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 For fo an entrance fhall be minljlered to you 
 abundantly into the everlajling kingdom of 
 our Lord and Saviour Jefus Chrift. 
 
 2 P E T. III. 13. 
 
 Never tbelefs we, according to his promife, look 
 for new heavens and a new earth t wherein 
 dwelkth right eoufnefs. 
 
 U M B E R LE S S are the calamities 
 N (3 to which we are liable in this 
 S&3& world. There are few of us who 
 have not fome fhare of trouble 
 allotted us, either in our perfons, or fa- 
 milies, or fortunes. But, if happily ex- 
 empted from troubles of this kind, there 
 are troubles of a public nature which are 
 very {hocking, and which at prefent throw 
 a dark cloud over all our views and hopes. 
 In fuch circumftances we are neceflarily 
 led to look out for confolation. It would 
 be dreadful to fufFer under prefent evils, 
 and to be under a neceffity perhaps of look- 
 B ing 
 
 869779
 
 ing forward to future greater evils, without 
 any confiderations that have a tendency to 
 abate anxiety and mitigate pain. But this is 
 not our condition. There are many fprings 
 of comfort to which in the worft circurn- 
 ilances .we may have recourfe ; and which 
 will help to reconcile us to our lot, and to 
 give us patience and fortitude. Moil of 
 them, however, are of little moment com- 
 pared with the two following; I mean, " the 
 " confideration of the perfect government of 
 " the Deity ;" and "'the profpecl of a future 
 " better ftate." Thefe are the grand fprings 
 of confolation amidft the evils of life; and 
 wretched is the perfon who, either from 
 fcepticifm, or inattention, or vicioufnefs of 
 character, lofes the hope and fatisfadion 
 which they are fitted to afford. Were the 
 courfe of events under no wife and good 
 direction, or were the prefent fcene of trial 
 and tumult the whole we are to enjoy of 
 exigence ; were the univcrfe forlorn and 
 fatherlefs; did joy and grief, defeat and 
 fuccefs, profperity and adverfity, arife for- 
 tuitoufiy, without any fuperintendency from 
 a righteous and benevolent power; or, 
 were we, after being witncfies to the 
 fcramble among the children of men, and 
 making our way through this diftraded 
 
 world,
 
 [ 3 ] 
 
 world, to clofe our eyes for ever, and to 
 link to rife no more ; were, I fay, this our 
 flare, we might well lofe all fpirit, and give 
 up ourfelves to bitter forrow and defpon- 
 
 dence But, on the contrary, if there is 
 
 a perfect order eftablifhed in nature, and 
 infinite wifdom and goodnefs govern all 
 things ; and if alfo the fcene will mend 
 hereafter, and we are to fink in death only 
 to rife to new heavens and a new earth 
 wherein dwelleth right eoufnefs t and to have 
 an entrance miniftered to us into an e.ver- 
 lafting kingdom of peace and virtue -, if, I 
 fay, this is our true fituation, we have 
 abundant reafon for comfort. The lot ap- 
 pointed us is glorious. We may contem- 
 plate the courfe of events with pleafure. 
 We may look forward with triumph, and 
 make ourfelves eafy and happy at all times. 
 
 My prefent defign is to endeavour to 
 engage your attention to the fecond of thefe 
 fources of confolation, or to that future 
 better flare for which we are deftined. In 
 doing this I mall, 
 
 Firft, jufl mention fome of the evidences 
 of fuch a flare. 
 
 Secondly, I mail make.fome obfervations 
 
 on the nature of it as a happy community 
 
 or kingdom, contrafring at the fame time 
 
 B 2 the
 
 [ 4 ] 
 
 the peace and order which we have reafon 
 to expert in it, with the diforders and 
 troubles which take place among the 
 kingdoms and tinder the corrupted govern- 
 ments of this world. After which, my 
 intention is to make an improvement of 
 the whole for our relief in the prefent 
 circumftances of this kingdom. 
 
 The evidence for a future ftate is fuch as 
 leaves no doubt in my mind. . However 
 threatening the ftroke of death appears, and 
 whatever interruption it may pofiibly pro- 
 duce in the exercife of our powers, there is 
 no reafon for thinking that it will dejlroy us. 
 The foul is a fimple and uncompounded 
 fubftance, and, therefore, does not admit 
 of that feparation of parts which pro- 
 duces corruption and diflblution. The 
 body is a machine by which the foul per- 
 ceives and acts ; and the deftruclion of 
 the one no more infers the deftruc~Hon of 
 the other, than the definition of a wea- 
 pon infers the deftrudion of the hand that 
 ufes it, or the destruction of a telefcope 
 the destruction of the eye that looks through 
 it. If, therefore, death annihilates us, it 
 cannot be by deuroying our bodies, but by 
 a pofitive exertion of the power of the 
 Creator to put us then out of being : And 
 
 fuch
 
 [ 5 ] 
 
 fuch an exertion being improbable, the juft 
 conclufion is, that we fhall go on to exift ; 
 and, at fome period fubfequent to death, 
 recover our active powers, and become 
 again embodied fpirits. Our capacity of 
 exifting for ever is alone a reafon for be- 
 lieving that we are intended for fuch an 
 exiftence ; and this capacity we poiTefs in a 
 manner which cannot be confidered without 
 aflonimment. For fuch are our powers 
 that we are capable not only of exffting, but 
 of improving for ever. Is it credible that 
 fuch beings were defigned for nothing but 
 this fhort life ? Are they led to carry their 
 views to an immortality which they cannot 
 enjoy, and to entertain hopes which cannot 
 be gratified ? After being fhewn a houfe not 
 made with hands eternal in the heavens, (a) 
 and being put in the way to it, are they to 
 be cut oft at the thre/hold ? Can it be ima- 
 gined that the Deity fhould thus mock his 
 reafonable offspring, or that fuch incon- 
 fitlencies mould be eftablimed in the con- 
 flitution of nature ? 
 
 But this is by no means 'the beft evidence 
 we have on this fubject. The character of 
 the Deity as the moral governor of the world 
 Affords another argument for a future ftate 
 
 of 
 (a] 2 Cor. v, i.
 
 [ 6 ] 
 
 of irreMible force. There is, evidently, 
 in this life, a fcheme of moral government 
 begun ; but if there is no other life it is left 
 imperfect and unfinished. Virtue, though 
 in general our prefent intereft, is not fol- 
 lowed with an adequate reward, nor is vice 
 followed with an adequate punimment. 
 That righteoufnefs of practice which is our 
 nearefl refembiance to the Deity, is fome- 
 times the object of opprefilon and infuit; 
 and that wickednefs which turns men into 
 demons, and would, were it to prevail, 
 turn the world into a chaos, is fometimes 
 fuccefsful and profperous. The man who 
 devotes his life to fave his country lofes, 
 by that very action, all poffibility of any 
 prefent reward j and, on the contrary, the 
 man who acquires power and wealth by 
 fpoiling or betraying his country, fecures 
 himfelf againfl any prefent punimment by 
 the enormity of his villainy. 'It is im- 
 poffible that irregularities fo inconfiftent 
 with our ideas of diftributive juflice fhould 
 be furrered to pafs without redrefs under the 
 divine government. Since the prefent 
 world is not the feat of adequate retribution, 
 it muft be referved for another j and a future 
 {late appears to be as certain as the exiflence 
 of a wife and righteous Deity. We may be 
 
 a flu reel
 
 [ 7 ] 
 
 aflfured that no one mall finally be a lofer 
 by his virtue, or a gainer by his wickednefs. 
 He who. now facrifices his life in any good 
 caufe (hail find it again ; and he who faves 
 his life by falmood and treachery, or any 
 wrong means, mall lofe a better life. This 
 is our Saviour's meaning, when he fays, 
 Matth. xvi. 25, that whofoeiier will Jave his 
 life fhall lofe it ; and that wbofoever will lofe 
 bis life Jhall find it. 
 
 But this leads me to obferve farther on 
 this head, that the doftrine of a future ftate 
 is confirmed by the PROMISE of God in the 
 chriftian revelation. We expect, my text 
 fays, according to his PROMISE, new heavens 
 and a new earth wherein dwelleth right eoufnefs* 
 T^his is the promife, St. John fays, which he 
 hath promifed, even eternal life -, and this life 
 is in bis Son. I John v. 1 1. The gofpel has 
 abolilhed death, and brought life and im- 
 mortality to the cleareft light. 2 Tim. i. 10. 
 It not only acquaints us, that there will be a 
 refurrection from death through the power 
 of Chrift, but fets before us a particular 
 demonftration of it from fad:. Chrift rofe 
 himfelf from the dead, and thus has ihewn 
 to our fenfes the path of life, and become 
 \.\\zfirjl -fruits of all that Jlecp. One of the 
 ends of his appearance among, mankind was 
 to afcertain to us a future Hate ; and, by 
 
 difcovering
 
 [ 8 ] 
 
 difcovering to us our own dignity as heirs 
 of a glorious immortality, to engage us to 
 raife our views above this world. 
 
 But it is time to haflen to the account 
 which I, have propofed to give you of the 
 nature of the future flate of reward as a 
 kingdom or community into which we arc 
 to be hereafter admitted. This is the 
 view which the Scriptures give us of it. 
 Thus, in Rev. xxii. 24. it is faid that 
 thofe are bleiied who keep the command- 
 ments of God, becaufe they foall enter 
 through the gates into the CITY; and in 
 Mark x. 24. that it is hard for thofc who 
 truft in riches to enter into the KINGDOM 
 OF GOD; and in Matth. vii. 21. that not 
 every one who fays to Chrift, Lord, Lord, 
 jball enter into the KINGDOM OF HEAVEN, 
 but he that doeth the will of God; and, in 
 the paflages which I have chofen for my 
 text, that we look for new heavens and a 
 new earth wherein dwelleth righteoufnefs ; and 
 that an entrance is to be miniftered to us 
 abundantly into ^EVERLASTING KINGDOM 
 of our Lord and Saviour* Thefe are repre- 
 fentations which plainly lead us to coniider 
 the future heavenly ftate as a happy fociety 
 or community ; and reafon concurs with 
 revelation in leading us to this view of it.
 
 [ 9 ] 
 
 We find ourfelves fo made that we ne- 
 ceffarily feek fociety, and cannot exift hap- 
 pily out of it. There is reafon to think 
 this mud be the cafe with all intelligent 
 creatures ; for it is not to be conceived that 
 any of them can want focial affections, or 
 be entirely indifferent to all focial con- 
 nections and intercourfe. An exigence 
 abfolutely folitary muft, one would think, 
 be dreary and melancholy, But whatever 
 in this refpect may be true of intelligent 
 creatures in general, we know that what I 
 am obferving is true of ourfelves. The 
 principles |ff our natures lead us to unite 
 and to form ourfelves into focieties. In. 
 confequence of this we gain many pleafures 
 and advantages which we could not other- 
 wife enjoy. Some of our nobleft affections, 
 which would otherwife lie dormant, are 
 drawn forth into exercifej and the ftrength 
 of a whole community is employed in the 
 defence and protection of every particular 
 member of it. 
 
 The forms of affociation among mankind 
 have been very different in different ages J 
 and countries ; and it has been at all timeg 
 one of the chief employments of human wif- 
 dom to contrive fuch forms of affociation as 
 Should be moil likely to produce fecurity, 
 C peace
 
 [ 10 ] 
 
 peace and comfort. At firft thefe forms 
 were fimple and rude. As mankind en- 
 creafed they became more complicated, 
 and legiilation and government were gra- 
 dually enlarged and improved. But with 
 improvement entered alto corruption and 
 debafement. Powerful kingdoms and em- 
 pires arofe which eftablifhed themfelves by 
 ufurpation and conqueft, and which were 
 no better than deteftable confpiracies againft 
 the happinefs of the world. The regu- 
 lations necefiary to the fupport of civil 
 fociety laid the foundation of oppreffion. 
 Government degenerated into tyranny, and 
 fubjeclion to legal authority into flavery. 
 The beft inftitutions for the purpofe of go- 
 vernment are extremely imperfect, and at- 
 tended with many dangers. But fome have 
 grown up in the world which are fo abfurd, 
 and fo incompatible with the rights of man- 
 kind, as to be intolerable nuifances. How 
 abject and wretched is a kingdom under 
 defpotifm ? What a difgrace is it to human 
 nature that the lives and property of mil- 
 lions mould be fubjecl (as they are in moil 
 nations) to the difpofal of one man, meaner 
 perhaps than the meaneft of the people he 
 governs, whofe will is their law, and from 
 whom they are to defcend like a herd of 
 
 cattle, 
 6
 
 cattle* by hereditary right, to the next plun- 
 derer, libertine or madman, that may hap- 
 pen to come in fucceffion. When I think 
 of fuch governments, I am almoft amamed 
 that I am a man. But when I think of the 
 mifchiefs they occafion, I feel more painful 
 emotions. 
 
 A free government, as diftinguimed from 
 a dejpotic government, is the dominion of 
 men over themjehes in oppofition to the do- 
 minion of men over other men y or a govern- 
 ment by laws made with common confent, ia 
 oppofition to a government by will; but 
 the power of executing laws muft be lodged 
 in the hands of men deputed for that pur- 
 pofe ; and this is a power which feldom 
 fails to be dreadfully perverted. All civil 
 governors are truftees for the people go- 
 verned -, and when they abufe their truft 
 they forfeit their authority. But inftead of 
 attending to this they generally forget both 
 the fource and the end of their authority, 
 and look upon the people whofe fervants 
 they are, as their property ', which they may 
 difpofe of as they pleafe. 
 
 Such are the evils to which human fo- 
 
 ciety is at prefent fubjecl: ; and I have given 
 
 you this account of them as a preparation 
 
 for engaging your attention to that better 
 
 C 2 ftate
 
 [ 12 ] 
 
 ilate of things which will take place in the 
 future ever loft ing kingdom of Jefus Chriji. 
 In this world there is no fuch thing as a 
 kingdom free from tumults, or a govern- 
 ment of perfect virtue; but we expect one 
 to come. The heavens we now fee are often 
 overcaft with frightful clouds and convulfed 
 with {forms ; and the earth we now inhabit 
 is almoft every where the feat of violence, 
 rapine and injuftice. But we look for hea- 
 vens which will enjt>y a conftant funfhine, 
 and for an earth wherein righteoufneis and 
 peace will take up their abode for ever. 
 
 This is a reviving profpet. Let us 
 dwell upon it, and confider, 
 
 Firft, that the heavens and the earth we 
 expert are to be, as St. Peter fpeaks, new 
 heavens and a new earth; that is, totally 
 different in their nature and conftitutiou 
 from our prefent heavens and earth, which, 
 .according to the fame Apoftle, are referved 
 for the fire of the laft day. (a) This world 
 in its prefent -ftate is by no means fitted to 
 be the feat of complete happinefs, or of a 
 perfect government; and, therefore, we 
 have been defcribed as having in view a 
 better, that is, an heavenly country. Our 
 citizenihip, St. Paul fays, is in heaven, 
 
 from 
 (a] 2 Pet. i.
 
 [ '3 3 
 
 from 'whence we look for the Saviour the Lord 
 Jefus Chrift, who is hereafter to appear in 
 glory to judge the world (a), and to put 
 down all rule, authority and power, in 
 order to eftabliili in their room that kingdom 
 of his Father for which this world is a pre- 
 paration. 
 
 Secondly, from this kingdom there will 
 be an exclufion of all the workers of ini- 
 quity. We are arTured that, previoufly to 
 the eflablimment of it, there will be a ge- 
 neral difcrimination of mankind according 
 to their works. The wicked will be fe- 
 vered from the jufl, and placed by them- 
 felves to fuffer the punimment of their 
 crimes. As tares are gathered and burnt 
 In the jire, fo jhall It be at the end of this 
 world. he fon of man 'will gather out of his 
 kingdom all things that offend, and them who do 
 iniquity -, and flail caji them into a furnace 
 oj Jire to be dejlroyed. Then Jhall the righteous 
 Jhine forth as the fun in the kingdom of their 
 father. Math. xiii. 40 43. To the fame 
 purpofe we are told in Rev. xxi. 8. that 
 intp the heavenly city Jhall be brought the 
 glory and honour of the nations ; and that 
 there Jhall in no wife enter into it any thing 
 that defileth, or that loveth and maketh a 
 
 lyt. 
 
 (a] Phil. iii. 20. I Cor. xv. 24.
 
 t H i 
 
 lye. But that all the vicious and deceitful 
 jhatt be cajl into that lake of fire and brim* 
 Jlone, which is thefeconddeatb.-~-T\\is exter- 
 mination of the wicked is a circumftance 
 of the laft importance. Were they to be 
 admitted into the future kingdom of Chrifr, 
 it could not be a quiet and happy kingdom. 
 *> Further, it requires your particular notice, 
 that this kingdom is called the kingdom of 
 our Lord and Saviour Jefus Chrift. The 
 foundation of it was laid by him. The 
 great end of his defcent from heaven was to 
 provide fubjects for it, and to obtain the 
 power of railing mankind to life, in order 
 to put the virtuous part of them into the 
 pofleffion of it. He has now a kingdom in 
 the world, over which he exercifes an invi- 
 lible government. The feat of it will here- 
 after be transferred to another world, where 
 it will be eftablifhed in its full glory. Chrift 
 will, we are told, hereafter gather his elecl: 
 (that is, all the faithful and worthy) from 
 the four corners of the earth. He will 
 publicly declare his approbation of their 
 chanty and piety, and take them with him, 
 as his brethren and joint-heirs, to inherit 
 the kingdom that had been prepared for 
 them from the foundation of the world (a). 
 
 There 
 
 (a] Math. xxv. 34. &c.
 
 [ 'S ] 
 
 There they (hall live with him, and be ad- 
 vanced to a participation of the honour and 
 dignity to which he has rifen. 
 
 The Scriptures promife a more happy 
 ftate of Chrift's kingdom even in this world. 
 They foretell a period when his church (hall 
 be cleared from the corruptions which have 
 been introduced into it; when a general 
 amendment {hall take place in humaa 
 affairs, the nations learn war no more, and 
 the kingdoms of the earth become the king- 
 doms of the Lord and of his Chrift. Rev. xi. 1 5. 
 But this happy ftate of Chrift's kingdom 
 will be fucceeded by a ftate of it infinitely 
 more happy in the heavens. There the 
 nations of thofe that are faved will enjoy 
 perfect felicity, and nothing remain of the 
 evil we now fee. 
 
 It follows from thefe particulars, that 
 this kingdom will be a kingdom of per- 
 fect order and tranquility. No malignant 
 paflions will there produce confufion. Re- 
 Jigious bigotry will not perfecute. The luft 
 of power will not opprefs. Envy will not 
 defame, or pfide and malice torment ; but 
 the joy of every individual will be aug- 
 mented by the joy of all around him. The 
 wicked will there ceafz from troubling, and 
 the iveary be at reft. 
 
 But
 
 [ 16 ] 
 
 But there is one farther circumftance re- 
 lating to this kingdom which is of the 
 greateft confequence. It will be an EVER- 
 LASTING kingdom. This my text points out 
 particularly to our notice, by ftyling it the 
 EVERLASTING kingdom of our Lord and 
 Saviour Jefus Chrift. In the Epiftle to the 
 Hebrews, ch. xii. and 28th verfe, it is called 
 a kingdom that cannot be moved; and in the 
 xith chap, a city which hath foundations 9 
 ivhofe builder and maker is Gad. This is the 
 circumftance that crowns the future hap- 
 pinefs. It will never come to an end. All 
 earthly governments have in them the feeds 
 of decay and diflblution. The mightieft 
 empires have fallen, and the beft formed 
 focieties, after enjoying liberty and prof- 
 perity for a time, have been ruined either 
 by foreign violence, or the more flow ope- 
 rations of internal corruption ; nor is any 
 thing more melancholy than the reflection 
 on the revolutions of this kind which have 
 taken place among mankind. But that 
 future government in the heavens, under 
 which the virtuous are to be happy, will be 
 fubjecl: to no calamitous revolutions. It 
 will preferve for ever its order and dignity, 
 without the pofiibility of being difturbcd 
 by any tumults, or fhaken by any con^ 
 
 valfions.
 
 . [ '7 1 
 
 vulfions. In fhort, I can fcarcely better 
 defcribe to you this flate, . than in the 
 figurative language of St. John, in the xxi st 
 and xxii d chapters of the Revelations. Ifaw 
 new heavens and a new earth ; and the holy city, 
 the new Jerufalem, defc ending from God. And 
 I heard a loud voice faying, Behold the taber- 
 nacle of God is with men, and he will dwell 
 with them, and wipe away all tears from 
 their eyes, They flail hunger no more, neither 
 thirft any more, neither Jhall the fun fmite on 
 them any more. In the midji of the Jlreets 
 of the city Jhall be the tree of life, and they 
 jhall reign with Chrift for ever and ever. 
 What a happinefs will this be ! To get 
 out of this polluted world, and after feeing 
 the wickednefs that abounds in it, and 
 paffing through its trials, to become mem- 
 bers of a quiet and joyful community to 
 Join fuperior beings and all the worthy of 
 the earth to fee and know the eternal 
 Deity, and to dwell with him to com- 
 plain and fufFer no more, and to die no 
 more. 
 
 But it is time to proceed to the main 
 
 point I have had all along in view -, or the 
 
 ufe we ought to make of this fubjecl: for 
 
 our comfort under the evils which prevail 
 
 D among
 
 [ '8 1 
 
 among the kingdoms of this world. Let 
 me prefs you to make this ufe of what I 
 have been faying. Withdraw your minds 
 from temporal objects, and^amidft the 
 devastations, the flau^hters~and_cruelties 
 aroundj^pu, lo^^ 
 
 I pity from my heart thofe whofe prin- 
 ciples will not allow them to do this ; who, 
 believing they are made only to ftruggle 
 and fret for a fhort time on this earth, can 
 look no higher. Men who think thus 
 meanly of themfelves muft be propor- 
 tionably mean in their difpofitions and por- 
 fuits. They muft think meanly of the 
 divine adminiftration. They muft want 
 the ftrongeft motives to noble exertions, 
 and can have nothing to preferve them from 
 defpondence when they reflect on the pre- 
 fent ftate of civil fociety and government. 
 No reflection can be more painful to a 
 reafonable perfon. The occaiion for civil 
 government is derived from the wickednefs 
 of mankind ; and the end of it is to provide 
 fecurities for our perfons, property and li~ 
 berty. But it is a very inefficient fecurity ; 
 and often proves the caufe of intolerable 
 diftrefles, by arming the ambitious with 
 power, -and enabling them to trample on 
 their fellow-creatures. General experience 
 
 has 
 3
 
 [ '9 ] 
 
 has proved this ; and the hiftory of the 
 world is but little more than a recital of 
 the oppreflions and rapines of men entrufted 
 with the powers of government; and the 
 calamities occafioned by the endeavours of 
 mankind to defend themfelves againft them. 
 This is particularly exemplified in the 
 hiftory of our own country, the annals of 
 which are full of accounts of hard ftruggles 
 between liberty and tyranny. 
 
 Free governments are the only equitable 
 governments ; but how few of them are 
 there in the world j and what feats of con- 
 tention do we often find them ? This con- 
 tention is even necefiary to their exiftence j 
 for all governments tend to defpotifm, and 
 will end in it if no oppofition checks them. 
 Nothing corrupts more than power. No- 
 thing is more encroaching, and therefore, 
 nothing requires more to be watched and 
 reftrained. The fafety of a free people 
 depends entirely on their maintaining a 
 conftant and fufpicious vigilance; and as 
 foon as they ceafe to be quick at taking 
 alarms they are undone. But the vigilance 
 and jealoufy neceffary to the fecurity of free 
 governments have been the occafion of 
 dreadful convullions. They are apt to de- 
 generate into fadion and licentioufnefs, 
 D 2 and
 
 t 2<> 1 
 
 and an impatience of all controulj and, 
 very often, exertions apparently the moft 
 ardent in favour of public liberty, have 
 proved to be nothing but the turbulence of 
 ambitious men, and a vile ftruggle for 
 places and the emoluments of power. 
 
 I make thefe obfervations tojrendcr you_ 
 more fenfible of the imperfection of_aIL 
 earthly governments. If they are. free, they 
 are TubjecT: toTnteftine broils, which keep 
 them in a conftant ferment, and fometimes 
 end in infurreclions and civil wars. If 
 they are flavifli, they may be indeed more 
 quiet j but that quiet is founded on a de- 
 preflion of the human mind, which is the 
 greatest of all calamities. 
 
 How then can it be poffible to confider 
 them without pain ? What a theatre of 
 confufion and tumult is this world ? On 
 one hand, the luft of power invading the 
 rights of mankind. On the other, fierce 
 defiance and remittance. In one country, 
 a haughty defpot ordering a general carnage 
 to gratify his avarice or pride. In ano- 
 ther, a wicked incendiary fomenting dif~ 
 cord and difgracing patriotifm. 'Here, a 
 body of crouching (laves looking up to a 
 king as a god, and bowing down that he 
 may go over them. There, a nation of 
 
 freemen
 
 freemen enraged by oppreffion, flying to 
 arms, and in the conflict giving their op- 
 preflbrs blood to drink. Here, a CAESAR, 
 at the head of his legions, returning from 
 the ilaughter of millions, crofling the 
 Rubicon, and overturning the liberties of 
 his country. There, a BRUTUS, at the 
 head of a band of confpirators, ftriking a 
 poniard into his breaft. Such are the 
 Spectacles which this world prefents to 
 us. Thefe are fpeclacles which are in- 
 deed enough to make us fick of human 
 affairs. Turn your eyes from them to 
 brighter fcenes from the din of arms 
 and the triumphs of tyranny from 
 the fhouts of warriors, and the cries of 
 plundered citizens from the infolence of 
 power, the hypocrify of courts, and the 
 pride of princes transfer your views to 
 the tranquility and order of Chrift's ever- 
 lafling kingdom. Let the confufion and 
 difafters to which you are now witnefles 
 engage you to fecure a place there. Re- 
 member that you have before you Mount 
 Zion and the city of the living God -, (a) and 
 that you are foon to be united to the ge- 
 neral affembly and church of the ftrft-born 
 ivbofe names are written in heaven, to the 
 fpirits of jujl men made perfect, to an innu- 
 
 (rt) Hcb. 
 
 mcrable
 
 [ j 
 
 merable company of angels, to Jefus the 
 mediator of the new covenant t and God the 
 judge of all. Oh, happy ftate ! Here fhelter 
 yourfelves from the ftorms of this world- 
 Make this your retreat when aflaulted by 
 adverfity or vexed by oppreffion. JBlefTed 
 be the God and Father of our Lord Jefus 
 Chrift for fuch a hope. It is enough to 
 warm and elevate our minds, and to prevent 
 us from finking under any public or 
 private calamities. 
 
 But laftlyj let us on . thi_s_ fubjeg_takc 
 care not to forget that the happine_ik_IJxavc 
 defcribedjwill be the happinefs only ofj/ir.-- 
 tuous men. All I have faid has fuppofed 
 this, and my text plainly exprefles it. For 
 so (that is, by adding to faith, fortitude, 
 prudence, temperance, patience, godlinefs, 
 brotherly kindnefs and charity) an entrance 
 Jhall be m'mijlered to you abundantly into the 
 everlajling kingdom of our Lord and Saviour 
 Jefus Chrift ; for if ye do thefe things ye Jhall 
 never fall. 2 Pet. i. 5 u. The wicked 
 are nuifances and pefts, and there can be 
 no happinefs where they are. Know ye 
 not, fays St. Paul, (i Cor. vi. 9.) that the 
 unrighteous cannot inherit the kingdom of 
 God. Be not deceived. Neither fornieators, 
 nor adulterer s t nor thieves, nor covetous y nor 
 drunkards, nor revikrs, nor extortioners, Jhall 
 
 inherit
 
 t 23 ] 
 
 inherit the kingdom of God. Chrift, by 
 taking upon him our natures, acquired 
 power to raife us from death, and to gather 
 together all the virtuous into a ftate of 
 future exiftence, where, with him at their 
 head, they are to be formed into one joyful 
 fociety, and to be exalted to the higheft 
 honours under a government of peace and 
 righteoufnefs which {hall never be de- 
 ftroyed, This is the doctrine which the 
 Scriptures teach us; but the fame Scrip- 
 tures teach us, with refpect to the vicious 
 part of mankind, that after being raifed up 
 from death, they are to be configned to a 
 ftate of punifhment, where they will fuffer a 
 fecond death, from which there will be no 
 redemption. 
 
 What remains then but that we now 
 refolve to avoid every evil way, and devote 
 all that is to come of our lives to the 
 practice of righteoufnefs. This mufl be 
 your refolution, if you wifh to get to the 
 kingdom of heaven. And let me, on the 
 prefent occafion, defire you particularly to 
 confider that in the practice of righteoufnefs 
 is included the faithful difcharge of all 
 your duties as members of civil fociety. 
 The converfation of a chriftian is not fo in 
 heaven as to render him indifferent to what 
 
 panes'
 
 [ 24 ] 
 
 paffes on earth. He that experts to be a 
 citizen of the heavenly Jerufalem ought to 
 be the bed citizen of this world. He who 
 hopes for a place under a government of 
 eternal peace and virtue, will make the bed 
 fubjed: to any earthly government under 
 which his lot is cad. He will be the 
 warmed friend to liberty, and the mod 
 ready to fpend his fubdance, or to pour out 
 his blood, in defence of the rights of his 
 country. Acl, fellow-chriftians, under the 
 influence of thefe fentiments ; and, while 
 others think of nothing but making their 
 way in the world, do you drive to make 
 your way through the world ; exhibiting 
 always, in your tempers and conduct, a 
 zeal for virtue, and a confcious dignity 
 becoming thofe who expecl: honour and 
 glory, greater than this world can bedow, 
 in the ever loft ing kingdom ofjefus Chrijl. 
 
 We have at prefent in this country par- 
 ticular reafon for making thefe refolutions, 
 and for recurring to that fource of confo- 
 iation which I have been pointing out to 
 you. The afpccl of public affairs continues, 
 darker than I can deicribc. We fee this 
 nation (lately the iirlF upon earth) reduced 
 to a ftate of deep humiliation. Our glory_ 
 
 departed ~
 
 [ 25 ] 
 
 departed fallen from our high ftation 
 among the powers of the world devaftation 
 and bloodflied extending themfelves round 
 us without colonies without allies* 
 fome of_ihe__bfl: luanches jpf our trade 
 loft a monftrous burden weighing u% 
 down and at war with America, with 
 France^ with Spain , with Holland, and~m dan- 
 ^geFof being foon at war with all Euro} 
 In thefe tremendous circumf'tances, what 
 ean we do ? Shall we exclaim, againft our 
 governors ? That would be unavailing and 
 vain. It is not poffible thejrjhould have 
 meant to ruin the kingdom. (a) Shall we 
 accufe Providence? That would be un- 
 grateful and impious. We are too corrupt 
 to deferve the favour of Providence. Let 
 us then accufe ourfehes. Had we been a 
 more virtuous people, or as really a nation 
 of chriftians as we are fo nominally, we 
 could not have been brought into 'this 
 fituation. It is fit, that having become 
 more irreligious than perhaps any civilized 
 
 (a] It will be eafily feen, that I do not riiean here 
 fuch ruin as is implied in the deftru&ion of a free 
 confti'tution by the extenfion of power and influence ; 
 for this, while the world continues as de'praved as it 
 is, rrien pofleffed of power will be always aiming at ; 
 and it is a circumftance which makes them the moft 
 dangerous of all the enemies of a free-ftate. 
 
 E people
 
 t 26 ] 
 
 people that ever exifted, and loft that 
 vigilant, jealous, and enlightened fpirit of 
 liberty which once characterized us ; it is 
 fit, I fay, that having thus degenerated we 
 fhould be degraded. Let us then ac- 
 knowledge the juflice of Heaven in our cor- 
 rection, and prepare to meet thofe {harper 
 corrections which this kingdom may have 
 ftilj before it, remembering for our en- 
 couragement that better ftate on which I 
 have been difcouriing, and at the fame time 
 making it our conftant bufinefs to fit our- 
 felves for it, by difcharging every duty of 
 life and godlinefs, and particularly, by act- 
 ing the part of faithful members of the 
 community to which we belong. If we 
 fee our country threatened with calamity, 
 let us^warn it. If we fee our countrymen 
 proud and infenfible ta the rights of man- 
 kind, let us admonim them. If the demon 
 of corruption is poifoning the_Jprjngs of 
 legiflation, ajid^converting the fecurities 
 of public liberty into inftnmients of flavery, 
 jet us point out to them the mocking mif- 
 "chief "; and endeavour to recover them to a 
 fenfe of their danger. It is true, we may 
 be able to do but little in this way. But 
 in this cafe every little is of unfpeakable 
 confequence ; and if no one would neglect 
 6 the
 
 the little in his power, much i 
 done. 
 
 Will you on this occalion bear with me, 
 if I fay that it has been my fludy to form 
 my own conduct agreeably to this ex- 
 hojtation. My life has been hitherto fpent 
 in iuch endeavours as I am capable of to 
 promote all the befl interefts of my country 
 and of mankind. I can, in particular, 
 reflect witri pleafure on the part I have 
 taken in that difpute with the colonies, 
 which has for fome years made us the 
 derifion of Europe, and to which we owe 
 all our prefent difficulties. Convinced that 
 our claim of a right to difpofe of their 
 property and to alter their governments 
 without their confent, was an^jjnjoft^ 
 claim ; (a) and, in general, that provincial 
 
 [a] It is remarkable that our governors them fel ves 
 feemed at laft to become fenfible of the unreafonablenefs 
 of this claim ; for in the commiffion appointed in 1778, 
 for reftoring peace, it was given up, and an offer made 
 to the colonies of the power of legiflating for them- 
 felves, the Commiflioners at the fame time declaring 
 (in a Proclamation publifhed on this occafion in Ame- 
 rica) that this was " moft beneficial to Britain and moft 
 '* fafe to both countries." .Other terms were ofFered,_ 
 which" granted much more than the colonies Tiad ear^ 
 neftTy prayed fof; buflrT truth they were the effect of 
 a rrigrTt^occafibned by the defeat of General Burgoyne, 
 and the" alliance with France ; and, not being offered 
 till after this alliance had been concluded, were not 
 accepted, 
 
 E 2 govern,-
 
 t 28 ] 
 
 governments are the moft rapacious and 
 oppreffive of all governments, (a) and that 
 the fubjcftion of countries to one another 
 has always been and muft always be the 
 worft fort of Jlavery. Convinced, I fay, 
 of this -, and believing alfo, that a war with 
 our colonies, fuppofing it jufl, was in the 
 higheft degree impolitic ; I could not avoi4 
 publifhing my fentiments in a pamphlet to 
 which few of you can be ftrangers. This 
 pamphlet was published five years ago, at 
 the commencement of our prefent troubles. 
 I endeavoured to explain in it, the nature 
 pf civil liberty and legitimate government, 
 and to fet forth particularly the danger to 
 which the war with America would expofe 
 us. I argued in it freely againft this war, 
 But I only argued. I did not enter into 
 perfonal invectives, or fpeak ditrefpectfuUy 
 of any particular men; and a kingdom 
 ceafes to be free as fuon as the members of 
 it ceafe to enjoy the~ITberty of canvaffing 
 in this mannej*j3ublic meafures. 
 
 It was not ^offibTe~that Ifl>ould_haye_any___ 
 indirect view in this publication. I was 
 
 (a) The government of India by this country is one 
 melancholy proof of the truth of this obfervation ; and 
 fias probably contributed not a little to bring upon us 
 {he diipleafure of Heaven. 
 
 Jed
 
 led to it by no kind of advice or folicitation, 
 It was "extorted from me entirely by my 
 judgment and feelings in opposition to my 
 inclinations. So true is this, and fo con- 
 fcious am I of having acted, in this in- 
 flance, from pure motives, that it has ever 
 flnce laid the foundation of a comfort in 
 my own mind which has made me per- 
 fectly infenfible to all cenfures. Nor would 
 I now for any emoluments part with the 
 fatisfaction I feel when I recollect my at- 
 tempts, by that publication and the pub- 
 lications that followed it, to ferve my 
 country, and to propagate juft notions of 
 government, and a zeal_for_diat liberty^ 
 on which thelmppinefs of man eifentially 
 depends, and without whiciLJieos__ 
 
 ture fcarcej)^upejiQxJo_j^b{j- ; I was far 
 from having reafon to expect that any thing 
 I could write would influence the managers 
 of our affairs. I muft fay, however, that 
 bad they been influenced by it, this king- 
 dom, jnftead of being on the brink of ruin, 
 would now have been enjoying its former 
 profperity. 
 
 I cannot help reminding you here, that I 
 infilled ftrongly, in the publications 1 have 
 mentioned, on a peculiarity in the ftate of 
 {his kingdom which made any war, but 
 
 more
 
 [ 3 ] 
 
 more efpecially fucb a war as that with 
 America, dreadfully hazardous ; and thai I 
 reprefented particularly, the danger there 
 was that the colonies would be driven to 
 form an alliance with France-, that this 
 jealous rival would feize the opportunity 
 to ruin us ; that a general war would be 
 kindled ; (a) and that a cataftrophe might 
 follow in this country never before known 
 among nations. Thefe reprefentations 
 when written were apprehenjlons only. A 
 great part of them may be now read as 
 hi/tory. When I fay this, I do not 
 "mean to boait of any fagacity. It was eafy 
 to forefee thefe confequences j and there 
 are many diftinguimed and excellent per- 
 fons, in every refpe<5t my fuperiors, who 
 entertained the fame apprehenlions, and 
 who have given the fame warnings. But 
 though I am only one, and one of the kaft 
 of many who have ftood forth on this oc- 
 cafion, yet it has happened, that no one 
 has fallen under a greater load qf_abufe... 
 You will be fenfible how improper an 
 objeft of abufe I have been, if you will 
 confider, 
 
 (a) In a poftfcript to this difcourfe a more full ac- 
 count will be given of the particulars here referred to, 
 
 Firft,
 
 Firft, thatdeteftlng all abufejn political 
 as well as religious difcuflions, I have my- 
 felf always Avoided it. 
 
 Secondly, that I have done no more than 
 what it is in a particular manner the duty of 
 a Minifter of the Gofpcl^of peace to do; I 
 mean, endeavoured to prevent the carnage 
 of war, and to promote peace and rifth- 
 teoujnefs^ But 
 
 Thirdly, what moil of all juftifies me is, 1 ' 
 that events have proved jhat I was right in 
 my opinion of the pernicious tendency of 
 the meafures againft which I wrote. 
 
 Upon the whole I mufl repeat to you, 
 that there is nothing in the courfe of my 
 life, that I can think of with more fatis- 
 faclion, than the teftimony I have borne, 
 and the attempts I have made, to ferve 
 the caufe of general liberty and juftice, and 
 the particular intereft of this country, at 
 the prefent period. A period big with 
 events of unfpeakable confequence, and 
 perhaps one of the moft momentous in the 
 annals of mankind. 
 
 But I have detained you too long; and 
 talked too much of myfelf. You are my 
 friends, and know me, I hope, too well to 
 
 queftipn
 
 [ 3* 1 
 
 queftion the uprightnefs of my views.' 
 May you be bleft with every comfort this 
 world can give, and with eternal happinefs 
 in that country beyond the grave, which is 
 now the hope and will Jbon be the refuge of 
 the virtuous. In that country alone I wifh 
 for honour ; and there God of his infinite 
 mercy grant that we may all at laft meet ! 
 
 POST-
 
 [ 33 1 
 
 . 
 
 POSTSCRIPT, 
 
 Referred to in the Note, Page 30. 
 
 TH E firft of my two Tracts on Civil 
 Liberty, the Principles of Government, 
 the War -with America, and the Debts and 
 Finances of the Kingdom, was published in 
 February 1776, while our army was at 
 BOSTON, and before the colonies declared 
 themfelves independent. In the 73d 
 page of this Tract, after reciting fome of 
 the confequences of the American war, I 
 
 add " In thefe circumftances, the em- 
 
 " pire difmembered, our ftrength exhaufted, 
 " our debts increaiing, &c. Should o.ur 
 ** enemies feize the opportunity. I mud- 
 
 ' der at the profpect A kingdom on a.n 
 
 " edge fo perilous mould think of nothing 
 
 " but a retreat." Page 87. 
 
 In a year after this, or the beginning of 
 
 1777, the fecond Tract, entitled, Additional 
 
 Obfervations on Civil Liberty, 6cc was pub- 
 
 liihed. We were then entered deeply into 
 
 F the
 
 [ 34 ] 
 
 jthe war. Long I/land, New York, part of 
 the Jerjies, and Rhode I/land, had been con- 
 quered. A fpeedy termination of the war 
 was expected, and pains were taken to lead 
 the kingdom to believe that France and Spain 
 would take no part in it. In thisjecond 
 Tract, however, the reprefentations made in 
 the former Tract were continued, and feveral 
 new fads and arguments offered to ftrength^ 
 en them. In page 67, my words are, "In 
 *' making thefe reprefentations I confider 
 " myfelf as doing my country one of the 
 " beft offices in my power, and acting in 
 " the character of one who calls to another 
 *' to awake who is fleeping over a precipice. 
 " But I know I call in vain. The 
 " minifler who directs our finances affures 
 "us all is well." To the fame purpofe 
 are the words in page 88. " Dreading the 
 f- awful crifis before us, I cannot help 
 " crying out to this country Make no 
 " longer war againft yourfelves. With- 
 *' draw your armies from the colonies. 
 " Grant the fecurity they defire to their 
 " property and charters, &c. By fuch 
 " wifdom they may, perhaps, be ftill pre- 
 " ferved ; and that dreadful breach healed 
 *' which your enemies are viewing with 
 
 " triumph.,
 
 f 35 ] 
 ce triumph, and all Europe with afkmim- 
 
 " ment. But what am I doing ? The 
 
 " poffibility of a reconciliation may be loft. 
 " America may have formed an alliance 
 " with France." 
 
 It mould be obferved, that the colonies 
 having in reality at this time formed no 
 alliance with France, the poffibility of a 
 reconciliation was not loft; and that, con- 
 fequently, had the offer mentioned in thefe 
 words of fecurity to their property and char- 
 ters been made, we might now have been 
 profperous and happy. But our go- 
 vernors, (tho' afterwards, when too late, 
 they offered much more] would not then 
 think of making any fuch conceffion. Con- 
 fiding in our own ftrength, eager for re- 
 ducing the colonies to unconditional fub- 
 miilion, and heedlefs of the mafked batteries 
 of France, the iffue of another campaign was 
 tried. It is well-known how unfuccefsful 
 this proved. A whole army was loft; and 
 before the end of the year 1777 there ap- 
 peared more reafon than ever to fear that 
 the colonies would foon become the allies 
 of France. This was the fituation of our 
 affairs when the two Traces on civil Li- 
 berty were republifhed in one volume, with 
 F 2 a gene-
 
 t 36 ] 
 
 a general introduction prefixed. This in- 
 troduction concludes with the following 
 words, dated in January 1778. " I think 
 " it certain, that the colonies may be made 
 " more ufeful to us by a pacification on 
 " liberal terms which mall bind them to i 
 " us as FRIENDS, than by any victories 
 " (were they pofiible) which can force 
 " them to fubmit to us as SUBJECTS. 
 " I think it alfo certain, that mould the 
 " offer of fuch terms be delayed till they 
 *' have formed an alliance with France, this 
 " country is undone. Such an alliance, we 
 " may hope, is not yet fettled. Our rulers, 
 " therefore, may poffibly have ftill a mo- 
 " ment for paufing and retreating j and 
 " every dictate of prudence and feeling of 
 " humanity requires them to be fpeedy and 
 " earneft in improving it. But this muft 
 * not be expected Too full of ideas of our 
 " own dignity, too proud to retract, and 
 " too tenacious of dominion, we feem de-> 
 " termined to perfift ; and the confequence 
 " muft be that the colonies will become 
 ' the allies of France, and that a general 
 < war will be kindled." 
 
 Soon after the date of thefe words the 
 dreaded alliance was concluded between 
 
 France
 
 [ 37 ] 
 
 France and America, and a refcript announc- 
 ing it delivered to our court. On this oc- 
 caiion, I once more, at the end of a new 
 edition of the introduction to the two Tracts, 
 addreffed the public in the following words, 
 dated April 24th, 1778. "By this alliance 
 " a new turn is given to our affairs of the 
 *' moft alarming nature. Would to God 
 " there were any conceffions by which we 
 " could now extricate ourfelves. But the 
 " opportunities for this have been loft. 
 " With near half our ftrength taken from 
 " us j with a debt threatening to over- 
 " whelm us of more than a hundred (a) 
 " and fifty millions, &c. &c. We fee m to 
 " be entering on a war with the united 
 " powers of France, Spain and America. 
 " This fhould it happen will complete 
 " the mealure of our troubles, and may 
 " foon bring on that CATASTROPHE which 
 *' there has been all along reafon to ex- 
 " peel: and dread." 
 
 Such were the reprefentations in thefe 
 Tracts, and this account of them has been 
 
 (a) At Chriftmas laft this debt was increafed to 196 
 millions. See the Eflay on the Population of England, 
 page 82. A capital of 21 millions has heen lately added 
 to it; and therefore, if the war continues, it will at the 
 end of this year amount to 217 millions. 

 
 given becaufe I wifh they may be com- 
 pared with the events which have followed 
 them, and the prefent flate of public af- 
 fairs. The ifTue of all lies hid at prefent 
 among the decrees of providence. Should 
 it be that event which has been juft men- 
 tioned, and which will make us a dreadful 
 warning to future ages, we mail have no 
 reafon for complaint, or title to pity. It 
 has been long foretold by the wifeft men 
 among us j and will be the necefTary effect 
 of a courfe of folly (a) never before known. 
 But we are now hearing of negociations for^ 
 peacej andjejrus_hope they will take _ effect 
 and prove the means of putting off this_ca- 
 lamity to lome future and diflant_2eriod^ 
 
 (#) I here fpeak after Mr. Hume. See his Hiftory 
 
 of England, vol. 5. p. 475. The loan of this year 
 
 furnifties one proof of what is here meant. Befides a 
 premium in money of more than a million, in order to 
 obtain twelve millions ^ an obligation has been given to 
 return for this fum twenty-one millions : And yet the 
 makers of this bargain ftill talk of redeeming the public 
 debts. 
 
 ADVER-
 
 39 ] 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 jDEING defirous of making the accounts I have 
 given as correct as pofiible, I take this oppor- 
 tunity to inform thofe who may have looked into 
 the EfTay on the Population of England and 
 Wales, that, in the account p. 66, the exports 
 of foreign coin and bullion fhould have been de- 
 ducted from the excefs of exports, and alfo that it 
 would have been propereft to have ftated that 
 account without including the imports and ex- 
 ports of prize goods. This account thus correct- 
 ed will ftand as follows : 
 
 Annual Average of Imports. Exports. - - - Excefs. 
 
 In 1738 and 1739 7.634,166 9.519,5841.885,418 
 
 1747 and 1748 7.184,79410.107,9372.923,143 
 
 1756 and 1757 7-975>5 6 7 11.289,474 3.3i3>97 
 
 1761 and 1762 8.931,30913.993,8954.062,586 
 
 1770 and 177112.519,46615.713,8993.194,434 
 
 1774 and 1775 J3-4 I 2,Q30 15.559,350 2.147,320 
 
 177611.696,75413.729,7312.032,977 
 
 177711.721,32712.632,5620.911,194 
 
 1778 10.086,53611.507,527 1.420,291 
 
 fX T ow added 1779 9.096,74010.437,7291.340,989 
 
 THE END,
 
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