is T50 feet. The central build-
ing is of freestone, whitened ; it is approached by a flight of steps,
on which stand statues of the discovery and first settlement of
America. A portico, supported on lofty Corinthian columns, ex-
tends across the front of this portion of the building, in front of
which stands a colossal statue of Washington. The building is sur-
mounted by a lofty iron dome, on whose summit stands a bronze
statue of Liberty, also of colossal size, being twenty feet in height.
The height to the top of this figure is 307^ feet, being 36 feet less
than that of St. Peter's at Rome.
Underneath the dome, in the interior of the building, is the
Rotunda, an enormous hall, 96 feet in diameter and 168 feet in
height. Over its doors are marble bas-reliefs, representing scenes
in American history ; and on its walls hang pictures of historical
interest. Adjoining the Rotunda is the famous Library of Congress,
which occupies three large halls with fire-proof walls and shelving.
It contains more than 525,000 books and pamphlets, and about
15,000 are annually added to its numbers.
To the north of the Rotunda extends the Senate wing of the
building. The Senate Chamber itself is rectangular in form, being
114 feet long, 82 feet wide, and 36 feet high. The ceiling is of cast-
iron, paneled with richly ornamented stained glass skylights. Gal-
leries capable of seating more than 1,000 persons surround the hall,
to which the visitor ascends by spacious staircases of white and
colored marble. Adjoining this chamber are reception rooms, re-
tiring rooms for senators, etc., etc., all furnished with great mag-
nificence, with walls and columns of white and red marble, and the
ceilings frescoed and gilded.
Hall of Representatives. — This is in the opposite wing of the
building. It is of fine proportions, and is richly decorated. It is
139 feet long and 93 feet wide. Spacious galleries surround is for
the diplomatic corps, the public and the reporters for the press,
capable of seating 1,200 persons. The roof is similar to that of the
Senate Chamber, and on its glass panels are painted the arms of the
States.
The Executive Mansion. — This building, known as the
White House, is constructed of whitened sandstone, in the style of
architecture called Ionic. It is lYO feet long. Its main entrance is
through a portico supported by columns, on the north side of the
building; on the south side a semi-circular portico overlooks the
Potomac. On the ground floor are the public rooms, consisting of
the East Room, the Blue Room, the Green Room and the State
Dining Room. The first named is adorned with portraits of former
presidents and is sumptuously furnished, its floor being covered by
a Turkish carpet presented to the Government by the Sultan. On
the upper floor are the executive offices and the private apartments.
Presidential levees, to which the public are admitted, are held fre-
quently during the congressional sessions.
Smithsonian Institute. — This is one of the most important
and interesting of the public buildings. It is of red sandstone, and
ornamented by seven towers at its extremities. It was erected
with money bequeathed to the United States by James Smithson, a
natural son of the Duke of Northumberland, at a cost of $450,000.
It contains very valuable and extensive collections of minerals,
animals, skeletons, shells, costumes, weapons, medals, fossils and
photographs. Th6 bmlding is surrounded by spacious and well-
kept grounds.
Department Buildings.— These are huge piles of marble,
granite, or sandstone. Those of special interest are the Treasury,
the State, War and Navy Department and the Patent Office. Of
these, the Treasury is the largest, being 589 feet long, and 300 feet
wide. The north and south porticos and eastern portion are sup-
ported by immense columns, 31 feet in height, and 4 feet in diame-
ter. The north part opens upon a tesselated plateau containing a
fine fountain, and the south portico commands a view over beautiful
Wk
OUK countky's capital.
gardens of the Potomac. The stair-cases and offices are lined with
marbles and richly decorated. To most visitors, however, the most
interesting portions of the building are the marble Cash Room and
the Gold Vaults with their thousands of millions of dollars, so
readily seen, yet so difficult to reach !
State, War and Navy Departments. — The building occupied
by these departments is one of the most beautiful specimens of
architecture in the United States. It is built of granite, and is
believed to be absolutely fire-proof. Its length is 567 feet, its
width 342 feet, and its cost was $5,000,000. The Hall of the Sec-
retary of State, the Ambassadors' Hall and the Library, are sump-
tuous apartments.
Patent OflElce. — This is also a beautiful piece of architectural
work — periiaps it is, architecturally considered, the most perfect in
the city. It is built of white marble and sandstone. Here are de-
posited models of every patent issued. The !Model Rooms are tilled
with objects of the greatest interest, inclosed in cases, the contents
of each case being described on a label attached. The original
Declaration of Independence may be seen here, and various interest-
ing historical relics, originally belonging to Washington, Lincoln,
and other patriots.
J ^AQUIKiriTnM MnMIIMCMT *
WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
'jiyiiip wit liiP <ipi HP laniw iiiip Mfiny MfW\\
HIS stupendous work was commenced in 1848 and completed
in 1884, although work upon it has been suspended from
time to time. The suspension has been due, sometimes, to
lack of funds, and again because the foundations were found
to be insecure. Its design is a circular temple, from which
springs a lofty shaft in the shape of an obelisk, the whole
structure reaching a height of 557 feet. The shaft is of Maine
granite, faced with white. The interior contains various stones
presented by foreign powers, as well as by the different States and
by distinguished American societies. Some of the blocks bear in-
scriptions and are richly ornamented with carving. This monument,
which has been called " earth's greatest cenotaph," is the loftiest
structure in the world, towering far above the Capitol, and even
exceeding in altitude, by 69 feet, the great Pyramid of Cheops in
Egypt. It is intended that an elevator, as well as a spiral staircase,
OUR COUNTEY S CAPITAL.
shall be used for ascent, and that the interior of the shaft shall be
brilliantly illuminated, as the only natural light admitted will be
through star-shaped windows at the top. The prospect from the
top is sublime beyond conception. On the west, the range of vision
extends to the AUeghanies; on the south, across the blue waters of
Chesapeake Bay ^to the Atlantic ; and on the north and east, far
over the fertile valleys of Maryland alid Pennsylvania.
l|0 description of Washington could pretend to be com-
plete which failed to include some mention of its parks and
'**' statues. The squares are numerous and beautiful, the
largest covering an area of nineteen acres. They not only
beautify the city and please the eye, but also serve as delight-
ful resting spots for tired pedestrians and charming play
grounds for whole troops of laughing children. Almost all of
these parks are adorned with statues of persons famous in American
history, among whom might be named Lafayette, Greene, Scott,
Lincoln, and many of the heroes of the Civil War. Besides the
parks, another feature which tends greatly to beautify the city
should be noticed. On the majority of the streets, the houses stand
from forty to fifty feet back from the curbstone, each house having
nearly twenty feet of garden in front of it. The result is, that in
the vernal season Washington is dotted by innumerable gardens
filled with the choicest of Southern flowers.
POPULATION— SOCIETY.
EOBABLY no city on the American continent has a pop-
ulation of so cosmopolitan a character as Washington.
Hither flock people from all climes and countries, whose
interests and tastes are as diverse as their habits and civiliza-
tion. The rosy-faced, blonde-haired European from the
steppes of Northern Eussia is jostled by the tawny-skinned,
black-browed South American ; the delicate features of the Cauca-
sian present a daily contrast to the thick lips and high cheek-bones
of the native African ; while the polished Parisian learns new
lessons in life from the " cow-boy " of our Western plains. In ad-
dition to its cosmopolitan character, the population of Washington
may be fairly characterized as migratory. The number of " old
settlers" is comparatively small, and even the "oldest inhabitant"
will hardly strain his conscience by telling you stories of his per-
sonal recollections of General Jackson. A very large majority of
Washington ians are ot!ice-AoW<?r#, and a considerable percentage of
the remainder are ofsic^seekers^ known in Washington as "tide-
waiters." The advent of a new political party, or even of a new
administration, or the assembling of a new congress, renders neces-
sary very material alterations in the directory.
Washington society is of every grade, and no variety of social
entertainment can be imagined which cannot be found there, from
the " state dinner " with its distinguished guests, its elaborate menu,
and its gorgeous appointments, to the far humbler, but perhaps
equally happy, " tea " given in the quiet home of the department
lady-clerk, who thinks herself rich on an income of $75 per month.
In a word, whatever may be your intellectual tastes, or financial cir-
cumstances, or religious creed, or social standing, you may find in
some one of the many strata of Washington society a congenial
circle. No capital of the New World can vie with it in gayety during
what is known as " the season," as none can surpass it in beauty.
Art and nature vie with each other in affording a situation
and surroundings worthy of the highest ambition of the capital
for the future, and on so generous and noble a plan have the im-
provements of the naturally picturesque site been conducted, that it
is difficult to decide which of the two has most contributed to the
imposing coup cToeil which the Washington of to-day presents.
More than half a century ago a distinguished writer penned
these lines, which are even more true to-day than when first written :
" The Nation has founded a city which bears and will transmit to
posterity the name of Washington and his reno\\Ti. It is a living,
intelligent monument of his glory, and will reflect, as it grows in
wealth and splendor, the inestimable consequences resulting to the
country from his martial qualities and patriotic virtues."
MISCELLANEOUS.
LIST of State and Territorial Capitals, with the Salaries and Length of
Terms of the Governors.
I. -STATES.
State.
Capital.
o
OtHO
State.
Capital.
to
r
Governor's
Term of
Office.
Alabama
Montgomery . . .
Little Rock....
Sacramento —
Denver
$3,000
3,000
(5,000
.^,000
2,000
3,000
3,.500
3,000
6,000
5,000
.S,000
3,000
5,000
"4,000
2,000
4,500
4,000
1,000
3,300
4,0OU
2 years
4 "
2 "
3 "
4 "
4 "
2 "
4 "
4 "
3 "
2 "
4 "
4 "
2 "
4 "
1 "
2 "
2 "
4 "
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hamp-
Jefferson City..
Lincoln
$5,000
2,500
5,000
1,000
5,000
10,000
3,0i0
4,000
i,.->oo
10,OoO
1,000
3 500
4,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
2,700
5,000
4 years
2 "
California . ..
Carson City
Concord
Trenton
Albany
4 "
Hartford
2 "
New Jersey...
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
3 "
Tallahassee
3 "
Georgia
Illinois
Raleigh
4 "
Springfield
Indianapolis ....
Des Monies
Columbus.
Salem
2 '*
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina
Tennessee ....
Texas
4 "
Iowa
Harrisburgh
Providence and
Newport
Columbia
Nashville
Austin
Montpelier
Richmond
Wheeling
Madison
4 "
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Frankfort
Baton Rouge . . .
Augusta
Annapolis
Boston
Lansing
St. Paul
1 "
2 "
2 "
2 "
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia .
Wisconsin. ...
2 "
4 "
4 '
Mississippi
Jackson
2 "
II.-TERRITORIES.
Territories.
Capitals.
<H O
oa
iOtM
gas
oHO
Territories.
Capitals.
•H O
o c
u
>->
'^9h
'u o
O
gs§
oHO
Arizona ....
Dakota
Idaho
Prescott
Bismarck
Boise City
Tchlequah
$2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
4 years
New Mexico..
Utah
Washington...
Wyoming
Santa Fe
Salt Lake City
Olympia
Cheyenne
$3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
4 years
4 "
4 "
TABLE showing the length of the Longest and Shortest Day and Night
in various Capitals of the World.
i
hi
. c
.
jd
Time.
-2 a
al
c
1
1
6
"3
ll
a 0.
C.2
O.M
cS,
3
.&
u
<
pa
6
u
O
o
o
P
W
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
Longest day . .
16 44
16 38
J5 16
14
13 26
14 22
15 4
17 30
16 56
17 .H3
Longest night..
16 27
16 20
15 3
13 41
13 18
14 22
14 48
17 6
16 42
17 10
Shortest day...
Shortest night. .
7 33
7 40
8 58
10 19
10 43
9 38
9 12
6 ,54
7 18
650
7 16
7 22
8 44
10
10 34
938
8 56
6 40
7 4
638
Time.
s
%
d
o
i
.2
u
(2
«
d
1
9.
St. Pe-
ters-
burgh.
i
§
>
if
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
H. M.
Longest day
Longest night..
Shortest day...
Shortest night.
16 23
1« 16
7 44
7 37
15
14 i^
9 14
9
15 3
14 4'<
9 14
8 57
16 6
15 50
8 10
7 54
12 36
12 26
11 34
11 24
14 58
14 44
9 16
9 2
18 30
18 6
5 54
530
18 44
18 18
5 42
5 16
15 58
15 43
8 17
8 2
14 52
14 38
9 23
9 8
GEOGEAPHICAL TABLE.
GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE
A Table Showing the Height of the Most Celebrated Buildings and
Monuments of the World, Arranged According to their Altitude.
Name of EonrcE.
HT.
FT.
LOCATIOW.
Namb op EnincK.
HT.
rr.
855
348
328
272
aoo
SS4
221
17«
175
ita
151
110
Location.
Washington Monument .
Pyramid of riieoue
Catliedrul of Antwerp...
Stnuibourg' Cathedral
665
4M
47«
474
466
448
411
400
ao6
887
886
865
860
856
356
Washing., D.C
Egypt.
Antwerp, Bel,
Strasb'rgr. Gr.
Egypt.
Kome. It.
Landshut, Gr.
Sjiulsb'y. Eng,;
rremona, It.
Florence, It.
Frlbourg, Gr.
Ix)ndon, I'.nii.
Seville. Spain.
Egypt.
Utrecht, Hoi.
Milan Cathedral
Milan, It.
Notre Dame Cathedral. .
St. Mark's Church
Trinitv Church
Munich, Bav.
Venice, It. •
New York Cy.
Uokigna, It.
Delhi, India.
Pyramid of Cephrenca. . .
AseiMcll Tower
St. Peter's Church
Dellii Column
St. Martin's Church
Saulsbiiry rathodnU
Cremonii Ciithc hal
Florence Ciithcdnil
Churcli at KribouiK
St. Paul's Church
Seville Cathedral
] Porcelain Tower
i Notre Dame Cathedral. .
j Hunker Hill Monument
liCtining Tower of Pisa.
Washington Monument
V'endome Column
Trajan's Pillar
Nankin, China
Paris. France.
Hoston, Mass.
Pisa, It.
lialtimorc, Md
Paris, France.
Pyramid of Sakurab
Utrecht Cathedral
Obelisk of Lu;(or
Paris, France.
LENGTH OF SEAS.
Baltic Sea
Black Sea
Carribean Sea.
Caspian Sea . . .
China Sea . . .
Japan Sea
.Length 600 miles
1,800
640
1,700
LOOO
Mediterranean Sea Length 2,000 miles
OkhotskSea " flOO "
RedSea " 1,400 "
SeaofAral " 260 "
White Sea " 460 "
Table Showing the Solid Contents of Boxes of Various Sizes, in Cubic
Feet or Inches, with the Equivalent in Dry and Liquid Measure.
Dimensions of
Box.
SotXD
Contents.
CUBIC IN.
Equivat.etjt.
Dimensions of
Box.
Solid
Contents.
CUBIC IH.
Equivalent.
4 in. X 4 In. X 4| in.
8in.x4in.x4iin.
8 in. X 8 in. x 4i in.
8 in. X 82 in. x 8 in.
8 in. X 8? in. X 16 in.
67J
134i
268J
537g
l,075i
1 quart.
2 quarts i (gal)
1 gallon.
1 peck.
2 pecks (i bu.).
16 in. X 16 In. X 8| in.
16 in. X 16 in. x 12? in.
24 in. X 16 in. X 16| in.
4 ft. X 3A ft. X 2A tt.
2,150J
3,385i
6,451i
3^ cu. ft.
1 bushel,
i barrel (Hbu)
1 barrel & bu).
1 ton of coal.
YNONYMS are words that have not the same, but
similar^ meaning. One word can seldom be ex-
plained otherwise than roughly by any other
word in the same language. Even if two words
are identical in meaning there is a constant
tendency to differentiate their meaning, a proc-
ess aptly termed by Coleridge as desynonym-
izing. No other language is more open to the charge
of superfluity of words than the English, and yet rarely
do synonyms, which in their literal sense signifiy
words of precisely the same meaning, occur.
By synonyms, then, we mean that there are words
which, with great and essential resemblances of mean-
ing, ha,ve at- the same time small, subordinate, and
partial differences, these being such as either originally, on
the ground of their etymology, inhered in them, or differ-
ences acquired by universal usage, or such as, though nearly
latent, they were capable of receiving at the hands of wise masters
of the tongue. Synonyms are neither on the one hand absolutely
identical, nor on the other remotely related to one another. They
are words more or less liable to confusion, but which ought not to
be confounded.
The main source of synonyms in our language arises from mod-
ern English, being the result of a compromise between Norman-
French and Anglo-Saxon, while to this may be added the words
imported into our early literature by writers familiar with foreign
tongues. And even in one race, such as the Anglo-Saxon, there was
a coalescence of various tribes speaking different dialects. As an
illustration of how English has enriched itself from various quarters
"we may instance these words, trick, device, finesse, artifice and strat-
agem, which are respectively from Anglo-Saxon, Italian. French,
Latin and Greek.
139
As society axivances from a simple to a complex state, and lan-
guage as an instrument for the conveyance of thought becomes
more and more an object of attention, it is felt to be a waste of
resources to have more than one sign for one and the same object,
and men feel that with a boundless world lying both without and
within them, with an infinity of shades of thought and meaning,
such extravagance as two signs for one object must be counterbal-
anced by a scantiness and straitness in another direction, and hence
arises the desynonymizing process.
It will serve as a guide to the choice of S3monym in numberless
instances to know that of two words, the Anglo-Saxon is generally
used in its plain, literal, primary meaning, and relates to the ex-
ternal world of sensation, while the Latin or Greek equivalent, is
used in a secondary or figurative sense. The pure English word is
concrete, the foreign term is abstract ; the former is the language of
primitive nature ; the latter of the scientific world. Thus shepherd^
the Anglo-Saxon word, is generally confined to its primary meaning
as a keeper of sheep, while pastor is exclusively confined to its fig-
urative sense of one who,keeps the flock of God, and so in number-
less other cases.
While the habit of nice discrimination in the use of words is
valuable even for its intellectual training, it biings what is of more
value, an increase of mental wealth in the ability to discern between
things which really differ, but which we have hitherto confused in
our minds, and we have made these distinctions permanently our
own in the only way they can be made secure, that is, by assigning
to each its own appropriate word and peculiar sign. "What a help
to the writing of a good English style is the ability instantly to
choose from a list of words presented to the mind that one which
expresses the exact shade of meaning we wish to give. When a
writer says either more or less than he means, or has said some-
thing beside what his intention was, it shows a lack of dexterity
in the employment of the instrument of language. Nor is this
power of expressing exactly what we mean a mere elegant mental
accomplishment; it is something far higher — it is nearly aUied
to morality, since it is closely connected with truthfulness. How
much that is false has become current by the use of words care-
lessly or dishonestly employed. While one may sometimes feel
tempted, like Shakspeare's clown, to say that " Words are grown so
false, I am loath to prove reason with them," we cannot forego
their employment, and this falseness arises rather from their abuse
and not from their proper use. Learn to distinguish between words,
SYNONYMS.
for, as Hooker observes, " The mixture of those things by speech,
which by nature are divided, is the mother of all error."
The natural way to distinguish the meaning of a word is by the
method of induction. Th'us we hear the word oppression repeated
in a context so as to convey to our mind the idea of violence ,' then
we hear it in another context and perceive that it does not exactly
mean violence, but it seems now rather to suggest injustice ; but
airain some further mention of the word makes it evident that while
oppression is always unjust, yet it is not identical with injustice. If
we are accustomed to live in society where words are correctly used,
or if we read words by the best masters of English, in course of time
we learn to reject incorrect notions of the word and arrive at its
exact meaning. The process of rejection may technically be termed
elimination. The whole process by which, by introducing the differ-
ent instances in which a word occurs, we arrive at the meaning it has
in every instance is called induction. Thus, if we say, " The tenant
oppressed his landlord by defrauding him of his rent," we feel this is
incorrect, as oppression, can only be exercised by the superior on the
inferior, by the strong on the weak. Then, again, if we say that,
" The robber oppressed the traveler by robbing him of his purse,"
we see that this is incorrect because oppression denotes conduct
more public and self-reliant than the violence of a robber who may
at any time be punished by the law. Then, " The tyrant oppressed
his steward by giving him a blow," is also incorrect as oppression
implies systematic injustice, not a single isolated instance. Hence
we can eliminate from the broad ideas of injustice as inherent in all
oppression, all injustice that is (1) not practised by the strong against
the weak; (2) pubhc and self-reliant ; (3) systematic. The residuum
i. e., " injustice more or less open and systematic, practiced by the
strong upon the weak," is a fair definition of oppression.
To illustrate how the list following should be used, should for in-
stance the word pride be under consideration, it is well to make a
list of the synonymous group, w^hich is, vanity, conceit, arrogance, as-
surance, presumption, haughtiness and insolence, and ascertain first
what is the common quality pervading all these synonyms, and
second what are the special qualities in which pride differs from
each of the others. This common quality is an exaggerated sense
of one's own worth as compared with others ; but pride differs
from vanity in being more indifferent to the opinion of others ; the
proud man has a more soUd foundation of merit than the conceited
man ; he is not so selfishly exacting as the arrogant ; not so brutally
unfeeling as the insolent; and far too dignified to be accused of
142
SYNONYMS.
assurcmce. lie is too certain of liis own merits to presume upon
them, knowing that time will bring their acknowledgment without
pushing, and the same feeling of merit will lead him to beware of
the open contempt of others which the haughty affect. Hence from
this analysis will flow a correct definition as follows : (1) Pride is a
high opinion of one's own merits, or of something connected with
one's self ; (2) it is not pushing like pTf^mnnption^ nor brutal like
insolence^ nor openly contemptuous like haughtiness., nor influenced
by a desire of admiration like vanity^ etc.
"We append below a full list of synonyms.
Abandon— relinquish, srive up, desert, for-
8iikt', t'oretfo, yiclfl, fedc, surrender, resigrn,
ab<lifiito, loiive, retire, withdraw from.
Abandoned — reprobute, protlisrate, f or-
sak'-n.
Abase— degrade, humble, disgrrace, lower,
depress.
Abate— reduce, subside, diminish, lessen, de-
creuso.
Abbreviate — curtail, compress, abridgrc,
coiulonse, epitomize, shorten, lessen, re-
duce.
Abettor— accomplice, aid. accessory.
Abhor— abominate, hate, detest, loathe.
AbiUty — capacity, power, talent, skill,
menus.
Able— capable, competent.
Abode (1 welling, habitation, residence.
Abominate— (lotest, hate, loathe, abhor.
Abridgre -contract, curtail, diminish, lessen,
shorten.
Abrog'ate— abolish, cancel, annul, repeal, re-
voke.
Abrupt— hasty, harsh, steep, rough, sudden,
nigniHl, unceremonious.
Absent— A bstnictcd, heedless. Inattentive.
Absorb -engulf, engross, imbibe, swallow.
Abstain -forlwar, refrain, withhold.
Abstruse— dilHcult, hidden, obscure.
Absurd -foolish, preposterous, silly, ridicu-
lous, uiirejisonahle.
Abundant— Mmple, copious, plentiful.
Abusive — disgraceful, insolent, offensive,
srurrilous.
Abyss— chasm, gulf.
Accede -agree, acquiesce, assent, comply.
coiisctit, yield.
Accept— admit, receive, take.
Acceptable— agreeable, grateful, welcome.
Accession — addition, augmentation, In-
creiLse.
Accommodate— iidapt, siiit, adjust, serve, fit.
Accompany — attend, escort, wait on, go
Witll.
Accomplice— abettor, ally, accessory, asso-
cuite, assistiuit.
Accomplish— execute, effect, finish, achieve,
fultlii, realize, complete.
Accordingly — agreeably, consequently,
therefore, suitably.
Account— description, explanation, recital,
narration.
Accumulate— amass, collect, gather, heap.
Accurate— correct, exact, nice, precise.
Accuse— arraign, asperse, detract, defame,
impeach, calumniate, A'illify, censiire.
Achieve— accomplish, realize, effect, com-
plet«', exe<'Utc, lulrtll.
Acknowledge— avow, confess, own, grant.
Acknowledgment— admission, avowal, con-
fes>i<)ti. coiiicssitm, recognition.
Acquaint ( oiiimunicate, disclose, inform,
make known.
Acquiesce -accede, assent, agree, comply,
c(»nscnt, yield.
Acquire attain, obtain, gain, procure, win.
Acquirement— attainment, gain.
Acquit -clear, discharge, free, forgive, par-
don.
Active -agile, busy, vigorous, brisk, quick,
industrious, nimble, prompt.
Actual— ntal, positive, certain, genuine.
Actuate move, impel, uicite, rouse, insti-
gate, animate, induce.
Acute- penetrating. |)ointed, keen, piercing,
subtle, shrewd, sharp.
Adage -apothegm, aphorism, maxim, say-
ing. i)roverb, axiom.
Adapt -accommodate, adjust, fit, suit.
Add join, annex, increase.
Addition — accession, augmentation in-
crease.
Address— ability, courtship, direction, ut-
terance, skill, speech.
Address— accost, salute, harangue, speech,
oration, direction, superscription, dexter-
ity.
Adept— skillful, apt, quick, export.
Adhere- attach, cleave, hold, stick.
Adherent— disciple, partisan, follower, up-
holder.
Adhesion— attachment, sticking, adherence,
union.
Adjacent— ad joining,contlguous,near.close.
Adjourn— postpone, defer, delay, put off.
Adjust— accommodate, adapt, fit, settle, suit.
Adiainister— give, manage, dispense, sup-
1>I>-. serve, execute.
Admiration— amazement, esteem, regard,
wonder, surprise.
Admission— entrance, admittance, access,
concession, initiation.
Admit— allow, concede, grant, permit, tol-
••rate.
Admonition— advice, caution, counsel, re-
proof, warning.
Adore— revere, reverence, venerate, wor-
ship.
Adorn— deck, embellish, beautify, decorate,
ornament.
Adroit— ngile, clever, dexterous, skillful.
Adulterate— corrupt, defile, debase, pollute
Advancement— improvement, furthennjce
prog'ression.
AdvantEig«— benefit, good, profit, use.
Adventure— ocfurrt'iice. incident, casualty,
t'lmnco. ooiitiiiKt'iii-'y.
Adversary- opponent, enemy, antagonist.
Adverse— liostile, contrary, repugnant, un-
t'ortiumte. opposed.
Advert— allude, notice, regard, turn.
Advertise— publish, proclaim, announce.
Advice— instruction, admonition, counsel.
Advise— admonish, consult, deliberate, con-
sider.
Advocate — argiie, defend, plead, support.
Affability— civility, courteousness, urban-
ity.
Affable— courteous, civil, pleasing, urbane.
Affair— business, concern, matter, transac-
tion.
Affect— aim, assume, arrogate, move, pre-
tend.
Affecting— feeling, pathetic, touching.
Affection— tenderness, love, kindness, fond-
ness, attachment.
Affiliate— adopt, associate, initiate, receive.
Affinity— conformity, alliance, relationship,
kindred, attraction.
Affirm— assert, aver, assure, protest, declare.
Affliction— sadness, sorrow, bereavement,
calamity, distress, pain, grief, trouble,
tribulation.
Affluence— opulence, wealth, riches, abun-
dance, concourse, influx, plenty.
Afford— impart, grant, give, produce, spare,
yield.
Affray— disturbance, broil, feud, fray, quar-
rel.
Affright— alarm, appall, frighten, terrify,
shock, dismay, intimidate, dishearten.
Affront— insult, offend, provoke, outrage.
Afraid— fearful, timid, timorous, terrified.
Aged— old, elderly, senile, advanced in
years.
Agent— deputy, factor, representative.
Aggravate— tantalize, provoke, exasperate,
irritate.
Aggregate— accumulate, mass* collect, pile.
Agile— nimble, brisk, alert, lively, quick,
active, sprijrhtly.
Agitate— disturb, shake, move, discuss.
Agitation— trepidation, tremor, disturb-
ance.
Aerony— distress, pain, anguish, torture, suf-
fering.
Agree— consent, assent, accede, concur,
comply, acquiesce.
Agreeable— suitable, acceptable, pleasing,
srateful.
Agreement— bargain, covenant, accord-
ance, contract, concurrence, harmony.
Aid— assist, help, succor, relieve.
Aim— aspire, endeavor, level, strive, point.
Air— mien, look, manner, appearance, as-
pect.
Alarm— apprehension, terror, surprise, sum-
mons friiiht, fear, dread, consternation.
Alienate— witlidraw, estrange, transfer.
AUiiy— soothe, mitigate, appease, assuage.
Allege— a.ssert, advance, adduce, affirm.
Alleviate— mitigate, relieve, soothe, ease,
lessen, diminish, atiate, lighten.
Alliance— union, league, confederacy, coa-
lition, combination.
Allot— a.ssign, apportion, appoint, distribute.
Allowance— wages, salary, pay, stipend,
grant, concession.
All to— very much, entirely, completel'*,
altosrether.
Allude— refer, intimate, hint, suggest.
Allure— decoy, attract, seduce, tempt, en-
tice.
Alter— change, vary, modify, rearrange.
Altercation— difference, dispute, quarrel.
Always— continually, incessantly, consant-
ly. e\er. perpetually.
Amass— heap, pile, accumulate, collect,
gather.
Amazement— surprise, astonishment, ad-
mitation, wonder.
AmbigTious— equivocal, doubtful, uncer-
tain, obscure.
Amenable— answerable, responsible, ac-
countable.
Amend— rectify, reform, mend, better, cor-
rect, improve.
Amends— restitution, restoration, recom-
pense, reparation.
Amiable— kind, agreeable, obliging, charm-
ing, delightful, lovely.
Ample abundant, large, copious, spacious,
extended, plenteous.
Amusement— pastime, recreation, diver-
sion, sport, entertainment.
Ancestors— progenitors, forefathers.
Anecdote— tale, story.
Angry- passionate, resentful, hot, hasty,
irascible, wrathful, furious.
Angruish— distress, pain, agony, suffering.
Animate— urge, enliven, exhilarate, encour-
age, impel, cheer, incite, inspire.
Animation— life, spirits, gayety, buoyancy,
vivacity, liveliness.
Animosity— enmity, hatred, hostility, ma-
lignity.
Annals— memoirs, anecdotes, chronicles,
narrations.
Annex— attach, add, affix, subjoin.
Announce— proclaim, publish, advertise, de-
clare.
Annul— cancel, destroy, revoke, repeal,
abolish, annihilate.
Answer— reply, rejoinder, response.
Answerable— accountable, responsible,
amenable.
Antagonist— foe. adversary, opponent, en-
emy.
Antecedent— foregoing, former, previoup,
anterior, prior, preceding.
Anterior— antecedent, pre\ ious, prior, for-
mer, foregoing.
Antipathy— aversion, dislike, detestation,
abhorrence, hatred.
Antijiue— ancient, old, antiguated.
Anxiety— uneasiness, caution, care, per-
ple.vity. solicitude, disquietude.
Apathy— insensibility, indifference, uncon-
cern, iiiifeelingness.
Aperture —cavity, hollow.
Aphorism— adage, maxim, apothegm, ax-
iom, ijroverb, saying.
Apology —plea, excuse, defense.
Appall— daunt, dismay, reduce, depress, dis-
courage.
Apparent— evident, visible, plain, clear, dis-
tinct.
Appeal— refer, invoke, call upon.
Appearance— aspect, air, manner, look,
mien, semblance.
Appease— assuage, allay, soothe, pacify,
calm, tranquilize.
Applaud— extol, praise, commend, approve.
Applause— acclamation, approval, shout-
ing.
Appoint— provide, allot, constitute, fix, or-
dain, prescrilje, depute, order.
Appraise— estimate, value.
Appreciate— value, esteem, prize, esti-
mate.
Apprehension— suspicion, alarm, seizure,
terror, fear, fright, dread.
Apprise— make known, acquaint, disclose,
inform.
Approach— admittance, access, passage, av-
enue.
Approbation— approval, concurrence, con-
firmation consent, sanction.
Appropriate— set apart, assume, usurp.
Appropriate— adapted, exclusive, peculiar,
suital)le.
Approve— allow, applaud, commend, llKe,
esteem.
Apt— fit, moot, quick, ready, prompt, liable.
Arbitrator— arbiter, referee, judge, um-
pire.
Archives— annals, records, registers, chron
icles.
SYNONYMS.
Ardent- cujfer, fervent, flery, hot, passion-
ate, vehement.
Arduous -'lillicult, trying, laborious, hard.
Arg-ument —debate, dispute, proof, reason.
Arise u.scend. mount, rise, stand up.
Arraigrn— accuse, charge, impeacli.
Arrange -class, adjust, dispose, place.
Arrogance lussumption, haughtiness, pride,
pr(';5Uiapti<jn, self-conceit.
Artful -aititiciul, cunning, crafty, dexter-
ous, ileceitful.
Articulate - speak, utter, pronounce.
Artifice -strataurem. deceit, cheat, finesse,
itnpositioii. <lcc«'pt inn.
Assembly ass<iiil)laKi', collection, group.
Associate coiiipaiiidn, friend, mate.
Atrocious Ikmiious. tlagrant, tlagitious.
Attitude i>()><iti(iM. posture, gesture.
Attract allure, charm, captivate, entice,
win, draw.
Audacity— hardihood, impudence, effront-
ery, hordne8.s.
Auspicious favorable, fortunate, lucky,
propitious, prosperous.
Austere riRid, rigorous, stern, severe.
Authentic gen nine, authorized, true.
Authority dominion, force, power, sway,
iiitlueiice, ascendancy.
Avarice— greed, covetousness, cupidity.
Averse loath, reluctant, repugnant, un-
willing, unfavorable, unfortunate.
Aversion— abhorrence, antipathy, detesta-
tion, dislike, repugnance.
Avidity -eagerness, greediness.
Avocation occupation, |>rofeaBion, trade,
emnloyment, calling, office, busineas.
Avoid— shun, ehule, esi-hew.
Avow— acknowledge, own, confeflB, recog-
nize.
Awake— arouse, excite, provoke.
Awe -dread, fear, reverence.
B
Babbling— chattering, idle talk, prattling,
loiiwacity.
Backward— unwilling, averse, loath, reluc-
t4llll. .
Baffle -disconcert, elude, confound, defeat,
confuse.
Balance— equalize, adjust, settle, regulate,
liiise.
Banter— deride, jest, ridicule, taunt, rally.
Bare— naked, unadornetl, stripped, destitute.
Bargain— b\iy. purchase, contract.
Base low, vile, mean, evil.
Bashful -modest, diffident, shy, timid.
Basis pedestal, base, foundation.
Bastard - illcvritinuitc, spurious.
Battle— engagement, combat, flght.
Bear— sutfer, undergo, carry, sustain, bring
forth, support, endure, yield.
Beat— strike, overthrow, defeat, hit.
Beau -gallant, dandy, sweetheart, fop.
Beautiful— tine, handsome, pretty.
Beautify — decorate, ornament, embellish,
adorn, deck.
Becominer — comely, decent, fit, graceful,
suitable. •
Beg— beseech, request, ask, crave, supplicate.
Begin— enter upon, oriirinate, commence.
BegTiile— mislead, amuse, impose upon, de-
ceive.
Behavior — carriage, deportment, address,
conduct.
Behold— observe, see, view.
Beholder— observer, spectator, looker on.
Belief— assent, conviction, confidence, cer-
tainty, faith, trust.
Below— beneath, under.
Bend— bow, distort, incline, lean, subdue.
Beneath— below, under.
Beneficent— helpful, benevolent, generous,
bountiful, lH)eral, munificent.
Bent— crooked, awry, prepossession, curved,
inclination.
Bequeath— devise, give by will.
Beseech— urge, beg, implore, solicit, suppli-
cate, request, crave, entreat.
Bestow— grant, confer, present, give.
Better— imi>r<jve, amelif>rate, reform, mend.
Biaa— warp, jjrepossession, bent, prejudice.
Blame— inculpate, reijrove, upbraid, con-
demn, censure, rei)roacli, reprehend.
Blameless — guiltless, innocent, spotless,
fjiuliless, unblemibhed, irreproachable.
Blast— split, wither up, desolate, destroy.
Blemish— flaw, defect, stain, fault, spot,
sjK'ck.
Blend— mix. mingle, confound.
Bliss— happiness, felicity, beatitude, blessed-
ness.
Blunt— dull, uncouth, brusque, insentient,
abrupt.
Blunder— error, mistake.
Boaster— vaunter, blusterer, braggard, brag-
gart.
Boasting— parade, ostentation, vaunting.
Boisteroua- violent, vehement, furious, im-
IH'tUOUS.
Bold -courageous, daring, Insolent, impu-
dent, intrepid, fearless, audacious.
Bondage- servitude, confinement, slavery,
imi>ri.s<inment.
Booty— plunder, spoil, prey.
Border— edge, side, verge, brink, brim, mar-
gin. rim.
Bore--i)enetrate, j)erf orate, pierce.
Bound— <letlne, eircumscribe. confine, re-
strict, hmit. terminate.
Bounty— liberality, beneficence, generosity,
lK'ne\ oleiice, munificence.
Brace— supi>ort, pair, couple.
Brave— bold, intrepid, fearless, undaunted.
heroic, daring, courageous.
Breach -chasm, break, gap. opening.
Break— destroy, shatter, batter, demolish,
tame, dissolve, crush, rend.
Breaker— covered rock, surge, wave, sand-
bank, billow.
Brief— short, epitomized, concise, summary,
succinct, compendious.
Bright- lucid, glistening, resplendent, brill-
iant, glittering, clear, shining, sparkling,
vivid.
Brilliancy — brightness, luster, radiance,
splendor.
Brittle crisp, frail, fraalle.
Broad —far-reaching,wide, ample, extensive,
large.
Broil— fight, affray, altercation, feud, quar-
rel.
Bruise— break, crush, squeeze, pound, com-
press.
Build— erect, establish, found, construct.
Bulk— magnitude, dimensions, greatness, ex-
tent, size, largeness.
Burden— load, cargo, weight, freight.
Burning— ardent, hot. scorching, fiery.
Burst— si)lit, crack, rend, break.
Business— avocation, occui)ation, employ-
nu'iit, trade, work, calling, profession.
Bustle— confusion, hurry, tumult, disorder.
But— notwithstanding, nevertheless, except,
however, still, yet, save.
Butchery— havoc.carnage, massacre, slaugh-
ter.
Buy— procure, purchase, bargain, obtain.
Cabal— coalition, intrigue, plot, combina-
tion, league, conspiracy.
Cajole — fawn, wheedle, coax.
Calamity — mishap, misfortune, disaster,
mischance.
Calculate— count, reckon, estimate, com-
pute, number.
Call— subpoena, summon, name, cry, bid, in-
vite, exclaim.
Calling— trade, emplojinent, avocation, oc-
cupation, profession, business.
Calm— soothe, assuage, allay, appease, com
pose, tranquilize, quiet, peace, pacify
Cancel— erase, revoke, destroy, annul, at-ol-
isli, icpwil.
Candid— fnink, honest, ingenuous, open, nrt-
U'ss.
Capable— able, skillful, fitted, qualified, com-
IH'tCllt.
Capacity— capability, talent, faculty, genius,
al)ility.
Caprice— fancy, humor, whim, freak, notion.
Capricious— notional, whimsical, variable,
l^iiita^ticiil, tickle, chauKeable,
Captivate— chai in, fascinate, Uike prisoner,
onsi ive, eiiehaiit, attract, enrapture.
Captivity— servitude, imprisonment, bond-
ajriN confinement.
Capture— prize, seizure.
Care— distiuietudc. management, worry, anx-
k'ty, CDiuern, attention, regard, solicitude.
Careful— provident, circumspect, guarded
prudent, cautious, solicitous, attentive.
Careless— inattentive, unconcerned, negli-
gent, thoughtless, remiss, heedless.
Caress— fondle, soothe, endear, stroke, em-
brace.
Carnage— massacre, slaughter, butchery.
Carriagre — deportment, walk, bearing, de-
nif^anor, manner, behavior, mien.
Carry— bear, convey, transport.
CtLse —predicament, condition, state, plight,
situation.
Cast— throw, fling, direct, turn, hurl.
Casual— accidental, contingent, incidental.
Catch— capture, grip, snatch, lay hold of,
seize, grasi).
Cause— origin, inducement, reason, motive,
source.
Caution— solicitude, notice, advice, circum-
spection, care, admonition, warning.
Cautious— careful, wary, prudent, watchful,
circumspect.
Cease— leave off, stop, desist, discontinue.
Celebrated— illustrious, renowned, famous,
honored.
Celebrate— praise; commend, extol, perpet-
uate
Celerity— velocity ,swiftness,fleetne88,qulck-
ness. rapidity.
Censure— rebuke, reproach,strictu re,blarae,
reprimand upbraid, condemnation.
Ceremony— rite, form, observance.
Certain— actual, real, manifest, sure, con-
stant.
Chagrin— vexation", mortification, fretful-
ness.
Challenge— object, demand, except, claim,
defy, accuse, call, dare.
Chance— Casual, accident, fortune, fate^ for-
tuitous, hazard.
Change— alteration, vicissitude, variety,
conversion, mutation.
Changeable— uncertain, unsteady, incon-
stant, mutable, fickle, variable.
Character— manner, quality, mark, descrip-
tion, reputation, cast, letter.
Charity— kindness, beneficence, benevo-
lence, generosity, good-will, liberality.
Charm— fascinate, captivate, bewitch, en-
rapture, attract, delight.
Chasten— chastise, afllict, correct, punish.
Chastpness— purity, simplicity, continence,
chastity.
Chastise— afflict, correct, punish.
Chattels— effects, movable goods.
Cheat— fraud, imposition, deception, deceit,
stratagem.
Cheer- encourage, incite, exhilarate, glad-
den, ' omfort.
Cheerfulness— sprightliness, livelmess, jol-
'ity, comfort, gayety, mirth, gladness.
Cherish— help, nurture, foster, shelter, in-
dulge, warm.
Chide— scold, reprimand, rebuke reprove.
Chiefly— mainly, especially, principally, par-
ticularly.
Childish— simple, puerile, young, trifling.
Childhood— infancy, minority.
Children— issue, offspring, progeny.
Choke— suffocate, smother, stifle.
Choice selection, option, election.
Choose- pick, select, elect, prefer.
Circulate spread, pass, bruit, diffuse, prop-
agate.
Circumscribe— limit, inclose,confine,bound.
Circumstance— situation, event, condition,
state, incident.
Circumspect— vigilant, watchful, prudent,
wary, particuhir, lautious.
Circumstantial- minute, accidental, partic-
ular, incidental.
Civil— obliging, well-bred, polite, polished,
urijane. allable, courteous, complaisant.
Civilization— refinement, culture.
Claim— demand, ask, right, pretension.
Clamor -outcry, cry, uproar, noise.
Clandestine— hidden, secret, private.
Class ' division, rank, order, degree.
Cleansing— purging, purifying, cleaning.
Clear obvious, apparent, free, pure, vivid.
Clearly — visibly, manifestly, lucidly, dis-
tinctly, obviously, plainly.
Clemency— mercy, kindness, lenity, mild-
ness.
Clever— adroit, expert, skillful, ready.
Climb— mount, ascend, rise, scale.
Cling— hang, clasp, cleave, stick, hold.
Close— confined, shut, near, firm, concise,
compact.
Clothes— apparel, habiliments, raiment, cov-
ering, attire, garment.
Clouded— overcast, sullen, obscured, varie-
gated, gloomy, dark.
Clumsy— uncouth, unhandy, bungling, awk-
ward.
Coadjutor— colleague, ally, assistant.
Coalition— conspiracy, union, combination.
Coarse— gross, vulgar, rude, rough, inele-
gant, unrefined.
Coax— fawn, wheedle, tease, flatter, cajole.
Coerce— force, compel, restrain.
Cognomen— name, appellation, denomina-
tion.
Coherent— consistent, tenacious, adhesive.
Coincide- agree, harmonize, concur.
Cold— unaffecting, shy, frigid, chill, re-
served.
Colleague— ally, partner, associate, coadju-
tor.
Collected— composed, calm, unruflled,placid,
cool, gathered.
Collection— gathering, group, assemblage,
contribution.
Colloquy— conference, talk, dialogue.
Color— line, tint, stain.
Combination— confederacy, conspiracy, co-
alition, union, league, alliance.
Comely— handsome, becoming, graceful,
agreeable.
Comfort— solace, enliven, encourage, con-
sole.
Comfortless — wretched, desolate, forlorn.
Comic- tunny, laughable, ridiculous, ludi-
crous.
Command— direction, order, precept, be-
hest, injunction.
Commanding— dictatorial. Imperious, au-
thoritative, imperative.
Commence— begin, undertake, originate.
Commend— approve, laud, praise, applaud,
extol, recommend.
Commensurate— sufficient, adequate, equal,
proportionate.
Comment— utterance, elucidation, remark,
observation, annotation, note, explanation,
exposition.
Commiseration— compassion, feeling for,
condolence, pity, sympathy.
Commission— authorize, empower, enable.
Commodious— fit, large, suitable, conven-
ient
Commodity— goods, wares, merchandise.
Common— general, low, mean, frequent,
usual, vulgar, ordinary.
Commotion— perturbation, confusion, tu-
mult, disturbance.
Communicate- tell, impart, reveal, disclose,
report, make known.
Communication— commerce, intercourse,
coril'ijreiice. .
Communion— union, fellowship, converge,
intt^rcoiirsc.
Commute barter, excliange.
Compact - close, solid, Ann.
Companion— imrtner, allv, confederate, ac-
eoiiiplice, friend, eomracfe, associate, chum.
Company— assembly, congregation, crew,
baiKl, corporation, u.isociation.
Compass ootmummute, attain, encircle, en-
close, environ, in\et<t.
Compassion conimiseratiom, sympathy,
pit\-. tetKleniess.
Compensation— amends, requital, remuner-
Htion, rewani, paj', satmfaction.
Competent Hk flit id. suital)le, effective,
tltliil, eilieieiit, (jualilled, cupable, able.
Competition emulation, rivalry.
ComplaininfT — >>emoaniim-, bewailing, la-
meiitinif, reuining, regretting.
Complaisant affable, civil, courteous,
HRreeahle, obliging.
Complete aecoinplinh, eonsumate, con-
clude, e.\ecute, efrcet, Hnish, ful£Ul.
Complex- complicate, intricate.
Compliment flatter, extol, praise.
Comply accede, agree, assent, consent,
yield, acijuiewe.
Composed calm, quiet, put together.
Comprehend appreciate, embrace, com-
prise, understand.
Compress bind, condense, squeeze.
Compulsion coercion, restraint, force.
Compunction— contrition, repentance, pen-
itence, regret.
Compute -calculate, reckon, count, esti-
mate.
Concede— admit, allow, yield, grant, deliver.
Conceal— cover, disguise, hide, secrete.
Conceit -fancy, vanity, pride, notion, im&gi-
nation, freak.
Conception idea, notion, porception,fancy.
Concern atfuir, matter, l)\isines8, care.
Concert adjust, consult, contrive.
Conciliate reconcile, propitiate.
Conclude llnisli, close, terminate.
Conclusive convincing, decisive.
Concord iigreement, amity, peace, union,
harmony.
Concur— agree, coincide, approve, acquiesce.
Condemn -i-eproach, doom, sentence,
blame.
Condense— shorten, contract, abbreviate.
Condescension— submission, humility, def-
erence.
Condition— stipulation, situation, state,
rank.
Condolence— sympathy, commiseration,
coinpa.ssion.
Conduct— behavior, deportment, mana^re-
ment.
Confederate— associate, ally, accomplice.
Confer^grant, bestow, give.
Confess— admit, disclose, acknowledge,
own.
Confide— trust, depend, rely, repose.
Confident— assured, bold, positive.
Confined— imprisoned, circumscribed, lim-
ited, contracted.
Confirm— strengthen, corroborate, estab-
lish.
Conform— comply, yield, submit.
Congruity— consistency, agreement.
Connected— joined, united, related.
Conquer— overcome, subdue, vanquish.
Consent— agree, assent, comply, jneld, ac-
cede.
Consider— ponder, deliberate, reflect.
Consistent— agreeing, accordant.
Conspicuous— noted, prominent, illustri-
ous, distinguished.
Contract— build, erect, frame, form, make.
Consume— absorb, waste, destroy.
Contagiotis- inf ectious, epidemic.
Contaminate— corrupt, defile, taint, poison,
pollute.
Contemplate— muse, meditate, consider.
Contend contest, vie, strive, argue, debate.
Contentment— happiness, satisfaction, grat-
ilk-ation.
Continuation— duration, continuance.
Contraxit— shorten, curtail, reduce, abbre-
Ni:it^', condense, abridge.
Contrary -opposite, adverse, inimical.
Contrivance— invention, plan, scheme, de-
vice, means.
Controversy— debate, disputation, argu-
ment, debute.
Convenient— suitable, adapted, handy.
Convey— transport, bear, carrv.
Convivial— sociable, agreeable, festal, so-
cial.
Copy-duplicate, specimen, model.
Correct -mend, rectify, better, reform.
Costly valuable, precious, expensive.
Countenance- uphold, sanction, support,
favor, eiu'ounige.
Couple toniiect. join, unite.
Courage heroism, firmness, valor, bravery,
fearl(«siies.«.
Covering: hiding, concealing, sheltering,
screening.
Coward— poltroon, dastard, sneak.
Crave- lx?g, supplicate, solicit, request, be-
st'ech, implore, entreat.
Crime— sin, evil, vice, wickedness, guilt.
Cross splenetic, ill-tempered, petulant,
fretful. j)eevi8h.
Cure remedy, restore, heal.
Curse imprecation, anathema, malediction.
Curtail— abridge, shorten, abbreviate, con-
tract,
Cuatozn— manner, tisagc, habit, practice.
Dainty— choice, delicate.
Dampness— humidity, wet, moisture.
Dark— dismal, dim, gloomy, obscure.
Dead lifeless, inunimute, deceased, still.
Dealingr— commerce, trade, trallic.
Debas»— degrade, lower, himible, abase.
Decay— consumption, decline.
Decent— comely, seemly, fit. becoming.
Decisive— conclusive, convincing, ending'.
Decline— reject, refuse, decay.
Decoy -seduce, tempt, allure, entice, in-
veigle.
Dedicate— consecrate, set apart, devote.
Deed - feat, action, exploit, achievement.
Defect -blemish, want, imperfection, flaw.
Defender— protector, advocate, vindicator,
pleader.
Deference— veneration, regard, respect.
Deficient— imperfect, lacking, wanting.
Defraud— eheat, swindle, deceive, rob,
track.
Degree— class, rank, station, position.
Delay -postpone, protract, prolong, defer,
hinder.
Delig'hted- grateful, pleased, charmed, joy-
ful, g-lud.
Delinquent — offender, criminal, culprit.
Delude— beguile, mislead, cheat, deceive.
Demand— claim, ask, require.
Demonstrate— manifest, prove, show,
evince.
Denote- -mark, imply, signify.
Dependence— trust, reliance, confidence.
Deportment — behavior, demeanor, conduct,
carriage.
Deprive— depose, strip, divest, hinder, pre-
vent.
Deputy— delegate, agent, representative.
Deride— hiugh at, mock, banter, ridicule.
Description— relation, detail, explanation,
account, recital, illustration, narration.
Design — project, intend, sketch, plan,
scheme, purpose.
Desist— discontinue, stop, leave off, cease
SYNONYMS.
Despicable— mean, outrageous, contempti-
l)le, pitiliil, vile, wortlik'ss.
Despotic arbitrary, sell -willed, absolute.
Destitute — bai-e, forlorn, forsaken, poor,
seaiUy, needy.
Desultory— loose, hasty, slight, roving.
Detail iiecount, recital, tale, description,
narration.
Detect— discover, find, convict.
Determined— concluded, ended, firm, reso-
lute, iimnovable. decided, fixed.
Detestable -hateful, loathsome, abomina-
ble, execrable.
Detriment— hurt, damage, injury, prejudice,
loss, inconvenience, disiidvantage.
Deviate— digr ss, err, wander, stray, swerve.
Devote— give, dedicate, set apart, apply, con-
secrate.
Devout— holy, religious, pious, prayerful.
Dialect— language, tongue, speech.
Die expire, wither, perish, depart, languish
Different— various, unlike, diverse.
Diffident— modest, retiring, hesitating, bash
lul, distrustful, fearful.
Diligent— persevering, laborious, attentive,
industrious, active, assiduous.
Direct— show, sway, regulate, manage, guide,
concTfict.
Direction— command, order, address, super
scription.
Disagree— quarrel, dissent, differ, dispute
vary.
Disappoint— fail, defeat.
Disivow— disown, deny, disclaim, repudiate,
Discard — cast off, discharge, dismiss.
Disclose— discover, reveal, divulge, promul-
gate.
Discord— dissension, contention, inharmony.
Discretion— judgment, prudence.
Disdain— scorn, pride, contempt, haughti-
ness, arrogance.
Disgrace— debase, degrade, abase, dishonor.
Disgrust- loathing, nausea, dislike, aversion.
Dishonor— shame, disgrace.
Dismiss— divest, discharge, discard.
Disperse— scatter, deal out, spread, dissi-
pate, distribute.
Display— parade, show, exhibit, ostentation.
Displease— offend, anger, vex.
Dispose regulate, adapt, order, arrange.
Disseminate — scatter, spread, propagate,
circulate.
Dissertation— discourse, essay, treatise, dis-
quisition.
Distaste— aversion, disgust, contempt, dis-
like, loathing, dissatisfaction.
Distingruish— perceive, see, know, discern,
discriminate.
Distress— affliction, misery, agony, pain, sor-
row, anguish, sadness, suffering, grief.
District— county, circuit, locality, province,
section, tract, region, territory.
Divide— part, share, separate, distribute.
Divulge— impart, disclose, publish, reveal,
communicate.
Doctrine— wisdom, dogma, belief, principle,
precept.
Doleful— awful, dismal, piteous, sorrowful,
woeful, rueful.
Drag— pull, draw, bring, haul.
Dread— fear, apprehension.
Dress— array, attire, vestments, garments,
apparel.
Dumb— silent, mute, still, inarticulate.
Dutiful— submissive, respectful, obedient.
Dye— stain, color, tinge.
Earn- gain, win, make, obtain, acquire.
Ease— rest, repose, quiet.
Eccentric— strange, singular, odd.
Ecstacy— happiness, joy, delight, rapture,
transport, enthusiasm, elevation.
Edifice— fabric, building, structure.
Efface— expunge, erase, obliterate, destroy,
eradicate.
Efficient- competent, effective, able, capa-
ble, effectual.
Effort endeavor, trial, attempt, exertion,
es.xa.N'.
Elevate— raise, lift, hoist, exalt.
Eligible— worthy, fit, capable, suitable.
Emanate- issue, flow, arise, spring, pro-
ceed.
Embarrass— trouble, i>erplex, distress, en-
tangle, puzzle.
Emblem— symbol, figure, type.
Emergrency— exigency, casualty, necessity.
Emotion— feeling, tremor, agitation, excite-
ment.
Empower— enable, commission, delegate,
authorize.
Enchant— beguile, enrapture, charm, capti-
vate, bewitch, fascinate.
Encomium— eulogy, praise.
Encroach— tresjjass, intrude, infringe.
Endeavor- effort, aim, exertion, attempt.
Endurance— fortitude,8ubmission, patience,
lesignution.
Enemy -foe, opponent, antagonist, adver-
sary.
Enervate— unnerve, enfeeble, deteriorate,
weaken, debilitate.
Enjoyment— happiness, joy, pleasure, grati-
fication.
Enlarge— extend, increase, lengthen, widen.
Enough— ample, plenty, sufficient, abund-
luice.
Enrapture— charm, fascinate, attract, capti-
^■ate, enchant.
Enterprise— business, adventure, attempt,
undertaking.
Entice— tempt, allure, seduce, decoy.
Entirely— perfectly, wholly, completely.
Envy— jealousy, suspicion, grudging.
Epidemical— contageous,pestilential,catch-
ing.
Equal— uniform, adequate, commensurate.
Eradicate— root out, extirpate, exterminate.
Erase— "ixpunge, cancel, efface, obliterate.
Error— fault, blunder, mistake.
Escape— elope, pass, avoid, fly, evade, elude.
Esteem— prize, love, respect, value, regard,
appreciate.
Eulogy— encomium, panegyric.
Evade— escape, elude, shun, avoid, prevari-
cate.
Even— smooth, equal, plain, uniform, level.
Evidence— proof, witness, deposition, testi-
mony.
Evil— wicked, bad, sinful.
Exact— enjoin, extort, demand, extract.
Exalted— high, sublime, dignified, magnifi-
cent, raised, refined, elevated.
Example— precedent, copy, pattern.
Exceed— transcend, surpass, improve, outdo,
excel.
Except— but, object, besides, unless.
Excite — provoke, irritate, arouse, incite,
awaken, stimulate.
Excursion— jaunt, trip, tour, ramble.
Execrable— hateful, detestable, contempti-
ble, abominable.
Exercise— exert, practice, carry on.
Exhilarate — inspire, cheer, animate, en-
liven.
Exigency— necessity, emergency.
Expectation— belief, anticipation, confi-
dence, hope, trust.
Expedite— hurry, quicken, hasten, acceler-
ate.
Expel -banish, exile, cast out.
Experience— knowledge, test, proof, exi)eri-
meiit. trial.
Explain— show, elucidate, unfold.
Explicit— clear, plain, express, definite.
Explore— hunt, search, examine. *
Extensive— comprehensi\'e, wide, commo-
dious, large.
Exterior— outside, outward, external.
External — outward, exterior.
Extra vagrant — profuse, lavish, wasteful,
prodigal.
SYNONYMS.
Pabrlcate — invent, feigrn, falsify, frame,
for«-e.
Pact— incident, circumstance.
Faculty— ability, power, talent, Rift.
Pallinsr — weakness, fault, foible, frailty,
mlccarriaK'', iini>erfection, misfortune,
Paith fidelity, credit, trust, belief.
Palsehood lals;ty, lie, untruth, fiction, fab-
rication, falsiHcution.
Pamiliar— intimate, free, unceremonious.
Panciful —ideal, hypochondriacal, whimsi-
cal, cai)rioiouH, fantastical, imutfinutive.
Par remote, distant.
Pashion-form, style, sort, practice, mode,
custom, way, manner.
Pastidious— disdainful, particular, squeam-
ish.
Pa vor— civility, benefit, flrrace, support.
Pa vorable -propitious, suitable, auspicious.
Paultless — ifuiltlcss, innocent, spotless,
blaniclt'.ss.
Pearful drejidf ui,tlmorou8,horrlble,afraid,
awlui, terrible.
Peasibie— plausible, reasonable, practicable.
Peeble— Innrm, weak, frail.
Peiarn— frame, fornre, fabricate, invent.
Pertile— fruitful, productive, proliflo, abun-
dant.
Pervor— vehemenoe, warmth, zeal, heat, ar-
dor.
Petter— shackle, bind, chain.
Pictlon— invention, untruth, lie, fabrication.
Piery— hot, \ehement, fervent, paasionatc,
ardent, impulsive.
Plnesse— .strat^ijfem, trick, artifice.
Plrm -ready, partnership, strong, sturdy,
solid, steady, immovable.
Pitted suited, competent.quallfled,adapted.
Plagr— droop, faint, j)ine, decline, lang^uish.
Plavor odor, taste, fnyrranf e, savor.
PleeUnff— tninsient, swift, temporary, tran-
sitory.
Plexible— pliable, plaint, supple.
Pluctuate— hesitate, vary, waver, change,
vacillate.
Pondness— affection, tenderness, love, at-
tachment.
Porsake -relinquish, leave, desert, abandon,
quit, alxlicate.
Porbear -retrain, spare, abstain, pause.
Porce ^)bliKe, restrain, compel.
Porebode- auRur, foretell, betoken, pre-
sjiKe, prou-nostlcate.
Porepo -)?ive up, quit, resign.
Foreiarner— strang-er, alien.
Porfelture penalty, line.
Forgive— absolve.excuse, remit, acquit, par-
don.
Form- rite, ceremony, shape, observance.
Fortunate— lucky, prosperous, successful.
Forward— Immodest, progressive, ready,
presumptuous, confident, bold, ardent,
eager.
Fragile— brittle, tender, weak, frail.
Frailty— weakness, foible, failing, unsteadi-
ness, instability.
Fraternity— brotherhood, society.
Fraught— loaded, filled.
Freak— whim, fancy, caprice, humnr.
Free- deliver, liberate, rescue, clear, enfran-
chise, affranchise.
Freely— liberally, frankly, unreservedly,
cheerfully, spontaneously, unhesitatingly.
Fresh— new, modern, cool, recent, novel.
Fretful— captious, angry, peevish, petulant.
Fright— terror, panic, alarm, consternation.
Frighten— terriry, alarm, daunt, scare, in-
timidate, affright.
Privolous—f utile, petty, trivial, trifling.
Pru«tl— careful, prudent, 8a\ing, econom-
ical
Frustrate — defeat, disappoint, foil, hinder,
nullify.
Furious— impetuous, boisterous, violent,
vehement.
Ghain— obtain, profit, get, acquire, attain,
win.
Gkile— breeze, hurricane, storm, tempest.
Gallantry— valor, bravery, courage.
Gay dasldng, cheerful, showy, fine, merry,
8pri>flitly.
Generally— commonly, frequently, usually.
Genteel— polite, cultured, mannerly, refined,
p.ilislied.
Gentle tame, peaceable, mild, quiet, meek,
Germinate— sprout, vegetate, grow, bud.
shoot.
Gesture -action, attitude, motion, posture.
Giddiness-flightiuess, levity, lightness,
volatility.
Give impart, yield, consign, grant, confer,
(wstow.
Glance-look, glimpse, sight.
Glitter — glisten, radiate, shine, glare,
sparkle.
Gloom— dark, melancholy, morose, sullen,
sad, cloudy, dull, dim.
Graceful— comely, neat, becoming, genteel,
eleifMnt.
Grant -w'll, yield, give, bestow, confer,
cf<lc'. concede.
Grateful— thankful, pleasing, agreeable, de-
licious.
Grave — sedate, thoughtful, important,
Kfiiemn. slow, serious.
Greediness— ravenousness, covetoiisneas,
• ■HKcrncHS. nipacity, voracity.
Grieve — iKjnjoan, mourn, sorrow, lament,
hurt, afflict.
Group— collection, assemblage, cluster.
Guarantee— vouch for, secure, warrant.
Guard— i>rot<H!t, watch, defend, shield.
Guest— visitant, stranjfcr, visitor.
Guilty— <lepraved, debauched, sinful, crimi-
nal, wicked.
H
Habit— custom, habitude, guise.
Hale strong, hearty, robust, sound.
Happiness— content ment.blis8,luck,fellcity.
Harbinger— precursor, forerunner, messen-
Hardened— unfeeling, callous, obdurate,
insensible.
Hardly -scarcely, w^ith difficulty, barely.
Harm -evil, mishap, injury, ill, hurt, mis-
fortune, damage.
Harmony— unison, accordance, melody .con-
cord, agreement.
Hasten — hurry, quicken, expedite, accel-
ei-ate.
Hasty— rash, passionate, quick, angry, ciu--
sory.
Hate— dislike, abominate, loathe, abhor, de-
test, abjure.
Haughtiness— vanity, arrogance, self-con-
ceit, pride, distain.
Hazard— trial, peril, danger, venture,chance,
risk.
Heal— cure, remedy, restore.
Hear — barken, overhear, watch, attend,
listen.
Heaviness — sorrow, gravity, dejection,
weight, gloom.
Heighten— raise, aggravate, improve, ad-
vance.
Heinous— wicked, atrocious, simple, fla-
Krant.
Help— provide, support, success, serve, aid,
relieve, assist.
Heroic— bold, courageous, intrepid, brave,
nol)le, valiant, fearless.
Hesitate— demur, pause, stammer, doubt,
falter, wait, scruple, delay.
Hideous — awful, grisly, grim, ghastly,
frightful, horrible.
High-tall, lofty.
Hinder— stop, thwart, oppose, prevent, re
tard, interfere. obstruct, impede,embarrass
Hollow— empty, vacant.
SYNONYMS.
Honor— exalt, venerate, reverence, dignify,
♦.'Stec'in, respect, adorn, revere.
Hopeless — dejected, despairing', despond-
in«r.
Hostile— contrary, opposite, warlike, repug-
nant, unfriendly.
Hovise— ilomicile, quorum, dwelling, race,
home, family, habitation.
However— notwithstanding, still, yet, but,
nevertheless.
Hug&— \ ast, enormous, immense.
Humanity— benevolence, benign ity.
Hurry -i'.vpedite, hasten, precipitate.
Hypocrisy— pretense, deceit, dissimulation.
Idea— notion, perception, thought, concep-
tion, imatfination.
Ignorant— untaught, illiterate, unlearned,
uiilt'ttored, uninformed, unskilled.
Illusion -deception, mockery, falsity.
Imbecility- weakness, impotence, debility,
intirmity, languor, feebleness.
Imitate— copy, ape, follow, mimic.
Immediately— directly, instantly.
Immense— \iist, huge, enormous, prodig-
ious, unlimited.
Impair—lessen, injure, decrease, weaken.
Impatient— eagei", restless, hasty, uneasy.
Impede— delay, hinder, obstruct, retard.
Impediment — obstacle, hinderance, ob-
struction.
Impending— imminent, threatening.
Imperious- tyrannical, overbearing, lordly,
hau^rhty, domineering.
Impetuous— hasty, forcible, rough, vehe-
ment, violent, boisterous.
Imply— involve, mean, infer, denote, sig-
nify.
Importunity— solicitation.
Imprecation— anathema,curse, malediction,
exo' ration.
Impute— ascribe, attribute, charge.
Inactive— sluggish, lazy, idle, inert, slothful,
drowsy.
Inattentive— remiss, negligent, dilatory,
careless, heedless, thoughtless, inadvert-
ent.
Incident— circumstance, event,contingency,
occurrence, adventure.
Inclination— disposition, bent, preposses-
sion.
Incompetent — unsuitable, inapt, inade-
quate, incapable, insufficient.
Increase — accession, addition, augmenta-
tion.
Indicate— show, reveal, point out, mark.
Indigence— penury, poverty, want, need.
Indiscretion— folly. In judiciousness, impru-
dence.
Indistinct— dark, confused, doubtful, am-
biguous.
Inevitable— certain, unavoidable.
Inexpedient— unfit, inconvenient, unsuit-
able.
Infamous— outrageous, scandalous.
Inference— conclusion, deduction.
Infested — annoyed, disturbed, plagued,
troubled.
Influence — persuasion, authority, sway,
power, credit.
Infringe— invade, intrench, encroach, in-
trude.
Ingenuity— talent, capacity, skill, genius,
invention.
Inherent— inbred, inborn, innate.
Iniquitous— nefarious, unjust, wicked, evil.
Injure — harm, deteriorate, hurt, impair,
damage.
Innate— natural, inborn, inherent, imbued.
Inordinate— immoderate, irregular, exces-
sive, intemperate.
Inquisitive— curious, prjing, anxious, in-
quirin<r.
Insensibility— dullness, torpor, impercept-
bility, apathy, indifference, stupidity.
Insignificant — worthless, unimportant,
tri\ ial, meaningless, inconsiderable.
Insinuate— suggest, hint, intimate.
Inspire- animate, suggest, exhilarate, en-
liven, invigorate, cheer.
Instill— infuse, sow, implant.
Insufllcient- inadequate, iniable, incapable,
unlit, incompetent, unsuitable.
Integrity — purity, honesty, truthfulness,
pr()l)it,y, uprightness.
Intellect— understanding, talent, capacity,
ability, genius.
Intemperate— immoderate, inordinate, ex-
cessive.
Intercede— interpose, mediate, interfere.
Intermission— vacation,interruption, cessa-
tion, rest, stop.
Interpose— mediate, intermeddle, intercede,
intertere.
Interrogate— question, inquire, examine.
Intervening — coming between, interme-
diate, interposing.
Intoxication— infatuation, inebriety,drunk-
enness.
Intrepid — fearless, brave, daring, bold,
valiant, undaunted, courageous.
Introductory— preliminary, previous, pre-
fatory.
Intrust— confide, commit.
Invade— intrench, infringe, attack, enter,
encroach.
Invalidate— weaken, overthrow, destroy,
injure, nullify.
Invent— discover, devise, feign, fabricate,
conceive, frame.
Investigation— research, search, scrutiny,
examination, inquiry.
Invigorate— restore, fortify, strengthen.
Invite— call, summon, bid.
Irascible— irritable, angry, hot, hasty, fiery.
Irksome -troublesome, vexatious.
Irrational— silly, foolish, absurd, unreason-
able.
Irregular— intemperate, disorderly, inordi-
nate.
Irruption- invasion, opening, inroad.
Jade— harass, weary, tire, dispirit, wench.
Jealousy— envy, suspicion, emulation.
Jest— fun, joke, sport.
Jocund — joyful, lighthearted, mirthful,
merry, vivacious, gay, sprightly, sportive.
Joke— rally, sport.
Journey— trip, voyage, tour.
Judgment— discernment, sagacity, intelli-
gence, doom, decision, sentence, opinion,
discrimination.
Justify— clear, maintain, defend, absolve,
excuse.
Justness— correctness, propriety, equity,
accuracy, exactness.
Keen— shrewd, sharp, acute, cutting, pierc-
ing, penetrating.
Keep— guard, sustain, hold, reserve, sup-
port, maintain, detain, retain.
Kind— bland, benignant, lenient, courteous,
gentle, indulgent, compassionate, tender,
affable.
Kind— sort, way, genus, species, manner,
race, class.
Knavish— deceitful, dishonest.
Knowledge— perception, acquaintance, eru-
dition, undei*standing, skill, learning.
Labor— toil, exert, drudge, strive.
Liack — want, need.
Langruage— tongue, speech, dialect, idiom
IiangTiid— weary, faint, dull, drooping, ex
hausted.
Lassitude— prostration, enervation, fatigue,
luiiKUor, weariness.
Last— latest, end, ultimate, final, hindermost.
Latent— unseen, secret, hidden.
Laugrhable— droll,comical,rldIculou8,mirth-
tiil.
Lazy- indolent, inactive, idle, inert, slothful.
Leagrue— alliance, confederacy.
Lean -waver, totter, incline, bend.
Leave- resign, relinquish, bequeath, aban-
don.
Lengthen— continue, protract, extend, draw
out.
Lenity— clemency, mercy.
Let -allow, jierrait, hire, leave, suffer.
Level plain, flat, even, smooth.
Liable exposed, rt'8pon8il)le, subject.
Liberate— I i"ee, deliver, release.
Lie untruth, falsehood, fiction, fabrication,
deception.
Life— I)ri8kne88, vitality, being, energy, vi-
vacity.
Lift— exalt, erect, raise, hoist, elevate.
Like— similar, resemoUng, uniform, proba-
ble.
Liking— inclination, fondness, affection, at-
tachment.
Ling'er- tarry, lag, delay, wait, saunter, beei-
tatx;, loiter.
Listen overhear, attend, hearken, hear.
Live -dwell, reside, subsist, abide, exist.
Load weight, encumber, clog, burden.
Lodge— shelter, harbor, entertain, accommo-
date.
Loiter— lag, saunter, tarry, linger.
Long -<leslro, hanker.
Look see,\ iew, ins|>ect, behold, apiHjaranoe.
Loquacioiis talkative, garrulous.
Lot -duuni, fortune, sliare, fatis destiny, por-
tion.
Loud— noisy, vehement, clamorous, turbu-
lent, vociferous.
Lovely— attractive, beautiful, amiable, ele-
giint, flnc, handsome, charming, delightful.
Lover— wooer, suitor, beau.
Low— despicable, debased, humble, dejected,
Imlsc, abject.
Lucky— successful, fortunate, prosjjerous.
Lunacy — derangement, mania, insanity,
iiuiilnes-s.
Luxuriant— exuberant, voluptuous, excess-
ive, abundant.
Luxury— abundance, excess, elegance, pro-
fusion.
M
Magisterial— august, prosperous, stately,
nia.iestit-, dignitied.
Mag'nitude- bulk, size, greatness.
Majestic -august, stately, dignified.
Malice— grudge, spite, nineor, pique.
Mandate— order, charj^e, injunction, com-
mand.
Manifest— apparent, plain, open, clear, ob-
vious, evident.
Margin— border, rim, brltik, verge, edge,
brim.
Mark— imprint, observe, show, brand, im-
press, stamp.
Martial— soldier-like, tnilitary, warlike.
Massive— ponderous, heavy, large, bulky.
Mature— complete, ripe, perfect.
Mean— sordid, niggardly, penurious, low,
miserly, abject, despicably.
Meanvrhile — meantime, intervening, in-
terim.
Meddle— touch, interfere, interpose, inter-
rupt.
Meditate— contemplate, muse.
Meek soft, humble, gentle, mild.
Meeting— congregation, company, auditory,
assembly.
Melody— harmony, concord, happiness, uni-
son.
Memory — reminiscence, recollection, re-
membrance.
Merchant— tradesman, trader.
Merciless -hard-hearted, pitiless, cruel, un-
luerc-iful.
Merry — lively, gay, sprightly, sportive,
cheerful, happy, vivacious, mirthful.
Metaphor— trope, symbol, embleni,ailegory,
similitude.
Mighty great, potent, strong, powerful.
Mindful— heedful, attentive, regardful, ob-
servaiil.
Miracle prodigy, marvel, wonder.
Mischief— harm, hurt, damage, misfortune,
injury.
Misfortune— calamity, ill luck, harm, mis-
hap, disaster.
Misuse— i>ervert, ill-treat, abuse, misapply.
Mix mingle, blend, confound.
Model— pattern, mould, sample, copy, speci-
men.
Modem— recent, new. novel, fresh, late.
Modify— re-arrange,alter,moderate, change,
extenuate.
Mollify — ease, soften, assuage, appease,
moderate, mitigate.
Morose— gloomy, sour, forbidding, sullen,
jM-evish.
motive -incentive, cause, reason, principle.
Mourn— 8<jrrow, grieve, bewail, lament, be-
moan.
Multitude— crowd, throng, swarm.
Murmur I'oinplaln, rei)ine.
Mutable -irresolute-, wavering, changeable,
lirkle, unstable, incunstant, variable, un-
steady.
Mutinous— turbulent, seditious, insubordi-
nate.
N
Naked— simple, unclothed, uncovered, nude,
exposed.
Narrative— account, tale, story.
Nasty- filthy, foul.
Nautical -marine, naval, maritime.
Near — adjoining, adjacent, close, contig-
uous.
Need- indigence, poverty, penury, want.
Nefarious— wicked, evil, unjust, wrong, in-
i(|uitous.
Nevertheless— however, yet, notwithstand-
ing.
Nice— exact, particular, delicate.
Noble grand, exalted, distinguished, great,
elevated, illustrious.
Noted— notorious, eminent, renowned, cel-
ebrated, distinguished, conspicuous, illus-
trious.
Notion — sentiment, perception, thought,
whim, eoneeption, opinion, idea.
Notwithstanding— in spite of, yet, never-
theless, however.
Obdurate — inflexible, obstinate. Impeni-
tent, hardened, unfeeling, callous, insen-
sible.
Object— subject, end, aim, purpose, oppose.
Oblige — engage, bind, force, gratify, coerce,
favor, compel, please.
Obscure— abstruse, eoncealed, hidden, indis-
tinct, dark, dim, uncertain, difBcult.
Observant— regardful, attentive, watchful,
m'ndful.
Obsolete— disused, worn out, antiquated,
ancient, old, old-fashioned.
Obstinate— headstrong, resolute, stubborn.
Obtain— gain, get, win, procure, secure, ac-
quire, earn.
Obviate— prevent, preclude, avoid.
Occasional— frequently casual.
Occupy— use. hold, keep, possess.
Odd— singular, eccentric, strange, uneven.
Offense- injury, orirae, transgression, out-
rairo, trespass, misdeed, wronjr. insult.
Officious— busy, active, forward, intrusive,
obtrusive.
Omen— presage, prognostic, sign.
^^
SYNONYMS.
Open— disclose, reveal, unlock, unravel.
Operation— agency, p.erforraance, action.
Opinion— belief, sentiment, notion, idea.
Opponent— antagonist, adversary, opposer,
loe, enemy.
Opprobrious— reproachful. Insulting, scur-
rilous, offensive, insolent, scandalous,
abusive.
Option— choice, selection.
Opulence— afliuence, wealth, riches.
Ordain— prescribe, invest, appoint, order.
Order— mandate, command, injunction, pre-
cept.
Ordinary— usual, common, general.
Original— primary, fli-st, pristine, primitive.
Ostentation— show, boast, display, parade.
Outlive —survive.
Outward— extraneous, apparent, extrinsic.
Overbearing:- repressive, haughty, lordly,
impertinent.
Overflow— fill, Inimdate, abound, dtfluge.
Overwhelm— up-turn, subdue, crush, over-
throw, overpower.
Pacify— soothe, still, calm, quiet, conciliate.
Pain— hurt, afliict, distress, torture, suffer,
torment.
Pair— couple, brace, two.
Palpable — apparent, plain, perceptible,
gross, discernible.
Pang— sorrow, torment, anguish, torture,
agony, distress.
Parade— show, ostentation.
Pare— strip, peel.
Part— concern, portion, piece, share, action,
division.
Particularly— chiefly, mainly, principally,
distinctly, especially, specifically.
Partner— associate, coadjutor, accomplice,
colleague.
Passionate— excitable, hot, angry, hasty,
irascible.
Pathetic— affecting, moving, touching.
Patience— endurance, fortitude, resigna-
tion.
Pay— salary, wages, stipend.
Penalty— punishment, chastisement, fine,
pain, forfeiture.
Penitence— repentance, remorse, compunc-
tion, contrition.
Penury— poverty, need, want, distress, indi-
gence.
Perceive— observe, discern, distinguish.
Perfect— done, complete, finished.
Perforate— bore, penetrate, pierce.
Perfume— smell, odor, scent, fragrance, ex-
halation.
Perish— die, decay.
Permit— tolerate, yield, allow, consent, suf-
fer, admit.
Perpetrate.— commit.
Perplex— bewilder, confuse, involve, annoy,
puzzle, harass, molest, entangle, embarrass.
Persist— pursue, prosecute.
Persuade— prevail upon, influence, induce,
exhort, urge, entice.
Pestilential— epidemical, contagioxis, infec-
tious, mischevious, destructive.
Petulant— peevish, cross, captious, fretful.
Pious— religious, devout, godly, spiritual,
holy.
Pique— spite, grudge, malice, rancor, dislike,
offense.
Place— post, site, ground, position, spot.
Plague — perplex, embarrass, annoy, tanta-
lize, vex, importune, torment.
Plan— scheme, contrivance, device, design,
project, stratagem, arrangement.
Play— game, si)drt.
Please— delight, satisfy, humor, gratify.
Pledge— hostage, deposit, securitj', pawn,
earnest.
Pliant— limber, bending, lithe, yielding, plia-
ble, supple.
Pligrht— state, condition, situation, case, con-
jecture.
Polite— well-bred, civil, courteous, polished,
all able, genteel, refined.
Politic— careful, prudent, wise, artful, cun-
ning.
Pompous— stately,showy,ostentatiou8,lofty,
dignified.
Portion— part, share, piece, division, quan-
tity, fortune.
Possess— hold, have, keep, occupy, enjoy.
Posture— gesture, action, figure, position,
attitude.
Poverty— need, suffering, want, penury,
indigence.
Practice— habit, custom, manner, use, form,
style.
Prayer— sviit request, entreaty, application,
suppl cation.
Precedence— superiority, priority, prefer-
ence.
Precept— rule, injunction, maxim, principle,
law mandate, command.
Precious— costly ,expen8ive,\-aluable,choice,
rare.
Precise— exact, accurate, nice, careful, par-
ticular.
Predicament— position, plight, condition,
situation.
Predominant— controlling, supreme, pre-
vailing, prevalent.
Preference— priority, advancement, choice,
Prejudice— injury, disadvantage, bias, hurt,
Prepare— qualify, make ready, equip, ar-
range, fit.
Prerogative— immunity, privilege.
Preserve— maintain, save, uphold, protect,
spare.
Presume— suppose, believe, guess, think,
surmise.
Pretext— pretension, excuse, pretense.
Pretty— agreeable, lovely, fine, beautiful.
Prevent — hinder, obstruct, impede, pre-
clude, obviate.
Price— expense, worth, cost, value, charge.
Pride — vanity, conceit, arrogance, tussur-
ance, presumption, haughtiness, insolence.
Primary— original, pristine, first, elemental.
Print- mark, impress, stamp.
Priority— precedence, pre-eminence, prefer-
ence.
Privacy— solitude, loneliness, seclusion, se-
crecy.
Prize— esteem, value, reward.
Probitv— uprightness, integrity, reliability,
veracity.
Proclaim— publish, tell, declare, announce,
advertise.
Procure— acquire, gain, obtain, get.
Prodigious— astonishing, large, great, vast,
enormous.
Profession— employment, calling, vocation,
work, business.
Profit— advantage, benefit, gain, lucre.
Profuse — wasteful, extravagant, lavish,
prodigal.
Prohibit— proscribe, interdict, forbid.
Prolific— fertile, fruitful, productive.
Prolong— delay, extend, protract, postpone,
retard.
Promise— engagement, agreement, pledge,
word, obligation.
Prompt— ready, quick, assiduous, active.
Proof— argument, evidence, testimony.
Propensity— inclination, tendency, prone-
ness. liking.
Propitious— auspicious, favorable.
Proportionate — adequate, commensurate,
equal.
Proprietor— owner, master, possessor.
Prospect— landscape, view, survey.
Prosperous— lucky, successful, fortunate,
flourishing.
Protract— retard, prolong, delay, postpone,
withhold.
Prove — e\'ince, manifest, demonstrate.
Provide— furnish, prepare, procure, supply.
Proviso — condition, stipulation, require-
iiit'iit.
Prudence — carefulness, discretion, judg-
ment, wisdom.
Pryin^~in<iuisitive, curious.
Puerife-boyish, childish, infantile. Juvenile.
Punctual— part^icular, prompt, exact, nice.
Purchase— procure, buy.
Puzzle— bewilder, confound, entan^rle, per-
plex.
Quack— empiric. Impostor, charlatan, pre-
tender.
Gualified— fit, adapted, capable, competent.
ftuality -attribute, property.
Query intt^rroKwtory, in<iuiry, question.
Questionable— doubtful, suspicious.
Quiet- repose, rest, calm, tranquility, ease,
still.
Quit— relinquish, depart, resigm, forsake,
leave.
Quota— share, rate, proiwrtion.
Saoe— family, ^neration, lineacre, breed,
course.
Rasre- fury, indigrnation, angrer.
Ramble— stroll, rove, roam, wander, ranffc.
Rank dcKree, position, cliiss, place, order.
Rapacious— ravenous, Kreedy, voracious.
Rapture deliKht, ecsUicy, joy, transport.
Rash liiuHty. thouKhtless, impulsive, vio-
lent, adventurous.
Ravenous- rapacious, grreed, voracious.
Reach extent, stretch.
Real true, actual, certain, positive, (fcn-
uine.
RefMon— proof, argrument, purpose, motive,
origin, cause.
Rebellion— sedition, revolt, insurrection.
Recall recant, retract, revoke, abjure.
Recede r«»trograde, fall back, retire, retreat.
Reciprocal -nuitual.
Recite rehearses repeat, narrate.
Reclaim- recover, correct, reform.
Recollection— nu-mory, remembrance.
Reconcile eonciliate, propitiate.
Recruit letrieve, recover, repair, replace.
Redeem— rescue, ransom, recover, restore.
Refer— suggest, intimate, hint, propose, al-
lude.
Reform— amend, better, correct, improve.
Refrain forlwar, si)are, abstain, forego.
Regale -entertain, Ki">»tify, feast, relish.
Region -quarter, country, section, district.
Regulate — rule, dispose, adjust, control,
govern.
Reject— deny, repel, refuse, decline.
Relieve -succor, assist, mitigate, aid, help,
support.
Relish - flavor, taste, enjoy.
Remain— stay, tarry, continue, abide, so-
journ.
Remark— comment, observation, note.
Remiss — negligent, heedless, thoughtless,
careless.
Remnant— residue, remainder, rest.
Renew— revive, renovate, refresh.
Renown— fame, reputjition. celebrity.
Reparation— restitution, amends, restora-
tion.
Repeat— rehearse, recite, detail.
Replenish— supply, fill, refill.
Repose— <iuict, sleep, ease, rest.
Repugnance— dislike, aversion, hatred.
Request— demand, beseech, entreat, ask.
Research— inquiry, study, examination.
Residence — abode, home, house, dwelling.
Resign— forego, yield, renounce, abdicate.
Resist endure, oppose, withstand.
Resort haunt, frequent, visit.
Respectful— civil, dutiful, obedient.
Response— reiJly, rejoinder, answer.
Rest— ease, quiet, repose.
Restrain— ro press.restrict, suppress.conflne.
Result— event, effect, i.-^sue.
Retard— defer, delay, liinder. prevent.
Retract— take Ijack. revoke, recall, annul.
Reveal— disclose, divulge, expose, impart.
Revere— adore, venei-ate, worship, rever-
»;nce.
Revive- refresh, renew, renovate, enliven.
Rewajrd — satisfaction, recompense.
Ridicule laugh at. satire, irony.
Right proper, honest, correct, direct.
Rigorous rigid, rough, severe, hareh.
Rite -observance, lorm, ceremony, custom.
Roam— rove, wander, range, ramble.
Rough— harsh, uncivil, rude, uncouth.
Rouce — way, |)ath. road, course.
Ru^rared— <»^rupt, rough.
8
Sacred— devoted, divine, holy,
Sagtwity — discernment, penetration, per-
ception, acuU.'iiess.
Balute acwist. address.
Sapient— wise, discreei, sage.
Satire - irony, sarcasm, burlesque.
Saucy- rude, insolent impudent.
Saying' -by-word, maxim, adage, proverb.
Scarce— unusual, singular, nire.
Scent -iK'rfu me, odor, fragrance, smell.
Scoff- -sneer, gibe, jeer, ridicule.
Scornful— eoiit«'inpiuoiis, diMlainful.
Scrutinize invebtigate, searcli, examine.
Search in<iuiry. scrutiny, pursuit.
Seclusion— privacy, quiet ude.
Secret -<iuiet, hidden, still, latent.
Secure— certain, safe, sure.
Sedate- quiet, composed, still, calm.
See examine, view, look, ob8er\'e.
Select— choo.se, pick.
Sensitive— keen, appreciative.
Sentiment- feeling, opinion, notion, ex-
pression.
Serene -placid, calm.
Settled -ccmclusive. decided, confirmed.
Several— diverse, different, sundry, various.
Shake -totter, shiver, agitate.
Shame— ignominy, dishonor, disgrace.
Shape— mould, fashion, form.
Sharpness— cunning. aeuteni>8s, keenness.
Shine— glare, glisten, glitter, gleam.
Shocking— terrible, dreadful, liorrible.
Shorten— curtail, le.s.«en. reduce, abridge.
Showy— gay, gaudy, fine, grand.
Shudder- tumble, quake, shake.
Sickly— sick, ill, unwell, diseased.
Signify— exi)res8, imply, utter, declare.
Silent- mute, six'eehless, dumb, still.
Similarity - liKem-ss, similitude, resem-
Vilanee.
Simply- merely, solely, only.
Sincere— honest, frank, true, plain.
Situation— plight, locality, i»lace, position.
Slander— vilify, defame, detnut. atperse.
Slender— slim. thin, fragile, slight.
Slow— dilatory, tedious, tardy, dull.
Smooth —mild, easy, bland, even.
Snarlin^^snappish. waspish, surly.
Sneer— jibe. jeer, scoff.
Social— familiar, sociable, convi^ial.
Soft— yielding, iiliant, mild, flexible.
Solenm— serious, grave.
Solid— firm. hard, enduring, fixed.
Soothe— compose, quiet, calm, assuagre.
Sort— species, kind, order.
Sour— acid, sharp, acrimonious, tart.
Spacious— capacious, ample, large.
Species— kind, sort, order, class.
Specimen— pattern, sample, model, copy.
Speech— address, sermon, oration, lecture.
Sphere— globe, circle, orb.
Spite -malice, hatred, grudge.
Sport— recreation. ]i!istime, game. play.
Spread — sow. disperse, scatter, difiCuse.
Sprinkle— tiedew, scatter, water.
Stability— firmness. fixednes.s, continuity.
Stammer— stutter, falter, hesitate.
SYNONYMS.
Stare— gaze, gape.
Station— situation, place, post, position.
Sterility— unl'niiit'uliK'ss, barrenness.
Still— pacify, lull, (piii't, appoasi;.
Stop— t'licck, hintlcr, delay, rest.
Straight— immediate, direct.
Stratagem— artiliee,elie«t, finesse, fine work.
Strife— contest, dissension, discord.
Stroll— nimble, rove, range.
Sturdy— firm, robust, strong.
Subdue- surmount, subject, conquer, over-
come.
Subjoin— annex, attach, aiBx, connect.
Submissive— obedient, humble, compliant.
Substance— support, livelihood, sustenance.
Substitute— agent, change, exchange.
Subtract deduct, withdraw, take from.
Successful— prosperous, fortunate, lucky.
Succor- defend, relieve, assist, help.
Suffer— endure, allow, permit, bear.
SuflB-cient —adequate, plenty, enough.
Suggest— propose, hint, allude.
Suitor beau, lover, wooer.
Summon— cite, bid, convoke, call.
Superficial— slight, flimsy, shallow.
Supplicate— implore, entreat, ask, beg.
Sure reliable, certain, confident.
Surmount— subdue, conquer, overcome.
Surprise— amazement, wonder, admiration.
Surround— incircle, inclose, encompass.
Suspense— doubt, hesitation.
Sustain— maintain, carry, support, bear.
Swarm— crowd, throng, multitude.
Symbol— emblem, type, figure.
Sympathy — compassion, agreement, con-
dolence.
System— order, method.
Tale— anecdote, story.
Talk— conference, lecture, sermon.
Taste— relish, savor, flavor.
Tedious— tardy, tiresome, slow.
Temper— disposition, mood, humor.
Temporal— secular, mundane, worldly.
Tempt— allure, decoy, induce, entice.
Tenderness— fondness, affection, love.
Terms— language, expressions, words, con-
dition.
Terrible— horrible, awful, terrific, fearful.
Test— standard, proof, trial, experience.
Testimony— proof, evidence.
Think surmise, consider, imagine, ponder.
Thought— conceit, idea, fancy, reflection.
Thoughtless — unthinking, nasty, foolish,
careless.
Throw— fling, hurl, heave, cast.
Time— epoch, era, season, date.
Timid^afraid, bashful, fearful.
Title— claim, name, appellation.
Tolerate— allow, suffer, permit.
Total— sum, gross, entire, whole.
Tour— trip, round, journey, jaunt.
Trade— occupation, ti-affic, dealing.
Tranquility— calm, quiet, peace, stillness.
Transcend -surpass, exceed, outdo, excell.
Transient— short, brief, transitory.
Tremendous — dreadful, terrific, fearful,
terrible.
Trespass— transgression, violation, misde-
meanor, offense.
Trip— voyage, journey, excursion, jaunt,
ramble, tour.
True— upright, honest, plain, candid, relia-
ble, sincere.
Try— attempt, endeavor.
Type— mark, illustration, emblem, figure,
symbol.
U
Umpire— arbiter, arbitrator. Judge.
Unbounded— infinite, unlimited, boundless.
Uncertain— precarious, dubious, doubtful.
Unconquerable— insuperable, insurmount-
able, invmcible.
Undaunted — intrepid, courageous, bold,
fearless.
Under -subordinate.subject, lower, beneath.
Unfaithful— perfidious, untruthful, treach-
erous, faithless.
Unhandy — awkward, ungdinly, clumsy,
uncouth.
Uniform— Siime, even, equal, alike.
Unite- combine, connect.
Unlike— different, dissimilar, distinct.
Unmerciful— cruel, hard-hearted, merciless.
Unravel— reveal, unfold, extricate, disen-
tangle.
Unruly— ungovernable, unmanageable, re-
fractory.
Unspeakable— unutterable, ineffable, inex-
pressible.
Untruth— falsehood, lie, falsitj'.
Upbraid— reproach, reprove, blame,censure.
Urbajiity— civility, courtesy, suavity, affa-
bility.
Urgent— pressing, earnest, importunate.
Use— utility, advantage, custom, service,
usage, habit.
Utterly— fully,completely, perfectly, wholly.
Vacant— unused,void,utterly,devoid,empty.
Vain— conceited, ineffectual, fruitless, use-
less.
Vanity— conceit, pride; arrogance, haughti-
ness.
Variation— vicissitude, deviation, variety,
change.
Various— diverse, different, sundiy, several.
Venal— hireling, mercenary
Venture— risk, hazard.
Verbal— vocal, oral.
Vestige— track, evidence, trace, mark.
Vicinity— section, locality, nearness, neigh-
borhood.
Vile— mean, base.
Vindicate— depend, protect.
Virtue— efficacy, chastity, goodness, purity.
Vivid— bright, lucid, clear.
Vouch— attest, assure, protest, warrant, aver.
Vulgar— mean, low, ordinary, common.
W
Wages— allowance, salary, pay, hire, stipu-
lation.
"Wan- pallid, pale.
Want— lack, indigence, poverty, need.
Warlike— martial, military.
Warning— caution, notice, monition, advice.
Wasteful— prodigal, profuse, lavish, extrav-
agant.
Way— route, means, road, fashion, plan,
course, method.
Wealth— riches, affluence, opulence.
Wedding— nuptials, marriage.
Welcome— acceptable, desirable, grateful,
iiffi-eable.
Whimsical— fantastical. fancifuUcapricious.
Wily— crafty, cunning, subtle, artful, sly.
"Win— gain, obtain, earn, acquire.
Wisdom— understanding, foresight, knowl-
edffe.
Woeful— doleful, rueful, piteous.
Worthy— meritorious, deserving, estimable.
"Writer— scribe, author.
Wrong— injury, injustice.
Yearly— annually.
Yet— notwithstanding, but, still, neverthe
less, however.
Youthful— juvenile, adolescent.
Zeal— enthusiasm, warmth, fervor, ardor.
Zealous— warm, enthusiastic, earnest, anx
ious, fervent, ardent.
'9mm mmm
INCE the wonderful advance of the telegraphic system
into all parts of the countr}'-, allowing the quick trans-
misssion of news to points widely distant, there has
arisen the comparatively new feature of the War De-
partment known as the Signal Service. This branch
has been in existence many years, but was formerly
confined principally, in its work, to the art of sending
military messages from one point to another by means
of flags of different colors. Gradually the transmission of other
kinds of news was begun, or ratlier tlie sending of news which
should be of importance not alone to the navy and the army, but
to the merchant marine and those engaged in agriculture.
As now conducted, the signal office consists of a large corps of
men and officers who devote themselves to the study of the weather.
The headquarters of the chief signal officer are in Washington, and
his office is furnished with every kind of aj)paratus, of the best
known manufacture, and constructed on prmciples arrived at after
years of careful exi)eriment, for ascerttiining the changes in the
temperature, the amount of rain-fall and snow-fall, the moisture in
the atmosphere, tlie direction and force of the wind, the rise and
fall of the tides and of the principal rivers, etc. The more im{K)r-
tant facilities of the central office, however, are those of the tele-
graph, by which reports are received from and advice sent out in
all directions.
At a great many points over the countr}^, all the way from
Maine to California and from the lakes to the gulf, are stationed
signal officers and observers, who are more or less completely sup-
plied with meteorological apparatus, and who from time to time
send to the chief signal officer at Washington the reports of their
observations. The " observers " are volunteers, who receive no sal-
aries from the government, but in consideration of their services
are supplied witli a registering thermometer, dry and wet bulb
barometers, wind-gauge and rain-gauge. Their reports are usually
sent once a month, but meanwhile they send in special reports con-
cerning heavy storms or other extraordinary phenomena. The
reports of the " observers " are of no use in maldng predictions as
154
THE SIGNAL SERVICE.
to the future, but are of much value as contributions to the experi-
ence and general knowledge of the weather which is necessary to
the officers at Washington. It is by experience of the past that
the future can be judged.
The signal " officers," on the other hand, are regularly paid em-
ployes of the government, under the control of the signal service,
into which they are detailed after being enrolled as recruits for the
army. Each of these men is required to have a partial education
at least, including some knowledge of science. He is supplied with
an office fitted with all the apparatus necessary for his duties. He
must take regular observations of the weather at stated times dur-
ing each day. The rules for his guidance are very minute, even
extending to the wearing and care of his uniform. His observa-
tions are very carefully made out, a copy is filed for record, and the
result is promptly telegraphed to the chief at Washington every day.
Thus the corps at Washington have a bird's-eye view of the
whole country, as it were, being instantly informed of every
change in the weather at any point, the progress and character of
every storm and every current of wind, the look of the clouds, the
extent of every rainfall, etc. Having reduced to a science all the
manifold features of atmospheric phenomena, they are enabled to
deduct cause from effect, and from the information at hand they can
predict the weather for many hours in advance, with an accuracy
which has grown to be wonderfully reliable.
Besides the officers and observers there are persons stationed at
different cities throughout the country, whose duty it is to supply
all neighboring points with the reports of the service, which were
formerly designated as "probabilities," but are now spoken of offi-
cially as "indications." These persons receive the midnight report
by telegraph, make duplicates by means of type and a printing
press, and send copies by mail to all surrounding postoffices, where
these copies are displayed for the benefit of the public. The report
is also furnished to the Associated Press, and thus telegraphed to
all daily newspapers, both morning and evening.
Some years ago the proprietor of the New York Herald estab-
lished a meteorological bureau, one feature of which was the
exchange of weather news between New York and London. Out
of this has grown an important adjunct of the marine service, by
which warning is sent across the Atlantic, by cable, of the approach
of any storm, the rate at which it is traveling, its direction, vio-
lence, etc., thus being the means of saving many lives and much
valuable shipping.
n n
■« I> * ~T-T . t^ T-T-^ i.-
f
OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS,
.Sh
§
^•^^m'i¥^*
AS STEPPING STONES TO GREATNESS.
TIE love of personal freedom of action comes mto exist-
ence simultaneously with the dawn of reason, and
grows stronger as the years go by. The child, incap-
able of perceiving that the motive for parental re-
straint is the desire for his future happiness, is disjwsed
to look upon his father's commands as the manifesta-
tions of caprice, or at least as arbitrary dictation ; the
schoolboy is prone to regard his master as a tyrant,
and, therefore, his natural enemy ; the boarding-school
maiden resists and refuses obedience to the rules
framed for her better protection against unseen dan-
gers ; and even among persons of maturer years, there
is a constant chafing against control.
But " order is Heaven's first law." From the mo-
ment of his birth to the hour of his death, every man
has, in a greater or less degree, to submit his will to the
^ will of others. The foundations of government are
^ laid in the lessons of obedience learned in childhood,
and upon this basis is reared the supei'structure of society. AVith-
out a " head " to exact and enforce obedience, the home would be
the scene of turbulence and confusion, and the school-room would
resound with shouts of riotous disorder ; while without law to direct
and govern, the ship of state would drift, rudderless^ upon a tem-
pestuous sea.
And yet, while none of the lessons of life are harder to learn, none
are more salutary in their effects. What security would there be
for life or property, if the strong arm of the law were not always
uplifted, ready to punish disobedience ? What would be the issue
of a battle in which each private soldier undertook to wage a
desultory warfare of his own, disregarding the command of his
general ? What would be the fate of the noble ship, with her costly
cargo of merchandise, and her still more precious freight of human
souls, if, in the moment of peril, every sailor did not promptly spring
to obey the commander's orders ? Or what business enterprise could
hope for success if some one mind did not control the many hands
156
OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS.
employed, — if each subordinate were free to shape his course
according to his own inclinations ?
It is especially to the young that these remarks are addressed.
It cannot be too strongly impressed upon their minds that obedience
to rightful authority is their first and most imperative duty. The
employ^ (be he ever so young) who yields a cheerful and unhesitating
obedience to his employer's commands, is the one who gains that
employer's confidence, and advances to positions of trust, of honor
and of profit.
It is related of the late A. T. Stewart, the merchant prince of
New York, that he once ordered a captain of a vessel, who was in
his employ, to proceed to a certain port, there dispose of his cargo,
and with the proceeds of the sale to buy a cargo of indigo, with
which he was to return home. The captain, on reaching the port
named, found that to dispose of his goods there would be to sacrifice
them, by selling on a falling market. Accordingly, he proceeded to
another port, where he sold the merchandise to great advantage,
and, having procured his return cargo of indigo, set sail for New
York. On reaching his destination, he hastened to report to Mr.
Stewart the results of his enterprise, expecting to be praised for his
sagacity and good judgment. But the merchant's reply was to de-
mand his immediate resignation. ' But why ?" asked the astonished
captain. " You have disobeyed orders," said Mr. Stewart. " But
you have gained ten thousand dollars by my exercise of judgment,"
said his employe. " I have gained this time, it is true," was the
reply ; " but I have learned that I cannot trust you. Another time,
a similar act of disobedience on your part might cause me to lose
ten times as much."
" Obey orders, if it breaks owners," is a common proverb among
seafaring men, and it contains a whole volume of worldly wisdom.
To follow this rule, is to lay the responsibility where it rightfully
belongs — on the shoulders of the one who issues the orders.
" Theirs not to make reply ;
Theirs not to reason why ;"
says Tennyson, in describing the famous charge of the six hundred
at Balaklava, and these words form a motto suitable for the adop-
tion of every young man or woman, from whom obedience can be
rightfully exacted. It may not be pleasant ; many things must be
met, disagreeable in themselves, and trying to your habits and pa-
tience. But no genuine or lasting success can be obtained without
a readiness to subordinate your own will, your own judgment, to that
of those who have a just claim to demand such a subordination.
n,
t
Source and Value of Politeness.
NOTIIER most important — even essential — element of sue
K cess, in the care of the young, is politeness. By the word
m „ T. __ 1 1 • _ i _„i _ • .• i_ •_.
politeness, as here used, is not meant an intimate acquaint-
ance with every minute rule of conversational etiquette, but
a more comprehensive signification is attached to it. Genu-
ine good breeding proceeds from unselfish kindness of heart,
and the hand that performs a genuine act of kindness, is equally
beautiful, though not covered with the " regulation glove of fashion."
And yet, kindness need not be linked with uncouthness. Gentle-
ness of demeanor is attainable by all, and a polite man carries in his
manners what is better than a letter of recommendation, for his man-
ners are seen by all. Everyone loves to gaze on a beautiful picture or
statue, and each look reveals beauties not before seen. The refined
and beautiful in art awaken emotions of delight ; and it is equally
true tluit of two men, \\\i\\ equal talents and attainments, he who is
refined and polite is regarded and remembered with vastly more
pleasure than his equal, who is awkward, uncouth and boorish in his
manners. The French lady who declared that she could never read
her prayers except out of a prayer book beautifully bound and
decorated, based her remark, not upon fancy, but upon true philos-
ophy. That physician's image will be recalled with most pleasure
by the feverish, suffering patient, whose kindly grace pronounced
him a gentleman.
COMMON ERRORS RESPECTING POLITENESS.
Do not fear that politeness is inconsistent with independence. It
is the man who only half respects himself, who reposes only half
confidence in himself, who seeks to obtain from others by impudence
what he feels they will not yield without. You may regard the
convenience of others, and do all that politeness requires to secure it,
and your own independence, so far from being endangered, will be
actually strengthened by it.
Some persons regard it as a mark of genius, or of a great mind,
to be slovenly in appearance or rude in their manners. If this be
true, certainly the world has a superfluity of talent and genius.
True, a man may rise to great eminence in spite of very bad man-
ners ; but so can an elephant accomplish wonders with his trunk.
No lady can thread a needle with more ease than he can, but even
OBEDIENCE AND POLITENESS.
the most ardent champion of boorishness would hardly think the
lady improved by the substitution of the elephant's trunk for her hand.
No station, no rank, no talents, can excuse a man for neglecting
the civilities due from man to man. When Pope Clement XIV.
ascended the papal chair, the ambassadors of the several states rep-
resented at his court, waited on his Holiness to congratulate him.
As they were presented, and severally bowed, he also bowed in
acknowledgment of the compliment. The master of ceremonies
told his Holiness that this act of courtesy, on his part, was unneces-
sary. " O, I beg your pardon," replied Clement, " I have not yet
been Pope long enough to forget good manners."
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POLITENESS.
One essential element of politeness is to treat others with the
respect due to their age, sex, and relative position toward yourself.
Nothing sooner gains friends for a young man, among those who
observe his conduct, than a reverence for age, and a chivalrous (not
foppish) demeanor toward women. The little every day acts of
courtesy cost but little, and no investment will lead a' larger (or
sometimes quicker) return.
Another element of politeness is cheerfulness. A gloomy, mel-
ancholy man is constantly thinking of himself, whom he cannot
forget long enough to attend to others. When you cultivate cheer-
fulness, you cultivate the habit of politeness. There is, about some
men, a keenness — a sort of razor-like irony — which assumes the air
of cheerfulness, but which is, in reality, only another mode of snarl-
ing. Much that is impolite and really bitter, is said in this way.
Another element of true politeness is the faculty of being easily
pleased. To appreciate the motwe from which, rather than the
manner in which, an act of kindness is rendered you, will prompt you
at once to make a fitting acknowledgment and a suitable return.
It must always be remembered, also, that all politeness, to be
genuine, must have a foundation of principle. The ancient Romans
used the same term — " honi mores " — to express good manners and
good morals. " Do unto others as ye would that they should do
unto you," is the fundamental rule at once of morality and courtesy.
Avoid showing rudeness to another, as you would wish him to avoid
rudeness toward you. It is weU nigh impossible to carry this rule
into everyday life without becoming considerate, careful and gentle.
As a practical aid to success, politeness is invaluable. Combined
with obedience, it forms the best of aU recommendations. Its ab
sence has been the cause of more than one ignominious failure.
_„.,i^^^^^=-,«_
CARE OF THE PERSOR.
|rTE desire for improvement and the effort to attain per-
fection are nowhere to be more commended than when
manifested in the care of the person. Refinement, as
shown in other directions, is thrown away if the person
be left in slovenly and unattractive condition. Young
men are mistaken when they imagine that a reasonable
time spent upon the toilet shows effeminacy, and
young ladies who neglect the toilet cannot hope to be
as attractive to others as they might be. The opera-
tions of the toilet should be as carefully performed for the home
circle as for the public. The desire to make a good personal ap-
pearance is a natural one, and is commendable. * Not only that, but
care of the person is an adjunct of good health, as certainly as that
perfect health, more than anything else, is the brighest jewel in the
crown of beauty.
Care of the Hands. — The worst looking hands are those which
are not clean; next to that, chapped, bruised, or red hands are un-
sightly. The consideration of gloves becomes an important item in
the cares of the toilet, when it is desired to keep the hands looking
well. The best lotions for chapped hands are glycerine and linseed
oil, applied at night on going to bed. After washing the hands
with soap, always rinse them well in clear water. The nails sliould
be neatly pared, not so short as to seem painful, nor so long as to
look like talons. White spots which disfigure finger nails are caused
by bruises. Stains may be removed with the juice of lemons or
potatoes. The nail brush should not be forgotton.
Care of the Teeth. — It surpasses belief, to observe now many
people suffer pain and inconvenience during the latter half of their
lives, because during the first half they paid no attention to their
teeth. It is also an absurdity to see, as we often do, a young man
making an otherwise careful toilet, yet allowing his teeth to remain
stained and unsightly, or perhaps blackened with tobacco, and his
breath in consequence very repulsive. The use of the tooth brush
leo
should be as habitual as that of the comb. The simplest tooth
powder is pulverized charcoal. Brush the backs as well as the fronts
of the teeth. A dentist should examine them and put them in good
condition at least every two years. Never crack nuts or hard candy
with the teeth, or otherwise abuse them, for you will be repaid in
pain. Do not suppose that after your natural teeth are gone the
dentist can give you just as good a set, for he cannot do it. Artifi-
cial teeth are poor ones, at the best.
Bathing. — There is no such thing as a toilet, and no such thing
as good health, without water, used frequently and regularly. The
soap should be of good quality. Warm water removes dirt and
sweat, and cold water, followed by brisk rubbing, revives the circu-
lation. The sponge bath is almost as good as any other, and the
whole person may be simply washed and rubbed with the hands,
the same as the face.
The Hair. — The best care of the hair is cleanliness, which is
attained by washing, better than by combing. Carp should be taken
in using the brush and comb, not to irritate the scalp too much.
Pomades and hair oil should not be used too liberally. A good hair
wash for ladies is made as follows : Beat up the yolks of two eggs with
a spoonful of lemon juice and a spoonful of soft water, and with this
rub the head and hair thoroughly. Then wash it with plenty of
soft tepid water, and wipe it with towels. The hair may afterward
be dried by spreading it loose a few seconds in the smoke of a little
powdered benzoin, thrown upon a pan of lighted charcoal. The
body reclines upon a sofa, while the hair is allowed to fall over the
end of the couch in the smoke of the benzoin. This leaves in the
hair a very agreeable perfume.
The Complexion. — The things which best promote the com-
plexion are sleep, exercise and bathing. The use of cosmetics is a
mistake, without question. They clog the pores of the skin, and are
unnatural. The best cosmetics are sleep, exercise and health. Even
the sunshine is better than too much darkness, which makes the face
pale. Cosmetics as used by actresses consist of cold cream spread
thin upon a perfectly clean face, and then gently rubbed with a soft
cloth, so that it becomes almost dry without being rubbed away.
Pure and fine powder is then puffed over the face, which is after-
ward softly patted with a cambric handkerchief, to remove any loose
powder. It should be noted that the continued use of cosmetics will
ruin the best complexion.
The Feet. — If the shoe fits perfectly, there will be little trouble
with the feet ; and those who choose shoes too small for them,
through vanity, deserve to have trouble. Corns may be cured by
paring, on going to bed, and binding upon them one of the many
new salves containing petroleum as an ingredient. This must be
continued night after night for a week or more. The same treat-
ment will do for chilblains, if they have become broken, and if not
they may simply be rubbed with spirits of turpentine. The feet
should be washed, then well rubbed, every morning.
Perfumes. — One of the most attractive and harmless luxuries
is that of sweet odors. It is but natural to ^vish for the continual
breath of flowers. It has been said that " Even sound itself has less
faculty of association with our ideas than the sense of smell. A
waft of perfume in the air carries us back mentally to some scene
of childhood or early youth. The favorite perfume of a mother, a
sister, a friend, is forever associated with the thought of them, even
if they themselves are but a memory." Care should be used not
only in their selection, but also in their proper use.
On Dyeing the Hair. — Nature always tints the hair, beard
and mustache in exact harmony with the complexion. To change
the color of the hair, when the shade of the complexion cannot be
altered to match it, produces inharmony, as unpleasant to the eye as
a discord in music to the ear. Dyes are unnatural, unnecessary to
the best possible personal appearance, dangerous in their effects,
nearly all of them being poisonous, whetlier mineral or vegetable,
and are not a requisite of the toilet. Still less to be commended are
acids for bleaching the hair, which have in a number of instances
caused insanity.
— cy\o. — ^.
_ {low TO pi^OLOMI? THE ^Rl
T is wonderful, how much hard work and steady use the
human eyes Avill submit to when properly taken care of;
and it is no less surprising, how small a thing will throw
them so far wrong as to cause a great misfortune. The
eye is most delicately constructed, yet, like the rest of
our complicated organism, is perfectly adapted to its pur-
pose, and will itself soon give notice if anything is not
right with it.
The natural light of the sun is that best adapted for
the organ of vision ; yet even it may be too strong. The sunshine
in the dry and cloudless countries bordering the Mediterranean, and
in New Mexico, Arizona, and other parts of the west, is extremely
trying to the eyes, and smoked or green glasses will be found a great
relief. A long journey through snow should be similarly guarded
against.
"Working, reading or writing in insufficient or imperfect artificial
light is the principal cause of most eye troubles. The artificial
light should not be too strong, and should be perfectly steady. The
electric arc light produces very severe effects upon the vison, but the
incandescent light is not so unfavorable. The German student lamp,
all things considered, gives the most satisfactory light, and gas light
with an Argand burner is about the same. Both, however, may be
made too strong, and it is well to use a blue glass chimney. The
blue color has no special virtue, but it tones down the brilhancy of
the light.
A very important matter is to regulate the focus at which the
eye does its work. Many persons become so interested or earnest in
their work as to bend down over it closely, thus bringing the eyes
nearer than is natural. The natural focus is destroyed, and the eyes
become tired very soon. It is always well to pause occasionally,
during protracted work held near the face, and gaze for a moment
at some distant object, so as to change the focus and relieve the eyes.
Heading on the cars is very injurious, as they are too unsteady. The
eyes should be little used during convalescence from sickness, as they
are then very weak. A grateful relief to tired eyes is to dash pure
163
HOW TO PROLONG THE SIGHT.
cold water into them. On going to bed the eyes may be washed,
even using soap slightly for a moment, to remove all sweat and dust,
and then rinsing with pure water. The room should be dark during
sleep. Never rub the eye with the hands or fingers. When there
is any itching sensation, instead of rubbing them, hold them closed
till the irritation ceases. Never use " eye cups," as they cause con-
gestion. Tobacco smoke, and indeed any smoke, is injurious to the
eyes. Do not read much immediately after eating a hearty meal,
and never at dusk or in insufficient light. Do not sit at too high a
desk, where your reading or WTiting is brought too near the face,
and do not read by a jerking, unsteady light.
One of the most common and painful diseases of the eye is gran-
ulation of the lids. The most effectual treatment for it is dietintr.
The patient must eat very lightly of the most easily digested food,
with no peppei* or spices, no salt, no salty meats, not much meat of
any kind, drink no tea nor coffee, no stimulants, use no tobacco, and
must keep upon the eyelids a cloth constantly wetted with cold rain-
water, or, better, distilled water, changing it frequently day and
night, thus keeping the eyelids constantly cooler than the rest of the
body. Such treatment will cure any case of granulated eyelids
sooner than any medicine will do it.
3gist 0t statutory JloIidittjB.
The following is a list of the legal and bank holidays in the
States and Territories of the Union :
Independence Day— Fourth of July, In Washington's Bikthdat— (Feb. 22),
all States and Territories. in all States and Territories except Ala-
Thanksgiving Day, and all • Fast Days bama, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana,
appointed by Presidential Proclama- Kansas, Maine, Missouri, North Caro-
tion, in all States and Territories. lina, Ohio, Texas, Oregon and Tennes-
Christmas Day — In all Slates and Terri- see.
tories. Decoration Day — (May 30), in Colorado,
New Year's Day — In all States and Ter- Connecticut, District of Columbia,
ritories except Arkansas, Delaware, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire,
Georgia, Kentucky, Maiae, Massachu- New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania
setts. New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island."
South Carolina and Rhode Island. In Louisiana Only — Anniversary of the
Good Friday — In Florida, Louisiana, battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8); Fire-
Minnesota and Pennsylvania. man's Anniversary (March 4); Lincoln's
Shrove Tuesday, in Louisiana, and the Birthday (Feb. 12).
cities of Selma, Mobile and Montgom- In Texas Only— Texan Independence
ery, Alabama. . Day (March 2); Battle of San Jacinto
General Election Day— (Tuesday af- (April 21).
ter the first Monday in November) in In Georgla Only — Memorial Day
California, Maine, Missouri, New York, (April 26).
Oregon, South Carolina and Wisconsin.
Note.— Good Friday is the Friday next preceding Easter Sunday, and being the hypotheti-
cal anniversary of the Crucifixion, is set apart as the most solemn day of fast and prayer in the
Lenten period. Shrove Tuesday, or Pancake Tuesday, as it is called in England, from thecus;
torn of eating pancakes on that day, is the Tuesday before Good Friday.
»>5*?X.
¥-HE,EtC:^GkE,,
HIS has grown to be one of the recognized
means of locomotion, and of late years bicy-
cling has become very popular. Of the value
of the bicycle for getting over ground no proof
is now needed, when it is no uncommon thing
for youths to ride sixty or seventy miles in a
day, with no undue strain on the muscular
powers. The bicycle interest is now assuming vast dimensions, and
to a greater extent in the Old World than in America, thus far. In
England there are 130 makers of bicycles, a million pounds sterling
is invested in the business, and 60,000 bicycles are in existence in
London and the British provinces. These are astonishing facts
when we remember that only a few years ago the very name did
not exist. One of the chief charms of the bicycle, as compared with
other modern locomotive improvements, is that there is a privacy
and an individuality about it in which the railway and steamboat
are lacking. The bicyclist is as independent as the horseman, and
is in some respects his superior, for his steed needs no watching,
and though he miss his feed of oats can travel as long as the master's
own strength holds out. The bicycle demands a more smooth and
level road than the horse, and cannot explore woodlands or jump
fences and ditches, but as the country is gradually improved, the
streets and roads are more and more fitted for travel on the wheel.
In America the bicycle is manufactured in many different styles,
the best of which are so perfect that no further improvement can
be imagined. The old velocipede, the first machine of this kind
which was propelled by treadles, had both its wheels of the same
size, or nearly so ; but the bicycle has a very small rear wheel, while
the front wheel is made so large that its diameter stands as high as
the rider's shoulder. This vastly increases the speed, for every
revolution measures the increased circumference upon the ground.
The " wheel," as it is usually called, " for short," is not only
found very useful by messengers and others who in their business
have short, quick trips to make, but the sport takes rank with other
kinds of competition in racing. The speed record of the bicycle has
been constantly lowered, until now a mile is made in but little over
three minutes. Sporting authorities preserve careful records of the
165
HOW POOE BOYS BECOME SUCCESSFUL MEN.
speed made in one mile, three miles, six miles, ten miles, and other
distances accomplished in the contests, which often attract large
crowds of people. ^
In the large cities bicycle clubs are formed, which have the usual
forms of society organizations, adopt a uniform and style of trumpet,
hold meetings and races, and at times ride in procession. The
authorities of many cities forbid the use of the bicycle on public
streets. Its rapid, noiseless movement frightens many horses which
are afraid of nothing else.
?l0xtr goor Sobs gccomc <§ucccsstul pXcn.
OU want some good advice. Rise early. Be abstemious.
Be frugal. Attend to your own business and never trust it
to another. Be not afraid to work, and diligently, too, with
your own hands. Treat every one with civility and respect.
Good manners insure success. Accomplish what you under-
take. Decide, then persevere. Diligence and industry over-
come all difficulties. Never be mean — rather give than take the odd
shilling. Never postpone till to-morrow what can be done to-day.
Never anticipate wealth from any source but labor. Honesty is not
only the best pohcy, but the only policy. Commence at the first
round and keep chmbing. Make your word as good as your bond.
Seek knowledge to plan, enterprise to execute, honesty to govern
all. Never overtrade. Never give too large credit. Time is
money. Reckon the hours of the day as so many dollars, the min-
utes as so many cents. Make few promises. Keep your secrets.
Live within your income. Sobriety above all things. Luck is a
word that does not apply to a successful man. Not too much cau-
tion — slow but sure is the thing. The highest monuments are built
piece by piece. Step by step we mount the pyramids. Be bold — be
resolute when the clouds gather; difficulties are surmounted by
opposition. Self-confidence, self-reliance, is your capital. Your con-
science the best monitor. Never be over-sanguine, but do not
underrate your own abilities. Don't be discouraged. Ninety-nine
may say no, the hundredth, yes ; take off your coat : roll up your
sleeves, don't be afraid of manual labor ! America is large enough
for all — strike out for the west. The best letter of introduction is
your own energy. Lean on yourself when you walk. Keep good
company. Keep out of politics unless you are sure to win — ^you are
never sure to win, so look out.
A CALENDAR for ascertaining- Any Day of the Week for any griven time within
Two Hundred Years from introduction of New Style 1752* to 1952 inclusive
Years 1763 to 1953.
c
s
1-
s «
9 P«<
^
■^
u
P.
1
a
3
be
a
<
4J
>
o
1
i76l
1767
1778
1789
1795
ISOl
1807
1818
1829
1835
18U6
1857
1903
1863
1914
187k
1935
1885
1931
1891 4
1943
7
7
3
5
1
3
6
2
4
7
2
1783
1773
1779
1790
180-2
181S
1819
18S0
18U1
18U7
1858
1909
1869
1915
1875
1936
1886
1937
1897 5
1943
1
1
4
6
3
4
7
3
5
1
3
1757
1763
1774
I7a5
1791
180S
181U
1835
18S1
181,2
1853
1859
1910
1870
1931
1881
1937
1887
1938
1898 6
1949
3
2
6
7
3
5
1
4
6
2
nm
1765
1771
1783
1793
1799
1805
1811
18SS
183S
1839
1850
1861
1867
1878
1889
1895 2
5
5
1
3
«
1
4
7
2
5
7
1901
1907
1918
1939
m
<5
1946
--
-
1755
1766
1777
1783
1794
1800
1806
1817
18gS
18SU
18U5
1851
1903
1862
1913
1873
1919
1879
1930
1890
1941
3
1947
6
6
3
4
7
2
6
1
3
6
1
1758
1769
1775
1786
1797
1809
1815
1826
1837
isw
185U
1905
1865
1911
1871
1933
1882
1933
1893
1939
1899 7
1950
3
3
6
1
4
6
2
5
7
3
5
1753
1759
1770
1781
1787
1798
+
1810
1821
1827
1838
18/49
1855
1866
1906
1877
1917
1883
1933
189k
1934
1900 1
1948
4
4
7
2
5
7
3
6
1
4
6
1953
. 39
3
1
6
4
2
7
4
3
7
5
3
1
7
5
3
1
6
4
2
2
7
5
3
1
6
4
5
3
1
6
4
2
7
7
5
3
1
6
4
2
3
1
6
4
2
7
5
6
4
3
7
5
3
1
1
6
4
3
7
5
3
4
3
7
5
3
1
6
Leap Years. 1
1764
1793
180k
1832
1860
1888
1928
.... 7
6
1768
1796
1808
1836
186k
1892
1904
1932 5
4
1772
. . .
1812
18U0
1868
1896
1908
1936 i
3
1776
1816
ISUU^
1872
1913
1940 1
7
1780
1820
181S
1876
1916
1944 «
5
1756
1784
182U
1852
1880
1930
1948 4
3
1760
1788
1S28
1856
188k
1924
1952 ;
J 5
6
1
1.
2.
3. 1
4. 1
5.
6.
S^
7.
Monday 1
Tuesday 1
Wednesd
1
Thui-sda
y 1
Friday 1
Saturday 1
mday 1
Tuesday 2
Wednesd. 2
Thursday
2
Friday
2
Saturday 2
Sunday 3
Monday 2
Wedaesd. t
Thursday 3! Friday
3
Saturday
f 3
Sunday 3
VIonday 3
Tuesday 3
Thursday i
Friday * 4
Saturday
4
Sunday
4
Monday 4
Tuesday 4
Wednesd. 4
Friday 5
Saturday 5
Sunday
5
Monday
5
Tuesday 5
Wednesd. 5
Thursday 5
Saturday 6
Sunday 6
Monday
6
Tuesday
6
Wednesd. 6
Thursday 6
Friday 6
Sunday 7
Monday 7
Tuesday
7
Wednesc
1. 7
Thursday 7
Friday 7
Saturday 7
Monday 8
Tuesday 8
Wednesd
8
Thursda
V 8
Friday 8
Saturday 8
Sunday 8
Tuesday t
Wednesd. 9
Thursday
9
Friday
9
Saturday 9
Sunday 9
Monday 9
Wednesd. 1(
Thursday 10
Friday
10
Saturday
i 10
Sunday 10
Monday 10
Tuesday 10
Thursday 11
Friday 11
Saturday
11
Sumlay
ii!
VIonday 11
Tuesday 11
Wednesd. 11
Friday 12
Saturday 12
Sunday
12
Monday
]2:Tuesday 12i
Wednesd. 12
Thursday 13
Saturday Ic
Sunday 13
Monday
13
Tuesday
13, Wednesd. 13
Thursday 13
Friday 13
Stmday \i
Monday 14
Tuesday
14
Wednesc
i. 14 Thursday 14
Friday 14
Saturday 14
Monday 15
Tuesday 15
Wednesd
15
Thursda
y 15 Friday 15
Saturday 15
Smuiay 15
Tuesday lb
Wednesd. 16
Thursday
16
Friday
16 Saturday 16
Sunday 16
Monday 16
Wednesd. 17
Thursday 17
Friday
17
Saturda;
i 17 Sunday 17
Monday 17
Tuesday 17
Thursday 18
Friday 18
Saturday
18
Sunday
18 Monday 18
Tuesday 18
Wednesd. 18
Friday \i
Saturday 19
Surulay
19
Monday
19 Tuesday 19
Wednesd. 19
Thursday 19
Saturday 3(
Sunday 20
Monday
20
Tuesday
20 Wednesd. 20
Thursday 30
Friday 30
Sunday 2]
Monday 21
Tuesday
31
Wednes<
1. 21 Thursday 21
Friday 21
Saturday 31
Monday 32
Tuesday 23
Wednesd
23
Thursda
y 22 Friday 33l
Saturday 22
Sunday 33
Tuesday 2c
Wednesd. 23:Thursday
'£i
Friday
23 Saturday 23.
'iunday 23
Monday 23
Wednesd. 2^
Thursday 34 Friday
34
Saturda
y 2iSunday 24i
Monday 24
Tuesday 24
Thursday 23
Friday 25 Saturday
25
Sunday
25 Monday 25
Tuesday 25
Wednesd. 25
Friday 3<i
Saturday 3(5 Sunday
3(i
Monday
26 Tuesday 26
Wednesd. 26
Thursday 26
Saturday 27
Sunday 37 Monday
27
Tuesday
27 Wednesd. 27'
Thursday 27
Friday 27
Sunday 28
Monday 38Tuesdav
38
Wednes
1. 28 Thursday 28
Friday 28
Saturday 28
Monday 28
Tuesday 29 Wednesd
. 39
Thursda
y 39 Friday 29
Saturday 29
Sunday 29
Tuesday 3(
Wednesd. .SO Thursdaj
r »)
Friday
.SOSnturday 30.
Sunday 30
Monday .30
Wednesd. .31
Thursday 31 Friday
31iSaturda
y S\Sunda>i 31^
Monday 31 Tuesday 31
1752 same as 1772, from Jan. 1, to Sept. 3. From Sept. 14 to Dec. 31, same as 1780 (September
3-13 were omifted).
+ To ascertain any day of the week, first look in the table for the year required, and under
the months are figures which refer to the corresponding fig-ures at the head of the columns
of days below. For Example .-—To know on what day of the week May 4 will be in the year
1883, in the table of years look for 1883, and in « parallel line, under May, is figure 3, which
directs to column 2, in which It will be seen that May 4 falls on Friday.
167
168
MISCELLANEOUS.
POPULATION AND RANK OF THE SEVERAL STATES.
State.
Male. Female. Native. Forelgrn. White. Ck>lored. Total
New York
Pennsylvania... .
Ohio
Illinois
Missouri
Indiana
Massachusetts
Kentucky
Michi«ran ,
Iowa
Tcxaa
Tcnneooee
Ocorflria
Virginia
North Carolina
Wisconsin
Alabama
Mississippi
Now Jersey
Kansas
South Carolina ....
I^ouisiana
Maryland
California
Arkansas
Minnesota
Maine
Connecticut
Went Virginia
Nebraska
New Hampshire. . .
Vermont
Ithodo Island
Florida
Colorado
Dist. Columbia....
Oregon
Delaware
Utah
Dakota
New Mexico
Washinjflon
Nevada
Arizona
Montana
Idaho
Wyomingr
:..W6,283
;, !;*{,«:»
,«I4,10.J
,.5«7,4;H
,127.424
,01U,«T«
8W,4"'"
8;ti,«7«
«»Ki,270
848.334
K}8,719
7tW,374
701,184
74.'),839
««S.3a}
680,100
00,890
667,137
560,883
686,725
490,400
408,838
462,104
518,^n
416,883
419,362
824,084
806.886
814,479
249,275
170,57.'>
166,888
I83,0:«
185.3»i
120,471
88,.')04
10e,.388
74,1.5.3
74,470
82,.-n2
88,761
46,977
42,013
28,202
28,180
21,818
14.151
2.577,527
2,14«,151
1,584.074
l,4"Jl.;Htt
l,041.:lHlt
9«;.«8«
Se4,.537
81U.U12
774.065
776,386
7.'>3,855
77:1,080
777,864
70«,9«7
71J.844
«'5,374
630.904
564,456
571,160
450,241
606,163
471,270
473.«28
346.415
386,181
861^^4
824,861
816,797
808,964
208,158
176,400
lO.'i.dOS
14:^,406
131.958
65.178
94.044
71.379
T-',501
69,436
52318
64,679
20,143
20.252
12,230
10,977
10,793
6,637
Total 25,620,583 24,632,284 43,475,506
3.872,372
3,803.409
3.495,177
1,957.564
1,834,.')07
l.:»9.919
1.'>85».3IJ7
1,347.985
M63,133
1,478,058
1.6e5,88l
1,628.723
1.498.139
],:«»!.:«),>•
91U.U63
1,253.131
1,122,429
909,308
886,261
9H7.981
885,964
861.964
672,006
792,260
618,107
600,076
492,879
600,214
866,043
800,961
201,840
802.606
257.631
1.54,809
160..'i33
14.%327
137.182
09.974
83,387
108.498
60.250
36,623
24.419
27.640
22,639
14,943
1,211.438
587,.5:5J
3SM,743
311.340
143.
44;i,U9:i
WMTl
3K8,;H«
3U1.4h8
114J)10
16,583
10.315
]4,(i«rr
3,(;7it
405,41
0,673
0,168
221,686
100,705
7,641
64,130
82.648
202,680
10.296
807,600
68,860
129,804
18,»»
07.890
46.028
40,946
78,980
9.720
39,780
17,115
30,440
9.472
43,982
61,798
9.982
16,861
26,642
16,022
11JS16
0.982
6.845
5,017.116
4.197.106
3,118.344
3,033,174
3.033.5«18
1.939.094
1.764,004
1.:J77.187
1,(114.078
l.OU.WKi
1.197,499
l,i;».]30
8I4.2'.1
8HI,<thl
Ni7.478
lJ()9,a23
662.828
479.871
l.-091,947
952,056
891,224
455.1417
734,718
767,266
601,611
776.940
646,908
610,884
602.606
449.806
8464964
881.243
860,931
141,832
191,452
118,236
163,08"
120,198
142,380
133,177
108,127
67,349
53.574
3^.178
85.446
29,M1
19,436
66,694
8.5.680
79.895
46.505
145,336
39.368
19.008
371. .531
33,3.VJ
9,954
395,07.'
403.:M3
734,71»7
631,Kir
6;j3..Vi9
5.858
600,466
662.221
80,086
43,910
604.308
4^5,006
209,914
97.420
210,058
3,866
2,042
11,7«0
25.887
2,627
720
1.043
6,507
125.519
8,197
50,402
11.680
26,456
1.536
2,003
10.303
7,771
8,601
6,268
3,711
3,600
1,353
5,083,810
4.383.786
3.198,230
3,078,769
2,168,804
],978.3«i3
1,783.013
l,«4h,;08
i,(i:i«,3;{i
1.634.630
1,55C',574
1.642,4t>3
1,. 539.048
1.513.HI6
1,400.047
1.315.480
1,262.794
1,131,502
1.180.983
966,906
996.622
940.1(3
084.082
864.686
802,664
780,806
64f.046
622.688
618,443
453,433
346,984
833.286
276,528
267,351
194,649
177,638
174.767
146,654
143,906
135,180
118,430
76,120
63,286
40.441
39.157
32,611
20,788
6,677.3601 43,404.876
6,747,990 50,152,866
Slave Population in the United States in 1860.
States.
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
Florida
Georgria
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Mississippi
Missouri
North Carolina
1850.
343,844
47,100
2.290
30,310
381.682
210.981
244.809
90,368
809.878
87,423
288,548
1860.
435,133
111.104
1,798
61,753
462,230
225,490
832;520
87.188
436.696
114,965
331,081
States.
South Carolina.
Tennessee
Texas
Virjfinia
Nebraska (Ter.) —
Utah (Ter.)
New Mexico (Ter.)
District Columbia.
Total.
1850.
384.984
289.450
58.161
472.628
3.687
* 3.304,077
1800.
402.541
275,784
180.388
490.887
10
29
24
3,181
3,952,801
Color Census of Four Decades.
White.
43,404,876
33,589,377
Colored.
6,.577.1.51
4,880,000
1860.
1850.
White.
36.932,537
19.553.068
Colored.
■-■ ^ H~^~T-H - T H i»
WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM.
-*> — ^^^ — "^^^
HE following selection of q)igrams, proverbs, "wise
and original conceptions include some of the
saws,
brilliant passages of standard authors — gleams of sun-
light which here and there flash through the foUage of
thought — as well as many gems of anonymous origin.
They will be found not only full of entertainment and
instruction, but useful where a pertinent quotation is
required to illustrate ideas either in speech or writing.
WORDS OF WIT AND WISDOM.
'Tis strange the miser should his care em-
ploy,
To gain those riches he can ne'er enjoy.
—Pope.
If you would not have affliction visit
you twice, listen at once to what it teaches.
Some sort of charity will swallow the
egg and give away the shell.
A word of kindness is seldom spoken
in vain. It is a seed which, even when
dropped by chance, springs up a flower.
Mean souls, like mean pictures, are
often found in good-looking frames.
A child is eager to have any toy he
sees, but throws it away at the sight of
another, and is equally eager to have that.
We are most of us children through life,
and only change one toy for another from
the cradle to the grave.
Learning is wealth to the poor, an honor
to the rich, an aid to the young, and a
support and comfort to the aged.
Love is the strongest hold-fast in the
world ; it is stronger than death.
Hope and fear, peace and strife,
Malie up the troubled web of life.
False friendship, like the ivy, decays
and ruins the wall it embraces: but true
friendship gives new life and animation to
the object it supports. — Burton.
A man who hoards riches and enjoys
them not is like the ass which carries gold
yet eats thistles.
People should remember that it is only
great souls that know how much glory
there is in doing good.
Happiness is a perfume that one cannot
shed over another without a few drops
falling upon himself.
AVith love the heart becomes a fair and
fertile garden, glowing with sunshine and
warm hues, and exhaling sweet odors;
but without it, it is a bleak desert covered
with ashes.
Prosperity is no just scale; adversity is
the only true balance to weigh friends.
To discover what is true, and to practice
what is good, are the two most important
objects of life.
Life has its hours of bitterness,
Its joys, its hopes and fears;
Our way is sometimes wreathed with smiles,
And then baptized with tears.
Prosperity is not without its trouble, nor
adversity without its comfort.
As riches and favor forsake a man we
discover him to be a fool, but nobody
could find it out in his prosperity. —
Bruyere.
Troubles are like babies — they only
grow bigger by nursing.
You cannot injure any one by elevating
poor fallen humanity. It is the noblest
work man can engage in, not oaly to ele-
vate himself but to elevate others.
Happiness is a butterfly, which, when
pursued, is always just beyond your
grasp ; but which, if you will sit down
quietly, may come and alight on you.
Purchase not friends with gifts ; when
thou ceasest to give, such will cease to
love. — Fkbller.
By humility, and the fear of the Lord,
are riches, and honor and life. — Proverbs.
Life appears to be too short to be spent
in nursing animosities or registering
wrongs.
170
WOKDS OF WIT AND WISDOM.
If thou wouldst be borne with, bear
with others. — Fuller.
Ladies who have a disposition to punish
their husbands should recollect that a
little warm sunshine will melt an icicle
much sooner than a regular northeaster.
A wise man knows his own ignorance;
a fool thinks he knows everything.
Cyrus, the conqueror of Babylon, of
whorp we read in the Bible, was once
asked what was the first thing he learned.
"To tell the truth," was the reply.
Evay man can and should do some-
thing for the public, if it be only to kick
a piece of orange peel into the road from
the pavement.
A rich man who is not liberal resembles
a tree without fruit.
How brightly do little joys beam upon
a soul which stands on a ground
darkened by clouds of sorrow! So
do stars come forth from the empty
sky, when we look up to them from a
deep well.
It is not going into the furnace, but the
coming out, which demonstrates the
metal.
Indulging in dangerous pleasures, saith
a Burmese proverb, is like licking honev
from a knife and cutting Uie tongue with
the edge.
There are more p)oor willing to give
charity from their necessity than rich from
their superfluities.
"Wealth does not always improve us.
A man, as he gets to be worth more, may
become wortli-less.
The greatest friend of truth is time, her
greatest enemy prejudice, and her con-
stant companion is humility. — Coltun.
Beauty unaccompanied by virtue is a
flower without perfume.
Virtue, like a dowerless beauty, has
more admirers than followers.
Never trouble trouble till trouble
troubles you.
Whoso hath this world's goods, and
seeth his brother have need, and shutteth
up his bowels of compassion from him,
how dwelleth the love of God in him. —
1 John.
Every good deed is a benefit to the doer
as sure as to the receiver.
We should value affliction as we do
physic — not by its taste, but by its effects.
He that giveth unto the poor shall not
lack, but he that hideth his eyes shall
have many a curse. — Proverbs.
Most of the shadows that cross our
pathway through life are caused by our
standing in our own way.
Avarice is like a graveyard; it takes all
that it can get and gives nothing back.
It is not wealth, but wisdom, that makes
a man rich.
Virtue, like a rich stone, looks best
when plainest set.
The duties and burdens of life should
be met with courage and determination.
No one has a right to be a wart on the
fair face of nature, doing nothing useful,
f)ro<iucing nothing of utility or value. It
8 a gross and fatal error to supiwse that
life is to be enjoyed in idleness. It can
never be.
If a man be gracious to strangers, it
shows he is a citizen of the worm, and
that his heart is no island cut off from the
other lands, but a continent that joins
them. — Bacon.
True friendship is like sound health,
the value of it is seldom known until it is
lost.
AH our affections are but so many doors
to let in Christ.
Much wanted more, and lost all.
Troubles are like hornets, the less ado
you make about them the better, for
your outcry will only bring the whole
swarm upon you.
God lays us upon our backs that we
may look heavenward.
The more liberal we are to others from
a principle of faith and love, the more
liberal Gkxl will be to us.
The flowers that breathe the sweetest
perfume into our hearts bloom upon the
rod with which Providence chastises us.
Be not stingy of kind words and pleas-
ing acts, for such are fragrant gifts,
whose perfume will gladden the heart
and sweeten the life of all who hear or
receive them.
Rare as Is true love, true friendship is
still rarer. — Rochffoucauld.
Learninsr by study must be won ;
'Twas ne'er entailed from sire to son.
-Gay.
The violet grows low, and covers itself
with its own tears, and of all flowers
yields the sweetest fragrance. Such is
humility.
We should not forget that life is a
flower, which is no sooner fully blown
than it begins to wither.
He who has other graces, without hu-
mility, is one who carries a box of precious
powder without a cover on a windy day.
Heaven's gates are not so highly arched
as princes' palaces. They that enter there
must go upon their knees. — Webster.
God strikes not as an enemy to destroy,
but as a father to correct.
This may be said of love, that if you
strike it out of the soul, life would be in-
sipid aud our being but half animated.
It is better to be poor, with a good
heart, than rich, with a bad conscience.
From the walks of humble life have
risen ihose who are the lights and land-
marks of mankind.
The universal lot.
To weep, to wander, die, and be forgot.
—Sproffue.
The path of sorrow, and that path alone.
Leads to the land where sorrow is unknown ;
No traveler ever reached that blest abode,
Who found not thorns and briars in his
road. —Cowpcr.
He that does good for good's sake seeks
neither praise nor reward, though sure of
both at last.
Living in the fear of God takes away
the fear of death ; for the sting of death
is sin.
Nothing is more dangerous than a
friend without discretion ; even a prudent
enemy is preferable. — La Fontaine.
The grand essentials to happiness in
this life are, something to do, something
to love, and something to hope for.
He that has never known adversity is
but half acquainted with others, or with
himself. Constant success shows us but
one side of the world ; for, as it surrounds
us with friends, who will tell us only our
merits, so it silences those enemies from
whom only we can learn our defects. —
Colton.
Base all your actions upon a principle
of right ; preserve your integrity of char-
acter, and, doing this, never reckon the
cost.
Adversity is the trial of principle.
Without it a man hardly knows whether
he is honest or not. — Fielding.
Never be cast down by trifles. If a
spider break his web twentv times, twenty
times will he mend it. Make up your
mind to do a thing and you will do it.
A covetous man lives without comfort,
and dies without hope.
Whoso stoppeth his ear at the cry of
the poor, he also shall cry himself, but
shall not be heard. — Proverbs.
Value the friendship of him who stands
by you in storms. Swarms of insects will
surround you in sunshine.
Pleasures have honey in the mouth, but
a sting in the tail, and often perish in the
budding.
Religion teaches the rich humility, and
the poor contentment.
It is far more easy to acquire a fortune
like a knave, than to expend it like a gen-
tleman. — Colton.
Excesses in our youth are drafts upon
our old age, payable, with interest, about
thirty years after date.
Riches and true excellence are seldom
found together.
The use of money is all the advantage
there is in having it.
Truth is a mighty weapon when wielded
by the weakest arm. — Fletcher.
The greatest pleasure of life is love; the
greatest treasure, contentment; the great-
est possession, health; the greatest ease,
sleep, and the best medicine, a true friend.
Wealth is not his who gets it, but his
who enjoys it.
That man cannot be upright before
God who is unjust in his dealings with
men.
Little troubles wear the heart out, and
it is easier to throw a bomb shell a mile
than a feather, even with artillery. Fifty
little debts of one dollar each will cause
more trouble and dunning than one big
one of a thousand.
Professing, without practicing, will
bring neither glory to God nor comfort to
ourselves.
He that follows pleasure instead of busi-
ness will in a little time have no business
to follow.
Fashionable Christianity is not spiritual
piety.
Fear God and keep his commandments;
for this is the whole duty of man. — Solo-
mon.
Pleasure as pleasure is not to be con-
demned, but only sinful pleasure; such as
injures another is unjust, such as hurts
ourselves is imprudent.
Natural blindness is bad, but spiritual
blindnes is much worse.
The only avarice which is justifiable is
that of love; the only ambition that is
commendable is zeal in the cause of virtue
and good actions.
Without entire confidence friendship
and love are but mockeries, and social
intercourse a war in disguise.
Contentment is a pearl of great price,
and whoever procures it at the expense
of ten thousand desires makes a wise pur-
chase.
What is joy? A sunbeam between two
clouds.
Who is wise? He that learns from
every one. Who is powerful? He that
governs his passions. Who is rich ? He
that is content.
Prosperity without God's presence is
full of trouble; but trouble with the pres
ence of God is full of comfort.
" Think not mournfully upon the Past, It cannot return. Wteely Improve the Present, It is
thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future with strong heart and free wllL"
HERE are few persons who have reached mature life who
can look back over the past without mingled emotions.
Childhood knows no past ; its happy life is rounded out
and completed by its present joys. But as we learn the harder
lessons in life's school under that stern teacher, experience,
our present joys are heightened and our present sorrows
deepened by the alternate lights and shadows thrown over them by
the past. The happy memories of a mother's tender love are often
darkened by the recollection of her losses ; we recall our moments
of success, only to have our exultation turned into regret by the
memory of our failure. Happy would be that man who, in looking
back over the years that are his no longer, could raise his eyes
toward Heaven and say, in all sincerity, " I have made no mistakes;
my conscience tells me that I have been guilty of no wrong either
toward God or my fellow-man."
But the human intellect is weak ; the human heart is prone to
err ; and there probably Uves no man nor woman who does not wish
that at some period of his or her past life, the "still, small voice" of
conscience had been heeded, or the dictates of prudence followed.
There is one mode in which such reflections may be made salu-
tary. A careful self-examination, impartially conducted, with a view
to discovering past errors and an avoidance of them in the future,
will be of great service. But in such an examination into our past
lives, there must be no secret desire to cover up or to excuse that
which has been blame-worthy. Freely must the heart confess;
sternly must the intellect and conscience judge. The resolves for
the future, too, must be sincere and earnest.
But after this introspection and the formation of a new deter-
mination, let there be no vain and empty regrets over what cannot
now be changed. It is worse than foolish to waste time in such
fruitless vaporings. The man of firm will should " let the dead past
bury its dead ; " la^ang hold upon the present without looking back.
You are not called upon to seek to obliterate the recollection of past
griefs. Such memories, rightly used, have an ennobling — even a
holy — influence. The little empty shoe, the golden curl, the tress of
1T2
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.
silver hair — these should not be suffered to lie unnoticed and uncared
for. They are links in that golden chain which holds you to your
true home; they will mutually appeal to you in moments when
avarice and passion are struggling to control you, and a voice long
silent will make itself heard in your heart. But do not let this grief
make you unmindful of present duties, or selfishly indifferent to the
claims of others upon you.
In one word, remember the past only to avoid its errors, and
cherish its memories only that they may beautify and sanctify your
life.
THE PRESENT. ^
HE Present is the only one of the three divisions of time
which any man can safely call his own. The Past has gone
from his grasp ; the Future he may never reach. To-day
belongs to him ; and accordingly as he improves or abuses it,
will his future be bright with promise or gloomy with recol-
lections of a misspent past. The Present is the seed time,
the Future will yield the harvest ; and what a man sows to-day he
will surely reap, be it sooner or later. " Men do not gather grapes
of thorns, nor figs of thistles," is as true in our age as when spoken
nineteen hundred years ago. Neglect of duty, self-indulgen.ce,
extravagance and improvidence in the present will yield their full
harvest of poverty, of suffering and of impotent regrets in the
future. To-day's duties must be performed to-day ; to-morrow — if
it come at all — will have its own calls upon your time and strength.
Each moment of life some duty demands to be performed, but for
each duty there is a moment of which you can avail yourself :
'* One by one the sands are flowing.
One by one the moments fall ;
Some are coming', some are going,
Do not strive to grasp them all.
" One by one thy duties wait thee ;
Let thy whole strength go to each.
Let no future dreams elate thee ;
Learn thou first what these can teach.
" Hours are golden links— God's token.
Reaching Heaven, but one by one ;
Take them, lest the chain be broken
'Ere thy pilgrimage be done."
In each period of life, the Present is a time of preparation for
the Future ; in childhood, we prepare for manhood, and while in the
prime of manly strength we seek to provide for the time when the
infirmities of age may overtake us. The best preparation always is
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUEE.
a careful attention to and conscientious performance of every pres-
ent duty, however apparently trivial. Present opportunities of self-
improvement must not be neglected. A well-stored mind is the best
preventive against loneliness and ennui. And the recollection of
acts of charity and self-denial are the best guards against the
reproaches of conscience. A temptation resisted, a tear wiped away
from the eye of sorrow, a kind word spoken in the ear of misfortune,
a suffering alleviated — these are seeds which will, in the future, bear
rich fruit.
N youth, thoughts of the Future fill the mind. The brain
of the boy teems with anticipations and plans for his man-
hood, and the cheek of the maiden glows with an added
flush of loveliness as she looks forward to the proud day when
she shall be the queen in her own household. At the threshold
of Ufe, as youth emerges from the restraints and fostering care
of home, the eye eagerly seeks the most distant horizon, which hope
paints for the heart with gorgeous tints. These anticipations are as
pleasing as they are natural, and should not be rudely discouraged.
Ilope for the future gives strength for the present, and a belief in
coming happiness lightens the burden of to-day's cares. But as dis-
appointent follows disappointment, our confidence in the absolute
certainty of future success becomes lessened, and prudence and fore-
siglit succeed to rashness and impetuosity. " Boast not thyself of
to-morrow," say the Scriptures, and human experience has demo^r
strated the wisdom of the advice.
Yet at the same time, there is no call to be constantly foreboding
some unknown evil which it is feared that the future may bring. It
is true that in summer the wise farmer gathers and stores the fruits
of the earth for -winter use ; yet he would be rightly ridiculed who
refused to enjoy the sunshine and flowers of June through his dread
of the coming frost and icy blasts of January. Do not " borrow
trouble " from some imaginary store which you apprehend may be
somewhere in reserve for you. The Future is kindly hidden from
our knowledge, and the wise man will not seek to lift the veil which
shrouds it. Its joys as well as its griefs, its consolations as well as
its trials, will come in their appointed time. Seek, by a wise use of
the Present, to prepare yourself to accept its pleasures with thank-
fulness and moderation, to encounter its misfortunes with resigna-
tion and fortitude.
I'OMPLETE UcETTER f^RITER.«|(
Y general con*espondence is meant all the usual forms in
which paper and penmanship are substituted for per-
sonal conversation and oral exchange of words. The
correspondent should bear in mind that a word is none
the less a word, even though quickly and easily spoken ;
and that it is stiU only a word — nothing more — even
though it be laboriously written, ticked through miles of
telegraph wire, spoken by telephone, or signaled by an
admiral's flags. The means of expressing and conveying
the word have no bearing on its meaning. Therefore, the corre-
spondent should write as if he were speaking to the person whom he
is addressing. If it be a business letter, he should be concise, formal,
brief, accurate, and yet complete, in expressing his meaning. If it
be an invitation, or other form of social acknowledgment, he should
be pleasant, polite, not too formal, nor too familiar. If it be a letter
to an intimate friend, its contents may be suited in aU respects to
the degree of attachment between the writer and the recipient of
the letter. Epistolary correspondence may be humorous, witty,
descriptive, argumentative, or otherwise intended to interest and
please. Commercial correspondence should aim to convey informa-
tion only, plainly yet politely expressed.
Introduction. — If you were about to negotiate a trade with a
merchant you would not abruptly begin speaking, but would first
address him by name. So with a commercial letter. It must con-
tain at its head the name of the town or city where the letter is
Avritten (the county also, if the postofiice where the letter is to be
mailed be not w^ell known), the state, the year, month and day.
These, taken together, are called in general terms the " date " of the
letter, and no letter of any kind should be without it. Next follow
the name of the person, or names of the firm addressed, with a brief
greeting, such as " Dear Sir," or " Messrs.," or " Gentlemen." The
letter should then begin at once, first by acknowledging the receipt
of a communication to which the letter is intended as a reply, or
175
CK)MPLETE LETTEB WRITEB.
otherwise stating the chief subject concerning which the letter is to
be written.
The introduction to a social letter from one friend to another
should, in the main, be similar to that of a business letter. It is
usual in writing to a
friend to begin merely
with "Dear John," or
" Friend William." This
will suffice if the com-
munication is a mere
note, the transmission of
which is sure, and which
does not contain any-
tliing of importance.
All letters, however, are
abject to accidents in
lie mails, and otherwise
liable to a possibility of
falling into strange hands.
Each should, therefore,
contain the complete ad-
dress of the person for-
whom it is intended, and
also that of the writer.
Then, should the letter
find its way to the dead-
letter office, or to the
wrong person, it may still
be sent to its intended
destination or returned
to the writer.
Postscripts. — Post-
scripts {after - writings]
are nearly always in bad
taste, and if possible
should be avoided, ex-
cept in letters between
close friends. If it be a letter of importance, and the writer has left
out something which he intended to appear before the signature,
and he is anxious to convey no bad impression, he will do well to
re-write the last page of his letter, so as to include the idea in the
body of the letter rather than in a postscript.
Underscoring. — Emphasis, whether in speaking or writing,
borders closely upon passion, and therefore should be to a large
extent avoided. Italics are used in printing to ikesignSiiQ foreign
words, but as a general thing, both in printing and writing, their
liberal use pre-supposes a degree of ignorance, or at least a want of
cultivation, in the reader. If the reader is educated, as we may
suppose he ought to be, he will be fully able to discern the strong
passages or fine points of a letter, from the meaning of the words
rather than from under-scoring or italics.
Character of Letters. — The first requisite in the conversation
of a man of cosmopolitan training is the complete elimination of
idioms, slang, provincial phrases, and words of local use, so that you
cannot, by hearing him talk or by reading what he has written,
guess from what part of the country he can;e. So it should be with
a business letter. It should be so straightforward, concise, and yet
easy and direct, as to leave no room for individualities of any kind ;
and, except for the inevitable personality of the handwriting, it
should contain nothing by which the reader can designate the writer.
Epistolary correspondence, on the other hand, needs no such
restrictions, and indeed may bristle with the peculiarities of the
writer, provided they do not exceed the bounds of good taste, and
are not so strongly marked as to prove offensive by strained eccen-
tricity.
Character, however, in spite of the writer, will unerringly mark
his letter, just as it will his hand-writing, the crease of his coat, the
expression of his eye, and the "set" of his hat. Character is some-
thing that none of us can create, but which each of us can preserve.
It is a part of us. It remains for him who is wise to so effectually
preserve the beauty and truth of his character, and so vigorously
to subdue the faults and weaknesses, that in his letters, as in
everything else, he will exhibit, at the worst, a strong and manly
hold upon the good and the beautiful. In a letter of extended
length it would be very difficult for any of us to prevent it from
containing something which Avould cause a friend of long acquaint-
ance to exclaim, " That's just like him ! " The important thing is to
make our individualities only such as are compatible with culture
and refinement.
Use of Capitals. — In writing the date and address, both in
the letter and on the envelope, all words except prepositions and
rticles should begin with capitals. Otherwise, the use of capitals
is, in the great majority of letters, quite excessive. Proper nouns,
proper pronouns, the first word in each sentence, and the first
COMPLETE LETTER WRITEE.
word in any parenthesis constituting a sentence, should all and
always begin with capitals. With but few other exceptions the use
of capitals is unnecessary.
Bepetition. — Tautology, both in speech and print, is very awk-
ward. Repetition, therefore, all the more, is intolerable. Say a
thing, in your letter, as you want it said. Then don't say it again.
"Why should you ?
Omitting Words. — Always read every letter after you have
^vritten it. Then if you find that you have omitted a word, or a
few words, you may insert them by interlining and the use of the
carat. If this is frequently done, however, it shows that the writer
is loose in his habits of thought, and lacking in mental discipline.
N the address of a letter, the punctuation mark following
the name of the city to which the letter is to be sent should
be a dash. After the greeting, should be a colon, as
" Dear Sir : " The word " and " should be spelled out the
same as any other word, except in the name of a firm, as
" Blue & Gray ; " and in the name of a railroad, as " Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy," or a canal, as " "Wabash & Erie."
Abbreviations rarely look well, and appear as if the writer were
as anxious to save himself trouble and time. "Jan." never looks
so well as " Januar}^" nor " Msrs." so well as " Messrs.," nor " Co."
so well as " County." Such abbreviations as " Co." in the title of a
firm, " Mr." and " Mrs.," and other established forms in use everyday,
are to be preferred to the full words spelled out. After every
abbreviation there must be a period.
The signature of a firm, followed by another name with the
prefix " per " (meaning hy), indicates that the letter has been written
and signed by a clerk, with the authority of the firm. As, " Jones
& Robinson, per Jenkins."
Do not be indiscriminate in the use of quotations. Many people
fill their letters with quotations, which is both useless and senseless.
Remember that there is no context to indicate the probably correct
letters of a name, so that every separate letter in every name must
stand for itself, and be written as plainly as possible. An "i"
blurred or blotted will change " Miss." to " Mass." An illegible
" o " will change " Col." to " Cal.," or " Colo." to " Cala." Here is
another illustration of the danger of abbreviations : Kever imagine
that the postmaster knows where the letter should go by the color
of the envelope. He may have a new clerk. Never forget the
anathema so frequently uttered in and out of printing offices and
postoffices, upon lazy writers — " The man that wrote this ought to
die!"
The card of a business man, together with his address, always
looks well printed at the head of his commercial correspond-
ence. Unless the printing or lithographing, however, be well and
tastefully executed, it is better to do without it than to send out
letters bearing a slovenly blotch of bad printing. In writing the
date it is not necessary to put the " th " or " d " after the day of the
month, if the day is placed after the name of the month. Plain
" June 15 " is sufficient. In England it is still customary to place
the day first, the word " of " being understood ; as, " 30th September."
The use of titles should be very limited, in America, Avhere
democratic institutions prevail. It is questionable taste, to say the
least, which betrays an undue fondness for display of this nature.
Military and naval titles, also " Hon.," " Kev." and " Dr.," are allow-
able.
Figures can never be too carefully written. It is better to
cross over a wrong figure and write a new one beside it, than to
partially erase it, mark it, and leave it in such condition that nobody
can tell what it is intended to be. An 8, a 5 and a 3 may thus all
be made to look alike, or a 1 may look like a 7.
B|i|ll:l'l'lllllllllllllll'lll:lllll1lll'|illllll|i|)lill|i|il)lllllllll;lllllllilllllll1l:l'l'lilil!l!llllllllllll|:|lllllltl'll|ilillllB
Vt SAMPLE BUSINESS LETTERS. ^!i
is)K M(§i
Biiiiiiii'i'iiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!i.iiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiJiiii:iiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiii'iiiiii>i:riJ.iiiila
L OMMERCIAL correspondence is usually expected to be
devoid of argument and of glowing comments as to the
Hl^ desirable qualities of goods and products. The goods or sam-
ples speak for themselves, and if much talking must be done
the "drummer" wiU do all that is necessary. The business
letter should be like the legal document — an epitome of plain
facts, except that while the latter is necessarily elaborate and made
to include all the words necessary for full description, the former
must be limited to a concise brevity, devoid of verbiage and loqua-
cious comment. When numbers of articles and sums of money are
to be considered it is best to spell out the words, or to give both
words and figures, thus : " Nine hundred dollars ($900)." Techni-
calities and trade phrases are admissible in case there is no possible
doubt that they will be understood. A letter to a firm should not
pre-suppose that it will be read and answered by the same person
who replied to a previous letter. Most firms have a large number
of clerks, and they cannot be expected each to deal invariably with
the same customers. Therefore do not make vague or indefinite
allusions to something contained in a previous letter. Even if the
same person has read both your letters, he may have forgotten the
previous one.
The use of frequent paragraphs, m the division of different topics
in the same letter, is better than not to have enough.
In all letters of complaint keep your temper as perfectly as you
would be expected to do if yoa-were conversing in jxirson.
Politeness pays, in correspondence, society, on the street, in the
home, the counting room, and everywhere.
The following are examples of brief business letters :
OmcE or D0B8ON ft Bon. Real Estate, I
Chicago, III., Jaouury a, 1885. f
Mr. Warfikld, Evanston :
Dear Sir,— Please do not take it as an offense if we remind you that your rent for the
month of April is still due, and that our collector has twice called upon you in vain. The
owner of the property has repeatedly insi8te<l that we roust make our collections invariably
in advance, and that tuilinjf to do so we must u.se striuKcnt measures. The collector will caU
aarain at your place of busuiess next Wednesday niurniuK.
Uesi>ectf ully, Dobson & 80N,
JOHKSOMVILLB, NSW iBERIA PARISH, LA., (,
autb January. 1886. f
8. K. & J. N. Booos: , ^ , . .
OenttemeH,— I have received your circular announcingr an advance in upland cotton, and
will ship to-morrow per steamer *^ Vick8burjf"nlne hundred bales, via NewOrleans, consig^ned
to you. Plea.se notify me at once on receipt of the cotton. Deduct your ui^ual commission
and send New York draft. Yours truly, John H. Stokks,
Manager Shaw's Plantation.
To S. K. & J. N. Boaos, Cotton Brokers, 31 Stone Court, Cincinnati, O.
Spring Station, Ky., January 15, 1885.
Mkssrs. Kowe Brothers, Chica^:
Gentlemen,— Having heretofore done business with you satisfactorily, and being unable to
obtiiin in Spring Station an article of which I am desirous, I inclose money order of twenty
(taO) dollars, for which please send me a lady's gold Inind ring with large cameo set, the cameo
to be white on a black or blue ground. 1 leave it« selection with you, the price not to exc*eed
the amount enclosed. Respectfully, C. B. McVay, Lock Box «aO.
Rock Island, III., January 6, 1885.
Jersey & Co., Chicago :
GenMemen,— The five car-loads of lumber shipped by you have arrived in »ood condition.
Quality satisfactory. Inclosed find New York draft for naif the amount ($1,22), and also my
note of hand due in thirty daj-B, as per our agreement. Send me at once three more car-loads
of medium oak, <.\6 sills, same graae as that sent last month. Also one car laths and pine
shingles, half and half. Yours truly, Sam P. Dexter.
To L. S. Jersey & Co., 61 South Canal St., Chicago, 111.
Terre Hacte, Ind., January 4, 1885.
Messrs. H. Dearborn & Co., New Y'ork :
Oentlemen,—l have become impressed with the idea that the New Y^ork wholesale men do
not sufficiently protect their patrons in the smaller cities from the jobbers in Indianapolis
and other large towns, who sell goods in our legitimate territory, under-bidding us on our
own ground. This is an important matter, and I must insist on something being done.
Respectfully yours, James T. Martin.
Office of H. Dearborn & Co., 161 Wall Street, New York, I
James T. Martin : December 10, 1884. )
Dear Sir,— Concerning your communication of the 4th inst., allow us to assure you that
everything possible in this direction is already being done bv an eneriretic committee of the
chamber of commerce, which is actively engaged in negotiations with the commissioners of
the railroad pools. We will shortly inform you of the result accomplished.
Truly yours. Dearborn & Co.
To J. T. Martin, Terre Haute, Ind.
COMPLETE LETTER WKITER.
LETTERS OF REFERENCE.
iniiiiiiw
fllESE should be concise and not too flowery; for that would
'ii. indicate that the writer of the letter had some concealed or
individual interest in writing so emphatic a recommenda-
tion. No one should write a letter of reference except after
thorough trial. If a departing employe or acquaintance ask
for a letter of reference, and you have had but a limited
knowledge of him, it is but justice to yourself to state this in the
letter. Following are some examples :
Chicago, February 1, 1885.
To Whom it mau Cojicem,— The bearer, John Knox, has been my coachman for two years,
during which time he lias given me excellent satisfaction in every way. I recommend him to
any one in need of a reliable man. T. R. Kimble.
Sandy Hook, Conn., January 25, 1885.
To Dialers in Dry Goo(?s,— The bearer, Mr. Charles L. Roberts, lias been in our employ as a
clerk for thirteen months, and we are pleased on his departure to furnish him with this letter
of recommendation, bearing testimony to his excellence as a dry goods salesman and his
character as a gentleman. He is well posted in the requirements and details of the trade, and
we have always found him to be sober, reliable, honest and faithful to our interests.
Paul Wix^on & Co.
The Hermitage Brewery, I
Sunbeam, Md., January 8, 188.5. |
This is to say that Mr. Herbert Madison has been a resident of the town of Sunbeam for
several years, and is known to us as an industrious and energetic workman. He may refer to
us for honesty and sobriety, and we recommend him to all in need of his services.
James Seath, Treasurer.
Nashville, Tenn., February 4, 1885.
The bearer. Miss Jennie King, has been employed by me as a typewriter and cashier in my
millinery store. I have found her to be honest and accurate as an accountant, and she has a
thorough knowledge of the millinery business. Mrs. Mary Hemingway.
|B) letters of AFFECTION, ^f
OR these there is no rule that will govern all cases, and if
the affection is of genuine quality it Avill obey no rule.
'^^ However, love strives to appear at its best, and is, therefore,
usually open to argument. The chief injunction necessary in
regard to letters of affection, is toward a degree of reserve and
moderation in expressions of endearing terms or declarations
of attachment. Be not too lavish of adjectives, nor too liberal in
the use of superlative qualifications, descriptive either of your own
capacity for affection or of the recipient of the letter. It is Avell,
also, to remember that paper, with the words written upon it, may
be preserved long after the sentiments thereon expressed have
changed or been proven false. In writing a letter of affection strive
COMPLETE LETTEB WBITEB.
to be sensible, straightforward, truthful, manly, and lean rather
toward reserve than toward a silly and boyish display of empty
words. The following examples are much more brief than will, in
general, be satisfactory:
Point Reef, Dakota, February 8, 1885.
Dear Frtemi,— 1 arrived here yesterday on my overlund journey, siife thus far. I take this
opportunity to send another letter assuring you of my unceasing regitrd, regrettintr that I am
absent from you so long. I look forward hopefully to the receipt of a letter from you at
Custer City. It will be indeed a welcome remin<ler of the existence of one ifor whom my
esteem is too earnest to be expressed except in your presence, to which may Rood fortune
bring me soon. Your best friend, Michael Uukk.
Little Rock, Ark., January 15, 1885.
Dear Mother.— I have been in the city now about two weeks, and intcndcHl sooner to let
you know of my safe arrival. I ho|)e that you will not be anxious on my account, for 1 will
come home again soon. In my absence 1 hourly think of you and wonder whether you are
well and happy. I will write again shortly and let you know when I may be expected at home
ae^n. Your affectionate son. Jambs ORKuruia.
Burr ALO, N. Y., January 30, 1885.
Mrs. James McCarthy :
Mff Dear m/e,— Your note of yesterday Is received, informing me of the theft of your new
sealskni sacque, and notifying me of the arrival of vour sister from Dayton. Please give my
best coinplitucnts to her, and let the police kiM)w of the theft. Take good care of vouraelf for
my Htike. Please write again soon. You know ttiat 1 am always anjoous oonoemmg yourself *
and the children when I am absent from home.
Your true and lo}^!! husband, Jambb MoCarthy.
Burlington, Iowa, January 1, 1885.
Miss Victoria Sbymoitr:
Exteemed Prieiui,— Allow me to thank you gratefully f(jr the permission accorded me of
addressing .vou, and to take the first opportunity of doing so, hoping that you will condescend
to favor uie also with ti few linos. I must tluink you, too, for the courtesy you accorded me
during my too brief visit at the house of our mutual friend, when- I hud the good fort luie to
meet you, and. I trust, the still iK'tter fortune of gaining your friendship. Pardon nie If I
presume upon a short aojuaintance and extend un humble and respectful invitation to a seat
at the opera house to-morrow evening. A favorable aiLSwer returned by the bearer of this
would grive much pleasure to your sincere friend, Mauiuce Mallory.
N advisory letter from a young to an older person is not in
good form, except rarely, when he has had experience on
some special subject, on which he has been asked for advice.
Letters of counsel from older to younger persons should be
kind and gentle in tone ; not made odious by an assumption of
authority; not patronizing nor dictatorial ; and not so austere
as to convey the impression that none but a saint could follow it. It
is better to make the letter appear as if it were merely conveying
information for the benefit of the recipient. Ko advice, either by
letter or speech, will be heeded unless it is welcomed and valued.
Indianapolis, Ind., February 6, 1885.
George Harris, Leadville, Colo.:
My Dear Son,— I write to inform you of my continued good health, and to ask tiiat you will
be very careful of yours, for my sake. Let me know frequently concerning your experience
there, and notify me instantly of any ill fortune that may occur. I have recently met Mr.
Martin, who hiis just returned from Leadville, and after conversing with him I am more cer-
tain that you will get on well, for the sober and well behaved men seem to be the ones who
do best there, as indeed they do everywhere. He tells me also that those succeed best in a
new country who begin by studying thoroughly its resources, considering well its possibili-
ties, informing themselves widely on the scientific principles governing its minerals and geol-
ogy, and in all things being ruled by reason rather than by luck, to which no wise man will
trust. But if there be such thing, then may good luck attend you.
Your affectionate mother, Mary A. Harris.
COMPLETE LETTER WRITER.
Savannah, G a., January 20, 1885.
To Johnny and Jimmy IJrown :
My Little Neuhors,— You may be surprised to receive this from me, yet you know that I
like you too well not to wish that I could see you. But since 1 cannot see you at present, I
must be contont with sending you a letter. I wish you could be here with me as I write, to
look out of my window and see the pretty sight which 1 see. But there are plenty of pretty
sights, no doubt, where you are. Heaveti and earth are full of teauty, if we will only look
for it. The most beautiful of all things, however, is an upright and spotless character, which
only the young mind ran lay the foundations of with solid lione of the future. Be wise to-
day, my dear boys, then will your wisdom count for much protit to you when you are old, be-
sides keeping you happy while you are young. Be studious, virtuous, diligent, shun evil
companions, and above all learn to control and command self. Write often to your loving
uncle, H. K. Stekl.
Villa Grove, Colo., January 25, 1885.
Miss Ethel Stein,— 1 am sure that even unsolicited advice from so old and proven a friend
as I am will not be taken as an offense. Therefore I feel free to tell you, solely and wholly
for your own good, and in strict confidence, that you seem to Imj extending more than justin-
able favor to tne person with whom I saw you riding last evening. Not that he is known to
me as an actual criminal, but I have heard such allusions made to him and such incidents re-
lated as con\ince me that his chai-acter is not above reproach, and his conduct, especially
toward young ladies, is questionable, to say the least. It is possible that I am mistaken, but I
think not, and deemed best to warn you.
Very respectfully, your friend, Addie Watehbury.
Waukeoan, III., Janftary 18, 1885.
Dear Brother John, — I consider it proper to let you knqwthat the party witn whom you
are sharing a room at the Swinton boarding house, in Milwaukee, is not a fit person to be asso-
ciated Intimately with a man who, like you, desires to remain a consistent Christian and an
honest man. He is said to be a confirmed gambler, and I know personally that he drinks.
Your brother, Thomas Jones.
ETTERS soliciting favors are so frequently received by per-
sons who have any favors to grant, that the appeals of the
deserving often meet a fate which is intended only for the
unworthy. Letters of request should, therefore, be very
carefully written, lest they include such terms as may be offen-
sive to the reader. Better forego the desired favor than forfeit
a valued friendship. But having decided to wTite a letter of request,
so frame it that, even if it be not granted, the matter shall not serve
to destroy that friendship. A letter of request should by all means
avoid familiarity or presumption. Neither, on the other hand,
should it be fawning nor flattering, nor full of self-humiliation.
Bloomington, III., December 28, 1884.
Mr. Potter, C. B. & Q. Railway:
Dear Sir,— I inclose my annual pass for the year VSi, and in view of the large amount of
business which I am enabled to divert from other routes to your company, I would be pleased
if you could renew the pass for the year lHa5. Thanking you for past favors. I remain.
Yours truly, Charles Goodwin.
Princeton, Mo., January 14, 188.5.
Hon. Thomas G. Potter, Member of Congress, 18th District, Washington, D. C:
Dear Sir,— I am Induced to present herewith a brief petition, bearmg the names of thirty-
eight residents of Princeton and vicinity, asking your influence in securing my appointment
as postmaster. You are aware that I never before troubled you with a petition or request,
although you havehonorpd me with your friendship so long. Being feeble from rheumatism
I am much in need of such a position as that of postmaster, for which my friends assure me
I have every necessary qualification.
Yours respectfully, Solomon Sears.
RocKViLLE, III.. .Taniiary 1.3, 188.5.
My Dear Friend,~l leave next Monday morning for Chicago, where I will arrive at the
Rock Island depot at 11:45. If you would meet me there at that time I would esteem it a great
favor. J. S. Thompson.
Smithvilub, N. Y., January 30, 1885.
Messrs. Jones & Gray .-
Gentlemen,— I am urgrently in need of a copy of Third New York, Vol. 111. I have a case
pending: in Circuit Court in which it would assist me greatly. If you will send me yours by
the evening stage, I would esteem it a favor, and return the book soon.
Robert Hounds.
New York City, N. Y., Januarv 3, 1885.
Dear Sir,— Please mail us at once a copy of your latest quotations in wheat. Also be kind
enough to telegraph us Friday your rates on No. 2 red winter. It would be an accommo<lation
for wnicb we would thank you. Miller <!ic Finn.
lllBIIIIIIIIWIHI WHI III I iail HI !I HW I!t!!W"'!l!'llil'!!lllll
LETTERS OF COMMISERATION
liHWiHiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiim % .*. ...m,
n^N a friend is in affliction \ve can show our sympathy for
him in no better way than by means of a letter, judiciously
written, sent at the right time ; not too cold and business-
like in tone, yet not exceeding the limits of simple and un-
obtrusive sincerity. Your presence at a funeral, or even in
a grief-stricken household, may not be noticed by a mind over-
whelmed with sorrow, but a letter will reach him when he is pre-
pared to read it, and will be appreciated. It must be free from any
kind of ostentation, sparing of needless comment, not lengthy — and
would better not be sent at all if it is not a product of genuine
kindness and real sympathy.
Shawnbetown, February 8, 1885.
Mr. OoAjt.— Accept this small token of my sympathy in your present deep affliction. It
was not until yesterday that I learned of the death of your son, whose merits and worth so
adorned your family circle. Having myself at one time undergone a similar bitter experience,
I can fully feel the extent of your great loss.
Sincerely, your friend, Arthur Powkbs.
Boston, Mass., March 2, 1886.
Miss Ettib Rurke :
Dear Priendy—\ am sure that I am not intruding upon your sorrow when I express my
sympathy in the loss of your dear sister. None knew better than I her virtues and womanly
traite, her goodness and gentle kindness to all. Aware that her health was not what it could
be wished, I still thought and hoped until very recently that she would recover from her ill-
n'"8s and live a long and useful life. Our hopes are not lulttlled, but we have a solace in know-
ing that God is as loving to His children as he is just, and that He has merely removed our
loved one to a happier home, where sickness never comes, but where we may one day see
her. Your friend, Mrs. Lizzie Clendenino.
EvANSViLLE, IND., Fcbrury 18, 1885.
James T. Hobson :
Mu Dear Friend,— Jn the telegraphic columns of the newspapers this morning I learn that
by the heavy fire in your city all your hard-earned property, including your home, has been
destroyed. Be assured of the heartfeltsjTnpathy of your many friends, of whom I more than
ever wish to be counted as one. If there is anything I can do to help you in your difficulty,
let me know promptly. ' Addison Bennett.
Syracuse. N. Y., February 9, 1885.
Dear Cousin,— To my deep regret I learn of the shockmg accident of which your father
was the victim, last Tuesday. In this trouble you have my entire sympathy. Convey to your
mother my deep sense of her loss and grief. Your cousin, Henry Buchanan.
Detroit, Mich.. January 35, 1885.
Mu Dear Mrs. Rnhinsnn,—Jt is with pain I find that your little daughter still lingers on a
bed of suffering. I had been sanguine that by this time her long illne«s would give place to
renewed health. Be patient and resigned, my friend, in this time of affliction, knowing you
have done everything possible. If there is any ground for hope please inform your friend
Jennie Stillwbll,
COMPLETE LETTER WRITER.
FAMILY LETTERS.
I>^.^ v^^:^^^:^2^t?»s^^;^^:;^;:;^Si^:^^;^5»:^*^
^^t^
ETTERS between members of a family have too frequently
a tendency to enter into details of gossip concerning other
families, fault-finding and complaint, morose reflections,
and, in short, they partake too much of the nature of that self-
ish disposition which allows itself to vex the family circle when
it would strive to appear at its best among strangers. If you
love your relatives do not wait till they are dead and then rear mar-
ble shafts over them, but let them know it now. It is not a mark
of weakness to express your affection for a worthy object, and surely
you can find no more worthy object than the members of the family
who have shared your joys and sorrows around the same fireside.
Uniontown, Ky., February 9, 1885.
My Dear Son,— I write to say that I am quite well satisfied with your proj^ress thus far in
Cincinnati, and am glad that you seem to be pleasing your employers. But remember, my
son, that the city is full of temptations which will be new and attractive to you, and which
you should guard against carefully. Improve your mind rather than debase it, wherever
you go. Be diligent and faithful in business, and know that I have every confidence in you,
believing your training has been such that you never can bring dishonor upon the home
which is so proud of you. Write regularly. The members of the family all send their love,
and wish you the utmost success. Your affectionate father, John Monroe.
Cincinnati, O., February 15, 1885.
My Dear Father,— Your kind letter was duly received, for which I thank you. I appre-
ciate fully your parental admonition and wise advice. It is such as I have always needed and
often received, to my profit. My city experience thus far is, as you seem to think, even more
favorable than I had expected. I am doing the best I am able for my employers, and learn-
ing many things about the details of business which will be of benefit to me in every way.
You may rely upon me fully to pursue an honorable career, limited in success only by ray
ability. Your son, Charles G. Monroe.
Danville, III., Januar}' 2. 188.5.
My Beloved Daughter,— I cannot tell you how much you are missed at home. Your ab-
sence, even for so short a time, causes me to feel the more keenly how much I love you.
Therefore see to it that your visit is made a pleasant one, and enjoy it fully; otherwise it will
not compensate for the regret I feel at seeing each day your empty chair. Yet I want you
to be very happy, my dear daughter, so remain as long as you think best. I am sure it will
not be necessary to urge or even to remind you to conduct yourself in every way as becomes
a daughter of mine, and be always a true lady. Write often to your loving and anxious
mother. Sarah Madden.
Lafayette, Ind., January 12, 1885.
Mrs. Sarah Madden, Danville:
Dear Mnther,—! thank you for your letter, which was most welcome Indeed. I am glad
to know how much you love me and think of me. Be assured, dear mother, that T love j'ou
quite as much, and wish you could be here with me, enjoying the pleasures which my kind
friends are providing for my entertainment. I will probably remain not longer than two
weeks, and meanwhile will do my best to please the friends who have received me with such
hospitality. I shall let you know the day I will return. Your affectionate daughter,
Nelxie Madden.
COMPLETE LETTEE WHITER,
INTRODUCTORY LETTERS.
T is customary in introducing one person to another to have
very little to say beyond the formal announcement of the
names, unless the person who is being introduced is a well
known and intimate friend, in which case a very brief recom-
mendation is admissible, as, " Mr. Jones, this is my friend, Mr.
Bro\vn." In a letter of introduction the same policy should
rule — that of being non-committal concerning the character of the
person you are introducing, unless you are so well and favorably
acquainted as to be ready to assume the partial responsibility in-
volved in any introduction, which is supposed in almost all cases to
carry with it a certain degree of recommendation.
Office of Osbiston A Crowxli., 87 College Street, Toledo, O., »
March 8, 1886. f
Barbour & Brothers, New York :
GcntUmen,—ThiB will Introduce to you the bearer, Mr. Robert Uichardson, who is one of
our salesmen. He will spend a short vacation in the metropolis. Please extend to him any
courtesies necessary during his stay in the city. Yours very truly,
Stephens U Sicith, Per Smith.
ViNCENNES. Ind., January 8, 1885.
Mr. Jbhfwon,— Permit me to introduce to you my friend, Mrs. Addie Grifllth, who will ar-
rive there to-morrow, and is desirous of makmg some purchases In your line. Any courtesies
extended to her will be appreciated by
Mrs. Mary Rose.
HvDK Pakk, III., February 16. 1885.
Miss Eva F. Sander»in,— Allow me to present to you my iic<iiiaintance, Mr. Shaw. lam
very sure that you will find hun an excellent and agreeable gentleman.
Respectfully, Samuel Christy.
Whkeumo, W. Va., January 16, 1885.
Mr. Wilmam SCAKiiOir, Louisville :
Dear Sfr,— The bearer, Mr. Harry Severn, will meet you on your arrival at Frankfort, and
conduct you to my rraldence, where he will entertain you during my absence. I think you
will be pleased to form bis acquaintance. David Stanton.
Minneapolis. Minn., February 8, 1885.
Mrs. T. C. Scott,— This letter will introduce to you a lady whose acquaintance you have
expressed a wish to form. Miss Harriet Hussoll. You will find her all that I have described to
you, and I am sure you will value her friendship.
Your friend, Sallib Murdock.
T is often necessary to decline a gift, or other offering, and
it will usually be found difficult to frame the letter of decli-
nation in such manner as will be certain not to give offense.
Most people feel their self-esteem wounded when they find their
gifts or their sympathy refused. In this they are, perhaps,
justifiable, unless very good reasons are shown to exist for
making the declination. If a gift is declined, an explicit showing of
COMPLETE LETTEK WKITEK.
the cause for it should be made. To dedine the acceptance of ad-
vice, however, is usually done tacitly, for many people are over-pro-
fuse in giving it. When a lady declines the attentions of a gentle-
man it is optional with her whether or not she states her reasons,
but all declinations should be as gently made as possible. If a reason
must be given, the truth is always better than a false excuse, the
detection of which might cause embarrassment.
Washington, D. C, February 6, 1885.
Mr. R. H. Blake, Superintendent X. & Z. Railway:
Dear Sir,— Inclosed I return the annual pass over your road, so kindly sent me last week.
Toward you, personally, you cannot doubt thtit I entertain only the proloundest reg'ard. In
view, however, of the tact that a land grant bill involvinj? the interei-ts of your company is to
come before congress at this session, and of the further fact that I am expected to give an
unbiased vote thereon, you will understand my motives in returning the pass, and will still
believe me your friend, Samuel Bancroft, M. C.
EvANSTON, Ind., January 30, 1885.
Jfr. Howard Hifin'ej/,— With much regret I am obliged to decline your kind invitation, as
circumstances over which I have no control make it impossible to accept it.
Very respectfully, Annie J. Lemon.
Office of De Remer & Clement, 93 Spring St., I
New Orleans, La., January 18, 1885. j
Messrs. Brooks & Fish :
Gentlemen,— Your very complimentary note, offering a desirable position in your service,
is at hand. Allow me, while declining vour proposal, which is made necessary by my present
contract, to express my gratitude for this unsolicited mark of your esteem. On some future
occasion I might be at liberty to accept your very favorable offer. I am, gentlemen.
Your obedient servant, John T. O'Connor.
Cairo, III., February 7, 1885.
Aldermen Rice, Fillmore, and others :
GenWemcji,— Your favor of this date is at hand, informing me of your intention to propose
my name for the office of mayor at the forthcoming municipal convention, and stating your
belief that you can accomplish my nomination and election. I must decline your generous
offer, gentlemen, for the reason that I seek no office in the gift of the people, though, indeed,
I seek the good will of all. In doing so, however, I must confess my surprise at the high place
I seem to have attained in your regard, and express my deep thanks for this most unmistak-
able testimony of your approbation.
Most respectfully yours, Hiram Goodman.
LETTERS WITH PRESENTS.
iiiniiiiiiiiHiiiiiiii
LETTER accompanying or explaining a present should be
short and concise. It is not necessary to dwell at length
on the high opinion held of the person to whom the present
is made. The gift speaks for itself, and the letter need not
go further than merely to explain the circumstances of the
presentation and give the names of the donors. Its object
should be a genuine desire to confer pleasure, and never a motive
which can possibly be construed as a desire to bias or bribe. The
person receiving the gift should use his own judgment in making
his reply or acknowledgment. The reply should be returned within
a reasonable time, but neither in itself nor in the circumstances
under which it is made, should it imply a pecuniary debt.
D Shops, )
N, III., V
ry 8, 1885. )
L. P. & W. T. liAiLROAD Shops, 1
Columbus J unction, J
February 1
Henry B. Osborn, Master Mechanic:
Dear .Sir,— Unwllllinf to intrude upon your privacy in the sick room to which you are con-
fined, and from which wo trust you may soon be liberated, we, your employes in the L. P. &
W. T. machine shops, herewith send you by bearer a watob and chain, as a small token of our
esteem for you as a man, a citizen and an employer. Thomas L. Seybold,
Chief Clerk,
Bepreeentin? L. P. & W. T. employes.
Sedalia, Mo., Februar>- 5, 1885.
Rev. John M. Tatlok:
Dear i-Viend,— Considering the unusually good fortune which has attended my business
efforts of late, I beg leave to remind you, my old friend and pastor, of my continued rcg^ord,
and request that for the sake of old times you accept the check accompanying this letter.
Yours very truly, J. P. Eldeu.
Philadelphia, Pa., March 1. 1885.
Charles 8. Adamh:
Dair Fyiend,—Vor the sake of old times when we were boys together, and for the sake of
your estimable wife, I entreat you, in view of your recent deplorable niisfortuues, to forget
your pride and accept as freely as it is loaned (for wo will regard it nierely as a loan), the In-
closed small draft. By doing so you will greatly please your anxious friend.
Theodore Kramer.
DbsMoinrb, Iowa, February 10, 1885,
Mrs. S. E. Moore:
Dear Teacher,— The beautiful clock accompanying this is a present from your pupils, who
desire that you accept it as a testimonial of their esteem.
Nettie Trelawney, 'oommittee
Harry G. Thompson, f ^™™««e.
Kai^mazoo, Mich.. January 14, 188.5.
Mi88 Jessie Oraham, (rarden Street,— Thinking vou might be pleased to attend the roller
skating rink this evening, as there are to be unusual attractions. I will, if agreeable, call for
you at 7:1)0 p. ra. Verj' truly, Jacob Palmer.
Beaver Farm, February 30, 1885.
Master Johnny Sims:
Dear Nepheu\—\ am told that on your recent visit at my farm you much admired the
black Shetland pony. Please come again when your school is out, and ride the pony home
with you us a gift from your uncle, Louis Haywobtu.
• "I=' ''*^#>-
USING PROFANE L^NGU^GL
-'**^^*'#— <>
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f
HE deplorable prevalence of the habit of using profane
language in American society is unhappily such as al-
most to make it a national characteristic, and is a source
of pain, regret and mortification to every one whose
patriotism would seek to invest American citizenship,
which is the highest citizenship of the world, with the
highest dignities and the most elevated moral attri-
butes of manhood, in its most exalted sense. It is often
a matter of speculation, how a practice which, when con-
sidered by itself, even by those who resort to it, is uni-
versally acknowledged to be idle, vicious and degrading,
should come to have such a general sway, and that too in spite of
the fact that the statutes of every state of the Union make profane
language an offense against the laws — to say nothing of the shock-
ing recklessness of divine injunction' which is involved. This is
probably accounted for by the peculiarities of life on this continent,
which so early take the youth away from the wholesome influences
of home, and the gentle but effectual restraint imposed by associa-
tion with mother and sisters, and with general female society. The
youth who is thro^vn upon his own resources, in a strange city, if
his mental fibre be not vigorous enough to enable him to hold fast
those moral precepts in which the pious training of the mother-
love has grounded him — if he have not the wisdom to seize the
golden hours of youth and leisure and turn them to his own higher
pleasure, advancement and profit ; if he have not the prudence to
take advantage of his idle time, for his own improvement, by study-
ing the chart of the royal road to health, happiness, wealth, pleasure
and prosperity, which the labor of other men and their experience
map out before him, in such a book as this: if he have none of
these defenses against vicious habits, he will surely fall into com-
pany where oaths fliow as naturally from the mouths of the hard-
ened and indifferent, as the pestilent and mephitic vapors exhale
from the poisonous fermentations of decomposition; and where the
habit is acquired, which, against the better judgment and the sense
189
t
of decency and morality, will cling to him through life, not only
lessening his self-respect, but the esteem of others. Even those who
use it will acknowledge that it is a vile, abominable, immoral, disgust-
ing, senseless and depraved habit, neither ornamental to the con-
versation nor essential to the understanding. Every youth should
early comprehend these features of profanity, and in life's spring-
time, cultivate the habit of so guarding his tongue that noth-
ing shall ever escape his mouth, which would shock the prat-
tling innocence of his little sister or give pain to the mother by
whose knees he lisped his infantile petitions to the Throne of Grace.
Keep ever before the eye of the mind, those words : " Take not the
name of the Lord thy God in vain ; f6r the Lord will not hold him
guiltless who taketh His name in vain." And bear in mind, too,
when tempted to perpetrate or to exercise this impious offense —
an offense equally against the laws of God, morality and humanity
— those terribly suggestive words of Longfellow :
"The mills of GJod grind slowly,
But they grind exceedingly small.
With patience, stands He waiting,
With exactness grinds He all."
Let the young man bear in mind, also, that if the heart and the
mind and the morals be clean and pure, no such foul utterances can
flow from those well-springs of life. Reflect, then, when you find
yourself giving way to profanity, that there is a taint of poison in
that fountain of existence, upon which the health of your morals,
the measure of your self-respect and the happiness of your life de-
pend. Cleanse your thoughts and your conversation at once from
this foul impurity, and by exercise of the habit of self-control, and
a stern determination to avoid profanity, in deference to decency
and what you owe to yourself, if not to your sense of morality,
banish from your lips those expressions which are unworthy the dig-
nity of manhood, degrading to intellectual pride and offensive to
religion and morals.
LUCKY WEDDING DAYS.
Many people fear to violate marriage superstitions. Certain periods and dates for
marriage ceremonies are believed to be more fortunate than others, which is no doubt
occasioned by some ancient idea of astrology. But few people are willing to admit
they are superstitious, not only in the matter of marriage, but in every other, and
when speaking on the subject, not only treat it lightly, but laugh at the very idea,
generally terming it an old woman's whim. However, there al-e undoubtedly but few
of any race or religion who can truthfully say they are entirely free from it.
Following is a list of the days which are considered the most fortunate:
February 6, 7, 18; March 1. 6, 8; April 6, 11; May 5, 6, 7; June 7, 15; July 7, 15; August
15, 19; September 6, 7; October 6; November 16, 17, and December 15, 16, 17.
Arkansas — Bear state.
Atlanta — Gate city.
Baltimore — Monumental city, from the grand monuments.
Boston — Athens of America. The Hub.
Brooklyn — City of Churches.
Buffalo — Queen city of the lakes.
California — Golden state.
Canada — Canuck ; a Canadian is so called. Also written Can-
nuck, and K'nuck, a French Canadian.
Chicago — Garden city.
Cincinnati — Queen city of the west. Porkopolis.
Cleveland — Forest city.
Colorado — Centennial state.
Columbia — Palmetto city ; the capital of South Carolina is so
called from the arms of the state, which contain a palmetto.
Connecticut — Blue Law state. Nutmeg or Free stone. Land of
steady habits.
Delaware — Diamond state. Blue Hen.
Detroit — City of the straits.
Florida — Peninsula state.
Georgia — Empire of the south. Crackers.
Gulf states — Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.
Illinois — Prairie or Sucker state. Natives called suckers from
the habit, in early days, of sucking water from crawfish holes with
hollow Aveeds. Southeastern portion called Egypt, from fertility of
the soil, and alleged mental darkness.
Indiana — Hoosier, a corruption of the term husher, applied to
rough men from Indiana who exhibited a disposition to hush up
their opponents. Applied by the Kentuckians to neighbors in Indi-
ana, who respond to a knock on the door, " Who's yere ? "
Indianapolis — Railroad city.
Iowa — Hawkeye state, from old Hawkeye, an Indian chief.
Jayhawker — A cant name for a lawless or other soldier not
enlisted.
SCo 191
Kansas — Jayhawker, or Garden of the west.
Kentucky — Blue grass, or Dark and bloody ground. Corn-
crackers.
Keokuk (Iowa) — Gate city, from its position on the Mississippi
river, a natural center of navigation.
Louisiana — Pelican state. Creole.
Louisville — Falls city.
Lowell (Mass.) — City of spindles.
Maine — Pine Tree state.
Massachusetts — Original name, Massachusetts Bay. Hence, Bay
state.
Michigan — "Wolverine.
Minnesota — Gopher, or North Star state.
Mississippi — Bayou state.
Missouri — Bullion state, from Senator Benton, who was partial
to coin money. He was called Old Bullion. Natives are nicknamed
Pukes.
Montreal — City of the Mountain and the Eapids.
Nashville — City of Bocks.
Nevada — Silver.
New Brunswick — Blue Noses.
New Hampshire — Granite state.
• New Haven (Conn.) — City of Elms.
New Jersey — Jersey Blues.
New Orleans — Crescent city, because of its shape.
New York — Gotham, so called from the alleged odd erudition
displayed by its inhabitants. A descendant of one of the old Dutch
families was called a Knickerbocker. (New York was first settled
by the Low Dutch, in 1614.)
New York (state) — Empire, or Excelsior. Knickerbocker.
North Carolina — Old North state. Turpentine. Tar Heels.
Nutmeg state — Connecticut, on account of the story that wooden
nutmegs are manufactured there for exportation.
Ohio — Buckeye state, from the buckeye tree which grows there.
Oregon — Web-foot state.
Pennsylvania — Keystone state, from its central position as regards
the other original states.
Philadelphia — Quaker city. City of Brotherly Love.
Pittsburgh — Iron city.
Portland (Maine) — Forest city.
Quebec — Gibraltar of America.
Rhode Island — Little Rhody.
STATE NOMENCLATUEE.
San Francisco — City of the Golden Gate.
Springfield (III.) — Flower city.
South Carolina — Palmetto state.
St. Louis — Mound city, from the mounds found there before the
city was built.
Tennessee — Mudheads, the natives of that state are so caUed.
Big Bend state.
Texas — Lone Star, from the single star in the center of the flag
of that state. Beetheads.
Toronto — City of Colleges.
Up-country — In New Hampshire, used on the coast.
Utah — ^Mormon.
Vermont — Green Mountain state.
Virginia — Old Dominion, "When a colony, the king called it
" The Colony and Dominion of Virginia." Mother of States.
"Washington — City of Magnificent Distances.
"West Virginia — Panhandle state.
Wisconsin — Badger state.
(BxiQin of tftje p:amjes of Miixtcs.
Alabama comes from a Greek work, signifying "The land of
rest."
Arkansas is derived from the Indian word Kansas, " Smoky
"Waters," with the French prefix of ark, "a bow."
California, from a Spanish romance, in which is described " the
great island of California where an abundance of gold and precious
stones are found."
Colorado, ruddy or blood-red, from the color of the water of Col-
orado river.
Connecticut was Monegan, spelled originally Qoun-eh-ta-cut,
signifying " a long river."
Delaware derives its name from Thomas "West, Lord De la Ware,
governor of Virginia.
Florida gets its name from Kasquas de Flores, or " Feast of the
Flowers."
Illinois' name is derived from the Indian word " lUini," men, and
the French affix " ois," making " Tribe of men."
Indiana's name came from that of the Indians.
Iowa signifies, in the Indian language, "The drowsy ones."
Kansas is an Indian word for smoky water.
Kentucky also is an Indian name, " Kain-tuk-ae," signifying, at
the head of the river.
Louisiana was so named in honor of Louis XIV.
Maine takes its name from the province of Main, in France, and
was so called in compliment to the queen of Charles I., Henrietta,
its owner.
Maryland receives its name from the queen of Charles L, Henri-
etta Maria.
Massachusetts, from the Indian language, signifying the country
about the great hills.
Michigan's name was derived from the lake, the Inchan name for
fish-weir, or trap, which "the shape of the lake suggested.
Minnesota, an Indian word for " Cloudy water."
Mississippi derived its name from that of the great river, which
is, in the Natchez tongue, "The Father of "Waters."
Missouri is an Indian name for muddy, having reference to the
muddiness of the Missouri river.
New Hampshire — first called Laconia — from Hampshire, Eng-
land.
New Jersey was named by one of its original proprietors, Sir
George Carter, after the island of Jersey, in the British channel, of
which he was governor.
New York was so named as a compliment to the Duke of York,
whose brother, Charles II., granted him that territory.
The Carolinas were named in honor of Charles I., and Georgia
in honor of Charles II.
Ohio is the Shawnee name for " The beautiful river."
Oregon, from its river, in Indian meaning " River of the "West."
Pennsylvania^ as is generally known, takes its name from "William
Penn, and the word " silvania," meaning woods.
Rhode Island gets its name from the fancied resemblance of the
island to that of Rhodes in the ancient Levant.
Tennessee is an Indian name, meaning " The river with the big
bend."
Vermont, from the Green mountains. (French, verd mont.)
Virginia gets its name from Queen Elizabeth, the unmarried, or
Virgin Queen.
West Virginia is simply a geographical designation. From its
shape, the northern part is called " Panhandle state."
"Wisconsin's name is said to be the Indian name for a wild rush-
ing channel.
. ^ — .040 — >.^
liiiiisici f
'i%^^^ — "^
^rONG the brightest attractions of the household are the
singing birds which pour forth their cheerful songs, often
seeming as if trying to drive away care and banish ill-
feeling from the family circle. Waking at the first ray
of sunlight, and apparently never conscious that they
are in prison, these little pets cheer us. by their joy and
fill the air with melody. "We, therefore, owe them a
debt, which is easily paid in good treatment and regular
care. But little trouble or work is required each day in
attending to their wants, and no creature seems to derive
so much happiness from such simple care.
CANARIES.
The canary bird is the most popular and common, the most easily provided for
and the most lively of our feathered pets, and has improved in captivity much beyond
the wild bird of the Canary Islands. In their native home the birds mate late in
March, building the nest at a considerable height above the ground.
The German Hartz canary looks much like the wild bird. The Parisian or Dutch
Belgian is longer in the body and legs, its back arched and breast ruffled. Of the
former variety there are the bright yellow, the straw colored, the yellowish white, the
green or gray, and the cream colored. There are also spotted or mottled canaries, and
thoser called swallows. The cream colored is also known as the filbert.
Of the Belgian canary the Parisian is quite large, the Holland is smaller and with
imperfect ruffles, and the Brussels has a rather flat head. The German birds are the
best singers, and the best colors are those which are uniform over the whole body. A
bird approaching an orange color, with the color the same from head to tail, is rare
and costly.
The canary should be given a comfortably large cage, and the fact that he keeps
his health in a very small one is no argument against promoting his comfort. If the
cage is painted, no mineral should be in the paint, and a green arsenic paint is
dangerous. A neat wooden cage, simply oiled with linseed oil, is preferable, and a
metal cage is better than an unoiled wooden one, as it gives no harbor for insects.
The perches may be of different sizes, but should not be too small. In cleaning the
cage use clear cold water, and rub dry. Scrape the perches without washing, and
renew the sand. Give the bird clean water to drink and for bathing at least once a
day. Canaries thrive best on a mixture of what is called canary seed and rape seed.
See that you are not swindled by buying a poor quality of seed. Give hemp seed
sparingly. Foung birds should have hard-boiled egg from time to time until they are
six months old; also flax seed which has been broken for them. The old birds will
crack the flax seeds themselves. Do not give sugar and cake regvdarly nor frequently
195
HOUSEHOLD FAVOKITES.
In warm weather vary the diet of the birds with lettuce, sweet apple and chick weed.
Cuttle-flsh should always be kept iu the cage, being fastened with a thin wire. Be
careful to avoid bread containing salt or soda, and other such things. The bathing
dish should be placed on the floor of the cage. Everything must be kept very clean.
The bath may be given by removing Ihe floor of the cage and placing the cage over
the bath alone on a table. The sand should be mixed with fine gravel.
The breeding time is from February to April, according to the warmth of your
room. Fasten a suitable box in the cage, and place on the floor such stuff as short-cut
hemp, manilla, threads, hair, etc., allowing the birds to build the nest themselves.
When the birds are breeding give them no baths. Place egg shells in the cage. When
the young birds have been hatched supply finely-chopped yolk of eggs, and in a few
days rnir it with crumbs of crackers and the usual seeds, with a little poppy -seed.
During the moulting time, which occurs once a year, about September, the birds
will require especial care. Keep the cage in a sheltered place, obviating all chance of
cold. Let the supply of sand and water be frequently renewed. Change the diet
frequently, and put a rusty nail and a clove in the drinking water. If the bird's song
become husky it has caught cold. Dissolve a small quantity of licorice in the water,
and mix some flax seed with the canary and rape seed.
THE MOCKING BIRD.
This is one of the finest songsters in the world; but he is a southern bird, breeding
but little farther norlh than the Ohio river, and not then except on sandy strips of open
land, and taking flight at the first sign of cold weather. It is therefore more difficult
to keep mocking birds than others, in cold latitudes. The mocking bird lays four
eggs, and the young birds are exceedingly voracious, keeping both their parents hard
at work to supply them. The mocking bird wants no dainties, but will eat almost
.««r^-
HOUSEHOLD FAVORITES.
anything, including all kinds of insects and fruits. The young birds must be given
plenty of spiders. If the young ones can be kept alive till after their first moulting
time they are all right, and may live many years; but not more than one out of half a
dozen can be so reared, except with the best of attention. Give them plenty of wat< r,
and mix oat meal with their wetted corn meal, besides mashed potatoes and haid-
boiled eggs. When the birds are older give them the usual "mocking-bird food '»
obtained of dealers. Mix it with crushed carrots. Give a little pepper now and then.
THE RED BIRD.
The treatment of the red bird should be nearly the same with the mocking bird,
which is another very fine singer when he chooses to sing at all. The southern red
bird is dark and dingy in color, and is a good singer. The bright red northern bird,
though so handsome in appearance, is but a poor songster. Give the red bird plenty
of variety in diet, and a large cage. He can be charmed and killed with especial ease
by cats. The red bird often lives to a remarkable age.
PIGEONS.
With a good pigeon-house, well sheltered, and clean water near by, with small
grains and other such food, pigeons will take care of themselves with very little
trouble. Vermin are the chief pests which trouble them; and they will do better if
the nests and boxes are lined with slate, or planed smooth and oiled. Cats and hawks
are their perpetual enemies. By obtaining a few fancy pigeons, such as pouters, car-
riers and fan-tails, valuable broods can soon be reared.
PARROTS.
The gray parrots are most hardy, but are sensitive to cold draughts and dampness.
Parrots should be kept out of doors in warm weather, and in winter given the benefit
of sunshine as much as possible. The perches should never be of metal, but of wood,
and sticks of wood should be placed loose in the cage for the parrot to gnaw upon.
Give the bird plenty of fruit, also partly boiled corn which has afterward cooled.
Vary the diet with all the usual seeds, melons, berries, crackers, nuts, but no meat.
Begin the parrot's education as early as possible. If he pulls his own feathers out it
shows a lack of cleanliness in his treatment. Give plenty of water.
OTHER PETS.
White Mice. — These little albinos are very easily reared. They will keep them-
selves wonderfully clean, if they are assisted in this by their cage being cleaned for
them. Feed them bread soaked in milk and then squeezed dry; also peas and beans,
grain of various kinds, but no meat or cheese. The mice may easily be taught many
tricks.
Raccoons. — Do not let dogs or boys annoy the raccoon, as he becomes irritable
and will try to bite at every opportunity. Give him a long enough chain, and plenty
of water. He is one of the cleanest animals in the world if he has a chance to be.
Squirrels. — Squirrels are usually so neglected in their quarters that they suffer
much from want of cleanliness, and lose their neat appearance. They should not be
over fed, and should have plenty of exercise and varied diet.
The Aquarium. — The water in an aquarium must be carefully changed eveiy
day, by means of a siphon. Once a month carefully place the fish in other vessels and
scour out the aquarium thoroughly. Always keep in it a few blades of freshly plucked
grass, leaves, or other live plant. Renew the sand and rocks occasionally. If grow-
ing plants are in the water it will need changing less frequently. The best food for
the fish is raw beef or mutton chopped fine, with no fat; also biscuit crumbs and
earth-worms. Feed them every four days.
Common English Christian Names, with their Signification and Derivation.
Names of Males.
Albert. (Ger.) Illustrious.
Alexander. (Gk.) Defeuder of men.
Alfred. (Ger.) Good counsellor.
Algernon. (Fr.) With whiskers.
Alpbonso. (Ger.) Willing.
Ambrose. (Qk.) Divine.
Andrew. (Gk.) Strong, Manly.
Anthony. (Lat.) Priceless.
Archibald. (Ger.) Holy prince.
Arthur. (Celtic) High, noble.
Aubrey. (Ger.) Ruler of spirits.
Augustus. (Lat.) Exalted, imperial.
Bardolph. (Ger.) Helper.
Bartholomew. (Heb.) Warlike son.
Basil. (Gk.) Kinglv, royal.
Benedict. (Lat.) Blessed.
Benjamin. (Heb.) Son of the right hand.
Bernard. (Ger.) Bold as a bear.
Berham. (Ger.) Bright raven.
Brian. (Celtic) Strong.
Caleb. (Heb.) A dog.
Calvin. (Lat.) Bold.
Cecil. (Lat) Dim-sighted.
Charles. (Ger.) Strong, manly.
Christopher. (Gk.) Bearing Christ.
Clarence. (Lat.) Illustrious.
Claude. (Lat.) Lame.
Clement. (Lat.) Mild.
Conrad. (Ger.) Bold in council.
Cuthbert. (Saxon) Noted for splendor.
Cyril. (Ger.) Lordly.
Cyrus. (Persian) The sun.
Daniel. (Heb.) A divine judge.
David. (Heb.) Beloved.
Donald. (Celt.) Proud chief.
Duncan. (Celt.) Brown chief.
Edgar. (Saxon) Protector of property.
Edmund. (Saxon) Defender of property.
Edward. (Saxon) Guarder of property.
Edwin. (Saxon) Gainer of property.
Egbert. (Ger.) Sword's brightness.
Elijah. (Heb.) Jehovah my God.
Emory. (Saxon) Powerful ; rich.
Ephraim. (Heb.) Very fruitful.
Erastus. (Gk.) Lovely ; amiable.
Ethan (Heb ) Firmness.
Eugene. (Gk.) Well-born.
Eustace. (Gk.) Healthy.
Ezra. (Heb.) Help.
Felix. (Lat) Happy.
Fenlinnnd. (Geif) Brave; valiant.
Francis. (Fr.) Free.
Frederic. (Ger.) Peaceful ruler.
Gabriel. (Heb.) Man of God.
Qeorec. (Gk.) Land-holder.
Gerald. (Ger.) Strong with the spear.
Gideon. (Heb.) A destroyer.
Gilbert. (Ger.) Yellow-bright
Godfrey. (Ger.) At peace with God.
Gregory. (Qer.) Watchful.
Gustavus. (Swedish) A warrior.
Guy. (Fr) A leader.
Harold. (Saxon.) A champion.
Henry. (Ger.) Head of a house.
Herbert. Saxon.) Glory of the army.
Herman. (Qer.) A warrior.
Hilary. (Lat) Merry; cheerful.
Homer. (Gk.) A pledge ; surety.
Hobart (Qer.) Bright in spirit.
Hugh. (Dan.) Mind ; spirit.
Humphrey. (Sax.) Home-protector.
Ignatius. (Gk.) Ardent ; fiery.
Ira. (Heb.) Watchful.
Isaac. (Heb.) Laughter.
Isaiah. (Heb.) Salvation of the Lord.
Jacob. (Heb.) A supplanter.
James. (Heb.) Same as Jacob.
Jeremiah. (Heb.) Exalted of the Lord.
Jerome. (Gk.) Holy name.
John. (Heb.) Gracious gift of God.
Joseph. (Heb.) He shall aid.
Julius. (Gk.) Soft haired.
Kenelm. (Saxon.) Defender of kindred
Kenneth. (Gaelic.) A leader.
Launcelot. (It.) A little angel.
Lawrence. (Lat) Crowned with laiirel
Leander. (Gk.) Lion-man.
Leonard. (Ger.) Lion-hearted.
Leopold. (Ger.) Bold for the people.
Lewis. (Ger.) Bold warrior.
Lionel. (Lat) Young lion.
Llewellyn. (Celt.) Lightning,
Louis. (Fr.) Same as Lewis.
Lucian. (Lat.) Born at daybreak.
Ludovico. (Grer.) Same as Lewis.
Luther. (Ger.) Illustrious warrior.
Mark. (Lat.) A hammer.
Martin. (Lat.) Warlike.
Matthew. (Heb ) Gift of Jehovah.
Maurice. (Lat.) Dark-colored.
Meredith. (Celt) Sea-protector.
198
NAMES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.
Michael. (Heb.) Who is like God.
Miles. (Lat.) A soldier.
Moses. (Heb.) Drawn from the water.
Napoleon. (Gk.) Lion of the forest dell.
Nathan. (Heb.) A gift.
Neal. (Lat.) Dark; swarthy.
Neil. (Celt.) A chief.
Nicholas. (Gk.) Victory of the people.
Obadiah. (Heb.) Servant of the Lord.
Oliver. (Lat.) An olive tree.
Orestes. (Gk.) A mountaineer.
Orlando. (Ger.) Fame of the land.
Oscar. (Celt.) Bounding warrior.
Osmond. (Ger.) Proteciion of God.
Oswald. (Ger.) Power of God.
Owen. (Celt.) Young warrior.
Patrick. (Lat.) Noble.
Paul. (Lat.) Little.
Peregrine. (Lat.) A stranger.
Peter. (Gk.) A rock.
Philander. (Gk.) A lover of men.
Philemon. (Gk.) Loving; amiable.
Philip. (Gk.) A lover of horses.
Phineas. (Heb.) A mouth of brass.
Quintian. (Lat.) The fifth.
Ralph. (Ger.) Famous hero.
Randal. (Saxon) House-wolf.
Raphael. (Heb.) The healing of God.
Raymond. (Ger.) Wise protection.
Reginald. (Ger.) Strong Ruler.
Richard. (Ger.) Rich-hearted.
Robert. (Ger.) Bright in fame.
Roderic. (Ger.) Rich in fame.
Roger. (Ger.) Famous with the spear.
Roland. (Ger.) Same as Rudolph.
Rudolph. (Ger.) Famous hero.
Rufus. (Lat.) Red; red-haired.
Samson. (Heb.) Splendid sun.
Samuel. (Heb.) Honored of God.
Sebastian. (Gk.) Venerable; reverend.
Seth. (Heb.) Appointed.
Sigismund. (Ger.) Conquering protec-
tion.
Silas. (Lat.) Same as Silvanus.
Silvanus. (Lat.) Living in a wood.
Simon. (Heb.) Hearing with acceptance.
Solomon. (Heb.) Peaceable.
Stephen. (Gk.) A crown.
Sylvester. (Lat.) Rustic.
Thaddeus. (Syr.) The wise.
Theobald. (Ger.) Bold for the people.
Theodore. (Gk.) Gift of God.
Theodoric. (Saxon) Powerful among
the People.
Timothy. (Gk.) Fearing God
Tristram. (Lat.) Grave, sad.
Tybalt. (Ger.) Same as Theobald.
"A hater.
Of the town; polished.
Light of the Lord.
Same as Uriah.
Valentine. (Lat.) Strong, healthy.
Victor. (Lat.) A conqueror.
Vincent. (Lat.) Conquering.
Vivian. (Lat.) Lively.
Walter. (Ger.) Ruler of the host.
Ulysses. (Gk.)
Urban. (Lat.)
Uriah. (Heb.)
Uriel. (Heb.)
William. (Ger.) Resolute helmet.
Winfred. (Saxon) Win-peace.
Zabdiel. (Heb.) Gift of God.
Zaccheus. (Heb.) Innocent; pure.
Zedekiah. (Heb.) Justice of the Lord.
Zelobes. (Gk.) A helmet.
Zemas. (Gk.) Gift of Jupiter.
Zephaniah. (Heb.) Hidden of the Lord.
Names of Females.
Abigial. (Heb.) My father's joy.
Achsah. (Heb.) Anklet.
Ada. (Ger.) Happiness.
Adelaide. (Ger.) Same as Adeline.
Adeline. (Ger.) Of noble birth; a prin-
cess.
Agatha. (Gk.) Good; kind.
Agnes. (Gk.) Chaste; pure.
Alberta. (Ger.) Feminine of Albert.
Alethea. (Gk.) Truth.
Alexandra. (Gk.) Feminine of Alexan-
der.
Alice. (Ger.) Same as Adeline.
Amabel. (Lat.) Lovable.
Amelia. (Ger.) Busy; energetic.
Amy. (Lat.) Beloved.
Angelica. (Gk.) Lovely; angelic.
Angelina. (Gk.) Same as Angelica.
Ann. )
Anna. wHeb.) Grace.
Anne. )
Annette. (Heb.) A variation of Anne.
Antoinette. (Lat.) Inestimable.
Arabella. (Lat.) A fair altar.
Augusta. (Lat.) Feminine of Augustus.
Barbara. (Gk.) Foreign; strange.
Beatrice. (Lat.) Making happy.
Benedicta. (Lat.) Feminine of Benedict.
Bertha. (Ger.) Beautiful; bright.
~ A corruption of Eliza-
White.
Strength.
Attendant at a sacrifice.
Feminine of Charles.
Betsey. (Heb.)
beth.
Blanche. (Ft.)
Bridget. (Celt.)
Camilla. (Lat.)
Caroline. (Lat.)
Catharine. (Gk.) Pure.
Cecilia. (Lat.) Dim-sighted.
Celestine. (Lat.) Heavenly.
Charlotte. (Ger.) Feminine of Charles.
Chloe. (Gk.) A green herb; blooming.
Christina. (Gk.) Christian.
Clara. (Lat.) Bright; illustrious.
Clarice. (Lat.; A variation of Clara.
Clementine. (Lat.) Mild; gentle.
Constance. (Lat.) Firm; constant.
Cora. (Gk.) Maiden.
Cordelia. (Lat.) Warm-hearted.
Cornelia. (Lat.) Feminine of Cornelius.
Deborah. (Heb.) A bee.
Delia. (Gk.) Of Delos.
Diana. (Lat.) Gladness.
Dinah (Heb.) Judged.
Dora. (Gk.) A gift.
Dorcas. (Gk.) A gazelle.
Dorinda. (Gk.) The same as Dorothea.
Dorothea. (Gk.) Gift of God
Edith. (Ger.) Happiness; rich gift.
Edna. (Heb.) Pleasure.
Eleanor. (Gk.) Light.
Elizabeth. (Heb.) Worshiper of God.
Ella. (Gk.) Diminutive of Eleanor.
Elvira. (Lat.) White.
Emily. (Ger.) Industrious; energetic.
Emma. (Ger.) The same as Emfly.
Esther. (Per.) A star.
Ethelinda. (Teut.) Noble snake,
Eugenie. (Gk.) Well bom.
Eunice. (Gk.) Happy victory.
Euphemia. (Gk .) A good report.
Eva. (Heb.) Life.
Evangeline. (Gk.) Bringing gladness.
Eveline. (Heb.) Diminutive of Eva.
Fannv. (Ger.) A diminutive of Frances.
Felicia. tLat.) Happiness.
Fidelia. (Lat.) Faithful.
Flora. (Lat.) Flowers.
Florence. (Lat.) Blooming; flourishing.
Frances. (Ger.) Feminine of Francis.
Frederica. (Ger.) Feminine of Frederic.
Georglana. (Gk.) Feminine of George.
Geraldine. (Ger.) Feminine of (Jerald.
Gertrude. (Ger.) Spear-maiden.
Grace. (Lat.) Grace; favor.
Hannah. (Heb.) The same as Ann.
Harriet. (Ger.) Feminine diminutive of
Henry.
Helen. (Gk.) Light.
Henrietta. (Ger.) Feminine diminutive
of Henry.
Hephzibah . (Heb.) My delight is in her
Hester. (Per.) A star.
Honora. (Lat.) Honorable.
Ida. (Ger) Godlike.
Inez. (Gk.) The same as Agnes.
Irene. (Gk.) Peaceful.
Isabella. (Heb.) The same as Elizabeth .
Jane. (Heb ) Feminine of John.
Jaquelme. (Fr.) Feminine of James.
Jeanette. (Heb.) The same as Jane.
Joanna. (Heb.) Feminine of John.
Josephine. (Heb.) Feminine of Joseph.
Julia. (Lat.) Feminine of Julius.
Katharine. (Gk.) The same as Catharine.
Keziah. (Heb.) Cassia.
Laura. (Lat.) A laurel.
Leonora. (Gk.) Lightness.
Letitia. (Lat.) Happiness.
Lilian. (Lat.) A lily.
Louisa. (Qer.) Feminine of Louis.
Lucy. (Lat.) Light.
Mabel. (Lat.) A contraction of Amabel.
Madeleine. (Ileb ) Same as Magdalen.
Magdalen. (Heb.) Belonging to Magdala.
Margaret. (Gk.) A pearl.
Martha. (Heb.) Ruler of the house.
Marjr. (Heb.) Star of the sea.
Millicent. (Lat.) Sweet singer.
Mildred. (Gk.) Mild threatener.
Nancy. A familiar form of Anne.
Nora. A contraction of Honora or
Leonora.
Olive. (Lat.) An olive.
Ophelia. (Gk.) A serp)ent.
Pauline. (Lat.) Feminine diminutive of
Paul.
Phoebe. (Gk.) Pure; radiant.
Penelope. (Gk.) A weaver.
Phyllis. (Gk.) A green bough.
Ilachael. (Heb.) An ewe.
Kebecca. (Heb.) Of enchanting beauty.
Ilhoda. (Gk.) A rose.
Rosa. (Lat.) A ro.se.
Rosalind. (Lat.) Beautiful as a rose.
Rosamond. (Ger.) House protection.
Roxana. (Per. ) Dawn of day.
Ruth. (Heb) Beauty.
Salome. (Heb.) Peaceful.
Sarah. (Heb.) A princess.
Selina. (Gk.) Moon.
Stella. (Lat.) A star.
Susan. (Heb.) A lily.
Theodora. (Gk.) Feminine of Theodore.
Thcodosia. (Gk.) Gift of God.
Tryphena (Gk ) Delicate; dainty.
Tiyphesa. (Gk.) Dainty; luxurious.
Ulrica. (Ger.) Rich.
Urania. (Gk.) Heavenly.
Ursula. (Lat.) She-bear.
Victoria. (Lat.) Victory.
Viola. (Lat.) A violet.
Virj^nia. (Lat.) Virgin; pure.
Vivian. (Lat.) Lively.
Wilhelmipa. (Ger.) Feminine of William.
Winifred. (Saxon) Lover of peace.
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201
6EM8 OF POETRY.
ELEGY.
WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD.
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, •
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the l)eetle wheels his droning flight.
And drowsy (inklings lull the distant folds:
Save that from yonder ivy -mantled towei'
The moping owl does to the moon complain
Of such as, wandering near her secret bower,
Molest her ancient, solitary reign.
Beneath those rugged elms, that yew tree's shade,
Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap.
Each in his narrow cell forever laid,
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.
The breezy call of incense breathing mom,
The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed.
The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn.
No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.
J For them no more the blazing hearth shall bum,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care;
No children run to li-op their sire's return.
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.
Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield.
Their furrow oft the siubborn glebe has broke;
How jocund did they drive their team afield!
How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!
Let not Ambition mock their useful toil.
Their homely joys, and destinj' obscure;
Nor Grandeur hear with a disdamful smile
The short and simple annals of the poor.
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power.
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave.
Await alike th' inevitable hour: —
The paths of glorj' lead but to the grave.
Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault
If Memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise.
Where through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault
The pealing anthem swells the note of praise.
Can storied urn or animated bust
Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?
Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust,
Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of Death?
Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid
Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire;
Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed.
Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre.
But Knowledge to tlieir eyes her ample page,
Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll;
Chill penury repress'd their noble rage,
And froze the genial current of the soul.
Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast
The little tyrant of his fields withstood,
Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,
Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood.
Th' applause of list'ning senates to command,
The threats of pain and ruin to despise.
To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,
And read their history in a nation's eyes,
Their lot forbade; nor circumscribed alone
Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined;
Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne,
And shut the gates of mercy on mankind;
The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide.
To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame,
Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride
With incense kindled at the muse's flame.
Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife
Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray;
Along the cool sequester'd vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
Yet e'en these bones from insult to protect
Some frail memorial still erected nigh.
With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck'd,
Implores the passing tribute of a sigh.
Their name, their years, spelt by th' unletter'd muse.
The place of fame and elegy supply;
And many a holy text around she strews
That teach the rustic moralist to die.
For who, to dumb forgetf ulness a prey,
This pleasing anxious being e'er resign'd.
Left the warm precinct'^ of the cheerful day,
Nor cast one longing lingering look behind?
On some fond breast the parting soul relies;
Some pious drops the closing eye requires;
E'en from the tomb the voice of nature cries;
E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires.
For thee, who, mindful of th' unhonored dead,
Dost in these lines their artless tales relate.
If chance, by lonely contemplation led.
Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate —
Haply some hoary -headed swain may say,
"Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn
Brushing with hasty steps the dews away,
To meet the sun upon the upland lawn;
"There at the foot of yonder nodding beech
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high,
His listless length at noontide would he stretch,
And pore upon the brook that babbles by.
'Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn,
Muttering his wayward fancies, he would rove;
Now drooping, woeful — wan, like one forlorn.
Or crazed with care, or cross'd in hopeless love.
" One mom I miss'd him on the 'customed hill,
Along the heath and near his favorite tree;
Another came, nor yet beside the rill,
Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he;
' ' The next with dirges due in sad array
Slow through the churchway path we saw him borne;
Approach ana read (for thou canst read) the lay
Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn."
THE EPITAPH.
Here rests, his head upon the lap of earth,
A youth to fortune and to fame unknown;
Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth.
And Melancholy marked him for her own.
Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere;
Ileaven did a recompense as largely send:
He gave to Misery all he had,— a tear.
Hti gained from heaven — 'twas all he wished — a friend.
No farther seek his merits to disclose.
Or draw his frailties from their dread abode
(There they alike in trembling hotx.' repose),
The bosom of his Father and his God. Thomas Grat.
A HAPPY LIFE.
How happy is he bom and taught
That serveth not another's will;
Whose armor is his honest thought.
And simple truth his utmost skill!
"Whose passions not his master's are;
Whose soul is still prepared for death,
Not tied unto the world with care
Of public fame or private breath;
Who envies none that chance doth raise,
Or vice; who never understood
How deepest wounds are given by praise,
Nor rules of state, but rules of good;
Who hath his life from rumors freed;
Whose conscience is his strong retreat:
Whose state can neither flatterers feed,
Nor ruin make accusers great:
Who God doth late and early pray
More of His grace than gifts to lend.
And entertains the harmless d«y
With a well-chosen book or friend.
This man is freed from servile bands.
Of hope to rise, or fear to fall;
Lord of himself, though not of lands;
And, having nothing, yet hath all.
Sm Harry Wotton
LIFE'S FLEETING JOYS.
"Oh ! ever thus, from childhood's hour,
I've seen my fondest hopes decay;
I never lov'd a tree or flow'r,
But 'twas the first to fade away.
"I never nurs'd a dear gazelle,
To glad me with its soft black eye,
But when it came to know me well,
And love me, it was sure to die !
"Now too — the joy most like divine
Of all I ever dreamt or knew.
To see thee, hear thee, call thee mine —
Oh misery ! must I lose tliat too ?
" Yet go — on peril's brink we meet;
Tnose frightful rocks — that treach'rous sea —
No, never come again — though sweet.
Though heav'n, it may be death to thee.
"Farewell — and blessings on thy way.
Where'er thou goest, beloved stranger '
Better to sit and watch that ray.
And think thee safe, though far away,
Than have thee near me, and in danger ! "
Tom Moore
OEMS OF POETKY.
THE LOVE-KNOT.
Tying her bonnet under her chin.
She tied her raven rinj^lets in;
But not alone in it« silken snare
Did she catch her lovely floating hair.
For, tying her bonnet under her chin,
She tied a young man's heart within.
They were strolling together up the hill,
Where the wind comes blowing merry and chill;
And it blew the curls a frolicsome race
All over the happy peach-color'd face,
Till, scolding and laughing, she tied them in,
Under her b^utiful dimpled chin.
And it blew a color, bright as the bloom
Of the pinke*t fuchsia's tossing plume.
All over the cheeks of the prettiest girl
That ever imprison'd a romping curl,
Or, in tying her bonnet under her chin.
Tied a young man's heart within.
Steeper and steeper ^ew the hill —
Madder, merrier, chillier still
The western wind blew down and play'd
The wildest tricks with the little maid.
As, tying her bonnet under her chin,
She tied a young man's heart within.
O western wind, do you think it was fair
To play such tricks with her floating hair ?
To gladly, gleefully do your best
To blow her against the young man's breast ?
Where he as gladly folded her in;
He kiss'd her mouth and dimpled chin.
Oh, Ellery Vane, you little thought.
An hour ago when you besought
This country lass to walk with you.
After the sun had dried the dew,
What perilous danger you'd be in,
As she tied her bonnet under her cliin. Axtthor Unknown.
GATHER THE ROSEBUDS "WHILE YE MAY.
Gather the rosebuds while ye may,
Old Time is still a flying;
And this same flower that smiles to-day
To-morrow will be dying.
The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
TJie higher he's a getting.
The sooner will his race be run.
And nearer he's to setting.
The age is best which is the first.
When youth and blood are warmer;
But being spent, the worse and worst
Times still succeed the former.
Then be not coy, but use your time.
And while ye may, go marry;
For having lost but once your prime,
You may forever tarry. Robert Hebrick
OEMS OF POETRY.
SHELLS OF OCEAN.
One summer eve, with pensive thought,
I wander'd on the sea-beat shore.
Where oft, in heedless Infant sport,
I gather'd shells in days before,
I gather'd shells in days before.
The splashing waves like music fell,
Responsive to my fancy wild;
A dream came o'er me like a spell,
I thought I. was again a child;
A dream came o'er me like a spell
I thought I was again, again a chfld.
I stood upon the pebbly strand,
To cull the toys that round me lay;
But as I took them in my hand,
I threw them one by one away,
I threw them one by one away.
Oh thus, I said, in every stage.
By toys our fancy is beguiled;
We gather shells from youth to age.
And then we leave them like a child;
We gather shells from youth to age,
And then we leave them, leave them like a child.
Author Unknown.
TRUE GROWTH.
It is not growing like a tree
In bulk, doth make a man better be;
Or standing long an oak, three himdred year.
To fall at last, dry, bald, and sere:
A lily of a day
Is fairer in May;
Although it fall and die that night —
It was the plant and flower of Light.
In small proportions we just beauties see;
And in short measures life may perfect be.
Ben Jonson
208 GEMS OF POETEY.
OH, WHY SHOULD THE SPIRIT OF MORTAL BE PROUD ?
Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud?
Like a fast-tliiting meteor, a fast-tlying cloud,
A flash of the lightning, a break of the wave.
He passeth from life to liis rest in the grave.
The leaves of the oak end the willow shall fade.
Be scatter 'd around and together be laid;
And the young and the old, and the low and the high,
Shall moulder to dust and together shall lie.
The child that a mother attended and loved,
The mother that infant's affwiion who proved.
The husband that mother and infant who bless'd.
Each, all, are away to their dwellings of rest.
The maid on whose cheek, on whose brow, in whose eye.
Shone beauty and pleiusure— her triumphs are by;
And the memory of those who have loved her and praised.
Are alike from the minds of the living erased.
The hand of the king that the sceptre hath borne,
The brow of the priest that the mitre hath worn,
The eye of the sage, and the heart of the brave,
Are hidden and lost in the depths of the grave.
The peasant whose lot was to sow and to reap.
The herdsman who climbed with his goats to the steep,
The beggar who wander'd in search of his bread.
Have faded away like the grass that we tread.
The saint who enjoy'd the communion of heaven,
The sinner who dared to remain unforgiven.
The wise and the foolish, the guilty' and just,
Have quietly mingled their bones m the aust.
So the multitude goes, like the flower and the weed.
That wither away to let others succeed;
So the multitude comes, even those we behold,
To repeat every tale that hath often been told.
For we are the same things our fathers have been ;
We see the same sights that our fatliers have seen —
We drink the sjime stream, and we feel the same sun,
And run the same course that our fathers have nm.
The thoughts we are thinking our fathers would think;
From the death we are shrinking from, they too would shrink;
To the life we are clinging to, they too would cling;
But It speeds from the earth like a bird on the wing.
They loved, but their story we cannot imfold;
They scorn 'd, but the heart of the haughty is cold;
They grieved, but no wail from their slumbers will come;
They joy'd, but the voice of their gladness is dumb.
They died — aye! they died, and we things that are now.
Who walk on the turf that lies over their brow.
Who make in their dwellings a transient abode,
Meet the changes they met on their pilgrimage road.
Yea, hope and despondence, and pleasure and pain.
Are mingled together in sunshine and rain;
And the smile and the tear, the song and the dirge.
Still follow each other like surge upon surge.
'Tis the twink of an eye, 'tis the draught of a breath,
From the blossom of health to the paleness of death.
From the gilded saloon to the bier and the shroud —
Oh, why should the spirit of mortal be proud? William Knox.
GEMS OF POETET.
ROCK ME TO SLEEP.
Backward, turn backward, O Time, in your flight.
Make me a cMld cgrin just for to-night!
Mother, come back from the echoless shore,
Take me again to your heart as of yore.
Kiss from my forehead the furrows of care.
Smooth the few silver threads out of my hair;
Over my slimibcrs your loving watch keep;
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep!
Backward, flow backward, O tide of the years!
I am so weary of toil and of tears, —
Toil without recompense, tears all in vain, —
Take them, and give me my childhood again!
I have grown weary of dust and decay, —
Weary of flinging my soul-wealth away;
Weary of sowing for others to reap; —
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep!
Tired of the hollow, the base, the untrue.
Mother! O mother! my heart calls for you!
Many a summer the grass has grown green,
Blossomed, and faded our faces between,
Yet with strong yearning and passionate pain
Long I to-night for your presence again.
Come from the silence so long and so deep; —
Rock me to sleep, mother, — ^rock me to sleep!
Over my heart in the days that are flown,
No love like mother-love ever has shone;
No other worship abides and endures, —
Faithful, unselfish, and patient like yours:
None like a mother can charm away pain
From the sick soul and the world-weary brain.
Slumber's soft calms o'er my heavy lids creep; —
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep!
Come, let your brown hair, just lighted with gold.
Fall on your shoulders again as of old;
Let it drop over my forehead to-night.
Shading my faint eyes awav from the light;
For with ita sunny edged shadows once more
Haply will throng the sweet visions of yore;
Lovingly, softly, it.s bright billows sweep; —
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep!
Mother, dear mother, the years have been long
Since I last listen'd your lullaby song:
Sing, then, and unto my soul it shall seem
Womanhood's years have l>een only a dream.
Claspefl to your heart in a loving embrace,
With your light lashes just sweeping my face.
Never hereafter to wake or to weep;
Rock me to sleep, mother, — rock me to sleep.
E. A. Allen.
THE LADY'S DREAM.
The lady lay in her IkhI,
Her couch so warm and soft,
But her sleep was restless and broken still;
For turning often and oft
From side to side, she mutter'd ^nd moan'd,
And toss'd her arms aloft.
At last she started up.
And gazed on the vacant air
With a look of awe, as if she saw,
Some dreadful phantom there —
And then in the pillow she buried her face
From visions ill to bear.
The very curtain shook.
Her terror was so extreme.
And the light that fell on the brolder'd quilt
Kept a tremulous gleam;
And her voice was hollow, &n^ shook as she cried:
"Oh, me! that awful dream!
That weary, weary walk
In the churchyard's dismal ground!
And those horrible things, with shady wings.
That came and flitted round —
Death, death, and nothing but death,
In every sigh and sound !
And oh! those maidens young
Who wrought in that dreary room,
With figures drooping and spectres thin.
And cheeks without a bloom —
And the voice that cried, ' For the pomp of pride
We haste to an early tomb !
For the pomp and pleasures of pride
We toil like the African slaves,
And only to earn a home at last
Where yonder cypress waves;'
And then it pointed — I never saw
A groimd so full of graves!
And still the coffins came,
With their sorrowful trains and slow;
Coffin after coffin still,
A sad and sickening show;
From grief exempt, i never had dreamt >
Of such a world of woe I
Of the hearts that daily break.
Of the tears that hourly fall.
Of the many, many troubles of life.
That grieves this earthly ball —
Disease and hunger, pain and want.
But now I dream of them all!
For the blind and the cripple were there,
And the babe that pined for bread.
And the houseless man and the widow poor,
Who begg'd to bury the dead!
The naked, alas! that I might have clad.
The famished I might have fed!
The sorrow I miglit have soothed,
And the unregarded tears;
For many a thronging shape was there,
From long forgotten years,
Ay, even the poor rejected Moor,
Who raised my childish fears!
Each pleading look, that long ago
. I scann'd with a heedless eye,
Each face was gazing as plainly there,
As when I pass'd it by;
Woe, woe for me if the past should be
Thus present when I die,
No need of sulphurous lake.
No need of fiery coals.
But only that crowd of human kind
Who wanted pity and dole —
In everlasting letrospect —
Will wring my sinful soul !
Alas! I have walk'd through life
Too heedless where I trod;
Nay, helping to trample my fellow-wonn.
And fill the burial sod —
Forgetting that even the sparrow falls
Not unmark'd of God !
I drank the richest draughts,
And ate whatever is good —
Fish, and flesh, and fowl, and fruit.
Supplied my hungry mood;
But I never remember'd the wretched ones
That starve for want of food-
I dress'd as the noble dress.
In cloth of silver and gold,
With silk, and satin, and costly furs.
In many an ample fold;
But I never remember'd the naked limbs,
That froze with winter's cold.
The wounds I might have heal'd!
The human sorrow and smart!
And yet it never was in my soul
To play^ so ill a part:
But evil IS wrought by want of thought.
As well as want of heart ! "
She clasp'd her fervent hands.
And the tears began to stream;
Large, and bitter, and fast they fell.
Remorse was so extreme;
And yet, oh yet, that many a dame
Would dream the Lady's Dream! Thomas Hood.
GEMS OF POETKY.
OFT, IN THE STILLY NIGHT.
Oft in the stilly night.
Ere slumber s chain has bound me,
Fond memory brings the light
Of other days around me;
The smiles, the tears.
Of boyhood's years,
The words of love then spoken;
The eyes that shone,
Now dimm'd and gone,
The clx-erful hearts now brokenl
Thus, in the stilly night.
Ere slumber's chain has bound me.
Sad memory brings the light
Of otlier days around me.
When I remember all
The friends so linked together,
I've seen around me fall,
Like leaves in wintry weather;
I feel like one,
Who treads alone
Some banquet hall deserted,
Whose lights ar« fled,
Whose garlands dead.
And all but he departed I
Thus, in the stilly night,
Ere slumber's chain has bound me,
Sad memory brings the light
Of other days around me. Thoicas Moore.
^'r
THERE ARE GAINS FOR ALL OUR LOSSES.
There are gains for all our losses —
There are balms for all our pain
But when youth, the dream, departs.
It takes something from our hearts.
And it never comes again.
We are stronger and are better.
Under manhood's sterner reign;
Still we feel that something sweet
Followed youth, with flying feet.
And will never come again.
Something beautiful has vanished.
And we sigh for it in vain;
We behold it everywhere.
On the earth and in the air.
But it never comes again.
Richard Henry Stoddard.
THE RAVEN.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore ;
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there come a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber-door.
'"Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber-door —
Only this, and nothing more."
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow — vainly I had Iried to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow — son"ow for the lost Lenore —
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore,
Nameless here forevermore.
And the silken, sad^ uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me — filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; ^
So that now, to still the beating of my heai t, I stood repeating,
" 'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber-door.
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber-door;
This it i^ and nothing more."
Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
" Sir," said I, " or Madame, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping.
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber-door.
That I scarce was sure I heard you: " here I opened wide the door.
Darkness there and nothing more.
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token.
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, " Lenore! "
Merely this and nothing more.
Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning.
Soon again I heard a tapping, somewhat louder than before.
" Siu-ely," said I, "surely that is something at my window-lattice;
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore.
Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore;
'Tis the wind and nothing more!"
Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter.
In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore.
Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he;
But with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door —
Perched upon a bust of Pallas, just above my chamber-door —
Perched, and sat, and nothmg more.
Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven,
Ghastly, grim, and ancient raven, wandering from the Nightly shore.
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore."
Quoth the raven, " Nevermore."
Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly.
Though its answer little meaning — little relevancy bore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber-door —
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber-door.
With such name as "Nevermore."
GEMS OF POETKY.
But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bu«tt, spoke only
That one word, as ir his soul in that one -word he did outpour.
Nothing further then he muttered; not a feather then he fluttered —
Till I scarcely more than muttered, " Other friends have flown before;
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before."
Then the bird said, "Nevermore.
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
" Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only slock and store,
Caught from some unhappv master whom immerciful disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his song one burden bore —
Till the dirges of his hojje that melancholy burden bore —
Of "Never — Nevermore."
But the raven, still beguiling all my 8a<l soul into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust, and door;
Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
Fancy into fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore
Meant In croaking " Nevermore."
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable exprsssing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned intf) my bosom s core;
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er —
She shall press, ah, nevermore!
Then, methought the air grew denser, perfumed from an imseen censer,
Swung by seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor.
" Wretch, I cried, "thy God hath lent thee — by these angels he hath sent thee
Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories- of Leonore !
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Leonore I "
Quoth the raven, " Nevermore."
"Prophet ! " said I, "thing of evil, prophet still, if bird or devil I
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore.
Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted —
On this home by Horror haunted — tell me truly, I implore —
Is there — is there balm in Gilead ? Tell me, tell me, I implore 1 "
Quoth the raven, " Nevermore."
" Prophet ! " said I, " thing of evil, prophet still, If bird or devil f
By that heaven that bends above us — bv that God we both adore—
Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aiden,
It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Leonore —
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Leonore? "
Quoth the raven, " Nevermore."
" Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend ! " I shrieked, upstarting —
" Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore I
Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken I
Leave my loneliness unbroken ! Quit the bust above my door 1
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door !"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore."
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber-door ;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming.
And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor,
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor.
Shall be lifted, nevermore ! Edgar AtJiAK Pob.
MAID OF ATHENS.
Maid of Athens, ere we part,
Give, oh, give me back my heart 1
Or, since that has left mj' breast,
Keep it now, and take the rest I
Hear my vow before I go.
My life, I love you.
By those tresses unconflned,
Wooed by each Egean wind;
By those lids whose jetty fringe
KIss thy soft cheeks' blooming tinge;
By those wild eyes like the roe.
My life, I love you.
By that lip I lon^ to taste,
By that zone-encircled waist;
By all the token-flowers that tell
What words can never speak so well;
By love's alternate joy and woe,
My life, I love you.
Maid of Athens; I am gone:
Think of me, sweet! when alone. —
Though I fly to Istambol,
Athens holds my heart and soul:
Can I cease to love thee? No!
My life, I love you.
Lord Byron.
THE RAINY DAY.
The day is cold, and dark and dreary;
It rains, and the wind is never weary;
The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,
But at every gust the dead leaves fall,
And the day is dark and dreary.
My life is cold, and dark, and dreary.
It rains, and the wind is never weary;
My thoughts still cling to the mouldering past,
But the hopes of youth fall thick in the blast,
And the days are dark and dreary.
Be still, sad heart! and cease repining;
Behind the clouds is the sun still shining;
Thy fate is the common fate of all,
Into each life some rain must fall.
Some days must be dark and dre ary .
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
KISSES.
My love and I for kisses play'd:
She would keep stakes — I was content;
But when I won, she would be paid;
This made me ask her what she meant:
"Pray, since I see," quoth she, "your wrangling vein.
Take your own kisses; give me mine again."
WiLLL/LM Strode
GEMS OF POETKY.
THE NEGLECTED CALL.
When the fields were white with harvest, and the laborers were few,
Heard I thas a voice within me, " litre is work for thee to do;
Come thou np and lielp llie rea{x^r8, I will show tlu-e now the way,
Come and help them bear tbe burden, and the toiling of the dav.
"For a more conven'.ent season," thus I answered, " will I wait;
And the voice reproving murmured, " Hasten, ere it be too Uite."
Yet I heeded not the utterance, listening to lo! here— lo! there^
I lost sight of all ihe reapers in whose work I would not share;
Followed after strange devices — bowed my heart to gods of stone,
Till, like Ephniim, joined to idols, G(xl well nigh left me alone;
But the angel r>f His patience followed on my erring track.
Setting here ami there a landmark, wherewithal to guide me back.
Onward yet I went, and onward, till there met me on the way
A poor prodigal returning, who, like me, had gone astray,
And his faith waa strong and earnest that a father's house would be
Safest shelter from temptation for such sinful ones as he.
" Read the lesson," said the angel, " tiike the warning and repent; "
But the wily tempter queried, " Ere thy substance be uusi>ent,
" Hast thou need of toil and lal)or? art thou fitted for the work?
Many a hidden stone to bruise thee in the harvest-field d(»th lurk;
There are others called Ijeside thee, and i>erchance the voice may be
But thy own delusive fancy, which thou hearest calling Ihei, —
There is time enough before thee, all thy footsteps lo retrace."
Then I yielded to the tempter, and the angel veiled her face.
Pleasure beckoned in the distance, and her siren son^ was sweet.
"Througli a Ihornless path of flowers gently I will guide thy feet.
Youth is as a rapid river, gliding noiselessly away,
Earth is but a pleasant garden; cull its roses whilst thou may;
Press the juice from purple clusters, fill life's chalice with the wine;
Taste the fairest fruits which tempt thee, all its richest fruits are thine."
Ah! the path was smooth and easy, but a snare was set therein.
And the feet were oft entangled in the fearful mesh of sin;
And the canker-worm was hidden in the rose-leaf folded up,
And the sparkling wine of pleasure was a fatal Circean cup;
All its fruits were Dead Sea apples, tempting only to the sight,
Fair, yet filled with dust and ashes — beautiful, but touched with blight.
"O my Father," cried I, inly, " Thou hast striven— I have willed.
Now the mission of the angel of thy patience is fulfilled,
I have tasted earthly pleasures, yet my soul is craving food;
Let the summons which Thou ha'st given to Thy servant.be renewed;
I am ready now to labor — wilt Thou call me once again?
I will join thy willing reapers as they gamer up the grain."
But the still small voice within me, earnest in its truth, and deep.
Answered my awakened conscience, "As thou sow est thou shall reap;
God is just, and retributicm follows each neglected call.
Thou hadst thy appointed duty taught thee by the Lord of all;
Thou wert chosen, but another filled the place assigned thee;
Henceforth in my field of labor thou maysl but a gleaner be.
" But a work is still l)efore thee— see thou linger not again;
Separate the chaff 'thou gleanest, beat it from among the grain;
Follow after these my reapers, let thine eyes be on the field,
Gather up the precious handfuls their abundant wheat-sheaves yield;
Go not hence to glean, but tarry from the morning until night;
Be thou faithful, thou mayst yet find favor in thy Master's sight."
"Hannah Lloyd Nealb.
MEETING OF THE WATERS.
There is not in the wide world a
valley so sweet
As that vale in whose bosom the
bright waters meet ;
Oh, the last rays of leeliiiar and life
must depart
Ere ttie bloom of that \ alley shall
fade from my heart 1
Yet 'twas not that Nature had shed
o'er the scene
Her purest of crystal and brightest
of green ;
'Twas not the soft magic of stream-
let or hill —
Oh, no ! It was something more ex-
quisite still.
Twas that friends, the beloved of my bo-
som, were near.
Who made every dear scene of enchant-
ment more dear.
And who felt how the best charms of Nat-
ure improve
When we see them reflected from looks
that we love.
Sweet vale of Avoca ! how calm could 1
In thy bosom of shade, with the friends
I love best ;
Where the storms that we feel in this
cold world should cease,
And our hearts like thy waters be min-
gled in peace.
Thomas Moork.
w
OEMS OF POETRY.
THE VAGABONDS.
We are two travelers, Roger and I.
Roger's my dog. — Come here, you scamp!
Jump for the gentleman — mind your eye!
Over the table, — look out for the lamp! —
The rogue is growing a little old;
Five years we've tramped through wind and weather,
And slept out doors when nights were cold,
And ate — and drank — and starved — together.
We've learned what comfort is, I tell youl
A bed on the floor, a bit of rosin,
A bit of fire to thaw our thumbs (poor fellow!
The paw he holds up there's been frozen),
Plentjr of catgut for my fiddle
(This out-door business is bad for strings).
Then a few nice buckwheats, hot from the griddle.
And Roger and I set up for kings!
No, thank ye, sir, — I never drink;
Roger and I are exceedingly moral —
Aren't v^e, Roger? — See him 'wink!
Well, something hot, then; wo won't quarrel,
He's thirsty, too, cc3 him nod his head!
What a pity, sir, 'hat dogs can't talk!
He understands every word that's said, —
And he knows good milk from water-and-chalk.
The truth is, sir, now I reflect,
I've been so sadly given to grog,
I wonder I've not lost the respect
(Here's to you, sir!) even of my dog;
But ho sticks by, through thick and thin;
And this old coat v>'ith its empty pockets
And rags liat smell of tobacco and gin,
He'll foiiow while he has eyes in Ms sockets.
There isn't another creature living
Would do it, and prove through every disaster.
So fond, so faithful, and so forgiving,
To such a miserable), thankless master!
No sir! — see him wag Ms tail and grin!
By George ! it makes : ly old eyes water —
That is, there's something in this gin
That chokes a fellow. But no matter!
We'll have some music, if you're willing.
And Roger (hem! what a plague a cough is, sir!)
SL-all march a little. — Start, you villain!
Stand straight! 'Botitface! Salute your officer!
Put up that pawl Dress! Take thai rifle!
(Some dogs liave arms, you see!) Now hold your
Cap while the gentleman gives a trifle,
'To aid a poor old patriot soldier!
March! Halt! Now show how the rebel shakes
When he stands up to hear his sentence.
Now tell us how many drams it takes
To honor a jolly new acquaintance.
Five yelps, — tidat s five; he's mighty knowing!
The night's before us, fill the gldsises!
Quick, sir! I'm ill, — mj"^ brain is going! —
Some brandy, — thank you, — there, it passes.
Why not reform? That's easily said;
But I've gone through such wretched treatment.
Sometimes forgetting liie taste of bread,
And scarce reniemt)ering what meat meant.
That my poor stomach's past reform;
And there are times when, mad with thinking,
I'd sell out heaven for something warm,
To prop a horrible inward sinking.
Is there a way to forget to think?
At your age, sir, home, fortune, friends,
A dear girl's love, — but I took to drink.
The same old story; you know how it ends.
If you could have seen these classic features.
You needn't laugh, sir; they were not then
Such a burning libel on God's creatures;
I was one of your handsome men:
If you had seen iter, so fair and young,
Whose head was happy on this breast;
If you could have hciird the song I sung
When the wine went round, you would'nt have guessed
That even I, sir, should be straying
From door to door, with fiddle and dog,
Ragged and penniless, and playing
To you to- night for a glass of grog!
She's married since; — a parson's wife:
'Twas better for her that we should part,
Better the soberest, prosiest life
Than a blasted home and a broken heart.
Have I seen her? Once: I was weak and spent
On a dusty road: a carriage stopped:
But little she dreamed as on she went,
Who kissed the coin that her fingers dropped!
You've set me talking, sir; I'm sorry;
It makes me wild to think of the change!
What do you care for a be<'gar's story ?
Is it amusing? You find it strange?
I had a mother so proud of me!
'Twas well she died before. Do you know.
If the happy spirits in heaven can see
The ruin and wretchedness here below?
Another glass, and strong, to deaden
This pain; then Roger and I will start.
I wonder, has he such a lumpish, leaden,
Aching thing, in place of a heart?
He is sad sometimes, and would weep if he could.
No doubt remembering things that were, —
A virtuous kennel, with plenty of food.
And himself a respectable cur.
I'm better now; that glass was warming.
You rascal! limber your lazy feet!
We must be fiddling and performing
For supi>er and ted, or starve in the street
Not a very gay life to lead, you think?
But soon we shall go where lodgings are free,
And the sleepers need neither victuals nor drink;
The sooner the better for Roger and me!
J. T. Trowbridge
GEMS OF POETRY.
BREAK, BREAK, BREAK.
Break, break, break.
On thy cold, gray stones, O sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
Oh, well for the fisherman's boy
That he shouts with his sister at play\
Oh, well for the sailor lad
That he sings in his boat on the bay!
And the stately ships go on
To the haven under the hill;
But oh; for the touch of a vanished hand.
And the sound of a voice that is still !
k-?^
Break, break, break,
At the foot of thy crags, O sea;
But the tender grace of a day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
Alfred Tknktson,
OEMS OF I'OETEY.
WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE.
Woodman, spare that tree!
Touch not a single bough!
In youth it shelter d me.
And I'll protect it now.
'Twas my forefather's hand
That placed it near its col;
There, woodman, let it stand,
Thy axe shall harm It not!
That old familiar tree,
Whose glory and renowp
Are spread o'er land and sea —
And wouldst thou hew it down?
Woodman, forbear thy stroke.
Cut not its earth bound ties;
( )h, spare that aged oak,
Now towering to the skiesl
When but an idle boy,
I souglit its grateful shade;
In all their gushing joy
Here, to<j, my sisters play'd.
.My mother kiss'd me here;
My father press'd my hand
Forgive this foblish tear.
But let that old oak stand!
My heart-strings round thee cling,
Close as thy bark, old friend!
Here shall the wild bird sing.
And still thj' branches Ixjnd.
Old tree! the storm still brave!
And, woodman, leave the spot;
Wliile I've a hand to save.
Thy axe shall harm it not! Qborob P. Morris.
CRABBED AGE AND YOUTH.
Crabbed age and youth
Cannot five together;
Youth is full of pleasance,
Age is full of care ;
Youth like summer mom.
Age like winter weather; \
Youth like summer brave.
Age like winter bare.
Youth is full of sport.
Age's breath is short;
Youth is nimble, age is lame;
Youth is hot and bold,
A»e is weak and cold;
Youth is wild, and age is tame.
Age, I do abhor thee;
Youth, I do adore thee;
Oh. my love, my love is young!
Age, I do defy thee;
O sweet shepherd! hie thee.
For methinks thou stay'st too long.
William Shakspkark
GBMS OF POETRY.
LEGEND OF THE HORSESHOE.
A farmer, traveling with his load,
Picked up a horseshoe in the road.
And nailed it fast to his barndoor.
That luck might down upon him pour ;
That every blessing known in life
Might come to his homestead and wife.
And never any kind of harm
Descend upon his growing farm.
But dire ill-fortune soon began
To visit the astounded man.
His hens declined to lay their eggs ;
His bacon tumbled from the pegs,
And rats devoured the fallen legs ;
His corn, that never failed before,
Mildewed and rotted on the floor ;
His grass refused to end in hay ;
His cattle died or went astray ;
In short, all moved the crooked way.
Next spring a great drought baked the sod.
And roasted every pea in pod ;
The beans declared they could not grow
So long as nature acted so ;
Redundant insects reared their brood
To starve for lack of juicy food ;
The staves from bairel sides went off
As if they had the hooping-cough.
And nothing of the useful kind
To hold together felt inclined ;
In short, it was no use to try
While all the land was in a fry.
One mom, demoralized with grief,
The farmer clamored for relief ;
And prayed right hard to imderstand
"What witchcraft now possessed his land ;
Why house and farm in misery grew
Since he nailed up that "lucky shoe."
While thus dismayed o'er matters wrong
An old man chanced to trudge along.
To whom he told, with wormwood tears.
How his affairs were in arrears,
And what a desperate state of things
A picked- up horseshoe sometimes brings.
The stranger asked to see the shoe,
The farmer brought it into view ;
But wheu the old man raised his head.
He laughed outright, and quickly said :
" No wonder skies upon you frown —
You've nailed the horseshoe upside down I
Just turn it round, and soon you'll see
How you and fortune will agree."
The farmer txxrned the horseshoe roimd,
And showers began to swell the ground ;
The sunshine laughed among his grain,
And heaps on heaps piled up the wain ;
The loft his hay could barely hold.
His cattle did as they were told ;
222
GEMS OF POETEY.
Folks say never such ears of com
As in his smiling hills were born ;
His barn was full of busting bins —
His wife presented him with twins !
His fruit trees needed sturdy props
To hold the gathering apple crops ;
His turnip and potato iielcis
Astounded all men by their yields.
His neighbors marveled more and more
To see tlie increase in his store.
And now the merry farmer sings :
" There are two ways of doing things ;
And when for good luck j'ou would pray,
Nail up your horseshoe the right way."
LOVE NOT.
Love not, love not! ye hapless sons of clay!
Hope's gayest wreaths are made of earthly flowers —
Things are not made to fade and fall away
Ere they have blossomed for a few short hours.
Love not!
Love not; the thing ye love may change!
The rosy lip may cease to smile on you;
The kindly-beaming eye grow cold and strange,
The heart still warmly oeat, yet not be true.
Love not!
Love not; the thing you love mav die —
May perish froni the gay and gladsome earth;
The silent stars, the blue and smiling sky,
Beam o'er Ita grave, as once upon its birth.
Love not!
Love not! oh, warning vainly said,
In present hours as m the years gone by;
Love flings a hallow round the dear one's head.
Faultless, immortal, till they change or die.
Love not ! Caroline Norton.
WHERE ARE YOU GOING, MY PRETTY MAID?
" Where are you going, my pretty maid ? "
" I am going a-mUking, sir," she said.
" May I go with you, my pretty maid ?"
" You're kindly welcome, sir," she said.
"What is your fortune, my pretty maid ? "
" My face is my fortime, sir," she said.
" Then I won't marry you, my pretty maid ? "
" Nobody asked you, sir," she said. Author Unknown.
LAST ROSK OF SUUMBU.
GEMS OF POETKY.
'TIS THE LAST ROSE OF SUMMER.
'Tis the last rose of summer,
Left blooming alone;
All her lovely companions
Are faded and gone;
No flower of her Kindred,
No rosebud, is nigh
To reflect back her blushes.
Or give sigh for sigh,
I'll not leave thee, thou lone one!
To pine on the stem;
Since the lovely are sleeping,
Go sleep thou with them.
Thus kindly I scatter
Thy leaves o'er the bed •
Where thy mates of the garden
Lie scentless and dead.
So soon may I follow,
When friendships decay.
And from love's shining circle
The gems drop away.
When true hearts lie wither'd,
And fond ones are flown.
Oh, who would inhabit
This bleak world alone? Thomas Moore.
A WITHERED ROSE.
A yellow page! a faded line!
A withered rose, long laid away;
A withered rose, its fragrance gone,
Reminder of a brighter day.
Once on my breast I wore it, red;
Strong at my side the giver stood;
Ah ! life was young, and hope was sweet,
And ev'ry sound but murmured good.
The rose is faded, so am I;
The bloom of youth is long since fled;
The ydlow leaf, the dim old words,
Are ghosts of happiness now dead.
There is a mouldy smell that clings
Around old papers that have lain;
And love, me thinks, becomes the same,
When trust in love is ruthless slain.
Sometimes I deem that looking o'er
The happy days is far more sad
Than bearing heavy burdens now,
Without one song to make us glad.
Then why should I the past recall?
Thou'rt ashes now, poor withered rose;
I'll let thee fly like dust, away,
Thou'lt fall perchance where new love grows.
AxjTHOB Unknown,
GEMS OF POETKT.
OLD GRIMES'S HEN.
At last that speckle hen has gone,
That hen of hens the best.
She died, without a sight or groan,
While in her downy nest.
Through summer's heat and winter's snow.
For ten long years she lay,
At morn and eve, old Grimes an egg,
But none the Sabbath day.
She had a nest behind ihe door,
All neatly lined with hay;
Her back was brown and speckled o'er
With spots inclined to gray.
When e'er the rain came pelting down.
Or thunder's dreadful roar,
She hid herself in Grimes's hat
Until the storm was o'er.
Tho' fourteen years of age almost.
She fitill looked young and hale.
And like Job's turkey, she could boast
One feather in her tail.
She never deigned the barnyard beau
His face to look upon —
But loved that one whose long, shrill crow
Was heard at early dawn; —
An aged cock, who oft had told
His descent with a sigh.
From one that crowed when Peter bold
His Master did deny.
When poor old speckle closed her eye.
He jumped the fence and cried.
And bade the poultry all good-bye.
And then lay down and died.
J. M. Babbow,
DAWN.
Juliet. — Wilt thou be gone? It is not yet near day,
It was the nightingale, and not the lark,
That pierced the fearful hollow of thine ear:
Nightly she sings on yon p)omegranate tree:
Believe me, love, it was the nightingale.
Romeo. — It was the lark, the herald of the mom;
No nightingale. Look, love, what envious streaks
Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east:
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain-tops;
I must be gone and live, or stay and die.
William Shakspeare
OEMS OF POETKY.
FLOW GENTLY, SWEET AFTON.
Flow gently, sweet Afton, among thy green braes,
Flow gently, I'll sing thee a song in thy praise;
My Mary's asleep by thy murmuring stream,
Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream.
Thou stock-dove whose echo resounds
through the glen.
Ye wild whistling blackbirds in your
thorny den,
Thou green- crested lapwing, thy scream-
ing forbear,
I charge you disturb not my slumbering
fair.
How lofty, sweet Afton, thy neighbor-
ing hills,
Far mark'd with the courses of clear
winding rills;
There daily I wander as noon rises high.
My flocks and my Mary's sweet cot in
my eye.
How pleasant thy banks and green val-
leys below.
Where wild in the woodlands the prim-
roses blow;
There, oft as mild evening weeps over
the lea,
The sweet-scented birk shades my Mary
and me.
Thy crystal stream, Afton, how lovely
it glides,
And winds by the cot where my Mary
resides;
How wanton thy waters her snowy feet
lave.
As, gathering sweet flow'rets, she stems
thy clear wave!
Flow gently, sweet Afton, among thy green braes,
Flow gently, sweet river, the theme of my lays;
My Mary's asleep by thy murmuring stream,
Flow gently, sweet Afton, disturb not her dream.
Robert Burns.
HOPE,
The wretch condemned with life to part,
Still, still on hope relies;
And every pang that rends the heart
Bids expectation rise.
Hope, like the gleaming taper's light.
Adorns and cheers the way;
And still, as darker grows the light.
Emits a brighter ray.
Oliver Goldsmith
FARE THEE WELL.
Fare thee well ! and if forever,
Still forever, fare thee well 1
Even though unforgiving, never
'Gainst thee shall ray heart rebel.
Would that breast were bared before thee
Where thy head so oft hatli lain.
While that placid sleep came o'er thee
Which thou ne'er canst know again:
Would that breast, by thee glanced over
Every inmost thought could showl
Then thou wouldst at last discover
'Twas not well to spurn it so.
Though the world for this commend thee —
Though it smile upon the blow,
£'ea its praises must offend thee.
Founded on another's woe —
Though my many faults defend me.
Could no other arm be found
Than the one which embraced me,
To inflict a cureless wound?
Yet, oh yet, thyself deceive not,
Love may sink by slow decay.
But by sudden wrench, believe not
Hearts can thus be torn away;
Still thine own its life retaineth —
Still must mine, though bleeding, beat;
And the undying thought which paineth
Is — that we no more may meet.
These are words of deeper sorrow
Than the wail above the dead;
Both shall live, but every morrow
Wakest from a widow 'd bed.
And when thou wouldst solace gather,
When our child's first accents flow,
Wilt thou teach her to say " Father!"
Though his care she must forego?
When her little hands shall press thee.
When her lip to thine is pressed.
Think of him whose prayers shall bless thee.
Think of him thy love had bless'd.
Should her lineaments resemble
Those thou never more may'st see,
Then thy heart will softly tremble
With a pulse yet true to me.
All my faults perchance thou knowest.
All my madness none can know;
All my hopes where'er thou goest.
Whither — ^yet with thee they go.
Everjr feeling hath been shaken;
Pnde, which not a world could bow,
Bows to thee — by thee forsaken.
Even my soul forsakes me now.
■ilFi'ROM -placid lake
^illrf As smooth as
glass,
Without a sound
The. waters pass
Beneath a bridge
Moss growr and
brown.
And neath huge palms |
They wander down
3o drowsily,
h almost seems
That this jnust be
The laai of
dreams.
GEMS OF I'OETKY,
But 'tis done — all words are Idle —
Words from me are vainer still;
But the thoughts we cannot bridle,
Force their way without the will.
Fare thee well — thus disunited.
Torn from every meaner tie,
Sear'ci in heart, and love, and blighted-
More than this, I scarce can die.
Btbon.
A LITTLE DOUBTFUL.
When a pair of red lips are upturned to your own,
"With no one to gossip about it,
Doyou pray for endurance to let them alone?
Well, may be you do — but I doubt it.
When a sly little hand you're permitted to seize,
With a velvety softness about it,
Doyou think you can drop it with never a squeeze?
Well, may be you can — but I doubt it.
When a tapering waist is in reach of your arm.
With a wonderful plumpness about it,
Do you argue the point 'twixt the good and the harm?
Well, may be you do — but I doubt it.
And if by these tricks you should capture a heart,
With a womanly sweetness about it.
Will you guard it and keep it, and act the good part?
Well, may be you will — but I doubt it.
■* Author Unknown.
THE COSMIC EGG.
Upon a rock yet uncreate.
Amid a chaos inchoate.
An uncreated being sate;
Beneath him, rock.
Above him, cloud.
And the cloud was rock.
And the rock was cloud.
The rock then growing soft and warm
The cloud began to take a form,
A form chaotic, vast and vague.
Which issued in the cosmic egg.
Then the being uncreate
On the egg did incubate,
And thus became the incubator;
And of the egg did allegate,
And thus became the alligator;
And the incubator was potentate.
But the alligator was potentater.
Anonymous.
THE MAY QUEEN.
You must wake and call me early, call me early, mother dear;
To-morrow 'ill be the happiest time of all the glad new year;
Of all the glad new year, mother, the maddest, merriest, day;
For I'm to be Queen o' the May, moiher,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
There's many a black, black eye, they say, but none so bright as mine;
There's Margaret and Mary, there s Kate and Caroline;
But none so fair as little Alice in all the land, they say,
So I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never wake,
If you do nut call me loud when the day begins to break;
But I must gath'jr knots of flowers, and buds and garlands gay.
For I'm to be Queen o' the 3Iav, motlier,
I'm to be Queen o' the J^ay.
As I came up the valley, whom think ye I should see.
But Ilobin leaning on the bridge beneath the hazil tree?
He thought of that shirp look, mother, I gave him yesterday —
But I'm to be Queen o' the May, moiher,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
He thought I was a glio.st, mother, for I was all in white ;
And I ran by him without speaking, like a flash of light.
They call me cruel hearted, but 1 care not what they say.
For I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
They say he's djing all for love, but that can never be :
They say his heart is breaking, mother — what is that to me ?
There's many a bolder lad '11 woo me any summer day.
And I'm to be Queen o' the May, moiher,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
Little Eflle ^hall go with me to-morrow to the green,
And you 'U be there too, mother, to see me made the queen ;
For the shepherd huls on every side '11 come from far away.
And I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' tlie May.
The honeysuckle round the porch has wov'n its wavj' bowers,
And by the meadow-trenches blow the faint sweet cuckoo-flowers ;
And the wild marsh-marigold shines like fire in swamps and hollows gray,
And I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
The night winds come and go, mother, upon the meadow grass,
And the happy stars above them seem to brighten as they pass ;
There will not be a drop of rain the whole of the livelong day.
And I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the Alay.
All the valley, mother, will be fresh and green and still.
And the cowslip and the crowfoot are over all the hill.
And the rivulet in the flowery dale 'ill merrily glance and play.
For I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the May.
So you must wake and call me earlj', call me early, mother dear.
To-morrow 'ill be the happiest time of all the glad new year :
To-morrow 'ill be of all the year the maddest, merriest day,
For I'm to be Queen o' the May, mother,
I'm to be Queen o' the May. Tennyson,
GEMS OF POETRY.
THE LAKE OF THE DISMAL SWAMP.
" They made her a grave too cold and damp
For a soul so warm and true;
And she's gone to the Lake of the Dismal Swamp,
Where all night long, by a firefly lamp.
She paddles her while canoe
"And her firefly kmp I soon shall see,
And her paddle 1 soon shall hear;
Long and loving our life shall be,
And I'll hide the maid in a cypresn tree,
When the footsiep of dtatii ib near."
Away to tlie Dismal Swamp he speeds —
His p ith was rugged and sore.
Through tangled juniper, beds of reeds.
Through many a fen where the serpent feeds,
And man never trod before.
And when on the earth he sank to sleep.
If slumber his eyelids knew,
He lay where the deadly vine doth weep
Its venomous tears, and nightly steep
The flesh with blistering dew !
And near him the she-wolf stirr'd the brake,
And the copper-snake breathed in hiy ear.
Till he starting cried, from his dream awake,
" Oh when shall I see the dusky lake.
And the white canoe of my dear? "
He saw the lake, and a meteor bright
Quick over ite surface play'd —
"Welcome," he said, "my dear one's light!"
And the dim shore echo'd for many a night
The name of the deatb-cold maid.
Till he hollow'd a boat of the birchen bark.
Which carried him off from shore;
Far, far he follow 'd the meteor spark.
The wind was high and the clouds were dark,
And the boat returned no more.
But oft, from tHe Indian hunter's camp,
This lover and maid so true
Are seen at the hour of midnight damp
To cross the lake by a firefly lamp.
And paddle their white canoe!
Thomas Moore.
FROM "LADY OF LYONS."
Pattline. — I cannot forego pride when I look on thee, and think that thou lovest
me. Sweet Prince, tell me again of thy palace by the lake of Como; it is so pleasant
to hear of thy splendors since thou didst swear to me that they would be desolate with-
out Pauline; and when thou describcst them, it is with a mocking lip and a noble
scorn, as if custom had made thee disdain greatness.
Claude Melnotte. — Nay, dearest, nay, if thou wouldst have me paint
The home to which, could love fulfill its prayers.
This hand would lead thee, listen! A deep vale
Shut out by Aldine hills from the rude world;
Near a clear lake, margined by fruits of gold
And whispering myrlles; glassing softest skies,
As cloiidU'SS, save with rare and roseate shadows,
As I would have thy fate!
PATJiiiKE. — My own dear love!
Claude Melnotte. — A palace lifting to eternal summer
Its marble walls from out a glossy bower
Of coolest foliage, musical with birds.
Whose songs sliould syllable tby name! At noon
We'd sit beneath the arching vines, and wonder
Why Earth could be unhappy, while the heavens
Still left us youth and love! We'd have no friends
That were not lovers; no ambition, save
To excel them hU in love; we'd read no books
That were not tales of love — that we might smile
To think how poorly eloquence of words
Translates the poetry of hearts like ours!
And when night came, nmidst the breathless heavens,
We'd guess what star should be our home when love
Becomes immortal; while the perfumed light
Stole through the mist of alabaster lands,
And every air was heavy with the sighs
Of orange groves and music from sweet lutes,
And murmurs of low fountains that gush forth
I' the midst of roses! Dost thou like the picture?
Pauline. — Oh, as the bee upon the flower, I hang
Upon the honey of thy eloquent tongue!
Am I not blest? And if I love too wildly.
Who would not love thee like Pauline?
LADY OF LYONS.
Claude Mbmiotte.— A palace lifting to eternal summer
Its marble walls from out a glossy bower
Of coolest folingo, musical with birds.
Whose songs should syllable thy name !
GEMS OF POETRY.
231 1
THE CHANGED CROSS.
It was a time of sadness, and my heart,
Although it knew and loved the better part,
Felt weary with the conflict and the strife.
And all the needful discipline of life.
And while I thought on these as given to me,
My trial-tests of faith and love to be,
It seemed as if I never could be sure
That faithful to the end I should endure.
And thus, no longer trusting to His might,
Who says, " We walk by faith and not by sight,"
Doubting and almost yielding to despair,
The thought arose, " My cross I cannot bear.
" Far heavier its weight must surely be
Than those of others which I daily see;
Oh! if I might another burden choose,
Metliinks I should not fear my crown to lose."
A solemn silence reigned on all around;
E'en Nature's voices uttered not a sound;
The evening shadows seemed of peace to tell,
And sleep upon my weary spirit fell.
A moment's pause, — and then a heavenly light
Beamed full upon my wondering, raptured sight;
Angels on silvery wings seemed everywhere.
And angels' music thrilled the balmy air.
Then One, more fair than all the rest to see.
One to whom all others bowed the knee.
Came gently to me, as I trembling lay.
And, " Follow me," He said; "I am the way."
Then, speaking thus. He led me far above.
And there beneath a canopy of love.
Crosses of divers shape and size were seen.
Larger and smaller than my own had been.
And one there was most beauteous to behold, —
A little one, with jewels set in gold.
Ah! this, methought, I can with comfort wear.
For it will be an easy one to bear.
And so the little cross I quickly took.
But all at once my frame beneath it shook;
The sparkling jewels, fair were they to see.
But far too heavy was their weight to me.
"This may not be," I cried, and looked again.
To see if there were any here could ease my pain;
But one by one I passed them slowly by,
Till on a lovely one I cast my eye.
Fair flowers around its sculptured form entwined,
And grace and beauty seemed in it combined.
Wondering I gazed, — and still I wondered more,
To think so many should have passed it o'er.
But, oh! that form so beautiful to see,
Soon made its hidden sorrows known to me;
Thorns lay beneath tho^e tlcjwers and colors fair;
Borrowing 1 said, " This cross 1 may not bear."
And so it was with each and all around,
Not one to suit my need could there be found ;
Weeping I laid each heavy t)urden down,
As my guide gently said, " No cross, — no crown."
At length to Iliin I raised my saddened heart;
He knew ita sorrows, bade its doubts depart;
"Be not afraid," He said, " but trust in Me;
My perfect love shall now be shown to thee."
And then, with lightened eyes and willing feet.
Again I turned, my earthly cross to meet;
With forward footsteps, turning not aKide,
For fear some hidden evil might betide;
And there, — in the prepared, appointed way.
Listening to hear, and ready to obey, —
A cross I quickly found of plainest form,
With only words of love inscribed thereon.
With thankfulnes-s I raised it from the rest,
And joyfully acknowledgetl it the best, —
The only one, of all the many there,
That I could feel was good for me to bear.
And while I thus my chosen one confessr
I saw a heavenly brightness on it rest;
And as I bent, my burden to sustain,
I recognized my own old cross again.
But, oh! how different did it seem to be.
Now 1 had learned its preciousness to see,
No longer could I unl)elieving say,
" Perhaps another is a better way.
Ah, no! henceforth my one desire shall be.
That He, who knows me best should choose for me;
And so, whate'er His love sees good to send,
I'll trust it's best, — because he knows the end.
Author Unknown.
NAUGHTY, BUT SWEET.
Somebody's lips were close to mine.
Thus tempted, I couldn't resist.
Roguish and rosy, a sweet little mouth
Was suddenly softly kissed.
Somebody's eyes looked up and frowned
With such a reproving glance,
" If kisses were wicked ? " 1 asked my pet,
'Then the eyes began to dance.
And smiling the little maid answered.
As I knelt there at her feet,
"They must be a little bit naughty,
Or they never would be so sweet."
AuTHOB Unknown
OEMS OF I'OETKY.
THE IVY GREEN.
Oh! a dainty plant is the ivy green,
Tliat creepeth o'er ruins old!
Of right choice food are his meals I ween,
lu his cell so lone and cold.
The walls must be crumpled, the stones decayed,
To pleasure his dainty whim;
And the mouldering dust that years have made
Is a merry meal for him.
Creeping where no life is seen,
A rare (3d plant is the ivy green.
Fast he stealeth on, though he wears no wings.
And a staunch old heart has he;
How closely he twineth, how tight he clings
To his friend, the huge oak tree!
And slyly he traileth along the ground,
And his leaves he gently waves,
And he joyously twines and hugs around
The rich mould of dead men's graves.
Creeping where no life is seen,
A rare old plant is the ivy green.
Whole ages have fled, and their works decayed,
And nations scattered been ;
But the stout old ivy shall never fade
From its hale and hearty green.
The brave old plant in its lonely days
Shall fatten upon the past;
For the stateliest building man can raise
Is the ivy's food at last.
Creeping where no life is seen,
A rare old plant is the ivy green. Charles Dickens.
VIRTUE.
The triumphs that on vice attend
Shall ever in confusion end ;
The good man suffers but to gain.
And every virtue springs from pain.
As aromatic plants bestow
No spicy fragrance while they grow,
But crushed or trodden to the ground,
Diffuse their balmy sweets around.
Oliver Goldsmith.
JENNY KISSED ME.
Jenny ki^s'd me when we met.
Jumping from the chair she sat in ;
Time, you thief ! who love to get
Sweets into your list, put that in.
Say I'm weary, say I'm sad ;
Say that health and wealth have miss'd me ;
Say I'm growing old, but add —
Jenny kiss'd me ! LWTGH Hunt
^J^JHlSPFff3
jjTi K fltt foaming when lite shaflowt
'llf Lengthen o'er the vxrdant lea,
**'^ Oft. L wander thro' the mcadoirs,
And my thoughts are all of thee ;
Sweet words then, so long jince spoken^
Breezes seem once more to frames
^nd the twilight calm is brokca
Uy thc'ccho of thy name.
O, 'tis sweet alone to wandeC
' *£Ieath the peeping et'oing star;
For, tirhilst on the pasr 1 ponder,
Wlibpers reaidi me from. ilaz.
J% one afar Is ^peakkig
Of (he lonely heart at home,
And his tnrdei -words are seeking*
Ears that list across the foam ?
es ; and ere the flowers are dyings
He rail haste again to me :
XVhen 1 hear the breezes sighing,
Ijove.'T know they come fcom thee»
0,-'tis sweet alone^o wandec, •
.f Neath thf peeping ev'ning>«tar »
For, whilst on the past I ponder,
Whispers reacii me fitim ahi.
Detecting Counterfeit ^om
HE desire to accumulate property is one of
the noblest that nature has implanted in man,
and it is through the successful results of this
desire we are enabled to point with unerring
certainty to the disembarking line, which so
surely distinguishes the advanced, educated,
refined and civilized man from the wild
savage, whose highest desire is to slay and rob
his fellow men, and proudly exhibit their scalps, or
the plunder he has acquired, as evidence of his cun-
ning or courage.
It is through this inborn desire to accumulate
that man is willing to labor, toil, suffer and forego
present gratifications for the hope of future greater
satisfactions ; that has resulted in the building and
equipping the mighty ships of commerce, whose
white, spreading canvas dots every sea wher^ com-
merce may be known, or where the interests of God's creatures may
best be served. It is through this desire, coupled with unremitting
toil, that we owe everything of permanent enjoyment, of enlight-
enment and of prosperity.
The millions of dollars of paper money which is handled every
day as the natural fruit of toil and saving through the many and
diversified transactions in the vast, illimitable and ever rapidly de-
veloping field of commerce, is but the representative of ownership
of property.
If this representative is what it purports on its face to be, each
and every one who receives it in exchange for services or commodi-
ties owns not merely a piece of paper, with designs, words and
promises printed or engraved thereon, but an interest or an undi-
vided whole in a farm, a block of buildings or a store well stocked
with merchandise, which, in his estimation, at least, is more desira-
ble to him than the labor or commodity for which he has volun-
285
tarily made the exchange ; but if, on the contrary, it is other than
what it purports on its face to be, he finds that he is the owner of a
piece of paper whose value is nil.
There is, at the present writing [1885], nearly eight hundred
million dollars of paper currency in the United States, consisting of
greenbacks and national currency, a great portion of which is in
actual circulation, and it has been estimated by eminent authorities
who occupy positions of trust in the various departments through
which the financial machinery of this vast sea of paper money is
daily circulated, that there is in circulation nearly one-fifth of this
amount in counterfeit money, or about one hurtdred and sixty mill-
ion dollars ; and not one dollar of this counterfeit money owes its
circulation to any excellence of the work in its manufacture, but
wholly to the general ignorance of those who handle it, as to what
is required to constitute a genuine bill. The time will come when
the United States will redeem all of its issue of paper money, when
those who are holding any of this counterfeit money will have to
stand tiie loss to the extent of the sum in their possession.
To all of those Avho are willing to take a small portion of their
time each day for a few weeks in learning just what it takes to con-
stitute a genuine bill, there need be no necessity of ever losing
anything by counterfeiters, as it is impossible for them to make
bills which will in any way approach the beauty and exactness of
the genuine ones. There is not at the present time, nor has there
ever been in the past, nor will there ever be in the future, a coun-
terfeit bill made that cannot be detected at sight ; and the positive
knowledge of how to know at all times when a bill is genuine and
when not is within the reach of all those who may have the priv-
ilege of reading the following information or infallible rules with a
genuine desire to be benefited thereby :
Devices and Frauds. — Various devices are resorted to by a
numerous gang or body of persons, to get on in the world without
turning their attention to legitimate and useful employments.
This class includes many that are not engaged in the practice of
counterfeiting and putting forth bad money, but who make them-
selves felt in various ways through vain tricks and schemes, which
are, to all intents and purposes, frauds.
Business men are generally apt at detecting and turning off
petty schemes, but they find it best to have the means with which
they may deal successfully as against regular swindlers, forgers and
counterfeiters.
Counterfeit and Genuine Work. — As indicated above, coun
terfeit notes are issued and put into tlie channels of circulation in
abundance every year, by those engaged in the practice of counter-
feiting. These notes are often such good imitations of the genuine
that it is quite difficult to discern the difference.
That he may protect himself, each business man should have
some definite knowledge of a genuine bank note.
The engraving of a genuine note, in most all of its parts, is done
by machinery, and it is more exact and perfect. On the contrary,
most all parts of counterfeit notes are done by hand.
Counterfeiters cannot afford to purchase machinery, such as is
used for the production of genuine notes. The cost of such ma-
chinery is between $100,000 and $150,000, and if it were in wrong
hands it would be always liable to seizure and confiscation.
DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY.
In order to prevent the forgery of bank notes, a great deal of
ingenuity and art has been expended on their production. The
principal features of the manufacture are described as a peculiar
kind of paper and water mark ; an elaborate design, printed with a
peculiar kind of ink, and certain private marks, known only by the
bank officials.
The work of counterfeiters can never equal that of the makers
of genuine notes, whose skill and facilities for producing the highest
grade *of work known to the art, are the best tliat the world affords.
Unless one is somewhat learned as to the quality of engraving,
that he may be able to distinguish a fine specimen of the art when
he sees it, he is likely to become a victiirT of the counterfeiter's
operations.
Lathe "Work, — When the genuineness of a bank note is doubt
ed, the Lathe Work on the note should first be closely scrutinized
The several letters of denomination, circles, ovals and shadings
between and around the letters in the words, etc., are composed of
numberless extremely line lines — inclusive of lines straight, curved
and net-work. These are aU regular and unbroken, never running
into each other, and may be traced throughout with a magnifying
glass.
Without the skill or machinery by which the genuine is pro-
duced, the same quality of work cannot be done. Therefore, in a
counterfeit, the lines are imperfect, giving the paper a dull or hazy
aspect, that may be aU the better appreciated by comparing it with
the genuine. The lines in the counterfeit will be found now and
then irregular in size, and broken ; not uniform in course, some-
times heav}', sometimes light ; no two stamps or dies on the same
note being exactly alike.
The tine, uniform shade lines, ^vith which the letters on the gen-
uine are embellished, are wrought by a machine that cannot be
reproduced by counterfeiters, nor used for other than legitimate
purposes, by authority.
Ruling: Engine Work — In Ruling Engine "Work, as it is
called, the fine line is present, also. The engraving is produced and
transferred in the same way as the geometrical lathe work. In this
they are parallel and not in circles. Those which constitute the
shading of letters are so fine that they form a perfectly even gray
shade. They may be printed 30 that the shading will appear
darker, but the aspect will be uniform. The spaces between lines
are exact, whether the lines be horizontal or diagonal. The lines
are also made crooked or wave-like, not absolutely parallel. RuUng
engine work is generally used for shading names of banks, and also
for the names of town, state, etc.
Geometrical Lathe. —The fine Une is the characteristic of the
various and beautiful figures seen on a genuine note. This line is
produced by what is called the Geometrical Lathe. The patterns
made by the geometrical lathe are of every variety of form. They
are not engraven directly upon the bank-note plate, but on pieces
of soft steel plate, which are afterward hardened. The impressions
are then transferred to a soft steel roller, which, in its turn, is also
hardened, and the impressions remain there in rehef. This roller is
then capable of transferring the same designs to the bank-note
plate, by means of the transfer press.
In counterfeit engraving, the design is made directly upon the
plate, and not by transfer, as in the production of plates for genu-
notes. The essential difference between the two methods of
production is, the counterfeit is made by hand, and is inexact and
imperfect, while the genuine is made on geometrical principles, and
is therefore exact, artistic and beautiful.
In all the government issues the geometric lathe work is liberally-
used. This should be studied carefully, as it constitutes the chief
test of genuineness.
Fine lines, of unerring exactness, never broken, are seen on the
genuine medallion heads or shields, upon which the designation
of the note is sometimes
stamped. This nicety can-
not be given by hand, or
with the use of imperfect
machinery. By close scru-
tiny the lines will be found
to break off in the pattern,
or appear forked, irregular in size, and not well defined throughout.
On most counterfeits the vignettes are not well engraved, and
the portraits have a dull appearance ; the letters are usually wanting
in clearness ; the printing is sometimes faulty, by which some feat-
ures of the note are obscured.
Vignettes. — While lathe work and that of the ruling engine
are invariably machine work, and therefore cannot be successfully
reproduced by counterfeiters, the Yignettes are chiefly the work of
the hands. In all genuine work they are made by first-class artists,
who are well paid for their services, and who therefore have no
incentive to exercise their skill for illegitimate purposes.
Sometimes water and sky are done with the ruling engine,
and when they are, no counterfeiter can successfully imitate them.
Fine vignettes are seldom seen on counterfeit notes. If only the lathe
and ruling engine work be genuine, an ordinary vignette cannot
make a note counterfeit, and if that be counterfeit, no vignette can
make the note genuine.
The vignettes on genuine notes are executed by men at the head
of their vocation, and are very life-like and beautiful. Counterfeit
vignettes usually have a sunken and lifeless appearance. Genuine
vignettes, as seen upon government issues, consist of out-door
scenes, portraits, historical pictures, and allegorical figures. They
are all exceedingly beautiful, and it is not likely that such work
will ever be successfully imitated.
Solid Print. — The lettering, or solid print, in genuine work is
done by a first-class artist, who makes that kind of work his exclu-
sive concern. The name of the engraving company is always en-
DETECTING COUNTEEFEIT MONEY.
graved with great pains and is very accurate. It will be seen on
the upper and lower margin of the note. This, in counterfeits, is
not quite uniform or even. The vvords " one dollar," as on the one
dollar greenbacks, are to be considered as a sample of solid print.
Bank-Note Paper. — Bank notes are printed upon paper com-
posed of linen, the quality of which is not always the same, and it
varies in thickness. Therefore the paper is not always a sure test,
but it is impoi-tant. The manufacture of this paper is a profound
secret, as carefully kept as the combinations to the great vaults
where the government's millions lie awaiting further river and
harbor bills. It is made only at the Dalton mill, which dates back
almost to colonial days. Wliat its combinations are nobody knows
except those intimately connected with its manufacture. The
secret of the pa])cr making is jealously guarded, as is also the paper
itself. From the moment it is made until it gets into the treasury
vaults it is carefully guarded. It goes there in small iron safes, the
sheets carefully counted, and all precautions against its loss being
taken both by the government officials and by the express com-
panies wiiich carry it.
Counterfeit Signatures. — Sometimes genuine notes are stolen
before they are signed; then the only tiling about them made
counterfeit is the signatures. Those who are familiar with the sig-
natures of officers of the bank where notes are purloined, may not
be led into error, as such signatures usually appear more or less
cramped or unsteady ; but there is no sure protection against a
counterfeit of this kind for those who do not have special knowl-
edge of the signatures.
Altered Bank Notes. — Bank notes are altered in two ways,
namely : raising the denomination, and changing the name of a
broken to that of a responsible bank.
First, in altering a note, it is scraped until it is thin ; then figures
of larger denomination are pasted over. A pasted note may be de-
tected by holding it up to the light, when the pasted parts will
appear darker, as they are thicker.
Second, the denomination of a note is raised by taking out a low
one with an acid, and printing in a higher one with a counterfeit
stamp. The ink used in genuine bank-note printing is a peculiar
kind, and not easily to be obtained by counterfeiters ; therefore,
their printing will not appear as clear and bright as that of the
government, which is done with ink of the finest quality. If the
ink is black, it gives a clear and glossy impression, without any of
that smutty appearance, as is sometimes seen in counterfeit bank
DETECTING COUNTERFEIT MONEY.
notes. It is almost impossible to imitate the green ink that is used
by the government, and it is nearly as difficult to imitate the red and
other colors. Counterfeit inks look dull and muddy, while genuine
inks have a glossy appearance.
In the case of a note altered by the use of acid, it may be
noticed that the acid, by spreading more than was intended by the
counterfeiter, has injured parts of other letters, and the paper will
appear more or less stained by the acid.
Comparing and Examining Notes.— A counterfeit should
be compared with one that is genuine, in order to familiarize one's
self with the distinguishing features which have already been
indicated.
It is best to acquire the habit of giving each note as received a
searching glance, turning it over to see the back, and if there be
any defect, it will probably catch the eye. If there be the least
suspicion, a critical examination of all its parts should be made.
In case of doubt, the lathe work should be carefully examined,
and it may be compared with a perfectly good bill ; then examine
the shading around the letters, and search for any sign of alteration
in the title or denomination of the note. If there are any medall-
ion heads or shields, notice the lines; if there is any red letter
work, designed to appear on both sides, look at the character of the
work on the face, then turn the note and examine the back. If the
printing is not exactly alike on both sides, but varies in any part,
the note is counterfeit. Then observe the vignettes and portraits,
to see whether their style and perfection compare well with the
work on genuine notes. Then examine the solid print and engrav-
ers' names, as well as the printing, ink and paper. By such thor-
ough examination, one can hardly be at a loss to determine the
status of tiie note.
Good magnifying glasses are necessary, in most instances, to
bring out the fine lines on bank notes. Sometimes a microscope of
great power is required to discern the genuine line.
Piecing, etc. — Counterfeiters sometimes make ten bills of nine
by what is termed piecing. Thus, a counterfeit note is cut into ten
pieces by the counterfeiter, and these pieces are used in piecing nine
genuine bills from each of which a piece has been cut. The nine
genuine pieces, thus obtained, are then pasted together, and with
the tenth counterfeit piece added, make a tenth bill, which is the
gain.
Piecing bank bills is not a very successful practice. One who
possesses such information as here given, can readily detect the dif
DETECTINO COUNTERFEIT MONEY.
ference between the counterfeit and the genuine. This difference is,
however, made less apparent by the counterfeiter, who defaces the
counterfeit part, so as to give the note a w^orn appearance.
Counterfeiting is rendered very diflBcult in consequence of the
remarkable excellence of the work on the government and national
currency, as also from the difficulty of imitating the green. But
this currency, if successfully imitated by counterfeiters, will repay
large outlay and care, as the greenbacks pass anywhere in the na-
tion, and a counterfeit may be carried to other states or sections as
it becomes known in any particular locality. National bank cur-
rency may be counterfeited by preparing a plate, and then with
simple change in the name of the bank, the counterfeit can be
adapted to the various towns where banks are located. This much
is written, not to lessen the value of or confidence in the issues of
the government, but to admonish the pubhc against the dangers of
a false security.
-«=•
Jl^
THE HORSE.
WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD HORSE.
HE horse is at once the noblest, the most intelligent and
the most useful of all created animals, and stands the
nearest in its relation to man of those whose strength and
instinct have been subjected to the power of reason and
the force of will which place the human animal on the
throne of the animal kingdom. Its noble qualities have
in all ages won the praise of poets, the pride of warriors,
and the affection of men. It combines in its character
and attributes, in an extraordinary degree, strength and
docility, power and patience, courage and gentleness, the most
acute instinct and the readiest obedience, fleetness of motion and
unfailing dependence, the greatest capacity of endurance and a
fidelity which rarely fails. It is the almost indispensable coadjutor of
man in every sphere of labor, and is essential to all his undertakings
of peace or war. Whether in the tilhng of the soil, the gathering
of the harvest, the marketing of produce, in going to and fro
either for profit or pastime, the horse is man's most useful and
familiar friend, and the appearance of the horse is generally looked
upon as an infallible criterion of the character of his owner for
prudence and liberality.
Horses are of many families, and have their geographical homes,
with their pertaining distinctive peculiarities, much as the various
races of men. The Arabian, for instance, is a true native of Arabia,
and wherever acclimatized in other parts of the world preserves its
distinguishing characteristics. So. too, with the horses of Kormandy,
which have given the people of America the valuable class of
roadsters known as the Norman-Percheron. The English racer, the
stock of Andalusia, the heavy Scotch Clydesdales and the full-blooded
flyers of Kentucky are all distinct types, and as easily distinguished
by the horseman as the Chinese and the negro.
Of late years general attention has been paid in aU advanced
communities to the improvement of the native stock by cross-
breeding, and re-crossing, till the average standard of American
horseflesh has reached a very high period of excellence, and every
year is thus adding to the improvement, which affects not only the
243
THE HORSE.
grade of the stock, but its value and its capacity for purposes of
practical utility, and every person who is interested in the possession
or raising of horses, will find it the best kind of economy in pur-
chasing for use or propagation, and in breeding, to secure the purest
blood that can be obtained in the various classes from which choice
is made. For general purposes, the horse kingdom may be divided
into four classes : (1) Running horses, (2) trotting horses, (3) road-
sters, (4) draught horses.
PRINCIPAL POINTS IN A HORSE.
1-Eve.
2— Muzzle.
7-Neck.
13- Back.
18- Fetlock
8— Withers.
14— Reach.
1»— Breast.
3— Jaw.
9— Shoulders.
15 — Croup.
30-Girth.
4— Throat.
10— Forearm.
1&— Stifle.
21- Barrel.
6— Nape.
11— Foreleg.
17— Point of Hougrh.
2a-Flank.
6— Crest.
IS— Knee.
18— Pasterns.
33- Dock.
Points of Excellence. — The points of excellence in a horse,
which have general apphcation to all classes, are those of health and
symmetry. The former is indicated especially by a bright, clear
eye, a clean muzzle, and general ease and freedom in action. The
signs of weakness and coarse breeding in a horse are a clumsy
muzzle, large ears, thick neck, narrow chest, long and hollow back,
sunken flanks, narrow crupper, large joints, and long fetlock, de
dining backward from the hoof.
THE HORSE.
Running and Trotting Stock. — Stock which is adapted for
fleetness must possess the distinguishing mark of fine blood — fine
and mobile muzzle, large and intelligent eye, small ears, slender neck,
high withers, clean and shapely shoulders, breadth of chest, with
the fore-legs well apart, indicating lung power, short in the back
and long in the belly, giving " reach," well rounded and firm, but
not too broad in the crupper ; legs clean, and fine in the bone, well
set up over the hoof; strong and muscular in the fore-legs and stifle,
and clean and smooth about the "heels," fetlocks, houghs and
pastern.
Roadsters. — Roadsters should possess many of these leading
characteristics, but require also indications of strength of a more
rugged and enduring character, which, while detracting from their
highest speed, give them staying powers suited for their purpose.
The roadster should be wider in the muzzle than the racing horse,
stronger in the neck, "vvider in the withers and shoulders, heavier
across the crupper, and in the limbs ; in height not under fifteen
hands, round body, muscular flank, and oblique-set hind quarters.
Draught Horses. — The draught horse is altogether distin-
guished by the characteristics of strength without regard to speed.
Size and weight are of course essential. The neck should be sym-
metrical, but high in the crest and thick, developing into high broad
withers, expansive shoulders, well set out to receive the burden of
weight which falls on the collar, back round and broad, body pro-
portionately heavy but round and well shaped, crupper very broad
and arching over from the back bone, dock strong and set firm to
the crupper, legs thick, large in bone, and well developed in the
muscles of the forelegs and stifle, mane, tail and hair of medium
fineness, short shanks, broad knees, strong hough and pastern, fet-
locks of two inches, strong and thick, well set up upon a round large
hoof well open at the heels.
HOW TO ESTIMATE THE HORSE'S AGE.
It is an old saying that politics and horse trading are " mighty
onsartin." At all events, it is well to be able to have an approxi-
mately correct idea of the age of the horse by the proper marks, as
the value of the horse is largely governed by his age. A horse
should never be put to hard work or fast driving before the age of
four years. Well cared for, he is in his prime from that to ten years
of age, when he begins to deteriorate. But with good care, a horse
will be serviceable for all ordinary purposes up to fifteen and even
to twenty years. Twenty-eight to thirty years is the limit of the
horse's age.
The age of the horse is estimated by an examination of the sharp
teeth or cutters, but these at ten years old are lost, and another cri-
terion is adopted which is explained further on.
A colt sees daylight with the first and second molar and grinding
teeth apparent. When eight days old, tlie two central cutters come
out, and in the next five or six weeks, the two next sharp teeth are
supplied. In three months these teeth are all uniform, and a third
grinder appears ; after his eightii month, the third cutter above and
below, on each side, will appear, and the colt then has his full set of
front teeth. These teeth have an elevated cutting edge of enamel
that is bent inward and over the tooth, so as to form a sort of cavity
or depression behind it, that constitutes the mark ; it is gradually
worn down by nipping the food, and is at length altogether worn
away. Ordinarily the animal is young or old in the degree of wear
that is observed on this enamel. The teeth that are shed are lost in
the order of their coming, the two middle cutters of both the upper
and lower jaws being displaced between the second and third years.
A three-years-ol I colt has the permanent middle cutters above the
gum, but not even with the transient or adjoining deciduous cutters ;
these have too a large deep groove containing a black substance
crossing the working edge of the comer of the tooth, and the sixth
grinder is also coming in view, and at four years it is even with the
others ; the third transient grinder is last, and the mark is not so
plain. At six years the groove on the middle cutters is worn away,
but there is left some discoloration ; at seven years the mark is worn
from the four middle cutters in each jaw, and at eight years the
mark is found gone from all the lower cutters. In a stall-fed horse,
that eats more of hard substances, as corn and oats, the marks are
sooner worn away.
At ten years, the age of a horse is to be known by a wrinkle that
comes on the upper corner of the lower eyelid, and for each suc-
ceeding year a wrinkle is added, by counting which, and adding the
number of them to nine, the age of the animal may be accurately
told.
HINTS ON HORSE TRAINING.
A few suggestions, founded on the rules laid down by the cele-
brated horse trainer Rary, are given in regard to training horses.
Alwa3''s remember the natural laws by which the conduct of the
horse is guided. It is the nature of the horse to kick if badly
frightened, or to shy if brought suddenly upon something that
THE HORSE.
offends his eyes, liis ears or his touch. Accustom the animal to be
gently brought into contact with things strange to him. Lead him
gradually up to every object at which he becomes frightened, and
he Avill soon learn that there is nothing to fear and will acquire the
confidence in his master which will lead him to go anywhere without
question. Whipping and spurring are both cruel and useless for any
purpose. To gain the good will of a young or strange horse more
easily, approach him with the scent of honey, cinnamon or some
pleasant smelling oil upon the hands. Never use drugs to tame a
horse, as the lesson is only thrown away. Accustom him to uniform
kindness and gentleness, which he will repay in kind. Be careful in
handling his lips when breaking, as the mouth of the colt is very
tender, and rough usage makes him disinclined to accept the bit as a
habit. Colts should be broken without the use of blind bridles.
Never hitch a colt to anything till it is thoroughly broken. When,
by kind usage, the horse has been taught to follow you, put on a
backhand with the lines through shaft straps, and by gentle means
accustom him to the use of the reins for guidance. If the colt is
difficult to get under control, throw him, by passing a rope twelve
feet long around his body in a running noose, passing it down to the
right forefoot through a ring in a spancel. Buckle up the rear fore-
foot. Take a firm hold of the rope and lead him round till he is
tired of three leg-s then draw up the foot by the rope, giving him a
shove with the shoulder, when he will lie down. If he struggle, let
him, as he will the sooner find out that he is mastered, and you will
have no more trouble. If the young horse develops the kicking
habit, fasten a rope round his jaw, passing It through the belly band
and attach to the hind foot. One kick, the weight of which falls on
the jaw, will cure him. If the horse prove stubborn, throw him, and
let him remain till thoroughly subdued and exhausted.
PACES OF THE HORSE.
In horsemanship, the natural paces of the horse in their proper
order are : the walk, the trot. The canter may be added, as it is a
pace that belongs to the horse as to other saltatory animals.
The swift pacer will be characterized by great freedom in the
angles of the limbs, but particularly so in the elevation of the fore
parts, and obhquity of the shoulders ; a corresponding length and
angularity in the hind legs is also an indication of excellence for the
purposes of the pace. The walk, as a pace, should be performed
harmoniously, and whether it be quick or slow, each foot is to be
dropped flat on the ground. It is a serious defect when, as is too
THE liOKSE.
often the case, the toe lights first and then the heel. The training
of a horse will have much influence on his method of walking ; the
angles of liis limbs as a natural fact will have much more ; while not
a little will depend on the hand of the rider. The maximum speed
in the true walk of the horse is six miles an hour ; as few animals
are able to accomplish this, however, five miles is considered a good
rate of speed for a fast walker.
After the walk is the trot, a pace that is performed diagonally,
the legs being differently employed, in accord with the rate of
motion onward, whether fast or slow. There are three varieties of
the trot, namely, the moderate, the extended, and the running.
As to the gallop, it may be divided into three varieties which are
effected by a propulsive effort of the hind quarters. Gallops are
called racing or gallop at full speed, the slow or hand gallop, and
the canter, which last, though treated as a separate pace of the
horse, is in fact but a slow gallop. Of the varieties, the first or
racing gallop is, strictly speaking, a succession of leaps, and after
the essential points, described elsewhere, the adaptation of the ani-
mal for this pjice depends on his power of endurance and freedom
and capacity of lungs. This gallop cannot be commenced without
the intervention of the slower gallop, in which one of the hinder
legs IS first advanced to establish a new center, for it would require
too great an effort to raise the fore parts at once from a state of rest
by means of the loins, and to throw them forward at first to a con-
siderable distance by means of the haunches and thighs ; and hence
the gallop at full speed is simply a repetition of leaps.
A pace between the jftnble and racing gallop is the hand gjdlop,
and the latter differs from both in that it is not perfonned diago-
nally, and from the legs not being thrown out and contracted equally,
one generally taking the lead, as it were, of the other and being
projected further forward, while the other is more thrown back
making a curve from the shoulder and knee. The canter differs
from the gallop in consequence of the movements of the legs, instead
of being simultaneous, being directly the reverse. One of the feet
is always touching the ground, and the animal is not wholly in the
air at any time, from which the peculiar effect of the pace is derived.
USEFUL RECIPES FOR ORDINARY AILMENTS OF HORSES.
The following will be found useful recipes for the cure of the
most common ailments of horses. For more serious ailments, to
call in the veterinary surgeon is the cheapest and best economy:
^^^
THE HORSE.
VALUABLE RECIPES FOR HORSES.
BEST REMEDY FOR HEAVES— Balsam of flr and balsam of copaiba, 4 oz. each, and mix
with calcined magnesia sufficiently thick to make It iuto balls, and give a middling-sized ball
night and morning, seven to ten days.
CURE FOR COLIC— Bleed freely at the horse's mouth ; then take }4 lb. raw cotton, wrap
it around a coal of Are so as to exclude air, and, when it begins to smoks, hold it under his
nose till he becomes easy. For obstinate case.— Spirits of turpentine, 3 oz ; laudanum, 1 oz. ;
mix, and administer in one dose.
CURE FOR BOTS.— First give the horse two quarts new milk and one quart molasses.
Fifteen minutes later, administer two quarts very strong sage tea ; thirty minutes after the
tea, enough currier's oil (about three pints) to act as a physic. The first application causes
the bots to release their hold ; the second puckers them up, and the third carries them away.
COUGH.— See if the hay is not musty, and feed roots and laxative food. Cut cedar boughs
fine and mix with his grain ; or boil a small quantity of flax-seed and mix it In a mash of
scalded bran, sweetening slightly with honey or sugar. Heaves.— If the cough develop
indications of heaves, put a spoonful of ground ginger once a day in his provender, and
allow him to drink freely of lime-water.
DISTEMPER.— Take 1^ gallons of blood from the neck vein ; then administer 1 J^ oz. of sas-
safras oil. Cure speedy and certain.
FOUNDER.— A horse may be worked the next day after being foundered, and perma-
nently cured in twenty-four hours, by prompt use of the following remedy : Boil or steam
stout oat-straw for half an hour ; then wrap around the horse's leg quite hot, and keep steam
in by binding with woolen cloths. After six hours renew the application and take 1 gallon of
blood from the neck vein, and he is cured.
GREASE HEEL.— Boil white-oak bark in wood-ash ley and bark-ooze till quite strong.
When cool, is ready for use. Wash leg with castile soap. Apply the ley by a swab on the end
of a stick lest the horse kick from the smart. This is a sure cure, but brings off the hair.
To restore the hair, make a salve by stewing elder bark with old bacon and mixing with
sufficient resin to make it of proper consistency for application.
LOOSENESS OR SCOURING.— For one horse, 1 to 1]4 oz. tormentil root powdered and
administered in 1 pint of milk ; or steep in 1^ pints of milk and administer every four hours
till cured.
LOTION.— For cure of the mange, boil 2 oz. tobacco in 1 qt. water ; strain ; add sulphur
and soft soap, 2 oz. each, and apply. '
STAGGERS.— Twice a week give the following mess : Bran, 1 gallon ; sulphur, 1 table-
spoonful ; saltpetre, 1 spoonful ; boiling sassafras tea, 1 quart ; assafcetida, 1]4 oz. Keep the
horse from cold water for half a day after administering.
SPAVIN.— To cure spavin, make an ointment as follows : Venice turpentine and Spanish
flies (cantharides) each 2 oz.; euphorbium and aqua-ammonia each 1 oz.; red precipitate }4 oz.;
corrosive sublimate )4 oz.; lard ]J^ lbs. Pulverize all the other ingredients and put into the
lard ; simmer slowly over coals, taking care not to scorch or burn, and pour off free of sedi-
ment. Cut off the hair and rub well into the lumps once in 24 hours for three mornings.
Previous to each application wash well with castile soap, and with a smooth stick squeeze out
the thick yellow matter reduced from the spavin.
SCRATPHES.— Cut the hair off close and wash with strong soap suds or warm vinegar, in
which is a strong dissolution of salt. Afterwards dress over with hog lard.
SADDLE AND HARNESS GALLS.— Apply with a brush a mixture made of white lead
and linseed oil, which relieves pain, and forming a hard coating enables the wound to heal.
STOPPAGE OF URINE.— Indicated by frequent attempts to urinate, looking around at
his side, lying down, rolling and stretching. To cure, take ^ lb. of hops, 3 drachms oil of
camphor ; gr'nd and mix. Make into three pills and give one every day with a drench made
of a small spoonful of saltpetre and 3 oz. water.
THE HORSE.
j;"^ TRIUMPHS OF THE TURF. ^l
NOTED TROTTERS AND PHENOMENAL RECORDS.
GREAT advance has been made in American racing stock
within the last twenty years. The fathers of the present
generation looked upon Flora Temple as a prodigy of speed,
and regarded her 2:19^ gait as a marvelous achievement. But
since the days of that mare (of happy memory) a change has
"come o'er the spirit of the dreams" of horse-men, and the
racing world is looking forward with strained eyes for the advent of
the trotter whose time shall eclipse the 2:09J of Maud S. Our Eng-
lish cousins, who used to curl their aristocratic noses in undisguised
contempt for everything pertaining to the American turf, or
American horsemanship, have learned a lesson which cost them
dear, both in pride and in pocket, when Pierre T^rillard's American
horse, Iroquois, defeated the best specimens of English blooded
stock, again and again, on their own race courses.
As the interest in racing has heightened, a noticeaole change has
come over the surroundings of the race-track itself. On the course
may now be seen the flower of the very best society, with here and
there a sprinkling of the clergy themselves, and on the "grand
stand," bright with the gay colors that adorn feminine beauty, gather
men eminent in the learned professions, as well as those of the
highest station in the world of business. In a word, horse-racing
has become a national pastime, equally with the American game of
base-ball. This interest inevitably results in a constant effort to im-
prove the racing-stock, and the success which has attended the effort
hitherto is best seen by examination of the table on the following
page :
Table of the Best Time on B«cord, at All Distances and All Ways of Going,
to December 20, 1884.
TROTTING IN HARNESS.
One mile— Maud S., Lexington, Ky., November 11, 1884, 2:09t.
Best by gelding— Jay Eye See, Providence, R I., July 31, 1884, 2:10.
Best by slallion— Maxy Cobb, Providence, R. I., September 30, 1884, 2:18^-.
One mile, by a yearling filly — Hinda Rose, San Francisco, Cal., November 14, 1881,
2:36*.
One mile, by a yearling stallion — Nutbreaker, Lexington, Ky., October 14, 1884,
2:42ir.
One mile, by a two-year-old filly — Wildflower, San Francisco, October 22, 1881, 2:21
THE HORSE.
One mile, by a two-year-old stallion — Fred Crocker, San Francisco, November 20,
1880, 2:25i-.
One mile, by a three-year-old filly — Hinda Rose, Lexington, Ky., October 10, 1883,
2:19i.
One mile, by a three-year-old stallion — Steinway, Lexington, Ky., August 28, 1879,
2:25i.
One mile, by a four-year-old filly — Sallie Benton, San Francisco, December 13, 1884,
2:17f.
One mile, by a four-year-old stallion — Albert W., Oakland, Cal., September 5, 1882,
2:22.*
One mile, by a four-year-old gelding — Jay Eye See, Chicago, September 23, 1882,
2:19.
One mile, by a five-year-old filly— Trinket, Dover, Del., September 30, 1880, 2:19^.
One mile, by a five-year-old stallion — Santa Claus, Sacramento, Cal., September 11,
1879, 2:18.
One mile, by a five-year-old gelding — Jay Eye See, Providence, R. I. , September 13,
1883, 2:10f.
One mile, over a half-mile track— Rams, Toledo, O., July 20, 1878, 2:16.
Two miles — Monroe Chief, Lexington, Ky., October 21, 1882, 4:46.
Three miles — Huntress, Prospect Park, L. I., September 21, 1872, 7:31^.
Four miles— Trustee, Union Course, L. I., June 13, 1840, 11:06.
Five miles — Lady Mack, San Francisco, April 2, 1874, 13:00.
Ten miles— Controller, San Francisco, November 23, 1878, 27:23J.
Twenty miles — Captain McGowan, Boston, Mass. , October 31, 1865, 58:25.
Fifty miles— Ariel, Albany, N. Y., May 5, 1846, 3:55:40i.
One hundred miles — Conqueror, Centreville, L. I., November 12, 1853, 8:55:53.
One hundred and one miles — Fanny Jenks, Albany, N. Y., May 5, 1845, 9:42:57.
TROTTING TO WAGON.
One mile— Hopeful, Chicago, October 12, 1878, 2:16i
One mile, drawing 2,000 lbs. — Mountain Maid, Long Island, 1865, 3:42i.
Two miles— General Butler, Fashion Course, L. I. , June 18, 1863, 4:56J, and Dexter,
Fashion Course, L. I., October 27, 1865, 4:56i-.
Three miles— Prince, Union Course, L. I., September 15, 1857, 7:53^.
Five miles— Little Mac, Fashion Course, L. I. , October 29, 1863, 13:48^-.
Ten miles— John Stewart, Boston, Mass., June 30, 1868, 28:02^-.
Twenty miles— Controller, San Francisco, April 20, 1878, 58:57.
Fifty miles— Spangle, Union Course, L. I., October 15, 1855, 3:59:04.
TROTTING UNDER SADDLE.
One mile— Great Eastern, Fleetwood Park, N. Y., September 23, 1877, 2:15f.
Two miles— George M. Patchen, Fashion Course, L. I., July 1, 1863, 4:56.
Three miles — Dutchman, Beacon Course, N. J., August 1, 1839, 7:32i.
Four miles — Dutchman, Centreville Course, L. I., May, 1836, 10:51.
TROTTING, DOUBLE TEAM.
One mile — Maxy Cobb and Neta Medium, New York, November 13, 1884, 3:15
One hundred miles— Ma»ter Burke and Robin, 1834, 10:17:22.
TUOTTEH WITH RUNNING MATE.
One mile— H. B. Winthrop and Qabe Case, Providence, R. I., August 1, 1884, 2:06
Three miles — Ethan Allen and running mate. 1861, 7:03J.
THE PACING RECORD.
PACING IN HARNESS.
One mile— Johnston (gelding), Chicago, October 8, 1884, 2:06^.
One mile— Buffalo Girl, Pittsburgh, Pa., July 27, 1883, 2:12i.
One mile— Cohannet (stallion), Providence, R. I., September 9, 1884, 2:18f.
Two miles — Defiance and Longfellow, Sacramento, Cal., September 26, 1872, 4:471
Three miles— James K. Polk, Centreville, L. I., September 13, 1847, 7:44.
Four miles— Longfellow, San Francisco, December 31, 1869, 10:34^.
Five miles — Onward, San Francisco, December 11, 1874, 12:54j.
PACING UNDER SADDLE.
One mile— Billy Boice, Buffalo, N. Y., August 1, 1868, 2:14t.
Two miles— James K. Polk, Philadelphia, June 20, 1850, 4:57^.
Three miles— Oneida Chief, Beacon Course, N. J., August 14, 1843, 7:44
PACING TO WAGON.
One mile— Sweetzer, Chico, Cal., November 21, 1878, 2:17^.
One mile — Pocahontas, Union Course, L. I., June 21, 1855, drawing 265 lbs., 2:17i.
Two miles— Hero, Centreville, L. I., October 17, 1856, 4:59.
THE RUNNING TURF
Fastest Time f . ^ , i85.
The following is the official record of the fastest time made on
the running turf up to January 1 of the present year:
One-half-mile— Olitipa, two years, 97 pounds, Saratoga, N. Y., July 25, 1874, 47f.
Five-sixths mile — Neyelia two years, 87 pounds, Salem, Oregon, September 18, 1882,
l:00i, and Jim Renwick, five years, 115 pounds, San Francisco, Cal., November
3, 1883, 1:00^.
Three-fourths mile — Force, five years, 121 pounds, straight track, Louisville, Ky., Sep-
tember 24, 1883, 1:13, and Matinee, two years, 102 pounds straight track, Louis-
ville Ky., September 24, 1883, l:13f.
Seven-eighth-mile — Sweetbriar, two years, 107 pounds, San Francisco, Cal., Novem-
ber 3, 1883, 1:28; Joe Murray, five years, 117 pounds, Chicago, III., July 17,
1884, 1:28*, and Miss Woodford, four years, 115 pounds, Sheepshead Bay, L. I.,
September 6, 1884, 128f .
THE HORSE.
One mile — Ten Broeck, Ave years, 110 pounds, against lime, Louisville, Ky , May
24 1877. 1 89|, and Boardman, four years, 94 pounds, against horses, Sbeepshead
Bay. L I. September 21. 1880. 1 401
One and one-eighth miles — Roselle, four years, catch-weight, Brighton Beach, Coney
Island, August 13. 1881. 1:53^. and Revoke. 5 years. 145 pounds, Chicago, 111.,
August 15, 1884. 1:58J.
One and three-sixteenths-miles — King Eamest-Mimi, colt, three years, 95 pounds, Long
Branch, N. J., July 22, 1884, 2;04i.
One and one half miles — Luke Blackburn, three years, 102 pounds, Monmouth Park,
N J , August 17, 1880. 2.34, and Hindoo, three years, 118 pounds, Saratoga,
N. Y August 4. 1881, 236
Two miles — Ten Broeck five years, 110 pounds, against time, Louisville, Ky., May
29 1877, 3 27^- Wildmoor, six years best in race between horses, Kansas City,
Mo September 29, 1882, 3:28 and Malua, five years, 136 pounds, best at the
weight, Melbourne. Aus . November 4 1884. 3.31t.
Two and one fourth miles — Preakness, aged, 114 pounds, and Springbok, 5 years, 114
pounds dead heat Saratoga, N Y July 29. 1875, 3:56i-.
Two and one-half miles — Aristides four years. 104 pounds, Lexington, Ky., May 13,
1875, 4.27^.
Two and three-fourths miles — Hubbard, four years, 108 pounds, Saratoga, N. Y.,
August 9 1873, 4.581
Three miles — Drake Carter, four years, 115 pounds, Sheepshead Bay, L. I., Septem-
ber 6, 1884, 5 24, and Eole, four years, 120 pounds, Sheepshead Bay, L. I., Sep-
tember 9; 1882, 5 26i.
Four miles — Ten Broeck, four years, 104 pounds, against time, Louisville, Ky., Sep-
tember 27 1876, 7:151
Ten miles — Mr Brown six years. 160 pounds ridden by H. C. Peel, match for $1,000
with L L. aged 160 pounds, ridden by A. Belmont Purdy, Rancocas, N. J.,
March 2, 1880, 26 18.
HEAT KACING.
One-fourth mile— Suspender, Los Angeles, Cal , April 10. 1883, 23i, 22^.
One half mile — Nora M., four years 113 pounds, Chicago, 111., August 15, 1884, 49:49;
three heats in five, Bluebird aged, 113 pounds, won first and third heats, and
Verner. four years 115 pounds, the second, Chicago, 111., August 9, 1884, 49^,
49i 49f
Five-eighths mile — Sudie McNairy, three years, 98 pounds, Chicago, 111., July 2, 1883,
l:02i. 1 03i-
Three-fourths mile — Lizzie S five years. 118 pounds, Louisville, Ky., September 28,
1883. 1 13i. l-13f, Callao aged. 108 pounds. Louisville, Ky., October 10, 1883,
1 13 1 16
One mile — First heat won by Ada Glenn, four years, 106 pounds, others by Dan
Sparling, four years, 106 pounds, Sheepshead Bay, L. I., September 21, 1880,
1.41i, 1 42. 1 44|^; Kadi, six years, about 90 pounds, fastest second heat, Hartford,
Ct.. September 2. 1875. 1:41;J. Bounce, four .years, 90 pounds, Sheepshead Bay,
L. I. September 7, 1881. 1:42, 1:41^; Gabriel, five years, 115 pounds, best at
weight, St. Louis, Mo.. June 13, 1881, l:42i, 1.41i; Thornhill won first two heats
and Thad Stevens, aged, 110 pounds, the others, Sacramento, Cal., July 8, 1873,
1:43. 1:43, 1:43^, l:46i, 1:45; John Sullivan, five years, 90 pounds, equaling best
third heat, Chicago, 111., August 12, 1884, 1:43^.
Two miles — Bradamante, three years, 87 pounds, Jackson, Miss., November 17, 1877,
3:32i. 3:29: Miss "Woodford, four years, 107^ pounds, Sheepshead Bay, L. I.,
September 20, 1884, 3:33,3:31^.
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VOCABULARY OF PAETY NAMES, MEASURES, TERMS AND MAXIMS.
LL TALK AKD NO CIDER.— An expression
used by disgusted members of the body-
politic in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where
a company met to test a barrel of cider, pre-
sumably during the hard-cider and log-cabin
campaign. Political topics were discussed
with so much enthusiasm that the barrel of
fluid was forgotten until several persons got
up to retire from the meeting, saying at the same time
that the concern of the speakers was " all talk and no
cider."
AMERICAN WHIGS.— First American political
party. From 1763 to 1775, the tories favored passive
obedience to the crown, but the whigs made manifest
their spirit of independence. King George II. declared
his American subjects out of their allegiance, when the latter declared
their independence of him. The name whig then became synony-
mous with patriot, and those who supported the crown were called
tories.
AMNESTY. — An act of oblivion, by which crimes and offenses
against the government up to a certain time are so obliterated that
they cannot again be brought against the guilty parties. President
Johnson issued a proclamation of amnesty, by which the mass of
southern citizens could receive pardon, 29th May, 1865.
ANTI-FEDERALISTS.— See Federalists.
ANTI-MASONRY. — The society of Free Masons was organized
in the United States during the last century. WiUiam Morgan, of
Batavia, New York, having in 1826, written a book against masonry
— exposing the secrets of the order — he was seized and taken to
Niagara, in September, and nothing further was ever heard of him
The anti-masons, in September, 1831, nominated WiUiam Wirt, of
261
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
Maryland, and Amos EUmaker, of Penns^'lvania, for president and
vice-president respectively. These candidates received the electoral
vote of Vermont. See Morgan.
ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENTS.— Abraham Lincoln was
shot through the head by John Wilkes Booth, at Ford's theatre, in
Washington, after 10 o'clock on the 14th of April, 1865, and expired
at twenty-two minutes past seven o'clock the next morning. An
attempt upon the life of Secretary William II. Seward was made at
the same time, while he was confined to his bed from the effects of
a fall from a carriage ; this assiissin, Lewis Payne Powell, inflicted
severe wounds by striking at the throat of his victim three times,
then rushed off to save his own life. James A. Garfield wiis sliot in
the upper part of the arm and in the side or back, near the backbone,
by Charles Guiteau, at the Baltimore and Potomac depot, in Wasii-
ington, at 9:20 a.m., on the 2d July, 1881, and after a painful illness
of nearly three months, suddenly expired at 10:35 p.m., Monday,
September 19, 1881. See Execution of Assassins.
AUTOCRACY. — That form of government in which the sover-
eign exercises uncontrolled power, unitiilg in himself the legislative
and executive powers of the state. Almost all Eastern nations have
this form of government.
BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.— An institution that was
incorporated in 1791, but did not go into operation till 1794. It was
the first one of the kind in the country, and estabhshed at the sugges-
tion of Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury. Its charter
was to run twenty years ; headquarters in the city of Philadelphia.
The capital of the bank was $10,000,000. Its charter expired by
limitation in 1811, and the effort to recharter was defeated by one
vote in the house, and by the vote of the vice-president in the senate.
The second United States bank was cliartered in 1816, for the same
term, with a capit^d of $35,000,000. An act of congress in 1832 for
extending it was vetoed by President Jackson, who ordered the
funds kept in the bank to be withdra\\Ti from it in September, 1833.
This act produced much excitement throughout the union. The
senate passed a resolution of censure in March, 1834, which was
expunged by order of the senate in January, 1837.
BLACK REPUBLICANS.— An epithet used by members of the
democratic party in Illinois and elsewhere to distinguish a radical
republican. The abolitionists were often called black abolitionists.
BLOODY SHIRT. — Applied to the politician who is disposed to
parade acts of violence and murder committed under carpet-bag
government.
BLUE LAWS. — An epithet applied to certain supposititious regu-
lations which were imposed upon the inhabitants of the states of
Massachusetts and Connecticut in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries ; any law of the puritans, who were so-called from their
professing extraordinary purity in worship and conduct.
BORDER RUFFIANS.— Citizens of the border counties of Mis-
souri who invaded the territory of Kansas in the interest of slavery
were so called. Frequent raids were made by slave state settlers in
1856, and Lawrence and Ossawottomie were nearly destroyed. John
Brown, with thirty men, was successful in opposing five hundred
men who attacked Ossawottomie. He was afterward called " Ossa-
wottomie Brown." See Kansas and Nebraska.
BROTHER JONATHAN.— Governor Jonathan TrumbuU, the
elder, of Connecticut, was the executive of the state named at the
time General "Washington was in command of the revolutionary
army. The general placed much confidence in the wisdom and
sympathy of the old governor, who was in a position to aid him in
supplying the wants of the army. So the term originated from a
remark of Washington, that he must consult " Brother Jonathan."
The army was confronting the British before Boston, and Brother
Jonathan, on being consulted by the commander, came forward with
such aid as rendered the army more effective. When difficulties
afterward arose in the army, it became a by- word, " We must consult
Brother Jonathan." This term has now become characteristic of
the whole country, as John Bull has for England.
BUCKTAILS. — A term applied to the political opponents of
De Witt Clinton, a pubhcly active citizen of New York, who filled
the office of mayor in 1815. The bucktails wore in their hats, on
certain occasions, a portion of the tail of the deer. Hence the name.
BUGBEAR. — A notion or fancy that is retailed from the stump
or through a newspaper by a political sensationalist, to scare the
unsophisticated people into the support of a measure or party ; a
scarecrow ; a man of straw ; a political sensation.
BULLDOZE. — To intimidate. The term originated in Louisiana,
where it was used after the war of 1861-5, in connection with the
alleged intimidation of negro voters in that state.
BUNCOMBE. — Speech-making for purposes of political intrigue ;
mere talk.
CARPET-BAGGER. — One of those unprincipled adventurers
who sought to profit by plundering the defenseless people in some
parts of the south after the war of 1861-5. The term was used with
effect during the neriod of reconstruction.
" Tl^reis another influence equally injurious with theirs (ku-klux),
and a great deal more detrimental to the fame and character of the
repul)lican party. I allude to what are known as the 'thieving
carpet-baggers.' " — Horace Greeley, New York, June 12, 1871.
CAUCUS. — A meeting of the leaders of a jwlitical party, to con-
sider and agree upon a plan of action for the campaign.
CHARTER OAK. — A tree in which the colonial charter was
secreted, at Hartford, Conn., in 1688. Blown down in 1856.
CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. — A measure, having passed the senate
April 2, was adopted by the house contrary to the president's veto
by a vote of 122 to 41. This was for the protection of the freedmen,
but did not give them the right to vote. For this latter purpose the
fifteenth amendment to the national constitution was atiopted by
congress 26th February, 1869, and having been ratified by three-
fourths of the states, was declared effective 30th March, 1870.
CIVIL SERVICE REFORM.— In accordance with an act of
congress, passed 3d March, 1871, a board of seven commissioners
was appointed by President Gmnt to inquire into the matter of
reforming the civil service. During President Hayes' administration
an order wtis issued to the following effect : " No officer should be
required or permitted to take part in the management of political
organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election campaigns. Their
right to vote and to express their views on public questions, either
orally or through the press, is not denied, provided it does not inter-
fere with the discharge of their official duties. No assessment for
political purposes on officers or subordinates should be allowed."
The credit for starting the movement in favor of this object belongs
to President Grant, who recommended it in his second annual mes-
sage, 5th December, 1870.
COLORED SOLDIERS.— Persons of African descent were re-
ceived into service of government by authority of congress, 17th July,
1862. In 1864, they were unconditionally accepted as troops, and
as many as 186,017 were in the United States' service during the
war.
COMMONER. — Henry Clay was so called, as also was Thomas
Corwin, by admirers. Clay was also called the great pacificator,
from his conciliatory disposition — he, on two occasions, in 1820 and
and in 1850, having succeeded in effecting a compromise between the
slave states and the abolitionists.
CONFEDERATE STATES.— A separate government formed
by the seven southern states which were the first to secede from the
national union in 1861. Congress of delegates met February 4, at
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
Mpntgomery, Ala., where, by joint action of South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, Louisiana, Florida and Mississippi (Texas delegates not
being appointed till later), a provisional constitution was adopted,
and on February 9, Jefiferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected as
president, and Alexander II. Stephens, of Georgia, as vice-president.
On May 6 the confederate congress passed an act recognizing a state
of war with the United States. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennes-
see and Arkansas, May 6, 1861, passed ordinances of secession.
Davis and Stephens were elected to their offices under the permanent
constitution, November 6, 1861.
CONFEDERATION, ARTICLES OF.— The articles as adopted,
15th November, 1777, by the second continental congress, and which
formed the basis of the federal union in America. This confedera-
tion was ratified on the 1st of March, 1781, when the last one of the
original states signed the compact.
CONGRESS, COLONIAL.— The first congress held in America.
It was composed of -delegates from nine of the colonies, who met in
New York, October 7, 1765, and published a declaration of their
rights and grievances, insisting particularly on the right of exclu-
sively taxing themselves, and complaining loudly of the stamp act,
which see. See also Continental Congresses.
CONSTITUTION.— The established form of government in any
country, state or community, whether that be a body of written laws,
or be founded on prescriptive usage. In regard to political princi-
ples, constitutions are (1) democratic, as in the United States, where
the sovereign power is vested in the people ; (2) aristocratic, when
the government is chiefly or entirely in the hands of certain privi-
leged classes ; (3) monarchical, Avhen in the hands of one person ; (4)
of a mixed character, as in Britain, where the sovereign power is
distributed over the king, lords and commons.
CONSTITUTIONAL UNION PARTY.— A name adopted in
1860 by the remaining elements of the whig party. May 9, 1860, a
convention met and nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, for president,
and Edward Everett, for vice-president. The Bell-Everett ticket
carried Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia, but received a very
light vote in the north. This was the last vestige of the whig
party.
CONTINENTAL. — A term that was used before the American
declaration. It had special application to the colonies as a whole.
In colonial times a meeting of delegates from the various colonies
formed a continental congress. When Ethan Allen was asked by
what authority he demanded the surrender of Ticonderoga, he
replied : " In the name of the great Jehovah and of the continental
congress ! "
CONTINENTAL CONGRESSES.— The first continental con-
gress, consisting of fifty-five delegates, from all the colonies except
Georgia, met at Philadelphia on the 5th September, 1774. This
body, on behalf of the people, as subjects of the British power,
framed a declaration of rights and drew up an address to the king,
another to the people of Great Britain, and a third to the colonies.
The colonists dem^nded their rights, particularly in relation to a
just share in the regulation of their own domestic aflfaii*s, and in
imposing their own taxes; the right of a speedy trial by jury in the
locality in which the offense should be committed, and the right to
hold public meetings and petition as against arbitrary rule. The
second continental congress met at Philadelphia, 10th May, 1775, and
adopted the appellation of the United Colonies. A petition was pre-
pared and sent to England asking for a redress of grievances. The
thirteen colonies were, therefore, organized into a federal union, and
congress deliberately assumed the general direction of affairs. A
declaration was drawn up justifying the course of resistance to British
oppression ; a loan of money was authorized ; the troops were formed
into a continental army, and George Washington, a member of the
congress from Virginia, was placed in command. The Americans
had hitherto been contending, not for independence, but for consti-
tutional liberty. See Declaration of Independence.
CONTRABAND.— In 1861, While General B. F. Butler was in
command of Fortress Monroe, a number ot slaves having escaped
from their master, were brought before him. Each was examined
and then set at work for the benefit of the government. When
they were applied for by confederate officers on behalf of the owner
(Colonel Mallory), the general repUed that he should detain the
negroes as contraband of Avar.
CONVENTION OF 1787.— The body of delegates from the
original states, which met at Philadelphia, 25th May, 1787, to revise
and perfect the fundamental laws of the confederacy. At that time
the necessity of a more efficient general government was extensively
felt, and after a session of about four months the convention agreed
on the federal constitution. That instrument was transmitted by
congress to the several states, in nearly its present form, and was, in ,
1788, ratified by eleven of them (afterward by the other two), and
became the constitution of the United States. See Ordinance of 1787-
COON. — The popular emblem of the whigs m the campaign of
1844, when Henry Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen were candi-
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
dates for president and vice-president. ' Mr. Van Luren had been
called " the sly fox of Kinderhook." In consequence of his previous
candidacies, Mr. Clay had been spoken of as " that same old coon."
The whigs were charged with hunting after "that same old coon."
Hence the raccoon as an emblem. "A gone coon," said of one
whose case is hopeless.
COPPERHEAD. — Northern sympathizers with the confederates
were so-called during the civil w^ar of 1861-5.
CORPOEAL'S GUARD.— The men in congress who supported
President Tyler after he had been renounced by the whigs in 1841.
CRADLE OF LIBERT Y.—Faneuil hall, in Boston. The orators
of the revolution raised their voices there against British oppression,
CREDIT MOBILIER. — In France, a general society established
in 1852, upon the principle of limited liability, under the sanction
of the government. The capital was fixed at 60,000,000 francs,
divided into shares of 500 francs each. Objects of the society : To
aid the progress of public works, and promote the development of
national industry, making railways, managing gas companies, and,
in fact, becoming a kind of universal trading association, for the
buying up of the shares and bonds of existing trading societies and
companies, for the purpose of consolidating them into one common
stock, and for the transaction of general banking and brokerage
operations. The funds for the carrying out of these diverse opera-
tions are, (1) the capital of the company, and (2) the deposits
received from the society by the public. In the United States, con-
gress passed an act chartering the Union Pacific railway, in 1862.
In a speech, delivered in September, 1872, at Indianapohs, Mr.
Greeley, as a presidential candidate, made statements substantially
as follows : Congress resolved to aid the enterprise generously, and
granted the right of way through the public lands, with the right
to take materials from any part ol the public domain. Then a
large grant was made in aid of the road, and bonds of the govern-
ment calling for $25,000 a mile were loaned to the company, and
the first mortgage on the railroad taken therefor ; thus the building
of the road was provided for with public funds. In a few years,
this enterprise having passed into the hands of scheming men, some
being members of congress, another step was taken, and congress
was prevailed upon to authorize a new loan of $25,000 a mile. A
second mortgage of equal amount was taken on the road, and so the
security of the first mortgage was destroyed. In a little while a
private company was somewhere chartered, entitled the Credit
Mobilier of America, and that private company, or ring, was com-
posed of a number of active members of the Union Pacific raih-oad
company, some of them members of congress. No list of this
Credit Mobilier was ever published, nor can be obtained. But these
gentlemen proceeded to make contracts virtually with themselves,
i. e,, the same men as oflBcers of the Union Pacific railroad con-
tracted with themselves as officers of the Credit Mobilier of America
to construct the road at enormous prices, which absorbed both the
bonds loaned by the government and the private loan of the com-
pany ; this contractmg Avith themselves to pay themselves twice the
fair cost of entirely building and equij)ping the road, and after
building the road with the proceeds of the money loaned by the
government, they proceeded to divide among themselves the other
bonds, equal to the amount which congress had made mortgage on
the entire road. By these means twenty or thirty millions of dollars
were divided among the parties, and after all that money was so
divided and they were called upon to pay, they divided the bonds
and built the road with the government bonds, which were a second
mortgage on that company. "Now, you see," said Mr. Greeley,
continuing, " tiiese gentlemen who engineered through congress this
project of making the road cost double what it should cost, and
making lialf the cost a dividend appropriated among themselves,
these gentlemen now appear before congress for additional advan-
tages." In February, 1873, the committee appointed by congress to
investigate the corrupt Credit Mobilier matter, made a reix)rt which
amazed the people at large, and a long investigation grew out of
this. As a consequence, Oakes Ames and James Brooks of the
house were censured, and the reputations of several prominent poli-
ticians were somewhat damaged.
COVODE INVESTIGATION.— A committee authorized by
the house of representatives to inquire into the chicanery of the
Buchanan administration, in attempting to foist the Lecompton
constitution upon the people of Kansas. An examination, after the
appointment of the committee, 5th March, 1860, resulted in devel-
oping the truth of the charges of corruption. See Lecompton Con-
stitution,
DARK HORSE. — No doubt that this phrase originated from
the coloring of horses by jockeys in order to bring them into a race
under different names and win the prizes. In politics, the success-
ful nominee of a party who is little thought of as the nominee.
Hayes and Garfield were " dark horses." (See Surprise Candidate.)
" From whence is to come the ' dark horse ' ? Some say it will be
Drummond, some say Hyde, some say Spring, and others Blaine
The man whom the ring has determined upon to lead the repubh-
can party is now engaged in the honest and peaceful occupation of
a fisherman, and his name is William P, Frye." — Boston Post,
Maine politics, 1882.
DEMOCRATIC PARTY.— The tlieory of the old democratic-
republican party was, popular government, with limitation of the
powers of the general or federal government, in order not to
restrict the rights of states in the management of local interests.
In the last decade of tlie past century, the party assumed the name
of republican, by which it was popularly known until about 1830,
when the more radical portion separated from the conservative ele-
ment, and assumed the name of national republican. The conserva-
tives were called democrats, but that term being regarded as equiv-
alent to republicans, they were known as republicans till about 1830.
These parties, until after the election of Jackson, in 1828, claimed
the name of republican. The friends of Adams were styled the
administration wing, and those of Jackson, the opposition. The
Jackson men afterward fixed upon the title of democrat, and there
has been no further variation of the name of the party since. The
democrats were successful in successive presidential elections until
that of 1840, when the whigs, with General Harrison, came
into power. President Harrison died in just one month after his
inauguration, and the administration under John Tyler became
democratic. The administration of James K. Polk was next in
order, and then the whigs again succeeded in 1848, when General
Taylor was elected. The democrats followed with the election of
Franklin Pierce, in 1852, and James Buchanan in 1856. The attempt
to force a pro-slavery constitution upon the territory of Kansas, was
followed by a split in the democratic party. The popular Illinois
senator, Stephen A. Douglas, assumed the leadership of the northern
wing, while the pro-slavery men that formed the southern wing were
led by the administration. In 1860 the democratic convention,
which met at Charleston, April 23, failed to agree upon resolutions
and candidates. There were fifty-seven ineffectual ballots, Mr.
Douglas, for president, always leading. Many of the delegates with-
drew from this convention and met in another hall, adopted resolu-
tions, and adjourned to meet in Richmond, on the second Monday in
June. The regular convention adjourned, May 3, to meet at Balti-
more, June 18. In the Baltimore convention there arose a disaofree-
ment on account of the admission of delegates from the state which
had withdrawn from the Charleston convention. The result of it
Avas the withdrawal of a considerable number of delegates, mclud
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
the chairman of the convention, Caleb Gushing, and Benjamin F.
Butler. Stephen A. Douglas was then nominated for president, and
Herschel V Johnson, of Georgia, was afterward selected by the
executive committee as candidate for vice-president. The delegates
who withdrew from the convention at Baltimore, being joined by
delegations which had been refused admission, assembled at Maryland
institute, June 28, and put in nomination, for president, John C.
Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and Joseph I^ne, of Oregon, for vice-
president. Those who had withdrawn from the Charleston conven-
tion met at Richmond, June 11, and adjourned from time to time
until the seceders' convention at Baltimore had nominated Breckin-
ridge and Lane, when those nominations were indorsed. The dem-
ocratic party, thus divided, while the republican party had become a
unit against slavery extension and for the union, went before tlie
country with small chances of success. Mr. Douglas took the stump,
and in a series of speeches in different sections of the country,
ex])ounded his views to great crowds of his countrymen. He was
all but idolized by the free-soil democrats, who rallied to his stand-
ard with enthusiasm. At the election, the popular vote for Mr.
Douglas was very great, but his electoral vote was small. The
defeat of Mr. Doughis and the democratic party by the republicans,
with Mr. Lincoln as the successful candidate, proved a death-dealing
disappointment to Mr. Douglas, whose ambition to rise to the presi-
dency was earnest, and seconded by the ballots of upward of one
million three hundred and seventy-five thousand of his friends. In
his dying days he made very explicit expressions of loyalty to the
federal union and the government of the United States. He died
on the 3d of June, 1861, in the forty-ninth year of his age. Since
the 3d of March, 1861, to the present time (1885), the republicans
have been in possession of the presidential office. As the result of
the election of November 4, 1884, the Democrats return to power
with Grover Cleveland, of New York, as President, and Thomas A.
Hendricks, of Indiana, as Vice-President, on March 4th of this year
(1885). See Eepublican Party.
DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP.— Said by Captain La^vrence,
commander of the United States Chesapeake, after he was mortally
wounded, and was being taken below. His vessel was captured by
the British ship Shannon, after an action thirty miles from Boston
light, 1st June, 1813.
DOUGH-FACE. — An epithet applied to the northern apologist
for slavery in the south.
DEED SCOTT DECISION.— A decision given by the United
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
States supreme court, March 6, 1857, whereby Dred Scott, who had
been claimed as a shive in a free state, was remanded to slavery. Of
the seven judges, two declared for his freedom. By this decision
the Missouri compromise of 1820 was declared unconstitutional, and
thereupon arose the popular phrase, " Negroes have no rights that
white men are bound to respect."
EXECUTIVE.— Th^ head of the executive department of the
government ; as, the governor of a state, or president of the United
States. Otherwise, the chief magistrate, or the king.
EXECUTION OF ASSASSINS.— David E. Harold, George A.
Atzerott, Lewis Payne Powell, and Mrs. E. Surratt, accomplices of
Booth in the assassination of President Lincoln, were hung, 7th
July, 1865. Others were sent up to Dry Tortugas for life. Henry
Wirz, for cruelty to union prisoners at Andersonville, was hung in
Washington, 10th November, 1865. Charles Guiteau, for murder
of President Garfield, was hung 30th June, 1882. See Assassination
of Presidents.
FATHER OF HIS COUNTEY.— George Washington, patriot
and first president of the United States, was so called. He was
commander-in-chief of the American armies — a man of the happiest
union of good qualities. Born on his father's estate, in Westmore-
land county, Va., 22d February, 1732, and after a life of unsullied
glory, he died, 14th December, 1799.
FEDERALIST. — The name of a political party in the United
States, formed in 1788, the members of which claimed to be the
peculiar friends of the constitution and federal government. The
most distinguished leaders of the federal party were Washington,
Adams, Hamilton, and Jay, and the leading federal states were
Massachusetts and Connecticut, supported generally by the other
New England states. Opposed to this party, were Jefferson, Madi-
son, Monroe, Burr, and Gallatin (republican), who were called anti-
federahsts, and charged with being indifferent cr hostile to the con-
stitution and government. During the contests of the French revo-
lution the federalists leaned to the side of England, the republicans
to that of France. The dissolution of the federal party was
hastened by reason of its opposition to the second war (1812) for
independence. This war came to pass principally from the unjust
claims of Great Britain to the right of searching American vessels
for deserters and British seamen. As a remedy for the evils which
the federahsts charged over against the government on account of
the war, a convention was held (commencing IStli December, 1814)
at Hartford, Conn. This body recommended certain measures to
^^^
272 POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
the legislatures of the eastern states, looking to a limitation of the
power of the federal government over the militia of the states. It
also proposed several amendments to the constitution. But the
labors of the convention were brought to a close by the news of the
treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain, signed
on the 24th, the ninth day after the assembling of that body. The
moral and visible effect of this convention was felt a little later
when in 1820, the federal party was completely disbanded.
FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT.— An expression used during
the northwestern boundary dispute that arose soon after President
Polk's inauguration. The Oregon question, as it is called, was first
noticed in a public manner by President Tyler in his message to con-
gress, 5th December, 1842. The territory of the nation known as
the Oregon territory, lying on the Pacific ocean, north of the forty-
second degree of latitude, was claimed in part by Great Britain.
In 1843, a bill was carried through the senate by a majority of one,
for taking possession of the whole of the disputed territory, but the
house refused to concur in this measure. In his message of 1843,
the president (Tyler) asserted the claim on behalf of the United
States, in regard to that territory, to the parallel of 54 deg. 40 min.
north latitude, and James K. Polk was elected, in 1844, as one dis-
posed to insist upon the 54 deg. 40 min. parallel as the boundary of
Oregon. It was understood that the United States were to absorb
the whole of the territory — the whole or none, " 54-40 or fight."
However, the new president felt that it was best to act in the light
of previous efforts at compromise, in consequence of which the
forty-ninth parallel was to be the northern boundary of the terri-
tory of the nation. Finally (18th June, 1846), all previous efforts
having failed, an adjustment of the northwestern boundary dispute
was reached by means of a convention, proposed by the British
minister, which decided upon the forty-ninth degree of north lati-
tude. From the standpoint of those opposed to compromise, this
Avas "the back-down from 54—40."
FILIBUSTER. — A corruption of the English f ree-booter or buc-
caneer. "Filibustering," a cant term much used of late years in
the legislative assemblies of the United States to designate the
employment of parliamentary tactics to defeat a measure, by raising
frivolous questions of order, calls to the house, motions to atljourn,
etc., in order to weary out the opposite party and to gain time.
"Filibusters," the name given to certain adventurers; the most
noted filibuster was William Walker, who led an expedition against
Nicaragua, in 1855, and succeeded in maintaining himself in that
POLITICAL HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES.
country for nearly tAvo years, but was at length expelled by the
union against him of the other Central American states. AValker
Avas subsequently taken and shot at Truxillo, in Central America, in
1860, Avhen engaged on another filibustering expedition.
FINANCIAL PANICS.— The financial history of the country
was marked by distress in 1814, when United States treasury notes
were seventeen per cent below par. The situation was aggravated
by the peace party, whose leaders persuaded the Boston banks to
require that the notes on southern banks, then in their possession, be
redeemed. In 1819, the financial difficulties were very serious ;
paper money had run down to fifty-nine per cent, there had been
excess of importation, American staples had declined in foreign
countries, cotton and breadstuffs were down fifty per cent, and there
was general business depression. In 1821, the distress was great
Avest of the Alleghanies, farmers were unable to pay their debts due
to government at western land offices. ^ Congress granted relief by
permitting portions of land to be surrendered, and the money paid
over to be applied on the remainder to secure it. In 1837, a crash
came on the heels of a suspension of the New York banks ; many
other banks went down, corporations shut up their works, business
houses failed, the products of the farm decUned, and credit gave way
for want of confidence. This crisis was due to excessive specula-
tion, large importations, and business depression for want of capital.
California felt the strain of depression in February, 1855. August
24, 1857, the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust company failed, many
banks soon suspended payments, all owing to land and " railroad "
speculation. September 19, 1873, the firm of Jay Cook & Co., of
Philadelphia, failed, from which a general financial panic came to
pass, destroying confidence, throwing working people out of employ-
ment, producing stagnation and misery. The causes assigned in this
case were various, including recldess speculation and increasing
extravagance of the people, too liberal importations, careless con-
tracts, etc. Many people lost all their earthly possessions, and
joined the army of tramps, and the dull tread of that army, little
reduced in numbers, is still heard in the land.
FEEE SOIL PARTY. — A political party which, as an imme-
diate result of the agitation of the "Wilmot proviso, was formed in
1848. The party nominated Martin Yan Buren for president and
Charles Francis Adams for vice-president. These candidates re-
ceived the support of nearly 300,000 f ree-soilers ; but the whig party,
composed of those who were dissatisfied with the conduct of affairs
under the so-called democratic party, carried the election for Taylor
and Fillmore. In 1852, the free-soil party named John P. Hale, of
New Hampshire, for president, and George W. Julian, of Indiana,
for vice-president. These candidates received 155,825 votes. The
whigs and free-soilers — the latter having nominated Scott and
Graham — were defeated by the straiglit-out democrats, and General
Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and William R. King, of Ala-
bama, were elected to the offices of president and vice-president
respectively.
" And then the question of free soil, what shall be the fate of
that ? I presume there are here some free-soil men [Yes ! yes ! all
free-soil] — I mean those to whom the question of extending or
restricting slavery outweighs all other considerations." — Horace
Greeley, New York, Sept. 27, 1848.
FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW.— A law enacted in 1850 as a part
of the compromise measures of that period. It provided for the
return of any slaves who might have escaped. This law was odious
in the eyes of every anti-slavery man and woman of the north.
GERRYMANDER. — To fix the ])olitical divisions of a state in
such manner that one party may obtain an advantage for itself, as
against its opponents.
" . . . Denounces the action of the legislature in redistricting
(gerrymandering) the state solely in the interest of the democratic
party as an attempt to disfranchise 190,000 voters, and as a crime
against suffrage which should be rebuked at the polls at the next
election." — Ext. Report Greenback Convention, Moberly, Mo., May
30, 1882.
GREENBACK. — A form of paper money, issued by the federal
government. The act authorizing the issue of greenbacks says that
they " shall also be la\vful money and legal tender." The honor of
the addition of the term greenback to our vocabulary is justly
attributable to Salmon P. Chase, secretary of the treasury, 1861-4
It was chiefly his policy that carried the nation through the war of
that period. " Greenbacker," an advocate of greenback or paper
money.
" HAIL COLUMBIA."— National ode of America ; written by
Joseph Hopkinson, in the summer of 1798, for a young actor, named
Fox, to render on his benefit night.
HALF BREEDS. — An epithet used to distinguish those of the
republican party who were friends of Garfield and his administra-
tion ; followers of Blaine, and other prominent men belonging to the
Garfield faction. Opposed to Stalwarts, which see. (See extract
under the head of Independents.)
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
" The election to-day is properly to be regarded as a pitched bat-
tle between the stalwart and the half-breed wings of the republican
party."— New York Herald, Nov. 7, 1882.
HAED CIDER AND LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN.— The cam-
paign of 1840, which resulted in the election of William Henry Har-
rison for president, and John Tyler for vice-president, was one of the
most exciting, jolly, and interesting of any in the history of the
United States. The democrats nominated Mr. Van Buren for re-
election, and the abolitionists named James G. Birney as their can-
didate for president. The orators and journals of the democratic
party ridiculed the whig candidate for president (Harrison), and
called him an old granny. One of the editorial fraternity unwit-
tingly wrote : " Give him a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider,
and he will be content on his farm in Ohio, whose affairs only is he
capable of managing." Thereupon the whigs took up the cry of
hard cider and log cabin, and the latter became most appropriate
and effectual means in joining the issue in favor of the whigs. Log
cabins were raised and hard cider was drunk at the various meetings ;
a paper with the title of Log Cabin was published by Horace Gree-
ley, and the music of Harrison glee-clubs was echoed and re-echoed
from hill to dale. At the larger meetings or barbecues, the people
were fed during the day Avithout charge, on which occasions animals
were roasted bodily, log cabins and barrels of hard cider were
mounted on wheels and drawn by oxen or horses in the processions.
It was during this campaign that the expression " Tippecanoe and
Tyler too " was sounded in song, a stanza of which is here given.
** What has caused this great commotion-motion, motion,
Our country through?
It is the ball a-rolling on
For Tippecanoe and Tyler too ;
For Tippecanoe and Tyler too ;
And with him we'll beat little Van ;
Van, Van, Van is a used-up man.
And with them we'll beat little Van."
To this song was added those other well-known lines, which are
commemorative of the whig victory in the state of Maine —
"O, have you heard how Maine went, went, went?
It went h— 1 bent
For Governor Kent,
For Tippecanoe and Tyler too," etc.
INDEPENDENTS.— Those who take a stand regardless of
party, and who are not subject to bias or partisan influence. The
term is often applied to those who break away now and then but do
not entirely abandon their party.
" As in all civil wars, a good many people who heartily say, 'A
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
plague on both your houses,' are yet forced to take sides, and thus
we see some ludicrous spectacles, such as the independents and civil
service reformers voting with the half-breed machine, and marching
in effect under the banner of Mr. Blaine, who has assumed the lead-
ership of the half-breed army.
" The independents who unwillingly vote with the Blaine mar
chine to defeat the Arthur or Cameron machine still give no signs
that they are ready to abandon the republican party." — New York
Herald, Nov. 7, 1882.
KNOW-NOTHINGS.— The name of a secret political party
which originated in 1853. The party, or rather society, Jis stated by
the New York Times, was first formed by a person of some noto-
riety, who called himself Ned Buntline — the writer of sea stories.
Ned was once a midshipman in the United States navy, but left the
service and commenced the business of founding a secret order, of so
exclusive a cliaracter that none were to be admitted as memliers
whose grandfathers were not natives of the United States. Ned
gave instructions to his followers to reply to all questions in respect
to the movements of the new party, " I don't know." So they were
at first called don't-knows, and then know-nothings, by outsiders.
The Crusader, a party organ, printed the principles of the society as
follows : Repeal of all naturalization laws ; none but native Ameri-
cans for office ; a pure American common school system ; war to
the hilt on Romanism. In the year 1855-6 the slavery question had
assumed paramount importance, and the civil war between the free
state men and the pro-slaveryites in the territory of Kansas, so over-
shadowed the public mind, that foreign citizenship was forgotten,
and the know-nothings as a body disappeared. The nearest ap-
proach to know-nothingism or Americanism, in 1856 (as indicated by
the name), was the American party, whose nominees for president
and vice-president were Millard Fillmore, and Andrew J. Donelson
of Tennessee. In that year there was a general excitement, and
crush of political elements, which resulted in the complete annihila-
tion of the American and whig parties. Thereupon rose the Repub-
lican party, which see.
KU-KLUX KLAN. — A secret political organization that arose
from the prejudices of unreconciled persons in some portions of the
south. It originated in the state of Tennessee, presumably, early
in the year 1868, and soon afterward extended its membership and
mischievous influence over various sections. The alleged object of
the klan was to redeem the south. After its fashion it opposed the
enforcement of the reconstruction acts, and endeavored to maintain
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
the dominion of the white race as against the colored race, the male
portion of which latter were enfranchised by effect of the fifteenth
amendment, 30th March, 1870. Within a few months of its inception
the numbers of the various divisions of the klan were increased to a
total of 500,000 persons. Later on, the political aspirations of the
klan were given up, and members of the order abandoned them-
selves to schemes of outrage and murder. May 31, 1870, a congres-
sional act was passed, which provided for the protection of the lately
enfranchised colored men, as against the " bulldozing " propensities
of the ku-klux. In February following a stringent act was passed
for a similar purpose, and on the third day of May, 1871, a procla-
mation against the klan was issued by President Grant. During the
next year (1872) efforts were made to expose the klan. A committee
was appointed by congress to make an investigation of the ku-klux
mystery. Many witnesses were examined by this committee, and
the facts were revealed as pertaining to the existence of the ku-klux
bands and their horrible doings.
LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION.— An instrument that was
framed in convention at Lecompton for the state of Kansas, in Sep-
tember, 1857. It provided for the introduction of slavery, and at an
election in December about 6,500 votes (inclusive of many fraudu-
lent ones) were cast for it. The free state men refrained from vot-
ing, until the election, 4th January, 1858, when the Lecompton con-
stitution was voted down by 10,000 majority. In July a free con-
stitution was adopted at Wyandot.
LITTLE GIANT. — Stephen A. Douglas, who was of small stature,
but a great orator. See Kansas and Nebraska, and Democratic party.
LOBBY.-— The dndividuals who frequent the space in a hall of
legislation not used by regular members. (See Logrolling.)
" Indeed, the lobbyists and logrollers around and in congress are
accustomed to reckon upon the thermometer in the middle of June
every other summer, much as they reckon on twelve o'clock, March
4, in the alternate years."-^New York Sun, 1882.
LOCOFOCO. — A term applied to the ultra democracy or tory
party in the United States. Lucifer matches were termed locofocos,
and the application of the word to this particular political party
arose thus : In 1834, a certain number of the extreme democracy met
at Tammany hall. New York, and there happening a great diversity
of opinion, the chairman, left his seat, and the lights were ex-
tinguished, with a view to dissolve the meeting ; but those in favor
of extreme measures produced locofoco matches, rekindled the lights,
continued the meeting, and accomplished their object.
" I ask these (free-soilers) what hope they have of keeping
slavery out of Cahfornia and New Mexico with General Cass presi-
dent and a locof oco congress ? " — Horace Greeley, New York, Sept.
27, 1848.
LOGROLLING. — A custom peculiar to lumber regions. In the
logging camps of Maine, the several parties help each other at log-
rolling. In politics, the term denotes an exchange of votes between
parties, in order to carry through extravagant measures in which
they are interested.
" With all his extravagant notions, General Grant smothered a
bill of this kind (river and harbor), when only one-third of the pres-
ent amount was appropriated; and the respectable press, without
distinction of party, has been more decided in condemnation of this
logrolling jobbery, by means of which millions are annually squan-
dered and stolen, than of any other measure before congress." — New
York Sun, May 20, 1882.
MAINE LAW. — A law enacted in 1846 and amended in 1851 in
the state of Maine, being the first to prohibit the sale of intoxicating
liquors, and becoming celebrated for her legislation on this subject
through the active efforts of General Neal Dow. The Maine law
was adopted by other states, notably Kansas. Out of 842 cities and
towns in Illinois, 645 were no-license places in 1880.
MASON AND DIXON'S LINE.— A line 39 degrees, 43 min-
utes and 26.8 seconds north latitude, established in 1764-7, by Charles
Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English mathematicians and
astronomers, in order to decide the disputed question of boundary
between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE.— So caUed from an act of congress
passed in 1820, and approved by President Monroe, 6th March of
that year, by which Missouri was permitted to enter the union as a
slave-holding state, with the agreement that slavery should be for-
ever prohibited in the territories of the nation lying north of latitude
36 degrees, 30 minutes.
MONROE DOCTRINE.— In 1822, during the presidency of
James Monroe, the Spanish- American colonies having fought their
way to independence as against Spain, they were recognized as an
independent power by the United States. In his annual message to
congress in 1823, the president proclaimed the celebrated doctrine
of non-interference as follows : " Tliat as a principle, the American
continents, by the free and independent position which they have
assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as
subjects of future colonization by any European power." This
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
doctrine is attributed to Adams, who was secretary of state under
Monroe.
MUGWUMPS. — The word Mugwumps is of Indian origin,
and means "chief." It was used by the New England tribes as a
term of derision, and by them applied to a man who stood higher
in his own esteem than in that of his tribe, a sort of "Big-Injun."
In a sense somewhat similar to this, the word has been more or less
in use in New England for many years. It was first employed as a
political sobriquet in the presidential campaign of 1884, when it was
applied by the Eepublican leaders and press to those "independents"
who affiliated and voted with the Democracy. Like many other
political nicknames, it was at once accepted and adopted by those
on whom it was bestowed.
NATUEALIZATION.— The act of conferring upon an alien
the rights and privileges of a native inhabitant or citizen. Aliens
may become citizens of the United States after residing in the nation
for five years. First naturalization act in the colonies was that
passed by the assembly of Maryland. A law of this kind was passed
by congress, 24th March, 1790.
NULLIFICATION.— Diverse interests which involved the
northern and southern sections of the United States in frequent and
exciting disputatiotis and contentions, were clearly indicated in the
single instance of the "nullification movement." During the first
term of President Andrew Jackson, the tariff question assumed
quite formidable proportions. The south had no manufactures to
foster, and possessed a staple article which it desired to seU, there-
fore it was opposed to a protective tariff. On the 21st to 25th
January, 1830, Eobert Y. Ilayne, coadjutor of John C. Calhoun, and
senator from South Carolina, delivered his great speech in favor of
nullification, and the celebrated reply of Daniel "Webster was made
on the 26th. President Jackson, at a banquet, 13th April, offered
the famous toast : " Our federal union : It must be preserved."
In 1832, having reached the point of extreme opposition to the tariff,
or the increased rate of duties, which congress had laid, the state of
South Carolina, in convention, November 19, resolved that the tariff
acts were unconstitutional and void. That state at once prepared to
resist the national authority by force of arms. President Jackson
having been re-elected in 1832, was in office, and determined to
execute the laws, which he did by proclamation, issued December
10, and an order for General Scott to proceed to Charleston with all
the national troops under his command. He also sent a vessel of
war to that port, and had the leaders of the movement informed of
his intention to seize and hang them as soon as they should fire the
first gun against the national authority. The danger of disunion
was, for the time, averted. Henry Clay proposed a compromise
measure in the form of a tariff bill, which provided for a gradual
reduction of duties during the following decade. The measure be-
came a law, March 2, 1833. See State Rights.
OLD ABE. — Abraham Lincoln was so called. During the war
of 1861-5 colored people of the south called him Massa Linkum.
OLD HICKORY. — General Jackson, president of the United
States. So called from his tough nature, and his intelligent firm-
ness. Parson Brownlow was called the hickory unionist.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY.— The right of the whole people
to participate in forming the constitution, and enacting the laws
under which they are to live and by which they are to be governed.
" Squatter sovereignty," the right of squatters in a tei:ritory of the
United States to form and regulate their own domestic relations in
their own way ; the squatter sovereigns of California voted against
slavery, and entered the union as a free state. See Kansas and
Nebraska.
PRE-EMPTION RIGHT.— The right given to settlers of public
lands to purchase them in preference to others. In order to main-
tain this right, the pre-emptor must have erected a house or entered
upon the work of improving the land of which he has takon ])osses-
sion.
RAG BABY. — The idea of making greenbacks the legal, if not
the only, money of the nation. Opposed to national-bank money.
The greenbackei'S regard the precious metals as cumbrous and expen-
sive articles for currency. See National Greenbackers.
REPUBLICAN PARTY.— The anti-slavery party that rose into
vigorous life during the political upheaval of 1856. The name has
been used several times in the history of American politics. (See
Democratic Party.) The democrats were the political friends of the
south, or of slavery. The republicans were their political oppo-
nents. Previous to its organization in 1856, the elements of the
republican party opposed the extension of slavery, and generally,
were m favor of abolition. The first national convention met at
Philadelphia, June 17, of the year named, and nominated Colonel
John C. Fremont, of California, for president. "WUliam L. Dayton,
of New Jersey, was chosen for vice-president. The nominations
were made unanimous. The democrats had previously designated
their candidates, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, for president,
and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for vice-president. The
campaign foUoAving these and other nominations, was one of great
excitement, which the war in Ivansas tended to inflame. At the
election the repuhlicans polled a very large popular vote, and firmly
established themselves as the most formidable party in opposition to
the national democracy. The democratic administration that fol-
lowed Avas marked by the Dred Scott decision — odious to the repub-
licans — the approval of the Lecompton constitution by President
Buchanan, which was as odious, and the execution of John Brown,
which aroused the feelings of the abolitionists. Mr. Lincoln, at
Springfield, ITth June, 1858, announced that the government could
not permanently endure half slave and half free ; and later, October
25, in a speech at Rochester, Mr. Seward declared, as between
slavery and freedom, there existed an irrepressible conflict. These
phrases were often repeated by the republicans, and the southern
democrats took notice of them as declarations utterly hostile to the
institution of slavery. In the early part of the year, Senator
Douglas, of Illinois, the great northern ally of the southern democ-
racy, took issue with the administration on account of the iittempt
of the ultra democrats to force a pro-slavery constitution upon the
people of Kansas. Mr. Buchanan had indorsed the Lecompton
scheme, as indicated, and the opposition of Mr. Douglas had the
effect to weaken the democratic party in the north. In the elec-
tions immediately following this remarkable contest, when most
members of the thirty-sixth congress were chosen, the republicans
showed increased strength, and the democratic majority of the
house was again overthrown. During the year 1859, the breach
Avidened betAveen the north and south, and in 1860, the republican
party, all solidified and strong, entered the presidential campaign
AAith rencAved vigor. The republican national convention met in
Chicago, May 16, and on the 18th the nomination of Abraham Lin-
coln, of Illinois, for president, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for
vice-president, Avas made unanimous. Opposed to Lincoln and Ham-
lin, were Douglas and Johnson (Douglas democracy), Breckinridge
and Lane (Breckinridge democracy), and Bell and Everett (Constitu-
tional union). In the election folio AAang all these nominations, the
free states Avere carried by the republicans, and Mr. Lincoln received
a larger popular vote than that cast for James Buchanan, four years
before. When the result Avas determined, scA^eral federal officers in
South Carolina resigned their positions, and the people of that state
prepared to secede from the union. President Buchanan, by ' his
message, December 4, A^rtually recognized the right of secession,
and one after another various southern states seceded from the union,
POLITICAL HI8T0KY OF THE UNITED STATES.
beginning witli South Carolina, December 20, 1860, and ending with
the secession of Tennessee, which was effected June 8, 1861. Mr.
Lincoln was inaugurated as president 4th March, 1861, when the
war for the union was commenced and pushed to a successful termi-
nation. From the year 1861 to the time of this writing (1885) the
national repubhcan party has been in constant possession of the
presidential office. They were, however, defeated in the general
elections of November 4, 1884, and retire from office on March 4th
of this year (1885), the republican candidates James G. Blaine, of
Maine, and Gen. John A. Ix)gan, of lUinois, having been defeated by
the democrats whose candidates were Gov. Grover Cleveland, of
New York, and ex-Gov. Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. See
Democratic Party, and Wide-awakes.
ROOSTER, DEMOCRATIC— Bird B. Chapman, a politician
of repute in Indiana, about 1844, pubhshed a democratic paper,
and on the occasion of a victory at some local election, was fehci-
tated by an active democrat, who wrote, " Crow, Chapman, crow."
These words were used as a headline in his next day's edition, and
so the democratic rooster was first introduced as the harbinger of
victory.
SALT RIVER. — An imaginary river, up which defeated poUt-
ical candidates are supposed to be sent. The phrase " to row up
salt river " had its origin from Salt river, or Salt creek, a small,
winding stream in the state of Kentucky. Owing to the many bars
and shallows by which it is characterized, it is difficult to row up
the stream. The defeated individual is rowed up Salt river.
SLAVERY WAR, OR REBELLION.— The war on account of
slavery in the United States, was begun by the confederates, under
Beauregard, who opened with thirty heavy guns and mortars on
Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, S. C, 12th April, 1861.
During four years, the losses were : killed in battle, 61,362 ; died of
wounds, 34,T27 ; died of disease, 183,287 ; total died, 279,376 ; total
deserted, 199,105. Confederate soldiers who died of wounds or
disease, 133,821 ; deserted, 104,428 — partial figures. Total* confed-
erate and union dead, 413,197. Estimated cost of the war, $3,000,-
000,000. Expenditures arising from the war were, on June 10,
1880, as reported by Secretary Sherman, $6,189,929,908.58. Con-
federate forces under General Lee surrendered to General Grant,
April 9, 1865. President Lincoln was assassinated at Washington,
April 14. General Johnston's confederate army surrendered to
General Sherman on the 26th, and early in May, 1865, the war
ended.
PRESIDENTS ^ND THEIR Ci^BINETS.
^voiix "SxHashiiXQtow to O^ljctrjcliiixtt.
,-^^^s^.--^ ^^
jtC) < ' * ^-^^^-^^--^
'HE following is a complete list of the Presidential Cabinets
of the United States, from the first organization of the
government of the country under "Washington to the elec-
tion of President-elect Cleveland, and will be found a useful
book of reference for the student of history. The list gives the
names of the occupants of each cabinet office in the administra-
tion, the state from which appointed, and the date upon which he
took the oath of office. It includes nearly all the great figures of
American .political history, many of the cabinet officers having been
party leaders and unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency.
Secretary of the Treasury. — Oliver Wol-
cott, continued; Samuel Dexter, Massa-
chusetts, January 1, 1801.
Secretary of War. — James McHenry,
continued; Samuel Dexter, Massachu-
setts. May 13, 1800; Roger Griswold, Con-
necticut, February 3, 1801.
Secretary of the Navy. — George Cabot,
Massachusetts, May 8, 1798; Benjamin
Stoddert, Maryland, May 21, 1798.
Attor my -General. — Charles Lee, con-
tinued; Theophilus Parsons, Massachu-
setts, February 20, 1801.
Postmaster-Oeneral. — Joseph Haber-
sham, continued.
[NOTE.-
FiRST AND Second Terms.
President.— GrQOTge Washington, 1789
to 1797.
Secretary of State. — Thomas Jefferson,
Virginia. September 26, 1789; Edmund
Randolph, Virginia, January 2, 1794;
Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, De-
cember 10, 1795.
Secretary of the Treasury. — Alexander
Hamilton, New York, September 11, 1789;
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, February 2,
1795.
Secretary of War. — Henry Knox, Mas-
sachussetts, September 12, 1789 ; Timothy
Pickering, Pennsylvania, January 2,
1795; James McHenry, Maryland, Jan-
uary 27, 1796.
Attorney-Oeneral. — Edmund Randolph,
Virginia, September 26. 1789 Wm. Brad-
ford, Pennsylvania, January 27, 1794;
Charles Lee, Virginia, December 10,
1795.
Postmaster- General. — Samuel Osgood,
Massachussetts, September 26, 1789;
Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, Au-
gust 13, 1791 ; Joseph Habersham, Georgia,
February 25, 1795.
[Note.— The position of postmaster-gen-
eral was a subordinate oflBce under the Treas-
ury department until 1829, when the post>-
master-general was made a cabinet officer.]
Third Term.
— John Adams,
1797 to
President.
1801.
Secretary of State. — Timothy Pickering,
Pennsylvania, continued; John Marshall,
Virginia, May 13, 1800.
-The navy department was created
by congress, April 30, 1798. The navy was
previously under the department of war.]
Fourth and Fifth Terms.
President. — Thomas Jefferson, 1801 to
1809.
Seer etai-y of State. — James Madison, Vir-
ginia, March 5, 1801.
Secretai^of the Treasury. — Samuel Dex-
ter, continiied; Albert Gallatin, Pennsyl-
vania, May 14, 1801.
Secretary of War. — Henry Dearborn,
Massachusetts, March 5, 1801.
Secreta/ry of the Navy. — Benjamin Stod-
dert, continued; Robert Smith, Maryland,
July 15, 1801; Jacob Crowninshield,
Massachusetts, IVIay 3, 1805.
Attorney-GcTieral — Levi Lincoln. Mas-
sachusetts, March 5, 1801; Robert Smith,
Maryland, March 3. 1805; John Breckin-
ridge, Kentucky, August 7, 1805; Caesar
A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1807.
Postmaster-General. — Joseph Haber-
sham, continued; Gideon Granger, Con-
necticut, November 28, 1801.
Sixth and Seventh Terms.
President. — James Madison, 1809 to
1817.
Secretary of Stnte. — Robert Smith, Mary-
land, March 6, 1809; James Monroe,
Virginia, April 2, 1811.
l^cretary of ilie Treasury. — Albert Gal-
latin, continued; George W. Campbell,
Tennessee, February 9, 1814; A. J.
Dallas, Pennsylvania. October 6, 1814;
Wm. R. Crawford, Georgia, October 22,
1816.
Secretary of IFar.— William Eustis,
Massachusetts, March 7, 1809; John Arm-
strong, New York, January 13. 1813;
James Monroe, Virginia, September 27,
1814; William H. Crawford, Georgia,
August 1, 1815.
^cretary of the Navy. — Paul Hamilton.
South Carolina. March 7. 1809; William
Jones, Pennsylvania. January 12, 1818;
B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts,
December 19. 1814.
Attorney -He I tend. — C. A. Rodnev,
Pennsylvania, continued; William PincK-
ney, Maryland, December 11. 1811;
Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, February
10, 1814.
Postmaster- General. — Gideon Granger,
continued; Return J. Meigs, Ohio, March
17, 1814.
Eighth and Ninth Terms.
President. — James Monroe, 1817 to 1825.
Secretary of State. — John Quincy
Adams. Massachusetts, March 5. 1817.
Secretaiy of the Treasury. — William H.
Crawford, Georgia, continued.
Secretary of War. — George Graham,
Virginia. April 7. 1817; John C. Cal-
houn, South Carolina, October 8. 1817.
Scretary of t/ie JS'ary. — B. W. Crownin-
shield, Massachusetts, continued; Smith
Thompson, New York, November 9,
1818; John Rogers, Massachusetts, Sep-
tember 1, 1823; Samuel L. Southard, New
Jersey. September 16. 1823.
Attorney-General. —'Rich&rd Rush,Penn-
gylvania, continued; William Wirt, Vir-
ginia, November 13, 1817.
Postmaster-General.— B.. J. Meigs, Ohio,
continued; John McLean, Obio, June 26,
1823.
Tenth Term.
Preside7it. — John Quincy Adams, 1825
to 1829.
Secretai'y of State — Henry Clay, Ken-
tucky. March 7, 1825.
Secretary of tlie Treasury — Richard
Rush, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825.
Secretary of War. — James Barbour,
Virginia, March 7, 1825; Peter B. Porter,
New York. May 26, 1828.
Secretary of the Navy. — S. L. Southard,
New Jersey, continued.
Attorney-General. — William Wirt, Vir-
ginia, continued.
PostmaJtter-General. — John McLean,
Ohio, continued.
Eleventh and Twelfth Terms.
President. — Andrew Jackson, 1829 to
1837.
Secretary of State. — Martin Van Buren,
New York, March 6. 1829; Edward
Livingston. Louisiana, Mav 24, 1831;
Louis McLane, Delaware. May 29. 1888,
John Forsyth. Georgia, June 27, 1834.
Secretary of tlie Treasury. — Samuel D.
Ingham. Pennsylvania, Jlarch 6. 1829;
Louis McLane, Delaware, August 8,1831;
William J. Duane. Pennsylvania, May 29,
1833; Roger B. Taney, Maryland, Sep-
tember 23, 1833; Levi Woodbury, New
Hampshire, June 27, 1884.
Secretary of War. — John H. Eaton,
Tennessee, Alarch 9, 1829; Lewis Cass,
Michigan, August 1, 1831; Benjamin F.
Butler, New York, March 3. 1837.
Secretary of tfie Nary. — John Branch,
North Carolina, March 9. 1829; Levi
Woodbury. New Hampshire, May 28,
1831; Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey,
June 30, 1884.
Attorney-Oenerdl. — John M. Berrien,
Greorgia, March 9. 1829; Roger B. Taney,
Maryland. July 20, 1831; Benjamin F.
Butler, New York, November 15. 1833.
Postmaster-General.— \N'\\\\aim T. Barry,
Kentucky, March 9, 1829; Amos Ken-
dall, Kentucky, May 1, 1835.
Thirteenth Term.
President. — Martin VanBuren, 1837 to
1841.
Secretary of State. — John Forsyth,
Georgia, contmued.
Secretary of the Treasury. — Levi Wood-
bury, New Hampshire, continued.
Secretai^ of War. — Joel R. Poinsett,
South Carolina. March 7, 1837.
Secretary of the Navy. — Mahlon Dicker-
son, New Jersey, continued; James K.
Paulding, New York, June 25, 1838.
Attorney -General — Benjamin F. But-
ler, New York, continued; Felix Grundy,
Tennessee, July 5, 1838; Henry D. Gil-
pin, Pennsylvania, January 11. 1840.
Postmaster-General. — Amos Kendall,
Kentucky, continued ; John M. Niles,
Connecticut, May 19, 1840.
Fourteenth Term.
President. — William Henrv Harrison.
March 4. to April 4, 1841; John Tyler,
1841 to 1815.
PBE8IDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS.
Secretary of State. — Daniel Webster,
Massachusetts, March 5, 1841; Hugh L.
Legare. South Carolina, May 9, 1843; A.
P. Upshur, Virginia, July M, 1843; John
C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 6,
1844.
Secretai-y of tJie Trcasw'p. — Thomas Ew-
ing, Ohio, March 5, 1841 ; Walter For-
ward, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1841;
John C. Spencer, New York, March 3,
1843; George M. Bibb, Kentucky, June
15, 1844.
Secretary of War. — John Bell, Tennes-
see, March 5, 1841; John McLean, Ohio,
September 13, 1841, John C. Spencer,
New York, October 12, 1841; James M.
Porter, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1843 ;
William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, February
15, 1844.
Secretary of tJie Navy. — G. E. Badger,
North Carolina, March 5. 1841; A. P.
Upshur, Virginia, September 13, 1841;
David Henshaw, Massachusetts, July 24,
1843; T. W. Gilmer, Virginia, February
15, 1844 ; John Y. Mason, Virginia,
March 14. 1844.
Attorney- Oeneral. — John J. Crittenden,
Kentucky. March 5, 1841; Hugh S. Le-
fare, South Carolina, September 13, 1841;
ohn Nelson, Maryland. July 1, 1843.
Postmaster- Oeneral. — Francis Granger,
New York, March 6, 1841; Charles A.
Wickliffe. Kentucky, September 13, 1841.
Fifteenth Term.
President. — James K. Polk, 1845 to
1849.
Secretary of State. — James Buchanan,
Pennsylvania, March 6, 1845.
Secretary of tJie Treasury. — Robert J.
Walker, Mississippi, March 6, 1845.
Secretary of War. — William L. Marcy,
New York, March 6, 1845.
Secretary of the Navy. — George Ban-
croft, Massachusetts, March 10, 1845;
John Y. Mason, Virginia, September 9,
1846.
Attorney-General. — John Y. Mason,
Virginia, March 5. 1845; Nathan Clifford,
Maine, October 17, 1846.
Postmaster- Oeneral. — Cave Johnson,
Tennessee, March 6, 1845.
Sixteenth Term.
President. — Zachary Taylor, 1849 to
1850; Millard Fillmore, 1850 to 1853.
Secretary of State. — John M. Clayton,
Delaware, March 7, 1840; Daniel Web-
ster, Massachusetts, July 22, 1850; Ed-
ward Everett, Massachusetts, December
6, 1852.
Secretary of the Treasury. — W. M
Meredith. Pennsylvania, March 8, 1849
Thomas Corwin, Ohio, July 23, 1850.
Secretary of War. — George W. Craw-
ford, Georgia, March 8, 1849; Winfleld
Scott {ad intenm), July 28, 1850; Charles
M. Conrad, Louisiana, August 15, 1850.
Secretary of the Nary. — William B.
Preston, Virginia, March 8. 1849; William
A. Graham, North Carolina, July 22,
1850; J. P. Kennedy, Maryland, July 22,
1852.
Secretary of the Interior. — Thomas H.
Ewing, Ohio, March 8, 1849; A. H. H.
Stuart, Virginia, September 12, 1850.
Attorney-General. — Reverdy Johnson,
Maryland, March 8, 1849 ; John J. Crit-
tenden, Kentucky, July 22, 1850.
Postmaster-Oeneral. — Jacob CoUamer,
Vermont, March 8, 1849 ; Nathan K. Hall,
New York, July 23, 1850; S. D. Hub-
bard, Connecticut, August 81, 1852.
Seventeenth Term.
President. — Franklin Pierce, 1853 to
1857.
Secretary of State. — William L. Marcy,
New York, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Treasury. — James Guth-
rie. Kentucky, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of War. — Jefferson Davis,
Mississippi, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Navy. — James C. Dob-
bin, North Carolina, March 7, 1853.
Secretary of the Interior. — Robert Mc-
Clelland, Michigan, March 7, 1853 ; Ja-
cob Thompson, Mississippi, March 6,
1856.
Attorney General. -Cs\eb Cu8hing,Mass-
achusetts. March 7, 1853.
Postmaster-Oeneral. — James Campbell,
Pennsylvania, March 7, 185S.
Eighteenth Term.
President. — James Buchanan, 1857 to
1861.
Secretary of State. — Lewis Cass, Mich-
igan, March 6, 1857 ; J. S. Black, Penn-
sylvania, December 17, 1860.
Secretary of tlie Treasury. — Howell
Cobb, Georgia, March 6, 1857 ; Philip F.
Thomas, Maryland, December 12, 1860 ;
John A. Dix, New York, January 11,
1861.
Secretary of Wa/r. — John B. Floyd,
Virginia, March 6, 1857 ; Joseph Holt,
Kentucky, January 18, 1861.
Secretary of tJie Navy. — Isaac Toucey,
Connecticut, March 6, 1857.
Secretary of the Interior.—J&coh Thomp-
son, Mississippi, continued.
Attorney- Oeneral. — J. S. Black, Penn-
sylvania, March 6, 1857; Edwin M. Stan-
ten, Pennsylvania, December 20, 1860.
Postmastsr Oeneral. — Aaron V. Brown,
Tennessee, March 6, 1857 ; Joseph Holt,
Kentucky, March 14, 1859 ; Horatio King,
Maine, February 12, 1861.
PRESIDENTS AND THEIE CABINETS.
Nineteenth and Twentieth Terms.
Prestdent.—Ahmham Lincoln, 1861 to
1865 ; Andrew Johnson, 1865 to 1869.
Secretary of -S^a^e.— William H. Sew-
ard, New York, March 5, 1861.
SecreUii-y of the Trimury. — Solon P
Chase, Ohio, March 5, 1861 ; W. P. Fes-
senden. Maine, July 1, 1864; Hugh Mc-
Culloch, Indiana, March 7, 1865.
Secretary of War.— ^xmon Cameron,
Pennsylvania, March 5, 1861 ; Edwin M.
Stanton, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1862;
U. S. Grant (ad interim), August 12,
1867 ; Edwin M. Stanton (reinstated)'
January 14, 1868 ; J. M. Schofleld, Illinois.
May 28, 1868.
SecreUu-y of the iVrtry.— Gideon Welles,
Connecticut, March 5, 1861.
Secretary of the Interurr. — Caleb P.
Smith, March 5, 1861 ; John P. Usher,
Indiana, January 8. 1868 ; James Harlan,
Iowa, May 15. J 865: O. H. Brownine.
Illinois, July 27, 1866.
Attorney ■Oeneral.—l£AviBxA'R»Xe6, Mis-
souri, March 5, 1831 ; Titian J. Coffee,
June 22, 1863 ; James Speeti, Kentucky,
December 2, 1864 ; Henry St«nl)erv, Ohio.
July 23. 1866 ; William M. Evark New
York, July 15. 1868.
Po»tm<isterOeneral.-}lloiiieomcry^\aXr
Maryland, March 5, 1861 ; William Den-
nison, Ohio, September S4, 1864 ; Alex-
ander W. Randall, Wisconsin, July, 25.
1866. '
Twenty-first and Twenty-second.
President— \]\ysae& S. Grant, 1869 to
1877. .
Secretary of State— K B. Washbume,
Illinois, March 5, 1869; Hamilton Fish
New York, March 11, 1869.
Secretary of the Treasury— Qteorge S.
Boutwell, Massachusetts, March 11, 1869;
William A. Richardson, Ma-ssachusetts,
March 17, 1873; Benjamin H. Bristow,
Kentucky, June 2, 1874; Lot M. Morrill,
Maine, June 21, 1876.
Secretary of War— John A. Rawlins,
Illinois, March 11, 1869; William T.
Sherman, Ohio, September 9, 1869; Will-
iam W. Belknap. Iowa, October 25,
1869; Alphonso Taft, Ohio, March 8,
1876; J. D. Cameron, Pennsylvania. May
22, 1876.
Secretary of the iVary— Adolph E. Borie.
Pennsylvania, March 5, 1869; George M.
Robeson, New Jersey, June 25, 1869.
Secretary of the Interior— 3 fLCohD. Cox,
Ohio, March 5, 1869; Columbus Delano,
Ohio, November 1, 1870; Zachariah
Chandler, Michigan, October 19, 1875.
Attorney -General— E. R. Hoar. Massa-
chusetts, March 5, 1869; Amos T. Aker-
man, Georgia, June 23, 1870; George H.
Williams, Oregon, December 14, 1871;
Edwards Pierrepont, New York, April
26, 1875; Alphonso Taft, Ohio, May 22
1876. ' '
Postmaftter- General— .J. A. J. Creswell
Maryland, March 5. 1869; Marshall Jew-
ell, Connecticut, August 24, 1874; James
M. Tyner, Indiana, July 12, 1876.
Twenty-third Term.
President— Rutherford B. Hayes. 1877
to 1881. ^
Secretary of State— 'W imam M. Evarts,
New York, March 12, 1877.
Secretary of Hie Treamry—Zo\m Sher-
man, Ohio, March 8, 1877.
Secretary of Tr«r— George W. McCrary,
Iowa, March 12. 1877; Alexander Ram-
sey, Minnesota, December 12, 1879.
Sendury of tlie iVari^— Richard W.
Thompson, Indiana, March 12, 1877;
Nathan Goff, Jr., West Virginia. January
6, 1881. ^
Secretary of the interior— Cax\ Schurz,
Missouri, March 12. 1877.
Attorney General — Charles Devens,
Massachusetts. March 12. 1877.
Postmaster General — David M. Key
Tennessee, March 12, 1877; Horace May-
nard, Tennessee, August 25, 1880.
Twenty-fourth Term.
President— James A. Garfield, part of
• 1881; Chester A. Arthur, 1881 to 1885.
Secretary of iStote— James G. Blaine,
Maine. March 5. 1881; Frederick T. Fre-
linghuysen. New Jersey, December 12.
1881.
StciYtary of Oie TVftwwry— William H,
Windom, Minnesota, March 5, 1881;
Charles J. Folger, New York. October
27, 1881; Waller Q. Gresham. Indiana,
September 24, 1884; Hugh McCuUoch,
Indiana. October 31, 1884.
Secretary of TTar— Robert T. Lincoln,
Illinois. March 5. 1881.
Secretary of the JVavy—W. H. Hunt,
Louisiana, March 5, 1881; William E.
Chandler, New Hampshire, April 1, 1882.
Secretary of tlie Interior—^. J. Kirk
wood, Iowa, March 5, 1881; Henry M.
Teller, Colorado, April 6, 1882.
Attorney-General— W&yne MacVeagh,
Pennsylvania, IMarch 5, 1881; Benjamin
H. Brewster, Pennsylvania, December
16, 1881.
Postmaster General — Thomas L. James,
New York, March 5. 1881; Timothy O.
Howe, Wisconsin, December 20, 1881;
Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, April 3,
1883; Frank Hatton, Iowa, October 14,
1884.
Twenty-fifth Term.
President— ^iei^Yien Grover Cleveland,
elected November, 1884; to be inaugu-
rated March 4. Cabinet not yet an
nounced.
COMPENSATI
OFFICIALS.
The following shows the present rate of salaries paid by the United States
government to its principal officials:
EXECUTIVE.
President $50,000
Vice President 8,000
Private Secretary 3,250
Assistant Secretary 2,250
Executive clerks, two, each 2,000
Stenographer 1,800
Clerks, three, $1,800, $1,400. and 1,200
Steward 1,800
Usher 1,400
Messengers, five 1,200
Doorkeepers, four 1,200
"Watchman .' 900
Furnace-keeper 864
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.
Secretary of state, secretary of the treasury, secretary of war, secretary of the
navy, secretary of the interior, postmaster-general, and attorney-general, each, $8,000.
JUDICIARY.
U. S. SUPREME COURT.
Chief justice $10,500 Marshal 3,000
Associate justices, nine, each 10,000 Reporter 2,500
Clerk of the court, and deputy, each. . 2,000
U. S. CIRCUIT COURTS.
Salaries of nine judges, each $6,000
U. S. COURT OF CLAIMS.
Chief justice $4,500 Assistant clerk 2,000
Three associates, each 4,500 Baihff 1,200
Chief clerk 3,000 Messenger 1,200
DISTRICT JUDGES.
Fifty-three judges, salaries from $3,500 to $5,000.
LEGISLATIVE.
Speaker of the house of representatives, $8,000 per annum and mileage (20 cents
per mile).
Senators, 76 in number, each $5,000 and mileage. Representatives and territorial
delegates in congress, 300 in number, each $5,000 and mileage.
MINISTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS
Ministers to Great Britain, Russia, France and Germany, each $17,500.
Ministers to Spain, Austria, Italy, China, Mexico, Brazil and Japan, each $12,000.
Ministers to Chili, Peru and Central America, each $10,000.
Minister Residents in Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and
Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentine Confederation, Ha-
waiian Islands, Greece, Colombia and Bolivia, each $7,500.
Consuls and commercial agents, $1,000 to $5,000.
LIBRARIAN.
Librarian of Congress $4,000
Assistants, two in number, each 2,500
Fifteen clerks, salaries from $1,200 to 1,400
THE WAR DEPARTMENT
Secretary of war, $8,000 per annum.
Lieutenant-general of the army, $916.67 per month.
Adjutant-general, $5,500 per annum; assistant, $3,500; second, third and fourth
assistants, each $3,000; chief clerk, $2,000.
287
COMPENSATION OF OFFICIALS.
Major-general, $625 per month.
Brigadier- general, $458.33 per month.
Inspector-general, $3,500 per annum.
Judge-advocate general, $5,500; assistant, $3,500.
Quartermaster-general, $5,500; deputy, $3,000; asslBtant, $8,500; chief clerk,
$2,000.
Chief of engineer's bureau, $5,500; chief clerk, $2,000.
Surgeon-general, $5,500; assistant, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,000.
Chief of ordnance, $5,500; chief clerk, $2,000.
Paymaster-general, $3,500; deputy, $3,000; assistant, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,000.
Chief signal officer, $5,500.
Commissary-general of subsistance, $5,500; assistant, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,000.
Chief of ordnance, $485.33 per month.
Colonel, $291.67 per month; lieutenant colonel, $250; major, $208.33; captain,
$150; first lieutenant, $125, second lieutenant, $116.67; first sergeant, $22; sergeant,
$17; private, engineers and ordnance, $20; private, artillery, cavalry and infantry,
$18.
THE NAVY DEPARTMENT.
Admiral of the navy, $13,000 per year on sea.
Vice admiral, $9,000 on sea, $8,000 on shore, $6,000 on orders.
Rear admirals, $6,000 on sea, $5,000 on shore, $4,000 on orders.
Commodores, $5,000 on sea, $4,000 on shores $3,000 on orders.
Captains, $4,500, $3,500, and $2,800.
Commanders, $3,500, $3,000, and $2,300.
Lieutenant commanders, $2,800, $2,400, and $2,000; after first four years, $3,000,
$2,600, $2,200.
Lieutenants, after five years, $2,600, $2,200, $1,800.
Masters, after five years, $1,800, $1,500, $1,200.
Ensigns, after five years, $1,400, $1,200, $1,000.
Midshipmen, $1,000, $800, $600.
Seamen, per mouth, $21.50; ordinary, $17.50; landsmen, $ltS.50.
DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS.
Three assistant secretaries of state, $3,500; chief clerk, $2,500; examiner of claims,
$3,500; chief of consular bureau, $2,100; chief of indexes and archives, $2,200; chief
of bureau of accounts, $2,100; librarian, $1,800.
Two assistant secretaries of the treasury, $4,500; chief clerk, $2,700; first and
second comptrollers, $5,000; commissioner of customs, $4,000; six auditors, $3,600;
treasurer, $6,000; assistant treasurer, $3,600; register of the treasury, $4,000; commis-
sioner of internal revenue, $6,000; solicitor of internal revenue, $6,000; solicitor of
the treasury, $4,500; director of the mint, $4,500; chief of bureau of engraving and
printing, $4,500; chief of bureau of statistics. $2,400; supervising architect, $4,500;
superintendent of coast survey, $6,000; his assistant, $4,200; supervising surgeon-
general, $4,000; superintendent of life-saving service, $4,000; supervising inspector-
general of steamboats, $3,500; chief of appointment division, $2,500; chief of warrant
division, $2,750; chief of public moneys division, $2,500; chief of customs division,
$2,750; chief of internal revenue and navigation, $2,500; chief of loan and currency
division, $2,500; chief of revenue marine, $2,500; chief of stationery and printing,
$2,500.
Assistant secretary of the interior, $3,500; chief clerk and superintendent, $2,700;
assistant attorney-general. $5,000; commissioner land office, $4,000; his chief clerk,
$2,000; commissioner pension office. $3,000; his deputy, $2,400; his chief clerk, $2,000,
commissioner of patent office, $4,500; his assistant, $3,000; his chief clerk, $2,350; ex-
aminers and superintendents of departments in patent office, 27 in number, $2,250 to
$3,000; commissioner of Indian office, $3,000; his chief clerk, $2,000; commissioner
of education, $3,000; chief clerk, $1,800; superintendent of census bureau, $5,000;
auditor of railroad accounts, $5,000; director of geological survey, $6,000; superin-
tendent of government hospital for the insane, $2,500; president Columbia institution
for the deaf and dumb, $4,000; architect of U. 8. capitol extension, $4,500.
Three assistant postmasters-general, $8,500; chief clerk, $2,200; buperintendent of
foreign mails, $3,000; assistant attorney -general for postofflce department, $4,000;
superintendent of money order system, $3,000.
Subordinates in navy department, 24 in number, $2,400 to $5,000.
Subordinates in department of justice, 5 in number, $2,200 to $7,000.
Commissioner of agriculture, $3,000; chief clerk, $1,900.
Collectors of internal revenue, 125 in number, graduated by collections, $2,125 to
$4,500; collectors, 95 in number, paid by fees and commissions, $250 to $12,000.
Surveyors of customs, 26 in number, $395 to $5,000.
United States naval officers, 6 in number, $5,000 to $8,000.
Subordinates at the mints, 9 in number, $2,500 to $4,500.
Ten assistant treasurers of the United States, $4,500 to $8,000.
COUNTIES IN THE UNITED STATES.
The following table shows the number of counties in each state
of the Union, as given in the census of 1880. Since the taking of
that census, however, a number of new counties have been organ-
ized, particularly in those states and territories where the settle-
ment of the country is proceeding most rapidly, as in Dakota,
Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. At the present time there are about
2,730 counties in the United States.
STATES. NO. OF COUNTIES.
Alabama 66
Arkansas 75
California 53
Colorado 32
Connecticut 8
Delaware 3
Florida 45
Georgia 137
Illinois 102
Indiana 92
Iowa 99
Kansas ♦. 113
Kentucky 117
Louisiana 59
Maine 16
Maryland 24
Massachusetts 14
Michigan 82
Minnesota 86
Mississippi 75
Missouri 117
Nebraska 80
Nevada 17
New Hampshire 10
New Jersey 21
New York 60
STATES. NO. OP COUNTIES.
North Carolina 94
Ohio 88
Oregon 26
Pennsylvania 67
Rhode Island 5
South Carolina 33
Tennessee 94
Texas 232
Vermont 14
Virginia 99
West Virginia 54
Wisconsin 63
Total 2,472
TERRITGRIES.
Arizona 7
Dakota 94
Idaho 13
Montana 11
New Mexico 14
Utah 27
Washington 25
Wyoming 7
District of Columbia 1
Total.
NATIONAL ELECTIONS.
OUB XATIOXAIi ELECTIONS.
In the following Table is srlven a Summary of the Popular and Electoral Votes in Presi-
dential Elections in the United States.
Year
No. of
States.
11
p
Party.
Candidates.
States.
Popular
Vote.
4
a
1789
10
73
Georgre Washington
69
John Adams
34
John Jay
9
U. K. Harrison
6
John Hutledge
6
John 1 lancocK
4
Georjre Clinton
3
Samuel Huntington
3
John Milton . . ."
2
Beiijiiiniti Lincoln
1
James Ai inst rong
Edward I'ellair
1
1
Vacancies
2
1792
16
135
Federalist
Federalist
Uepublican
Dem-ltepub
Uepublican
George Washington
187
John Adams
70
George Clinton
64
Thomas Jefferson
4
Aaron Burr
1
Vacancies
8
1706
16
188
Federalist
Dem-Repub
Federalist
.Republican
John Adams
71
Thomas Jefferson
.
68
Thomas Pinckney
GO
Aaron Burr
no
Samuel Adams
IK
Oliver Ellsworth
11
George Clinton
7
John Jay
5
James Iredell
3
George Washington
2
John^henry
2
S. .Tnhnnnn _
2
Charles CI. Pincknev
1
1800
16
188
Dem-Repub
Republioan
Feaerallst
Federalist
Federalint
73
73
M
Charles C. Pinckney
64
J ohn Jay '.
1
O
Is
Party.
For President. g
1
Popular
Vote.
4
1
For Vice President.
1
18(V1
21
17
176
176
Dem-Repub .
Federalist . . .
Republican . .
Republican . .
Federalist . . .
Thomas Jefferson . . .
Chas. C. Pinckney...
James Madison
George Clinton
15
3
12
las
14
122
6
47
George Clinton
RufusKing
163
14
1808
George Clinton
James Madison
Ruf us King
113
3
Chas. C. Pinckney. . .
5
47
John Langdon
James Monroe
Elbridge G^er^Jr
Jared Ingersoll —
9
3
Vacancy
1
128
89
1
183
34
1
1812
18
218
Republican . .
Federalist . .
James Madison
De Wittainton
Vacancy
James Monroe
RufusKlng
11
7
16
3
131
86
1
1816
19
221
Republican..
Feaerallst . . .
D. D. Tompkins
John E. Howard —
James Ross
John Marshall
Robt. G. Harper ....
183
22
5
4
3
4
231
1
4
Iff'O
24
235
Republican . .
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
24
D. D. Tompkins
Richard Stockton. . .
Daniel Rodney
Robt. G. Harper ....
Richard Rush
John C. Calhoun —
218
8
4
1
1
Vacancies
3
99
3
1821
24
361
i)em-Repub .
Andrew Jackson —
10
855,872
182
NATIONAL ELECTIONS.
Our National Elections — Continued.
=m5
occ
d
2
II
Party.
For President.
1
CO
Popular
Vote.
2°
u
01
For Vice President.
1
Republican . .
Republican . .
Republican . .
John Q. Adams ....
Wm. H.Crawford...
Henry Clay
8
3
3
105,321
44,283
46,687
84
41
37
Nathan Sanf ord
Nathaniel Macon
Andrew Jackson —
Martin Van Buren . .
Henry Clay
30
24
13
ft
?,
Vacancy
1
1838
i833
24
24
261
268
Democratic . .
Nat. Ropub..
Democratic . .
Nat. Repub..
Anti-Mason..
Andrew Jackson ....
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson —
Henry Clay
15
9
ih'
7
1
1
647,231
509,097
687,503
530,189
33,108
178
83
2i9'
49
7
11
John C. Calhoun . . .
Richard Rush
William Smith
Martin Van Buren . .
John Sorseant
Amos EUmaker
Henry Lee
William Wilkins . . .
171
83
7
189
49
William VVirt
John Floyd.'
7
11
30
Vacancies
2
170
73
2d
14
11
234
60
?,
1836
26
294
Democratic. .
Whig
Martin Van Buren.,
Wm. H. Harrison —
HughL. White
Daniel Webster
W. P. Mangum
Wm. H. Harrison. . .
Martin Van Buren..
James G. Birney —
15
7
2
1
1
19
7
761,549
1- 736,656
J
1,375,017
1.128,702
7,059
R. M. Johnson
Francis Granger
John Tyler
147
77
47
William Smith
John Tyler !..!.. .
R. M. Johnson
23
1840
26
294
Whig
Democratic.
Liberty
234
48
F. W. Tazewell
James K. Polk
George M. Dallas —
T. Frelinghuysen . . .
11
1
1844
36
375
Democratic.
Whig
Liberty
Whig
Democratic.
Free Soil . . .
Democratic .
Whig
FreeDem....
Democratic . .
Republican..
American
Republican . .
Democratic.
Democratic.
Const. Union.
Republican..
Democratic.
James K. Polk
Henry Clay
15
U
is
15
27
4
1,337,243
1,299,068
62,300
1,360,101
1,220,644
291,263
1,001,474
1,386,578
156,149
1,836,169
1,341,364
874,534
I,8(i6,a53
845,763
1,37.),157
589,581
2,216,067
1,808,725
170
105
170
105
James G. Birney
Zachary Taylor
Lewis Cass
1848
30
290
163
127
254'
42
i74"
114
8
180
72
13
39
313
21
81
214
80
23
286
42
18
2
1
Millard Fillmore ....
William O. Butler...
Charles F. Adams...
William R. King . .
William A. Graham.
George W. Julian. .
J. C. Breckinridge ..
William L. Dayton.
A. J. Donelson
Hannibal Hamlin . . .
Joseph Lane
H.V. Johnson
Edward Everett
Andrew Johnson. . .
Geo. H.Pendleton..
Schuyler Colfax
F. P. Blair, Jr
163
1?7
i8.52
31
296
Martin Van Buren. .
Franklin Pierce
Winfleld Scott
John P. Hale
254
4f^
1856
iseo
31
33"
296
m
James Buchanan
John C. Fremont
Millard Fillmore . . .
Abraham Lincoln. . .
J. C. Breckinridge ..
S. A. Douglas
John Bell
Abraham Lincoln. . .
Geo. B. McClellan...
19
11
1
17
11
2
3
ii
26
8
3
31
6
174
114
8
180
7^
....
12
3P
1864
36
314
212
21
81
1868
37
317
Republican. .
Democratic.
Ulysses S. Grant . . .
Horatio Seymour . . .
Vacancies
Ulysses S. Grant
Horace Greeley
Charles O'Connor..
3,015,071
2,709,613
3,597,070
2,834,079
29,408
5,608
214
80
?3
1872
37
366
Republican..
Dem.. Lib. R.
Democratic.
Temperance .
Henry Wilson
B. Gratz Brown
John Q. Adams ....
286
47
A. H. CoJquite
John M. Palmer —
George W. Julian . . .
T. F. Bramlette
W. S. Groesbeck ....
Willis P. Machen....
N. P.Banks
5
T. A. Hendricks
8
B. Gi'atz Brown .
5
Chas. J. Jenkins
David Davis
3
1
1
1
Not counted
R. B. Hayes
17
185
184
2i4'
155
14
1876
38
38
369
369
Republican . .
Democratic.
Greenback ..
Prohibition..
Republican . .
Democratic . .
Greenback ..
21
17
4,033,950
4,284,885
84,740
9,522
4,442,9.50
4,442.035
12,576
4,914,058
4,844,252
150,134
134,028
5
William A. Wheeler.
T. A. Hendricks
S. F. Cary
185
S.J. Tilden
184
Peter Cooper
G. C. Smith
R. T. Stewart
1880
James A. Garfield. . .
W. S. Hancock
James B. Weaver. . .
19
19
Chester A. Arthur ..
William H.English..
B. J. Chambers
214
155
....
1884
402
Democratic .
Republican . .
Prohibition..
Independent.
Woman Suf..
G rover Cleveland..
•Tiiines G. Blaine
219
183
T. A. Hendricks. ...
John A. Logan
—Daniel
—West
219
183
John P. St. John ...
Benj. F. Butler
Belva A. Lockwood
GENERALS OF THE ARMY.
HE following list shows the generals who have commanded
the army since the year 1775, with the dates of their
command, so far as can be found from the official rec-
ords :
Major-General George Washington, June 15, 1775, to
December 23, 1783.
Major-General Henry Knox, December 23, 1783, to
June 20, 1784.
Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmer, general-in-chief by brevet,
September, 1788, to March, 1791.
Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791, to March, 1792.
Major-Genenil Anthony Wayne, April 11, 1792, to December 15,
1796.
Major-General James Wilkinson, December 15, 1796,'to July, 1798.
Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 3, 1798, to his
death, December 14, 1799.
Major-General James Wilkinson, June, 1800, to January, 1812.
Major-General Henry Dearborn, January 27, 1812, to June, 1815.
Major-General Jacob Brown, June, 1815, to February 21, 1828.
Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 24, 1828, to June, 1841.
Major-General Winfield H.Scott (brevet Ueutenant-general), June,
1841, to November 1, 1861.
Major-General George B. McClellan, November 1, 1861, to March
11, 1862.
Major-General Henry W. Halleck, July 11, 1862, to March 12,
1864.
Lieutenant-General Ulysses S. Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25,
1866, and as General to March 4, 1869.
General William T. Sherman, March 4, 1869.
Lieutenant-General Philip Sheridan, 1884.
Note.— There was a period immediately after the Revolution when the entire army, as
organized, consisted of a small corps of artillery, commanded by a captain.
292
MILITARY KECOED.
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR.
THE ENROLLMENT IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY.
The following table shows the total number of men furnished by
each of the several states for the United States army during the
civil war of 1861-1865. The first column of figures shows the
number furnished under the call of President Lincoln for T5,000
troops, issued April 15, 1861. The second column shows the aggre-
gate number of white men furnished under all the calls :
STATES.
Maine
New Hampshire . . .
Vermont
!Massachusetts
Khode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
West Virginia
District Columbia.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
First
Call.
All Calls.
771
71,746
779
34,605
782
35,246
3,736
151,785
3,147
23,711
2,403
57,270
13,906
464,156
3,123
79,511
20,175
366,326
775
13,651
49,731
900
32,003
4,720
16,872
12,357
317,133
4,686
195,147
4,820
781
258,217
90,119
817
96,118
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
Kentucky
Kansas
Tennessee
Arkansas
North Carolina.
California
Nevada
Oregon
Washington
Nebraska
Colorado
Dakota
New Mexico
Total.
cLT ^U Calls.
930
968
10,501
'650
1,510
93.326
25,034
75,860
108,773
78,540
20,097
12,077
7,451
216
617
895
1,279
1,762
181
2,395
2,688,523
The following exhibit gives the number of colored and drafted
troops furnished to the Union army by the different states, includ-
ing the states which were in rebeUion ; besides which 92,576 colored
troops were included (with the white soldiers) in the quotas of the
several states. Many who enlisted from the South were credited
to Northern States :
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Connecticut .
Maine
Massachusetts . . .
New Hampshire.
Rhode Island. . . .
Vermont
New Enqi^and States.
Total
New Jersey...
New York
Pennsylvania.
Total .
Middle States.
Western States and Territories.
Colorado Territory
Illinois
Indiana .\...\V... [...... [[\\.\.. [..[[.
Iowa .'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' ".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'.".'
Kansas
Michigan .'.'.'.".'.".'.'.".'.'..'. .'.'.'.'..' .'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.
Minnesota
Ohio '. .'.'.... .'. '.'..'.".'.'.'.'...'.
Wisconsin
Total.
Colored
Troops,
1861-5.
1,764
104
3,966
125
1,837
120
7,916
1,185
4,125
8,612
13,922
95
1,811
1,537
440
2,080
1,387
104
5,092
165
12,711
Number
Drafted.
12,031
27,324
41,582
10,806
4.321
7,743
103,807
32,325
151,488
178,873
362,686
32,085
41,1.'!8
7,548
1,420
22,022
J0,796
.50,400
38,395
203,924
Bounties Paid
by States.
$ 6,887,554
7,837,644
22,965,550
9,636,313
820,769
4,528,775
52,676,605
23,868,967
86,629,228
43,154,987
153,653,182
17,296,205
9,182,354
1,615,171
57,407
9,664,855
2,000,464
23.557,373
5,855,a56
MILITAKY KECOKD.
Colored and Drafted Troops- Continued.
STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Delaware
District of Ck>iumbia
Kentucky
Maryland
Missouri
West Virginia
B0HI>I-'I( StATKS.
Total.
Alabama
Arkanstts
Florida
Georjria
Louisiana
Missis-sippi
North (JaroUna.
Soutli Carolina.
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Southern States.
Total..
Grand Total.
At large
Not accounted for.
Officers..
Total
Colored
Troops,
1801-5.
954
3,200
23,703
8,718
8,344
196
45,184
4,969
6,526
L,044
3^486
17,869
5.085
5,462
20,133
47
63,571
173,079
733
5,083
7,122
186,017
Number
Drafted.
8,635
14,838
29^
29,319
21,519
3,180
106,412
778,829
Bounties Paid
by States.
1,138,599
134,010
092,577
6,271,992
1,282,149
864,737
10,382,064
285,941,030
The various calls for men by the President were as follows, not
including the militia brought into service during the different inva-
sions of Lee's armies into Maryland and Pennsylvania :
1861
1861
1802
180:.'
I8ti4
1804
1804
1804
Call for three-months' men 75,000
Call for three years 500,000
(^all for three years 300,000
(all tor nine months 300,000
< 111 1 lor three yejirs, February 500,000
(^all lor three years, March 200,000
Call for three years, July .%0,000
Call for three years, December 300,000
Total 2,675,000
The Provost-Marshal General in 1866 reported the following as
the number of casualties in the volunteer and regular armies of the
United States during the war :
Killed in battle, 61,362 ; died of wounds, 34,T27 ; died of disease,
183,287 ; total died, 279,376 ; total deserted, 199,105.
Number of soldiers in the Confederate service who died of
wounds or dise^ise (partial statement), 133,821 ; deserted (partial
statement), 104,428.
Number of United States troops captured during the war, 212,-
608 ; Confederate troops captured, 476,169.
Number of United States troops paroled on the field, 16,431 ;
Confederate troops paroled on the field, 248,599.
Number of United States troops who died while prisoners,
29,725 ; Confederate troops who died while prisoners, 26,774.
x^t\^^
^•j\\Ci
LpS OF PUBLIC DISCUSSION,
N every community occasions arise from time
to time in which the citizens find it necessary
or desirable to hold a general consultation or
meeting, to consider some subject which it is
beyond the province of private individuals to
decide. Such assembhes include indignation
meetings, political meetings and caucuses,
meetino-s to draft petitions or remonstrances, meetings
to pass resolutions of all sorts, and, indeed, for a thou-
sand purposes in which united action is needed. In
most cases such gatherings are practically spontaneous,
and no programme has been made or thought of, so far,
at least, as concerns the method of carrying on the
business to be transacted. Yet there is a method, and
without it the management of a large assembly of men
would be difficult, cumbrous and tedious. It is called
" parliamentary " practice or rules, being substantially -
modeled after the manner of proceedings in the English parliament,
now in use all over the civilized world. This plan is the one which
has been universally adopted after centuries of experiment and
practice. Its fundamental principle is the will of the majority, and
it is with a view to the most perfect authority of that will that
every parliamentary rule has been adopted. Yery minutely detailed
directions have been laid down for the conduct of public bodies, and
a ready familiarity with these rules is absolutely necessary in the
training of any public man. A full explanation of these rules, with
the decisions proper to be made in each of the many complicated
cases requiring nice adjustment, would be too prohx for the scope
of this work. It is expected, however, that every man who takes
an interest in the affairs of the world should be sufficiently posted
on the laws of parliamentary usage to understand the leading requi-
sites in the management of a public meeting. Then he need not be
made ridiculous by an unexpected election as chairman of some
simple meeting, in which position he might otherwise find himself
quite helpless.
295
LAWS OF PUBLIC DISCUSSION.
CALLING THE MEETING.
"When a question arises requiring public action, the duty of calling a meeting
devolves upon the older and leading citizens, a few of whom, after satisfying them-
selves of the general wish, give public notice of a meeting, stating a time, place, and
the object. Such notice may be given by advertisement, either on posters, dodgers,
or in the local newspapers. It should be concise, definite, and wholly non-partisan as
regards any subject likely to cause difference of opinion in the meeting. The follow-
ing may be taken as examples:
PUBLIC MEETING.
To the Editor of Uie Gcutette: Please announce that there will be a public meeting at Jones*
Hall, on Water street, Thursday evening. May JO, at 7:45 p. m., for the purpose of taking
action concerning the proper observance of the Fourth of J uly in this city.
Jambs Rice,
liOBERT CONNOB.
NOTICE.
The public is invited to attend a meeting at the east gate of Forest Park, Monday af temoo»,
April 25, at '6 o'clock, to consider the recent action of the city council in allowing the con-
struction of a railroad through said park. Charles Monbob,
Byre<iue8tof many citizens. E. H. Maktin.
It is the duty of the persons calling the meeting to take upon themselves the re-
sponsibility of lighting and warming the hall, if necessary, trusting to the meeting to
repay them; but if they order a brass band or other luxuries they must be prepared
to assume the responsibility themselves.
TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION.
At the appointed hour, if a sufficient number are present, the persons who called
the meeting agree upon one of their number to "call the meeting to order." This he
does by rising in a prominent place, attracting attention by rapping, if necessary, and
announcing: "The meeting will please come to order. Who will you choose as
temporary chairman ? "
The person who called the meeting to order should be nominated as temporary
chairman, and no one else; in which case he will remain silent, and let the person who
nominated him "put" the question to the house.
Nominations are made simply in these words: "I nominate Mr. Richard Burk as
temporary chairman." If but one name is proposed, the one who called the meeting
to order will say: "Mr. Richard Burk has been nominated as temporary chairman of
this meeting. All in favor of Mr. Burk as temporary chairman will please say ' Aye.'
[A pause.] Contrary, 'No.'" This is called a nm wc« vote, or vote by the ^mn^
voice.
If more than one nomination have been made, the person presiding will say:
"Messrs. Richard Burk and John Locke have been nominated to preside as tempo-
rary chairman. Those in favor of Mr. Burk, please rise. [A pause.] They will be
seated. [A pause.] Those hi favor of Mr. Locke, please rise." This is called a
standing vote.
If any one move that the election be made by ballot, the person presiding will pro-
pose the motion, and if it be carried he will appoint two tellers, who will collect the
ballots, count them, and announce the decision. The person elected as temporary
chairman will come forward and take the stand. He may make a few remarks, if he
deem it appropriate, and will then declare the election of a temporary secretary to be
in order.
"CUT AND DRIED" ELECTIONS.
If it be a meeting to consider some important question involving personal interests,
or if it be a political meeting, it is likely that a preliminary agreement has been made
among a number of those present, by which they are to \mite for the election of such
LAWS OF PUBLIC DISCUSSION.
persons as will be In favor of their interest. The existence of a clique o!f this character
is sure to show itself to any person of experience in such matters. A novice should
be careful as to the part he takes in the organization of the meeting, as he may find,
too late, that he has been assisting partisans opposed to him, or hindering those with
whom he is in sympathy. A plot of this kind will be best known by the fact that
a large number of ballots are in favor of a few chosen men, which could not be the
case in a fair informal ballot.
PRELIMINARY BUSINESS.
The temporary chairman will now state the object of the meeting, if it have not
already been done. In his remarks and rulings he should take no stand for or against
any proposition likely to come before the meeting, and in eveiything he should be im-
partial. He will declare out of order any motions or remarks relating to the object of
the meeting, until the permanent organization is completed, and will consider only
such motions as have regard to the preliminary organization, the arrangement of the
hall, etc. He will accept and put to vote any motions for the appointment of the fol-
lowing committees : On Credentials, Order of Business, siad. Permanent Organization.
These motions should be proposed by members of the audience, and if they be agreed
to, the temporary chairman will appoint the committees accordingly. The committees
will retire, if necessary, for consultation. During their absence the temporary chair-
man will continue to refuse any business having reference to the main object of the
meeting, and if nothing else be proposed a recess may be taken to await the reports of
the committees.
THE COMMITTEES.
The, person first named for membership on any committee will be the chairman
of that committee, will preside over its session in the committee-room, and on its return
will report its action to the chairman of the meeting.
The report of the committee on Permanent Organization may be in this form:
" Mr. Chairman —Your committee on permanent organization would respectfully recom-
mend that the present organization be made permanent."
Or this
"Mr. Chairman —Your committee on permanent organization recommend the election,
by ballot, of a chairman, secretary, assistant secretary, and sergeant-at-arms."
Or, the committee may recommend the appointment of a committee on nomina-
tions for effecting the permanent organization.
The committee on credentials will report the name of each person entitled to a vote
in the meeting. Or, if this is necessary, may report thus:
"Mr. Chairman— Your committee on credentials would recommend that all residents of
the Fifth and Ninth Wards be entitled to seats in this convention."
The committee on order of business will report in this manner:
" Mr. Chairman —Your committee on order of business recommend the following as the
order of business for this meeting: Permanent organization, report of committee on creden-
tials, appointment of committees on resolutions and finance, reception of visitors, reading
of papers, addresses, organization of a permanent society."
In small assemblies there is usually no need of committees; but in large bodies
they are of very great importance, and their action often decides that of the meeting.
The meeting having been re-called to order by the temporary chairman, the re-
ports of the three committees will be received, and either adopted, amended or rejected.
If adopted, the meeting will be conducted in accordance with the reports of the com
mittees. The fi^rst thing to be considered is that of the committee on " order of busi
ness." Its report having been disposed of and adopted, with or without amendment.
the meeting at once has a programme to be followed. The first thing on this pro-
gramme should be the effecting of a
PERMANENT ORGANIZATION.
by the election of permanent officers. This will be done in one of the three ways
above indicated. The quickest way is to " make the temporary organization perma-
nent," which means to retain the temporary officers. The election of officers by means
of a "committee on nominations " is often done, but the use of that plan nearly always
indicates some hidden moUve, as, for instance, the election of officers without allow-
ing the interference of some unfavorable element present in the meeting. Unless ob-
jection be made, the permanent officers may be elected by a rica voce vote; but the
temporary chairman may, in. his discretion, order a standing vote, and if it be the wish
of the majority (ascertained by viva voce vote) the election shall be made by ballot.
The election of the f)ermanent chairman having been effected, the temporary
chairman will introduce him to the meeting as sucb, and will retire.
The permanent chairman will now make any address he deems advisable, and
may be allowed some latitude in the expression of opinion, since this will probably be
the only chance he will have to do so, unless in a case of a tie vote. The temporary
chairman, on the other hand, upon whom wc have imposed strict impartiality while
in the chair, becomes merely a member of the assembly, like- the others, as soon as he
retires from the chair, and thenceforth has the same liberty of expression that other
members have. The permanent president may at any time appoint any other person
to the chair, while he himself makes an address on the subject under discussion; but
this privilege is not tisually so often resorted to as to give the chairman the same facil-
ity of argument and reply as the others.
OTHER OFFICERS.
Even the smallest meeting must have a chairman. It is always advisable also to
elect a secretary, for he may be of use. Beyond thi'se two officers, small meetings do
not usually need any others. The necessity of many or few officers depends upon the
duration of the'organization. That is, if it is but a temporary meeting, whose labors
will be concluded while it is in one session, few officers need be chosen. But if it be
expected to be a permanent body, such as a society, lodge, board of trade, commercial
association, fire company, or advisory board, other officers are necessary. In a meet-
ing of a single session, the chairman of the finance committee may be intrusted to act
as treasurer; but in a permanent society a treasurer should be chosen. If there be
much writing to be done, both a recording and a corresponding secretary may be
elected; but in most cases it is better to choose simply a secretary, and let him appoint
an assistant. Other officers that may or may not be needed are a financial secretary,
marshal or sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, chaplain, etc. There should be at least one
vice-president if more than one session is to be held. If the convention be an impor-
tant one, consisting of delegates or representatives from different cities, counties or dis-
tricts, it is the custom to appoint one vice-president for each of these, as a matter of
compliment and a recognition of the constituents which the meeting represents. If
any officer need an assistant it is a favor to him to let him make the choice, and this
should always be done when such appointment is immaterial to other interests.
RECORDS AND DOCUMENTS.
If the association is to be a permanent body, a constitution is needed, setting forth
the objects of the union and its limitations, purposes and designs. By-laws must also
be prepared, giving detailed rules for. the conduct of affairs. Both these tasks are
1^!^^-
w
LAWS OF PUBLIC DISCUSSION.
assigned to a committee on organization and by-laws, which should be appointed as soon
as practicable. Rules of order and standing rules may be added. All these must be
left open to amendment.
The secretary has charge of all records and documents, except those of the
treasurer. The secretary of every body must keep a record of its proceedings in
public sessions. This record is called the minutes. The minutes should include a
description of everything actually done, but should Twt describe debates or arguments,
motions not put to vote, resolutions ruled out of order, or other matters on whiclj no
action is taken. The minutes should include all motions put to vote, all resolutions
received, whether they be or be not adopted.
THE TREASURER.
This officer should make reports at frequent intervals, and his records should
always be kept in the regular book-keeping style. His transactions should be business-
like, and his reports clear and satisfactory.
REPORTS.
All officers of permanent bodies should be required to make annual reports. Semi-
annual, quarterly or monthly reports may be provided for in the by-laws.
RULINGS OF THE CHAIR.
The president, or chairman, sits as an impartial judge, deciding between man and
man, not according to his own bias of opinion, but so as to conform to the principle
already laid down — the will of the majmity. This can be done only by an adherence to
parliamentary rules, as established by universal usage. The president has great power,
in the appointment of committees, and in various other ways, and for him to supple-
ment this power by arbitrary rulings is intolerable. Originality is not wanted here,
and 'precedent must govern in every possible decision.
MOTIONS AND RESOLUTIONS.
The difference between a motion and a resolution can be better learned in practice
than by description. The chief difference is in their degree of importance. A motion
is orally expressed, unless it be of such length or of such peculiar verbiage as to make
necessary its reduction to writing. A resolution should always be presented in
writing. The peculiarity of a resolution lies in its being a declaration of the "sense
of the meeting," or the opinion of the body, on some general topic. To illustrate, an
order limiting speeches to five minutes, or an order adjourning the meeting, would be
passed by a motion; while an order censuring or commending an officer, expressing
thanks, or making a request, would be done by resolution.
AMENDMENTS AND SUBSTITUTES.
Both motions and resolutions, while under consideration and before adoption, are
open to amendment. This may consist of a mere insertion or alteration of a word, or
a more extended change. It must be remembered that even a small amendment may
go a long way in changing the sense of the original motion. Thus, supposing the
resolution before the house should be the following:
" Resolved, That Mr. Henry Dawson be authorized to represent this society in the meeting
of the National Association, and present the claim of the members in this state to a more
extended charter."
Then suppose an amendment be offered as follows:
" Mr. Chairman, I move that the resolution be so amended as to substitute the words
' Hiram Robinson ' in place of the words ' Henry Dawson.' "
LAWS OF PUBLIC DISCUSSION.
The word "amendment" properly includes both additions and substitutions.
An amendment is also open to amendment, but the chairman must not consider
an "amendment to the amendment to the amendment." It is too complicated and con-
fusing. The present amendment must be first disposed of, and any other alterations
to the original resolution may then come in as amendments treated separately.
In all cases the amendment to an amendment has precedence of consideration, and
must first be put to vote; next, the original amendment, and lastly, the resolution
itself.
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE.
In committee of the whole the only motions in order are to amend or adopt, and
that the committee "rise and report," since it can not adjourn. Neither can it order
the ayes and noes. Debate, in committee of the whole, can be limited only by previ-
ous agreement.
DEFINITE ANALYSIS.
The important requisite of simplicity, in a deliberative body, is to adopt the
motto, " One thing at a time," and to remember that nuthing but the creative power can
annihilate.
Thus, suppose a petition be offered. On a motion it is received. It is then
"before the house," and nothing else must be allowed to overcrowd it until it Is either
laid over, laid upon the table, granted, refused, jjostponed to a fixed time, indefinitely
postponed, or otherwise disposed of, which must be done by motion. Until such mo-
tion is adopted nothing else can be heard, with the exception of a motion to adjourn,
which is not debatable.
To interrupt the consideration of one thing, in order to take up something else,
sets a precedent for the introduction of still other subjects. Thus the questions at
issue become so mixed that only the most able chairman, and certainly not a partisan
working in the interest of a single proposition, can separate them. An assembly of
men, like a horse, can " think of only one thing at a time."
MODES OF OPPOSITION.
Negative action, or opposition to any action proposed, may be conducted by one
of the following motions :
To suppress the question — by (1) objection to its consideration; (2) a motion to lay
it upon the table.
To suppress debate — by (1) moving the previous question; (2) a motion limiting or
closing debate.
To defer action — by (1) postponing to a fixed time; (2) postponing indefinitely; (8)
laying it upon the table.
To modify— by (1) a motion to amend; (2) a motion to commit or refer.
The tactics of opposition recently known as "filibustering" consists in a resort to
legitimate methods, to accomplish illegitimate results. By illegitimate results, we
mean the success of a minority. Thus, a minority on any question at issue in con-
gress, finding they cannot out-vote the majority, will offer amendments or other minor
issues, upon which debate may be prolonged for months, and legislation be so ob-
structed as to amount to a failure in accomplishing the will of the majority.
THE PREVIOUS QUESTION.
The object of a motion for the "previous question" is to precipitate a vote upon the
question before the house, without further debate. There have been many changes
in the form of using this motion, which have given rise to misconceptions. Originally
its form was, " Shall the main question be put?" It's form now is, " Shall the main
question be noio put?" Its use in this country is different from that in England.
There, the one who moves the previous question votes against it; while here, he votes
in favor of it. In America* the motion for the previous question is not debatable, and
the discussion is to be resumed if the motion be negatived, the same as if it had not
been made. The previous question takes precedence of every debatable one, and can
not be amended, committed or postponed. It requires a two-thirds vote for its adop-
tion. It yields to a motion to lay upon the table, and to questions of privilege. When
a member moves the previous question the chairman must immediately put it to vote,
if it have been seconded.
LAYING UPON THE TABLE.
The passage of a motion to lay any question upon the table does not necessarily
mean its defeat, for the majority may at any time subsequently take it from the table.
Debate on a motion to postpone to a certain time must be limited to the propriety of
postponing it to that time. A motion to take it from the table is not debatable. In
some societies a question is prohibited from being taken from the table except by a
two-thirds vote.
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE.
1. A motion to Jix the time to which the assembly shall adjourn takes precedence
of every other.
2. A tnotion to adjourn takes precedence of all except No. 1, if it be not qualified.
If any qualification is attached, it becomes simply a principal motion.
3. A question of privilege takes precedence over any other matter, and if allowed
in order by the chair, is disposed of forthwith, the other business being then proceeded
with as if it had not been interrupted,
4. A call for the ordej' of the day takes precedence of every other question except
Nos. 1, 3 and 3, and also excepting a motion to reconsider.
5. An appeal from the decision of the chair takes precedence of the question out
of which it grows, and yields only to Nos. 1, 2. 3 and 4.
6. An otjection to the consideration of a question is in order only when it is first
introduced.
7. A motion to suspend the rules must yield only to Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
8. A request for leave to withdraw a motion must yield only to Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
9. A motion to lay upon the table any question takes precedence of 10, 11, 12, 13
and 14, but must yield to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
10. A motion for the previous qu£stion takes precedence of all debatable questions,
but must yield to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
11. A motion to postpone to a certain time takes precedence only of 12, 13 and 14.
12. A motion to commit takes precedence only of 13 and 14.
13. A motion to am£nd takes precedence of nothing except the question which it
is proposed to amend.
14. A motion to postpone indefinitely takes precedence of nothing except the ques-
tion which it i^ proposed to indefinitely postpone.
15. A motion to reconsider a vote on 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 takes precedence of the
main question. It must yield to 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
MISCELLANEOUS RULES AND HINTS.
In ordinary societies no motion limiting or cutting off debate should be adopted
by less than a two-thirds vote.
*In the United States senate it is not allowed. This is sometimes known as the "firag law,
In the house of representatives it can be adopted by a majority.
No one may move to reconsider a motion which has been negatived, except a
member who voted against it.
No member has a right to have any paper read, without the permission of the
assembly. The question of granting such permission cannot be debated or amended.
No member can address the house until lie has been recognized by the chair.
A question of privilege is a privileged question, but a privileged question may be
either Nos. 1, 2, 3, or 4, in the above list.
A motion to defer action may be debated only with reference to the postpone-
ment, and not on the merits of the question which it is proposed to defer.
A motion to reconsider may be made when any other question is before the meet-
ing, but action upon it must be deferred until the present question is disposed of.
In this country, disputes concerning parliamentary rules are decided by a refer-
ence to the rules of the house of representatives of the United States.
In the election of an officer from rival candidates, it is not necessary to put the
question in such a manner as to compel any member to vote directly agaimt any can-
didate. In a standing vote, or a vote by ballot, each may express his preference for
one of the nominees, without expressly voting against others, as would be the case in
a viva voce vote.
When a committee is ready to disperse, it rum. When the meeting is ready to
disperse, it adjourns.
All remarks must be addressed to the chairman, must be confined to the question
before the house, and must avoid reflections upon the motives of other members.
In putting a motion to the house to be voted upon, the chairman should state it
fully. If he cjmnot do so he may require the person who made the motion to write it.
If there be no objection, a p>ersou who has made a motion may offer an amend-
ment to it, with the consent of the person who seconded it ; and it stands in place of
the original motion, without the necessity of a vote upon it. No motion can be with-
drawn without the consent of the person who seconded it.
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RULES FOR PUNCTUATION.
HERE are two views of the function performed by punctua-
tion, the rhetorical and the grammatical. The former
holds that it is the business of punctuation to divide wi'itten
language into such portions as a correct speaker would divide
it ; the latter holds that punctuation should attend only to the
grammatical structure of a sentence, and not separate the sub-
j ect from the predicate or the ob j ect from the verb that governs it. The
latter view is the modern one, and much confusion would be avoided if
this would be regarded as the sole function of punctuation. A cor-
rect and impressive reader will always make many pauses not indi-
cated by stops, will at times omit a stop where grammatically it
would be required, and will vary the length of the pauses according
to his idea of the requirements of the passage. The reader's pauses
are solely rhetorical, and the punctuation marks are primarily in-
tended as a guide to the eye in taking in the grammatical sense of
the passage.
No fixed rule can be given as to the length of time indicated by
the marks, only that generally the time decreases in the following
order : period, colon, semi-colon and comma.
The tendency in modern English is to use punctuation marks
more sparingly than formerly, and to assume that readers possess
the ability to find their way through a sentence without signboards
at every corner. Compare a writer of even fifty years ago with one
of to-day, and it will be found that the latter has not half the num-
ber of commas peppered throughout his pages that the former has.
Then, in compound words the tendency is to drop the hyphen,
especially in those in which the first word is of one syllable.
Generally it may be said that the period divides a paragraph
into «(?wfewc65 ; the colon and semi-colon divide compound sentences
into smaller Ones ; and the comma connects into clauses the scattered
statements of time, manner, place and relation belonging to verbs
and nouns. Where the sense is clear without commas, it is better
to omit them, and then they take the place of the semi-colon in com-
plex and co-ordinate sentences. In few cases are the pauses in good
reading indicated by the stopping.
303
PUNCTUATION.
THE COMMA.
(1) "Where a short pause is required the comma is used ; but It can be dispensed
with in short, simple sentences.
(2) When a word is separated from its grammatical adjunct by some intervening
phrase, the phrase should be preceded and followed by a comma: as, "The king,
wearied by her importunity, granted her request."
(3) Never insert a comma between the subject and predicate. Except when the
subject is accompanied by several adjuncts a comma should be introduced immedi-
ately before the verb : as, "The injustice and barbarity of this censure on all former
editors of the New Testament, will appear," etc.
(4) Two or more words in the same construction are separated by a comma : as,
" Reason, virtue, answer one aim," but if the words are closely connected with a con-
junction, the comma is omitted : as, "Reason and virtue are one aim."
(5) When words in the same construction are joined In pairs by a conjunction,
they are separated in 7m/'» by a comma : as, "Hope and fear, pleasure and pain, di-
versify our lives."
(6) Expressions in a direct address, the nominative absolute, and words like hence,
beside, first, are separated by commas from the body of the sentence : as, " Come
hither, John ;" "The sun having risen, we pursued our journey "; " Properly speak-
ing, she was a good natured, reasonable woman"; "Beside, the Issue is doubtful."
(7) Nouns in apposition, when accompanied with adjuncts, or nouns attended with
participles or adjectives with dependent words, are separated with commas : as,
" Paul, the Apostle of the Gentiles, was eminent for his zeal " ; " The king, approving
the plan, put It in execution."
Rut if the nouns are single they are not divided : as, " Paul the Apostle Suffered
martyrdom."
(8) Words placed in contrast to one another are septarated by commas : as,
"Though deep, yet clear ; tho' gentle, yet profoimd."
(9) Quotations, or expressions resembling quotations, should be marked by com-
mas : jvs, "It hurts a man's pride to say, I don't know;" we are strictly enjoined,
" not to follow a multitude to do evil."
(10) Relative pronouns, except when closely connected with their antecedents,
generally admit a comma before them : as, " He preaches sublimely, who leads a good
life."
(11) When the infinitive mood or a sentence is the suhject of a verb, it generally
admits a comma, especially when it follows the verb : as, " It ill becomes wise men, to
opp)ose each other."
(12) When a verb is understood, a comma may often properly be introduced : as,
" From law arises security ; from security, curiosity ; from curiosity, knowledge."
(13) In compound sentences the clauses are separated by commas imless the con-
nection is close : as, " Crafty men contemn studies, simple men despise them, and wise
men admire them ; " but in the following, where the connection is close and sentence
short, no comma is necessary : " Revelation tells us how we may attain happiness."
(14) Words repeated require a comma : as, " No, no, no, it cannot be."
(15) Inverted sentences, by throwing words out of their natural order, often re-
quire a comma : as, "To God, all things are possible ; " but no comma is required in
" All things are possible to God."
THE SEMICOLON.
The semicolon is inserted between those members of a sentence less closely con-
nected than those separated by commas, and yie parts separated by the semicolon
should contain in themselves a complete and independent proposition, while still haT
ing a connection with the other parts.
(1) "When one clause is explanatory of another it is separated by a semicolon : as,
" Study to acquire a habit of thinking ; nothing is more important."
(2) When a sentence consists of several complex members separated in turn by
commas, the larger divisions are separated by semicolons : for instance, "As the de-
sire of approbation, when it works according to reason, improves the amiable part of
our species ; so nothing is more destructive, when it is governed by vanity and folly,"
(3) When several short sentences, complete in themselves, but having a slight con-
nection in idea, follow in succession, they should be separated by semicolons : as,
" Tragedy represents a disastrous event ; comedy ridicules the follies of mankind ; and
elegy displays the tender emotions of the heart."
THE COLON.
The colon is used to divide a sentence into parts less connected than those sepa-
rated by a semicolon; but not so independent as separate distinct sentences. The general
principle, therefore, which regulates the choice of either, is the closeness of the connection,
(1) When a member of a sentence is complete in itself, but followed by some sup-
plemental remark or further illustration of the subject, the colon is used : as, " Time
is the seed field of eternity : what a man soweth, that shall he also reap. "
(2) When one or more semicolons have preceded, and a still greater pause is neces-
sary in order to mark the connecting or concluding clause, a colon is indicated : thus,
"As we perceive the shadow to have moved along the dial, but did not perceive it
moving ; and it appears the grass has grown, although no one has seen it grow : so
our advances in knowledge are only perceivable by the distance."
(3) The colon is also used when a direct quotation or speech in introduced : as, " I
admire this sublime passage : ' God said, let there be light, and there was light.' "
In case the quotation comes in as a dependent element of the sentence, a comma
precedes it : as, " Their fond mother shall cry, ' 'Tis morn, awake ! awake ! ' "
(4) The presence of a connective word will frequently determine whether a semi-
colon or colon is indicated : as, "Apply yourself to learning, fur it will redound to
your honor ; " but " Apply yourself to learning : it will redound to your honor."
(5) When a general term has several particulars in apportion under it, the general
term is separated from the particulars by a colon, the particulars from each other by
commas : as, " Nouns have three genders : masculine, feminine ahd neuter."
(6) After the address in a letter, or the contracted word, " viz," a colon is used : as,
"Sir: I have the honor," etc., and "This is used in the following cases, viz.:
When," etc.
THE PERIOD.
The period is admissible when the sentences are complete in sense and not con-
nected with each other, in either meaning or grammatical construction ; when a very
long sentence, which is separated bj^ colons or semicolons, and in case of abbreviations.
In regard to quotation marks, American practice reverses the English order of single
and double quotations : thus, in America, we would say: "Never despair," said he
" for, as Horace says, ' Nil desperandum.' " Here, it will be observed, that at first the
double quotation marks are used, and a quotation within a quotation is singly marked.
The words "said he," are outside the quotation marks, as they should be.
In quoting poetry, it was formerly customary to quote each line ; now it is suffi-
cient to quote at commencement of first line, and end of last line.
In quoting an extract, with paragi-aphs, the first word of each paragraph should
be preceded with quotation marks, and in case of tho last paragraph, it should close
with the marks. •
The quotation marks are used wjjenever a word or phrase is used in an unusual
sense, or in a colloquial or slangy manner. It is well, as far as possible, to avoid
such a nractice.
PUNCTUATION.
siiiiimiiiiuiiviiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiwiyiiiiMiiiiiniiiiiiiiHiiuiiiinniiiiiniiiiiiiiw
I CAPITALS— WI^EN AND WHERE TO USE TljEHJ. |
liiimiiMiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiHiiiiiuniiiiiiiiao^
IN the use of capitals there is some diversity in the practice of
writers and printers.
The following classes of words usually begin with capital letters :
(1) The first word of every book, chapter, letter or other piece of writing ; also, the
first word after a period, or after an interrogation or exclamation point, if they close
an independent sentence ; also, the first word of every line of poetry ; also, the first
word of a formal quotation: as, " Ilemember the maxim: ' Know thyself,'" but
for an infonnal quotation, a capital is mmecessary : as, Solomon remarks that "pride
goes before destructioil."
(2) Proper pames ; adjectives derived from proper names ; titles of honor and dis-
tinction, and common nouns personified : as, "There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray."
(3) Words used as titles of the Deity.
(4) Every substantive and principal word in titles of books : as, "The Lady of
the Lake."
(5) The pronoun I, and the interjection O.
(6) Other words besides these, when emphatic or the principal subject of discourse.
(7) Generic common nouns, when accompanied by proper nouns included in the
genus : as, The Mississippi River, the Supreme Court ; the English Government, but
not when the words " river," "court, " government," etc., occur by themselves.
(8) Some capitalize " state" and "territory," but It is preferable to follow the rule
just given above.
(9) A capital is not required after a period used for contracted words merely : as,
"The meeting was adjourned inem. con. yesterday."
(10) The tendency to the too frequent use of capitals, a habit' often fostered by
their very profuse use in book-keeping, is to be avoided.
pillll!!nillllllllilllllll!HI!lllll!H«lllllliniIllllll!aiillllllM^^
I COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING. |
lllllllllWIIIIIIIIKIIIIMHIIIIIIIIMIIIIIillMIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIKllliilHIIIIIIU^
IN this article we have aimed to give in a terse form a collection
of the most common errors in speaking and writing, and in an
equally terse yet clear manner to give the correction — in most
cases with reasons therefor, unless the correction be too obvious to
require this procedure. A careful perusal of the article will, we
hope, " from many a blunder free us."
" I do not know hit what it is right," should be but that.
" The rose smells sweetly," " it sounds grand^^," "he looks sharply."
Here the ly is inadmissible, except perhaps in the last sentence, if the reference is
to the quality of the act. " He looks sharp," refers to the quality of the agent.
"The mob were riotous," should be was; but, •
"The nobility ^cere alarmed," is right. The/ule is that collective nouns require a
verb in the plural, nouns of multitude require a verb in the singular. Observe that
mob has a plural, while nobility has not.
PUNCTUATION.
" I will speak to all, him alone excepted," should be Jie. In English the case ab-
solute is the nominative.
" You could do it better than him or me," should be lie or /.
"He loved him better than me," is right, if it signifies that he loved him better
than he loved me ; but it should be J if it signifies that he loved him better than I
(loved him).
" Between you and /," should be me, as it signifies between you and between me.
" After you and /," is right when after is an adverb ; as in " After you and I go,"
but it should be m^ when after is a preposition ; as, " He spoke after you and me."
" WJm do you vote for ? " should be ' ' For whom do you vote ? "
Solomon, son of David, who slew Goliath. (Right.)
Solomon, son of David, who built the temple. (Wrong.)
Latter violates the rule that the relative agrees with the nearest word capable of
being antecedent.
" Errors are committed by the most distinguished writers with respect to ' shall '
and 'will,'" violates the rule that the word or phrase which belongs to the governed
word should always be so placed that the connection should be clear. The above sen-
tence should read, "Errors in respect to 'shall' and 'will' are committed," etc.
This principle of the proper collocation of words is constantly violated, and innumer-
able instances could be given in illustration of this fault ; such as:
" Wanted, a young man to attend horses of a pious turn of mind." "The man
was digging a well with a roman nose." "The following verses were written by a
young man who has long lain in the grave for his own amusement "; "I saw that the
kettle had been scoured with half an eye"; "A public dinnner was given to the in-
habitants of roast beef and plum pudding"; "He rode to town, and drove ten cows
on horseback."
" Charm he Tiemr so wisely," should be ever.
"He was more beloved (add than), but not so much admired, as Brutus "; in this
than is added on the principle that clauses connected by conjunctions should be
grammatically complete.
" To not come," should be " not to come." Rule : Never insert any word between
the infinitive sign to and its verb.
"If he say aught," is preferable to ovght, on the principle that when usage is
divided we should prefer the word which admits of one signification.
" I saw my contemporary ;" preferable to cotemporary on the ground of analogy.
"I caunot accept of this ;"<?/ should be omitted on the ground of simplicity.
"He displayed great wrovgheadedness." The last word should be rejected as
harsh and unnecessary ; " obstinacy in error" is preferable.
"He effected his purpose by dint of argument; the italicized words can with
advantage be dispensed with.
" I had rather go," is better expressed by " I would rather go." The former in-
cludes a solecism and should be avoided.
" The then ministry ;" better, "the ministry of that time."
" They could easier get them by heart ; " say mare easily.
" Thine often infirmities ; " s&y frequent.
"Jacob loved Joseph more than all his children ;" otJier should be inserted after
his.
"He gave me the two first pieces, "^is correct if it means the two at the beginning ;
first two would signify that the pieces were numbered in pairs.
" The unicorn is a kind of a rhinoceros ; " a should be omitted. Rule : Since a
or an denotes one thing of a kind, it cannot be used before the whole kind.
' ' Everyone must judge of their own feelings ; " say his.
' ' Let you and / endeavor to do better ; " say me.
" If there is one man worse than another, it is him who," etc.; say he.
" It is not for such as m to try this ; " say we (are).
' ' Is she as tall as nie ? " say /.
"W/wm do men say that I am ? " say who.
' ' WIio should we meet the other day but John ? " say whom.
"He spoke to I don't know wJu> ; " say whom.
"The time shall come t/uit he will regret this ;" say when.
" I have got a cold ; " avoid the use of get or got as much as possible : it is gener-
ally redundant.
" I cannot get into the box ; " say optn.
" I do not say as others do," is correct, but be careful about the substitution of do
for other verbs In cases where the ellipsis of the preceding verb cannot be supplied ;
as, " I did not say as some have done; " should be said.
" I have lost this game, though I tliought I should hawtDonM." Here substitute
win for Juive toon. However far back the expectation may be referred, the aceing must
be considered as contemporary, or as aoon to follow, but cannot, without absurdity, be
considered as past.
"The son said to his father that he had sinned against heaven," Where there is
obscurity as to the last " he," which grammatically belong to "father," as the nearest
antecedent, but in reality is intended to refer to "son." This obscurity should be
avoided by a different arrangement, or by inserting the words, "the son," in brackets.
The next sentence is another instance of the same error. " The farmer went to
the lawyer, and told him that his bull had gored his ox."
Inelegancy, such as the following, should be avoided :
"They halted with the river at their backs." " Behind them," or, " at the rear,"
would be better.
' ' This property has or will be sold." Insert ' ' been " after "has."
" I have bought a house and orchard." Insert " an " l)efore " orchard."
Prepositions are often wrongly used, as in the following :
" Many have profited /ro/w the misfortunes of others ; " say by.
" Many customs have been brought in use of late." Into is required when motion
is implied.
" This remark is founded with truth; " on.
" I find great difficulty of writing ; " in.
" Favors are not always bestowed to the most deserving ; " on,
" This is different to that ; " )roin.
" He insists on it that he is right ; " vpon.
"He should have divided it between the three, and not among the two." The
italicized words should be reversed, as between is from by-twain, or by two, and
among signifies with many.
Completely refers to degree, entirely to quantity. Thus, we should say, " I am
completely (nol entirely) iired.." "All are here," "the whole is taken." "AH" is
plural and collective ; " while " refers to the component parts of a body, and is singular.
"AU men are animals," or "Every man is an animal." All is collective, ewr^ dis-
tributive.
" An authentic book relates facts as they happened ; a genuine book is written by
the author whose name it bears."
" The vice of covetousness is what enters deepest into the soul of any other ;" say
deeper. '
" There is one that will think himself obliged to double his kindness and caresses
of me." Kindness should not be followed by <>f but to.
" He attended the nuptial of the prince ; " say nuptials.
PUNCTUATION. 309
t
"He became scary of his money." Scary is improperly used for frightened.
"His hauteur was intolerable." Here a French word is improperly used for
haugJUiness. It is always better, if possible, to stick to plain Anglo-Saxon.
' ' To make such acquirements as fit them for useful avocations. " The impropriety
here consists in using avocations for vocations. By the latter is meant "trade," " pro-
fession" or ' ' calling ; " by the former whatever withdraws or diverts us from business.
"No man had ever less friends and more enemies." It should be "/istrer friends,"
as less refers to quantity, fewer to number.
"He sings a good song," is better expressed by " He sings well; " as the former
strictly implies that the song he sings is a good one, whereas the speaker really means
to say, "lie sings well."
"Apples will he plenty this coming fall ;" say plentiful.
"1 do not suppose that we Americans want genius more than other nations."
Here want is improperly used for lack. This word want is often improperly used as in
the following : " You want to be careful," where it is used for need or require.
"The first proposal was entirely different and inferior to the other." This re-
quires the addition of from after different.
"To the happiness of possessing such a partner, he soon had the satisfaction of ob-
taining the highest honor the country could bestow." Better to say here, united the
satisfaction, etc.
"This may be useful to tliem whose chief ambition is to please." Better to say
those, whinh stands for a noun not previously introduced.
" My purpose was to hare withdrawn from commerce ; " say withdraw.
" He was put to sleep with the sound of music ; " say ly.
' ' The greatest minds often differ among one another. " Better, from each otlicfr, or
one from the other.
"I have read the Emperor's Charles the Fifth's life." Better, "the life of the
Emperor Charles the Fifth."
" It is not for such as us," etc. ; better, we.
"He was walking back and forth; " better, backward and forward.
"Whether he will go or no," etc. ; should be not.
"His argument was based upon the fact ; " founded.
"The money was ordered paid ; " supply to be before paid.
* "I calculate to leave soon ; " intend.
" He is considerable of a scholar ; " a pretty good scholar.
" He is a decent scholar ; " better, a fair scholar.
" His farm was convenient to mine ; " contiguous or close.
" Her situation was distressing to a degree ; " extremely distressing.
"A total destitution, of capacity ;" want.
" EitJier of the United States ; " should be any, as eitlier refers to one of ttoo.
" Equally ffls well ;" omit a«.
" I presume he will go ; " say think or suppose.
" He is in a hadfx ; " state or condition.
" Will you^j; this ? " put in order.
" What do folks think of this ?" jyeople.
"Talents of the highest ^rmrfc;" better, order.
" I guess I will do this ; " think.
" We hope the assistance of God ; " hope /or.
" A horse colt ; a mare colt ; " should be, a colt ; & filly.
" This would illy accord ; " ill.
" When did yo\i come in town ? " into.
" A lengthy discourse ; " long.
"Why don't you do like I do ; " as.
2EI(SE]SlE^^ IM ^pEEd{l AMD Wl^ITINIJ.
HE predominance of the Latin element in the foundation
of the English language, invests its vocabulary, beyond
any other, written or spoken, with an adaptability for
vigor of expression, combined with grace and symmetry
of form and simplicity and ease of understanding,
which is too often marred by the tendency to redun-
dancy in the use of words and the mistaken idea that
floridness is a proper ambition of elegance. He who
wishes to write and speak the English language in its
purest, best and most classical form, will clothe his
words with the greatest power, and conform to the
rules for the highest literary excellence, by observing that
terseness and simplicity of expression which the student
of philology recognizes as the most important and most
admirable feature of the language. " Brevity is the soul
of wit," is a proverb which, applied to the use of lan-
guage, has a wider significance, and a more important
meaning for him who studies the correct use of it, than its ordinary
adaptation implies. In giving the thoughts written or vocal
expression, he will achieve the highest excellence who keeps steadily
in view that the main object of oral or written utterance is to con-
vey the thought or idea with the greatest force and clearness, in the
fewest possible words consistent with a complete expression of the
meaning designed to be conveyed, harmony of grammatical arrange-
ment and rhetoric elegance. It is, in fact, simply to study and de-
velop, in its use, the advantages which are inherent in the language.
That style of writing and expression which was formerly in fashion
in oratory and literature, which lost sight of the object of expres-
sion in the desire to embellish speech with ornate and unnecessary
flourish, and to exhibit rather the writer's resources of vocabulary
than the impression which he designed to reach in the reader's
mind, is among the things of the past. Classic elegance and con-
ciseness is now the highest test of excellence, and the best and truest
criterion of literary merit. Terseness, conciseness and brevity in
3ID
TERSENESS IN SPEECH AND WRITING.
writing, are, Jiowever, not to be best attained by a series of spas-
modic and jerky sentences. They are to be attained without any
sacrifice of elegant and euphonious periods, by the choice of
the most expressive words, governed by their most appropriate rela-
tion to the meaning which the sentence is designed to convey. The
redundancy of adjectives is to be avoided, as well as the repetition,
in the same sentence, or in succeeding sentences, of the same mean-
ing, conveyed in different words ; though it is one of the highest
excellences of the use of language to convey in a sentence properly
arranged the same effect which is produced by the crude or ill in-
formed writer in several distinct propositions. Lengthy or involved
sentences are, as a rule, to be avoided by the ordinary writer. They
take him onto a higher ground, which is only safely traversed by the
master of the language. It is not given to the ordinary mind to
attempt the grasp of language which is the realm of the master
mind of a Gladstone, a Beecher or an Ingersoll ; and he who at-
tempts, in this way, to soar beyond his capacity, will find himself
afloat on Icarius' wings, and will certainly land in discomfiture
and' disgrace. Cultivate, therefore, brevity — not that brevity which
denotes paucity of ideas and language — but the brevity which seeks
the greatest power of expression in the fewest words and the great-
est simplicity of arrangement. Here is an example in Avhich the
same meaning, precisely, is conveyed in two paragraphs, each being
grammatically correct and in good form :
" The climate of Illinois is one of the finest in the world. Notwithstanding the extreme
cold of the winter months, the peoule do not suffer the same discomfort in that season as
those at the East. This is due to the remarkable dryness of the atmosphere, and the absence
of sudden and unforeseen changes. The summer heat, while nearly as great as in the same
latitudes at the East, does not entail the same inconvenience and suffering. The cool breezes
from the great lake temper the air and prevent that oppressive sultriness which is so much
experienced in the Eastern summer. The salubrity of the climate is also remarkable. This
is attributable to the large quantity of ozone with which the air is charged."
" The climate of Illinois is one of the finest and most salubrious in the world. The dis-
comforts which attend the changeableness of the weather in the winter, and the extreme
sultriness of the summer months, in the East, are avoided— in the former season, by the re-
markable dryness of the atmosphere and evenness of the temperature, and in the latter, by
the cool breezes from the great lake, which temper the extreme heat. The large percentage
of ozone in the atmosphere also renders the climate unusually salubrious."
Observe, that in the former paragraph, there are used one hun-
dred and twenty-two words and seven sentences. The latter, which
fully covers the same meaning, in more expressive and elegant
shape, contains but eighty-six words and three sentences.
"Such were the considerations, such, I say, were the inducements, which prompted the
Democracy in its efforts to send to this chamber a Republican beyond question, since these
many long years. If that is the Democracy which gentlemen on that side love, I proclaim
my inability to act with them."
TERSENESS IN SPEECH AND WKITING.
Read in this way :
" Such were the considerations, the inducements, which prompted the effort of the De-
mocracy to send to this chamber, one whose Republicanism was, for many years, beyond
question. If that he the Democracy which gentlemen opposite love, I proclaim my ina-
bility to co-operate with them."
Observe that here is a saving of six words in less than as many
lines, an improvement in grammatical and literary construction,
with a gain in force and vigor. Let these two principles be borne
in mind in cultivating proper brevity : Never sacrifice the force
and lucidity of expression to false economy of words. Never sac-
rifice the true dignity, simplicity and force of expression, to a mis-
placed idea of what constitutes literary or rhetoric elegance, nor
lose your meaning in a sea of words.
OLD SPANISH PROVERBS.
" Taking the wrong sow by the ear."
** Do not leap over the hedge before you arrive at the stile."
" Out of the frying pan into the fire."
" Out of God's blessing into the sun."
'• Fair and softly goes far."
"There is nothing sure in this world."
" A man must eat a peck of salt with his friend before he knows
him."
" One swallow never makes a summer."
" The itch lives long enough."
" The devil lurks behind the cross."
" You cannot catch old birds with chaff."
" One knows where one's own shoe pinches."
" King's chaff is better than other men's corn."
" The treason pleases, but the traitors are odious."
" Diligence is the mother of success."
" There are always more tricks in town than are talked of."
" There is no striving against the stream."
" Fortune turns round like a mill wheel, and he that was yester-
day at the top to-day lies at the bottom."
VERY flower may be supplied with its favorite soil with
a little patience and observation. A light soil suits
most descriptions very weU ; and earth, thoroughly
well dug, and dressed yearly from a mound of accumu-
latod leaves, rotted with soap-suds, will be found useful
generally. A portion of sand should be mixed with it.
AH bulbs, carnations, pinks, auriculas, ranunculuses,
etc., hke a mixture of sand. Mix sand well into borders and plats
of gardens, and you will have handsome flowers. The addition of
powdered charcoal will deepen the colors of most flowers. The fol-
lowing list of common flowers appertaining to each month may
assist in filling the borders of gardens :
JANUARY.
Single anemones.
Winter cyciameas.
Michaelmas daisy.
Hepaticas.
Primroses.
Winter hyacinth.
Narcissus of the East.
Christmas rose.
FEBRUARY.
Single anemones.
Forward anemones.
Pei-sian iris.
Spring crocus.
Single yellow gilliflower.
Single liverwort. —
Winter aconite.
Hepaticus.
MARCH.
Bulbous iris.
Anemones of all sorts.
Spring cyclamens.
Liverwort of all sorts.
Daffodils.
Crowfoots.
Spring crocus.
Hyacinths of all sorts.
Jonquils.
Yellow gilliflower.
Narcissus of several kinds.
Forward bears'-ears.
Forward tulips.
Single primroses of various colors.
APRIL.
Daisies.
Yellow gilliflowers.
Narcissus of all sorts.
Forward bear's-ear.
Spring cyclamens.
Saffron flowers.
Anemones of all sorts.
Iris.
Pansies.
Daffodils.
Double liverworts.
Primroses.
Honeysuckles.
Tulips.
Hyacinths.
Single jonquils.
Crown-imperial.
Yellow gilliflowers, double and single.
Pasque-flowers.
March violets.
MAY.
Anemones.
Gilliflowers of all sorts.
Yellow gilliflowers.
Columbines.
Asphodels.
Orange or flame-colored lilies.
Double jacea, a sort of cychnis.
Pansies.
Peonies of all sorts.
Ranunculus of all sorts.
Some irises, as those we call the bulbous iris,
and the chamoe iris.
Cyanuses of all sorts.
Hyacinths.
Day lilies.
Bastard dittany.
Daisies.
Lily of the valley.
Mountain pinks.
Italian spiderwort, a sort of asphodel.
Poet's pinks.
Backward tulips.
Julians, otherwise called English gilliflowers.
JUNE.
Snap-dragons of all sorts.
Wild tansies.
Pinks.
Irises.
Roses.
Tuberoses.
Pansies.
Larkspur.
Great daisies.
Climbers.
Cyanuses of all sorts.
Fox-gloves of all sorts.
Mountain lilies.
Gilliflowers of all sorts.
Monks'-hoods.
Candy-tufts.
Poppies.
313
FLOWERS m SEASON.
JULY.
Jessamine.
Spanish broom.
Basils.
Bell-liowers.
Indian jacea.
Great daisies.
Monks'-hoods.
Pinks.
Bcabiuses.
Nigellas.
Cyclamens.
Lobers catch-flies.
Lilies of all sorta.
Apples of love.
Conifrey.
Poppies.
Snap-dragons.
D<>ul)lc marixolds.
Amaranth uses.
Pinks of the poets.
Hee-tlowers.
8ea-hollies.
Foxarloves.
Wild poppies.
Everlastings.
Itoses.
Dittanieti.
Bindweeds.
Lilies of St. Bruno.
Tri-colors.
Squills.
Motherworts.
Climbers.
Oculus christl.
Camomile.
Sunflowers.
Beividere.
GiUiflowers.
Hellebore.
Ox-eyes.
Thorn-apple.
Valerian.
AUGUST.
Oculus christi, or starwoTt.
Belvideres.
Climbers of all sorts.
Apples of love.
Marvels of Peru.
Pansies.
Ranimculuses.
Double marigolds.
Candy-tufts
Autumn cyclamens.
Jessamines.
Sunflowers.
Indian narcissus.
Fox-gloves.
Cyclamens.
Passion-flowers.
Everlastings.
Tuberoses.
Monks'-hoods.
Indian pinks.
Bindweed.
Pass-velours.
Great daisies.
White bell-flower.
Autumnal meadow-saffron.
GiUiflowers.
SEPTEMBER.
Tri-colors.
Love-apples.
Marvel of Peru.
Monks'-hoods.
Narcissus of Portugal.
Snap-dragons.
Oculus christi.
Basils.
Belvideres.
Great daisies.
Double marigolds.
Monthly roses.
Tube roses.
Amaryllis.
Autumnal narciams.
White-bell flowers.
Indian pinks.
Indian roses.
Amaranthus.
I'ansies.
Passion-flower.
Autumnal crocus.
Thorn-apple.
Carnations.
Ranunculus, planted in May,
Colchicums.
OCTOBER.
Tri-colors.
Oculus christi.
Snap-dragons.
Pansies, sown in August.
Passion-flower.
Colchicums.
Autumn crocus.
Autumnal cyclamens.
Monks'-hood.
Indian pinks,
Paas-velours.
Double marigolds.
Some pinks.
Amaryllis.
Autumnal narcissus.
NOVEMBER.
Snap-dragons.
Double and single gllliflowers.
Great daisies.
Pansies, sown In August.
Monthly roses.
Double violets.
Single anemones of all sorts.
Winter cyclamens.
Forward hellebore.
Golden-rod.
N" these days of rapid transit the traveler must have
information suited to the celerity of his progress and the
conventionalities of modern transportation. If he has it
not, he is made liable both to ridicule and personal incon-
venience. The old easy-going days, when a stage full of
impatient people was halted ten minutes to allow for the
delay of an old lady whose various band-boxes and
parcels were not ready, and when a steamer would make
a landing at almost any point to put off a solitary
passenger, with his carpet-bag and butter box, are all
passed. The public carriers are less accommodating to
their patrons than formerly in these respects, but make up for it in
others, by requiring those patrons to accommodate each other, in the
matter of promptness and undelayed progress. Most of modern travel
is by rail. It is usually expeditious and pleasant ; yet gives oppor-
tunity for the abundant display of selfishness, especially in America,
where fifty or more passengers are crowded into the same car. It
is in traveling that the genuineness or baselessness of the claim
" gentleman " or " lady " is made most apparent.
The Route. — In every railroad station, hotel, or other place
where travelers gather, there are sure to be hanging several kinds
of maps, showing the course of every railroad in that part of the
country. By a glance at these the traveler can be sure of the route
he is to take, and avoid uncertainty. The first thing necessary in
starting anywhere is to know where you are going.
The Time. — The most uncertain thing of all is the accuracy
and comparison of time pieces. The adoption of " standard time "
throughout the country has much improved this "matter, but still
clocks and watches differ enough to cause frequent annoyance. The
clock in a ticket agent's office may be relied upon, as the railroad
clocks ave kept together by telegraph.
Getting Ready. — Trunks, valises, and other baggage, should
be packed and transported to the depot in ample time to avoid the
815
now TO TRAVEL.
confusion which haste is sure to create. If you do not personally
know the man who hauls your baggage, make a note of the num-
ber of his wagon, so you can find him again if anything goes wrong.
Do not let him leave the baggage at some outlying point away from
the depot, where thieves may get it.
Avoid "Waste. — Waste of temper ; waste of money, in letting
yourself be swindled when making change ; waste of anxiety, by
taking more baggage than you need ; waste of time, by going to the
station an hour before the time for the train, and then waiting
impatiently.
Forethought. — This is worth
more than a thousand questions.
Have the forethought to ascertain,
in advance, just whfere you will
make a change of trains ; just which
road you are to travel on. Do not
suppose, if you are going to Smith-
ville, that every train on the
Smithville railroad will take you
there. Some other train on the
same road may be bound for the
Jonesville branch, and not going
to Smithville at all.
Tickets.— Purchase your tick-
ets before entering the cars. This
is the rule of the company, and if
you do not obey it you may have
to pay the conductor more than the
ticket agent. Inform the agent
exactly where you want to go, and when. If it is to a point in
another state, give the name of the state ; for there is probably a
town of the same name in some other state or on some other road.
Ask the agent the price of the ticket, see that j'^ou are not robbed
by any one in the crowd at your elbows, and on receiving the ticket.
DISEMBABKINO.
carefully place both it and your money in your safest pocket.
Ohecking Bagrgage. — You should see that your trunks are
delivered at the door of the baggage room. Having bought your
ticket, show it to the baggage master. He will give you a numbered
check, placing a duplicate upon each piece of your baggage, and
from that moment the responsibiUty for it devolves upon the rail-
road company. Bear in mind that a depot check is not a railroad
m
HOW TO TRAVEL.
check. That is, your check' from your hotel or residence to the
dei)ot^is given merely by the transfer company, and you must after-
ward see personally to the checking at the depot. Most railroads
limit the weight of baggage carried free to 150 pounds, making a
charge for an excess over this weight. After it has arrived at its
destination, most railroads give the traveler only twenty-four hours
to remove it from the depot. After that time they make a charge
for storage, especially in the larger cities It seems in many cases
unjust, especially as the traveler may have received no notification
of any such rule. The charge for storage is often increased by an
additional one for cartage.
Getting Aboard. — The train comes roaring up to the depot,
the crowtl is in motion, there are other trains about to leave, and
you are likely to become excited. That is precisely what you should
not do. If you become excited you are more than ever likely to
leave one of your parcels in the depot, get upon the wrong train,
m6et with an accident, or cause a headache. Be prompt, but cool
and business-like. Don't run ; there is no need of it. Don't ask
strangers for information, but ascertain from the ticket agent, con-
ductor or other railroad employe, which train you should take.
Observation. — It is by observation, rather than by directions,
that one can learn to travel comfortablv. When a lady, starting
on a journey, selects a seat in the smoking car, it shows she has
not observed the difference between smoking cars and coaches in
the invariable make-up of passenger trains. When a gentleman
offers hfs ticket to the brakeman, it shows he has not observed that
the conductor always wears the name " Conductor," on his cap, and
may be known at a glance. Observation will show the traveler a
thousand little things, if he Avill notice them, instead of asking
innumerable questions. Still, it is better to ask than to be ignorant
of what you want to know.
Companions. — If you are traveling with others, do not separate
yourself from them in the rush of people, and do not consult your
own comfort at the expense or disregard of theirs. If a gentleman
is traveling with a lady, he must take upon himself the various little
tasks incidental to the trip, such as the purchase of her ticket, the
transportation and checking of her baggage, assisting her on board,
and procuring a seat for her. You should use your own judgment
as to purchases of confectionery or literature, and as to keeping
her interested daring the journey. Do not imagine that because
you are taking a journey you are embarking in some great enterprise
which entitles you to distinction. Excited or loud talk at the depot
and on the train will subject you to stares and criticisms, which
would be fully deserved.
Sleeping Cars. — Berths in sleeping cars should be procured a
day or two in advance, if possible, so as to make sure of getting
them, and of choosing preferable locations, the same as seats at the
theatre. The center of the car is to be chosen rather than the
berths near the doors.
General Hints. — If the journey is monotonous, try to find
some way of amusing yourself besides that of continually eating, on
the cars, or drinking, on a steamer. It is offensive to othci-s for
you to be all the time cracking nuts and scattering the hulls upon
the floor. Be careful as to the transient acquaintances you form,
and make no stranger your confidant. By good judgment, how-
ever, you may take part in a conversation, which will make the
journey more pleasant. Be careful in stepping on or off the train,
or passing from one car to another. The proper way to do so is
to have, at each step you take, a firm grip upon the rods with at
least one hand. Be especially careful in going to or from a train
on a road which has a double track. Make a distinction between
authorized railroad employes and outside persons. The man who
checks your baggage on the train, however, for removal to a hotel
or railroad depot, is an agent for an omnibus or express company,
which, though a local concern, is, no doubt, responsible. A hack may
belong to a responsible company or to some unknown individual.
European Travel — Passengers starting for Europe will find
it atlvisable to telegraph in adv^ance to the sea-port city from which
they expect to sail, so as to secure a berth in the steamer, having
ascertained on which day it is advertised to sail. They can thus
plan their journey in its proper order, leaving home at a time suited
to the departure of the steamer from Kew York, or in time to give
them a few days^f leisure in the city before the day advertised for
the steamer's departure.
LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. ^
7^7^^^7^i^i^9^7^i^i^r^i^i^7^i
' Nor did I wonder at the lily's white,
Nor praise the deep vermilion of the rose :
They were but sweet, but figures of delight,
Drawn after you, you pattern of all those.
Yet seem'd it winter still, and you away.
As with your shadow, I with these did play."— S/iofcspeare.
Alyssum, Sweet— Worth beyond beauty.
Ambrosia— Love returned.
Apple blossom— Preference.
Arbor vitae— Unchanging friendship.
Blue Bell— I will be constant.
Box— Stoical indifference.
Briers— Envy.
Burdock— Touch me not.
Acacia— Concealed love.
Adonis vernalis- Sorrowful remembrances.
Almond— Hope.
Aloe— Religious superstition.
Bachelor's button— Hope in love.
Balsam— Impatience.
Begonia— Deformity.
Belltlower— Gratitude.
Belvidere, Wild (Licorice)— I declare against
you.
" On woman nature didst bestow two eyes.
Like Heaven's bright lamps. In matchless beauty shining,
Whose beams do soonest captivate the wise.
And wary heads made rare by art's refining."— Bobert Oreene.
Cactus— Thou leavest not. Calla lily— Feminine beauty.
Camellia— Pity. Carnation (Yellow)— Disdain.
Candytuft— Indifference. Cedar— I live for thee.
Canterbury Bell— Gratitude. China Aster— I will see about it.
Cape Jessamine— Ecstasy ; transport. Chrysanthemum Hose— I love.
" Let not my love be called idolatry.
Nor my beloved as an idol show,
Since all alike my songs and praises be
To one, of one, still such and ever so."— S/ioTcspeare.
Crocus— Cheerfulness.
Cowslip -Pensiveness.
Cypress— Mourning.
Daffodil— Chivalry .
Dahlia— Forever thine.
Daisy (Garden)— I partake your sentiment.
Daisy (Wild)— I will think of it.
Ebony— Hypocrisy.
Eglantine— I wound to heal.
Evergreen— Poverty.
Fennel— Strength .
Filbert— Reconciliation .
Fir-tree— Elevation.
Flax— I feel your kindness.
Gentian— Intrinsic woi-th.
Geranium, Ivy— Your hand for the next
dance.
Geranium, Nutmeg— 1 expect a meeting.
Geranium, Oak— Lady, deign to smile.
Geranium, Rose — Preference.
Harebell— Grief.
Ha\vthorn— Hope.
Hazel— Recollection.
Heartsease— Think of me.
Heliotrope— Devotion.
Henbane— Blemish.
Holly— Foresight.
Cypress and Marigold— Despair.
Dandelion— Coquetry.
Dead leaves— Sadness.
Dock— Patience.
Dodder— Meanness.
ftogwood— Am I indifferent to you ?
Elder— Compassion.
Endive— Frugality.
Evening Primrose — Inconstancy.
Fair is my love, but not so fair as fickle ;
Mild as a dove, but neither true nor trusty ;
Brighter than glass, and yet, as glass is brittle ;
Softer than wax, and yet as iron, rusty ;
A lily pale, with damask dye to grace her.
None fairer, and none paler to deface her."— Shakspeare.
Everlasting— Perpetual remembrance.
Forget-me-not— True love ; remembrance.
Fox-glove— Insincerity.
Furze— Anger.
Fuchsia— Taste.
Geranium, Silver leaf— Recall.
Gilliflower— Lasting beauty.
Gladiolus— Ready ; armed.
Golden Rod— Encouragement.
Gorse— Endearing affection.
G ass— Utility.
Hollyhock— Fruitfulness.
Hollyhock, White— Femal' on.
Honeysuckle— Bond of Lo^
Honeysuckle, Coral— The cc my fate.
Hyacinth- Jealousy.
Hyacinth, Blue— Constancy.
Hyacinth, Purple— Sorrow.
Hydrangea— Heartlessness.
Ice plant— Your looks freeze me. Iris— 1
Ivy— Friendship ; matrimony.
Jessamine, Cape— Transient joy ; ectasy. Jonquil— I desire a return of affection.
Jessamine, White— Amiabilitv. Juniper— Asylum; shelter.
Jessamine. Yellow— Grace ; elegance. Justitia— Perfection of loveliness.
Kfllmiq (Mountain laurel)— Treachery. Kannedia— Mental beauty. ^
" Her lips to mine how often has she joined.
Between each kiss her oaths of true love swearing.
How many tales to please me has she coined.
Dreading my love, the loss thereof still fearing !
Yet in the midst of all her pure protestings.
Her faiths, her oaths, her tears, and all were jestings."— STiotopeare.
319
LANGUAGE OF FLOWEBS.
Laburnum— Pensive beauty.
Lady's slipper— Capricious beauty.
Lurcli— Holdness.
Larkspur— Fickleness.
Laurel— Glory.
Lavender— Distrust.
Lettuce— Cold-hearted.
Lilac— ilrst emotion of love.
Lily— Purity; modesty.
"Alas ! how Umg must true love wait ? "
Unto the cruel niaid the lover cries.
" Your love for nie I i-atlier 'twould turn to hate;"
Wliich hearing, turns he round and dxea.—Manton.
Lily of the Valley— Return of happiness.
Lily, Day— Coijuetry.
Lily, Water— Elotjueuce.
Lily, Yellow— Falsehood.
Lo<ju8t- Affection beyond the grave.
Love in a Mist— You nuzzle me.
Love Lies Bleeding— Hopeless, not heartless.
Lupine— Ima^rination.
Mallow— Sweetness ; mildness.
Maple— Ueserve.
Mari»f()lil— Cruelty.
Marjoram- HI uslies.
Marvel of Peru (Four o'clocks)— Timidity.
Mint-Virtue.
Mivnonette — Your qualities surpass your
cliarras.
Mistletoe— 1 surmount all difflculties.
Mock.( )ranKe (iSyrinRa)— Counterfeit.
Morning (jlory— Coquetry.
"A merry maid who from her bed arises.
Now greets the sun with open, smiling face.
But later, when cruel night the earth disguises,
She bides her head, leaving to nature but empty siMice."
—Manton.
Mull)erry, IJlack— I will not survive you.
MullHjrry, White— Wisdom.
M ushroom- 8u8pici<in.
Musk-plants- Weakness.
Myrtle— lx>ve faithful iu absence.
Maiden's Hair— Discretion.
Magnolia, (i rand ittoni— Peerless and Proud.
Magnolia, Swamu— Perseverance.
Moss— Maternicl love.
Motherwort -fkjcret love.
Mourning bride — Unfortunate attachment.
Narcissus— Egotism.
Nasturtium— Patriotism.
Nettle- Cruelty: slander.
Oak— Hoftpitality.
Oats— Music.
Oleander— lieware.
Olive-branch— Peace.
Night Blooming Cereus— Transient beauty.
Nightsliade— liitter truth.
Orange-flower— 4Jha«tlty.
Orchis— IJeauty.
Osier— Frankness.
Oemunda— Dreams.
Pansy— Think of me.
Parsley— Entertiiinment; feasting:.
Passion-flower— Keligious fervor; suscepti-
bility.
Pea, Sweet— Departure.
Peach Blossom— This heart Is thine.
Peony— Anger.
Pennyroyal— Flee away.
Periwinkle— Sweet remembrances.
Petunia— Less proud than they deem thee.
Rhododendron— Agitation.
Rose. Austrian— Thou art all that's lovely.
Rose, Bridal— Happy love.
Rose, Cabbage— Ambassador of love.
Rose, China— Grace.
Rose, Damask— Freshness.
Rose, Jacaueminot— Mellow love.
Rose, Maiden's Blush— If you do love me, you
will find me out.
Saffron- Excess is dangerous.
Sardonia— Irony.
Sensitive Plant— Timidity.
Sua p-Dnigon— Presumption.
Snowl^all— Thoughts of Heaven.
Snowdrop— Consolation.
Sorrel— Wit ill-timed.
Spearmint — Warm feelings.
Tansy— T declare against you.
Teazel- Misanthropy.
Thistle— Austerity.
Thorn-Apple— Deceitful charms.
Touch-me-not— Impatience.
Venus' Flytrap— Have I caught you at last?
Venus' Looking-glass— Flattery.
Verbena— Sensibility.
Wallfl >wer- Fidelity.
Weeping Willow— Forsaken.
Yew— Sorrow.
Zennae— Absent friends.
Sleepinsr. before me your image I s»iw.
Pale, naergard. pursued by the Furies it seemed.
And seconds, like years from eternity's ^tore.
Till waking I found that 1 only had dreamed."— 3fanton.
Phlox— Our souls are united.
Pimi)ernel— Cliange.
Pink - Pure affection.
Pink, Double Red— Pure, ardent love.
Pink, Indian — Aversion.
Pink, Variegated— Refusal.
Pink. White- You are fair.
Pomegranate- Folly.
Poppy— Con^olat ion.
Primrose — Inconstancy.
Rose, Moss— Superior merit.
Rose, Moss Rosebud— Confession of love.
Rose, Sweeubriar- Symi>athy.
Rose, Tea— Always lovely.
Rose, White— 1 am worthy of you.
Rose, York and Lancaster— War.
Roee, Wild— Simplicity.
Rue— Disdain.
Star of Bethlehem- Reconciliation.
Strawberry— Perfect excellence.
Sumac— Splendor.
Sunflower, Dwarf— Your devout admirer.
Sunflower. Tall— Pride.
Sweet William- Finesse.
Syringii— Memory.
Trum pet-flower— Separation.
Tutnerose— Dangerous pleasures.
Tulip— Declaration of love.
Tulip, Variegated— Beautiful eyes.
Tulip, Yellow— Hopeless love.
Violet, Blue— Love.
Violet, White— Modesty.
Woodbine— Fraternal love.
*
M ^£—r-T .\ ^T-^i *
PALMISTRY, OR HAND-READING.
-O — ^^^ — ^*~
a,
f
ALMISTRY is one of the andent mysteries by which
astrologers and necromancers professed an ability to read
the past and future from the lines in the palm of the
hand. Even yet it is held as a science by many, to be
closely studied and relied upon. The " line of life," a c,
for instance, as shown in diagram, is the crease running
around the base of the thumb. If it be distinctly marked
and of definite color, life is predicted as long and pros-
perous ; but if it be pale, broad and indefinite, life will be
full of unhappiness. The years begin at a as marked in the dia-
gram, and extend to c, in divisions from four to a hundred years.
The divisions stand in their consecutive order as follows : 4, 8, 10,
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100.
The direction and appearance of h h, the line of the head, bears a
relation to the mental attributes. If the line be strongly marked,
long and definite, there is much strength of character ; but if the
line is wanting, or incomplete, there is weakness of character and
vacillation, and the mind has but little control over the passions and
appetites. The line c o, is that of the heart. If it be distinct and
fully traced, the one on whose hand it is found has a warm heart,
full of affection, and will be true to friends. The line d d, called
Saturn or fate, when clear and distinct, and with few if any breaks
is considered a sure index of the person being fortunate in most un-
dertakings. The line e e is that of the liver, and by its degree of
completeness the state of the health is judged, ff— in eastern Asia
this line's development is watched with much solicitude as the youth
advances in years, and if well defined at maturity, there is great
rejoicing over the good fortune which it is supposed to indicate.
The belt of Yenus, shown by g g, is an evil line.
The appearance of the lines m m are indications by which the
length and success of life are foretold. The triple bracelet, mm m,
having three distinct marks, means a long and happy life.
The varieties in the shape and appearance of the fingers have
321
w
322
PALMISTKY.
their subtle meanings, as follows- Smooth fingers, to which belong
inspiration, passion, instinct, intuition, grace ; the finger with the
square tip (L), accompanying theories, methods, intellectual taste,
science, combination, literature ; the spatulated finger (M), implying
a love of things useful and physically perceptible, practical, com-
mercial, agricultural, gymnastic ; the conical finger (N), to which
belong tlie plastic arts — painting, sculpture, architecture ; the pointed
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM OF PALM.
A-The Will.
B— Logric
C— The Mount of Venus.
D— The Mount of Jupiter.
E— The Mount of Saturn.
F— The Mount of the Sun.
G— The Mount of Mercury.
H— The Mount of Murs.
I— The Mount of the Moon.
J— The Plain of Mars.
K— The Kascette.
L— Square finger.
M— Spatulate finger
N— Conic finger.
O— Pointed nnjrer.
P— The first phiilanfre.
^The second iihahinge.
The third pludunge.
8— The first joint (order.)
T— The second joint (philos-
ophy.)
ac— The line of life.
bb— Line of the head.
CO— Line of the heart.
dd— Line of Uatum, or fate.
ee— Line of the liver.
ff— Line of the Sun, or fortune.
gg— Belt of Venus.
h— The quadrangle.
i— The triangle.
j— The upper angle.
k— The inner angle.
m m m— The bracelets of life.
finger (O), which belongs to contemplation, ideality, carelessness of
material interests, poetry of the soul and of the heart, a desire for
beauty in form and essence.
Similar interpretations are given to the variations in the shape
of the hand. There are declared to be seven forms of the human
hand, as follows : (1) The hand elementary, or hand with a large
palm, the owner of which is content with simple fields of labor, and
is not likely to soar above those avocations in w^hich muscle, rather
than skill, is required ; (2) the hand necessary, or spatulated, which
goes a little beyond the first, and aspires to be head gardener, or
foreman over the laborer ; (3) the hand artistic, or conical, devoted
to the fine arts, taste in form and colors, and the beautiful in nature ;
(4) the useful, or square hand, which is practical, ready for anything,
fond of order and system, willing to work either at one thing or
another ; (5) the knotted hand, which is philosophical, accompanying
a delight in the field of research and thought, experiment and appli-
cation ; (6) the psychological, or pointed hand, which loves perfec-
tion in mind, and seeks beauty of soul, refinement and culture ; (7)
the mixed hand, blending the qualities of others of these different
types.
The tendencies and traits as shown by the hand should agree with
those indicated by the fingers, and also those of the phalanges, or
finger joints; just as phrenology and physiognomy agree. The entire
hand is read by the palmist, and not simply the lines upon it.
Hands of middle size show a spirit of synopsis, the conception
and grouping of details. To large hands often belongs a spirit of
minutiae and trifling detail. The hard stiff hand, which is opened
wide and straight with difficulty, indicates intractability, a mind
without pliancy, fond of going in grooves.
The person whose fingers tend to bend backward, through sup-
pleness and elasticity, is endowed with sagacity, curiosity and ad-
dress. Fingers short and thick indicate cruelty. Fingers long and
straggling are those of the intriguing and impostors, cheats and
sharpers. Persons with very smooth, transparent fingers are curious
and indiscreet. If the fingers are smooth and conical it is a sign of
talkativeness and levity of mind. The musical mind is accompanied
by long, well formed fingers. If the fingers lie perfectly parallel,
so that when held together no light can be seen between them, it is
a sign of avarice. Strong and knotted fingers mean prudence and
capacity.
Th^ swelled muscles or " mounts" in the hand indicate, according
to which of them predominate [see explanation] the ruling planets.
The sons of Jupiter are strong, easy, jovial, frank; but his step-
children are dissipated, vindictive and quarrelsome. The Saturnians
are long, thin, pale, gloomy, morose, grumbling. Another class of
them are greedy, idle, hungry, sharpers. The children of the Sun
are endowed with beauty and grandeur of soul, cheerful but wise.
His less favored offspring are small, vain, boasting. The men born
under the influence of Mercury are slim, wiry, active, boyish, ani-
mated, clever and skillful. The sons of Mars are large, strong-built,
red faced, bold, reckless, great eaters and drinkers, fighters, politi-
cians. They may also be burglars, garroters, thieves, brawlers and
demagogues. The descendants of the Moon are changeable, capri-
cious, restless, cold, indolent, untruthful, mystical rather than religious,
and full of curiosity. The children of Venus are fond of gay cloth-
ing, love pleasure, and are amiable, affectionate, compassionate.
NOMS-DES-PLUME.
^J^-
'T^IIE following are the noms-des-plume or fictitious names by
-*- which the authorship of their works is generally known, of
the more noted public writers in the various branches of literature :
A Minute Philosopher — Rev. Charles
Kingsley.
An American — J. Feuimore Cooper.
An Irishman — Tlioma-s Moore.
An Old Stager— Mam,ell B. Field.
Ariel — Stephen R. Fiske.
Artemus Ward— Charles F. Brown.
Arthur Penn (Puck) — II. O. Bonner.
Aunt Fanny — Mrs. Fanny Barrow.
A Yankee — Richard Grant White.
Bab-W. 8. Gilbert.
Bailey— Fred Douglass.
Barber Poet — Jacques Jasmin.
Bard of Avon — William Shakspeare.
Bard of Ayreshire — Robert Burns.
Bard of Hope — Thomas Campbell.
Bard of Memory — Samuel Rogers.
Bard of Olney — William Cowp>er.
Bard of Royal Mount — William Words-
worth.
Bard of Twickenham — Alexander Pope.
Baron Stack — Madame Rattazzi.
Barrabas Whitef eather — Douglas Jerrold.
Benedict Cruiser — George Augustus Sala.
Berwibk — James Redpath.
Beulah — Fannie D. Bates.
Boz — Charles Dickens.
Bret Harte — Francis B. Harte.
Brick-toj) — George C. Small.
Brudder Bones — John F. Scott.
Carl Benson — Charles Astor Bristed.
Carrie Carleton — ilary Booth.
Cecil Davenant — Rev. Davenant Cole-
ridge.
Charlotte Elizabeth— Charlotte Elizabeth
Brown.
Chinese Philosopher— Oliver Goldsmith.
Christian Reid — Francis C. Fisher.
Christopher Crawfield — Harriet Beecher
Stowe.
Cid Hamet— T. B. Macaulay.
Countess Dash — Viscountess de St Mars.
Corry O'Lanus — John Stanton.
Cousin Alice — Mrs. Haven.
Currer Bell — Charlotte Bronte.
Dalmocand — George Macdonald.
Dean of St. Patrick — Jonathan Swift.
Dicky Lingard — Harriet Sarah Dunning.
Diedrich Knickerbocker — Washington
Irving.
Don John — Jean Ingelow.
Drift- Wood— H. W. Longfellow.
324
Edward Sexby — Josiah Quincy.
E. 11. T.— Earl of Derby.
Elia — Charles Lamb.
Elizabetli Berger — Elizabeth Sheppard.
Elizabeth Wetherell— Susan Warner.
Ellen Louise — Ellen Louise Chandler.
Eraile Dalamothe — Emil de Girardin.
English Opium Eater — Thomas de Quin-
cev.
English Palladio — Inigo Jones.
Erodore — Jacob Abbott.
Ethan Spike— Matthew G. Whittier.
Exile of Erin— Rev. M. W. Newman.
Fanny Fern — Sarah Payson Willis (after-
wards Mrs. Farrington).
Fanny Forrester — Emily C. Chubbuck
(afterwards Mrs. Adoniram Jackson).
Fat Contributor — William Makepeace
Thackeray.
Felix Muny — E. A. Duyckinck.
Fitz Noodle (Puck)— B. B. Valentine.
Flaneur — Edmund Yates.
Florence Marryatt — Mrs. Roes Church.
Florence Percy — Elizabeth A. Aken (after-
wards Mrs. B. P. Akers).
Francis Herbert— William Cullen Bryant.
Frank Churchill — George Henry Lewes.
Frank Forrester — Henry William Her-
bert.
Frank Leslie — Frank Collier.
Gail Hamilton — Mary Abigail Dodge.
Galaxy Club — Don P*iatt and Mark
Twain.
G. A. S. — (Jeorge Augustus Sala.
Gath — George Alfred Townsend.
Geoffrey Crayon, Esq. — Washington Ir-
ving.
George Eliott — Mrs. George H. Lewes.
George Fitz-Boodle — William JSIakepeace
Thackeray.
George Sana — Madame Dudevant.
Gerald Griffin — Dion Boucicault.
Godfrey Sparks — Charles Dickens.
Grace Greenwood — Mrs. L. K. Lippin-
cott.
Hans Breitman — Charles G. Leland.
Hans Yorkel — A. Oakey Hall.
Harry Lorrequer — Charles Lever.
H. E. M. — Cardinal Manning.
Henry Browning — Douglas Jerrold.
Honestus — Benjamin Austin.
Horace Homem — Lord Byron.
NOM8-DE8-PLUME
Hosea Bigelow — James Russell Lowell.
Howard Glyndon — Laura C. Belden (after-
wards Mrs. Edward C. Searing).
Howard Markham — Mary Cecil Hay.
H. Trusta — Elizabeth Stewart Phelps.
Hugh Littlejohn — John Hugh Lockhart.
Iconoclast — Charles Bradlaugh.
Ikey Solomon, Jr. — William Makepeace
Thackeray.
Ik Marvel— Donald Q. Mitchell.
Irish Man — Thomas Moore.
Isaac Bickerstaff — Dean Swift.
Isaac Tompkins, Gent — Lord Brougham.
Ivan Ort — Ossian E. Dodge.
Jack Bunsby — Theodore H. Vanderburgh.
Jack Downing, of Downingsville — Seba
Smith.
Jack Ketch — Thomas Kibbe Hervey.
James Yellowplush — William Makepeace
Thackeray.
Jean Paul — Johann Paul Friederich
Richter.
Jedediah Cheisbotham — Sir Walter Scott.
Jeems Pipes, of Pipesville — Stephen C.
Massett.
Jennie June — Mrs. Jennie C. Croly.
J. H. N. — Cardinal Newman.
Joaquin Miller — CincinnatusHeine Miller.
Josh Billings — Henry W. Shaw.
Kampa Thorpe — Mrs. F. W. Bellamy.
Kate Phusin — John Ruskin.
Kirk White— H. K. White.
Kirwan — Rev. Nicholas Murray.
Kit Carson — Christopher Karson.
Laicus — Rev. Lyman Abbott.
LauncelotLongstaff — Washington Irving.
Launcelot Templeton — Sir Walter Scott.
Learned Blacksmith — Elihu Burrett.
Lemuel Gulliver — Jonathan Swift.
Littlejohn — R. Shelton Mackenzie.
Lord Dundreary — Rev. Charles Kingsley.
Lycidas— John Milton.
Major Jack Downing — Seba Smith.
JVIalachi Malgrowther — Sir Walter Scott.
Manchester Manufacturer — Richard Cob-
den.
Margaret Sidney — Mrs. H. B. Stowe.
Marginalia — Edgar Allen Poe.
Marion Harland — Mrs. E. P. Terhune.
Markham Howard — Mary Cecil Hay.
Mark Twain — Samuel L. Clemens.
Max Miller — I. Harley Brock.
Max Mannering — J. G. Holland.
M. de Viellerge — Honore de Balzac.
Meister Karl — Charles G. Leland.
Michael Angelo Titmarsh— William M.
Thackeray,
Miles O'Reilly — Charles G. Halpine.
M. Quad— Charles B. Lewis.
Mrs. Horace Manners — Algernon C.
Swinburne.
Mrs. Mary Clavers — Mrs. Caroline M.
Kirklund.
Mrs. Partington— B. P. Shillaber.
Ned Buntline — Edward Z. C. Johnson.
Nellie Grahame — Mrs. A. K. Dunning.
Nestor — Sir Richard Steele.
Norma — Elizabeth Aiken. \
Nym Crinkle — Andrew C. Wheeler.
Old Bacheldor — George William Curtis.
Old Boy — Thomas Hughes.
Old Public Functionary — James Buch-
anan.
Old South — Benjamin Austin.
Old Stager— Mansell B. Field.
Oliver Oldschool — Nathan Sargent.
Oliver Optic — William T. Adams.
Oliver Yorke, Esq. — Francis S; Maloney.
Oofty Goof t— Gus Phillips.
Orpheus C. Kerr — Robert H. Newell.
Ossian — James Macpherson.
Ossoli — Margaret Fuller.
Ouida — Louise de la Rame.
Oxford Graduate — John Ruskin.
Pacificus — Alexander Hamilton.
Parson Brownlow — Wi|liam G. Brown-
low.
Parson Lot — Rev. Charles Kingsley.
Pastor's Wife — Mrs. Austin Phelps.
Paul Prendergast — Douglas Jerrold.
Paul Pry — John Poole.
Peleg Wales — William A. Croffut.
Penholder — Edward E>rgleston.
Peter Parley — Samuel G. Goodrich.
Peter Pattieson— Sir Walter Scott.
Peter Pindar — C. F. Lawler.
Peter Plymley — Sidney Smith.
Petroleum V. Nasby — David R. Locke.
Philip Slingsby — Nathaniel P. Willis.
Policeman X. — William M. Thackeray.
Poor Richard — Benjamin Franklin.
Porte Crayon — David H. Strother.
Quaker Poet — John G. Whittier.
Q. K. Philander Doesticks — Mortimer N.
Thompson.
Raconteur — Benjamin Perley Poore.
Raoul de Navry — Lady Georgiana Fuller-
ton.
Rev. Dr. Dryasdust — Sir Walter Scott.
Richard Hay ward — Fred S. Cozzens.
Sam Slick — Judge T. C. Haliburton.
Saxe Holme — Mis. Alma C. Johnson.
Seth Spicer — Benjamin F. Gould.
Sir Marmaduke — Theodore Tilton.
Slingsby Lawrence — George Henry
Lewes.
Solon Shingle — Caleb Dunn.
Sophie May — Rebecca S. Clarke.
Sparrowgrass — Fred S. Cozzens.
Stedman — Elizabeth C. Dodge (after-
wards Mrs. Kinney).
Strauss, Jr. — Kate Field.
Susan Coolidge — Susan C. Woolsey.
Tag, Rag and Bobtail — I. Disraeli.
Tlie Disbanded Volunteer — Joseph Bar-
ker.
The Landgrave — Mrs. T. K. Harvey.
The Misses Wetherell — Susan and Anna
Warner.
The Vagabond — Adam Badeau.
Thomas Maitland— Robert Buchanan.
Thomas Rowley — Thomas Chatterton.
Tiger Lily — Lillie Devereux Blake.
Timon— Donald G. Mitchell.
Timothy Tickler— John K. Paulding.
Timothy Titcomb— J. G. Holland.
Triangle — Frank BcUew.
T. T.— Theodore Tilton.
U. Donough Outis — Richard Grant White.
Una Savin — Mrs. George H. Hep worth.
Uncle Herbert— T. 8. Arthur.
Uncle Jerrv — Mrs. Charles E, Porter.
Uncle Paul — Samuel Barham, Jr.
Uncle Toby— Rev. T. H. Miller.
Uncle Willis— Stephen W. Tilton.
Vandianus — Thomas Hughes.
Vanderwerken — William Cooper.
Vandyke Brown — William Penn Bran-
Veteran Observer — Edward D. Mansfield.
V. Hugo Dusenbury (Puck) — H. C. Bon-
ner.
Viator — Benjamin O. Taylor.
Vicar of Bray — S. Alleyn.
Victor Granella — R. Tardieu.
Violet Fane — Mrs. Cecil Singleton.
Walking Gentleman— T, C. Grattan.
Waters— William H. Russell.
Waverley— Sir Walter Scott.
Weaver Poet — William Thome.
Wetherell — Susan Warner.
What'shisname — E. C. 3Iassey.
Widow Bedott— Frances M. Whatcher.
Wild Edgerton — Brock McVickar.
William Edward Sidney — Beveriy
Tucker.
Wonderful Quiz — James Russell Lowell.
Yankee— Richard Grant White.
Yawcob Strauss — Charles F. Adams.
Young American — Alexander S. Macken-
zie.
Young Rapid — Col. T. Allston Browne.
Z. — Hannah Moore.
Zekel Allspice — John Cooper Vail.
Zeta — James Anthony Froude.
TABLE Showing the Yield Per Acre (in Pounds) of Sundry i'ruits, Vegfeta-
bles and Cereals.
Yield.
Apples 8,000
Barley 1,800
Beans 2.000
Cabbages 10,800
Carrots 6,800
Cherries 2,000
Chinque foil grass 9,600
Grass 7,000
Hay 4,000
Hops 46<
Mangrel Wurzel 22,000
field.
Oats 1,840
OaiODS 2,800
Parsnips 11,200
Pears 6,000
Peas 1,820
Plums 2,000
Potatoes 7,500
Turnips 8,420
Vetches, ereeu. J 9,800
Wheat 1,260
Ag^es Attained by Various Animals.
Rabbits 5to 7 years
Squirrels 6 to 9 years
Sheep 7 to 10 years
Dosrs 14 to 2U years
Foxes 12 to 16 years
Cats 12 to 16 years
"Pigs 15to20 years
Deer 18 to 30 years
Bears 18 to 20 years
Cows 18 to 20 years
Horses 2StoaO years
Porpoises 28 to 30 years
Lions 60 to 70 years
Camels average 100 years
Ravens average — 100 years
Eagles average 100 years
Tortoises average.. 100 years
Swans average 300 years
Elephants average . . 400 years
Whales sometimes
attain 1,000 years
QUOTATIONS IN PROSE AND POLTRY.
JOSEPH ADDISON.
My voice is still for war.
Gods ! Can a Koman senate long debate
Which of the two to choose, slavery or death?
A day, an hour, of virtuous liberty
Is worth a whole eternity in bondage.
When vice prevails, and impious men bear
sway.
The post of honor is a private station.
And, pleased the Almighty's orders to per-
form.
Rides in the whirlwind and directs the storm.
FRANCIS BACON.
No pleasure is comparable to the standing
upon the vantsige ground of truth.
A little philosophy inclineth a man's mind
to atheism, but depth in philosophy bringeth
men's minds about to religion.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed, and some few are to be chewed
and digested.
Reading maketh a full man, conference a
ready man, and writing an exact man.
Knowledge is power.
God made the country, and man made the
town.
My Lord St. Albans said that nature did
never put her precious jewels into a garret
four stories high, and therefore that exceed-
ing tall men had ever very empty heads.
EDMUND BURKE.
There is, however, a limit at which forbear-
ance ceases to be a virtue.
The march of the human mind is slow.
All government, indeed every human ben-
efit and enjoyment, every virtue and every
prudent act, is founded on compromise and
barter.
He that wrestles with us strengthens our
nerves and sharpens our skill.
Our antagonist is our helper.
He was not merely a chip off the old block,
but the old block itself.
SAMUEL BUTLER.
Some have been beaten till they know
What wood a cudgel's of by th' blow ;
Some kicked until they cou' feel whether
A shoe be Spanish or neat's leather.
Quoth she, I've heard old cunning stagers
Hay, fools for arguments use wagers.
327
To swallow gudgeons ere they're catched,
And count their chickens ere they're hatched.
For those that fly may flght again.
Which he can never do that's slain.
He that complies against his will
Is of his own opinion still.
LORD BYRON.
Maid of Athens, ere we part.
Give, O, give me back my heart.
My native land, good night!
On with the dance ! let joy be unconflned.
And there was mounting in hot haste.
Or whispering, with white lips, " The foe !
They come .' they come ! "
The thorns which I have reaped are of the
tree
I planted; they have torn me, and I bleed ;
I should have known what fruit would spring
from such a seed.
Fare thee well ! and if forever.
Still forever fare thee well.
My boat is on the shore.
And my bark is on the sea.
He was the mildest-mannered man
That ever scuttled ship or cut a throat.
'Tis strange, but true; for truth is always
strange ;
Stranger than fiction.
THOMAS CAMPBELL.
'Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, ,
And robes the mountain in its azure hue.
Another's sword has laid him low,
Another's and another's ;
And every hand that dealt the blow.
Ah me ! it was his brother's !
'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore.
And coming events cast their shadows before.
Oh, leave this barren spot to me !
Spare, woodman, spare the beechen tree.
COLLEY GIBBER.
Now, by St. Paul, the work goes bravely on.
Off with his head ! So much for Bucking-
ham.
Perish that thought ! No, never be it said
That Fate itself could awe the soul of Rich-
ard.
Hence, babbling dreams 1 you threaten here
in vain ;
Conscience, avaunt ! Richard's himself again !
Hark! the shrill trumpet sounds to horse;
away!
My soul's in arms and eager for the fray,
AUTHOE 8 EEFEEENCE8.
As good be out of the world as out of the
fashion.
We shall find no fiend in hell can match the
fury of a disappointed woman — scorned !
slighted ! dismissed without u parting pang !
This business will never hold water.
Stolen sweets are best.
Possession is eleven points in the law.
Words are but empty thanks.
WILLIAM CONGREVE.
Music hath charms to soothe the e&vage
beast,
To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.
Heaven has no rage like love to hatred
turned:
Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned.
Thus grief still treads upon the heels of
pleasure';
Married in haste, we may repent at leisure.
Defer not till to-morrow to be wise ;
To-morrow's sun to thee may never rise.
JOHN DRYDEN.
Whatever he did was done with so much ease.
In him alone 'twas natural to please.
And all to leave what with his toil he won
To that unfeathered two-legged thing— a son.
Resolved to ruin or to rule the state.
Beware the fury of a patient man.
Better to hunt in fields for health unbought.
Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.
The wise for cure on exercise depend ;
God never made his work for man to mend.
None but the brave deserves the fair.
Fallen, fallen, fallen, fallen.
Fallen from his high estate.
And weltering in lii.'i blood;
Deserted, at his utmost need.
By those his former bounty fed ;
On the bare earth expost'd he lies.
With not a friend to close his eyes.
Ill habits gather by unseen degrees ;
As brooks make rivers, rivers run to seas.
Errors like straws upon the surface flow ;
He who would search for pearls must dive
below.
Forgiveness to the injured does belong ;
But they ne'er pardon who have done the
wrong.
When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat ;
Yet, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit ;
Trust on, and think to-morrow will repay:
To-morrow's falser than the former day ;
'Tis worse, and, while it says we shall be blest
With some new jovs, cuts off what we possest.
Strange cozenage .'none would live past years
again.
Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain.
And from the dregs of life think to receive
What the first sprightly running could not
give.
Bless the hand that gave the blow.
As sure as a gun.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.
God helps them that help themselves.
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
Never leave that till to-morrow which you
can do to-day.
Three removes are as bad as a fire.
Vessels large may venture more.
But little boata should keep near shore.
He haa paid dear, very dear, for his whistle.
ROBERT HERRICK.
Some asked me where the rubies grew.
And nothing I did say.
But with ray nnger pointed to
The lips of Julia.
Gather ye rose-buds while ye may.
Old Time is still a-fiying.
And this Hiiine ttowor that smiles to-day,
To-morrow will be dying.
You say to me-w&rds, your affection's strong;
Pray love me little, so you love me long.
But ne'er the rose without the thorn.
Attempt the end, and never stand to doubt;
Nothing's so hard but search will find it out.
THOMAS GRAY.
And happiness so swiftly flies.
Thought would destroy their paradise.
No more ; — where ignorance u bliss
' Tis folly to be wise.
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea.
The plowman homeward plods his wearj- way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
The boast of heraldry, the iK)mp of power.
And all that l>eauty,all that wc-alth e'er gave.
Await alike the inevitable hour.
The pattis of glory lead but to the grave.
Full man}' a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfatliomed caves of ocean bear;
F'ull many a flower is tK)rii to blush unseen
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife.
Their sober wishes never learned to stray ;
Along the cool sequestered vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
Here rests his bead upon the lap of earth,
A youth to fortune and to fame unknown ;
Fair Science frowned not on his humble
birth.
And Melancholy marked him for her own.
OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
Such is the patriot's beast, where'er we roam,
His first, best country, ever is at home.
Where wealth and freedom reign, content-
ment falls.
And honour sinks where commerce long pre-
vails.
For just experience tells, in every soU,
That those that think must govern those that
toil.
His best companions, innocence and health.
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
And in that town a dog was found.
As many dogs there be.
Both mongrel, puppy, whelp and hound.
And curs of low degree.
Good people all, with one accord.
Lament for Madam Blaize,
Who never wanted a good word
From those who spoke her praise.
Measures, not men, have always been my
mark.
I'll be with you in the squeezing of a lemon.
I love everything: that's old: old friends,
old times, old manners, old books, old wine.
Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no
fibs.
SAMUEL JOHNSON.
If he does really think that there is no dis-
tinction between virtue and vice, why, sir,
when he leaves our houses, let us count our
spoons.
Sir, a woman preaching is like a dog's walk-
ing on his hind legs. It is not done well ; but
you are surprised to find it done at all.
Much may be made of a Scotchman if he be
caught young.
HENRY W. LONGFELLOW.
Tell me not In mournful numbers,
'' Life is but an empty dream ! "
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.
Art is long, and time is fleeting.
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like raiifBod drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
There is a Reaper whose name is Death,
And, with his sickle keen,
He reaps the bearded grain at a breath.
And the flowers that grow between.
And the night shall be filled with music,
And the cares that infest the day
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.
The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight.
But they, while their companions slept.
Were toiling upward in the night.
There is no flock, however watched and
tended.
But one dead lamb is there ;
There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended.
But has one vacant chair.
There is no Death ! What seems so is trans-
ition\;
This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life elvsian.
Whose portal we call Deatn.
JOHN MILTON.
Where peace
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes at all.
Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.
Who overcomes
By force, hath overcome but half his foe.
Accuse not Nature, she hath done her part ;
Do thou but thine.
How gladly would I meet
Mortality my sentence, and be earth
Insensible I how glad would lay me down
As in my mother's lap !
So may'st thou live, till like ripe fruit thou
drop
Into thy mother's lap.
Nor love thy life, nor hate ; but what thou
liv'st
. Live well; how long or short permit to
heaven.
Rocks whereon greatest men have oftest
wrecked.
The childhood shows the man,
As morning shows the day.
What boots it at one gate to make defense
And at another to let In the foe?
For evil news rides post, while good news
baits.
It were a journey like the path to heaven,
To help you And them.
Swinish gluttonv
Ne'er looks to Heaven amidst his gorgeous
feast,
But, with besotted base ingratitude,
Crams, and blasphemes his feeder.
Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil.
Sport, that wrinkled Care derides.
And Laughter holding both his sides;
Come, and trip it as you go
On the light fantastic toe.
License they mean when they cry liberty.
THOMAS MOORE.
This narrow isthmus 'twixt two boundless
seaa.
The past, the future — two eternities.
O, ever thus from childhood's hour
I've seen my fondest hopes decay:
I never loved a tree or flower
But 'twas the first to fade away.
I never nursed a dear gazelle
To glad me with its soft blHck eve,
But when it came to know me well,
And love me. It was sure to die.
Rich and rare were the gems she wore.
And a bright gold ring on her wand she bore.
Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my
side
In the cause of mankind, if our creeds agree?
'Tis the last rose of summer.
Left blooming alone.
You may break, you may shatter, the vase if
j'ou will.
But the scent of the roses will hang round It
still.
My only books
Were woman's looks.
And folly's all they've taught me.
Oft in the stilly night.
Ere Slumber's chain has bound me,
Fond memory brings the light
Of other days around me ;
The smiles, the tears.
Of boyhood's years.
The words of love then spoken ;
The eyes that shone,
Now dimmed and gone.
The cheerful hearts now broken.
ALEXANDER POPE.
Pleased to the last, he crops the flowery food.
And licks the hand just raised to shed his
blood.
Hope springs eternal in the human breast :
Man never is, but always to be blest.
The soul, uneasy and confined from home.
Rests and expatiates in a life to come.
Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutored mind
See God in clouds, or hears Him in the wind;
His soul proud Science never taught to stray
Far as the solar walk or milky way.
A little learning Is a dangerous thing ;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring :
There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain.
And drinking largely sobers us again.
To err is human, to forgive divine
He's armed without that's innocent within,
AUTHOR 8 BEFEEENCE8.
Praise undeserved is scandal in disguise.
Who dares think one thing, and another tell.
My heart detests him as the gates of hell.
He serves me most who ser^'es his country
best.
Whatever day
Makes man a slave takes half his worth away.
Know then thyself; presume not God to scan ;
The proper study oi mankind is man.
Honor and shame from no condition rise;
Act well your i>art, there all the honor lies.
A wit's a feather, and a chief a rod ;
An honest man's the noblest work of God.
'Tis education forms the common mind ;
Just as the twig 48 bent the tree's inclined.
Who shall decide, when doctors disaerree.
And soundest casuists doubt, like you and me?
811AKSPEARE.
There's nothing ill can dwell io such a tem-
ple:
If the ill spirit liave so fair a house.
Good things will strive to dwell with 't.
—The Ttmpa/L
That man that hath a tongue, I say, is no man,
If with his tongue he cannot win a woman.
-Ibid.
Why, then the world's mine oyster,
Which I with sword will open.
—Merry \i'iv€« of Windgor.
The rankest compound of villainous smell
that ever offended nostril. —Ibid,
Some rise by sin, and some by virtue falL
—MeoMLref^r Measure.
C!ondemn the fault, and not the actor of it.
—Ibid.
O, it is excellent
To have a giant's strength ; but it Is tyran-
nous
To use it like a giant. —Ibid.
The weariest and most loathed worldly life
That age, i)enury, and imprisonment
Can lay on nature is a paradise
To what we fear of death. — Ibid.
What's mine is yours, and what is yours is
mine. —Ibid.
Benedick, the married man. —Ibid.
I thank God I am as honest as any man
living that is an old man and no honester
than 1.— Afuc/i Ado About Nothing.
O that he were here to write me down an
ass \—lbid.
Affliction may one day smile again; and
till then, sit thee down, sorrow l-lMve^a La-
bor Lost!
A Hon among ladies is a most dreadful thing.
—Midsummer Night^s Dream.
They are as sick, that surfeit with too
luch, as th
Merchant of
much, as they that starve with nothing,
of Vt
You take my house when you do take the
prop
That doth sustain my house ; you take my
life
When you do take the means whereby I live.
—Ibid.
And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe.
And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot ;
And thereby hangs a tale.
—A8 Tou Like It.
Blow, blow, thou winter wind.
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude. —Ibid.
He that wants money, means, and content
is without these good friends.— /t>id.
I had rather have a fool to make me merry
than experience to make me sad.— /bW.
Men are April when they woo, December
when they wed.—/ bid.
Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy.
-IbUl.
No sooner met but they looked, no sooner
looked but they loved, no sooner loved but
they sighed, no sooner sighed but they asked
one another the reason, no sooner knew the
reason but they sought the remedy.— /bid.
There's small choice in rotten apples.
-Taming Uie Shrew.
Who wooed in haste and means to wed at
leisure. —Ibid.
And thereby hangs a tale, —Ibid.
My cake is dough.— Ibid.
Some are born great, some achieve great-
ness, and some have greatness thrust upon
"em.-Tvctlfth Night.
MATTHEW PRIOR.
From ignorance one comfort flows ;
The only wretched are the wise.
Be to her virtues very kind :
Be to her faults a little blind.
They never taste who alwaj's drink ;
They always talk who never think.
Who breathes must suffer, and who thinks
must mourn ;
And he alone is blessed who ne'er was bom.
SIR WALTER SCOTT.
O, what a tangled web we weave.
When Hrst we practice to deceive!
O woman 1 in our hours of ease
Uncertain, coy, and hard to please,
And variable as the shade
By the light quivering aspen made;
M hen pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou !
" Charge, Chester, charge 1 on, Stanley, on I "
Were the last words of Marmion.
Sleep the sleep that knows not breaking.
Morn of toil, nor night of breaking.
Sea of upturned faces.
And better had they ne'er been bom.
Who read to doubt, or read to scorn.
SIDNEY SMITH.
Daniel Webster struck me like a steam-
engine in trousers.
Macaulay is like a book in breeches. . . .
He has occasional Hashes of silence, that
makes his conversation perfectly delightful.
The schoolboy whips his taxed top; the
beardless youtli manages his taxed horse,
with a taxed brirlle, on a taxed road ; and the
dying Englishman, pouring his medicine,
which has paid seven per cent, into a spoon
that has paid fifteen per cent, flings himself
back upon his chintz bed. which has paid
twenty-two per cent, and expires in the arms
of an apothecary who has paid a license of
a hundred pounds for the pri\ilege of put-
ting him to death.
AUTHOR 8 EEFERENCE8.
JONATHAN SWIFT.
So, naturalists observe, a flea
Has smaller tleas that on him prey ;
And tliese liave smaller still to bite 'em,
And so proceed ad iiijiiiitum.
And he gave it for his opinion, that who-
ever could make two ears of corn, or two
blades of crrass, to grow upon a sjjot of
ground where only one grew before, would
deserve better of mankind, and do more
essential service to his country than the
whole race of politicians put together.
Bread is the staff of life.
Censure is the tax a man pays to the public
for being eminent. '
I shall be like that tree ; I shall die at the
top.
ALFRED TENNYSON.
Howe'er it be, it seems to me.
'Tis only nobie to be good.
Kind hearts are more than coronets.
And simple faith than Norman blood.
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying;
Blow, bugle; answer echoes, dying, dying,
dying.
O love, they die in yon rich sky.
They faint on hill or field or river :
Our echoes roll from soul to soul.
And grow forever and forever.
Blow, bugle, blow, set the wild echoes flying,
And answer, echoes, answer, dying, dying,
dying.
'Tis better to have loved and lost
Than never to have lov^d at all.
There livei more faith in honest doubt.
Believe me, than in half the creeds.
One God, one law, one element.
And one far-off divine event,
To which the whole creation moves.
Ah Christ, that it were possible
For one short hour to see
The souls we loved, that they might tell us
What and where they be.
Theirs not to make replj',
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die.
DANIEL WEBSTER.
Whatever makes men good Christians makes
them good citizens.
Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish,
I give my hand and my heart to this vote.
The people's government, made for the
people, made by the people, and answerable
to the people.
One country, one constitution, one destiny.
I was born in America ; I live an American;
I shall die an American.
EDWARD YOUNG.
Be wise to-day ; 'tis madness to defer.
Procrastination is the thief of time.
Ah ! how unjust to nature and himself
Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man.
Man wants but little, nor that little long.
That life is long which answers life's great
end.
Death loves a shining mark, a signal blow.
Too low they build who build beneath the
stars.
Think naugjjt a trifle, though it small appear;
Small sands the mountain, moments make
the year,
And trifles life.
MISCELLANEOUS PROSE QUOTATIONS.
Man proposes, but God disposes.
The real Simon pure.— SiwannaTi Centlive.
The balance of power.— Sir Robert Walpole.
Facts are stubborn things.— Tobias Smollett.
What will Mrs. Grundy say?— Thomas Mor-
ton.
For a man's house is his castle.— Sir Edward
Coke.
It is the lot of man but once to die.— George
Herbert.
Love me little, love me long.— Christopher
Marlowe.
A delusion, a mockery, and a snare.— Lord
Denman.
Necessity, the mother of Invention.— Gcorpe
Farquhar.
Of two evils, the less is always to be chosen.
— Thomxis d Kempis.
Silence is deep as eternity, speech is.shallow
as time.— TImmas Carlyle.
Hanging was the worst use man could be
put to.— Sir Henry Wotton.
A liberty to that only which is good, just
and honest.— Jo/in Winthrop.
Actions of the last age are bke almanacs of
the last year.— Sir John Denham.
Necessity is the argument of tyrants, it is
the creed of slaves.— HiUiam. Pitt.
Put your trust in God, my boys, and keep
your powder dry.— CoJonet lilacker.
An indestructible union composed of inde-
structible states.— Salmon P. Chase.
I could not love thee, dear, so much, loved
I not honor more.— iitc/iard Lovelace.
That to live by one man's will became the
cause of ail men's misery.— Bichard Hooker.
They are never alone that are accompanied
with noble thoughts.— Sir Philip Sidney.
The world is a comedy to those that think,
a tragedy to those who feel. — Horace Walpole.
Nothing except a battle lost can be half so
melancholy as a battle won.— I>u/£6o/ Welling-
ton.
Certainly, this is a duty, not a sin. " Clean-
liness is. indeed, next to Godliness."— Jo/ui
Wesley.
To be prepared for war is one of the most
effectual means of preserving peace.— Georpe
Washing/ton.
Let us embrace, and from this verv mo-
ment vow an eternal misery together.—
Thomas Otway.
To the memory of the man, first in war, first
Jn peace, and first in the hearts of his country-
men.— Henry Lee.
AUTHOR 8 KEFERENCES.
God sifted a whole nation that he might
send choice grain over into this wilderness.—
WlUiam StoxmhUm.
It is a maxim with mc that no man was
ever written out of reputation but by him-
aelf. —Ric)iard lientley.
The noblest mind the best contentment has.
—Edmund Spencer.
A bold bad man.— JMd.
We Join ourselves to no party that does not
curry the llug and keep step to the music of
the Union.— Rufus Choate. .
We are ne'er like angels till our passion
dlca.—Thomax Dehken.
Honest lubor bears a lovely face.— Ibid.
Go poor devil, get Ihee gone ; why should I
hurt thee V This world 8Ui-ely is wide enough
to hold both theeuud luti.-Lawrence Sterne.
He [Sir John Hampden] had a head to con-
trive, a tongue to persuade and a hand to
execute any mischief.— fidwwrd Hyde Claren-
dAm.
Then he will talk— good gods ! how he will
taX\s..—NalhanUl Lee.
When Greeks Joined Greeks, then was the
tug of war.— i/^W.
There is many a rich stone laid up in the
bowels of the earth, many a fair pearl laid up
in the bosom of the st^a, that never was seen,
nor never shall hc—Dinluti* Hall.
It beareth the name of Vanity Fair, because
the town where it is kept is lighter than van-
ity.— John Jiutiiian.
He that is down needs fear no fall.— iiWd.
I remember that a wise friend of mine did
usually say. That which is everybody's busi-
ness is nobody's business.- /aiaJc H'cdton.
No man can lose what he never had.— /bid.
I never could believe thnt Providence had
sent a few men into the world, ready booted
and spiirred to ride, and millions ready sad-
dled and bridled to be ridden.— fftc/wird Rum-
bold.
rorrupt freemen are the worst of slaves.—
David Garrick.
Over the hills and far away.— John Gay.
While there is life there's nope, he cried.—
Ibid.
Call things by their right names. » » *
Glass of bi-andy and water ! That is the cur-
rent but not the appropriate name ; ask for a
glass of liquid Are and distilled damnation.—
Robert HaU
Health is the second blessing that we mor-
tals are capable cf ; a blessing that money
cannot buy.— ty-ancis Quarles.
The next way home's the farthest way
about.— /bid.
When I see a merchant over-polite to his
customers, begguig them to taste a little
brandy, and throwing half his goods on the
counter, thinks I, that man has an axe to
grind.— C7Mirle8 Miner.
Take a straw and throw it up into the air ;
you may see by that which way the wind is.
— John Sclden.
Thou little thinkest what a little foolery
governs the world.— Ibid.
If I were an American, as I am an English-
man, while a foreign troop was landed in my
country, I never would lay down my arms —
never— never — never.— Earl of Chcdhnm.
Where law ends, tyranny begins.— /bid.
He rolls it under his tongue as a sweet
morsel.— 3fatWieu) Henry.
None so deaf as those that will not hear.—
Ibid.
None so blind as those that will not see.—
Ibid.
The multitude is always in the wrong.—
Lord RoKcoinnion.
We grieved, we sighed, we wept; we never
blushed betore.-AbraJiam Cowley.
Words that weep and tears that speak.—
Ibid.
Calamity, a man's true touchstone.— ikau-
mont and Fletcher's tlajja.
Thou will scarce be a man before thy
mother.— /bi<t.
What's one man's poison, sigmor, is an-
other's meat and drink.— /bid.
The God who gave us life gave us liberty at
the same time.— Ttutmiut Jeffertton.
We mutually pledge to each other our lives,
our fortunes and our sacred honor.— ibid.
Error of opmion may be tolerated where
reason is left free to combat it.— Ibid.
The secret of success is constancy to pur-
pose.— iiffi^iHii/i IMifrtuli.
Youth in a blunder; Manhood a struggle;
Old age a regret.— i/;id.
You know who critics are? the men who
have failed in literature and art.— ibid.
She [the Roman Catholic church] may still
exist in undiminished vigor when some trav-
eler from New /tntlund shall, in the midst of
a vast solitude, take his stand on a oroken
arch of I^)ndon liridge to sketch the ruins of
St. Paul's.— ThoHKiK li. Mmauliy.
The atone that is rolling can gather no
moes.—Thomatt Twoser.
Retter late than never.— 7bid.
Naught venture, naught have.— ibid.
Look ere thou leap, see ere thou go.— ibid.
For buying or selling of a pig in a poke.—
Jbid.
He left a paper sealed up, wherein were
found three articles as his last will : " I owe
much, I have nothing, I give the rest to the
poor."— /VarwlK lUU>elaig.
By robbing Peter he paid Paul, * * *
and hoped to catch larkB if ever the heavens
should fall.-ibid.
I do not know what I may appear to the
world, but to myself 1 seem to be only like a
boy playing on the seashore, and diverting
myself in now and then finding a smooth
pebble, or a prettier shell than ordinary,
whilst the great ocean of truth lay undis-
covered before me.— i«MM; Newton.
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth do-
ing yfeW.— Cha<tcr field .
I knew one, a very covetous, sordid fellow,
who used to say " Take care of the pence, for
the pounds will take care of themselves."—
IbUl.
Despatch is the soul of business.— ibid.
These are the times which try men's souls.
— TliomaM Paine.
The sublime and the ridiculous are often so
nearly related that it is difficult to class them
separately. One step above the sublime
makes the ridiculous, and one step above the
ridiculous makes the sublime again.— ibid.
Nothing is more simple than greatness ; in-
deed to be simple is to be great.— iiaip/i
Waldn Emersim.
Is not marriage an open question, when it
is alleged from the beginning of the world
that such as are in the institution wish to get
out, and such as are out wish to get in.— ibid.
AUTHOR S REFERENCES.
Their heads sometimes so little that there is
no room for wit; sometimes so lomr that
there is no wit for so much room.— Tliomas
Fuller.
They that marry ancient people, merely in
expectation to bury them, nang themselves,
in hope that one will come and cut the halter.
-Ibid.
That this nation under God shall have a new
birth of freedom, and that government of
the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from tne ea,rth.—Abra}iam
Lincoln.
With malice towards none, with charity for
all, with tlrmness in the right, as God gives
U8 to see the right.— Ibid.
The newspapers ! Sir, they are the most
villainous— licentious— abommable— infernal
— not that 1 ever read them. No, I make it a
rule never to look into a newspaper.— BfcTiard
Brin»leu Sheridan.
Such protection as vultures give to lambs.
—Ihtd.
Conscience has no more U) do with gallantry
than it has with politics.— Ibid.
Do well and right, and let the world sink.—
Sir John Suckling.
His bark is worse than his bite.— 7Wd.
God's mill grinds slow, but sure.- Jbid.
Help thyself, and God will help thee.
—Ibid.
The mouse that has but one hole is quickly
taken. — Ibid.
A dwarf on a giant's shoulders sees further
of the two.— Ibdi.
Cffisar had his Brutus, Charles the First, his
Cromwell; and George the Third— ('Trea-
son !' cried the Speaker)— hi<ij/ protit by tlieir
exanwle. If this be treason, make the most of
it.— Patrick Henry.
Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
Forbid it. Almighty God ! I know not what
course others may take ; but as for me, give
me liberty or give me death I— Ibid.
The second day of July, 1776, will be the
most memorable epoch in the history of
America. I am apt to believe that it will be
celebrated by the succeeding generations as
the great anniversary festival. It ought to
be commemorated as the day of deliverance,
by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty.
It ought to be solemnized with pomp and
parade, with shows, games, sports, guns,
bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one
end of this continent to the other, from this
time forward for evermore.— Jo/oi Adams.
I would do what I pleased, and doing what
I pleased, 1 should have my will, and having
my will I should be contented ; and when one
is contented, there is no more to be desired,
and when there is no more to be desired there
is an end of it.— Miffuel de Cervantes.
Blessings on him who invented sleep, the
mantle that covers all human thoughts, the
food that appeases hunger, the drink that
quenches thirst, the fire that warms cold, the
cold that moderates heat, and lastly, the
general coin that purchases all things, the
balance and weight that equals the shepherd
with the king, and the simple with the wise.
—Ibid.
MISCELLANEOUS POETIC QUOTATIONS.
'Tis not the whole of life to live
Nor all of death to die.
—James Montgomery.
Did you ever hear of Captain Wattle ?
He was all for love and little for the battle.
—Charles Dibden.
Except wind stands as never it stood ;
It is an ill wind turn none to good.
-Tlwmas Tusser.
Who goeth a borrowing
Goeth a sorrowing.
-Ibid.
We bear it calmly though a ponderous woe.
And still adore the hand that gives the blow.
—John Pomfret.
Heaven is not always angry when he strikes.
But most chastises those whom he most likes.
Ibid.
Delightful task ! to rear the tender thought.
To teach the young idea how to shoot.
— James Tlwmson.
Could we forbear dispute and practice love,
We should agree as angels do above.
—Edmund WaUer.
My God, my Father and ray Friend,
Do not forsake me at my end.
—Earl of Roscommon.
The world's a theatre, the earth a stage.
Which God and nature do with actors fill.
—Thomas Heywood.
'TIS expectation makes a blessing dear.
Heaven were not heaven if we knew what it
were. —Sir John Suckling.
If she seem not chaste to me.
What care I how chaste she be ?
—Sir Walter Raleigh.
Young men think old men are fools ;
But old men know young men are fools.
—George Chapman.
How dear to my heart are the scenes of my
childhood ;
When fond recollection presents them to
view. —Samuel Wordsworth.
The old oaken bucket, the iron-bound bucket.
The moss covered bucket which hung in the
well. —Ibid.
Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love.
But— why did you kick me down stairs.
—J. P. Kemble.
True patriots all ; for be it understood
We left our country for our country's good.
—Oeorge Barrin^on.
You'd scarce expect one of my age
To speak in public on the stage.
—David Everett.
Then join in hand, brave Americans all ;
By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall.
—John Dickinson.
Be England what she will.
With all her faults she is my country still.
—Charles Churchill.
The melancholy days have come ; the saddest
of the year.
Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and
meadows brown and sear.
— William Cvllen Bryant.
When the sun's last rays are fading
Into twilight bright and dim.
—Theodore L. Barker.
Come In the evening, or come in the morning;
Come when you are looked for, or come with-
without warning.
—Thomas O. Davis.
AUXnOE S KEFERENCES.
But, spite of all crlticlsingr elves.
Those who would make us feel must feel
themselves. —Charles ChurcMl.
Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt.
And every g^rin so merry, draws one out.
—John Wolcot.
How sleep the brave who sink to rest.
By all their country's wishes blessed I
—WiUiam CoUim.
immodest words admit of no defense.
For want of decency is want ot sense.
—Earl of Jiijuajininon.
How much a dunce that has been sent to roam
Excels u dunce that has been kept at home.
A moral, sensible and well-bred man
Will not aiTront me, and no other can.
I nm monarch of all I surs'ey.
My right there is none to dispute.
—Waiiain Cowper.
'Mid pleasures and palaces though we may
roam.
Be it ever so humble there Is no place like
home. —J. Howard Payne.
And I oft have heard defended.
Little said is soonest mended.
—Oearge IVUher.
Though this may be play to you,
'Tis death to us.
—Roger L''Eiitraiige.
He was a man
Who stole the livery of the court of heaven
To serve the devil in. —Robert PcMok.
Breathes there the man with soul so dead.
Who never to himself hath said.
This is my own, my native land.
—Sir Walter SeoU.
And diir'st thou then
To bt'iinl the lion in his den.
The Dougijus in his hall ? —IbUL
Strike— for your altars and your fires.
Strike— for the green graves of your sires ;
God and your native land.
—FUz-Orcen HaUeck.
Of right and wrong, wrong he taught.
Truths as refined us ever Athens heard ;
And (strange to teli) he practiced what he
preached. —John Armatrung.
They sin who tell us love can die.
With life all other passions tly.
All others are but vanity.
—Hubert Smither.
That best portion of a good man's life.
His littlo niunciess, unremembered acts
Of kindness and or love.
— William Wordgworth.
The feather, whence the pen
Was shaped that traced the lives of these good
men.
Dropped from an angel's wing. —Ibid.
Let the world slide, lot the world go ;
A flg for care, and a tig for woe I
If I can't pay, why I can owe.
And death makes equal the high and low.
—John Heywood.
He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things, both great and small.
—Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
No man e'er felt the halter draw.
With good opinion of the law.
—Robert Bums.
Man's inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn.
-Ibid.
Should auld acquaintance be forgot.
And never brought to min'?
Should auld acquaintance be forgot,
And days o' auid lang syne ?
—Ibid.
I'm very lonely now, Mary,
For the poor make no new friends ;
But oh ! they love the l)etter still
The few our Father sends.
—Lady Dufferin.
Tis said that absence conquers love ;
But oh ! believe it not.
I've tried, alas I its nower to prove.
But thou art not forgot.
—Frederick W. Thomas.
Backward, turn backward, O Time in your
flight.
Make me a child again. Just for to-night !
Backward, flow backward, 6 tide of the
years!
I am so weary of toil and of tears,
Toil without reconipense— tears all in vain-
Take them, and give m<- myc-hiMhood again 1
-Elvuutcih Akcr» Alien.
I ne'er could any lustre see
In eves that would not look on me ;
I ne er saw nectar on a lip
But where my own did hope to sip.
-R. U. Slieridan.
A flrlasB is good, and a lass is good,
And a pn>e to smoke in cold weather ;
The world is good, and the people are good.
And we're all good fellows together.
—John O'Keefe.
Drink to me only with thine eyes.
And I will pledge with mine:
Or leave a kiss but in the cup.
And I'll not look for wine.
—Ben Jonaon.
Underneath this stone doth lie
As much beauty a« could die ;
Which in life did harbor give
To more virtue than doth live.
-IMA.
Pity the sorrows of a poor old man
Whose trembling limbs liave borne him to
your door.
Whose days are dwindle<lto the shortest span;
Oh ! grive relief and heaven will bless your
store. —Thomaa Moss.
We have lived and loved together
Through many changing years,
We have shared each other's glaoness.
And wept each other's tears.
—Charles Jeffreys.
Don't you remember sweet Alice, Ben Bolt?
Sweet Alice, whose iuiir was so brown.
Who wept with delight when you gave her a
smile.
And trembled with fear at your frown.
—TtiomasDunn English.
Thought is deeper than all speech.
Feeling deeper than all thought ;
Souls to souls can never teach
What unto themselves was taught.
—Christopher P. Cranch.
But whether on the scaffold high
Or in the battle's van.
The attest place where man can die
Is where be dies for man.
Michael J. Barry.
'Twas the night before Christmas, when all
through the house.
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse ;
The stockings were hung by the chimney with
care
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be
there. —Clement C. Moore.
AUTHOK 8 REFERENCES.
Ay, tear her tattered ensign down I
Lonvr hius it waved on higrh,
And lUiUiy an eye has danced to see
That bainier in the sliy.
Nail to the mast her holy flag.
Set everv threadbare sail,
And give tier to the god of storms,
The lightning and the gale.
UUvcr U'cndcl Holmes.
O, would I were a boy again,
when life seemed formed of sunny years.
And all the heart then knew of pain
Was wept in transient tears ?
—Maik Lemon.
Old Grimes is dead, that good old man.
We ne'er shall see him more ;
He used to wear a long black coat
All buttoned down before.
—Albert O. Green.
Here lies our sovereign lord the king.
Whose word no man relics on ;
He never says a foolish thing.
Nor ever does a wise one.
It is a very good word to live in.
To lend, or to spend, or to give in ;
But to beg or to borrow, or to get a man's
own.
It is the very worat world that ever was
known. —Earl of Rochester.
And there's a lust in man no charm can tame,
Of loudly publishing our neighbour's shame;
On eagles' wings immortal scandals fly.
While virtuous actions are but born to die.
—Stephen Harvey.
My life is like the summer rose.
That opens to the morning sky.
But ere th^ shades of evening close,
Is scattered on the ground to die.
—Richard Henry Wilde.
Abide with me from morn till eve.
For without Thee I cannot live ;
Abide with me when night is nigh.
For without Thee I dare not die.
—John Keble.
Westward the course of empire takes its way;
The four flrst acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day ;
Time's noblest offspring is the last.
-Bishop Berkley.
The good he scorned.
Stalked off reluctant, like an ill-used ghost.
Not to i-eturn, or, if it did, in visits
Like those of angels, short and far between.
- Robert Blair.
A mighty pain to love it is.
And 'tis a pain that pain to miss ;
But of all pains, the greatest pain
It 18 to love, but love in vain.
—Abraham Cowley.
Wedlock, indeed, hath of compared been
To public feasts, where meet a public rout.
Where they are without would fain go in,
And they that are within would fain go out.
—Sir John Davies.
In bed we laugh, in bed we cry.
And, born in bed, in bed we die ;
The near approach a bed may show.
Of human bliss to human woe.
—Isaac De Benserade.
The man that lays his hands upon a woman.
Save in the way of kindness, is a wreteh.
Whom 'twere gross flattery to name a coward.
—John Tobin.
Their cause I plead— plead it in heart and
mind;
A fellow-feeling makes one wondrous kind,
—David Oarrick.
The modest front of this small floor.
Believe mo, reader, can say more
Than munj' a braver marble can,—
" Here lies a truly honest man !"
-Ricftard Crashaw.
That man may last, but never lives,
Who much receives but nothing gives;
Whom none can love, whom none can thank
Creation's blot, creation's blank.
—Thomas Gibbons.
When stars are in the quiet f.kies.
Then most I pine for thee ;
Bend on me then thy tender eyes.
As stars look on the sea.
—Edward Bulwer Lytton.
Give lettered pomp to teeth of time.
So Bonny Doon but tarry ;
Blot out the epic's stately rhyme.
But spare his Highland Mary.
—John G. Whtttier.
O, swiftly glides the bonny boat.
Just parted from the shore.
And to the fisher's chorus-note
Soft moves the dipping oar.
—Joanna BaiUie.
Come to the sunset tree !
The day is past and gone ;
The woodman's axe lies free.
And the reaper's work is done.
—Felicia D. Hemans.
On fame's eternal camping ground
Their silent tents are spread.
And glory guards with solemn sound
The bivouac of the dead.
-Tlieodore O'Hara.
In the days when we went gypsying
A long time ago,
The lads and lassies in their best
Were dressed from top to toe.
—Edwin Ransford.
But as some muskets so contrive it
As oft to miss the mark they drive it.
And, though well aimed at duck or plover.
Bear wide and kick their owners over.
—John Trumbull.
The last link is broken
That bound me to thee,
.,And the words thou hast spoken
Have rendered me free.
—Miss Fanny Steers.
And the star-spangled banner,
O long may It wave
O'er the land of the free and the home
of the brave. —F. S. Key.
Let this great maxim be my virtue's pride-
In part she is to blame that has been tried :
He comes too near that comes to be denied.
But the fruit that can fall without shaking
Indeed is too mellow for me.
—Lady Mary Wortley Montague.
Let us weep in our darkness, but weep not
for him !
Not for him who, departing, leaves millions
in tears !
Not for him, who has died full of honor and
y.^ars !
Not for him, who ascended Fame's ladder so
high
From the round at the top he has stepped to
the sky.
—Nathaniel P. Waiis.
To every man upon this earth
Death cometh soon or late,
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers
And the temples of his gods.
—Thomas B. Macavlay
Which I wish to remark—
And my langruatre is plain—
Tliiit lor ways that are dark
And for tricks that are vain.
The heathen Chinee is lieculiar.
With the smile that was cblldlike and bland.
A sacred burden is this life ye bear:
Look on it, lift it, bear it solemnly.
Stand up and walk beneath it st«;adfa8tly.
Fail not for sorrow, falter not for sin.
But onward, upward, till the goal ye win.
—Frances Anne Kemble.
Better trust all, and be deceived.
And weep that trust and that deceiving.
Than doubt one heart, that, if believed.
Had blessed one's life with true believins.
-Ibid.
Once to every man and nation comes the
moment to decide,
In the .strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the
Kood or evil side;
Some great cause, God^s new Messiah offer-
ing each the bloom or blight.
Parts the iroat.s upon the left band, and the
sheep upon the riKlit ;
And the choice Koes on forever 'twlit that
darkness and that light.
—James Russell LoiveU.
Go, forget me— why should sorrow
O'er that brow a shadow fling ?
Go, forget me— and to-morrow
Brightly smile and sweetly sing.
Smile, though I shall not be near thee ;
Sing, though I shall never hear thee.
-€liarles Wolfe.
Stone walls do not a prison make.
Nor iron bars a cage ;
Minds innocent and quiet take
Take that for a hermitage ;
If I have freedom m my love.
And in my soul am free.
Angels alone that soar above
Enjoy such liberty.
—Richard Lovelace.
When T am dead no pageant train
Shall waste their sorrows at my bier.
Nor worthless pomp of homage vain
Stain it with hypocritic tear.
You shall not pile, with servile toil.
Your monuments upon my breast.
Nor yet within the common soil
I^ay down the wreck <»f j>ower to rest.
Where man can boast that he has trod
On him that was " the scourge of God."
—Edtoard Everett.
MISCELLANEOUS.
337
AREA. POPULATION AND EDUCATION.
The following is a comparative statement of the area, population
and education of the world, by continents and by the principal
nations :
BY CONTINENTS
Area square
miles.
Asia 15,700,000
Africa 11 ,70(',000
Europe 3,900,000
North America 8,860,000
Oceanica 3.700,000
South America 7,000,000
50,860,000
Population.
764,000,000
173,200.000
320.500,000
71,500,000
30,900,000
27,500,000
1,386,600,000
BY NATIONS.
Percent un-
Area square able to read
miles. Population, or write.
Great Britain and Ireland 121,600 32,250,000 .46
China 4,100,000 410,000,000 .23
Japan 169,000 36,300,000 .16
Russia 8,500,000 98,700,000 .91
Germany 210,000 45,194,000 .13
United States 3.500,000 50.200,000 .20
The comparative density of population of Great Britain and the
United States is as follows : Great Britain, inhabitants to the square
mile, 289 ; United States, 14.
ONE DOLLAR
loaned for one hundred years at the following rates of compound interest would realize
the sums set opposite each:
1 per cent.
3
6
10
2.75
19.25
340.00
13,'809.00
13 per cent.
15 " .
18 " .
24 " .
$
84,675.00
1,174,405.00
15,145,207.00
2,551.799,404.00
SIGNALS USED ON RAILROADS.
"With the Hands. — Raising the hands to a level with the eyes and parting them
with a sweeping motion signifies "go ahead."
Extending the arms and making a downward motion with the hands signifies
"stop."
A beckoning with one hand signifies "back up."
"With Flags. — Waving red flag or sticking it up by the roadside is a signal of
"danger."
The hoisting of a red flag at a station means " stop."
When carried on a locomotive, a red flag conveys a notice that a train (or engine)
is following.
With Lanterns. — Swinging a lantern to right angles across the track is a signal
to "stop;" swinging it around in a circle, signifies "back;" raising and lowering It
means "go ahead."
With the Whistle. — One whistle, " down brakes;" two whistles, " off brakes;"
three whistles, a warning that the train is about to "back;" a succession of long
whistles means " danger;" a succession of short, quick whistles is a "cattle alarm."
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FAITH.
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" Better trust and all be deceived.
And weep that trust and that deceiving
Than doubt that heart that, if believed,
Had blessed one's life with true believing."
—Frances Anne KembU.
zVITH is one of the brightest and most beautiful attri-
butes cf the human character. Under the most adverse
circumstances it rises to the sublimest heights, and com-
mands admiration, love, respect and reverence, even
where the feet of the idol in which it worships godlike
attributes — the brow of marble and the locks of bronze —
are, to every other eye, of the commonest clay. It is
the talisman that leads a man, with trust and confidence
in the future, steeling his nerves and inspiring his heart,
to surmount difficulties and triumph over obstacles which have
apparently overwhelmed his fortunes, and keep up a strong heart
with which to welcome the turn of the tide of fortune, and a strong
arm with which to spread the undaunted canvas on which Faith is
inscribed, to catch the rising trade-wind of prosperity. The man
who has thorough faith in his future career — who honestly knows
himself, by conscious integrity and honesty, by the self -consciousness
of doing his duty in the battle of life — will never falter under diffi-
culties, nor will he ever succumb to any disaster. Like the strong
swimmer making for the shore, though oft and again buffeted back
by the waves of disaster, he will still ultimately reach the solid
earth, from which for all the future he can look back from a safe
refuge, and thank God for that serene Faith under which he was
borne up in difficulties, and by whose aid his fortunes were crowned
by the golden garlands of victory, the laurels of social distinction,
or the bay-leaves of domestic bliss. How beautiful the faith of the
child in the parent, and how much more so the far-seeing faith of the
true-hearted and loving wife, who knows her husband better than
all the world, and who, in the small days of his early trials in the
world, saw before all else the far-off glimmer of the golden dawn
awaiting him over the distant hills, when the steeps of adversity
were overcome.
Cultivate faith in yourself first of all, if your conscience approve
and your self-knowledge justify it, and in all with whom you are
FAITH.
brought into contact. Believe in yourself, and seek to justify your
belief. Believe in your neighbor, until he himself has shattered the
faith with which he was regarded, and even then the exercise of
that virtue will be found to have sweetened the memory of the
severed friendship, and to soften the disappointment of a broken
idol. Tom Moore surely had this divine attribute in his mind's eye
when he wrote :
"You may break, you may shatter
The vase, if you will;
But the pcf umc of roses
WUl cling to it still."
He who cultivates Faith will give a generous measure of trust to
those around him, which wiU brighten many paths beside his own.
Though he "may not increase his stature by one cubit," he may
strengthen himself mentally and morally with this high quality,
and, in doing so, will invigorate and lift up others who, weaker in
themselves, find in the faith and confidence extended to them in
their weakness, the refreshing, revivifying, and grateful influence
which the gentle rain sheds upon the drooping plant.
BRIDGE OF FAITH.
I have a bridge within my heart
Known as the bridge of Faith ;
It spans by a mysterious art,
The streams of Life and Death.
And when upon this bridge I stand
To watch the tide below,
Sweet thoughts come from a sunny land
And brighten all below.
Then as it winds its way along
Toward a distant sea,
Oh, pleasant is the spirit song
That upward floats to me.
A song of blessings never sere.
Of love beyond compare.
Of pleasures flowed from troublings here
To use serenely there.
And hearing this, a peace divine
Soon shuts each sorrow out ;
And all is hopeful and benign.
Where all was fear and doubt.
Oh, often then will brighter flow
The light which round me lies :
I see, from life's beclouded flow
A crystal stream arise.
— Author Unknown.
HOPE.
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HOPE.
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Who in Life's battle firm doth stand
Shall bear Hope's tender blossoms
Into the Silent Land."
—Von Sdlis.
OPE springs eternal in the human breast, writes Pope,
and truly, if this were not the case, this world
would be but a dull and dreary abode for the most of
its inhabitants. Hope it is, with its elastic measures,
that, painting bright pictures of the future and ever
pointing onward and upward, makes men forget the
miseries of daily life in the bright anticipations con-
jured up by the Avand of Hope for the future. There is
no cavern nor dungeon so deep or so dark that the rays
of light from the torch of Hope will not penetrate there
and shed its beautiful effulgence through the darksome gloom to
lighten the misery of some poor wretch from whom, perchance, all
other comfort had fled. Into every condition of men, and into
every vicissitude of life, Hope, the comforter, will find its smiling
way, cheering men in adversity, encouraging them in success, and,
when worldly thrift shall have tilled up the measure of prosperit}'', and
there shall seem nothing more to be hoped for, returning at the last
to smooth the pillow of the dying, relinquishing all here below, with
assurance of eternal gain to be won in the world beyond. From
the cradle to the grave, then, Hope stands the nearest to a man of
his three guardian angels. It should be appreciated and cultivated
accordingly. The hopeful man is like a lamp shining upon the
faces of his neighbors. There is an infection in the lightness in his
eye, the laughter which springs from his heart to his lips, and the
elasticity of his step, which communicates to all around him. It is
the spirit which may be regarded as the radiator or diffusor of
happiness; and it is also that which finds most readily a home
in the hearts of men, and makes the strongest and most direct
appeal to their understanding. It is a quality which, taking no
denial from Fortune, never recognizes defeat. Elastic as air, it
takes new life from every temporary depression; and, finally, by
its persistent and unfaltering courage, enables a man to crown his
ambition Avith success. When misfortune strikes you down, friends
desert you, children turn their backs upon you, or parents cast you
HOPE.
off; when desolation invades your household, ruin points its ghastly
skeleton-finger at you, and poverty fastens its cruel and icy fangs
upon you ; when sickness overtakes your bedside, and the dark and
grisly phantoms of the Unknown hover about as if to claim you for
their own ; when the soul by doubt is tortured, and when all earthly
friends have fled, yet still does gentle Hope, with angelic wing, fan
the dying embers of life into renewed existence, and from the very
gates of destruction raise you up again to health and prosperity,
chastened, purged, cleansed — higher, better, and purer than ever.
What heat is to the material world so is hope to the social, moral,
and mental world. It is estimated that if the sun should withdraw
his light and heat for twenty-four hours all animate life would
perish miserably in the terrible gloom. So it is in the affairs of
life. Without Hope men would succumb at the first adverse breath,
and give up the struggle of life miserably. Despair, with its grim
and cruel visage, would usurp the place of radiant-faced and bright-
winged Hope as man's familiar angel, and its twin-sister. Suicide,
would reap to satiety of the dread harvest that she loves. But
Hope is still on earth to lighten the burdens of men, and shed light
on their path, and will stay with them to the end. But one door is
forbidden to Hope, and that is, the entrance to that fearful place of
torment of the future world depicted by Dant6 :
"All Hope abandon, ye who enter here."
Regard Hope always in the spirit of the author of these beauti-
ful lines :
" True Hope is Bwlft;
It flies on ea^rle's win^s;
Kings it malces erods.
And meaner creatures kings."
CHAEITY.
r —
*
i
CHARITY.
i
i
i
<
HARITY is the chiefest of the Christian virtues. It is
the very crown of a perfect character, and he who pos-
sesses it, in its truest and best sense, will possess the
chief element of happiness, not only in his own life and
surroundings, but for all with whom, in personal, busi-
ness, or social relations, he may be brought into contact.
In its exercise it blesses alike the giver and the receiver,
and sheds a mild and beneficent lustre before which the
garish lights of wealth and splendor pale, and which
illuminates with a divine effulgence the darkest shadows that fall
athwart human existence. In its perfection. Charity may be
likened to the diamond of the purest Avater — a complete, har-
monious whole, a perfect crystal, without flaw or blemish, and yet,
in every aspect, from whatever side it be viewed, reflecting from its
perfect depths new lights of radiant beauty. There is no more
beautiful, expressive, nor comprehensive description of Charity in
literature, than is presented, clothed in the dignity of simplicity, in
the following words of St. Paul :
"And though 1 bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to
be burned, and have not charity, it proflt«th nothing.
" Charity suffereth long and is kind; charity vaunteth not itself; is not puffed up.
" Doth not behave itself unseemly; seeketh not her own; is not easily provoked; thlnketh
no evil;
" Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth;
" Beareth all things, believeth all things, endureth all things.
"Charity never faileth."
It is Charity which moves that spirit of divine compassion
which, more or less obscure, slumbers in every human heart, to
extend aid to the needy, sympathy to the sorrowing, comfort to the
sorely tried, consolation to the afflicted, protection to the perse-
cuted; which lifts up them that fall, encourages them that falter,
and lends zeal to them that press forward in the way of life ; which
is a shield to the weak and tempted, and a sword to the strong and
confident ; which is a balm for the wounded spirit, a sweet fragrance
amid the impurities of sin and suffering, a halo of light which glows
with undimmed luster even among the dark and sordid cares of
life ; which is as deep as ocean, as broad as earth, and as high as
heaven. Charity gives alms, but it does not consist of alms-giving
CHARITY.
It clothes the naked and feeds the hungry ; seeks out sorrow and
succors the distressed ; is the protection of husband for the widow,
and the care of father for the orphan ; and yet suffers not its right
hand to know what the left doeth. It avoids ostentation, sliuns
publicity, shrinks from parade, blushes in the presence of acknowl-
edgment, and does not seek out gratitude. Its true reward is in
the inmost chambers of the soul, wliere it confers an indescribable
happiness, that exalts existence and elevates the whole being. It
lays hold upon the rewards of religion, and gives to man the nearest
appoach to that godlike manhood set forth in the great example of
Him who is our highest model of perfection :
" Inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these ye have done it also unto me."
It softens the asperities of human nature, and brings out,
strengthens, and develops all the higher and better qualities of
manhood — intellectual and moral. It imbues the domestic affec-
tions with tenderness and consideration, and the social relations
with warmth and cordiality. It dignifies and beautifies character,
ennobles the whole nature, cements the fidelity of friendships,
gives the strength of steel to the silken bonds of love, intensifies the
devotion of conjugal worship, and sanctifies fiUal veneration. Its
motto is the Golden Rule, " Do unto others as ye would they should
do unto you." Its ways are the footsteps of the Master, and its
rewards are both here and hereafter.
THE LADY'S DREAM.
"Each pleading look that long ago
I scanned with a heedless eye,
Each face was gazing as plainly there
As when I passed it by ;
Woe, woe is me, if the past should be
Thus present when I die I
" No need of the sulphurous lake.
No need of the fiery coal.
But only that crowd of humankind
Who wanted pity and dole —
In everlasting retrospect —
Will wring my sinful soul !
"Alas I have walked through life
Too heedless where I trod,
Nay, helping to bury my fellow worm
And fill the burial rod —
Forgetting that even the sparrow falls
Not unmark'd of God !"
— Hood.
Of
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
lOGEAPHY is filled with the stories of those
who have either sought to become well-known
for the sake of notoriety, have acquired fame
on account of lofty purpose and earnest spirit,
or had greatness thrust upon them by circum-
stances over which they had no control. In
these pages may be found the most interesting
tests of the several aspects of force, as above
indicated, that are displayed by human nature.
Some have been blindly ambitious, as Caesar, and Na-
poleon. Others, like Titus, and Washington, are made
famous for acts of goodness to mankind ; while such as
Cincinnatus, and Lady Jane Grey, have had honors thrust
upon them, and the pages of history which bear the
record of their lives, are not the less attractive for the
showing that their honors were well borne.
The names of thousands of the world's most active
and eminent men and women are given in this convenient
form.
BIOGRAPHICAL COMPENDIUM.
B.
Abbott, Jacob, an American author and
clerx-yman. Born Hollowell, Me., 1803.
Abdul Hamid, sultan of Turkey, began his
reijrn August 31, 1876. B. September 22,
1812.
Abelard, ah-ba-lar, a learned French priest,
lover of Heloise. Born near Nantes, 1079.
Died 1142.
Abercrombie, James, a British officer in
America. Defeated at Ft. Ticonderoga. B.
in Scotland, 1706. D. 1781.
Abemethy, John, an English surgeon. B.
in London, 1764. D. 1831.
About, a-hon, Edmond Francois Valentin^
French statesman and political writer. B.
1828. D. in Paris, January 18, 1885.
Adams, John, second president of United
States. B. in Braintree, Mass., 1735. D. in
Quincy, 1826.
Aaams, John Quincy, son of John A., sixth
president of United States. B. in Braintree,
Mass., 1767. D. in Washington. 1848.
Adams, Samuel, an American revolutionist
and governor of Massachusetts. B. Boston,
1722. D. 1803.
Addison, Joseph, an English writer.
Milston, 1673. D. 1719.
Adrian. Six popes of Rome of this name.
.S^sculapius, the Greek god of medicine.
i£sop, the fable writer. B. Phrygia about
620 B. C. Date of death uncertain.
Agrassiz, cw-asse, Louis John Rudolph, a
French naturalist. B. Motiers, Switzerland,
1807. D. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1873.
Agricola, a-grik-o-la, Cnasius Julius, a Roman
conquerer. B. Forum Julii, now Freju8,ia
Provence, A. D. 37. D. Rome, 93.
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, a Roman consul.
Naval victory of Actium; dedicated to
Jupiter the Pantheon. B. 63. D. 12 B. C.
AgTippina, ag-rip-e-na. the elder, wife of
Germanicus Cfesar. Died A. D. 3d. A., the
younger, was mother of Nero, who had
her assassinated A. D. 60.
Akbar, the greatest of Moguls in Hindostan.
B. l.'>42. D. I6a5.
Alaric I. and II., kings of the Visigoths; the
first a great conqueror, the second more
pacific. A. I., 8. 376.
Albemarle, George Monk, duke, a military
and naval officer. B. Potheridge, Devon-
shire, 1608. D. 1670.
345
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Albert; Prince Consort, married Queen Vic-
toria in 1»40. Ji. Cobourg, Oemiauy, 1819,
I>. Windsor Castle, iHtii.
Albert Edward, prince of Wales, and helr-
app.irent to liritisli throne. B. in Buck-
iiiu'tiHin Palace, I-ondon, 1841.
Albuquerque, Arini-kerke, Alphonso de, a
Portiij^iifbe commander. Captured Mal-
acca. 11. 14)2. \). 1515.
AlcibiadsB, (il-:<n-t)i-a-<le€«, an Athenian gen-
eral. Defeated Spartans, and was mur-
dered by them, 404 B. C. B. Athens, 450
li.C.
Alcott, au'Vkot, Amos nron8on,an American
educator. U. Wolcott, Conn., 1798. D.
Aiiburndale, Mass., 185W.
Alcott, Ix>ui8a May, daughter of Amos, a
Ktoiy writer. IJ. uennantown, Penn., 1833.
Alden, .John, came over in the Mayflower
in ItW). 1). ItiST.
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, an American poet.
U. Portsmouth, N. H., 183<J.
Alembert, da-lam'txtir, John lo Bond, a
French mathematician ; discovered the pre-
cession of equinoxes. B. Paris, 1717. D.
IIKI.
Alexander. Many kings of this name, and
eight popes.
Alexander I., emperor of Ruasia. Beaten
by Nitpok'oii at Aiisti-rlitz. United armiofl
of Prussia and Itussia, were also beaten at
Friedland. On the disiLstrous retreat of
Napoleon from Moscow, the allied army
entered Paris. Peace— Holy Alliance, li.
St. F'(t«r8l)urg, 1777. D. Tafiranrog, 1826.
Alexander II., emperor of Russia; Abol-
ished SIM fdom ; Victorious in war against
Turkey, 1877-8; U. 1818. III. began his
reigii ilarch U, \m ; H. March 10. 1845.
Alexander the Great, the most renowned
hero in ancient history. Defeated the Per-
sians. II. IVIhi ;j.'>ti II. C. D. in his 33d year.
Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor
that ilcrcat<<l the Persians. B. in Phoenicia
20S. Killfil by hiv ri..,,|w :;:;-,.
Alexander, St., ot .\lt\aii'lrUi. Condemned
Arianisni. 1). ;ms.
Alexander, William, an American major-
general in revolutionary war. B. New
York 1726. D. Allwny 17t«.
Alexis, Czar of Hussia. Reign disturbed by
foreign and civil wars. B. Moscow 1630.
D. 1ti7t5.
Alexis I., Coxnnenus, emperor of Constan-
tinonje. Fought the Turks and Scythians;
B. t'onstjintinople, 1048; D. 1118. A. II.,
succeeded to throne and was murdered by
Andronicus. Three others of this name
met similar fate.
Alfonso. Many rulers of this name. A. II..
the Chaste, of Leon, Castile and Asturias;
D. Oviedo, 842, agetl 85. III., the Great,
fought the Moors; D. Zaraora, 810. V^I.,
the Valiant, of Leon and Cjistile, emperor
of Spain. Cid achieved poetical celebrity.
A. died at Toledo, 1109. VIII., the Em-
peror, victor as against the Moors: D. near
Toledo, ll.')7. X., the Ixjarned, king of Leon
and Castile; A If onsinc tables drawn under
his direction; B. VMi. D. 12t4.
Alfonso, of Aragon and Navarre, the
Fighter; took immense spoil from the
Moors ; successful in 29 battles; D. 1134.
A. III. est^iblished first constitution; D.
1291. v., the Magnanimous, conquered
Naples in 1442; B. 1384; D. Naples, 14.V.
Alfonso, of Portugal. Freed that state from
dependence in which it had been held by
Leon and Castile; D. Coimbra, 118.5. V.,
invaded Africa several times; D. Cintra,
14.81. Si.x kings of Portugal.
Alfonso XII., the present (1885) king of
Spain : began his reign December 30, 1874.
B. November 28. 1857.
Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons ;
was engaged in flfty-six battles by sea and
land. B. vvantage, in Berkshire, 849. D. 900.
Al^r, William Roun8a\ille, an American
L nltarian clergyman. B. Freetown, Mass-
achusetts, 1823.
All, a4e, the cousin and son-in-law of Ma-
homet ; declared caliph, but was assassi-
nated in 6efl.
Alison, Sir Archibald, a Scottish historicfd
writer. B. Kenl'^y, Shropshire, 1792. D.
near Glasgow, 1807.
Allen, Ethan, an American brigadier-gen-
eral of the Revolution. B. Litchtleld. Con-
necticut, 17o8. D. near Colchester, Ver-
mont, 1789.
Allston, Washington, an American painter.
"Jacob's Vision." B. in South Carolina,
1779. D. Cambridgeport, Massachusetts,
184; J.
Alvarado, Pedro de, governor of Guate-
mala ; in every battle with Hernando Cor-
tez in conquest of Mexico. B. liadajoz. D.
1.541.
AmadeusV.j. the Great; an umpire in Eu-
rope. 1>. 1323. Nine sovereigns In Savoy of
this name.
Ambrose, St., archbishop of Milan. B.
Treves, fii Gaul, 310. 1). .Milan, 397.
Ames, Fisher, an American politician and
writer. B. Dedham, Massachusetts, 1758. D.
there. 1808.
Amherst, Jeffory, an English general ; com-
manded British armies in America, after
AlH nrombie. B. Kent, 1717. I). 1797.
Amurath I., a-nm-rath, a sultan of the
Turks; instituted the corps of Janissaries ;
defeated the Christians. li. i:!20; stabbed
by wounded Serbian, in KWt. Amurath II.
defeated Christians and quelle<l a revolt of
the Janiftsaries. B. 1399; I>. 1451. Amurath
I V. was the worst ruler over the Ottomans.
Anacreon, (i-(i<iA-rc-«>i,a Greek lyric writer.
B. Teos, in Ionia, 561 B.C.
Anastatius, ati-*i-s(a'-»hr-u8. Several em-
perors of the East and several popes of
this name.
Anaxa^oras, nn-ax-ag-o-ras, illustrious an-
cient pliilosopher. Held that the moon was
inba tilted. B. near Smyrna, in Ionia, about
600 B. C. D. Lampsacus, Asia Minor, 428
B.C.
Anaxlmander, nn-ax-€-man-dcr, a Greek
philosoj.lier. f)t>served obliquity of the
ecliptic. H. Miletus, Asia Minor, eiO B. C.
D. 547 B.C.
Anaximenes, au-ax-im-e-nees.a Greek phi-
losopher. Held that all things came from
the air. D. 5lU B. C. Another of this name
was philosopher and historian, and native
of Lampsacus, Asia Minor. Lived about
avi B. C.
Andersen, Hans Christian, a Danish writer
of tales for children. B. Odense, 1806. D.
Copenhagen, 187.5.
Anderson, Hobert, an American major-gen-
eriii. Fort Sumter, S. C. B. Nice, France,
Mm. D. 1871.
Andre, an-dra, John, a British spy In Amer-
ican revolutionary war. B. London, 1751.
Hanged 1780.
Andrew, John Albion, an abolitionist, and
governor of Massachusetts five times. B.
Windham, Me., 1818. D. 1867.
Andrew, Saint, a disciple of Christ, and
apostle. Supposed martyr at Patrte, in
Achuia. A. D. 70.
Andronicus, an Athenian architect. Tower
of the Winds and weather <;ock.
Andronicus, of Rhodes, a philosopher of
Aristotleism. Lived 63 B. C.
Angelo, Michael Buonarotti, the great Ital-
ian architect and painter. " Last Judg-
ment." B. 1475. D. 1564.
Anne, the British queen. B. Twickenham,
nenr London, lt>64. D. 1714.
Anne of Austria, a queen of France. B.
1601. D. 1666.
Anne Bolejni, hocil^n, the unfortunate
wife of Henry VIII. B. 1507. Beheaded 1536.
Anselm, Saint, a book-writer, and arch
bishop of Canterbury. B. Piedmont, 1033.
D. 1109.
Anthony, Susan B., a celebrated advocate
of woman suifra^. B. South Adams,
Mass, isao.
Antig-onus, a chief captain of Alexander,
defeated and killed in 299, a^ed 80.
Antiochus an-ti-o-Jtita. Thirteen Sj'rian
kinjfs of this name between 230 B. C. and
the empire of the Citjsars.
Antipater, av-tit^-n-tcr, was father of Herod
the Great. B. about 390. D. 319.
Antoinette, Mane, queen of Louis XVI.
She was archduchess of Austria, and her
marriage was broug-ht about to put her
country and France on terms of friendly
alliance. Was a victim of mobs in 1793, and
executed at Taris in 17St3, period of the rev-
olution. B. Vienna, 1755.
Antonia. Prominent Koman women of this
name. One became the mother of German-
icus Claudius, the emperor, and the bad
Livia.
Antoninus, an-to-ni-uus, Marcus Aurelius,
the best of the Roman emperors. B. Rome,
121. D. Vindobona (Vienna), 180.
Antoninus, Marcus, a great Roman orator.
Killed at Rome in 667.
Antony, Mark (Antonius Marcus;. Served
Cffisar, lover of Cleopatra, defeated at Ac-
tium. B. Rome, 83 B. C. Stabbed himself,
30 B.C.
Appleton Daniel, an American book pub-
lisher. B. Haverhill, Mass., 17a5. D. 1840.
Aquinas, Saint Thomas, a theologian, and
called the Angelic Doctor. B. castle of
Aquino, It., 1324. D. near Terracina, }'374.
Ax&go, Francois Jean Dominique, a French
scientist. B. near Perpignan, 1786. D.Paris,
185.3.
Arbuthnot, Alexander, a Scottish clergy-
man. B. Arbuthnot, 1538. D. 1735.
Archimedes ai'-ki-me-dec!<, the inventor, of
Syracuse. Screw, burning-glass, other in-
ventions. B. about 387 B. C. Killed during
an assault by the Romans, 212 B. C.
Argrand, Aime. Invented the lamp of that
name. B. Geneva, Switz., 1783. D. 1803.
Aristophanes, ar-is-tof-a-iiees, an Athen-
ian comic dramatist. Lived 400 B. C.
Aristotle, the Grecian philosopher, and
head of the Peripatetics. B. Stagira. Mace-
donia, 384 B. C. D. Chalcis, Island of Eu-
foja, 333 B. C.
Arius, air-e-iis, the founder of the Arian
sect. Lived about 300.
.4J'kwTight, Sir Richard, an English invent-
or. Made fli*st machine for carding and
spinning cotton. B. Preston, Lancashire,
1733. D 1792.
Arminius, or Herman, the deliverer of
Germany. Assassinated A. D. 20, aged 39.
Armstrong:, John, an American brigadier-
general, and member of President Madi-
son's cabinet. D. Red Hook, N. Y., 1843,
in his 85th year.
Armstrong'. Sir William George, the invent-
or of the gun of that name. B. 1810.
Arnold, Benedict, an American major-gen-
eral and traitor. B. in Connecticut. D.
London, 1801. A great Swiss patriot of this
name gained the liberty of Switzerland,
138«.
Arthur, Chester Allan, the twenty-first
President of United States. B. Fairfield,
Vt , October 5, 1830.
Audubon, John James, an American natur-
alist. B. in Louisiana, 1780. D . New York,
ia51.
Augxistine Saint, a father of the Christian
church. B. Tagaste, in Africa, 354. D. 430.
AugTistulus, Romulus, the last emperor of
the West, being conquered in 476.
Austin, Saint, the first bishop of Canter-
bury. D. 608.
B
Bax!h| John Sebastian, a German musician.
Had eleven sons, all musicians. B. Eisenach,
1685. D. Leipsic, 1754.
Bache, hatch, Alexander Dallas, Superin-
tendent United States coast survey. B,
Philadelphia, 1806. D. Newport, R. 1., 1807.
Bacon, Sir Francis, a profound thinker for
his age. Pope said he was "the wisest,
brightest, meanest of mankind." B. Lon-
don, 1561. D. 1626.
Bacon, Nathaniel, an American patriot of
Virginia. B. in England. D. 1677.
Bacon, Roger, an experimental philosopher.
Made some discoveries, and invented air-
Sump and gun-powder. B. Ilchester, 1214.
I. 1293. •
Bailey, Gamaliel, an American journalist.
National Era. B. Mt. Holly, N.J. , 1807. D.
1859. Jacob Whitman B., an American
naturalist; B. Ware, Mass., 1811; D. West
Point, N. Y., 1857. Theodorus, an American
naval officer war 1861-5; B. Plattsburgh,
N. Y., 180:j; D. Washington, 1877.
Bailly, haU-ye, Jean Sylvain, a French as-
tronomer. B. Paris, 1736. Guillotined by
Jacobins, 1793.
Baily, Francis, an English astronomer. B.
1774. D. 1844.
Bainbridge, Captain William, an American
naval officer that first hoisted the American
flag in the harbor of Constantinople. B.
Princeton, N. J., 1774. D. Philadelphia,
1833.
Baird, Spencer Fullerton, an American pro-
fessor of natural history. B. Reading,
Penn., 1823.
Baker, Osmon Cleander, an American cler-
gyman; B. Marlow, N. H„ 1812; D. 1871.
Edward Dickinson B. was an American
politician and soldier; B. London, J811;
Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va.,186L An African
tra\eler of this name discovered Lake Al-
bert Nyanza in 18(j4.
Baldwin. Several kings of Jerusalem of
this name, and emperors of Constantinople.
Bales, Peter, a great master of penmanship ;
taught at Oxford and London. B. 1547. D.
about 1610.
Ball, Sir Alexander John, a British officer in
first American war; D. 1809 Thomas B.,
an American carver in marble ; B. Charles-
town, Mass., 1819.
Ballou, Hosea, an American UniversHlist
clcrgymiiii, and founder of Universali'^m in
the United States. B. Richmond, N. H.,
1771. D. 1853.
Bancroft, Hubert H., an American historian.
B. Granville, O., Isb2. George, an American
historian and poetical writer. B. Worces-
ter, Mass., 1800. Richaru, was Archbishop
of Canterbury, and abused the Puritans. B.
Farnsworth, Lancashire, 1544. D. 1610.
Bangrs, Nathan, an American clergjTnan and
book-editor. B. Stratford, Ct., 1778. D.
18(53.
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, an American
major-general, defeated Confederates in
Louisiana. Was defeated at Sabine Cross
Roads B. 1816.
Barbarossa was a famous pirate. Seized
Algiers, but was beaten and killed In 15-35.
Barker, Jacob, an American senator, and
founder Exchange Bank in Wall st. B.
Kennebec Co., Me., 1779. D. Philadelphia,
1871.
Barlow, Joel, an American poet. B. Read-
ing. Ct., 1754. D. near (jracow, Poland,
1813.
Barnabas, St., a companion of St. Paul, was
stoned to death in Cyprus, his birth place.
Barnes, Albert, an American writer of
theology. B. 1798. D. 1870.
Barnum, Phineas Taylor, an American show
man. B. Bethel, Ct., 1810.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLPEDIA.
Barre, Isaac, a British oflScer. Friendly to
American colonists. B. Dublin, 172B D.
1802.
Barrett, Benjamin Pisk, an American clergry-
mun. B. Dresden, Me., 1808. GeorRC Hor-
ton, an American tragedian. B. Exeter,
Eng., 1794. D. New Yorit, 1M«0. Lawrence,
the American actor. B. Ireland.
Barron,' James, an American naval officer
tlmt louKlit a duel with Decatur, killing
him. B. Virginia, 1708. D. 1851.
Barry, John, an American naval officer and
commander of the Alliance. B.Wexford,
Irclaii.l, 174.5. D. Philadelphia. 1803.
Bartholomew, St., one of the twelve; was
prolialily Hayed alive in Armenia.
Bartlett, John Uusseil, author of the Dic-
tionary of Americanisms. B. Providence,
Uhode Island, 1NU5. JoHiah was a member
of the ( 'ontinental Congress U. Ameebury,
Mussaclnisettjj, 172U. D. 1795.
Barton, Itenjamin Smith, was founder of
natural history in America. B. Pennsyl-
vania, l7fi*J. D. 181.5. Clara, an American
humanitarian. B. Oxford, Massacliusetts,
IHIJO. William. capfun<ltlii' British general
Prescott ill 1777. H. ProMdeiuc. 17'iO. I). 1K41.
Bates, Edward, an AniL-rican statoman ; was
in Lincoln's cabinet. B. 17l«. D. 1««{9.
Bayard lii'anl, Thomas Francis, the Dela-
ware statesman. H. Wilmington. 1KJ8. Sev-
eral other members of the family were
senators liefore him.
Bayer, Johaim, a German Bcientist. B.
Havaria, aliDUt 1,">72. D. Augsburg, 1600.
Bazaine, Iki-zhh', Francois .Vchille, a French
geiuTiil in Crimean and other wars; sur-
rendered to Germans at Metz. H. Versailles,
1811.
Beaurearard, Peter Oustavus Toutant, a
conledi'rate general; dL-feated I'nited States
trooi)8 under .McDowell at Hull Itun, war
of 18»11 .5 B. near New Orleans, 1S18.
Becket, Thomas a, an Knglish prelate and
aiilibish<)i><)f CanttrbMry. B. Ixmdon, 1119.
Munlcred in the cathedral, 1170.
Bedford John, duke of. an English officer
that aided in bringing Joan of Arc to the
torch. B. 1390. D. Uouen, 1436.
Beecher, Lyman, the father of Harriet
ElizatH-'th (Stowe), who wrote I'ncle Tom's
Cabin. The former born at New Haven,
Connecticut, 1775. D. 1863 The latter was
born in Litchfield, Connetaicut, 1812. Henry
Ward, the son and brother, an American
theologian. B. Litchfield. 1813.
Beer, Wilhelm. a German scientist. Brother
of the great Meyerbeer. B. Berlin, 1797. D.
1850.
Beethoven, hait-ho-ven, Ludwlg von, a Ger-
man musical composer. B. Bonn, 1770. D.
Vienna, 1827.
Bell, John, an American senator. Leader
constirutional union party, 18<i0. B. near
Nashville, Tenn., 1797. D. in thatstate, 1869.
Bellows, Henry Whitman, an American
clergyman. Started a Unitarian paper in
New York. B. Boston, 1814.
Benedict, Saint, founder of the Benedlct-
ine-". n. Nursia, 480. Died about 543.
Bennett, James Gordon, an American cur-
rent writer. Founder of New York Herald.
B. Scotland, 1795. D. 1872.
Benton, Thomas Hart, an American states-
man. He loved coin, and was called Old
Bullion. B. near Hillsborough, N. H., 1782.
D. Washington, 18.58.
Berg'h, Henry, an American humanitarian.
B. New York, 1823.
Berkeley, Sir William, the royal governor of
Virginia. B. near London. D. Twicken-
ham, 1677.
Beust, boost, Frederick Ferdinand, Baron
von, the German friend of liberty. D.
Dresden, 1809.
Bias, was one of the most active of the seven
wise men. B Priene, about 570 B. C.
Biela, bee-cUa, William, Baron von, discov-
ered comet bearing his name. B. Stolberg,
1782. D. 1856.
Blerstadt, heerstat, Albert, an American
painter. Yosemite Valley scenes. B. Dus-
seldorf, Ger., 1S29.
Bifelow, hifj-e-itiw, Erastus Brigfaam, an
American inventor. B. 1814. D. 1879.
Bimey, Imr-ne, James G., one of the liberal
fjarty in l.'nited States. Twice a president-
ul nominee. H. Danville, Ky., 1792. D.
Perth Ambov. N. Y.. 1K.57.
Bismarck-Scnonhausen, hee»-mark shem-
hou-neii. Otto Edward Leopold, the German
imperial chancel lf»r. Made Prussia the
strongest power in Germany. B. Schon-
hau.sen, near Madgebiirg. 1815.
Black, Jeremiah S., an American politician.
S<-'creUiry of state under Buchanan. B.
(ilHdes, I'enn., 1810. 1). York, Penn., 1883.
Black Hawk, a Pottawatomie chief.
Friend of lir.tish, war 1812. B. 1767. D. in
Iowa. INW.
Blackstone, Sir William, an English lawver,
and author of Commentaries. B. Loudon,
172:j. D. 1780.
Blaine, James Gillespie, an American states-
man. Bepublican nominee for president
in 1884. B. Washington county, Penn.,
IS*.
Blair, FYancis Preston, an American politi-
cian and editor at Washington, li. Ailing-
don, Va.. 1791. I). lH7ti. Montgomery, his
son, was postmaster-general in Lincoln's
cabinet.
Blake, Robert, a celebrated British admiral,
li. Kiidgewater, 1696. D 1657.
Blanc, blouy, Louis, a French politician.
History of French Itevolution. B.Madrid,
1812.
Bland, Richard, an American patriot in col-
onial legislature of Virginia. B. early in
la-st century.
Blucher, /on bhto^kcr. Gebhard Leberecht. a
Prussian general that aided in defeat of
Napoleon. B. Rostock, 1742. D. Kriblowitz,
Silesia, 1819.
Bode, Johann Elert.a German astronomer.
Mode's Law of Planetary Distances. B.
1747. D. 1826.
Boleyn. See A nne Boleyn.
Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, an English
writer, and ix)88e88ed of great eloquence.
H. Hattersea, IG72. D there, 1751.
Bolivar, Simon, a South American soldier
and liberator. B. Caracas, 1783. D. San
Pedro, 1830.
Bonaparte. Name of the French imperial
famfiy. Napoleon, the man of singular
fortunes, was emjHjror. Defeated the
armies of Austria, overran Italy, Egvptand
part of S,vria, and crossed the Alps. In
1803 he gaincMl a series of victories at I'lm,
VVagram, Jena, Friedland, Austerlitz, etc..
and became in effect dictator of Eurf)i)e.
In 1812 he advanced to Moscow and lo.st nis
army. In 1815 he defeated the Prussians
and English separately, but at Waterloo
was crushed by allied armies under Well-
ington, Blucher and Bulow. B. Ajaccio,
Corsica, 1769. D. St. Helena, 1821. N>ipoleon
III. had extreme experiences as president
and emperor in France. B. Paris, 1808. D.
Chiseihurst. Eng., 1873.
Bond, William Cranch, an American astron-
omer. B. Portland, Me., 1789. D. Cam-
bridge, Mass., 1859.
Bonheur. Iwn-intr, Rosa, a French painter.
" Horse Fair." B. Bordeaux. 1822.
Boniface, Saint, was sent by Gregory II. to
convert the barbarians of the north to
Christianity. B. Devonshire, 680. Killed
in Friesland. 754. There were nine popes
of this name.
Boone, Daniel, an American pioneer.
Fought the savages in Kentucky B. Bucks
County, Pa., 1735. D. Missouri, 1820.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Booth, Edwin, an American trapredian; B.
IXt!. .lunius Urutiis, tnijrediiin, was father
of Edwin; H. London, KiHi; D. 1852.
Borgria, bor-jc-ix, Liicrezia, sister of the prof-
ligate Cicsar Horuria. Said to have been
vi'ry wiclted. D. I-i-rrara, 1533.
Bossuet, h(is-t*nxi, Jaccjues Henigne, Bishop
of Meaux. an eloqnent French preacher.
B. Dijon, 1627. D. Paris, 1704.
Boudlnot, boo-<lc-not, Elias, first President
American Bible Society. B. Philadelphia,
174(). 1). Burlinf^ton, N. J., 1821.
Boutwell, GcorKC Sewell, an American
linaiicier. B. Brookline, Mass., 1818.
Bouvier, hno-vcer, John, publisher of a dic-
tionary of law in United StJites. B. Codogr-
nan, France, 1718. D. Philadelphia, 1851.
Bowdltch, Nathaniel, an American naviga-
tor. Published a translation of Laplace's
Mecanique Celeste. B. Salem, Mass., 1773.
D. IKJH.
Boylston, Zabdiel, an American physician
that introduced the practice of Inoculation
for the small-pox in Boston, about 1721, the
year in which Lady Mary Wortley Monta-
gue practiced it in England. B. Brookline,
Mass.. 11580. D. 1()76.
Braddock, Edward, a British general in
America. Defeated and mortally wounded
at Fort Duquesne, near the site of Pitts-
burg, Penn. B. Perthshire, in Scotland,
1715. D. 1755.
Bradford, William, an American artist. Sea
views. B. New Bedford, Mass, 1827.
Bra^gr, Braxton, an American general in
Mexican war and war 1861-5. Defeated
Rosecrans at Chickamauga, Tenn. B. War-
ren county, N. C , 1817. D. Galveston,
Texas, 1876.
Braiie, bra, a Danish speculator on astron-
omy. B. Knudstorp, Sweden. 1546. D.
Prague, 1601.
Breckinridgre, John Cabell, an American
statesman. Confederate secretary of war.
B. near Lexington, Ky., 1821. D. 1875.
Bre'wster, Sir David, a Scotchman that in-
vented the kaleidoscope. B. Jedburgh,
1781. D. 1868. William, known as Elder
Brewster, came to America as a Pilgrim.
Bright, John, an English statesman, friendly
to America. B. Rochdale, Lancashire, 1811.
Brooks, Noah, an American newspaperman
and story writer. B. Castine, Me., 1830.
Brown, Benjamin Gratz, an American editor
and senator from Missouri. B. Lexington,
Ky., 1826.
Browne, Charles Farrar, an American
writer known as Artemus Ward. B. Wa-
tertord. Me., 1834. D. Southampton, Eng.,
1867.
Browning:, Elizabeth Barrett, an English
poet. Wrote Aurora Leigh. B. London,
1809. D. Florence, 1861.
Bruce, Robert, the hero and king of Scot-
land. Beat the English at Bannockburn.
Reigned 23 years B. 1274. D. Bardross, 1329.
Brunswick. Name of one of the oldest
German families, of which the royal fam-
ily now living in England is a branch.
Brutus, Lucius Junius, a Roman patriot,
was made consul 500 B.C. Killed by thq
Tarquins. Marcus Junius B. joined in kill-
ing Ciesar.
Bryant, William CuUen, an American poet.
" Thanatopsis." B. Cummington, Mass,
1794. D. New York, 1878.
Buchanan, James, fifteenth president
(Democrat) of the United States. Minister
to St. Petersburgh. United States senator.
B. Stony Batter, Penn., 1791. D. Lancaster,
1868.
Buckin&rham, George Villiers, duke of, an
English politician that was favored by
James I. B. Brookesley, Leicestershire,
1592. D. Portsmouth, 1628. His son, of
the same name, a duke, was a favorite of
Charles II.
Buell, Don Carlos, an American Major-Gen-
eral that operated agaiiLst the (Confederate
forces in Kentuckv and Tennessee, war
1861-,'). B. near Marietta, O., 1818.
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, a great
naturalist— the Pliny of France : wrote 36
volumes natural history. B. Montbard,
Burgundy, 1707. D. Paris, 1788.
Bull. Ole Bornemau, a famous Norwegian
violiiiisit. B. Bergen, 1810. D. Norway,
1880.
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward George, Earl Lyt-
ton. Baron, an English novel and play-
writer. B. Norfolk, 1805. I). London, 1873.
Edward Robert, son, an English politician
at)d poet. B. 1831. " Lucile."
Bunyan, John, wrote " Pilgrim's Progress.''
B. Elstow. near Bedford, Eng., 1628. D.
London, 1688.
Burgoyne, John, a British general that sur-
rendered his army at Saratoga, N. Y., 17th
October, 1777, to General Gates. B. about
1730. D. London, 1792.
Burke, Edmund, a native of Dublin, made a
great figure in English politics : In 1785, he
impeached Hastings. B. 1730. D. Beacons-
field, 1797.
Burlingame, Anson, an American diplomat;
minister to China. B. New Berlin, N. Y.,
1822. D. St. Petersburg, 1870.
Bums, Robert, the inimitable Scottish poet.
B. near Ayr, 1759. D. 1796.
Burnside, Ambrose Everett, an American
major-general that captured Roanoke
Island and Beaufort, N. C, in the war,
1861-5. B. Liberty, Ind. 1824. D. Bristol,
R. I., 1881.
Burr, Aaron, an American politician; an
enemv of the Federalists ; murderer of
Hamilton. B. Newark, N. J., 1756. D.
"unwept, unhonored and unsung," on
Staten Island, N. Y. 1836.
Butler, Benjamin Franklin, an American
major-general, war 1861-5. A people's nom-
inee for president in 1884. B. Deerfield, N.
H., 1818.
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, a British poet.
" Don Juan." B. London, 17e8. D. Misso-
longhi, 1824.
Cabot, John, a British navigator that discov-
ered North America. Flourished in 1497.
Sebastian, son of the above, was with his
father, and afterward sailed along the
North American coast. B. Bristol, about
1477. D. 1557.
Cadw^alader, John, an American brigadier-
general, trusted by Washington. B. Phila-
delphia, 1743. D. 1786.
Caesar, se-zar, Caius Julius, the first Roman
emperor. In his eight years' war against
the Gauls, Germans, Helvetians, and Brit-
ons, three million men were slain. Defeat-
ed Pompey at Pharsalus. He was assassin-
ated in the senate house, which event in-
volved the city of Rome in confusion, and
paved the way to the revolution by which
the people lost their liberty as a republic,
and became subject to absolute monarchy.
B. 100 B. C. Slain 43, B. C. See Brutus and
Cassius.
Calhoun, John Caldwell, an American
statesman and senator, vice-president with
Adams and Jackson. He became a leader
of the nullification party, that afterward
bore its fruit of secession. B. district of
Abbeville, S. C, 1782. D. Washington. 1850.
Caligrula, Caius Cspsar Aug-ustus Gerraani-
cus, the third emperor of Rome, a bad
man. B. A. D. 12. Assassinated in the
year 41.
Cameron, Simon, an American statesman.
Secretary of war in Lincoln's cabinet. B.
Lancaster county, Penn., 1799.
Canaillus, Marcus Furius, a Roman dictator
—a second Romulus. D. 365 B. C.
BIOGEAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Camoens, Luiz rte, the most celebrated poet
of Portugal. U. Lisbon, ISM. D. 15<j0.
Campbell, Alexander, son of Rev. Thomas
U. Founder of the Campbellite sect. B.
County Antrim, Ire., lim. 1). IJethany, W.
Va., 1806. William C, an American briga-
dier-general that opposed Coruwallis. B.
Augusta, Va., 1745. D. Yorktown, 17«L
Campbell, Thomas, a i>ure IJritish poet. B.
(Jla.sgow, 1777. D. Boulogne, 1H44.
Canby, Edward ■Kichanl Sprigg. an Ameri-
can major general and in tnree wars; killed
by the Modoc Captain Jack, in Siekiyou
county, California. B. in Kentucky, 1819.
Canonicua. a Narragansett Indian chief,
whose tribe was ever at peace with the
whites, n. about l.W).
Canute, or Knut, the Great, king of Den-
mark; proclaimed king of Kntf land, 1017, on
the death of Kdmund. B. in Denmark,
about 995: D. Shaftt^sbury, lUJS. Canute
IV., the Pious, king of Denmark, was slain
by his subjects for making extraordinary
grants of land to the churcli, lOW.
Caracalla, kar-a-h<U4a. Marcus Aurelius,
Antonius, a bad Roman emperor that
caused wholesale butchery for base pur-
poses; murdered by his successor, Maori-
nus, in 217, at Kdessa. B. Lyons, A.D. 188.
Carey, Henry Charles, an American writer
on i)oliti(al economy. B. Philadelphia,
nwj ; I). 1H7U.
Carlos, Don, son of Charles TV. of Spain ;
tried to get the crown. H. 17KH; D. l(Si»5.
Carlotta, wife of Maximilian, which see.
Carlyle, Thomas, a liritish author and lect-
urer. "Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the
Heroic in History." B. iu Ecclefechan,
Scotland. 1795; D. 1881.
Camot, liur-tu), Uizarus Nicholas, a promi-
nent actor in the Fi-ench revolution ; op-
posed the impi^rial power of Napoleon. B.
in Burgundy, ll'ii; 1). Mngdeburgh, 1823.
Caroline, Amelia Elizabeth, wile of George
IV. of England: was separated from hun
and traduced. B. 1768; D. 1821.
Carroll, Charles, of Carrol Iton, an American
senator ; la.st to die of the signers of the
American Declaration. B. Annapolis, Mary-
land, n.i- : n. 1832.
Carson, Christopher (Kit), an American
nuiger, and brigadier general, war l8(il-5.
B. ill Kentucky, 1809; D. 1868.
CartAi^rrig'ht, Peter, an American clergyman
that was indefatigable in the Metnodist
cause. B. in \'irginia, 1786; D. Pleasant
Plains, Illinois, 1872.
Carver, John, the first governor of Ply-
mouth Colony, arriving there In the May-
llower Nov. 11, 1«20. D. 1021.
Carey, Alice, and Phoebe, her sister, Ameri-
can poets. Alice born near Cincinnati,
1820 ; D. New York, 1871. Phoebe born 1824;
D. Newport, 1871.
Cary, Lott, a negro preacher that aided in
starting the colony of Liberia. He was a
slave in the Old Dominion. B. 1780. D. 1828.
Casablanca, Louis, a captain in the French
navy. He was comniaiuler of the Orient in
Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, and per-
ished with his son of ten years at the battle
of the Nile. "The boy stood on the burn-
ing deck." B. Bastia about 1755.
Casimir, kas-i-meer. Name of several kings
of Poland
Cass, Lewis, an American senator, and pres-
idential nominee that opposed Gen. Taylor.
B. Exeter, N. H.. 1782. D. Detroit, 1867.
Cassius, ka»h-e^is, Longinus Caius. one of
the slavers of Caesar. He was brother-in-
law of Brutus. Distinguished himself in
the Parthian Avar. Believing the battle at
Philippi to be lost he had himself killed by
a servant, 42 B. C.
Castillo, Bernal Diaz del, an adventurer
that accompanied Cortes in Mexico. B.
near close sixteeth century. D. 1560.
Castro, Ines de, was the mistress, and in suc-
cession the wife, and lastly, in death, the
crowned Queen of Pedro of Portugal, the
Cruel, her corpse being taken from the
tomb to be saluted and crowned as queen.
Murdered four years before by the nobles.
Camcens tells her story in " Lusiads." Lived
fourt<!enth century.
Catherine I., empress of Russia, wife of
Peter the (ireat; B. Livonia, IJJKI; D. 1727.
II., Catherine Alexievna, married grand-
son of Peter the Great, had him deposed
and was proclaimed empress; B. 1729; D.
1796.
Catherine de Hedici, kat-er-ine de rwrd-e-
chc, a French <]ueen that instigated the
butchery of the Huguenots in 1572. B.
Florence. l.')19. D. Hlois. 1589.
Catiline, Lucius Sergius, a Roman that con-
spired against Rome, and was unmasked
bv Cicero. Killed, 63 B. C.
Cato, Marcus Porcius. a Roman stiitcsman
and patriot; Ixxiame consul; U. Tusculiim
about 2MH. C. Cato, the Vounger. a pa-
triot, though rich, was frugal in his habits;
B. Rome, 95 B. C; killed himself 46 B. C. to
escape from Ctesar.
Cavour, ka-voor, Camillo Benso. Count, an
Italian statesman. B. Turin. 1810. 1). 1861.
Caxton, William, a I^ondon mercer that in-
troduced the printers' art in England. B.
Kent about 1412. D. London, 1492.
Cervantes, aer-van-terz, a Spanish novelist.
"Don Quixote." B. Alcaia de Henares,
1547. D. 1618.
Chandler, Zachariah, an American senator.
n. Ufdtord, N. H., 1813. D. Chicago. 1879.
Channing, William Ellery, an American
clergyman. Unitarian. B. Newport, R. I.,
1780. 1). Hurlington, Vt., 1842.
Chapin, Edwin Hubbell^n American cler-
gyman, I'niversalist; B. Union Village,
Washington county, N. Y., 1814. D. New
York, 1880. Stephen C. was a Congrega-
tionalist and tlien Baptist; B. Milford.
Mass., 1778; D. Washington, 1845.
Charlemagne, gharl-r-mniu, or Charles the
(Jreat, emperor of the West. His Dominion
reached from the Bjiltic to the Mediter-
ranean. B. liavaria, 742. D. Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, 814.
Cixarles Martel, a sovereign of France for
twenty-flve yebrs during the nominal
reigns of the last of the Merovingians.
Overthrew the Saracens at the battle of
Poitiers, by which he probably saved Eu-
rope from the infldel yoke. B. about OM.
D. Quercy sur Oise, 741.
Charles. There wore munyothersovereigns
of this name in France, Germany, Naples,
Sardinia, Spain. Sweden and other coun-
tries. Charles V., of France, was wise, and
VII. was victorious against the Ent;lish.
VIII. conquered Italy, and wjus king of
Naples ana Emperor of Constantinoi)le.
IX reigned during massacre of St. Barthol-
omew. I., of England, on throne 1625,
much involved m wars; defeated and exe-
cuted.
Chase, Salmon Portland, an American finan-
cier. The greenback currency is attrib-
uted to him. Secretary treasury under
Lincoln. B. Cornish, N. H., 1808. D. New
York, 1873.
Chaucer, Geoffrey, the earliest of British
Soets, and a man of extraordinary genius.
. London, 1328. D. 1400.
Cheatham, B. F., an American commander
of confederate troops in Georgia, war
1861-5.
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl
of, a British statesman and polished writer.
B. London, 1694. D. 1773.
Child. Lvdia Maria, an American writer. B.
Medf ord, Massachusetts, 1802. D. Wayland,
1880.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
ChllO) ki-lo, one of the seven wise men. D.
597 B.C.
Choate, Rufus, an American pleader and
senator. IJ. Ipswick, Massachusetts, 1799.
D. Halifax, 1859.
Christlern, kris-te-eni, name of nine Danish
sovereigns. IX., king of Denmark, bearan
his reign November 15, 1863. B. April 8,
1818.
Ohurch, Frederick Edwin, an American ar-
tist ; landscapes. B. Hartford, Connecticut,
1826.
Gibber, Colley, a British dramitist of great
merit. B. 1"(KJ. D. on the water, near Ire-
land, 175«.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, a Roman orator and
consul : joined Pompey against Ctcsar ; pro-
scribed by Mark Antony, pursued, and
murdered, 4;} B.C. B. A rpuium, 10« B.C.
Cincinnatus. Lucius Quintius, a Roman
farmer patriot; twice made dictator of
Rome. B. about 519 B.C.
Clarke, James Freeman, an American cler-
gyman. B. Hanover, New Hampshire, 1810.
Claudius. Name of many Roman sovereigns
and generals. Appius, a magistrate, was
struck at sight of Virginia, the beautiful
daughter of Virginius, and tried to pospess
her ; he was foiled by the father, who killed
Virginia that she might be saved from the
clutches of Appius, who afterward died in
prison, 44!t B.C.
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, an American major
general and abolitionist. B.Madison county,
Kentucky, 1810. D. W:^.
Clay, Henry, aa American senator, and pres-
idential nominee for president four times ;
a whig. B. near Richmond, Virginia, 1777.
D. Washington, 18.52.
Cleburne, Patrick R., an American major-
urenoral, confederate service, 18til-5.
Clement, Idem-ent, name of fourteen popes.
CJleobulus, kle-obAi-lua, one of the seven
wise men of Greece. D. 560 B. C.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, was succes-
sively the mistress of Julius Ctesar and of
Anthony. With her ended the kingdom of
Egypt. She put an end to her existence by
the bite of an asp 30 B. C. B. 69 B. C.
Cleveland, Stephen Grover (Democrat),
twenty-second President of the United
States. James G. Blaine, of Maine, being
the unsuccessful (Republican) candidate
for that office. C. was governor of New
York. Elected President 1884. B. Essex,
N. J., March 18, 1837. Richard, father of the
above, was educated for the Presbyterian
ministry.
Clingnnan, Thomas L., an American states-
man in confederate service 1861-5. B.
Huntsville, N. C, about 1812.
Clinton, Sir Henry, a Britisli ''pneral that
served in America; took Charleston in
1780; B. 1738; D. 1795. James C. was mem-
ber of the convention for the adoption of
the present constitution of the United
States; B. New York. 17;W; D. 1812. George
was vice-president United States, a briga-
dier-general, governor New York; B. New
York, 1739; D. Washington, 1812. DeWitt,
nephew of George, was an American sen-
ator, mayor of New York, governor of
that state; B. Little Britain, Orange county,
N. Y., 1709; D. 1848.
Clovis I., kln-ve, the founder of a new mon-
archy whose capital was Lutetia, or Paris.
Clotilda, a Christian princess, was his
queen. B. Tournai about 465. D. Paris, 511.
Cole, Thomas, an American artist; land-
scape. " Voyage of Life." B. Lancashire,
Eng., 1801. D. Catskill. N. Y., 1848.
Coleridgre, Samuel Taylor, a British poet.
B. Ottery, St. Mary, Devonshire, 1772. D.
London. 1834.
Colt, Samuel, the inventor of revolver of
same name. B. Hartford, Connecticut, 1814.
D. 1862.
Colfax, Schuyler, vice-president United
States, and speaker in the national house.
Distinguished as a public lecturer. Deliv-
ered his last lect\n-e on " Landmarks of
Life " before the students of the Metropol-
itan Business College at Chicago and died
of heart disease a few days afterward at
Mankato, Minn., January 13, 1885. B. New
York. 1823.
Columbus, Christopher; discovered the
American contment in 1492. B. Genoa,
1441. D. ValladoliG, 1506.
Commodus, Lucius Aurelius Antonlus, a
Roman emperor and a bad man. B. A.D.
161 ; put to death 192.
Conde, Louis II., of Bourbon, Prince of,
called the Great; defeated the Spaniards at
Rocroi ; active and full of resources. B.
Paris, 1621. D. Fontainebleau, 168t).
Confucius, the Chinese philosopher; was
born aiiout .550 B.C. D. 479 B.C.
Conklingr, Roscoe, an American statesman ;
an independent Republican or Stalwart;
United States senator from New York. B.
Albany, October 30, 1828.
Conrad. Name of several kings of Germany.
Constantine, the Great, emperor of Rome^a
Christian ; called the council at Nice. B.
Nissa, 272. D. near Nicomedia, 337. There
were other emperors of Rome and the East
of this name.
Cook, (Captain James, a British navigator;
explored various regions. B. Marton, York-
shire, 1728 ; killed and eaten by savages on
Sandwich islands, 1779.
Cooper, James Fenimore, an American au-
thor. B. Burlington, New Jersey, 1789. D.
Cooperstown, 1851.
Cooper, Peter, an American inventor; Na-
tional nominee for president in 1876, receiv-
ing over 81,000 votes ; founder of the insti-
tute named for him. B. New York, 1791. D.
188;}.
Copernicus, Nikolaus, a celebrated Prussian
astronomer, and restorer of the true system
of the world. B. Thorn, 1472. D. Frauen-
burj?, 1543.
Corday, Charlotte. See Marat.
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, a British general
that served in America, and surrendered at
Yorktown, Virginia, 1781. B. 1738. D.
Ghazepore, 1805.
Cortes, kor-teez, Hernando, the Spanish con-
queror of Mexico. B. Medellin, 1485. D.
near Seville, 1547.
Corwin Thomas, an American statesman.
United States senator, secretary treasury
with Fillmore. B. in Kentucky. D. Wash-
ington, 186.5, in his 71st year.
Cox, Samuel Sullivan (Sunset), an American
statesman. B. Zanesville, O., 1824.
Cow^per, koo-per, William, a pleasing Brit-
ish poet. B. Hertfordshire, 1731. D. East
Dereham, Norfolk, 1800.
Cranmer, Thomas, a celebrated reformer,
and archbishop of Canterbury. B. Aslac-
ton, in Nottinghamshire, 1489. Brought to
the stake March 21, 1556.
Crittenden, John Jordon, an American
statesman, and long a United States sena-
tor. B. Woodford county, Ky., 1787. D.
near JVankfort, 1863.
Cromwell, Oliver, the protector of the
commonwealth of England. Succeeded
nominally to the sovereign authority. B.
Huntingdon. 1.599. D. Hampton Court, 1658.
Crook, George, an American general of cav-
alry in war 1861-5. B. near Dayton. O., 1828.
Curlis, George William, an American jour-
nalist. Leader of independent Republicans
in opposition to Blaine, the nominee for
president in 1884. B. Providence, R. I., 1824.
Cushing*, Caleb, an American statesman and
diplomat; B. Salisbury, Mass., 1800; D. New-
buryport, 1879. William B., an American
naval officer that destroyed the confederate
ram Albemarle. B. Wisconsin, 1843.
BIOGEAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Cushxnan, Charlotte Saunders, a famous
American tragedian. B. Boston, 1816. D.
187ri.
Cuvier, koo-vc-a, Georges Chretien Leopold
Frederic Dagobert, Baron, a French nat-
uralist. "Animal Kingdom." B. Mont-
beliard, 1769. D. Paris, 1«32.
Cjrrus, the Great, dethroned his grandson
and overcome ( 'ra>sus of Lydia, took Baby-
lon, and founded the great Persian Empire.
Rivers of blood were shed in his conquests.
B. about 000 B. C.
Dagrerett, David, an American judge and sen-
aUjr. U. Attleboro, .Massachusetts, 1764. D.
New Haven, Connecticut, 1851.
Daeruerre, da-garc, the French discoverer or
the process of taking pictures. B. in France,
178i». 1). IWil.
Dahlgren, John Adolph, an American naval
ollici-r; made a rear admiral in 1863. B.
Philadelphia, 18051. 1). Washington. 1870.
Dallas. Alexander James, an American
statesman; in Madison's cabinet as secre-
tary of trejisury. B. Jamaica Island, 1759;
D. Trenton, N. .1., 1817. George Mittlln.son,
an Americiin statesman, senator, vice-pres-
ident. H. IT'.C. 1). 18«t.
Dana, Juiiks l)wi>,'lit, an American natural-
ist. B. Utica, New York, 1813. Itichard
Henry, an American writer ot poetry. B.
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787. D. Boston,
1879.
Dante, the most powerful of the Italian
poets. B. Florence, 1265. D. In exile at
Itaveiina. 13?1.
Danton ie«)rge8 Jacques, one of the most
active demagogues of the T"Yench revolu-
tion: vanquished by Kol)e8pierre. B. Ar-
cis sur Aul)e, 1759; guillotined 1794.
Dare, Virginia, was lH)rn at Koanokc, Au-
gust 18. 1587: named for the Virginia dis-
tricts ; first English child bom on tne Amer-
ican continent.
Darius I., king of Persia; destroyed Baby-
lon : defeated at Marathon ; 1). 4*5 B.C.
Codomanus, the last king of the ancient
Poi-sian empire, was conquered by Alex-
ander.
Darwin, Charles Robert, an English natural-
ist ; he believed in the ascent of man from
lower forms of life ; evolution. B. Shrews-
bury, 180!». D. 1883.
Davis. Henry Winter, an American states-
man : H friend of national union during late
war l8fil-5. B.Annapolis, Maryland, 1817:
1). Bnltimoi-e, 18rto. Jefferson Davis an
American statesman ; president of southern
confederacy, 18*il-5. B. Todd county, Ken-
tucky, 1808. Jefferson C, an American gen-
eral, war 1861-5. B. Clark county, Indiana,
1828.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, the most origlUHl and
able chemist of his time. B. Penzance,
Cornwall, 1778. D. Geneva, Switzerland,
18u'9.
Dayton, William Lewis, an American sena-
tor an<l diplomat. B. Basking Ridge, N. J.,-
1807. D. Paris, 1864.
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., an American commo-
dore that was killed in a duel with Commo-
dore James Barron. B. Sinnepuxent, Md.,
1779. Killed at North Bladensburg, Md.,
1830.
Defoe, Daniel, the British author, famous
for writing " Robinson Crusoe." B. Lon-
don. \m\. D. 1731.
Delaware, Thomas West, the first governor
of Virginia. The state of Delaware was
named for him in 1610. D. 1618.
Demosthenes, Be-mmAhe-necz, the most ad-
mired of Greek orators, and an Athenian
patriot. B. Pseania, in Attica, about 385.
To save himself from Antipater he took
poison, 323 B. C.
De Cluincey, Thomas, a British author and
opium eater. B. near Manchester, 1786. D.
Edinburgh, 1859.
Descartes, Renatus, a celebrated French
metaphysician, mathematician and natural
philosopher, li. La Haye, Touralne, 1506.
U. Stockholm, 1650.
De Soto, Fernando, an adventurer that dis-
covered the Mississippi river. B. Xerxes
du Caballeros, in Estrcmadura, 14".t(J. D.
1542, and was buried in Mississippi river.
Dickens, (.'harles, the famous British novel-
ist. " David Copoerfleld," " Little Borritt."
B. l^mditort, 1812. D. near Rochester, 1870.
Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, an American
reader and actress; has appeared in " Ham-
let:" B. Philadelphia, 18^. Daniel Stevens
D., an American statesman; B. Goshen, Ct.,
1800; 1). Binghamtnn, N. Y., 1866.
Diderot, (i«x/ii-ro, Deiiiti, a i>owerf ul French
J>hilosophical writer. B. Langres, 1713. D,
^iris, 1,84.
Diog'enes, dUxlj-c-neez, one of the celebrated
(J reek philoscjphers. B. in Asia Minor
alK)Ut 412 B. C. 1). 323 B. C.
Disraeli, diz-ra^-^, Benjamin, Earl of Bea-
consUeld, a British prime minister, and
leader of the conservatives in England. B.
Ix)ndon, 1804. D. 1881.
Dix, John Adams, an American statesman ;
governor of New York, seiuitor, and major
general war 1801-5. B. Boscawen, New
York. I7K9. D. New York, 1879.
Domitian, Titus Flavins Domitianus Augus-
tus. See Titus.
Donati, do-na-tec, Giovanni Rattista, a mod-
em Italian astronomer; discovered comt-t
of his name, June 2, 1858. B. Pisa, 1830. D.
Florence, 18711.
Dore.<''»-ni, Paul Gustave,a French painter ;
has illustrated "Paradise Lost." U. Stras-
burg, ixa.
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, an American
statesman and political orator; senator
from Illinois; affectionately called "the
Little Giant." B. Brandon, Vermont, 1813.
D. Chicago. 1861.
Dow^, Neal, an American general, war 1861-5 ;
a tcmi)eraiice reformer. B. Portland, Maine,
180:i.
Drake. Sir Francis ; sailed round the world
In 1577-80. and afterward ser\ed as admiral.
B. Tavistock, Devonshire, 1545; D. at sea.
West Indies. 15!»5. John Hodman, an Amer-
ican poet. B. New York, 179.5. D. 1820.
Draper, John William, an American chemist
and writer; made research in spectrum
analysis. B. St. Helens, near Liverpool, IMl.
Dryden, John, an illustrious British poet ;
translated Virgil. B. Aldwinkle, North-
amptonshire, 1631. D. 1700.
Dumas, du-ma, Alexander Da\7, a Fi-ench
writer of stories and plays. B. Villers-Cot-
ten'ts, 1808. D. Puynear. Dieppe, 1870. Alex-
ander, his son, a French writer of stories.
B. Paris, 1824.
Dyer, John, a Briti<>h poet that wrote " Gron-
gar Hill" and "The Fleece."' B.Carmar-
thenshire, 1700; D. 1758. George D., a poet
and antiquary, was bom 1755 ; D. 1841.
Sads, eedJ<, James Buchanan, an American
ci\il engineer. Designer St. Louis bridge.
B. Lawrenceburg, Ind., 1820.
Early, Jubal A., an American general in
confederate service, war 1861-5. B. Virginia
about 1815.
Edison, Thomas Alva, an American elec-
trician and inventor. His phonograph, tele-
phone and electric light have made him
famous. B. Milan, O., 1847.
Edmunds, George Franklin, an American
statesman and senator. B. Richmond, Va.,
1828.
BIOGKAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Edward. Name of seven klnfrs of England.
Eliot, George (Marian Evans), a well-known
Ihitish novelist; "Uomola." B. aV)out IR'iO;
D. 18S(). Samuel, an American writer; "His-
tory of Liberty;" B. Boston, 1821.
Elizabeth, (jueen of England, was the
dauKliter of Anno Boleyn ; she was rather
heartless, and a true child of Henry VIII ;
she was last of tho Tudor line that reached
from A.D. 1185 to 1603. B. Greenwich, 1533.
T). Richmond, 1*503.
Emerson, Kalph Waldo, an eminent writer
of prose and poetry. B. Boston, 1803.
Emmet, Kobert, an Irish patriot; tried to
make Ireland free. B. Dublin, 1780; exe-
cuted, 1803.
Ericsson, er-ikson, John, the great Swedish
inventor and engineer. Iron-clad Monitor
was constructed by him. B. Wermeland,
1S0;J. I). Stockholm, IS'.O.
Euclid, u-hlid, a G recian whose name is im-
mortalized for his work on "Tlie Elements
of Geometry," liCteen volumes. B. Alex-
andria, about 30C B.C.
Evarts, ev-artz, William Maxwell, an Ameri-
can statesman ; counsel for Andrew John-
son in the impeachm.ent trial. B. Boston,
1818.
Everett, Edward, an American orator and
senator. B. Dorchester, Massachusetts,
1794. D. Boston, 1865.
E'wrell, Richard Stoddard, an American gen-
eral in confederate service. Bull Kun, Get-
tysburg. B. Washington, 1820. D. in Ten-
nessee, 1872.
Ewing. Thomas, an American statesman
and senator ; organized the Interior depart-
ment under Harrison and Tyler. B. Ohio
county, Virginia, 1789. D. Lancaster, Ohio,
1871.
Eagnani, fap-na-nee, Joseph, an American
porti-ait painter. B. Naples, 1819. D. New
York, 1873.
Fahrenheit, fa-ren-hite, Gabriel Daniel, a
German philosopher that improved the
thermometer. B. in Dantzic, about 1690.
D. Amsterdam, 1736.
Faneuil, fun-U, Peter, an American mer-
chant that erected the famous hall of that
name in Boston. B. New Kochelle, New
York, 1700. D. Boston, 1743.
Farragut,/ar-o-(7uf, David Glascoe, an Amer-
ican admiral, in the public service in 1812,
and at New Orleans and Mobile Bay, war
1861-5. B. near Knoxville, Tennessee, 1801.
D. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1870.
Fenton. Reuben E., an American statesman,
governor of New York, and United States
senator. B. Carroll, N. Y., 1819.
Fessenden, William Pitt, an American
statesman, member congress, senator, sec-
retary treasury in President Liticoln's ad-
ministration. B. Boscawen, N. H., 1806. D.
Portland, Me., 1869.
Field, Cyrus West, the founder of the ocean
telegraph; B. Stockbridge, Mass., 1819.
David Dudley, brother, an American jurist;
B. Haddam, Conn., 1805.
Fillmore, Millard, thirteenth president of
the United States. Elevated from the vice-
presidency on the death of Taylor. B.
Cayuga county, N. Y., 1800. D. Buflfalo, 1874.
Floyd, James Buchanan, an American states-
man. Secretary of war under President
Buchanan. Confederate general war 1861-5.
B. Montgomery, Va., 1805. D. Abington,
Va., 1863.
Foote, Andrew Hull, an American admiral.
Captured Ft. Henry on Tennessee river
war 1861-5. B. New Haven, Conn., 1806. D.
New York, 1863.
Foster, Stephen Collins, an American writer
of songs. Author of "Old Kentucky
Home," " Oh, Susanna," etc. B. Pittsburg,
1826. D. New York, 1864.
Fowler. Orson Squire, an American phre-
noloKist. B. Cohocton, N. Y., IHW.
Francis Joseph I., the emperor of Austria
and Hungary, began his reign December 2,
1818. I{. August 18, 18;i0.
Franklin, Benjamin, Dr., an American poll-
lician ; an active minister of state. B.
ISoston, 1706. 1). Philadelphia, 1790.
Franklin, Sir John, a British arctic explorer;
lost his life in the North, as a record Incii-
cates, in 1847. B. bpilsby, Lincolnshire,
1786.
Frederick William, the emperor of Ger-
many, began his reign January 2, 1861. B.
March 22, 1797.
Fremont, John Charles, an American major-
general, exi)lorer, senator, nominee for
president. B. Savannah, Ga., 1813.
Fulton, Robert, the famous American in-
ventor ; applied steam to the propelling of
boats. B. Little Britain, Penn., 1765, D.
New York, 1815.
G-adsden, Christopher, an American patriot
leader ^ a delegate to tirst continental con-
gress, in 1774. B. Charleston, S. C, 1724. D.
1805.
Gagre, Thomas, the British commander of the
royal troops In North America, and last
governor of Massachusetts for the English
crown. D. England. 1187.
Gaines, ganz, Edmund Pendleton^n Ameri-
can [olflcer of the revolution. B. Culpep-
per county, Va., 1777. D. New Orleans, 1819.
Myra Clark, born New Orleans, 1805. Gained
property there worth six million dollars.
Galilei, Galileo, the founder of mechanical
philosophy, was born at Pisa in 1564. Dis-
covered the pendulum as a measure of
time, Jupiter's moons, Venus' phases and
the ring of Saturn, and followed these as-
tonishing discoveries by constructing tho
microscope. In 1611 he discovered at Rome
the spots on the sun, and in 1615 he was ar-
raigned before the inq^uisition. Again
arraigned and tortured in 1632. Became
blind in 1636. His last discoveries were the
moon's librations and the cause. D. Arcetri,
1642.
Gambetta, Leon, a French republican leader.
B. Cahors, 1838. D. 1882.
Garfield, James Abram, twentieth president
of the United States, senator from Ohio,
major-general war 1861-5. B. Orange, Cuy-
ahoga county, O., 1831. Shot by Charles
Guiteau, July 2, 1881, and died at Elberon,
Long Branch, September 19.
Garibaldi, gar-e-bdl-de, Giuseppe, a modern
Italian patriot and general. Was conspic-
uous in the Italian war of 1859 against tho
Austrians. Engaged In an ill-advised and
unsuccessful attempt, in 1867, to free Rome
from the Papal government. B. Nice, 1807.
D. 1882.
Garland, Augustus H., an American senator
from Arkansas. Was a member of the
confederate congress. B. Tipton county,
Tenn., 1832.
Garrison, William Lloyd, an American abo-
litionist and advocate of woman suffrage.
The Liberator, started In Boston in 1831
was his paper. B. Newburyport, Mass.,
1804. D. K79.
Gates, Horatio, an American general of the
revolution ; defeated General BurgojTie at
Saratoga, and forced him to surrender with
his whole army; was defeated at Camden,
South Carolina, Yy Cornwallis; he emanci-
pated his slaves. B. in England, 1728. D.
New York, 1806.
Gatlingr, Richard, an American inventor;
gun. B. Hertford county, North Carolina,
1818.
BIOGEAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Oeary, John White, an American greneral. B.
181!t. D. 18T3.
Georgre I., kintr of Greece, began his reign
June a, Itm. B. December 24, 1846.
Germanicus, Ctesar, a nominal Uoman em-
ptror; at the head of the Roman army in
Germany when Augustus died: defeated
Arminius; he was father of Caligula,
which sec ; probably poisoned by order of
Tiberius, at Antlocn, A.D. 19, in his 34th
y(!ar.
Giddingrs, Joshua Heed, an American politi-
cian ; representative from Ohio in congress;
elected to congress about eleven times. B.
'lioga Point, now Athens, Pennsylvania,
1795; D. Montreal, Canada, 18«J4.
Girard, Stephen, an American merchant.
At his death he left $9,000,000 for public
Ijurjioscs. A college is naine<l for liini. B.
near Hordcaux, IT'iO. D. i'hiiadtlpliia, IKM.
Gladstone. William Rwart, the Miitish i>ie-
niier and chancellor of the exc-heiiuor. The
Ejirl of Ik-aconstleld resigned April ai, IS*),
when (Gladstone became hia successor. B.
Liverpool, l«0!t.
Goldsmith, Oliver, a British poet and
dramatist. "The Oenius of lAive" "She
Stoops to Conquer." B. Pallas, Ire., 17^.
1). London, 1774.
Goodrich, Cliauncy Allen, an American ed-
ucator, author or a grammar; B. 1790; D.
^>W. Samuel (Jriswold, a writer for young
folks, wa.s the well-known "Peter Parley;"
H. KidgeUeld, Conn., 1793; D. New York,lW!0.
Goodyear, Cluirles, an American inventor
that discovered the i)roce88 of vulcanizing
India rubl)er. H. New Haven, Conn., 1800.
D. New York. 18«K).
Gouffh, John B., an American temperance
lecturer. B. Sandgiite, Kent, Eng., 1817.
Gould, Jay, an American -epoculator. A
great railroad magnate. B. Hoxbury, N.
Y., 1837.
Grant, Ulysses Simmon, eighteenth presi-
dent of the United States. Helii oUice for
two terms, from 1889 to 1877. Famous for
his successes in the war 1861-5. General
Grant traversed the globe in 1879. B. Point
I'le»»sant, O., 1823.
Gray, Thomas, a British poet. Author of
the beautiful Elegy. B. Cornhill, London,
1710. D. London, 1771.
Greeley. Horace, an American Journalist.
Founder of New York Tribiuie. A presi-
dential nominee in ls?2. and ilefeated by
General Gnuit. B. Amherst, N. H., 1811.
1). IMciusantville, N. Y., 187-'.
Greene, Nathaniel, an American general of
the Hevolution; was in the battles of Tren-
ton, Princeton, Germantown and Brandy-
wine ; much esteemed by AVashington. B.
Potowhommet, R. I., 1742. D. near Sa-
vannah, (Ja., 1786.
Greenough, Horatio, an American sculptor
that made a colos.sal statute of Washington.
B. Boston, 1805. D. 78.52. Ogdcn, an Ameri-
can scholar, and soldier in war 1861-5 ; an
able lawyer, writer and orator. B. Mar-
shall, lU., 1840. Killed before Kcnesaw, Ga.,
1864.
Gregory. There were sixteen popes of this
name.
Grey, Lady .Tane, a talented woman that
learned many languages ; had the honors
of theEnglish crown thrust upon her, and
was proclaimed queen, July 10, 1553;
reigned nine days ; her husband and her-
self were, in February, 1554, beheaded by
the relentless Mary, who began to reign
July 6, 1553, and died in 1.558. Lady Jane
was bom at Bradgate hall, in Leicestershire,
1537.
Gustavns, Adolphus, the greatest king of
Sweden; he protected the Luther.ins in
Germany, and humbled the house of Aus-
tria by his victories. Fell in the battle of
Lutzen, in 1632. B. Stockholm, 1594.
Outenbergr, goo''ten-ba-erg, Jobann, the part-
ner of Faust (which see), inventor of print-
ing. B. Metz, 140u. D. 1468.
H
Hahnemann, Samuel Christian Frederick,
the lounaer of the Hoiua'opathic system or
medicine. B. Saxony, 1755. Died Paris,
1843.
Hale, Nathan, an American patriot, war of
the Hevolution. B. Coventry, Ct., 1755.
Captured as a spy. and executed by order
of Sir William Howe, in New York, 1776.
Hall, Charles Francis, an American explorer
in the Noiih; the principal tlgure of several
expeditions. B. Kochester, N. H., 1831.
1). (ireeiiland, 1871.
Halleck, Fitz Greene, an American poet.
".Marco IJozzaris." B. (juillord, Connecti-
cut, 1795: U. 1867. Henry Wager, an Amer-
ican major general; Giimt's chief of staff.
B. Waterville, New York, 1813. D. Louis-
ville. Kentucky, 1«72.
Hamilton, Alexander, an American states-
man ; secretary of the treasury on the or-
ganization of the federal government in
rs9. n. .Nevis, in the West Indies. 1757; D.
New York, 1804.
Hampton, Wade, an American senator ;
lieutenant general in confederate service,
war 1861-6. B. Columbia, South Carolina,
1818.
Hancock, John, an American statesman ;
was president of the continental congiess
in 1775; flrst to sign the American D« clara-
tion. B. Quincy, Massachusetts, 1737. D.
1793.
Hancock, Winfleld Scott, an American gen-
eral that s<'rve<l in the Indian territory,
Mexico, and wwr 1H61-5; a pre(Ji<lentiul nom-
inee of the Democratic party in lh«0 against
GarHeld. B. Montgomery county, Pennsyl-
vania. 1834.
Hannibal, a famous Carthaginian general
that took .Saguntum In 219 B.C., and gained
the battle of Came, in Apulia, in 216; de-
feated near ^ma by Scipio, in ilC, and so
ended the second Punic war. B. 247 B.C. ;
poisoned himself to escape the Roman vic-
tors. 182 B.C.
Hardee, William .!., an American general in
conlederate service, war ]8»!l-5: compilor
of Tactics that is named for him. U. Sa-
vannah, Georgria, 1818. D. Wytheville, Vir-
ginia, 1873.
Harrison. William Henry, ninth president
of the United .states ; defeated the Indians
at battle of Tippecanoe. Mass-meetings
and processions first came in vogue. B.
Berkeley. Virginia, 1773. D. Washington,
1841, one month after his inauguration, and
was succeeded by Vice President John
Tyler, who was the tenth president of the
United States. The latter was l)orn in
Charles City oounty, Virginia, 1790. D.
Richmond, 1862.
Harte, Francis Bret, an American author ;
writer of poetry. B. Albany, New York,
1839.
Hawthome,Nathanlel, an American author.
"The Scarlet Letter." B. Salem, Mass.,
1804. D. Plymouth, N. H., 1864.
Hayes. Rutherford Birchard, nineteenth
president of the United States; major-
genenil; governor of Ohio; B. Delaware,
O., 1822. Isaac Israel H. was an American
explorer of the Arctic regions; B. Chester
county. Pa., 1832; D. 1881.
Hendricks, Thomas Andrews, an American
statesman. Vice-president of the United
States with Cleveland. United States sen-
ator from Indiana. Defeated by Morton
for governor in 1859, and again in 1868
Elected governor in 1872, and re-elected,
serving till 1877.
BIOGKAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Holmes, Oliver "Wendell, an American
writer of prose and poetry. B. Cambridge,
Miuss., 1809.
Homer, the father of poetry, and supposed
author of the Iliad and Odyssey. Was a
native of Chios or Smyrna, and probably
died there. Lived about HOT B. C.
Hood, .lohn B., an American general in the
confedeiivte service, war ]861-.i. Defeated
at Nashville. B. Bath county, Ky., 1830. D.
New Orleans, 1879.
Henry. Name of eight English kings, and
various sovereigns of France and Germany.
I. and [I. of England were good and amia-
ble. III. was pusillanimous. IV. a usurper.
V. formed the design of conquering France;
won the battle of Agincourt. VI., son ot
preceding, an imbecile. VII., usurper and
tyrant. VIII., cruel; disgraced England by
his robberies and horrible executions to
gratify his lust. See Annk Boleyn. IV.,
the Great, of France, defeated the Duke of
Mayenne at I\Ty, but lost the results of the
victory; satisfied the Catholic party by ab-
juring the Protestiint faith in 1593; five
yeai-s from that year were spent in securing
his throne, when, in 1598, he issued the
edict of Nantes, granting toleration to
Protestants; B. Pau, capital of Beam, 1553;
assassinated in Paris in 1610, after a glorious
reign of twenty-one years. See Makie db
Medici.
Henry, Patrick: an American statesman and
orator that exclaimed, " Give me liberty or
give me death " B. Studley, Hanover
county, Virginia, 1T36. D. Red Hill, Char-
lotte county, 1T99.
Herodotus, the first Greek historian, and
father of history. Lived about 450 B. C.
Herschel, Sir William, one of the greatest
of modern astronomei"s. Discovered Ura-
nus in 1781, its satellites in 1787. B.Hanover,
17:». D. Windsor, Eng., 18^2.
Hewitt, Abram Stevens, an American states-
man. Representative from New York in
the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses.
B. Haverstraw, N. Y., 1822.
Hooker. Joseph, an American general in the
war 1861-5. Commander of Army of the
Potomac, 18ft3. B. Hadley, Mass., 1815. D.
Garden City, N. Y., 1879.
Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, an American
sculptor. " Zeaobia." B. Watertown,
Mass.. 1831.
Houston, Sam, an American general and
governor of Texas. B. Lexington, Va., 1793.
D. Huntersville,Texiis, 1863.
Howard, Oliver Otis, an American general
war 181)1-5. Distinguished himself at Get-
tysburg B. Leeds, Kennebec county. Me.,
\m).
Howe, Elias, an American inventor. Sewing
machine. B. Spencer, Mass., 1819. D.
Brooklyn, N. Y.. 1867.
Hall, Isaac, an American commander on the
waters ; captured the British frigate Guer-
riere. B. Derby, Connecticut, 1775. D.
Philadelphia, 1843.
Humbert, king of Italy, began his reign Jan-
uary 9. 1878. B. March 14, 1844.
Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander,
Baron von, an eminent German philosopher
and traveler ; creator of the science of com-
parative geography, and reviewer of the
study of the natural sciences. B. Berlin,
1769. D. 18.=)9.
Hume, David, a Scotch writer that treated
of hisiory and metaphysics. B. Edinburgh,
1711. D. 1776.
Huxley, Thomas Henry, a British scientist
that has written of man's place in nature.
B. Middlesex, 1835.
Ing«i^oll, an American orator of the icono-
clastic persuasion. B. Dresden, New York,
1833.
Innocent. A title assumed by thirteen
popes.
Irving:, John Henry Brodrlb, a British tra-
gedian. B. near Glastonbury, 1838. Wash-
ington, an American writer of sketches
and history. B. New York, 1783. D. Sun-
nyside, 1859.
Isabella of Castile, a queen of Spain. The
discovery of America by Columbus was
made during the reign of Isabella and Fer-
dinand v., king of Aragon, who married
and reigned together. B. 1450. D. 1.504.
Ismail, is-ma-eel, Mohammed Tewflk, the
present khedive of Egypt. B. 1852.
Jackson, Andrew (new Democratic party),
the seventh president of the United States,
served two terms, 1829-36, inclusive. He
defeated the British at New Orleans, in
1815 ; United States senator twice ; executed
the law against the nullification scheme in
Charleston, S. C. B. Waxhaw, N. C, 1767.
D. Hermitage farm, near Nashville, Tenn.,
1845.
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, better known
as Stonewall, was an American general that
served against the Seminoles and in Mexican
war, and the war of 1861-5, in which latter
he was a confederate lieutenant-general.
B. Clarksburg, Va., 1824. D. near Fred-
ericksburg, 18()3.
Jay, John, chief justice of supreme court
of the United States, the first. Served
1789-95 ; member of congress of the United
Colonies. B. New York, 1745. D. 1829.
Jefferson, Thomas (Democratic-Republican),
third president of the United States.
Served two terms, 1801-8, inclusive. Author
ot Notes on Virginia ; drew up the Ameri-
can Declaration. B. Shadwell, Va., 1743. D.
Monticello, 1826.
Joan of Arc, zlmn-dark, the illustrious
Maid of Orleans; raised the siege of Or-
leans, and assisted at the coronation of
King Charles VII., at Rheims. She after-
ward fell into the hands of the execrable
Duke of Bedford, Regent of England, and
was by him burnt as a sorceress at Rouen,
in 1431. B. Domremy, Lorraine, about 1411.
Johnson, Andrew (Democrat), the seven-
teenth president of the United States.
Served from April 15, 1865, till the inaugura-
tion of President Grant, in 1K69 ; elevated
second term of Lincoln. B. Raleigh, N. C,
180«. D. near Elizabethtown, Tenn., 1875.
Johnston, Joseph Eccleston, an American
general that opposed the national troops in
the war of 18(51-5; served against the In-
dians in Florida, and in the Mexican war in
1847, being wounded twice; surrendered
his confederate army to Sherman, April 26,
1865. B. in Prince Edward county, Vir-
ginia, 1807.
K
Kane, Elisha Kent, an American explorer of
the ice region ; made a searc;h for Sir John
Franklin, ia53. B. Philadelphia, 1820. D.
Havana, 1857.
Kellogg', Clara Louisa, an American musi-
cian that is eminent in opera. B. Sumter,
South Carolina, 1842.
Kepler, Johann,an eminent German astron-
omer, whose fame rests upon his discovery
that the planets' orbits are elliptical. B.
Weil, Wirtemberg, 1571. D. Ratisbon, 1630.
Kilpatrick, Judson, an active cavalry officer
in the United States service in 1861-5. B.
18;K. , -
Knox. Henry, an American general oi
artillery, war of the Revolution ; secretary
of war with Washington. B. Boston, 1750.
D. Thomaston, Me., 1806. John K. was
the great champion of the Scottish refor-
mation. B. Gifford, East Ixithian, 1505. D.
Edinburgh, 1572.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Lafayette, laf-a-et. Maris Jcaii Paul lloch
Vves Gilbert Moticr, Marquis de, a cele-
brated soldier imd patriot, whose t^ilents
and enerKy were thrown into the Aniericun
serviee as atruinst the British domination;
distinjfuished himself in Virffiniaand at the
sieRC of Yorktown. B. ChavaKnac, dept.
Haute-Loire, 1757. D. Paris, IKM.
Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, an Am-
erican statesman; United States senator.
B. Jasper county, Ga., 1820.
Lamb. L'harles, a distinguished Enfflish es-
sayist and humorist. B. London, 1775. D.
Edmonton, 1H34.
La Salle, la-iitil, Robert Caveller Sieur de,
a Frencli explorer that discovered the
mouth of the Mississippi river in 1«W1. B.
Uouen, 1(M;{. Killed in 1«87 by his men
while on the way to (^anada.
Law, John, a schemer that started the Mis-
sissippi company and involved much ruin
in Pi-ance. Saved h'msi'lf by tligbt. B.
i:<lint)urjrh. ItWI. 1). Venice, 1.29.
Lawrence, James, an officer of the Ameri-
can na\y. With the Hornet he took the
British brijf Peacock. Iteceived a mortal
wound on the Chesapeake while in action
with the friffate Shannon^ B. Burlington,
N. J., 1781. D. 1813.
Iiee, Ann, the founder of Shaker aflBOcla-
tions in America, was born in Manchester,
EnK., 17;«; D. WaUrvliet. N. Y., 1784.
KIcnard Henry was an eitxjuent sjx'aker,
and United States senator; B. Stafford,
Va., 17;CJ; D. Wi>8tmoreland county, Va.,
1794. Robert l-klward, one of the best of
American generals; " LiRbt Horse Harry "
Lee, also an American K^neral, was nis
father; Robert K. became chief commander
of the confederate army in northern Vir-
grinia; surrendered to Grantat Appomattox,
April 9, 1S65; B. Stafford, Va., 1807; D. Lex-
ington, Va., 1870.
Leibnitz, Gottfried Wllhelm, Baron, a Ger-
man metaphysician and scientist. A pro-
found and masterly controvei-sial theo-
logian. B. lAMpsic. Itm. 1). Hanover, 1716.
Leo. Name of six emperors of Constanti-
nople, between the years 457 and 886. The
name of thirteen popes ; the last was pro-
claimed in 1878, ana was born in Carpineto,
Italy, in 1811).
Lesseps, (iali-dunti), Ferdinand, Viscount de,
a French diplomat that cut tliclshthinusof
Suez and opeiietl communication by water
between the Red sea and the .Mediterranean.
B. Versailles, 18a">.
Lever, Charles James, an Irish writer of
stories. "Charles O'Malley." B. Dublin,
1809. I). 1872.
Leverrier, leh-va^e-a, Urbaln Jean Joseph,
a modern French astronomer, celebrated
for his discovery of the planet Neptune.
B. St. 1m., Fntnce. 1811. D. 1877.
liewes, lu-i.i, George Henry, a British author;
married Marian Evans. See Eliot. Georgre.
Lewis, l)i(), an American writer on the laws
of hcjilth. B. Auburn, New York, 182:^.
Edmonia, an American carver ; made bust
of Longfellow. B. near Allmny, New York,
1845. Ida, saved four men from a watery
gnive near Newport, Rhode Island, where
she was born in 1841.
Liebigr, fon le-big, Justus, Baron von, a dis-
tinguished German chemist. "Familiar
Letters on Chemistry." B. Darmstadt,
1808. D. Munich, 1873.
Linneeus. Jht-ne-iis, or Linn, Charles von,
the most celebrated of modern naturalists ;
explored Lapland. B. Rashutt, 1707. D.
1778.
LivingBtone, David, a distinguished Afri-
can traveler ; verified the existence of Lake
Ngama. B. Scotland, 1813. D. Itala, Cen-
tral Africa, 1873.
Lincoln, Abraham, the sixteenth president
of the United States; elected twice, 18b0
and luM; hero of the war of 18<Jl-'i; signed
the emancipation proclamation that made
free all the slaves in the United States.
Assassinated in Washington, by J. Wilkes
Booth, April 14, 18«5. B. Hardin county,
Kentucky, 1809. Robert, son, an American
politician ; secretary of war in the cabinet
of President Arthur. B. Si)ringfleld, Illi-
nois, 1843.
Lind, Jenny, a celebrated Swedish musician :
iR'gan to sing at ten; vi«itc<l the United
Stat.s in IKV). B. Stockholm. 1821.
Lippincott, Sarah Jane, better known as
(iraie Greenwood, an American writer for
young ixjople. B. New York, 1823.
Liszt, franz, an eminent Hungarian com-
poser. B. Raiding, 1811.
Livy, or Livius, Titus, a celebrated Roman
hisl<irian, "History of Rome." B. Terri-
tory of Patavium, now Padua, 59 B. C. D.
A. 1)., 17.
Locke, John, an English political and philo-
sophical writer; wrote essay on human
iimlerstanding. B. near Bristol, 1632. D.
Otes. 1704.
Lockyer. Joseph Norman, a British astrono-
mer; viewed the eclipse in Sicily, In 1870,
for the government. B. Rugby, 1836.
Logun, John Alexander, an American Btate»-
man ; United States senator from Iliinois;
nominee for vice-president on the Blaine
tick<>t. in 18H4. B. .Jackson Co., 111., 18LU
Longfellow, Henry Wa<l8worth, an eminent
American p(3et. "Excelsior." B. Port-
land .Me.. 1807. D. 1882.
Longstreet, James, an American lieutenant-
general in the Confederate army, war 1801-
5 ; wa.>< in the Mexican war. B. South Oaro-
lina, 1H20.
Longworth. Nicholas, an American lawyer
that lK>cameamaker of wines, and was a
millionaire. B. Newark, N. J., 1782. D.
Cincinnati, 1863.
Lopez, lo-jH-if, Don Francisco Solano, suc-
ciH'ded his fatlier, Don Carlos, as president
of I'araguay, in 1862 ; was b^tcn by allies
and made to flee in 1869; a bad man. B.
near Asuncion, 1827. Killed in 1870.
Lossing, Benson John, an American writer
of history. "Pictorial Hist4^)ry United
States."' B. Beekman, N. Y., 1813.
Louis. Name of German and French sov-
ereigns. XVI. of France was unfortunate,
and met his death on the scaffold in 1792;
the <iueen was executed in 175W, and his sis-
ter in 1794. XVII., brother of the preced-
ing in the reign of terror, and that of Bona-
parte, was obliged to leave his country.
Twice replaced on the throne by the allied
Powers. D. in 1^25. Phillippe of France,
feAcep, first of the Orleans line, was forced
to flee, and finally sailed for America In
179<i. After a checkered career, he was
placed on the throne in 1830, which he held
for 17 years. Harrassed by illiberal restric-
tions, his people broke out in revolution in
1848, and he fled from Paris in disguise. B.
Paris, 1773. D. Claremont, Bng., 1850.
Lover, luv-^r, Samuel, an Irish writer.
" Handy Andy." B. Dublin, 1797. D. 1868.
Lowell, James Russell, an American poet;
" Biglow Papers;" B. Cambridge, Mass.,
1819. Maria, nis wife, was a poet; B. W'ater-
town, Mass., 1821; D. Cambridge, 1853.
Loyola, Ignatius de, celebrated as the foun-
der of the order of Jesuits. B. Ginpuzcoa,
Spain, 1491. D. Rome, 1556.
Luther, Martin, a celebrated reformer of
Germany. Declared the pope the " man of
sin" set forth in Scripture. B. Eiselben,
Lower Saxony, 1483. I). 1546.
Lycurgrus, a celebrated Spartan legislator
that is supposed to have been born 926 B.
C. An Athenian orator of this name lived
about 408 B. C.
liucretia, a Roman matron, was the wife of
CoUatimis, and the cause of the revolution
of Rome from a monarchy to a republic.
Sextus Tai'quinius, who tried to prevail
over her virtue, had recourse to a scheme
by which he succeeded in violating- her
person. The next day she acquainted her
husband and kindred of the transaction,
and, in spite of their soothing remon-
strances, drew a dagger and stabbed her-
self. The bloody poinard, with her dead
body exposed to the senate, was the signal
of Roman liberty. The exi)ulsion of the
Tarq^uins, and the abolition of the regal
dignity was instantly resolved upon and
carried into execution. Died 509 B.C.
Xiysander, a famous Spartan general that
defeated the Athenian tlcet when the 5J7
years' war came to an end. Killed in action
3i»6 B. C.
Lytton, Edward George, Earl. See Bulwer-
Lytton.
M
Macaber, an early German poet. "Danoe
of Death,"' consisting of dialogues between
Death and a number of personages belong-
ing to various ranks of society.
Macadam, John Loudon, a Scotch surv^eyor
that invented the system of road-making
called after his name. B. Ayr, 1756. D.
Moffat, Dumfriesshire, 1836.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord, a cele-
bratc<l m-itish historian and poet. Wrote
ballads. B. Kothley Temple, Leicestershire,
KSOO. D. Holly Lodge, Campden Hill, 1859.
Macbeth, a Scottish king that was beaten
at Dunsinane by the English in 1054. De-
t'eatod and killed at Lumphanan.
MacDonald, James Wilson Alexander,
Aniericuti sculptor and artist. B. Steu-
benville, Ohio, 1830.
Ilacmahon. Marie Edme Patrice Maurice,
(lukeot Magenta; president French repub-
lic, 1873-9. B. near Autun, 1808.
Macready, William Charles, a British trage-
dian. B.London, 1793. D.Somersetshire,1873.
McDonald, Joseph E.,an American senator,
from Indiana. B. Butler county, Ohio, 1819.
TIcDowell, Irwin, an American general
under Beauregard. B. Franklin county,
Ohio. 1818.
McClellan, George Brinton, an American
general; captured Yorktown; Antietam,
I8f)2; nominee for president in 1864. B.
Philadelphia, 1826.
McPherson, an American general. B. Clyde,
SandusivyCo.,Ohio,1828; killed in action, 18(i3.
Madison, James, the fourth president of the
United States. B. King George, Virginia,
1751. D. Montpelier, Virginia, 1836.
Magralhaens, ma-oal-ya-ens, or Magellan,
Fernando, a Portuguese navigator; dis-
covered the straits named for him. B.
Opporto, 147) ; killed by natives of Philip-
pine islands, which he discovered, 1521.
Mahomet, or Mohammed, the founder of
the Mahomotm faith; proclaimed the koran
in his fortieth year. B. Mecca, in 569 or 571.
D. 632, and was buried at Medina. I., sultan
or emperor of the Turks; restored the
power of the Ottomans to its ancient glory;
B. 1374. IL, the Great, born in 1420 ; took
Constantinople in 1453. D. 1481.
Maintenon, inont-non, Frances d'Aijbigne,
Marchioness of, a woman of great personal
beauty ; mistress King Louis XVI. D. St.
(^yr. 1719.
Maulius Capitolinus, Marcus, a famous
Roman consul. The geese awoke him m
time to save the Roman capitol from sud-
den attack at night. For trying to obtain
the sovereisfnty of Rome, he was thrown
from the Tarpeian rock, 381 B.C. Torqua-
tus slew a Gaul, and took his chain rt</rques)
from his neck ; hence he assumed the name
of Torquatus ; lived 340 B.C.
Mann, Horace, an American senator that
was interested in the cause of education ;
school system was reformed by him ; presi-
dent of Antioch college. B. Franklin, Miuss-
achusetts, 1796. D. Yellow Springs, Ohio,
lS.-)9.
Mansfield, William Murray, Earl of, a British
chief justice B. Perth, 1704. D. London,
1793, having filled his ollice for thirty-two
J' ears.
Manutius, Aldus, invented the type known
as italic. B. Bassiano, 1449. D. Venice, 151.5.
Marat, .lean Paul, a French revolutionist of
lTit3. Assassinated by Charlotte Corday.
Marat horn at Bandry, Switz., 1744. Assas-
siiuitcd, 1793.
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, Roman general.
Successfully encountered Hannibal in
second Punic war. Captured Syracuse, in
Sicily. B. about 268 B. C. Killed in am-
buscade, 208 B. C.
Marcy, William Lamed, an American
statesman. Secretary of war under Polk.
B. Southbridge, Mass., 1786. D. Ballstoa
Spa, N. Y., 18.57.
Maria Louisa, ex-empress of France. Na-
Eolcon Bonaparte's second wife, B. 1791.
K 1847.
Maria Theresa, empress of Germany and
queen of Hungary; had a stormy reign.
She was secured in her rights by the peace
made at Aix-la-Chapelle. Called mother
of her country. B. Vienna, 1717. D. 1780.
Marie de Medici, mc-de-che, wife of Henry
IV. of France. After the king's murder,
became regent. Reign disgraced by the
countenance she afforded to unworthy
favorites ; forced to leave France by Rich-
elieu. B. Florence, 1573. D. Cologne, 1642.
Marius, a Roman general; was six times
consul ; butcher. D. 86 B. C.
Marlborougrh, John Churchill, Duke of,
celebrated British general. Principal vic-
tories: Blenheim, in 1704; Ramillies, 1706;
Oudenarde, 1708, and Malplaquet, 1709. B.
Ashe, Devonshire, 16."0. D , London, 1722.
Marquette, Jacques, a French missionary
that explored the Mississippi. B. Laon,
1637. D. on the shore east ot Lake Michi-
gan. 1675.
Marshall, .John, the fourth chief justice of
United States Supreme Court ; served, ISOI-
35. B. Fau()uier county, Va., 1755. D.Phila-
delphia, 183.5.
Martineau, mar-te-no, Harriet, a British
writer on various subjects. B. Norwich,
1802. D. Ambleside, 1876.
Mary, the mother of the Savior, daughter of
Joachim and Anna, of the tribe of Judah,
was married to Joseph of the same tribe.
Of the royal house of David.
Mary (Bloody), Queen of England ; her
reign was stained with the blood of many
martyrs; in four years, 227 persons were
bnrned. B. Greenwich, 1516. D. St. James
palace, 1558. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.
After nineteen years captivity in England,
she was executed in Jotheringay castle,
1587. B. Linlithgow palace, 1542.
MauiTT, Matthew Fontaine, American offi-
cer; published a physical geography of the
sea, in 18-56. B. Spottsylvania county, Vir-
ginia, 1806. D. Lexington, Virginia, 1873.
Maximilian. Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph,
nrchdukc ot Austria and emperor of Mex-
ico; married Carlotta !Marie Amelie, who
was born 1840, and shot, in Mexico, 1866.
B. Vienna, 1832; shot, Queretaro, 1867.
Mazarin, Jules, a political churchman ; suc-
ceeded Cardinal Richelieu, prime minister
of France, which he governed till his death
at Paris, in 166L B. Piscina, Naples, 1602.
Mazzini, matsee-nee, Guiseppe, a modern
Italian politician and patriot. B. Genoa,
1808. D. 1872.
BIOGRArniCAL CYCLOPEDI4..
Heade. George Gordon, American jr^neral ;
commanded urniy of the I'otomiie at (jet-
tysburii; Cold Harbor, Spottsylvania, Wil-
derness. U. Cadiz, Spain, 1815. D. Phlladel-
piiia, 1872.
Medici, med-e-che, Cosmo de, the Elder, and
Father of his Country, a merchant and
founderof an illustrious family at Florence;
governed Florence from UW to \MA: H. l.ix'J;
D. 14tlt. Lorenzo de, the MaKnitlcent, son
of Peter, grandson of Cosmo, and brother
of Julian de Medici; these brot hers en joyed
an almost absolut«> power ui Florence. Ju-
lian was assjuJsiiiaU'd at the instiKation of
Ferdinand I. and I'ope Sextus IV., 1478.
Ijorenzo was woun<led, but efcaped with
his life ; accounted the MaBcenasof his age.
I J. 1448. I) una.
Mehemet Aii, pacha of Etrypt; conquered
Syria, and was Kei>t out or Constantinople
liv Kuropean intervention, li. Cavalla Uou-
niclia, 17t«t. I). Cairo, 1K4«.
Meissonier, ni(t-ntt.ut-<t, Jean Ix)uis Ernest,
a cck'iirated French artist. It. Lyons, I812.
Melancthon, I'hilip, Reformer ; iisbociatc of
Luther. I{. IJrettin, Iteden, 14tt7. D. Wit-
tenberg-. VM.
MendelsBohn-Bartholdy, Felix, German
composer. <li. IlamUurg-, 18UU. I>. Lieipsic,
1847.
Mesmer, Frcdcrich Anton, German physi-
cian, atUir whom animal matfnetism is
named. B. Merseburg, Swabia, 1734. D.
1815.
Mettemich, Clement Wenceslas. Prince, an
Austrian diplomat. H. Coblentz, 1773. D.
Vienna. 185«.
3ffeyerbeer, mi-er-ha-rr, Giacomo, (rreat Ger-
man composer. B. Berlin, 17»4. 1). 1864.
Michelet, me-»hrh-la, French historian. B.
Paris, 1798. I). Hyeres, 1874.
Mill. John Stuart, an eminent writer on po-
litical economy. U. Loudon, 1806. D. Avig-
non, France, 1873.
Miltiades, a c«'lebrated Athenian general;
gaine<l t he battle of Marathon, in 40(), against
the Pei>*ian8. Lived about .'iOO IJ.C.
Milton. John, author of " Paradise Lost,"
and " Paradise Uegaiued." B. London, IO18.
I). Ifi74.
Mirabeau, ne-ra-ho. Count de, eloquent
French orator. B. near Neraones, 1748. D.
Pans, nstl.
Modjeska,(Mo-Jr«-/ca, Countess, Polish actress.
\i. I'nuow, 1844.
Mohamined. See Mahomet.
Moliere, ;iii>-/c-ajr, Jean Baptiste, a very emi-
nent French dramatist; wrote comic plays,
n. Paris. l(i*i D. I(i7;i.
MoUhausen. Baldiun, a German writer of
stones; visited United States. B. Bonn,
1S2.-).
Moltke, moU-hefi, Helinuth Karl Bemhard
von, a German general. Received the title
of count after the success at Metz. Franco-
German war. B. Mecklenburg, IStK).
Monroe, James (Democratic-Republican^
the tlfth president of the United Stiites.
United States senator in 1790. Minister to
France, London and Spain. Governor of
Virginia. Secret^iry of state. Served two
terms as president, 1817-25. B. Westmore-
land county, Va., 1758. D. New York,
is;u.
Montagu, Lady Mary W ortley, an English
authoress. B. Thoresby. Nottinghamshire,
aliout 1690. D. London, 1762.
Montezuma, the last king of Mexico. Con-
quered by Cortez. Stoned to death in 1520
tor having proposed to surrender to the
Spanish. B. alwut 1480.
Montgomery, Richard, an American major-
general. Took Montreal. Fell at Quebec,
1775. B. near Raphoe, Ire., 1736.
Moore, Sir John, a British general, killed
1809 at the battle of Corunna. B . Glasgow,
1761.
Moore, Thomas, eminent Irish poet. Wrote
history of Ireland B. Dublin, 1779. D.
KJ2.
More, Hannah, an eminent English author;
H. near Bristol, 1745; D Clitton. Glouces-
tershire, IKU. Sir Thomas, English states-
man atui writer; B. London, 1480; beheaded,
I.W)
Moreau, ino-ro, Jean Victor, French revo-
lutionary general. Joined the allied buv-
en'igns against Fnince in 1813, and was
kille<l before Dresden. B. Morlaix, 1763.
Morgan, Daniel, American general, de-
liaK il the British at the Cowpens. B. New
.l<rs<y, I7;ft). D. Winchester. Va., 1802.
Morrison. William R., an American states-
man, and colonel in war 1861-5. Wounded
at Ft. Donelson. Elected to congress three
times. B. MonrcH! county. III., 1825.
Morse, Samuel Fniley Breese, an American
inventor. Invented electric telegraph in
IKCJ. Made a line betwin-n Baltimore and
Washington in 1844. Made first submarine
cable. B. Charlestown, Mass., 1791. D.
New York, 1872.
Morton, Oliver Perrj',an American senator.
War governor of Indiana. IJ. Wayne
county, I82:j. D. Indianapolis, 1877.
Motley. John Ixtthrop, an American histo-
rian. B. Dorchester, Mass^ 1814. D. Eng-
land. 1877.
Mozart, mnte-mrt, Wolfgang Amadeus, a
tainotm (ierinaii composer. B. Salzburg,
17;>t). 1). Vienna 1791.
Murray, Lindley. Amerlcanauthorof gnim-
inar of the English language. B. Swatara,
Peun., 1745. D. near Vork, England, 1820.
N
Napier, nrt-pe-rr, John, Baron, n celebrated
.S.'otcli imtthematician. Invente<l loga-
rithmic tables. B. Merchiston Castle, near
?>llnburgh, 1550. D. there 1617.
Nast, Thomas, an American caricaturist. B.
Ijindau, Itavaria, 1840.
' Nelson. Horatio, Ix)rd. an illustrious Eng-
lish admiral ; was killed at Trafalgar. Spain,
where he gained a great victory, 1805. B.
Norfolk, 17.58.
Nero, wicked emperor of Rome; persecuted
the Christians. B. Antium, A. D., 37.
Killed himself in 68.
Newton. Sir Isaac, English philosopher and
niatlieniatician. B. Woolsthori)e, Lincoln-
shire, on Christmas day, 1642. Disc-overed
the law of gravitation ; analyzed light. D.
near London, 1727.
Ney. .Michel, bravest of Napoleon's marshals.
Execute<l in 181,5. H. Sarre Louis, 1709.
Nicholas I., became emperor of Russia in
182.'); defeated the shan of Persia soon
afterwards; aided Greeks tt) gain their in-
dependence; defeated Turks in war of
1828. n. St. Petersburg, 1796. D. 1855, dur-
ing Crimean war.
Nightingale, Florence, the English humani-
tjirian in the Crimea, from 1854 to 1856. B.
Florence, 1820.
North, Lord, a British prime minister for
twelve years, in the reign of George 111.
Introduced a bill in 1778, in which assump-
tion of right of Great Britain to tax the
colonists, led to the American war of Inde-
pendence. B. 1732. D. 1792..
O'Connell, Daniel, known in his time as the
LilR-rator of Ireland Was bom in County
Kerrv, 1775. D. Genoa, 1847.
Oglesby, Richard J., an American general ;
elected governor of Illinois in 1864, re-
elected, 1872, and in 1884; United States
Senator, 1873. B. Oldham county, Ky., 1824.
Oldcastle, Sir John, the first author and
raartvr of the reformation. B. in reign of
Edward III. Burned 1418.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Optic, Oliver, an American writer for the
yoiniK people ; published a magazine. li.
Med way, Mass., ISK.
Orangre, William of Nassau, Prince of,
founder of the Dutch Kepublic. B. 1533.
Assassinated, Delft, 1584.
Orsini, Felice, Italian patriot ; in 1858, tried
to kill the French emperor, and was ex-
ecuted. B. Meldola, 181SI.
Osnaan, or Othraan I., called the Victorious ;
founder of the race that reigns at Constan-
tinople. B. Sukut, Bithyuia, 1259. D. 132«.
See Abdul Hamid.
Otho I., called the Great, emperor of Ger-
many; was elected in 936. B. 913. D.Mem.
leben, Thuringia, 973.
Ovid, Publius Dvidius Naso, Latin poet ; ban-
ished by Augustus. B. Sulmo, 43 B.C. D.
Tomi, A.D. 18.
Owen, Kobert, British philanthropist and
founder of socialism. B. Newton, Mont-
gomeryshire, 1771. D. 1858.
Paine, Thomas, American ph;iosoi)hcr. D.
New York, 1809.
Pakenhiani, Sir Edward, a BUtish general
that was killed in battle at New Orleans in
1815.
Palmer, paTi-mcr, Erastus Dow, an American
sculptor ; made a statue of Robert Living-
stone. B. Pompey, N. Y., 1817.
Palmerston, pah-mer-f^tun, Henry John Tem-
ple, Viscount, a British statesman and well-
known foreign minister ; prime minister
twice. B. London, 1784. D. Brockett Hall,
Herts, 1865.
Parnell, ChaVles Stewart, Irish leader in
parliament. B. County Wicklow, 1846.
Parton, James, an American writer and bi-
ographer. B. Canterbury, Eng., 1822.
Pascal, Blaise, French philosopher. B. Cler-
mont, 1623. D. Paris, 1663.
Payne, John Howard, an American drama-
tist ; author of " Home, Sweet Home." B.
New York, 1793. D. Tunis, 1852.
Peabody, George, an American millionaire
that endowed many institutions. Peabody
institute. B. Danvers, Mass., 1795. D. Lon-
don, 1869.
Peel, Sir Robert, son of the cotton-spinner of
that name ; was a celebrated British states-
man ; several times at the head of affaii-s ;
settled the Oregon question with the United
States. B. Bury, Lancashire, 1788. D. Lon-
don, 18.50.
Pemberton, John C, a confederate general,
ls(5i .) ; surrendered to Grant at Vicksburg.
B. Philadelphia, 1817.
Pendleton, George H., an American senator
from Ohio. B. Cincinnati, 1825.
Penn, William, the founder and legislator of
Pennsylvania. B. London, 1644. D. Rus-
combe, Berkshire, 1718.
Pericles, an Athenian orator. B. 495 B.C. D.
Athens. 42i) B.C.
Perry, Oliver Hazard, American naval officer;
gained a victory on Lake Erie. B. Rhode
Island, 1785. D. West Indies, 1820.
Peter I., Alexievitsch, the Great, emperor of
Russia. B. Moscow, 1673 ; D. St. Petersburg,
1735. II., reigned after the two yeai-s of
Catherine, who succeeded Peter the Great.
HI., strangled, 1763.
Phillips, Wendell, a celebrated American
oi-ator and humanitarian. B. Boston, 1811.
D. 1884.
Pierce, Franklin (Democrat), the fourteenth
president of the United States, 18.53-7 ; brig-
adier general in Mexican war. B. Hillsbo-
rough, N. H., 1804. D. Concord, 1869.
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, made a
speech, in 1778, against the American war,
and died from exhaustion. His second son
was the equtilly-famous William Pitt that
became prime minister twice, last time in
1804. B. at Hayes, 1759. D. Putney, 1806.
Pius. Name of nine popes. IX. died in 1878.
Pizarro, Francisco, Spanish freebooter; con-
quered Peru and founded Lima in 1535. B.
Truxjillo, 1471; killed by enemies, at Lima,
1541.
Plato, Greek philosopher. B. Athens, about
439 B.C. D. 348.
Pliny, Cains Plinius, the Elder; classic au-
thor. B. X'3A.D. D. 79.
Plutarch, plu-tark, Greek biographer and
historian. B. Chieronea. D. about A.D.
140.
Pocahontas, an Indian princess; is cele-
brated ill the history of Virginia for her
heroic attachment to the colonists. B.
about 1.595. 1). Gravcsend, Eng., 1617.
Poe, Edgar Allan, American poet. B. Bos-
ton, 1809. U. Baltimore, 1849.
Polk, James Knox (Democrat), eleventh
president of the United States. B. Meck-
lenburgh county, N. C, 1795 ; D. Nashville,
1849. Leonidas, confederate general. B.
Raleigh, N. C, 180(5; killed by a cannon
ball, near Marietta, Ga., IStU
Pope, Alexander, British poet. B. London,
1688. D. 1744.
Pompey, Cneius Pompeius Magnus, rival of
Csesar.
Powers, Hiram, an American sculptor. B.
Woodstock, Vt., 18a5. D. Florence, Italy,
1873.
Priestley, Dr. Joseph, British philosopher.
B. in Yorkshire, 1733. D. Northumberland,
Penn., 180-t.
Ptolemy, tol-e-me, Sagus, one of the generals
of Alexander the Great ; obtained Egypt as
his share of the spoils. D. 285 B.C.
Putnam, Israel, an American major general,
war of the revolution ; active in French and
Indian wars at an earlier period. B. Salem,
Mass., 1718. D. Brooklyn, Ct., 1790.
Pythagoras, pi-thag-a-roH, the earliest Greek
philosopher, geometrician and astronomer.
B. Sara OS. about 580 B.(;.; aged about eighty.
Quitman, John Anthony, American general
conspicuous in taking Pueblo and Mexico.
B. Dutchess county, N. Y., 1799. D. Natchez,
1858.
Bacine, Jean, French dramatist. B. Ferte-
iMilon, Aisne, 1639. D. Pans, 1699.
Baleigrh Sir Walter, an illustrious English
navigator ; discoverer of Virginia ; defeater
of the Spanish Armada. B. Hayes, Devon-
shire, 1582. Beheaded in 1618.
Raphael, a celebrated Italian artist. B. Ur-
bino, 1483. D. Rome. 1.520.
Beade, Charles, a British story writer of
force and originality. B. Ipsden, 1814. D.
1884.
Red Jacket or Sagoyewatha, celebrated
Indian chief, of the Senecas. B. Old Castle,
N. Y., 1752. D. Seneca village, near Buffalo,
1830.
Rembrandt van Ryn, Paul Harmers,
Dutch painter. B. Leyden, 1807. D. Am-
sterdam, 1669.
Renan, reh-non, Joseph Ernest, author of
" Life of Christ." B. Treguier, 1823.
Richelieu, reesh4e-uh, Armand Jean Du-
plessis, Duke of, a celebrated French car-
dinal and statesman ; managed affairs for
Louis XIII. B. Paris, 1.585. D. 1042.
Robespierre, ro-hes-pe-air, Maximilian Jo-
seph Francois Isidoi-e, head of the Jacobins.
B. Amis, 1759. Beheaded, 1794.
Roebling:, John Augustus, designer of the
BrookUn Bridge, New York. B. Prussia,
1806. D. Brooklyn, 1869.
Rogers, John, English biblical scholar;
burned for his Protestanism in 1515, at
Smithfleld.
Rosecrans, William Starke, an American
major-general, war 1861-5. B. Kingston, O.,
1819.
BIOGEAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Bosse, Earl of, British astronomer. B. York,
1800. D. Ireland, 1867.
Rousseau, roiju-ao, Jean Jacques, French
philosopher. B. Geneva, 1712. D. Paris,
1778.
Bubens, Peter Paul, illustrious Flemish
painter, B. Siegen, Germany, 1677. D.
Antwerp, KMO.
Bussell, William, Lord, an English politi-
cian, was Ixihcadcd for his Protestanism, in
London, 1083. B. 1639.
8
Scott, Sir Walter, voluminous writer of tales
and romantic histories. In verse and proee.
B. Edinburgh, 1771. U. Abbotaford, 1832.
Scott, (iencnil Winlleld, a commander-in-
chief of tiie United States array; he gained
the buttles of ("hlppewu and Lwndy's Lane;
181(i, gained several victories in tne Mexi-
can war, besides bis capture of the City of
Mexico in 1847. B, Petersburg, Va., 1786.
D. West Point, 1866.
Senunes, xems. llaphael. Confederate com-
mander of the "Alabama." B. Charles
county, Md., 1H09. I). 1877.
Seward, William Henry, an American
statesman ; governor of New York ; United
yi4it<'8 senator; secretary of state in Lin-
coln's cabinet. B. Fjyrida, N. Y., 1801. D.
Aul)urn, 1K72.
Shakspeare, William, the immortal English
dniiniitist. IJ. -Stmtford-upon-Avon, War-
witkshire, l.VM. D. 1616.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, a British poet. B.
near Horsham, Sussex, 1798. Met his death
by drowning in Spezia bay, in 1822.
Sheridan, I'lnlip Ilenry, an American gene*
ml of cavalry and Infantry, war 1861-5;
became lieutenant-general In 1869, com-
mander-in-chief, 1N*4. U. Somerset, O.,
1831.
Sherman, William Tecumsch, an American
commander-in-chief; his greatest exploits
were the canipaign of 1H64, that ended in
the capture of Atlanta, and the march to
the sea and through the Carolinas. B.
Ijiiiu-aster. O., 1S20.
Silliman, Henjanun, an American scientist :
nul)lished a book on chemistry. B. Trum-
bull, Ct., 1779. D. New Haven, 1864.
Sixtus. Name of live popes, the last of
whom was the founder of the Vatican
library.
Saint Anthony was founder of monastic
institutions. B. near Heraclea, 251; lived
one liiiiidred and five years.
Santa Anna, Antonio Lo|)ez de, a Mexican
general and statesman, was president of the
republic of Mexico several times, before
184S ; defeated by Gcnenils Scott and Tay-
lor; from 1852 to 1855 he again held power,
but was driven into exile by Geneml Car-
rera, who turned against him. B. in Jalapa,
' 1798. D. 1876.
Schenck, Dr. Noah Hunt, an American cler-
gyman. D. in Brooklyn. January 5, 1885.
Smith, Gerrit, an Americjin humanitarian
and writer. B. Utica, N. Y., 1797. D. New
York. J874. John, founder of Virginia. B.
Willoughby, Lincolnshire, 1579. D. London,
1631.
Socrates, «»fr-ra-^ec2, Greek philosopher; the
priesthood had him poisoned, at Athens, in
\m B.C. B. near that place, about 470 B.C.
Solon, Athenian law-giver ; one of the seven
wise men of Greece. B. Isle of Salamls,
638 B.C. D. Athens, 559 B.C.
Sophocles, )<of-o-kl€€z, a celebrated Greek
tragedian. B. Athens, about 496 B.C. D.
40(i.
Spencer, Herbert, a British scientist. Evo-
lution. B. Derby, 1820.
Spenser, Edmund, a British poet. " Fairie
Queen." B. London, 1553. D. 1599.
Spinoza, Benedict, a learned Jewish philoso-
pher. B. Amsterdam, 1632. D. at the Hague,
1677.
Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, a Brit-
ish stiitesman ; perished on the scaffold, no
doubt as an innocent man. B. 1612.
Stephen. Name of ten popes.
Stephens, Alexander llaniilton, vice presi-
dent of the 8<juthern confederacy, in 1861.
B. in Georgia, 1812. D. Atlanta, 18k;{.
Stephenson, George, a British inventor; the
locdinotive for the rail was contrived by
him. 11. Wylain, Northumljerland. 1781.
1). near Chestt-rfield, Derbyshire, 18)8.
Stewart. Charles, an American rear admiral ;
coinnmndcd the " Constitution." in tlie war
of 1812. aii'l captured the British war ves-
sels " Picton," •' Cyane." and " l^evant." B.
Philadelphia, 1778. D. Bordentown, N. J.,
18(i!».
Stoddard, Kichard Henry, a poet. B. Hing-
hani, Mass., 1825.
Story, Joseph, an American jurist that was
assotiiite justice of the United States
supreme court. B. Marblehead, Mass., 1779.
D. Cainbridge. 184.'i.
Stowe, Harriet Klizabcth. Sec Bebcuer.
Stuart, (iilU-rt Charles. B. Rhode Island.
r,M. D. (loston. 1828. Name of Engliiib
and Scotch sovereigns.
Sumner. Charles, an American statesman
and stnator. B. Boston, 1811. D. Washing-
ton. 1ST4.
Swedenborg:, Emanuel, a Swedish philoso-
pher. B. (Stockholm, 1688. D. London,
1772.
Tacitus, CaluH Cornelius, Roman historian.
B. alxait 55 A.D. D. 117.
Tamerlane, or Timur, a celebrated Tartar
that gained many victories, and claimed
that his power was over three-fourths of
the world. B. near Samarcand, 1336. D.
H05.
Tasso, Torquato, eminent Italian poet;
iR'came a lunatic. B. Sorrento, 1541, D,
l.j«5.
Taylor, Zacharj* (Whig), the twelfth presi-
dent of the I'nited States; major in the war
of 1812; colonel in Black Hawk war; com-
mander of United States army in Florida
war. B. Orange county, Va., 1784. D.
Washington, 1850, after serving as president
four months. See Fii>lmohe.
Tecumseh, an Indian chief; fought on the
side of the British in the war of 1812-15. B.
Ohio, about 1770. Killed in battle of Thames,
1813.
Tell, William, Swiss patriot; chief of the
revolution that delivered the Swiss Cantons
from the German yoke, in 1307. D. i;i>4.
Tennyson, Alfi-ed, British poet laureate.
Became a peer in 1884. B. feomersby, Lin-
colnshire, 1810.
Thackeray, William Makepeace, a Britsh
novelist. B. Calcutta, 1811. D. London,
1863.
Theodosius, the Great ; last Roman em-
peror; a convert to Christianity. B. in
Spain, about 346 A.D. D. Milan, 395.
Thiers, tee-air, Louis Adoli)he, president of
the French republic, 1871-3, and was suc-
ceeded by McMahon. B. Marseilles, 1797.
D. 1877.
Thomas, George Henry, an American com-
mander, 1860-65. B. Southampton county,
Va., 1816. D. San Francisco, 1870.
Titus, Fla^^us Sabinus Vespasian us, a Roman
emperor that reigned two years, from A.D.
79. B. A.D. 40. D. 81.
Tyler, John. See Harrison. W. H.
Tyndall, John, a British scientist that wit-
nessed the solar eclipse in Algeria in 1870
by order of the government. B. County
Carlow, Ireland, 1820.
BIOGRAPHICAL CYCLOPEDIA.
Tyng, Stephen Higrerinson, an American cler-
gyman, and writer on tnoology. B. New-
buryport, Mass., 1800.
V
Van Buren, Martin (Democrat), the eiarhth
president of the United States; served,
iSiT-il; senator in 1831, and governor or
New Yorlt in 1828 ; secretary of state with
Jackson; minister to England. B. Kinder-
hook. N. Y., 1783. D. Kinderhook, 1802.
Van Dyke, Sir Anthony, the prince of por-
trait painters, was born at Antwerp in 1599.
D. 1041.
Verne, Jules, an eminent French romancer.
"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
Sea." B. Nantes, 1828.
Victor Emanuel, king of Italy. B. Turin,
1820. D. 1878.
Victoria Alexandrina, queen of England,
began her reign, June 20, 1837. B. Kensing-
ton palace, 1819.
Virginia. See Claudius.
Voltaire, Fran9ois Marie Arouet de, the
great French writer; was for fifty years
the most popular in Europe. CEdipus. B.
Paris, 1694. D. 1778.
W
"Wade, Benjamin Franklin, an American
senator from Ohio; vice-president of the
United States, after the elevation of An-
drew Johnson to the presidency. B. Spring-
field, Mass., 1800. D. Jefferson, C, 1878.
Wagner, Richard, an eminent German
musician. " Flying Dutchman." B. Leip-
sic, 1813. D. 1883.
"Watt, James, a British Inventor ; made im-
provement in the steam engine. B. Green-
ock, Scotland, 1736. D. near Birmingham,
1819.
Washington, George (Federalist),command-
er-ui-cliiet of American army ; lather of
his country, and tti-st president of the
United States. Served two terms, from
1789 to 1797. B. Westmoreland county, Va.,
1732. D. Mt. Vernon, 1799.
Wayne, Anthony, an American major gen-
eral in the revolution ; captured Stony
Point. B. VVaynesborough, Penn, 1745. 1).
Eric, Penn. (then Presque Isle), 1796.
Webster, Daniel, a renowned American
statesman ; United States senator, 1824 ;
secretary of state with Harrison, again sen-
ator, and secretary of state under Fillmore
in 1850. B. Salisbury, N. H., 1782. D. Marsh-
field, Mass., ]a)2.
Wellington, Anhur Welleeley, Duke of, an
illustrious Uritish general. B. near Dublin,
171)9. D. iK'iu- Deal, Eng., m52.
Whittier, John Greenleaf, an American
poet. " Snow Bound." B. Haverhill, Mass.
1807.
William I., the Conquerer. B. Falaisa, Nor-
mandy, 1027. D. 1087.
Wolfe, James, a British general. D. 1769, in
his 34th year. B. Westerham, Kent.
Xenophon, zen-o-fon, a Greek general. Sup-
posed birth, 444 B. C,
Xerxes, zerks-eez, a Persian king, called the
great. Reigned in fifth century, B. C.
Slain 465.
Youmans, Edward Livingstone, an Ameri-
can writer on natural history and science.
B. Coeymans, N. Y., 1831.
Young, Brigham, the late head of the Mor-
mons in Utah. B. Whitingham, Vt., 180L
D. Salt Lake aty, 1877.
TABLE OF DISTANCES.
TABLE Showing the Hallway Distances, Bailway Fares, and Hail Time
from New York to the Chief Cities of the TJnited States.
PliACB.
Albany, N. Y
Atlanta, Ga
Auburn, N. Y
iJultimoro, Md
IJantfor, Mo
lioston. Mass
Bridgeport, Conn. . .
IJrooklyn. N. Y
lUitralo, N. Y
Hurlinffton, Iowa. . .
KurlinKtoM, Vt
{/harleston. S. C
Chicago, Ills
Cincinnati, O
Cleveland, O
Columbus, O
Concord, N. H
Council RlufTs, Iowa
Davenport, Iowa
Dayton, O
Denver, Col
Des Moines, Iowa...
Detroit, Michigan. . .
Dubuque, Iowa
Easton, Penn
Elmira, N. Y
EvansvlUe, Ind
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburgh, Pa
Pitt.sHelfl, Muss
Portliind, Me
Pouvrlikt'cpsic, N. Y.
Providonco, 11. I
lUchmond, Va
Uochcster. N. Y
Sacramento Cal
St. Louis, Mo
St. Paul, Minn
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Antonio, Texas.
San Francisco, Cal..
Miles.
145
881
319
188
478
£23
GO
2
424
iiao
301
806
917
752
589
631
278
1389
1095
706
1985
12n
774
1100
66
277
091
80
447
160
840
76
188
341
876
8121
1066
1349
3458
1950
3209
$ cts.
3 10
25 60
658
620
12 00
600
180
02
925
27 25
800
84 00
20 00
18 00
13 00
16^
7 15
36 25
26 10
17 60
60 00
31 15
15 00
26 60
2 40
7 25
24 90
250
12 60
825
9 10
1 52
500
12 80
960
136 00
24 25
31 25
116 25
67 50
186 00
H.M,
4 15
52 15
930
6
19 40
8
2
080
14
47
11
33
35
28
20
22
10 30
66
4120
24 45
92 10
51
24
42 30
280
845
26
2
14 30
6
13 60
3
6 15
13
930
146 15
37
54
120
123 30
182
Plaoe.
Fort Wayne. Ind.. .
(Jalvcstoii, Texas..
Harrisburg, Penn. .
Hartford, Conn
Indianapolis, Ind..
Kiuisas City, Mo
Keokuk, Iowa
Ix-aveiiworth, Kan.
Little Hock, Ark...
Ixiuisville, Ky
I^ovoll, Mass
Memphis, Tenn
Milwaukee, Wia....
Mobile, Ala
Montgomery, Ala..
Nashville, Tenn
Newark, N.J
Nowburgh, N.Y...
N ew bury port. Mass
New Haven, Conn.
New Orleans, La.. . .
Newport, K. 1
Norfolk, Va
Northampton, Mass
Norwich, Conn
Ogdensburgh, N. Y
Omaha, Neb
Savannah, Ga
Spriiigneld, Ills....
.Springfield, Mass...
Syracuse, N. Y
Terre Haute, Ind. . .
Toledo, O
Trenton, N.J
Troy, N. Y
Utlca, N.Y
Vicksburg, Miss. . . .
Washington. D. C
Wheeling, W. Va...
Wilmington, Del...
Worcester, Mass..
e
3)
^
Miles.
1290
$ cts,
16 50
49 50
550
2 65
13 26
33 50
26 10
32 76
42 50
21 90
700
32 00
22 50
40 66
82 80
29 60
020
1 60
700
1 75
42 75
200
825
360
200
960
86 00
26 00
24 00
800
626
21 20
16 25
1 76
3 75
468
89 25
760
14 00
3 10
455
H.M.
20
97 15
5
230
20 45
60
48 15
62
64 10
84 80
9
50
41
51 60
45 15
43
oao
2a5
9
2 45
58
10
18 30
6 10
530
14
56 10
89
42 16
480
8 15
22
24
146
4 15
735
63 15
8
21
3
720
Note— The foregoing " railway fares " and " mail time," are to be considered approxima-
tions only ; the rates of fare are frequently altered, and the mail time varies by different
routes as well as by different trains.
LENGTH OF THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF THE WORLD.
Rivers.
Amazon
Nile
Missouri
Mississippi
Lena
Niger
Obi
St. Lawrence..
Madeira
Colorado (Cal.)
Yellow Stone.
Ohio
Miles.
3,600
3,000
2,900
2,800
2,600
2.fi00
2,.t00
2,200
2,000
1,100
l.OOO
950
Rivers.
Rhine
Kansas
Tennessee
Red River of the North
Cumberland
Alabama
Arkansas
Volga
Rio Grande
Danube
San Francisco
Miles.
950
900
800
700
600
600
2.000
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,300
Rivers.
Columbia
Nebraska
l{ed River
Susquehanna
Potomac
James
Connecticut. ,
Delaware
Hudson
Kennebec
Thames
Miles.
1,200
1,200
1,200
500
500
500
450
400
350
300
293
IfERC^NTILE VOCj^BUipY, M
Abandoxunont, the surrendering of a ship
or Koods insured to the insurer.
Abatement, discount allowed on damaged
goods, or for the payment of money before
due.
Acceptance, the formal ag;reement to pay a
drill t or bill according to its terms.
Accommodation, the loan of money or of
one's name upon which money may be
raised.
Account, a systematic arrangement of debits
and credits, under the name of a person,
species of property, or cause. Bookkeeping
is the science of accounts.
Account-Current, a running or unsettled
account ; n statement in detail of the trans-
action between one person and another, in
the forin of debtor and creditor. Some-
times it is used to show only the Dr. side of
the account, each party rendering to the
other an account of his debits only. In
this case the debit of the one is the credit of
the other.
Account ~ Sales, a statement in detail of
goods sold on commission, together with
the charges thereon.
Accountant, one skilled In accounts, or en-
gaged in keeping books.
Actuary, the active ofWcer in a life insurance
company ; one skilled in the science of an-
nuities.
Adjustment) the settlement of a loss in-
curred by the insured ; a general settle-
ment.
Administrator, one who administers upon
an estate by order of the Probate Court.
Adulteration, the act of debasing by mixing
any si)urious commodity with a genuine
article.
Ad valorem, according to the value ; a term
used in fixing the rates of duties on im-
ports.
Adventure, a speculation ; usually applied
to the shipment of goods on account of the
shipper.
Advance, increase in price ; money paid on
goods before they are delivered.
Advice, information given with reference to
a shipment or other important matter.
Agent, one who acts ; usually applied to a
person who does business for and in the
name of another.
Agrio, a term used to denote the difference
between the real and nominal value of
money.
Allowance, deduction made from weights,
etc. See Fare.
Amalgamation, the operation of forming
amalurura; mixing mercury with any metal.
Antedate, to date before hand.
Appraisal, a value set upon goods or prop-
erty of any kind.
Appraiser, one who appraises.
Aqueduct, a channel or conduit for the con-
veyance of water.
Arbitration, the hearing of a cause between
parties in controversy; estimating the value
of exchange negotiated through direct
channels.
Assay, the trial or proof of the purity of
metals.
363
Assets, resources of any kind; available
means.
Assessment, a valuation of property or
profits tor the purpose of taxation.
Assessor, one who assesses or values prop-
erty.
Assignee, a person properly appointed to
transact busniess or receive property for or
on account of any person or estate.
Assignor, one who makes an asbignment or
transfers property or interest.
Assignment, the act of making over prop-
erty or trust to an assignee.
Association, the union of persons in com-
I>any for the transaction of business.
Assortment, a variety vi sorts or kinds
adapted to various wants.
Assurance, a guarantee or Indemnity. See
INSUIIANCE.
Attachm.ent, a legal warrant for seizing a
man's person or goods.
Auction, a method of selling goods to the
highest bidder.
Auctioneer, one who sells goods at auc-
tion.
Auditor, a person appointed and authorized
to examine accounts, compare vouchers,
etc.
Average, a terra used to denote damages or
expenses resulting from accidents at sea:
the mean time for the payment of several
items due at different times.
Avoirdupoise, the common standard of
weight for all commodities except precious
metals and drugs.
B
Balance, a term used to denote the differ-
ence between the sides of an account, or
the sum necesstiry to mako the account
balance ; an account in the ledger showing
resources and liabilities.
Balance of Trade, the difference between
the value of imports and exports.
Ballast, a heavy substance placed in the
hold of a ship to keep her steady In the
water.
Banking, the business of a bank.
Bankrupt, one who is unable to pay his
debts.
Bill, a general name given to a statement in
writing.
The followinar are some of the technical
names of bills:
Bill of Exchange, an order drawn on a
person in a distant place, requesting the
payment of a sura of money.
Bill of Entry, a written account of goods
entci ed at the custom house.
Bill of Bight, a form of entry at the custom
house by which the importer may examine
his goods.
Bill of Lading, a formal receipt from the
master »)f a vessel, signed by himself or his
clerk, for goods received by him for trans-
portation, with an agreement to deliver the
same, under certain exceptions, in like
good order and condition us when received
by him.
Bill of Parcels, an account, given by the
seller to the buyer, of articles and prices.
364
MEECANTILE VOCABULARY.
Bill of Sale, a writing given by the seller of
per8onal |)ioperty to tue buyer, equivalent
to the deed.
Bill of Health, a certificate from the proper
autliorities us to the state of health of a
ship's coiiiijadv on leavintf port.
Bill of Mortality, a certified account of the
dcatlis at a ceruiin place durinff a certain
jH-riod.
Bill of Credit, a document for raising
money on tijc credit of a state.
Blank Credit, the permission which one
tiousu Kives to anotlicr to draw on it at any
time to a certain extent.
Board of Trade, an association of business
nu-n for tlie general advancement of com-
mercial interests.
Bona fide, in good faith.
Bond, a <itcd hy which the party binds him-
self, his heirs, executors and assigns, to the
l)erf()rniHMc(' of certain conditions.
Bonded Goods, those which remain in the
custom WiirelimiHe until the duties are paid.
Bottomry Bond, a mortgage on tlie iKHtom
of a vessel iliat is, (»n the vetwel itself, for
the repayment of money loaned.
Broker, a middleman emplove<l to transact
business or negotiate bargains Ixjtween dif-
ferent merchants or individuals ; a ti-ader in
stocks, moneys or other commodities.
Brokeragre, the commission or percentage
cUurgeu by a broker for services.
Capital) investment in business.
Carat, ilie weight which expresses the degrree
of llrieriessof gold.
Cargo, the lading or freight of a vessel.
Casnier, one who keeps the cash account;
the financial officer of a bank, railroad, or
mercantile house.
Carrier, a pei-son. companv or corporation
engaged in tlie trans|H>rtatlon of goods from
one place to another, and who are lK)und,
for a stipulated or reasonal)le liire, to re-
ceive and carry the go(Kjs of all persons,
and to be responsible for their care while
in their possession, as well as for their safe
delivery.
Charter, an Instrument bestowed with form
and solemnity, bestowing certain privileges
and rights.
Charter-party, a contract In writing be-
tween the owner or master of a ship and
the freighter, by which the former lets the
ship or a part of it to the other for the con-
veyance of goods.
Clearance, a certificate from the custom
hous(> that a ship lias i)erinission to sail.
Clearing, the obtaining of i)erinission for a
ship to leave port; the exchanging of drafts
and settlement of balances between differ-
ent lioiises
Clearing-House, the place where the ope-
ration of eleiiriiig is performed.
Coasting, the trade carried on between dif-
ferent ports of the same country.
Coin, pieces of metal, usually gold or silver,
ini])ressed with a public stamp, and used as
money.
Commerce, the exchange of commodities.
Commission, a percentage for the sale of
goods or other service.
Company, an association of persons for a
common enterprise.
Compound, to settle with a creditor by pay-
ins? a part of the debt.
Compromise, an agreement embracing mut-
ual concessions.
Consignee, one to whom goods are con-
sinned.
Consignment, goods consigned to be sold on
account.
Consignor, one who consigns goods.
Consols, an abbreviation of the term " con-
Holidaled funds," applied to the chief pub-
lic stocks of P^ngland.
Consul, an agent for a government in a for-
eign land.
Contraband, an article prohibited from
Oeiiig imported, exported, bouglit or sold.
Contract, an agreement Ix-twcen two or
more parties, upon sullicient consideration,
to do or not to do a certain thing.
Contra, on the opposite side.
Copartnership, the legal relations existing
Ix'tween two or more iH'rsous consequent
upon tlieir sharing the profits or losses of
scjme adventure or business engagement
l)etween them; partnership.
Copyright, the exclusive right allowe<l by
law to an antlior or his repre-sentative, of
printing, publishing and selling any literary
cumposition during a certain i)criod of
time.
Counterfeit, a spurious article resembling
tlu? genuine.
Coupon, a French word signifying cu<-r>ir. It
is applied to interest warrants att^iched to
public stfR-ks, l)ond8, etc. When paid they
are cut off from the tiond.
Course of Exchange, the current price
paid in one place lor bills of exchange on
another pUice.
Credential, the official warrant of a delegat-
ing power authorizing the holder to act In
a siM-eified capacity.
Credit, trust given to one who owes.
Currency, a term use<l to ex press the collect-
ive amount of money used in the business
of buying and selling.
Current, a term used to denote the present
time, or time in its successive stages of
tninsition.
Customs, the tariff charged by law on Im-
ports and exjMjrts.
Custom House, the office where the business
connected with customs is transacted.
Damaged goods, in the language of cus-
toms, are goixls subject to duties that have
received injury, either In the voyage home
or the bonded warehouse.
Days of Orace, the time allowed by law and
usage between the written date of maturity
of a note or dniftand the date upon which
it must bv paid.
Debenture, a certificate of drawback en-
titbng the importer to return duties ou
iroods shipjH'd again.
Debt, an amount owing from one party to
another.
Decimal, from the Latin decern, signifying
•ten ; any system of counting by tens.
Decimal Fractions, fractions having any
Vjowcr of ten for their denominator.
Deed, a written contract, signed, sealed and
delivered.
Defalcation, diminution, deducted from.
Defaulter, one who fails to account for
money or valuables entrusted to his care.
Delivery, the i)assi ng of goods or money
from one to another.
Demand and Supply, terms used to denote
t he relations e.vistiug between consumption
and production.
Demurrage, allowance made to the owner
or master of a vessel by the freighter for
the detention of a vessel in port beyond the
time agreed upon.
Denier, a small French copper coin.
Deviation, the departure of a vessel from
tlie course specified in her insurance policy.
Diplomacy, the art of conducting negotia-
tions.
Discount, consideration allowed for the pay-
ment of a debt before it is due.
Dishonor, to refuse or neglect to accept, or
to pay a bill on its maturity.
Dividend, division of profits umong stock-
lioldiTs.
Drawback, nn amount remitted which has
kx'on previously paid as duties.
Draft, an order lor tlie payment of money.
Drawee, the person on whom a draft is
tirawn.
Draw^er, the person who draws a draft.
Duplicate, a copy or transcript of anything.
Duty, a government tax.
Effects, property of any kind.
Embargro, a pronibition laid by the govern-
ment on ships to nrevent their leaving port.
Embezzlement, the illegal appropriation of
the Iwnds of a pnneipal by an agent or em-
ployee.
Emporium, a commercial center ; a mart.
Encumbrance, liabilities resting on an es-
tate.
Endorse, to subscribe to anything ; to write
one's name on the back of a note.
Endorsee, the pei-son to whom a bill is en-
dorsed ; the legal holder of a bill after its
endoi-sement.
Endorser, tlie person who endorses.
Engross, to monopolize ; to buy up produce
with a view of affecting the market; to
copy in manuscript.
Entry, the record of a transaction in a book
of accounts ; the act of reporting a vessel
or cargo at the Custom-House, upon its
arrival in port, by delivery of proper
documents.
Exchange, the fundamental principle of
trade ; the species of paper by which debts
are paid without the transmission of
money ; premium and discount arising
from tlie purchase and sale of funds.
Executor, a person appointed to execute or
carry iiuo effect the will of a testator.
Exports, goods or produce carried abroad.
Express, a messenger or vehicle sent on a
special errand; a regular conveyance for
packages.
Fabric, manufactured cloth.
Face, the amount expressed on a note or
draft.
Factor, an agent employed to transact busi-
ness for another.
Factory, a house or place where factors re-
side; a building for the manufacture of
goods.
Fac-simile, an exact resemblance.
Failure becoming insolvent.
Fancy Stocks, usually applied to the stocks
of joint companies subject to fluctuation in
price.
Favor, the polite term of a letter received ;
a note or draft is in favor of the person to
whom it is to be paid.
Fee simple, an estate held by a person in his
own i-ight.
Finance, pertaining to money ; the public
revenue.
Financier, an oflBcer of revenue ; one skilled
in money matters.
Firm, the general title of a copartnership.
Firkin, a measure equal to nine ale gallons.
Flotsam, the cargo of a wrecked vessel
which luw not yet been washed to shore,
but continues floating on the surface of the
waves, to distinguish it from jetsam, which
denotes that the goods are sunk beneath
the surface of the water, and laaan, when
they are sunk, but tied to a cork or buoy to
be found again.
Foreclose, to cut the mortgagor off from
the ecjuity of redemption.
Forestalliii?, bujing up produce before it
gets to market to enhance the price.
Form, a particular arrangement; a system-
atic method of expressing facts.
Forecastle, the pnrt of the upper deck of a
ship forward o£ the mast.
Folio, page of a book ; usually applied to the
two pag»'s opposite ea<;h other.
Franc, a French coin, e(iiial to about eight-
een cents .American money.
Free Trade, the policy of conducting inter-
national conunerce without duties.
Freight, goods being transported ; the price
of transportation.
Fund, a stock or capital, a sura of money
appropriated to some special enterprise
used in the plural to denote wealth gen-
erally.
G-auging, the art of measuring the contents
of a cask or other receptacle.
Oain, profit; increase in wealth.
Gratuity, a free gift ; a donation.
Guarantee or Guaranty, an undertaking
or engagement by a third person, that the
agreement between two parties shall be ob-
served ; a surety .
H
Harbor, a place where ships may lie at an-
chorage and in safety; a port for loading
and unloading.
Hawker, an itinerant peddler of merchan-
dise.
Highway, a public road or thoroughfare.
High Seas, the waters of the ocean without
the boundiu'ies of any country.
Honor, to accept or pay when due.
Hypothecate, to pledge as security.
Import, to bring from a foreign country.
Importation, the act of Importing ; the
thuifi: inii)orted.
Indemnity, a guarantee against loss.
Indenture, a written instrument.
Infant, a person under twenty-one years of
age.
Insolvency, the condition of bankruptcy.
Insurance, indemnity from loss; the rate
l)ai(l for indemnity.
Installment, part of a sum of money paid
or to be paid at a certain time.
Interest, the use of money ; commonly de-
fined as a percentage allowed by the bor-
rower to the lender.
International, relating to Intercourse
between different nations.
Intestate, without a will ; a person dying
without having disposed of his estate by
will.
Inventory, a list of goods enumerated in
detail.
Investment, the laying out of money in the
purchase of property.
Invoice, a bill of goods bought or sold.
Jettison, goods thrown overboard to lighten
a shij) in a storm.
Jointure, an estate in lands settled on a
woman in consideration of marriage.
Joint-stock, property held in common by a
company.
Journal, the chief book of the current en-
tries in business.
Judgment, the decree of a competent court.
Jurisdiction, the power or right of exer-
cising authority.
Land Waiter, a custom-house olBcer, whose
business it is to attend to the landing of
Imported goods, to weigh, measure or
otherwise examine and take an account of
them.
-::v:._;J
r^
MERCANTILE VOCABULAKY.
liaw^, CSommercial, custonu acknowledgred
and recugiiizuti by uU commercial mitions,
and constituting part of the general laws
of a country.
lioase) a contract demising the use of prop-
erty for a certain time.
Lieasehold, i>roperty lield under a lease.
Ledger, tlio merchant's Iwok of accounts.
Legacy, a bequest ; money or property given
by will.
Letttsr of Credit, an open letter of request
authorizing the holder to receive money on
a(;couiit of the writer.
Letter of Advice, a letter giving notice or
iiiforination of any business transaction.
Liability, a debt or claim acainst a per-
son. ~
License, a leiral permission to do a certain
act, .such Its selling goods, etc.
Lien, Kccurity on land or other property.
Lighter, a large, ()|>en, tlat-bottomed Doat
us(;il to carry goods to or from a veoael
when loaditig or unloading.
Lighterage, a charge or commission for
t-arryiiiK Koods in a lighter.
Liquidate, to pay or satisfy demands.
Loan, that which is lent for a temporary
purpose.
Lucre, gain in money or goods.
M
Manifest, a list of the articles comprising a
vessel's cargo.
Manufacture, the process of converting
niw materials into articles of use and sale.
Manufactory, the place were goods are
niuriufacture<l.
Marine, a kimumiiI name for the navy of a
kiiiu-doin or a Htato.
Maritime Law, law relating to harbors,
shins and seamen.
Mark or Marc, a weight in European coun-
trifs lor I'stimiiting gold and silver.
Maturity, the dat« when a note or draft
falls due.
Maximum, the highest price or rate.
Mercantile Law, law pertaining to busi-
ness iransactions.
Merchandise, goods ; the common articles
of ImrU'r.
Merchant, one who speculates In merchan-
dise
Minimum, the lowest price or rate.
Miut, the place where money Is coined.
Monopoly, tho sole right to make or use a
eertiiin article.
Monetary, relating to financial matters.
Mortgage, the transfer of property to secure
The payment of a debt.
Mortgag'ee, tho person to whom the transfer
is mad •.
Mortgagor, the one who makes the trans-
fer.
N
Navigation, the science of conducting
ships or other vessels from one port to an-
other.
Negotiate, to put into circulation. To
negotiate a bill means to pass or dispose of
the same ; to convert into money.
Net or Nett, that which remains of a weight
or niiantity after certain deductions.
Net Proceeds, the amount due a consignor
after deducting charges attending sales.
Nickel, a scarce metal resembling silver;
used in tho composition of the five cent
coin of the United States.
Notary Public, an officer whose chief busi-
ness it is to protest paper for non-pay-
ment.
Note, an incidental remark made for the
purpose of explanation ; a written obliga-
tion to pay money or goods.
Obligation, a bond with a penalty attached ;
a contnict ; an act which binds one to some
performance.
Obligee, the person to whom another is
bound.
Obllgror, the person who is bound or who
binds himself to the obligee.
Par, ecjual value.
Partnership, an agreement between two or
more iHi-8t)ns to sTiare in the profit and loss
of any enter|)rise.
Pawn, a deposit ; a pledge ; something given
as security for money borrowed, or for the
fultUlment of a promise.
Pawnbroker, a person who advances money
on goods, liaving power t^) dispose of the
same if the money is not refunded as per
contract.
Payee, the party to whom or to whose order
a note or bill is made payable.
Policy of Insurance, contract between the
insurer and the insured.
Portage, the amount paid by a captain in
running his vested ; the price of carrymg.
Poet, to transfer from the Journal, or some
otber book of entry, to the ledger ; a
messenger, particularly a letter-carrier.
Premium, the sum paiu for insurance ; the
excess of value above par.
Price Current, a list of merchandise, with
market \-alue.
Principal, an employer ; the bead of a com-
mercial lious(>; the sum loaned upon which
interest accrues.
Promisory Note, a written promise to pav,
absolutely and unconditionally, to a certain
p<'r»on or to his onler, a definite sum of
money, at or before a 8i>eciHed time.
Protest, a formal notice to the securities of
a note or draft, stating that the same was
not paid at maturity ; or to the drawer of a
draft, stating that the same was not ac-
cepted upon presentation.
Quarantine, restraint of intercourse to
which a ship issubjected, upon the supposi-
tion tliat she may be infected with disease.
Bate, price ; amount above or below par.
Rebate, reduction for prompt payment.
Receipt, a written acknowled»fment of hav-
iiiK received money or other value.
Remittance, bills or money sent from one
house to another; the act of remitting or
transmitting funds from one place to an-
other.
Reprisal, the act of seizing ships or prop-
erty as indemnity for unlawful seizure or
detention.
Resources, effects ; pi-operty of any kind.
Retail, to buy and sell in small quantities.
Revenue, the annual produce of rents, ex-
cise, customs duties, etc., collected by a
state or nation.
Salvage, an allowance made by law for the
saving of a ship's cargo from wreck or
fire.
Sample, a specimen.
Schedule, an inventory ; a catalogue ; a list.
Seaworthy, in a proper condition to venture
to sea.
Seize, to take possession of by legal process.
Set of Exchange, three bills of the same
tenor and date, forwarded by different con-
veyances, to prevent failure of transmis-
sion, any one of which being accepted or
paid, the others are void.
MERCANTILE VOCABULARY.
367
SMpment, goods shipped ; tho act of load-
inti: a vessel for voyage.
Slgrlit, the time of presenting a bill to tho
cmiwee.
Signature, the name of a person written by
himself.
Sine Die, without fl.xing the day.
Smuggling, tho offense of secretly import-
ing or exporting goods without the pay-
ment of tho government duties.
Solvent, sound ; able to par all liabilities.
Sounding, trying the deptu of the sea and
the nature of the bottom.
Stock, capital in trade ; the title of the pro-
pri(>tor of a business.
Stocks, shares in j{)int stock companies, and
negotiable debts of governments and cor-
porations, drawing interest.
Stock-jobber, one who deals in stocks.
Supercargo, an officer in a merchant vessel,
appointed to superintend the commercial
transactions of the voyage.
Surety, indemnity against loss; a person
bound for the performance of a contract by
another.
Tare, an allowance or discount for the
weight of boxes and other receptacles of
merchandise.
Tariff, a list of prices ; duties on imports and
exports.
Tender, an offer for acceptance; a legal
tender is an offer of such money as the law
prescribes. #
Teller, an officer in a bank who receives or
pays money.
Tonnage, the weight of a ship's lading ; the
capacity of a vessel.
Transfer, to convey from one to another.
Trustee, a person trusted ; one to whom
some special business or interest is com-
mitted.
U
Underwriter, an insurer; one who insures
property against loss; so called from his
timki-writiny or subscribing the policy of
insurance.
Usance, business custom or habit which is
generally conceded and acted upon.
Usury, illegal interest; formerly any con-
sideration for the use of money.
Vend, to sell or transfer for a consideration.
Voucher, a written evidence of an act per-
formed, such as the payment of money.
w
Wages, compensation for services.
Warehouse, a building in which goods are
stored.
Wares, merchandise of any kind.
WTiarfage, money paid for the use of a
wharf.
Wreck, the ruins of a ship stranded.
Wreckers, persons employed in saving prop-
erty from a wreck.
Adv Adventure
Acct Account.
Agt Aifent
Am't Amount.
Atis Answer.
Apr April.
AasTd Assorted.
Atig Ausrust.
Bed Balance.
B. B Bill Book.
Bbl Barrel.
B. Pay Bills Payable.
B.Rec Bills Receivable
m'k Black.
Bn't Bought.
Bro't Brought.
Bu. or Bttsh Bushel.
Cap Capital.
C.-B Oash-Book.
Co Company.
Col'd Colored.
Com Commission.
Cona't Consignment.
C.S.B Commission SaleB-Book
Cr Creditor.
Ct» Centfi.
D.B Day-Book.
.Dec December.
Deo Deposit.
D'ft Draft.
Dis. or Dtsc.. ..Discoiuit.
Do The same.
Dm Dozen.
Dr Debtor.
D'8 Days.
Ea Each.
E. E Errors excepted.
E. AO. E Errors and omissions ex-
cepted.
Emb^d Embroidered.
Jan.... January.
Jour Journal.
J. F Journal Folio.
Lab Labor. •
Lbi* Pounds.
Leg Ledger.
L. F Ledger Follu.
Mar March.
Mdse Merchandise.
m. or mo Month.
mo8 Months.
No Number.
Nov November.
Eng English.
Em Entry.
Ex Example.
Ezch Exchange.
Exp Expenses.
fbo Favor.
Feb February.
Fitfd Figured.
JW Folio.
For^d Forward.
F)r . . From.
^t Freight.
Gal Gallon.
Oro. or aro Gross.
Hhd Hogshead.
flfc'/ Handkerchief.
I. B Invoice Book.
i. e ,...Thatl8.
Jna Insurance.
Itut Instant.
Int Interest.
Inv*t Inventory.
Oct October.
0. 1. B Outward Invoice Book
P f?ge.
pp Pages,
Vayt Payment.
P.O. B Petty Gash Book
Pd Paid.
Pkg Package.
Pr Pair.
prorper By.
Prem. Premium.
Prac. or prox.. Proximo.
P» Pieces.
P.AL Proflt&Loas
Qr. or qr Quarter.
Bec'd Received.
Refble, Receivable.
R.R Rail Road.
S. B Sales Book.
Sept September.
Sh Share.
Shlp't Shipment.
Str Steamer.
Stor Storage.
JSunds Sundries.
Sup Superfine.
utt The last.
viz To wit— namely.
t» Versus— against.
Yds Y^rds.
Yr Year.
368
OLD SPAH gHZPROVERBS.
HE following quaint old Spanish proverbs are selected
from popular quotations then current, used by Don Miguel
de Cervantes, the celebrated author of Don Quixote, some
three hundred years since :
" He that would not when he may,
When he would, he shall have nay."
" It is ill talking of halters in the house of a man that was
hanged."
" A close mouth catches no flies."
" "Who can hedge in a cuckoo."
" Little said is soon mended."
" It is a sin to belie the devil."
" Misunderstanding brings lies to town."
" There is no padlocking peoples' mouths."
" Many think to find flitches of bacon and find not so much as
the racks to lay them on."
" Let them that say it eat the lie and swallow it with their bread."
" it is no bread and butter of mine."
" Never thrust your nose into other men's porridge."
" He that buys and lies finds it in his purse."
" Let him that owns the cow take her by the tail."
" The wise man keeps himself to-day for to-morrow."
" A wise man will not venture all his eggs in one basket."
" Do not expect pears from an elm tree."
" It cannot be night at ten o'clock in the morning."
" After meal comes mustard."
" A leap from a hedge is better than the prayer of a good man."
" "Where one door shuts another opens."
" Evil to him who evil seeks."
" He who seeks danger perishes therein."
" Covetousness breaks the sack."
" To the grave with the dead, and the living to the bread."
" A mouth without cheek teeth is like a min without a mill-
stone."
" Keep with good men and thou shalt be one of them."
" Never cringe nor creep
For what you by force may reap."
*
Tie/nes FOR MBm&. 5
-H^
.s-
[OLLOWING are one hundred and fifty topics for debate.
The more usual form in their presentation is that of a
direct proposition or statement, rather than that of a
question. The opponents then debate the "affirmative"
and " negative " of the proposition. It is well to be very
careful, in adopting a subject for debate, to so state or
explain it that misunderstandings may be mutually avoided, and
quibbles on the meaning of words prevented.
THEMES FOR DEBATE.
Which is the better for this nation, high
or low import tariflfs?
Is assassination ever justifiable?
Was England justifiable in interfering
between Egypt and the Soudan rebels?
Is the production of great works of
literature favored by the conditionB of
modern civilized life?
Is it politic to place restrictions upon
the immigration of the Chinese to the
United States?
Will coal always constitute the main
source of artificial heat?
Has the experiment of universal suf-
frage proven a success?
Was Grant or Lee the greater general?
Is an income tax commendable?
Ought the national banking system to
be abolished?
Should the government lease to stock-
growers any portion of the public domain ?
Is it advisable longer to attempt to
maintain both a gold and a silver standard
of coinage?
Which is the more important to the
student, physical science or mathematics?
Is the study of current politics a duty?
Which was the more influential con-
gressman, Blaine or Ganfleld?
Which gives rise to more objectionable
idioms and localisms of language, New
England or the West?
Was the purchase of Alaska by this
government wise?
^ Which is the more important as a con-
tinent, Africa or South America?
Should the government interfere to
stop the spread of contagious diseases
among cattle?
Was Caisar or Hannibal the more able
general?
Is the study of ancient or modern his-
tory the more Important to the student?
Should aliens be allowed to acquire
property in this country?
Should aliens be allowed to own real
estate in this country?
Do the benefits of the signal service
justify its cost?
Should usury laws be abolished?
Should all laws for the collection of
debt be abolished?
Is labor entitled to more remuneration
than it receives?
Should the continuance of militia or-
ganizations by the several states be en-
couraged?
Is an untarnished reputation of more
importance to a woman than to a man?
Does home life promote the growth of
selfishness?
Are mineral veins aqueous or igneous
In origin?
Is the theory of evolution tenable?
Was Rome justifiable in annihilating
Carthage as a nation?
Which has left the more permanent
impress upon mankind, Greece or Rome?
Which was the greater thinker, Emer-
son or Bacon?
Which is the more important as a branch
of education, mineralogy or astronomy?
370
THEMES FOE DEBATE.
Is there any improvement in the quality
of the literature of today over that of last
century?
Should the "Spoils System" be con-
tinued iu American politics?
Should the co-education of the sexes be
encouraged?
Which should be the more encouraged,
novelists or dramatists?
Will the African and Caucasian races
ever be amalgamated in the United States?
Should the military or the interior
department have charge over the Indians
in the United States?
Which is of more benefit to his race,
the inventor or the explorer?
Is history or philosophy the better ex-
ercise for the mind?
Can any effectual provision be made by
the State against ' ' hard times " ?
Which is of the more benefit to society,
journalism or the law?
Which was the greater general. Na-
poleon or Wellington?
Should the volume of greenback money
be increased?
Should the volume of national bank
circulation be increased?
Should the railroads be under the
direct control of the government?
Is the doctrine of "state rights" to be
commended?
Is the "Monroe doctrine" to be com-
mended and upheld?
Is the pursuit of politics an honorable
avocation?
Which is of the greater importance, the
college or the university?
Does the study of physical science
militate against religious belief ?
Should "landlordism" in Ireland be
supplanted by home rule?
Is life more desirable now than in
ancient Rome?
Should men and women receive the
same amount of wages for the same kind
of work?
Is the prohibitory liquor law preferable
to a system of high license?
Has any state a right to secede?
Should any limit b.e placed by the con-
stitution of a state upon its ability to
contract indebtedness?
Should the contract labor system in
public prisons be forbidden?
Should there be a censor for the public
press?
Should Arctic expeditions be encour-
aged?
Is it the duty of the State to encourage
art and literature as much as science?
Is suicide cowardice?
Has our government a right to disfran-
chise the polygamists of Utah?
Should capital punishment be abolished ?
Should the law place a limit upon the
hours of daily labor for working men?
Is " socialism " treason?
Should the education of the yoimg be
compulsory?
In a hundred years will republics be as
numerous as monarchies?
Should book-keeping be taught in the
public schools?
Should Latin be taught in the public
schools?
Do our methods of government pro-
mote centralization?
Is life worth living?
Should Ireland and Scotland be inde-
pendent nations?
Should internal revenue taxation be
abolished?
Which is of greater benefit at the pres-
ent day, books or newspapers?
Is honesty always the best policy?
Which has been of greater benefit to
mankind, geology or chemistry?
Which could mankind dispense with at
least inconvenience, wood or coal?
AVhich is the greater nation, Germany
or France?
Which can support the greater popula-
tion in proportion to area, our Northern
or Southern States?
Would mankind be the loser if the
earth should cease to produce gold and
silver?
Is the occasional destruction of large
numbers of people, by war and disaster,
a benefit to the world ?
Which could man best do without,
steam or horse power?
Should women be given the right of
suffrage in the United States?
Should cremation be substituted for
burial?
Should the government establish a
national system of telegraph?
Should the electoral college be contin-
ued?
Will the population of Chicago ever ex-
ceed that of New York?
Will the population of St. Louis ever
exceed that of Chicago?
Should restrictions be placed upon the
amount of property inheritable?
THEMES FOE DEBATE.
Which is more desirable as the chief
business of a city — commerce, or manu-
factures?
Which is more desirable as the chief
business of a city — transportation by water
or by rail?
Should the rate of taxation be gradu-
ated Ui a ratio with the amount of proper-
ty taxed?
Will a time ever come when the popu-
lation of the earth will be limited by the
earth's capacity of food production?
Is it probable that any language will
ever become universal?
Is it probable that any planet, except
tlie earth, is inhabited?
Should the stjite prohibit the manufact-
ure and sale of alcoholic liquors?
Should the government prohibit the
manufacture and Siile of alcoholic liquors?
Should the guillotine be substituted for
the gallows?
Was Bryant or Longfellow the g^reater
poet?
Should the jury system be continued?
Should the langua^'s of alien nations
be taught in the public schools ?
Should a right to vote in any part of
the United States depend upon a property
qualification ?
Can a horse trot faster in harness, or
under saddle ?
Should the pooling system among
American railroads be abolished by law ?
Is dancing, as usually conducted, com-
patible with a high standard of morality?
Should the grand jury system of
making indictments be contmuad?
Which should be the more highly
remunerated, skilled labor or the work
of professional men?"
Which is the more desirable as an occu-
pation, medicine or law?
Should the formation of trade unions
be encouraged?
Which has been the greater curse to
man, war or drunkenness?
Which can man the more easily do
without, electricity or petroleum?
Should the law interfere against the
growth of class distinctions in society?
Which was the greater genius, Moham-
med or Buddha?
Which was the more able leader, Pi-
zarro or Cortez?
Which can to-day wield the greater in-
fluence, the orator or the writer?
Is genius hereditary?
Is Saxon blood deteriorating?
Which will predominate in five hun-
dred years, the Saxon or Latin races T
Should American railroad companies
be allowed to sell their bonds in other
countries?
Should Sumner's civil rights bill be
made constitutional by an amendment?
Does civilization promote the happiness
of the world?
Should land subsidies be granted to rail-
roads by the government?
Which is the stronger military power,
England or the United States?
Would a rebellion in Russia be justifi-
able?
Should the theatre be encouraged?
Which has the greater resources, Penn-
sylvania or Texas?
Is agriculture the noblest occupation?
Is legal punishment for crime as severe
as it should be?
Can democratic forms of government
be made universal?
Should the formation of monopolies be
prevente<l by the State?
Has Spanish influence been helpful or
harmful to Mexico as a people?
Which is of more importance, the pri-
mary or the high school ?
Will the tide of emigration ever turn
eastward instead of westward?
Should the art of war be taught more
widely than at present in the United States?
Was slavery the cause of the American
civil war?
Is life insurance a benefit?
Should gambling in grain be prohibited
by law?
Does "prohibition" prohibit?
Should the general government restrain
the destruction of our forests?
Is the accumulation of wealth a curse
to society?
Is serial navigation desirable?
Which is the more potent, the ballot or
the bullet, as a civilizer?
Should the tenure of office of the pres-
ident be extended to six years?
Which develops the more elevating or
beautiful scenery, the ocean or the mount-
ains?
Which is the more elevating in influ-
ence, the poet or the painter?
OE- the more convenient transaction of busi-
ness and the greater security of those en-
gaged in it against fraud and error, various
forms of written instruments have been
adopted, founded on experience and sanc-
tioned by the law of custom. 'No person
engaged in commercial pursuits, or in the
transaction of business in any way or upon
any scale, can afford to be ignorant of those Business
FoKMS, and no prudent man will afBx his signature to
any document, or form of agreement, without fully
and thoroughly comprehending all that is involved in
it, and the nature and extent of the obligation which
his signature so made carries. One of the most com-
mon and successful methods adopted by the class of
unscrupulous swindlers known as confidence men, is that of secur-
ing the signatures of the unsophisticated and unsuspecting, to forms
which purport to mean one thing, but which are readily altered or
construed to a totally different meaning, to the robbery and often
ruin of the man whose confidence in the honesty of others is thus
taken advantage of. The only safety against the impositions of the
designing and dishonest, is for every man to be master of the stand-
ard and recognized business forms, and to refuse to sign any under-
taking or obligation whatever, except it be in the form with which
he is familiar, and which he knows is an honest and reliable form of
agreement, note, order, check or other business engagement. These
forms, one or other, or all, which enter into every man's business,
consist of the following :
Bills. Due Bills. Orders. Drafts.
Receipts. Notes. Checks. Bills of Exchange.
373
BUSINESS FOBMS.
^ttt>4KiKKitKim^4^^
BILLS.
m&
rjW ^
A BILL is an itemized statement of account of goods bought or
sold, or labor or services performed, Avith the price and the date
of each article or act of service, the amount of the whole, and
the date at which the bill is rendered. Tl.e first line on the bill is the
name of the city, town or village in which the business of the person
or firm rendering the bill is situated. This may be, at choice, ac-
companied, as in the following form, by tho street and number.
Then follows the name of the person to whom the bill is rendered,
written from the left hand of the page. Then follows the name of
the person or firm by whom the service or article has been furnished,
which should be preceded by the word ^0 at the left hand of the
line, and the word gr. at the right hand. It is customary to place
beneath this the card of business of the party as well. The follow-
ing is the form :
FORM OF BILL FOB SERVICBS.
»rj Mascot S/.,
Chicago, June 24, i88j.
Mr. miMam C. WfUttuy,
^ George B. Culver, 'Qt.
188s.
Barrister, Conveyancer, Etc,
May
June
7
I
To examining abstract of title,
" Counsel in case Moore,
" Expenses, trip to Springfield, in connection
with above.
Received Payment,
George B. Culver.
'9
00
00
60
t6g
60
They are generally used in printed form. If the bill is made out
for services rendered, use abbreviation " Dr." and " Cr." Bills for
goods sold commonly have " Bought of," in place of " Dr." If
service is performed by the day or hour, specify the number of days
or hours, with the rate per day or hour in each entry. When there
is only one item place in the total column; otherwise, carry the total
over as above. In making out a biU care should be taken that every
detail is perspicuous. Neatness in form and absolute correctness
should also be observed. !N"othing is so injurious to the reputation
and success of a business man as carelessness, and inaccuracy in
rendering bills.
BUSINESS FOBMS.
FORM OF MERCHANTS' BILL.
Folio 214.
Salesman, tV. H. M.
Messrs. Thompson &= Smith,
Evanston, III.
Chicago, Febrttary 10, iSSj.
5jcru0M 0t BROWN, JONES & CO.
Wholesale Grocers,
213 Randolph St., Chicago.
02
12
24
June 1 s Boxes Toilet Soap, J -So
10 Boxes Servian Prunes, 1000 lbs. oy
I Case Cat. Smok. Tob., }( &' yi, joo lbs. 35
I Bbl. N. 0. Molasses, 42 gal. 86
Int. on ^ bill for 6j days, 8%,
Received Payment,
By Note, 60 days,
" Cash,
Brown, Jones dr' Co.
Per Robinson .
When a bill has been paid by note, or otherwise than by cash, it
should be so stated in the bill. "Wholesale merchants and jobbers
send a bill with each purchase. Retail merchants usually render a
bill on the first of each month for the past month's purchases.
When bills of goods sold during the month are rendered from time
to time, and settlement made monthly, a Statement is rendered at
the close of the month, which shows the amounts and dates of the
several bills, but not the items.
19
70
35
36
12
160
I
161
81
iS
80
06
■1
RECEIPTS.
WHEN" money is paid for settlement of or apphcation on a debt,
or claim, payment of rent, or money advanced on contract, the
business man should not wait to be asked for a receipt, but give
it as a matter of course. The party paying money should always
require a receipt. Parties may die, witnesses move away, and all
evidence of payment be removed, where there is no receipt, and
thus in settlement of an estate much difficulty is experienced. A
receipt written in pencil is legal, but a careful business man Avill not
give a receipt in pencil, nor will a prudent man accept one. The
receipt should state clearly and fully what the payment was for ; if
on contract or note, specify what contract or note ; if for rent, state
BUSINESS FORMS.
what premises and/r6>m what date to what date the rent is paid. If
in part payment, state what is the full amount on which to be
applied, and specify the debt — rent, note or contract.
FORM OF RECEIPT.
Chicago, June 12, 1881.
Received of „.„ _ Jlt.l^HfS!^.'..
Eighty • four and _ ,,
•—--—-—•-- ^ Dollars,
in full of all demands to date.
%^4-35- Edward Langdon,
A receipt, though apparently so, is not always a certain proof
of payment, as it may be inoperative from mistake or fraud, and
is open to explanation or contradiction. A release differs from a
receipt in this, that it cannot be contradicted by evidence, except
for fraud.* An entry in the creditor's books does not constitute a re-
ceipt. A release is a contract, and, except in case of fraud, must
be taken to mean Avhat is written. A receipt that contains any
writing, to the effect of an agreement that the money paid is to be
applied to a particular purpose, debt or note, even if paid before-
hand on the score of future transactions, is legal and not to be mod-
ified by parole evidence. A receipt for the consideration of money,
in a sale of real property is conclusive against the seller, and equiv-
alent to a bond for a deed. Where payment is made in the shape of
note, check or other than current legal tender, the receipt should
specify the acceptance of such consideration. Otherwise, if the
check or note be dishonored, or the money be found to be of an in-
solvent bank, the creditor is entitled to return it and demand to be
paid again.
BANK CHECKS. p
SAFETY, convenience and other considerations, induce most busi-
ness men to keep an account at a bank, depositing the cash re-
ceipts of each day, reserving only a suflBcient sum for needs of
the evening or morning. Paymentsof most kinds, except for trivial
accounts and expenses, are thus almost altogether made through the
bank. The person receiving a check may transfer it to another by
indorsement, and thus it may pass through several hands before
BUSINESS FORMS.
finding its way to the bank on which it is drawn, when it is charged
up to the party by whom it was drawn and canceled. In filling
out a check the amount should be expressed, both in the margin and
in the body of the note, as a precaution against errors. If the words
expressing the amount do not fill up the line entirely, draw a heavy
stroke or wave line with the pen, so as to prevent any dishonest
person into whose hands the check might fall, from raising or
altering it.
FORM OF A BANK CHECK.
No. 1730. Chicago, March 7, 188^.
TENTH NATIONAL BANK,
0/ Chicago,
Pay to the order of. &E^^±J.'^.^!''JF.!^.l
?^.'!^!y.:..f}Shland^ ^ r,ollars.
%7S-75- George B. Anderson.
Canceled checks are usually returned once a month to the
drawer, by whom they should be carefully preserved, as they consti-
tute evidences of payment. The object of payment may be speci-
fied on the body of the check, thus constituting its payment a
receipt for the particular debt or service. If the person accepting
a check does not require to use the money he may get it " certified "
at the bank, which renders it equivalent to cash, by the guarantee
of the bank.
The facility of having checks cashed, opens a door to dishonesty,
which has been guarded against by the system of crossed checks.
A wishes to send B a check for $1,000 and is doubtful of the hon-
esty of his messenger. He knows B banks with, say the Marine
Bank, of Detroit. He makes out his check in the usual form and
then writes across it the words " Marine Bank of Detroit." A's
bank will then only pay this check when presented by or through
the Marine Bank. Checks are to be presented for payment with-
out unreasonable delay. There is no payment unless the check
is honored. The bank or party on whom a check is drawn is obhged
to pay it if he have funds in his possession to the amount named on
the check, belonging to the drawer. It is a fraud to draw a check
where the drawer has no funds, and no arrangement by which he is
entitled to draw checks on the bank named. A bank is responsible
for the loss in case of a forged check if the check be honored by
it. A check not drawn within the state where the bank is sitr
BUSINESS F0EM8.
uated is subject to the law governing bills of exchange. The holder
of it must protest in writing, usually through a notary, against all
parties liable for any loss or damage by its non-payment.
DUE BILLS. I
UE bills are used for money borrowed, or in effecting settlement
of accounts, and should state whether payable in merchandise
or cash, and are made in this shape :
D
l/J-75.
Chicago,
Manh j, iSSj.
Dtu
Samuel
M.
Jennings, on
demand, Fijteen
Dollars and Seventy • Jive Cents.
James Brown.
Another form is the I. O. U., which is in this shape :
1^.
Chicago, Manh j,
fSSj.
James
W.
Smith,
I.
Esq.
U.
Seventeen Dollars,
James
Edwards.
This form of paper differs from a promissory note, which usually
contains a promise to pay, at a time specified therein, a sum of
money to a certain person, or to his order, for value received.
|P PROMISSORY NOTES. ^
Promissory notes are essential to the system of credit in business
and are of four kinds as explained below :
FORM OF NEGOTIABLE NOTE.
$1,000.00. , Chicago, III., March ij, i88j.
Thirty days after date I promise to pay to the order of.
Jacob Rindskopf,
One Thousand Dollars,
__ - ^^^
value received, with interest at six per cent per annum until paid.
Due April 7, iSSS- Jo^^ ^- Durand.
BUSINESS FORMS.
FORM OF
NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE.
$2JC
) oo.
Chicago,
March j, iSSj.
Sixty days
after
date I promise to pay
to John J.
Dunscotnbe
Tvx> Hundred
and
Thirty ^%%
Dollars, payable
at my office,
77 Clark street. Value received.
Francis
Whitcombe.
FORM OF DEMAND NOTE.
%IOO.
Chicago, March j, i88j.
On
demand I promise
to pay James
Calendar
or
order. One Hundred Dollars,
value received.
with interest at 6 per cent.
Philip Coleman.
FORM
OF
JOINT NOTE.
%325-
Chicago,
March j, iSSj.
Three months
after
date.
we, or
either of
us, jointly
and severally promise to pay
Henry Porter, or
order.
Three Hundred
and
Twenty -five Dollars,
value received.
without interest.
John A.
Charles C
McDonald.
. Tupper.
The first form of note is negotiable, and is payable to the person
holding it, when properly indorsed, at the time of its maturity. The
second is payable only to the person in whose favor it is drawn. A
promise to pay is not invalidated by any mformahty. Unless a note
be made payable to bearer the name of payee must be specified. If a
note be not dated, the time is computed from the day the knowledge
of it is first gained. If there be any difference between the words and
figures in the amount for which the note is made, the words prevail.
A note does not bear interest till after it matures, unless so written.
One who cannot write should have a witness when he makes his +
mark. A note is void if procured from the maker while in a state
of intoxication or otherwise irresponsible. If no time be specified
a note is payable at once. A note by a minor is not collectable in
law. Payment of a note must be made on the last day of grace, by
the holder, or his authorized agent, in business hours, at the place of
business of the maker, unless otherwise stated. In case of non-pay-
ment at 3 o'clock on the last day of grace, it should be handed to a
notary for protest, and immediate notice sent to the indorser, if any.
A note that has been accidentally destroyed may be recovered upon
adequate proof. In case of loss, notice must be given and payment
demanded as if the note was still secure m form.
BUSINESS FOKMS.
\ :-Nr-^-'■N^^
'^i^jii^
ORDERS.
K^-. \'\ \ \ \ \ \.\ \ \
An order is a written request from one person or firm to another,
for the delivery of a sum of money or articles of merchandise. These
orders are usually drawn by one merchant on another, or by persons
in the same town or neighborhood, atad are a kind of informal draft,
not intended to be transferred by indorsement, nor circulate as do
the several forms of negotiable paper. The person or finn on whom
an order is drawn, must in filling it know that it is genuine, and the
order itself should then be carefully preserved as a voucher, in case
disagreements should ever arise.
Kalamazoo, Mich. , January zq.
1885.
Messrs.
Paul &' Thomas,
PUase deliver to
bearer with bill, for me.
I pr.
Calf Boots, No. 8.
2 prs
. Kid Slippers, No, 7.
John Bardtn.
STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS.
Statute of Limitations in Each State and Territory and Canada, for Notes,
Judgments, Open Accounts, Sealed Instruments, and Actions for Assault
and Slander, with a List of the Penalties for Usury in all the States and
Territories.
States
AND
Territories.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Dakota
Delaware
Dist. Columbia.
Florida
Georgia
Idaho Ter
Illinois —
Indiana . . .
Iowa
Kansas . .
Kentucky
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland
Massjichusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina..
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania ...
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
"Vermont
Virginia
Washin^fton Ter.
West Virginia...
Wisconsin
Wyoming Ter...
Statute of Limitations.
a
O
Canada
New Brunswick.
Nova Scotia
Yrs.
3
2
3
2
3
3
6
3
3
4
4
4
6
6
6
ft
6
ft
6
ft
2
4
2
4
6
ft
2
5
3
ft
3 to 5
6
iYrs.
6
4
5
4
3
15
1 to5
Yrs.
20
5
10
5
ft
6
20
20
12
20
7
5
20
11
15
10
20
20
20
10
10
5
8
20
6
10
20
21
Yrs.
1
02
Yrs.
10
4
10
5
6
17
30
20
12
20
20
20
20
10
15
10
20
20
20
10
10
5
8
20
6
20
20
5
Penalties for Uaury.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Forfeiture of principal and interest.
Forfeiture of interest.
Forfeiture of principal.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of three times the amount paid ;
fine, $;}00 or six months' Imprisonment,
or both.
Forfeiture excess interest.
Forfeiture excess interest.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Excess above 8 per cent, after maturity,
forfeits entire interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of excess, if over 7 per cent.
Forfeiture of entire debt.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Lender forfeits entire Interest; borrower
pays 10 per cent to school fund.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Forfeiture of three times the excess and
costs.
Forfeiture of entire interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Voids contract, and is a misdemeanor.
Forfeiture of entire interest ; party paying
may recover double the amount paid.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of original sum and costs.
Forfeiture of all interest.
Forfeiture of excess,flne and imprisonment.
Forfeiture of all interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of all interest.
Forfeiture of excess.
Forfeiture of all interest.
Misdemeanor.
Misdemeanor.
Misdemeanor.
-^ ^^
MISCELLANEOUS.
Legal Bates of Interest in the States and Territories, With Exemptions
£rom Judgment, Etc.
States
and
Territories.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut ..'...
Dakota
Delaware
Dist. Columbia . .
Florida
Georgria
Idaho ,
Illinois
Indiana)
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
I^ouisiana ,
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts ..
Michigruu
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana....
Nebraslui
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico...
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania..
Khode Island..
South Carolina...
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington Ter
West Virginia. .
Wisconsin
Wyoming Ter
6
Any
7
12
«
A
6
10
8
Any
7
H
10
18
6
8
8
6
10
Ed
65
8
Any
10
Any
Any
12
8
8
Any
6
Any
10
10
10
10
Any
10
Any
6
8
10
6
Any
7
6
12
Any
6
6
Any
6
10
Any
Exemptions from Judgments, Inter-Stato
ItcgulatiouB, etc.
Judgments of other states limited to 20 years. Exemptions-
Personal property, $1,000 ; homestead, 12,000.
Exemptions from $1,000 tu $5,000.
Judgments required to be renewed every three years. Bxemp>
tlons, $;!00 to $2,.'i00.
On judgments for money loaned, 7 per cent only. Exemptions,
trom $1,000 to $."),00U.
If debto are contracted within the state, the statute of limit-
ations extends six years. Bxemptions, $800 to $2,000.
Exemptions, S200 to $S00.
Exemptions, : ;i,SOO.
Exemptions, : i75 to $27S.
Exemptions, ttW0to$40a
Exemptions, 1 11,000 to $2,000.
Exemptions, : ;l.60u.
Exemptions, ilUU to $5,000.
Exemptions, $100 U) $1,000.
Judgmenti< must be renewed, within Ave years. Exempt, $000.
On notes, if partial payment has been made, date of limitation
begins from last pminent. Exemptions— County, 40 acres;
city, one-half acre with buildings, regardless qf value.
On open accounts, liniltution extends out two vears for noD-
residents of the state. Exemptions, $300 to $400.
Exemptions, $600 to $1,5C0.
Judgrments may be renewed at any time before expiration.
Exemptions— None in cities; country, homestead, ^,000.
If notes are witnessed, 20 years. Exemptions, $G00.
Exemptions, $inO.
Notes witnessed, 20 years. Bxemptions, $300 to $800.
Executions on Judgments not entered within two years must be
renewed. Exemptions, $1.W to $1,600.
Judgment liens expire after five years if notattached. Exemp-
tions, $600 to $1,000, besides homestead of 80 acres in country,
and one lot to une-half acre in cities.
Exempt. $250 to iTM). Residence in city, $2,000 ; oountr}% 80 acres.
Exemptions — $300: homestead in country. laO acres; in cities,
homestead in value from $1,600 to $3,000.
Exemptions. $^4)0 to $2,600.
Action on foreign judgments must be commenced within fl\'e
years. Exemptions— Personal property, $5C0; country, 160
acres; citie.<«, two lots.
Merchants' or store accounts, one year only after last purchase.
Exempt.— $300 to S-VX) ; homestead, to head of family. $.'i.000.
Actions on judgments must be brought within two years. Ex-
empt ions— $100 to $400; intersst in homestead to wife during
life, $.')00.
Exemptions — Personalty, 200; homestead under statutory no-
tice, $1,000.
Exemptions, to head of family residing on propertj^ $1,000.
Corporations barred defense in actions for usury. Exemptions
— $350; homestead, if recorded, $1,000.
Executions must be renewed within one year and one day from
date of issue Exempt.— Personalty, ^00 ; homestead, $1,000.
Exemptions, $500 to 81.«X).
Exemptions, $400 to $700.
Exemptions, $.300.
No higher rate than t! per cent interest can be collected by law.
Exemptions, $-M) to $.'500.
Exemptions — Personalty, $500 ; homestead, $1,000.
Exemptions — $250; homestead, $1,000.
E.xemptions — Fu r n iture and farming implements and 200 acres ;
in cities, real estate, $5,000.
Exemptions— Personalty, $200 to '$400; homestead, $1,000, and
$250 additional to e«ch meml)er of family.
Exemptions — Personaltj-, $250; homestead, $500.
Exemptions — Personalty, $300; homestead, real or personal
property, $2^000.
Exemptions — Personalty, $150 to $500 ; homestead occupied by
family, $1,000.
Exemptions — Personalty, $50 to $200; homestead. If recorded
before creation of debt, $1,000.
Exemptions — Personalty, $300 to $350; printing materials,
$1,500; homestead, country, 40 acres; town or city, H acre.
Exemptions — $500 to $800. and wearing apparel for every per-
son; homestead, occupied, IfiO acres ; town lots, $1,500,
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
16 drams make 1 ounce.
16 ounces make 1 pound.
25 pounds make 1 quarter.
4 quarters make 1 luuidred weight.
20 Hundred weight make 1 ton.
APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.
20 grains make 1 scruple.
3 scruples make 1 dram.
8 drams make 1 ounce.
12 ounces luake 1 pound.
DRY MEASURE.
2 pints make 1 quart.
8 quarts make 1 peck.
4 pecks make 1 bushel.
36 bushels make 1 chaldron.
LINEAR (or Long) MEASURE.
12 Inches make 1 foot.
3 feet make 1 yard.
514 yards (Itji^ feet) make 1 rod.
40 rods make 1 furlong.
8 furlongs make 1 mile.
TIME MEASURE.
60 seconds make 1 minute.
60 minutes make 1 hour
24 hours make 1 day.
7 days make 1 week.
4 weeks make 1 lunar month.
13 lunar months, or 12 calendar months,* or
52 weeks, make 1 year.
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 49 seconds,
make 1 solar year.
366 days make 1 leap year.
*A calendar month is either 28, 29, 30 or 31
days. In computing interest, 30 days is reck-
oned as a month.
CIRCULAR MEASURE.
60 seconds make 1 minute.
60 minutes make 1 degree.
30 degrees make 1 sign.
90 degrees make 1 quadrant.
4 quadrants (or 360 degrees) make 1 circle.
LIQUID (or Wine) MEASURE.
4 gills make 1 pint.
2 pints make 1 quart.
4 quarts make 1 gallon.
31J^ gallons make 1 barrel.
2 barrels (03 gallons) make 1 hogshead.
SQUARE MEASURE.
144 square inches make 1 square foot.
9 square feet make 1 square yard.
30J^ square yards make 1 square rod.
40 square rods make 1 rood.
4 roods make 1 acre.
CUBIC MEASURE.
1728 cubic inches make 1 cubic foot.
27 cubic feet make 1 cubic yard.
128 cubic feet make 1 cord (of wood.)
40 cubic feet make 1 ton (shippinsr.)
21.50.42 cubic inches make 1 standard bushel.
208.8 cubic inches make 1 standard gallon.
1 cubic foot is equal to f our-flf ths of a
bushel.
SURTEYOR'S MEASURE.
7.92 chains make 1 link.
25 links make 1 rod.
4 rods make 1 chain.
10 square chains (160 square rods) make 1
acre.
640 acres make 1 square mile.
TROY WEIGHT.
24 grains make 1 pennyweight.
20 pennyweight make 1 ounce.
12 ounces make 1 pound.
CLOTH MEASURE.
2J4 inches make 1 nail.
4 nails make 1 quarter.
4 quarters make 1 yard.
LIST OF MISCELLANEOUS MEASURES.
3 inches make 1 palm.
4 inches make 1 hand.
6 inches make 1 span.
18 inches make 1 cubit.
21.8 inches make 1 bible cubit.
2J^ feet make 1 military pace.
12 articles make 1 dozen.
12 dozen make 1 gross.
12 dozen dozen make 1 great gross.
20 articles make 1 score.
10 years make 1 decade.
100 years make 1 century.
16 pounds make I stone.
COMPUTING INTEEE8T.
■j THE RAPID CALCULATOR, f
•jIY means of the table on the following page, it will be
^jE^P found easy to ascertain the amount of interest on any
si^^ given sum for any given time. The first column shows
^'PW the amount on which the interest is to be computed ; the sec-
ond column gives the respective rates at which the computation
is to be made, and the remaining columns contain the amount
of interest on the sums indicated for tlie periods named above them.
Illustration.— Whnt Is the interest on $80* for bIx months at eJght per cent? Look In
the left hand column of tlio table for the ainrmnt, $00; find tlie tljrure 8 in the group opposite
$60 in the second column, which shows the rate per cent; then run the flnKer aiontf tnis line
toward the rijfht, until the column headed " 6 months " Is reached. The tiKures there found
(44.80) give the re(iuired answer. Of course, if the rate named had Ixjen 6, 7 or 10 per cent,
the line commoncinif with the proper figure snould have been followed.
In the table, computations have been given only at six, seven,
eight and ten per cent, these being the rates most common in bus-
iness transactions. Interest at other rates may, however, be easily
computed from the figures given. Thus, interest at four per cent
is one-half that at eight ; five per cent one-half of ten ; twelve per
cent double six, etc., etc.
If it be desired to ascertain the interest on an amount not spe-
cifically named in the table, it may be easily found by combining
the figures given for two or more amounts whose sum will equal the
amount sought.
Illustration. — To find the interest on $146 for one yea,r, nine
months and eighteen days at seven per cent.
Interest on $100 for 1 year at 7 per cent $7 00
Interest on $100 for 9 months at 7 f>er cent 5 25
Interest on $100 for 15 daj's at 7 per cent 25
Interest on $100 for 3 days at 7 per cent 06
Interest on $40 for 1 year at 7 per cent 2 80
Interest on $40 for 9 months at 7 per cent 2 10
Interest on $40 for 15 days at 7 per cent 16
Interest on $40 for 3 days at 7 per cent 02
Interest on $5 for 1 year at 7 p«*r cent 85
Interest on $5 for 9 months at 7 per cent 26
Interest on $5 for 1 5 days at 7 jwr cent 01
Interest on $5 for 3 days at 7 per cent 00.02
Interest on $145 for 1 year, 9 months, 18 days at 7 per cent $18 26.02
To ascertain the interest on $200, $500, $1,200, etc., multiply
that given in the table for $100 by the proper number.
As notes are so frequently made at 30 days' time, a separate
column has been included in the table, giving the amount of interest
for 33 days, allowing for the usual three days of grace. It is be-
lieved that this feature will render the table stiU more convenient
for reference
COMPUTING INTEBEST.
Iijstaijtaijeous Computatioij of Iijterest oij Givei) J^mouijt for aijy Nunjber of Days or l^oijlljs.
92
$10
$60
$80
TiMK FOR WHICH INTEREST IS COJIPXTTED.
123466789 1015 2025303313 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
.10
' 60
70
80
.10
' 60
' 70
, 80
,10
110 1
61
712
10
10 2 4
102 5 7
1011
ll!l2
14116
8 911
9 11 12
10112 14
12 15 17
inll2
I2!l4
12jl6
1619
1213
14 16
24|2
20 22
1719
101:5 15 17115
1:.' ir,'is':.'n'i8
j;j 17 :io -';.', 20
lTi2l!25 27 2o
13 17
1619
1822
22 27
13
15
1<>
2128a5
1721
1924
27 33
3139
5367
44 56
30 38
35 44
40 50
50 63
25 33 42
29 39 49
33 44 56
4256 69
20
22
23
25
27
;«)
33
36
25
28
29
;{2
;«
;«i
42
46
:50
33
35
■M
40
44
50
55
a5
39
41
45
47
52
58
64
40
44
47152
80 88
67 73
45'50
53 58
60 66
75
50
55
58
64
67
Ti
83
92
70
80
1.00
70
82
93
1.17
93
1.60
1.33
90
1.05
1.20
1.50
1.00
1.17
1.
1.
10
70
80
1 00
88
1.00
1.25
90
1.05
1.20
1.50
1.05
1.23
1.40
1.75
1.20
1.40
3.40
2.00
1.35
1.58
1.80
2.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
10
70
80
1.00
93
1.07
1.3i
9
10
13
10
12
13
17
13
15
1
21
25
29
33
42
50
58
66
84
75
88
1 00
1.25
1 00
1.1
1.33
1
1.00 1.25
1.1711.46
1.33il.67
1.67 2.08
1 201.50
1.40 1.75
1.60 2.00
2.002.50
1.40
1.63
1.8'
2.33
1.60
8'
3.20
3.6'
1.80
2.10
2.40
3.00
3.00
2.33
3.67
3.33
1.75
2.04
2.33
2.92
2.00
2.33
4.00
3.33
2.25
2.63
3.00
3
3.50
3.92
3.33
4.17
11
12
15
12
14
16
20
15
18
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
1.00
90
1.05
1.20
1.50
1 20
1.41
1.60
2.00
1.50
1
2.00
2.50
1
3.10
3 40
3.00
2.10
2.45
3.80
3.
504
2.40
2.80
4.80
4.00
2.70
3.15
3.00
4.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
9
12
11
12
14
18
14
16
19
23
18
20
23
29
35
41
47
58
70
82
93
1 17
i.a5
1.23
1.40
1.75
1.07
1.35
11
12
15
14
16
18
23
18
21
24
30
23
2(i
30
38
46
53
60
75
90
l.a5
1.20
1.50
1 201.35
1.40!l 52
1 6011.80
2.002.25
1 401.6011
1.63 1.87 2.10
1 87 2.1312.40
2.33 2.67 3.00
1.75
2.04
2.33
2.92
2.00
2.33
2.67
3.33
2.10 2.40
3.45'3.80
80;3.2()
3.50 4.00
2.45
2.86
3.27
08
3.27
5.60
4.67
2.80
3.27
3.73
4.67
3.20
3.73
6.40
5.33
2.25
2.63
3.00
3.75
2.70
3.15
3.60
4.50
3.15
3.68
4.20
5.25
3.60
4.20
7.20
6.00
10
12
13
17
15
18
20
25
20
23
27
33
25
39
3!}
4^
50
58
67
83
1.00
1.17
1.33
1.67
1 50
1.
2.00
2.50
200
2.33
67
3.33
2. .50
2 92
3.33
4.17
3.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
3.60
4.08
4.67
5.83
5
6
7
9
11
18
16
18
17
19
22
28
22
26
29
37
28
32
37
46
55
64
73
92
1.10
1.28
1.47
1.84
1.65
1.93
2.20
2.75
2.20
2.57
2.93
3.67
2 75
3.31
3.67
.58
3.30
3.85
4.40
.50
3.86
4.49
5.13
6.42
4.00 4.40
5.13
8.008 80
6.67 7.33
3.15 3.60 4.ft5 4.50
3.68 4.20'4.73 5.
4.20 4.805.40 5.80
5.25 6.00,6.75 7.60
3.50
4.
4.67
5.83
4.00 4.50
4.675.25
5.33 6.00
6.677.60
25l6
5.00
6.83
6.67
8.33
6
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
18
20
24
30
24
29
32
40
30
35
40
60
60
70
80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
2.00
1.80
2.10
2.40
3.00
2.40
2.80
320
400
3.00
3.60
4 00
5.00
3.60
4.20
4.80
6.00
4.20
4.90
6 60
7.00
4.80
5.60
9.60
8.00
4.95 6.40
78 6.30
6.40 7.20
8 25 9.00
5.60
6.42
7.33
9.17
6.00
7.00
8.00
10.00
RAPID CALCULATION.
TABLE showingr the Quantity of Various Kinds of Seeds needed for Planting,
per Acre, and SKode of FlautinK.
Kind of Seed.
AsparafrtiB
AsparatfUH plants.
Barley
Beuns, bush
lieuns, pole, Lima
Beans, Carolina,
proline, etc
Retits and man-
Kold
Broom corn . .
Cabbage
Cabbagre
Carrots
Celery seed
Celery plants
Celery, white,
Dutch
Clover, Allsko
Clover,larKered..
Clover, largo red,
with timothy...
Clover, Lucerne..
Corn, field
Corn, salad
Corn, BURar
Cucumbers
Flax
Grass, timothr...
Grass, timothy,
with clover.
Grass, orchard
Grass, red top or
heads
Grass, blue —
Mode
of Plantingr
12 Inch drills.
ixiyi feet apart
90 inch drills...
4ft. apart each
way
4x3 feet apart .
ao inch drills . . .
In drills
Outside, for
transplanting.
Sown in frames.
30 inch drill
4 X ^ feet apart.
10 inch drills.
In hills... .
Broadcast. .
Quantity
Needed.
Meas-
ure
No.
16
8,000
SI
ao
10
9
12
12
4
4
8
25,000
13
6
10
12
10
8
25
10
3
20
10
ft
25
20
28
Kind of Seed.
Grass, rye
Grass, lawn...
Lettuce
Melons, citron
Melons, water
Dats....
Onions ,
Onions .
Parsnips . .
Parsley
Peas
Peas, short
varieties .
Peas, tail va-
rieties.. .
Pepper-plants
Potatoes
Pumpkins
Radishes
Kyc
Rye
Squash, bush
Turnips
Turnips
Tomatoes....
Tomatoes ....
Tomato plants
Wheat
Wheat ....
Mode
of Planting
Meas-
ure
In 30 inch rows...
'n hills, 4 feet apart
each way. . . .
n hill8,8 feet apart
each way.
In beds or sets
In rows for large
bull)8
iU Inch drills. .
Zi inch drills. .
Broadcast ...
In drills
In drills
lx2H feet apart.
In hills, 8x8 feet
apart
:M inch drills ..
Broadcast
In drills
In hills, 4x4 feet
apart . . .
In 34 inch drills
Broadcast
In frames
Seeds in hills, 3 feet
apart each way.
Broadcast.
In hills...
Ouantity
Needed.
ts .
bs..
Lbs..
Lbs..
Lbs.
Bus.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Bus
Bus .
Bus
Pits
Bus
Qts.
Lbs.
Bus
Bus
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Oi..
Oz..
Pits
Bus
Bus
No.
204
35
3
60
ItolU
17,600
8
2
10
I
3
8
3
3
8
3,800
2
* Qta., quarts; Pits., plants; Bub., bushels; Lbs., pounds; Oz., ounces.
TABIiE showinflT the Number, Diplomatic Titles, and Salaries of the various
Foreisn ministers of the United States. ^^
Country.
Argentine
Republic
Austria-
Hungary
Belgium..
Bolivia . . .
Brazil ....
Central
Americ'n
States . . .
Chili
China
Colombia
Corea
Denmark.
France . .
Germany.
Great Bri-
tain
Greece,
Rouma'ia
& Servla.
Hawaiian
Islands . .
Resid'ce.
Buenos
Ayres..
Vienna..
Brussels.
La Paz..
Rio de
Janiero
Guate-
mala* ..
Santiago
Pekin . . .
Bogota..
ScoU ...
Copen-
hagen .
Paris ..
Berlin...
London .
Athens*.
Honolu-
lu
Title.
Mln. Res.
E. E. and Min. Plen
Mln. Res
Min. Res
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
Min. Res
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
Min. Res.
Min. Res
SalY
7,600
12,000
7,500
5,000
12,000
10,000
10,000
12,000
7.500
6,000
5,000
17,500
17,500
17,600
8,600
7,600
Country.
Hayti.
Italy..
Japan.
Liberia .
Mexico .
Nether-
lands —
Paraguay
and Uru-
guay —
Persia —
Peru . .
Portugal
Russia . .
Siam ...
Spain . . .
Sweden &
Norway
Switzer d
Turkey..
Venez'cla
Be8td*nce
Port-au-
Prince
Rome . . .
Tokio
(Vcddo)
Monrovia
City of M
The
Hague .
Mont'deo
Teheran .
Lima —
Lisbon . .
St Peters-
burgh ..
Bangkok
Madrid ..
Stock'o'm
Berne.. .
Constan-
tinople
Caracas.
Title.
Sal'y.
Min. Res
B. B. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
E. E. and Min. Plen
Mln. Res
Min. Res
Min. Res
E. E. and Min. Plen
.Min. Res
E. E. and Min. Plen
Min. Ites. . .. ...
E. E. and Min. Plen
Min. Res
Min. Res
E. E. and Min. Plen
Min. Res
7,600
12,000
12,000
3,000
12,000
7,600
5,000
5.000
10,000
5,000
17,500
5,000
12,000
7,500
5,000
7,500
7,500
* Ministers reside at the capital of the country to which sent ; except that the Minister to
the Central American States (including Costa Rica, Guatemala. Honduras, Nicaragua and
Salvador) resides at the capital of Guatemala, and the Minister to Greece, Roumania and
Servia, resides at the capital of Greece. _ „ „^ .. j w *
[Explanation of Abbrevations : E. E. and Min. Plen., Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary ; Min. Res., Minister Resident.]
c*-
-.>e^^s^-^
_ WlJf 11
'•STv*
RITING is indeed a part of the art preserva-
tive, and in this age of accomphshment, the
ability to write well, with speed, and so
clear that it can be read with ease, should be
acquired by each individual, no matter what
may be his busines or place in the world.
Communication between man and man must
now be more frequent as it becomes universal, and every
accountable being will, at once, find that there is the utmost
need of knowing how to handle the pen.
First, learn to write a plain, round business hand. Let
it be neat and accurate ; do not yield to the habit of botch-
work or bungling. Pay due respect to your correspondent
by sending a letter that is free of a stupid or awkward
address, whether inside or outside of the envelope. Be
punctilious about spelling the words that you choose to employ.
Few are so smart that a dictionary of words is of small or no use.
Have a dictionary close by as well as your bible, and do not grow
up or continue a victim of bad spelling.
MATERIALS FOR WRITING.
To a suitable table or desk, with light free at the point of the
pen, is to be added the prerequisite materials of pens, ink and paper.
Steel pens are in general use, and are best for most persons.
Gold pens are to be valued for always producing the same quality
of writing, while steel pens, new or old, produce finer or coarser
lines, and better lines as the steel point adheres to the paper. One
will require a coarse pen, and another a fine one ; the pen should be
adapted to the hand, whether it be one of the elastic series or less
flexible. There are all grades, shapes, and sizes to suit the fancy or
style of all. Pens are to be selected by trying one or two of several
kinds before buying a full supply. Write a few lines or a page with
the different points and then compare the writing. If it be shaded
387
too much, take a less flexible pen, if the hair hnes are too delicate,
take a coarser pen.
Use black ink, free from sediment, that flows well ; an inkstand
with broad base and small neck to save it from upsetting and absorb-
ing the dust of the room. A fluid ink that does not appear black
at once, but continues to grow black and durable, is preferred by
business men and accountants. Fancy colored inks should be avoided.
Paper is abundant and cheap, and it is a mark of bad taste to
write on an inferior article. Bad writing on good paper is better
than gootl writing on bad paper. Foolscap is best for the practice
of penmanship, as it may be easily sewed into book-form, with cover
of some different color, and serve the purpose very well. The
paper should have a medium surface. A few extra sheets beside
the writing book are needed for use in testing the pens and practic-
ing the movement exercises. There should be many thicknesses of
paper under the pen of the writer, and a large sized blotter under
the hand.
Have the will to learn, to study, and to practice. Aimless or
careless practice never made a good ^v^ite^. The forms of the
models should be well conceived by the mind. These must be
clearly formed in the mind if you would execute the pen-work so
that the writing will apj^ar neat and plain. Study comes before
practice, or with it. But practice does not come before study in
learning anything. The form of each letter should be studied and
its various parts fairly analyzed, then practiced.
POSITION OF THE BODY.
Sit squarely before the desk with feet firmly on the floor, and
both arms on the desk, is the best position for practice in writing, or
correspondence. Otherwise, the right side may be placed to the
desk, with the right arm only resting thereon, and some persons
prefer this position. Do not cross the feet, sit on the edge of the
chair, or assume any careless attitude. Sit erect, but slightly mclined
forward, that the eye may follow the pen closely. This is the only
proper or healthful position. When wearied by sitting and the
effort of writing, rise from the desk and take exercise by walking
about the room or in the open air ; then come back refreshed and
ready to take new interest in the practice of writing. Let the light
fall from the left side, unless you are left-handed.
WRITING MADE EASY.
SHADING.
Shading has its value, but business men, clerks and telegraph
operators find a uniform and regular style of writing, without shade,
the best, even though it may not be as artistic.
UNIFORMITY.
This is a necessary element in all good penmanship. There must
be no irregularity in the slope of letters and words that form a
written page. Uniformity in the size of letters, all letters written
on the line, and of uniform hight, are some of the essentials of good
pen work.
SLANT.
Writing may be more or less positive in its angle of slant, and
that will not matter so much if all the letters are made to conform
exactly to the same slant. Writing that is nearest to the perpendic-
ular is most legible, and therefore best for business purposes. But
for ease in execution, the writing should slant, but ought to be made
as nearly perpendicular as is consistent with ease of execution. The
slant of writing should not be less than sixty degrees from the
horizontal.
WKITING MADE EASY.
LEGIBILITY.
In learning to write, the pains that are taken to make it legible
should not be offset by the bad habit of making all manner of mean-
ingless flourishes. The business man does not look with favor upon
shades and flourishes in writing, but in his estimation writing is
injured by them. A plain, regular style that can be written rapidly,
and read at a glance, is demanded for business purposes.
POSITION OF BODY WHILE STANDING.
PRACTICAL bookkeeper
finds it advantageous to do his
writing while standing. Where
entries are to be tranferred
from one book to another, as
is the case where large books
are in use, the work cannot be
done in a business-like manner
in other than a standing posi-
tion. While writing in large
books, the writer must place
his left side to the desk, since
cumbrous books must lie
squarely on the desk, for con-
venience, if not to make the
most of space.
FINISH.
Good pen- work consists in attention to small details ; each letter
and word correctly formed, makes the beautiful page. By careless
making of one letter, or part of a letter of a word, oftentimes the
word is mistaken for another, and the entire meaning changed.
Particular attention should be given to the finish of some of the
small letters, as the dotting of the i and the crossing of the t.
Blending the lines which form a loop, often causes the letter to ap-
pear as a stem, as if it were a t or d, or an e becomes like an i. If
the small cross be left off the capital F the letter will be a T ; the W
often becomes an M, or vice versa, and the I a J. Each letter has
an identity of its own, that by study and careful practice will be
preserved.
WRirrNG MADE EASY.
POSITION OF HAND AND PEN.
Rest the right arm on the muscles just below the elbow, and the
wrist should be elevated so as to move free from paper and desk.
Turn the hand so that the wrist will be level, or so that the back of
the hand will face the ceiling. The third and fourth fingers turned
underneath the hand will form its support and the pen ; these fingers
and the muscles of the arm near the elbow form the only points of
rest, or contact, on desk, or paper. The pen should point over the
shoulder, and should be so held that it may pass the root of the nail
on the- second finger, and about opposite the knuckle of the hand.
Teachers concur in the one position above described. Any other or
unnatural position is opposed to good writing. Avoid an awkward
or cramped position, or drawing the forefinger up into a crooked
shape. Hold the pen firmly but lightly. Have the will to acquire
the habit of holding the pen correctly, not grasping it as if it were
about to escape, and with practice you will soon be able to write
with ease.
RAPIDITY
An essential feature of a practical business style of writing must
be rapidity of execution. Merchants require that their clerks do
their writing well and rapidly, and the letters to be answered, bills
to be made out, or items to be entered on the books of account,
make it needful that the clerks move the pen with dexterity and
WRITIMG MADE EASY.
ease. In acquiring speed in writing, one should gradually increase
the speed until the desired rate is accomplished.
BEAUTY.
As in other things, the element of beauty in the handwriting is
largely a matter of taste and education. To the man of business,
the most beautiful handwriting is that that is written with ease, and
expresses plainly and neatly the thought of the writer. To the pro-
fessional or artistic taste no writing would be considered beautiful
unless it was made to conform to rule as to proportion, shade and
spacing. In the practical art of writing, it may be fair to measure
its beauty largely by its utility
MOVEMENT -
In the office or counting room, where the clerk or correspondent
must write from morning till niglit, the finger movement cannot be
used. Writing by use of the fingers as the motive power, is entirely
inadequate to the requirements of business, since the fingers soon
become tired and the hand becomes cramped. The whole arm or
free arm movement, in which the arm is lifted from the desk and
completes the letter with a dash or swoop, is necessary in oi-na-
mental penmanship, but has no place in a practical style of business
writing. For the practicid purposes of business, the muscular move-
ment, in which the arm moves freely on the muscles below the
elbow, is best adapted. The third and fourth fingers may remain
stationary on the paper, and be moved between words or from time to
time, where careful and accurate writing is desired, but in more rapid,
free and flowing penmanship, the fingers should slide over the paper.
MOVEMENT EXERCISES.
To obtain control of the pen and train the muscles, a series of
movements must be practiced. Circular motion, as in the capital O,
reversed as in the capital W, vertical movement as in f, long s and
capital J, lateral motion as in small letters. This is to enable one to
move the pen in any direction, up, down, or sidewise. Try the
simplest exercise in movement ; follow around in the same line as
as nearly as possible, without shading.
WKITING MADE EASY.
Same exercise with ovals drawn out and slight shade added to
each down stroke.
Continuation of exercise for reverse
practice.
Side of ovals should be even, making a straight lie. Keverse
the movement. Note the arrows.
Essential elements of capital letters are as shown in the following
three exercises, which should at first be made large for the purposes
of movement.
Capital 0, down strokes parallel.
394
wErrmo made east.
Capital stem. Down stroke curved, shade low, finish with a dash.
Capital loop. Curves paralleL First curve highest.
Lateral movement, by which one writes long words without
lifting the pen.
Down strokes straight, even and resting on line.
Third and fourth fingers should slide on the paper. Avoid the
finger movement. Combine the movements in various forms.
Lateral and rolling movement combined. Vertical movement
and rolling movement combined. Do not shade the circles. Lines
should be parallel.
Repeating many of the small letters, as m, u, e, r, s, a, d, h and
c; also capitals D, J, P, etc., forms an excellent exercise for the
learner.
WRITING MADE EAST.
PRINCIPLES IN WRITING.
Essential parts of all letters of the alphabet are here shown, by
which the learner can examine, analyze and criticise his writing.
/ ^ c^ ^ c57
Study the principles well; the I'orm of each should be iixed in the
mind. Then make a scale by dividing the distance between the blue
hnes on the paper into equal spaces, as shown in the diagram, and
write the letters down as they appear there.
^
<^jyy//:jjy>^yy/^x/y
Contracted letters, as a, c, e, m, n, o, r, s, u, v, w, x, that occupy
one space, and that part of d, g, h, q and y, found in the first space,
are all well rounded and developed. These and part of letters found
in the first space, form the essential part of all writing, and there-
fore deserve special care.
Notice that the loop letters, b,.f, h, k and 1, extend two and one-
half spaces above the blue line, while the loop below the line, as g,
f J j> % y ^^^ z, extends one and one-half spaces below the blue line.
If all loops are made exact or within the space for them, then the
loops on one line will just meet the lower loops of the line above,
but never confl.ict, to the destruction of neat body writing.
Telegraph operators, some of whom are among our best business
penmen, make all extended letters very short, while accountants
and business men, favor the style of short loops, well developed
letters, and capitals made small.
Apply the principles. Observe regularity.
Muscular movement.
WEITING MADE EAST.
Down strokes straight. Up strokes cur.ved.
Well formed loop. Make letters even. '
Practice these exercises with the muscular movement until they
can be made with regularity and ease.
Let third and fourth lingers shde. Jsotice the top of the r.
Small o closed at the top. No retracing in a.
Two spaces high. Down strokes straight.
Mark the principles. Do not retrace.
Notice form. In w, last part narrow. Make ^vithout raising
the pen.
Extend two spaces above the Une, and one. below.
WKITING MADE EASY.
Eetracing is an error. The only exception to this is in d, t, p
and X, where it becomes necessary.
>^^^^^^^^^^^:
Upper loops have their crossing at the height of one space, while
lower loops cross at the blue line.
.^u^n^^y^i^^^ri^J^^^
Place the capital letters on the scale, analyze them according to
principles 6, 7 and 8, and notice their relative proportions.
Practice the oval letters.
WEITING MADE EASY.
ORNAMENTAL PENMANSHIP.
Most beautiful forms may be drawn with the pen, as elegant out
lines of the bird, landscape, swan or reindeer, but ornate writing or
pen-work has no connection whatever with the practical business of
life. To do that kind of work, one must have the skill of an expert
and the eye of an artist. Th# appended dlustration,,a fac-simile of
pen-work, will show what a degree of artistic elegance can be at-
tained m the use of the pen by the careful study and constant prac-
tice of the rules laid down in this book.
Ovals must be made full and round. No comers or flat sides.
Letters in which the capital stem, or seventh principle forms a
Icadinix jiart. arc as follows:
In H and K, the capital stem is atmost straight on the down
stroke, in F, and T, it is a little more of a wave line, and in S and L
the line is much of a compound or double curve
y
Capital I, and also J, which is a modified I, is sometimes closed
among the capital stem letters, from the resemblance of the I to
this principle in ail but the top.
c#
WRITINO MADE EASY.
1
399
WEATHER SIGNS.
WEATHER SIGNS.
A rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather; a red sky in the morning, bad weather,
probably rain. In the morning, if gray dawn, fine weather; low dawn, fairweather; high
dawn, wind. A bright blue sky denotes fine weather; dark blue sky, wind. Soft looking
clouds presage fine weather, with light breezes. Clouds with hard looking edges
denote strong wind. At sunset, if bright yellow sky, expect hard wind; rain, if pale
yellow. Clouds that are small and black indicate rain; scurrying clouds, wind or rain.
Following clear weather, if light streaks or mottled patches of white clouds appear,
followed by growing cloudiness, wind or rain may be sure to follow.
RELATIVE DURABILITY OF VARIOUS KINDS OF WOOD.
The figures given below were ascertained by experiment. A square piece of each
variety, 1^ inches square and two feet in length, was driven into the ground to
within one-half inch of Its entire length. At the end of five years, these pieces were
taken up and examined, and their condition was found to be, respectively, as follows:
Ash, elm, fir, oak, soft mahogany and every variety of soft pine were found to
be entirely decayed.
Hard pine, larch and teal-wood, were sound at the core but rotten on the outside.
Cedar of Lebanon and hard mahogany were in fairly good condition, decay
being slight.
Virginia cedar and locust were foimd unaffected, being as sound, in all respects,
as when driven into the ground.
Easy Bides for Computing Simple Interest.
Four per cent
Five percent
Six per cent
Seven and three-
tenths per cent*
Eight per cent...
Nine per cent
Ten per cent
Twelve per cent. .
Multiply Principal by
Number of days to run, and point off the right-hand figure
Number of days to run
Number of days, and point off the right-hand figure
Twice the number of days
Number of days Forty-five.
Number of days, and separate the right-hand figure Four.
Number of days Thirty.«ii.
Number of days, and separate the right-hand figure I Three.
Divide
product by
Nine.
Seventy-two.
Six.
* At this rate $100 earns two cents per day.
Showing the Length (in feet) of Iron "Wire Per Bundle.*
Gauge,
or size.
Length, feet.
Gauge, or size.
Length, feet.
Gauge, or size.
Length, feet.
No.
213
273
315
363
429
510
609
No. 7
717
858
1,028
No. 14
No. 15
3,428
No. 1
No. 8
No. 9
4,404
No. 2
No. 16
No. 17
5,862
No. 3
No. 10
i.2fln
7,620
No. 4
No. 11 1,587
No. 12 , 2.100
No. 18 .. ..
9,4.50
No. 5
No. 19
12,556
No. 6
1 No. 13
2,409 1
No. 20
14,736
* The weight of iron wire per bundle is uniformly 63 pounds ; its length depends upon its
fineness, or, in other words, its size.
ABBREYIATIOHS CONTRACTIONS
USED IN
WRITING AND PRINTING.
A., or Ans. Answer.
A. A. O. Assistant Adjutant General.
A. B. Bachelor of Arts (See B. A.)
Abp. Archbishop.
Abr. Abridged.
A. G. Before Christ.
A. D. In the year of our Lord.
Adjt. Adjutant.
Admr. Administrator.
Adrnx. Administratrix.
^., or ^t. Of age; aged.
Af. , or Afr. Africa, African,
Agr. Agriculture.
Afft. Agent; Against.
Ala. Alabama.
Aid. Alderman.
A. M. Master of Arts; Before noon; In
the j'ear of the world.
Am. , or Ami. Amount.
Anal. Analysis.
Anat. Anatomy.
Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon.
Anon. Anonymous.
Anatomy.
April.
Apocalypse.
Appendix.
Water.
Arkansas.
Arctic.
Assistant.
Astrol. Astrology.
Astron. Astronomy.
Alt., Atty. Attorney.
Atty. Oen. Attorney General.
Aug. August.
AnM. Austria, Austrian.
Av. Average.
Ave. Avenue.
Avoir. Avoirdupois.
B. Base, or bass (m music); Book; Baron;
Born; Buy.
B. A. Bachelor of Arts; British Amer-
ica (See A. B.).
Bat. Balance.
Bar. Barrel.
Bart., or Bt. Baronet.
Anat.
Apl.
Apoc.
App.
Aq.
Ark.
Art.
Bbl. Barrel, barrels. \
B. C. Before Christ.
B. G. L. Bachelor of Civil Law.
B. D. Bachelor of Divinity.
Bd. Bond; Bound.
Belg. Belgian.
Benj. Benjamin
Bib. Bible; Biblical.
Biog. Biography; Biographical.
Bk. Book.
B. L. Bachelor of Laws.
B. LL. Bachelor of Laws (See LL. B.).
B. M. Bachelor of Medicine
Bor. Born; Borough.
Bat. Botany, botanical, botanist.
Bp. Bishop.
Braz. Brazilian.
Brig. Brigade, Brigadier.
Brig. Gen. Brigadier General.
Bro. Brother.
Burl. Burlesque.
B. V. Blessed Virgin.
B. V. M. Blessed V irgin Mary.
G. Carbon; Church; Congress; Consul;
One hundred; Cent; Chapter.
Gal. Calendar; California.
Gam., or Gavnb. Cambridge.
Can. Canada.
Gap. Chapter; Capital.
Gaps. Capitals.
Gapt. Captain.
Gard. Cardinal.
Gash. Cashier.
Gat. Catalogue.
Gath. Catholic; Catharine; Cathedral.
G. B. Companion of the Bath.
C. E. Civil Engineer.
Gent. A hundred.
G. O. Captain of the Guard; Commis-
sary General; Counsel General.
G. H. Court House; Custom House.
Gh. Church.
Ghal. Chaldron.
Ghanc. Chancellor.
Ghap. Chapter.
Ghas. Charles.
Chr. Christopher; Christian.
Ohron. Chronicles; Chronology.
401
ABBKEVIATI0N8 AND OONTEACTION8.
Cfc. Cicero.
Civ. Civil.
C. J. Cliief Justice.
Clk. Clerk.
C. M. Common Meter.
Co. Company; County.
C. 0. D. Cash (or collect) on delivery.
Col. Colonel; Colonial; Colossians; Col-
umn.
Coll. College; Collector; Collection; Col-
league.
Colloq. Colloquial.
Com. Comniisfeioner; Committee; Com-
mentary; Common; Commodore.
Covj. Conjunction.
Conn. Connecticut.
Const. Constable; Constitution.
Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member.
Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary.
0. 8. A. Confederate States of America;
Confederate Army.
Ct. Connecticut; Court; Coimt.
Cts. Cents.
Cwt. Hundred-weight.
Cyc. Cyclopedia.
D. David; Duke; Duchess; Dowager;
Dutch; A penny or pence.
Dan. Danish; Daniel.
D. C. District of Coliunbia; (in music)
From the beginning.
D. C. L. Doctor of Civil (or Canon)
Law.
Z>. D. Doctor of Divinity.
Dea. Deacon.
Dee. December.
Def. Definition.
Deft. Defendant.
Dd. Delaware.
Dem. Democrat; Democratic.
Den. Denmark.
Dep. Deputy.
Dept. Department; Deponent.
Deut. Deuteronomy.
Dft. Defendant.
D. O. By tlie grace of Gk)d.
D. II. Dead head.
Diet Dictionary; Dictator.
Dis. Distant; Distance.
Dir'-ct. Discount.
Dist. District.
Dist. Atty. District Attorney.
Div. Divided; Division; Divisor; Divi-
dend.
D. M. Doctor of Music (see Mus. Doc.).
Do. The same.
Dots. Dollars.
Dog. Dozen.
D. P. Doctor of Philosophy (see P. D. ,
also Ph. D.).
Dpt. Deponent.
Dr. Debtor ; Doctor ; Dram ; Drachms.
D S. (In music) From the sign.
D. T. Dakota Territory.
Dub. Dublin.
D. V. God being willing.
DiDt. Pennyweight, or Pennyweights.
E
E. East; Eastern; Eari.
Ea. Each.
Ecd. or Ecdeit. Ecclesiastcs.
Eccl. Hint. Ecclesiastical History.
Ed. Editor; Edition.
Edin. Edinburgh.
EdxD. Edward.
^. Errors excepted.
E. Eg. Ells English.
E. II. Ells Flemish.
E. Fr. Ells French.
E. O. For example.
E. I. East Indies.
Elee. Electricity.
EUz. Elizabeth.
E. Lon. East Longitude.
Ehnp. Emperor; Empress.
Ency. or Encyc. Encyclopedia.
Encyr. Aiiier. Encyclopeaia Americana.
Encyc. Brit. Encyclopedia Britannica.
E. N. E. East Northeast.
Eng. England; English.
Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary.
Eb. Epistle.
Eph. Ephesians.
Epiph. Epiphany.
Eq. Equal; Equivalent
E. S. Ells Scotch.
E. 8. E. East Southeast.
Esq. Esquire.
Etal. And the others; and elsewhere.
Et »eg. And the following.
Be. Example; Exception; Exodus.
JSrcr. Executor.
Bxcrx. Executrix.
Eoood. Exodus.
Buk. Ezekicl.
E. & 0. E. Errors and ommissions
excepted.
F. France; Follow; Folio; Friday; Flor-
in; Foot.
Fa. Florida.
FaJir. Fahrenheit.
F. A. M. Free and Accepted Masons.
Far. Farthing; Farriery.
Fcfp. Foolscap.
jpfer. Iron.
Feb. February.
Fee. He did it.
Feud. Feudal.
Fig. Figure; Figurative; Figuratively.
Mr. Firkin.
Fl. Flemish; Florida.
Fl. Florin; Florins; Flourished.
F-. France; French; Franc; Francis;
From.
F. R. C. 8. Fellow of the Royal CoUege
of Surgeons.
ABBREVIATIONS AND C0NTBACTI0N8.
Fri. Friday.
Fath. Fathom.
Fur. Furlong.
Fut. Future.
G
O. Genitive; Guinea; Gulf.
Oa. Georgia.
Oal. Galatians; Galen.
Oal. Gallon; Gallons.
Oalv. Galveston.
G=. B. Great Britain.
O. B. and /. Great Britain and Ireland.
G^. C. Grand Chapter.
Oen. General; Genesis; Geneva.
Oent. Gentleman.
Oeo. George.
Geog. Geography; Geographer.
Oeol. Geology ; Geological ; Geologist.
Qeom. Geometiy.
Oer. or Oerm. German.
Gi. Gill or Gills.
G. L. Grand Lodge.
G. M. Grand Master.
G. 0. Grand Order.
Gr. Great; Greek; Gross; Grain.
Gram. Grammar.
G. 8. Grand Secretary; Grand Scribe;
Grand Sentinel.
G. T. Good Templar; Grand Tyler.
H. High; Height; Harbor; Hour.
Hab. Habakuk.
Hag. Hageai.
H. B. M. Her (or His) Britannic Majesty.
H. G. House of Commons.
Hdkf. Handkerchief.
Heb. Hebrew; Hebrews.
H. G. Horse Guards.
H. H. His (or Her) Highness; His Holi-
ness (the Pope).
Hhd. Hogshead.
H. I. H. His (or Her) Imperial High-
ness.
Ilind. Hindoo; Hindostan.
Hist. History; Historical.
H L. House of Lords.
H M. His (or Her) Majesty.
H M. S. His (or Her) Majesty's Steam-
er, Ship or Service.
Ho. House.
Hon. Honorable.
Hon'd. Honored.
Hort. Horticulture.
Hos. Hosea.
//. P. Horse-power ; Half -pay ; High-
Priest.
H. B. House of Representatives.
H R. E. Holy Roman Empire.
H. R. H. His (or Her) Royal Highness.
H. R. I. P. Here rests in peace.
Hum. Humble.
Hun. Hungary.
Hund. Hundred.
Hyd. Hydrostatics.
Hydraul. Hydraulics.
Hypoth. Hypothesis; Hypothetical.
/. India; Iceland.
lb. or Ibid. The same.
Ice. or Icel Iceland; Icelandic.
Id. The same.
J. T. Idaho Territory.
/. E. That is.
/. H. 8. Jesus, the Savior of Men.
III. or Ills. Illinois.
Imp. Imperial.
Imp. or Imper. Imperative.
Imp. or Imperf. Imperfect.
In. Inch; Inches.
Incog. Unknown.
Ind. India; Indian; Indiana.
Ind. or Indie. Indicative.
Ind. T. or Ind. Ter. Indian Territory.
Inf. Infinitive.
1. N. R. I. Jesus, of Nazareth, Eling
of the Jews.
Ins. Inspector; Insurance; Instant.
Ins. Gen. Inspector General.
Inst. Instant (the present month).
Int. Interest.
Introd. Introduction.
la. Iowa.
/. 0. 0. F. Independent Order of Odd
Fellows.
/. 0. 8. M. Independent Order of the
Sons of Malta,
I. 0. U. I owe you— an acknowledg-
ment for money.
Irreg. Irregular.
I. 8. Inside Sentinel.
Is. or Isa. Isaiah.
Is. or Isl. Island.
/. T. Indian Territory.
It. or Itai. Italy; Italian; Italic.
J. Judge.
Jam. Jamaica.
Jan. January.
Jos. James.
J. C. Jesus Christ; Julius Csesar.
J. D. Junior Deacon.
Jer. Jeremiah.
J. G. W. Junior Grand Warden.
J. H. 8. Jesus, the Savior of Men (See
I. H. S.).
Jno. John.
JoTia. Jonathan.
Jos. Joseph.
Josh. Joshua.
Jour. Journal; Journeyman.
J. P. Justice of the Peace.
J. Prob. Judge of Probate.
Jr. Junior.
Jul. July.
Jun. June; Junior.
Just. Justice.
J. W. Junior Warden,
ABBREVIATIONS AND OONTKACTIONS.
K. King; Knight.
Kan. Kansas.
K. B. Knight of the Bath.
K. G. King's Counsel.
K. C. B. Knight Commander of the
Bath.
K. L. H. Knight of the Legion of
Honor.
K. M. Knight of Malta.
Kin. Kingdom.
Knick. KnickerlxKJker.
K. P. Knight* of Pythia*.
Kt. Knight.
K. T. Knight Templar.
Ky. Kentucky.
L. Lady; Latin; Lord; Law; Book;
Lake.
L. or lb. A pound (in weight).
L. or £. A pound sterling.
La. Louisiana.
Lat. Latin.
Ld. Lord.
Lev. Leviticus.
Lib. Book.
Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant
Lieut.-Col. Lieutcnjint-C'olonel.
Lieut.-Oen. Lieutenant General.
Lieut.-Gov. Lieutenant-Governor.
Liq. Liquid ; Liquor.
Lit. Literature ; Literary; Literally.
LL.B. Bachelor of Laws. See B. L.
and B.LL.
LL.D. Doctor of Laws. See D.LL.
Lon., or Land. London.
Lon., or Long. Longitude.
L. 8. D. Pounds, Shillings, Pence.
Lt. Inf. Light Infantry.
Lo. Livres.
M
M. Marquis ; Middle ; Monday ; Mon-
sieur; Morning; Thousand; Meridian,
or Noon; Masculine; Month; Minute;
Mile.
Mae. . or Mace. Maccabees.
Macad. Macadam.
Mark. Machinery.
Mdj. Major.
Mnj -Oen. Major- GeneraL
Manuf. Manufacturing.
Mar. March.
Marq. Marquis.
Masc. Masculine.
Ma^s. Massachusetts.
Math. Mathematics; Mathematician.
MaU. Matthew.
M. C Member of Congress; Master of
Ceremonies.
.V. D. Doctor of Medicine.
Md. Maryland.
Mdlle. Mademoiselle.
M. E. Methodist Episcopal; Mechanical
Engineer.
Me. Maine.
Mech. Mechanics.
Med. Medicine.
M. E. O. H. P. Most Excellent Grand
High Priest.
Mem., or Memo. Memorandxmi.
Meth. Methodist.
Mex. Mexico; Mexican.
Mich. Michigan.
Min. Minute; Minutes.
Mm. Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary.
Minn. Minnesota.
Miu. MissiRsippi.
M. M. Their Majesties.
Mme. Madame.
Mo. Missouri.
Mod. Modem.
Mon,, or Mond. Monday.
Mont. Monsieur, or Sir.
M. P. Member of Parliament; Member
of Police; Municipal Police.
MS. Manuscript.
M8S. Manuscripts.
Mt». Mountains.
Mu». Doc. Musical Doctor;
M. W. Most Worthy.
M. W. P. Most Worthy Patriarch.
M. W. O. M. Most Worthy (or Most
Worshipful) Grand Master.
M. W. S. Jlember of the Worshipful
Societv.
Myth. Mytliology; Mythological
N
N. Noon; North; Note; Name; Number;
New.
N. A. North America.
Nah. Nahum.
Nap. Napoleon.
Nat. Natural; National; Natal.
Nai. Ilist. Natural History.
Naut. Nautical.
N. B. Note well, or take notice; New
Brunswick.
N. C. North Carolina.
N. E. North-east; New England.
Neb. Nebraska.
Neg. Negative.
N^. Nehemiah.
Nem. Con. No one contradictory; imani-
mously.
Neih. Netherlands.
New Mex. New Mexico.
N. F. Newfoundland.
N. H. New Hampshire.
N. J. New Jersey.
N. Lat. North Latitude.
N. 0. New Orleans.
N. P. Notary Public.
N. S. Nova Scotia.
N. T. Nevada Territory.
N. W. Nortn-west.
N. T. New York.
N. Z. New Zealand.
ABBBEVIATIONa AND OONTRACTIONS.
0. Ohio.
Obit. Died.
Obad. Obadiah.
Obs. Observatory.
Obt., or Obdt. Obedient.
Oct. October.
0. F. Odd Fellows.
Old Test. Old Testament.
Op. Opposite.
Or. Oregon.
Ord. Ordinance; Ordinary.
Ong. Original.
0. S. Old Style: Outside Sentinel.
C^f., or Oxon. Oxford.
P. Pole; Pope; Pint; Page.
Pa. Pennsylvania.
Pari. Parliament.
Part. Participle.
P. B. Bachelor in Philosophy.
P. G. Privy Council.
P. D. Doctor of Philosophy.
P. E. Protestant Episcopal.
P. E. I. Prince Edward's Island.
Penn., or Penna. Pennsylvania.
Per cent. By the hundred.
P. G. Past Grand.
Pg. Portuguese.
Phar. Pharmacy.
Ph. B. Bachelor of Philosophy.
Ph. Doc. Doctor of Philosophy.
PhUa. Philadelphia.
Pk. Peck; Pecks.
P. if. Postmaster; Post Meridian (or
afternoon).
P. M. O. Postmaster-General.
P. 0. Postoffice.
P. 0. D. Postofflce Department.
Port. Portugal; Portuguese.
P. R. Prize Ping; Porto Rico.
Pres. President.
Prof. Professor.
Prot. Protestant.
Pro tern. For the time being.
P. S. Postscript; Privy Seal.
Pt. Pint; Pints.
Pub. Public.
Pvi). Doc. Public Documents.
a
Question.
Query: Question; Queen.
B. Queen's Bench.
. C. Queen'sCounsel; Queen's College,
. E. D. Which was to be demonstrated.
. M. Quartermaster.
M. O. Quartermaster-General.
Quarter (28 lbs.).
t. Quart. Qts. Quarts.
u. Queen; Question.
_'. V. Which see.
Qy. Query.
R. Railway; River; Rood; Rod; King;
Queen.
R. A. Royal Academy; Rear Admiral;
Royal Arch.
Rod. Radical;- Root.
Rec'd. Received.
R. C. Roman Catholic.
Recpt. Receipt.
Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary.
Rect. Rector; Receipt.
Ref. Reformer ; Reformed ; Reformation ;
Reference.
Ref. Ch. Reformed Church.
Reg. Register; Regular.
Regt. Regiment.
Rep. Representative; Republican; sRe-
porter.
Repub. Republic.
Retd. Returned.
Rev. Revelations; Revolution; Revenue;
Review.
Rev. , or Revd. Reverend.
Rhet. Rhetoric.
R. I. Rhode Island.
Richd. Richard.
Riv. River.
R. N. Royal Navy.
Robt. Robert.
Rom. Roman; Romans.
Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic.
Rt. Right.
Rt. Hon. Right Honorable.
Rt. Rev. Right Reverend.
Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful.
R. W. Right Worthy; Right Worshipful.
S
8. Sign; South; Saint; Sunday; Second;
Shilling.
8. A. South America; South Africa;
South Australia.
8av8., or Sansc. Sanscrit.
8at. Saturday.
Sax. Saxon.
8. C. South Carolina.
Sc. Namely, To-wit.
Sci. Science; Scientific.
Scr. Scruple.
8. D. Senior Deacon.
8. E. South-east.
Sec. Secretary; Second; Section.
Sen. Senior.
Sep. , or Sept. September.
Serg., or Serj. Sergeant.
Sew., or Servt. Servant.
Sh. Shilling.
Shuk. Shakspeare.
Sing. Singular.
8. J. Society of Jesus.
8. Lat. South Latitude.
8. M. J. His (or Her) Imperial Majesty
8. of Sol. Song of Solomon.
Soc. Society.
Sol. Oen. Solicitor General.
8q. Square.
8q. ft. Square feet.
8q. in. Square inch,
Sq. m. Square miles.
Sq. rd. Square rods.
8q. yds. Square yards.
8r. Senior.
8. 8. Sunday School.
8. 8. E. South South-east
8. 8. W. South South-west.
^. Saint; Stone; Street.
8. T. D. Doctor of Sacred Theology.
8un. Sunday.
8un. Superior; Supplement; Superfine;
Superlative.
8upr. Superior.
8upt. Superintendent.
Surg. Surgeon.
Burg. Qen. Surgeon General.
Sure. Surveyor.
Sure. Oen. Surveyor-General.
8. W. South-west.
Sw. Sweden ; Swedish.
/SW/te. Switzerland.
8pn. Synonym; Synonymous,
Synop. Synopsis.
i%r. Syria.
T. Tuesday ; Town ; Territory.
Tan., or Tang. Tangent.
1\ E. Topographicd Engineers.
Tex. Texas.
Th. Thursday.
Theo. Theodore; Theodosia.
Theol. Theology.
Tim. Timothy.
Topog. Topography; Topographical.
TV. Translation; Iranslator; Transpose;
Trustee.
Treaa. Treasurer.
Tri. Trinity.
Tu. Tuesday.
Turk. Turkey; Turkish.
TVp., or Typo. Typographer.
'^fpog. Typography.
U. 8. N. United States Navy.
U. 8. 8. United States Senator; United
States Ship, or Service.
U. 8. V. United States Volunteers.
U, T. Utah Territory.
V. Viscount; Victoria; Verb; Verse;
Village; Volume.
V. , or vg. Against.
V. A. Vice Admiral; Vicar Apostle.
Va. Virginia.
V. C Vice Cliancelloi ; Vice Chairman.
F. D. L. Van Diemen's Land.
Ven. Venerable.
V. O. Vicar General; Vice Grand.
Vice Preat. Vice P^resident.
Vi»., or Vi»et. Viscount.
Vol. Volume.
V. P. Vice President.
V. R. Queen Victoria.
Vt. Vermont.
Vuig. Vulgar; Vulgarly.
W
W. "West; Wednesday; Warden; Week.
W. A. West Africa; West Australia.
Wed. Wednesday.
W. O. M. Worthy Grand Master.
W. O. 8. Worthy Grand Secretary.
Whf. Wharf.
Wk. Week.
W. I. West Indies.
Wi». Wisconsin.
IV. Tjon. West Longitude.
W. M. Worshipful Alaster.
W. N. W. West North-west.
W. P. Worthy Patriarch.
W. 8. W. West South west.
W. T. Washington Territory.
W. Va. West Virginia.
X Christ.
Xmas. Christmas.
Xn. Christian.
Xt. Christ.
U. Unitarian.
U. K. United Kingdom.
TJlt. Last, or of the last of the month.
Unit. Unitarian.
Univ. University.
U. 8. United States.
U. S. A. United States of America;
United States Army.
U. 8. L. United States Legation.
U. 8. M. United States Mail; United
States Marine.
U. 8. M. A. United States Military
Academy.
T., or Tr. Year.
Yd, Yard.
Td8. Yards.
T. M. C. A. Yoimg Men's Christian
Association.
Tr. Your.
Trs. Yours.
Z
Za/ih. Zachary.
Zech. Zechariah.
Z. O. Zoological Gardens.
Zin. Zinc.
FOREIGN WORDS AND PROVERBS
,-^^^^^^^^
E
^^^-lA--^
EW mistakes are more common than the misuse of words
or phrases borrowed from foreign languages. As a rule.
it is wiser for those who are familiar with no language
but their own to confine themselves, in conversation, to
the use of their mother tongue, since even if the foreign
word or phrase be appropriately used, the danger of
mispronunciation yet remains. There are, however,
some words or quotations in such common colloquial use
that to be ignorant of their meaning is nearly as morti-
fying as to missapply them. There is another class of
quotations not in such general use, but which are fre-
quently encountered in literature, the correct under-
standing of which adds much to the pleasure of the
reader.
The following list embraces selections from both these
classes, and contains those most commonly used in con-
versation and most frequently seen in English books and
periodicals. The language to which they belong is indicated by the
following abbreviations : (Fr.) French ; (It.) Italian ; (Lat.) Latin ;
(Sp.) Spanish.
AT} (TOO usque ad mala. (It.) (Used originally
of a dinner.) From the egg even to the
apple ; i. e., from beginning to end.
A cheval. (Fr.) On horseback.
A discretion. (Fr.) At pleasure ; without re-
striction.
Ad astra. (Lat.) To the stars.
Ad interim. (Lat.) In the meanwhile.
Ad libitum. (Lat.) At pleasure.
Ad naiiseam. (Lat.) To disgust : or until one
becomes disgusted.
A la Francaise. (Fr.) In the French manner.
At fresco. (It.) To the shade ; to the open
air ; cool.
Alia tentanda via est. (Lat.) Another way
must be tried.
AUegro. (It.) Sprightly ; cheerful.
Alter ego. (Lat.) Another self.
AUo relievo. (It.) In high relief.
Ante helium. (Lat.) Before the war.
A pied. (Vt.) On foot.
A pis aUer. (Fr.) At the worst.
A priori. (Lat.) From the former; i.e.,
from cause to effect.
Au regie. (Fr.) According to rule; correct-
ly ; properly.
Awt CcBsar, aut miUus. Either Caesar or no
one ; i. e., first, or nothing.
Avotresante. (Fr.) To your health.
Beaux esprits. (Fr.) Gay spirits; men of
wit.
B
Beaux yewx. (Fr.) Handsome eyes ; i. e., at-
tractive looks.
Bel esprit. (Fr.) A brilliant mind ; a person
of wit or genius.
Betla femina chi ride, vuol dire, horsa che
piange. (It.) The smiles of a beautiful
woman are the tears of the purse.
BeUa, horrida bella! (Lat.) Wars, horrid
wars.
Ben vienes si vienes solo. (Sp.) Welcome, if
thou comest alone. (Spoken of misfort-
une.)
Billet de hanque. (Fr.) A bank note.
Bis dot qui cito dat. (Lat.) He gives twice
who gives quickly.
Bisvincttquise vincit in victoiia. (Lat.) He
restrains himself in the moment of triumph.
Kase. (Fr.) Palled : surfeited ; incapable of
further enjoyment.
Bon ami. (Fr.) Good friend.
407
FOKEIGN W0KD8 AND PROVEEBS.
BoTia fide. (Lat.) In good faith ; honestly.
Bon twodo. (It.) Weli found ; an ingenious
selection ; a happy thought.
Brawj. (It.) Well done. (An exclamation.)
Carbonari. (It.) Members of a secret polit-
ical society.
Caret inillo et fine. (Lat.) It wants begin-
ning and end.
Ce ne que le j/reinier pan uui contc. (Fr.) It is
not the first step which '» difficult.
Cast a dire. (Fr.i That is to say.
C^est une autre chose. (Fr.) That is another
thing.
Ceterin parOms. (Lat.) Other things being
equal.
Cluunie a son gmit. (Fr.) Each Uy his taste.
Cliateauxen hsixiune. (Fr.) Castles m Spain;
castles in the air.
Chef deculxinr. <Kr.) Head cook.
Chemiti <ir ■'■■'■, 'yr.) Itailroad.
Chtr (till' <' Av I riend.
ChcvaU. I Ir.) A knight of in-
duHtrv ; wiiu win; hves by persevering
fraud.
Cfii tace confama. (It.) Silence is confession.
Chi responde prcMo nn poco. (It.) He who
answers suddenly knows little.
Ciynainore. (It.) W it li love: earnestly.
Con ttpirtlo. (It.) With spirit.
Contra Itonos imnct. (Lat.) Against good
mannt'i-s.
Coutnir (If rose. (Fr.) Koso color ; hence, an
as|M(i (»r heuuty or loveliness.
CoHixIcilKicc. (Fr.) A finishing stroke.
Coup lie nuiin. (Fr.) A sudden enterprise or
eirort.
Coup d'etat. (Fr.) A stroke of policy ; a vio-
lent measure of state in public affairs.
Crimen fides. (Lat.) Pal8ehoo<l ; p<'rjury.
Cuihonol (Lat.) For whose benefit V Wlrnt
good is it V
Xte hon auffure. (Fr.) Of good omen.
Dei QratUi. (Lat.) By the gniie of God.
Dejure. (I^at.) By law ; rightfully.
Demalaupis. (Fr.) From bad to worse.
De mortnia, nil nixi bonuni. (Lat.) Concern-
ing the dcatl, let only goo<l be sjKjken.
Deo volente. (Lat.) God being willing.
De profundis. (Lat.) Out of the depths.
Dernier resort. (Fr.) The last i-esort.
De trop. (Fr.) Too much; in the way; not
wanted.
Dies non. (Lat.) A day on which Judges do
not sit.
Dieu defend le droiL (Fr.) God defend the
right. ,
Dieu voua garde. (Fr.) May God protect you.
Di grado in grado. (It.) Step by step; by de-
gi-ees.
Diis altter visum. (Lat.) To the gods it seemed
otherwise.
Distingue. (Fr.) Distinguished; eminent.
Ditlce far niente. (It.) Sweet doing-nothing;
sweet idleness.
Domino. (It.) A mask robe.
Drop d'argent. (Fr.) Silver lace.
Drapd'<rr. (Fr.) Gold lace.
Droit des gens. (Fr.) The law of nations.
Ducit amor patrice. (Lat.) The love of coun-
try leads.
Due tcntc irtgliauo pin che una sola. (It.) Two
heads are better than one.
I>i(/>i ririmiw, t^iiYimtw. (Lat.) While we live,
let us live.
Dux femina fuit. (Lat.) A woman was the
leader of the deed.
Ecastivo verito the non e' buono per tmal-
chumo. (It.) It is an ill wind that blows
nobody any good.
Ecce h/)mo. (Lat.) Behold the man. (Used
of Christ.)
Ecee signum. (Lat.) Behold the sign.
El corazon manda las carnes. (Sp.) The heart
bears up the body.
E meglio caller (Udle finistre che dal tello. (It.)
It is better to lull from the window than the
roof. In other words, of two evils choose
the least.
En avant. (Fr.) Forward.
Enfans perdus. (Fr.) Lost children.
Enfin. (Fr.) At last; finally.
En masse. (Fr.) In a body.
Ennui. (Fr.) Tired; bored.
Entre lunu. (Fr.) Between ourselves.
Kslo perpetua. (Lat.) Let it be perpetual.
Et id genus omne. (Lat.) And everything of
that kind.
Er uiu), disce omnes. {LblI.) From one, learu
all.
Flitter mut fortuwr. (Lat.) The architect of
his own fortune; a self-nude man.
Eiicile priiiaiMi. (Lat.) Easily first, the ad-
mitted chief.
EOciU deceiums Ai'^rni. (Lat.) The descent
of Avernus (Hell) is easy.
Falrc aans dire. (Fr.) To do without saying;
i. e.,unoetentutiously.
Fait aeeompli. (Fr.) A thing accomplished.
FYintoccini. (It.) Dramatic representations
with puppet*.
Far nirnte. (It.) Doing nothing.
Fauteuil. (Fr.) An easy chair.
Femnie de cluiinlyre. (Fr.) A chambermaid.
FeriK luUunc. (Lat.) Of wild nature (said
of beasts.)
Fiat juMUia rual coelum. (I^t.) I.«t Justice
be done, though the heavens fall.
Flat lux. (Lat.) Ix;t there bo light.
Fidus Achates. (I^t.) Faithful Achates; a
true friend.
FiUe de Jole. (Fr.) A woman of licentious
pleasure.
Flagrante delicto. (Lat.) In the commission
of the crime; in the very act.
Fra. (It.) Brother; friar (applied chiefly to
monks of the lower order).
Franc4>. (It.) Free from jHjstago; post free.
Functtis officio. (I^it.) Having i»erforined the
duties of his office; hence, out of office.
Fwror scribendi. (Lat.) A rage for writing.
GaieU de eoeur. (Fr.) Gaiety of heart.
Oattici. (Lat.) In French.
Oarcon. (Fr.) A boy.
Gardeacheval. (Fr.) A mounted guard.
Oauche. (Fr.) Awkward.
Qaucherle. (Fr.) Awkwardness.
Oatulet tentatione virtwi. (Lat.) Virtue re-
joices in temptation.
Gens d' armes. (Fr.) Armed police.
Oentilhomme. (Fr.) A gentleman.
Oiovine Italia. (It.) A young lady.
Giovinesanto,diavolovecichia. (It.) A young
saint, an old devil.
Gloria in exciisis Deo. (Lat.) Glory to God
in the highest.
" Glory be to the Father.
(Fr.) War to the utter-
Gloria Patri. (Lat.)
Ouerre a V outrance.
most.
H
Hie et uhique. (Lat.) Here and everywhere.
Hie jacet. (Lat.) Here lies. (Used in epi-
taphs.)
Hoc loco. (Lat.) In this place.
Homme deslettres. (Fr.) A man of letters ; a
literary man.
Homme d'etat. (Fr.) A statesman.
Homo s^li juris. (Lat.) A man who is his own
master. „ ., ^ ^
Honi sort qui mal y pense. (Fr.) Evil be to
him who evil thinks.
Horn c' sempre. (It.) It Is always time.
Horafugit. (Lat.) The hour flies.
Hor» de combat. (Fr.) Out of condition to
flght.
Hotel Dicu. (Fr.) The name of a large hos-
pltjil in Paris.
Huiuaiiitin (xttrrarc. (Lat.) Toerris human.
Hurtar i>ant (lar p<>r Dio8. (Sp.) To steal in
order to gi\ti alms.
I
Ich dien. (Ger.) I serve.
Id est. (Lat.) That is ; abbreviated i. e.
11 a le diahle en corps. (Fr.) He has the devil
In him.
11 sabio imula cnnscio, U nescif) no. (Sp.) A
wise man sometimes changes his opinion, a
fool never.
11 n'est saitce que d''appetit. (Fr.) Hunger is
the best sauce.
Impiovisatore. (It,) An impromptu poet.
Iticognito. (It.) In disguise ; unknown.
In dubitn. (Lat.) In doubt.
Incase. (Lat.) In being.
In hoc sigiu) spes mca. (Lat.) In this sign is
my hope.
In hoc signn vinces. (Lat.) In this sign you
shall conquer.
Inpecto. (It.) In the breast ; in reserve.
Insouciance. (Fr.) Indifference ; carelessness.
Inter alia. (Lat.) Among other things.
Inter «08. (Lat.) Between ourselves.
Ira furor brevis est. (Lat.) Anger is a short
madness.
Ita lex scripta est. (Lat.) The law is so writ-
ten.
Jacta est alia. (Lat.) The die is cast.
Jardin des Plantes. (Fr.) The botanical gar-
den in Paris.
Je suis parit. (Fr.) I am ready.
Jeu de mots. (Fr.) A play on Avords ; a pun.
Jeu d' esprit. (Fr.) A witticism.
Joco cli mano, joco tnUans. (It.) A practical
joke is a vulgar joke.
Joli. (Fr.) Pretty.
Jua civUe. (Lat.) Civil law.
Jus gentium. (Lat.) Law of nations.
Junta. (Sp.) A state council in Spanish
countries.
Juxta. (Lat.) Near by.
Laissez faire. (Fr.) Let it alone.
Lapis philosophorum. (Lat.) The philoso-
pner's stone.
La poverta e la madra dl tutte di arti. (It.)
Poverty is the mother of all the arts.
Lapsus linffucB. (Lat.) A slip of the tongue,
L'argent. (Fr.) Money.
La speranza i il pun di miseri. (It.) Hope is
the poor man's bread.
Laus Deo. (Lat.) Praise be to God.
Lebeaumonde. (Fr.) The fashionable world.
Les beaux yetu. (Fr.) Soft glances.
Le tout ensemTjle. (Fr.) All together; the
whole appearance ; the general effect.
Lettre de cachet. (Fr.) A sealed letter; a
royal warrant.
Lex non scripta. (Lat.) Unwritten law ; the
common law.
Lex tcUionis. (Lat.) The law of retaliation,
i' inconnu. (Fr.) The unknown.
Lis litem general. (Lat.) Strife begets strife.
Locale. (Fr.) A place or station.
Locus in quo. (Lat.) The place in which.
Locv^ penitentke. (Lat.) Place for repent-
ance.
M
Machere. (Fr.) My dear. (Used in address-
ing females only.)
Mafoi. (Fr.) Upon my faith.
Magna civitas, magna solitudo. (Lat.) A great
city is a great desert.
Magnus Apollo. (Lat.) Great Apollo; one of
high authority.
MaMdle de mer. (Fr.) Seasickness.
Mala tide. (Lat.) With bad faith; treacher-
ously.
Malapropos. (Fr.) Ill-timed,
Mai de tcte. (Fr.) Headache.
Jtfrtwmi.sc honte. (Fr.) False modesty,
Mauvai.i sujet. (Fr.) A bad subject; a worth-
less fellow.
Mejudice. (Lat.) I being Judge; in my opinion.
Mens Sana in corpare sano. (Lat.) A sound
mind in a sound body.
Menu. (Fr.) A Mil of fare.
Mon ami. (Fr.) My friend.
Mon Cher. (Fr.) My dear (used in addressing
males).
Mors omnibus communis. (Lat.) Death is
common to all.
MuUum in pariio. (Lat.) Much in little.
Mutatis mutaiidis. (Lat.) The necessary
changes being made.
N
Naissance. (Fr.) Birth.
Natcde solum. (Lat.) Native soil.
Naivete. (Fr.) Ingenuousness.
Nee. (Fr.) Born. (As Mrs. Brown, n^ Smith,
or wnose maiden nHme was Smith.)
Ne exeat. (Lat.) Let him not depart.
Niaserie. (Fr.) Foolishness.
NU admirari. (Lat.) To wonder at nothing.
NU de»perandum. (Lat.) Never despair.
NHmporte. (Fr.) It matters not.
iV^f) hay cerradura si cs de oro la ganzua. (Sp.)
There is no lock but a golaen key will
open it.
No es todo oro lo que reluze. (Sp.) All is not
gold that glitters.
Norn de plume. (F*-.) A literary title.
Non compos mentis. (Lat.) Not of sound
mind.
Non mi recordo. (It.) I do not remember.
Non est inventus. (Lat.) He has not been
found.
Non omnia possumus omnes. (Lat.) We can
not all of us do all things.
Notre Dame. (Fr.) Our Lady.
Nous verrons. (Fr.) We shall see.
Nulla ntu)ba, buona, nuova. (It.) The best
news is no news.
N^dla vestigia retrorsum. (Lat.) No steps
backward.
Nullius flUus- (Lat.) The son of no one; a
bastard.
ObiU. (Lat.) He or she died.
Obiter dictum. (Lat.) A thing said by the
way.
(Eil de boeuf. (Fr.) A bull's eye.
Ogni U710 per si meiiesimo, e Dio per tutti. (It.)
Every man for himself and God lor us all.
OUa podrida. (Sp.) An incongruous mixture.
Omnia vincit amor. (Lat.) Love conquers all
things.
On commit Vami au besoin. (Fr.) A friend is
known in time of need.
Ondit. (Fr.) They say; a flying rumor.
Ora etlabora. (Lat.) Pray and work.
Ora pro not/is. (Lat.) Pray for us.
Otium cwm dignitate. (Lat.) Ease with dig-
nity; dignified leisure.
Oublierjenepuis- (Fr.) lean never forget.
Pacetua. (Lat.) By your consent.
Padrone. (It.) Ruler, protector.
Par example. (Fr.) By way of oxatnple.
Par excellence. (Fr.) By way of eminence
Partout. (Fr.) Everywhere.
Panxnu. (Fr.) A newcomer; an upstart
Passe partout. (Fr.) A master key.
FOREIGN WORDS AND PROVERBS.
Passim. (Lat.) Eveiywhere.
PaterfamUiwi. (Ijat.) The father of a family.
Pater lUMster. (Lat.) Our Father, the Lord's
prayer.
Peccavi. (Lat.) I have sinned.
Penchant. (Fr.) Inclination; desire.
Pendente lite. (Lat.) PendinK the suit.
Per capita. (Lat.) By the head.
Per centum. (Lat.) By the hundred.
Per amtra. (Lat.) Contrariwise; on the other
band.
Per diem. (Ij&t.) By the day.
Perdu. (Fr.) Lost.
Per (rraduis. (Lat.) Step by step.
Pen-<t-pen. (Fr.) Little by Uttie; by de-
grees.
P<}car()hl)a,jj(icapen»iero. (It.) Little wealth,
little care.
PoHt tiuntcm. (Lat.) After death.
Poi-te cra\ion. (Fr.) A pencil case.
Pour pamser le temps, (h r.) To pass away the
time.
Presto maduro, presto podredo. (Sp.) Soon
ripe, soon rotten.
Prima doujui. (It.) The principal female
sinKcr or actress.
Pro lH)no publico. (Lat.) For the public
Kood.
Pro et con. (Lat.) For and against.
Prohpudor. (Lat.) Oh ! for shame.
Projet de law. (Fr.) A scheme of law ; a leg-
islative bill.
Pronunciamentn. (Sp.) A public declaration;
a proclamation.
Protfg/'. (Fr.) One patronized or protected
by another.
Puiilca fides. (Lat.) Punic faith ; treachery.
Sans efuinger, (Fr.) Without changing.
.^mi culottes. (Fr.) Ragged men ; the lower
classes.
SansDieurlen. (Fr.) Nothing without God.
Sans stnici. (Fr.) Without care ; free and
easy.
Savant. (Fr.) A man of learning.
Savoir falre. (Fr.) Ability; contrivance;
skill.
Secundum artem. (Lat.) According to rule ;
soicMjtitlcally.
SciniMr fdir. (Lat.) Always happy; always
fortunate.
Semiter fidtlis. (Lat.) Always faithfuL
Semper idem. (Lat.) Always the same
Senttr. (Sp.) Lord ; sir.
Sic semjjer tvrannie. (Lat.) Ever thus to
tyrants.
Sic tratutit aUtria mundi. (Lat.) So passes
away earthly glory.
Stctta. (Sp.) Sleep after dinner ; rest.
Siomtra. (It.) Lady.
SimOia simttibug curantur. (Lat.) Like things
are cured by like.
Sine die. (Lat.) Without a day appointed.
Sidequdnon. (Lat.) An lndi6i>cnsablc con-
dition.
SohH/piel. (Fr.) A nickname.
Soi-dimnt. (Fr.) Self-styleil.
Soirfe. (Fr.) An evening party.
Statusquo. (Lat.) The state in which.
Subpama. (I^at.) Under a penalty.
Subrosa. (Lat.) Under the rose ; privately.
Suogeatio falsi. (Lat.) Suggestion of a false-
hood.
Suijftrit. (Lat.) In one's own right.
Sumtmun honum . (Lat . ) The chief good.
8unpra»in rerl. (Lat.) The suppression of
tne truth .
QucBre. (Lat.) Quory ; infniiry.
Quantum sufflc it. (Lat.i As much aa 1b neoes-
sarv ; a sufficient quantity.
Quagl. (Lat.) As if ; in a manner.
QueUpie chose. (Fr.) Something; a trille.
Quid pro qui). (Lat.) One thing for another ;
tit for tat ; an equivalent.
Quid times. (Lat.) What do vou fear?
Quen pregutita, no yerra. (Sp.) Who asks
errs not.
Qui m'ame, aime mon chien. (Fr.) Love me,
love my dog.
Qui en sahe. (Fr.) Who knows?
Qui va la 1 (Fr.) Who goes there ?
Qiu)d vide. (Lat.) Which see. Abbreviated
q.v.
Radix. (Lat.) A root.
Jtilison d^etat. (Fr.) A reason of state.
Recoje tu henn micntra« que el sol auziere.
(Sp.) Make hay while the sun shines.
R^ime. (Fr.) Mode of living; government;
system.
Rencontre. (Fr.) Encounter.
Rcndczvtnui. (Fr.) Appointment to meet ; a
place of meeting.
Renim primordia. (Lat.) The first elements
of things.
Res gestae. (Lat.) Exploits; accomplished
facts.
Remimi. (Fr.) An abstract or summary.
Revenons a nos moutons. (Fr.) Let us return
to our subject.
Rip. (Sp.) A river.
Role. (Fr.) Character in a drama.
Roue. (Fr.) A dissipated fellow; a liber-
tine.
Rus in urbe. (Lat.) The country in town.
Salon. (Fr.) A saloon ; a drawing room.
Sangfroid. (Fr.) Indifference; apathy.
Sans ceremonie. (Fr.) Without ceremony.
Tableau vivant. (Fr.) A li\ing picture. (A
representation of a scene by iK-rsons pro|)-
crly grouped, who remain silent and mo-
tionless.)
Tache sana laehe. (Fr.) A work without a
stain.
Tant mieux. (Fr.) So much the better.
Tantpis. (Fr.) So much the worse.
Tejudtee. (Lat.) You being Judge; in your
opinion.
Td maitre, td valet. (Fr.) Like master, like
man.
Temjiora mutantur, et nos mutamur in {Uis.
(Lat.) Times are changed, and we are
changed with them.
Tempus edax verum. (Lat.) Time, the de-
vourer of all things.
Tempus fugU . (Lat.) Time flies.
Tempus omnia revelat. (Lat.) Time reveals
all tilings.
Tenez. (Fr.) Take it: hold, wait.
Terracotta. (It.) Baked earth.
Terra firma. (Lat.) Solid earth; a safe foot-
ing.
Terra incognita. (Lat.) An unknown coun-
try.
Ttigavirilis. (Lat.) The gown of manhood.
Tot homines, qtiot sententicB. (Lat.) So many
men, so many minds.
Toujoursparet. (Fr.) Always ready.
Tourde force. (Fr.) A feat of strength or
skill.
Tout-a-fatt. (Ft.) Entirely; wholly.
Tout-a-Vheure. (Fr.) All at once; instantly;
suddenly.
Imdavous. (Fr.) Wholly yours.
Tout bieji ou rien. (Fr.) The whole or noth-
mg.
Tout de meme. (Fr.) Precisely the same.
Tout de mite. (Fr.) Immediatelv.
Tord ensemble. (Fr.) The whole taken to-
gether.
Trisfesse. (Fr.) Sadness; sorrow.
Tuum est. (L&t.) It is your own.
FOREIGN WORDS AND PROVERBS.
u
Uhi mpra. (Lat.) Where above mentioned.
U Uinta thide. (Lat.) The utmost bouudury
or limit.
Ultimatum. (Lat.) The last or only condi-
tion.
UnA voce. (Lat.) With one voice; unani-
mously.
Unhieii fait n^ei<t Jamais perdu. {Ft.) Anact
of kindness is never lost.
Un caheW) Ixvie sombi-a. (Sp.) The least hair
makes a shadow.
Une affaire Jiambee. (Fr.) A gone goose.
lino atiimo. (Lat.) With one mind: unani-
mously.
VM infra. (Lat.) As below.
Ut supra. (Lat.) As above stated.
Vade mecum. (Lat.) Go with me ; a constant
companion.
VcB victis (Lat.) Woe to the vanquished.
Vale. (Lat.) Farewell.
Valet anclwra vistiis. (Lat.) Virtue serves as
an anchor.
Valet de chambre. _ (Fr.) _ A body servant
''eni, vid
quered
con-
vaiet de ctuimore. (rr.j a ooay servani
Veni, vidi, vici. (Lat.) I came, I saw, I
Vera pro ffratus. (Lat.) Truth before fa-
vor.
Verbatim. (Lat.) Word for word and letter
for letter.
Verbum sat sapienti. (Lat.) A word is enough
for a wise man.
Verdad ce verde. (Sp.) Truth is green.
Truth will prevail.
(I^t.) No steps
(Abbro-
Veritanpreiyilchit. (Lat.)
Ve«tigia tniUa retroritum.
backward.
Via. (Lat.) By way of.
Vice. (Lat.) In place of.
Videlicil. (Lat.) To-wit; namely.
\iatcd viz.)
Vide ct crede. (Lat.) See and believe.
Viet armis. (Lat.) By force and arms; by
main force.
VigUate ct orate. (Lat.) Watch and pray.
Vin. (Fr.) Wine.
VincU qui ,sc vinclt. (Lat.) He conquers who
overcomes himself.
Vincrdum matrimonii. (Lat.) The bond of
matrimony.
Vis atergo. (Lat.) A pushing force from be-
hind.
Vin-d-vis. (Fr.) Opposite ; facing.
Visinertiae. (Lat.) The power of inertia.
Vivat. (Fr.) A shout of '' Long live."
Vive la repiiblique. (Fr.) Long live the re-
public.
Vive le mi. (Fr.) Long live the king.
VoUa. (Fr.) Behold, look there.
Voila tout. (Fr.) Behold all ; that's all.
Volenti non nt injriria. (Lat.) No injustice is
done to the person who consents (i. e., is
willing that it should be done to him).
Vox et praeterea nihil. (Lat.) A voice and
nothing more ; sound without sense.
Vidgo. (Lat.) Commonly.
Zonam solvere.
zone.
(Lat.) To loose the virgin
SHALL WE MEET AGAIN.
SHALL WE MEET AGAIN?
The following from the pen of the lamented George D. Prentice
is well worth reproduction. It was regarded as meritorious when it
first appeared, and age seems to have but added to its beauty :
"The flat death is inexorable. No appeal for relief from the great law which
dooms us to dust. We flourish and fade as the leaves of the forest, and the flowers
that bloom, wither, and fade in a day have no frailer hold upon life than the mightiest
monarch that ever shook the earth with his foot-steps. Generations of men will apjiear
and disappear as the grass, and the multitude that throng the world today will dis-
appear as footsteps on the shore. Men seldom think of the great event of death until
the shadow falls across their own pathway, hiding from their eyes the faces of loved
ones whose living smile was the sunlight of their existence. Death is the antagonist
of life, and the thought of the tomb is the skeleton of all feasts. We do not want to
go through the dark valley, although its dark passage may lead to paradise; we do
not want to go down into damp graves, even with princes for bed fellows. In the
beautiful drama of Ion, Uie hope of immortality, so elequently uttered by the death-
devoted Greek, finds deep response in every thoughtful soul. When about to yield
his life a sacrifice to fate, his Clemanthe asks if they should meet again; to which he
responds: I have asked that dreadful question of the hills that look eternal — of the
clear streams that flow forever — of stars among those fields of azure my raised spirits
have walked in glory. All are dumb. But as I gaze upon thy living face, I feel that
there is something in love that mantles through its beauty that can not wholly perish.
We shall meet again, Clemanthe."
HORSE POWER.
A most important term in mechanical engineering is that of
horse-power, which is used to indicate the strength of steam engines,
computed on a standard fixed by the power allowed to be exercised
by a horse. Though different engineers differ in opinion as to the
power of the horse, as a standard of strength, the celebrated engin-
eer, James Watt, fixed it at one constant point ; and from his theory,
a horse can elevate a mass weighing 33,000 pounds one foot high in
one minute of time. The horse-power exercised by falling water
is calculated by multiplying the cubic quantity of the water by the
altitude of the fall, and the product thus derived by sixty-two and
one half pounds, this being the weight of a cubic foot of water.
The strength of a steam-engine is reckoned by multiplymg together
the area, in inches, of the piston, the average pressure in pounds to
the square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, and the number of
strokes a minute ; then dividing by 33,000.
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
7^'
OOK-KEEPING is the science of accounts and
the method of recording the every day trans-
actions that arise therein, in such a manner
that one may be able to determine, at any time,
his resources and his liabilities, as well as his
gains and losses for any given time.
E.ESOUKCES consist of all a person owns,
such as merchandise, amounts due from others,
either in notes or on account, cash, real estate, etc.
Liabilities consist of all debts owing individuals,
firms or corporations.
]^ET Capital is the excess of one's resources over their
habilities.
Net Insolvency is the excess of liabilities over their
resources.
Profits or Losses. — There cannot be a gain or a
loss in one's business without some change in the value
or quantity of the resources or liabilities. Gains arise
from an increase in the value or the quantity of the resources, or
from a decrease of the habilities. Losses arise from a decrease in
the quantity or value of the resources, or from an increase of the
liabilities without a corresponding increase of the resources.
Debit and credit serve merely to distinguish the left from the
right hand side of an account. Debit items are placed on the left and
credit items on the right hand side of an account. Any person, item
or thing that costs value must be debited or, which is the same thing,
must be placed on the left hand side of the account in question.
Any person, item or thing that produces value must be credited, or
placed on the right hand side of the account in question.
Every kind of goods usually handled by merchants, with a view
to profit, would be placed under the title of merchandise. The notes
and written obhgations of others than the proprietor of the business
whose books are being kept by the parties making the entries,
should be placed under the title of biUs receivable, and all notes or
413
414
PBACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
written obligations of the above designated proprietor should be
entered under the title of bills payable.
Houses, lands, farms, and all permanent fixtures thereto, should
be entered under the title of real estate. Other items with which
dealings may be had, should be entered under titles indicated by the
respective items in question.
By carefully tracing the entries found on the following pages,
from the day book to the journal, and from the journal to the
ledger, and noting the instructions for balancing and closing the
ledger as well as examining and studying the accompanying state-
ments, any person may in a short time comprehend the practice of
double entry bookkeeping.
RiTLE.— Debit whatever is reocived, or costs value. Credit whatever is disposed of, or
that produces value.
1885.
Jan.
Luther .Tolinson commenced business this day with a Cash
capital of
8500
As the business has received cash, debit that account. Credit Luther Johnson as be has
produced value to the business.
Cash Dr.
To Luther Johnson
8500
8500
Jan.
Bought of Field, Leiter&Cc, ^ ,
60 doz. Men's Linen Shirts, 136.00 $1800.00
100 doz. Ladies' Linen Handkerchiefs, $5.00 500.00
2 Cases Paper Cambric, 4000 yds. 15c 600.00
200 yds. Bleached Cotton, 20c 40.00
Gave in payment my Note at 10 days for $600.
Cash for balance, 1840.
2440
Debit Merchandise as it has cost value. Credit Bills Payable, as our note has pro-
duced the business value in Merchandise. Credit Cash, as it has also produced value in Mer-
chandise.
Jan.
Mdse. Dr. to Sundries,
To Bills Payable
" Cash
2440
600
1840
Bought of J. V. Farwell, on account,
50 yds. Irish Linen, $1.15
100 yds. Sheeting, 17c
$57.50
17.00
74
50
Debit Merciiandise as it has cost \-alue. Credit J. V. Farwell as he lias produced value.
3 Merchandise Dr.
To J. V. Farwell
74
50
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
1885.
Jan.
Sold to W. O. Thomas, on accoxint,
10 doz. Men's Linen Shirts, $28.00
5 yds. Irish Linen, $1.25
$280.00
6.25
286
25
Debit W. O. Thomas as he has cost the business value. Credit Merchandise as it has pro>
duced the business the amount Thomtis owes.
Jan.
W. O. Thomas, Dr.
To Merchandise
286
25
286
2,5
Jan.
Sold to Dodd & Brown, St, Louis, on their Note,
1 Case Paper Cambric, 2000 yds. 17c
10 doz. Ladies' Linen Handkerchiefs, $6.00
$340.00
60.00
400
00
Debit Bills Receivable as the note has cost value. Credit Merchandise as it has produced
the note.
Jan.
Bills Receivable, Dr.
To Merchandise
400
400
Jan.
Bought of Hamlin, Hale & Co. on my Note, 30 days,
1000 yds. Gingham, 10c $100.00
55 " Black Silk, $2.75 151.25
100 " Broadcloth, 6.50 650.00
901
25
Debit Merchandise as it has cost value. Credit Bills Payable as your note has produced
value in Merchandise.
Jan.
Merchandise, Dr.
To Bills Payable
901
25
901
25
Jan.
Sold to G. R. Rathbun, Omaha, on account,
30 yds. Black Silk $3.25 $97.50
15 " Irish Linen $1.25 18.75
116
25
Debit G. R. Rathbun as he has cost the business value. Credit Merchandise as it has pro-
duced value in Kathbun's personal account.
Jan.
G. R. Rathbun, Dr.
To Merchandise
116
25
116
26
Jan. 11 Paid Field, Leiter & Co. Cash for my Note of the 2d.
600
Debit Bills Payable as your note has cost value. Credit Cash as it has produced value.
Bills Payable, Dr.
To Cash
600
600
PEACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
1885.
Jan.
12
Sold to H. Russell. Jolliet, 111.,
50 yds. Sheeting, 20c
200 " Gingham, 12c
10 doz. Men's Linen Shirts, $28.00
Received in payment. Cash
Balance due on account
$10.00
24.00
280.00
$150.00
164.00
814
Ddbit Cash and J. H. Russell as they have cost value. Credit Merchandise as it has pro-
duced value.
Jan.
12
Sundries Dr. to Mdse.
Cash
H. Russell
150
164
814
Jan.
15
Sold to M. R. Johnson, for Cash,
14 yds. Broadcloth, $7.25
1 Case Paper Cambric, 2000 yds. 17c
$101.60
840.00
441
50
Debit Cash as it has cost value. Credit Merchandise as it has produced value.
Jan.
15 Cash, Dr.
To Merchandise
441
60
441
50
Jan. 16 Received Cash of W. O. Thomas on account.
75
Debit Cash as it has cost value. Credit W. O. Thomas as he has produced value.
Jan.
16 I Cash, Dr.
To W. O. Thomas
75
75
Jan.
18
Sold to G. R. Rathbun, Omaha, on account,
100 yds. Bleached Cotton, 22c $32.00
20 doz. Men's Linen Shirts, $27.50 550.00
572
Debit G. R. Rathbun as he has cost value. Credit Merchandise as it has produced value.
Jan.
18
G. R. Rathbun. Dr.
To Merchandise
572
572
Jan. 19 Received of H. Russell, Joliet, his Note, on his account.
100
Debit Bills Receivable as the note has cost value. Credit H. Russell as he has produced
value.
Bills Receivable, Dr.
To H. Russell
100
100
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
1885.
Jan.
20
Sold to F. E. Arnold, Rockford,
20 yds. Irish Linen, $1.20
800 " Gingham, 12c
16 " Broadcloth, $7.50
Received in payment,
J. V. Farwell's order on me for
Balance due on account
I 34.00
96.00
120.00
^ 60.00
180.00
240
Debit J. V. Farwell and F. E. Arnold as they have cost the business value. Credit Mer-
chandise as it has produced value.
Jan.
20
Sundries Dr. to Mdse.
J. V. Farwell
F. E. Arnold
60
180
240
Jan.
22
Received of G. R. Rathbun, Omaha, on account,
Cash, $125.00
His Note for 200.00
825
00
Debit Cash and Bills Receivable as thej^ have cost the business value. Credit G. B.
Rathbun as he has produced value to the business.
Jan.
Sundries Dr. to G. R. Rathbun
Cash
Bills Receivable
125
200
325
Jan.
24
Sold to H. Russell, Joliet, on accoimt,
50 yds. Sheeting, 18c $ 9.00
50 doz. Ladies' Linen Handkerchiefs, $6.00 800.00
309
Debit H. Russell as he has cost the business value. Credit Merchandise as it has produced
value.
Jan.
24
H. Russell,
To Mdse.
309
809
Jan. 25 Received of F. E. Arnold on his account Cash,
75
Debit Cash as it has cost value. Credit F. E. Arnold as he has produced value to the
business.
Jan.
25 Cash, Dr.
j To F. E. Arnold
75
75
Jan. 26 Paid Hamlin, Hale & Co. Cash on my Note of 7th inst.
450
Debit bills payable as your note has cost value. Credit cash as it has produced your note.
Bills Payable, Dr.
To Cash
450
450
PBACrnCE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
1885.
Jan.
27
Sold to W. O. Thomas,
10 doz. Men's Linen Shirts, $27.75
Received in pajTnent his Note, for
J. V. Farw ell's order on me
Cash for
Balance due on account
$150.00
75.00
25.00
27.50
Debit Bills Receivable for the amount of the note, J. V. Farwell for the amount of
his order. Cash for the amount of cash received, and W. O. Thomas for the amount he still
owes you. As these accounts have cost the business value, credit Merchandise, as it has pro-
duced value.
Jan.
27
Sundries Dr. to Mdse.
Bills Receivable
J. V. Farwell
Cash
W. 0. Thomas
150
75
25
27
50
277
50
Jan. 29 Recdved of Dodd & Brown, Cash on their Note,
160
Debit cash, as it has cash value. Credit Bills Receivable as the note has produced \'alue.
Jan.
29
Cash, Dr.
To Bills Receivable
150
150
Jan.
80
Paid Cash for following expenses.
Clerks' Wages to date
Gas Bill for month
Advertising in Chicago Bulletin to date
liobert Law for 2 tons Coal
$225.00
10.80
150.00
22.00
80
Debit expense, as that account has cost value. Credit cash from the fact of Its having
produced the various items of value named in Day Book entry.
Jan.
80
Expense, Dr.
'To Cash
407
80
407
80
Jan.
81
Received Cash on accounts, of
W. O. Thomas,
G. R. Rathbun,
F. E. Arnold.
$105.00
200.00
50.00
Rni>E.— Debit Cash as it has cost you the personal accounts,
named in the Day Book entry as they have produced you cash.
Credit each of the persons
Jan.
31
Cash, Dr. to Sundries
To W. O. Thomas
" G. R. Rathbun
" F. E. Arnold
355
105
200
50
Inventory of Merchandise imsold January 31, 1875.
70 yds. Broadcloth @ $6.50
25 " Black Silk @ 2.75
100 " Bleached Cotton @ 20c
10 " Irish Linen @ $1.15
40 doz. Ladies' Linen Handkerchiefs @ 5.00
$455.00
68.75
20.00
11.50
200.00
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPmO.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR POSTING.
In posting, an account is opened in the Ledger -with every item found in the
Journal. Every debit item in the Journal must be placed on the Dr. side of its ac-
count in the Ledger, and every credit item in the Journal on the Cr. side of its account
in the Ledger. The date of the item in the Journal is carried with it to the Ledger.
In posting debit items, write as an explanation in the Ledger account, To the name of
the credit item; if Sunds. are credited, write To Sunds.; and in posting credit items,
write as an explanation in the Ledger account, By the name of the debit item, or if
Sundries are debited, write By Sunds. The page of the Journal is entered in the
Ledger, and the page of the Ledger is entered in the Journal.
The proprietor's or partners' accounts should, for convenience, always be placed
first in the Ledger, and are generally followed by Cash, Merchandise, and other ac-
counts in the order of their importance.
Dr. LUTHER JOHNSON. Cr.
1885. 1885.
Jan.
31
31
To Profit & Loss
" Balance
111
3388
80
20
Jan,
Feb.
1
1
By Cash
3500
00
3500
00
8500
00
By balance
~8388^
"20"
Dr.
1885.
MERCHANDISE.
1885.
Dr.
1885.
CASH.
1885.
Cr.
Jan.
2
To Sundries
2440
Jan.
4
By W. Thomas
286
25
"
3
" J. Farwell
74
50
5
" Bills Rec.
400
"
7
" Bills Payable
" Profit & Loss
901
25
9
" G. Rathbim
116
25
"
31
296
12
" Sundries
314
^
15
" Cash
441
50
^^
18
" G. Rathbun
572
^^
20
" Sundries
240
^y"^
24
" H. Russell
309
^^
27
" Sundries
277
50
-^
31
" Balance
755
25
3711
75
3711
75
To balance
755
25
Cr.
Jan.
1
To L. Johnson
3500
Jan.
2
By Mdse.
1840
12
" Mdse.
150
1 "
11
" Bills Payable
600
15
" "
441
50
"
26
" "
^'JO
16
" W. Thomas
75
"
30
" Expense
407 80
22
" G. Rathbun
125
"
31
" Balance
1598 70
25
" F. E. Arnold
75
27
" To Mdse.
25
^ —
29
" Bills Rec.
150
^,^^^^
81
1
" To Sundries -
355
-^^
4896
50
4896
50
Feb.
To Balalance
1598
70
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
Dr.
BILLS PAYABLE.
Dr.
1885.
J. V. PAR WELL,
1885.
1885.
W. O. THOMAS.
1885.
1885.
BILLS RECEIVABLE.
1885.
1885.
G. R. RATHBLT^, Omaha.
1885.
1885.
1885.
Jan.
11
26
31
To Cash
" Balance.
600
4,50
461
25
Jan.
Feb.
2
7
1
By Mdse.
600
901
25
1501
25
1501
25
By Balance
451
25
Or.
Jan.
<<
20
27
1
To Mdse.
60
75
00
Jan.
8
31
By Mdse.
" Balance
74
60
135
50
60
185
00
Feb.
To Balance
60
"60
•
Jan.
4
27
1
To Mdse.
286
27
25
60
Jan.
16
81
13
By Cash
" Balance
75
105
133
75
818
76
818
75
Feb.
To Balance
188
75
Jan.
>•
<<
5
19
22
27
1
To Mdse.
" H. Russell
" G. Rathbun
" Mdse
400
100
200
150
Jan.
<«
29
31
By Cash
" Balance
150
700
860
850
Feb.
To Balance
700
Jan.
9
18
1
To Mdse.
To Balance
. 116
572
i
25!
Jan.
22
31
31
By Sunds.
" Cash. .
" Balance
825
200
163
25
688
25
688
25
Feb.
163
25^
PRACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
1885.
H. RUSSELL, Joliet.
1885.
Jan.
13
"
34
Feb.
1
ToMdse.
To Balance
1C4
809
Jan.
19
31
473
373
By Bills Rec.
' ' Balance
100
378
478
F. E. ARNOLD,
1885.
1885.
Jan.
30
1
To Mdse.
180
Jan
35
31
31
By Cash
" Balance
75
50
56
To Balance
180
180
Feb.
55
1885.
EXPENSE.
1885.
Jan. 30 To Cash
407
80
Jan.
31 By Profit & Loss
407
80
PROFIT & LOSS.
1885.
1885.
Jan.
81
To Expense
407
80
Jan.
81
31
By Mdse.
" L. Johnson
sue
111
80
407
80
407
80
After all the items have been posted, the next step is to take a
TRIAL BALANCE,
or Proof-Sheet, to test the accuracy of the transfers. This is done by writing the
name of each account with corresponding aggregate debit and credit amounts that do
not balance or cancel each other, then finding the simi of the debits and also of the
PEACTICE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
credits. If the footings agree, the Ledger Is probably correct. Not certainly, how
ever, becavise an entry may be posted to a wrong account, or omitted entirely
L. F.
Trial Balance, Jam,uary 31^ 1885.
Luther Johnson
8500
Merchandise
8415
75
2956
50
Cash
4896
50
8297
80
Bills Payable
1050
1501
26
J. V. Farwell
185
74
50
W. 0. Thomas
818
75
180
Bills Receivable
850
150
G. R. Itathbun
688
25
625
H. Russell
478
100
F. E. Arnold
180
125
Expense
407
80
05
12410
12410
06
CLOSING THE LEDGER.
Make out an Inventory of property on hand. In business this process is called
"taking an account of Stock," and consists in actually enumerating the articles, and
affixing values thereto.
Credit the account or accounts representing this property, with the amount on
hand, as if it had been sold at the valuation given, making the entry in red ink, By
Balance. Add this amount to the total credits of the account, find the difference be-
tween this sum and the total debits and write the difference on the smaller side, in red
Ink, To or By Profit and Loss.
Close all the remaining accounts, except the proprietor's or partners', which is the
last closed, by entering the difference between the two sides of each account in red ink
on the smaller side. If the difference represents a resource or liability, as Cash, Bills
Payable, Bills Receivable, and personal accounts, use the expression either To or By
Balance; if a gain or loss, as Expense, Interest, Discount, Premium, and property ac-
counts, use the expression either To or By Profit and Loss.
When all the accounts are thus closed (except the proprietor's), open an account
with Profit and Loss, if there is not one already open, and transfer all the Profit and
Loss red ink entries to the opposite side of the Profit and Loss account, making the
entry in black ink. To or By whatever accoimt transferred from.
Close Profit and Loss account by entering the difference in red ink on the smaller
side, To or By the i>'oprietor's name, and transferrins: same to the opposite side of the
proprietor's accouni ; make the entry in black ink. To or By Profit and Loss. If it be
a partnership business, the partners' names will be entered separately in the Profit and
Loss account, instead of the proprietor's, and the net gain or net loss will be divided
according to the terms of the copartnership, and the proportion belonging to each
transferred to his account.
Close the proprietor's or partners* accounts by entering tlie difference on the
smaller side in red ink. To or By Balance. All transferable entries should be made
in red ink, and in transferring them to another accoimt, change sides with each entry,
as each one must be placed on its original side, and make the entry in black ink
Rule the accounts as shown in the foregoing Ledger, foot the two sides of each ac
PBACnOE OF BOOK-KEEPING.
count, and place the amount in black ink beneath the columns which produced them.
Then make out a
BALANCE SHEET.
which is a statement of the condition of the business, and should be preserved for
fufure reference. It contains under the head of Resources all amounts due or be-
longing to the firm, also the amounts withdrawn by the proprietor for his private use;
and under the head of Liabilities all amounts owed by the concern, also the amount
invested by the proprietor. Making an exception of the proprietor's account, the Re-
sources will be all red ink Balance entries found on the Cr. side of the accounts, and
the Liabilities will be all red ink Balance entries, found on the Dr. side of Ihe account.
The difference between the Resources and Liabilities will show the net gain or net loss
which must agree with the Profit and Loss account in the Ledger; and the proprietor's
investment plus or minus the net gain or net loss will equal the proprietor's net capital
at closing, which must agree with the proprietor's account in the Ledger.
L. F.
Balance Sheet, January 31, 1885.
Dr.
Cr.
RESOURCES.
Merchandise per inventory
Cash on hand
J. V. Farwell owes on account
W. O. Thomas " "
Bills Receivable, Notes on hand
G. R. Rathbun owes on account
H. Russell " " "
F. E. Arnold " "
LIABILITIES.
Bills Payable, Notes unpaid
Luther Johnson's net investment
Net Loss
Luther Johnson's investment
" " Net Loss
Net Capital
755
25
1598
70
60
50
133
75
700
163
25
373
55
8839
451
25
3500
—
3951
111
3500
111
80
=
3388
Note.— In the above Balance Sheet have been placed all the personal accounts which oc-
curred in the Ledger; this in business is not done, unless the^ are but few, but instead of en-
tering them separately a schedule of the personal accounts is made out, and the total amounts
of this schedule entered as "Sundry Personal Accounts due us," and "Sundry Personal Ac-
counts owed by us."
If the business is to be continued, bring down the Balances as shown in the
Ledger, on the opposite sides of the accounts in black ink.
ANALYSIS OF LEDGER ACCOUNTS.
Proprietor's or Partner's Accounts. — Debit side shows amounts withdrawn
from the business, or obligations assumed for the partner by the firm; the amount of
loss if any, and net capital. Credit side shows the amount invested on commencing
business and all additional investments, the amount of gain, if any, and. net insolv
ency.
Cash Account. — Debit side shows the amount of cash received; the credit side
the amount paid out or disposed of. Closed By Balance, as the Dr. side must be
equal to or greater than the Cr. Difference shows the amount of Cash on hand.
Bills Receivahle Account. — Debit side shows the amount of Notes and Drafts
received against others; credit side the amount disposed of. Closed By Balance as
the debit side must equal or exceed the credit. Difference shows the amount of notes
on hand.
Bills Payable Account. — Credit side shows the amount of your own notes and
acceptance issued; debit side the amount taken up or redeemed. Closed To Balance
as the Cr. side must equal or exceed the debit. Difference shows the amount of notes
outstanding.
Personal Accounts. — Debit side shows their indebtedness to you; Credit side
your indebtedness to them. Closed either To or By Balance.
PiioPEUTY Accounts. — Debit side shows the cost and charges of the property;
Credit side the sales, or what it has produced. Credit By Balance for amount on
hand, and closed To or By Profit and Loss.
Expense Account. — Credited By Balance for everything remaining on hand at
time of closing which has been previously entered in the Expense accoiint, closed Into
Profit and Loss.
Premium and Discount. — Debit side shows what each has cost you; Credit side
shows what each has produced you. Closed Into Profit and Loss.
Interest Account. — Debit side shows what Interest has cost you; Credit what it
has produced you. Credited By Balance for accrued interest on other notes and ob-
ligations due you. Debited To Balance for accrued interest on your own outstand-
ing notes and obligations. Closed into Profit and Loss.
Profit and Loss Account, — Debit side shows amount of your loss, also your
net gain; Credit side shows your gains, also your net loss. Closed To or By the pro-
prietor or To or By each partner.
THB KBLIQI0U8 RECORD.
THE RELIGIOUS RECORD.
RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD.
Buddhists 483.600,000
Christians 388,250,000
Pagans 227.000,000
Mohammedans 122.400,000
Brahminical Hindoos 120,000,000
Jews 7,700,000
Parsees 1,000,000
CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS.
'Roman Catholics 202.368,000
Protestants 108,630,000
Greelj Church 70,482,000
Eastern Christians 6,770,000
RELIGIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Roman Catholics 6,832,954
Methodist 1,680.7791
South 828,013
Protestant 118,170
Colored 74,195 o toa eqj.
Wesleyan 17,847" ''-^'^^^^
Free 12,120
Primitive 3,370
Independent 2.100 i
Baptist 2.132.0441
Free Will 76,706
Anti-Mission 40,000 [ 2,259,431
Seventh-Day 8,606 '
Six-Principle 2,075]
891,458
RELIGIONS IN THB UNITED STATES— CONT'D.
Presbyterian 673,877
South 119,970
Cumberland i 111,855
United 80.236
Reformed 6,030
Lutheran 684,570
Christian 567.448
Confrrejfatlonal 383,685
Episcopal 323.876 I ooj lar.
Reformed 10,459 f ***•'*"
Reformed Church, U. S 154,742 I ~„ -.-o
America 78,917 ( *"•'"*'
Jews 230,4.57
United Brethren 155,437
United Evangelical 144,(00
Mormon 110,379
Evangelical Association 99,607
Dunlvards 90,WX)
Adventists 11,100 )
Second 63,500}- 89,333
Seventh-Day 14.733 )
Friends 67,643
Universalist 37.946
Church of God 20,224
Unitarian 17.960
Moravian 16,112
New Jerusalem 4,734
New Mennonites 2,990
American Communities 2,838
Shakers 2,400
DISTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANS.
Countries.
Russia
Germany
United States
France
Austria
South America
Italy
Spain
Mexico and Central America.
Turkey
Oriental Nations
Sweden-Norway
Belgium
Portugal
Canada
Holland
West Indies
Switzerland
Denmark
Greece
India and Ceylon
Africa
Australia and Polynesia
China and Japan
Arabia and Persia
Roman
Catholics.
7,546,144
15,371,227
6,832,954
35,500,000
27,904,308
3«,754,000
26,658,700
16,870,000
12,196,677
5,518,146
4,745,124
1,962,600
1,313,084
2,911,000
1,084,400
1,600.000
1,106.200
434,000
800.000
1,000,000
Protestants.
4,400,000
28,835,.5.58
30,000,000
600,000
3,558,000
2,000,000
40,000
45,000
40.000
5,908;6dd '
1,800,000
2,198,000
1,.'>,58,000
1,865,000
300,000
719,000
1,000,000
300,000
89,000
Greek
Christians.
54,360,000
3,052,000
11,625,000
1,442,000
Eastern.
6,770,000
Total.
65,946,144
42,206,785
36,832.954
36,100,000
34,514,308
28,754,000
26,698,700
16.870,000
12,196,677
11.66.5,000
6,770,000
5,908,600
5,518,146
4.745,124
3.762.600
3.511,084
2.911,000
2,642,400
1,86.5,000
1,442.000
1,900.000
1,825,200
1,434,000
1,100,000
1,069,000
THE SHEEP.
;V^/| a? ITHOUT doubt, the sheep is a most useful animal to
^^J' ™f man as food, and the most necessary to his health and
comfort. In the absence of the cow, it furnishes him
^ with milk and a sound but rather inferior quality of cheese,
and its lat gives him light, its fleece broadcloth, kerseymere,
blankets, gloves and hose. From the primitive stock eleven
varieties of domesticated sheep are reared, and by their several
advocates are supposed to possess some
Special Qualities. — These eleven species embrace the follow-
ing : Shetland or Orkney, Dun-Wooled, Black Faced, ^loorland of
Devonshire, the Cheviot, Horned of Norfolk, The Ryeland, South-
Down, Merino, Old Leicester, and The Teestvater. But of late years
the number has been reduced to the following four: The South-
Down, The Leicester, The Black-Faced, and the Cheviot. The
South-Downs derive their name from the breezy range of light
chalky hills running through the southwest and south of Sussex and
Hampshire, England, and known as the South- Downs. This species,
for symmetry of shape, constitution and early maturity, ranks with
any stock in the world. They have no horns; head small, and legs
and face a grayish color. However, it is considered deficient in
depth and breadth of chest. It is covered with a fine wool of from
two to three inches in length. A marked feature of this breed is that
its hind quarters are higher than the fore, and weigh generally from
fifteen to eighteen pounds.
The Leicester. — This breed is regarded as the largest example
of the improved breeds, being very productive, and yielding a good
fleece. He has small head, covered with short, white hairs, clear
muzzle, open countenance, full clear eye, long thin ear, tapering
neck, and straight back, its weight being about ninety -five pounds.
The Black -Faced. — This is a strong, hardy race of sheep.
The face and legs are dark, horns spiral in shape, a small second
tuft of light colored wool is on forehead. The eye is sparkling,
426
THE FARM YARD.
bright, and well open; body long, round, and firm; limbs stout;
wool thin, coarse and light.
The Cheviot. — A sheep of remarkable vigor and sound consti-
tution, capable of enduring great privation, and producing a val-
uable fleece. Neither sex have horns ; white face, legs long and
clean, head erect, neck and throat well covered, ears long and open,
with animated face. They are small boned, but are wanting in depth
of chest, which seems to be their only defect.
yweooooocoooooooeooooQoooooeoo Q *
N the animal kingdom the cow is certainly one of, if not the
greatest blessings God in his infinite wisdom and goodness
has seen fit to bestow upon the human family ; and is
justly termed the poor man s friend. Breeders seem to at-
tach more value to what are termed Short Horns, than any
others, though coming under this general head there are
many varieties. Mr. Dickson thus describes the Short Horns :
The external appearance of the Short Horned breed is very attract-
ive. The exquisitely symmetrical form of the bo<:ly in every posi-
tion, bedecked with a skin of the richest hues of red, so arranged or
commixed as to form a beautiful fleck or delicate roan, and possessed
of the mellowest touch ; supported on clean, small hmbs, showing,
like those of the race-horse and the greyhound, the union of strength
with firmness; and ornamented with a small, lengthy, tapering
head, neatly set on a broad, firm, deep neck, and furnished with a
small muzzle, wide nostrils, prominent, mildly beaming eyes, thin,
large, binal ears set near the crown of the head, and protected in
front with semi-circularly bent, white or brownish colored, short
(hence the name), smooth -pointed horns. All these points com-
bine to form a symmetrical harmony which has never been sur-
passed in beauty and sweetness by any other species.
Mr. Youatt says the colors of the improved pure Short Horns
are but two, red or white, or a mixture of both. Coming under
this head, and which are considered to rank as first, are the Dur-
haras, the Alderneys, the Suffolk Duns, and also those called
Cream Pots, an American breed. The Alderneys, prized mainly
for the richness of their milk, but in quantity small ; therefore those
preferring quality to quantity can find it in the Alderney. Mr. Jaques
thus describes the Cream Pots: I purchased a native cow in conse-
THE FAEM YARD.
quence of her superior quality as a milker, averaging about fifteen
quarts a day. Continuing, he says: My Cream Pots are full in the
body, deep in the Hank, not quite as straight in the belly, nor
as full in the twist, nor quite as thick in the thigh as the Durhams ;
but in other respects like them. They excell in affording a large
quantity of rich cream, capable of being converted into butter in
a very short time.
A writer in the Farmer's Magazine several years ago, thus
described the good quahties of the Short Horns. " She's long in her
face; she's fine in her horn; she'll (juickly get fat, without cake or
corn ; she's clean in her jaws, and full in her chin ; she's heavy in
flank, and wide in her loin ; she's broad in her ribs, and long in her
rump; she's wide in her hip, and calm in her eyes; she's fine in her
shoulders, and thin in her thighs ; she's light in her neck, and small
in her tail ; she's wide in the breast, and good at the pail ; she's fine
in her bone, and silky of skin; she's a grazier's without, and a
butcher's within." Farmers as a rule pay too little attention to the
care of their stock, and especially is this true in the care of their
cows. Every farmer should understand that in order to get good
results, their stock should have good, dry, clean quarters, and it is
of the utmost importance that there should be good water accessible
at all times. Just so certain as these essentials are neglected, will
the effects be seen and felt in the pocket of the master. In order
that a good crop of wheat or corn may be had from a certain piece
of ground, it is not only necessary to plant the seed, but it also must
be tended from time to time, for if neglected the result will be no
harvest. And this is not only true in this particular, but in every-
thing pertaining to the successful operation of the farm.
THE FARM YARD.
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THE HOG.
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I^F the various kinds of hogs the following list of breeds can
be accepted as the best, presenting severally the qualities
affecting both the breeder and consumer : Berkshire, Essex,
York and Cumberland, also the Chinese. Among the breeders
of hogs the black pig is generally regarded as the best. It has
much the finest and most delicate skjn, and is less affected by the
heat of summer. It also is less subject to disease than the other
colors, and, being of a more kindly nature, will fatten niucli easier.
The chief points in selecting a good hog are the following : Breadth
of chest, depth of carcass, width of ribs, chine and loin, of compact
form, docile, cheerful and general fine appearance.
A well-bred hog has medium head in length, the forehead narrow,
full cheeks, fine snout, small mouth, eyes bright and small, ears
sharp, thin and short and pointing forward ; a full, broad neck, and
especially so on the top, joining very broad shoulders ; the loins,
ribs and haunch should be in a line ; also a well-set tail, not too high
nor too low ; a nearly straight back, deep, broad and prominent
chest, with thick, short legs, and, when in good flesh, the belly
should nearly touch the ground ; long, thin, fine hair, with but few
bristles, and of uniform color. The above is considered a true type
of a perfect hog. Hogs, when confined in a pen, should have plenty
of cinders, or something of that nature, not only to exercise their
jaws upon, but to aid their digestion.
HE GAME FOWL. — This species was regarded by the
Greeks and Eomans with great respect, and even awe.
The former people practiced divination by means of this
bird. Before going into battle, there being doubt in the
camp as to the fittest day to commence operations, the letter
would be placed, face do^mward, of every day in the week,
and a grain of com placed on each— then the sacred cock would be
brought out and the time for battle regulated according as he picked
the corn. But upon one momentous occasion some person inimical
THE FARM YARD.
to priestly interest, examined the grain and was a little surprised
to find that the corn lying on the letters not wanted were made of
wax, and tlie bird of course, preferring the genuine article, left the
false ones untouched. After this discovery the custom fell into dis-
use. These birds were bred for the sport of fighting many years
before the Christian era. And the custom has continued on down
to the present time.
The Dorking.— This bird takes its name from a town in Sur-
rey. The Dorking's chief characteristic is that it has five claws on
each foot. Pure white is its true color, long in body, short in legs,
and a good layer.
The Poland. — This is
a native of IloUand, and a
favorite with fowl keei^ers who
have an eye to profit, their
chief value being in the great
number of eggs they produce,
being quite generally known
as " the everlasting layers."
But their eggs, jdthough being
of good size, lack greatly in nu-
triment.
The Oochin-China.— For
elegance of shape, or quality of
flesh, the Cochin cannot com-
pare with our handsome dung-
hill. However, our poultry'
breeders are gainei-s by the introduction of the ungainly celestial,
owing to new blood having been infused into the chicken family.
The Speckled Hamburg.— In color a golden or orange-yellow,
each feather having a glossy dark brown or bla<;k tip. They are
beautiful birds and the hens fine layers.
Black Spanish —This fowl is recognized by its uniform black
color, with tints of green, white face and large comb. An authority
says the best are those with blue legs and black feathers, large
white face, and large high comb, and which should stand erect in
the cock, though pendant in the hens. The hens are good layers,
and their eggs large though they are small bodied.
The Bantam.— We close our items on fowls with but few words
on this diminutive species. The thoroughbred is considered next to
the game cock for animation, plumage and courage, and are con
sidered great favorites, as also pets, with many people.
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ALl BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS
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Renewals and recha^es^^°Xl^L^:'?9jng books to C.rculof.on Desk
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