UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Hilda Gray
 
 TEACHERS' COURSE 
 
 IN 
 
 LATIN COMPOSITION 
 
 BY 
 
 H. C. NUTTING 
 
 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
 ATLANTA SAN I-'RANCISCO
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1922 
 BY H. C. NUTTING
 
 ?A 
 2,0*7 
 
 PREFATORY NOTE 
 
 It has been the writer's privilege to teach all 
 
 grades of Latin composition in college for a period 
 
 of about twenty years. His first experience was 
 
 & with a freshman class so huge that it required divi- 
 
 r - sion into four sections of about thirty students each. 
 
 ^ Happily for the raw instructor, the reader appointed 
 
 _ j to assist him proved to be a man of untiring indus- 
 
 -> try, who willingly compiled and presented weekly 
 
 a list of "the mistakes most commonly made." 
 
 These lists were filed away at the time without 
 
 full appreciation of their real value. It was only 
 
 X. when subsequent classes developed very similar 
 
 i, lists of common mistakes that it was borne in upon 
 
 s^) the writer that he was dealing with liability to 
 
 error that could be very accurately defined. 
 
 ^ This liability to error rests on various grounds, e.g. 
 
 w. the simple fact that certain combinations are rarely 
 
 met with in the ordinary round. Thus most stu- 
 
 o dents are perfectly familiar with the general prin- 
 
 t ciple that the nominative and the accusative of a 
 
 neuter are identical in form; but it is a foregone 
 
 conclusion that somebody will make a mistake in 
 
 272805
 
 iv Prefatory Note 
 
 the form of the participle, if the class is assigned a 
 phrase requiring the rendering ad oppidum flagrans. 
 
 Or again, false analogy may be at the root of the 
 trouble. Every year a number of students will fail 
 in the spelling of the form cives, apparently for the 
 moment conceiving the stem of the word as civit 
 (or is there contamination from Quirites?). A 
 similar situation develops with the accusative sin- 
 gular feminine of salmis, which repeatedly is written 
 salutem. More curious still is the substitution of 
 forms of nonus (or novem) for novus. 
 
 But, whatever the cause, these mistakes recur in 
 regular waves, and it is possible to bring them within 
 the limits of a concrete scheme, where they may be 
 considered at leisure with a view to adopting meas- 
 ures for their correction. 
 
 Inasmuch as it is a more valuable service to pre- 
 vent the formation of a bad habit than to correct it 
 when formed, it would seem in the present connec- 
 tion to be of the first importance to bring this mate- 
 rial to the attention of the prospective teachers of 
 Latin composition. If they are forewarned as to 
 the points where their pupils are likely to go astray, 
 a good deal of incipient trouble may be nipped in 
 the bud. 
 
 The first place in the volume is given to a Gram- 
 matical Conspectus, in which the material gleaned
 
 Prefatory Note 
 
 from experience with successive classes is arranged 
 in orderly sequence. In this table the reader may 
 miss the fully rounded symmetry of an ideal a priori 
 grammatical outline; but to the writer it has seemed 
 best to admit only those words and uses which have 
 been found to occasion trouble in actual class-room 
 practice. 
 
 Under the caption, "Suggestions for Use of Mate- 
 rial" directions are given in detail for the conduct of 
 such a course for prospective teachers as will force a 
 practical working acquaintance with the matters 
 included in the Grammatical Conspectus. 
 
 To provide opportunity for necessary practice in 
 writing, three short sets of English-Latin Exercises 
 are appended. In these the vocabulary employed 
 is designedly confined to words in common use, any- 
 thing unusual being given in a footnote. For com- 
 pleteness a general vocabulary is added at the end 
 of the volume. This should be consulted only in 
 case of real need. 
 
 H. C. N. 
 
 January, 1922
 
 PAGE 
 
 GRAMMATICAL CONSPECTUS . 1 
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF MATERIAL .... 9 
 ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 
 
 PART I 26 
 
 PART H 43 
 
 PART III 59 
 
 VOCABULARY . 77
 
 TEACHERS' COURSE IN 
 LATIN COMPOSITION 
 
 GRAMMATICAL CONSPECTUS 
 
 A. FORMS 
 
 I. VERBS 
 
 (a) Verbs confused 
 
 audeo: audio 
 
 consisto: constituo 
 
 fugio: fugo 
 
 iaceo: iacio 
 
 mcrior: moror 
 
 nanciscor : nascor (perf. 
 
 part.) 
 
 ordior: orior (perf. part.) 
 resistor restituo 
 vincio : vinco (perf. and perf. 
 
 part.) 
 
 (b) Mistakes in spelling 
 1 . General 
 
 adiuvo (perf. and perf. 
 
 part.) 
 
 adorior (perf. part.) 
 caedo and compounds (perf. 
 
 and perf. part.) 
 
 cognosce (perf. part.) 
 
 cogo (perf. part.) 
 
 complector (perf. part.) 
 
 creo (treated as of 2d 
 conj.) 
 
 cupio (pres. infin., imperf. 
 subj.) 
 
 fero (gerundive) 
 
 fio (3d persons, espc. imperf. 
 siibj.) 
 
 mitto (perf. and perf. part.) 
 
 morior (perf. audfut. parti- 
 ciples) 
 
 moveo (perf. part.) 
 
 nolo (pres. infin., imperf. 
 subj.) . 
 
 progredior (perf. part.) 
 
 utor (perf. part.) 
 
 venio (perf. and fut. parti- 
 ciples) 
 
 verto (perf. and perf. part.) 
 
 1
 
 Latin Composition 
 
 2. Perfects 
 
 audeo 
 
 cedo and compounds 
 
 comprehendo 
 
 decerno 
 
 dico (perhaps confused w. 
 dlco) 
 
 do 
 
 duco 
 
 exstinguo 
 
 fugio 
 
 fundo 
 
 incendo 
 
 iubeo 
 
 lego and compounds 1 
 
 maneo 
 
 ostendo 
 
 pello and compounds 
 
 pono 
 
 relinquo 
 
 reperio 
 
 respondeo 
 
 rumpo and compounds 
 
 sentio 
 
 sisto (compounds) 
 
 soleo (and perhaps confu- 
 sion with solv.o 2 ) 
 
 sterno 
 
 sto and compounds 
 
 vivo 
 
 3. Infinitives 
 Pres. pass. 3d conj. 
 Put. pass, all conjugations 
 
 (c) Mistakes in use 
 
 1. Transitive and intransi- 
 tive confused 
 
 auge'o vs. cresco 
 deduco vs. e.g. discedo 
 
 (' withdraw ') 
 incendo vs. ardeo or fla- 
 
 gro 
 reddo vs. redeo (espec. 
 
 M) 
 
 relinquo vs. discedo 
 (' leave ') 
 
 spargo vs. discedo (' scat- 
 ter') 
 
 Cf . circumdo vs. circumeo 
 
 2. Passive substitutes ig- 
 nored 
 
 doceo : disco (?) 
 f acio : fio 
 perdo : pereo 
 sino: licet 
 vendo : veneo 
 
 1 Especially diligo (vs. deligo), intellego, neglego. 
 Sometimes active form manufactured; sometimes solutus sum 
 written.
 
 Grammatical Conspectus 
 
 3. Perfect passive parti- 
 
 ciple as active 
 
 4. Deponent perfect parti- 
 
 ciple as passive 
 
 5. General 
 
 coepi : (a) neglected in fa- 
 vor of incepi 
 
 (6) act. where pass, 
 required 1 
 
 coniungere : for se con- 
 iungere 
 
 dico with negative: for 
 nego 
 
 memoro, commemoro : for 
 
 meniini 
 patior with construction 
 
 of potior 
 proficiscor with infin.: for 
 
 contendo ('set out') 
 revertor: as deponent in 
 
 perf. 
 revoco : for memini or 
 
 recorder 
 servo with construction of 
 
 servio 
 utor: as pass, (for usui 
 
 sum 2 or usurper) 
 vertere : for se vertere 
 
 II. NOUNS 
 
 (a) Nouns confused 
 
 aetas : aestas 
 
 concilium : consilium 
 
 consul : consulatus 
 
 eques : equitatus 
 
 iter (iterum) 
 
 iuvenis : iuventus 
 
 liberi : libri 
 
 odium : otium 
 
 pecus (-oris) and (-udis) 
 
 vires : viri 
 
 (b) Mistakes in spelling 
 
 1. Accusative singular 
 
 neuter 
 caput 
 corpus 
 flumen 
 foedus 
 iter 
 TUB 
 
 tempus 
 vulgus 
 
 1 I.e. when the dependent infinitive is passive (not deponent), e.g. 
 Clamor exaudiri coeptus est. 
 
 2 ff . odi and odio sum.
 
 Latin Composition 
 
 2. Accusative singular 
 proper names in -er, 
 
 e.g. Alexander 
 
 3. Other forms 
 arma (as fern, sing.) 
 castra (as fern. sing, and 
 
 plu.) 
 c i v i s (lengthened form 
 
 nom. and ace. plu.) 
 lapis (gen. plu.) 
 locus (plu.) 
 miles (gen. plu.) 
 munus (plu. as masc.) 
 
 pater (ace. sing.) 
 senex (oblique cases) 
 telum (plu. as masc.) 
 
 (c) Mistakes in use 
 aedes : sing. vs. plu. 
 copia: sing. vs. plu. 
 littera : sing. vs. plu. 
 nemo : defective parts for 
 
 nullus 
 
 ops: sing. vs. plu. 
 populus : (even plu.) for 
 
 homines (or omit) 
 vis : sing. vs. plu. 
 
 III. PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 
 
 (a) Pronouns and adjec- 
 tives confused 
 novus : vs. nonus and no- 
 
 vem 
 salvus: (salutem written 
 
 as ace. fern, sing.) 
 tot, tantus : totus, tutus 
 
 (b) Mistakes in spelling 
 
 1. Third decl. adjs. abl. 
 
 sing. 
 
 2. Third decl. adjs. and 
 pres. part. neut. sing. ace. 
 
 3. Comparison 
 bonus 
 
 celeber (superl.) 
 celeriter (superl.) 
 inferior 
 locuples 1 
 magnus 
 malus 
 parvus 
 
 pulcher (compar.) 
 salubris (superl. 2 ) 
 similis, etc., and vs. other 
 adjs. in -lis 
 
 1 Irregular superl. manufactured by student. 
 1 Properly made on the collateral form saluber.
 
 Grammatical Conspectus 
 
 4. Neut. sing. now. and (c) Mistakes in use 
 
 acc ' 1. Feminine adjectives with 
 
 alius masculine nouns in -a 
 
 ille 
 
 . , 2. Masculine adjectives 
 
 with manus, domus, etc. 
 
 5. General 
 
 is: dat. sing. 3. Reflexive for demonstra- 
 
 propior: with added r tive > and vice versal 
 
 quendam, etc., spelled 4. General 
 
 with m for n alii : vs. ceteri and reliqui 
 
 totus, unus : gen. and dat. certus : vs. quidam 
 
 sing. omnis: vs. totus 
 
 IV. OTHER FORMS 
 duo : declension of word mille : milia 2 
 
 B. SYNTAX 
 I. VERBS 
 
 1. Tenses in main feet subjunctive in primary 
 clauses, especially perfect sequence 3 
 
 and imperfect (b) In purpose and re- 
 
 2. Sequence of tenses suit clauses 4 
 
 (a) Proper use of per- (c) Sequence of perfect 
 
 1 The following is a convenient working rule: A reflexive normally 
 refers to the subject of its own clause. But in certain subordinate 
 clauses it is required in references to the subject of the governing 
 clause. These are: 
 
 1. Indirect discourse 3. Purpose clause 
 
 2. Indirect question 4. Complementary infin. 
 
 5. Claune with verb of fearin? 
 
 1 The former is usually an adjective, the latter a noun (with 
 grnitive). 
 
 * E.g. in sentence: "I know what they did." 
 
 4 Seldom anything but pros, and imperf. subj. to be used.
 
 Latin Composition 
 
 infinitive in indirect dis- 
 course when governing 
 verb is primary l 
 
 (d) Sequence of perfect 
 subjunctive representing 
 perfect indicative 2 
 
 (e) Proper use of sec- 
 ondary tenses of subjunc- 
 tive in conditions future 
 from a point in the 
 past 3 
 
 (/) Sequence of imper- 
 fect subjunctive used in 
 present contrary to fact 
 conditions and wishes 
 
 3. Questions 
 
 (a) Indirect question vs. 
 relative clause 
 
 (6) Double question vs. 
 single question with alter- 
 native * 
 
 4. Complementary * in- 
 
 finitive and infinitive in 
 noun uses 8 
 
 (a) Use of subject ac- 
 cusative 
 
 (b) Confused with use 
 of future infinitive (the lat- 
 ter only in indirect dis- 
 course) 7 
 
 (c) Regular use of pres- 
 ent tense with past tenses 
 of debeo, licet, oportet and 
 possum 8 
 
 5. Purpose clauses (vs. 
 infinitive) 
 
 6. Gerundive vs. gerund 
 (especially with ad and 
 causa) 
 
 7. With verbs of fearing 
 (ut vs. ne non 9 ) 
 
 8. Contrary to fact con- 
 ditions in indirect dis- 
 course 
 
 1 E.g. in sentence: "I know that they were recalled when leaving 
 the town." 
 
 1 E.g. in sentence: "I know where they went to meet him." 
 
 E.g. in sentence: "I knew that they would come, if they 
 could." 
 
 I.e. "Is it A or (is it) B?" vs. "Is it (either) A or B?" 
 
 For composition purposes, it has been found convenient to in- 
 clude under 'complementary' the infin. with such verbs as iubeo. 
 
 6 Not indirect discourse. 
 
 7 E.g. in sentence: "I wished that they would go." 
 
 E.g. in sentence: "I might have gone." 
 
 The latter when the verb of fearing itself is negative.
 
 Grammatical Conspectus 
 
 (a) Form of apodosis l fin.; and with quin and 
 
 (6) Use of periphrasis 2 
 9. Other constructions 
 
 (a) dum with pres. in- 
 die, in past narration 
 
 (b) non dubito with in- 
 
 subjunct. 
 
 (c) postquam vs. cum 
 in expressions of antece- 
 dence 3 
 
 II. NOUNS 
 
 1. Quality expressions 
 (a) Need of modifier 4 
 (6) When modifier is 
 
 par or any adj. in -is * 
 
 2. Ablative absolute: 
 limitation of use 
 
 3. Predicate nominative 
 with fio and the passive of 
 verbs like appello 
 
 4. Case with impersonal 
 passives (including gerun- 
 dive) 
 
 in video 
 
 noceo 
 
 pareo 
 
 persuadeo 
 
 resisto 
 
 utor 
 
 5. Case use with various 
 verbs 
 
 (a) iuvo, laedo 
 
 (b) adorior, adiuvo, con- 
 servo, invenio, oppugno 
 
 (c) interest (impers.); 
 vs. dot. 
 
 (d) doceo ; vs. peto and 
 quaero 
 
 6. amplius, plus, minus, 
 longius : parenthetical in 
 numerical expressions 
 
 7. Appositive attracted 
 into relative clause 7 
 
 8. causa and gratia : 
 position with gerund and 
 gerundive 
 
 1 The form -urus fuisse practically the only one in use. 
 
 1 I.e. when the verb is passive or lacks supine stem ; and optional 
 elsewhere. 
 
 ' I.e. emphasized with cum, even where the English does not in- 
 dicate it: but the reverse with postquam, ubi, ut, etc. 
 
 4 True of both gen. and aW. 5 Ablative then regularly chosen. 
 
 6 I.e. subject must not be referred to in main clause. 
 
 ' E.g. in sentence: " They came to Rome, a city which is situated 
 on the Tiber" (quae urbs, etc).
 
 8 Latin Composition 
 
 III. PRONOUNS 
 
 1. Possessive with predicate noun * 
 (a) frequency l 3. Forms with postposi- 
 (6) order 2 tive cum * 
 
 2. Relative: agreement 
 
 IV. ADVERBS, ETC. 
 
 1. Postpositives olim: semel 
 
 2. Expressions confused simul : statim (' at once ') 7 
 cotidie : in dies (' daily ') 6 umquam : semper (' ever ') 8 
 diu : longe (' long ') 6 3. Use of ne . . . quidem 
 numquam : nusquam 
 
 1 Much less frequent than the corresponding words in English. 
 
 '' Precede noun to translate ' his own,' ' her own,' etc. 
 
 3 E.g. locus, quod Brundisium appellatur. 
 
 I.e. the abl. of qui and the personal and reflex, pronouns. 
 
 5 The latter indicating progression. 
 
 6 Time and space. 
 
 7 E.g. in sentence: " He was at once (simul) bravest and best." 
 
 8 E.g. " He was ever (semper) the bravest."
 
 SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF 
 MATERIAL 
 
 I. PRELIMINARY STUDY 
 
 While it is quite possible for a class to use this 
 text without special preparation, in most cases it 
 will be found very helpful to make first a rapid sur- 
 vey of the constructions usually treated in the Latin 
 high school course. 
 
 No time need be spent, of course, on such elemen- 
 tary matters as subject and predicate, direct object, 
 and the like, where English and Latin grammar are 
 in substantial agreement. Rather, attention should 
 be given to constructions that require explanation, 
 in other words, constructions that present a teaching 
 problem. Such are the double accusative with 
 doceo, the dative with verbs like servio, and the ap- 
 parent reversal of conjunctions in clauses dependent 
 upon verbs of fearing. 
 
 Admitting rather freely to a* place in the list, the 
 sum total of points thus calling for consideration 
 would not far exceed ninety. These are best brought 
 into play by means of short English sentences which 
 the class is to render into Latin. 1 In making these 
 
 1 A typical list, with English sentences designed to test the 
 points involved, may be found in the author's Supplementary 
 Latin Composition. 
 
 9
 
 10 Latin Composition 
 
 renderings, the members of the class should aim not 
 merely at a correct version, but also should inwardly 
 be facing the question : "If I were teaching this con- 
 struction, how could I best present it to my pupils? " 
 If it happens that some of the persons enrolled have 
 already had actual experience in teaching Latin 
 composition, this is an added advantage. For the 
 work will then take on the character of an open fo- 
 rum, in which all sides of a subject may be thor- 
 oughly discussed. 
 
 In any case, a half dozen periods devoted to work 
 of this sort will be time well spent. The discussions 
 work out somewhat in the following fashion : 
 
 (a) Mood with quod and quia. Under this head, 
 the time-honored tradition is : " The indicative is 
 used when the reason is on the authority of the 
 speaker or writer." This rule usually serves well 
 enough until some really thoughtful student begins to 
 reason about it, and then trouble develops. Suppose 
 the following sentence set for analysis : ' ' Washington 
 fell back from Trentqn because supplies were low." 
 The good student argues thus : " The speaker or 
 writer of this sentence could not have secured the 
 information at first hand ; therefore, since he is re- 
 porting another, the reason given is not on his author- 
 ity." Hence he chooses the subjunctive mood. 
 
 The situation is saved by a very slight change of 
 wording, namely : " The indicative is used when the
 
 Suggestions 1 1 
 
 speaker, so far as in him lies, vouches for the reason." 
 Even the dullest student will see at once the differ- 
 ence between " Washington fell back because supplies 
 were low" and "Washington fell back on the ground 
 that supplies were low," the latter calling for the 
 subjunctive. 1 
 
 (6) The use of mea, tua, etc. with refert and in- 
 terest. This mysterious combination yields easily 
 to treatment when it is pointed out that, historically, 
 the ablative construction began with refert and 
 spread to interest; further, that the first e of refert 
 is long, showing that we have to do here, not with 
 the prefix re-, but rather (in all probability) with a 
 case-form of the noun res. While this explanation 
 may not be exhaustive, still it goes far toward vin- 
 dicating the reasonableness of the use of the ablative 
 singular feminine. 
 
 (c) The case use with verbs like servio and opitulor. 
 In view of the English renderings commonly used, the 
 dative with terbs of this class must seem to many 
 
 i A somewhat similar difficulty results from the careless phras- 
 ing used in discussing the implication of various interrogative 
 particles; e.g. nonne is said to 'expect' an affirmative answer. 
 But the thoughtful student is again thrown off the track. When 
 a mother induces a child to swallow something it probably will 
 not relish, she may say: "Now, dear, wasn't that nice?" and un- 
 questionably nonne is the word to use. But the mother cannot 
 be said to expect an affirmative answer (probably she does not). 
 Rather, she selects a form that suggests an affirmative answer. 
 These are two quite different things.
 
 12 Latin Composition 
 
 young students an evidence of abnormal psychology 
 on the part of the Romans. It is a simple matter 
 to show that the English renderings are in many cases 
 inexact, and that the real meaning of the Latin verbs 
 is quite in accord with the case chosen. Thus, in 
 early Latin, servire is used to balance libertus esse 
 in the same sentence, the former signifying ' to be a 
 slave,' the latter 'to be a freedman.' If servio, then, 
 means ' be a slave,' ' be in bondage,' or even ' work 
 (for),' why should it not govern the dative? When 
 once this aspect of the case has been pointed out, it 
 is surprising to find how often one of these mean- 
 ings shines out in passages where we have long been 
 content with the rendering 'serve.' With opitulor 
 the situation is somewhat different ; but the reason 
 for the use of the dative is even more obvious. For 
 the verb is manifestly a compound, and practically 
 nothing more than the phrase opem fero, with which 
 the use of the dative is taken as a matter of course. 
 
 II. MASTERY OF THE GRAMMATICAL 
 CONSPECTUS 
 
 After completing the preliminary review above 
 recommended, the next step is to become thoroughly 
 familiar with the additional points enumerated in the 
 Grammatical Conspectus, which must be worked 
 through carefully, making sure that the exact bearing
 
 Suggestions 
 
 13 
 
 of each item is understood. Then, omitting all explan- 
 atory matter, and reducing everything to the smallest 
 compass possible, the whole scheme should be ab- 
 stracted on two large sheets of paper, so that the stu- 
 dent may have his material in such form that anything 
 can be located at a glance. This is a necessary pre- 
 liminary to the two steps next to be taken. 
 
 By writing in a small clear hand, it will be found 
 possible to include all the material on two pages of 
 standard letter size. It is suggested that the pages 
 be divided as follows, retaining the numbering and 
 lettering used in the original : 
 
 A. Forms 
 
 I. (a). 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
 II. (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (o) 
 
 III. (a) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
 IV 
 
 B. Svntax 
 
 I. Verbs 
 
 II. Nouns 
 
 III. Pronouns, 
 etc. 
 
 IV. Adverbs, 
 etc.
 
 14 Latin Composition 
 
 After carefully examining and abstracting the 
 Grammatical Conspectus, the student may test his 
 mastery of the same by using some of the English- 
 Latin Exercises of this book. It will be noted that 
 these Exercises are divided into three groups of about 
 equal difficulty. In each Part the opening Exercises 
 are short and simple, with subsequent increase in 
 length and complexity. 
 
 Probably no class will need to write more than the 
 Exercises of a single Part, and the book can therefore 
 be used in successive years without repetition in this 
 particular. The instructor may find that some 
 classes have developed sufficient proficiency before 
 completing a Part. In such cases it will be well to 
 pass at once to the next phase of the work soon to be 
 described. 
 
 How the use of the Exercises makes for mastery of 
 the Grammatical Conspectus may be illustrated 
 briefly by consideration of such sentences as the 
 following : 
 
 1. Balbus ought to have set out with three thou- 
 sand soldiers. 
 
 Balbus cum tribus milibus militum proficisci 
 debuit. 
 
 Here three points are reviewed, namely : (1) the 
 proper tense of the infinitive with debuit ; (2) the 
 fact that milia is a noun, with genitive modifier ; and 
 (3) the spelling of the genitive plural of miles.
 
 Suggestions 15 
 
 2. Our forces increase in number daily, and Caesar 
 
 will soon return. 
 
 Copiae nostrae in dies numero crescunt ; ac Cae- 
 sar brevi redibit. 
 
 Again three points are recalled : (1) 'increase' is 
 intransitive, hence crescunt ; (2) ' daily ' marks pro- 
 gression, hence in dies ; (3) ' return ' is intransitive, 
 hence redibit. 
 
 3. He says that "ships would have been sent, if the 
 
 enemy had burned the other houses (domus) 
 also. 
 
 Dicit futurum fuisse ut naves mitterentur, si 
 hostes ceteras quoque domus incendissent. 
 
 This sentence brings into play the following fac- 
 tors : (1) contrary to fact in indirect discourse, 
 with passive verb in apodosis, hence use of the peri- 
 phrasis; (2) 'burn ' is transitive, hence incendissent; 
 (3) spelling of the perfect tense of incendo ; (4) 'the 
 other,' hence not alias; (5) agreement of adj. (fern.) 
 with domus. 
 
 As intimated above, not all classes make equally 
 rapid progress in the mastery of the material out- 
 lined in the Grammatical Conspectus. In no case 
 should the next process be attempted until the 
 student is thoroughly familiar with everything there 
 involved.
 
 16 Latin Composition 
 
 III. WRITING OF ENGLISH-LATIN 
 EXERCISES 
 
 This is the most difficult part of the course ; but, 
 for the best students, it is also the most fascinating. 
 The problem now before the class is to construct 
 simple passages of English that will test effectively 
 the weak points in Latin composition. 
 
 The shorter exercises in the three Parts of this 
 volume give a very fair idea of what should be 
 aimed at under this head ; but probably some sug- 
 gestions as to details of procedure will be helpful. 
 
 The instructor first selects a suitable bit of Latin 
 text. This he assigns to the class as the basis for 
 the next exercise, all to work upon the same passage. 
 Experience has demonstrated the desirability of 
 giving the student some very specific instructions as 
 to how to go about his task, namely: 
 
 (1) Make a careful study of the Latin passage, 
 allowing it to lie under the eye for several days. 
 
 (a) Note and underline in the text, as it stands, 
 all the forms and constructions that seem worth 
 incorporating in an exercise. Here should be 
 taken into account, not only the Grammatical 
 Conspectus, but also the ground covered in the 
 preliminary review. (The student will often be 
 surprised to find how much material for his pur- 
 pose a random passage of Latin will provide.)
 
 Suggestions 17 
 
 (6) Consider how, by additions or by slight 
 changes, the text might be better adapted to the 
 purpose in view. It matters little if liberties 
 are taken with the Latin story ; for it is not here 
 a question of writing history. Any change of 
 subject-matter is justified, if it makes for a better 
 composition exercise. 
 
 (c) Mark for elimination all rare and doubtful 
 constructions. 
 
 (2) Write out an English exercise based on the 
 Latin text. 
 
 (a) Be careful to make a clear and coherent 
 story. It will help a little to this end, if the story 
 is given a name. Still better, read the English to 
 some person unacquainted with the Latin text. 
 This will disclose at once any lack of clarity. 
 
 (6) Avoid all involved and complex structure. 
 Rather short sentences are best ; and the exercises 
 themselves should not exceed one hundred and 
 fifty words. (Brevity will be found a hard vir- 
 tue here; for the shorter the exercise, the more dif- 
 ficult it is to bring in all the points desired, at the 
 same time meeting the requirements of English 
 composition.) 
 
 (c) Make discriminating use of footnotes, e.g. 
 (a) To save a prospective user of the exer-
 
 18 Latin Composition 
 
 rise the trouble of looking up a rare 
 word. 
 
 (/3) To suggest a literal rendering, where 
 the English of the text is rather idio- 
 matic. (This expedient makes for better 
 English in the text of the exercise.) 
 
 (7) To make sure that the prospective 
 user of the exercise will choose the Latin 
 word essential to the test the writer has 
 in mind. E.g. if it is desired that the 
 phrase ' order that no one ' be rendered 
 imperare ne quis, it is necessary to sug- 
 gest impero in a footnote, for otherwise 
 many will choose iubeo, which calls for 
 a different construction. 
 
 (d) Underline the words and phrases that illus- 
 trate points to be tested. (This makes it easy 
 for a writer to present his ideas rapidly, if called 
 upon in a class exercise.) 
 
 (3) Make an exact translation into Latin of the 
 English exercise. 
 
 (4) Bring to class : (a) the original Latin text ; 
 (6) the English exercise; and (c) the Latin trans- 
 lation. 
 
 The class procedure may well take on seminar 
 character. Though all the participants have been 
 working upon the same Latin passage, no two of the
 
 Suggestions 19 
 
 English exercises will be alike ; and members of the 
 class may be called upon in turn to present their con- 
 tributions, explaining what is involved in them, and 
 to what extent they are based directly upon the orig- 
 inal Latin or in what particulars they deviate from 
 it. And the fact that the starting point is the same 
 for all makes possible a lively and profitable discus- 
 sion, bringing out the varied possibilities of the 
 Latin text. 
 
 ******** 
 
 Scattered through his general reading the instruc- 
 tor will find many short Latin passages suited to this 
 use. In general, brief bits of narrative are to be pre- 
 ferred ; for passages abstract in thought are not easily 
 handled by a class. Good material is abundant in 
 Cicero's speeches and philosophical works, in the out- 
 lying parts of Caesar's writings, and in Nepos. A 
 single example will suffice : 
 
 Nepos, Han. 11. 4 ff.: Horum in concursu Bithyni 
 Hannibalis praecepto universi navem Eumenis 
 adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex cum sustinere non 
 posset, fuga salutem petiit; quam consecutus non 
 esset nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in 
 proximo litore erant collocata. Reliquae Perga- 
 menae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius, re- 
 pente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem 
 fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio risurn 
 pugnantibus concitarunt neque quare id fieret poterat 
 intellegi. Postquam autem naves suas oppletas
 
 20 
 
 Latin Composition 
 
 conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum 
 quid potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verte- 
 runt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic 
 Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit, 
 neque turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis 
 pari prudentia pepulit adversaries. 
 
 Aside from the routine of grammatical phenomena, 
 this little passage twenty times or more illustrates 
 points included in the Grammatical Conspectus. In 
 the order of the text these are as follows : 
 
 adoriuntur ; transitive 
 compound of ad-. 
 
 vim ; vs. plu. 
 
 sustinere; transitive com- 
 pound of sub-. 
 
 consecutus esset; transi- 
 tive compound of con-. 
 
 se recepisset; vs. de- 
 duco (' withdraw '). 
 
 Reliquae ; vs. aliae. 
 
 conici ; transitive com- 
 pound of con-. Also 
 form of pres. pass, infin. 
 3d conjug. 
 
 coepta sunt; passive be- 
 cause of conici. 
 
 fieret; form. 
 
 intellegi; transitive com- 
 pound of inter-; also 
 form of pres. pass, infin. 
 3d conjug. 
 
 autem ; postpositive. 
 
 oppletas; transitive com- 
 pound of ob-. 
 
 conspexerunt ; transitive 
 compound of con- ; also 
 tense with postquam. 
 
 verterunt; spelling. 
 
 castra; vs. fern. 
 
 consilio ; vs. concilio. 
 
 arma ; vs. fern. 
 
 copiis ; vs. sing. 
 
 pari ; spelling of abl. 
 
 pepulit; spelling. 
 
 To the points already involved in a text others 
 often may be added by introducing slight changes. 
 For example, in the above passage :
 
 Suggestions 21 
 
 1. Hannibalis praecepto . . . adoriuntur; change 
 to ' Hannibal ordered (iubeo) that they should attack/ 
 thus testing the tense of the infinitive (Hannibal 
 iussit eos adoriri). 
 
 2. navem Eumenis ; add 'alone' (solus), calling for 
 genitive form solius. 
 
 3. quam consecutus non esset, etc. ; throw into indirect 
 discourse by prefixing 'many people think that.' This 
 will test also the proper treatment of the word ' people ' 
 in such connections. 
 
 4. Quae iacta; substitute 'a thing (res) which,' call- 
 ing for incorporation in the relative clause (quae res). 
 
 5. serpentibus; add 'so many,' giving a chance to 
 write the indeclinable tot. 
 
 IV. SUPPLEMENTARY WORK 
 
 If time allows, the work of the course as aoove 
 outlined may well be supplemented by a study of 
 Latin phrases and idioms. Without upholding the 
 procedure, we must all admit that the majority of 
 Latin students acquire their knowledge of the lan- 
 guage a word at a time. From this it follows that 
 many of them, having once paired an English word 
 and a Latin word in their minds, are inclined to throw 
 one of the pair into the breach whenever its fellow 
 appears. This sometimes makes sheer nonsense, 
 and again very poor English. 
 
 Not to mention such unbelievable (yet actual) 
 atrocities as humi quod for 'on the ground that,'
 
 22 Latin Composition 
 
 t 
 
 sum iens scribere for 'I am going to write/ and 
 cives in corpore for 'the citizens in a body,' the 
 Grammatical Conspectus reveals less culpable weak- 
 ness of the same general character ; e.g. the tendency 
 of students to render 'ever' uniformly by umquam, 
 without noting that 'ever' sometimes medns 'always,' 
 requiring then, of course, the translation semper. 
 Again, many students seem to have in mind but one 
 word to render ' increase ' into Latin, thus falling into 
 the error of using cresco when ' increase ' is transitive, 
 or augeo when it is intransitive. 
 
 It is extremely desirable that the prospective 
 teacher of Latin be forewarned as to this common 
 failing on the part of the secondary school student. 
 A little care and attention expended here will do 
 much for the establishment of habits of clear think- 
 ing and exact expression. For there is no diffi- 
 culty in demonstrating to any class the utter futil- 
 ity of attempting the work of translation on 
 the basis of a, mere mechanical replacing of in- 
 dividual words by unvarying substitutes in another 
 language. 
 
 A simple and convincing illustration is found in 
 the two-word groups made up of noun and adjective ; 
 and a case in point is incorporated in Miss Sabin's 
 Relation of Latin to Practical Life, page 28, where 
 the adjective magnus is coupled with a great variety 
 of nouns. At a glance it is manifest that any "stand-
 
 Suggestions 23 
 
 ard" rendering of this adjective is worse than in- 
 adequate, and that the translation cannot be deter- 
 mined except by taking into account the other word 
 of the group, e.g. 'loud shouting,' 'careful considera- 
 tion,' 'intense pain,' ' high price,' ''strong confidence,' 
 etc. 
 
 The same thing is true of the following familiar 
 and usually mistranslated passage : 
 
 Cic. in Cat. i. 18: Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc 
 mihi timorem eripe: si est verus, ne opprimar; sin 
 falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam. 
 
 Most students slip over this passage with the con- 
 ventional renderings ' true ' and ' false ' for the adjec- 
 tives. It is only when they take into account the 
 noun timor that a proper translation is achieved, e.g. 
 'well grounded' and 'groundless.' 
 
 Carrying this a little farther, there are many Latin 
 combinations (in other words, phrases and idioms) 
 that are well worth the attention of a class of pro- 
 spective teachers. All know that 'make a speech ' is 
 orationem habere; but few are familiar with the 
 legal phrase causa cadere ('lose a suit'). 
 
 It is proposed, therefore, that, as supplementary 
 work for the course here outlined, the members of 
 the class be directed to watch in their reading for 
 Latin phrases that appear idiomatic and worth re- 
 membering. As rapidly as noted, these should be 
 listed alphabetically in an inexpensive card catalogue.
 
 24 Latin Composition 
 
 The following form of entry has been found con- 
 venient : 
 
 Attract attention : 
 
 oculos movere, Cic. de Off. 1. 98. 
 
 A few samples are appended, to show the scope of 
 this phase of the work : 
 
 Abused, be (verbally): nobis indigna audire, Cic. de 
 Off. 1. 137. 
 
 Accept a bribe (to do a thing) : quaestum facere ut, 
 Cic. p. Font. 17. 
 
 According to the old proverb: ut est in vetere pro- 
 verbio, Cic. Tusc. Disp. 2. 11. 
 
 Administration: during my administration, me 
 obtinente, Cic. ad Att. 5. 21. 7. 
 
 Advanced in years: iam affectus senectute, Cic. de 
 Orat. 3. 68. 
 
 Among other things: in eis, Cic. ad Att. 3. 6. 
 
 Apply the torch: faces admovere, Cic. Tusc. Disp. 
 2. 61. . 
 
 As a matter of fact: si verum quaerimus, Cic. Tusc. 
 Disp. 2. 54. 
 
 Quite aside from the intrinsic value of a well clas- 
 sified collection of this sort, such work tends to de- 
 velop a closeness of observation that makes both for 
 an intimate acquaintance with the ways of the Latin 
 language and for carefully considered and idiomatic 
 rendering into English.
 
 Suggestions 25 
 
 For the proposed course as a whole, it may be said 
 that the methods here recommended have proved 
 very successful in bringing prospective teachers to a 
 state of real efficiency in the subject ; and in some 
 cases even brief training of this sort has quite revo- 
 lutionized ideas as to the utility and (may it safely 
 be added?) the pleasures of Latin composition.
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 
 PART I 
 
 Exercise i 
 
 Cicero thinks that Pompey would not have been 
 sent into Asia, had not the senate been persuaded 
 by him 1 that Pompey was the man 2 to be chosen. 
 But as a matter of fact 3 the senators themselves were 
 willing that he should go, in order that their own 
 power might be greater at Rome. Would that he 
 were now here to see to it 4 that his friends are in no 
 wise 5 injured! But though he is away, I do not 
 think that they will be driven out; for they appear 
 in the forum daily with many of their relatives. 6 
 However, if they do go into exile, they will proceed 
 to a city in Sicily which is called Syracuse 7 a town 
 in which Dionysius reigned more than thirty years. 
 
 Exercise 2 
 
 In the army were many men of valor, who often 
 had not hesitated to risk 8 their lives for their coun- 
 try; but among them 9 there is said to have been none 
 
 1 I.e. Cicero. 2 Omit. 3 re vera. 4 video. 6 Adv. 
 ace. 6 propinqui. 7 Plu. noun. 8 periclitor. 9 in 
 and abl. 
 
 26
 
 English-Latin Exercises 27 
 
 braver than Quintus Fabius, a man whom all pos- 
 terity should honor. For on one occasion, when 
 there was no one who dared to cross a bridge to 
 save l a wounded officer, 2 he ran forward boldly and 
 sustained the enemy's attack single-handed 3 until 
 the officer was taken to a safe place. The story 4 of 
 this exploit 5 was reported to the senate 6 at Rome, 
 and that body 7 never rendered heartier thanks. 8 
 Indeed 9 I believe that a regular thanksgiving 10 
 would have been decreed in Fabius' name, if such 
 an honor were ever given for saving n the life of an 
 individual 12 citizen. 
 
 Exercise 3 
 
 When the general saw the scouts 13 of the enemy on 
 the other side of the river, he ordered 14 that the 
 cavalry should cross as quickly as possible, so that 
 the enemy might have less opportunity to harass 15 
 the soldiers who had gone from the camp to get 
 water. It is said, however, that the horsemen had 
 been demoralized 16 by previous 17 encounters, and 
 hence 18 were now unwilling to obey such an order. 19 
 Therefore, fearing that some calamity might be 
 
 1 def endo. - legatus. 3 solus. 4 fama. 5 res. 
 6 defero ad. 7 concilium. 8 gratias ago. 9 quin 
 etiam. 10 supplicatio iusta. u cum-clause. 12 unus. 
 1 ' explorator. 14 iubeo. 15 lacesso. '"frango. 17 su- 
 perior. K ob earn causam. 19 imperium.
 
 28 Latin Composition 
 
 suffered, if he insisted, 1 the commander withdrew his 
 forces to the nearest hill. There, calling a council, 
 he found 2 that all were anxious 3 to return to their 
 homes in Italy. Indeed there were some who 
 thought that they ought 4 to start that very night ; 
 but these were finally persuaded that this was too 
 hasty. 5 
 
 Exercise 4 
 
 Though Clodius was trying to drive Cicero into 
 exile, Caesar and Pompey realized 6 what was being 
 done and yet were not willing to interfere, 7 judg- 
 ing that the security 8 of the state was of more im- 
 portance 9 than the safety of one citizen. Yet it is 
 thought by many people that Pompey did wrong 10 
 in thus deserting 11 Cicero after having previously 
 promised him his aid. 12 The situation was aggra- 
 vated by the fact that J3 the old-time 14 forces of 
 Catiline, which Cicero had subdued a few years 
 before, and which had now chosen 15 a new leader, 
 were ready 16 to aid Clodius. Thus the number of 
 Cicero's enemies was daily increasing, and a gen- 
 eral 17 uprising 18 began to be feared. So, with the 
 
 1 persevere. 2 reperio. 3 volo. 4 Gerundive. 6 prae- 
 properus (note force of prefix). sentio. ~ intercede. 
 8 quies. 9 Forms of plus and sum. 10 pecco. " Rela- 
 tive clause. 12 opera. 13 Lit. ' it was added that ' 
 (accedo ut). "pristinus. 15 deligo. 16 paratus. 
 17 Superl. of magnus. 18 tumultus.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 29 
 
 idea 1 of preserving 2 the peace of the state, Cicero 
 withdrew from Rome, and did not return 3 to the 
 city until 4 he was recalled by a vote of the people. 5 
 
 Exercise 5 
 
 When 6 this had been reported to 7 Curio in his 
 camp, he at once called Balbus and others to a coun- 
 cil, so that, through the advice of many, it might be 
 more easily decided what was best to be done. When 
 all had gathered, Balbus declared that without 
 Caesar's order 8 they ought 9 not to leave camp ; 
 for 10 sixty thousand Gauls were already under 11 arms, 
 and the Germans would soon be summoned 12 from 
 their homes 13 beyond the Rhine, a combination 14 
 which by no means could be resisted by a single 
 legion. However, believing that they ought to 
 escape before the Germans should join the Gauls, 
 Curio urged that camp be broken 15 at once, and 
 that they should not allow to slip 16 a chance to 
 elude 17 the enemy. This view 18 finally prevailed 19 
 and they marched forth from camp, a move 20 
 which subsequently no one regretted 21 more than 
 Curio himself. 
 
 1 causa, z conserve. ' revertor. 4 priusquam. 
 6 plebiscitum. ubi. 7 defero ad. * iniussu. " Gerun- 
 dive. 10 nam (indirect discourse). u in. 12 arcesso. 
 13 sedes. 14 coniunctio. 16 moveo. ie dimitto. 17 fallo. 
 18 sententia. 19 supero. 20 res. 21 paenitet.
 
 30 Latin Composition 
 
 Exercise 6 
 
 Cleomenes, who regarded himself as a second x 
 Verres, in very similar fashion 2 would drink 3 
 whole days on the shore. But once it was suddenly 
 announced to him that a ship of alarming 4 appear- 
 ance was approaching the coast. The other offi- 
 cers 5 wanted to fight ; but thinking that he and all 
 of his men would presently 6 be murdered by pirates, 
 Cleomenes at once boarded 7 his largest vessel, 
 where he gave orders 8 that the sails should be set, 9 
 and commanded that the other vessels follow him 
 as quickly as possible. However, they were small, 
 and not to be compared in speed with the leader's 
 ship. So the latter 10 escaped very easily, while 
 the other officers were captured by the pirates or 
 lost in the sea. There are some who judge that if 
 Cleomenes had not fled so hastily, he without doubt 
 would have saved n all his ships and driven the pi- 
 rates from the harbor. For his own vessel was so 
 strong 12 that it could easily have protected 13 the 
 
 others. 
 
 Exercise 7 
 
 The worst people are sometimes prosperous, 
 while the best are often most unfortunate. 14 Con- 
 
 1 alter. 2 similiter (superl.). 3 poto. 4 terribilis. 
 6 praepositus. 8 brevi. 7 conscendo. 8 iubeo. 9 facio. 
 10 ille. "conserve. 12 Lit. 'of such strength.' 13 Use 
 praesidium. H miser.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 31 
 
 sequently, as a noted philosopher used to say, it 
 makes no difference 1 what sort of person 2 you are 
 and how you have lived ; for there is no reward of 
 virtue. And when this same man had returned 3 
 from Egypt to Athens, a city which is very famous 
 for its temples, a certain friend said to him, "Have 
 you never seen the votive tablets 4 and realized how 
 many people through their vows escaped the force 
 of the tempest and arrived safely in port?" "But," 
 replied he, "you do not take into account 5 the great 
 number 6 of men who made vows 7 and yet were not 
 spared 8 by the gods, but 9 were swallowed up 10 in 
 the sea." And he frequently warned his friends 
 that human affairs are unnoticed n by the gods. 
 They, however, thought there was no doubt 12 that 
 he was wrong 1S , and they did not hesitate to tell 14 
 him so. 
 
 Exercise 8 
 
 After 15 Philo had withdrawn to Sparta on the 
 ground that 16 his life was in great danger, he often led 
 the enemy against his own countrymen, in order 
 that the latter might realize more fully 17 how great 
 a general they had lost. Under his leadership 18 the 
 
 1 Use interest. - qualis. 3 revertor. 4 tabula picta. 
 5 rationem habeo (and gen.}, 'multitude. 7 voveo. 
 conserve. "Lit. 'and.' I0 submerge. Il neglego. 
 12 Use non dubium. 13 erro. > 4 confirmo (with dat.}. 
 I6 postquam. 18 quod. n plane. 18 Use dux.
 
 32 Latin Composition 
 
 Spartans l won 2 many a victory ; and there are 
 some who believe that they would have taken 3 
 Athens itself, had they not been filled with sus- 
 picion 4 regarding the sincerity 5 of their leader ; 
 for they feared that he might be seeking some op- 
 portunity to betray them 6 to the Athenians. 
 
 Therefore, thinking it best 7 to leave, Philo did 
 not hesitate to flee 8 even to the Persians 9 , among 
 whom he remained until he was recalled by his citi- 
 zens to help them against the Spartans a thing 
 which he had all along 10 realized n would ultimately 
 happen. 12 In fact it is said that no one was ever 
 welcomed 13 home with greater manifestations of 
 joy 14 than he. 
 
 Exercise g 
 
 After this defeat, 15 fearing that he would be sur- 
 rendered to the Romans (which I think surely would 
 have happened, 16 had he remained in Asia at that 
 time), the Carthaginian 17 betook himself to a large 
 town in the island of Crete. There too he soon 
 found 18 that he was in great danger ; for he was car- 
 rying with him a huge sum of 19 money, and the 
 
 1 Lacedaemonii. 2 pario or reporto. 3 potior. 4 Use 
 incertus. 6 fides. 6 Reflex. 7 Lit. 'the best (thing) 
 to do.' "refugio. "Persae. 10 semper. " sentio. 
 12 Lit. 'be' (fio is defective). 13 reduce. u acclamatio. 
 15 clades. 16 Lit. 'would have been' (sum). 17 Poenus. 
 18 sentio. 1D grandis.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 33 
 
 townspeople were not to be trusted. 1 Accordingly 
 he devised 2 a plan of the following 3 sort. Collect- 
 ing many jars, 4 he filled them with lead, 5 but cov- 
 ered 6 the tops 7 with gold and silver. These jars 
 he ostentatiously 8 deposited 9 in a public temple 
 for safekeeping. 10 By this means the townspeople 
 were persuaded that all his wealth was in their power, 
 and they guarded the temple not so much X1 from 
 others as from him, fearing that in some way he 
 might get possession of 12 his own money. Saving 13 
 his property in this manner, the Carthaginian made 
 his way to an influential 14 king in Pontus. Surely 
 there never was a man more resourceful 15 than he. 
 
 Exercise 10 
 
 Certain people brought to Rome from Greece the 
 forged 16 will 17 of a very rich man ; and to make this 
 hold good 18 the more easily, they had enrolled 19 as 20 
 heirs with themselves two men of great distinction, 21 
 Marcus Crassus and Quintus Hortensius. For 
 these latter, 20 though it was commonly 22 thought 
 that they were upright men, had not hesitated to 
 
 1 Use fidem habeo. 2 ineo. 8 is. 4 amphora. 
 6 plumbum. operio. 7 Use adj. summus. 8 palam. 
 colloco. 10 custodio (gerundive). " tarn. > 2 potior. 
 13 conserve. "potens. 15 caUidus. 18 falsus. 17 testa- 
 mentum. 18 'make . . . hold good,' obtineo. 19 scribo. 
 20 Omit. 2l nobilitas insignis. K vulgo.
 
 34 Latin Composition 
 
 intimate l that they were not unwilling to accept 
 such a gift. 2 Thus the real 3 heir gained only the 
 name of the dead man, while the property was pos- 
 sessed by others. Leading citizens 4 ought 5 not 
 to have acted 6 thus, and it was not right 7 that 
 the real heir should in this way be deprived of his 
 inheritance. 8 For if one does not protect from 
 injury 9 when he can, the wrong 10 is as great as n if 
 the injury were actually 12 inflicted by him. Yet 
 there are some people, who, thinking that right 13 
 is one thing and expediency another, are ready 14 
 to do without hesitation whatever seems advanta- 
 geous to themselves, l5 a proceeding 16 which is 
 the source 17 of the worst crimes and disgraces. 
 But 18 if some really good man should have the 
 power 19 by a mere 15 wish to become heir of the 
 rich, he would not embrace 20 the opportunity, 
 even if he were sure 21 that it could be done with- 
 out the knowledge of any. 22 
 
 1 significo. 2 munus. 3 verus. 4 principes civitatis. 
 5 oportet. ? se gerere. 7 aequus (with infin.}. 
 8 hereditas. 9 iniuriam defendo. 10 culpa. " tarn . . . 
 quam. 12 ultro. 13 'right . . . expediency,' honestum . . . 
 utile. 14 volo. 15 ipse. 16 res. 17 fons. 18 at. 19 pos- 
 sum. 20 utor. 2I exploratum esse (with dat.). 22 Lit. 
 'no one knowing'.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 35 
 
 Exercise n 
 
 Ten years ago it is related that Diomedes came 
 near to being l despoiled of all the most valuable 2 
 possessions he had. For though he was a man of in- 
 fluence and distinction, Yerres summoned him to 
 Syracuse (which is the capital 3 of Sicily), demand- 
 ing that he display to him certain statues of remark- 
 able 4 beauty which it was rumored 5 he had at 
 home. Perceiving that his statues would be stolen, 
 if Verres once caught sight of 6 them, Diomedes in- 
 vented the fiction 7 that they had lately been sent to 
 a friend of his at Malta ; 8 and, shortly afterward, 
 adopting 9 a device 10 very similar to that by which 
 many of his countrymen had previously eluded n 
 Verres, he quietly left Syracuse and took refuge 12 
 at Rome. S Thereupon the father of Verres wrote 13 
 a letter from Rome to his son, warning him that 
 unless he took care, 14 on his return 15 home he would 
 be put on trial 16 for his many crimes (a thing wilich 
 seemed very likely, 17 for there was now no one at 
 Rome who doubted that Verres was guilty of the 
 greatest wrongs 18 ). Frightened by this letter, Ver- 
 
 1 Use paene. 2 pretiosus ; attract into rel. clause. 
 3 caput. 1 mirabilis. 6 Impcrf. tense. 6 aspicio. 7 emen- 
 tior. Melita. 9 utor. ' consilium. " fallo. 12 re- 
 fugio. u do. u caveo. 16 cum-clause. 16 reum facio 
 (and gen.). 17 veri similis. 18 scelus in se admittere.
 
 36 Latin Composition 
 
 res recalled 1 Diomedes, assuring him that nothing 
 would be taken 2 from him, even though it should 
 appear 3 that he was richer than any 4 other in- 
 habitant of all 5 Sicily. 
 
 Exercise 12 
 
 Once a very poor 6 farmer was made shepherd 7 
 of the king's flocks. He was long most faithful and 
 upright ; 8 but one day, as he was passing through 
 the woods, he noticed a chasm 9 in the earth which 
 had been opened 10 by very heavy u rains, and, moved 
 by curiosity, 12 descended into it. There he found 13 
 the body of a dead man of remarkable 14 size with 15 
 a gold ring on his 16 finger. Quickly appropriat- 
 ing 17 this, the shepherd climbed out and returned 
 home to tell the other shepherds what he had seen. 
 But as he came into their assembly, he happened 18 
 to turn the setting 19 of the ring toward his palm, 
 and discovered 20 to his great astonishment that he 
 had become invisible ; 21 whereas, 22 as soon as he 
 turned it to its proper 16 position, everyone could 
 see him. Therefore he informed no one of his ex- 
 
 1 reduce. 2 eripio. 3 reperio (pass.). 4 quivis. 8 totus. 
 6 pauper. 7 pastor. 8 probatus. 9 hiatus. 10 efficio. 
 11 SuperL of magnus. l2 cupiditas videndi. 13 reperio. 
 14 mirabilis. 18 Lit. 'and.' 16 Omit. 17 arripio. 18 Use 
 casu. 19 pala. 20 sentio. 21 Lit. 'that he could be seen 
 (cerno) by no one.' 22 Direct disc.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 37 
 
 perience; 1 but, making use of the opportunity 
 afforded by 2 the ring, he met 3 the queen secretly, 
 made 4 a plot against the king, and killed off all 
 those whom he thought it unsafe 5 to spare. Thus 
 it is said that in a short time he made him- 
 self 6 king not only of one city, but of all Lydia. 
 There are some who would not have acted thus, 
 even if the reward had been twice as great 7 . 
 
 Exercise 13 
 
 Verres once desired that a certain statue at Syra- 
 cuse should be removed and carried away to adorn 
 his own 8 gardens, though the Sicilian 9 priests all 
 declared that the thing 10 was impossible because the 
 statue was of remarkable 11 antiquity and no one 
 could touch it without sin. 12 Finding that nothing 
 could be accomplished by words, Verres finally or- 
 dered 13 that the high priest should be arrested 14 for 
 refusing 15 to do what had been asked. Every- 
 one thought that the poor man would merely be sent 
 to prison ; 16 for they had not yet realized 17 what 
 sort of person 18 Verres was. This excellent 19 
 
 1 More lit. ' of what had happened.' 2 ' afforded by,' 
 lit. 'of.' 3 convenio. 4 ineo. 6 periculosus. 'I.e. 
 ' became'. 7 bis tantus. Use ipse. Siculus. 10 is. 
 11 notabilis. I2 noxa. l3 iubeo. M in vincula conicio. 
 16 cum-clausc. 18 in custodiam trado. 17 intellego. 
 18 Omit. Supcrl. of bonus. 
 
 272805
 
 38 Latin Composition 
 
 Roman, though it was winter and the weather 1 
 very cold, selected 2 an equestrian statue in the 
 centre of the forum, and ordered his soldiers to 
 strip the high priest of his garments and place the 
 man upon it and bind him fast. Thus a man of repu- 
 tation among the Sicilians, who held 3 the high- 
 est office in their state, was left exposed in the snow 
 and cold. And the torture was not terminated 4 
 until the priest was nearly dead. Then the 
 people in a body came to the senate-house, 5 de- 
 manding that Verres be given the ancient statue 
 which he asked, and crying out that the gods them- 
 selves would surely avenge their own wrongs. Thus 
 it was that Verres gained his desire. 6 
 
 Exercise 14 
 
 While I was engaged with 7 these matters, my 
 slave announced that a Sicilian official wished to 
 see 8 me. Though I was busy, 9 I ordered that 
 the man should be admitted, not wishing that 
 the Sicilians should have any occasion to accuse me 
 of negligence. And I am not sorry 10 that I acted 
 thus ; for, as I afterward found out, 11 this stranger 12 
 
 1 tempestas. 2 deligo. 3 Use praeditus. * More 
 literally, ' an end of the torture was not made.' 8 curia. 
 6 Lit. ' arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' 7 ago. 
 8 convenio. 9 open intentus. 10 paenitet. " reperio. 
 12 ignotus.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 39 
 
 was a man of distinction, who had lately been 
 elected 1 priest of Jupiter, an honor which the 
 Sicilians prize very highly. 2 Moreover, he had 
 come to urge me to go with him to the senate-house 
 at Syracuse, saying that the inhabitants of that 
 city would- soon be deprived 3 of every right unless 
 I should help them. On hearing such a complaint 4 
 
 I at once set out with him for Syracuse. When we 
 arrived there and had taken seats 5 in the senate, 
 a senator eighty years of age began to speak, point- 
 ing out that the people of Syracuse 6 were ag- 
 grieved 7 that in the other cities in Sicily I had 
 told 8 the senate and people what to do to main- 
 tain 9 their rights, while at Syracuse I had done 
 nothing of the sort. Whereupon I said in reply 10 
 that I was willing to do all in my power, n and that 
 having undertaken the defense 12 of all 13 Sicily, I 
 would not allow the people of Syracuse to be in- 
 jured, if I could prevent it. 
 
 Exercise 15 
 
 Many years ago some devout 14 people desired 
 that a very beautiful picture 15 should be painted, 
 
 1 creo. 2 Forms of facio and multus. 3 spolio. 
 4 querimonia. 5 sedeo. 6 Syracusani. 7 moleste fero 
 (with infin.). 8 doceo. obtineo. 10 respondeo. 
 
 II Lit. 'that I could.' " causam suscipio. 13 totus. 
 14 religiosus. 16 tabula.
 
 40 Latin Composition 
 
 that they might have a gift worthy 1 to be placed 
 in the temple 2 of Juno at Tarentum. And so, 
 though it was thought 3 that many Italian paint- 
 ers were competent 4 to produce such a work of 
 art, 5 messengers were sent to Greece to engage 6 
 the most famous artist 7 that they could find there. 
 On his arrival at Tarentum, the illustrious painter 
 began at once to be invited 8 to other cities also ; 
 but he declared that he would not leave Tarentum 
 until this work was finished. ^Accordingly he at 
 once had an interview with 9 the leaders in the 
 city 10 and decided to paint a likeness n of Helen, 
 as being 12 the fairest of all women. In order to 
 carry out this 13 plan more easily, he asked to see 14 
 the handsomest girls living in the city, wishing to 
 copy their beauty in 15 the picture. Then it is re- 
 lated that the townspeople escorted the man to the 
 gymnasium 16 and there showed him boys of rare 
 beauty 17 and great strength exercising. 18 "From 
 these," said they, "you can infer how handsome 
 their sisters are." But when the painter urged his 
 request even more earnestly, 19 they called a council 
 
 1 dignus. 2 aedes. 3 Imperf. tense. 4 idoneus. 
 5 opus. adhibeo. ' opifex. * arcesso. Use con- 
 venio. 10 civitas. "simulacrum. 12 ut. 13 ille. 
 14 More lit. ' that he be allowed to see.' 1B Lit. ' by ' 
 (with imitor). 16 palaestra. 17 Use praeditus. 18 Rel. 
 clause; exerceo requires object. 19 acrius insto.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 41 
 
 and decided that the maidens should be summoned 
 from their homes. Of these the artist selected l 
 five, thinking that every charm could not be found 
 in the person 2 of one individual 3 ; and in this way 
 he produced a picture fairer than any one of the 
 five girls. 
 
 Exercise 16 
 
 When his native city 4 had been oppressed by ty- 
 rants for more 5 than fifty years, Altorius proceeded 
 secretly to Argos, 6 where he gathered 7 the largest 
 possible forces. Returning with these, he took 8 
 the city, killed the tyrant then ruling, and freed the 
 people from their 9 long servitude. He also re- 
 stored 10 three thousand exiles, men of wealth and 
 standing ; and while he did not doubt that these 
 ought u to be reimbursed 12 for 13 the losses which 
 they had suffered, 14 he gave orders 15 nevertheless 
 that no one of them should try to recover his prop- 
 erty by force from those who had bought it up 16 
 after it was confiscated. 17 Then, seeing that money 
 was the thing 9 needed 18 to adjust matters, 19 he 
 proceeded to Alexandria in Egypt, a country which 
 was then ruled by Ptolemy. This rich king was 
 
 1 deligo. 2 corpus. 3 Omit. * patria. 5 amplius. 
 6 Argi. 7 colligo. 8 potior. 9 Omit. 10 in patriam 
 reduce. " oportet. I2 satisfacio. 13 pro. M damnum 
 facio. 15 impero. 16 coemo. I7 publico. 18 Use opus, 
 'rem const! tuo.
 
 42 Latin Composition 
 
 easily persuaded that Altorius and his country- 
 men ought x to be assisted with a large sum of 2 
 money. Receiving the same, 3 Altorius returned 
 home, and there never was a greater benefactor 4 
 than he. For it is said that he satisfied everyone, 
 giving money to some in place of 5 their lost pos- 
 sessions, and restoring the property 6 of others 
 after persuading the holders 7 to sell at a high price. 
 
 'Gerundive. 2 grandis. 3 Lit. 'it.' 4 auctor rerum. 
 6 pro. res ipsa (sing.). 7 possessor.
 
 PART H 
 
 Exercise 17 
 
 It is said that the Gauls, being men of wealth, 
 then asked what they were to do in case they should 
 find anyone lying in wait 1 on the road. "If you 
 meet brigands 2 there," said the consul, "do not try 
 to pass. For in the country there is no one who can 
 help you. But if you return at once to the senate 
 at Rome, we will send to many houses in the city 
 and summon slaves to escort you." When the 
 Gauls heard this, they said that they were still in 
 doubt 3 what was best to do, and that they never 
 would have left home, if they had thought 4 that the 
 roads were so dangerous. 
 
 Exercise 18 
 
 When Caesar had stopped a few days near this 
 town to get in 5 supplies, he hurried to Fabius at Ve- 
 sontio. There it is said that many inhabitants 6 of 
 the town tried to frighten the Romans, telling 7 
 them how brave the Germans were. And there was 
 no one who doubted that they spoke the truth. 
 
 1 insidior. 2 latro. 3 dubito. sentio. 6 compare. 
 6 incola. 7 doceo. 
 
 43
 
 44 Latin Composition 
 
 Fearing, therefore, that some reverse l might be 
 suffered, if he did not encourage his men, Caesar 
 called an assembly 2 and said, "All of us know that 
 no soldiers are braver than the Germans. But do 
 not forget that this tribe which we are about to 
 meet in battle is the very one 3 which Fabius de- 
 feated on his march 4 through Gaul last year." 
 
 Exercise 19 
 
 When the Germans led out their forces, many of our 
 men at once hurried forward, 5 so that no one might 
 say that any were bolder thao they. 6 But others, 
 unwilling to leave the camp on the hill, remained 
 behind 7 the breastworks; 8 and it is thought by many 
 people that this circumstance was the salvation 9 of 
 our army. For the Germans have a wonderful phy- 
 sique, 10 and they are by no means 11 easily frightened. 
 
 Thus it happened that when our men drew near, 
 they were at once driven back ; indeed they fled in 
 haste through the valley to their friends in the camp. 
 A little later, after 12 these facts had become known, 13 
 many more of 14 the Germans crossed the river, hop- 
 ing that all of the Romans would soon be expelled 
 from their 15 lands. 
 
 1 detrimentum. 2 contio. 3 idem. 4 cum-clause. 
 6 procurro. 6 ipse. 7 intra. 8 munitiones. 9 salus. 
 10 Lit. 'are of wonderful (mirabilis) size of body.' n Sing. 
 12 ubi. 13 cognosce. 14 Use frequens. 15 The Germans'.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 45 
 
 Exercise 20 
 
 "Conscript fathers," said Cicero, "I shall now 
 set forth to you why I returned l to Rome. Avoid- 
 ing Brundisium for good cause, 2 1 had come on Aug- 
 ust 1 to Syracuse, 3 a town which could not detain 
 me more 4 than one night, although the towns- 
 people were anxious 5 that I should remain. But, 
 being unwilling to delay, fearing that I should thus 
 lose 6 some opportunity to sail, I took 7 ship, and 
 had not proceeded 8 far when I was driven back by 
 adverse winds. 
 
 "After stopping one night at the home of 9 Pub- 
 lius Valerius, a man of courage and discretion, I 
 learned that the Gallic provinces would be given up 
 by Antony, and that he was now willing to admit 10 
 that the laws of the state must n be obeyed. Hear- 
 ing this, I did not hesitate to return at once to Brun- 
 disium." 
 
 Exercise 21 
 
 Men of old 12 did not hesitate to ask 13 many things 
 of the gods ; and yet no one ever vowed a gift 14 to 
 Hercules on condition that 15 he should be made a 
 wise man. Although it is said that, on discover- 
 
 1 revertor. 2 Lit. 'not without reason.' 3 Plu. noun. 
 4 amplius. 6 volo. 6 dimitto. 7 conscendo. 8 Pass, of 
 proveho. "apud. 10 confiteor. "Gerundive. 12 anti- 
 quus. 13 posco. u munus. 15 si.
 
 46 Latin Composition 
 
 ing l something new in his studies, Pyro sacrificed 2 
 a bull to the Muses ; but few have believed this, 
 inasmuch as he was unwilling to sacrifice a victim 3 
 even to Apollo, fearing that he would stain 4 the 
 altar with blood. 
 
 But, to return to my subject, 5 all of us are per- 
 suaded that only good 6 fortune is to be asked 7 of 
 the gods, and that wisdom must be gained by our 
 own efforts. 8 And so, while we dedicate shrines 
 to Mens, Virtus, and Fides, there is no one who 
 does not realize that the attainment of these attri- 
 butes rests with us, 9 and 6 'not upon the beneficence 
 of the gods. 
 
 Exercise 22 
 
 Fellow citizens, I recall 10 that a certain Sicilian, 11 
 a friend of mine and a man of distinction, once 
 told me that he had been robbed 12 of a golden 
 cup of great 13 weight, which it was his custom 14 
 to use on state occasions. 15 
 
 "As 16 I was sitting at home with my wife and 
 children," said he, "a slave of the praetor ran up, 
 saying that his master 17 had directed 18 that I should 
 
 1 cum-clause. 2 immolo. 3 hostia. 4 aspergo. 6 res ; 
 omit ' my.' 6 Omit. 7 peto. 8 Lit. ' ourselves.' 
 9 Lit. 'these things lie (situs esse) in us.' 10 memini 
 (with pres. infin.). n Siculus. B spolio. 13 grandis. 
 14 soleo. 15 dies festi. 16 dum. " dominus. 18 iubeo.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 47 
 
 at once bring to him that golden cup. Fearing that 
 some evil would befall, if this were not done, I or- 
 dered 1 the cup to be brought out and conveyed with 
 me to the praetor's house. 
 
 "On my arrival 2 there, I soon saw 3 that he in- 
 tended 4 to keep the cup ; and I therefore promised 
 two of his slaves that three thousand sesterces would 
 be given them, if they should persuade their mas- 
 ter to return it safe to me. However, they began 
 to complain that they could do nothing ; and so I 
 returned 5 home sadly 6 without my cup." 
 
 Exercise 23 
 
 Then said Cicero : "On Corcyra there is a city 
 which is the fairest spot 7 in all 8 Greece a town 
 to which rich Romans often come in summer to en- 
 joy 9 a more healthful 10 climate. 11 In this city it 
 is said that there once was a very large temple 12 to 
 Juno, into which many foreigners 13 brought splen- 
 did gifts. These 14 gifts were long untouched ; I5 but 
 one day when the fleet of king Masinissa had come 
 into that port, its commander 16 seized two golden 
 statues of great 17 beauty and carried them away to 
 
 1 iubeo. 2 Not abstract noun. 3 intellego. * in 
 animo habeo (with infin.). Tevertor. 6 Use adj. 
 7 locus. * totus. utor. I0 salubris. u caelum. 
 12 aedes. 13 advena. u Direct discourse. 1S inviolatus. 
 'praefectus. 17 insignis.
 
 48 Latin Composition 
 
 his king in Africa. The latter at first received the 
 gift 1 gladly ; but when he learned 2 whence the 
 statues had come, 3 he ordered 4 that they should 
 at once be restored, not wishing to keep what be- 
 longed to another. 5 Many good deeds 6 of Mas- 
 inissa are recorded, and nothing more just than 
 this." 
 
 Exercise 24 
 
 Once a certain lieutenant 7 of the governor 8 set 
 out from Syracuse 9 with the greatest parade lo to 
 drive off the very numerous pirates 11 who were 
 spoiling ships on every hand. But though he 
 boasted 12 that the enemy would be put to flight 13 by 
 his approach, he did not care 14 to risk 15 the dangers 
 of battle, but 16 fled at full speed, almost before the 
 pirates began to be sighted 17 in the distance. 
 
 To escape the odium of this action 18 more easily, 
 he afterward accused of cowardice 19 the bravest 
 men he had commanded 20 in the army. And this 
 he did with the greatest recklessness. 21 For one 
 of these men, a captain 22 of integrity and fortitude, 
 had not seen the disgraceful 23 flight ; in fact ^ he 
 
 1 munus. 2 intellego. 3 Lit. 'were.' 4 iubeo. s Use 
 alienus. 8 recte factum. 7 legatus. 8 praetor. g Plu. 
 noun. 10 ostentatio. " pirata. l2 glorior. u fugo. 
 14 nolo. 15 subeo. 16 Lit. 'and'. 17 conspicio. 18 res. 
 19 ignavia. 20 duco ; attract the superl. into the rel. clause. 
 21 audacia. 22 praef ectus. 23 foedus. 24 quin etiam.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 49 
 
 did not even leave Syracuse with the others, being 
 detained there by a serious affection l of the eyes. 
 Gentlemen of the jury, 2 rest assured 3 that if this 
 sort of thing 4 continues to be done 5 in the prov- 
 inces, there will soon be no one who cares 6 to be 
 called a friend of the Roman people. 
 
 Exercise 25 
 
 "Fellow citizens," cried he, "it thus happened 
 that an excellent friend of mine was robbed by Yer- 
 res a man who richly deserves 7 your hatred and 
 that of all posterity. For he treats 8 Roman citi- 
 zens as though they were slaves ; in fact it is said by 
 reliable witnesses 9 that he was not deterred from 10 
 putting to death a certain man even by the cry n of 
 the victim, 12 'I am a Roman citizen.' I recall, 13 
 too, 14 that when his forces had been defeated by 
 pirates and his lieutenant wanted to put the blame 
 upon 15 the others, Verres did not hesitate to allow the 
 Sicilian 16 officers 17 to be imprisoned 1S and even 19 
 killed. 
 
 1 morbus gravis. * iudices. 3 scio (what tense?). 
 4 tails (neut. plu.). B Lit. ' is done longer.' 6 volo. 
 7 dignus (siiperl.). 8 ago cum. verus testis. 
 
 '"deterreo quominus. " vox. 12 ille miser. 
 
 13 memini. M porro. 16 culpam confero in (and ace.). 
 " Siculus. 17 praepositus. 18 in vincula conicio. 
 
 13 atque vero.
 
 50 Latin Composition 
 
 "Thus there was arrested a man of Heraclea 1 
 who had served faithfully 2 and had done noth- 
 ing contrary to 3 orders. This person of note, 
 realizing that he must 4 die, wrote a defense of his 
 case, 5 in 6 which he shows 7 to all people how 
 many ships and sailors he had at the time of sail- 
 ing 8 from Syracuse, and how afterward the ships 
 were scattered by Verres' lieutenant. Of course 9 
 this defense did not help him at all. But it was a 
 splendid effort, 10 and there is no one throughout 
 all Sicily n who has not read it and been stirred with 
 anger as he learns of Verres' wickedness." 
 
 Exercise 26 
 
 Nations differ much among themselves in customs 
 and opinions. In Africa it is thought by the Egyptians 
 that a certain monster, 12 which is called Apis, 13 is a 
 god. On the other hand, the Persians hold that 
 the likeness of the gods ought not to be represented 14 
 even by images in human form. 15 And it is said 
 that Xerxes burned the most beautiful temples that 
 Greece possessed for the reason that he thought it 
 not right 16 that the gods, whose home is the whole 
 
 1 Heracliensis. 2 fidem servo. 3 contra atque (and 
 verb). 4 Gerundive. 6 causa. Lit. ' by.' 7 doceo. 
 8 cum-clause. 9 scilicet. 10 opus. " Place where (to- 
 tus). 12 bestia. 13 Masc. 14 effingo. * humanus. 
 16 nefas.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 51 
 
 universe, l should be inclosed 2 by walls. These 
 shrines the Greeks have never even planned 3 to re- 
 store, preferring that they should ever be a memo- 
 rial 4 to 5 Persian wickedness. 
 
 But, to return to my 6 subject, 7 how many 
 nations and tribes have believed that it is very ac- 
 ceptable to the immortal gods to sacrifice 8 human 
 beings than which I can think of nothing more 
 revolting ! 9 And there are even some who hold 10 
 that it is right n to live by plundering 12 while 
 we Romans, people of justice and piety, do not al- 
 low the Gauls to plant the olive and the vine, in 
 order that our own olive gardens 13 and vineyards 14 
 may be more valuable! 15 
 
 Exercise 27 
 
 At that time the governor 16 was so discourteous 17 
 that one could 18 see clearly that he was simply con- 
 sidering 19 how he could most readily insult 20 us. 
 However, wishing to show 21 myself worthy of the 
 honor which the senate had conferred 22 in electing 23 
 me to look into Sicilian affairs, 24 I went at once to 
 
 1 mundus. 2 intercludo. 3 constituo. 4 documen- 
 tum. * Lit. ' of.' Omit. 7 res. 8 immolo. 9 foedus. 
 10 duco. " ius. 12 latrocinor. 13 olivetum. "vinetum. 
 16 Use form of plus. 16 praetor. 17 inhumanus. '" Not 
 possum, "cogito. 20 contumelias impono. 21 praesto. 
 22 confero. 23 cum-clausc (deligo). 24 res investigo.
 
 52 Latin Composition 
 
 the man and demanded that he send to their homes 
 many inhabitants l of neighboring islands whom 
 he had long kept in confinement. 2 
 
 Thereupon he became very angry, and declared 
 that they should never return while he was alive ; in 
 fact, as we afterward learned, 3 he had already is- 
 sued an order 4 that no one should make known to 
 me even where the men were imprisoned. And so, 
 though I did not fear that the senate and the Roman 
 people would not ratify 5 whatever I did, I decided 
 to wait until a more thorough 6 investigation 7 
 should be made. By this means my purpose was 
 accomplished ; 8 for three days later two slaves 
 were found who, though unwilling to speak openly, 
 were induced by a promise of 9 five thousand sester- 
 ces to come to me secretly and tell the whole story. lo 
 
 Exercise 28 
 
 Fellow citizens, it is reported that after Tiro com- 
 mitted n many cruel deeds in Asia he was warned by 
 several people that these crimes would shortly be 
 reported to 12 his 13 countrymen at Sparta. Learn- 
 ing 14 this and thinking that it much concerned 15 his 
 
 1 incola. 2 Lit. ' chains.' 3 reperio. 4 hnpero. 
 
 6 ratum and habeo. 6 accuratus. 7 quaestio. 8 Lit. ' I 
 
 arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' 9 Not lit. 
 
 10 res. n in se admittere. 12 defero ad. 13 Omit. 
 14 cognosce (abl. abs.). lf> maxime interest.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 53 
 
 safety, Tiro begged one of the Persian satraps l to 
 give him a testimonial, 2 setting forth 3 how merci- 
 fully 4 he had conducted the war. The satrap did 
 not dare to refuse, fearing that he would not lightly 5 
 be pardoned, 6 if he did not write. 
 
 When Tiro had read the production 7 with much 
 pleasure and while it was being sealed, 8 the satrap 
 stealthily substituted 9 another document 10 of 
 like size and appearance, in which ll he had recorded 
 truly the acts of Tiro. The latter on returning 
 home made a speech in which ll he maintained his 
 honesty 12 and uprightness, and as 13 a testimonial 
 presented 14 the document written by the satrap. 
 After Tiro had withdrawn, the magistrates read 
 the book privately, 15 then sent it back 16 to him 17 
 to read. 18 Thus it happened that Tiro unwittingly 19 
 became 20 his own 21 accuser. 
 
 Exercise 29 
 
 It is an open question 22 whether we should put 
 confidence 23 in dreams or not. When Socrates was 
 in prison 24 at Athens, it is said that he dreamed he 
 
 1 satrapes, -ae, masc. 2 testimonium. 3 Omit. 4 Use 
 humanitas. 5 facile. 6 ignosco. 7 haec. 8 signo. 
 9 subicio. 10 liber. "No prop. 12 fidem defendo. 
 11 loco. M porrigo. 15 secreto. "do. 17 ipse. ^Gerun- 
 dive, '"imprudens. 2n fio. 2I ipse suus. 22 incerum 
 est. - 3 confido. - 4 in custodia teneo (pass.).
 
 54 Latin Composition 
 
 saw a woman of august mien, 1 who announced that 
 he would be executed in a few days. And in this 
 he was not deceived ; 2 for shortly afterward he was 
 compelled to drain the deadly 3 cup. 
 
 Furthermore, can there anywhere be found a 
 more reliable 4 witness than Aristotle? And yet 
 this prince 5 of philosophers relates that a certain 
 friend of his on a journey 6 to Macedonia came to 
 Pharsalus in Thessaly (a town which afterward 
 became very famous 7 because of the battle fought 8 
 there) . Here 9 the friend 10 became so ill u that all 
 of the doctors gave him up. 12 However, one night 
 the man dreamed that a youth of more than human 
 beauty 13 stood before him saying that he would 
 get well 14 shortly, that the tyrant Alexander would 
 soon be killed, and that he himself 15 would return 
 home after five years. The first two things 16 hap- 
 pened just as had been predicted, the third in a 
 somewhat different way. 17 And so, supported 18 
 by such facts (as these), 19 there are some who did 
 
 1 insignis dignitas. 2 Lit. ' this thing did not deceive 
 (fallo) him.' 3 exitialis. 4 certus. 6 princeps. 6 cum- 
 clause. 7 celeber. 8 committo. 9 Direct discourse. 
 10 Use ille. " Lit. 'fell (incido) into such severe (gravis) 
 illness.' 12 diffido (no object). 13 Lit. 'more beauti- 
 ful than a man.' lt convalesce (supine stem lacking). 
 16 I.e. the friend. 16 Neut. adj. (not res). 17 aliquanto 
 diversius (adv.}. 18 fretus. 19 Omit. *
 
 English-Latin Exercises 55 
 
 not hesitate to assert (their conviction) 1 that there 
 can be no doubt 2 that through dreams the gods 
 often disclose to men coming events. 
 
 Exercise 30 
 
 After 3 Cleomenes had fled with his ship, the 
 pirates very easily put to flight the other forces. 
 But, although he 4 had been the cause of the dis- 
 aster, Cleomenes did not hesitate to put the blame 5 
 upon a captain of his, a most distinguished 6 Sicil- 
 ian and a person of character and reputation, fear- 
 ing that Verres would not forgive him, if he should 
 once learn the truth. 7 In fact 8 Cleomenes him- 
 self hastened to Syracuse in Sicily, not wishing that 
 the disaster should be reported to 9 Verres by any- 
 one else. 
 
 To inspire greater confidence 10 in his story, 11 he 
 brought with him the three most wicked and un- 
 truthful 12 soldiers he could find, promising that they 
 would be thanked 13 in money as well as 14 in words, 
 if by their testimony Verres should be persuaded 
 that his 15 forces had been lost through the coward- 
 ice of a Sicilian. 
 
 1 Omit. 2 Use dubito. 3 postquam. 4 ipse. 5 culpam 
 confero in (and ace.), "nobilis. 7 res ipsa. " quin 
 etiam. defero ad. 10 fidem facio. " Lit. 'words.' 
 12 mendax. 13 gratias ago (pass.). u Use non solum, 
 etc. u Verres'.
 
 56 Latin Composition 
 
 Conscript fathers, I hope the time will soon coine 
 when officials in the provinces will not dare to do 
 such wrongs 1 even to allies. As it is now, the in- 
 nocent are prosecuted 2 and condemned just as 
 though law and right did not exist. 3 Let us not, 
 however, lose heart. 4 For there is no one who 
 does not see that daily the number is increasing of 
 those who love justice more 5 than power, and in 
 whose judgment no reward is greater than the praise 
 of all good men. 
 
 Exercise 31 
 
 I must now speak of two very noteworthy 6 
 dreams, which are often mentioned by Greek 
 writers. Surely nothing could 7 be more wonderful 
 than the following 8 story. For it is related that a 
 philosopher once found the body of a dead citizen 
 on the shore and buried it ; and that, when after- 
 ward he was about to take ship, the shade of the 
 dead man appeared in his 9 sleep, 10 and seemed to 
 warn him that he would be lost, if he sailed at that 
 time. The n philosopher therefore returned 12 to his 
 home, while the other people who sailed then were 
 lost in the sea. 
 
 1 iniurias infero (and dat.}. 2 reum facio (pass.). 
 3 nullus esse. 4 animo deficio. 6 Forms of facio and 
 plus. 6 nobilis. 7 Not subj. 8 hic. 9 Omit. 10 in 
 somnis. " Direct disc. 12 revertor.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 57 
 
 Again, 1 two youths once came to Megara in 
 Sicily. One put up 2 at the house of a friend, and 
 during the night 3 it seemed to him that the other 
 (who had taken quarters with 4 an innkeeper 5 ) 
 stood before 6 him, saying that he had been murdered 
 at the inn. 7 The young man arose much disturbed, 
 but thinking that no confidence should be placed 8 
 in a dream, was soon asleep again. Once more in 
 his dream 9 he saw the same thing. Then, thoroughly 
 frightened, he went to the inn and found 10 that his 
 friend was indeed n dead. These facts becoming 
 known, 12 the magistrates ordered 13 that the inn- 
 keeper should pay the penalty. 14 
 
 Exercise 32 
 
 But passing over 15 fables, to come to actual fact, 16 
 when Marcus Regulus was captured in Africa by 
 Hamilcar, the Carthaginians 17 sent him to Rome 
 on condition that 18 he should himself return to 
 Carthage, in case 19 the senate was not persuaded by 
 him to return to their fatherland certain Cartha- 
 ginian prisoners of distinction. There is no one 
 
 1 atque. 2 in hospitio sum. 3 noctu. 4 deverto ad. 
 6 caupo. 6 adsum. 7 deversorium. 8 Gerundive 
 (confido and adv. ace.). 9 in somnis. 10 reperio. u re 
 vera. 12 cognosce. 13 iubeo. 14 poenas do. 15 omitto. 
 18 res facta. " Poeni. 18 ita . . . ut. 19 si.
 
 58 Latin Composition 
 
 who doubts that it was expedient l for Regulus to 
 forget his promise and to remain securely 2 at home. 
 But being a man of noteworthy honor 3 and cour- 
 age, he had no such thought. 4 Indeed he used 
 every means 5 to persuade the senators that the cap- 
 tives were men who ought to be retained, saying 
 that it was to the state's interest 6 to keep them, 
 inasmuch as they were young men and good leaders, 
 while he himself was now broken 7 by age. And 
 when this at length had been decreed by the senate, 
 he set out cheerfully 8 for Carthage, although he 
 knew that a very cruel enemy and harsh tortures 
 there awaited 9 him. Surely the renown of no 
 one can be compared with the glory of that dis- 
 tinguished man. For though we sometimes 10 act n 
 as though 12 we believed expediency 13 to be su- 
 perior to 14 right, 13 yet everyone recognizes the 
 superiority 15 of right when they see it in the con- 
 duct of others. 16 
 
 1 utilis. 2 tuto. 3 probitas insignis. 4 Lit. ' he 
 thought (cogito) nothing less.' 5 omnia facio. 6 in- 
 terest. 7 conf ectus. 8 aequo animo. "maneo. 10 in- 
 ter dum. n se gerere. 12 ita . . . quasi. 13 utile . . . 
 hone stum. M Lit. ' of more value than.' 16 praestantia. 
 14 Lit. ' in others'.
 
 PART m 
 
 Exercise 33 
 
 Hearing this, the soldiers willingly advanced to 
 an elevated l spot on the plateau. 2 And after 3 they 
 had stopped there not more 4 than six hours to 
 recover 5 their strength, Curio ordered 6 that they 
 should be led out of camp during the third watch, 
 so that the river might be crossed with less danger. 
 For the king was still 7 lingering near, fearful of 8 
 losing some opportunity to attack the Romans. 
 However, he wasted his time ; 9 for who is shrewder 10 
 than Curio? Before the enemy were roused by 
 the sound of the trumpet, the Romans had with- 
 drawn all of their forces across the river, and it is 
 said that even the horses were all taken over safely. 
 
 Exercise 34 
 
 A certain Greek general, who had lived at Sparta 
 for more than twenty years, began to try to per- 
 suade the Persians 11 that they 12 ought 13 to march 
 
 1 editus. 2 planities. 3 postquam. 4 amplius. 6 re- 
 ficio (use cawsa-clause). 6 iubeo. 7 adhuc. 8 Lit. 'fear- 
 ing that.' 9 operam perdo. 10 callidus. u Persae. 
 12 ipse. 13 Gerundive. 
 
 59
 
 60 Latin Composition 
 
 into Greece. Learning that his plans were discovered, 
 it is related that he set out in haste from home, 
 thinking that he could take refuge in a shrine 1 of 
 Minerva, and that no one would dare to molest 2 him. 
 But his citizens hastened to the spot, and, not wish- 
 ing to lay hands upon 3 a man at the altar 4 they 
 blocked up 5 the doors with stones, and tore off 6 
 the roof of the temple, so that he thus might per- 
 ish more quickly under the open 7 sky. Indeed 8 
 there are some who say that his mother, a woman 
 of remarkable spirit, 9 on learning of the crime of 
 her son, herself brought a stone to wall him in. 10 
 
 Exercise 35 
 
 When they heard this, the Gauls withdrew to 
 their camp in the woods. There they began to 
 build n boats, so that they might more easily cross 
 the river and find out whether 12 the Romans had 
 burned their crops 13 in the valley. But it is said 
 that the Romans had been so terrified by sudden 14 
 attacks that they were now retreating rapidly and 
 could not be persuaded by anyone to linger longer 
 in that territory. 15 Yet there are those who be- 
 
 1 in fanum refugio. 2 Lit. ' injure.' 3 manus infero 
 and dat. 4 altaria, -him, N. 5 obstruo. 6 detraho. 
 7 Omit. 8 quin etiam. 9 fortitude mirabilis. 10 claudo. 
 11 instituo. 12 num. 13 frumentum (plu.}. 14 repentinus. 
 11 fines.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 61 
 
 lieve that they would have remained, if Caesar had 
 not been so far away. For Caesar is a man of won- 
 derful influence, l and some people think that there 
 never was a better leader than he. Fortune cer- 
 tainly gave him an opportunity 2 to show his skill. 3 
 
 Exercise 36 
 
 When Caesar arrived here, he began to try to cut 
 the enemy off 4 from water. The descent to the 
 river was difficult for the townspeople. Noting 
 this, Caesar stationed guards wherever he thought 
 the enemy would try to descend. They, therefore, 
 were able to use only the water of a single spring 5 
 about four hundred feet from the river. To reach 
 this with less risk, Caesar dug tunnels, 6 and in this 
 way drew off the water. Thinking then that the 
 enemy would be obliged to surrender in a few days, 
 he felt that he ought not to waste 7 the strength 
 of his army in unnecessary 8 assaults. Accordingly 
 he kept his men in camp and no one was allowed to 
 go outside the fortifications. Learning this, the 
 townspeople, left without any hope of safety, 9 
 sent ambassadors to Caesar to beg him to spare 
 them. 
 
 1 auctoritas insignis. 2 facultas. 3 sollertia. 4 pro- 
 hibeo. 6 fons. 6 cuniculus. ' detero. 8 non neces- 
 sarius. Lit. 'destitute of all hope of safety.'
 
 62 Latin Composition 
 
 Exercise 37 
 
 It is said that there was once a very famous 1 
 Greek general who loved nothing better than plots 2 
 and conspiracies. Accordingly 3 he used to send 
 messengers frequently to a Persian 4 satrap 5 at 
 Sardis, 6 thinking that the barbarian would very 
 easily be persuaded to send an army into Greece. 
 But there were some people who began to notice 7 
 that no messenger sent to the satrap ever returned 
 home, and no one could tell why this was so. 8 Fi- 
 nally the general chose 9 a lad of unusual intelli- 
 gence 10 to carry a letter to Sardis. Fearing that 
 the letter contained something written about him- 
 self, the boy loosed the string n and broke the seal. 12 
 When the letter was opened, he discovered 13 that 
 the general had ordered 14 that he should be killed by 
 the satrap, if he brought the letter through. 15 
 This had been done that no news 16 might ever come 
 back about the plans and plots of the general. 
 
 Exercise 38 
 
 When Hanno's fleet arrived at Malta, 17 an island 
 which the Greeks had abandoned three years before, 
 
 1 nobilis. 2 dolus. 3 Direct discourse. 4 Persicus. 
 6 Use praetor. 6 Sardes, -ium, F. 7 animadverto. 
 8 res ita se habet. 9 deligo. 10 sollertia insignis. " li- 
 num laxo. 12 signum detraho. 13 reperio. 14 iubeo. 
 i 5 perfero. 16 novum, -i, N. 17 Melita.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 63 
 
 it is reported that many of the soldiers desired to 
 proceed at once to Tarentum on the mainland. 1 
 But thinking that this would be dangerous and that 
 his forces should be spared 2 as much as possible, 
 the admiral 3 decided to wait for the other ships, 
 and he could not be moved from his resolution. 4 
 
 Learning 5 this, the enemy set out secretly from 
 Syracuse, and never did any triremes sail faster 
 than those ; and if some of their number had not 
 wandered 6 from the course, many people think 
 that Hanno would have been driven back to Africa. 
 Yet he was a leader of marvellous skill, 7 and in his 
 fleet were many men of valor. Consequently I do 
 not believe that the Carthaginians 8 had any occa- 
 sion to fear that he could not defend their interests, 9 
 even if he should be attacked by enemies however 10 
 strong. 
 
 Exercise 39 
 
 " Fellow citizens," said Cicero," you recall, 11 per- 
 haps, that during my quaestorship 12 in Sicily the 
 long forgotten 13 tomb of Archimedes was discovered 
 in the neighborhood 14 of Syracuse an event that 
 happened on this wise : The people of Syracuse 15 
 
 1 continens. 2 parco (gerundive). 3 praef ectus. 4 de 
 sententia depello. 6 cognosce. erro. 7 prudentia 
 mirabilis. 8 Poeni. 'res. '"quamvis. " memini 
 (with pres. infin.). I2 cum-clause. 13 neglectus. u ad. 
 15 Syracusani.
 
 64 Latin Composition 
 
 declared that they had never heard of the tomb, 
 and could scarcely be persuaded that it would be 
 found near their city. But I had come into pos- 
 session of l some verses which it was said had been 
 inscribed long before on his monument, and which 
 stated that on top of the tomb were placed a sphere 2 
 and cylinder. 3 And so, when I and a few of the 
 inhabitants had come through the city to the gates, 
 I looked about and at once saw 4 the sphere arid 
 cylinder. Everything was choked 5 with briers ; 6 
 and, in order to make the way of approach 7 easier, 
 men were sent in to cut them down. 8 Thus we 
 came to the monument, finding upon it traces 9 of 
 the verses and the name of Archimedes. Conse- 
 quently it seems quite likely 10 that a very distin- 
 guished n city would have wholly 12 forgotten the 
 tomb of its most illustrious 13 citizen, had not the 
 people been instructed u by a Roman how to find 
 it." 
 
 Exercise 40 
 
 When Altorius had been away more than five 
 years, he returned 15 to Athens 16 with the other 
 generals. And though these all had tried equally 17 
 
 1 nanciscor. 2 sphaera. 3 cylindrus. 4 animadverto. 
 6 oppletus. 6 dumus. 7 aditus. 8 excido. 9 vestigium. 
 10 veri simile (superl.). n nobilis. 12 plane. 13 celeber. 
 14 I.e. 'taught.' 18 revertor. 16 Plu. noun. " aeque.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 65 
 
 to save 1 the state, the citizens ran to the ship of 
 Altorius only, 2 as though the victory had been 
 won 3 by his valor alone. 4 For all were persuaded 
 that there never had been a greater general than he, 
 and they had no doubt 5 that their 6 armies had 
 often been defeated in earlier times 7 for the rea- 
 son that 8 they had not hesitated to banish 9 a 
 man of such 10 noteworthy valor. And it seems 
 that they did not think thus without good 1! rea- 
 son ; 12 for as soon as 13 Altorius had been put in 
 charge 14 of an army, the glory of Athens steadily 
 increased. On this occasion, when Altorius had 
 landed from 15 the ship, he made a speech to 16 the 
 people ; and there was no one who did not believe 
 that the Athenians would never be conquered, if 
 they should always have generals like him. 
 
 Exercise 41 
 
 After 17 he had gained possession 18 of the town, 
 Agesilaus warned the Spartans that other forces 
 would be sent at once from Asia into Greece, unless 
 the Persians 19 should be attacked without delay in 
 their own country. Alarmed by these words, the 
 
 1 conserve. 2 Adv. 3 pario. " Masc. B Use non 
 dubito. 6 suus. 7 antea. 8 quod. 9 in exsilium pello. 
 10 tarn. u Omit. I2 causa. 13 simul atque. 14 praeficio. 
 16 egredior ex. 16 apud. 17 postquam. 18 potior. 
 19 Persae.
 
 66 Latin Composition 
 
 Spartans adopted l the following 2 plan : They put 
 Agesilaus in command 3 of all their forces, with 
 orders 4 to sail as quickly as possible to Asia. So 
 the latter, collecting all the ships he could find, sup- 
 plied 5 them with provisions, 6 and put on board 7 
 the bravest 8 sailors he could secure. Before this 
 began to be generally 9 known, Agesilaus set sail, 
 fearing that in some way the news of the expedi- 
 tion 10 might reach Asia before him. This, of 
 course, n was the best plan to follow ; 12 and he had 
 no reason to 13 regret 14 his haste afterward. For 
 on his arrival he caught 15 the Persians unpre- 
 pared, 16 and it is reported that no one ever 
 gained 17 an easier victory than he. 
 
 Exercise 42 
 
 Fellow soldiers, 18 a Roman general had long 
 besieged in vain a very large town on a lofty hill, 
 when a certain one of the soldiers who daily left 
 camp to get water noticed that some goats were 
 feeding on the side of the mountain farthest 19 from 
 the Romans. Thinking that he, too, perhaps could 
 
 1 ineo. 2 Use tails. 3 praeficio. 4 Not noun. B in- 
 struo. commeatus (sing.). 7 escendere iubeo. 
 8 Attract into rel. clause. 9 vulgo. 10 fama profec- 
 tionis. " scilicet. 12 Lit. ' best thing to do.' 13 Use 
 causa cur. 14 paenitet. 16 opprimo. 18 incautus. 
 17 reporto. 18 commilito. 19 Rel. clause.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 67 
 
 climb up by this same route, 1 the man essayed 2 the 
 ascent, using rocks and old 3 roots of trees as foot- 
 holds. 4 In this way he finally came to the top of the 
 hill, and there found all of the enemy massed at a 
 point where the Romans usually made their assaults. 
 Therefore, without being seen by anyone, 5 he de- 
 scended quickly, and returning to camp informed 
 the general what he had discovered, urging him 
 not to let slip 6 such an opportunity to stampede 7 
 the enemy. Hearing this, the commander se- 
 lected 8 a few men and sent them with trumpets to 
 scale the hill from behind, 9 ordering that they 
 should wait in hiding 10 until a signal was heard 
 from the camp ; then each man was to sound n his 
 trumpet. This arrangement made, the other forces 
 began 12 simultaneously a fierce assault; and when 
 the trumpets sounded, it is said that the enemy 
 fled panicstricken in every direction, thinking that 
 they were surrounded on all sides by the Romans. 
 
 Exercise 43 
 
 At Syracuse, a city that once was very famous, 13 
 a certain king had reigned for more than two years. 
 And now a noble Athenian, a man of intelligence, 
 
 1 Omit. 2 tempto. 3 aridus. 4 'using as footholds,' 
 nitor, with abl. "I.e. ' having been seen by no one.' 
 8 dimitto. 7 fugo. 8 deligo. 9 Use aversus. 10 insidiae. 
 11 cano, with abl. 13 facio. u celeber.
 
 68 Latin Composition 
 
 who had come to Sicily a few years before, entered 
 upon 1 a plan of the following 2 sort to kill the ty- 
 rant: He warned the king that many inhabitants 3 
 of Sicily were hostile to him, and that he surely 
 would be assassinated, unless he should appoint 4 
 someone to act as a spy. 5 "This role 6 I am willing 
 myself to undertake," 6 said he. " I will pre- 
 tend to be your enemy, and then everyone will tell 
 me freely what they are planning 7 against you." 
 
 On the approval of this plan, the man armed him- 
 self without exciting 8 the suspicion of the king, 
 and on the next holiday selected certain youths 
 of huge stature, 9 and sent them to the house 10 
 where the king had gone to take his siesta. 11 Ad- 
 mitted there because sent by the Athenian, they 
 very easily killed the king in his bed. There are 
 some who think, however, that if the king had been 
 more popular, 12 the soldiers who were on guard 13 
 would have rushed in and saved his life. 
 
 Exercise 44 
 
 After 14 Epaminondas had returned 15 to Thebes, 16 
 he and the men who had been made his colleagues 17 
 
 1 ineo. 2 is. 3 incola. 4 eligo. 6 speculor. 6 partes 
 suscipio. 7 molior. 8 Omit. 9 mirabilis magnitude 
 corporis. 10 aedes. n meridio. 12 populo cams. 13 in 
 statione sum. 14 ubi. 15 revertor. 16 Thebae. 
 
 17 collega.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 69 
 
 were brought to trial l on the ground that they had 
 retained their commands without authorization 2 of 
 the people. Thinking that the others ought 3 to 
 be spared, if possible, 4 Epaminondas urged them to 
 cast all the blame 5 upon him only, and to declare 
 that they never would have ventured to disregard 6 
 the laws, if they had not been persuaded by him. 
 Thus, though no one defended 7 them, 8 they 
 were all acquitted ; 9 and there were some who 
 thought that Epaminondas would not even attempt 
 to clear 10 himself. But when the day of trial n 
 came, he made a speech before the jurors, 12 in 
 which he declared that he was not unwilling to die, 
 but that he begged one thing 8 of them, namely, 8 
 that they would inscribe upon his tomb : 13 "Epami- 
 nondas was condemned to deatli 14 because he com- 
 pelled the Thebans 15 to conquer the Spartans 1G 
 and because he rescued Greece from servitude." 
 When this was heard, a laugh broke out, 17 and no 
 one dared to cast a vote 18 in regard to him. It is 
 reported that the Thebans were remarkably dull ; 19 
 
 1 in iudicium voco. 2 iniussu. 3 Gerundive. * Lit. ' if 
 it could be done.' 6 culpam conferre (in and ace.). 
 6 resisto. T Abl. abs. (active). 8 Omit. 9 absolve. 
 10 purge. "iudicium. 12 iudices. 13 sepulchrum. 
 14 capitis damno. 15 Thebani. 16 Lacedaemonii. 
 
 17 exorior. 18 suffragium fero. "Lit. 'of remarkable 
 dullness ' (stoliditas).
 
 70 Latin Composition 
 
 but it seems that on this occasion they very easily 
 appreciated l Epaminondas' witty remark. 2 
 
 Exercise 45 
 
 During an illness s of Dionysius the Elder, 4 his 
 son-in-law 5 Dion asked the physicians whether 6 
 they thought the king would die. This Dion did 
 because he wished that Dionysius the Younger 7 
 should share 8 the kingdom with his own son, and 
 hoped that the king could be persuaded to make 
 this arrangement 9 before he died. These words 
 the doctors ventured 10 to report to 11 the younger 
 Dionysius ; and he, in fear 12 that Dion might find 
 some opportunity to influence 13 his 14 father, com- 
 pelled the doctors to administer a sleeping potion 15 
 which caused the king's death. Then, realizing 
 that he was surpassed in ability 16 by Dion, he pro- 
 vided the latter 17 with a ship in which to sail to 
 Corinth, saying that this was done for the sake 1S of 
 both, in order that they might not (have to) 14 fear 
 one another. 19 Some months later, learning that 
 Dion was gathering an army in Greece with the 
 idea 18 of attacking him, he gave Dion's wife in 
 
 1 intellego. 2 facete dictum. 3 cum-clause. 4 maior. 
 5 gener. 6 num. 7 minor. 8 partior. 9 ita rem con- 
 stituo. 10 audeo. n defero ad. 12 Not noun. 13 im- 
 pello. 14 Omit. 1B sopor. 16 ingenium. 17 ille. 
 11 causa. 19 inter se.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 71 
 
 marriage to another, and purposely l taught his 
 son the worst vices. 2 When finally Dion returned 
 to his fatherland and drove out the tyrant, it is 
 said that the son was so ruined 3 that he could not 
 reform, 4 and cast himself down from the upper 5 
 part of the house 6 and so perished. 
 
 Exercise 46 
 
 " But, to come back to my 7 subject," 8 said An- 
 tonius, "I am not as stoical as 9 Themistocles was. 
 For it is related that he actually 10 chose 11 to prac- 
 tice 12 the art of forgetting rather than that of mem- 
 ory, on the ground that there are more evils than 
 joys in life. I for my part 13 prefer to remember 
 everything, though there are experiences 14 which 
 are hard to bear 15 and the very 16 recollection of 
 which causes pain. So I feel under obligation 17 to 
 the man who is said to have been the pioneer 18 in 
 organizing 19 the science 20 of memory. He was a 
 poet; and the story runs that once when he had gone 
 to Larissa in Thessaly, he dined at the house of a 21 
 
 1 de industria. 2 dedecus (with adj. magnus). 3 de- 
 pravatus. 4 vitae modum commute. 6 superior. 
 6 aedes. 7 Omit. 8 res. 9 Lit. ' of such hardness 
 (duritia) of mind as.' 10 ultro. " malo. 12 exerceo. 
 13 equidem. u Lit. 'things.' u perpetior. 16 ipse. 
 17 gratiam habeo. Ift princeps. 19 Lit. ' of organizing ' 
 (constituo). 20 ars. 21 quidam.
 
 72 Latin Composition 
 
 very rich man. While 1 he was there reciting a 
 poem 2 which he had written in honor of 3 the 
 host, 4 it was announced to him that two youths 
 were standing outside 5 who wished to speak with 
 the poet. The latter at once went forth, and, finding 
 no one, 6 was about to return, when the house sud- 
 denly collapsed. 7 In 8 this accident the owner 9 
 and many of the guests 10 were killed, the bodies of 
 all being so mangled n that no one could tell them 
 apart, 12 until the poet, who recalled where each 
 had reclined, 13 solved the difficulty 14 an ex- 
 perience 15 which taught him that a science of mem- 
 ory might be developed." 1G 
 
 Exercise 47 
 
 Gentlemen of the jury, 17 both my brother and I 
 remember that an atrocious murder was once com- 
 mitted 1S in a forest in Sicily, and that the case of 
 those who were accused of the crime was put in the 
 hands of 19 Gaius Laelius, a man of distinction and 
 an excellent orator. The latter tried to acquaint 
 himself with the facts 20 as soon as possible, making 
 use of the testimony of all the poorest 21 witnesses 
 
 1 Direct disc. - carmen dico. 3 facio in and ace. 
 4 hospes. 5 ante fores. & Abl. abs. 7 concido. 8 Means. 
 9 dominus. 10 conviva. n lacero. 12 internosco. 
 u cubo. I4 omnia expedio. 15 res. 16 constituo. 
 17 iudices. 18 fio. 19 defero ad. 20 resfactae. 21 levis.
 
 English-Latin Exercises 73 
 
 an imprudence which he subsequently regretted. 
 For though he spoke eloquently 1 at the trial, the 
 jurymen were by no means persuaded that the de- 
 fendants 2 were innocent. Laelius now desired 
 that the matter should be postponed 3 a few days, 
 in order that he might secure stronger evidence; 4 
 and postponement 5 was not refused. But when 
 he had pleaded 6 the case a second time and with 
 no better success, 7 thinking that it could be 
 handled 8 more advantageously by a very incisive 9 
 speaker, he advised the defendants to engage 10 
 another advocate, adding however that he would 
 not have taken this course, if it had been possible 
 for him in any way to win n the case himself. So, 
 having thanked Laelius, the defendants went to 
 Servius Galba, and urged him to speak in their be- 
 half. 12 Galba hesitated long on the ground that 
 the case had already been pleaded by so able an 
 orator, but finally consented, and at the trial spoke 
 with such force and impressivenes's 13 that the de- 
 fendants were acquitted with the full approval 14 
 of everyone. 
 
 1 copiose. - reus. 3 differo. 4 indicium maius. 
 
 6 dilatio. 6 dico. 7 Use feliciter. 8 tracto. 9 acer. 
 
 10 adhibeo. ll obtiaeo. 12 pro. 13 auctoritas. u ad- 
 sensus.
 
 74 Latin Composition 
 
 Exercise 48 
 
 A farmer one day dreamed that he had found an 
 egg of remarkable size in his field ; and a sooth- 
 sayer r gave it as his opinion 2 that it was thus in- 
 dicated that gold and silver would be discovered 
 there, these two metals being indicated by the colors 
 of the two parts of an egg. Strangely enough, 3 
 gold and silver were found there, just as had been 
 predicted. There are some, however, who think 
 that the story would have been more convincing, 4 
 if it had been shown also that the dream of no one 
 else about an egg had ever failed to 5 lead to hidden 
 treasure; 6 for surely many people have had 7 such 
 a dream. 
 
 At the same time, we must admit that the story 
 told of Alexander is most marvellous. For it is 
 related that, when sitting beside 8 a sick friend, he 
 dreamed that a serpent brought him a tiny branch 9 
 in its mouth, 10 and told him where it had been 
 plucked, n assuring him that this was the best rem- 
 edy which had ever been found for the condition 12 
 into which his friend had fallen. Then, aroused from 
 sleep, Alexander sent a man on horseback to the 
 
 1 coniector. 2 respondeo. 3 Lit. ' strange to relate.' 
 4 probabilis. 6 Use non simply. 6 thesaurus. 7 fa- 
 cio. 8 assideo. 9 ramulus. 10 Means. " decerpo. 
 12 Lit. 'disease.'
 
 English-Latin Exercises 75 
 
 place indicated, in order that the remedy might be 
 brought more quickly. Thus the friend was re- 
 stored to health. 1 However, although we do not 
 venture to say that this story is not true, let us 
 not pass judgment 2 on the subject 3 of dreams 
 until we hear the rest of the arguments. 
 
 sauo. - iudico. 3 quaestio.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 English words in parentheses, unless in heavy face, are 
 added to limit the range of application of the words defined. 
 
 Figures in parentheses indicate the Exercise in which a 
 particular rendering is appropriate. 
 
 dbl., ablative. 
 ace., accusative. 
 adj., adjective. 
 adv., adverb. 
 corn-par., comparative, 
 eon;., conjunction. 
 dat., dative. 
 demon., demonstrative. 
 foil., following. 
 gen., genitive. 
 infin., infinitive. 
 inter., interrogative. 
 
 a, an, usually untranslated; 
 
 rarely quidam. 
 abandon, relinquo. 
 able, egregius. 
 
 able, be, possum, 
 about, adv., fere, 
 about, prep., de and abl. 
 accept, accipio. 
 acceptable, gratus. 
 accident, casus. 
 accomplish, efficio. 
 accordingly, quare. 
 accuse, accuso; imputo and 
 
 dat. (14). 
 
 n., noun. 
 neg., negative. 
 pass., passive, 
 per/., perfect. 
 plu., plural. 
 prep., preposition. 
 reflex., reflexive. 
 rel., relative. 
 subj., subjunctive. 
 superl., superlative. 
 v., verb. 
 
 accuser, accusator. 
 
 acquaint self with, cognosco. 
 
 acquit, absolve. 
 
 across, trans. 
 
 act, n., facinus. 
 
 act., v., facio; se gerere. 
 
 action, res. 
 
 actual fact, res facta. 
 
 actually, ultro. 
 
 add, with foil, neg., nego. 
 
 administer, do. 
 
 admiral, pracfectus. 
 
 admit, introduce, intromitto; 
 
 confiteor. 
 adopt (device) utor; (plan) 
 
 ineo. 
 
 77
 
 78 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 adorn, adorno. 
 
 advance, progredior. 
 
 advantageous, utilis. 
 
 advantageously, bene. 
 
 adverse, adversus. 
 
 advice, consilium. 
 
 advise, suadeo. 
 
 advocate, patronus. 
 
 affairs, res (plu.). 
 
 Africa, Africa. 
 
 after, adv., post. 
 
 after, con/., postquam, ubi, 
 
 cum. 
 
 afterward, postea. 
 again, iterum; atque (31). 
 against, in and contra with ace. 
 age, aetas. 
 
 Agesilaus, Agesilaus. 
 aggrieved, be, moleste fero. 
 ago, abhinc. 
 aid, n., opera, 
 aid, v., adiuvo. 
 alarm, commoveo. 
 Alexander, Alexander. 
 Alexandria, Alexandrea. 
 alive, vivus. 
 all, omnis, totus. 
 
 all (of), omnes. 
 allies, socii. 
 allow, patior. 
 
 allowed, be, licet. 
 
 allow to slip, dimitto. 
 almost, paene. 
 alone, solus. 
 already, iam. 
 also, quoque, etiam. 
 altar, altaria (plu.). 
 
 although, quamquam, etsi. 
 Altorius, Altorius. 
 always, semper, 
 ambassador, legatus. 
 among, apud and ace.; in and 
 
 abl.; inter and ace. 
 ancient, vetus. 
 and, et, -que, ac (atque), 
 
 autem. 
 
 and he, she, it, rel. pro. 
 and never, neque umquam. 
 and no, nee (neque); neque 
 
 ullus. 
 
 and no one, nee quisquam. 
 and not, nee (neque). 
 and nothing, nee quidquam. 
 and so, quare, quam ob 
 
 rem, itaque. 
 and that not, neve, 
 and then, quare (43). 
 and yet not, nee (neque). 
 anger, ira. 
 announce, muntio. 
 another, alius; (a second) al- 
 ter; see one thing . . . 
 another thing, 
 antiquity, antiquitas. 
 Antonius, Antony, Antonius. 
 anxious, be, volo. 
 any, ullus. 
 
 anyone (after si), quis; (in some 
 negative connections') quis- 
 quam; ullus (15). 
 anyone else, quivis alius. 
 anywhere, usquam. 
 Apis, Apis. 
 Apollo, Apollo.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 79 
 
 appear, appareo, r e p e r i o 
 
 (pass.) ; prodeo. 
 appearance, species, 
 appoint, eligo. 
 appreciate, intellego. 
 approach, n., adventus. 
 approach, v., appropinquo. 
 approve, probo. 
 Archimedes, Archimedes. 
 Argos, Argi. 
 
 argument, argumentum. 
 arise, surgo. 
 Aristotle, Aristoteles. 
 arm, armo. 
 arms, anna, 
 army, exercitus. 
 aroused from sleep, be, exper- 
 
 giscor. 
 
 arrangement, res. 
 arrest, in custodiam trado, in 
 
 vincula conicio. 
 arrive, pervenio. 
 art, ars. 
 artist, opifex. 
 
 as, dum, cum, ut. See so 
 
 much as, and such as. 
 
 as ... as, tarn . . . quam. 
 
 as ... as possible, 
 
 quam and superl. 
 as a matter of fact, re vera. 
 as much as possible, quam 
 
 maxime. 
 as soon as, simul ac (atque), 
 
 cum primum. 
 as soon as possible, quam 
 
 primum. 
 as though, (ita) . . . quasi. 
 
 ascent, ascensus. 
 
 Asia, Asia. 
 
 ask, peto, posco, postulo, rogo. 
 
 asleep, be, quiesco. 
 
 assassinate, occido. 
 
 assault, impetus, pugna. 
 
 assembly, concilium. 
 
 assert (ivith foil, neg.), nego. 
 
 assist, adiuvo. 
 
 assure, confirmo, affirmo. 
 
 astonished, greatly, obstupe- 
 
 factus. 
 
 at, in and abl.; (motion) in 
 and ace. 
 
 at first, primo. 
 
 at house of, apud and ace. 
 
 at length, postremo. 
 
 at once, statim, continue. 
 
 at Tarentum, Tarentinus. 
 
 at that time, turn, quo qui- 
 dem tempore. 
 
 at the same time, tamen. 
 Athenian, Atheniensis. 
 
 Athenians, the, Athenienses. 
 Athens, Athenae. 
 atrocious, atrox. 
 attack, n., impetus, 
 attack, v., adorior, oppugno. 
 attempt, conor. 
 avenge, ulciscor. 
 avoid, vito. 
 away, be, absum. 
 
 B 
 
 bad, malus. 
 Balbus, Balbus. 
 banish, in exsilium pcllo.
 
 80 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 barbarian, barbarus. 
 
 battle, proelium; gerund of 
 
 pugno. 
 be, sum. 
 
 be custom, soleo. 
 
 be far from, longe absum. 
 
 be now, (res) se habere. 
 beautiful, pulcher. 
 beauty, pulchritude, venustas, 
 
 forma. 
 
 because, quod, 
 because of, propter. 
 become, fio. 
 
 become angry, ira incendo 
 (pass.). 
 
 become known, cognosce 
 
 (pass.). 
 bed, lectus. 
 befall, accido. 
 before, adv., ante. 
 before, conj., priusquam. 
 before, prep., ante, apud and 
 
 ace. 
 
 beg, oro, posco. 
 begin (per/, tenses), coepi; 
 
 (attack), facio. 
 believe, credo, puto, reor. 
 belonging to another, alienus. 
 beneficence, beneficentia. 
 besiege, obsideo. 
 betake self, se conferre. 
 betray, prodo. 
 beyond the Rhine, Transrhe- 
 
 nanus. 
 bind, alligo. 
 blame, culpa 
 blood, sanguis. 
 
 board, conscendo. 
 boat, navis. 
 body, corpus, 
 bold, audax. 
 boldly, audacter. 
 both, uterque. 
 boy, puer. 
 brave, fortis. 
 break (camp), moveo. 
 breastwork, munitio. 
 bridge, pons. 
 
 bring, adduco, adfero, defero, 
 fero. 
 
 bring out, promo, 
 brother, frater. 
 Brundisium, Brundisium. 
 bull, taurus. 
 burn, incendo. 
 bury, sepelio. 
 but, sed, autem, at, tamen. 
 
 but if, sin autem. 
 by, a (ab) and abl. 
 
 by this means, sic. 
 
 Caesar, Caesar. 
 calamity, incommodum. 
 call, appello; advoco, convoco. 
 camp, castra. 
 can, possum. 
 
 captain, legatus, praefectus. 
 captive, captivus. 
 capture, capio. 
 care, volo. 
 carry, fero, porto. 
 carry away, aufero; (to), de- 
 fero.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 81 
 
 carry out, perficio. 
 Carthage, Carthago. 
 Carthaginian, Poenus. 
 
 Carthaginians, the, Poeni. 
 case, causa, 
 cast down, deicio. 
 Catiline, Catilina. 
 cause, causa. 
 cause (pain), adfero. 
 
 cause death of, neco. 
 cavalry, equites. 
 centre of, medius. 
 certain, a certain, a certain 
 
 one, quidam. 
 certainly, profecto. 
 chain, vinculum. 
 chance, occasio. 
 charm, venustas. 
 children, liberi. 
 choose, deligo, malo. 
 Cicero, Cicero, 
 circumstance, res. 
 citizen, civis. 
 city, urbs. 
 clearly, plane. 
 Cleomenes, Cleomenes. 
 climb out, climb up, escendo. 
 Clodius, Clodius. 
 coast, lit us. 
 
 cold, very, adj., perfrigidus. 
 cold, n., frigus. 
 collect, colligo. 
 color, color. 
 
 come, venio, pervenio; (to) 
 adeo; (time), sum. 
 
 come back, redeo; pass, of 
 refero (37). 
 
 coming events, futura. 
 command, n., imperium. 
 command, v., impero; duco 
 
 (24). 
 commander, imperator, prae- 
 
 fectus. 
 
 commonly, vulgo. 
 compare, comparo. 
 compel, cogo. 
 complain, queror. 
 concerns, it, interest. 
 condemn, condemno. 
 condemn to death, capitis 
 
 damno. 
 
 conduct (war), gero. 
 conquer, vinco. 
 conscript fathers, patres con- 
 
 scripti. 
 
 consent, concedo. 
 consequently, itaque, igitur, 
 
 quare. 
 
 conspiracy, coniuratio. 
 consul, consul. 
 contain, habeo. 
 convey, fero. 
 copy, imitor. 
 Corcyra, Corcyra. 
 Corinth, Corinthus. 
 could, possum; potential subj. 
 council, concilium, 
 country, regio, fines; rus; 
 
 (their) patria. 
 countryman, civis. 
 courage, virtus, 
 course, cursus; see take this 
 
 course, 
 cowardice, ignavia.
 
 82 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 Crassus, Crassus. 
 Crete, Greta. 
 crime, facinus, scelus. 
 cross, transeo. 
 cruel, crudelis. 
 cry, inquam. 
 
 cry out, clamo. 
 cup, poculum. 
 Curio, Curio, 
 custom, mos. 
 
 daily, cotidie; in dies, 
 danger, periculum. 
 dangerous, periculosus, infe- 
 
 stus. 
 
 dare, audeo. 
 day, dies; see one day. 
 dead, mortuus. 
 
 dead, be, interficio (pass.). 
 
 dead man, mortuus. 
 deceive, fallo. 
 decide, constituo, decerno. 
 
 decided, constitutus. 
 declare, with foil, neg., nego. 
 decree, decerno. 
 dedicate, dedico. 
 deed, facinus. 
 defeat, vinco, devinco. 
 defend, defendo. 
 defendant, reus. 
 defense, causa, defensio. 
 delay, n., mora. 
 delay, v., moror. 
 demand, posco, postulo. 
 deposit, colloco. 
 deprive, spolio. 
 
 descendj descendo. 
 
 descent, descensus. 
 
 desert, desero. 
 
 desire, volo. 
 
 despoil, spolio. 
 
 destitute, destitutus. 
 
 detain, retineo. 
 
 device, consilium. 
 
 devise (plan), ineo. 
 
 die, morior; see dead. 
 
 differ, differo. 
 
 difficult, difficilis. 
 
 dig (tunnel), facio. 
 
 dine, ceno. 
 
 Diomedes, Diomedes. 
 
 Dion, Dion. 
 
 Dionysius, Dionysius. 
 
 direct, iubeo. 
 
 disaster, detrimentum. 
 
 disclose, aperio. 
 
 discover, invenio, reperio, 
 
 eruo, patefacio, sentio, 
 
 video. 
 
 disease, morbus. 
 disgrace, dedecus. 
 display, ostendo. 
 distant, be, absum. 
 distinction, nobilitas. 
 distinguished, nobilis, illu- 
 
 stris. 
 
 disturb, commoveo. 
 do, facio. 
 
 do not, noli, nolite. 
 doctor, medicus. 
 document, liber. 
 done, be, fio. 
 door, fores.
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 83 
 
 doubt, n., dubium. 
 
 doubt, there be, dubito 
 
 (pass.). 
 
 doubt, v., dubito. 
 drain, haurio. 
 draw near, propius accedo. 
 
 draw off, averto. 
 dream, n., somnium. 
 dream, v., somnio. 
 drive (out), eicio, expello. 
 
 drive back, reicio, pello. 
 
 drive off, depello. 
 
 drive out, expello. 
 
 
 
 each, quisque. 
 earth, terra, 
 easily, facile, 
 easy, facilis. 
 egg, ovum. 
 Egypt, Aegyptus. 
 
 Egyptians, the, Aegyptii. 
 eighty, octoginta. 
 elect, deligo. 
 else, alter (48); see anyone 
 
 else. 
 
 elude, fallo. 
 
 embrace (opportunity), utor. 
 encounter, proelium. 
 encourage, cohortor. 
 end, finis, 
 enemy, hostis. 
 engage, adhilxx). 
 enjoy, utor. 
 
 enter upon (plan), ineo. 
 Epaminondas, Epaminondas. 
 equestrian, equester. 
 
 escape, effugio, evado. 
 escort, comitor, deduco. 
 essay, tempto. 
 even, etiam, vero; after neg., 
 
 ne . . . quidem; see 
 
 never even, 
 event, res. 
 
 ever, umquam; semper, 
 every, omnis. 
 everyone, omnes. 
 everything, omnia. 
 evidence, indicium, 
 evil, detrimentum, malum. 
 excellent, egregius; superl. of 
 
 bonus. 
 
 execute, morte afficio. 
 exercise, se exercere. 
 exile, exsul; exsilium. 
 expediency, utile. 
 expedient, utilis. 
 expel, expello. 
 exploit, res. 
 exposed, nudus. 
 eye, oculus. 
 
 Fabius, Fabius. 
 
 fable, fabula. 
 
 fact, res; often included in 
 
 neut. pro. or adj. 
 fair, pulcher. 
 faithful, fidelis. 
 fall (into), incido. 
 famous, nobilis, cole her. 
 far, longo. 
 farmer, agricola. 
 fast, coleriter; artc (Ki).
 
 84 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 father, pater, 
 fatherland, patria. 
 fear, metuo, timeo, vereor. 
 feed, pascor. 
 feel, censeo. 
 
 feel under obligation, gra- 
 
 tiam habeo. 
 fellow citizens, Quirites. 
 
 fellow soldier, commilito. 
 few, a few, pauci. 
 Fides, Fides, 
 field, ager. 
 fierce, acer. 
 fifty, quinquaginta. 
 fill, compleo. 
 finally, postremo. 
 find, invenio, reperio; co- 
 gnosce, sentio. 
 
 find out, reperio. 
 finger, digitus. 
 finish, perficio. 
 first, primus; (of month), 
 
 Kalendae. 
 five, quinque. 
 flee, fugio, refugio. 
 fleet, classis. 
 flight, fuga. 
 flock, pecus. 
 follow, sequor. 
 following, the, is, hie. 
 foot, pes. 
 
 for, conj., narn, enim. 
 for, prep., pro. and abl. 
 
 for the reason that, quod. 
 
 for the sake of, causa. 
 force, vis. 
 
 forces, copiae. 
 
 forest, silva. 
 
 forget, obliviscor. 
 
 forgetting, oblivio. 
 
 forgive, ignosco. 
 
 fortification, munitio. 
 
 fortune, fortuna. 
 
 forum, forum. 
 
 four hundred, quadringenti. 
 
 free, libero. 
 
 freely, libere. 
 
 frequently, saepe. 
 
 friend, amicus; see their 
 
 friends. 
 
 frighten, commoveo, terreo. 
 from, e (ex), a <ab), de and 
 
 abl.; with verbal in -ing, 
 
 quominus. 
 full, summus; (speed), superl. 
 
 of magnus. 
 fully, plane, 
 furthermore, quid (29). 
 
 gain, adipiscor, assequor; 
 (victory) pario, reporto. 
 
 gain possession of, potior. 
 Gaius, Gaius; abbreviated C. 
 Galba, Galba. 
 Gallic, Gallicus. 
 garden, hortus. 
 garments, vestis. 
 gate, porta. 
 
 gather, colligo, cogo; convenio. 
 Gaul, Gallia. 
 
 Gauls, the, Galli. 
 general, imperator, dux. 
 Germans, Germani.
 
 85 
 
 get possession of, potior. 
 
 get water, aquor. 
 gift, munus, donum. 
 girl, puella, virgo. 
 give, do, praebeo; (honor), 
 habeo. 
 
 give in marriage, in matri- 
 monium do. 
 
 give orders, iubeo, impero. 
 
 give up, trado. 
 gladly, libenter. 
 glory, gloria. 
 
 go, eo, abeo, proficiscor, se 
 conferre, venio; (outside), 
 prodeo. 
 
 go forth, exeo. 
 goat, caper, 
 god, deus. 
 gold, adj., aureus. 
 gold, n., aurum. 
 golden, aureus. 
 good, bonus. 
 governor, praetor, 
 great, magnus; (beauty, etc.), 
 insignis; (weight), grandis. 
 
 greatest, summus. 
 Greece, Graecia. 
 Greek, Graecus. 
 
 Greeks, the, Graeci. 
 guard, custodio. 
 guards, custodiae. 
 
 H 
 
 had not, nisi. 
 
 Hamilcar. Hamilcar. 
 
 hand, manus. 
 
 handsome, pulcher, formosus. 
 
 Hanno, Hanno. 
 
 happen, accido, fio, sum. 
 
 harass, lacesso. 
 
 harbor, portus. 
 
 hard, durus. 
 
 harsh, asper. 
 
 haste, celeritas. 
 
 hasten, propero. 
 
 hastily, celeriter. 
 
 hatred, odium. 
 
 have, habeo. 
 
 he, is, ille, ipse; reflex, sui. 
 
 Mostly untranslated; at 
 
 beginning of sentence, the 
 
 rel. often may be used. 
 hear, audio. 
 
 hearty (thanks), magnus. 
 heir, heres. 
 Helen, Helena, 
 help, adiuvo, auxilio sum, 
 
 ,auxilio venio, auxilium 
 
 fero. 
 
 Hercules, Hercules, 
 here, ubi (12). 
 
 here, be, adsum. 
 herself, ipsa; reflex., sui. 
 hesitate, dubito, cunctor. 
 hesitation, cunctatio. 
 hidden, reconditus. 
 high (price), magnus. 
 highest, summus. 
 high priest, pontifex maxi- 
 
 mus. 
 
 hill, collis. 
 
 himself, ipse; reflex., sui. 
 his, eius; reflex., suus; often 
 
 untranslated.
 
 86 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 his men, reflex., sui. 
 
 his own, ipsius; reflex., suus 
 in emphatic position; suus 
 ipsius (45). 
 
 his property, reflex., sua. 
 hold, censeo. 
 holiday, dies festus. 
 home, domus, domicilium. 
 honor, n., honor. 
 honor, v., honorem tribuo. 
 hope, n., spes. 
 hope, v., spero. 
 horse, equus. 
 horseman, eques. 
 Hortensius, Hortensius. 
 hostile, inimicus. 
 house, aedes, domus. 
 how, (degree) quam; (manner) 
 quo modo. 
 
 how great, quantus. 
 
 how many, quot. 
 however, sed, autem, tamen; 
 ac (47). 
 
 however if, sin autem. 
 human, humanus. 
 
 human being, homo, 
 hurry, propero. 
 
 I, ego; often untranslated. 
 idea, causa in purpose clause. 
 if, si. See but if and however 
 
 if. 
 
 if not, nisi, 
 ill, aeger. 
 illness, morbus. 
 illustrious, clarus. 
 
 image, imago, 
 immortal, immortalis. 
 impossible, be, fieri non posse, 
 imprison, in vincula conicio. 
 Imprisoned, be, in vinculis 
 
 habeo (pass.). 
 imprudence, temeritas. 
 in, in and abl.; (motion), in 
 
 and ace. 
 
 in a body, uni versus. 
 in a short time, brevi. 
 in behalf of, pro and abl. 
 in case, si. 
 in every direction, omnes 
 
 in partes. 
 
 in fact, quin etiam, re vera. 
 in haste, celeriter. 
 in no wise, in neg. clause, 
 
 quid (1). 
 hi order that, with following 
 
 comparative, quo. 
 in order that not, ne. 
 in order to, ut; with follow- 
 ing comparative, quo. 
 in place of, pro and abl. 
 in regard to, de and abl. 
 in the city, urbanus. 
 in the distance, procul. 
 in this manner, in this way, 
 
 ita, sic. 
 
 in vain, frustra. 
 inasmuch as, cum, quod, 
 incisive, acer. 
 increase, cresco. 
 indeed, quin etiam, re vera. 
 indicate, monstro, significo, 
 patefacio.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 87 
 
 induce, persuadeo. 
 infer, iudico. 
 inflict, infero. 
 inform, certiorem facio. 
 inhabitant, incola. 
 inheritance, hereditas. 
 injure, noceo. 
 injury, iniuria. 
 inn, deversorium. 
 innkeeper, caupo. 
 innocent, insons, innocens. 
 inscribe, inscribe, 
 interests, res (plu.). 
 into, in and ace. 
 
 into it, (beginning sentence), 
 quo (12). 
 
 into which, quo. 
 invite, arcesso. 
 island, insula. 
 issue order, impero. 
 it, its; see he and his. 
 Italian, Italicus. 
 Italy, Italia, 
 itself, ipsum; reflex., sui. 
 
 jar, amphora. 
 
 join, se coniungere cum and 
 
 abl. 
 
 journey, iter facio. 
 joy, gaudium. 
 judge, existimo. 
 judgment, iudicum. 
 Juno, luno. 
 Jupiter, lupiter. 
 juror, juryman, iudcx. 
 just, adj., aequus. 
 
 just as, ut, perinde ut. 
 just as though, perinde 
 
 quasi, 
 justice, iustitia. 
 
 keep, retineo, habeo, contineo. 
 kill, interficio, occido. 
 
 kill off, interficio. 
 king, rex. 
 kingdom, regnum. 
 know, scio; cognosce (41). 
 
 known, notus. 
 
 lad, adulescens. 
 
 Laelius, Laelius. 
 
 land, egredior ex and abl. 
 
 lands, fines. 
 
 large, magnus. 
 
 Larissa, Larissa. 
 
 last, proximus. 
 
 lately, nuper. 
 
 later, post. 
 
 latter, the, ille; beginning 
 sentence, sometimes qui. 
 
 laugh, risus. 
 
 law, lex. 
 
 lead, duco; (to) adduce, 
 lead out, educo. 
 
 leader, dux; princeps. 
 
 learn, cognosce, intellego, 
 
 reperio. 
 learn of, cognosce. 
 
 leave, relinquo, desero; abco, 
 discedo, proficiscor, egre- 
 dior (ex and abl.).
 
 88 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 legion, legio. 
 let slip, dimitto. 
 letter, litterae. 
 lieutenant, legatus. 
 life, vita, 
 like, similis. 
 likely, veri similis. 
 likeness, simulacrum, simili- 
 tude. 
 
 linger, moror, maneo. 
 little, adj., parvus. 
 little, adv., parum. 
 
 little later, a, paulo post, 
 live, vivo, sum. 
 
 live by plundering, latro- 
 
 cinor. 
 
 lofty, editus. 
 long, adj., diutinus. 
 long, adv., diu. 
 
 long before, multo ante. 
 look about, circumspicio. 
 lose, amitto, dimitto. 
 
 lost, be, pereo. 
 loss, damnum. 
 love more, pluris facio. 
 Lydia, Lydia. 
 
 M 
 
 Macedonia, Macedonia, 
 magistrate, magistratus. 
 maiden, puella. 
 make (arrangement), constituo. 
 
 make known, expono. 
 
 make speech, orationem 
 habeo. 
 
 make use of, utor. 
 
 make way (to), se conferre. 
 
 Malta, Melita. 
 
 man, homo, vir; is; sometimes 
 
 untranslated. 
 man, the, ille; beginning 
 
 sentence, sometimes qui. 
 many, many a, many of, 
 
 multi. 
 many more, multo fre-. 
 
 quentiores. 
 march, iter facio. 
 
 march forth, proficiscor. 
 Marcus, Marcus, abbreviated 
 
 M. 
 
 marriage, matrimonium. 
 marvellous, mirabilis, miran- 
 
 dus. 
 
 Masinissa, Masinissa. 
 mass, cogo. 
 master, dominus. 
 matter, res; sometimes in- 
 cluded in neut. pro. or 
 
 adj. 
 means, modus; see by this 
 
 means, 
 meet, convenio, offendo; con- 
 
 gredior cum and abl. (18). 
 Megara, Megara (Jem. sing. 
 
 and r neut. plu.). 
 memory, memoria. 
 Mens, Mens. 
 mention, commemoro. 
 mercy, humanitas. 
 mere, ipse. 
 merely, tantum. 
 messenger, nuntius. 
 metal, metallum. 
 might, possum.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 89 
 
 mind, animus. 
 Minerva, Minerva, 
 money, pecunia. 
 month, mensis. 
 monument, monumentum. 
 more, magis; amplius; see 
 
 love more, 
 moreover, porro. 
 most, maxime. 
 mother, mater, 
 mountain, mons. 
 mouth, os. 
 move, incendo (12). 
 much, adj.. magnus, multus, 
 
 amplus. 
 much, adv., vehementer; with 
 
 interest, maxime ; see 
 
 more and most, 
 murder, n., caedes. 
 murder, v., neco. 
 Muses, Musae. 
 must, gerundive. 
 my, meus; often untranslated. 
 myself, oblique cases of ego; 
 
 intensive, ipse. 
 
 N 
 
 name, nomen. 
 nation, gens, 
 near, prope, haud procul; see 
 
 draw near, 
 nearest, proximus. 
 nearly, paene. 
 negligence, neglegentia. 
 neighboring, finitimus. 
 never, numquam; see and 
 
 never. 
 
 never even, ne . . . quidem 
 
 umquam (26). 
 nevertheless, tamen. 
 new, novus. 
 
 news, novum. 
 next, proximus. 
 night, nox; see one night, 
 no, adj. nullus. 
 
 no one, nemo; see and no 
 
 one and that no one. 
 no, adv. ace., nihil. 
 noble, notus. 
 none, nemo. 
 
 not, non; (hortatory) ne; see 
 had not. 
 
 not at all, nullo modo. 
 
 not care, nolo. 
 
 not even, ne . . . quidem. 
 
 not only . . . but also, non 
 solum . . . sed etiam. 
 
 not to, ne. 
 
 not true, falsus. 
 
 not wish, nolo. 
 
 not yet, nondum. 
 note, animadverto. 
 noted, nobilis. 
 
 noteworthy, insignis, nobilis. 
 nothing, nihil; see and nothing, 
 notice, animadverto. 
 now, nunc, iam. 
 number, numerus. 
 numerous, multi. 
 
 obey, pareo. 
 obligation; see 
 obligation. 
 
 feel under
 
 90 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 oblige, cogo. 
 
 occasion, occasio, tern pus; 
 causa; see on this occa- 
 sion. 
 
 odium, odium, 
 of, e (ex); ( = 'from') a (ab); 
 
 ( = 'concerning ') de and abl. 
 
 of age, use natus. 
 
 of Athens, Atheniensis. 
 
 of August, Sextilis. 
 
 of character, probus. 
 
 ol courage, fortis. 
 
 of course, scilicet. 
 
 of discretion, prudens. 
 
 of distinction, clarus, no- 
 bilis. 
 
 of fortitude, fortis. 
 
 of his, reflex., suus. 
 
 of influence, potens. 
 
 of integrity, fidelis. 
 
 of intelligence, prudens. 
 
 of justice, aequus. 
 
 of mine, meus. 
 
 of note, nobilis. 
 
 of piety, sanctus. 
 
 of reputation, nobilis, clarus. 
 
 of Sicily, Siciliensis. 
 
 of standing, nobilis. 
 
 of the king's, regius. 
 
 of the sort, eius modi. 
 
 of valor, fortis. 
 
 of wealth, dives, locuples. 
 office, honor, 
 officer, praepositus, legatus; 
 
 magistratus. 
 often, saepe. 
 olive, oliva. 
 
 on, in and abl.; (motion), in 
 and ace. ; ( = ' concerning ' ) 
 de and abl. 
 
 on all sides, undique. 
 
 on condition that, si. 
 
 on every hand, undique. 
 
 on horseback, equo vectus. 
 
 on one occasion, olim. 
 
 on the ground that, quod. 
 
 on the other hand, autem. 
 
 on the other side of, trans. 
 
 on this occasion, turn. 
 
 on this wise, ita. 
 once, olim, quondam; semel. 
 
 once more, rursus. 
 one, unus, quidam; (of two), 
 alter; sometimes trans- 
 lated by indefinite second 
 singular. 
 
 one day. olim. 
 
 one night, noctu. 
 
 one thing . . . another 
 thing, aliud . . . aliud. 
 only, adj., solus, 
 only, adv., solum, tantum. 
 open (letter), solvo 
 openly, palam. 
 opinion, sententia. 
 opportunity, facultas, occasio, 
 
 opportunitas. 
 oppress, opprimo. 
 or, aut. 
 
 or not, necne. 
 orator, orator, 
 order, n., imperium. 
 order, v., iubeo, impero. 
 other, alius.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 91 
 
 other, the, ceteri; (of two) 
 
 alter. 
 
 others, alii, 
 others, the, ceteri. 
 ought, gerundive; oportet. 
 our, noster. 
 our men, nostri. 
 our own, noster in emphatic 
 
 position. 
 
 ourselves, oblique cases ofnos. 
 out of, e (ex) and abl. 
 outside, extra and ace. 
 own, gen. of ipse. See his 
 own, etc. 
 
 pain, molestia, dolor. 
 
 paint, pingo. 
 
 painter, pictor. 
 
 palm, palma. 
 
 panicstricken, perterritus. 
 
 part, pars. 
 
 pass (by), praetereo; (through) 
 
 iter facio. 
 peace, quies. 
 people, populus; homines; 
 
 often untranslated; (of 
 
 town) oppidani. 
 people of Syracuse, Syracu- 
 
 sani. 
 
 perceive, sentio. 
 perhaps, fortasse. 
 perish, pereo. 
 Persian, Persicus. 
 
 Persians, the, Persae. 
 person, homo, vir. 
 persuade, persuadeo. 
 
 Pharsalus, Pharsalus. 
 
 Philo, Philo. 
 
 philosopher, philosophus. 
 
 physician, medicus. 
 
 picture, tabula, pictura. 
 
 pirate, pirata. 
 
 place, n., locus. 
 
 place, v., loco, pono. 
 
 plan, n., consilium. 
 
 plan, v., const it uo. 
 
 plant, sero. 
 
 plead (case), dico. 
 
 pleasure, voluptas. 
 
 plot, consilium, dolus. 
 
 poet, poeta. 
 
 point, locus. 
 
 point out, dico. 
 
 Pompey, Pompeius. 
 
 Pontus, Pontus. 
 
 poor, pauper; miser. 
 
 port, portus. 
 
 position, locus. 
 
 possess, habeo, possideo. 
 
 possessions, res (plu.), bona. 
 
 possible, quam with superl. of 
 
 adj. (16). 
 
 possible for, be, use possum, 
 posterity, posteritas. 
 power, auctoritas, potestas. 
 praetor, praetor, 
 praise, laus. 
 predict, praedico. 
 prefer, malo. 
 presently, brevi. 
 preserve, conservo. 
 pretend, simulo. 
 prevail, supero.
 
 92 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 prevent, prohibeo. 
 previous, superior, 
 previously, antea, prius. 
 price, omitted in translation. 
 priest, pontifex, sacerdos. 
 prison; sec send to prison 
 prisoner, captivus. 
 proceed, proveho (pass.), pro- 
 
 ficiscor. 
 
 proceeding, res. 
 produce, efficio. 
 promise, ., promissum. 
 promise, v., polliceor. 
 property, res (sing, and plu.). 
 prosperous, felix. 
 protection, praesidium. 
 provide, praebeo. 
 province, provincia. 
 Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus. 
 public, publicus. 
 Publius, Publius, abbreviated 
 
 P. 
 purpose, causa in purpose 
 
 clause. 
 put in charge (command), 
 
 praeficio. 
 put in hands of, defero ad 
 
 and ace. 
 
 put to death, interficio. 
 put to flight, fugo. 
 Pyro, Pyro. 
 
 quaestor, quaestor, 
 queen, regina. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 quietly, clam. 
 
 Quintus, Quintus, abbrevi- 
 ated Q. 
 quite, plane. 
 
 rain, imber. 
 
 rapidly, celeriter. 
 
 rare, singularis. 
 
 ratify, ratum habeo. 
 
 reach, pervenio ad and in 
 with ace. 
 
 read, lego. 
 
 readily, facile. 
 
 ready, paratus. 
 ready be, volo. 
 
 real, verus. 
 
 realize, sentio, intellego. 
 
 really, vere. 
 
 reason, causa; see for the 
 reason that. 
 
 recall, memini, recorder; re- 
 voco. 
 
 receive, accipio. 
 
 recklessness, audacia. 
 
 recognize, agnosco. 
 
 recollection, recordatio. 
 
 record, commemoro, expono. 
 
 recover, recipio. 
 
 refuse, nolo, recuso. 
 
 regard, habeo. 
 
 regarding, de and abl. 
 
 regret, paenitet. 
 
 Regulus, Regulus. 
 
 reign, regno. 
 
 relate, dico, narro, trado, fero. 
 
 remain, moror, maneo, re- 
 in aneo.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 93 
 
 remarkable, mirabilis, nota- 
 
 bilis. 
 
 remedy, remedium. 
 remember, memini. 
 remove, removeo. 
 render thanks, gratias ago. 
 renown, laus. 
 reply, inquam. 
 
 report, dico, trado; defero (ad). 
 rescue, libero. 
 resist, resisto. 
 rest of, the, reliquus. 
 restore, restituo, reficio. 
 retain, retineo. 
 retreat, se recipere. 
 return, re vert or, redeo; reddo, 
 
 remitto. 
 
 reverse, detrimentum. 
 reward, praemium. 
 rich, locuples, dives, 
 right, adj., aequus. 
 right, n., ius, honestum. 
 ring, anulus. 
 river, flumen. 
 road, iter, via. 
 rob, spolio. 
 rock, saxum. 
 Roman, adj. and n., Romanus. 
 
 Romans, the, Romani. 
 Rome, Roma, 
 roof, tectum. 
 root, radix, 
 rouse, excito. 
 route, via. 
 rule, rego; regno. 
 rumored, be, dico (pass.). 
 run (to), advolo; see story runs. 
 
 run forward, procurro. 
 run up, accurro. 
 rush in, inrumpo. 
 
 sacrifice, immolo. 
 
 sadly, maestus. 
 
 safe, incolumis, tutus. 
 
 safely, use incolumis. 
 
 safety, salus. 
 
 sail, n., velum. 
 
 sail, v., navigo, navem solvo, 
 
 navem conscendo, veho 
 
 (pass.); see set sail, 
 sailor, nauta. 
 
 sake, causa in purpose clause. 
 same, the, idem. 
 Sardis, Sardes (plu.). 
 satisfy, satisfacio. 
 satrap, satrapes, praetor, 
 save, conservo. 
 say, dico, trado, inquam. 
 scale, ascendo. 
 scarcely, vix. 
 scatter, dispergo. 
 science, ars. 
 scout, explorator. 
 sea, mare, 
 second, a, alter. 
 
 second time, a, iterum. 
 secretly, clam, 
 secure, reperio, invcnio. 
 securely, tuto. 
 see, video, sentio, cerno, 
 
 intellego, animadverto; 
 
 convenio. 
 seek, quacro.
 
 94 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 seem, videor. 
 
 seize, arripio. 
 
 select, deligo. 
 
 sell, vendo. 
 
 senate, senatus. 
 
 senate-house, curia. 
 
 senator, senator. 
 
 send, mitto, dimitto (27). 
 
 send in, immitto. 
 
 send to prison, in custodiam 
 
 trado. 
 
 serpent, serpens. 
 servitude, servitus. 
 Servius, Servius, abbreviated 
 
 Ser. 
 
 sesterce, sestertius. 
 set forth, expono. 
 
 set out, proficiscor. 
 
 set sail, navem solvo. 
 
 set the sails, vela facio. 
 several, complures. 
 shade, umbra, 
 ship, navis. 
 shore, litus. 
 shortly, brevi. 
 
 shortly afterward, paulo 
 
 post. 
 should, debeo; often translated 
 
 by gerundive or infin. 
 show, doceo, demonstro, 
 
 ostendo. 
 
 shrine, delubrum. 
 Sicilian, adj., Siculus. 
 Sicilian, n., homo Siculus. 
 
 Sicilians, the, Siculi. 
 Sicily, Sicilia. 
 sick, aeger. 
 
 side, pars. 
 
 signal, signum. 
 
 silver, argentum. 
 
 similar, similis. 
 
 simply, tantum. 
 
 simultaneously, simul. 
 
 single, a, unus. 
 
 sister, soror. 
 
 sit, sedeo. 
 
 situated, situs. 
 
 six, sex. 
 
 sixty, sexaginta. 
 
 size, magnitude. 
 
 skill, sollertia, prudentia. 
 
 sky, caelum. 
 
 slave, servus. 
 
 small, parvus. 
 
 snow, nix. 
 
 so, adv., ita, sic; (degree) tarn, 
 so much ... as, tarn 
 . . . quam. 
 
 so, conj., itaque, igitur, quare. 
 so that, with following corn- 
 par., quo. 
 so that no one, ne quis. 
 
 Socrates, Socrates. 
 
 soldier, miles. 
 
 some, quidam, aliquot; after 
 si, ne, etc., shorter form of 
 aliquis; usually omitted in 
 such phrases as 'there are 
 some who.' 
 
 some . . . others, alii ... 
 alii. 
 
 someone, after si, ne, etc., quis. 
 
 something, aliquid; after si, ne, 
 etc., quid.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 95 
 
 sometimes, nnn numquam. 
 
 son, fill us. 
 
 soon, brevi, mox. 
 
 sorry, be, paenitet. 
 
 sort, modus: see this sort of. 
 
 sound, n., sonus. 
 
 sound, v., cano. 
 
 sow, sero. 
 
 spare, parco, conserve. 
 
 Sparta, Sparta. 
 
 Spartans, the, Lacedae- 
 
 monii. 
 speak, dico, loquor, colloquor, 
 
 inquam, dissero. 
 speaker, orator. 
 speech, oratio; see make 
 
 speech. 
 
 speed, celeritas. 
 splendid, praeclarus, superl. 
 
 of bonus, 
 spoil, spolio. 
 spot, locus, 
 spring, fons. 
 stand, sto. 
 
 stand before, adsum. 
 start, proficiscor. 
 state, n., civitas. 
 state, v., confirmo. 
 station, colloco. 
 statue, statua. 
 steadily, semper, usque, 
 steal, :u if oro. 
 stealthily, clam, 
 still, iam. 
 stir, incendo. 
 stone, saxum. 
 stop, moror. 
 
 story, fabula, fama, res. 
 
 story runs, the, memoriae 
 
 traditum est. 
 strange, mirabilis. 
 strength, vires, 
 strip, nudo. 
 strong, validus. 
 study, studium. 
 subdue, vinco. 
 subject, res. 
 subsequently, postea. 
 such, adj., talis, tantus. 
 
 such a, talis. 
 
 such ... as, tantus . . . 
 
 quantus. 
 such, adv., tarn, 
 suddenly, subito. 
 suffer (loss), facio; (reverse) 
 accipio. 
 
 suffered, be, use accido. 
 summer, aestas. 
 summon, arcesso, evoco. 
 superb, superl. of bonus, 
 supplies, copiae. 
 surely, profecto, sine dubio. 
 surpass, supero. 
 surrender, trado; in dedi- 
 
 tionem venio. 
 surround, circumvenio. 
 suspicion, suspicio. 
 sustain, sustineo. 
 Syracuse, Syracusae. 
 
 take, potior; (from) eripio: 
 
 (ship) conscendo. 
 take over, traduco.
 
 96 
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 take ship, conscendo. 
 
 take this course, se ita 
 
 gerere. 
 
 Tarentum, Tarentum. 
 taught, be, use disco, 
 teach, doceo. 
 tell, dico, doceo, narro, ex- 
 
 pono, aperio. 
 tempest, tempestas. 
 temple, aedes, templum. 
 ten, decem. 
 terrify, terreo. 
 testimony, testimonium. 
 than, quam; often translated 
 
 by abl. 
 
 thank, gratias ago. 
 thanks, gratiae; see render 
 
 thanks, 
 that, con/., ut; with verb of 
 
 fearing, ne; with non 
 
 dubito, quin. 
 that no news, ne quid novi 
 
 (37). 
 
 that no one, ne quis. 
 that . . . not, with verb 
 
 of fearing, ut. 
 that, demon, pro., ille, is; 
 
 often translated by rel. at 
 
 beginning of sentence; 
 
 omitted in phrase 'that of. ' 
 that, rel. pro., qui, quae, quod, 
 the, usually untranslated; is, 
 
 ille. 
 
 Thebans, the, Thebani. 
 Thebes, Thebae. 
 their, often omitted; eorum; 
 
 reflex, .suus. 
 
 their country, patria. 
 their friends, reflex., sui. 
 their own, reflex., suus in 
 
 emphatic position. 
 them; see they. 
 Themistocles, Themistocles. 
 themselves, ipsi; reflex., sui. 
 then, turn, deinde. 
 there, ibi, (motion) eo; at 
 beginning of sentence, often 
 ubi, (motion) quo. 
 therefore, itaque, igitur, quare, 
 
 quam ob rem. 
 thereupon, turn. 
 Thessaly, Thessalia. 
 they, often untranslated; at 
 beginning of sentence, 
 sometimes qui; ei, illi, ipsi; 
 reflex., sui. 
 thing, things, often included 
 
 in neut. pro. or adj.; res. 
 thing(s) which, id quod, ea 
 
 quae. 
 
 think, puto, arbitror, existi- 
 mo, reor, sentio, credo, 
 cogito, habeo. 
 think of, cogito. 
 third, tertius. 
 thirty, triginta. 
 
 this, hie, is, ille; at begin- 
 ning of sentence, often 
 qui. 
 
 this latter, ille. 
 this same, idem, 
 this sort of, talis. 
 thoroughly, plane, 
 those; see that; omitted in such
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 97 
 
 phrases as ' there are those 
 
 who.' 
 though, quamquam, etsi, cum, 
 
 si; see as though and 
 
 just as though, 
 thousand (s), milia. 
 three, tres. 
 through, per and ace. 
 thus, ita, sic; quo modo, 
 
 itaque. 
 time, tempus; see second 
 
 time. 
 
 Tiro, Tiro. 
 
 to, conj., ut; with foil, corn- 
 par., quo; rel. with subj.; 
 
 supine in -um; causa 
 
 with gen. 
 
 to, prep., ad and in with ace. 
 to the house of, ad and ace. 
 ' to the interest of, be, 
 
 interest. 
 
 tomb, sepulchrum. 
 too, quoque. 
 top of, summus. 
 torture, cruciatus. 
 touch, tango, 
 toward, ad and ace. 
 town, oppidurn. 
 townspeople, oppidani. 
 treasure, thesaurus, 
 tree, arbor, 
 trial, iudicium. 
 tribe, natio, gens, 
 trireme, trircmis. 
 true, .set not true, 
 truly, vere. 
 trumpet, tuba. 
 
 truth, the, vera (neut. plu.). 
 
 try, conor. 
 
 turn, converto. 
 
 twenty, viginti. 
 
 two, duo. 
 
 tyrant, tyrannus. 
 
 ultimately, postremo. 
 
 under, sub and abl. 
 
 undertake, suscipio. 
 
 unfortunate, miser. 
 
 unless, nisi. 
 
 until, dum, donee; after nega- 
 tive, priusquam. 
 
 unusual, insignis. 
 
 unwilling, be, nolo. 
 
 upon, in and abl.; (motion) in 
 
 and ace. 
 
 upon it, beginning sentence, 
 ubi (39). 
 
 upper, superior. 
 
 upright, probus, probatus. 
 
 uprightness, probitas. 
 
 urge, hortor, oro. 
 
 use, utor. 
 
 used, be, soleo. 
 
 usually; use soleo. 
 
 Valerius, Valerius. 
 
 valley, valles. 
 
 valor, virtus. 
 
 value; omitted in translation. 
 
 venture, audeo. 
 
 Verres, Verrcs. 
 
 verse, versus.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 very, the, adj., ipse. 
 
 very one, the, idem, 
 very, adv., vehementer. 
 Vesontio, Vesontio. 
 vessel, navis. 
 victim, hostia. 
 victory, victoria, 
 view, sententia. 
 vine, vitis. 
 Virtus, Virtus. 
 vow, n., votum. 
 vow, v., voveo. 
 
 W 
 wait, exspecto, moror. 
 
 wait for, exspecto. 
 wall, paries, 
 want, volo. 
 war, bellum. 
 warn, moneo. 
 watch, vigilia. 
 water, aqua, 
 way, modus, 
 wealth, opes, 
 weight, pondus. 
 what, compound rel., (ea) 
 
 quae. 
 what, inter., quid; quantus. 
 
 what sort of, qualis. 
 whatever, quicumque. 
 when, cum, postquam, ubi. 
 whence, unde. 
 where, ubi; (=' whence'), unde; 
 
 ( = 'whither'), quo. 
 whereas, autem. 
 whereupon, turn, 
 wherever, omnibus locis ubi. 
 
 whether, num; utrum. 
 
 which, rel., qui. 
 
 while, dum, cum; autem; 
 
 etsi. 
 
 who, inter., quis. 
 who, rel., qui. 
 
 who . . . not, quin (30). 
 whole, the whole, totus. 
 why, cur. 
 wicked, mains. 
 wickedness, improbitas, sce- 
 
 lus. 
 
 wife, uxor. 
 will, testamentum. 
 willing, be, volo. 
 willingly, libenter. 
 win, pario, reporto. 
 wind, ventus. 
 winter, hiems. 
 wisdom, sapientia. 
 wise, sapiens. Cf. on this 
 
 wise, and in no wise, 
 wish, n., voluntas. 
 wish, v., volo. 
 with, cum and abl. 
 
 with the idea of, causa, 
 withdraw, discedo, se recipere; 
 
 reduco. 
 
 without, sine and abl. 
 witness, testis. 
 woman, mulier. 
 wonderful, mirabilis, insignis. 
 woods, silva. 
 word, verbum. 
 work, opus, 
 worthy, dignus. 
 would that, utinam.
 
 Vocabulary 
 
 99 
 
 wound, vulnero. 
 write, scribo; (letter) do. 
 writer, scriptor. 
 wrong, iniuria. 
 
 X 
 
 Xerxes, Xerxes. 
 
 year, annus. 
 
 yet, tamen, at, sed. 
 
 you, tu; often untranslated. 
 
 young man, iuvenis. 
 
 younger, minor. 
 
 your, vester. 
 
 youth, adulescens, iuvenis.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below 
 
 AUG 171942 
 
 CD 
 
 * JAN 10 1972 
 
 Form L-9-15m-2,'36 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 T.OS ANGELES
 
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