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111
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
List of Ii.i.usTiiATUtx.s .--.-.- iv
Chairman's Pueface - - - ... . . -vii
Terms of Ai'pointment ---..---ix
Report ...-.-... xiii
Historical Tntroduction ....-.- l
Schedule A : An Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments in the
County of Hertford accredited to a date antei'ior to ] 7UU, arranged by
Parishes ......... 17
Schedule B: A List of Monuments selected by the Commission as especially
worthy of preservation .--...- 2Kj
Glossary ....-...- 249
Index .-...--..- 250
Map 312
ni
JOO. -Wt. L. ■)29a, 5/-1 J T. 4: S.
IV
LIST (M- ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGK.
32
34
ALDKNHAM.
Tilt' Cliuicli : plan .---••-•"
ANSTEY.
The Church : plan -
The Castle : plan --------- 37
ASHWELL.
The Church : Tower auil Lycli Gate ...--- 16
ASTON.
Aston Bury from the South -------- 42
BENUEO.
The Churih from the South-east ----•-■
f)0
BEXINGTUN.
The Church : Interior of Chancel - - - - - - - 19
BISUOP'S HATFIELD.
Hattield liouse : Ground Floor plan ...... 54
„ ,, Eirst Floor plan ...... 56
,, ,, Grand Staircase ------- 03
,, ,, Screen iu Hall ------- 53
North front ....-.- 24
The Palace : from an old plan ....... 59
,, ,, present plan -------- 61
,, ,, exterior ........20
,, ,, interior ........ 62
BISHOP'S STORTI-'ORU.
Waytemore Castle : plan -..-...- 64
CHESHUNT.
Waltham Cross 78
The Great House : interior -------- 76
FLACNDEX.
The Church : plan ------ - - 89
GILSTON.
The Church : Chancel screen ----- - - 92
GREAT BERKHAMPSTEAD.
The Church : plan ..------- 94
The Castle: plan --------- 99
The Grammar School ..-.-..- 92
GREAT WYMONULEY.
The Castle: plan 106
HARPENDEN.
Rothauisted : Eutrauie iiout . - . . - - 108
PAOE.
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD.
The Church: plan ----.-... m
Tlie Cliunth : interior of Chancel ---.... ]()9
HEXTON.
Ravensburgh Cai^tle : plan - - - - - . - - llo
HITCHIN.
The Church: Screen - - - - - - . - 118
The Town : plan --------- 121
HUNSDON.
The Church : Screen - - - • - - . - I'JH
LITTLE HADHAM.
Hadham Hall : Eiitiaiice (iateway ...... I45
LITTLE HURMEAH.
The Church : North Door -.-..... 147
NORTHCHURCH.
The Church : plan - ....... 157
NORTH MIMMS.
North ilynims Park : House ....... i(j(j
PIRTON.
Toot Hill : plan - - - - . - . . - 163
REDBOURN.
The Church from the South-east --..-.. lijy
The Auberys : plan --.-.-,.. l(j
REED.
The Church : North Doorway - - - - - - - 170
Grou]) of Homestead Moats: plan ---.... 170
ROTSTON.
The Cliurch : interior - - - - . - . .174
ST. ALBANS.
The Abbey : plan ......... jgo
,, ,, Central Tower ....... 9
,, ,, Triioriuiii of South Transept - - - . - 10
>, ,, North arcade of Nave --.... 173
,, ,, South arcade of Nave, Western half .... 18I
;, ,, South arcade of Nave, Eastern half .... jyu
,, ,, South aisle of Presbytery ...... 185
,, ,, Chamber of the Eeretrai' ...... jyy
,, Shrine of St. Alban ... ... Fruntlaplai-e
,, ,, Chantrey of Abbot Ramryge - - - - - 184
,, ,, Rood screen --.-..-. 187
,, ,, Gatehouse - . . . . ... 188
The Clock Tower ---...... 14
House in George Street ........ 188
VI
PAGK.
ST. MICHAEL.
Verulam : plan .... .... 190
Roman wall ---...-. 192
The Church : interior ........ 194
ST. STEPHEN.
The Church: Lectern .---...- 19
S.\NDRIDGE.
The Church : Chancel arch ....... 199
SARR.\T.
The Church : plan ......... 201
TEWIN.
(jueen Hoo from the South ........ 23
TIIERFIELD.
The Rectory ..--..... 218
WARE.
The Church : Font ......... 227
Tlie Priory from tlie Norlh-enst ■ ■ ■ - • 228
Remains of 15th-ceutury House ----... 230
WESTOX.
The Church : North Transept .... . . 2^7
Vll
PREFACE
A FEW informal words will not, I trust, be out of place by way of introduction
-^T^ and may help to explain both the arrangement of these pages and the manner
in which the monuments have been recorded.
This volume contains (in addition to the terms of appointment and official
report) a general historical introduction; an illustrated Inventory, with a concise
account of the monuments visited; a list of monuments that the Commissioners have
selected as especially worthy of preservation; a glossary of architectural, heraldic
and archaeological terms; a map showing the topographical distribution of the
scheduled monuments, and an index.
Under the heads of parishes, arranged alphabetically, will be found a list of
their respective monuments. The chronological sequence chosen is not perhaps
scientifically perfect, but it has been found a workable basis for classification. The
order adopted is as follows : —
(1) Pre-historic monuments and earthworks.
(2) Roman monuments and Roman earthworks.
(3) English ecclesiastical monuments.
(4) English secular monuments.
(5) Unclassified monuments.
In addition to dwelling houses, the English secular class (4) includes all
such earthworks as mount and bailey castles, homestead moats, etc. To the section
of unclassified monuments (5) are assigned undateable earthworks, as, for
instance, unopened tumuli.
Each category of monuments, as explained in the Official Report, has been
under the care of separate Sub- Commissions, with Lord Plymouth, Lord Balcarres,
Professor Haverfield, and myself as Chairmen.
The descriptions of the monuments are of necessity much compressed, but the
underlying principle on which accounts of any importance are based is the same
throughout. Thus, in the case of ecclesiastical moiuiments, the description begins
with a few words on the situation and material of the monument, together with a
statement as to the historical development of its various parts. A second para-
graph calls attention, when necessary, to its more remarkable features. This is
VIU
followed by a concise description, mainly architectural, of its details. A fourth
paragraph deals with the fittings of churches in alphabetical order, while the con-
cluding sentence gives a general statement as to structural condition. The accounts
of less important buildings, whether secular or ecclesiastical, are still further
compressed, and, in the case of secular monuments, consist sometimes of a single
paragraph.
The illustrations are derived from photographs taken expressly for the
Commission, and reproduced by H.M.'s Stationery Office, whose work, I think.
deserves special recognition. They have been chosen rather for their educational
than for their aesthetic value. Had appearance alone been made the test of selection,
many more might have been easily included. The map at the end of the Inventory
shows the distribution of the monuments, and incidentally throws some light on the
concentration of population in the county at various times before the year 1700.
The index follows the rules laid down by a small Committee of the Com-
mission, whose members, with a view to assisting in the co-ordination and correlation
of archaeological indices generally, adopted in a great measure the conclusions of
the Index Committee of the Congress of Archaeological Societies.
In a work of such intricate detail there must be mistakes. But I hope these
are neither numerous nor serious. Each account has been carefully checked, and
nothing is mentioned that has not been personally examined. A further guarantee
of accuracy lies in the fact that Mr. W. Page (General Editor of the Victoria County
History) has served as a member of each Sub- Commission, and that Mr. C. R. Peers
(Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries) has himself revised the reports of our
investigators. Nevertheless, I shall heartily welcome any corrections that may be
sent to me, with a view to their possible inclusion in .some future edition of this
volume.
BURGHCLERE.
IX
TERMS OF APPOINTMEXT AND OFFICIAL KFPORT.
Whitehall, 28th Octobf.r. liios.
The KINCJ has Ix'cii pleased tn issue a Commission under His Majesty's IJoyal
Sign Manual to the following effect: —
EDWARD, R. iSt I.
EDWAED THE SEVENTH, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Uoniinions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, to
Our right trusty and well-beloved Counsellor Herbkrt Coulstoun, B.\Rf)N
Burghclere;
Our right trusty and right well-beloved Cousin and Counsellor Robert George.
Earl of Plymouth, Companion of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath;
Our right trusty and well-beloved Cousin Harold Arthur, Viscount Dillon ; and
Our trusty and well -beloved : —
David Alexander Edward Lindsay, Esquire, commonly called Lord Balcarres;
Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth, Knight Commander of Our Most Eminent Order of
the Indian Empire, President of the Royal Archaeological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland ;
Sir John Francis Fortescue Horner, Knight Commander of Our Royal Victorian
Order ;
James Fitzgerald, Esquire, Companion of the Imperial Service Order, Assistant
Secretary in the Office of the Commissioners of Our Works and Pulilic
Buildings ;
John George Neilson Clift, Esquire, Honorary Secretary of llie liritish Arch;ro
logical Association;
Francis John Haverfield, Es(iuire, Doctor of Laws, Camden Professor of Ancient
History in the University of Oxford ;
Emslie John Horniman, Esquire; and
Leonard Stokes, Esquire, Vice-President of the Royal Institute of British
Architects ;
GREETING!
Whereas We have deemed it expedient that a Connnission should forthwith
issue to make an inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Con-
structions connected with "or illustrative of the contemporary culture, civilization
and conditions of life of the people in England, excluding Monmouthshire, from the
earliest times to the year 1700, and to specify those which seem most worthy of
preservation :
Now know ye, that We, reposing great trust and confidence in your knowledge
and ability, have authorized and appointed, and do by these Presents authorize and
appoint you, the said Herbert Coulstoun, Baron Burghclere (Chairman); Robert
George, Earl of Plymouth; Harold Arthur, Viscount Dillon; David Alexander
Edward Lindsay (Lord Balcarres); Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth; Sir John Francis
Fortescue Horner; James Fitzgerald: John George Neilson Clift; Francis John
Haverfield ; Emslic John Horniman, and Leonard Stokes, to be Our Commissioners
for the purposes of the said enquiry :
And for the better enabling you to carry out the purposes of this Our Coramis
sion, We do by these Presents authorise you to call in the aid and co-operation of
owners of ancient monuments, inviting them to assist you in furthering the objects
of the Commission ; and to invite the possessors of such pai>ers as you may deem it
desirable to inspect to produce them before you.
And We do further give and grant unto you, or any thiee or more of you, full
power to call before you such persons as you shall judge likely to afford you any
information upon the subject of this Our Commission ; and also to call for, have
access to and examine all such books, documents, registers and records as may afford
you the fullest information on the subject, and to enquire of and concerning the
premises by all other lawful ways and means whatsoever:
And Wc do by these Presents authorise and empower you, ru* any three or
more of you, to visit and personally inspect such places as you may deem it expedient
so to inspect for the more effectual carrying out of the purposes aforesaid :
And We do by these Presents will and ordain that this Our Commission shall
continue in full force and virtue, and that you, Our said Commissioners, or any three
or more of you, may from time to time proceed in the execution thereof, and of every
matter and thing therein contained, although the same be not continued from time
to time by adjournment:
And We do further ordain that you, or any three or nioie of you, have libiM'ty
to report your proceedings under this Our Commission from time to time if you shall
judge it expedient so to do :
And Our further will and pleasure is that you do, with as little delay as possible,
report to Us, under your hands and seals, or under the hands and seals of any three
Of more of you, your opinion upon the matters herein submitted for your con-
sideration.
And for the purpose of aiding you in your enquiries Wo hereby appoint Our
trusty and well-beloved George Herbert Duckworth, Esquire, to be Secretary to
this Our Commission.
Given at Our Court at St. James's, the tw^enty-seventli day of
October, one thousand nine hundred and eight, in the eighth
year of Our Reign.
By His Majesty's Command,
H. J. GLADSTONE.
EDWARD /?. & I.
Edward the Seventh, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the seas King, Defender
of the Faith, To Our trusty and well-beloved Sir Schomberg Kerr McDonnell
(commonly called the Honourable Sir Schojiiberg Kerr McDonnell), Knight Com-
mander of Our Most Honourable Order of the Bath, Commander of Our Royal
Victorian Order, Secretary to Our Commissioners of Works and Public Buildings,
GREETING !
Whereas We did by Warrant under Our Royal Sign Manual bearing date the
twenty-seventh day of October, one thousand nine hundred and eight appoint Com-
missioners to make an inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments and
Constructions connected with or illustrative of the contemporary culture, civiliza-
tion and conditions of life of the people in England, excluding Monmouthshire,
from the earliest times to the year 1700, and to specify those which seem most worthy
of preservation :
And Whereas a vacancy has been caused in the body of Commissioners
appointed as aforesaid, by the death of James Fitzgerald, Esquire :
Now Know ye that We, reposing great confidence in you, do by these Presents
appoint you the said Sir Schomberg Kerr McDonnell to be one of Our Commissioners
for the purpose aforesaid, in the room of the said James Fitzgerald, deceased.
Given at Our Court at St. James's, the tenth day of April, 1909;
in the ninth year of Our reign
By His Majesty's Command,
H. J. GLADSTONE.
6 2
XII
Whitehall, 30th May, 1910.
The KING has been pleased to issue a Warrant under His Majesty's Royal
Sitrn Manual to the following effect: —
n
GEORGE. R. I.
GEORGE THE FIFTH, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King,
Defender of the Faith, to all to whom these Presents shall come,
GREETING!
Whereas it pleased His late Majesty from time to time to issue Royal Commis-
sions of Enquiry for various purposes therein specified :
And whereas, in the case of certain of these Commissions, namely, thoso
known as —
The Ancient Monuments (England) Commission,
the Commissioners appointed by His late Majesty, or such of them as were then
acting as Commissioners, were at the late Demise of the Crown still engaged upon
the business entrusted to them :
And whereas We deem it expedient that the said Commissioners should continue
their labours in connection with the said Enquiries notwithstanding the late Demise
of the Crown :
Now know ye that We, reposing great trust and confidence in the zeal, discretion
and ability of the present Members of each of the said Coiniuissions. do by these
Presents authorize them to continue their labours, and do hereby in every essential
particular ratify and confirm the terms of the said several Commissions.
And We do further ordain that the said Commissioners do report to Us under
their hands and seals, or under the hands and seals of such of their number as may
be specified in the said Commissions respectively, their opinion upon the matters
presented for their consideration; and that any proceedings which they or any of
them may have taken under and in pursuance of the said Commissions since the late
Demise of the Crown and t)ei'ore the issue of the.se Tresents shall be deemed and
adjudged to have been taken under and in virtue of this Our Commission.
Given at Our Court at St. James's, the twenty sixth day of May,
one thousand nine hundred and ten, in the first year of Our
Reign.
o
By His Majesty's Command,
R. B. HALDANE.
XIU
ROYAL COMMISSION ON THK ANCIENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF ENGLAND.
KEPOIIT
TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
1. May it Please Your Majesty,
We, the undersigned Commissioners, appointed to make an inventory of
the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions connected with or illus-
trative of the contemporary culture, civilization and conditions of life of the people
in England, excluding Monmouthshire, from the earliest times to the year 170U,
and to specify those which seem most worthy of preservation, humbly submit to
Your Majesty the following First Interim Report on the work of the Conunission
since its appointment.
2. We venture, before entering more fully on the matters under review,
respectfully to offer our most sincere condolence on the great loss which Your
Majesty and the Nation have suffered through the lamented death of His late
Majesty of Revered Memory.
3. We further desire humbly to submit our deep feelings of loyalty and devotion
to Your Majesty on Your Accession, and we gratefully acknowledge our re appoint-
ment to continue the important and enduring task which His late Majesty had
entrusted to us.
The Commission was first appointed on 27th October, 1908, and the first
was held on the 10th November following. Sine
of the Commission and Sub-Commissions have taken place.
meeting was held on the 10th November following. Since that date 35 meetings
5. The earlier meetings were devoted to the consideration of the method in
which the work of the Commission would best be carried out. It was at these
meetings that we became conscious of the debt we owe to the experience and enthu-
siasm shown by the late Mr. Fitzgerald, whose untimely death we most sincerely
deplore.
6. At its third meeting on 17th December, 1908, the Commission accepted a
scheme suggested by the Chairman, in which were embodied various proposals
received from the Commissioners themselves. Under this scheme it was agreed that
the work should be sub-divided, and should be allotted according to the natuie
of the monuments to be investigated.
XIV
7. Four Sub-Commissions were accordingly appointed by the Chairman, with
instructions to deal with the following categories of monuments: —
(1) Pro-Roman monuments and earthwoiks other than Roman.
(2) Roman monuments and Roman earthworks.
(3) English ecclesiastical monuments.
(4) English secular monuments.
. 8. The Sub-Commissions in question were constituted by Lord Burghclere
with the following Chainiien : —
The Earl of Plymouth, Chairman of the Ecclesiastical Sub-Commission;
Lord Balcarres, Chairman of the Sub-Commission on Earthworks;
Professor Haverfield, Chairman of the Sub-Commission on Roman
Monuments; while Lord Burghclere himself took charge of the Sub-
Commission on Secular Monuments.
9. The Secretary to the Commission was appointed Secretary to the various
Sub-Commissions, and has acted as the co-ordinating link between them.
10. It was further agreed that the County should be the unit of publication,
and that the civil parish should be the unit of record within the County.
n. Hertfordshire was selected as the first of the Counties to be investigated.
12. It was recognised from the outset that it would be necessary to regard
the enquiries into this County in the light of an experiment, designed to reveal the
method by which we should l)est be able to conduct our investigations into the
remaining counties of England.
13. At the beginning of the financial year 1909-10 we were in a position to
appoint our staff of investigators, and preliminary instructions were then issued as
to the manner in which the monuments of the County were to be noted and
catalogued.
14. In the ensuing months the Sub-Commissions met frequently to supervise
the work of the investigators, while the Commission was summoned from time to
time to discuss the more important recommendations of the Sub-Commissions.
15. We append to this Report a list (Schedule A) of the Ancient and Historical
Monuments and Constructions in the County of Hertford which may reasonably be
accredited to a date anterior to 1700.
16. This list has been referred for revision to the local Archaeological Societies,
to the County Council, and to the clergy and schoolnutsters in each parish. Our
endeavour throughout has lieen to frame authoritative and scientific accounts of the
Monuments under review, and we are satisfied that no important example within
the given period has been omitted.
17. We further append a list (Schedule B) of those of the monuments in the
County which, iu our opinion, are especially worthy of preservation.
18. A fuller account of the monuments mentioned in these lists, with illus-
XT
trations, will be found in the Inventory which we have issued, under the advice of
the Lords Conunissioncrs of the Treasury, as a separate Stationery OHice publication.
19. Additional details, including various [ilans and sketches which we have
collected but have not thought it necessary to publish, will be prcseiTcd, together
with a set of the photographs taken of all the inoiuuiients visited, and we hoj)e that
in due course it may be found possible to make these Records accessible to students
of archaeology and architectural detail.
20. We have from time to time been asked for advice and assistance with
respect to the preservation of monuments which have been threatened with destruc-
tion. In these cases we have tried to give such helj) as lay within our power. But,
we are agreed that, having regard to the conditions under which we carry on our
work, it would seriously impair the elliciency of our enquiry were it expected that
we should at any moment interrupt its settled course in order to report upon the
nature and value of threatened monuments in counties outside the immediate purview
of the Commission.
21. Cases, however, occur where it is desirable to deal at once with imperilled
monuments of historic importance, and we are of opinion that the time has come
when such cases (which may often arise outside the immediate scope of our labours,
or be beyond tlie [)0wers of our Commission to control) should be dealt with by a
Government Department acting with the assistance of a permanent Advisoiy Board.
22. In conclusion, we desire to acknowledge our indebtedness to :
(1) The owners of houses and other property in the County, who, without
exception, have welcomed the visits of ourselves and our investigators
to the monuments in their possession.
(2) To the Bishop of St. Albans, who courteously gave us a general introduc-
tion by letter to all the clergy in his diocese.
(3) To the clergy, who have freely opened their churches to our inspection.
(4) To the parochial schoolmasters, who have given us special assistance in
the revision of our preliminary lists.
(5) To the secretaries and members of the East Hertfordshire Archaeological
Society and the St. Albans and Hertfordshire Archaeological Society,
for their revision of the completed lists of monuments submitted to
them.
(6) To Mr. D. H. Montgomerie, for the assistance given in visiting and
reporting on the earthworks of the County and in training an investi-
gator of earthworks foi' the service of the Commission.
(7) To Mr. C. E. Longniore, Clerk of the County Council, who furnished the
Commission with copies of the calendared Sessions Rolls for the
County.
(8) To Mr TI. R. Wilton Hall, Honorary Librarian of the County Museum.
who supplied a List of the Topographical Rooks of the County, and
also revised the completed schedule of iiionuinents.
23. We wish further to add that we received great assistance with regard to
the scope and method of our enquiry from the evidence of Mr. C. H. Read, LL.D.,
President of the Society of Antiquaries, who, up to this date, is the only witness
who has appeared before us.
24. Jho Cominissioii also owes a deep debt of gratitude to the following
Assistant Commissioners, who have freely placed their expert and technical know-
ledge at the disposal of the Commission : —
(1) To William Page, Esquire, F.S.A., General Editor of the \ictoria
History of the Counties of England, who has acted as a member of
each of the Sub-Commissions, and is largely responsible for the general
introduction to the Inventory.
(2) To C. E. Peers, Esquire, F.S.A., Official Inspector of Historical Monu-
ments under Your Majesty's Office of Works, and Secretary of the
Society of Antiquaries, who has served as a inomber of both the Eccle-
siastical and Secular Sub-Conunissions, and has himself visited prac-
tically all the Ecclesiastical and Secular Monuments recorded in our
Inventory; and
(3) To A. G. Chater, Esquire, Honorary Secretary of the Congress of Archfeo
logical Societies, who has supervised the collection of detail with
regard to Earthworks, and who is serving upon the Sub-Commission
dealing with this type of monument.
25. We desire further to express our acknowledgment of the good work
accomplished bv our executive staff in the persons of ^Ir. J. Murrav Kendall,
Mr. J. W. Bloe,'Mr. C. C. Durston, Mi.ss E. M. Keate, and Miss G. Duncan.
26. Finally, we wish to record our unanimous appreciation of the services of
our Secretary, Mr. George Herbert Duckworth, whose ability, resourcefulness and
unfailing energy have been of the highest value to the labours of the Commission.
27. We are now engaged on the monuments of the County of Buckingham,
which will form the subject of our next Inventory.
Signed :
BURGHCLERE {Chairman).
PLYMOUTH.
DILLON.
BALCARRES.
SCHOMBERG K. MrDOXNELL.
HENRY H. HOWORTH.
J. F. F. HORNER.
J. G. N. CLIFT.
F. HAVERFIELD.
E. J. HORNIMAN.
LEONARD STOKES.
GEORGE H. DUCKWORTH
{Secretori/.)
iilh June, lUlU.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
Hertfordshire is one of the smaller counties of England bordering on the
Midland plain. Although seldom exceeding a height of 600 feet above sea level,
the land on the west and north is high and forms a part of the Chiltern range. The
southern and eastern fringe of the county is on London clay, but the rest, except for
pockets of clay, is on chalk well covered with soil. The north is undulating down
land, and has always been a corn growing district. Here are conspicuous those
clumps of trees dotted on the hill tops which are so typical of down land, and here
windmills and thatched cottages are found, while in the south there are water mills
and tiled cottages. The west formed a part of the Chiltern Forest, and is the land of
the beech and the oak, while the middle, south and east were portions of the great
Middlesex forests, the characteristic trees in which are the elm, the ash and the oak,
and in the central parts the beech. There is historic evidence of various kinds to
show that much of this forest land remained uncleared even beyond the 14th century,
and in judging the civilisation of the district in various ages this feature must always
be borne in mind. Even at the present day 26,568 acres of woodland are registered
in the Agricultural Returns for the county. Since the Norman Conquest, on the
other hand, the proximity of Hertfordshire to London has added an artificial feature,
signally affecting the natural character of its southern portion. This part of the
county from early times has had a residential aspect. Country houses, parks and
pleasure grounds have been common, and wealth won in London has increased the
prosperity of its population.
For convenience, the district now comprised in the county is in the following
pages referred to as Hertfordshire, but it must be remembered that the county was
probably not formed till the reign of Edgar (957-75) and the first mention of it as a
shire is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 1011.
Palaeolithic Age.
Ancient and historical Monuments begin with the advent of man. The
earliest evidences of the human race, those of the Palaeolithic or Early Stone age,
consist chiefly of flint implements. Some of them, and many such have
been found in Hertfordshire, are beautifully wrought. The commonest forms
are flakes employed probably as knives and scrapers, while the more carefully
made oval, ovate and pointed implements were used for all purposes and were
held in the hand without handle or shaft. Man of this period was a hunter.
He lived in caves or the rudest of tree huts beside lakes or rivers for his
water supply, and so far as we know he neither reared cattle nor tilled the soil.
In Hertfordshire, Palopolithic implements have been found sparsely distributed over
the county. The most important discovery of this date was that of a_ number of
implements, mostly of the pointed type, found throughout a deposit of brick earth in
the bed of an ancient lake at Hitchin.* A more interesti ng discovery perhaps was
* ' Palffiolithic Deposits at Hitchin and their relation to the Glacial Epoch.' Proc. Eoyal Soc. LXI,
40 (1897). .
HISTORICAL IXTRODTTCTION.
made at Caddington, recently transferred to Bedfordshire. Here Mr. Worthington
G. Smith found a factory of Pahvolitiiic implements with stores of worked and
unworked flints, hroken and unfinished tools and refuse heaps.
Neolithic Age.
Geological and climatic conditions appear to have made a complete gap in
the history of this country between the Palseolithic and Neolithic ages. During the
great and unknown period which the latter age covered, many improvements in the
condition of man must have occurred. Towards the close of it, at all events, he lived
in villages of huts or ' hut circles,' and sometimes in dwellings built on piles in lakes
and rivers. He reared cattle and made camps for his own and their protection. He
tilled the ground, wove the material lor his garments, and made pottery. His
implements were still of stone, many of them ground and polished, and his tools
and weapons (which included the bow) were far more varied than those of his
predecessor of the Palaeolithic age. He buried his dead in long chambered
barrows. So far as the evidence of the remains of this period hitherto
discovered in Hertfordshire show. Neolithic man made his dwelling on the
high chalk lands in the north and north-west parts of the county. Here the open
downs would be more suitable for his agricultural and pastoral habits than the
lowlands in the south and south-east which were then probablv covered with dense
wood. Implements of this period have, however, been found along the valley of
the Lea about Hertford and Ware and in the valley of the Colne in the neighbourhood
of TJickmansworth, where settlements possibly existed on account of the waterways
or the fishing and hunting.
Bronze Age.
After the Neolithic age came the Bronze age, w-hich is reckoned approximately
to have begun in Britain about B.C. 1800. With the use of metal, a much higher
civilisation could be obtained, more serviceable tools and weapons could be wrought
and more elaborate personal ornaments could be made. Some of the remains of this
period reached a standard of artistic merit which it would be difficult to surpass. It
may be that the use of bronze in this county was introduced by a new race who
overpowered the Neolithic inhabitants. The conditions of life were much the same
as in the previous age. The Bronze age people, however, buried their dead in round
barrows, instead of the long barrows used in the Neolithic age. The remains of the
Bronze age in Hertfordshire, though scantier than those of the Neolithic, occur in
the same districts and for the same reason as that already assigned. The most
important recorded find is a hoard of about 40 bronze implements discovered at
Cumberlow Green in Rushden.
Late Celtic Period.
The date of the first use of iron, ' mans greatest step along the path of
progress,' in Britain is uncertain. There was probably a period of some centuries
when iron was not unknowm, but bronze continued to be the metal principally
employed. Its full use did not, perhaps, begin till about r.c 500.*
During the later part of this period there was an invasion of Belgic tribes,
tall, fair-haired people from north-east Gaul, who overran the south-east of Britain,
• British Museum Ouide to early iron age antiquities, p. 1.
HISTORICAL INXHODUCTION.
including what is now Hertfordshire. In the first century B.C., Cassivellaunus was
the prince of the Belgic tribe of the Catuvelauni, miscalled by the MSS. of Ptolemy
Catyeuchlani, whose territory extended into the present counties of Hertford, Mid-
dlesex, Buckingham and Bedford. Caesar, in his second invasion (B.C. 54), directed
his march to the chief stronghold of this prince, which he eventually took. It is a
reasonable conjecture that this stronghold was Verulam, near St. Albans, and,
indeed, it answers well to the description given of it by Ca'sar.* The Trinobantes,
another Belgic tribe whose chief town was at Camulodunum or Colchester, inhabited
the present county of Essex and probably the eastern parts of Hertfordshire.
Besides Verulam, it would seem from the number of ancient British coins and
other objects found, that there were ' Late Celtic ' settlements in the county at
Braughing, Welwyn and Hitchin.
The ' Late Celtic ' people developed a native art of high merit. Its chief
characteristic was a M'onderful mastery of line, and although the modelling of human
and animal forms was weak, the boldness of the designs approached the classic. This
art was adapted principally for metal work and pottery, and survived and developed
through the Roman occupation. Some specimens have been found in Hertfordshire,
but considering the prominence of the ' Late Celtic ' people in the county, many may
yet lie hidden in the ground. Bronze helmets have been found at Verulam and
Tring, and other objects at Verulam and Wehvyn. Some tapering ' cordoned ' urns,
probably copied from prototypes in metal and characteristic of this period, have been
discovered at Hitchin.
Perhaps it was this people who brought coinage from Gaul into south-east
Britain about B.C. 200. The coins were at first rude imitations of the gold stater of
Philip II. of Macedon and being uninscribed, there is considerable doubt as to their
date. The earliest inscribed coins are those of Tasciovanus, bearing his name and
' Ver.' for Verulam, which were struck at Verulam in gold, silver and lironze from
B.C. 30 to A.D. 5. A considerable number of these and other early British coins have
been found in Hertfordshire.
Romano-British Period.
In A.D. 43 began the conquest of the country by the Emperor Claudius under
Aulus Plautius. The history- of that conquest does not concern us, but we may
briefly describe its results on what is now Hertfordshire and the character of the
civilisation which, in consequence, overspread the district for 350 years.
The chief Komano-British town in the region was Verulam. This must have
become Romanised at a very early date, and consequently during the revolt of the
Iceni under their queen, Boadicea, in a.d. 62, received the full fury of the Britons,
who probably left it in ruins, like the 'colonia' at Colchester and the trading town
at London. Tacitus speaks of Verulam at this date as a ' municii)ium ' or town whose
citizens held the Roman political franchise, and enjoyed privileges of self govern-
ment. If destroyed, it rose from its ashes and, though overshadowed by ' Londinium,'
seems to have been ahvays a considerable place. Its buildings, though as yet im-
perfectly known to us, indicate some wealth and splendour and cover an area nearly
two miles in circumference.
Among these buildings may be mentioned the forum, lately excavated in part,
which seems to have been like similar buildings elsewhere. This forum mav have been
Dc Belh, Gallicu, Bk. II, 21.
A2
niSl^OEICAL INTRODUCTION.
laid out before ad. 62, when the place received municipal rank. From the evidence
discovered during its excavation, it was manifestly destroyed by fire at some time,
but whether this conflagration occurred in 62, or later, is not known. Certainly
it was afterwards repaired (though somewhat roughly) and partially re-built. The
Komau theatre, the foundations of which have been found to the west of the building
last referred to, is notable as the only Roman theatre which has yet been discovered
in Britain. There are also extensive and substantial remains of town walls whose
precise age is uncertain. The town can hardly have been walled when the Iceni
took it in a.d. 62. It has been pointed out that in the western provinces of the
Roman Empire, town walls began generally to be erected or re-erected after about
A.D. 250, when barbarian invasions were becoming frequent. The walls of \ erulam
may well have been erected late in the history of the Empire. They were manned,
probably, not by Roman soldiers, but by the citizens of the town. In any case,
these walls are among the most noted relics of the Roman age surviving in the
south-east of England. Ihey deserve and demand adequate preservation and
attention.
These remains are, of course, only fragments of former splendour. Syste-
matic excavation would, beyond all doubt, add vastly to their number and enlarge
our whole knowledge of the history of this Romano-British city and, indeed, of
Roman Britain generally. At present it can only be said that the town seems to
have survived throughout the Roman period. It was still inhabited by Romanised
Britons when Germanus came to this island in a.d. 429 to combat the Pelagian
heretics, for (so his biographer relates) he saw the shrine or tomb of St. Alban, and
that can hardly have been anj^vhere but at Verulam. It must have been conquered
by the English some years later. When Gildas wrote in the sixth century it had
long been "lost, and its site has remained bare and unoccupied to this day. On
the arrival of the English, they built their houses, as was their custom, outside the
Roman walls, on the hill at Kingsbury to the northward, and this settlement in
time gave place to the present town of St. Albans.
The next most important Romano-British settlement to Verulani in the
county was probably Braughing, near the crossing of Ermine Street and the Roman
road from Colchester and Bishop's Stortford to Bigglesw.ade. Here are apparently
traces of a settlement of uncertain size. Its name is unkno^^•n : Bertram, in the
forged itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, calls it 'Ad Fines,' but without authority.
Some remains of a tesselated pavement in a plantation called Larksfield, and a
cemetery in a field called Wickliams to the south of the railway station hiive been
discovered. Coins, including British of Tasciovanus and Cunobeline, and pottery
are constantly turned up here, but few records of them seem to have been kept. On
the whole the remains seem to be rather numerous for a single country house or farm,
though exploration is needed to reveal their exact nature. Roman settlements have
also been ascribed to Cheshunt, Baldock, Royston and Bishop's Stortford, but on
inadequate evidence.
' Villas,' that is, countrv houses or farms of Roman date, have been discovered
near King's Langley Station in the parish of Abbot's Langley, at Boxmoor House in
Bovingdon, at Boxmoor Railway Station in Ilemel Hempstead, at Sarratt, at
Youngsbury in Standon, at the Rectory, Welwyn, and at Purwell Mill in Great
Wyraondlev, and probably at Wigginton. It is likely, from the quantity
ofRoman wins, pottery, etc., which have been brought to light in many parts
of the county that other Romano-British dwellings lie hidden underground.
Potterv kilns have been discovered at Hitchin and at Radlett near Alden-
UISTOEICAL LNiaODUCTlON.
ham, the latter being of interest as it revealed the name of a local potter ' Castus,'
presumably a Romanised Jiriton. The Roman rule over Britain ceased about 410,
and the province became a prey to the Picts from the North and the Saxons from over
the seas.
To sum up, the Roman remains of Hertfordshire present a fair specimen of
the more civilised parts of Roman Britain. Of military occupation, there is no trace.
Instead, a good-sized country town, a number of country houses and farms around
it, and an adequate supply of roads. The town was built in Roman fashion and,
although its inhabitants were not Romans but Romanised Britons, contained the
public buildings proper to a Roman municipality. The rural dwellings, so far as
they have been excavated, show, like the town, Roman patterns, Roman mosaic
floors, Roman warming-systems, and so forth, but were doubtless also inhabited by
Romanised Britons rather than by actual Romans. They are not very numerous.
In a woodland area estates may well have been very large and houses and villages
comparatively few. But in some other counties, such as Warwick and Buckingham,
which were also woodland districts, the traces of houses in the country are far less.
One feature is beyond mistake. The influence of London has not yet begun. The
forests which lay round the north of London have not yet been pierced, Verulam is
an independent town, not (as to-day) an annexe of the capital, and the country
houses and farms around it are rural dwellings and not residences of wealthy
Londoners.
Pre-Norjian Earthworks.
In the present state of our knowledge of the subject it is dangerous to give any
opinion as to the date of pre-Norman earthworks. It may, however, be remarked
that the fine hill fortress called Ravensburgh Castle, near the northern escarpment of
the Chilterns, in .Hexton parish, is probably the best specimen of a pre-Roman camp
in the county. It commands a remarkable view to the north-east over Bedford-
shire, and, being protected by deep ravines on tliree sides, it must have been a
formidable entrenchment. Of the earthworks and site of Verulam, the chief town
of the Catuvelauni who arrived in Britain late in the Early Iron Age, it may be said
that within that area no object of a date before the ' Late Celtic ' period has \ et been
found. The earthworks at the Auberys, in Redbourn parish, resemble those at
Verulam on a smaller scale. The camp at Arbury Banks, in Ashwell, has been
almost obliterated.
The object and date of the great dykes at Beach Jiottom, the Devils
Dyke and the Slad at Sandridge are quite unknown. Grims Ditch or
Graemes Dyke, portions of which pass through Tring, Wigginton, Northchurch
and Great Berkhampstead, is supposed to be part of a great boundary bank which
goes through Buckinghamshire by Lee, Woodlands Park, Great Hampden and Lacey
Green on to Bradenham. So many gaps, however, occur in its course that the
purpose of it is difficult to understand. The fosse is on the south-cast side, so that
it was probably made by those holding the land on the north-west. Hence its origin
has been attributed to a people retiring before those Belgic invaders who made
Verulam their chief town. A vallum at Chcshunt, called the Bank, is said to have
formed the boundary between Mercia and Essex.
There are about thirty round barrows scattei-ed over the county, and one long
barrow in Therfield parish. Of the former the following have been opened : —
Easneye, near Ware, by Sir John Evans, who supposed it to be pre-Roman; Six
Hills, in Stevenage, one at Youngsbury in Standnn, and another in Knebworth,
UISTOBICAL INTHODUCTION.
which are said to be Roman; and Broxbornebury, opened by Sir John Evans, who
thought it was Danish.
Anglo-Saxon Period.
The Saxons probably made their way into the eastern side of the county in the
hitter part of the (ith century from the east, by way of the Rivers Lea and Stort and
their tributaries. It was, however, a long time before they penetrated into the
forest lantls of south Hertfordshire. The western side of the county was, probably
in the first half of the 6th century, within the territory of the Chilternssetna,*
who inhabited the Chiltern country in liucks, and are mentioned in the Tribal
Hidage. At what period this side of the county was subdued by the Saxons is not
definitely known, but the country adjoining Watling Street and Akeman Street was
too important to be left long in the hands of the Britons. Burials, probably of the
first half of the 7th century, at Wheathampstead and Redbourn, parishes bordering
on Watling Street, possibly point to a connection with Kent.t That at Wheat-
hampstead brought to light a bronze ewer, which is unique as regards this country,
and that at Redlwurn is the onl\ Saxon barrow examined in the county, and was sup-
posed to have contained the relics of St. Amphibalus. It is related by the monks of
St. Albans that their patron saint in 1178 directed the way to two mounds called the
Hills of the Banners, where the people used to meet, and indicated one as the burial-
place of St. Amphibalus. Excavations were made by the monks, and the bones of the
supposed saint discovered, carried off with reverence and enshrined in the Abbey
Church, where the pedestal for his shrine still remains. A minute description is
given of the mounds and the position of the bones and other objects, from which it is
clear that the Hills of the Banners were two Saxon barrows, and the bones, supposed
to belong to the mythical saint, Amphibalus, were those probably of a pagan Saxon.|
The eastern side of the county lay in the kingdom of Essex, and we are told by
the Venerable Bede that Sebert, King of the East Saxons, and all his people, were
converted to Christianity in 604 by Mellitus, afterwards their bishop. On the death
of Sebert, however, in 616, the people reverted to paganism, and did not again
become Christians till 649, when Segebert, their King, was baptized, and St. Cead
became their bishop. On the western side of the county, which was in the Kingdom
of Mercia, Peada, son of Penda, was converted to Christianity about 650, and shortly
afterwards Diuma was consecrated the first bishop of the Mercians. The whole of
the district now forming the county, so far as it was settled, probably became Chris-
tian soon after the middle of the 7th century.
The division between the Mercian diocese of Dorchester, afterwards Lincoln,
and the East Saxon diocese of London, was in all probability identical with the
boundary between the East Saxon and Mercian kingdoms. The diocesan boundary,
as regards Hertfordshire, passed from Royston down Ermine Street to Throcking,
then by the Rib to its junction with the Lea, thence approximatoly to the county
boundary at Northaw-. This gives the larger portion of the county to the Mercians.
Anglo-Saxon Settlement of the County.
Few existing towns or villages in Hertfordshire can show a continuity of habi-
tation from a time before the coming of the Anglo-Saxons. Profe.ssor Skeat points
out that all the suffixes to place names in the county (upwards of thirty in number)
* See Mr. Reginald Smith in Victnria Count 1/ History, Herts, I, 251.
+ Victoria Cnunty Hisloii/, Herts, I, 25.>6.
+ Aichaeologin XXXIII, 264.
HISTOKKAI. IXTKODVCTIOX.
are of Old English origin, which he states 'at once shows how peculiarly English the
inhabitants ot this county were in early times before the Conquest.'* He remarks
further, ' that in the overwhelming number of instances the place names of Hertford-
shire belong to the speech of the Early Mercian Angles.'
Professor Maitlandt calls attention to two distinct types of vills or towns, one
the nucleated or concentrated village, which owes its origin to Germanic settlers,
containing a cluster of houses in the midst of its fields; the other, which may be a
survival of Celtic arrangements, or, it may be added, the result of later settlements
in a forest district, consisting of small groups of houses or hamlets scattered over a
parish. Hertfordshire can show many examples of nucleated villages, particularly
on its north-eastern side, Avhere there yet remains so much unenclosed land. The
typical Hertfordshire village is formed of a collection of houses (usually including a
smithy, a survival of the earlier community) erected round a triangular green, the
meeting-place of its inhabitants. Here may often be found a pond, the village well
and the pound, and sometimes on the green or close at hand, as at Aldbury, Brent
Pelham, Great Amwell, Datchworth and Thorley, the stocks and the whipping-post.
The lock-up, as at Shenley and Anstey, where it forms part of the lichgate, still occa-
sionally exists. The village fire-hook, a survival of the time of half-timbered and
thatched houses, yet hangs on the church house, now the police-station, at Welwyn.
In many instances the church lies a short distance from tlie village, and
adjoins the court or hall which in almost all Hertfordshire parishes retains the Anglo-
Saxon title of ' bury,' as Wallingtonbury, Thundridgcbury, etc. This arrangement
originated probably at the time when the lord of the settlement built the church on
the demesne land which surrounded his dwelling, and the parish priest was depen-
dent upon him. In other cases the church is either in the middle or at one end of the
village, an arrangement which occasionally occurs in Hertfordshire at places where
in early times there was no resident lord, such as in the lands of tlie Abbots of St.
Albans and Westminster in the west of the county.|
The interesting group of unenclosed parishes, Bygrave, Clothall and Walling-
ton, are excellent examples of mediaeval vills, although there is now little or no
survival of the village comniTinity. They show the enclosed pastures lying imme-
diately round the village, and beyond them the great common arable fields without
hedges, but divided bv turf balks or unploughed strips of land, covering in the case
of Clothall about 600 acres. The original villages, except in the forest districts,
in order that they might be surrounded by their territories, are usually to be found
a little way off the high roads. As the traffic through the main roads increased, inns
and houses sprang up along the road frontage near to the original villages. Some of
these roadside settlements, made in the 12th and 13th centuries, and even earlier,
have grown into towns which completely overshadow the ancient villages. Instances
of thfs are to be found at Eoyston (not a parish till 1540), formerly in Therfield parish,
Buntingford in Layston, Whitwell in St. Paul's Walden, Street town as distinguished
from Church town at Eedbourn, and also, among many other places, at Stevenage,
Braughing, Graveley, and Watton-at-Stone.
* The Flare Names of Hertfordshire (East Herts, Arch. Soc), 12.
t Domesday Book and Beyond, 1.5 ; see also ^feitzcn, Si'pdehoig und Agraru'esen der Oermniien II, 119, eic.
X It may be that the type of vill, with tlie liall and church adjoining separated from tlie village, was
the earlier Saxon arrangement, as it occurs mostly on the eastern side of the county, where the settlement
was earlier. The type with the church in the village is more frequent in the Hundred of Cashio and the
Danish Hundred of Dacorum, on the western aide, where the settlements were made in forest land and
were probably later. This point cannot, however, be decided upon the evidence of a single county.
8 HISTORICAL INTROOrCTION.
Towns came into existence where opportunities of trade arose such as those
which occurred at a crossing of roads, a ford or bridge, a castle, a religious house,
or a place of pilgrimage. Trade being the essential qualification for a town, the
market place was the most important spot within it. On one side of the market
place, which is usually triangular, generally stands the church, and on the others
the moot, or town hall, and the houses and shops of the townsmen. The three most
important of the early boroughs are Hertford, St. Albans, and Berkhaanpstcad, while
Cheshunt, Ashwell, and Stanstead Abbots were becoming considerable market towns
at the time of the Domesday Survey. Hertford consisted of two separate towns,
both built by Edward the Elder in 913, the one on the north and the other on the
south of the Lea.* Each had its market place, that on the north at the Old Cross
and that on the south on the site of the present market place. A similar arrangement
of towns on the opposite banks of a river existed at York, Nottingham, Stamford,
Buckingham, and elsewhere, and in some cases one town was inhabited by a Saxon,
and the other by a Danish community. St. Albans, we know from the St. Albans
Chronicles, was established by Abbot Wulsin about 950. The original plan can still
be traced. Immediately north of the Abbey precinct a large triangular mai-ket
place was laid out, reaching, at its southern end in the present High Street, from the
west side of French Row to the east side of Chequer Street, and northward up
St. Peter's Street. The market place was at an early date much built over at first
by stalls and then by permanent shops. Around it and along the roads, leading one
to the west and another to the south, houses were bi;ilt with back premises extending
to a ditch called Tonmans Dyke, which formed the old borough boundary. The
old borough of Berkhampstead apparently stood near the church at Northchurch,
and was of importance in the Saxon period, receiving as it did, privileges from
Edward the Confessor. The present borough apparently arose under the walls of
the Castle in the 11th or 12th centurl^ Here again we have the church at the
south end of a triangular market place, which has been encroached upon by a row
of shops as at St. Albans. The present market towns of Barnet, Bishop's Stortford,
Hemel Hempstead, Hitchin, Hoddesdon, Tring, and Watford have all grown up as
such since the Conquest, but similar developments can be traced in most of them.
F0UND.\TI0N OF St. AlB.\n's AbBEY.
The end of the 8th century marks an important episode in the history of
Hertfordshire which has influenced its history ever since. The prosperity of Uie
Mercian Kingdom reached its height in the reign of King Ofta II., who, when an old
man, desired to found a monastery in atonement for the murder of Ethelbcrt, King
of the East Angles, the suitor for the hand of his daughter, Elfleda. Being uncertain
where to fix the site of the proposed religious house, it is related that, while at Bath,
an angel visited him in a dream and enjoined him to raise the relics of St. Alban
and place them in a more worthy shrine. He therefore started for the Roman city
of Verulam with Higbert, Archbishop of Lichfield, and his two suffragans, but on
arriving he found that the site of the Christian church there had been forgotten.
This dilficulty, however, was overcome by the appearance of a ray of light which
guided them to the spot. The relics of the saint were found and carried to the
little church built by the British converts on the site of the martyrdom, which had
been preserved from destruction by the pagan English owing to its smallness. Offa
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Rolls Series), II, 78. There was however an earlier town at Hertford.
ST. AI.I'.ANS CATIIKDKAI,.
t'KNTKAI. TOWKK (1 iTlilKN III; V) I'ltdM TIIK siil III WKST.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTIOX.
restored this little church and then took a journey to Rome to obtain from Pope
Adrian I. privileges for his proposed monastery. On his return, in 793, he founded
the monastery, which he and his son Egfrith endowed with great possessions in its
vicinity, retaining, however, the site of the city of Verulam and lands on its north
side. The abbey was what is known as a double monastery, that is, it included both
men and women ; but the nuns who lived in the almonry were only allowed into the
greater, or probably the outer, church. It was founded under the Benedictine rule,
which at that time meant merely that the monks lived a close communal life, sleeping
in one doi'mitory, in distinction to the separate cells and the hereditary character
of the Celtic monasteries. Of what the Saxon church and monastery consisted, or
what it was like, we do not know. We have mention of a greater church, which
may imply the preservation of the little church of the early British converts and of
a cloister and almonry. The only remains of the Saxon church now existing are the
baluster shafts in the north and south transepts.
The fortihed town of Kingsbury, to the west of St. .Mban's Abbey, was
probably established before the foundation of the al)bey, for althouirh its site almost
adjoins the abbey precincts, it was not included in the original endo\\Tnent. It did
not finally become the possession of the abbey till the 12th century. Kingsbnrv
was destroyed about 1000, with the exception of a fortified bastion at the south
corner, which w^as not demolished till the reign of Stephen. Although much built
over in modern times, the earthworks can still be traced.
The Formation of Parishes.
As has already been suggested, the settlement of Hertfordshire, particularly
of the western side, was for the most part late. The formation of parishes began at
the end of the 7tli or early in the 8th century, was going on during the hundred
years preceding the Conquest, and continued till long after that date. About 950,
the Abbot of St. Albans built the churches, and probably at the same time created
the parishes of St. Peter, St. Michael, and St. Stephen in the district round the
abbey. It was soon found that the church of St. Peter was inadequate for the needs
of that great parish, and the chapclries of Sandridge, Ridge, and Northaw were
probably formed within it in the 12th century. Shortly after the assessment for
Pope Nicholas's Taxation (1291) these chapelries had become separate parishes.
Berkhampstead St. Peter, Bushey and Flamstead were carved out of Berkhanipstead
St. Mary or Northchurch, Watford and Redbourn respectively in the 12th century,
and Thundridge out of Ware in the 13th centurv; while, according to Pope Nicholas's
Taxation, Pirton was a chapelry in Ickleford, Great Wymondley in Hitchin. and
Wigginton in Tring. Ippolitts was apparently formerly in Hitchin parish and Great
Amwell included the greater part of Hnddosdon and probably St. Margaret le
Thele. Elstree did not become a parish till the Ifith century, and until recently
Totteridge remained a detached chapelry of Hatfield and Bayford of Essendon.
With the exception of the St. Albans churches above referred to, Bushey and
one or two others, we have little documentary information as to the date of the first
erection of Hertfordshire churches.
Danish Invasion.
Hertfordshire, north of the Lea, was included in the Danish Territorv about
885*, and the Danes harried the country between the Lea and St. Albans in the time
* Thorpe, A7icf. Lairs and Tintf. of "Engl. I, G6.'
10 HISTORICAL INTEODUCTIOM.
of Athelstan (925-941). The Danish invasions, however, left few permanent marks
in Hertfordshire bevond the towns at Hertford and the survival, possibly, of place
names such as the Hundred of Dacorum, Danesbury, Daneswich, Danes End and
Odsey.
Early Ecclesiastical Buildings.
A few years hence it may be possible to show the remains of a Romano-British
church brought to light in the impending excavation of Verulam, but at present the
oldest fragments of Christian architecture in the county are the turned stone balusters
in the transepts of St. Albans Cathedral, which may perhaps be assigned to the
end of the Sth century. They are of Barnack stone and are doubtless re-used material
from the Roman city close by. This, however, is no argument against the probability
of the import of similar oolite freestone into the county in Saxon times; and, indeed,
the only two Hertfordshire churches which can show the Saxon "long and short"
quoins at their angles — Reed and Westmill — have these quoins of Barnack stone.
The most easily obtainable freestone — a clunch of various degrees of softness, of
which the Tott'ernhoe stone of Bedfordshire is typical — stands the weather badly,
and may be the cause of the disappearance of many other masonry-built Saxon
churches. Reed, which preserves the north doorway and all four angles of its Saxon
nave, is probably an early 11th-century building, and Westmill is not likely to be of
very different date. At Walkern the walls of the nave are probably Saxon, and in the
south wall is an early figure, formerly, it would seem, over the Saxon south doorway,
which was destroyed by a 12th-century arcade. A cable-moulded impost used up in
the arcade is probably also Saxon, and another like it occurs at Little Munden, where
Saxon work also exists. At Great Amwell the existence of a double-splayed window
in the apsidal sanctuan>' is hardly suflficient to prove a pre-Conquest date, but
evidence of a very uncommon and early tj^pe of building is to be found at North-
church, the mother parish of Great Berkhampstead. The characteristic feature is
a square chamber at the west end of the nave, equal in ^^•idth to it. but with thicker
walls: the Saxon church of Daglingworth in Gloucestershire, and the Old Minster, of
doubtful but early date, at South Elmham in Suffolk, are other examples. Roman
brick quoins and arches occur in a group of early churches, St. Michael's and
St. Stephen's at St. Albans, Sandridge, and Great Gaddesden; but none of these,
with the possible exception of St. Michael's, are likely to be older than the close of
the 11th century at earliest. It must, however, be noted that a good many churches
in the county probably preserve in their narrow naves the dimensions of simple aisle-,
less buildings of Saxon date, now superseded by later work.
The Norman Conquest.
The Norman Conquest brought great changes to this county, as it did else-
where. After the Battle of Hastings, William marched northward and, crossing the
Thames at Wallingford, laid waste the country till he came to Berkhampstead. Here,
there can be little doubt, he hastily threw up the nucleus of the earthworks which
form the castle, and here the Norman Conquest 'received the formal ratification of
the conquered.' Edgar Atheling, Aldred Archbishop of York, Earls Edwin and
Morcar, with all the chief men of London, came to Berkhampstead to meet the
Conqueror, ' and then from necessity submitted when the greatest harm had been
done; and it was very imprudent that it was not done earlier as God would not
v. H
HISTOttlCAL INTHODUCTION.
11
better it for our sins : and they gave hostages, and swore oaths to him ; and he
promised them that he would be a kind lord to them.' * William then went on to
Westminster, where he was crowned ' on Mid-winter day.'
Notwithstanding his promises to be ' a kind lord,' William continued to lay
waste the country and dispossess the chief landowners. We learn from the Domes-
day Book, as Professor Maitland and Mr. J. H. Round have observed, that
Hertfordshire before the Conquest had been 'the home of liberty' — a land of
sochmen or tenants of a peculiarly free kind, particularly in the north-east of the
county. We do not know what had become of these tenants when the Domesday Book
was compiled (1086), but Mr. Round suggests that they had probably sunk to the
level of villeins.
Norman Castles.
The Normans had come as conquerors with a determination to enrich them-
selves at the expense of the conquered. They brought with them new ideas and new
methods, and, obtaining wealth by exaction from the English, they expended large
sums in building churches and castles. They introduced a new type of military fort
or castle, consisting of a mound, or ' motte ' as it was termed, raised to a height of
from 10 feet to 100 feet, upon which stood a timber tower with access by a steep
bridge over a fosse or ditch which surrounded the ' motte.' Attached to the ' motte '
was generally one or more baileys or courts, also surrounded by a fosse or ditch. It
was not till some fifty years or more later that this type of castle received masonry
defences. Two of these castles with which the Conqueror designed to encircle London
were situated in Hertfordshire, namely Berkhampstead and Hertford. The earth-
works of Berkhampstead, which, it would seem, William had already thrown
up, were probably strengthened, and the castle was handed over to Count Robert of
Mortain, half-brother of the Conqueror, who here, as Mr. Round thinks, had his
personal residence, t The earth and timber defences continued till 1155, when the
castle was in the charge of Thomas Becket, then Chancellor and afterwards
Archbishop of Canterbury. Entries on the Pipe Rolls at this date show that
the masonry work, including the circular keep and the existing curtain walls of
the bailey, was then built. One of the charges against Becket when he fell into
royal disfavour was as to his expenditure on Berkhampstead Castle. The castle was
afterwards attached to the Duchy of Cornwall and so became the property of the
Princes of Wales. Besides the 12th-century curtain walls the sites of gates and
towers can still be identified.
We have little information about the early history of Hertford Castle, but
the earthworks are probably of the time of the Conqueror. Large sums of money
appear on the Pipe Rolls from 1170 to 1174 for the works of the castle and the king's
houses in it, and it may perhaps be inferred that this was the date at which the
masonry castle was built. Of the medifcval castle a length of plain flint walling,
with part of an octagonal turret and a brick gatehouse of later date, alone remain.
With the exception of the Bishop of London's castle at Waytemore in Bishop's
Stortford, the origin of which is unknown, the lesser castles of the county came into
existence possibly at the time of the Anarchy in Stephen's reign (1135-54), when
many adulterine or unlicensed castles were built. They are all in the northern and
eastern side of the county, within the sphere of influence of the unscrupulous
* Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Rolls Series), II, 168-9.
t Victoria County History, Herts, 1, 280.
12 HISTORICAL INTKODUCTIOM.
Geoffrey de Mandeville, who obtained from Stepheu in ilil, and later from Maud,
the oilites of Justice and Siierilf of Essex and lierts and of London and Middlesex,
together with the tustodv of the Tower of Loudon. Thus, with his stronghold at
^Valden, now SaiTron Wa'lden in Essex, a little over the Hertfordshire border, he had
almost supreme power in this compact and all-important corner of England, a
supremacy which enabled him to authorise the erection of such castles. These were
possibly some of the strong castles around London Avhich, in 1141, the Empress
Maud gave him licence to retain.*
These castles seem to have been of the nature of manorial strongholds, their
sites having been chosen rather as the chief seats of their owners than for any
strategical reasons. The only castle in the district of which Geoffrey de Mandeville
had not control was Waytemore or IJishop's Stortford, lying in the direct route of
communication from London to Walden. Of this little more than the foundations
of the keep now remain. All his endeavours to obtain possession of it through the
Empress Maud proved fruitless.
It was, however, during the Barons' War of John's reign that the Hertford-
shire castles took a prominent part, lierkhampstcad and Hertford were in the King's
hands, but the great landowners for the most part sided with the barons. John
seized Bishop s Stortford Castle in 1207 on account of the bishop's opposition to the
election of Stephen Langton to Canterbury, and may have dismantled it, as the
bishop received licence to repair it in 1213. Berkhampstead and Hertford castles
were in 1216 besieged by Louis of France and the barons, and both places were con-
siderably damaged by siege engines.
The two most important of the lesser castles were Benington and Anstey.
Benington had been the head of a Saxon Lordship which was held before the
Conquest by the thegn ^thelnuer. William I. granted it to Peter de Valognes,
and it became the head of the Valognes barony in Hertfordshire. Roger de Valognes
was apparently a partisan of Geoffrey de Mandeville and was present with him at
Stephen's celebrated Easter Court in 1136. On the Pipe Roll for 1177 is a charge
for 100 picks for throwing down the keep {tnrrivi) of Benington, which j^oints to
the keep having been at that time of stone, for, had it been of wood, it would
probably have been burnt, and picks would have been unnecessary for its demolition.
The stump of a small 12th-century keep still remains.
Anstey Castle is a formidable stronghold. The great mount with its deep
ditches still filled with water is perhaps the finest example of a ' niotte ' in the county.
Unfortunately its early history has not been traced. At the time of Domesday,
Count Eustace of Boulogne held Anstey in his own hands, and tradition has it that
he built the castle. By the end of the 12th century it was held by a family bearing
the name of Anstey. In 1218 Nicholas de Anstey was given till mid-Lent to
throw down the castle so that nothing should remain of it except that which was
built before the Barons' war.t What was destroyed may have been the masonry
keep, indication of which apparently came to light during some excavations made in
1903 by Mr. R. T. Andrews and Mr. W. B. Gerish. In 1225 the castle was in the
King's hands and the custody of it was given to the Archbishop of Canterbury.^
Dionisia, daughter and heir of Nicholas de Anstey, married William de Munchensy
and their daughter and heir Dionisia married Hugh de Vere.
• Round, Geoff', de ManJeville, pp. 16in, 17-t. 17.").
t Close Roll, 2 Hen. III.
J Calendar of Patent Bollt, 1216-25, 543.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. 13
Walkern Castle was the head of the St. Clare barony in Hertfordshire. Hamo
de St. Clare was present with Geoffrey de Mandeville at Stephen's Easter Court in
1136, and it may be to him that the castle is due. It passed with his grand daughter
to the Lanvaleys. There is no masonry now to be seen, and probably none ever
existed.
Pirton Castle (' Toot Hill ), which was the head of the Limesi barony in
Hertfordshire, and passed by an heiress to the Oddingsells, has a large but not very
high 'motte,' and the remains of a puzzling series of banks and ditches which
enclose the church. Nothing is known of its history, and there is no evidence that
it ever had any masonry defences.
Great Wymondley Castle, which adjoins the church, was probably the head
of the Argentine barony in Herts. John de Argentine sided with Stephen, and
may have thrown up the castle in the time of the Anarchy. There is no evidence
that it ever had masonry walls.
The little castle near Barkway seems to have belonged to the Scales or
Eschallers family who had a manor there named after them, and now known as
Challers.
Eeligious Houses.
The wave of religious enthusiasm, partly aroused by the Crusades, which
swept over Europe in the 12th century, has left in most parts of England a record
of its existence in the ruins of monastic buildings containing souie of the finest
architecture of which this country can boast, in Hertfordshire, however, few
such marks of its influence exist. The great Benedictine monastery of St. Alban,
with its immense possessions in the south and west of the county, the Benedictine
monks of Westminster, and the canons of St. Paul, with their possessions in the
north and east, excluded all houses of Cistercian monks and other orders of regulars.
Cells of St. Alban's Abbey were founded in the 12th century at Sopwell, Hertford,
Redbourn, St. Giles in the Wood and Markyate, but no vestiges of them now
apparently remain, except the stones of Sopwell embedded in the wall of the Tudor
park along the London Road, St. Albans, which show 12th and 15th-century
details. Small houses of Benedictine nuns were also founded at Cheshunt, Flamstead
and Rowhenny in Great Munden, a cell of Westminster Abbey at Sawbridgeworth,
and a little alien priory at Ware. A house of Austin or Black Canons was founded
at Royston, a preceptory of the Templars at Temple Dinnesley in Hitchin, and a
commandery of Hospitallers at Standon, while lazar houses were established at
St. Julians and St. Alary de Pray, botli near St. Albans. Of none of these, except
Royston Priory, does an5rthing remain, nor is any of the work at Royston — the
eastern part of the priory church, now the parish church — of the 12th century.
Few houses of regular monks were founded in England after the 12th century,
but a house of Austin Canons was founded in the 13th century at Little W^-mondley
in this county, some remains of which still exist in the farm house there. Those
who, in that century, desired to found religious houses, usually established friaries
or hospitals. But the same influence which kept out the Cistercian order limited
the introduction of friaries into the county. The Dominicans, Friars Preachers or
Black Friars, who arrived in England in 1220 were the earliest to establish them-
selves in Hertfordshire. They had a house at King's Langley, the ruins of which,
dating from the beginning of the 14th century, still survive." Tliey wore followed by
the Franciscans, or Grey Friars, at Ware, of whose buildings the f rater and the
14 HISTOHICAL INTRODUCTION.
great hall remain, much altered, and the Carmelites, or White Friars, at Hitchin,
where portions of the cloister exist. Hospitals were also founded in this century at
Baldock, Clothall and Royston, and others later at Anstey, Berkhampstead and
Hoddesdon. but no remains of their buildings are now in existence.
\Vith the 1-ith century came the founding of colleges and chantries. Of the
former there was a small house at Stanstead le Thele or St. Margarets, built in 1315.
Chantries were also established at this period, sometimes at an altar in a parish
church, and occasionally at a chapel some distance off. They existed in almost
every parish in Hertfordshire, and continued to be founded till the close of the reign
of Henry VIII.
HoMESTE.vD Moats.
Notwithstanding the disturbed condition of England during the reigns of
Richard I., John and Henry III. (1189-1272), there was a growing demand for
land by a wealthy middle class. Large landowners who had been impoverished by
the Barons' Wars gladly met this demand by subinfeudation. New manors were
created and knights' fees split up, a system w'hich brought confusion and
led to the enactment of the Statute of ' Quia Emptores " in 1290. The tenants of
these new holdings, who required security for their possessions in those disturbed
times, were the makers of many of the homestead moats, of which there are 139
in the county, mostly on the eastern side. Some of these are possibly earlier than
the reign of Richard I., while, on the other hand, many are considerably later, as
the practice of constructing moats continued into the 16th century. The moats were
always wet, and consequently were usually placed on low ground, but they are
occasionally found on high land fed by springs. Their shape was generally four-
sided, although they vary considerably in this respect. The earth from the moat
was thrown on the inside and spread over the island thus formed, upon which was
built the house, with its barns and cattle sheds Religious houses, as Wymondley
Priory, founded at the beginning of the 13th century, and Colney Cnapel, in
Shenley, founded towards the end of the 12th century, were often surrounded by
moats.
The Wars of the Roses.
Three of the principal battles in the Wars of the Roses took place in Hert-
fordshire. The first was fought at St. Albans on 22nd May, 1455, and ended in a
victory for the Yorkists. The alarm for it was rung from the clock tower there,
which, with its original bell, still exists. The second, which resulted in favour of
Queen Margaret's forces, was also fought at St. Albans on l7th February, 1460,
and the third at Barnet on Easter day, 1471. This last battle, in which Warwick
the King-maker was killed, replaced Edward IV. on the throne. A monument
erected in 1740 is supposed to mark the spot where Warwick died. With the
mingling of the red and white roses in the Tudors, Henry VII. was enabled to
dismantle Berkhampstead Castle and allow Hertford Castle to fall to decay.
Economic Disturbances.
Throughout the 14th century Hertfordshire was convulsed with economic and
industrial disturbances. In the early part of the century serious trouble between
the Abbot of St. Albans and his tenants aroused a feeling of unrest throughout a
great part of the county. In the middle of the century (1349) the Black Death
ST. AI^BANS.
THK CLOCK TdWKi;, I4(i3-141-?.
HISTOEICAL INTEODUCTION. 16
made great ravages on all classes. At St. Alban's Abbey, out of about sixty monks,
forty-seven died of it. The plague was followed by the Peasants' Revolt of 1381,
and St. Albans was one of its principal centres. Houses and mills were burnt and
court rolls and other records destroyed. The doors of the Great Gate of the Abbey
at which the populace clamoured, survive, stored away in the abbey church. John
Ball, the priest famous for the text of his sermon, ' When Adam delved and Eve
span, where was then the gentleman,' William Gryndcobbe, a substantial citizen
of St. Albans, and some dozen other leaders, were hanged at St. Albans. The
rebellion was quelled but the rebels' cause, the manumission of the villeins, Avas
gained as a natural result of the economic progress of society. The effect of these
industrial disturbances was to make agriculture which required labour unprofitable,
and hence in the 15th century the landowners began the well-known system ot
inclosing, for the purpose of converting the arable lands into pasture. Thus, as
sheep farms did not require the labour which was necessary for tillage, the lack of
labourers in the fourteenth century was converted into the great dearth of employ-
ment in the sixteenth.
The conversion of arable land into pasture was severely felt fn Hertfordshire.
Six hundred acres were inclosed in 1426 to form Moor Park, and in 1428 a large
area was taken to form Bushey Hall Park. About 1440 Robert Whittingliani built
a large house at Pendley, in Tring parish, and inclosed much land for pasture,
for which purpose he destroyed 'a great town' where there were 'above thirteen
ploughs, besides divers handicrafts-men as tailors, shoemakers and card-
makers, with divers others.' The inclosures diminished the number of small
landowners, and consequently lessened the number of cottages in the villages. At
the same time they brought into existence the sheep farmer, for whom a better
type of house, often situated some way from the village, was required. They also
caused accumulation of great wealth in the hands of the graziers, owing to the
flourishing condition of the wool trade ; the expenditure of this wealth on Hertford-
shire churches is apparent in the architecture.
Jhe inclosure riots at Nortliaw and Cheshunt in Hertfordshire in 1548,
according to John Hales, were the beginning of the insurrection which spread over
all southern England in the following year.
Post Conquest Ecclesiastical Architecture.
The most important architectural work in the county during the half-century
after the Conquest was the rebuilding of St. Alban's Abbey, but there was no doubt
as great an activity in this period with regard to the smaller churches here as else-
where. Most of the simple buildings of the time have been enlarged again and again
till hardly a stone of them remains to witness to their existence, but a certain
number, beside those already noted, are still recognisable. Aspenden, Ippollitts,
Norton, Redbourn and Tewin all contain work of the end of the 11th century or the
early years of the 12th, and other early 12th-century work exists at Bengeo and
Great Wymondley (the only churches in the countv, except (xreat Amwell, with
apsidal chancels), Great Munden, Stanstead, St. IVfargaret's, Willian, Wormley,
Meesden, IMrton, Flamstead, Barley, East Barnet, Walkern and, perhaps, Codicote.
Later 12th-century work is to be seen at Ickleford, Little Hormead, Knebworth,
Stapleford, Stevenage, Weston, Hemel Hempstead and Sandridge, and to
the closing years of that century belong the nave arcades of Abbots Langley,
16 niSTOEICAL INTRODVCTION.
Kimpton and King's Walden, where scalloped capitals and trefoiled foliage occur
together, marking the last stage of the transition from the Romanesque style.
Heinel Hempstead, a cruciform church of 1140-80, with a central tower and vaulted
chancel, is the finest 12th-century parish church in the county, but before their
rebuilding there nmst have been large churches of this period at Ilitchin, Stevenage,
Flanistead, Anstey and Wheathampstead, amongst other places.
The late 12th-century church of Sarratt has a very unusual and interesting
plan, but has been much altered.
The great Abbey Church of St. Alban is the only one of the first rank in the
county. liegun in 1077 and consecrated in 111"), it retains the central tower,
transepts and naAe of the original work in sufficiently perfectly condition to make it
possible to judge of its general aspect when it left the builders' hands. The Roman
bricks and flints of which it is built make for extreme simplicity of detail, and it
was originally plastered and whitewashed within and without, and depended for
its ornament chiefly on the painted masonry patterns which still exist on its walls.
But in size it far surpassed its prototype at Caen, being one of the largest churches
of its time, and before the end of the i2th century had been still further enlarged by
Abbot John de Cella.
The doorways, chancel arches, fonts, etc., which are such notable features of
12th-century work in other counties, are but poorly represented in Hertfordshire
There is not one sculptured tympanum in the county, and the west doorway of Hemel
Hempstead is the only doorway which is of other than ordinary merit; while the
fonts are chiefly represented by the late marble type with plainly arcaded rectangular
bowl carried on a central and four smaller shafts, which is common to many parts
of England. The font at Anstey, however, is a notable exception, being carved with
grotesque figures. A fine piece of wrought ironwork of this date also remains on the
north door of Little Hormead, and possibly that on the south door of Codicote is
of this period.
Thirteenth-century building is well represented in Hertfordshire churches,
not only at St. Alban's Abbey in the beautiful work of Abbots de Cella and Trump-
ington, dating from the early years of the century, and of their successors, John de
Hertford, Roger de Norton, and John de Berkhamstead, from 1257 onwards, but in
many of the parish churches. The foliate capitals of the nave arcades of Flamstead,
Great Gaddesden, and Offley, carrying on the story of the late 12th-century work
already mentioned, are exceedingly beautiful, and features such as the chancel
arches of Standon and Eastwick, and the fine arcaded windows of the Priory church
at Royston, rise to a high level of excellence. The chancels of a large number of
churches were rebuilt at this time, generally round the lines of older work, so that
their width became equal to that of the nave, and this proportion is occasionally
observed in churches which were completely built during this period, as at Gilston.
Some of the largest churches in the county date from this century, as Great Berk-
hampstead, and it is clear that important churches such as Ware, Hertingfordbury,
Hatfield, Tring, and Watford are but little larger now than they were in the time of
Edward I. The addition of Ladv chapels on the south side is chni'acteristic of
the period, and examples occur at Hatfield (south transept), and St. Michael's and
St. Stephen's at St. Albans. Thorley is almost entirely of c. 1220, and the
remarkable little church of Flaunden, whose plan is an equal armed cross with an
interior length of 36 feet, dates from c. 1230. A number of fine piscin.T of this
date exist in the county, and several good fonts, as at Stevenage and Standon, but the
ASHWKLI.: 1>AHISI1 ("HURCH OF ST. MARY.
WKST TOWEl!, 14th CENTrilV, .WD I. Veil (i.VTK. l'l!i>ll.Vlll.V l.)TH-( ■KXTl-l!V.
HISTOHICAL INiaOIJUCnON. 17
most remarkable survivals are the remains of a wooden chancel screen of c. 1270 at
Gilston, and some misericords of slightly later date at Anstey.
In the fourteenth century, as in those preceding it, St. Albans Abbey was
the scene of the tinest architectural work in the county. The early years of the
century saw the completion of the I.ady chapel with its vestibule and the new
pedestal of St. Albans shrine, work which, apart from its beauty and richness, has
a special architectural interest, since it furnishes the earliest dated example of net
tracery in England. The fall of part of the nave in 1323 led to its rebuilding in very
beautiful style during the next twenty years, and to the second half of the century
belong the rood screen in the nave and the door which once opened to the east walk of
the cloister. Elsewhere in the county the best example of the time is the cruciform
church of Anstey, which, with the exception of the lower stage of the central tower,
was gradually rebuilt between 1300 and 1350. Brent Pelham is a simple and
dignified aisleless church of c. 1350, and a good instance of the breadth of style
which village churches of the period often show; the Lady chapel of Abbots Langley,
c. 1300, is another case in i)oint. The churches of Baldock, Sawbridgeworth and
Stevenage have much work of the first half of the 14th century, and other good
specimens are the north chapel of Ayot St. Lawrence (ruined), the south chapel of
Great Berkhampstead, the north transept of Wheathampstead, the chancel of
I'lamstoad, and the nave nrcades of PuttenhMin and St. Paul's Wiilden. Benington
has sojne rich work of c. 1320 in the north arcade of the chancel, and there are many
examples of the beautiful window tracery of 1300-1350, as at Standon, St. Albans,
St. Paul's Walden and elsewhere. Evidence of exact date, apart from considerations
of style, is found at Flamstead, north-east window of north ai.sle, 1332; North
Mimms, North chapel, 1328; Buckland, built 1348, and the chancels of Sandridge
and Abbots Langley, 1396-1401. The stone chancel screen of Sandridge, under-
building the early chancel arch of Roman brick, is particularly interesting, and at
North Mimms an abandonment of a projected central tower may be one of those
traces of the Black Death which are to be seen here and there in all [jurts of England.
At Great Hormead work seems to have l)een broken off about the same time. Of the
later years of the century, c. 1340 SO, the splendid church of Ashwell, on the Cam-
bridgeshire border, is a nota])le example, but is rather an outlying specimen of East
Anglian type than chara(;teristic of the comity. Among tlio fonts of this century
may be mentioned the fine one at Ware and those at I^ittle Hormead and OfTley.
Very little woodwork of this period remains; the roof of the eastern part
of the Jiorth aisle of Tlitcliin belongs to the middle of the fourteenth century, sonie
tracery of c. 1320 is used up in the pulpit of Graveley, and there is a very fine early
14th-century chest in the room over the vestry ai Broxbnunio. The stalls at
Stevenage may also date from the end of this century.
The later phases of Gothic architecture, dating from the 15th and 16th-cen
turies, are well represented in the county both in masonry and woodwork, a large
majority of the church towers belonging to this period. Bishop's Stortford has a
fine church begun probably about 1400, and its west tower was being built in 1430-35 ;
the nave arcades of "Ware are further examples of good early 15th century building,
and those of St. Peter's, St. All)ans, c. 1440, are of very good proportion. At Tring
the nave arcades, though the pillars have been renewed, are worthy of note for the
grotesque carvings in tlie spandrels, from which slender shafts rise to the clearstorey.
Cheshunt church was rebuilt between 1418 and 1448, and thechurchof Newnham was
repaired c. 1430, during the first abbacy of John of Wheathampstead, the famous
abbot of St. Albans, the tracery of the east window at Newnham is of unusual
18 HISTORICAI, INTROOtJCTlOX.
character for the time, and may owe its design to tlie magister operum of the Abbey.
At St. Albans the most important pieces of lyth-centuiy work are the feretrar's
chamber, c. 1400, and the splendid high altar screen, c. 1480. Redbourn has a south
chapel of c. 1450, with a cornice of moulded red brick probably of somewhat later
date, c. 1480; there is similar work in the old vicarage at Rickmausworth, but it is of
very rare occurrence in the district. Eroxbourne has a good 15th-century church,
and an interesting two-storeyed vestry of 1522. Caldecote has a small village church
entirely of the 15th century, with a tower set over the west bay of the nave, and
Watton church is another instance of a 15th-century rebuilding. The nave
arcades there, as at Barkway, are very well designed. Cottered has very fine and
well-proportioned windows of this time, but here, as elsewhere in the county, the
loss of the original glass destroys the full effect of the 15th-century tracery. Fur-
neux Pelham has a south chapel of 1518, and Wyddial a north aisle and arcade of
red brick of 1532. A large number of fonts of this period remain in the county, one
of the finest, perhaps, being that at Hitchin ; there is another good example at
St. Stephen's, St. Albans, and at the same church there is a fine lectern of early 16th-
century date.
There are several late survivals of Gothic work in the county, as Oxhey
chapel, 1612, the tower of Rickmansworth, 1630, and the curious red brick church
of Buntingford, 1615. Stanstead Abbots has a red brick north chapel of 1577, the
Essex chapel at Watford is of 1595, and the Salisbury chapel at Bishop's Hatfield
of 1610. The south arcades of the last two chapels, and the arcade between the
chancel and south chapel of Aspenden, 1622, are good specimens of Jacobean work,
and the south porch of Broxbourne is 17th-century work of simple and dignified
character, not unworthy of Inigo Jones himself.
A considerable number of 15th and 16th-century wooden screens still
remain in the Hertfordshire churches, the best being perhaps those at Hitchin,
but only a few, as at Redbourn and Kimpton, retain the coved canopy below the
rood loft, and not a single loft has been preserved. A good deal of plain oak
seating of this period remains, and the pulpits at Hitchin and Walkern are of
c. 1500. At Digswell there is a little early renaissance woodwork of c. 1540, the only
survival in Hertfordshire churches of a peculiarly interesting phase of the history
of English architecture, but the number of Elizabethan and Jacobean pulpits is fairly
large. In Hunsdon church is a very fine early 17th-century screen, there is another at
Wyddial, and the 18th century chancel screen of St. Paul's Walden has fortunately
escaped the modern Gothic ' restorer.'
Many churches retain their 15th-centurA' roofs, though none can be compared
with the splendid East .\nglian work; but those of Bushej% Puttenham, Braughing.
and Hitchin, among others, are worthy of mention.
Spires are not common in the county, the absence of stone spires being explained
by the scarcity of good freestone, and w^th a few exceptions, such as the fine spire at
Hemel Hempstead, the wooden spires are small. The commonest form is a short but
slender leaded fleche known as the Hertfordshire Spike, which is not a very satis-
factory finish to a square tower of masonry. In the north-east of the county a larger
variety of this occurs, the fleche springing from an octagonal lantern; the best
example is perhaps that on the fine tow^er of Ashwell church. The central tower of
St. .Mbans Cathedral had at one time a ' spike,' and a very interesting record exists
of the erection there early in the 13th century of a tall octagonal wooden spire, which
has long since vanished.
BENINUTUN ; rAIJlSII ClirHril OK ST. I'KTKK.
IXTKRIOH OF CHAXlKl, LOOKINd XoKTH-KAST,
SHOWING 14th and IAtb-CENTUKV ARCHKS AND TOMBS.
ST. STKl'llK.NS (.<•!'. AI-HAXS;
CHURCH OK SI'. STKI'HKN.
LECTKKN; li-.Tii-rKNTniY.;
HISTOEICAI, INTHODUCnOW.
19
The sepulchral monuments of the county are numerous, and in many cases of
great interest. There are a coiisiilerable number of medi;eval elhgies, ranging
between the 13th and the early part of the Kith centuries, of which three are of
alabaster. There are two siiiaU ligures, probably denoting heart burials, one of
c. 1290 at Letchvvorth, the othei- of c. 1340 at Therheld, and there was formerly a
small wooden efligy at Ayot St. Lawi'eiice. The earliest ligures are those of knights
at Bishops Hatlield, ilitchin, Eastwick, and Walkern, tbe last being a I'urbeck
marble hgure wearing a helm over a coif of mail ; all are of the 13th century. There
ai'e 14th century elhgies at .Vlbuiy, Aldenham, Anstey, Beiiiiigttm, (ireat Herk-
hampstead (ulabastei), ilitchin, Little Munden, and Koyston ^alabaster), and 15th-
century ligures remain at Aldbujy, Ayot St. Lawrence, Benington, Bovingdon,
Flani.stead, and Little Munden.
Of the brasses, tlio earliest are those of John Pecok and his wife, r. 1330,
and a cross-brass without inscription, c. 1350, at St. Michael's, St. Albans, the
brasses of Richard and Alargaret Torriugton, 135(j, at (Jreat Berkhaiiii)stead.
with several others in tLie same church, Robert Albyn at Hemel Hempstead,
two symbolic roundels at Albury, of c. 1340, that "of Sir Philip Peletoot,
1301, at Watton (much restored), and that of Thomas ITorton, priest, of
c. 1360, at North Minnus. This, like the splendid brass of Abbot de la Mare at St.
Albans, of c. 1370, is Flemish work. The late 15th-century brass of Sir John Say at
Broxbourne is notable for retaining much of its coloured inlay, and a little remains
on that of Sir Robert Clyfl'oi'd, 1508, at Aspenden.
A certain number of early tomb slabs have been preserved, the most inter-
esting being one of black marble, richly carved in late 13th-century style, in Brent
Pelham church. It is, by tradition, the monument of a mythical 11th-century hero.
Piers Shonks. At Sawbridgeworth there is an early 14th-century slab of Purbeck
marble, with the incised hgure of a woman, and 14th-century slabs, with inscriptions
still legible, exist at Tewin, Watton, Sawbridgeworth and elsewhere. In Watton
there is also an alabaster slab with incised figures, inlaid with black composition, to
John Boteler, 1471, and his two wives, and another alabaster slab, on a torn!) of
Elizabethan date, to a lady of the Barford family is at North Minnus.
The finest monuments in the county are, of course, the tomb chapels at St.
Albans, of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Abbots Ramryge and Wheathamp-
stead (or perhaps Wallingford), but others of note are Edmund de Langley's tomb
at Kings Langley (from the destro)ed Friars' church). Sir Richard Whittingham's at
Aldbury (from Ashridge), the two'tombs on the north side of the chancel at Bening-
ton, etc., and there are imposing 10th and 17th-century monuments at Hunsdon,
Broxbourne, Hertingfordbury. Bishop's Hatfield, etc. The late 15th and 16th-
century raised tombs of Purbeck marble, generally with canopies, which seem to
have been made in large quantities in London, occur at Aldbury (Sir Ralph Verney,
1546), Aspenden (Sir Robert Clyfford, 1508), and Sawbridgeworth (uninscribed). A
few late 17th-century headstones to graves exist in some of the churchyards on the
eastern side of the county.
The remains of mediaeval stained glass are not important. There are
14th-century fragments at Buckland, Clothall and Offley, while 15th century glass,
more or less perfect, is to be seen at Much Hadham, Little Hadhani, Caldccote, St.
Peter's at St. Albans, etc., and part of an interesting 15th-century Jesse window at
Barkway.
St. Albans Cathedral has a very remarkable series of wall paintings of
13th to KUh-century date, but with this exception there is little work of the kind
in the county, the only remains of much interest being at Abbots Langley, Bengeo,
c 2
20 HISTORICAL INTEOUUCTION.
Flamstead, Much Hadham, Sarratt and Widford. Paintings of St. Christopher
occur at Cottered and Ridge.
Tlie glazed HcK)r tiles, of whidi a few sur\ ive here and there in the county,
belong for the most part to a type probably made in London in the 14th and 15th
centuries, but in the chancel of Meesdcu there are some early 14th-century shaped
tiles of a far rarer and more interesting kind, of whiih the best examples are to be
seen in Prior Craudene's chapel at Ely.
The Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The dissolution of the monasteries greatly affected Hertfordshire where
so nuich land was held by religious houses. Wolscy began by dissolving the little
nunnery of St. Mary de Pray in order to endow his Cardinal's Colleges; then
followed the dissolution of the smaller houses in 1536, and on 5th December, 1539,
the great abbey of St. Alban was surrendered to the crown. The abbey church,
the longest in England, with the exception of Winchester and Glastonbury, was sold
to the mayor and corporation of St. Albans in 1553 and was converted into their
parish church, the parochial chapel of St. Andrew being pulled down. The main-
tenance of its great fabric frequently baffled the resources of the townsmen, till its
restoration was undertaken by public subscription and otherwise in the 19th century,
before the church assumed the dignity of a cathedral in 1877. The dissolution of the
colleges and chantries under the Act of 1547 causetl further destruction of historical
monuments in the county and placed more land in lay hands.
The fall of the religious houses gave an opportunity to a wealthy middle class
to acquire estates, build houses, and found families. Hertfordshire had many
attractions for this class, notably its nearness to London, the fertility of its soil and
the favour shown to it by royalty. Henry Wll. acquired Hatfield House from the
Bishop of Ely and resided theie on frequent occasions. There also Maiy sjient
some unhappy years after her mother's divorce, as lady in-waiting to her infant
sister. Edward VI. and Elizabeth spent much of their childhood at Hatfield, and
Elizabeth nmst have had both pleasant and painful memories of that historic resi-
dence. There it was that under a tree in the park (according to Sir Robert
Naunton) Sir William Cecil and others told her of her accession to the crown,
whereupon she fell on her knees exclaiming .1 Domino fact urn est illud et est
mirahrle in oculis nostris. Henry VIII. occasionally visited Tyttenhanger, a house
of the abbot of St. Albans, and Moor Park, a residence of Wolsey. He i-ejiaired
Hei'tford Castle, and there and at llunsdon House and Ashridge his cliildren
frequently stayed.
Schools .\nd Almshouses.
With the dissolution of the religious houses and chantries the care of the
aged and education of the young were considerably diminished. Some of the
hospitals which escaped suppression survived as almshouses. In Hertfordshire the
practice of building almshouses did not come into use till the 17th century. Good
examples of these, mostly of red brick, are to be found at St. Peter's, Cheshunt,
Hitchiii, Buntingford, Baldock and Flamstead.
Hertfordshire can boast of three pre-Reformation schools. At St. Albans a
school existed as early as the 9th century, and in the 12th century it is said that
there scarcely could be found in England a better school or one fuller of scholars.
In the reign of Edward VI. the Lady (^hapel of the abbey church was appropriated
HISTOBICAL INTRODUCTION. 21
to the use of the school, and there it continued till 1871, when it was moved to the
Great Gate House of the monastery. Berkhampstead School was built by Dr. John
lucent, dean of St. Paul's, in 1.544. His long red brick school house, witli the
master's house at one end and the usher's at the other, still remains. There wa.s a
school at Stevenage in the 14th century, but the present buildings are of the 16tli
century and modern.
There are 17th-century school buildings at Huntingford, Cheshunt, Hertford,
Stanstead Abbots, and Ware.
Restriction in Building.
The Act of 1589 forbidding the building of cottages without assigning four
acres of land to each of them* was evidently passed in the interest of the conunoners,
but it entailed great hardship upon the agricultural labourer, and every ])Ossible
attempt was made to evade its provisions. It was not repealetl till 1775, t
although it does not seem to have lx;en enforced after the early part of the
18th century. During the time it was in existence theie was little develo])mont
in the villages. Cottages were occasionally rebuilt, but few were erected ujion
new sites. Under the provisions of the Act justices of the peace were empowered
to license the erection of cottages on the waste land for pau}x>r.-;, hence it is that so
many cottages at the present day exist on the road-side waste.
Secular Architecture.
The lack of good building stone, which tells against the survival of early
ecclesiastical buildings, is even more destructive to secular work. Timber, its
substitute, though durable enough, is more easily destroyed than masonry, and
though it is possible that in the framework of some Hertfordshire houses portions
as ancient as the 13th century may sui-vive, they cannot now be identified, and, apart
from the scanty remains of the castles, no secular building now standing in the
county shows details of earlier date than the second half of the 14th century.
The Abbey Gatehouse at St. Albans, rebuilt soon after the great storm of
1363, and the Clock Tower, also at St. Albans, built c. 1410, are the two oldest
existing secular buildings to which a dehnite date can be given. Of actual dwelling
houses a considerable number dating from the 15th century are still recognisable,
especially in the towns, where more may yet remain to be discovered. At St. Albans,
indeed, the destruction of part of the old Fleur-de-I.is Inn some years ago revealed
an early 14th-century two-light window of wood, now in the Hertfordshire Museum,
but nothing of so early a period appears to exist elsewhere.
The great mediaeval houses of the county, such as the Palace at King's
Langley and the Earl of Salisbury's house at Bushey, are utt<^rly gone, and those
which incorporated or occupied the site of suppi'cssed monastic buildings, such as
Ashridge, Markyate, Sopwell, and Beechwood, are now destroyed oi- lebuilt. The
splendid country house of the Abbots of St. Albans at Tyttenhanger, and Wolsey's
house of the 'More' at Kickmansworth, perished in the 17th century; the palace
of the bishops of London at Much Hadham was altered and re-cased in the same
century, while of Bishop Morton's palace of Hatfield, the western wing
remains, and is to-day the finest piece of mediaeval brickwork in the county.
* Stat. 31, Eliz. cap. 7.
t Stat. 15, Geo. Ill, cap. 32.
22
HISTOHICAL INTKODUCTION.
Another notable survival is the 15th-century hall of the Great House at Cheshuut,
Mow tased iji Iblii century biickwoik ajid standing i'orlorn among acres of market
gardens, llunsdon House, originally built in 1447, is so nuich altered and repaired
that little of its historical intei-est exists; it is of red brick, with early IGth-century
additions, hut a good deal of the old work was destroyed in 1SU4.
Of smaller houses there are, however, a fair innnber which can show 15th or
early IGth century woik, the vast majority Ijeing timber built. Two exceiitions to
tins lule are the old rectory at Therliel'd and Hin'xworth IMace, both built of wrought
stone. Neitiier is complete; at Hinxwoith the much altered hall and pait of one
wing of an H-shaped house remain, and at Therfiekl there is only the east wing of
what was probably a liouse of similar plan. Of the two, Therfield Rectory is by far
the more ijnportant, the work being very good of its kind. On the first floor are a
solar and a cliapel, and on the groutid floor a iloorway. now opening w'estward into
an 18th-century building, demon.strates the former existence of a 15th-century
buihling in this position, prcsumalily the hall.
The usual media'val plan of an open-roofed hall with two-storeyed wings at
each end (the H plan) is the type to which the 15th century country houses chiefly
belong, though only two halls of this date, those of the Palace at Hatfield and of the
Oreat House at Chesliiint, remain open to the roof. Part of the hall roof at Cottered
Lordship, now a farm-house, still exists, though the hall is divided into two storeys,
while at Thorley Hall there is one bay of a fine hall roof of c. 1430, also hidden
by an inserted floor.
The majority, however, of the 15th-century houses of the county are found in
the towns. There are three or four in Hitchin with halls originally open roofed,
while others belong to a dilTerent type, having the principal room or hall on the
first floor. The Brotherhood House at Hitchin is a good instance of this, and an
outlying example is John of Gaddesden's House at Little Gaddesden.
It is very diflicailt to give a date to the many small timber-built houses and
cottages which occur throughout the county, though a considerable number may be
of the 15th century. In many parishes houses of this description abut on the
churchyard and are probably the old church houses. The fine range of timber-
built houses, now used as the village school, on the south side of Standon church-
yard, probably dates from the end of the 15th century, and may belong to this
category.
The 16th century was an age of great houses, of which Hertfordshire had
its share, though, as has already been said, time has dealt unkindly with them.
They w^ere as a rule in four ranges built round a rectangular courtyard, and remains
of such houses exist at The Lordship, Standon, built in 1546 by Sir Ralph Sadleir.
Little Hadham Hall, built c. 1575 by the Capels; Berkhampstead Place, built
c. 1580 by Sir Edward Carey, and Gorhambury, built 1563-80 by Sir Nicholas Bacon.
At Standon part of the west wing remains, with a gateway flanked by turrets; and at
Hadham all the west wing, with a gateway of similar design but in more perfect
condition, and part of the south wing remain. Both these houses are brick built,
with nnillioned sfjuare headed windows, while Berkhampstead Place, of which only
the north west wing remains, is built of flint with a chequer work facing of flint and
clunch. All three are still inhabited. Corhambury, on the other hand, has been a
ruin for over a century, and nothing but the walls of the brick-built hall, with a
beautiful two-storeyed porch of stone, and parts of the west wing, with the base
of an octagonal stair-turret, exist. .\nother great house, the Rye House at
Stanstead Abbots, has fallen on evil days, and retains little m(tre than
TKWIN.
grKKX Hut), FUOM THK .SOUTH; Kil U-CE.NTUUY.
fllSTOHICAL INTEODCCTION. 23
the 16th-centiiry gatehouse. The fashion of varying the brickwork with lozenge
patterns in darker bricks, characteristic of the first half of the lOth century, is
to be seen in the gatehouse of the outer court at Hadham Hall, at Clintons in Little
Hadham, and at Queen Hoo, Tewin; and in the latter part of the century
stepped copings to the gables came into use, as at Hadham Hall, the Brick House
at dreat Hormead, Furneaux Pelham Hall, and elsewhere. The brick
chimney shafts of this date are often of excellent design, being octagonal, with
moulded caps and bases, and shafts ornamented with lozenges, spiral curves, etc. ; the
Hertfordshire examples are chiefly found on the north-west side of the county.
Taken a.s a whole, the early brickwork of Hertfordshire is not as fine as that of Essex
f)r Suffolk, due allowance being made for the small number of brick houses of the best
period. The late 15th-century brick cornices of Redbourn Church, and the similar
work in the old vicarage of Rickmansworth, are the only examples of a very decora-
tive treatment which is common enough in Essex. An instance of an open-roofed hall
divided into two storeys occurs at Much Hadham Palace where the 16th-century roof
is blocked by 17th-century floors.
In the smaller 16th-century houses brick and timber contiiuiod to l»e the
usual materials. The H type continues to be conunon, but many of the simpler build
ings are of the L type, which did not go out of fashion till the 18th century. Their
most prominent feature is the big chimney stack between hall and kitchen, taking the
hall and kitchen flues and tho.se of the first floor rooms over them. ^Many of the
country inns date in part from the 16th century; a well-preserved example of c. 1540,
with the original doors still hanging in its arched gateway, is the Crown and Falcon
at Puckeridge, near-Braughing. The Peahen at St. Albans was till lately a very
interesting early 16th-century building, but is so no longer, and in most of the larger
towns, but particularly at St. Albans, moulded beams of 16th-century date are to be
seen in the ceilings of many houses which have been refronted in the 18th or 10th
century.
The splendid house of the Cecils at Hatfield, finished in 1611, is the finest
secular building in the county, and overshadows all other works of its time, but
there is a large number of houses of less importance, the most noteworthy being
North Afymms, built by Sir Ralph Coningsby c. 1600; Rnthamsted, a 16th-century
timber-built house, enlarged, probably for the second time, c. 1650; Highdown,
Pirton, built of flint and stone, with stone window mullions, and dated 1613; Tytten-
hanger, rebuilt about 1654; Sali.sbury Hall, Shenley, c. 1680; Mackerye End and
Turncis Hall, late 16th-century houses, enlarged in the l7th century; Ayot Place,
1615; Letchworth Hall, c. 1620; Pirton Hall, Brent Pelham Hall, and many others.
The great Cecil house, Theobalds, is now represented only by an angle
of one of its buildings, and ' King James's Palace,' at Royston, whatever may have
been its original condition, is now a building of moderate size. Nearly all these
houses are built of brick, and generally speaking, red brick becomes the normal
building material during the 17th century, though there are many survivals of the
old fashion of timber construction. The traditional open-roofed hall g(X^s out ()f
use with the rise in the standard of comfort, and during the centni-v the transition
from mediaeval to modern house planning is nearly accomplished. The modified
H-plan is still that most commonly used, and the L-plan for smaller btiildings, bnt
variations from the established types become frequent, and reflect the new con
ditions created by the rise of the individual architect, of whom Tnigo Jones is the
first T'lnglish example, and the di.sappearance of the 16th-century ' surveyor.'
Abnormal buildings like the Brick House at Great Hormead are, however, outside
24
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
any scheme of classification, and must be due to the fancy of an eccentric
owner
Carved and moulded wood chinuiey-pieces, screens, and panelling were to be
found in all but the smallest houses, and fortunately a good deal of fine woodwork yet
remains, though every year becoming rarer by reason of Wardour Street and its
agents. Except in the best houses, there is not much ornamental plaster-work of
this century, as far as regards the interiors, but towards the end of the century
external pargetting becomes common, showing a variety of types of combed work
and ornamental panelling in low relief, and many house fronts bear conventional
devices of crowned eagles, fleurs-de-lis, roses, 'carbuncles,' etc., of such similarity
of style that they clearly have a common origin in the stock-in-trade of a local
plasterer.
From the time of Elizabeth onwards, llortfordsliirc. like other home counties,
Ix'came a resort for rich London merchants, and a fair number of the fine houses
which they built have survived, though now for the most part involved in the
expansion of the city from which their Imildeis sought to escape. Such hou.ses are
peculiarly liable to destruction at the present time, being entirely out of keeping
with their surroundings, and their careful enumeration is, tlierclore, a matter of
much importance.
Eighteenth century buildings do not fall within the scope of the Commission,
and must be pa.s.sed over with a mere reference to the number of fine specimens in
the tow-ns and countryside, well deserving of full notice in the records of county
societies, and of careful preservation by local authorities.
Condition.
The condition of the moniunents of Hertfordshire is, on the whole, good.
The County Council and the Urban District Councils are alive to the advantage of
preserving the ancient monuments in the county, and have exercised their powers
by acquiring and protecting, among others, Waltham Cross (Cheshunt), the remains
of the cross at Kelshall, and Waytemore Castle (Bishop's Stortford). The majority
of the churches are in a sound state of repair; many, perhaps, have suffered less from
neglect than from over-zealous restoration, too often carried further than was
required by either practical or artistic considerations. The Totternhoe stone or
clunch used in the old work weathers badly, and this has led to the patching of ex-
ternal stone-work with plaster or cement, which is an unsatisfactory mode of repair,
since it is, at the best, of a temporary nature, and when it fails, as in the course of
time it is bound to do, the cement in peeling off carries some of the old stone-work
with it. Thus, from the practical and, of course, from the artistic and archaeological
points of view, this use of cement is to be regretted. The old churches at Ayot St.
Lawrence and Thundridge, and the ancient chapels at Chesfield in (Jraveley, Flaun-
den near Tfemel Hempstead, Long .\Iarston in Tring, Minsden in Langley, and St.
Mary Magdalene in Northchurch for some time have been disused and are in ruins.
There is a tendency to neglect the remains of these buildings, which, in the case of
Ayot St. Lawrence and Flaunden, are of peculiar interest. The church of St.
James, Stanstead Abbots, is also now disused, and there is a danger of its being
likewise neglected. Some careful repairs are needed on the churches of A.shwell,
Hinxworth, Kelshall, King's Walden, Letchworth, Redbourn, Wallington, Willian
and Wyddial, and the unrestricted growth of ivy is doing damage to the walls of
the churches of Aspenden, Little Hormead, Throcking and elsewhere.
'/^
HISTOHICAI. INTRODrCTION. ^1
The ancient secular buildings which remain are, for the most part, well cared
for, but the repairs and alterations carried out in the early part of the last century
and later have tended to detract from the interest of many of them from the archae-
ologist's point of view. The walls of Berkhampstcad Castle and the remains of the
Eoyal Palace and Dominican Friary at King's Langley require attention. A not
uncommon cause of damage to secular buildings, more especially the smaller houses
of c. 1600, is the constant demand for old panelling, staircases and mantelpieces,
despite the fact that these fittings lose much of their charm and value when trans-
ferred to buildings of later or modern date.
The remains of the walls of the Romano-British town of Verulam, near St.
Albans, are fairly well protected, but the trees and vegetation growing over and
near them require watching, as they may endanger the masonry. Many of the earth-
works have been much damaged in the past, but there is little destniction threatened
at the present time except at Ravensburgh Castle, Avhere young trees and under-
growth have recently been planted, which in time will do considerable harm and
largely destroy the archaeological interest of this very fine fortress.
British and Roman Roads.
IcKNiKLD Way : An old road or route can be traced across Hertfordshire,
along the scarp of the downs in the north of the county. Its antiquity is shown
by the fact that parish and county boundaries follow its course for 18 miles out of
22^ miles, the total length of its route in the count}-, and that it has been Icnown
since the 12th century as Icknield Street. The course of the route, as generally
understood, is that given on the Ordnance Survey Map. It enters the county near
Mortgrove in Hexton parish, and forms the parish Iwundary loetween Hexton and
Lilly. It then becomes the county boundary on the north of Offley parish and the
parish boundary between Offley and Pirton to Punches Cross. Thence it runs a
little to the north of the River Oughton to Ickleford village. Passing to the south of
Willbury Hill it follows the line of the parish boundary between Holwell (detached)
and Norton on the north, and Walsworth, Letchworth and Willian on the south,
almost to Baldock. It skirts the north of Baldock town and forms the boundary
between the parishes of Bygrave and Ashwell on the north and Clothall, Wallington
and Sandon on the south. Thence it becomes the county boundary to the north of
Kelshall and Therfield (except for half a mile on the north-west of Kel-^hall, whe."e
the county boundary lies just north of the road) till it reaches Royston parish. It
passes through Royston town, and on leaving the parish it again forms the county
boundary to the north of Barkway and Barley parishes, and so passes out of the
county.
Watling Street : This road leaves London by the Edgware Road, enters the
county at Elstree, and passes through Radlett to St. Stephen's village. There the
present road branches off to the north-east to St. Albans, while the Roman road
has been traced continuing across the fields to Verulam, which it entered at the East
Gate and passed out at the West Gate. For a short distance it follows the Gorham-
bury Drive, and its course can be traced across the fields to Bow Bridge on
the main road from St. Albans to Dunstable, which it then joins and passes out
of the county at Markyate.
Akeman Street : A small part of this road from Aylesbury through Tring
and Berkhampstcad to Boxmoor can be traced. The modern road southward from
Boxmoor is too erratic in its direction to suggest Roman construction.
D
26 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION.
Ermine Street : The Roman road from London to Lincoln enters the county
at a hamlet called Bull Cross in the parish of Cheshunt, a little east of the Great
North Road, and follows the existing road to Flamstead End. Here it disappears
for a couple of miles and is found again at Cold Hall in Broxbourne parish, and
can be traced through the woods to a point near the parish boundary between Brox-
bourne and Hoddesdon. Thence it follo\vs the existing road by Elbow Lane and
Hertford Heath to Little Amwell, then by a cart road to Rush Green Farm and a
hedge to a lock on the River Lea, which it crosses, taking a more easterly direction
to Bury Field and joining the North Road at Ware Vicarage. It follows the North
Road to Braughing, where the Roman road from Colchester probably crossed it, and
so on northward by Buntingford to Royston, where it leaves the county.
St.axe Street : This road from Colchester is so called in its eastern parts. It
enters the county at Bishop's Stortford and can be traced by pieces of roads, foot-
paths and parish boundaries through Little Hadham to Braughing, where it crosses
Ermine Street and passes by Hare Street in Cottered Parish, through Clothall to
Baldock. and then along the high road to Biggleswade in Bedfordshire.
There may have been a road connecting Verulam with Colchester. In general
its course has been lost, but portions of a road from Sandridge through Coleman
Green to Ayot and Welwyn may give some indication of it. This road might be
expected to join the Stane Street at Braugliiug. Another road branched from
Watling Street westward.
Bibliography.
Among the hooks and calendars of documents consulted in compiling the
Inventorv, the following were found most useful : — Cussans' Histonj of Hertford-
shire (1870-1881); the Victoria County History of Hertfordshire (1902-1907); the
Transactions of the East Hertfordshire Archaeological Society and of the St. Albans
and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society (1884-1908); Sir John
Evans' A rchceological Siirvey of Hertfordshire (1892); The Sessions Rolls of Hert-
fordshire (1581-1698, pub. 1905); and the Chronicles of the Monastery of St. Alhans
(from the 8th to the 15th century; Rolls Series, pub. 1863-1873). Some use has also
been made of Haines' Handbook of Monumental Brasses (1861); Andrews'
Monumental Brasses in Hertfordshire (1903); North and Stahlschmidt's Church
Bells of Hertfordshire (1886); and Keyser's Buildings with Mural Decorations in
Great Britain (1883). The older county histories and numerous smaller local
publications have also been examined.
27
SOUEDTJLE ^^.
AN INVENTORY OF THE ANQENT AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS
IN THE COUNTY OF HERTFORD
ACCREDITED TO A DATE ANTERIOR TO 1700,
arranged by Parishes.
1. ABBOTS LANGLEY.
(U.S. 6 in. (")xxxix. N.W. Wxxxix. S.W.)
Roman:—
*" (1). Dwelling House, about 200 yards
N.W. of King's Langley railway station, was
found about 1825.
(Jondition — No remains above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
"(2). 1'arish Church of St. Lawrence,
stands 'on liigli ground a little N. of the village.
It is built ot Hint rubble with Tottornhoe stone
dressings, and is roofed with tiles. The earliest
part is the Nave, with its late 12th-ceutury
arcades. The West Tower was added c. 1200,
the South Chapel early in the 14th century,
and the Chancel was rebuilt c. 1400. In the
15th century tiie upper part of the tower, and
possibly tlie outer walls of the Aisles, were
rebuilt. In the IGth century the; chancel arch
was destroyed, and a skew arch was built at the
E. end of the S. arcade of the nave to give
better access to the chapel. Tlie South Porch
was added, or rebuilt, in the 18th century, and
tiie present chancel arch was built probaljly
about the same time.
The 12th-century arcades of the nave are
especially interesting on account of their early
date, and the windows of the S. ciiapel are tine
examples of 14th-contury work.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(39| ft. by 141 ft.t) has an E. window of three
lights. In the N. wall are tliree windows of
two lights each, with simple 15th-centurv
tracery, restored, and a plain N. doorway.
On the S. side a 14th-centurY arcade opens
into the chapel ; it is of two bays, with pointed
* The letters a, b, c, etc., refer to the 6 in. Ordnauce Survey
slieets.
f Diniftisiiins. Unless otherwise stated, the dimeusious given
in the Inventory are internal.
arches, octagonal shafts and moulded capitals
and bases. The earlier chancel arch has been
replaced by a much flattened arch, probably of
the 18th century. The South Chapel (40 ft. by
22 ft.) has an E. window of three lights with
tracery, and, in the S. wall, plainer two-light
windows; all of the 14th century. The Nave
(43 ft. by 19 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of two
bays, with circular columns and square, scal-
loped and foliated capitals; E. of the S. arcade
a 16th-century archway leads to the chapel.
The clearstorey has two windows of two lights
each on the N., and three on the S., all of the
15th century. The North Aisle (9^ ft. wide) has
a plain doorway and two squarc-lieaded windows
of two lights in the N. wall, and a similar
window restored, in the E. wall. The South
Aisle (9| ft. wide) has live windows like those
in the N. aisle, and a 15th-century S. doorway.
The Tower (10 ft. by 15 ft.) is of two stages,
with 15th-century diagonal buttresses and an
enbattled parapet. The KJth century tower
arch is of two moulded orders with a rhamfered
label, and has half-round responds with square
bases and foliated capitals, and in the N. and S.
walls of the ground stage are 13th-century
lancets. The AV. window and doorway are of
the 15th century. The Noofs of the nave and
aisles are also of the 15th century; those of the
chancel and chapel are modern.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents : in S. chapel,
indent of liaufle llorwode, 1498, and brasses of
his two wives and six chiidern : indent of a man
in armour: in the nave, brass of Thomas
Cogdell, IGOT. and his two wives. Font: with
octagonal panelled bowl and stem, bearing
traces of paint and gilding, 15th century.
Glass: in a N. window of the clearstorey,
frament representing the half-figure of St.
Lawrence. Momtmcnt : on S. wall of chapel,
to Anne Combe, 1040. of marble, with etfigy.
D 2
28
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOUDSHIHE.
Paintings : on E. wall of chapel, remains of
ligures of two Bishops, auJ on 8. wull a series
of panels, ilefacetl, 14lli-i ciilurv : near .\.
doorway iu elianeel, fragment of a painted
tigure : in N . aisK', tahlf of t'oiiiuiaii(lineut.<i.
dat*d 1U2T. I'isiina: in S. wall of chancel,
with 14th-century head, otiierwise modern.
Condition — Fairly good ; the stonework of the
windows is decaying in places, and the plaster
is scaling off the chapel buttresses.
Secular:—
" (3). Homestead Moat, in the garden of the
Manor House, large fragment.
" (4). CoTTA(iEs : one almost opposite the
parish church, of timber and plaster, was built
in the 17th century ; two at Kitters Ureen,
about \ mile S.W. of the church, are of brick
and timber, and may be of the ITth century,
with later additions.
Condition — Good.
" (5). Brakespears, a farmhouse in the
hamlet of Bedmond, about ^ mile N. of the
church, appears to be partly of ITth-centurj'
brick and timber construction, with con-
temporary internal partitions, but much of it
has been rebuilt.
Condition — Fairly good.
' (6). The Lawn, a house, now two cottages,
in the hamlet of Hunton Bridge, about 1} miles
S.W. of the jiarish church, is said to have been
a hunting lodge of Charles 1., and was probably
built c. Iti42, a date which appears over one of
the fireplaces. It is a rectangular building of
two storeys and an attic, facing N. It was
lengthened towards the E. in the 19th century,
and all the walls are faced with modern brick;
the roof is tiled. The central chimney stack
and another at the back are built of thin, 17th-
century bricks. The parlour of the eastern-
most cottage contains a wide fireplace, now
filled in; over it is an elaborate decoration in
plaster, consisting of the Royal arms, with the
initials C.R. above and the date 1642 below
them, and on each side a large fleur-de-lis; the
design was originally enclosed by a band of
ornament, but only part of it remains. The
coiling, a fine example of plaster work, is
divided by two large moulded beams and sub-
divided into smaller panels each containing the
lloyal arms, or a unicorn, a crowned Tudor
rose or a fleur-de-lis; two of the panels and part
of a third have been destroyed oy the erection
of a staircase. The rooms in the upper storey
of both cottages have old oak floors.
Condition — Good; much altered.
2. ALBURY.
(O.S. in. l")xiv. S.E. Wxxii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
" (1). Parish Church of St. Mary stands on
a hill at the E. end of the village. It is built
of flint with clunch dressings; the roofs are
covered with tiles and with lead. The Chancel,
of c. 12'iU is the earliest part. The Nave,
Aisles, and chancel arch were rebuilt c. IMtil).
the West Tower was added c. 1450, and a little
later the South Porch was built. In the 19th
century a Vestry and Organ Chamber were
added on the S. side of the chancel ; the clear-
storey windows over the S. arcade of the nave
are also probably modern.
A late 14th-ceutury altar tomb of a knight
and lady is of especial interest as a fine
example of the costume and armour of the
period.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(28J ft. by IG ft.) has four lancets on the N.
side, the westernmost being a low side window,
and two on the S. side, all of the 13th century ;
in the E. wall are three modern lancets. The
14th-century chancel arch is of two moulded
orders with jambs having alternate shafts and
rolls; a modern archway in the S. wall opens
into the vestry. The Nave (52 ft. by 15' ft.)
has 14th-century N. and S. arcades of four
bays, with details like those of the chancel
arch; the arches of the two W. bays on the S.
side are of plainer detail. The North Aisle
(!) ft. wide) has 14th-century E. and W. win-
dows of three lights, repaired, and three 15tli-
century N. windows, which have lost their
tracery; the 14th-century N. doorway is
blocked. In the South Aisle (9 ft. wide) the
E. window, now enclosed by the vestrj' and
organ chamber, is of three lights, a AV. window
and three S. windows are of two lights; all are
of the 14th century, but, except those on the
E. and S.E., have been renewed. The Tower
(13 ft. square) is of three stages, with diagonal
buttresses, an embattled parapet and a small,
loaded needle spire; the tower arch is of three
moulded orders with shafted jambs, and the
AV. doorway has a pointed arch in a square
head, and traceried spandrels with roses. Tlie
Porch is of the 15th century, much restored,
with windows in the E. and W. walls; the en-
trance has a pointed arch in a square head. The
Poofs are modern, except three tie-beams and
wall-plates in the nave, and the trusses of the
N. and S. aisles, which are of the 15th century.
Fittings Bells : three; 1st and 2nd by Henry
Jurdcn. of London (died 1470), 3rd by Robert
Oldfeild, 1607. Brasses : in the nave, a knight
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEKTFOBDSHIBE.
29
in armour, his wife, three daughters and
crest, late 15th-century, no inscription : oi
John Scrogs, 15'J2, liis wife and child, on one
brass; two shields and a skull above them: on
S. wall of 8. aisle, ot Thomas JjeventLorp,
1588, his wife L)orothy, daughter of William
Uurlee, and six children : also two 14th-century
roundels with symbols of the Evangelists : on
N. wall of JN. aisle, tiiree shields, detuclied, and
a record of a Itith-ceutury charity left by Anne
Barley. Chest: in an outbuilding, iron bound,
old and decayed. Commnition Table: late
17th-century. Door : at foot of tower stair-
case, with 15th-century ironwork. Font :
modern, but in the church is the I'urbeck
marble stem and one small shaft of a late 12ili-
century font. Monuments : in tlio N. aisle,
Hue altar tomb wiUi ])ariell('d ,sich>s, and cfligies
in clunch of a knight in bascinet with hinge for
vizor, ornamented aventail, short hauberk,
ornamented leg and arm pieces of plate, orna-
mented gypon and plate gauntlets, head on
helm with angel crest and lambrekin; and lady
in sideless gown and wearing elaborate hair-
net; late Htli-ceuturj'', no inscvi])tion ; tlie
figures have lost their arms and hands except
the upper part of the knight's left arm and
the tips of his fingers : in the nave, floor slabs
to Sir Leventhorpe Franke, 1()57, and to John
Scroggs and his wife Elizabetli, 1692. Plate:
includes a cup of 1020. riscinti : in S. wall
of chancel, 14th-century, with ogee trefoiled
head, and hood-mould with crockets and finial ;
bowl modern. Pulpit : made up of early 17th-
century panelling with the arms of Leventhori)
and others inlaid in wood. Rood Screen : 15th-
century, with tracery in the head; the closed
panels below the middle rail are pierced by
small circular holes. Stoup : E. of S. doorway
of S. aisle.
Condition — The stonework of the S.E. win-
dow of the S. aisle and the jambs of the W.
doorway of the tower are much decayed. The
quoins and window tracery of the tower are all
new. The church is now being repaired, the
S. wall of the S. aisle has been rebuilt, vnd
most of the windows have now external stone-
work.
Secular:—
« (2). Homestead Moat, in the garden of
Patmore Hall, fragment. To the S. and S.E.
are indications of earthworks.
* (3). Upwick Hall, about 1^ miles S.E. of
the church, is modern, but a stone on the E.
front bears the initials and date TS 1046, and
two ground floor rooms contain some oak panel-
ling of that date • one of the doorways lias an
oak frame with a flat Tudor arch, evidently
earlier than 1040; in the gardener's cottage
(see below) are two similar doorways.
Condition — Good .
'' (4). Garijener'.s Cottage, near Upwick
Hall, is a fragment of an L-shuped building
of late 15th-century date. It is a rectangular
block with an overhanging upper storey, and
faces N. The walls have plain upright timbers
with plaster filling, and are without struts
or cross-pieces, those of the lower storey being
almost covered with weather-boarding. In the
N. front is a blocked doorway with a Hat
four-centred arch, and there is another in
a jiartition inside. Near the W. end is a red
biick chimney stack, probably inserted in the
17th century, with two large lireplaee openings
back to back, spanned with wood lintels; the
stack, which has been reduced in height, has
square shafts set diagonally. In the roof is a
15th-ceutury arched truss, but the window
frames art; modern.
Condition — Poor; the whole building has
sunk about a foot at the end, and looks unstable.
" (5). HorsE, S.E. of the church, is possibly
of the Kith century, but much altered and
patched in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries,
it is of two storc^ys, built of timber, partly
j)lastered and partly brick-nogged; the roof is
tiled, and ridged from end to end. The plan is
rectangular, divided into tenements by cross
partitions. The S. elevation was re-plastered
hite in tlie 17tli. or early in the 18th ceuturv,
in panels divided by cabIe-mouldi>d styles and
rails. The N. elevation is much patched and a
straight joint towards the AV. suggests a 17th-
century addition. The E. elevation is close set
with much-weathered, brick-nogged studding,
possibly of the 10th century or even earlier,
and over it sham angle braces have been
painted. The W. elevation is plastered and in
the gable is an oval panel in which, modelled in
low relief, is a form of crowned carbuncle,
aj)parently a local stock pattern of the 17tli
century. The inside of the house has been
much altered. A few old metal casements
with simple furniture remain.
Condition — Fairly good; much patched and
repaired.
* (6) . Albury Lodge, a farmhouse about
^' mile S.E. of the church, was built of timber
c. 1000, but completely faced with brick,
generally altered and enlarged in the 19th
century. The roofs are tiled. The original
plan \vas of a modified E type; the main block,
facing E., probably contained a hall and
30
INVBNTOETf OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
parlour, with extra parlours in the S. wing and
domestic offices in the N. wing. On the W. is
a projecting staircase wing, possibly original.
The projecting porch on the E. has a wooden
arched entrance with arabesques in the span-
drels. Several rooms have original panelling,
re-set, and on the hrst floor landing is a pilaster
with arabesque panels. The small garden E.
of the house has a 17th-century brick wall with
a moulded brick plinth. In this is a gateway
with a rusticated arch flanked by ('ousoles, all
in brick.
(.'oudition — Good ; much altered.
3. ALDBURY.
(O.S. 6 in. (a)xxv. N.E. Wxxv.
Ecclesiastical i—
'■(1). r.\Ki.sn (JiiURCH OF St. John
S.E.)
THE
B.tPTisT stands near the centre of the village.
It is built of flint with stone dressings,
tlie latter chiefly modern; the roofs are
covered with lead. The narrow Nave pro-
bably retains the width of an original nave,
a break in the masonry of the S. arcade
marking its eastern limit. About 1220 the
pieseiit Cliancel was built on tlie E. of tlie
older chancel, the area of which was thrown
into the nave. The nave arcades and probal)ly
the Aisle walls are of early 14th-century date,
but may replace older work. The eastern part
of the N. aisle is wider than the rest, and this
may be connected with the foundation of a
chantry here in l.'-i.35. The North C/iafx I was
built probably early in the 14th century, but
has been much restored. The lower part of the
West Tower is of late 14th-century date; the
upper part was rebuilt in the 15th century. Tlio
SotitJi Porch with U])|)er chamber was coin-
jilefely restored in flie lOtli century.
The Whittingham monument, with effigies
and heraldic shields, and the screen enclosing-
it are especially fine examples of IBth-century
work of this cliaracter.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(27 ft. by 13J- ft.) has one l.lth-century lancet
window in the N. wall, and a second, low in tlie
S. wall, restored outside. Tlie N. arcjide, tlic
E. window, and a window and doorway in tlie
S. wall, are modern. At the S.W. is a squint to
llie S. aisle. The North Chnpel (27 ft. by l.T ft.)
has an E. window of three lijjlits, and n
N. window of two lights; in both the tracery
has been renewed. The Nar^e (5G ft. by \'^l ft.)
has arcades of five bays with arches of two
hollow-chamfered orders and octagonal pillars;
the two eastern bays of the N. arcade are
modern ; only the interiors of the clearstorey
windows are old. The North Aisle (\\] ft.
at the E. end and 10] ft. at the W.)
lias a 14th-ceutury arch at the E. end
iipeniug to tlie chapel, and on the N.E. a
window, originally of tiiree trefoiled lights of
the i4th century, with a fourth light added lu
the 15th century. In the N. wall are also two
square-headed windows, each of two lights, and
a plain doorway; in the W. wall is a window of
two lights with tracery; all the stone work of
windows and doorway is modern. In the
South Aisle (10] ft. wide) the E. bay is
cut off by a 15th-century stone screen,
enclosing a tomb, both brought from Ash-
ridge in 1575. In the S. wall is a window of
lour lights, and on each side of the S. doorway
a window of two lights, with another in the W.
wall, all of modern stonework. The West
Tower (13 ft. by 11 It.) is of three stages, with
embattled parapet; the tower arch is of the 14th
century; the windows of the bell-chamber are
modern. The South Porch retains its old stone
benches and ])ointed eiitiante, nnich restored.
Fittings— Z/cZ/jf .• 1st 1034, 2ud 1(J55, tenor
1G83 ; framework 1081 . Brasses and Tntlents :
on E. respond of N. arcade in nave, of John
Da vies (■'), 1478, small figure with inscription :
in S. aisle, inscription recording the history of
the Whittingham monument (see below) and
its removal from Ashridge: in N. aisle,
slab with indents of a shield and inscription.
(iliiss : in window W . ol N. doorway, remains
of canopies and lignre subjects, 15th and
Idth-centurv. Le<tern : wooden, llitli-centurv.
Monuments : at E. end of 8. aisle, raised tomb
with efhgies of Sir Itobert Whittingham, 1471,
and his wife, formerly at Ashridge; the knight
is in plate armour with mail skirt, and wears
a collar of SS and a short surcoat on which are
the arms of Whittingham; his head rests on a
helm. The sides of the tomb are panelled, and
contain the folliiwiiig' shields : — on the AV. end.
betwt'cn female sujqiorters, azure two cheverous
or and a quarter argent with a paschal lamb
gules, quartering Whittingham, argent a fesse
vert, over all a lion's gules; on the E. end, an
armed man between shields of Whittingham
and Verney, azure a cross argent with five
pierced molets gules thereon; on the N. side,
five shields; (1) Verney (|uartering the coat on
the W. end of the tomb, and Whittingham (2)
an armed man standing, (3) W'liittingham im-
jialing Bockland. sable a garter between three
square buckles or (4) as (2), (5) as (1) ; on the S.
side. (1) as (1) on N., (2) Verney. (3) as (3) on
N.. (4) Verney, (5) Bray, argent a cheveron
between three eagles' legs razed sable, quartered
ALD
INVEXTOET OF TUE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
31
with another Bray, vair three bends gules,
with an escutcheon quarterly oi Halliwell, or a
bend gules with three goats argent thereon,
Boteler, gules a fess cheeky argent and sable
between six crosslets or, Norbury, argent a
cheveron engrailed between three bulls' heads
cabossed sable, and Sudley, or two bends gules :
near the tomb are two funeral helms : in N.
chapel, Purbeck marble altar tomb, with brasses
of Sir Ralph Verney, 1546, his wife, twelve
children and four shields : on N. wall of
chapel, monument to Thomas Hyde, 1570, and
his son, 1580: in N. aisle, coffin lid, much
worn, with traces of a raised cross. Niches : at
E. end of N. aisle, canopied, 14th-century :
in outer wall at E. end of clearstorey, another,
containing a defaced carving. Painting: on
splay of N. window of chancel, slight traces of
■diaper pattern. Piscina: in N. chapel at S.E.,
with cinquefoiled head, c. 1400. Plate: in-
cludes vase-shaped secular cup, 1514, used as
chalice. Screen : in S. aisle, enclosing the
Whittingham monument, of pierced stone, im-
perfect, 15th-centurv (see above). Seatinf/ :
incorporates a considerable amount of old
material. Sedile : adjoining piscina in chapel.
c. 1400; much scrajted. Tile.^ : in floor of
various ])arts of the church, mediaeval, glazed.
Miscellanea : in X. aisle, carved stone corl)el.
apparently 13tli-centurv : in N. wall of chancel
recess with four-centred head, 15th-century.
Sundial : in churchyard on wooden post, 17th-
century.
Condition— Good throughout.
'' (2). House, about 100 yds. E. of the church,
opposite the pond, probably built in the 16th,
and altered in the 17th century. It is of two
storeys, the upper projecting. The walls are of
timber and brick; the roofs arc tiled. A room
on the ground floor has a little 17th-century
panelling, and a stone fireplace with a four-
ceutred head and, scratched in one spandrel,
the date 1516.
Condition — Fairly good.
'' (3). Cottages and Almshouses, in the
village, are of the 16th and 17th centuries.
Some of the cottages are of brick and timber;
others, including the almshouses, are pargetted.
The roofs are thatched.
(Condition — Fairly good.
'■ (4). vStocks and Whipping Post, E. of the
churchyard.
Condition — Good.
Unolasslfled:—
4. ALDENHAM.
h
5). Dexehole, ^ mile S. of the church.
" (6). Lines of Entrenchment, at Aldbury
\owprs (or Ours") ; two, parallel.
(0.8. 6 in. wixxxix. S.E. «"xliv. N.E.)
Roman:—
" (1). Kilns, two at iiadlett, found 1898 in a
saud pit, on the E. side of Loom Lane.
Condition — Nothing above ground ; built over.
''(2). Building Material, found 1878 in
making a bath, on the i\'. side of the grammar
school on Boyden's Hill, (bee also Sarratt.)
Ecclesiastical: —
"(3). Pakish Church of St. John the
Baptist, in the centre oi the village, is built or
hint with ashlar dressings ; the roots are covered
with tiles and with lead. The W. window of the
South Aisle is the only evidence left of a 12th-
century church, to which a West Tower was
added early in the 13th century. A little later
the Chancel was rebuilt and the South Chapel
added to it, both being lengthened to the E.
c. 1300. The S. arcade of the Nave and the
greater part of the S. aisle were rebuilt c. 1340,
and the North Aisle and N. arcade c. 1440. Late
in the 15th century the upper part of the tower
and the nave clearstorey were added, the tower
arch was rebuilt and the nave re-roofed. The
chancel was widened to the N. early in the 16th
century, and the North Vestry was built c. 1530.
The church is of great interest on account
of the varied dates of its development. The
plan is unusual, as the widening of the chancel
has thrown it out of centre with the nave.
Architectural Description ^ The Chancel
(45^ it. by 23i ft.) has a modern E. window;
in the N. wall is a 16th-century arcade of two
bays with arches of two hollow-chamfered
orders and octagonal capitals, pillars and bases;
near the E. end is a two-light window of
c. 1300, partly blocked. In the S. wall is a
similar window, now of one light only;
W. of it is a doorway, and an arcade of three
bays with arches of two hollow-chamfered
orders, and octagonal shafts with moulded
capitals and bases; two bays are of c. 1260. and
the third of c. 1300. Over the doorway is part
of a 13th-centurr lancet window. The South
Chapel (m ft. by 10 ft.) has an E. window of
tliree lights with tracery, of r. 1300: in the S.
wall are two 13th-centurv lancet windows and a
two-light window of c. 1300. The Nave (60 ft.
by 14 ft.) has a S. arcade of four bays witli
arches of two chamfered orders, and octagonal
shafts with carved capitals, of r. 1340. Tlie
ISth-century N. arcade is a copy of the other,
but with slightly different details. The clear-
storev has windows of two lisjhts with square
heads. The North Aisle (19?, ft. wide) has three
N". windows of two liffht* ench, of r. 14fi0, and a
ALD—
33
INVENTOnT np THE MONrMENTS OF HEnTFORDSHIRE.
Alpenham Church
hHrtHBl
30 4o >»
— H I '
5 c Ale ot Feet
|>SOO ■Bl4jO
|tSOO I I wodem
lUtli-centuiy W. window oi three lights. The
,<oui/i Aisle (91 ft. wide) has a small 12th-ccii-
tury W. window, much restored, and three S.
windows of two lights each, of c. 1340. The
doorways in both aisles are modern restorations.
The Tower is of three stages, with embattled
parapet and small shingled spire. The windows
of the ground stage are of early 13th-ceutury
date; the tower arch and the upper windows
are of the 15th century. The Roofs of the nave
and aisles are also of the loth century, and the
roof of the nave retains much of its original
painted decoration.
Fittings — Bells: eight and a sanctus: tenor
1G83, sanctus 1647. Brasses and Iiulcnts:
in the chancel, of Lucas Goodyere. late
16th-century, with inscription : to Nicholas
Chowue, ir>69, inscription and arm.s only :
of Edward Brisko. 1608, and his wife,
with inscription : of a man and his wife, two
sons and six daughters. IGth-ccntury, no in-
siri])tinii : in ihc S. chapel, nf .Tane TTanicr. a
child and part of inscription. 16th-century : of
a civilian (bead missing), his two wives and
two children, early 16th-century, no inscrip-
tion : of a civilian and his wife, early 16th-
centurv, no inscription : of a woman, without
inscription. 16th-century: indents of a man,
his wife and children, 16th-century; with
brasses of two other wives, imperfect, one with-
out u head and the other without feet : of a
civilian, the head missing, 16th-century, no in-
scription : indents of a tigure, three shields and
a scroll : in the nave, a shield with the arms of
Stepney and indents of a knight and another
shield : indents of a man, wife and inscription,
much worn : in the vestry, two pieces of a
brass with part of an inscription of 1538, said
to be to John Long and his wife, palimpsest, on
a 15th-century plate. There are other indents
in the S. chapel and N. aisle. Chest: in the
tower, large, ironbound. Communion Table:
now in the vestry, 17th-century. Font : of Pur-
beck marble, with a square bowl on a central
stem and four shafts, 13th-century. Monuments
and Floor Slabs : in the S. chapel, late 14th-cen-
tury monument, consisting of two canopied
altar tombs, each with the effigy of a lady; the
arms and quarterings of Crowmer carved in the
panelled front have been damaged by restora-
tion : on the E. tomb, in front, (1) Crowmer,
(2) a fesse on which throe roses between six
crosslets fitchy, (3) roughly incised cross, prob-
ably modern; on the W. tomb, in front, (1) a
fesse between throe saltircs engrailed, (2) the
same quartered with the second coat on the other
tomb, (3) as (1) but wfth a label bearing cross-
lots fitchy; in the E. spandrel of canopy, coats
(1) and (2) of the E. tomb, quarterly; in the W.
spandrel, coat (1) of the W. tomb : in the same
X.if-'.— The plan is ro|irodiice<l by pormissioii of tlie VicTORi.\ County Histories.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIHE.
33
chapel, coffin lid with cross and inscription,
defaced, 14th-century : in the N. aisle floor slab
of John llobinson, lC74, witli incised figure and
inscription. Piscinae: in S. wall of chancel,
modern, with old drain; further W., loth-cen-
tury recess without basin. Flute : includes
cup of 15G5, and another of 1G35. Screen : at
the W. end of the S. chapel, 15th-ceutury,
wood, made up with modern work; traces of
]);iiiited decoration on the ohl jtart. Misrcl-
Iinii'd : in the ve.stry, four oak sliutteis, ])ro-
bably IGth-ceutury.
Condition — Good throughout.
Secular;—
" (4). Homestead Moat, W. of Batler's
Green.
" (5). House, at Batler's Green, one mile E.
of Aldenham village, was built c. 15G0, of
])lastered timber and brick, but has been much
enlarged and altered in the 18tli and 19th cen-
turies; the roof is tiled. The original plan is
untraceable ; the 16th-century part of the house
is now L-shaped, the long wing facing
E. and the short wing N. The wall at the N.
end of the E. front is of brick, tin; rest being of
timl)er with pargetting in large ])auels, much
restored ; some original brickwork remains on
the S. and W. sides of the short wing. There
arc two gables on the E. front, with Kith-
century barge-boards, one of a jiierced giiilloche
pattern. Only one small window, high up in
the N. wall, is original, and has moulded oak
mullions and jambs; the oriel window of the
hall, and the other windows of the 16th-
century house have modern casements. The
large central chimney retains its original base.
In the hall, now enlarged, is a fireplace with a
segmental l)rick arch of two orders; there is a
similar fireplace in the W. part of the hall,
formerly a separate room; a part of the ceiling
is of open timber work with massive moulded
beams and joists; the walls are j)anelled in oak
up to the white plaster frieze. At the S. end of
the main block are two more rooms; in one is a
fireplace resembling those in the hall, and there
is some oak panelling in a small room on the N.
The room at the S. end of the house is said to
have been formerly a granary, and contains a
modern staircase, in which some old timber-
braces have been used as balusters. Some of
the walls on the first floor have exposed timbers,
and in one room is a fireplace similar to tliose in
the hall. In the grounds, S.E. of the house, is
a large brick and timber out-building, possibly
also of the 16th century.
Condition — Good throughout; the old work
is carefully preserved .
* (6). Aldenham House stands in a park about
2j miles S.E. of Aldenham, and 1 mile X.W. of
Elstree village. It was practically rebuilt in
the 18th century, and enlarged in the lUth cen-
tury. The following 17th-century fittings
remain : in the Entrance llall, panelling, now
grained and varnished to imitate new oak. In
the Pine Room on the mezzanine floor, a carved
and panelled oak overmantel from Elstree Hall
(now demolished) : in a passage on the same
floor, a dado of oak panelling : in the West
Room on the first floor, another ITth-ceutury
overmantel, also from Elstree Hall; the stone-
work of the fireplace bears the date 1529, but
the detail of the carving is at least a hundred
years later. In the Pillar Room on the same
floor, a piece of 17th-century carved panelling
is used as an overmantel.
Condition — Good.
'' (7). Delrow House, in the hamlet of
Delrow, about a mile S. of Aldenham Church,
is a two-storeyed building of plastered brick;
the roofs are tiled and gabled ; the plan is L-
shapcd. A house was built here by William
Hutchinson in 1666, and a rain-water head
bears that date.
Condition — Good.
''(8). Cottage, opposite Delrow House, of late
16th-century date, aj)j)ears to have been origi-
nally part of a large building. It is of two
storeys, the upj)cr projecting. The walls are
of closely-spaced vertical timl)er8 and plaster;
the roof is tiled. At the back is a large brick
chimney stack with two shafts, on the S.E. side
is au oriel window, and on the S.W. front an
original door.
Condition — Good.
5. ANSTEY.
fO.S. 6 in. (")ix. S.W. C-tix. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1.) The Parish Church (dedication un-
known) stands on high ground about J mile
S.W. of the village, a little below fiio crest of
the hill. It is of cnuiform plan, built of
flint rubble with chinch and Bainiick-stnnc
dressings, and is roofed with lead. Tlie
earliest parts are the central tower and
about two-thirds of the nave, which belonged
to a church of late 12th-century dale. The
jircsent Chancel and the North and South
Transepts were l)uilt outside the original
chancel and transepts late in the I'ltli and
early in the 14(h century, wlien a Xortli Vestry
was also built, which has since been destroyed.
A little later the Nave was increased to its
present length, and the arcades and aisles were
34
INVENTORY OF TUE MONUMENTS OF IIEKTFORDSOIttE.
ANSTEY PARISH CHURCH.
n late 12"' Century,
circa 1300.
VTA K'^'Centuty.
mid l5"'Cenrury
lare IS'^CentUK,-
rm lS"'CenluryS;modero.
added. In the 15tli century the aisle walls were
heightened, new windows inserted, and the top
stage of the tower was added. At the end of the
15th ceutuiy, the ^oulh. Funli was huilt. The
church, except the N. aisle, was completely
re-roofed and generally repaired in the I'Jth
century, but without structural alteration.
The 14th-century design and detail of this
church are exceptionally interesting. The
carved stalls, of early 14th-ceutury date, are
unusually early examples of woodwork.
Architectural Description — In the Chancel.
(37 ft. by 18 ft.) a modern E. window, of 15th-
century style, replaces tlie original window, of
which only the shafted internal jambs remain.
On the N. and S. are six original traceried
windows of two lights; the three on theN. have
high external sills to clear the roof of the
destroyed vestry; the sill of the S.W. window is
carried down low. The windows are linked to-
gether by a moulded string-course and have
sliafted jambs and moulded labels. On the N.
is a splayed doorway to the vestry, and on the S.
an external doorway, both oriuinal. At the S.W.
and N.W. are squints from the transe])ts. The
Central Tnirrr (13 ft. square) is of tlireo stages.
witl» embattled parapet and small slated
ncedlo-spire. It is carried on four semi-circular
arches; tliose on the N. and R. arc ])lain, those
on the E. and W. have a heavy ringed roll
moulding" rind shafted jambs with sim])]e cajjitals.
In the second stage are small pointed doorways
on the N. and S., originally opening into rooms
over the N. and S. transepts; the i5th-ceutury
windows of the bell-chaml)er are of two lights
with tracery. Over the arch to the E. are traces
of the high-pitched 12th-ceutury roof, and
signs of the high-pitched 14th-century roof
are visible externally on all four sides of
the tower. The North Transept (19J ft. by
18 ft.) has a late 15th-century window on
the X., over the remains of an original door-
way. On tho AV. is an original window of three
lights, partly blocked, with the rear arcli
altered, and a 15th-century moulded arch open-
ing into the aisle. The South Transept (1!>\ ft.
by 18 ft.) has restored triple lancet windows on
the E. and S., a modern double lancet over that
on the S., and a single original pointed light on
the W. There is a 15th-century arch to the aisle,
and on the 8.W. is a circular turret lighted by
a cross loop, with stairs to a room once over the
transept; its floor level, like that of a similar
room once over the N. transe])t, is clearly
marked. The Nave (4G| ft. by 13 ft.) is of four
bavs, willi moulded dro]i arclies on columns
of four clustered shafts having ])lainly moulded
capitals and bases. There are three quatre-
foil openings in the clearstorey on each side,
of tlie same date as the arcades. The
W. window is of the 14th century, but has 15th-
century tracery; the W. doorway, a rather wide
opening, is also original, with moulded jambs
and head. The North Aisle (U ft. wide) has two
INVENTORY OF TUE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIEE.
35
15th-century windows of two lights on the N.,
and one on the W.; the original 14th-century N.
doorway is now blocked. The South Aisle
(10 ft. wide) ha.s the same arrangement of
windows, but the S. doorway is of late 15th-
century date. The South Porch has E. and "\V.
windows of two lights, and walls ornamented
with cusped panelling inside; the parapet is
embattled, and the four-centred entrance arch
is moulded and shafted. The Hoof of the N.
aisle is of the 15th century, with moulded
principals, etc., and the ceiling of the ground
stage of the tower is also of the 15th century,
with moulded beams and wall-plates.
Fittings— Ce/Z.? .• six; 1st 1700, 4th IGIG, 5t]i
1616, 6th probably 16th-century. Bracket for
image: in ttie 8. transept, on N.E., small,
15th-century. Brans Indent : in the N. tran-
sept, large cross and marginal inscription,
probably early 15th-century. Chests : two; one
iron bound, once covered with skin, ])robably
raedia!val; the other, plain, possibly l-'Uh-cen-
tury. Communion Table : in the N. transept,
early 17th-century. fo«f .• square with rounded
corners, ornamented with curious figures of
two-tailed mermen or figures holding up cloths,
late 12th-century. Glass : in W. window of
aisle, fragments, white and gold, 15th-century.
Monuments : in S. transept on E. side, tomb,
with traceried canopy, much defaced, and an
effigy of a civilian in a long j-obe, early 14th-con-
tury : in N. aisle, to Ralph Jermin. 164(),
small, mural : in chancel floor, to Benedict
Beaucock, 1635. Niche: in N. wall of
chancel at E. end, outside; trefoilcd, original.
Piscinae: in tho chancel, large, with double
drain and stone shelf, 14th-century: in N.
transept, on S.E., small, 14th-century. Screen:
in N. transej)t, modern, incorporating n^mains
of 15th-century screen. Sedilia : in the
chancel, designed to range with jiiscina and
windows; first two seats formed by internal
sill of window carried low, with jamb
shafting, etc.; third seat formed by niche
in wall. Stalls: twelve, ends plain, except
one moulded and crocketted, early 14th-
century; seven carved misericords of foliate
and grotesque design, at least three original,
and two of the 17th century; the stall fronts,
with rusticated arcade in low relief, 17th-ccn-
tiiry. MisreJlnnca. : at the Eectory, a purple
velvet altar frontal, embroidered, with date
1637, and an early glass liottle, containing
traces of human blood (possibly a reliquary),
dug up near the chancel.
Lych-gatr, in the clnirchyard, mediaeval, of
timber, in three bays; one bay has been made
into a "lock-up," with red-brick walls.
Condition — Fairly good, but needs minor
repairs : has been little restored ; no structural
weaknesses are visible.
Secular:—
"(2). Anstey Castle (see illustration), in the
grounds of Anstey Uall, N. of the Parish
Church, stands about 40U ft. above U.D., at the
end of a spur of laud projecting to the S.W.
from the watershed of the rivers Stort and Uuin.
This earthwork is a particularly fine example
of the mount and bailey type.
Detailed Description — The Keep mount,
which shows no trace of masonry, is a large Uat-
tojiped mount standing over 35 ft. alMjve the
bottom of its ditch, and covering at its summit
nearly j acre. It is surrounded by a wet ditch,
from which branches a slighter ditch, also wet,
embracing a large bailey on the N.E. Tlie
Bailey covers about an acre, and is divided into
two enclosures by a scarp, the N.W. portion
being 3 ft. above the rest. There are traces of a
light bank round the N.W. end of the bailey,
and remains of a rampart on the counterscarp of
the ditch to the N. On the S.E. face the
defences have been partly obliterated by the
present road and buildings. Other enclosures :
there are remains of a slight enclosure to tiie
N.W. of Keep mount. The Barbican mount
stands at the S.E. junction of the E. mount and
bailey. It is small, flat-topjwd and surrounded
1)V a ditch. Other mounts: there is trace of
another small mount close by, on the S.AV. of
the Barbican mount. Entrances: the position
is not certain. There is an indication of a
hollow road to the S.W. of the church.
Dimensions — Greatest length through mount
and bailey, S.W. to N.E., 550 ft. Greatest
width (excluding slight outwork), N.W. to S.E.,
480 ft.
Condition — Very good.
HoMF,sTF..\n Mo.vTS : —
a (3). At Pain's End, \ mile N. of the church,
a wet ditch. Roughly parallel to the S. face,
at a distance of 60 ft.,' are traces of a dry ditch
not recorded on the O.S.
Condition — Fairly good.
'' (4). Half a mile E. of the church, encloses
tho Rectory.
« (5) . N . of Biggin Bridge, encloses house
and garden of Biggin Farm.
Unclassiricd: -
'■(6). Tr.MLi.is, moated, at Hales Farm.
Condition — Fairly good.
E 'J
3G
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF DEllTFORDSniRE.
6. ARDELEY.
(O.S. 6 in. (<')xiii. >'.W. cWxiii. N.E. Wxiii.
S.W. i'').\iii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
'(1). R^isii CiUKcu OF St. L.wvrence,
stauds OQ high ground W. of tho village. It
is built of Hint rubble (most of which is rough-
cast) with stoue dressings; the roofs are covered
withtilesand with lead. The earliest part of the
church is the .Wjcc, wliicli was in existence early
in the 13th century, when tho Chancel was re-
built and a .VortA Aisle added. The South Aisle
was built early in the 14th century, and the West
Tower a little later. Towards the end of the loth
century the clearstorey and North Porch were
added," the aisles were partly rebuilt and new
windows inserted in them. In the 19th century
the chancel was almost entirely rebuilt and a
North Vestry was added.
Architectural Description — The Chancel (31 ft.
by 15 ft.) has two lancet windows of early 13th-
century date, rebuilt in the N. and S. walls. The
chancel arch is plain, of two chamfered orders,
and is apparently of the 14th century. The Nave
(39 ft. by 21 ft.) is of three bays: on the X.E.
are remains of the rood-loft stairs with a blocked
upper door: on the N. is an early 13th-century
arcade of three two-centred arches on octagonal
columns, with plain bell capitals : the S. arca:lo
is similar, but of early 14th-ceutury date, and its
columns are more massive. No detail, and little
but the walling over the arches, remains of the
original nave. The clearstorev has six windows
of two lights each. The North Aisle (10 ft.
wide) has two windows of late 15th-century date
in the X. wall, and E. and W. windows of an
earlier date. The walls and tho N. door
are of the 13th century, but the embattled
parapet is a later addition. The South Aisle
(10 ft. wide) has been less rebuilt than the other.
Although externally the windows are of late
15tb-century date, the openings are original.
The S. door is modern. The Tower (10 ft.
square) is of two stages with embattled parapet.
The tower arch, with shafted jambs, and the W.
window are of late 14th-century date, but tho
windows of the bell-chamber were inserted a
centurv later. The North Porch has an entrance
archway with shafted jambs and small E. and
W. windows. The Roofs of tho nave and aisles
are of the 15th century. The principals are
moulded, and have carved bosses at their inter-
sections ; at their feet are carved angels playing
lutes, harps, etc., and the nave principals have
traceried brackets. On a beam at the E. end of
the nave are traces of colour decoration and
the E. half of the first bay of the roof is
panelled to form a canopj- over the rood.
Fittings — Bells: six; 2nd 1G85, 3rd early
14th-century, 4th 1587, 5th 1(J13, 6th by
Henry Jurdeu, late 15th-century. Brasses:
on the chancel wall, of Philip Metcalife,
vicar of the parish, 1515 : on S. jamb of
chancel arch, of Thomas Shotbidt, his wife,
four sous and two daughters : in the chancel
licx>r, the lower part of a woman's figure
and an inscription to John Clerk and his
wife, f. 1430. Font: octagonal, of rough
workmanship, probably early 15th-century :
cover, early 17th-centur}-. Glass: in the
windows of N. aisle, fragments, some in situ,
15th-centur3-. ilonutnents : in the chancel,
at X.E., 13th-century tomb recess with
shafted jambs and dog-tooth ornament, may
have been used as an Easier Sepulchre; in the
nave, mural monument with marble bust, to
Mary Markham, 1G73. Piscina : in the chancel
at S.E., with shafted jambs and dog-tooth
ornament, 13th-century. Plate: includes
two patens of 1078 and 1G90. Scatintj: open
seats with poppy-head ends, 15th-century.
Condition — Good.
Secular: —
*(2). HoMESTE.U) Mo.\T, at Gardners, about u
mile N.E. of the church.
''-<^(3). Ardeley BfRY, house and vioat,
about 5 mile W. of the church. The house is
of late 16th-century date, but retains little of
its original character. It is built of red brick
with some flint; the roofs are tiled. The plan is
L-shaped with three towers on the S.E. front.
The walls of the hall, on the N.E., are covered
to the height of about 6^ ft. with late 16th-
century panelling in small squares. Some
upper rooms are also panelled.
Tho moat is wide, deep and dry, with an
inner rampart on the N.W.
Condition — House, goinl, much altered.
Moat, good, except N.E. corner.
<^ (4). The Vic.\k.vge, TV. of the church, is of
early 17th-century date with modern additions
on the S. The original building is a small
rectangular block, plastered externally. In a
ground floor room is a carved wckxI fireplace,
now painted, i)robably of the 17th century.
Condition — Good.
a (5). Cromer II.\ll, at the N. end of Cromer
village, now divided into two cottages, is of two
storeys and an attic, and probably of late lOth-
centurydatc. It is timber-framed and plastered,
and stands on a brick base. The plan is
rectangular, with a central chimney-stack,
which has four engaged square shafts, set
diagonally. On the "W. side is a gable, beyond
which the roof slopes to the level of the ground
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIRE.
f9o 3oo
*fo feet
ANSTEY CASTLE
(parish ofanstey)
lllllllllll
10 ?o 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-"-- -I I 1 I 1 I - ' ■ ■
■5ca.le of feet for secrions
NW SE.
38
IlfVENTORT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIHE.
floor ceiling. An original window, now
blocked, with moulded frame, can 1)© seen in-
side. The oak ceiling beams, the original stair-
case, and many oak doors remain.
Condition — Good.
"(G). Cromer F.vrm, S. of Cromer village,
is a two-storeyed timber and plaster house,
on a brick base about 4 ft. high. At each end
of the W. front is an overhanging gabled pro-
jection. The roofs .are tiled. It was built late
in the Kith or early in the 17th century, and
has been little altered. The plan is L-shaped,
with the hall in the centre; two rooms form the
shorter wing, and are separate<l from the hall
by a passage, with the porch at one end and the
staircase at the other. On the N. of the hall
is another room, approached by a passage
formed by a modern partition across the hall.
There are two original brick chimney stacks;
that in the centre is a large hexagonal block, the
other, which projects at the N. end of the
building, has two square shafts set diagonally.
A window on the N. has ITth-century leaded
lights. In the hall is a wide, open fireplace,
with an iron fireback, dated lOriO, and bearing
in relief a plieon. an earl's coronet and the
letters K.L. In the ceiling is a nioulde(l oak
beam which supports plain cross-beams. The N.
room has a wide fireplace, partly blocked, and
a beam in the ceiling with chamfered edges.
Outbuildings — Two large, timbered barns,
coverecl with weather-boarding, and a granary,
of timber atul plaster, with brick noggiiig, are
all of late 10th or early ITth-cciiiury date.
Condition — Gootl.
» (7). House, in the middle of Cromer, on
the W. side of the road, now divided into two
cottages. It is a two-storeved building, of r.
innn. The walls are of timber and iilasler ; the
roof is tiled. The plan is rectangular, with an
addition at the N. end. The central chimney
stack has engaged square shafts, set diagonally.
In the interior are some original exposed beams,
and two wide firejdaces.
Condition — Fairly good.
•^(8). Farmhouses, two, at "Wood End, are
rectangular buildings with timber-framed and
plastered walls, and appear to be of the I7tli
century; the roofs are tiled. The central
chimney stacks, with square shafts set
diagonally, are built of thin bricks.
Condition — Fairly good.
7. ARKLET.
(O.S. 6 in. ('')xlv. N.W. C'^xlv. N.E. Wxlv. S.W.
W)xlv. S.E.)
No Monuments known.
8. ASHWELL.
(O.S. G in. («)ii. S.AV. ('')iii. N.E. (<->iii. S.E.
Wiv. S.W.)
Prehistoric:—
'^(1). AuitiRY Banks (Hill Fort), lies ;j mile
S.W. of the village, Ix'tween Claybush and
Newnham hills, not quite 300 feet above
0. D., and consists of the remains of a rampart
and ditch partly enclosing an area of 12J- acres.
The defences were fornierlv double on tiie N.W.
and S.E., but are now reduced to a single scarp,
from 5 — 9 ft. high and S — IG ft. broad; this is
better preserved on the S.E. and S., where it
forms a bank 5 — G ft. high and 14 — 27 ft. broad.
Tiiero were formerly traces of entrances on the
NN.W. and SS.E., and of jiit dwellings within
tho area.
])imensions — Greatest length, S.W. to N.E.,
9150 ft. Greatest width, N.AV. to S.E., 770 ft.
Condition — Poor.
Ecclesiastical: —
'' [2). 1'auisii Church of St. Mary, stands
under tho hill at the edge of the great plain
stretching N. and E. to Cambridge and the
Fens, and is of flint rubble and clunch.
The first four bays of the Nave, with clear-
storey, and the chancel arch were constructed
c. l-i40-5(); the Chancel, West Toirer and Aisles
were built, the last bay of the nave was inserted
to connect it with the tower, and the clear-
storey was completed c. l.!5GO-80. A North
]'('s(n/, since destroyed, was also built in the
14th century. The South Porch, with parvise,
was added c. 1420; and in the same century a
North Forch was built, and some of the win-
dows of the aisle were heightened. During the
19th century the chancel was repaired, and the
roofs of tho chancel and nave renewed.
The lofty W. tower of four stages, tho un-
touched though rather dilapidated condition of
the whole fabric, the Ijatiu verses commemo-
rating (lie Black Death, and the drawing of
wliat is sup|)osed to be old St. I'aul's, scratched
on the wall of the tower, are features of peculiar
interest.
Architectural Description — Tho Chancel
(')(tj ft. by V.)\ ft.) has an E. window of five
lights, two N. windows and three S. windows,
each of three lights; all are of late 14th-
century date, with much repaired tracery.
In the N. wall are (wo 14th-century doorways,
one partly under a window, the other, which
led to the vestry, now bl()cke<l. The 14(h-ccn-
turv chancel arch is of (wo n\nulded orders,
with responds having moulded bases and capi-
tals. The Nave (90 ft. by 24 ft.) has five bays;
the first four are of <•. 1340-50, and are of two
ASI-I-
INVENTOBY OF TUE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIEE.
39
moulded orders with labels ou both sides of the
walls; the piers have clustered shafts with
moulded bases and capitals; the pliuths of the
bases have been mutilated; the last bay, wider
than the others and of slightly ditterent detail,
is of c. luSU; W. of this bay the walls have long
traceried panels and form the E. buttresses of
the tower; the rood-loft doorways on the E. are
blocked, but their lines are distinct. The
clcarstorey has six windows on each side; the
two middle windows on the N. side are of c. l-'JoU,
the two westernmost windows on both sides are
of c. i;JSO, and the others were altered in the
IGfh century. The North Aisle (90 ft. by 14 ft.)
has a 14th-century E. window of three lights
with tracery, and live 15th-century IS', windows
of three lights, of which the tracei-y is much
decayed and partly destroyed. The N. do<vrway
is of late 14th-century date. The W. wall, built
of ashlar, is of c. 13C0-70, and has a large,
blockcHl barrow hole. The SoiUh Aisle (90^ ft.
by 13^ ft.) has an E. window of three lights
with tracery. In the S. wall are five windows,
also of three lights; the heads wore raised in the
15th century, and the decayed tracery is of that
date; much of the head tracery is missing. The
8. doorway is of the 14th century, and W. of it
is a blocked doorway to the parvise staircase.
The Tower (1(J ft. s(iuare), unusually high, is of
four stages with a parapet, formerly embattled
but now retaining only the corner merlons, and
a small leaded spire on an octagonal drum.
Tlie walls arc about 8 ft. thick at the base, and
are supported at the corners l)y massive but-
tresses. Tiio stair-turret begins at tlie S.W.
corner, and is continued above the first stage in
tlie S.E. angle, the connection being tiirough a
])assage in the thickness of the wall. Tho tower
arch is of c. 1300; it is of tliree sub-divided,
moulded orders, the shafts in tlie jambs having
mouldcNl bases and cajntals; (Ik; bases are worn,
and huge ])ieces have been cut (Uit above tlie
eapitals on the \V., jii()])alily for a gallery wliicli
lias l>een taken down. The large W. window of
four lights has lost some of the head traocry,
and the rest is repaired with cement. Of the
sexpartite stone vault over the first stage only
llie corbels and wall ribs remain. In each face
of tlie third stage are two lofty w indows with a
liandof much defaced tracery below them. The
fourth stage, less high and of ])]ainer a])])ear-
ance than the other stage, lias four wimlows
each of two lights with tracery. The .\orfJi
I'orch, an interesting example of 15th-century
work, has nnglazed traceried windows, and holes
for an oak bar remain in the doorway. Tiie
i^oiith Porch, with jmrvise, has unglazed windows
with iron stanchions; the stone vault is modern.
The jiarvise has been restored, and the stair-
turret is now entered from tho ix>rch. The
Roofs of the aisles are probably of the 14th cen-
tury, and the roof of the 2^. porch is of the 15th
century. The chancel roof is modern, and the
nave roof is almost entirely of modern timbers.
Viiiin^i— Bells : six; 2nd 1094. Brackets:
in E. wall N. aisle, of stone, much defaced :
in E. wall S. aisle, large, moulded, much
broken. Brasses anil liuleuls : in the nave,
inscription to John Sell, 1(J18 : in the
chancel, three slabs with indents, 15th-
century : on S. <loorstep, jiart of a similar
slab. Chest: in the vestry, of carved oak, early
17th-century. Communion Table: 17th-cen-
tury. Doors: N. and S., oak with ironwork,
original. Font: modern, steps probably 14th-
century. Glass: in heads of N.E., N.AV., and
lS.\^^ windows of tho clearstorey, some painted
glass, probably early 15th-century: in tho N.
aisle, some fi'agnients of later date. Locker:
in S. aisle, on N.E., recess only remains. Monu-
7tic'nts : on N . wall of nave, to llalph lialdwj-n,
1089, with arms: at E. end of N. aisle, rectan-
gular tomb, 15th-century, with plain top and
traceried sides, much defaced and mutilated.
Niches: in two chancel windows, one jdain, the
other with moulded brackets: in S. aisle above
the jiiscina, of considerable height; all ju'ob-
ably 15th-century. Piscinae : one in each
aisle, c. 1350: one in N. wall of chancel, out-
side, also f. 1350 : one inside chancel, forming a
group with sedilia, c. 1380; tlie jirojection has
been broken away from each bowl. Plate: in-
cludes an engraved cup of 1088, and a paten of
l(i32. Pnl'int: of carved oak, dated l(i27.
tScrcens : at AV. end of b(>th aisles, ])robably
lemoved from E. end, traceried oak, 15th-cen-
(ury. Stalls: remains, including two finials,
incorporated in the back of the organ stool,
])ossibly 15th-conturv. Srdilia: in chancel
tri|)l(>, with ciiKiuefoilcd and crocketted heads,
and foliated finials, c. 1380. Misrcllanrn .- On N.
wall of tower, scratched inscription as follows : —
M. C ter X. penta miseranda ferox violenta
superest plebs ])essima testis
oc anno ifaurus in orbe tonat :
with glo.sses : over first line, ' pestilencia '
with ' xlix ' over it; over i)en(a ' quinque ' :
at end of second line, ' in line " (Y) ventus
validus': at end of third line, M. C.C.C. Ixi.
Also a drawing, apparently of old St. Paul's
Cathedral.
Lyrfiffatc: at the S.W. entrance to tho
churchyard, of timber, )n-obal)ly 15th century.
Condition — Of chancel, good ; Iracery of aisle
windows much broken and decayed. Stone-
work generally of aisles, and parapets, buttresses
40
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UERTFOHDSUIRE.
and windows of tlie tower nuuh decayed and
weatherworn.
Secular; —
ll0iIESTE.\D MoATS :
0(3). 'Mobs Hole,' 1 mile E. of Guildeu
Mordeu, with a wet ditch, and a smaller moated
site in the W. corner.
Condition — Fairly good.
*(4). N. of Love's Farm, two moats.
*(5). At lilucgates Farm, fragment.
<* (6). At Westbury Farm, encloses a long
narrow island. Traces remain of a further
extension on the N.E.
High Street, S. side: —
^ (7). Cottage, formerly the ' British Queen
Inn,' about \ mile from the church, at the W.
end of the street, was built in the 15th century
and altered in the 17th centurj'. It is a small
rectangular building of two storeys with
plastered walls, partly timber-framed and
])ar(lv of harder material; the roof is thatched
and is gabled at the E. and W. ends; the two
chimney stacks are of thin bricks, but have been
restored at the fop. The N. side, facing the
road, appears to have been originally the back
of the house; in it, near the W. end, are the
remains of a 15lh-centuiy stone window of two
trefoiied lisrhts in a square bead with a moulded
bibel; the E. jamb was destroyed to make room
for a modern window; the kitclien, or western-
most room on the ground floor, is lighted by this
window, and lias a moulded oak l)eam in the
ceiling wifh cable ornament on the edges. The
j)rincipal entrance is in tlie S. wall opposite the
chimney stack, and between the other two
rooms on the ground floor; the original oak
lintel of the doorway is now in an outhouse;
the soffit is cut to form an ogee arch. All the
internal fittings of tlie house are modern.
Condition — Good.
''(^8). Tlou.tc, of ])lastered timber, was built
j)robably in the 17th century, but retains little
of its original character, except the two
chimney stacks of red brick, with square shafts
set diagonally.
Condition — Fairly good.
d (9). Cottages, S. of the church, on both sides
of the street, built in the ITth century, of red
brick and of timber and plaster, with projectinsj
upper storeys supj)orted on wood brackets. On
the S. side "of the street one of the cottages has
a pargetted front which bears the date 1681,
and the figure of a dolphin.
Condition — Fairly good.
* (10). F.\RMHorsE, at Ashwell End, about
\ mile ^'.E. of the church, is a two-storeyed
building of plastered timber, partly decorated
with combed work; the roofs are tiled. It is
of early 17th-century date, and of the L type.
Both wings are gabled; ono contains the
parlour, an enclosed staircase and domestic
offices; in the other is the kitchen. Between
the kitchen and parlour is the original chimney
stack. In the interior the studding shows in
many places, and the kitchen has a wide fire-
place, partly blocked. A few of the doors are
made uj) of early 17th-century panelling, and
some iron casements with plain furniture
remain.
Condition — Fairly good.
Unclassified:—
•1 (11). TiMULis, on Highley Hill.
Condition — Poor.
9. ASPENDEN.
(O.S. G in. xiii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. M.\ry, stands
on high ground W. of the village, near
As]ieiiden Hall, and is built of flint rubble
with stone dressings; the roofs are tiled.
The Nave and Chancel are probably of late
11th-century date, but the chancel was partly
rebuilt and enlarged in the i;5th century, the
new work being slightly out of line with the
old. The South Aisle is of c. i;i40, and alK>ut
half a century later tlic West Tower was built.
In the 15tii century the South Chapelwas added,
the E. wall of the nave destroyed to make room
for the rood-loft, and the other walls of the nave
were heigli(ene<l. At the end of the century
the aisle was widened and the South Porch built
by Sir B(d)crt Clifford. In 1022 the chapel was
remodelled and the arcade built by Ralph
Fieman. The church has been much restored
recently.
The chajud arcade is of especial interest as
an unusual exani])le of early 17th-century
ecclesiastical arcjiitecture.
Architectural l)cs(ri])ti<)n — The Chancel (IQtt.
by 22 ft.) has a lofli-century E. window, re-
stored. In the N. wall is a lancet window of early
rith-century date, a small round-headed window
constructed entirely of flint rubble, which is
the only llfh-century detail remaining in the
church, and an early irith-ceutury lotv-sido
window of grotesque detail. On the S.E. is a
13th-century lancet window and the ctapel
arcade of 1622. The arcade has two-semi-
AST-
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIEETFOEDSHIEE.
41
circular arches and octagonal columns, orna-
mented with, flat arabesque work; the capitals
are moulded and of semi-classical design. There
is no chancel arch. The South Chapel (IG-^- ft.
by IG ft.) has a window in the E. wall and
another in the S. wall, which, although prob-
ably original, were altered in the 17th century
and have been much restored. Over the arcade
to the chancel is a small shield with azure three
lozenges argent (for Freman) and the dato 1G22.
The Nave (^9 ft. by 18i ft.) has, on the N., two
windows of the 15th century, much restored,
with a blocked door of that date between them.
The S. arcade, of c. I'tiiO, has three arches of
three chamfered orders on heavy octagonal
columns with moulded capitals. Above the
arcade is a modern clearstorey with dormer
windows. The Soulh Aisle (14|^ ft. wide) has a
S. and a W. window of late 15th-ceutury date.
The S. doorway, of the same dato^ is two-centred
with a square outer order and spandrel cusping;
over it is a shield with Clyfford impaling
quarterly 1 and 4, a saltire engrailed on a chief
two molets, a martlet for difference; 2 and !i a
cross engrailed, a maiilet for difference. The
West Tower (11| ft. square) is of three
stages with au embattled parapet restored
with brick, and a lead-covered spirelet dated
1721. Tlie tower arch, of late 14th-
century date, is of two moulded orders
with moulded and shafted jambs. The
original W. window has been almost c(mi])letely
restored; under it is a small modern doorway.
The bell-chamber lights, also original, are
much defaced. The South Porch (10 ft. by
S) ft.) has a two-centred, moulded and shafted
entrance archway with a square outer order; in
the s])andrels are shields with the arms of
(Uyfford and Barley. The Roof of the nave is of
early ir)th-century date witli jilaiu queen-])ost
trusses and curved strutting. Tiie chapel and
aisle roofs have moulded wall plates, priucijmls,
purlins, etc., all of late 15th-century date.
Fittings— 5^//.^ .■ eight; 4th, 5th, 6th and
8th, 1681. Brasxrx : on N. wall of nave, of
civilian and his wife, witli imperfect inscrip-
tion, 1500 (see also below). Door: in S. aisle,
oak, 17th-century. Font: octagonal, much
scraped, ])robahly late 15th-century. Monu-
ments : in S. chapel, on S.l'l., altar tomb of Pur-
beck marble somewhat crudely worked, sides
decorated with (|uatr('foil panels, canopy
crested, frieze of (|uatrefoils, soffit panelled, a
slab at back with brass of Sir Robert Cl^^fford,
1508, his wife and two daughters, indents of a
religious emblem, figures of four sons, two
shields with the arms of Clyfford and Barley,
and scrolla; traces of coloured inlay; im-
perfect brass marginal inscription on the top
slab : on E. wall of chapel, small tablets to
Kalph Freman, 1GG5 : Mrs. Elizabeth (Crouch)
Freman, 1635 ; on 8. wall of aisle, to Kalph
Freman, 1634, and to William Freman, 1623,
large, with half ettigies : on S. wall of chapel,
at E. end, outside, erected by Seth Ward,
Bishop of Salisbury, to his parents, in 1669.
Condition — Fairly g<^K)d, except the spire and
the top of the tower. IJanger of serious damage
owing to the roots of ivy growing in the lower
courses of the walls.
Secular:—
(2). Homestead Moat, at Tannis Court,
fi'agment.
(3). The Rectoey, about 200 yds. S. of the
church, is a timber-framed and plastered build,
ing of two storeys, the upj)er jirojecting. The
dining room has moulded oak ceiling joists,
probably of the 16th century.
Condition — Good; much restored.
(4). AsPENDEN Hall, N. of the church, was
rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century. The
entrance hall is lined with late 17th or early
IStli-century oak panelling taken from the
former house.
Condition — Good.
(5). Cottage, in the village, about 500 yds. E.
of the church, on the N. side of the road, has
timber-framed and plastered walls, with au
overhanging upjier storej' ; it is probably of the
17th century; the roofs are tiled.
Condition — Good.
10. ASTON.
(O.S. 6
N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Mary stands on
high ground W. of tlie village. It is built of
flint with stone dressings; the roofs are covered
with lead. The Chancel and Nave are of c. 1230,
the West Tower was added late in the 14th or
early in the 15th century, and towards the end
of the 15th century the church was repaired and
re-roofed, and windows were inserted. It was
again restored in 1S50 and in 1883, when a
North Vestry, North Aisle, and South Porch
were built, and the walls re-faced with flint.
Architectural Description — The ChanrrJ
{2S\ ft. by 131 ft.) has in the N. wall the jambs
and" rear arch of a 13th-cpntury lancet window,
and in the S. wall two 16th-centurv windows.
sT-
42
ISVENTORY 01- THE MONCMENTS OF llEIlTFORDSninE.
repaired. The E. window is modern. The
chancel arch, with capitals much mutilated to
admit the rood screen, is probably of the lOtli
century. The Nave (45 ft. by 22 ft.) has few
original details; the N. arcade and the S.
windows are motleru, but the walls are probably
of the llJth century. The Tmvcr (1G| ft. square)
is of two stages, "and retains the original arch
opening to the nave, a repaired AV. doorway,
and a large traceried window above it, also
original. The windows of the bell-chamber
have wood frames and mullions. The Roofs
of the chancel and uave are of the 15th centurj-,
and low pitched.
Fittings — Bells: six, 2nd and 3rd bv Miles
Gray, 1629, 6th 1629, re-cast 1840. 'Brass:
on floor of nave, of John Kent and his wife,
1-592, with inscription. Commuyiion Table:
17th-ceutury. Glass : in the "W. window, a
little white and gold glass, 15th-century.
Piscina : in the chancel, large, double, diA'idfd
by a central pillar, with single drain, c. 1230.
Plate: includes cup, cover paten, and paten,
of 1571 : and cup of 1612. Pulpit : octagonal,
panelled oak, c. 1630. Screen : a good example
of c. 1520, with head tracery.
Condition — Good; much modern work.
Secular:—
(2). AsTOX BrRY, hcnise and moat, about a
mile S.E. of the church. The house is three-
storeyed, built of red brick in the second half
of the 16th century, on the site of a medireval
building, of which some of the walling remains;
the roofs are tiled.
It is a fine exam])le of an Elizabethan house,
and the external walls remain practically intact;
the detail of the chimneys is unusually rich,
and there are two good Kjth-centurj- staircases.
The plan is rectangular, with two pro-
jections on the S. front, and a modern addition
on the S.W. There are two chimney stacks at
each end of the house, and two more near the
inner angles of the S. projections; the circular
shafts are moulded in various designs, twisted,
honeycombed, zig-zag, etc., and have moulded
ca]is with projecting spurs, and octagonal bases;
one ])air on the W. has been rebuilt, the
second pair restored at the top, and many of the
spurs have been renewed.
The North Elevation is unbroken; in the
17th century the four gables were made curvi-
linear, the original lines being visible on the
brick facing ; the windows have double splayed
brick jambs, sf|uare lintels, and moulded oak
frames with mullions and transoms. Above
the ground floor windows is a moulded string-
course, and above the first floor windows a deeji
brick cornice. The third storey windows are
in the gables. The iSoiUh Elevation has two
large projections which contain the staircases;
they are of the same height as the main building
and" have pointed gables corbelled at the feet ;
old windows in the staircases have been opened
recently ami the brickwork rojstored. The flint
rubble walling of the original building can be
seen in situ iu the base of the N. wall and in
the centre of the S. front, where it comes up to
the lintels of the gi-ound floor windows. There
is also a built up arch in chinch, and indications
of other arches. Flint rubble has been re-
used in the S. projections, and clunch stones,
probably quoins, in the S.E. wall.
Interior — During the IStli and 19th centuries
the internal plan of the building was much
alteixjd, but it is now being restored to its origi-
nal condition as far as it can be ascertained. The
main entrance in the centre of the N. front
retains only one original door post. The old oak
door, repaired, is now in the porch. The hall
on the E. has an original wide four-centred
brick fireplace. Tbei« are rooms E. and W. of
the hall, and the kitchen at the extreme W.
ha« a largo open firej)lace and an original door-
way and oak door. In the cellar directly below
the hall is a well. The plan of the first floor
has been altered, and the attic, now divided by
l)artitions, has old passages on both sides, and
two four-centred brick fireplaces. The stair-
cases in the projecting wings are of solid oak.
and have wide mcjulded handrails, and turned
balusters; the E. staircase has obelisk finials;
the W. staircase has pierced newel finials and
mouldings of different detail from the other.
Both are in excellent preservation. The
panelling and most of the internal fittings have
been recently inserted.
The moat consists of three disconnected ponds ;
during recent excavations a brick wall was
discovered which may have formed the revet-
ment to the island.
Condition — Of house, good. Of moat, poor.
11. AYOT ST. LAWRENCE.
(O.S. 6 in. xxviii. N.W.)
Ecolesiasticat:—
(1). Ui-n CiiuRcii OK St. Lawrence, W. of
the village, has flint rubble walls with stone
dressings. Since the 18th century, when the
Tiew chui'ch was built, this building has fallen
into (lisre|)air. The Nave was built probably
in the 12th centurv, and earlv in the 13th
ASTON.
A8Tl>X KruV KliOM TIIK Sli|-|H; ICth-CKNTI' !! Y.
AYU-
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
43
century a North Aisle with an arcade of two
bays was added. The nave was partly, and tlin
Chancel wholly rebuilt, and a North Chajtel
added, early in the 14th century. At the
beginning of the 15th century the N. arcade
was destroyed (one arch being re-set at the W.
end of the chapel), the North West Tower was
added and the aisle rel)uilt a little further N.,
widening the nave.
The church is of considerable interest on
account of its complex history and architectural
detail.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(30| ft. by 16i ft.) has an early 14th-century
moulded arch with shaftetl jambs, opening into
the N. chapel. Only small fragment.s of the E.
and S. walls remain. On the S.W. are the W.
jambs of an internal wall recess and of a window
set in it. The chancel arch has been destroyed,
but the shafted jambs, of the same date as the
arch of the chapel, remain. The North Chapel
(30i ft. by 14i ft.) has an E. window of three
lights, and two N. windows of two lights, witli
hollow moulded jambs; little of the traceiy
remains : in the S. wall an archway leads to the
chancel, and, on the W., is the re-set arch of
the 13th-century arcade ; the responds are made
up of circular shafts with foliate capitals, the
arch is of two moulded orders, and is badlv
distorted : on the N.W. is a rough recess, with
what appears to be a flue. ITie Nave (29 ft. by
18 ft.) has no structural division from the N.
aisle, and the N.W. bay is covered by the tower.
There are two windows in the S. wall and one in
the W., all inserted in the 15th century; the
tracery has been destroyed. The lower part of
the internal jambs of the S. Aocir is 12th-century
work, but the rest is of tiic 14th century. On
the W. is a blocked door. The Aisle (14 ft. bv
15 ft.) has one 15th-century N. window, in which
only part of the tracery remains. The Tower
(12 ft. squaie) is of three stages, with embattled
jiarapet : on the E. and S. two early 15th-
centurv arches of three chamfered orders with
shafted jambs, open into the aisle and the nave.
On the N. is a small door and a window of two
lisrhts, both of early 15th-century date: on tho
W. is a blocked window, apparently the W.
window of the former aisle, and on the S.W.
are traces of a stair-turret now destroyed. The
windows of the bell-chamber are also of early
15th-century date, and are much defaced. Tlie
Roofs no longer exist, excent on the tower,
which also retains an upper floor with moulded
wall i)latcs.
Fittings — Brachet: In the chapel, on N.E..
for imace, largo, moulded. Brass-Tnrlcnts : in
the aisle, of a man and his wife, kneel-
ing figures, three sous and five daughters.
Font: octagonal, much broken, with a panelled
l)0wl, early 15th-centur3-. Image: over the
N. jamb of the W. arch of the chapel, small
defaced figure inserted in the wall. Monu-
ments: in the tower, altar tomb, with a
panelled side and defaced remains of effigies
of a knight and lady, early 15th-century:
in the blocked window of the tower, of
Nicholas Ihistow, 1020, with small kneeling
effigies of alabaster, defaced. Piscina : in the
chapel, on the S.E., ogee-headed, blocked.
Plate: now in new church, includes cup of
1059 and paten of 1096.
Condition — Ruinous; the N. wall of the
chancel is badly out of the perpendi<ular, and
is partly supported by a clumsy brick buttress.
The iv\' is tearing the walls to pieces and the in-
terior is entirely exposed to the weather.
Secular:—
(2). The Old M.\xor House, in a park near
Ayot House, is a red brick, square building,
piobably of the 16th centurv'. Tlie lower part is
j)ractically all that remains of the original
structure.
Condition — Good.
(3). The School House, opposite tiie ruins of
tho old church, is probably of tho 17th century,
and retains much of tho original exposed timber
work.
Condition — Good; has been enlarged and
much repaired.
(4). The Post Office, E. of the village, is a
loth or 17th-century cottage of two storeys,
the lower of brick, the u])i)or of timber and
plaster.
Condit ion — Good.
(5). The Old Rectory, opposite the old
church, is modem, but contains, in a staircase
window, thixve shields of early 17th-centurv glass
said to have been removed from the old church;
they are surirtunded bv foliage, etc., of 18th-
centuiy and modern glass. 1st shield, France
modern quartering Ensjland. with a label of
throe points argent : 2nd shield, Bristow, ermine,
a fosse between two bars sable with three
crescents or thereon: the 3rd shield, Bristow
impaling, quarterly 1 and 4, BibWsworth,
azure three eagles or, 2 and 3, Barley, ermine
three bars wavy sable, in chief a pierced molet.
quartering (?) Skipwith, gules three bars or,
in chief a running greyhound argent.
Condition — Good.
F 2
44
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSniRE.
12. AYOT ST. PETER.
(O.S. 6
in. xxviu.
X.W.)
(1). Ayot Pl.ace, a farmhouse about i mile
W. of St. Peter's Church, is built of timber
and plaster, and dated 11)15; the roofs are tiled.
The plan is of the L type; one wing, facing N.,
contains an entrance lobby, staircase, parlours,
etc.; the other, facing E., contains the original
hall, now the kitchen. Both wings show signs
of having been originally longer. The N.
elevation is of timber and plaster, but the
kitchen wing has been partly cased with
brick. There are two chimney stacks,
finished with separate octagonal and twisted
shafts having moulded caps; both much re-
stored. In the hall is a large beam, part of one
of the original roof-trusses, decorated with a
complete Doric entablature and elaborate cur-
vilinear cresting; on the frieze are five shields
with th<^ arms of Perient, Brocket and Boteler
quartering Kilpec; in the centre is the date
1615. A floor carried from the N. wall to this
beam, forms a chamber or gallery over the N.
end of the hall.
Condition — Good, but much altered and
repaired in the 19th century.
13. BALDOCK.
(O.S. 6 in. vii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parlsh Church of St. M.\ev, in the centre
of the town, is built of flint rubble with stone
dressings; pieces of moulding and columns of
an earlier building aro used in the walls.
The roofs are of lead with the exception of those
of the X. rlia])el and X. aisle, which are of slate.
The E. end of the Chancel is of the 13th century;
the W. end of the chancel, the North Chapel,
Nave, North and South Aisles, West Tower, and
probably the lower part of the SoiUh Porch are
of c. 13'10: the South Chapel was begun in the
14th and completed in the 15th coiitviry: the
clearstorey and the parvise were also built in
the 15th century, and the church re-roofed.
In the 19th century the whole building was
repaired, the N. aisle and chapel re-Tx>ofed. and
a North Porch built, and recently the beli-
chambor of the tower has been restored.
The church is especially interesting as it
belongs almost entirely to one period, and also
on account of the examples of 14th and 15th-
century carving in stone and wood, such as the
niches, aedilia, piscinsD and screens.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(50i ft. by 2!i ft.) has a modern E. window of
five lights, and a S. window of three lights, with
restored tracery : in the E. and N. walls, out-
side, are traces of windows, probably of early
KJth-century date. Two bays of an unbroken
arcade, continued from the nave, form the W.
half of the chancel, and a break in the thickness
of the X. wall marks the junction of the 13th
with the 14th-century work. The arcades have
two-centred arches of two chamfered orders,
moulded labels on both sides with head stops at
the junctions, and clustered shafts with
moulded bases and capitals. The North Chapel
(30 ft. by 22 ft.) has an E. window of five
lights in modern stone and, in the N. wall,
two 15th-century windows with repaired
tracery, and 14th-century labels re-used in-
side; on the E. wall is a 14th-century string
course, elaborately carved. The ixx)d-loft
staircase on the X.W. is replaced b)" a small
modern porch, but the upper doorway, blocked,
and part of the lower one remain in the aisle.
In the South Chapel (28| ft. by 19 ft.) the floor
seems to have been lowered : the lower part
of the walls is of the 14th, and the
u])per part is of the 15th century : the E.
window of five lights, and the two S. windows
of three lights have modern tracery. The Nave
(in ft. by 22 ft.) is of six bays with 14th-
century arcades continued from the chancel.
Tliey diflPer slightly in detail from the bays in
the chancel, the first two being lower than the
others. In the X. wall is another rood-loft
doorway, now blocked. The 15th-century
clearstorey windows are of two lights, and are
continued in the chancel. The North Aisle
(72 ft. by 22 ft.) has three 15th-centurv windows
with restored tracery in the X. wall : the N.
doorway is modern. The W rindow is of
modern stonework. llie Soutfi Aisle (71^ ft.
bv 18 ft.) has windows resembling those of the
X. aisle, a 14th-century S. doorway, and a 16th-
centtiry doorway to the parvise staircase. A
break in the line of the S. wall indicates the
])robal)le junction of the aisle with an earlier
transept. Tlie West Tower (Ifjl ft. by 16 ft.)
is of three stages, with an embattled ]iara])et,
and a lead spire on an octagonal drum, and is
now coated with Roman cement. The 14th-
century tower arch is two-centred, and of four
moulded orders; the W. window of three lights
with tracery is of the 14th centurv, but has
been restored, and the tracery of the bell-
( hamber windows is repaired with cement. Tlie
South Porch has been restore<l : the turret in
the X.W. angle and the parvise are of the 15th
century; the parvise floor has been removed and
BAL
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF DEETFOHDSIIIEE.
45
the porcli is now open to the roof. The Roofs
of the chancel, nave, S. cliapel and S. aisle are
of the 15th century.
Fittings — Bracket : over the first pillar on N.
side of S. chapel, carved, early 15th-centurj'.
Brasses and Indents : in the nave, at W. end,
three-quarter figure of a nun, c. 1400, the name
plate being replaced by an inscription to a
Rector of Radwell, dated 1807 : slab with
indent for a floriated cross: in N. chapel, on
N. wall, of a man and his wife, e. 1400; the
man is in the dress of a forester; the lower part
of his figure, the dog at his feet, and inscription
are missing: also on N. wall, of a man and his
wife, shrouded figures, c. 1520 : on the floor, of a
man and his wife, c. 1470: inscription to
Margaret Benett, 1587 : in S. aisle, indents
of a man and his two wives, 15th-ceutury.
Communion Table: in N. chapel, 17th-century.
Chests: near the pulpit, strong, iron-bound,
mediaeval : in the vestry, two, of carved oak,
17th-century. Door: to parvise staircase,
oak, with scutcheon for ring, 15th-century.
Font : octagonal 1k)w1 with beaded edges, and
circular stem flanked by octagonal shafts with
moulded bases, l-3th-century. Glass: in E.
window of N. chapel, fragments of coloured
glass, probably early 15th-century. Monu-
ments: near the doorway of N. aisle, slab with
inscription in Goihic capitals, 14th-century :
in N. chapel, Purbeck marble coffin lid
with a cross in relief, 13th-century : in
wall of N. aisle, outside, recess with ogee
arch, 14th-century, jambs restored; in the
recess, 14th-century coffin lid with cross in
relief: in wall of S. aisle, outside, two recesses,
probably 15th-ceutury, with renewed stone-
work. Niches : in N.E. cornerof N. chapel, 14tli-
century, elaborately carved, evidently moved lo
present position in the 15tb century, when wider
E. window was inserted and the N. wall recessed :
under E. window of chancel, outside, trefoiled,
with rebated edge and remains of iron hinges,
14th-century. Piscinae: in the chancel,
double, 13th-century, with flat head, probably
modem: in N. chapel, with ogee head, crockets
and foliated finials, 14th-century; no bowl
visible; modern slab at back: in S. chapel,
double, 14th-century, much defaced. Plate:
includes a cup and cover paten, 1629. Screens :
between chancel and nave, and between ch.'ipels
and aisles, three, in one line from N. to S. of the
church, 15th-centurv, repaired, of traceried
oak, with different designs; the central screen
retains the original doors, those of N. screen are
repaired, S. screen is designed withoiit doors;
central cornice is modern. Sedilia : under a
window in S. chapel, two seats, forming group
with the piscina, 14th-century, carving much
defaced.
Condition — Good. The church has been
tlioroughly restored; much of the window
tracery is of the lOth centiu-y.
Secular:—
High Street, W. side : —
(2). Wynne's Almshouses, S. of the church,
built in l621, a range of six red Vjrick two-
storeyed houses, each with a small porch, a
niullioned window on the ground floor, and a
dormer window in the tiled roof. Under the six
dormers is the date :— AN— NO— DO— MI— NI
— 1621; and on a stone panel in the middle is
the inscription : — " Theis almes howeses are
the gieft of M. John Wynne cittezen and mercer
of London latelye deceased who hath left a
yearely stipend to everey poore of either howses
to the worldes end September Anno Domine
1620." On a stone panel at the S. end are the
arms: — Vair, and in chief a lion passant
quartered with two roses; at the N. end
are the arms of the Mercers' Company. Tlio
three original chimney stacks have modem
shafts.
Condition — Good.
(3). House, about 200 yards S. of the church,
is modern, but has a low S. wing with an over-
hanging upper storey carried on old, projecting
timbers. A gateway in this wing has a
pair of loth-century huge oak gates, said to
have belonged to the Hospital of St. Mary
Magdalene at Clothall; they were placed
in their present position in the 19th century.
Each gate is square-headed and panelled ; t^e
panels, both above and below a moulded
transom, have trefoiled heads; the moulded
cornice, similar in section to the transom, is
finished at the ends with carved leaves; in the
right gate is a modern wicket.
Condition — Fairly good.
HiTCHiN Street (S. side): —
(4). House, E. of the church, is an early 17th-
century building of two storeys, with timber-
framed and plastered walls; the roof is tiled.
The chimney stack is built of the thin bricks of
the period, and in the overhanging upper storey
are two original oriel windows with oak frames
and gabled heads. A large covered gateway
leads to (he yard ai the back, where, until
recently, was a malting cliinmey. Inside the
house is some 17th-century panelling.
Condition — Fairly good.
46
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFORDSniRE.
(5). Old MaJthouse, a small two-storeyed
buildiu{» with a round malting chimney. The
large gates are inscribed s"k lt)32.
Condition — Fairly good.
Norton and Cihrcii Streets: — -
(6). Small Houses and Cottages, almost all of
the 17th century. One house at the S. end of
Norton Street is of two storeys, and has over-
hanging flanking gables and woo<len-framed
windows; the roofs are tileil. On the opjiosite
side are several cottages with dormered roofs.
The ' Bull's Head ' inn on the E. side is built
of timber and plaster, and has a projecting
upper storey. Near the i-hurch is a ITth-century
house, partly i-ebuilt in the ISth century, ^rlth
an overhanging U])per storey, and a timber
archway leading into a courtyard.
Condition — Most of the buildings are in good
repair.
(7). HorsE, at the corner of the Eoyston and
Biggleswade ixxids, probably once an inn, but
now divided into several cottages, was built
early in the 17th century. It is timber-framed
and plastered; the roofs are tiled. The project-
ing upper storey has curved brackets and a
moulded sill; the large gateway in the S. fiont
has been heightened, probably in the 18th cen-
tury, to admit stage coaches, and now cuts into
the first floor. Two original chimney stacks
are built of the thin bricks of the period.
Condition — Fairly good.
(8V HorsEs, two, adjoining, now occupied
by the post-master, on the S. side of White
Horse Street. The westernmost house was built
c. 15G0, but has a modern brick front. The back
of the building is of two storeys and an attic,
and has red brick walls, the S. end being gableil;
the roof is tiled. The plan is rectangular, and the
central chimney stack is square and jtlain. A
recently discovered window on the ground floor
looks into an open passage-way on the W. side
of the house ; it is of three lights with chamfered
brick jambs, mullions and lintel. Several of
the original beams are visible in the ceilings,
and in the attic is an original stone fireplace
with a four-centred arch.
The other house, E. of the above, was built a
little later, probably early in the 17tli century,
but has been much altered and repaired, and is
also faced with modern brick. The back is
timber-framed, and there is an original
chimney stack. The wide fireplaces remain,
though reduced for modern grates, and in the
ceilings are a few old beams.
Condition — Of both houses, good.
14. B.\1{KWAY.
(O.S. t; in. ix. N.AV.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.\RIS11 CuiRCH OF St. M.4RY M.\(iD.U.ESE
stands close to the village, on the AV. side of the
main i-oad. It is built of flint with stone dress-
ings, which were i-enewed in ISOl, when the
church was restoretl and most of the internal
stone re-woiked and cleaned, if not also entirely
renewed. The Chancel was built i)robably in
the 13t]i century, and the chancel arch was
widened c. 1400. The Nave apjicars to have
been widened, and the Aisles adde<l early in the
loth centuiT, but the N. arcade was possibly
rebuilt later. The West Tower was also built
early in the 15th century, the clearstorey added,
and the nave re-roofed. In 18G1 the tower was
rebuilt fix>m its foundations, and the Organ
Chamber and Vestry were added.
Architectural Descri])tion — The Chancel
(35 ft. by 10 ft.) has an E. window with old
inner jambs anil rear arcli, and modern tracery.
In the X. wall are two blocked lancets and a
three-light window, and in the S. wall, a lancet
and a two-light low-side window; they are all
j)robably copies of the old windows. The
chancel arch, of early loth-century date, is of
two moulded orders, with moulded jambs,
capitals aud label. The Nave (G7 ft. by
1!) ft.) has 15th-century N. and S. arcades
of six bays with carved label stops ; the
capitals in the two arcades ditter slightly in
detail : the corbels supporting the roof are
also carved, most of them as angels with shields,
while three are of men in a crouching posture,
aud another is of a woman's head. The clear-
storey has five windows on each side. TTie rood-
loft stairs in the S.W. angle have been des-
troyed, but the doorway remains. The North
;ind Soiifli Ai.ilcs (10 It. wide) have modern
windows of 15th-century character, and the S.
doorway has been re-worked; the roof corbels
resemble those in the nave. The South Porch
is modern. The West Tower (14 ft. square)
retains its 15th-century archway opening into
the nave. The Roofs are modern.
Fittings — Brasses: in the S. aisle, of Robert
Poynard, 1561, his two wives and four
daughters: in the chancel, inscription to Ann,
wife of John Eowley, 1613. Glass : in the E.
windows of aisles, fragments of Jesse window,
15th-centurv. Flour Slah : in the chancel, to
Ann. stHond wife of John IJowlev. 1050. Grare-
stnncs : in the churchvard. to Richard Mills.
1698, George Grout, 1678. and Ann Grout, 1684.
Piscina : in the chancel. 13th-century.
Condition — Very good; much restored.
INVENTOIIV 01' I'Uli ilO.NUMliMS 0£ UERliOKDSUlttE.
47
Secular:^
(2). Mount and Bailey Castle, at Peiiwiukle
Uill, 2- mile W. of tlie village, stands about
5(J0 ft. alwve O.D. It is now almost level -with
the surrouiidihg soil, but the plan is that of a
small moated mount with a bailej^ on the N.E.,
jjaitly sub-dividod by a brancli ti-oni the ditch
which surrounds the whole. No traces of ram-
parts remain.
Dimensions — Length through mount and
bailey, S.W. to N.E., 280 ft.; width, 2;i0 ft.
Condition — Poor; being on arable land
gradual efPacement by ])lougliiiig is inevitable.
((i). Homestead Moat, at Parsonage Farm.
(4). Newsells House, nearly a mile N. of the
church, is a two-storeyed brick building, prob-
ably of late 17th-century date, with modern
additions. Tlie plan was apparently rectangular,
witli two wings projecting slightly to the S.,
but in the 19fh century the ground floor space
between tlicni was enclosed to form a hall, and
other wings were added. A moulded stone
cornice, enriched with brackets, and a parapet
are carrie<l round the building. The windows
have wood sash frames. Most of the piincipal
rooms have white marble fireplaces and orna-
mented plaster ceilings. On tlie dining loom
walls are cai^vings in wood of fruit and flowers
in the style of Grinling Giblwns, an<l the
mouldings of the doors and windows are also
carved.
A stone mortar with handles, probably of the
lotli century, is kept in one of the outbuildings,
and in the walls of a "grotto"' or summer house
are fragments of 17th and 18th-century carved
stones; two of them represent goals" heads in
low relief.
Condition — House, good.
(5). The Manor House, about 100 yards S. of
the church, is a tbree-storeycd building of
early 17th-century date. The walls, originally
of ])lastercd timber, were partly rebuilt in brick
about the middle of the 17th century. The jilan
was L-shaped, but the addition of a wing in tlie
inth century has made it nearly square. In
the curvilinear gables on the E. and S., part of
the 17th-c(ntury rebuilding, are brick mullioned
and trausomcd windows; the elevations on
the N. and W. retain some of the original
plastered timber work, considerably altered,
and a few wood-framed casement windows.
The chimney stacks carry separate octagonal
shafts. The interior has been comjjletely
altered, but retains a stone fireplace with a
moulded four-centred arch and some early 17th-
century panelling.
Condition — Good.
High Street : —
(G). House, about 100 yards E. by S. of the
church, built of plastered timber early in the
17th century; the roofs are tiled. The plan is
of the central chimney type, but with an extra
parlour on the N. and a further extension
pierced by an arch opening into the yard at the
back. ITie W., or street front, has three
symmetrically designed overhanging gables
carried on moulded bressumers, which are
supported by carved brackets. The chimney
stacks are finished with sei)arate octagonal
shafts. The windows and interior were much
altered in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Condition — Good.
(7). Small Houses and Cottages, built of
timber and plaster, are of late 16th and early
JTtli-century date; some of the roofs are tiled,
and others thatched. All the buildings have
been much repaired, and many of them re-
fronteil in the 18th century.
Condition— Fairly good.
15. J5ARLEY.
(O.S. G in. ('')v. S.W. (*)v. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
" (1). Parish Ciiuecu of St. ilAiuiAUET, at the
S.E. end of the village, is built of flint rubble
with stone dressings. In the walls of the tower
the flints are uncut and mixed with wafer-worn
pebbles, both, in patches, being set in a herring-
bone pattern. The lower stages of the West
Toicer are of early 12tli-century date. The
Nave has been enlarged and there is nothing to
show its original date; the earliest detail is of the
I'ith century. A Soutli Aisle was adde<l at tho
end of the l-!th century and was widened r. l.'{40.
In the 15th century a new bell-chamber was
added to the tower, and in the Hith century
windows were inserted in the S. aisle, its walls
being raised and embattled. From photographs
in the possession of the rector, it a])pears ])rob-
able that the former chancel, if not rebuilt, was
much altered in the loth century, but in 1872 it
was destroyed and rebuilt a bay further E., the
nave was made a bay longer and a little wider,
the S. aisle was also lengthened to Ihe E., a N.
aisle and porch were built, and a small spire
was added to the tower.
Architei'tural Descrijition — Tho Clmneel
(■m ft. bv 21 ft.) was built in 1872. The Nave
(now 48 ft. by 20 ft., origlnallv n8 ft. liy IS ft.)
is moderu on the E. and N., but on the S. has
an arcade of four bays, of which the first is also
modern, but the others are of late 13th-century
48
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIKE.
(late; the arches are of two orders with octagonal
lolumns ami plainly mouldeil bell capitals. Tho
Aorth Aide (9^ ft. wide) was built iu 1872.
The South Aisle (15 ft. wide) has two restoreil
windows of early IGth-century date in tho S.
wall, and, between them, a window of slightly
later date, and a blocked doorway of c. 1J340,
of two wave-moulded orders. In the AV. wall is
a window, also of c. 1340, with Howiug tracery.
The West Tower is of three stages with an
embattled parapet and a small modern spire of
wood. The semi-circular tower arch of one
square order is original. On tho S. is a 14tli-
century doorway opening into the aisle, with a
pointed chamfered head, and above it is a small
widely splayed round-headed window of early
12th-century date, without a rebate. In
the second stage arc the original bell-chamber
windows, much restored. The present bell-
chamber lights, with tracery, are of the 15th
century. The Roofs are modern.
Fittings — Brasses: in tho nave, of Andrew
AVillet, 1C21, with inscription: in the organ
chamber, part of palimpsest plate with IGth-cen-
tury- inscription on one side and part of a 15th-
century inscription on the other. Chest: in S.
aisle, large, iron bound, media?val. Glass: in a
window of S. aisle, some figures, and the date
1536: in W. window of tower and E. window
of N. aisle, fragments, late 14th-century.
Piscina: in S. aisle, on the S.E., mutilated,
15th-century. Plate: includes a chased, covered
cup of 1612 and a small salvor of 1618.
Pulpit: richly carved oak, dated 1626. Screen:
some tracery from ISth-centiiry oak screen in-
corporated in the modem chancel stalls.
Condition — Good; largely rebuilt.
Secular: —
*(2). Homestead Moat, at Abbotsbury,
consists of two deep ditches with traces of a
connecting arm. There are remains of an
entrenchment on a slight slope S. of the moat.
Condition — Poor.
0(3). The Town House, formerly The
GuiLDn.\iL, N. of the church, was built
early in the 16th century, of timber and
plaster, with an overhanging upper storey.
The roof is tiled and ridged fron» end to
end. The original plan was rectangular,
but late in the 17th century a N. wing
was added, making the building L-shapcd;
the straight-run stairs, with solid steps, arc in
a small wing at tho S.E. corner. The ground
floor is divided into several small rooms, once
used as almshouses. The iipjicr tioor remains
an open hall, and has a trussed roof with plain
timbers and curved ogee struts and braces,
ceiled over the collar beams with plaster : it is
lighted by modern windows, carried up to the
roof as dormers.
Condition — Good, veiy much restored.
« (4j. Cottages, in the village, several small
buildings of the 17th century or perhaps earlier.
Most oi them are plastered, and have over-
hanging upper storeys and thatched roofs.
Condition — Fairlj' good.
« (5). The Fox and Hounds Inn, about
J mile N.W. of the chuirh, built early in the
17th century, is of timber and plaster, with an
overhanging upper storey ; the roof is thatched.
The sign of the inn is in the form of jiainted
silhouettes of huntsmen, fox, and hounds iu full
cry, on a beam which spans the road. The
plan is of the L type ; the shorter wing faces the
street and contains an entrance passage with a
bar-parlour on one side and a parlour on the
other. The kitchen and offices occupy the
longer wing, and the firei)lace8 of kitchen and
parlour stantl back to back : the enclosed
staircase is built iu the width of the chimney
stack. The interior has been much altered; a
few plainly moulded 17th-century beams
remain, but the wide fireplaces have been filled
in. A small cellar under the kitchen is said to
have communicated with the attics, now
destroyed, as the ceiling of the first floor has
been raised. This may have been used as a
hiding place : the house is traditionallj'' con-
nected with " Dick Turpin," the highwayman.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (6). The C.vge, at Crossbill, by the side
of the main road, about 250 yards W. of the
church, is a small wooden hut, possibly of late
17th-century date, now used as a tool house by
the road makers employed by the County
Council. It is built of upright timbers a few
niches apart, the spaces being filled with
boarding; the timbers of the door, which is of
similar construction, were probably originally
open. The p\Tainidal roof is covered with
slates. The hut is said to have contained, until
about 18 years ago, a central j)illar of iron, with
chains, etc., attached to it.
Condition — The timbers arc well ju-eserved.
''(7). The liic Hou.se, in the hamlet of
Shaftenhoe End, J mile S.E. of the church,
originally the Manor House of the Burnels,
now a farmhouse, was built c. 1624, and is of
two storeys and an attic; the walls are timber-
framed, covered with lath and plaster, on brick
foundations; the roofs are tiled. The plan is F-
shaped, the wings being on the S. ; the smaller
wing contains the staircase, and has an over-
INVENTORY OF THE MONlTilENTS OF HEETFOHnSHIFE.
49
hanging galile, supported on a pair of
carved figures, h;ilf lieast, half human, blowing
trumpets. On tho beam bet wen these brackets
is carved the inscription : " W.L. 1624. So
God may still me blesse, I care the lesse. Let
envy say her worst, and after burst." At the
W. end of the main block the roof is
hipped ; the S. end of the larger wing is gabled,
and has a brick chimney stack with two square
shafts set diagonally; the other stack, over
the main block, also has square shafts. The
entrance is on tlie E. front; all the doors ami
window frames are modern. Tho hall, now
divided into two rooms and a passage, occupies
the greater part of the main block; in it is a
large fireplace with a carved wood lintel and
mantel board with brackets, and sonic original
oak panelling. The ceiling joists of both floors
are moulded, and in one of the attic windows is
an old iron fastening.
Condition — Fairly good, but the attic floors
are unsafe for use.
^ (8). Cottages, in the hamlet of Shaftenhoe,
built early in the 17th century, are timber-
framed and plastered. One cottage has a wood
lintel above a mulHoned window, carved witlj
key ornament in low relief, and a thatched roof.
Condition — Fairly good.
''(9). The Manor House of Mincinbury
(now a farmhouse), and Barn, 1| miles S.E. of
the church. The house has been entirelv re-
modelled, but a lofty, mediaeval barn (82^ ft.
by 3!> ft.) remains; it is timber-framed, on
brick foundation walls, with lieavy queeu-])osl
trusses of oak rea(diing to llie gabled roof:
the exterior has been renewed.
Condition — Good.
16. BARNET A'ALE.
(O.S. 6 in. xlv. N.E.)
No Monuments known.
17. BAYFORD.
(O.S. fi in. xxxvi. N.TV.)
Ecclesiastical ; —
(1). Parish Chtrch of St. Mary, about
} mile ^. of the village, was built in 1870 near
the site of the old parish church, which has
disappeared.
Fittings from the old church — Brasses:
in the N. wall of chancel, at tlie back of a
modern recess, three brasses; two with figures
of men in armour; one, thought to be John
Knighton, 1545, is a palimpsest cut from a
shrouded figiu-e : th* other, name unknown,
r. 1590 : the third a shield charged wilh the arms
of Knighton, harry ttf eight, on a canton a tun
impaling quarterly 1 and 4 Gascoigne, on a pale
a fish hauriant, 2 and 3, Pickett or Pigott, three
picks; this shield and part of a fourth brass
(detached) of a lady, saia to be the wife of John
Knighton. 1545, are also palimpsest, both
having been cut out of a Flemish brass of a
foreign bishop or abbot : two more palimpsest
brasses at Upminster Church in Essex, of the
same date (1545) were cut from the same figure.
7^o«.<.-late 15th-century; octagonal: bow] with
panelled sides ornamented with Tudor roses
and a moulded under edge; the base is moulded.
M onvmenl : in same I'ecess as the brasses, of
George Knighton, 1612, of white marble with
lecumbent effigy in armour, and wearing a
ruff, trunk hose and jack-boots.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
(2). HoMESTE.\D Moat, \ mile E. of village.
X.W. arm partly filled in, the remainder of
(lie ditch is wide and still wet.
(3). The Manor House, 8. of the churdi.
is partly of early 17th-century date. The addi-
tions and alterations made in the 19th century
have completely obscure<l tlie original plan,
and the exterior of the building has been
re-faced. It is of three storeys, and the
original "dog-legged" stairs, in two flights
from each floor, remain, apparently /n situ:
the handrail is moulded, and carried on turned
balusters: the newels are square, with pierced,
pointed terminals and pendants, a few being
restorations. In a room on the first floor is
some panelling of early 17th-century date,
decorated with jtainted cartouches and strap-
work.
Condition — Good.
18. BENGEO, FRnAN and Rural.
(O.S. 6 in. ("'xxi. S.E., W xxix. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
*(1). Church of St. Leonard, stands on
low ground about ^ mile E. of the modern
ij.nrish church and \ mile X. of Hertford. It is
built of flint rubble in courses 12 inches high,
with quoins of clunch and Barnack stone, and
is of oarlv 12th-century date; the plan is com-
idefe and typical of that period: windows have
been inserted in the 1.3th, late 14th, and 15th
centuries, and an 18th-century porch has been
50
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
added. The rhancel arch is closed with board-
ing, and the chancel only is now used for
church services.
Tlie building is valuable as a tj-pical example
of the plan of a small l!2th-ceutury church: the
remains of wall paintings of an early date, and
the evidence of an anchorite's cell, are also of
great interest.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(24 ft. by 191 ft.) has a round apsidal E. end ; the
E. window is a 12th-century single light with a
13th-century outer square head and rebated
iambs; on the N. side is another original single
light, now blocked; below it are two rough
holes, formerly opening into an anchorite's cell.
On the S. siile is a window of two lights; the
E. inner jamb is probably of the 13th, and the
rest of the window of the loth century; the
ledge is carried down to form a sedile. In
the same wall are a 13th-century lancet, a
blocked doorway, probably of the l-"ith century,
and a 13tli-centurv rectangular light. The
chancel arch is of the 12th century, and has
shafts on the side towards the nave with muti-
lated bases and carved capitals; the jambs have
been partly hacked away. The Nave (44 ft. by
21 ft.) has a small N. window with 12th-century
inner jambs, each of a single stone; the sill has
been lowered, and the outside is of brick; the
N. doorway is blocked. On the S. side is a
square-headed window of late 14th-century
date, the tracery repaired with cement; the
second window has been restored and is coated
outside with cement; the S. doorway has 12tb-
century imposts like those of the chancel arch,
under a flat lintel of Barnack stone, and a semi-
circular rear arcli. In the W. wall is a l-'ith-
century window repaired with cement. The
Roof of the chancel is modern; that of the nave
is probably old ; over the W. end is a modern
bell turret.
Fittings — Brll : one, dated 163fi. Door: in
the S. doorway, oak, probably 14th-century.
Locker: in the chancel, a rough recess; probably
used as a locker. Paintings : on the jambs of
S.W. window in chancel, of two human figures
almost obliterated; one a])pears to be a bishop:
on the rhniHcl wnlls, a red rhc(]ucr pattern,
palimpsest on a 13tli-century masonry p.attern :
on the E. wall of the nave, part of a crowned
figure and fnillier traies of colour are visil)le.
Piscina: : in the chancel, remains of very small
piscina : "VV. of it, a larger one with part of a
coffin lid reversed to serve as a sill. Plate:
includes a silver cu]) and ])atcn of 1G2G.
Tn/irstr)/: in nave, jtiece 8 ft. s(j., represent-
ing a hunting scene, with unicorns, a lion and
other animals, ])robably late IGtli-century.
Tiles : below communion table, 14th-century.
Condition — The chancel, restored in the 19th
century, is in good condition : the nave requires
repair to make it fit for use.
Secular:—
" (2). Homestead Moat, at Bengeo Temple.
The main entrance is to the N.E. and there is
an outer rampart along part of the S.W. arm.
0(3). St. Leonard's, formerly the Old Vicar-
age, S. of the Church of St. Leonard, is a timber-
framed and plastered building of two storeys
and an attic; the roofs are tiled. It was built
on a rectangular plan, probably in the 17th
century, but was much alteixxl and repaired in
the 19th century, when two wings were added.
Two original cliimney stacks remain, built of
ITtli-centurv thin bricks.
Condition — Good.
*(4). Revel's TIall, a farmhouse N.E. of
St. Leonard's Church, is a timber-framed build-
ing of two storeys and an attic; it is of the I7th
century, with a hiter addition on the S. front,
which is gabled ; the roof is tiled. One chimney
stack is built of 17th-century thin bricks. The
interior has been entirely altered and restored
in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Condition — Good.
" (5). CiiEi.siNG, a farmhouse about 2^ miles
N. of Ware, W. of the main road, was built
in the 17th centurj', but has been much
altered. The ends of the house are of plastered
timber, and contain one or two small, old
window frames. A brick chimney stack is
original. Inside the building are a few old
floor joists.
Condition — Fairly good.
19. BENINGTON.
N.W.)
(O.S. 6 in. ('')xiii. S.W. Wxxi
Ecclesiastical: —
*(1). Parish CnuECH of St. Peter, W. of
the village, is built of flint with stone dress-
ings; the nave is coated with plaster and
covered with ivy. The building dates from
the end of the i3th or beginning of the 14th
century, when it consisted of the Chancel and
Nnrc only. The North Chapel and the South
Porch were erectetl r. 1330. Early in the 15th
century another arch was inserted between the
chancel and chapel, and the Tower added, and
later in the century the clearstorey was raised.
In 1889 the S. and E. walls of the chancel were
rebuilt, and the tower has been recently
restored.
The 14th-century arches between the chancel
and chapel are of very fine detail.
I!K.\(;k(1: ciiincii n\- s'l'. i.ko.nahd.
VIKW KKO.M THE SOUTH-EAST, SHOWING TfiK l-.'TH-( KNTf 1! V CHA NCKI. AND NAVK
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UERTFORDSHIRE.
51
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(33 ft. by 17^ ft.) has a modern E. window:
iu the S. wall are two 15th-century windows of
tliice liglits with iiat, tracericd liead-s ; the second
window is much repaired : between them is a
late 13th-ceutury doorway with moulded jambs
and a slightly ogec-pointed, straight-sided arch;
a third window is modern. In the N. wall are
three arches; the easternmost, of c. 1430, is four-
ceutred under a square head, with tracery and
shields in the spandrels; the inner faces of the
jambs and the soffit are panelled; in the ape.x
is carved an angel hokling small figures of a
knight and lady, whose tomb is placed under
the arch (see Monuments below). The other
arches were built with the N. chapel, c. 1330;
the middle pier and responds have engaged
shafts and rolls, with moulded bases and capi-
tals; the arches are slightly ogee-pointed and
elaborately moulded; the eastern arch is further
enriched by carved crockets and finials, and is
flanked by crocketted pinnacles : the labels have
head stops, one being carved with the bust
of a knight wearing ailettes. The chancel arch
was rebuilt and widened early in the ir)th
century. ITie North Chapel (33 ft. by 13i ft.)
has a 15tli-century E. window, two N. windows
of the 14th century, and a small N.
doorway. The Nave (48^ ft. by 26 ft.) has two
N. and two S. windows, of two liglits each witli
tracery; all are of early 14th-century date: in
the N.E. corner is a rood-stair turret with four-
centred doorways at the head and foot. The
14th-century M. doorway is blocke<l and its
outer stonework defaced ; the S. doorway is
of late 14th-century date with a pointed arch in
a square head. The clearstorey has three 15th-
tentury windows on each side; the stonework
is much decayed. The West Tower (14 ft.
square) is of two stages, with embattled parapet
and pyramidal roof; a 15th-century archway,
l)ajtly restored, opens into the nave; the doorway
and windows are of the 19th century. The
South Porch has a 14tli-century entrance arch-
way, mucli repaired with cement, and a window
in each side wall. Tlie cliancel Roof is modern;
the nave roof is of the 15th century ; some of
the bosses covering tlie intersections of the
ribs bear the arms of Benstede and of Moyne.
Fittings— .Be//j! .• eight, 1st 1626, 2nd 16:^0.
Brackets : in E. jamb of S.E. window of
nave, carved with angels, roses, and a shield
with three horse-shoes in dexter and a bell in
sinister : W. of same window, carved witli
grotesque figure. Brasses: o!i N. wall of chan-
cel, half figure of priest in cope, probably 15th-
oenturv : on E. wall of nave, inscri])tions to
William Clarke, 1591, and to John Clarke, 1004.
Chair: iu the chancel, c. I(i00. Communion
Table: in the chapel behind the organ, late
17th-ceutury. Door: in S. entrance, oak, 15th-
century. Font : octagonal bowl of liaruack
stone, the alternate sides with engaged shafts
resting on carved heads, mid 14th-century,
defaced : stem with panelled sides and base,
15th-century. Glass: in some of the windows
of chancel and nave, fragments, mediteval.
Image : in niche over entrance of S. porch, of St.
Michael slaying the dragon; somewhat defaced.
Monuments : under the 14th-ceutury arch in X.
wall of chancel, altar tomb with recumbent
effigies, c. 1320, of knight, with crossed legs,
ajiparently wearing camail, hauberk, chausses,
leather knee and elbow cops, and a long surcoat,
and of a lady with a long head veil, her hands
broken off; their feet rest on lions; in the
]);iiicls on the sides of tlie tonili, small mutilated
ligures, probably of their children; between
the heads of the panels are plain shields:
under the 15tli-century arch in the same
wall, altar tomb with canopied niches in
the sides; on it lie effigies of knight, in
plate armour, and lady, c. 1430 : in the
chancel floor, slabs to members of the Cffisar
family, 17th-century. Niches: in S.E. corner
of nave, with carved bracket, the canopied
head broken away : in N.W. buttress of
tower, with shield bearing the arms of
Benstede and Moyne. Piscinae : in the
chancel, 14th-century, with modern sill :
in the chapel, with crocketted label, 14th-cen-
tury, sill broken and decayed : in S. wall
of nave, ])lain. I'hitr : includes cu]) and jiateii
of 1639. Seating: in the nave, some ICth-cen-
tury benches. Sedilia : in the chancel, three,
with detached shafts in the jambs, 13th-century;
heads of c. 1330. Stoup : in S. porch, broken.
Condition — Good structurally; some dressed
stones inside and outside are decayed.
Secular:— •
'(2). Benington Castle (Mount and Bailey),
in the village, N. of the parish church,
stands about 380 feet above O.I)., and E.
of a valley falling S. towards the river Beane.
The Keep mount is well preserved and con-
spicuous, but the other remains arc very slight.
The 12th-century Keep is, notwithstanding
its ruinous condition, of unusual interest, aa
few other instances are recorded of a square
Norman Keep upon a moated mount, and it is
theonlv example in the couiitv.
The Krpp Mount , large and flat-topped, covers
3 acre, and rises about 16 ft. above the dry ditch,
which is nearly 70 ft. wide. The crest of the
mount is lined with a slight bank crowned with
a modern wall, and is partly encroached upon
52
l.NVEMOHY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEKIFOKDSUIUB.
by a uiodeiu Luuse ami gateway on the N. Kear
the E. side is llje Ktep (about 44 It. by 41 11.
t-xterualiy), built of tiint rubble willi oolite
drtssiugs. The walls are between 7 and 8 it.
thick, aud now stand iiom 2 to U ft. high; the
rubble facing which remains is *>f herring-
bone work. At each of the angles are the bases
of two pilaster buttresses about 4 ft. in width
and 2 ft. in projection, aud in the middle ot
each wail is a similar buttress ; they retaiu some
ol the ashlar facing which shows the diagonal
tooling characteristic ot iSorman work. The
remains of the Bailey on the E. consist of a bank
(J ft. high, without a ditch, forming a right-
aiisrleil salient. The Eidraiuts are not traceable.
Dimensions — Greatest length through mount
and bailey, S.W. to N.l']., 570 ft. Width across
mount, ^. to S., 3aU ft. Average diameter ot
Keep mount at summit, 200 ft. Width of
bailey, S.W. to N.E., loO ft.
Condition — Of mount, good : of keep, ruin-
ous; nearly all the rubble facing has been
picked off the walls; a large fragment of the W.
wall has fallen inside the keep, and another
fragment, part of the S. wall, has fallen outside
it. The junction of the bailey with the mount,
and the defences of both have been obscured on
the IN', and W. by e.xtensive alterations to the
house and gardens.
" (3). The Kectory, about 350 yds. N. of the
church, built in 1637, as indicated by a dated
stone over the main entrance, is of two storeys
and an attic. The plan was rectangular, but
c. 1681) a wing was added at the back, making
it L-shaped ; in the 19tli century additions were
made on the N. and W., and the walls almost
entirely re-faced with brick. On the E. front
part of a moulded brick string-course remains,
and a small projecting ])oreh opens into the hall,
which is apparently in its original position.
The old kitchen on the S. has been divided into
several rooms and a passage; the original fire-
place with a wood lintel now has a sale set in
it, and the ceiling joists are encased in modern
jilastor. On the N. of the hall is the original
staircase with square newels and pendants, and
turned balusters. The present kitchen is in the
wing at the back. The rooms on the first floor
have 18th-century panelling, and to each a
small powdering closet is attached. The roof
timbers in the attic are ceiled.
Condition — Good.
''(4). Cottages: a row on the S. side ol llie
village green, one known as 'The Priest's
House': they are all of late 16th-century date,
built of timber and plaster, and have old
brick C'himnev stacks: the roofs are tiled. The
timber work is exposed only- in the "Priest's
House.'
Condition — Fairly good; two of the chimueya
ale out of the perpendicular.
(O.S. 6
20. BISHOP'S HATFIELD.
in. <■'•) xxviii. S.E. <*) xxxv. N.E. >■'> xxxv.
N.W. Wxxxv. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
''(1). Parish Chiech of St. Etiielueeda,
stands on high ground on the E. side of the town.
It is built chiefly of Hint rubble with stone dress-
ings, aud the roofs are tiled. The Chanctl and
tho:Vor</i and South Trunse/)ls are of early 13th-
century date, and appear to have formed part of
a cruciform church with a central tower, as
indicated by the thickened E. wall of the nave,
and a Hying arch on the N. side. Late in the
13th century a South Chapel and the small
CfiajnU W. of the transepts were built; the
South Chajtil was widened late in the loth cen-
tury. The iXave. of which the N. wall probably
stands on the 13th-century foundations, was
widened towards the S. in the 15th century,
when the central tower was destroyed and the
jiresent West Tower built. The North (or
Salisbury) Ciiapel was added c. 1610. The
\\alls (if the nave were rebtiilt, and the Porches
added in the 19th century, when all the window
iraceiy and most of the external stonework was
lenewed.
This church is of unusual interest on account
of its size, history, and the various styles of
architecture represented in it. The 13th-century
arch in the S. transept is of very tine detail.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(41 ft. by 18i ft.) has a three -light E.
window with 13th-century inner jambs; the
-V. arca<le, of c. 1610, has three round-arched
bays with red granite columns: on the S.
side is a two-light window and a loth-century
arcade of two bays, with angels bearing shields
carved in the capitals; over the middle
pier are shields charged with the arms: — on a
bend, engrailed and colised, a molet. The
chancel arch is modern. The North Cha/iel
(40 ft. by 2U ft.) lias a three-light E. window,
and three similar windows and a doorway in the
N. wall, all of (?. 1610; the two arches on the W.,
opening into the tiansei)t, are modern. The
South Chapil (25V ft by 17 ft.) lias a five-light
\\. window, and two windows, of four lights
each, and a small doorway in the S. wall ; all the
wintlows are probably of late 15th-century date,
but much restored; a 13th-renturv arch at
the W. end opens into the S. transept, and next
IIATKIKMi llorsK.
sci;i;i;x i.\ iiai.i,. ii;i>7-iiiii.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
53
to it is a 15th-ceiitury doorway, inserted when
the chapel was widened. The Nave (100 ft. bj'
29^ ft.) has its axial line about (J ft. 8. of that of
the chancel. An archway of IJUh-century
detail with modern bases and capitals opens
into the chapel W. of each transept; there
are three modern traceried windows in the N.
wall, and three in the S. wall ; the N. doorway is
of the loth century, much repaired; the 8.
doorway is modern. The North Tran.st[it
(25 ft. by \h\ ft.) has a four-light \. window,
possibly of the 15tli century, but completely
restored, and below it is a doorway; in the
AV. wall is a 15th-century doorway with a
pointed head, opening into the modern vestry,
and S. of it a 13th-century semi-arch or
Hying buttress. The Chapel has a modern
W. window of two lights. The South Transept
(19 ft. by 15^ ft.) contains the oldest details in
the building; in the E. wall is a blocked lancet
window, and N. of it a large trefoiled recess;
both of the 13tli century, and set high in the
wall; on the S. side is a four-light window
similar to that in the N. transept; the arch
in the W. wall is a fine example of work of
c. 1240, and appears to have ))een rebuilt in its
present position; it is of two orders, moulded
with deeply undercut rolls and hollows; the
responds are of three engaged round shafts
.separated by dog tooth ornament, which has been
much restored; the capitals are enriched with
foliage, and the bases are modern. The Chnpd
W. of the transept has S. and W. win<lows of
two lights. The Tower (10 ft. square) is of four
stages with square angle buttresses, an
embattled ])arapet and a tall shingled si)ire :
the tower arch, Imilt c. 1440, is of three moulded
orders. The W. doorway, with a ])ointed arch
in a square head, and the window over it, of four
lights with tracery, are original. The Jioojxoi the
S. chapel and transepts ret;iin much late 15tli-
century woodwork; the other roofs are modern.
Fittings — Bracketx for images : two, in the
iv wall of the S. chajiel, each carved with an
angel bearing a shield. Jirasses: in the chancel,
to Fulke Onsiowe, 1002, and his wife; with arms
and inscription : in the tower, another inscrij)-
tion to Fulke Ouslowe. Chest: in the tower,
iron bound, dated 1092. Monuments: in the N.
chape], large marble altar tomb with effigy of
the founder of the chapel, Kobert, fiist Karl nf
Salisbury, 1012; in a recess below, repie-
sentation of a recumbent skeleton : N. of the
tomb, a small slab with figure in low relief of a
knight in armour, early 13th-century: on other
side of tlio chnpel, slab wltli ro( iimbciit I'fliifv
of a man. life-sized, c. 1500, thought to be that
of Sir Richard Kyrle : in S. chapel, laige monu-
ment with effigies of Dame Elizabeth Brockett,
1012, and Dame Agnes 8ander8, 1588: to John
Brockett, 1598. I'iscinac : in chancel, 13th-
century, with modern arch : in nave, N. of
chancel arch, late 14th - century. Screen :
between chancel and N. chapel, iron, 18tL-
century.
Condition — Good; most of the external stone-
work is modern.
Secular:—
HoMESTE.\D Moats : —
<'(2). Near Peartree Farm, about 3 miles N.
of the church.
" (3). In Moat Wood, now dry and thickly
planted.
' (4). At Astwick Manor, E. arm obliterated.
* (5). Hatfield House, stands on the W. side
01 tlie park, on rising grovind riosc to tiic cluncli.
It is of three storeys, above the basement, and is
built round three sides of a courtyard, of r^d
brick with stone dressings; the roofs are covered
with lead and tiles. James I. exchanged the
Manor of Hatfield and the Palace, which was
originally built by Morton, Bishop of Ely, for
Theobalds (see under Cheshunt) in 1007, with
Kobert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, the son of Lord
Burghley. Only the W. wing of the palace
remains, now used as stables (see following
account). The present house was begun by
the Earl of Salisbury immediately he acquired
the property, and it was finished c. Kill. The
structure retains practically its original form;
as all rebuilding and repairs have been carried
out in careful imitation of the earlier work, and
as old materials have been re-used, it is often
difficult to distinguish the restorations from the
original work. In 1835 the W. wing was gutted
by fire, from the chapel wall to the 8. end; in
1840 the cloister was glazed, and during 1808-9
tiie third floor was much altered internally.
The forecourt on the X. front was enlarged
in 1809, and is surrounded by modern walls
])ierced in imitation of the parapets of the house.
The gardens also appear to be modern. In 1878
the great hall was re-decorated and the ceiling
])ainted.
The building is on the scale of a palace
rather than of a country house, and is one
of the finest existing examples of early 17th-
century architecture. Although not so ornate as
some contemporary houses, the somewhat severe
entrance elevation is a composition of the
greatest dignity, and on a magnificent scale,
and the court elevations are a fine study in the
massing and gradation of ornament. The most
noticeable features of the interior are : the great
Kail, with the screen and gallery; the grand
54
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOHDSIIIHE.
00
staircase, and the long gallerj' with its panelling
and ceiling.
The plan is E-shaped, though without a
central projecting wing; the main building faces
N. and S., and has at each cud a scjuarc block,
from which the E. and W. wings, of similar but
irregular shape, j)roject towards the S. The
main building is entered from the N. by a small
projecting porch giving accessto the Ntvcr/i.SjOn
the W. of which arc sonic offices, and on the I'l.
the Marble Hall , two store3's in height ; on the
S. the Cloisters extend from one end of the main
building to the other, with an ante-room in the
block at each end. The block at the E. end
contains the Grand Staircase, the Summer
Drawing Room and the Yew Drawinff Room;
and the W. block contains the Adam and Eve
Staircase, the upper part of the Kilrhen and
some offices; in the E. wing are the Poplar
Staircase and rooms used by the third Marquess
of Salisbury; the W. wing contains the Chapel,
two store3's high like the hall, the Elm Stair-
case, and various r<K)ms of less importance.
On the first flo<«-, over the cloister, is the Lonr/
Gallery with anto-rooms at each end, and
at this level the Hall has a Musicians'
Gallery at the E. end. The Winter Dininq
Room and Ante-room are over the offices and
screens respectively. Over the drawing rooms
in the E. block is the King James's Drawing
Room. On <he first floor of the W. block is the
Library, and at this level the Chapel has a
gallery round three sides. The disposition of the
remainiiisr rooms in both wings is similar tn
that of the ground floor. The whole building
stands on a brick basement containing
most of the domestic offices; the Kitchens
are at the N.W. of the building and are carried
up to the ground floor. The S. half of the main
block is roofed over the long gallery on the
second floor, but the N. half is of three storeys,
like the rest of the building.
The windows all have stone mullions and
transoms, and are symmetrically placed
throughout the house; some of them are blocked,
and may have been built originally in this
way for the sake of the design. The N. Eleva-
tion has a central projecting porch of three
storeys, carried a little higher than the main
building, with a ]iierced brick parapet sur-
mounted by figures of lions holding shields;
this parapet is repeated on the main build-
ing. The doorway, with steps leading up to
it, is of stone, much restored; the opening has a
semi-circular head, and is flanked by pairs of
stone columns, supporting a complete Doric
order, above which is a pierced curvilinear crest-
ing, also in stone. Above the porch, but stand-
ing back from it, is a wooden dock-turret of
three stages. The lowest stage has arches in each
face, set in a complete Doric order; above it is
an Ionic order in which is the clock; the third
stage consists of an octagonal lantern and
cupola. At each end of the main building is
a bay window, canied up to the third storey;
the square blocks beyond them project slightly
and are a little higher than the main building;
a i)roje( ting octagonal turret, of four storeys,
with a j)ierced parapet, is in the centre of each
block, and contains accommodation stairs.
The E. and H'. Elevations of the two Square
Blocks are practicallv identical, and are each
designed with three bay windows, carried up
two floors, and finished, above the first storey,
with stone cresting or pierced parapets. In
the third storey are three transomed and
mullioned windows, and above those on the W.
there is pierced stone cresting, set in the brick-
work. The windows in these elevations are
much altered, both transoms and mullions
having been renewed and re-face<l. The E. and
W. Elevations of the projecting Wing) are irre-
gularly designed, with bay windows and
coped gables. The S. face of each wing has a
bay window in the middle, and, at the comers,
square stair-turrets finished with lead cupolas.
The S. Elevation of the Main Building and
the adjacent elevations of the projecting Wings,
elaborately designed as three sides of a court,
are the most highly ornamented parts of the
building. The Main Building on this side is
faced with stone, and is of nine bays. On the
ground stage are the semi-circular arches of the
cloister, now filled with modern pierced stone
screens ; they form pait of a Doric arcade, with
flat pilasters enriched with arabesques, and
fluted. In the spandrels are strap-work car-
touches and the metopes are set with ox skulls
and carbuncles. The entablature is mitred and
broken out over the pilasters; the middle bay
projects slightly and has two detached circular
columns on each side instead of pilasters. Above
the ground stage is an lonio order with a
similar arrangement of pilasters and columns in
the middle bav. The wall surface lietween the
pilasters is ashlar- faced, and in each bay is a
transomed window of two lights. On the pedes-
tals warlike Trophies, including firearms, ar*^
worked in high relief, and the frieze is carved
with flowers, fiuit and giolescpic subjects.
The central bay is carried a storev big'her than
the others, with a richly ornamented Corinthian
order enclosing an achievement of the Cecil
arms; above it is a solid paiapet with the date
Kill in large figures, and surmounted by the
Cecil crest and four lions holding shields. This
56
INVENTORY OF THE MONFMENTS OF HKHTEORDSHIRE.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORnSHIRE.
57
third stage in the centre is only a screen, and
the rest of the wing is finished with a pierced
stone parapet above the first storey. As the N.
half of the central wing is higher than the 8.
half, it is visible behind and above the parapet
on this side, and is designed with curvilinear
gables which serve to mask the chimneys. Tiic
clock turret also forms part of this elevation.
The Court Elevations of the Wings show
a symmetry which is not in accordance with
their plan. Each wing has three bay win-
dows carried up two storeys; that on the
N.W. is the chapel window, and is divided
into three stages, each of fonr lights with
round heads; the lower part of the middle
bayon both sides of the court forms an entrance,
and is flanked by Doric pilasters carrying a com-
plete entablature, over which is pierced
curvilinear cresting, all in stone; the windows
over the entrances and in the other bays arc
double transomed, and in the third storey on
each side are three midlioned windows finislied
with cresting. Both these elevations have
pierced stone and brick parapets. The chimneys
are all arranged in large internal stacks, and
are finished with octagonal moulded and twisted
shafts; probably all these have been rebuilt.
Un the E. elevation tlie l)ars forming tlie heads
of some tie rods in the highest storey represent
the letters R. and S. In the N.E. and N.W.
corners of the court are lead rainwater heads
with large ornamented tanks, dated IfilO, and
two on each side of the central bay are dated
1()80.
Interior — On the W. side of the Screens is a
stone arcade of three bays of the Doric order,
modern or much i-estored. On the S. a doorway,
with pilasters and pediment, opens into the
cloisters, and over it are the Cecil arms and
quarterings in painted wood, dated 1575. On the
E. is the hall screen, which is of oak, and of five
bays; on this side the posts form a plain Doric
arcade, filled with large moulded panels and
pierced lunettes, and the frieze has pierced
strap- work, apparently modern; the central bay
has doors opening into the marble hall. On the
Hall side the screen is elaborately carved and
ornamented; the posts form grotesque Caryatid
columns and the panels have cartouches in
high relief; the pierced lunettes on this side
are car\'ed as shells and above them are brackets
of grotesque design, which support an over-
hanging upper stage, which was perhaps origin-
all v an o|)eu balcony; in it ca(di bay has a
semi-circular arch, now filled in with modern
arabesque work; the posts are grotesque
Caryatid balnsteis and the spandrels are carved ;
in the middle bay, which projects slightly, are
two small " sight-holes" opening into the ante-
room of the Winter Dining Boom; above and
below these openings are cai-ved and painted
ricsts, and sliiclds with the Cecil amis, 'j'bc
gallery at the E. end of the hall is of similar
design to the screen ; it is supported on grotesque
brackets, and the coved soffit is plastered and
was painted in 1878; the front forms an open
arcade of twelve bays, with grotesque pilasters,
cornice, etc., and a balustrade of pierced strap-
work; over the centre is an achievement of the
Cecil arms. Both screen and gallery are much
restored, but the constructional members witli
their ornament are original. The hall is lined
with panelling divided into bays by Doric
])ilasters, much restored or modern; the fire-
jilace and overmantel on the S. side are modern.
Above the panelling th(^ S. wall is hung witli
17th-century tapestry. I'ndcr the gallerj' are
two doorways with scmi-ciicular heads and
square architraves of stone; one door is among
the few original doors in the house and has
small rectangular and oval panels with moulded
st5des and rails. The plastered ceiling is de-
corated with bands of ornament in low relief,
enclosing ])anels, which were filled with paint-
ings in 1878; it is coved, and divided into four
bays by moulded principals, ornamented with
scroll work and pendants, at the feet of which
are carved lions holding shields and resting on
a moulded wall plate. On the E. and AV. walls
the lunettes formed by the coved ceiling are
ornamented with flat arabesques in low relief.
The floor was constructed without a dais, laid
with squares of black and white marble; the
furniture includes two long oak tables, of early
17fh-centurv date, with pierced square baluster
legs. In the Cloisters are four panels of early
l()th-century tapestry and a quantity of late
IGth-century armour, much of which has been
restored. The Grand Staircase is of open newel
lonstruction with quarter landings at every six
steps. The moulded balusters are square-raked
and in the form of hernis; between them are
aichcs with carved spandrels, and both balusters
and newels are carved in high relief with war
trophies and gi'otesque designs; on the newels
are figures of lions holding shields, and niid§
f.niorini playing musical instruments; the hand-
rail is moulded and the soffit and string are
(irnampntc<1 with pendants and stmp-work.
(On the other side of the ste]is, against the wall,
is a similar balustrade, with newels, figures, etc.,
and on the (iist landing is a ])air of carved dog-
gates.
At the foot of the stairs is the doorway of the
Summer Drairinq Room, which retains its
original stone architrave and semi-circular head
H
58
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOHnSIlIRE.
with moulded abaci and stopped jambs of a
semi-dassii-al character; the room is lined with
elaborately mitixnl original panelling, divided
into bays "by Huted Doric pilasters, which sup-
port a heavy cornice and a small order of
Ionic balusters; the panels are enriched with
inlaid and "planted" arabesque work. The
mantcl|uece is a modern copy in marble of the
original one in oak, which has been moved to
the King James's Bedroom. The ceiling^ is
either comidetdy restored or modern. The I'cw
Room is modern. The Momhiff Room contains
a large 17th-century mantelpiece of coloured
marbles with flanking Caryatides and herms
and some figure subjects in high relief, brought
from elsewhere. The remaining five rooms
in the W. wing are modern, but contain
mantelpieces made up of Kith and 17th-century
carving, probably Dutch. The Poplar Stair-
case is modern. The Adam and Eve Staircase
is much restored, if not re-modelle<l, and the
walls are lined with jianelling made up of old
material. In the Cluipd the bay window forms
the sanctuary, and is filled with early 17th-
century stained glass, representing various
IJihlical subjects, which, from the original
building accounts, appear to be of French,
Flemish and English workmanship; the
walls are covered to the soffit of the gallery
with much-restored panelling; the front of
the gallery is arcaded, with close lower
j)anel8, above which are round-headed openings,
and enriched pilasters, moulded cornice, etc.;
the ceiling is coved and set with grotesque
brackets of late 16th-century date, brought
from the old Market House at Hoddesdon; the
painting of the ceiling and gallery is modern;
the seating and the W. screen are also modern;
the f.oor is of marble. The rest of the W.
wing is modern.
The walls of the Lmiq Galleri/ are covered
with ]iane]ling. which is divided into bays by
fluted Ionic pilasters, replaced at each end of
the gallery, where it opens into the ante-rooms,
by square columns. The cornice is heavy and
enriched, and above it is a small (,'orinthian
order, with detached columns and a dentil
cornice. The upper part of the panelling of the
lower order forms rusticated nrcading, decnratcd
with arabesques, all workcil in thin planking.
Uelow t!»e arcading and in tlie hay^ of the npjier
order the panels, square and L-shaped. are
elaboratelv mitred and moulded; this panelling
is said to have been entirely renewed in the old
stvle in the earlier part of the lOth century,
but much of the old material lias been re-
used. Tlie mantelpieces are not original; the
ceiling, original but considerably restored, is
decorated with pendants and fiat arabesques.
The Ante-rooms at each end of the gallery
and the ante-room of the winter (lining-
room have modern decoration, copied from
the gallery. The tSummcr Dining Room ii'
lined with modern or re-worked panelling, and
has a large mantelpiece of marble with figuret
in high relief, and an achievement of the Cecil
arms made uji of parts of two 17th-century
mantelpieces. The doorway which opens from
the landing oi the Adam and Eve staircase into
the W. ante-room of the gallery is set in a
complete Corinthian order with double flanking
columns, curved ])ediment, etc., carved in
wood, and apparently of late 17th-century date.
TheZ/(7>r<7ri/ is of the 18th century, or modern,
excejit the large black and white mai'ble
mantelpiece, which is original, and is of two
orders, Doric and Ionic, with detached circular
columns, and, in the panel over the fireplace, a
picture in mosaic of Sir Robert Cecil, dated
1608. In the King James's Bedroom is the oak
mantelpiece originally in the summer drawing-
room; it has square, moulded and enriched
baluster columns, with three small lonii!
columns above a heavy mantel shelf, and a
deep enriched cornice over moulded panels with
arabesques. In this room is some late 17th-
century furniture completely covered with
vcUow damask, g'lue<l to the woodwork. In the
Welling/on Room are some ])ancls of lith-cen-
tury tapestry. The King James's Drawing
Room contains a large original mantelpiece of
black, white and veined marble; the lower ])arl
forms a com])lete Doric order; above it is a
Corinthian order of three bays: the middle bay
jiiojects slightly, and contains a domed niche,
in which is a statue of .lames I., ]i;iiiitcd to
ipsemble bronze.
Condition — Very good; much restored.
6(6). The Palace is situated a little N.W. of
the present house; the remaining buildings
consist of one long range, now used as
stables, built of brick and roofed with tiles,
facing E. and "W., and a brick gatehouse
on the N.W., both of r. 1480. In the
library at the house is a ])lan on vellum of the
Park c. 1608, showing the original arrange-
ment of the Palace, wliich was the property of
•Tames I. l>efore he exchanged it for Theobalds.
It was built about the four sides of a large
square courtyard, with square blocks in the
corners, containing staircases. The State
entrance was on the E.; an elaborate gatehouse
gave access to the forecourt, which occupied
about the same position as the forecourt of the
jiresent liouse; an archway in the E. wing of
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIRE.
59
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Gil
l.NVENTOllY OF THE MONfMENl'S OF nEHTFORDSHIRE.
the palace opened iuto the c-ourtyaril opposite
the main eiitiauce to the screens and great hall
in the W. wing. Uii the W. was auuther court,
witii a gaU'house on the .N.W. side, and a second
entrance in the W. wing to the screens; an arch-
way in an extensiim ot this wing to the N.
opened iuto a small kitchen-court. The State
apartments were probahly in the S. wing. Only
the W. wing of this palace and the N.W. gate-
house remain, thuugli the position of the uther
wings may be traced in the sunk garden which
lies between the forecourt of the present house
and the remaining W. wing. This building
contained, on the S. ot the screens, the great
hall and the solar with rooms under it;
the kitchen, butteries and pantries were on
the N., aud over them was a great chamber.
The open timber loof coustructed in one
range over the great hall and great chamber,
still remains, but the partitions forming
the butteries and pantries and the floor over
them have been removed, and the whole wing,
between the solar and kitchen, has been fitted
as stables. The kitchen has been divided
into harness-rooms, laundries, etc., but the solar
remains, though the rooms under it have been
sub-divided. Many of these alterations were
made c. 1628, when the building was first used
as stables.
The E. Elevation has been much restored and
altered. The wall at each end, originally
covered by the X. and S. wings aud staircase
blocks, was re-faced late in the ITth century,
and, with the rest of the building, much re-
paired at a later date. In the middle is the
projecting porch, forming a small tower of three
stages; the floors have been destroyed, and the
door is not used, but the moulded four-centred
doorway remains. The walls of the hall and
great chamber were buttressed in the 19th cen-
tury, and the windows, if not modern, have been
entirely restored. The W. Elevation is more
complete, though the wall has been buttressed
in the same way as that on the E., and the
windows have also been restored. In the wall
of the hall are straight, joints indicating the
position of a bay window and a fireplace, shown
in the old plan, but no longer existing. The
porch in the middle forms a more massive tower
than the E. porch; it is buttresse<l at the angles,
and is ot throe stages, with ])atlt'ins in the wails
in black bricks, a brick corliel-table, aud small
semi-circular arches carrying a plain parapet,
above which are octagonal moulded (■hiiiuiey
shafts; these belong to tire]daces in the small
rooms on each stage, which are intact, and are
lighted by small brick windows with four-
centred moulded heads and square labels; the
doorway is also four-centred, of two moulded
iiiders with a label. The newel stairs are in a
quarter-octagonal turret on the N.E. Both
ends of the elevation are gabled ; at the kitchen
end the gable has been probably rebuilt, and
the windows in both storeys are modern or
restored, but the gable at the solar end has been
little altered; it is stepped and coped, and at
the apex is a twisted chimney shaft. The door
and windows of the ground floor at this end
are |)robably made up of old and new materials;
the tirst floor windows appear to be original,
though restored ; the middle window is of three
pointed lights under a four-centred main head
of two moulded orders with a moulded label, all
in brick; on each side are single-light windows
similar to those in the porch. The S. End of
the building is a blind wall. The ..V. End has
a stepped gable and is covered by the small
extension in which is the archway to the former
kitchen court; the arch is four-centred, of two
moulded orders, and the windows resemble those
in the main building; the roof is ridged a little
below the main roof.
Interior — The roof of the hall and great
chamber is continuous, of eleven bays, and of
the same detail throughout. The trusses
rest on carved corbels, probably restorations of
early 19th-century date, and have moulded
arched braces and short cambered collars,
with cross trussing above them. The wall plates
and purlins are moulded, and short, nearly
vertical, struts are carried from each of them to
each rafter. Between the trusses are ogee wind-
braces. At each end of the hall (now fitted as
stables) is a doorway with a four-centred head
of two moulded orders; in the main doorway is
a heavy iloor, perhaps oiiginal. of moulded,
tongued and grooved battens. The solar floor
(at the S. end of the hall) is carried on
moulded beams, joists and wall-plates; the open
timber roof is ridged from E. to W., and has a
cambered collar beam and trusses with arched
bracing; between the trusses arc ogee wind-
braces. The ii]iper storeys of the W. porch
contain part of the fine collection of documents
lonneeted with the house.
The Gatehouse stands N.W. of the "W. front,
at the end of the High Street, and is a rect-
angular brick building pierced by a wide arch-
way near the X. end. On the X. side of this
entrance is a small room for the jx>rter, and on
the S. the gatehouse forms two cottages, which
have been repaired; on the E. is a long shallow
projection containing staircases and offices. The
roof is ridged from end to end, and the r ottages
aie gabled. \ few original windows remain, of
two pointed lights, in moulded brick, but many
61
62
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE,
of the windows, especially ou the W., have
woodeu easemeut frames, inserted iu the 17th
century, and some are modern. The arch
was rebuilt iu a three-ceutred form ou the W.
side, iu the 18th century ; on the E. side the
original cambered wood lintel remains; it has
curved angle-brackets, which give the entrance
a four-centred form. On the 8. and W. wall.s
of the room over the archway are remains
of a late IGth-ceutury tempera painting, repre-
senting a lion hunt.
Couditiou — Good.
*(7). HoLSE, iu the Home Park, Hattield,
N. of the church, formerly the Hanger's cottage,
was built of timber early in the 17th century,
but re-faced with brick later in the same cen-
tury; the roof is tilcil. The j)lau is of the K
type, with the wings projecting towards the S.;
it is a modified example, as the central block is
short, and without a porch; it contains the
main staircase and a small hall of one
storey, which was originally entered from
the S. In the W. wing are two iv)oms; the
room on the X. is now used as a hall, and a
modern porch at the N. end opens into it; a small
square projection on the E. face contained a
second staircase, of which only the upper part
remains; the lower part was destroyed when a
drawing-rt>om was added in the 19th century.
The E. wing contains the kitchen and offices.
There are three gables on the N. front, and the
E. and W. wings are also gabled. Only one
original window remains, with moulded wood
frame and mullions, much restored. A few of
the other windows are of the same date as Hie
brick rasing, and have transoms and high
casements. Iiileiior: The original main stair-
case has plain square newels with s])herical
heads, a plain handrail and turned balusters.
The small staircase iu the W. wing, also
original, is steep and of " dog-leg " construction ;
I)art of the handrail remainSj with flat balusters
cut from boards.
Condition — Good ; much altered and restored.
'' (8). House, now two shojjs, iu Fore Street,
N.AV. of the church, is of two 8tore3'8, the upper
overhanging; the walls are timber-framed and
])lastcieil; the roof is tiled. It was built jircjl)-
ably iu the 17th century, but has been mucl)
restored.
Condition — Good.
*(9). The Eight Bells In.v, in Park Street.
N.W. of the church, is a small house, built early
in the 17th century, of plastered timber; the
roof is tiled. It is of one storey, with au attic
lighted by dormer windows. The interior is
modem.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered.
Mill Green : —
* (10). T/te Beehive Inn, and a Collage, ou the
road to Ti'win, about a mile X.E. of the church,
retain 17th-ceutury chimney stacks.
Condition — ^Good; much altered.
''(11). Kentish Lane Farm, on the Esseudon
Eoad, about 2 miles S.E. of the church, is a
small gabled timber-framed house, built in the
17tli century, and covered with modern plaster;
the back is of modern brick; the roof is tiled,
with hij)ped ends. The plan is rectangular,
;ind the single chimney stack is original, with
lour square engaged shafts, set diagonally.
Conilition — Fairly good.
21. lilSHOPS STOUTFORD.
(O.S. G in. («) xxiii. N.W. W xxiii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
"(1). Pakish Church of St. Michael, on
rising ground S. of the High Street, has em-
battled walls, built chiedy of Hint with stone
dressings. It is entirely of eaily 15th-century
date, but is probably on the site of an older
church. The West Tower is the latest part of
the church, set out beyond th(! AV. end of the
.Xiirc, and then joined to it by an extra
bay. In the churchwardeus' accounts there is
an item for covering the walls of the W.
end of the nave and tower with straw and
lead in 1431, and another in the same year
for levelling the floor of the church next to
tiie tower, showing probably that the two
])arts were connected during that year. In the
liJth century the upper part of the tower was
rebuilt, the North Chancel Aisle and South
Vestrji were added, the chancel arch recon-
structed, the Organ Chamhtr and chancel clear-
storey erected, and the whole building much
restored.
This ehurch is interesting on account of its
unusual size and the goml detail of the inferior.
It contains noticeable examples of loth-century
carving, such as the quire-stalls, with carved
misericords; the stone corbels of the roof.
icjireseiitiiig the A])0st]es and various medijeval
craftsmen; the label-stops of the arcades, and
the label-stops and spandrels of the N. doorway.
Architectural Description —The Chancel
(43 ft. by 22 ft.) has a modern five-light E.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
63
window and a three-light S. window with
original inner jambs and restored tracery, in
the North Chancel Aisle (i'6 ft. by 14 ft.) the E.
and S.E. windows have 15th-century inner
jambs of clunch, probably re-used material
from the windows displaced by the chapel. The
Nave (85 ft. by 20| ft.) has arcades of six bays
with piers of clustered' semi-octagonal shafts
and moulded arches, the labels terminating in
carved stops; the westernmost piers are wider
than the others and have vertical joints fiom
base to capital, showing that each pier is the
work of two different periods: the inner jambs
of the two-light clearstorey windows are
original. The North Aisle {UiH. wide) has five
N. windows and one W. window, each of three
lights with original inner jambs and modern
tracery; the N. doorway, also original, has
moulded jambs and a pointed arch in a square
head; the two spandrels outside are carved
in low relief, and may represent a " Doom " ; in
one is the figure of a woman with a great eye
looking down on her, and in the other an angel
holding a trumpet and censer; the moulded
labels, inside and out, have stops carved with
the symbols of the Evangelists. The doorways
of the rood-stair turret I'emain at the E. end of
the aisle, but the stairs have been destroyed.
The South Aisle (14 ft. wide) has S. and'W.
windows similar to those in the N. aisle; the S.
doorwav is jwinted and moulded. The Tower (17
ft. by IGft.) isof four stages, with an octagonal
loaded spire;; a lofty moulded archway opens
from the nave; the original stair-turret in tlie
iV.W. angle is no longer used, as a modem
turret has been built in the IN'.E. corner; all
the stonework is modem, except the W. door-
way and the loojis and doorway of the old turret.
The North and South Porches have original
windows, restored outside. Tlie Bonf of the
chancel is dated 1668, but this may refer to
repairs, as the traccried trusses are character-
istic of the 15th century : the nave roof is coeval
with its walls, and rests on stone corbels carved
with figures of the Apostles, and angels with
shields; the trusses are traceried, with a
double rose or a painted shield attached
to the soffits of the tie beams. The roofs
of the aisles resemble that of the nave,
and the stone corbels are carved w-ith human
or grotesque figures, representing among
others: a gardener with pruning knife and
branch, a cook with bone and ladle, a woodman
with bill hook and bough, a man-at-arms (?)
with halberd, a washerman (y) with a bat, a
yeoman, an apish creature with broom and knife
or staff, a man with ragged staff, and another
with short sword and buckler.
Fittings— /ic//.v.- ten, the oldest llVi.
Brasses: in the chancel, to Thomas, infant sou
of Richard Edgcomb and Mary his wife; 1614,
inscription on two brasses : to Charles Denny,
1635, inscription on two brasses. Chest : in
vestry, with false lock and two jjadlocks; the
real lock taking up the whole of the underside
of the lid and having fourteen bolts; early
17th-century. Doors: in N. and S. entrances,
original, oak, repaired. Font: I'urbeck marble
ixtwl, with shallow panelled sides, late 12th-
century. Monuments : in the diancel, to the
children of Edward Maplesden, 1684: to -Mrs
Cordelia Denny, 16IJ8. Piscinae: in the
chancel, trefoiled head, 15th-century, with
modern sill: in the 8. aisle, with pointed arch,
and a round bowl, damaged, also 15th-
century. Plate: includes silver cup of 168:!.
Pulpit: oak, hexagonal, with panelled sides,
on a central pillar with carved brackets, earlv
17th-centuiy. Serein : greater part of loth-
century roo<l-scrcen remains, with open tracery
in the head, and closed traceried panels below
the middle rail. Stalls: in the chanci,
eighteen (piire-stalls. with carved misericords
representing human heads, animals, etc.; the
backs are traceried, the desks in front are
panelled, and have standards with poppy heads;
15th-century. Stoup : in the porch, damaged.
Miscellanea : in the wall, near the stoup, piece
of clunch, carved roughly in shape of a horse's
hoof.
Condition — Good; much restored outside.
Secular:—
« (2). Waytemork Castle (Mount and Bailey)
stands on low marshy ground N. of the town,
on the E. bank of the river Stort.
The Castle was an early stronghold of the
Bishops of London, and is of especial interest
as it retains traces of the shell keep.
The Keep Mount, large and oval, is 40 ft. high,
and covers, at the summit, about \ acre. Of
the former Shell Keep, which is probably of the
12th century, little more than the flint rubble
foundations remain, enclosing a roughly
rectangular space about 1)U ft. by 40 ft. In the
>'.E. and S.E. angles are the remains of
chambers; that on the S.E. has a ga|> in the
vail. The Bailey, much altered, forms a
roughly pentagonal enclosure to the S. of the
mount. The surrounding ditches have been
altered into narrow water channels, except tlie
part between tiie mount and bailey. The
( ntrancc was probablv on the S. from the cause-
way across the marsh.
Condition — Of mount good; of keep.
ruinous; the bailev is nearlv levelled. The
64
IN'A'ENTORT or THF. MONTMKNTS OF HEFTFOEDSH1HE.
site has been aiquired by tlie I ibaii Distriit
Council, and the earthworks and remains ol
the shell keep are to be carctully repaired and
protected.
*(3). HoMEsTKAD Moat, on Piggott's Farm,
fragment.
" (4). Ca.stle Cott.ace, in the Causeway,
near the Castle, is a timber and plaster building
of 16th or 17th-century date.
Condition — Good; much altered.
"(5). St. Joseph's, formerly Wind Hill
House, W. of the church, is an early ITth-cen-
tury building of two storeys aud attics encased
in iSth-century brick walls, much altered and
restored in the 19th century. The plan is L-
shaped, with the wings projecting to the N. and
"W. Inside the house, at the junction of the
wings, is an original heavy oak staircase rising
to the second floor, with moulded handrail, open
carved balustrade, and panelled and moulded
newels, of which one (at the top) retains its
original square moulded head: the others have
modern deal heads. The small entrance hall E.
of the staircase is part of the original large
hall, and in it are the remains of an orna-
mented plastered ceiling.
Condition — Good.
" (6). The Chantry, in Hadham Road, is a
two-storevcd house of plastered timber, built
late in the Ifith century; the roof is tiled. The
plan is L-shaped, with modern additions to the
short wing, in which is the main entrance: a
wide archway pierced in the long wing leads to
it. The interior has been re-modelled, but in
the entrance hall arc some moulded beams
of late 16th or early 17th-century date, with
running designs in ))laster, and a fragment of
coloured plaster work, recently discovered. In
the garden the remains of a l-nth-century
stone window, of six cinquef oiled lights
arranged in iiairs under square heads, may
indicate that there was an earlier building on
the site.
Condition — Good; much altered.
Xorth Street, "W. side: —
a (7). The White Horse Inn is a 17th-century
house, of two storeys, built of brick and
plastered timber. The plan is of the L type.
On the front the lower storey is of plain
brick; the overhanging upper storey, with
its flanking gables, is plastered and decorated
with square and diamond-shaped panels, con-
taining designs in low relief of a ciowned foliate
cross, a lion rampant, a two-headed eagle, etc.
Condition — Fairly good, interior much
altered.
WA>TE MORE CASTLE
(parish of
BISHOPS STORTTORD)
30S-
3ca.lc of feet
for scclions
<» (8). The Half Moon Inn, is a 17th-century
timber house with an original moulded beam
and carved brackets under the eaves. Inside
the house are some beams with chamfered edges.
Condition — Good; much altered.
E. side: —
«(9). House, Xo. 12, probably of the 17th
century, also retains some old beams.
Condition — Good; much altered.
High Street, N. side: —
" (10). The Boar's Head Inn, oppo.<ite the
church, was built late in the 16th or early in the
17th century, of timber and plaster, but much
altered in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ite
original plati is obscured. The main block is
gabled on the street front, and the projecting
wings, with overhanging upj>er storeys, are also
gabled. In the re-entering angles are quarter-
circle bay windows, added in the 18th century.
On the gable of the W. wing are the remains of
an original cusped barge board. Nearly all the
earlier windows have been replaced by sashes,
but a few old metal casements remain. In the
stables are a moulded beam and a defaced carved
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFOEDSniHE.
65
boss of the 15th century. These are not in situ,
but appear to have been inserted to repair the
ceiling.
Condition — Good ; much repaired and altered.
o (11). House, now divided into two dwellings
(Nos. 10 and 12), N.E. of the church, is a three-
storeyed timber and plaster building, of c. 1(500 ;
the roofs are tiled. The street front has t«o
gables and both the upper storeys project; under
the second floor are carved wooden brackets.
On the first floor are two oriel windows, and all
the windows have wooden frames and mullions.
The interior is modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
"(12). The George Inn is a timber and
plaster building of the IGth or 17th century.
Condition — Good ; much altered.
South Street, E. side : —
« (13). TKe Grapes Inn, a house of late IGth-
century date, built of timber and plaster,
retains an original angle bracket, now concealed
behind a square corner. Inside, behind a cup-
board, is a four-centred doorway.
Condition — Good; much altered.
W. side : ^
"(14-15). The Reindeer Inn and Jocelyns
House are of the 16th or 17th century.
Condition — Of both, good ; much altered.
Bridge Street : —
"(16). The Bhich Lion Inn is a timber and
plaster house of two storeys and an attic, built
on a rectangular plan, probably early in the
16th century. On the N. front the upper
storey projects, and has a moulded sill enriched
with twisted ornament and carried on carved
brackets ; the attic storey also projects ; it
hag a canted sill with pendants at the ends, and
two gables with plain barge boards, and iron
scroll finials and oak pendants at the apices.
On the upper floor is a row of small lights with
moulded oak frames and mullions, and between
them are two modern oriel windows; in the
gables are small square windows. On the E.
side also the iippcr storey projects, and there
are two small blocked windows with oak
mullions. A little panelling of early 17th-
eentury date remains in an upper rocmi, but the
interior is otherwise modern.
Condition — Good.
"(17). The Star Inn is a timber and plaster
house of the 17tli century, much restored; it
retains an original carved Ijrackct under tlie
caves.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (18). House, opposite ' The Black Lion,' is
probably of the 16th century, much altered, and
re-modelled externally ; the roof is hipped. A
ground floor room has a plaster ceiling with
decorative panels, apparently of early 17th-
century date. In one of the upper rooms is
much 16th and 17th-century oak panelling,
evidently not in situ. The panels are all worked
" on the solid " ; those of the earlier period are
stop-moulded, while the others have mitred
mouldings. There is also a panelled door.
Condition — Good; much altered. The panal-
ling is not well preserved.
"(19). Houses, several, opposite 'The Star'
inn, built of timber and plaster, are of the
17th century. The roofs are gabled.
Condition — Fairly good.
HOCKERILL : — -
° (20). House, formerly ' The Old Bed
Ijion ' inn, is a 16th-century timber-framed
building, of two storeys, plastered externally.
The upper storey projects and is carried
on two original carved brackets. The beams
which support the upper floor inside the
house have moulded edges and stops. In one
room is some late 16th-century oak panel-
ling in small squares, with moulded edges, and
Iretween two of the bedrooms is a panelled
partition of the same date.
Condition — Goo<l.
" (21). Cottage, on S. side of the main road,
|irobably of early 17th-century date, retains its
original brick central chimney stack.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (22). The Cock Inn, a timber and plaster
house, of c. 1600, has three orijjinal carved
harge-boards in the front gables.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered.
"(23). SroRTFORD P.vRK, about 1 mile "W. of
the church, is a farmhouse built of plastered
timber, ])rt)bably c. 1600, but completely re-
faced with brick in the 18tli century; the roof
is tiled. The plan is half JI-sha])ed, with tiie
wings projecting slightly towards the S., and a
kitchen wing on the N. In the middle of the
main block is a sqiiare chimney stack with V-
shaped ])ilasters ; the interior has been com-
idctely altered. Two large barns, one of eight
bays, are built of rough hewn timbers and
weather-boarded : the roofs are thatched.
Condition — Good; much altered.
" (24). WicKH \M n.M.r. and C()TT.\ge, 1 .\ miles
N.W. of the church. The Hall, now a farm-
house, is a timber-framed and plastered build-
ing of two storeys and attics; the roofs are tiled.
CA]
INVENTORY OF THK MONXTMENTS OF HERTFORDSniRE.
It was built early iu the 17th century, but
has been luufli altered and restored. The plan
is L-shaped : cue 17th-century ihimney stack
remains, with diagonal or V-shaj>ed shafts of
narrow bricks. The brick cottdi/f on the S. of
the house, was formerly an old pigeon house;
it has beeu enlarged and is now used as a lodge.
Condition — Good.
"(25). TuE Church Manor House, about
" mile E. by N. of the church, is of two storeys
and an attic, and was built of timber and
plaster, probably c. KiUO. on an L-shaped plan,
but was almost completely rebuilt in brick early
in the ISth century, and much altered at a later
date. One window of c. UiUO remains, possibly
in situ, with moulded wood mullions, and inside
the house is a quantity of panelling of the same
date, re-set.
Condition — Good; much altered.
22. BOTIXGDOX.
(O.S. 6 in. (a)xxxiii. S.E. (»'xxxviii. N.W.)
Roman;—
« (1). Dwelling House, on the E. side of
Boxmoor House, found and planned in 1851.
Koman burials have been discovered near it.
Condition — Xo remains above ground.
Ecclesiastical: —
''(2). P.\RisH Church of St. L.wvrence,
stands on high ground on the X. side of the
village. It was entirely rebuilt iu 1845, with
the exception of the lower part of the walls of
the W. tower.
Fittings— Z^e//i : three, 1st by Chandler lOr,:',.
2nd by W. "Wbitmore, 1054. Brasses:
in the chancel floor, partly hidden by
the choir stalls, to Henrj' Maine, 1G05 : to
Andrew Mayne, 1621: to Mary Mayne, 1041:
to John Hall, 1617. Monuments and Floor
Slabs: in the tower, stone effigy, early 15th-
century, of a knight wearing pointed bascinet
with camail and hauberk, the gypon is ap-
]>arently of leather, but the elbow cops and leg
defences are of plate, the sword belt is
jewelled; at the feet is a hound; the supjiorting
figures at the head and hands are missing : in
the chancel, several 17th-century floor slabs,
one to James ^fayne, 1642, with marginal in-
scription, inlaid marble.
Cond it ion — Good .
Secular:—
'^{'^). Eextstreet Farm, about i mile S.E.
of the church, is a rectangular building of
timber and brick; the roof is tiled. The
lower storey has closelj- spaced vertical timbers,
and is possiblj- of late 16th-century date; the
projecting upjior storey, with timbers further
apart, was probably built at a later date.
Condition — Good.
23. BEAMFIELD.
(O.S. 6 in. xxix. X.W,)
Ecclesiastical;—
(i). i'.uusH Church of St. Andrew, stands
iu the miildle of the village. The walls are
probably of Hint rubble, but are now covered
with plaster; the roofs are tiled. Itestorations
in 1840 destroyed nearly all traces of
antiquity, but the sinq)le plan of Chancel and
Nave has probably remained unaltered from an
early date. The West Toner was built in 1840
over an ancient well, locally said to- have been a
holy well.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
has a three-light E. window with net tracery,
in lloman cement, and two square-headed S.
windows, each of two cinquefoiled lights, re-
taining much of their late 15th-century stone-
work; there is no chancel arch. In the Nave,
only the easternmost window in the N. wall,
shows any old stonework. Some of the timbers
of the chancel Roof are old.
Fittings — Bells : two ; 2ud late 14th-cen-
tury, by William Founder, with a Latin
inscription. Chest: in the vestry, 17th-century.
Monument: on N. wall of chancel, of white
marble, to George, Viscount Grandison, 1699.
Piscina: in the chancel, with trefoiled head,
14th-century. Plate: inchules cup of 1562 ami
cover paten of 1617.
Condition — Good.
Secular;—
(2). Homestead Moat, at Bramfieldbury,
fragments.
24. lUJ.MGHIXG.
(O.S. 6 in. («)xiv. X.W. Wxiv. S.E. Wxiv. S.W.
Wxxii. X.W.)
Roman;—
ill. Sec FXCL.JVSSIFTED lx>loW.
Ecclesiastical:—
« (2). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands
in the X.E. corner of the village. The
walls arc of ilint, jiartly covered with cement,
and the dressings aro of chinch and stone.
The Chancel was built c. 1220, the Nave, Aisles,
INVENTOKY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOUDSHIHE.
67
West Tower, iiud .South Porch witli parvise,
are all work of the first half oi the lotli
century, but possibly the nave retains a few
stones of tke early l^th-century building. The
North Chapel (now used as vestry and organ
chamber) was added early in the 17th century,
and has been repaired. Much external stone-
work was renewed in the ISJth century.
Architectural JJescriptiou — The Chancel
(34 ft. by 16^- ft.) has two early 13th-century
lancets in the jS'. wall, much repaired; one is
blocked, but can be seen in the vestry, into
which the other also opens. The other windows
and the blocked doorway in the S. wall have
been almost entirely restored^ but retain a few
ot the old stones inside. The chancel arch, of
two moulded orders, is of the 15th century, but
the bases and capitals of the jambs are modern.
In the North Chapel the E. half of the floor is
raised, to cover a vault; the windows are
modem. The Nave (63 ft. by IC^ ft.) has
loth-century arcades of four bays with com-
pound pillars having moulded capitals and
bases, and two-centred arches of two orders ; in
the wall E. of the N. arcade is a small tref oiled
opening into the N. aisle ; in the S.E. corner are
the stairs to the rood-loft, with one doorway
from the aisle, a second, blocked, at the
level of the former loft, and a third opening
on to the roof, above which the staircase is
carried up in an octagonal turret, finished
with an embattled parapet. The clearstorey
windows, each of three lights, have 15th-
century inner jambs, but are otherwise restored.
The North Aisle (12} ft. wide) has an unglazed
E. window of three lights with old jambs and
modern tracery, opening into the vestry; the
three N. windows and the W. window are all of
the 15th century, each of three lights with
modern tracery; the N. doorway is blocked,
and its label stops are decayed. The Smifh Aisle
(15 ft. wide) has windows resembling those in
the N. aisle, and an original S. doorway, with
moulded jambs, a pointed arch in a square
head, and a label with defaced head stops. The
West Tower (14 ft. square) is of four stages, with
square angle buttresses to the lower stages, an
embattled parapet and a slender leaded spire.
The lofty pointed tower arch is of c. 1420;
in the W. wall is a square-headed doorway
with traceried spandrels, and above it is a three-
light window with modern tracery. The ihird
stage has small quatrefoil lights, and tlie lu'll-
chamber has tall two-light windows with
traceried heads, all repaired. The South Porch,
wnth parvisp. is higher tlian the S. aisle. It has
gabled square liuttresses at the angles, and an
embattled ])arappt with crocketed corner
pinnacles; the doorway has a pointed arch
under a square head, and the side windows are
of two lights wdth traceried heads, repaired.
The floor has been removed from the upper
room, which has a square-headed S. window of
two lights. The chancel Koof has old trussed
rafters with three modern arched braces; the
nave has a 15th-century roof with plastered
l)anels, moulded ribs, carved bosses, and figures
of angels at the feet of the intermediate trusses;
the E. bay is more elaborately treated than the
others and its colour decoration has been
renewed; the aisles have 15th-centurj' roots of
similar detail, with trusses supported on
stone corbels carved as angels holding .shields;
the old timlx-rs remain in the flat roof of the
N. chapel, with an inscription painted on the
wall plate recording the building of the chapel
by Simeon Brograve (ob. 1038).
' Fittings— Belh : eight; 4th 1628, 5th 1562,
6th 1615, 7th 1653, and 8th 1631. Brasses:
on the E. wall of the S. aisle, of a
civilian and his wife, c. 1485 : on the floor, to
Richard Grene, inscription only, 1561 : to
another Richard Grene, inscription and heraldic
shield, 1610 : of Barbara Hanchett, with in-
scription, 1561 : lower half of woman's figure,
probably late 15th-century. F07U : modern :
at E. end of N. aisle, recently replaced in the
church, disused font, early 14th-century, muti-
lated; with flat wood cover, early I7t]i-(eii-
tury, much decayed. Monuments: on K.
side of chancel, to John Brograve, died
1625, and his younger brother Charles, died
1602, alabaster and marble, witii round-arched
recess, in which are their recumbent effigies in
armour; their armorial bearings are in a
cartouche above the recess: on wall, same side,
to Simeon Brograve, 1638, and Dorothy, hi.-*
wife, 1645: onS. wall to Augustin Steward,
1597, alabaster, bust in armour: to Sir .John
Brograve, 1593. Niches : on each side of W.
doorway, niche for image, with canoi)ied iiead
and foliated finial : in S. wall of parvi.so, two
niches with foliated arches under square heads.
Paintings : at W. end of N. aisle, large picture
of the Resurrection, probably part of 17th-cen-
tury altar piece, recently discovered and placed
in present position. Plate: earliest pieces
1718. Seating : in the nave, a few buttressed
bench ends and fronts, oak, 16fh-ccntury.
Sloup: in S.E. corner of porch, with a round
basin, slightly broken.
Condition— Good substantially, much re-
stored ; a few of the stones outside are dorayed :
on the tower and S. porch is a great deal of
cement, which is .scaling off the walls of the
porch.
12
68
I.WEXTOUY OF TUE MOXUMEKTS OF U EETFOEDSUIRE.
Secular:—
Homestead Moats : —
" (3). At S.W. coruer of Turk's Wood, nearly
circular, with entrance on S.W.
Coudition — Good.
' (4). At Hobb's Farm, fragment.
*(5). At Cockbampstead.
<■• '' (6). Upf Hall, house, barn, and moat,
1 mile 8.E. of the church. The house is of
three storejs, and built of red brick, the roofs
are tiled. The greater part is of early 17tb-
century date, and is half H in plan, the wings
being on the E.; the space between them has
been filled in by a modei-n hall, and a modern
wing has been added on the N.E. The A\^ front
has two gables, with plain brick copings of later
date; under the northernmost gable is the main
entrance, the marks of its junction with a
former porch being visible in the wall on each
side; the door, with four-centred arch and good
strap hinges, is original, but partly re])aircd,
and is llauked by jjilasters sujjporting a pedi-
ment : the plinth and two moulded string-
courses which mark the first and second floor
levels are cut otf square at the N. end, and the
return wall is modern, indicating that the house
once extended further N.: the windows on the
ground and first floors are unusually wide, and
have modern oak mullions and transoms : in
the gables are smaller windows of three lights,
with brick hood-moulds, and above them arc
small bullseye openings : near the S. end is a
blocked niche or hole a few feet above the
ground (see also barn). The S. end of the main
block and both the E. wings are gabled ; the
northernmost wing contained the original stair-
case, now destroye<l; and at the junction of the
other wing with the main block the chimney
stack is partly old. The disposition of the
rooms has been altered : in the hall is
a large open fireplace, probably inserted
late in the 17th or early in the 18th century, as
it partly blocks a window on the W. A room on
the first floor has a stone fireplace with moulded
jambs and a Tudor arch, now painted.
Opposite the chief entrance to the house are
the two large posts of the original main gate-
way ; they are of brick with stone caps and ball
heads.
The exceptionally large barn ('140 ft. long).
N.W. of the house, built pro])ably 40 or 50 years
before it, is of red brick with di;\mond patterns
picked out in blue bricks, and has gabled ends;
the roof is tiled. At the W. end of the S. front
are traces of two wings, one smaller and of later
date than the other, on the same site. There
are two large entrances on the N., now blocked,
and two, of modern brickwork with tour-centred
arches, on the S. The narrow loop lights,
in two ranges, are of ditierent dates; ihe older
lights have arched, and the others have square
heads. In the ^i'. wall outside, about 4 ft. from
the ground, are two small arched niches, one
with an inner recess behind it.
A small 17th-century building of brick with
a tiled roof, called the ' Granary', stands N.
of the house.
The moat now consists of two ponds.
Condition — Buildings, good. Moat, poor.
«(7). House, W. of the church, formerly an
inn, now divided into two cottages, is of late
IGth or early 17th-century date. It is a two-
storej-ed building of timber completely covered
with plaster; the roof is tiled. The plan is
rectangular, divided by cross partitions, and
there are three brick chimney stacks. Un the
street front the upper storey projects, and the
I^laster is divided into square and circular
panels decorated with carbuncles, etc., in low
relief. In the ground floor room there is a
partly built up fireplace, with a moulded beam
over the opening. Two of the rooms have
ceilings with moulded ribs.
Coudition — Good.
' (8). House, S. of the church, now divided
into a cottage and schoolroom, built early in the
17th century, of timber with herring-bone brick
nogging; the roof is tiled. At each end of the
mam front, which faces N., the upper storey
projects, and is gabled. The plan is rectangular,
but the interior has been so much altered in tho
19th century that its original arrangement is
uncertain, and the greater part of the floor over
the schoolroom has been removed.
Condition — Good.
' (9). TuE Causeway, S.W. of the church, is a
red brick and timber house of eaily 17th-century
date. The front, plastered probably late in the
17th or early in the 18th century, has rusticated
quoining in plaster, and retains the old window
frames and fastenings. The interior has been
much altered; the newel staircase is probably
original, but repaired.
Condition — Good.
^(10). Fordstkeet Farm is a two-storeyed
])lastered timber building on brick and flint
foundations, of early 17th-century date.
On the street front tho plaster is decorated with
comb-work, and there is a small overhanging
bay window.
Condition — Good. It has been much altered
and repaired, both inside and out, during the
I'Jth centurv.
INVENTORY OF THE UONUIEENTS OF HERTFOEDSUIEE.
09
ft (11). RoTTOX Eow, a farmliouse, nearly
2 miles N.E. oi the cLuk.Ii, built probably lu
the ICth century and altered in the 17th, l8th
and I'Jth centuries; it is of two storeys, with
timber-framed and plastered walls. The plan
was apparently of half H shape, but the S2)acc
between the wings has been enclosed. The main
block has a gabled roof covered with slate, and
the wings have lower gabled roofs, tiled, with
hipped ends. The two plain chimney stacks
are of thin ITth-century bricks. On the S.
front the main entrance opens into a passage,
which is part of the original hall; the rest is
used as a parlour, and has a large 17th-century
fireplace, filled in with a modern grate
and cupboards, one containing the original
chimney-corner seat. The position of the
moulded ceiling joists shows that this fireplace
replaces an earlier and larger one. In each
Aviiig is a narrow enclosed staircase with oak
steps, built probably in the 17th centuiy, and
now disused. The principal staircase was added
in the 18th century. One room on the ground
floor is panelled with oak of early 17lh-centur_y
date, now painted.
Condition — Fairly good.
f' (12). TnoEPE House, formerly an inn, in
the village of Puckeridge, on the E. side of the
main street, is a two-storeyed 17th-centurv
timber building, jilastered externally; the roots
are tiled, and there is a central chimney
stack. Some of the windows retain their
original frames, and at the S. end of the front is
an old, wide, timber gateway. The interior has
been much altered.
Condition — Good.
<^ (13). The Crown and Falcon Inn, near
Thorpe House, probably built c. 1530, is a
timber house plastered externallj- ; the ijppcr
storey projects on the S. and W. sides, and is
supported on a moulded bressumer. On the
W. is a wide, timber gateway with a four-
centred head and old doors, and under the arch-
way a small doorway, with a four-centred head,
is also original.
Condition — Good. The chimneys, windows,
and the interior of the house have been much
restored and altered.
" (14). Farmhouse, now three tenements, in
the hamlet of Dassels, on the E. side of the
Barkway road, was built c. 1610, on an L-
shaped plan, with the longer wing facing W.
The walls are of timber and j)lasfer, and the
plaster is decorated with a combed pattern; the
roofs are tiled; the roof of the longer wing is
hip]icd at the N. end; the shorter wing is gabled
at both ends, one gable being at the S. end of
the W. front, against which a large chimney
stack is built; of the octagonal shafts only tho
moulded bases remain. 'Ihe main wing lias a
central chimney stack with a cluster of square
shafts sot diagonally. The windows are much
altered, though a few of the original casements
remain; the doorways are modern. The interior
has been completely re-modelled, and all tho
old fittings removed.
Condition — Fairly good; interior defaced.
Unclassified;—
'[i). Lark's Hill, or Lark's Field, is the
promontory of a hill, which runs out, 8.E. of
the village, between the high road (Ermine
Street) and the Great Eastern llailway. It
has a steep western slope and terraces along
the E. end, which 18th-century antiquaries
took to be the artificial defences of a Koman
station. There is, however, nothing to show
that the steep 8lo2)e is other than natural,
and the terraces now look like cultivation
terraces rather than defences. A Eoman
mosaic, indicating a dwelling house or farm,
is said to have been found somewhere on
the hill about 1799; many Koman remains
(coins, potsherds, oyster shells) are recorded
from the neighbourhood of the railway station
700 yards S. of the hill.
Condition — Covered with trees.
25. BRENT FELHAM.
(O.S. 6 in. Mix. S.E. Wxiv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
« (1). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands on
high ground N. of the village; the walls are of
flint rubble with stone dressings, and the rcofs
are tiled. The Nave and Chancel were built
c. 1350, and the West Tower about a century
later. In the 19th century a South Porch and
a North Orqan Chamber were adiled, and the
whole church was much restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(2G ft. by 18i ft.) has a modern E. window and
two small two-light windows with simple
tracery, of c. 1350, one in the S. wall, the other
re-set in the N. wall of the organ chamber. In
the S. wall is a small doorway which retains
only a few original stones. The chancel arch,
also of r. 1350, is of two moulded orders
with triple-shafted jambs. The Nave (50 J ft.
by 28 ft.) has three windows in the N.
wall and three in tho S. wall, of which
only the internal openings are original: the
N. "and S. doorways, of two wave - moulded
orders, are original, i)ut the former is
blocked. The West Toicer (12 ft. by 10^, ft.)
70
INVENTORY OF THE IIONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSniEE.
is of three stages, with moulded pliuth,
embattled parapet and small lead-covered spire.
In the S.AV. angle is a newel staircase. Tho
tower arch, of two moulded orders with shafted
jaml)8, the pointed W. doorway with sijuare
outer order and tracericd spandrels, the three-
light W. window with tracery, and the bell-
chamber winilows of two lights are all original.
Fittings— i^e//« ; four, 1st and 2nd 1G34, 4th
1637. Brass : in the nave, of Mary, 1G25, and
Anne, 1027, the wives of Francis Ifowley, with
inscription. The S. Dour retains its original
tracery (mid 14th-century), much scraped, and
on a new backing. MonumeiU : in a recess in
N. wall of nave, large black marble slab, late
13th-century, decorated in high relief witli a
foliate cross, the symbols of the Evangelists,
and other figures; an 18th-century inscri])tion
painted on the back of tho recess ascribes it to
Piers Shonks, 1086. Plate: includes a cup of
1628. Screen: at W. end of nave, modern, but
incorporates some traceried heads from a 15th-
century screen. Miscellanea : on a buttress on
iS'. wall of nave, two deeply cut crosses, prob-
ably consecration crosses.
Condition — Good; much restored.
Secular;—
Homestead Moats: —
*(2). At Down Hall, consists of two ponds
in the farmyard.
" (3). ' Chainberlaiu's ' Moat, ^ mile N. of the
church, with wet ditch, and traces of an inner
rectangular enclosure.
Condition — Good, except S.E. arm.
b (4). ' Shonks' ' Moat, about a mile S.E. of
the church, encloses two islands. The ditch of
one is wet, that of the other is dry and much
denuded.
"(5). Beext Pelham Hall, E. of the church,
is of two storeys and an attic, built in 1G08, as
indicated by a dated stone still remaining; it
■was then timber-framed, but a brick casing
was added later in the 17lh century; a print of
1698 shows the house in its present condition.
The roofs are tiled. The plan is E-shaped; the
slightly projecting middle bay, in which is the
principal entrance with a porch, has a pediment
head, and the shallow wings at each end have
]ii]))ied roof's. A ])lain hiick string-course
marks the first floor level, and the eaves and
pediment have moulded wood cornices with
modillions. Tho windows have "outside "
sash frames. The ends of the house resemble
the front, but modern additions have been made
at the back. The chimney stacks arc original,
and have octagonal and round shafts, moulded
in twisted, honeycomb, and other patterns,
with moulded caps and bases. The porch
opens into a large hall, which occupies the
whole space between the wings, and has a stone
fireplace with a Tudor arch, and an early
17th-century oak mantelpiece ; the walls are
lined with oak panelling of that date. The
drawing room in the wing at the S. end has
similar panelling and fireplace. In the dining
room, at the other end of the building, is a later
17th-century fireplace on which arc the arms of
Floyer, a cheveron between three arrows, im-
paling Boothby, on a canton a lion's paw, a
crescent for difference. Another fireplace in
the upper storey has the Floyer arms, and on
the stairs at the N. end of the house is a shield
with Floj'cr impaling Boothby. About 1640
the house passed into the possession of Francis
Floyer, who married Martha Boothby- Two
other mid 17th-century fireplaces, of clunch,
with oak overmantels, have recently been
brought to this house, with some of the panel-
ling, from the ' Beeches.'
Condition — Good.
''(6). TuE Beeches, formerly the Manor-
house, now a farmhouse, about 1 mile E. by S.
of the church, was built early in the 17th cen-
tury of plastered timber with brick foundations;
the roofs are tiled. The plan is L-shaped, but
not of the normal type. The main block, facing
S.S.E., originally contained a hall and
parlour, but was much altered, both inside and
out, in the 18th and 19th centuries. The short
wing contains the kitchen and offices, and the
original newel stairs are in a square weather-
boarded turret in the re-entering angle. The
first floor contains a number of bedrooms open-
ing into each other; the attic is open through-
out. At each end of the main block is a large
chimney stack with octagonal shafts and
moulded caps: in both stacks are small brick-
moulded, mullioned windows which light the
attic. At the back is a third chimney stack,
and E.N.E. of the kitchen wing is a fourth.
Many of the windows are original, with wood
frames and mullions. and metal casements.
Part of the original ceiling of tho hnll, with
laised moulding in a honeycomb pattern, also
remains. In the attic is a 17th-century fire-
place with a plain four-centred head. All the
original panelling and mantelpieces were
removed to Brent Pelham Hall in the 19th cen-
tury.
Condition — Fairly good; interior defaced;
kitchen chimney stack has settled badly.
" (7). 'i'liE Stocks axo Wnipri.xc. Post, near
the 8. gate of the churchyard, are of the usual
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
type, with six holes; the post is at one end, and
lias an iron staple with three wrist holes, bound
by a padlock.
Unclassified:—
"(8). Tumulus, moated, W. of Cole Green.
Condition — Fairly good.
26. BRICKENDON, IjRB.iN and Hvral.
(O.S. C in. ('')xxix. S.E. Wxxxvi. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
a(l). Parish Church of All Saints (Hert-
ford), S.E. of the Castle, of late 19th-century
date, contains, from the earlier buikliuf>-, which
was burnt down in 1891, the following': —
Brasses : in the IST. transept, fragment of man's
figure, feet remain, 15th-century: inscription
to Thomas Boole, 145G : inscription in French
to Jolin Hunger, 14-35, once Master Cook to
(iuccn Katheriue, wife of Henry V.
Secular:—
Homestead Mo.\t : —
* (2). At Brickendonbury, fragments.
«(3). The Walnuts^ Castle Street, built
probably c. 1650, but much altered at later
dates, is a two-storeyed house of brick and
timber; the roof is tiled. The plastered street
front may be of late 17th or early 18th-century
date; a few original metal window casements
remain.
Condition — Good.
<» (4). Bridgem.\n House, No. 37, "West Street,
is a red brick building of two storeys and an
attic; the tiled roof was originally hipped at
both ends. The house was built c. IGfiO-SO, and
is now divided into two tenements; the plan is
rectangular, with a central chimney stack; at
the W. end is a modern addition, of which the
face is Hush with the original N. wall. The
N. front is divided into seven bays by tall
shallow panels; the two containing the win-
dows have segmental heads, and the others
semi-circular heads, with plain ]irojecting
imposts and keystones. The windows have
modern mullioned frames. The ])orch in
front of the principal entrance in the middle
bay is original ; it is of oak, and has at the
corners round pillars, with moulde<l square
bases and moulded capitals; above them are
square angle posts, enriched with shallow orna-
ment, against which are curved brackets, su])-
porting a moulded cornice; the roof is flat. The
door is also original, with oval and square
panels, and opens in two leaves. Some old
ceiling beams and an oriji'inal carved wood
mantelpiece and shelf remain inside the house,
but the fireplaces have been reduced in size.
Condition — Good.
27. BROADFIELD.
(O.S. 6 in. viii. S.E.)
Secular:—
(1). The Stables at Broadficld Hall, about
two miles N.E. of Cottered Church, consist of a
red brick rectangular building of considerable
height, built probably c. 1700. Broadficld Hull
is modern.
Condition — Good.
(2). Foxholes Farm, about IJ- miles N.E. of
Cottered Church, built probably c. 1700, has
been much repaired.
Condition — Fairly good.
28. BROXBOURNE.
(O.S. G in. («) xxxvi. S.E. (») xxxvii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
*(1). Parlsh Church of St. Augustine,
.stands a little below and E. of the village, about
350 yards from the London and Ware road. It
is built of flint rubble with stone dressings,
except the N. chapel and vestry, which are of
limestone ashlar. The roofs of the nave and
chancel are tiled, the others are covered with lead.
Nothing remains to show the date of the original
Chancel and JVarc, as the church was completely
rebuilt and enlarged in the 15th century, the
North Aisle being built first, then the E. part of
the South Aisle and the W. bay of the South
Chapel; both aisle and chapel were increased to
their present dimensions a little later, and
towards the end of the century the West
Tower was built; in 1522 the North Chapel and
North Vestry were added. Tlie South Porch
is of early 17th-century date.
The north chapel and vestry are valuable
dated examples (1522), and the Say brass is
unusually large and retains much of the original
coloured inlay.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(35 ft. by 17 ft.) has a 15th-centurv E. window
of three lights with tracery. On the N. and S.
are arcades of two bays and similar detail, which
were built with the chapels; the two-centred
arches, of two moulded orders, have columns of
four engaged shafts with moulded ca]>itals and
bases. There is no chancel arch. The North
Chapel (34 ft. by 10 ft.) has an E. window of
three lights with tracery and a four-centred
main head; in the N. wall are two similar
windows and, between them, a door opening
into the vestry; over it is a blocked window
Ijn'ENTORT OF THE MONUMENTS OF nEnTFORDSniRE.
originally opening into the upper floor of
the vestry. There is no structural division
between chapel anil aisle. The Vestnj,
which is built on to the N. chapel, between
the two N. windows, is of the same date
and design, and both structures have a
continuous parapet ornamented with cusped
panels and the arms of Say, Hill and
Fray. The inscription : " Pray for the
welfayr of Sir Wyllyam Say kuyglit wych
fodyd yis chapel in honor a ye treuete the yer
of our Lord God 1522," is carried round the
external and re-entering angles of the parapet.
The vestry is lighted on tlie N. and W. by small
traceried windows. The South Chapel (34 ft.
by 10 ft.) has one traceried window on the E.
and two on the S, Externally the joint between
the earlier and later work is clearly visible.
The Nave (68^ ft. by 17 ft.) is of four bays with
N. and S. arcades in continuation of the chapel
arcades, which they resemble in detail, though
thev are of the same date as the aisles. The
North Aisle (10 ft. wide) has a small half-
octagonal turret at the E. end of the N. wall,
with stairs leading to the rood-loft and the roof.
In the W. wall is a small loophole and in the
N. wall are four windows of two lights with
tracery. The South Aisle (10 ft. wide) has, in
the S. wall, four windows similar to those in
the N. aisle, a small modern doorway, and
an original doorway with continuously
shafted jambs; the two-centred moulded "W.
West Tower is of three stages with an embattled
parapet, and a turret staircase on the S.W.
The tower arch is of two moulded orders, with
shafted jambs; the two-centred moulded TV.
doorway has a square outer order, and the
window over it is of four lights with tracery;
the bell-chamber windows are of two lights.
The South Porch lias a doorway with a semi-
circular head and flanking pilasters sup-
porting a seErmental pediment of classic design ;
over it is a shield charged with three staffs. The
Roofs of the nave and aisles are of the I'lth
century, much restored; those of the chancel
and N. chapel are of early Ifith-centurv date
and have ])anell('d ceilings. Over the E. eiul
of the nave is a ])aini('d inscriiition, ])robalilv of
early lOth-ceiitury date, wliicli records the ceil-
ing and painting of t!ie chancel roof by John
Brvce. The floor of tlie vestrv is also original.
Fittinijs— /???/«.- eight; 4th, 5th, and 7th
1015, Sth ITiTO. Brncl-ets : for images, on each
side of the E. "Window of X. chapel. Brasses :
in the chancel, nf a priest, in chasuble, late
15th-century, without inscription : of a priest,
in cassock and amice, with symbols of the
Evangelists, early lOth-century : in the nave,
indent of a knight and lady, part of knight
effaced : a shield, vair bordered crusily, dated
1(J30 : of a knight, carrying mace, said to bo
John Borrell, Sergeant-at-Aims to Henry VIII.
(See also Monuments.) Chest : in upper room of
vestry, two, carved, 14th and 17th-century.
Door: to the vestry, with ironwork, original.
Fotd : octagonal bowl on circular shafts, bowl
ornamented with round-headed panels. Pur-
beck marble, late 12th-century. Glass: in
S.E. window of S. chapel, shield, 15th-century.
Monuments and Floor Slabs : on S. side of the
chancel, altar tomb of Sir John Say and his
wife, 1473, with moulded panelled plinth, and
moulded slab with large brasses of the knight
in elaborate plate armour with close-fitting,
short-sleeved surcoat charged with his arms;
and the lady, wearing butterfly head-dress,
sideless gown and long mantle charged with
her arms elaborately engraved, and retaining
much of the original colour; two shields remain
with the arms of Say, one with helm and mant-
ling; the head of the knight is missing and the
brass marginal inscription is imperfect. On N.
side of chancel, altar tomb of Sir William Say,
early 16th-century, the plinth decorated with
cusped panels containing shields with indents.of
ten small figures; at tlie angles are octagonal
columns carrying a crested canopy; the soffit is
carved to re]irescnt fan vaulting; under the
canopy at the E. end is a slab with indents of
the knight and ladv, etc. : in S. chapel, large
monument to Sir Henry Cock, keeper of the
wardrobe to Elizabeth and James I., 1009, and
his wife, with recumbent effigies, in alabaster,
much mutilated, under a curved jiediment ;
on base, figures in relief of two daughters
and their children: in chancel, mural, to
AVilliam Gamble, alias Bowyer, 1558, with
inscription and arras: in N. -chapel, mural,
to Sir R. Skeflington, 1040: to John Baylie,
1009, his wife and children, with arms: in
various parts of the church, 17th-contury floor
slabs, of which many are to members of the
llawdon and Monson families. Niche, for
tomb, in S. chapel, late 15th-centurv.
Piscina: in S. chapel, of same date as
TV. bay, partly destroyed when niche for
tomb was built. Plate: includes cup and cover
paten, 1000, and paten, 1033. Stoups : in S.
porch, of rough workmanship : in S. aisle, E. of
S. door, recess for stoup.
Condition — Good. much repaired; the window
tracery is nearly all of modern stone.
Secular:—
''(2). TiiK Ckd-aks, in the High Street, is an
18th-century house, but contains an early 17th-
century n])pn well staircase, re-set, of three
INVENTORY OF THK MONUMENTS OF UEUTFOUDSIIIHE.
storeys, with three flights to each storey. The
newels are large, square and ([uite plain, with
square moulded urns and siakes as linials and
jieudunts. The handrail, very heavy and not
moulded, is carried on turned liahisteis of
moderate size; the soffit, string, clc, aie [ilain.
Condition — Good.
"(3). liuoxBUENKiiURv, about u mile W.N.W.
of the church, is a red brick and stone house of
two storeys autl an attic ; the roofs are covered
with tiles, slate and lead. It was built origin-
ally at the end of the IGth century, and is of
the courtyard type, the main entrance being on
the E. A square block, with a simjile classical
cornice, was added on the \V. late in the ITth
century, and additions and alterations were
made at various later dates. In the 19th cen-
tury the house was almost entirely rebuilt, but
fragments of old brickwork remain in the walls
facing tlie courtyard. A chimney stack on the
^., with V-shaped pilasters of brick, is original,
but the top has been rebuilt ; parts of the
chimney stacks on the W. may also be old. All
the windows are of the 18th century or modern.
The interior has been almost completely altered,
but the kitchen and offices in the N. wing are
ju'obably in their original position. In a room
on the first floor of the W. wing is a late Kith-
century fireplace of clunch, which has a four-
centred opening of three moulded orders, the
outer order being square ; the stops on each side
are splayed and the bases moulded.
Condition — Good; rebuilt
o (4). Baas Manor House, about a mile W. of
the churcli, is a brick and ])lasterpd timber,
rectangular building of early ITth-ccntury date,
with gabled ends; the roof is tiled. The house
is now divided into two tenements, nuuiy of
the partitions being jirobably modern; the
exterior is also almost completely modern; one
original doorway with a chamfered four-centred
head, and one window, with moulded wood
mullions and frame, remain, both somewhat
mutilated.
Condition — In poor re])air; much defaced and
altered.
" (5). The Gables, on the E. side of the
main road S. of the village, a two-storeyed
timber house, of T-shaped plan, built c. KiOl), is
now covered with ])laster, and has a modern
gabled front. The two brick chimney stacks
are original, but repaired at the top; the central
stack has engaged square shafts, set diagonallv,
the other is a i-ectangulnr block. Some of the
rooms have old, exposed ceiling beams, and in
one room is a wide, open fireplace.
Condition— Good.
!'((}). The Bull I.\n, on the W. side of
the main road in tiie middle of the village, is
a ITth-ccnt my building of timber and [ilaster.
The plan is L-shaped, an<l there are two original
brick chimneys, repaired at the top. Tlie central
chimney has engaged square sliafts, the other
is a large square block. In one of the rooms
is an old chamfered beam with stops.
Condition -Good. The interior has been
much altered and ie])aired.
29. BUCKLAND.
(0.8. (i in. ('Oviii. N.E. (^viii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
"(1). 1'arisu Church of St. A.ndrew, stands
at the X.E. corner of the village. The walls of
the tower are in courses of flint rubble ; the
other walls are bviilt of larger and more
irregular flints mixed with stone ; the dressings
are of clunch; the roofs are partly tiled
and partly leaded. Salmon (Hist. Herts.
1725) records that in the glass, now de-
stroyed, of a chancel .window was the in-
scription: "Kicholai de Bokeland qui istanc
Ecclesiam cum Capella Beatae Mariae construxit
Ao Domini 1348." The church at that time
probably consisted of the present Chancel and
Xave, and a Saulh Chapel or Transept dedicated
to St. Mary. The West Tower was atlded late
in the 14th or early in the l')th century, and
c. 1480 the South Aisle and South Porch were
added, the W. wall of the S. chapel being pulled
down, and the space thrown into the aisle.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(26 ft. by 10 ft.) has a modern E. window; in
the S. wall are two j)artly restored 14th-cen-
tury windows of three lights with tracery, and
below these windows, partly cutting into them,
a contemporary doorway and a low-side single-
light window; the chancel arch, of two
chamfered orders with a moulded label, has
jambs with attached shafts and rolls, modern
bases and moulded bell ca])itals. The Nave
(43 ft. by 18 ft.) has three 14th-century traeeried
windows of two lights in the N. wall; below the
westernmost is a 15tli-centurv blocked doorway.
The S. arcade, of three bays, has chamfered
and wave-moulded jiiers with high bases and
shallow boll capitals: buried in the E. respond
is the E. jamb of tlie earlier archway which
opened into the chapel or S. transept ; it is
visible on both sides of the wall and resembles
the chancel arch in detail; the rest of the arch
was destroyed when the present arcade was
built c. 1480: the westernmost arcli of the
arcade is of wider span than the othcis and
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFOHD-SHIRE.
has ni) W. respond, the inuer order being
carried on a carved corbel. At the E. end of
the nave are the corbels for the former rotvl-
loft. The Soii/h .l/.v/e (l.{ ft. wide) has 15th-
century E. and \\'. windows, and two in the
S. wall, all of three lights, with tracery ; the S.
windows are almost entirely restore<l; below the
E. window is a 14th-century string-course ; the
S. doorway, of late loth-century date, lias been
much repaired. The West Tower (L'i ft. by 11 ft.)
is of three stages with a moulded plinth, diagonal
buttresses an<l embattled parapet ; the tower
arch is of three orders, moulded on the
nave side, and has mo<lern bases and moulded
capitals; the W. doorway, partly restored, has
moulded jambs and a pointed arch with a label
having grotesque stops of late 14th-century
character ; the W. window is of two lights, of
which the mullions and part of the tracery is
modern ; the two-light windows of the bell-
chambor have also been much repaired. The
Porch is lighted by side windows; its outer door-
way, with a depressed three-centred arch, is of
late 15th-century date. The Koof of the aisle
contains 15th-century principal timbers with
carved foliage bosses.
Fittings — Brasses: in the chancel, of
William Langley, Rector, in a cope, 1478: of
Alice, wife of John Boteler, Sheriff of London,
1451 : of John Gyll, with six sons and indent
of four daughters, 1499 : to Joan Gyll, inscrip-
tion, undated : under tlie communion table, an
inscription to .Jwin, wife of Esdras Bland,
Hector, 1G48. Font : bow 1 of Barnack stone,
probably 14th-century, but re-cut into an in-
definite form; the base of clunch, scraped,
apparently old. Glass : in two windows of
nave, fragments, 14tli-century. .Ifoviniwiil:
on S. wall of S. aisle, of white alabaster, to
Susan Gierke, l(i-']4. NieJies: in E. res])ond of
arcade, two shallow rectangular niches back to
back; probably once a squint. Piscina: in
S.E. comer of aisle, 14th-oentury, trefoiled.
Sloup : in N. wall of nave, E. of the blocked
doorway.
Condition — Gi>od; veiy much restored out-
side; the ivy gi-owing on tlie tower maj' do
some damage in the future.
Secular:—
1I0MESTE.\D Mo.\TS :
0(2). S.W. of the church, fragment of a
circular moat.
*(3). In Burhill Wood, a stirrup-shaped, dry
ditch, with an entrance on the N.
Condition — Good.
30. BUSHEY, Ri'R.4L.
(O.S. (J in. (") xxxix. S.W. l'') xliv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
'^ (1). Parish CiiiRiu ok St. J.\mks, stands at
the S.E. end of the village; the walls are of flint
with stone dressings; the roofs are tiled.
The Chancel was built earJy in the VM\ century,
and the Nave was of the same date, but none of
the original walling remains; the ir<v<( Toxccr
was aclded in the 15th century; in 1871 the
church was restored, and the Aisles, (he South
Vestries and Organ Chamber and the North
Porch were built.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
[}\b ft. by 17 ft.) has three modern lancet windows
on the E., and on the X. and S. are shallow L'^th-
century wall arcades of three bays with j)ointed
arches and a simple label; the shafted jambs, of
I'urbeck marble, have circular capitals and
moulded bases of stone. In each bay on the N.
side is a plain lancet window : on the S. side in
the eastern bay is a similar window, now opening
into the vestry; in the middle bay is the u])per
part of a lancet window with a doorway under it,
all the stonework l>eing modern ; in the western
bay is a much repaired three-light window of late
l;5th-centur_y date, now opening into the organ
chamber. There is no chancel arch, but in its
])lace is a 15th-century cambered beam support-
ing a })lastere<l partition, on which are painted
the Anus of Queen Anne. The Nave has a 15th-
centurj- roof. (See Roofs below.) The West
Tower is of three stages with embattled parapet;
on the N.E. is a newel staircase which terminates
above the parapet in a turret. The moulded
tower arch and one capital are of the 15th cen-
tury, the jambs, etc., being of the 19th century.
The W. doorway is probably al.so of the 15th
century, and over it is a 16th-century window
of two lights with modern cusping under a
square head. The windows of the uj)|)er stages
are of the 19th century. The chancel Hoof is
modern, but has 15th-century wall plates; the
nave has a fine 15th-ceutury open timber roof
with alternate hammer-beam ancl tie-beam
trusses.
Fittings— ZW/i.- eight, 5th and Gth by
William Eldridge, l(i(14: 7th by Roger Laudon,
of Workingham, 15th-cenfury, with the in-
scription : ' Sancta TrinitusUnus Deus Miserere
Nobis.' Doors : in N. doorway, moulded
oak frame, loth-oentury : to tower stair-turret,
jilain, 15tb-century. Glass: in vestry window.s,
a few pieces with the arms of Gale, dated 1G38,
Altham, 1611, and Egerton. Loclrr : in X.
wall of chancel, probably 15th-century. Monu-
ments and Floor Slabs : in floor of S. aisle, slab.
INVENTOHY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOBDSHIRE.
fo AVilliam Walker, 1G52 : in vestiy, slab to
Silius Titus, 1637, Constance, his wife, 1667,
and Stephen, their third son, governor of Deal,
1671, and another to John Gale, 1655. Plate:
includes cup and cover paten, 163-5, tlagon,
1634, salver, 1671. Pulpit : octagonal, with
tester, early 17th-century. Stoup: near N.
doorway, fragment. Miscellanra: in the
chancel, large brass chandelier, possibly 17th-
century.
Condition — Good, owing to modern restora-
tions.
Secular:—
Homestead Mo.\t.s : —
6(2). At Bourne Hall; the S.E. half is wef,
and has a slifilit inner ramjiart ; on the N.W. is
a large rectangular hollow, with traces of brick
foundations near it.
"(3). At Bushey Hall Farm, a wide wet ditch.
* (4). The Rectory, E. of the church, is of the
19th century, but incorporates some remains of
a 17th-century building; one or two of the fii-e-
places, some of the woodwork of the stairs, and
some timbers in the attic and roof are of that
date.
Condition — Gootl.
6 (5). No. 53, High Street, about 150 yards
E. of the church, opposite the Angel Inn, is a
house of two storeys and an attic, with a central
chimney stack, and may be of early 17th-cen-
tury date, but has been completely restored.
The ground floor is of modern brick, and the
upper tioors, both i)roje(ting, have timber-
Iraiiu'd \\alls, covered with plastei'; tlic roof iis
tiled.
Cond it ion — Good .
31. BYGRAYE.
(O.S. 6 in. viii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church, dedication unknown,
stands on rising ground about two miles N.E.
of Baldock. It is completely covered with
plaster inside and cement outside; the dressings
are of stone; the roofs are tiled. The Nave
was built in the 12th century, the Chancel re-
built late in the 14th century, and in the 15tli
century all the windows were altered, a stair-
case to the rood-loft was built, and a small
Titrrel added at the W. end to give access to the
Ijells. The South Porch is of the 18th century.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
{2b\ ft. by 14| ft.) has an E. window of three
cinquefoiied lights with tracery and a transom :
the N. wall has a small 14th-ceutury doorway in
it, and two windows with cinquefoiied lights
and square heads, on© of two lights, the other
a single light set low in the wall ; in the S. wall
is a similar window of two lights, and a window
of three cinquefoiied lights with a tour-centred
bead. The 14th-century chancel arch is of two
moulded orders with shafted jambs. The Nave
(31 ft. by 21j ft.) has three windows, N., S., and
W., each of two cinquefoiied lights with square
heads. The N. doorway is Ijlocked and covpred
with cement; the 12th-century S. doorway has
been rebuilt; it has a slightly pointed head with
loll-moulding, shafted jambs and scalloped
capitals, all much restored. The N.E. angle of
the nave is cut off by the wall of the newel
staircase to the rood-loft, of which the steps and
doorways remain. The Turret, with newel
stairs to the bell-cot, is half-octagonal.
Fittings — Communion Table and Rails:
plain, early 17th-century. Font: octagonal,
basin carved with the heraldry of the Passion,
the stem with angels, ]5tli-centnry. (rlass : in
the nave windows, fragments, 15th-century.
Monuments : in N. wall of chancel, tomb niche
with moulded drop-arched head, 14th-century.
Piscina: in chancel, with moulded, pointed
head, 14th-century. Pulpit: modern, in-
corporates a few traceried heads from a 15th-
century screen. Rood Screen, still in situ, with
traceried panels, closed below and open above,
and a carved and moulded cornice; 15th-cpn-
tury; the loft and canojiy are missing. Royal
Arms : on cornice of rood screen, a small carved
achievement, late 17th-century. Seating: some
poppy-head bench ends, 15th-century. Mis-
cellanea: fixed to the j)ulpit, a wrought iron
hour glass stand, 17th-century: in the church-
yard, ancient stone coflin.
Condition — Fairly good, though the window
tracery has been considerably repaired with
cement, and the ivy growing outside is likely
to do much damage in the future.
Secular:—
(2). Bygrave Hor.SE (Manorial works).
These earthworks stand on the saddle of a
detached pair of hills situated N. of the main
escarpment of the Chiltern Hills, on the 300 ft.
contour and S. of the parish church.
They cover about 17 acres and consist of a
series of inner and surrounding enclosures,
defended by ditches without ramparts. The
innermost enclosure covers about ' of an acrCi
and is defended by a wet ditch forming three
sides of a square, the N. side having been filled
in. Beyond this are the remains of an irregular
five-sided moat, wet at the N.W. and N.E.
corners, and with parts of the N. and W. sides
missing: it encloses about 3f acres with a ditch
K 2
7«i
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIERTFOHDSHIRE.
from 3 to 7 ft. deep ami 20 ft. wide, and is
nearly traversed by a low bank li ft. bigli.
Beyond again, on the W. side, is a triangnlar
outwork with a ditch, of whirh only the S. side
remains, 7 ft. deep and 2U ft. wide; and on the
E. side are traces of a large outwork extending
as far as a valley running X. and crossed by
the track ot a road 2U0 ft. from the E. boundary
and parallel with it.
Dimensions — Urcatcst length, S. side, about
1.170 ft.: X. side, about 1,U(H) ft.
Condition — Fairly good; the N.AV. angle and
much of the N. side have been altered by the
construction of a modern bouse and garden.
32. CALDECOTE.
(O.S. 6 in. iii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1 1. 1'akisu CuiRcu OF St. M.*ry MjVGd.u.ene,
stands about three miles X. of Baldock in the
midst of barns, cottages, etc., which l)elong to
a farm, and are the only other buildings in the
parish. The walls, of flint rubble, with stone
dressings, are cemented; the roof is low-pitched.
ITie Chaticel and Tare, the Tower, erected over
the TV. bay of the nave, and the South Porch
were all built about the middle of the 15th
century; later work consists only of repairs.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(18 ft. by 14 ft.) has a traceried and transomed
E. window of three lights : in the N. wall
is a window of two lights xinder a square
head, and in the S. wall, in addition to a
similar window, there is a single light, ot
which the sill is carried down low. There is
no structural division between the chancel and
nave. The Nave (33 ft. by 14 ft., including the W.
bay) has a N. and a S. window which resemble
the E. window of the chancel, but the N.
window has lost the original tracery; the "\V.
window, of two lights, has a quatrefoil in the
head. The X. and S. doorways are original,
but the former is much restored. The TV. bay
(7 ft. fix>m E. to W.) is divided from the rest of
the nave by a wall which carries the E. wall of
the tower, and is pierced by a two-centred
moulded arch with shaftM jambs; from this
dividing wall to the W. wall, within the N. and
S. lines of the nave, spring arches of two cham-
fered orders, which support the X. and S. walls
of the tower, the W. wall 1x>ing carried by the
W. wall of the nave. The Tnvrr rises one stage
above the nave, and is finished with a plain
parapet; the belfry windows resemble the W.
window of the nave. The South Porch (9\ ft.
by 7 ft.) has a moulded shafted entrance arch-
wav, and two single-light windows on the E.
and W.
Fittings— /ie//.t.- one, by Eobert Oldfeild,
H>30. Font: octagonal, 15th-century, orna-
mented with traceried panels and shields bear-
ing the heraldry of the Passion. Glass: in E.
window, a panel, with white and gold ornament,
15th-century : in S. window of nave, part of a
kneeling figure in a blue gown. Plate: includes
cup of 15b!) and paten of ItilJti. Seafinff : in the
nave, some plain open seats, 15th-century.
Stall p : in the porch, of rough design, under a
richly crocketed, spire-shaped canopy, much
defaced, not in situ.
Condition — Fairly good ; nnich of the old
detail, especially the window tracery, has been
restored with cement.
Secular:—
Homestead Mo.\t: —
(2). At Caldecote Farm, fragment.
(3). The Old Kectory, about 50 yards
X.W. of the church, is a two-storeyed cottage of
plastered timber, built late in the Kith century;
the roof is tiled. The plan is L-shapcd, and
both wings have gabled ends. The exterior
has been partly re-plastered and the interior
much altered ; the heavy moulded beams which
carry the floor over the parlour are the only
original details.
Condition — Fairly good.
33. CHESIirXT.
(O.S. 6 in. (")xxxvi. S.E. ('''xli. X.E. Wxli. S.E.
W)xlii. N."W.)
Despite the old name of Cestrehunt, no trace
of permanent Koman occupation has been
proved here.
Ecclesiastical:—
'(1). 1'aimsii Church of St. Mary, stands
on the W. side of the town. The tower
is built of ashlar, and the E. wall of the
chancel is of flint rubble; the other walls, except
in the modern parts, are also probably of flint
rubble, but are coateitwith cement. The church
was entirely rebuilt between 1418 and 1448, by
Xicholas Dixon, Kector, as recorded on a brass
in the chancel, and no details of the earlier
building remain. The \orth Chapel (or Vestry)
has some re-used 17th-century brickwork, but
is practically modern, as are the South Chapel
and South Porch. Much restoration was carried
..ut between 1872 and 1802.
.\nhitectural Description — ^The Chancel
(45 ft. by 21 ft.) has a large traceried E. window,
uKMiern except the inner jambs: the side wal.a
rHESTTTXT: THK r;Ri:.\T TiorsK.
INTKKKlI; OF HALL. SHdWINC 1.')T1I-CKX'1 I" II Y ItOOF.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
and arcades arc also of the l!)th century; tlie
15tb-century chauiel arch has shafted jambs
with moukled bases and capitals. The Nave
(74 ft. by 22 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of five
bays with piers liaving engaged shafts of Pur-
beck marble; in the E. respond of the N. arcade
is a small low 15th-eentury archway, with open
tracery, wliich gave a viewof the nave altar under
the rood-loft; in the ojjposite wall is a modern
copy of the archway, and above it an opening to
the former rood-loft. The clearstorey has two-
light windows with some modern stonework.
The North Aisle (9i ft. wide) has five 15th-
ceutury N. windows of three lights with tracery,
all repaired with cement; the W. window has
been blocked by an 18th-century monument.
The South Aisle (91 ft. wide) has two 15th-
ceutury, and two modern S. windows resembling
those opposite. The West Tower (16 ft.
square) is of three stages with low buttresses,
and an octagonal turret at the iS.E. angle rising
above the embattled parapet, and entered from
the nave : the lofty tower arch has central
engaged shafts with moulded capitals and
bases : the lowest stage has two side win<lows
of two lights, and a W. doorway with a square
head, over which is a three-light traceried
window ; the stone vaulting is modern,
but springs from the original 15th-century
shafts; the second and third stages have windows
of two lights with square heads. The Roofs
are apparently all modern, but the corbels —
carved angels carrying shieUls -which support
the trusses, are original.
Fittings — Bells: five; two of IG.'iG; a
third, 17th-century. Brasses: below the
communion table, to Nicholas Dixon, Rector,
died 1448, part of a canopy, two shields,
and a Latin inscriptifm which records his re-
building the church : in nave, at N.E., of
William Parke or Pyke, 1449 (head missing),
and Ellen, his wife: in nave, at S.E., to
Agnes Luthyngton, 14fi8, inscription only: at
E. end of N. aisle, in floor slabs, of Eliza1>eth
Garnett, wife of Edward Collen, 1609, kneeling
figure: of a woman, late 15th-centuiy, with in-
dents of man, insciiption, and children : of
another woman, 15th-century, no inscription :
indent of a knight, and shields, late 15th-cen-
tnry : on the N. wall above these slabs, to Con-
stance, wife of John Parre, 1502, inscnption
possibly belonging to one of the brasses. Chest :
in the tower, iron bound, with three locks,
probablv of late 1 fith-century date. Font:
late 12th-ceniury bowl, with trefoiled panels,
apparentlv modern, cut in the sides; stem and
base modern. Glass: in the tracery of a
window in N. aisle, white and gold roses, 15th-
century. Moinimcnts : on N. side of chancel,
large tomb with recess to Iloliert Dacres,
erected 1543; altered and repaired by Sir
Thomas IJacrcs, 1641; other names ou the tomb
are George Dacres, 1580, and Sir Thomas
Dacres, 1615 : in E. wall of S. cha])cl, to Henry
.\tkins. pliysiciau to James I. and Charles I..
16.'i8: on S. wall of S. aisle, to John Kobinson,
1661: on W. wall, to William liobinson, 1686,
and his two wives, 1676 and 1694. Piscinae:
in the chancel, with part of the bowl cut away,
15th-century: in the S. aisle, of rougher work-
manshij), date uncertain. Plate: incdudes a
silver cu]) an<l flagon of 16.38, an<l a j)aten of
1672. Sedilia: in first bay of S. arcade of
chancel, formerly in the wall, now detached;
with 15th-cenfury arches under modern heads.
Miscellanea : in the churchyard, ancient stone
coffin.
Condition — Good, exce])t the windows of the
tower, which are all much decayed outside, and
the N.l'l. buttress of the chancel.
Secular:—
HoMi>TK.\o .Mo.\Ts: —
« (2). S. of Factory Farm.
* (3). In Hell Wo<k1, with deep <litches and
high outer ramparts, enclosing two islands; the
stream has cut through the island on the N.
Condifion — Good, except on the N.
^(4). E. of Goff'sOak.
''(5). At Cheshunt Manor House, with outer
jilatforms on tliiee sides; on the W. the island
i> levetted with a brick wall, and the abutments
of a bridge are traceable.
Condition — Good.
•^(G.) S.W. of Theobalds Park Farm.
'' (7). At Nunnery Farm, fragment.
''(8). J mile S.S.E. of Cheshunt Station,
small dry moat.
'' (9). CiiESHi'XT (JnF..\T HorsE and Moat,
about J mile N.W.of the church. 'I'lie house is a
rectangular two-storeyed structure of red brick,
with a tiled roof. It is all that remains of a
large building of courtyard type and late 15th-
ceiitury dale, and oiiginally formed part of the
Iv wing. A stone mullion(Ml window in the N.
K'able, now blocked, indicates work of r. IfiflO,
but the house has been much altered in the 18th
i "ntury, and little can be made of its history.
The hall is especially interesting as it retains
a fine examjile of an open timber i-oof of late
l')th-century date.
The hall, occupying the S. half of theexisting
building, is encased on the E. and W, with
78
INVENTORY OF THE MONrMENTS OF HEHTFORDSHIRE.
18th-ceu<ury walls to form additional rooms,
nnd the interior has been considerably altered
in the l!)th eentiuy; the root, ceiled witii
]daster. is of collar-beam cunstructiou with
curved ni<inlde<l aufrle-biaco on the trusses,
and curved w ind-braiing; the trusses are carried
•lown on to carved stone corbels. The N.
half of the house is ilivided into several rooms
in both storevs. Tnder the whole building is a
range of cellars, with an IMIh-century addition
on the K.; the two nxuns on the N. have large
fireplaces, and in the second r4w»iu two circular
brick columns and a wooden post support the
oak beams of the Hoor above it. The third room
is covered by a flat, four-centred, barrel vault,
and in the I'l. wall a wide four-centred arcli«a\-.
partly blocked, leads into a passage. The
fourth room has a brick vault, divide<l into nine
compartments by moulded ribs, and supjKvrted
by octagonal columns, two of clunch. the others
of brick, with moulded capitals: on the E. two
brick mullioned windows, of three lights, with
four-centred main heads, now ojien into a
jtassage, part of the ISth-century additions; on
the S. is a partly built-uj) fireplace, and on the
"\V. a blocked window; the N.E. compartment
is partly occupied by a closet of irregular shape.
Only a fragment of the moat remains.
Condition — Hall roof, good; the rest of the
building poor.
*flO). TV.\LTH.\M Cross, at the junction of
Eleanor Cross l{oad with the High Street, was
erected by Edward I., r. 1294, to the memory
of his fir.st (pieen, Eleanor of Castile.
It is of gre-at historic interest, being one of
the three remaining " Eleanor ' crosses, and is
a beautiful exam]de of late l-Sth-century arehi-
tecture, as, although the figures and the upper
part of the monument have been re8tore<l, much
of the original work remains.
The cross stands on modern basement steps,
and is built of stone, in three diminishing
stages: the first stage is original, the second and
fliiid, with a |)innacle and cross at tlieto]). were
rebuilt in 18:W-4, and again in 1887-9. The first
stage is hexagonal, with tracericd sides, small
buttresses at the angles, and a much-worn
sculptured cornice; the tracerv on each side
consists of two trefoilcd panels below a quatre-
foil, and a crocketted triangular label with
fcdiated finial : in the head of each panel a
shield, suspended from a knot of foliage, bears
the arms of England. Ponthieu or Castile
qnarterincr Leon. The second stage is elabo-
ratelv decorated, and has canopies with
rrocketted finials, under which are three statues
of the queen, said to lie original, except the
head of the statue on the W., which has been
renewed. All the restorations have been copied
from the original work.
Condition — (jood, much restored. in 190(j
the custody of the cross was taken over by the
Hertfordshire County Council.
'■(11). TiiEi)B.\LUs I'.xL.vcE, remains of, on
the \V. side of the road from London to Ches-
liunt. Theobalds was built by Lord Burghley
c. lOb-l, and was afterwards converted into a
royal palace Ity James 1., who gave Hatfield
House in exchange for it in KlUT. It was dis-
mantled and most of it pulled down in lli-il.
Un the S. side of the gardener's cottage at Old
Palace House, one of the three houses erected
on the site, a fragment still remains; it is a
vertical strip about 15 ft. high and 2 ft. wide;
the lower half is of clunch with a moulded
])linth and. at the top, a moulded string course,
worn and broken; the upper half is of red brick
witli clunch quoins, and has a moulded
(•ntablature. From investigations carried out
by the present tenant of Old Palace House,
this fragment aj)pears to have been the
extreme S.W. corner of the jialace. Imme-
diately y.Vj. of it, set in a wall of old brickwork,
is a wide window of three lights with a four-
centred brick arch, and moulded stone jambs
and mullions; it is uncertain whether this is
III situ, or, as in the case of two moulded stone-
mullioned windows in Ohl Palace House, re-
tised material from the palace.
Considerable lengths of the original ganlen
walls, built of red brick, also remain. The
most perfect enclose the gardens of Old Palaca
House and of Grove House on the X.; in the
dividing wall is a rectangulai- opening or jieep-
hole, 1 ft. 9 in. by 1 ft., with chamfered brick
jambs and head, and a rebate for a shutter:
in the W. wall of Old I'alacc House garden are
a number of small niches, and there is one
in the S. wall; they are about 1? ft. fi in. alx>ve
the ground. 1 ft. 9 in. high. 1 ft. wide and 10 in.
deep, with tiiangular liea<ls. and some of them
have small holes at the bottom; the mortar joints
over them appear to be smoke-blackened, which
may indicate that thev were used for charcoal
fires. The AV. wall is continued to the N. in
the garden of (irovc H<)use, anil has remains of
circular angle-turrets at the X. and S. ends.
Other walls still stand S.E. of ' The Cedars,"
the third house on the site of the palace, with
returns for the central E. gateway; a length of
wall runs E. towards the London road and a
few other pieces also remain.
In front of ' The Cedars ' two large cedar
trees are probably i ontcmporary with the
CTTKSTTUNT.
WAl.THA^M CKdSS: f.A IK 1Htii-( 'KNTn; V.
iNVENTOET OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
palace; they may have been in line with the
original avenue on the S.
At Aldbury Farm, about | mile to the N., is
part of another original brick wall, which is said
to have enclosed the royal park, and to have
been 10 miles in circumference; a stone in it is
inscribed with a large S and the date l(i:21.
Condition — Good, where the walls are in use;
elsewhere they are falling into decay.
''(12). Old Temple Bar, now one of the gate-
ways of Theobalds Park, was originally erected
in Fleet Street in 1(J72, from the design by Sir
Christopher Wren, and was removed from
London in 1878. It is built of stone with
rusticated joints: the laige middle gateway,
flanked by smaller round-headed doorways, has
a ihree-centred arch with moulded imposts and
a carved projecting keystone; both inner and
outer sides are the same. Over it is an upper
storey with frieze and cornice, surmounted by
a round pediment, and divided on both faces
into three bays by shallow pilasters with Corin-
thian capitals; in the two end bays are round-
headed niches which contain, on the side facing
the road, statues of Charles II. and Queen
Anne, and, on the inner side, of James I. and
Charles I. : in the middle bays and at each end
there are round-hea<]t'd windows.
Condition — Crood.
* (13). Dewhurst School, jV.E. of the church,
is a two-storeyed house of brick; the roof is tiled.
It was built in 1040 as a cliaritv school by
Robert Dewhurst, whose arms and initials, with
the date, are on the E. wall, which is buttressed,
and has three gables and original brick-
mullioned windows; on the U])per floor the
windows have been restored. The interior has
been altered, and a large modern school has
been built on to the house on the N. side.
Condition — Good.
''(14). The Almshouses, on the W. side of
the road at Turnei-'s Hill, a range of ten red
brick cottages, of one storey, were built in the
17th century; the i-oof is tiled. The original
doors and door-frames remain.
Condition — Good.
''(15). W.\ter L.\ne F.\rm, College Road, is a
two-storeyed house of rough-cast, brick, and
timber, built about the middle of the Ifitli
century; the roof is tiled. The original
plan, consisting of a central block facing
N. and S., with a wing at each end, formed
a modified H; this form is now obscured
by a 19th-century addition on the N., aiul the
whole building has been much altered, the in-
terior being entirely modern; the central part
appears to have contained the hall, which was
probably open to the roof. At each end of the
central block is a large brick chimney stack
with square sliafts set diagonally.
Condition — Good, much altered.
*(1G). House, on the E. side of Cheshuut
Street, built of red brick, is of two storeys and
an attic, with twin gables at one end; the roof
is tiled. Over the shop window in front is a
brick panel with a moulded architrave, which
l)ears the date 1U8!> and the initials (i.ll.K.
Condition — Fairly good.
''(17). No. 4, Blim) Ma.n's La.ne, a house and
shop, formerly a farmbouse, is a two-storeyed,
red brick building of <•. I(i75; the roof is tiled,
and at each end of the main front is a gable.
There are two chinuiey stacks at the buck.
Condition — Fairly good.
''(18). Cottages, a row at the E. cud of
Church Lane, possibly of the 17tli century, have
chimney stacks built of the thin bricks uf that
period.
Condition — Poor.
Churchgate: —
''(19). House, about 100 yds. E. of the church,
built of brick in the second half of the 17th
century, forms three tenements; the roof is
tiled. The gables at the ends have plain
copings and small moulded brick kneelers.
'J'he windows, with flat wwnlen frames and
transoms, have metal casements, whicii retain
their original furniture.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered.
''(20). Houses, several, on both sides of tlie
road, E. of the church, probably of the 17th
century, are timber-framed and plastered, and
have overhanging xipper storeys.
Condition — Good.
''(21). The Green Dnujon Inn, E. of the
church, probably built in the 17th century, is
timber-framed, but the outside is now encased
with brick; a few of the original beams are
\ isible inside the house.
Condition — Good.
''(22). The Plough I.nn, at Flamstead
End, on the W. side of the road, built in the
17th century, is a long, timber-framed Louse,
plastered externally; it is of two storeys, the
upper projecting (ui the S. si<lc; the roof is
tiled. The central chimney stack has foui
s(iuare shafts in a line, set diagonally. Tlie
interior has been altered, but retains some
original exposed ceiling beams.
Condition — Fairly good.
80
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOUDSHIHE.
"■ (23). The Four Swans Inn, near "Waltham
Cross, built early i" the ITth century, has been
niurh leslored and altered; the only original
detail which remains is the entrance to the
courtyard, with a square-headed doorway <d'
original moulded beams, now much defaced.
I'oudition — Much restored.
Unclassified! -
'(^24). Hor.NUAKV Ua.nk, known as 'Above
and Uelow Bank,' runs through Tlieobald:*
Park, over Ueauniont Green to Nine Acres
Wood, and is now hardly distinguishable from
the field banks.
34. CilirPING liARNET.
(O.S. G in. xlv. N.E.)
Eccleslastioal:—
(1). Parish OHrRcii of St. John thk
13.4PTIST, stands on a hill near the middle of the
town. The walls are of Hint with stone dress-
ings; the roofs are covered with slate and lead.
'I'he church was much altered an<l enlaige<l in
1875, when the Chancel was pulled <lown and an
Organ Chamber built on the site, the plan of the
chancel being presen-ed : the Nave, retaining its
own North Aisle, was converted into the N. aisle
of the present nave: and all the early work was
lestored. Part of the old Wed Tower also
remains, and is of early lOtli-ccntury date; the
nave arcades and clearstorey were rebxiilt by
John Beauchamp, who died in 1453, the widtii
of the nave being increased at the E. end to that
of the chancel, which had been rebuilt probably
c. 1450.
Architectural Description — The old Nave
(G3J ft. by 19 ft. at the E. end, tapering to 10 ft.
at the AV. end) has 15th-century N. and S.
arcades of five bays w ith moulded arches of two
orders, slender clustered ctdumns, and moulded
half-octag<Hial capitals. In one of tlie spandrels
of the S. arcade is a contem|)orary tablet in-
scribed " Ora[te p aia] Johls beuchamp
fudatoris hui' operis." The clearstorey win-
dows are of three cinquefoiled lights, with
modern traci'ry; those on the S. are unglazed,
and open into the ])resoiit nave. The Organ
Chamberhiis. set in the E. wall, the 1.5th-century
S. doorway from the old chancel, with an em-
battled string course over it. The old North
Aisle (11 ft. wide) has a window in the E. wall,
two in the N. wall, and a doorway, all modern.
The old West Toirer (12 ft. square) retains only
the side walls of the giound stage, with arches
of liollow-diamfered orders ojieningX. and S. ;
most of the stones have masons' marks, which
are unusually conspicuous for work of early
loth-century date; the W. wall is modern and
a new tower has been built on the S.W. The
Roofs are modern, but that of the old
nave i-ests <m 15th-century corbels carved
with the Arms of the see of Canterbury, St.
Albans, Prance and Juiglaud quarterly, and a
cheveron between tiiree roses.
Eittings — Brass: on M. wall of X. aisle, to
Elinor Palmer, 1558, inscription. Chest: in
N. aisle, large, iron bound, pmbably ITth-cen-
tury. Jliior : at E. end of organ chamber, with
tracerie<l panels, 15th-century, restored; lock
and iron handle original. Font : modern ; the
old font, of c. 1452, has been removed to the
Mission Chinch of St. Stephen, a motlern
building. Moniunents and Floor Slabs: in
S.E. chapel, largo canopied altar tomb with
effigy of Thomas Pavenscroft, oh. KvU), shields
bearing his arms and those of his two
wives, and six scrolls commemorating his
children: in N. aisle, large slab to (Jeorge
Pavenscroft, KiSM. Niches: in side walls of
modern tower, two, with cano])ies, 15th-ceu-
tury, defaced. Piscinae,: in E. wall of old
chancel, 15th-century, restored hea<l : in N.E.
angle of N. aisle, without basin. Plate: in-
cludes small cup, 1GT9.
Condition — tiooil; all old work much
restored.
Secular:—
"Wood Strkkt: —
(3). Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School,
(ip]>osite the church, now use<l as a dining hall
lor the modern school, is a rectangular, IGth-
century building of brick, with octagonal stair-
turrets at the N.E. and S.l']. angles; the E. wall
was rebuilt in the 19th century; the roof is
tiled. The N. windows have moulded wood
frames with mullions and transoms. An oak
post which su|)port8 the roof is the only original
feature inside the building.
Condition— (lood, but witii much ivy on the
N. wall.
(4). The Jesus Hospital or Ravenscroft
Almshouses, on the N. side of the street, about
I mile W. of tluM-hurch, foiins a long rectangular
building of one storey; the walls are of red
brick; the roof is tiled. The central porch
has a pediment, and over the doorway is a stone
with an inscription recording that the alms-
houses were built, and endowed by James
Pavenscroft in 1(172, but little detail of that
date remains. All the windows and the roof
arc of the 19(]i century. In the modern gale
]K>sts are two old stones carved with a crest, the
initials J. P. and the date 1G79.
Condition — Good.
COD-
INVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF BLEETFOUDSHIRE.
81
35. CHORLEY WOOD.
(O.S. 6 in. ('')xxxviii. S.W. Wxliii. N.W.
Wsliii. N.E. (*xliii. S.W. Wxliii. S.E.)
No Monuments known.
36. CLOTHALL.
(O.S. G in. viii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Paeish Chuech OF St. Maey stands
near the top of the hill N.E. of the village;
the walls are of Hint rubble with stone dress-
ings; the roofs are tiled. The date at
which the Nave, the earliest part of the
church, was built is uncertain, but it was prob-
ably in the 12th century; the Soxdh Chajiel was
added c. 1350; a little later the Chancel was
rebuilt, and a South Tower added immediately
W. of the chapel, the ground stage forming a
South Porch. In the 19th century the North
Vestry was built, and the church considerably
repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(27 ft. by lOi ft.) has in the S. wall a small
blocked doorway; all tlie windows have been
restored, but possibly retain a few 15th-century
stones ; the chancel arch, probably of the 14th
century, is covered with cement. The Nave
(36| ft. by 19 ft.) has, in the N. wall, two win-
<lows of two lights with tracery ; one is of the
15th century, the other is a modern copy; in the
S. wall, opening into the chapel, is a two-centred
arch of two chamfered orders, with half-
octagonal jambs of two orders, separated by
filleted bowtells; the S. doorway is of the 14th
century, and the W. window is of the 15th cen-
tury. "The South Chapel (18 ft. by 10 ft.) has
an original E. window with tracery of a later
date, and, in the S. wall, a traceried window
and a single light, also original. The South
Tower is of two stages with a pyramidal roof.
The windows of the bell-chamber are of the
14th century, much restored. The ground
stage, forming a South Porch, has an original
chamfered entrance archway with a two-centred
head. The Roof of the nave contains a few old
timbers.
Fittings — Bells: two; 1st, with mark of
Richard Wymbish, 14tli-century; 2nd, 16th-
century. Brackefs: in the S. chapel, two, for
images, 14th-century. Brasses : in the chancel,
of priest in cope, early 16th-century, no inscrip-
tion : of John Vynter, rector of the parish, 1404,
in Eucharistic vestments : of John Wryght,
rector of the parisli, 1519, in Eucharistic vest-
ments, holding chalice and wafer : of Anne
Bramfield, 1578 : of William Lucas, rector of
the parish, 1G02 : on S. wall of S. chapel, in-
scription to Thomas Ualyson, rector of the
pansh, 1541 (possibly belonging to the early
16tli-century figure in chancel) : indents of
figure and inscription. Door : of S. porch,
mediasval, with hinges and iron work of same
date as tower; the name "John Warren" is
painted on the inner side in black-letter.
Pont: 12th-century, of Purbeck marble, with
square basin ornamented with shallow round-
lieaded panels, and carried upon five circular
shafts with a moulded base; cover, 17th-cen-
tury. Glass : in the E. window, some canopies
in glass of c. 1350, the head of a female
saint, some quarries of slightly later date,
painted with birds, and 15th-century border
with " Maria " monogram : in S.W. window of
chapel, shield in 15th-century glass ; azure,
two bars or, over all a cheveron gules.
Lockers : in chancel, on Js .E., square : in chapel,
on N.W., square. Monument : in the chapel
floor, fragments of large slab with foliate
cross in low relief and marginal inscription in
Lombardic characters, partly filled with com-
position, of c. 1350. Piscinae: in the chancel,
late 14th-contury : in the chapel, of c. 1350.
SenHiifj: some poppy-head bench ends, 15th-
century.
Condition — Fairly good ; the window tracery
defaced by repairs in cement.
Secular:—
Homestead ^Ioats : —
(2). W. of Hooksgreen Farm.
(3). J mile S.E. of the village, track of moat.
37. CODICOTE.
(O.S. G in. Wxx. N.E. Wxx. S.W. Wxx. S.E.)
* (1). Parish Chuech of St. Giles, \ mile
N.E. of the village, is built of flint rubble with
stone dressings; the roofs are partly of lead and
partly of tiles. The early history cannot be
traced with certainty, as the church was com-
pletely restored in 1853, when the S. aisle was
lengthened westwards to form a vestry. The
ground stage of the West Tower and the
old S. wall of the South Aisle may be part of
the churcli dedicated by Ralph, Bishop of
Rochester (1109-14). The Nave was possibly
rebuilt in the 13th century, and the nave arcade
c. 1312, when, it is said, tlie South or Dacre
Chapel was added ; the arcade between the
Chancel and chapel and the chancel arch may
also be of this date. The ui)i)er stages of the
82
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENl'S OF BERTFOEDSHIRE.
tower are of the 15th century, and the South
Porch is modern.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(17 ft. by 12 ft.) has motleru E. and N. windows;
on the S. th© arcade oj>ening into the chapel is
of two bays with arches of two chamfered orders,
and octagonal shafts with moulded capitals and
bases. The South Chapel (17 ft. by lb\ ft.),
now used as an organ chamber, has a modern E.
window and S. doorway; the AY. arch and the
arch opening into the nave resemble the chancel
arcade in detail. The Nave (4G ft. by \~\ ft.)
has, in the N. wall, a lancet window which may
be of early 13th-century date, much restored ;
the other windows, with those of the clear-
storey, which was probably built in the
15th centurj", are of modern stonework. The
S. arcade of four bays has similar detail
to that of the chancel arcade, but the bases
are apparently of the 13th century. The
Soxith Aisle (Qi'ih ft. by 13 ft.) has three windows
and a doorway of the 19th century in the S.
wall, which is 3 ft. 8 in. thick, except at the
western extension. The West Tower (14 ft. by
13 ft.) is of three stages, with a stair-turret at
the S.W. angle rising only to the top of the
ground stage, which has walls 5 ft. 2 in. thick.
The heavy, 15th-century tower arch is of two
orders; the W. doorway and the three-light
window above it are of 19th-century stonework,
and the windows of the bell-chamber are much
restored.
Fittings — Doors: on the S. door, iron scroll
work, possibly 12th-century: on stair turret
door in the tower, old strap hinges. Plate :
small engraved cup, 1558, cover paten, 15()S.
Pulpit: hexagonal, with carved panelling,
early 17th-century.
Condition — Good, owing to extensive re-
storations.
Secular;—
* (2). The BrRT, about 200 yards S. of the
church, is a red brick house, of three storeys
and basement, with a plain parapet and a low-
pitched roof, built about the middle of the 17th
century. On the S.W., or main front, the
walling of the lower storeys is divided into
large arched panels, and the doorway is
flanked by brick pilasters and niches, now
covered with cement. The rest of the walling
is quite plain. The plan is almost square,
and has a room on each side of the cntranco
lobby, which leads into a square hall, enlarged
by a third room l)eing thrown into it. At the
back are the kitchen, offices, etc.
Interior — Two rooms on the ground floor and
one on the first floor have 17th-century
panelling and carved overmantels. One fireplace
has a cast-iron tircback ornamented with Heurs-
dc-lis; some of the rooms have original doors,
and in the ceilings are some rough beams. The
staircase, reaching from the ground to the second
tieor, is of the 17th ceutuvy, and Juis square
newals with ornamented tops and pendants,
and a massive moulded handrail with flat
carved and moulded balusters; these are all
repeated on the side against the wall.
Condition — Good.
* (3). The George axd Dragon Inn,
on the main road about \ mile S.W. of the
church, is a narrow rectangular building of the
17th century; the walls are of brick and
timber; the roofs are tiled. The upper storey
projects at each end of the front, which is
covered with modern rough-cast, and has three
gables ; the back, also with three gables, retains
some of the original plaster. The two brick
chimney stacks have square clustered shafts,
partly restored. All the windows have been
restored. Inside the house are a few old beams
and, in the parlour, a large open fireplace.
Condition — Fairly good.
* (-4). Cottage, adjoining the S. end of the
■ George and Dragon,' originally one of a group,
is a small, 17th-century building, one room
wide, with an overhanging upper storey; the
front is plastered, and the roof is tiled. The
shafts of the two chimney stacks are built of
thin roofing tiles ; one is square, the other
octagonal with concave sides.
Condition — Both the chimney stacks need re-
pointing, and one is in danger of falling over.
'' (5). TSvo CoTT.\GES, on the W. side of the
main street, almost opposite the ' George and
Dragon,' are two-storeyed, 17th-century build-
ings of brick and timber, with modem brick
bases; the front of one cottage is plastered;
the roofs are tiled. The only original chimney
stack has two square shafts set diagonally,
built of tliin bricks.
Condition— Fairly good.
<^(6). Drivers End Farm, about | mile N. of
the church, is a small, 17th-century building of
two storeys, the lower of brick, the upper of
plastered timber. It is of rectangular plan,
with a central chimney stack, built of thin
bricks. On the ground floor are two rooms with
lobby, chimney stack and staircase between
them. The kitchen has an original fireplace,
now reduced to take a modem grate, and with
its chimney-corner seats inside small cupboards;
in the ceiling is an old, heavy beam.
Condition — Good.
t;ui —
IMVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEBTFOBOSHIRE.
83
"(7). Lower Faem (formerly 'Troopers
Stables'), nearly a mile N. of the cliurcli, is a
small, two-storeyed house of late IGtli-century
date, facing S.E. ; the lower storey is built of
Hint with brick quoins and a brick plinth,
except th© N.E. end, which is of modern brick;
the S.W. wall of the upper storey is covered with
rough-cast, and the other walls are of timber
with brick filling ; the roofs are tiled. The plan
is rectangular, with a projecting porch wing on
the S.E. face, and a small wing containing the
staircase at the back; the central chimney stack
carries a rectangular shaft, built of thin bricks,
with pilasters on both faces. A blocked door-
way on the first floor and the modern brick
facing on the ground floor, at the N.E. end,
suggest that the building once extended further
in this direction. Inside, the house retains the
original fireplaces, though all, except one, are
partly filled in; oak doors, some with the old
strap hinges; wide oak floor boards^ and two
heavy beams in the ceilings. The newel stair-
case is of oak, and is also of the 16th century.
In the farmyard is an old barn, timber-
framed, partly brick-nogged, partly weather-
boarded, with two original trusses in the roof.
Condition— Of house and barn, poor.
« (8). The West Lodge of Kneb worth Park
is largely constructed of old material taken
from Knebworth House in 1811 (see also Kneb-
worth). It is of brick with stone dressings, and
consists of two small blocks connected by arches
spanning the drive. A stone tablet records
the re-setting of these arches from the old
gate house; they are four-centred, of two
continuously moulded orders, and of early 16tli-
century date, much restored. Two windows of
the same date have also been re-set, and are of
two pointed lights imder a square label. At
one corner of the building an octagonal turret
has a door with a four-centred moulded head,
and what appears to be a rehiis on the name of
Lytton in one of the spandrels.
Condition — Fairly good; much defaced wfth
cement.
38. COTTERED.
(O.S. G in. Wxiii. N.E. (»)xiii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical; —
<»(1). PAEisn CnrRcn of St. John the
Baptist, near the middle of the village, is built
of flint rubble with stone dressings, and is
covered with cement; red brick is used in the
N. wall of the vestrv; the roofs are of
lead and tiles. The Chancel, Nave, West
Tower and Sonth Porch were all built
c. 1350; the North Chapel and the windows and
roof of the nave are of the 15th century. In
the IGth century the North Vestry wa« added,
and the chancel windows renewed. The church
was thoroughly restored, and the chancel re-
roofed in the 19th century.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(<35^ ft. by 16 ft.) has a modern E. window; on
the N. is a 15th-century arcade with much of its
stonework renewed, and in the S. wall are two
square-headed windows, probably of early 16th-
ceutury date, but one is inserted in a wide 15th-
century window, partly blocked; in the same
wall is a blocketl doorway; the chancel arch,
of c. 1350, has been repaired, and its responds
thrust out of the perpendicular. The North
Chapel (22i ft. by 13 ft.) has two wide 15th-
century windows with modern tracery, and a
doorway, also of the loth century, but with a
modern arch. In the S.W. corner about 6 ft.
above the ground is an opening into the
nave; it is probably of the 14th century,
but has a modem arch. The Vestry (13 ft. by
12| ft.), E. of the chapel, has an E. window of
early 16th-centurv date, with original iron
stanchions. The Nave (GO ft. by 25 ft.) has
three lofty 15th-century windows in the X. wall,
and three in the S. wall; the tracery is repaired.
Both N. and S. doorways are of c. 1350; the N.
doorway is blocked, and its label and stops
defaced. On the N.E., the rood-loft stair turret
projects from the outer face of the wall and is
continued to the roof; only the head, now
blocked, of the lower inner doorway remains,
and the upper doorway is also blocked. Tlie
Tower (12^ ft. by 12 it.) is of three stages with
an embattled parapet and an octagonal lead
spire; the tower arch and the W. window of
r. 1350 have been restorwl. The windows of the
bell-chamber are single cusped lights, with
slightly decayed stonework. The South Porch
(111 ft. by i0| ft.) has two-Hglit windows on
the"E. and W.', probably of early 16th-centurv
date; the entrance archway is coated with
cement. The Poof of the nave, the beams of
the chapel roof, and some of the trusses in the
chancel roof are of the 15th centurv.
Fittings— Bf//,s .• five; 4th 1G51. 5th by Miles
Grave, 1650. Brasses and Indents: in the
rliapol, to Litton Pulter, 1C08. inscription: in
the porch, slab with three indents, probably
15fh-rontury. Chest: in the vestrv, probably
late 16th-contury. Doors: in the nave S.
door, heavy, panelled oak, probably 15th-rcn-
tury; N. door of same date, still in si/u behind
the blocking: in the vestry, inner door and
ironwork, probably of e. 1525. Fovt : of
grey Derbyshire marble, c. 1700. Glass: m
the heads of two N, windows in the nave.
L 2
84
IN\'ENTORT OF TTIE UONTMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIRE.
painted, 15th-century. Painting: on N. wall
of nave, a large indistinct figure of St.
Christopher. I'i.n-inae : in the diancel, 14th-
centurv: in the chapel, 15th-century: in the
nave, fe. jamb and bowl, 14th-century. Plate:
cup and cover ]>ateu. 1711. Shihs : in the
chapel floor, several, inscribed, 17th-century.
Stoup: in the porch, damaged. Sedile: in
the chancel, with two-centred arch, 14th-een-
tury. Table : in the vestry, 17th-century.
Secular: -
lloiTESTEAD Mo.iTS :
o (2). Fragment, 200 yards S. of the rectory.
o(3). "The Island," 1 mile S.E. of the
village.
<»(4). The Lordship (now a farmhouse) and
Moat, S.E. of the church. The walls are
of timber and plaster ; the roof is tiled.
The house is of mid 15th-century date and of
unusual interest as an example both of a
mediaeval building and of the form of renova-
tion considered necessarv at the beginning of
the 17th century, when it was much altered.
To understand the present remains it is
necessary to compare them with what was
almost certainly the original plan. It was
probably of the H type, with the hall in the
central wing, facing N. and S., and the butterv,
pantry and kitchen in the E. wing; on the W.
was a "solar" wing, in the destruction of
which the hall may have been shortened. Early
in the 17th century an upper floor was inserted
in the hall, which was then divided into several
rooms, a staircase was built in "the screens,''
the E. wing probably enlarged, and rooms were
constructed over the buttery and pantry. In
the 19th centurv two staircases were built, one
to replace the 17th-century staircase, and the
other in the "W. end of the hall: a lean-to
structure was also added on the S.. and the
whole house restored and patched. The upper
storev of the E. winsr projects, and is srabled on
the ?f., and in the 17th century- a smaller gable
was added, of which the projection forms a porch
to the front entrance; the original door remains,
and has panels with cinquefoiled heads. The
windows are all of the 17th century or of later
date, and the chimnev stacks have been partly
rebuilt. The original doorways to the kitchen
passage, buttery and pantrv also remain, and
have chamfered, four-centred heads and
chamfered jambs. The butterv is lined with
ITth-century mitred panelling, and has a
carved oak overmantel. The room over the
buttery has panelling of carlv 17th-centurv
date, cut up and re-set ; the ceiling is
plastered and has moulded oak ribs to repre-
sent principals and purlins. In a loom over
the hall are some linenfold panels, now covered
by the wall paper. Parts of two trusses of the
hall roof remain, with moulded cambered tie-
beams, and octagonal king posts which have
moulded capitals and bases, and curved struts ;
only the tie-beams can be seen below the ceiling
of the first floor; as the timbers show no traces
of soot the chimney stack on the S. of the hall
mav be original, though the fireplace is modern.
Only a fragment remains of the moat.
Condition — Fairly good; the original
structure has been much altered and repaired.
* (5). Beoom Faem, on the N. side of the road
ill the hamlet of Hare Street, about a mile
S.AV. of the church, is a timber and brick house
built late in the 16th century; the roofs are
tiled. The plan is L-shaped ; the long wing,
facing S., contains the hall with a room on each
side of it, and has a brick front, with three
gables, which was added c. 1700; the main
entrance, with an oak door, now painted, is on
the S. In the shorter wing, facing TT., the one
room was probably the kitchen and has a cellar
beneath it. The main staircase is between the
wings, and there are two small staircases from
the upper storey to the attic. The N. and S.
windows, with square leaded lights and iron
fastenings, are of c. 1700; two of the attic win-
dows in the gables, and two oval openings near
(he main entrance are now blocked. On the
W. is a window of earlv Ifith-century date, not
in sitxi ; it is of three lights with four-centred
heads, and has moulded, oak mullions. The
chimney stacks have square shafts set diagon-
ally; the stack at the X. end of the shorter wing
seems to have projected beyond the wall, which
is now built out to the same level, with the old
narrow bricks re-used on the E. side of the
fhimney. A fireplace and many of the oak
Iwards and 1)enm« inside the house are original.
A large barn W. of the house, of earlv 17th-
century date, is of half-H plan, built of timber
on a brick base, and covered with weather-
boarding.
Condition — Good.
I
I
39. DATCmvORTH.
(O.S. 6 In. Wxxi. S.W. (Wxxix. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
a (1). Paetsu Church of All Saints, stands
in an isolated position about y mile N. of
T)aifh worth Green. It is built of flint rubble
with stone dressings; the roof is tiled. Tlie
Nni^e is probablv of the 12th centurv, the North
Aisle was adde<1 late in the 13th century, and
the lower part of the Wc'if 7'o?rpr isof late 14th-
UlVa—
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IlEIlTPORDSnillE.
85
century date. The Chancel arcli is of c. 1480,
but the rest of the chancel seems to have been
entirely remodelled c. IGOO. The South I'orcli
is probably also of the ITth century. In 1875
the church was restored, and the top stage of the
tower rebuilt.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(2:1 ft. by 14 ft.) has E. and S. windows of c. 1600.
The four-centred head of the E. window is
blocked, and the tracery is modern. The
chancel arch has been repaired, and the bases
destroyed. The Nave (:J8 ft. by 19 ft.) has a N.
arcade of four bays, with two-centred arches of
two orders on octagonal columns having
moulded capitals and bases; the responds have
detached shafts and crude foliated capitals;
all much repaired. In the S. wall one
window is of c. 1360, the other window has
been much restored, and the doorway is of the
19th century. The North Aide (39 ft."by lOi f t. )
has a 15th-century window on the N.E.; the
other windows have rear arches of late 14th-ceu-
tury date and modern tracery. The Tower
(11 ft. by 10| ft.) is of two stages, with a modern
s])ire. The lower stage is of c. 1380, and has a
lofty tower arch; the W. doorway is blocked,
and the tracery in the window above it is
modern. The Porch has blocked loops and a
four-centred entrance archway, and is covered
with cement. The Roof of the nave is of the
15th century.
Fittings — Bells : six; the last four by Anthony
Chandler, 1673. Bras.f : in the chancel near
the altar, to William Paine, c. 1620, an inscrip-
tion with symbolical device. Chair: in the
chancel, 17th-century. Chest: in the vestry,
oak, with three locks, 17th-century. Font:
octagonal, early 15th-centurJ^ Monuments:
in the nave, on S.E., a recess containing stone
slab with floriated cross, 14th-century; recess
repaired. Niches: over the E. window of the
aisle, inside, remains of three small niches.
Plate: includes cup and cover paten, 15()!i.
I'onr Box: probably 17th-century.
Condition — Good. The nave arcade is much
out of the perpendicular, and, to prevent further
deflection, a truss has been thrown across the
aisle against it, supported by a buttress on the
aisle wall.
Secular:—
HoiEESTE.Vn M(1ATS : — •
"(2). In village, fragment.
*(3). At Bull's Green, fragment.
Datchwortii Green : —
"(4). Hopfiers Hall, about h mile S. of the
church, is a timber-framed and plastered build-
ing of two storeys and attics; the roofs are
tiled. The main building faces N., and is of
c. 1640-50; the plan is rectangular, with a small
central j)orch wing in front, and a staircase
wing at the back. At some later date, possibly
in the same century, a wing was added at the
E. end, projecting to the 8., the N. wall being
flush with that of the original building. The
latter contains a lobby with a room on each side
of it, and in the additional wing are the kitchen
and dairy. There are gables at the E. and W.
ends, and the wings are also gabled on the S.
Opposite the porch is a central chimney stack,
built of thin bricks, and at the E. end is another
stack of later date, with moulded cornices.
Interior — Two rooms have chamfered oak
beams, with ogee stops, and wide fireplaces,
reduced for modern grates; over one fireplace
a jiainting in oils, of a hunting scene, is prob-
ably of the same date as the main building.
The kitchen fireplace has a heavy oak lintel,
and several oak doors remain. The staircase,
probably also original, has turned balusters,
plain square newels with ball heads, and a
juoulded haniliail.
Condition — Good.
" (5). Cherrij Tree Farm, al)Out J mile S. of
the church, is a 17th-century rectangular build-
ing of two storeys, with a projecting central
wing at the back. The walls are of brick,
covered with modern pebble-dash, but at the
back of the house a little of the original plaster
remains. The roof is tiled. There is a large
central chimney stack with four shafts set
diagonally. The double front door is moulded
and panelled, and is probably of oak, now
jiainted.
Condition — Good.
« (6). Cottages, two, on the N. side of the
green, form a rectangular building of plastered
timber and brick, of late 17th-century date;
the roof is tiled; the front has been altered in
the 19th century. Over three small, gabled
dormer windows are the initials „?„ and the
date 1694, in raised plaster, llie central
chimnev stack is of plain brick.
Condition — Fairly good.
«(7). Whip/ring Post, near the cottages, i.s
about 6 ft. high; the rough iron handcuifs still
remain.
Condition — Poor.
40, DIGSWELL.
(O.S. 6 in. xxviii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical; —
(1). Pahisii Church of St. Joitn', stands in
the park E. of Digswell House. The walls are
86
IKVENTORT OF THE UOITUHENTS OF HERTFORDSHTRW.
covered outside with cement; the roofs are tiled.
The Chancel aud ?i'ave are probably of the 12th
century; the iS'ortli Aisle was built c. 1280-1300,
but the arcade has been destroyed. The North
Chapel was rebuilt aud lengthened bj- one bay,
and the Tower added W. of the aisle, c. 1510.
ITie South Porch was probably built c. 1700.
Many alterations were made in 1811, aud in
J874 the church was restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(22 ft. by 20 ft.) has an arch in the N. wall,
opening into the chapel, of c. 1200, with a
modern face on the chancel side, and in the
same wall is a deep, arched recess of the
15th century, which was probably open
formerly on both sides. In the S. wall is
a blocked window, probably of the 13th
century; the other windows have modern
tracery. The Xave (31 ft. by 22 ft.) has no
detail of earlier date than the loth century,
part of the tracery in the two S. windows being
of that period, but the walls are probably of the
12th century. A modern arch opening into
the N. aisle replaces the original arcade of two
bays. The North Chapel (21i ft. by Qi ft.) has
two early 16th-century windows, and the North
Aisle (25 ft. by 7^ it.) has two windows of the
same dat«, evidently inserted when the chapel
was rebuilt. The Tower (7^ ft. square), of two
stages, with embattled parapet, has walls no
thicker than the adjoining walls of the church.
The IGth-century single-light TV. window is
unglazed, but closed by a door; the foiir
windows of the bell-chamber are of two liglits
under square heads, and are also of the 16th
century. The Porch has an embattled parapet,
and is covered with cement. TTie Roof of the
nave has 15th-century tie-beams, and the low-
pitched, panelled oak roof of the chapel is of
early 16th-century date; the other roofs are
modern.
Yiit'mgs—Belh : three; Ist and 2nd, 1605.
Brackets: on each side of E. window in chapel,
moulded stone, with shields, charged with
Peryent (three crescents) quartering a cross
paty. Brasses: in the chancel, of John
Peryent, standard bearer to Eichard II., and
his wife, who died in 1415, figures 5 ft. long,
man in armour, with part of inscription
and arms : of a knight in armour, said to
be another .John Peryent, c. 1430, with two
symbols of the Evangelists; on the same slab,
inscription to Thomas Eobynson and his wife,
1492: of Thomas Hoore, 1495, his wife, four
sons and eight daughters, with inscription and
four shields with arms of the Mercers'
Company. Iloore and a defaced coat : of
Robert Battyll, 1557, his wife, four sons,
and six daughters : of William Robert,
auditor of the Bishop of Winchester, 14 — (date
not filled in), his wife, 1484, and two sons;
shrouded figures, two shields and inscription :
to John Peryent, small inscription, undated : to
two daughtei's of Sir Alexander Cave, 1637.
Mo/iumeiits : in the chapel, mural tablets to
William Sedley, 1658 : Francis Shalcrosse,
1681 : Eliza Shalcrosse, 1677 : and some 17th-
centurj- floor slabs. Piscina : in the chancel,
double, 13th-century. Plate : includes en-
graved cup, 1563, paten, 1673; flagon, 1672.
Recess : in the X. aisle, between the windows,
richly moulded two-centred arch, with tracery
and the figui'e of a dove in the centre;
of c. 1290; lower part destroyed, tracery
and mouldings well presei-ved. Screens : be-
tween chancel and chapel, between chapel and
aisle, lower part of both destroyed : below the
tower, two doors, probably belonged to rood
screen: all of oak, of c. 1540.
Condition — Good.
41. EAST BARNET.
(O.S. xlvi. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). P.\RisH Church of St. M.\ry, stands on
a hill about 4 mile S.E. of Oakleigh Park rail-
way station. The old walls are covered with
rough-cast, and have stone dressings; the roofs
are of tiles aud slate. The church was rebuilt
in the 19th century, excejit the Nave, which is
almost entirely of c. 1140; the S. doorway of
that date has been re-set in the modern S. aisle,
and some 16th-centui-y material re-used in the
chancel.
Architectural Description — The Chancel has,
re-set in the N. wall, a 16th-century arch open-
ing into the organ chamber, and a square-
headed window of two uncusped lights, much
restored. The Nave (40 ft. by 19 ft.) has walls
3 ft. thick; in the N. wall are three small
original windows with round heads, and between
the second and third is a blocked doorway with
a similar head; all the stonework is of
chinch. The westernmost window in the S.
wall retains its original inner round head, but
the rest of the stonework is modern. The
South Aisle has a S. doorway with a plain, round
head, of c. 1140, re-set; in the chamfered
label is a grotesque carved head. The Roof of
the nave retains its old tie-beams, and has an
arched plastered ceiling.
Fittings — Glass : in N. window of nave, small
fragments of old glass. Plate : includes silver-
gilt covered cup of 1636. Recess : in N. wall of
1
ESS-
INVENTOET OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEBTFOEDSHIBE.
87
nave, probably 15th-century. Slabs : in tbe
chancel floor, several of the 17th century.
Condition — Fairly good ; the stonework of the
old windows of the nave is decaying.
42. EASTWICK.
(O.S. 6 in. Wxxx. N.E. Wxxx. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
*(1). Parish Chuuch of St. Botolph, S.W.
of the village, was rebuilt in 1872, partly on
the old foundations; the double windows on the
?<'. and S. are said to mark the position of the
original Transej^ts. The Tower was partly
rebuilt in 1873.
The ISth-centuiy effigy in the tower is an
imusually perfect illustration of the armour of
that period.
Architectural Description — The 13th-century
Chancel Arch has been rebuilt with the original
materials. It is richly moulded and rests on
detached shafts of Purbeck marble, with
moulded capitals and bases. The Tower is of
three stages, with embattled parapet.
Fittings — Bells: three; 1st, with illegible in-
scription, of early date: 2nd, inscribed Vox
Aiiffustini Senot In Anre Dei, undated : 3rd, by
John Clark, IGOl. Brasses: on tower wall, of
Joan Lee, lady in Elizabethan costume; coat of
arms and part of inscription, 1504; originally all
on the same slab, said to be palimpsest. Monu-
ment : in the tower, stone effigy of knight, cross-
legged, in complete chain mail and long
surcoat, with long shield; mid 13th-centui-y,
well preserved. Piscina : in the chancel, bowl
only, date imcertain.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
Homestead Moat: —
" (2). In Eastwick Wood, fragment.
43. ELSTREE
(O.S. 6 in. xlv. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Parish CHURcn of St. Nicholas, near the
middle of the village, was almost entirely re-
built in 1853, some of the old material being
re-used. The columns and ca])itals of the S.
arcade of the Nave, which was rebiiilt on the old
foundations, and possibly some stones in the N.
arcade, are oi the 15th century, and old work
also remains in the S. wall of the South Aisle.
Three of the collar beams in the Roof of the
nave are of the 15th century.
Fittings — Font: octagonal, the stem consists
of central pillar within a hollow octagonal
tlrum having a pierced panel in each side ; 15th-
centuiy, lower part defaced. Monument: on
N. wall of N. aisle, to Olive Buck, 1603,
alabaster, recently repaired and replaced in the
church.
Condition — Good.
44. ESSENDON.
(O.S. G in. (<')xxxvi. N.W. W.xxxvi. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1). Parish Church of St. Mary, in the
middle of the village, was entirely rebuilt in
1883, except the West Tower^ which is of the
15th centur}', much restored.
Architectural Description — The Tower is of
two stages with embattled parapet; two moulded
stones in the external jambs of the W. doorway,
and many of the clunch stones in the quoins are
of the 15th century. The arch opening into the
nave is also original, but has been repaired.
Fittings— 5(7/«; six; 2nd and 4th, 1685;
0th, 1681. Brasses and Indents: on S. wall of
S. aisle, three shields each charged (colours
missing) quarterly ; 1. France quartering Eng-
land, all within a border, quarterly charged
1 and 4: with leopards, 2 and 3 with tleurs-de-lis
(for Henry, Marquis of Exeter, executed 1538) :
2. Courtney; three roundels: 3. Say; Party
palewise, three cheverons : 4. Eedvers; a lion;
beneath the shields a modern inscription records
that they were taken from a gravestone in
1778, and that the arms are probably those
of Henry Courtney, eldest son of Henry,
Marquis of Exeter, by his second wife : of
William Tooke, 1588, his wife Ales, daughter
of Robert Barlee, of Bibbes worth, and twelve
children, kneeling figures, inscription and
three shields (colours missing); 1st, Tooke, party
cheveronwise three griffins' heads erased
(counterchanged) ; Crest, a griffin's head erased
party cheveronwise holding in its beak a sword;
2nd, Tooke impaling Barlee; 3rd, Barlee quar-
tering Bibbesworth: in slab in floor, shield
with arms of Tooke quartering; 2, Noone
or Nove (?), a cross engrailed, with a crescent
thereon ; 3, Purchase or Thwaites (?), a lion,
over all a fesse with three roundels thereon ;
above is the crest of Tooke, and indents of
shield and two inscriptions. Monuments and
Floor Slabs : in S. aisle, several floor slabs,
17th-century: on S. wall, to William Prestley,
1664, of marble, flanked by twisted pilasters :
on W. wall of nave, slab, to Eleanor Whithcot,
88
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IlERTFORDSniRE.
1(>84. Plate: includes cup and cover paten,
loO'J, large paten, 1G93.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
HoMESTE-U) Moat : —
»(2). N.E. of Coldhailxmr Farm.
" (3). EssENDOx Mill, about \ mile 2s. of the
church, is a house of two storeys and attics,
built probably in the 17th century, but much
altered at a later date. The walls were origin-
ally timber-framed, but most of them are now
encased in brick; the roofs are tiled. The plan
is of an irregular L shape, and there is one
original chimney stack. Some very large oak
timbers in the floors and partitions inside the
liouse are evidenth- original, and the central
newel staircase on the W. side is probablj- a
modern restoration or copy of the old one.
Condition — Good.
45. FLAMSTEAD.
(O.S. xxvii. X.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). i'AUisa CuuRCH OF St. Leonard, stands
in the middle of the village. It is built of
flint rubble with stone dressings, and is patched
with brick ; the roofs are covered with tiles
and lead. The West Tower is of c. 1120, and
possibly some of the masonry of the Charted
may be of that date. The foundations of the
side walls of the contemporary iV«i-e were found
in the W. bays during repairs, and showed that
the internal width was not altered when the
North and South Aisles and the present arcades
were built in the 13th century. Three of the
responds of the arcades differ from the other
work in having distinct diagonal tooling, whicli
suggests that preparations were made for arcades
during the 12th century, even if they were not
actually built until later. The tower arch
was under-built in the second half of the
13th century. The chancel was remodelled
c. 1330-40, when the E. end was probably re-
built, and the North Vestry added; the N. aisle
may also iiave been rebuilt in the 14t1i century ;
in 1332 Sir William de la Zouclie founded a
chantry, possibh' at the altar in the N. aisle, as
the N.]']. window of the aisle is of that date.
The clearstorey of the nave, the upper stage of
the tower, with spire, and the rood-loft stairs
were built in the 15th century ; the North and
South Porches were adde<l ])rnba1)lv about the
same time, and the E. arch of the N. arcade
widened. Later work consists only of repairs,
and the church has been recently restored.
The building is of especial interest as giving
evidence of a large village church of the 12th
century, and on account of the detail of the
lyth-coutur}- arcades.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by W, ft.) has, in the N. wall, a 13th-
century lancet, and a modern doorway into the
vestry; the E. window and the two S. windows
have modern tracery copied from 14th-century
work, and in the S. wall is also a priest's door-
way with modern stonework outside; the 14th-
century chancel arch is of two chamfered orders.
The Vestry (lb ft. by U ft.) has, on the ground
Hoor, a narrow square-headed light of the 14th
centurj- on the E., and two on the N., with a
fireplace between them; in the S.W. angle is a
curved recess containing a spiral iron stair-
case. Only the stone corbels remain of the
floor of the upper storey. The Nave (67 ft. by
21 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of six bays, with
pointed arches of two hollow chamfered orders,
octagonal shafts, foliated capitals and moulded
bases; the arches have labels on the side facing
the nave, and also on the side towards the aisle
in the two eastern bays of the IH. arcade; the
N.E. respond was rebuilt when the easternmost
arch of the arcade was widened; the other
responds have slender detached shafts, but
that on the N.W. has a wooden shaft and
a capital made up with plaster. ITie 15th-
century clearstorey windows, four on each side,
are of two cinqueffliled lights with square heads.
The North Aisle (10^ ft. wide) has a 15th-
century E. window of two cinquefoiled lights,
and in the N. A\all are two similar windows, in
addition to the 14th-century window, and a
plain loth-centurj- doorway. TTie South Aisle
(9 ft. wide) has, in the S. wall, a 15th-century
window of three cinquefoiled lights, restored,
and two windows which have been entirely re-
newed. The West Tower (17 ft. sqxiare) is of
two stages, with a plain parapet and a small
leaded spire. Under the large round-headed
arch, opening into the nave, is a pointed arch
of late 13th-century date, with a chamfered
hibel. The W. doorway and the two-light
window above it were inserted in the 15th cen-
tury. High up in the first stage are traces of
I'ound-headed 12th-century windows of two
lights, blocked in the 15th century to strengthen
the wall when the second stage was added,
which has square-headed windows of two
cinqxiefoiled lights in each face. The original
stair-turret, with a round-headed doorway, is
at the S.E. angle. The North and South Porches
have been much restored, but the outer doorway
of the S. ]x>rch is of the loth century. The
Poof of the nave is of the 15th century though
restored, and rests on carved stone corbels; the
roof of the chancel is also old.
INVENTOHT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIRE.
89
Fittings — Bells: six; five by Chandler, 1664,
the sixth, 172D. Bracket: near N.E. comer of
N. aisle, for image. Brasses and Iruhnls:
in chancel, of John Oudeby, rector, 1414,
in pro<^^essional vestments, over his head small
canopy, indent of Virgin and Child, round
it three brass shields, inscription, and indents
of two more shields : figure of unknown man,
his wife, and four children, probably 15th-cen-
tury, indents of shield and inscription : slab
with indents of figure and inscription. Com-
munion Table and Rails : 17th-century. Foni :
15th-century, restored and re-tooled. Monu-
ments : in third bay of N. arcade, altar tomb with
effigies of a man and his wife, under crocketted
canopy, probably c. 1420: on chancel wall, of
Sir Bartholomew Foukc, 1604, kneeling figure,
alabaster and marble : on shafts of nave arcade,
three incised inscriptions record burial places
of John Pace, 1596; Ffrauncys Cordell, 1597;
John Grigge, 1598. Paiixfing : on E. wall of
N. aisle, over bracket for image, figure of the
Virgin, defaced : over E. window of N. aisle,
traces of black-letter inscription to memory of
a parish clerk, 1604: on arches of xV. arcade,
traces of painted decoration; colour on two
easternmost arches, restored. Piscinae : in
chancel, 14th-century, restored: in E. respond
of N. arcade, trefoiled recess : in W. wall of
vestry, basin only. Plate : includes unmarked
cup and paten, 17tli-century, flagon, 1690 :
pewter flagon dated 1675. Recess : in N. wall
of chancel, near E. end, large, shallow, with
moulded jambs and arch. Screen : across thtt
chancel, 15th-century, with modern beam in-
stead of original vaulted loft, rood also modern.
Seating : W. end of S. aisle, oak, possibly 14th-
century. Scdilia : in chancel, single, cinque-
foiled, 14th-century; W. of it, wider cinque-
foiled recess for two seats. Miscellanea : on
S. jamb of tower arch, is scratched a consecra-
tion cross, recently painted.
Condition — Good, owing to recent extensive
repairs, but some of the stonework is still in a
slate of decay.
Secular;—
(2). Almshouses, N. of the church, built by
Thomas Saunders, of Beechwood, in 1669, form
a rectangular building of red brick with gabled
ends; the roof is tiled. The two chimney stacks
have square shafts set diagonally, lliere are
four plain windows of two lights in the front,
and four round-headed doorways, over two of
which are circular panels of stone with defaced
carving.
Condition — Good.
FiAiiNDEN Church
46. FLATJNDEN.
(O.S. 6 in. Wxxxviii. N.W. Wxxxviii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
6 (1). Old CnuRcii of St. Mary MAGD.iLENE,
ruins, \\ miles S. of the village, in a clump of
fir trees on the banks of the river Chess. The
remaining walls are of plastered flint rubble,
with chinch dressings, and, with the gables,
retain their original height, but there are no
roofs. The building is small, in the form of a
Greek cross, and was probably built c. 1230.
The unusual plan and the traces of early
mural painting in the interior make these ruins
especially interesting.
Architectural Description — The building
measures 36 ft. from E. to W., and 37 ft. from
N. to S. across the transepts; the Chancel (13 ft.
wide) retains only parts of the N. and S. walls.
In the N. wall is an arched recess partly
destroyed bv a later opening with brick jambs;
in the S. wall is the sill of a two-light window of
the 15th centuiy. The Nave (13 ft. wide) has a
13th-century W. doorway with plain jambs,
pointed arch and moulded label. The North
Transept (10| ft. wide) has, in the N. wall, the
jambs and sill of an original single-light win-
dow. The South Transept (10| ft. wide) has a
partly restored three-light window of the
15th century in (he S. wall.
Fittings — Paintings: on E. splay of N. tran-
sept window, traces, probably representing the
Crucifixion; on W. splay, a diaper pattern : on
E. wall of N. transept, traces of colour.
Piscina: in S. wall of S. transept, 13th-century.
Reredos: on E. wall of S. transept, traces, with
central niche.
Condition — Very bad; the ruins are loaded
with heavy ivy, and much damage has been
by pcrmifsion of the
iV'ofc — The plan is reproduceil
VicTOEiA County Histobies.
M
90
INVENTORY OF THE HONrMENTS OF IIERTFORDSHIUB.
done by visitors; the paintings liave sufEered
much from exposure.
"(2). CiuRcii OF St. M.\ry M.\(;dalexk, on
a hill at the W. end of the village, was built
in 1838. It contains, from the old church, the
following : —
Fitting."! — Bells: one, inscribed ^Gloria in
exelcisc deo,' by William Knight, 1578.
(Another l)ell by the same founder, and of the
same date, originally at Flaunden, is now at
St. John's Church, Uxbridge.) Font: bowl,
octagonal, probablv 15th-century, with modern
stem and base. Plate : includes cup and cover
paten, 157G. Tiles : in S. porch, mediaeval.
Condition — Good; tiles worn.
47. FURXEUX PELHAM.
(O.S. 6 in. xlv. X.E.)
Ecclesiastical; —
(1). r.vKisii Cnx-RCii OF St. Mary, stands on
high ground in the village. It is built chiefly
of flint with oolite dressings; the X. aisle is
coated with cement, and the porch has clunch
dressings. The Chaneel was built c. 1260-80 ; it
leans to the S. which may indicate that it is an
enlargement of an earlier chancel attached to a
Nave of about the same size as the present nave.
The West Tower was added c. 1370, and the
Xorth and South Aisles, with the arcades and
dearstorej" of the nave, were built c. 1400. The
South Porch was added in the 15th century, and
the S. aisle was pi^obably lengthened at the
same time to enclose the side of the tower. The
South Chapel was built by Robert Xewport
e. 1518, according to an inscription given in
Wecver's Funeral Momtmciits. Many of the
windows of the church were entirely renewed in
the 19th century.
Architectural Description — TheC/ianccZ(34tt.
by 19 ft.) has a 13th-century E. window with
engaged inner shafts, moulded rear arch, and
label with foliage stops; the tracery is modern.
In the N. wall are three lancets of the 13th cen-
tury, the westernmost being a low side window
with rebates and hooks for shutter; in the S.
wall are two lancets of the 13th century; in both
walls the easternmost window is of richer detail
than the others, having engaged inner shafts
with moulded capitals and bases, and a moulded
rear arch with a plain label which has mask
stops. In the S. wall is also a modern archway
and a small cinquci'oilcd ojx'iiiiig into the S.
chapel. In the S'nith Clinprl CJd ft. by ]9J ft.)
only the inner jambs and rear arch of the three-
light E. window and two stones in the S. door-
way are old. The Nave (40 ft. by 19 ft.) has
15th-century X. and S. arcades of three bays
with pointed arches; the piers each have four
semi-octagonal shafts separated by a hollow
chamfered order; the labels mitre at the apices
with the string course below the clearstorey,
which has three windows of two lights in both
walls. The .XortJi Aisle (11 ft. wide) has an E.
and a W. window and two N. windows, of three
lights each, of modern stonework; the X. door
is original, and has moulded jambs and a
pointed arch in a square head with traceried
spandrels and moulded label. The South Aisle
(11 ft. wide) has three windows similar to those
in the X. aisle; only the inner jambs of the
easternmost are original; the S. doorway
resembles that op])osite. but the traceried
spandrels contain shields; "W. of it a small door-
way opens into the staircase leading to the
room above the porch. The moulded string
of the parapet outside is badly decayed. Nearly
all the stonework of the Sout?i Porch has been
renewed in the 19th century, but some of the
external quoins are original ; on two of them are
scratched ancient circular sundials, one with
Roman numerals; the porch is lighted by side
windows and has a modern entrance archway ; in
the E. wall of the upper chamber is an original
single light, much decayed, with a trefoiled
head; the S. and W. windows are modern. The
West Toicer (9 ft. square) is of three stages with
an embattled parapet and a leaded needle spire;
a plain archway opens into it from the nave;
the W. window, of three lights, has been re-
paired with cement; the windows of the bell-
chamber, of two lights each with tracery, are
original, but have decayed jambs and restored
heads. The high-pitched Poof of the chancel
has a few old timbers; the nave has a fine, low-
pitched roof of three bays of early 15th-century
date; the moulded tie-beams have struts with
traceried spandrels; the ceiling is divided into
panels and at the feet of the ])rincipal rafters
are angels carved in wootl, holding shields, of
which two, on the S. side of the E. bay, are
painted with coats of arms ; on one of the tie-
beams is the original colour decoration. The
roofs of the aisle are similar in character but
plainer. Tlie chapel roof is similar but of later
workmanship ; it also has angels with shields,
carved bosses, etc., and retains some of the
original painted ornament.
Fittings— 5f//4-.- six; 3rd, 1G62; 4th, appa-
rently by William Culverden. 1513-1522; 5th,
1618. Jirnsses and Lndents : in floor of S. chapel,
indent of man in civilian costume, half-figure,
V. itli inscription, probably loth-centurj- : indent
INVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF H£aTFOaDSHIUE.
91
of knight in armour, early IGth-century, part of
brass inscription to John Xevvport, date in-
complete, and shield with his arms : two other
slabs with indents much defaced (see Monu-
ments below). Easter Sepulchre : in N. wall of
chancel, recess with modern arch. Font : Pur-
beck marble bowl, 13th-century. Glass: in E.
window of N. aisle, fragments, 15tli-century.
Monuments : atW.end of S. aisle, altai- tomb of
Purbeck marble, sides of base panelled, origi-
nally with shields; in the covering slab, brasses
of man in civilian dress, and his widow, under a
double canopy, with indents of pinnacled but-
tresses, c. 1425; also indents of daughter, in-
scription and four shields: in S. chapel, altar
tomb of white stone with black marble slab,
marble pilasters and shields with arms of Casoii
and others; on the wall above it, inscription to
Edward Cason, 1G24, and on an iron bracket,
helmet of c. 1570-80 : on N. wall of N. aisle,
Purbeck marble tablet, probably to Robert
Newport, dated 1518, with brasses of man in
armour, his wife, two sons and three daughters,
all kneeling, and shield with arms of Newport,
a lion rampant, impaling Alington, a bend
between six billets; indents of two other shields.
Virgin and Child, and two scrolls : in floor of S.
chapel, marble coffin lid, much worn, probablv
14th-century. Piscinae: in chancel, with
moulded jambs, pointed arch and 'label, quatre-
foiled bowl. 13th-centurv : in S. chapel, with
cinquefoiled bead, sexfoiled bowl, earlv 16th-
centurv. Royal Arms : on screen at W. end
of S. aisle, carved in wood, with supporters and
shield, double faced: bearing the dates lfi34.
1660, and 1831. Sedilia: three, in S. wall of
chancel, shafted iambs with moiildod liases and
capitals, moulded trefoiled heads with labels,
13th-oentury. Stoup : in porch, E. of S. door-
way, with sub-cusped trefoiled head and muti-
lated bowl.
Condition — Generally good, except a few ex-
ternal details; much of the stonework outside is
modem ; the ivy on the tower may cause damage
in future.
Secular:—
(2). Homestead Mo.\t, at St. John's Pelham,
fragment.
(3). Fttrnefx Pet.iiam H.vll, about 1\
furlongs W. of the church, is a brick house
of two storeys with an attic, built late in the
16th century, much altered in the second half
of the ]7th century, and considerablv repaired
in the 19th century; the roofs are tiled. The
plan is L-shaped: one winsj faces S. and
contains the principal rooms, in the other
wing are the kitchen and offices. The S. and
W. elevations have each three curvilinear
gables, part of the ITth-century alterations,
traces of the original crow-stepped gables l)oing
still visible; on the N. and E. the original gables
remain, and the attic windows throughout
retain their plastered brick mullions. which
have been replaced in all the other windows by
' flush ' sashes. The chimney stacks have been
partly rebuilt, but traces remain of the
moulded liases of separate octaa:onal shafts.
Interior — One room on the giv)und floor is lined
with fine panelling of late 17th-centuiy date in
large bolection-moulded panels. Another
room, on the first floor, retains much of its
original panelling, with fluted pilasters and a
frieze of straji-work arabesques.
Condition — Good.
48. GILSTON.
(O.S.
in. XXX.
S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Parish Chuhch of St. Mary, stands in
an isolated position about J mile X. of Gilston
Park and about 2 miles W. of the London and
Bishop's Stortford road. It is built chiefly of
flint with stone dressings, but the tower is of
brick, and the chancel walls are coated with
cement; the roofs are tiled. There appears to
have been a former aisleless church, of which
one doorway, of early 13tli-cpntury date, re-
mains, but it was probably entirely rebuilt and
enlarged in the second half of the 13th century;
the tower seems to have been ro-constructed late
in the 16th century. Since 1850 the building
has been thoroughly restored, the S. aisle re-
built and the vestry added.
The remains of the chancel screen, of late
13th-centurv date, are of especial interest as an
unusually early example of woodwork.
.'Vrchitectural Description — The Chancel
("25 ft. by 12i ft.) has a modern E. window of
four lights: the lancet window in the N. w.iU,
and two in the S. wall, are of the 13th century,
repaired; one is of sliahtlv later date than
the others. The Nave (46 ft. bv 12; ft.> has N.
and S.arcadesof four bays, which have clustered
uiers with moulded bases and capifals, and
hollow chamfered arches with laWls. The
North Aisle (6 ft. wide"! has a modern E.
window, and. in theN. wall, a two-light window
of lafe 13th-century date, with two other
windows copied from it or restored in the 19th
century; the blocked N. doorwav, with shafted
jambs and moulded arch, is a fine example of
92
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIHE.
early 13th-century work; the W. window
appears to be contemporary with the rebuilding
of the tower. The South Aisle (6 ft. wide) is
modern. The West Tower (12 ft. by 11 ft.) is
of two stages with a projecting stair-turret on
the S., a modern embattled parapet and
octagonal leaded spire; the pointed tower arch
is of late IGth-century date; it is doubly cham-
fered, and has in each wide jamb a single
detached shaft with roughly cut capital ; the
W. doorway, of late 13th-century date, has
shafted jumbs, and a moulded arch of four
orders ; the window over it has old double-cham-
fered jambs and a modern head; the bell-
chamber windows are of late 14th-century
character, repaired with cement.
Fittings— 5e//*' .- two; 1st, 1028; 2nd, IfiCvl.
Font : bowl with panelled sides, late 12th-
century; stem and base, late 14th-century.
Glass.' in the W. window, 15th-centurs' shield
with arras of Sir William Estfeld, Sheriff of Lon-
don in 1429; sable, a cheveron ermine between
three maidens' heads couped at the shoulders
argent with hair dishevelled, or. Momtments :
mural, in the chancel, to Sir John Gore, 1659;
Bridget Gore (his daughter), 1657 : on the floor,
to his daughters, Bridget, 1657; Dorothy, 1663,
and another, 1670: in the N. aisle, coffin lid
with floriated cross in low relief, late 13th-
century. Plate : includes silver cup and cover
paten of 1562, flagon of 1G9T, undated ])aten,
probably ITtlwentury. I'isrii)fi and Credence
combined : in chancel, two pointed arches with a
central shaft of Purbeck nKiilile. enclosed under
a pointed panelled head, with a rosette sinking
in the spandrel, late 13th-century. Screen:
between chancel and nave, oak, late 13tli-cen-
tury, remains incorporated in modern screen ;
the posts, of which two are original, are one
inch in diameter, with moulded bases, bands,
and capitals, and support trefoiled, pointed
heads with roses cut in the spandrels.
Seating : in the nave, some plain oak standards,
17th-century.
Condition — Good; much of the stonework is
modem.
Secular:—
(2). The Pume of Featrers Inn, Pye
Corner, about | mile S.S."W. of the church, is a
small, 17th-century, rectangular building of
two storevs, with plastered timber-framed walls
on brick foundations; it has a central porch and
a massive chimney stack, with diagonal shafts;
the roof is tiled. Inside the house are a few
old beams.
Condition — Good.
49. GRAVELEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parisu Church of St. M.\ry, ^ mile E.
of the village, is built of flint inibble, with stone
dressings; the chancel is roofed with tiles and
the nave witli lead. The .\ave is the earliest
part, and is probably of the 12th century. The
('/lanrel was enlarged or rebuilt in the 13th cen-
tury. The West Tower is of c. 1480, and the
South Porch probably of the 18th century. In
1887 the church was thoroughly restored and
the North Aisle and Vestry were built.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by 16 ft.) has an E. window of c. 1500,
inserted in place of 13th-ceiiturj' windows, of
which the inner jambs and part of the arch,
enriched with edge-roll moulding, remain on
each side. In the N. wall are two windows,
probably of the 13th century, and between
them is a modern window; the doorway
is of the 12th century, removed from the
N. wall of the nave wlien tlie aisle was built. In
the S. wall there is a single-light window of the
13th century; a blocked doorway and window
above it are also probably of that date, and
the westernmost window is of c. 1500. The
chancel arch, of late 15th-cenlMry date, is of
two orders, the inner supported on half-octa-
gonal pilasters, with moulded capitals. The
Nave (30 ft. by 19 ft.) has, in the S. wall, a
window of c. 1330, with a two-centred head,
and a window of the 15th century. Tlie North
Aisle is modern, but in the N. wall is a 14th-
centurv window, re-set. The West Totcer
(11 ft. by 10 ft.) is of two stages, with embattled
])arapet. The tower arch and the "W. doorway
are of late 15th-centurv date; the masonry of
the W. window is modern, and the bell-chamber
windows, of two lights, are repaired with
cement. The low-pitched Poof of the nave is
of the 15tli century, but most of the carving is
modern.
Yinlmxn— Bells : six; 3rd 1605. 5th 1589.
Floor Slab : in nave, with illegible, incised
marginal inscription, and indents of brass
shields and inscription plate. Niches: in
nave, at E. end of N. wall, high, with
moulded edges, 15th-century. Piscinae: in
the chancel, richly monlde<l, double, with
intersecting arch in moulded framework. 13th-
century: in nave, at E. end of S. wall, 14th-
century, with 12th - centurv pillar bowl.
Pond Screen: traceried oak, 15th-centurv.
Pulpit: modern, but incorporates some early
14th-century wood tracery.
Condition — Good.
(JILSTON: PAIflSII CHIKUH OF .ST. MAKV.
CHANCEL SCREEN; LATE l.iTH-CENTCRY AND MODERN
(IliKA'l' DKKKIlAMr.SI'KAl).
(Ill A. MM. Ml SCHOOL; BUILT U.44.
UKt-
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOBDSniKE.
93
(2). CuuECH OF St. Etheldreda, Chesfield,
ruins, on rising ground about a mile E. of
Graveley village; the walls are of roughly
plastered flint, with clunch dressings; no roofs
remain. The side walls are about 14 ft.
high, and the W. walls are gabled. The Nave
and Chancel, with South-Ead Chapel, are of
c. 1360.
Architectural Description — Tlie Chancel and
Nave form one rectangular building (50 ft. by
18i ft.), but the E. end of the S. wall no longer
exists, and of the E. wall only the fotiiidalioiis
remain. At the W. end of the N. wall is a
doorway with chamfered jambs, a two-centred
head, and part of a scroll-moulded label, the
rear arch is missing; E. of the doorway is a
window opening, of which only the sill and
part of one jamb remain; near the E. end is a
large break in the wall, probably the site of
another window. The S. wall also has a
doorway and part of a window. In the
W. wail is a traceried two-light window of
the 14th century, but the mullion and mo.st of
tho tracery have disappeared. Of the Chnpd
(21 ft. by 13 ft.) only the W. wall and part of
the S. wall remain; in the W. wall is a doorway
of the same detail as those in the nave; in the
S. wall is a single cinque-foiled light, of the
14th century, much defaced.
Fittings — Near the E. end, a hole in the
ground contains a stone coffin.
Condition — Very bad. The walls are loaded
with ivy, the buttresses are defaced, such
clunch dressings as remain have initials, etc.,
scratched on them. The floor is overgrown
with grass and nettles.
Secular:—
(3). Chesfield M.\xor House, now a farm-
hou.se, near the ruins of the old church, is a
red brick building of two storeys and an attic,
of early 17th-century date, altered in the 19th
century; the roof is tiled. The plan is L-
shaped; the main block, facing S., originally
contained the hall, which is now divided into
two rooms. On the N. side is a small staircase
winff. The kitchen wing stands nut from the
N.W. angle of the main block, and is connected
with it at one corner only. Part of the upper
storey of this wing is timber-framed and
covered with baskot-work pargetting; the only
original window is in the W. wall, and has five
small lights with moulde<l wood jambs, mul-
lions and heads, glazed with diamond-shaped
panes. On the N. side of the old hall is a larg*^
chimney stack, carried above the roof with a
heavy mass of brickwork, moulded at the top
and finished with three square shafts set
diagonally; in the kitchen wing is a stack with
plain square shafts. Inside the house are some
oak floors and plain ceiling beams, and in one
room is some 17th-century panelling made up
with new stained deal. The staircase from the
ground floor to the attics is of the 17th centurj-,
and has square newels with moulded terminals,
moulded handrail and turned balusters, pro-
bably of oak, now grained and varnished.
The original brick boundary walls and gate
pillars remain on the S. of the house.
Condition — Fairly good.
(4). Gr.weley Hall, AV. of the parish
church, is a 17th-centur\' house of two storeys;
all the walls are faced with modern brick;
the roofs are tiled. The three chimney stacks
are of original brickwork; the largest rest* on
a massive base, with quoins of clunch and
brick.
Condition — Good.
(5). Graveley Burt, a farmhouse 200 yds.
S. of the parish church, has pargetted walls, and
was built apparently in the 17th century-, but
has been much restore<l; the roofs are tiled. The
plan is H-shaped, and at the back is a large
chimney stack. Inside the hou.«o are some old
ceiling beams.
Condition — Good.
50. GREAT AirWELL.
(O.S. 6 in. («) xxix. S.E. W xxx. S.W. M xxxvii.
N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
''(1). Parish Church of St. .Joh.\ the
Baptist, stands in the middle of the village;
the walls are of flint; the dressings are of chalk,
some being hard and full of shells; the roofs are
tiled. The Chancel and Nave were built to-
wards the end of the 11th century, though most
of the windows and the doorways are of a later
date. The West Tower was adde<I c. 1420 ; tlie
Vestry is modern, and much of the stonework
has been renewed outside.
Architectural Description — Tho Chaned
(25 ft. by Ifi ft.) has a round a]isidal E. end; in
the N. wall is an llth-contury window with
splayed jambs of equal depth inside and out,
and a round head altered outside to a point;
the other windows, all lancets, are modern; a
doorway with a 15th-century oak frame opens
into the N. vestry. The chancel arch, pro-
bably also of the llili ceniurv.is of two plain
square orders on the TV. face, with grooved and
(hamfered abaci and a round arch; on each side
of the archway is a round-headed squint inserted
94
INVENTOHY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIBE.
g
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INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
95
later, but witli little detail to show the date.
The Nave (39 ft. by 22 ft.) has four windows,
all renewed outside, but with old inner jambs :
the first in the N. -wall is of three lights of
14th - century character, the second is a
traceried single light; the first S. window is a
13th-century lancet with widely splayed
jambs ; the second is a three-light "window of
the 15th century. A sloping recess in the X.
wall at the E. end shows the position of the
former stairs to the rood-loft. The Tower (12 ft.
by 10 ft.) is of three stages, with an embattled
parapet and modern spire; the tower arch is of
the 15th century; in the W. wall is an
arched and square-headed doorway, which re-
tains the holes for the original drawbar; over
it is a three-light window with modern mul-
Hons; the second stage is lighted by loops, the
third by traceried two-light windows with
repaired mullions. The Roof of the chancel
has one 15th-century tie-beam; above the
round apse is a gable end to the roof; the roof of
the nave is modern.
Fittings — Bells: three, two undated, the
third 1612. Brasses : on E. wall of nave,
of a priest in alb and hood, mid 15th-centur\"
no inscription: on N. wall, of a civilian (the
heatl missing), his two wives and seven chil-
dren; no inscription. There are said to be
other brasses in the church, probably hidd<ii
under the pews, which have a raised w(M)den
floor. Communion Table : oak, of c. 1620.
Door: at W. entrance, 15th-century, with a
traceried head. Piscinae: in the chancel,
modern, with old basin, partly cut away : in S.
wall of nave, with about half its original basin,
14th-century. Plate: includes cup and cover
paten of 1620. Pulpit : oak, early ITth-ceu-
tury, with a later cornice dated 1696; said to
have been brought from the Archiepiscopal
Palace at Croydon. Screen: in the tower,
modern, with traceried doors of a 15th-century
rood-screen, re-used. Sedilia: on each side of
the E. window, recess, possibly original open-
ing, stonework entirely modern.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
«(2). HoMESTE.\D Mo.vT, at Hailcy Hall,
fragment.
<»(3). Pigeon House, at Amwellbury, about
\ mile N.W. of the church, is of octagonal
plan, about 18 ft. wide, and has walls of
modern brick with cemented angles; they
appear to encase a building probably of the
second half of the 17th century; the octagonal
roof is tiled. The cols inside, now disused, are
of wood.
Condition — Exterior, much altered ; cot«,
dilapidated.
''(4). Home F.\ru, 300 yards S.S.W. of tho
church, has, set in a modern building, a stone
on which is carved a triangular panel sur-
rounded by scroll work, enclosing the date 1600
below a royal crown, and surmounted by a small
thistle; above it are the letlers and figure, I.R.
6, A.R., and over that, " Gwl save the King,"
while below it are the words, " Beati pacifici."
Condition — Good.
''(5). Stocks, S.W. of the church, old, but
with modern sideposts.
Unclassified:—
« (6j. TiMiLvs, in Barrow Field, E. of Hert-
ford.
51. GREAT BERKHAMPSTEAD, Urd.^x
AND RrRAL.
(O.S. xxsiii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.\Risii Church of St. Peter, in the
middle of tho town, is a large cruciform build-
ing, of flint with stone dressings; the roofs are
covered with lead. Early in tho 13th cen-
tury the church apparently consisted of a
chancel, central tower, transejjts and an
aisleless nave; of this building the Chancel,
the lower stages of the Tower and part of
the Transepts remain. Tho Aisles of the
nave, and an East Aisle to the N. transept were
added c. 1230. A South Chapel, dedicated to
St. Katlierine, was built on to the chancel early
in the 14th century, and the N. transept was
made 6 ft. longer c. 1340. Tlie Chapel of St.
John the Baptist was built in the angle between
the S. aisle and S. transept c. 1350, and in the
15th century a two-storeyed j)orrh, which has
since been thrown into the chapel, was added at
its W. end. The aisles were restored and the
clears.torey added to the nave during the loth
century, and in 1535-0 the upper part of the
tower was added or rebuilt, and a small spire
erected above it. In the 19th century the
church was restored and the chancel walls were
heightened.
The plan of the church is especially interest-
ing on account of the unusual length of the
nave, which is nearly five times its width, and,
further, all the early 13th-century work is
irregularly set out, indicating the existence of
an earlier building, though uo details remain
of a date prior to c. 1200.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(38 ft. by 19 ft.) has a modern E. window; inthe
N. wall' are two 13th-century lancets, a loth-
century blocked doorway, originally leading to
E—
96
INVENTOET OF THE MOXrMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIHE.
a vestry, and, at the W. end of the wall, a plain
pointed arch opening into the E. aisle of the N.
transept. In the S. wall is a 13th-century
lancet, and a 14th-century arch, with modern
jambs, oponiup into the S. chapel. ITie South
Chapel of St. Katherine (25 ft. by IS ft.) has an
E. window of three lights with net tracery,
and, in the S. wall, two windows of two
lights each, with similar detail. The W. arch
has plain detail of the 14th century. Under
this chapel is a vaulted crypt. The Central
Toicer (17 ft. by 16 ft.) is of three stages, with
an embattled parapet and a small leaded spire.
The wails are 5 ft. thick, and the ground stage
has on each side a 13th-century pointed arch of
three square orders with shafted jambs, moulded
capitals and bases : the original work extends to
the top of the second stage. The third stage has
two-light traccricd windows in each face; the
names of the builders, John and Alyce
Phylypp, were recorded on a stone below the
S. window, now too much decayed to be legible.
The North Transept (36 ft. by 19 ft.) has a
four-light N. window, and a window of three
lights in the. "W. wall, both with net
tracery and moulded rear arches. On the E.
side is an arcade of two bays, with an octagonal
central column and pointed arches, opening
into the East Aisle (31 ft. by 16 ft.), which has
two E. windows, and a N. window, each of
three lights with tracery, moulded and orna-
mented rear arches, and attached jamb shafts,
all inserted c. 1340, but much restored. Tlie
ceiling is vaulted in two bays with moulded
diagonal ribs. The South Transept (29 ft. by
16 ft.) has a four-light S. window with modern
tracery, and a modern S. doorway. On the
W. side is an arcade of two bays with a clustered
column and moulded arches of the 14th cen-
tury. ITie Xave (103 ft. by 21 ft.) is of seven
bays, with pointed arches of two orders and
circular columns which have moulded bases and
capitals, except the two E. columns in the S.
arcade, and one in the N. arcade, which are of
four engaged shafts; the E. responds resemble
the last iu detail, and the W. responds have
half-round columns. The clearstorey has, on
each side, six traceried windows of two lights.
The W. window and doorway are modern. The
North Aisle (10 ft. wide) has a 15th-century N.
doorway, blocked, and W. of it a 13th-century
two-light window with tracery, moulded rear
arch and shafted jambs witli moulded capitals.
'ITie other two N. windows and one in the W.
wall are of the 15th centurj', with modern
tracery. In the N.E. corner is the newel stair-
case, leading to the former rood-loft. The SotUh
Aisle retains no 13th-ieutury detail, though tiie
walls are original; the two E. bavs open into
the Chapel of St. John the Bapttst (48 ft. by
\b\ ft. at the E. end, and 10 ft. at the W. end);
the third bay opens into the site of the S. porch,
now part of the chapel. One column between
the chapel and aisle is of modern stonework, the
other of 14th-centurj' woodwork, octagonal,
with moulded capital and base; the detail of
the chapel is modern.
Fittings — Brasses: on N. wall of chancel,
figures, part of canopy, imperfect inscription
and arms; said to be of Kichard Torrington,
1350, and Margaret his wife, 1349 : in floor of
chancel, half-tigure of priest in Eucharistic
vestments, e. 1400: in N. transept, figure of
woman, c. 13(10, no inscription : of Kichard
Westbroke, 1485, with inscription: on window
sill in aisle of X. transept, palimpsest in two
pieces; obverse, Latin inscription, said to be to
.John Waterhcuse and his wiie, 1558-9; reverse,
fragments of shrouded figures of Thomas
Humfre, c. 1470, his wife, children, and
symbolical figure of St. Michael, with part of
inscription : in St. John's Chapel, of John
Haven, 1395, knight in armour, with inscrip-
tion : to Kobert Incent, 1485, inscription only:
of Katherine, wife of Robert Incent 1520,
shrouded figure (see also Monuments). Chest:
in N. transept, early 17th-century. Glass: in
N.E. lancet of chancel, two shields with arms
of England, one ensigned with a crown, and
another shield with arms of Archbishop
Chicheley, 1414-43: in N.W. lancet of chancel,
iu windows of aisle of N. transept, and in W.
window of nave, fragments. Monuments : be-
tween chancel and aisle of N. transept, altar
tomb, with alabaster effigies of knight, iu plate
armour, and lady, late 14th-century, said to be
an Incent, and his wife, a Torrington ; the sides
l;ave traceried panels, tlio alternate panels con-
tain shields and arms of Incent and Torrington;
in S. chapel, two tomb recesses, early 14th-
century, much mutilated; the head of one is
restored, the other contains 14tli-century
coffin lid with floriated cross : at E. end of N.
aisle, altar tomb, of Sir John Comwallis, 1544;
Purbeck marble, with part of brass shield of
arms at the top : altar tomb, black and white
marble, of John Saver, chief cook to Charles II.,
1682, with arms and inscription. Niche: overN.
doorway, shallow, 15th-century. Piscinae: in
chancel, basin 13th-century, head modem: in
aisle of N. transept, 14th-century : in S. chapel,
14th-rcntury. Plate : includes cup of 1629,
alms-dish of 1G37 given in 1855. Screen : in
W. arch of tower, 15th-century, partly re-
stored, modern figures in lower panels.
Condition — Good ; carefully restored.
GRt
INVENTORY OF THE MOKTMENTS OF HEBTFOBDSHULE.
97
Secular:—
(2). Berkhampstead Castle (Mount and
Bailey), N. of the town, in tlie bottom of a
wide, shallow comix;, running S. to the river
Bulboume, stands about 340 ft. above O.D.
The earthworks form one of the finest
examples of a Korman military fortress, and
present the unusual feature of a series of con-
centric defences and outworks, which are ex-
ceptionally well preserved. The castle was
besieged and taken by Louis of France in 121G.
The Keep Mount is a large truncated
mount, 40 ft. high above its ditch, and
carries the foundations of a circular shell-
keep, 60 ft. in external diameter, with walls
of flint rubble, 8 ft. thick. On the 8.W.
a small fore-building connects the keep
with two wing walls, which formerly de-
scended the mount and joined the curtain
wall; only a few feet remain of the S. wall.
The other is 12 ft. thick, and has been breached
near its lower end in filling up the ditch be-
tween the mount and bailey. Inside the keep
is a well, lined with 12th-ceutury masonry,
and the remains of a fireplace, probably of the
15th century, with stone curbs and arch, and
backed with herring-bone tiles. The Bailey,
which covers about 2f acres, and lies S-W.
of the mount, stands G ft. above its ditch, and
is partly surrounded by a light bank and a
12th-century curtain wall of flint rubble, about
7 ft. thick. The foundations of two hollow,
semicircular flanking towers remain on the E.
side, 30 ft. wide. A gap in the S. wall indicates
the position of a gateway (9 ft. wide), which has
two flanking towers projecting 8 ft. o\ii wards
towards the ditch, and 20 ft. inwards. Oppo-
site these, and in a line with them, on the
middle bank, are two pieces of flint rubble
wall, 14 ft. apart, forming a portion of the
original approach from the town. A few frag-
ments of wall contin\ie the line of the ( inliiin
round the S.W. corner towards a large and
nearly rectangular Tower, about 40 ft. by 50 ft.,
in tlie middle of the W. side. This tower stands
across the curtain wall, and is contemporary
with it. Only the basement and the N.W.
angle of the upper part remain. A short flight
of steps on the N. side formerly led from the
bailey to the first floor. Tlie angles of the
tower project as pilasters except on the E. A
12th-century jamb and two steps in the S.W.
angle indicate the approach to a staircase. Out-
side the curtain, a later buildinsr, probably of
the ]3tli century, has been added on the W.
nnd N'.'W., but onlv three cellars, built of flint
rubble, remain, with connecting doors and a
comer hearth. Heraldic and other ornamental
floor tiles have been found here. N. of this
building are two walls, making, with the re-
entrant angle, another and later addition pro-
bably of the 14th century. The curtain wall,
much overthrown, continues X. to the N.w!
angle, where it has been strengthened outside,
at its base, by a solid segmental projection of
flint rubble, possibly the base of a flanking
breastwork. A little to the S.W. lies a rect-
angular tongue of masonry, with chalk filling
(18 ft. by l(i ft.), of about the 14th century it
projects towards the ditch without joining the
curtain, and was possibly the approach to a
bridge. The curtain wall on the N. has been re-
moved completely excei)t at the N.E. angle,
where there are remains of a postern gate j)assage
leading N.; near it are the foundations
of some rectangular chambers. A short
piece of a cross wall remains, apparently
dividing the bailey into two unequal wards, and
abutting against the E. curtain, near its N. end.
The foundations of a tower (about 18 ft.
square), exist at the junction, and there are in-
dications of a range of buildings on the S. of
the cross wall. Outwor/cs : a wet ditch sur-
rounds the inner bailey and broadens out on
the S.E. and the W. to form pools, the latter
being of considerable extent. Beyond this is
a bank 10 ft. to 17 ft. high, carrving a modern
path. At the S.E. and S.W. corners are mounts
or cavaliers, 7 ft. to 9 ft. higher, and there is
a similar mount opposite the posfern gate on
the N. A middle ditch follows the line of this
bank except on the S., where it has been en-
croached upon by the London and North-
western Railway, and a modern road. An
outer bank. 10 ft. to 22 ft. hi?h, covers the N.
and part of the E. sides, and against its outer
slope, and level with its crest, are placed eight
large platforms, about 55 ft. to 65 ft. long.
Five are on the N. and three on the E. These
are possibly siege platforms of the 13th cen-
tury. There is a slight and ill-defined outer
ditch comnuinicating at the N.E. anjle with
the middle ditch through a gap in the outer
bank, and again beyond the westernmost plat-
form. Enlranees: the gate on the S. leading
direct to the town in line with Ca-stle .Street;
the postern (or Derne-gate") on the N.: the
" great gate " on the W. is alluded to in several
surveys, but the position is indeterminate.
This gate was covered bv a large ravelin or
bnrbican, now partlv olditerated by a modern
road, and the S. portion forms a watercress
bed. Tlie present entrance is by a modern cut
through the middle bank.
Dimensions — Greatest lencth from outer
ditch on N.E. to road on S.W., 900 ft. Greatest
N
98
INVENTOET OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIEE.
width from modern road on W. to outer ditch on
E., 800 ft. Length of bailev, N. to S., 450 ft.;
width. W. to E., 310 ft. "Diameter of keep
mount at base, N. to S., 220 ft.; W. to E.,
180 ft. Width of middle ditch. GO ft. to 70 ft.
Area within the crest of middle bank, about
8J acres. Total area defended, about 15| acres.
Condition — Earthworks, very good; masonry,
bad, overgrown with ivy, requires prompt
attention.
(3). Berkh.\mpste.u) Place, stands on a hill
about a mile N. of the Castle. It is an E-
shaped building, the wings projectine to the
S.E., of two storeys with attics; the walls are of
flint and stone, with brick additions; the roofs
are tiled. It incorporates the remains of a
courtyard house built by Sir Edward Carey,
c. 1580, and sold to Henry, Prince of Wales, for
whom the building seem."! to have been altered,
in 1610. A fire, in 1661-2, destroyed nearly
two-thirds of the house, which was afterwards
repaired, probably by John Saver, who held a
lease of the property from 1662. On the S.E.,
the hall, built after the fire, occupies part of
the old courtyard between the- wings, and
has a brick front with an embattled parapet,
and a projecting porch with a four-centred,
arched doorway. Below the drawing-room
windows, also facing: S.E., is a stone dated
1611, which probably refers to alterations
made for Prince Henry, but is not in sitv.
There are a number of small projections and
gables on this front, which is entirely covered
with modern cement, except the S.E. wall of
the hall. The N.W. front is almost in its
original state, and is faced with flint and
Totternhoe stone in chequers 7 in. square. The
two brick buttresses and two projecting: octa-
gonal brick chimneys were added in the I7th
century. At each end is a plain gable, in which
is a three-liffht window, with moulded stone
mullions and transom, and a small stone pedi-
ment above it ; all the other windows of this
front have modern sashes, except one in the
basement. which retains some original
stonework. At the N.E. end of the house is a
fine stone oriel window, now blocked and
partly cut away to make room for a modern
brick chimney. At the S.W. end are two
modem ' bay windows. The interior has
been considerably altered, but retains a richlv
carved oak fireplace, and another with plaster
decoration, of late 17th-century date, some
panelled ceilinsr beams, and a plaster ceilinsj
with moulded ribs, vine ornament, beads, otc.
The principal staircase has squarenewels, turned
balnsters and moulded handrail, all of the
17th century. There are also circular wooden
stairs reaching from the ground floor to the
attics, the central newel being 9 inches in
diameter.
Condition — Fairly good; some of the stone-
work of the original windows, etc., is decayed.
High Stkeet, S. side: —
(4). Egerton House, S.E. of the church, is
a 16th-century building of two storeys with
attics, coated externally with rough-cast,
the two storeys being divided by a moulded
wood string course; the roof is tiled. The
N. front has three gables, with two small
gabled dormer windows in tho steep-pitched
roof between them. Below each gable is a
projecting bay, carried from the ground
floor to the height of the eaves, with
mullioned windows and small gabled roofs;
the central bay is square, and contains the
entrance doorway, the other bays have splayed
sides. The windows of the ground floor have
jambs, mullions and transoms of moulded stone;
in the upper windows, which are glazed with
diamond quarries, they are of wood. At each
end of the house is a projecting chimney stack,
with square flues set diagonally. The interior
has been considerably restored, but retains some
original fireplaces, one with a carved, panelled
overmantel of early 17th-century date, some
old beams in the ceilings, and one or two oak
doors.
Condition — Good.
(5). Incent's House, opposite the church, so-
called because John Incent, Dean of St. Paul's,
is said to have lived there. It is a 16th-century
building:, much restored, of timber construc-
tion, with an overhanging upper storey. The
roof is tiled, and there is a square central
chimney stack built of brick. Inside the house
is a wide fireplace, now filled up.
Condition — Good.
(6). The Sayer Almshouses, at the W. end of
the street, a range of low red brick houses,
founded for the maintenance of six widows by
John Sayer in 1681, were built in 1684. The
roofs are tiled, and there arc three large
rectangular chimney stacks.
Cond i t ion— Good .
(7). The Crown Inn, nearly opposite the
church, is a 16th-centurv building with an over-
hanginc upper storey; the roofs are tiled. Tlie
front is covered with roug:h-cast, and has an
original cable with ornamental timber framing;
part of the N. end shows brick and tinilx>r con-
struction: the back is hidden by modern addi-
tions. The interior has been much altered, but
some nricTJnal Warns remain in tho ceilings.
Condition — Good.
INVENTORY OF THI; MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIRE.
99
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100
INVliafTOHY OF TiLE MONVMENTS OF UEHTFORDSHIRE.
Castle Stheet, AV. side : —
(8). The Grammar School, ou the ^'. side of
the churchyard, is a long rectaugular structure
of brick with stoue dressiugs, founded by Jolin
lucent, Dean of St. Paul's, in 1541, and built
c. 1544, with large wings added in the lUth
century.
The building is an interesting example of
work of mid Ibth-ccntury date, but of late
15th-century style.
The schoolroom, in the centre, has an open
timber root, and at each end is a block of two
storeys with attics, gabled on the N. and S.,
though the gables on the N. are partly
destroyed bj- the additional wings. A single-
span slated roof covers the whole of the original
building. Over the schoolroom are two
large hexagonal brick chimney-shafts, with
an arched panel in each face. The outer
doorwaj's have moulded stone jambs, four-
centred heads and square labels; an original
door still remains on the S. side of the E.
block. The schoolroom is lighted ou two
sides by six windows of three lights each, with
uncusped tracery in four-centred heads ; the
details are of stone on the N. side, but on the
S. side are of moulded brick, now cemented; the
open timber king-post roof rests on carved
stone corbels, some bearing the Incent arms;
the arms and initials of the founder are also
over the N. doorway. The terrace walls and
steps in front of the house aro said to be con-
temporary with the school.
Condition — Good throughout.
(9). Cottages, built of brick and timber in
the 17th century; the roofs are tiled. One
cottage has been used as a Koman Catholic
chapel.
Condition — Somewhat dilapidated.
Back Lane : —
(10). The Court House, near the N.E. corner
of the church, is a small rectangular building
of the 16th century; the ground storey has been
re-faced with brick and flint, and the projecting
upper storey is of timber; the roof is tiled.
The porch, windows, doorway, and some addi-
tions at the back, are modern. Interior: tlie
upfK?r flfjor has been removed, and the original
open timber roof can be seen, with the beam
below it which formerly supported the floor.
The Borough court used to be held in this house,
now a church school.
Condition — Good.
(11). House, at the W. end of the lane, now
a shop, is of 16th-century timber construction,
with an overhanging upper storey; the roof is
tiled.
Condition — Good.
Unclassified:—
(12). GiiiMS Ditch, or Graemes Dyke
(Boundary Bank) : the easternmost fragment
of this earthwork, which reappears in ISorth-
church, AViggiutou and Tring parishes in this
county, lies on Berkhampstead Common on an
irregular ridge, 500 to 540 ft. above O.D.; it
consists of two straight arms forming a slight
salient to the N. The rampart, also on the N.
side, is from 3 to 4 ft. above the ground, and
7 ft. above the ditch on the S. The ditch is
'6b ft. wide with a counterscarp 4 to 5 ft. high.
Dimensions — Length of W. arm, 800 yds.; of
E. arm, 500 yds.
Condition — Fairly good ; a golf course is laid
out on the common, but no actual destruction
of the dyke seems to have taken place.
52. GEEAT GADDESDEN.
(O.S. 6 in. ('')xxvi. S.E. Wxxxiii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
" (Ij. r.uiisH Church of St. John the
B.4PT1ST, stands in the middle of the village,
about 3 miles N.W. of ilemel Hempstead.
The building is coated with plaster, except
the tower, where the flint rubble walling
is exposed, and the N. chapel, which is
of brick; the quoins of the chancel and
the short flat buttresses on the E. wall are of
Koman brick. The roofs of the chancel and
chapel are tiled, the otlier roofs are of low pitch
and leaded. The E. wall of the Chancel is of
early 12th-century date; its side walls and the
E. wall of the Nave, which is 3 ft. 6 in. thick,
may also retain contemporary masonry; the
plan of both chancel and nave is probably
of that date. The Soitth Aisle was built c. 1230,
and a North Aisle was added in the 14th century.
The South Porch is of the 15th century, but
some 13th-centur\- stonework is re-used in
it. The nave clearstorey and the West Tower
were added in the 15th century, and the North
Chapel was built in 1730 as a memorial chapel
of the Halsey family. The tower was almost
entirely rebuilt and the chancel restored in the
l!Jth century.
The church is especially interesting on
account of the Roman brick quoins and shallow
buttresses on the E. wall of the chancel, and the
carved 13th-century capitals of the S. arcade of
the nave.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(23 ft. by 16 ft.) has an E. window of 14th-
century type, but only a few stones in the jambs
are old. Below the sill outside are parts of the
jambs of an earlier window in Roman brick.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFOKDSUIRE.
101
In the N. wall a modern arcade opens into
the chapel, and in the S. wall is a small 13th-
century lancet window, restored externally, and
a Idth-century window of two cinquef oiled
lights, set low in the wall. The chancel arch
is of the 13th century, and has two chamfered
orders with moulded labels and capitals. The
lower part of the inner order of the jambs ha«
been cut away to make a wider opening.
The Nave (42 ft. by 22 ft.) is of four
bays; the N. arcade has pointed arches of
two orders with a moulded label, and octagonal
shafts with moulded capitals and bases; the 8.
arcade is similar, but has 13th-century capitals
with carved foliage, and the octagonal moulded
bases, if contemporary, ai'e unusual. Tiie
15th-century windows of the clearstorey, four ou
the N. and three on the S., are of three cinque-
foiled lights under square heads. In the S.E.
corner of the nave is the upper doorway of the
rood-loft. The North Aisle has an E. window
of c. 1280 with two uucusped lights and a trefoil
over them, now uuglazed and opening into the
chapel. The two N. windows have modern
stonework, and under the easternmost is a
blocked doorway. The W. window, of c. 1500,
has two trefoiled lights under a four-centred
head. The South Aide has a three-liglit E.
window with modern stonework, and two 15th-
century S. windows each of two cinquefoiled
lights; near the W. end is an early 14th-century
window of two lights, with a quatrefoil in the
head, and a moulded label; the 15th-ceutury S.
doorway has a moulded four-centred head and
modern jambs; the moulded rear arch is of the
13th century, and is probably in situ. The So nth
Porch has an outer arch with continiious
mouldings; in each side wall is a single tre-
foiled light of the 15th century, with a square
head, and a 13th-century rear arch, which prob-
ably belonged to an earlier porch. The Roofs
of the nave, aisles and porch are of tlie 15tli
century, that of the nave being low pitched,
with moulded timbers, carved bosses, and
tenons for carved figures, now missing.
Fittings — Bells : five ; four of 1662 and one
of 1723, all by Chandler. Bracket: at N.E.
end of S. aisle, for image, with traces of colour,
15th-century. Brasses and Indents : in the
chancel, of William Croke, 1506, his wife,
three shields, indents of three children and a
fourth shield : near tiie N. doorway, figure of
woman, c. 1520, with indents of husband,
children and inscription : in the N. aisle, two
slabs with indents. Chests : two, in the tower,
one cut out of a solid log. Communion Tables :
at E. end, 17th-century: in the tower, 17fh-
century. Monuments and Floor Slabs .• in the
N. chapel, mural tablet to William and Letitia
Halsey, 1637 and 164'J, erected in 1650, ala-
baster and marble : on S. wall of chancel, of Sir
John Halsey, 1670: in chancel tloor, several
17th-century slabs to members of the Halsey
family. Fiscinae: in S. wall of chancel, late
14th-century, basin partly broken : in the S.
aisle, 15th-century. Plate: includes cup of
1637. Miscellanea : in the N. chapel, part of
stone base, early 12th-ceutury, possibly belong-
ing to original nave. Under E. window of
chancel, outside, stone with 1 1) 3 cut twice on it.
Condition — Fairly good; the external plaster
is scaling off in places and some of the stone in
the windows is decaying.
Secular:—
* (2). Gaudesden Hall, on the W. bank of
the river (iade, about j mile S.E. of the church,
is a two-storeyed house, with an attic in the S.
wing, and is of late 16th or early 17th-century
date. The walls are of flint and brick; the
roofs are tiled. The plan is L-shaped and the
wings face approximately E. and S., the main
entrance being on the N. side of the S. wing;
a small original staircase and a modern drawing-
room project on the S. face of this wing, which
retains the original flint and brickwork; part
of the N. wall is of 2 in. bricks on a flint base,
the rest is of modern brick; the W. end is built
of a mixture of flint, conglomerate and a little
Totternhoe stone, with quoins and a central
strip of 2 in. bricks. Of the E. wing only the
S. end and a large chimney stack on the E. face
are of original brickwork; the stack has
a moidded brick plinth and two square shafts,
set diagonally, with ovolo moulded caps. Over
the staircase on the S. front are three diagonal
chimney-shafts, apparently of old brick, but of
later date than the others. All the windows are
modern. The interior has been altered, but
retains two wide fireplaces; one, now partly
filled in, has moulded stone jambs, a four-
centred arch, and a square head; two large
nioulde<l beams in the kitchen may indicate
that it was part of the original hall; the oak
boards in the floors and some timbers in the
walls of the upper storey and attic are also
original.
Condition — Good; much altered.
« (3). Cottages, at Waterend. about \ mile
S.E. of the church, are built of brick and timber,
and have filed roofs. They are of late 17th-
cenfury date, though much restored. One
coftago, near flie post-olfici". has an original
chimney stack of thin bricks, with a moulded
caj).
Condition — Good.
102
IXVEXTOKY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSUIRE.
* (4). Cottages, at TVatereiid Moor, a mile
S.E. of the church, are probably of late 17th-
ceiitiiry ilate, but have bi'ou restored. They are
built of brick aud timber, aud the frout of oue
cottage is covered with rough-cast. The roofs
are tiled, and the chimney stacks are of brick.
Only ouo c-ottage retains the original casements
with diamond pattern glazing.
Condition — fairly good.
Unclassified:—
" (j). TiMiLvs, near Golden Parsonage.
"(6). Line of Entre.nciiment, N.W. of
tumulus, a ditch about ^40 ft. long and 50 ft.
wide.
63. GREAT HORMEAD.
(O.S. G in. Mix. S.W. Wix. S.E. Wxiv. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
•^(l). The I'.uiisH Chuecu of St. Nicuolas,
stands on high ground about ^ mile S.W. of the
village. It is built of Hint rubble with stone
dressings; the roofs are covered with lead
and tiles. The oldest part of the church is the
A'ave, to which a North Aisle of three bays was
added late in the 13th century. The nave was
lengthened by a bay in the first half of the 14th
century, and a South Aisle added, possibly of
four bays, the N. aisle being also lengthened,
but the work may not have been finished, as
later in the century the Tower was built in the
W. bay of the nave, and the whole building
shortened to about its original length. In the
15th century the top stage of the tower was
rebuilt or completed, aud a clearstorey was
constructed. In the 19th century tbe Chancel
was completely rebuilt, an Organ Chamber and
South Porch were added, and the whole church
was restored, the window tracery being renewed
and the interior practically re-faced.
Architectural Description — The Chancel,
including the chancel arch, is modern. The
Nave (39| ft. by 17 ft.) has a late 13th-century
N. arcade of three bays, w ith two-centred arches
of two cli.imfcrfd orders, and octagonal columns
having moulded capitals and bases. The respond
is replaced by a modern column and the sliort
length of wall E. of it is pierced by a modern
arcn. At the W. end of the arcade are two
responds, back to back; one is the respond of the
late 13th-century arcade; the other is the re-
spond of the arch added when the S. arcade and
aisles were built, and is close against the tower
wall. The S. arcade has the same arrangement
of a modern column and arch at the E. end,
but in place of a respond at the W. end is a
column and the springing of the arch of the
original fourth bay. The detail of this arcade
i.s similar to that of the A. arcade, but is later in
style, and corresponds to the respond of the addi-
tioual bay on the iS' . The clearstorey has three
windows of two lights on each side, all
modern externally, and six grotesque corbels
supjx)rt the roof. The North Aisle (9 ft.
wide) has one window at the E. end, four
windows and a doorway in the X. wall, all ex-
ternally modern, but with original openings.
The South Aisle (9 ft. wide) has, at the E. end,
a modern arch opening into the organ chamber.
In the S. wall at the E. end are three windows,
externally modern; the S. doorway is of the
15th century, much restored. Some grotesque
stone corbels support the roof. The West Tower
(14 ft. by 10 ft.) is of three stages, with diagonal
buttresses, embattled parapet and pyramidal
tiled roof; the tower arch, of late 14th-century
date, is of three chamfered orders with
three shafts in the jambs; the W. window, a
window in the second stage and the windows of
the bell-chamber are all modern externally. In
the S.W. angle is a circular staircase. The
Roofs of the nave and S. aisle are low-pitched,
with moulded principals and purlins, traceried
brackets, etc. The ceiling of the ground stage
of the tower is carried on heavy moulded beams
and embattled wall-plates, and has a circular
bell-way in the centre.
Fittings— Bells: six; Ist 1701, 3rd 1606,
4th 1620, 5th and 6th 1023. Brass: in the
N. aisle, inscription recording a gift to the
parish, by William Uclamere, 1G9(). Font:
plain octagonal basin on eight plain circular
shafts, late 12th-century.
Condition — Good; much altered.
Secular:—
'^(2). IIoRME.iD Uall, house and moat, nearly
£ mile N.E. of the church. The building, now
a farmhouse, of timber and plaster, is of late
Kith or early 17th-century date, but has
been much altered ; the roof is tiled. The plan is
L-shaped, but was originally of a modified
central chimney type. The kitchen wing has
been considerably altered, and is perhaps a late
17th-century addition; the entrance on the W.
is modern. The brick chimney stacks have
separate octagonal shafts with moulde<l caps.
A room in the main wing contains an original
fireplace with a four-centred moulded stone
arch; in the spandrels are two sliields with
arms, a fesse dancetty, a label of three points,
and a cheveron between three water bougets.
There are a few pieces of the original panelling
in various parts of the house.
Only a fragment of the moat remains.
Condition — Of house, good, much altered.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF BERTFORDSniRK.
103
«(3). HoRMEAD Bury, next to the church,
was built probably in the ITth century, but,
except an old door studded with nails, there is
little left of that date.
Condition — ^Good; much rebuilt.
*(4). The Brick House, stands about
li miles N.E. of the church in an isolated ])osi-
tion. It is a three-storeyed farmhouse of brick,
built probably in the 16th century; the roofs
are tiled. The plan is unusual; the principal
block (about 25 ft. by 20 ft., outside) is
occupied by a hall, now divided into two
rooms, with a small projecting bay, on
the W. side, which probably contained the
original stairs. At the N.E. and S.W. corners
small wings (about 9 ft. square) project to the
E. and S. respectively, but have also a 2 ft.
projection to the N. and W. All the window
openings are square, with mull ions and
moulded labels in brick. Both the main block
and the wings have irregularly stepped gables,
which originally had copings. A curious
feature is the great number of small rect-
angular loo])s or peepholes (each about 9 in.
by 3 in.) in the two wings and the projecting
bay, which command a view of every side of
the main building and of all points of tbo com-
pass; these loops, of wHich there are nine or
ten, are dividetl almost equally between the
second and third storeys ; one or two are
glazed, but all are now filled in; tliere are no
traces of any in the main block. Few of the
original internal fittings remain; in the hall an
oak door and part of a staircase screen arc made
up of 17th-century panelling.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (5). Parsoxage F.vrm, about a mile N. of the
church ; only ruins remain, consisting of a large
chimney stack, almost intact, and parts of
timber-framed outbuildings. The stack is
built of the thin biicks characteristic of the
beginning of the 17th century; it has a large
fireplace, with a wood lintel, for the ground
floor, and smaller fireplaces for the upper
floors; the six detached shafts are square, set
diagonally. The remaining walls of tlie out-
buildings are of timber and plaster, and stand
on brick plinths; the roofs are tiled.
Condition — Ruinous.
"(6). Cottage, next to the vicarage, is a timber-
framed building of two storeys and an attic, of
late 16th-centurv date. In the "W. wall and
the W. end of the N. wall the timbers of the
upper storey are exposed, but the rest of the
building is jilaslered; the U]iper storev projects
on the S. side; the roof is tiled. The plan
is rectangular, facing S., but the mark of a
gabled roof and a blocked doorway in the N.
wall on the first floor show that formerly
a middle wing projected to the N. The
central chimney stack has four detached octa-
gonal shafts with moulded and spurred caps;
the two S. shafts are original; a stack at the
E. end has two similar shafts, rebuilt with the
old materials, but with modern caps. The
panelled entrance doorway in the S. front is
original; the windows are modem. Inside the
house are some old beams, late 16th-ceutury oak
doors with their old hinges, and a little original
])anelHng; the fireplaces have four-centred
openings, pai-tly hidden by motlern mantel-
pieces.
Condition — Good.
«(7). CoTT.\GE, in the village, probably of
late 16th-century date, is of two storeys' and
an attic, and has timber-framed walls" and a
projecting upper storey; the roof is thatched.
Condition — Fairly good.
Tillage of H.ire Street: —
"■(8). Ilaie Street House, at the N. end of
the village, was built probably early in the
17th century, and is of two storeys and an
attic, with timber-framed walls; the roof is
tiled. The "W. front was re-faced with brick in
the 18th century, and the windows are of that
date, or later; there are three dormer windows
facing W. The two fine chimney stacks have
octagonal shafts, with moulde<l bases and plain
oversailing caps. In on© room on the first
floor is a little panelling of early 17th-century
date, with a fluted frieze, now painted: and
in an attic are a few bolection-moulded panels
of c. 1680. A former brewhouse, at the back
of the house, has now been converted into a
chapel; in the roof are some old timbers.
Condition — Good.
«(9). House, formerly 'The Swan' inn. now
two cottages, at the S. end of the village, on the
W. side of the road, is a 17th-centui-v buildin?
of two storeys, witli overhanging and gabled
})rojections on the main front, at each end of
the first floor. An original chimney stack
remains, with a large open fireplace.
Condition — Good.
"^(10). Cottages: several, of 17th-cent\irv
origin, Iiave plastered, timber-framed walls;
the roofs are tiled or thatched; the windows,
etc., are apparently all modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
104
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOHDSniRE.
54. GREAT MUNDEN.
(O.S. G in. (<")xiii. S.E. Wxxi. N.E. Wxxi. S.E.
(J^ixii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical; —
"(l). Parish Church of St. Xichol.\s stands
on higli ground nearly two miles W. of Pucker-
idpc, and has near it only a farm and a few
cottages. It is built of flint rubble with stone
dressuif^s, and pudding-stone has been used in
the foundations; the tower is plastered; the
roofs are tiled. The Nave and Chancel are of
the 12th century, and the SoiUh Aisle was
added c. 1350. Towards the end of the 15th
century the West Tower was built, and at the
same time, or early in the 16th century, the
chancel arch was widened to the S. In the
19th century the South Porch was built, the
naye arcade almost completely restored, and
the church generally repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel (22^
ft. by ISJ ft.) has a moilern E. window. In
the N. wall is an original single-light window,
with a semi-circular head, much repaired. In
the S. wall is a 14th-century doorway, almost
entirely restored, and a 15th-century window of
two lights. The N. jamb of the chancel arch
is of f. 1120, and has a circular angle shaft
with a crude yoluted capital. The flat four-
centred arch, of three roughly moulded orders,
is of late loth or early 16th-century date; it dies
into the S. wall of the chancel, and is out of
centre with the nave and chancel. The Nnre
(45 ft. by 22 ft.) has, on the N., three 15th-
century windows of three lights, all much re-
stored ; between the westernmost windows is the
N. doorway, now blocked ; it is of the 12th
century, and has a round head, shafto<l jambs
and enriched cushion ca])itiils. On the S. is a
modern arcade of three bays, in which a few-
old stones are incorporated. At the W. end
is a 14th-century doorway opening into the
tower. The South AisJr (11 ft. wide") has an
original E. window of three lights, with flow-
ing tracery; in the S. wall are two windows,
each of three lights, of which only tbe
jambs are old, and an original door of two
moulded orders; the W. window is also of
c. 1350, but much restored, llie West Tower
(11\ ft. square) is of three stages, with an
embattled parapet and a small needle spire.
The "W. window is probably mwlern. The
bell-chamber windows are original, but much
decayed, and at the angles of the tower are
gargoyles.
Fittinps— 7?»'/A-.six: 2Md. 3rd, 4th. and 5th.
by Robert Oldfeild. 1621. Chest: in the tower,
of plain workmanship, probably 17th-century.
Momiments: in the S. aisle, two tomb recesses,
with moulded ogee arches, c. 1350. Niche:
for image, in N. wall of nave, crocketted and
finialled, with traces of decoration in blue, red
and gold, 15th-century. Piscina: in the aisle,
on SJE., with moulded trefoiled head, shelf and
projecting drain, c. 1350. Plate: includes cup
of 1696. Piil/nt: small, hexagonal, arcaded
and panelled in two stages, and enriched
with strap ornament, early 17th-century.
Peredos : at E. end of aisle, fiye trefoiled niches,
with ogee heads, surmounte<l by embattled
moulding, early 15th-century. Seating: in
the chancel, a few stalls and bench ends, with
the initials "R. K." carved on some of them,
early 16th-century. Miscellanea : in the
churchyard, base of old churchyard cross.
Condition — Good, except tower, the bell-
chamber windows being much decayed.
Secular: —
H0MESTF..\D Mo.\TS :
" (2). At Mill Farm ; only three arms remain.
"(3). At Rush Green, fragments; farm
buildings occupy the site.
" (4). Encloses a small house known as the
' Old Parsonage.'
<* (5). At Brockhold's Farm, with outbuild-
ings on the site.
'(e). RowxEY Priory, about 3?, miles N. of
Ware, stands on the site of a house founded
for Benedictine nuns in the 12th centuni' by
Conan, Earl of Brittany and Richmond; the
building is practically modern, but inside it
there is a wall which may have l)een part of
the former house; it is alx>ut 3 ft. 6 in. thick,
and is faced on one side with brick, and on the
other with flint, filled in with a mixture of
flint, stone and loose material.
In the grounds is an ancient stone cofHn,
6 ft. 6 in. long, broken in two. dug up some
years ago near the house: there is also a
round stone mortar, bottomless, with two
handles and a grooved spout, probably of the
15th century.
" (7). CoTT.\r.E, "W. of the church, was built
early in the 17th century, of weather-boarded
timber framing; the ro<)f is thatched. The plan
is rectangular, and the Inrjre central chimney
stack is of brick, with four shafts set
diagonally; all the windows are modern.
Condition — Poor.
* (8). High Trees F.\rm. nearly U miles S. of
the church, is a plastere<l timber house of two
storeys and an attic; the roof is tiled. It was
built early in the 17th century, probably on an
L-shaped plan, with the hall in the TV. wing
I^-VE^-TORT OF THE MOITOMENTS OT HEETFOEDSHIKE.
105
and the kitchen in the S. wing. Later, pro-
bably at the end of the century, a wing was
adiknl at the N. end of the main block, and a
staircase in the angle between them, making
the j)lan an irregular half-H shape. A large
brewhouso has been added at the end of the S.
wing. The W. front and S.W. corner were
remodelled in the lyth century. The windows
are modern, except one of three lights on the
first floor on the S. side, which has original
inullions and diamond-shaped quarries, with a
few pieces of original glass remaining in them.
On the E. front of the main block is a large
chimney stack, of thin bricks, with two sciuare
engaged shafts, set diagonally, and the S. wing
has a square stack, also probably original.
The hall is divided into two rooms, and the
S. end is cut off by a heavy oak screen of
c. 1G.50, now painted; it has small panels, with
ovola-moulded framing, mitred at the angles;
the head has a moulded rail, frieze and cornice
with dentils ; a cresting of strapwork, origi-
nally open, is fixed against the modern board-
ing which fills the space between the screen
and ceiling; the opening, W. of the middle of
the screen, has been reduced to fit a modern
doorway. The ceiling of the hall is divided
into panels by heavy beams; the principals arc
chamfered, and have stopped ends. The house
also contains some 17th-century panelling, the
original large fireplace and ceiling beams in
the kitchen, oak floor boards, and oak panelled
doors, one with an ornamental hinge. In the
S. wing there is an original oak staircase.
Condition — Good.
55. GREAT WYMONDLEY.
(O.S. G in. xii. N.W.)
Roman:—
(1). See below-, under Secular.
(2). Dwelling Hottse, near Purwell Mill,
found and planned in 1884.
Condition — No remains above ground.
Ecclesiastical: —
(3). P.\Eisn CiirRni of St. Mary, at the E.
end of the village, is built of flint with stone
dressings ; the walls of the nave have courses of
imcut pebbles, with wide mortar joints, and
contain a few Roman tiles; the chancel is
roofed with tiles, and the nave with lead.
The Chancd and Nave were built in the 12tli
centurv, windows were inserted during the
13th, 'l4th and 15th centuries, and the Wej^t
Totver w'as added in the 15th century. The
North Vestry and South Porch are modern, and
in 1883-4 the building was thoroughly restored,
and much of the stonework renewed.
Architectural Description — The Chancd (20
ft. by 10 ft.) is apsidal; the E. window, of three
lights with tracery, under a square head, is of
the 14th century. In the N. wall is a 13th-
century lancet window, with 12th-century
jambs an<l rear areii; in the S. wall is a 13th-
century lancet, and a low side window, j)ro-
bably of the 13th century; they are all repaired.
The chancel arch has a semi-circular head and
engaged shafts with volute capitals and scallop
bases, and isofearlyl2th-centur}' date, well pre-
served. The iVrtre'(44 ft. by I'Ji ft.) has, on the
N., a two-light window, 14th-century work
renewed. On the S. arc two late loth-century
windows of three lights each, which have been
repaired, and the cusps destroyed. Tlie S.
doorway is of c. 1120, but has been much re-
paired; it has a round arch with edge roll
moulding, and the face of the tympanum is
enriched with star ornament. The jambs are
of two orders, witli abaci, whicli liave tlie star
ornament repeated on each face ; the sbafta
of the outer order have capitals carved as
human faces, and inverted cushion bases. N.
of the chancel arch is a 15th-century low squint
into the chancel; the corbel above it was pro-
bably under the former rood-loft, of which the
stairs remain in the thickness of the wall on
the N.E., and also the upper and lower door-
ways, but with renewed stonework. The Tower
(11 ft. square) is of three stages, with diagonal
buttresses, embattled parapet and pyramidal
tiled roof. The W. window is of three lights
with modern tracery; (he W. d(K)rway, of two
moulded orders, and the four windows of the
bell-chamber, each of two lights, have been
restored. The Jionf of the nave is of the 15th
century.
Fittings — IJcll.i : six, 5th by John Dier,
loDo. Font: octagonal, with plain sides, pro-
bablv 15th-century. Floor Slnh: in the nave,
to Henry Barncwell, lG-38. Nirlie : in the nave,
at N.E., for image, probably at the nave
altar, trefoiled. Piscina: in the chancel, with
angle shafts, 13th-century, much repaired and
with a modern sill. Recess: in the chancel, at
S."\V., small and square. Scatinq : W. end of
nave, several 15th or early IGth-century benches,
repaired. MiseeJInnen : on S. wall of nave, out-
side, incised sundial, imperfect.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
(IV Exri-osrHF, of ihe mount and bailey
type, immediately E. of the churchyard, covers
an area of 5 acres", the mount (] acre in internal
O
106
IJTVENTORY OF THE MONTTMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIllE.
GREAT WYMONDLEY
B B
^Siij;---
'-77/-
iC' - '60
' ttt
nrea) being in the S.W. corner. This enclosure
appeai-s to be medireval. Outside it, to the
'S.E., Eoman tiles, indicating a Eonian build-
ing, and pottery and coins (some now in the
collection of Mr. Ransom, of Hitchin) have been
found, and a few lioman tiles are built into the
■walls of the church (see above). The enclosure,
together with adjoining helds, in total extent
about 17-18 acres, has been conjectured by
Mr. Seebohm to represent a Eoman holding
(seo his Enqlish Village Community, p. 431).
Condition — Poor.
(4). The M.\xoe House, | mile X.W. of the
church, is a two-storeyed building of late Ifitli-
century date, timber-framed, with brick and
rough-cast hlling; the roofs are tiled. The plan
is rectangular, facing S., and has a slightly
projecting wing at the E. end, and a projecting
central porch, ^vith a room over it. The win-
dows were altered in the l!)th century. Two
brick chimney stacks have square shafts, set
diagonally. The inner doorway of the porch
has a massive moulded oak frame, and the
original door. Passages have been cut off
from the hall by wood partitions, but it retains
a wide fireplace, now partly filled in, and, in
the ceiling, some large moulded beams. All
the bedrrw}ms have large timbers in the walls
and ceilings, and in one room is a stone fire-
place with moulded jambs, four-centred head
and carved spandrels. The kitchen, with bed-
rooms over it, at the W. end of the house, now
forms a separate cottage.
Condition — Moderately good.
(5). Del.\mere House, about \ mile S.W. of
the church, is a three-storeyed building, pro-
bably of late 16th-centuiy date. The walls are
of brick with stone dressings; the roof is tiled.
The plan is rectangular, with chimney stacks
on the E. and AV. ; modern additions have been
built beyond them. The S. front has original
windows with stone mullions and transoms, and
a deep brick cornice above the second storey
windows; the two curvilinear gables were prob-
ably added in the ITth centun,-, and in
them are the windows of the third storey. On
the N. front the two pointed gables are
original. The nanow hall, containing the
staircase, has a room on each side of it. The
nail-studded doors, and the fine oak staircase
with turned balusters, are probably of the Kith
century; two rooms have early 17th-centurv
jianelling and wood chimney-pieces, carved and
moulded.
Condition — Good.
(6-7). CoTT.\GE.s, two, in the village ; the first,
near the church, is of timber and plaster;
the second, near the Manor-house, of brick.
Tiiey were built in the 10th or early 17th cen-
tury, and much altered in the 19th century.
Condition — Fairly good.
HAR
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOBDSHIRE.
107
56. HADLET.
(O.S. 6 in. xlv. N.E.)
No Monuments known.
57. HAEPENDEN, Urban and Eueal.
(O.S. 6 in. («)xxvii. N.E. Wxxvii. N.W. Wxxvii.
S.E.)
Roman:—
"' '^(1). Fragments^ consisting of some worked
stones and the base of a jnUar wei'o discovered
built into an old chimney at Upper Farm, Top
Street.
Sarcophagus, found in 1827 near Pickford
Mill.
Condition — Of stones, fragmentary. The
sarcophagus is now in the British Museum.
Ecclesiastical:—
"(2). Parish Church of St. Nicholas, at
the N.W. corner of the town, is a modern stone
building, on the site of the former church, of
which the IF. Tower, of c. 1470, alone remains;
it is of three stages, built of plastered Hint with
bond-stones, and has stone quoins, a modern
brick parapet and a S.W. stair-turret. The W.
doorway has continuous mouldings to the
jambs and a pointed arch, and the window
above it is of three cinquefoiled lights under a
four-centred arch. The windows of the bell-
chamber are of two trefoiled lights under four-
centred heads.
Fittings from the old Church — Bells: eight;
5th by Robert Oldfeild, 1612. Brasses and
Indents : at E. end of nave, of William Anabull,
1456, and his wife, with indents of four shields;
the figures are worn smooth : on E. wall
of N. transept, panelled stone, with brasses of
William Cressye, 1559, and his wife, 1571.
Chest: in the tower, iron-bound. Font: Pur-
beck marble, panelled bowl of c. 1200, on
modern shafts. Monuments : in the tower, to
Robert Rudston, 1642 : in the nave, slab to
Nathan Cotton, 1661.
Condition — Fairly good; some of the stone-
work is decaying and the plaster is scaling off.
Secular; —
" (3). RoTiiAMSTED, about I mile S. of the
church, is a large gabled house, of two storeys
and an attic, built of brick; the roofs are tiled.
It is of mediaeval origin, and part of the
original house remains, but it was faced with
brick c. 1600, and between 1G;10-I6fi0 was con-
siderably altered and enlarged; the house then
assumed practically its present form, although
it was further re])uired and enlarged during
the 18th and 19th centuries. The general plan
of the main building forms an L, the longer
wing facing S., and the shorter wing W. At
the back the kitchen and offices are built round
three sides of a rectangular courtyard, the
long wing of the L forming the fourth side.
Tlie hall, in the middle of the main block of
the L, facing S., is the oldest part of the build-
ing, and belonged to the mediajval house,
which was of timber construction on a Hint
foundation; there is no detail to show the exact
date, but it is evidently earlier than the brick
facing of c. IGOU. E. of the hall is the original
buttery (now a morning-room), and beyond it
is tiie ' Oak room ', on the site of the original
kitchen. AV. of the hall are the dining room,
tiie original small chamber, and a cloister built
late in the 17th century. In a recess N.W. of
the Kail is the principal staircase, and N. of
the original buttery is a small enclosed stair-
case, both of the 17th century. In the shorter
wing of the L is a small drawing room, of late
17th-century date, with a large modern room
beyond it. The kitchen and offices are of late
17th-century date, but the brewhouse on the N.
side of the courtyard is earlier ; much of this part
of the house has been faced with 1811i-century
brick. The S. Elevation has four curvilinear
gables, and a central three-storeye<l porch, on
each side of which the wall is set back; the
space between the gabled walls and porch is
filled up on the ground floor by a bay window
added to the hall. This front lias cornices and
string courses in moulded brick, and is of mid
17th-century design, but the original form of
c. 1600 with its pointed gables (shown in a
rough drawing dated 1624, preserved in the
house), can still be traced in the walling.
There is a contcmjiorary stone panel over
the door of the porch, with crest and shield
showing the arms of Wittewronge : bendy
argent and gules a chief sable with a bar
dancetty or therein; the door is of oak, with
original iron furniture. Over the ])orch, but
set back from it, is an octagonal bell-turret of
wood an<l lead. All the windows have mul-
lioned and transomed wooden frames and
leaded lights, many of them restored. The
IF. Elevation has tliree curvilinear gables of a
slightly more elaborate type than those on the
S froijt, and two modern gables, copied from
the others, at the N. end. The string cour.se
and cornice are of moidded brick, and the whole
design resembles that of the S. front : the three
round arches of the cloister are at the S. end.
A large chimney stack, dated 16."i4. has five
octagonal shafts' with moulded caps and bases.
Jnterior— The hall is lined with panelling of
r. 1550, brought from elsewhere; on the N. side
is a wide stone fireplace, much restored, with
O 2
lOS
INVENTORY OF THE MONCMENTS OF HEKTFOUDSnlEE.
late 16th-century fireback and dogs. At the
W. cud are some mural paintings oi late Idth-
tentury date, somewhat uiutilated and now
t-overed by the panelling. In the dining room
the panelling is of f. 1U5U, divided into bays by
Huted Ionic pilasters; on the E. wall is a paint-
ing of a battle scene of late 10th-century date,
also hidden by the panelling; the mantelpiece
is of dunch, elaborately carved, and inlaid with
black marble, and the overmantel is of carved
oak; the ceiling beams are ornamented with
moulded plaster. The morning room, formerly
the buttery, has early 17th-century panelling,
a richly carved 17th-century mantelpiece, of
(lunch, brought from St. Monica's Priory
(Eawdon House), Hoddesdon (see also below),
and an inlaid oak overmantel. The main
staircase was put up in 1U78, and is of oak;
it has plain newels with pendants and
tinials, and square raked moulded balusters;
the doors of the landing have Doric pilasters
enriched with strap-work, and in one window is
an old oval shield of stained glass, showing the
ilackery arms. The smaller staircase is of
similar but plainer design. The gallery, on
the first floor, over the dining room, is panelled
and hung with tapestry; a door from the stair-
case retains the original iron furniture under
the tapestry, and in the \vindows are some 17th-
centurv coats of arms. Many of the bedrooms
are panelled and have original fireplaces, and
two have stone fireplaces from Eawdou House.
The house also contains numerous elaborate
Mrought-iron window catches, door latches,
bolts, plates, etc., of the 17th century.
Condition — Good.
High Street, E. side: —
° (4). Bowers House, about 200 yards E. of
the church, is a rectangular two-storeyed build-
ing, of early IGth-century date, altered in the
17th and l!)th centuries. It was originally of
timber, but was faced with brick in the 17th
century; the roof is tiled. The main chimney
stack has two square shafts, set diagonally, and
a circular s!)aft with a spiral pattern, rebuilt at
the top without the pattern. Another stack
has plain square shafts of 17th-century brick-
work. All the windows are modern. The
entrance passage, part of the original hall, has
moulded oak beams in the ceiling. A room, S.
of the entrance, has early IGth-century linen
pattern panelling .and a fireplace with moulded
stone jambs and a four-centred liead. Another
room has unmoulded oak panelling and square
beams or wall plates at the floor luvi-l, wliicli
form the base of the timber framing; a 17th-
century overmantel has carved panels and
moulded balusters, and there are moulded beams
in the ceiling. Many of the floors have wide
oak boards.
Condition — Good.
" (5). Houses, two, towards the N. end of the
town, built of brick and timber, are of the 17th
century; the roots are tiled. One house has a
projecting jwrch with a slightly overhanging
upper storey; the lower storey is partly of
modern brick and partly plastered. The second
house has the lower storey faced with modern
brick, and the upper storey plastered; the
central chimney stack is of 17th-century brick.
In some of the ceilings are old beams.
Condition — Good; much restored.
" (G). House, formerly ' The Bull ' inn, on the
W. side of the green, about GUO yards S. of the
church, is a two-storeyed building of timber
with brick and plaster filling; the roofs arc tiled.
The original plan appears to have consisted of
a small rectangular block, facing S., which con-
tained a room on each side of the central
chimney stack, and a small staircase wing at
the back, built late in the loth century; a short
S. wing and a barn were added, apparently in
the 17th century, and during the 19th century
additions were made to the S. wing, and the barn
was converted into a billiard room. At the E.
end of the 15th-centur\- block the lower storey
is plastered, and the projecting upper storey
and gable are covered with rough-cast; at the
W. end is a doorway about 4 ft. from the
ground, now disused. The other doorways and
the windows are modern. The large central
chimney stack has four octagonal engaged
shafts with moulded bases and caps. The S.
wing has a plain 17th-century chimney stack.
Both the 15th-century rooms on the ground
fi<x)r have wide fireplaces with massive moulded
oak lintels; the doorways, opening from what
was probably the original entrance lobby, have
solid oak jambs, four-centred heads and carved
spandrels, and in the ceilings there are oak
l)eams. In the S. wing there is an open fire-
place in the hall; the billiard room retains the
open timber trusses of the barn roof and has a
17th-century overmantel, brought from else-
where. Many of the roomfl have wide oak floor
boards, and two trusses of the roof show in
rooms on the first floor.
Condition — Good.
' (7). Gable End, on the "W. side of the green,
about J mile S.E. of the church, is a small
rectangular house of two storeys, built in the
17th century, of brick and timber, with a central
chimney stack of thin bricks ; the roof is tiled.
One window in the front retains part of the
JIK.MKL HK.MI'STHAI): I'AKISIl ClirRCII OF ST. .\tAHV.
IMKKIOI! ()|- ClIANCKI,, SllnWlNci 12th-('EXTLI!V VAlLTIMi.
PARISH OF HAHl'BNDEN: ROTHA.MS'I'KI).
ENTRANCE FRONT; 17th CKNTURY.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nEUTFOHDSllinE.
109
original frame and a moulded muUion; the
other windows have been renewed. Inside the
house are two open fireplaces; many of the con-
structional timbers of walls and ceilings are
exposed, and the floors have wide oak boards.
Condition — Good; well preserved.
»(8). Cottages, four, near the S. entrance of
the churchyard, are two-storeyed, 17th-century
buildings, of vertical timber-framing with brick
filling; the walls at the back are plastered.
Two of the roofs are thatched and two are tiled.
The chimney stacks have been restored, but
retain some 17th-century brickwork. At the
back is an outbuilding of timber with a
thatched roof.
Condition — Somewhat dilapidated in spite of
restorations.
6(9). Turner's Hail, 2i miles N.W. of the
church, and nearly 1| miles N.E. of Flamstead,
is a two-storeyed house of red brick, with an
attic in the main block; the roof is tiled. The
plan is F-shaped ; the main block, facing S.E.,
has two rooms on each floor, with a staircase
between them. The N.E. end of this block is
of late 16th-century date, with three octagonal
chimneys built of bricks 2 in. thick; the
rest of the house, which has been mucli
altered, is of c. 1650. In the ceiling of
one room is a plain beam with small panels
in plaster on each side, containing designs of a
Tudor rose and a hart ; two rooms are panelled,
one having a carved frieze and an overmantel
with the Cotton arms, dated 1655; one door
has moulded panels and a carved frieze
panel, and a cuplK>ard door has old iron hinges.
The garden wall, N.E. of the house, is built
of late 16th-century bricks, and the gate piers
have panelled sides with balls of stone at tho
top.
Condition — Good; but some of the walls are
thickly covered with ivy.
*(10). Annahle's Fap.m, S.W. of Kinsbourne
Green, is modern, but in the garden is part of a
flint rubble wall, in which is a 16th-century
window of five lights, with moulded stone
mullions and a square head, belonging to a
former manor house. Built into the wall are
several small terra-cotta liricks niodclled with
figures, etc. Some of the adjoining garden
walls are probably built on the foundations of
the original house.
Condition — Of wall, fairly gc«xl; one end is
covered with thick ivy.
'(11). The White Horse Inn, at Hatching
Green, about a riiile S. of the church, i.s a two-
storeyed 17th-century building, of brick and
timber, partly covered with rough-cast; the
roof is tiled. The plan is L-shaped, the
principal wing facing S. ; the other wing faces
\V. and is divided into cottages. The rough-
cast on the W. front is original, and has in the
centre a Tudor rose and crown of jtlaster in
relief. At the junction of the two wings a
large brick chimney stack has attached square
sliafts. The interior has been completely
altered.
Condition — Fairly good; much restored and
altered.
58. HEMEL HEMPSTEAD.
(O.S. 6 in. Wxxxiii. N.E., Wxxxiii. S.E.)
Roman:—
' (1). Dwelling House, at Boxmoor (see also
Bovingdon), N. of the London and North
AVestern Kailway line, in the station-master's
garden, was partly opened in 1851.
Condition — Nothing above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
" (2). P.ARisH Church of St. Mary, at the N.
end of the town, is a large cruciform buildinfj
(if flint rubble with some lloman brick, and
stone dressings; the roofs are covered with
lead, except that of the chancel, which
is tiled. The church was begun c. 1140,
and finished about forty years later, except
the South Porch, added in the 14th century,
the North Porch in the 15th century, and the
North Vestries in the I'Jth century. Windows
and doorwaj's have been inserted and restored
at dift'erent times.
The building forms a valuable example of a
cruciform parish church of the 12th century.
Architectural Description — T"he Chancel
(36 ft. by 16 ft.) is the earliest part of the build-
ing; the E. window was inserted in the 15th
century, and is of three lights with tracery.
In the N. wall is an original round-headed
window of one light witli zig-zag mouldings in-
side; tho jambs outside have slender shafts.
W. of this is a blocked 15th-century archway
originallv opening into the chamber on the N.
side of tlie chancel. Further W., at the level
of a former room over this chamber, there
is a modern arch of 12th-century design. In
the S. wall are two 14th-century windows
of three lights, each with modern tracery;
the internal splaj-s have shafts with foliated
capitals and the moulded rear arches are
enriched witli carving. Theceilingis vaulted in
two bays, with stilted cross ribs. On the N. of
tlie W. bay of the chancel, and contemi)orary
with it, is a Chnmher (13 ft. by 6 ft.) vaulted in
two bays. It has in the E. wall a 14th-cen-
turv, unglazed, loop light, with original
110
INVENTORY OF THE MONrMENTS OF IIERTFOnDSUIRE.
stauchious, aud below this is a door-
way witJi a shouldered anli of about the
same date. lu the N. wall is a modern door-
way, and in the W. wall is a 15th-century
doorway into the N. transept. The Central
Tower (l(j ft. square) is of three stages with a
parai>et and a tall leaded spire, possibly of the
IGth century. On each side of the ground stage
are stilted semi-circular arches; the W. arch is
enriched with zig-zag ornament on the side
facing the nave; the piers have half round
responds and angle shafts, with cai-ved capitals.
The second stage has two plain round-headed
windows in each face, aud the third stage has
doublo round-headed windows with circular
lights above them; near the angles are shallow
nichea with arched heads. The North Transept
{22 ft. by 17 ft.), now an organ chamber,
has a 15tJb.-C€ntury N. window of three lights,
with motlern tracery. High up in the E. wall
is a plain round-headed doorway which opened
from the former upper room of the chamber
into a loft or gallery. The South Tran-
sept (21 ft. by 17 ft.) has a 15th-century E.
window of two lights, with a quatrefoil head;
in the S. wall is a window of three lights of
somewhat later date, much restored, and below
this, on the W., is a 16th-century doorway,
with modern external jambs. In the W. wail
is a 12th-century window, with shafted
jambs and a semi-circular arch enriched with
zig-zag ornament. In the angle between the
chancel and transept is a newel staircase of
stone. The Nave (73 ft. by 19 ft.) is of six
bays; the X. and S. arcades have round pillars
with moulded bases, scalloped capitals and
semi-circular arches of two orders, with a
billet-moulded label continued as a string
course across the W. end. The E. aud W.
arches of both arcades have zig-zag ornament.
The clearstorey has, on each side, six round-
lie;uled windows, restored ; the second window
from the E. on the S. side is entirely new,
and replaces a larger window inserted in the
15th century, of which the head remains ; the
clearstorey walls were raised about 2 ft. in the
15th century. In the AV. wall of the nave
is a largo doorway of late 12th-century date,
with a richly carve<l, semi-circular arch and
mwlern detached shafts in the jambs; alxive
it is a 15th-century trtvceried window of
three lights, much restored. The North and
South Aisles (each !) ft. wide) have 15th-century
windows of two lights, with tracery, all much
restored, and in the S. wall are the sills of 12th-
century windows. The N. wall may possibly
have been rebuilt in the 15th century. The
North Porch has a 15th-century inner doorway ;
the outer arch and windows are modern. The
South Porch has an inner doorway of the 14th
century. The outer arch is moulded, and in
each side wall is a window of three trefoiled
lights. The Poofs of the transepts are of the
15th century, with arched braces and traccried
spandrels. The nave roof of the same date, but
plainer, has traces of original painting.
Eittings — Bells: eight; iird by Chandler,
1G88; 4th bv Robert Oldfeild, 163-3; 5th bv John
Dyer, c. 15'JU; 6th bv Robert Mot, 1604; "7th bv
Robert Oldfeild, 1617. Brasses: at the W.
end of the S. aisle, of Robert Albyn and his
wife, late 14th-century, with incomplete in-
scription in Erench and two shields of arms.
Chest: in the room over the X.W. vestrj-,
niediiBval, iron bound. Monuments: in N.
transept, part of slab with arms of Combe
impaling Ereere, said to be to Ann, wife of
Sir Ricliard Combe, 1658; in S. aisle, to
Richard Combe, 1692, mural, black and
white marble. Piscinae : in S. wall of
the chancel, with a trefoiled ogee head, 14th-
century: in S. transept, 15th-century; both
without basius. Plate : includes covered cup
of 1563. Miscellanea: In the cJuirchyard, on
the S. side of the church, is an old stone coffin.
Condition — Good, but where old stonework
remains in the windows it is decaying.
Secular: —
«(3). The Bury, S.W. of the church, a
modern house, replaces an earlier building, of
which the porch remains, about 200 yards
N. of the present entrance. The porch,
locally known as the Charter Tower, is of
late IGth-centur}' date, two-storeyed and built
of stone. Over the doorway are the arms
of Richard Combe, wlio o^vned the Bury
between 1557 and 1595, and is said to have
pulled down the old house, and built another
on the site.
Condition — Very bad; the stonework much
decayed, and part of it loaded with ivy.
<»(4). Lockers, at the top of Bury Hill,
\ mile S.W. of the church, is a modern house,
except the wing at the S. end, which is of late
IGth-century date; it is of two storeys and an
attic, built of brick and jilasterod ; the roof is
tiled. There is one original chimney stack with
four shafts, set diagonally. Two of tho rooms
have original oak panelling and mantelpieces,
now ])ainted, and two ornamented plaster
ceilings remain; one with medallions contain-
ing a king's head, lions and unicorns, and
shields with the Royal arms; the other with
lions and cherubs' heads in relief.
Condition — Good.
HER-
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFO£DSHIEE.
Ill
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD.
PARISH CHURCH OF ST. MARY.
» (5). Cottages, two, known as Henry's
Banqueting Hall, about 200 yards N.E. of the
church ; they are of two storeys and an attic,
built in the first half of the 17th century, of
brick and timber; the roofs are tiled. The front
faces S. and has a small projecting staircase
wing. In the principal room of the cottage on
the E. is a large open fireplace with a wood
lintel, and above it are remains of 17th-
century plaster decoration, consisting of a large
fleur-de-lis and part of a crown. A room dii tlie
first floor has a smaller fireplace with moulded
stone jambs and a four-centred head, and above
it a fleur-de-lis between two Tudor roses sur-
mounted by crowns, of plaster, in relief. Some
of the ceilings have old beams.
Condition — Poor; the timber framing of the
walls is decaying.
High Street, E. side: —
«(6). House, now a chemist's shop, is pro-
bably of the 16th century at the back, but
the front is modern. The chimney stacks
have square shafts, set diagonally. In the
interior is some oak panelling, and during
repairs a fragment of glass was found with the
date 1G20 scratched on it.
Condition — Good.
"(7). The Kint/'s Ar7n.<t Inn, opposite the
Town Hall, built of brick and timl>er late in
ilic 17th century, has boon much repaired. At
Scale of Feet
the back is an original balcony, overlooking a
courtyard.
" (8). Houses, in Keen's Place, of brick and
timber, built probably in the 17th century.
Condition — Good on the whole.
Unclassified;—
«(!)). Tumulus, N.W. of High Street Farm,
and about a mile N.E. of the church.
Condition — Fairly good.
HERTFORD.
(See also Bengeo and Brickendon.)
The Town contains, in the parishes of
All Saints, St. Andrew and St. John, many
17th-century buildings, of which the most in-
teresting are specified below.
59. ALL SAINTS.
(O.S. 6 in. xxix. S.E.)
Secular:—
(1). The Old Rectory, N.W. of the parish
church (see Brickendon), is built of plastered
timber; the roof is tiled. The house is dated
1631, the date appearing on the fir>ut door, and
was originally of the H type, but has been en-
larged and miich altered. The hall was probably
fornierlv in the central block, with the parlour,
kitchen", etc., in tlio wings. The only original
■I —
112
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF lIEKTFORDSHinE.
detail is the front door, which has elaborately
uiilred panels.
Condition — Good, but much altered.
(2). H.\le's Grammar School, N.E. of the
parish church, is a brick house of one storey
and an attic, built c 1G17. The plan, facing
N. and S., is rectangular, with a projecting
Eorch on the S. and a staircase wing on the N.
loth ground floor and attic are now divided
into several rooms, but the ground floor appears
to have had originally no partitions. The E.
and TV. walls and the porch and staircase wing
are gabled, and a modern double gable has been
added at the E. end of the S. wall, giving more
light and space in the attic. The windows and
the entrance to the porch are modern, but the
inner doorway is original, and has an opening
with a semi-circular head in a rectangular oak
frame with sunk spandrels and moulded jambs;
the door is constructed of moulded battens, and
has the date 1607 worked on it in nails, but it
is of an earlier period, and maj- be original.
Condition — Good; the interior has been much
altered.
(3). Lombard House, on the river Lea, now
the Conservative Club, is of two storeys, built
early in the l~th century, of plastered timber
and brick; the roof is tiled. The plan is
rectangular, and the interior has been com-
pletely alteretl. The main front was faced
with brick early in the 18th century, but
the back, overlooking the river, is almost
in its original state. It has five gables
above the overhanging upper storey, and
original wood-mullioned windows. Several
rooms have early ITth-century panelling, and
in the entrance hall is a carved oak mantelpiece
of the same date, with two shields of arms:
parted cheveronwise, three griffins' heads; and,
vair, a chief. Both panelling and mant<>l-
piece are probably re-set.
Condition — Good.
FoEE Street, X. side (see also St. Andrew and
St. John, Hertford): —
(4). House, of late 17th-century date, a
plastered building, probably of brick, is of throe
storeys and an attic; the roofs are tiled. T'nder
the eaves is a simple cornice, and the walls are
decorated with large plaster panels of acanthus
foliage, modelled in relief. The windows have
been altered.
Condition — Good.
R. side (see also St. Andrew): —
fo). The Siili.ihury Hotel is a brickand tinibor
house of early 17th-century date. It is built
round a courtyard, with staircases in each
wing, but the rest of the original arrangement
was much altered in the liSth and I'Jth cen-
turies, and there are now other buildings in the
courtyard. The elevation facing Fore Street
is practically modern, but that facing Church
Street, with an overhanging upper storey, is
original. The lower part of the main stair-
case is also original, and has square-moulded,
raking balusters, moulded hand-rails, and
square moulded newels with pierced heads.
Another original staircase remains in the
kitchen wing, on the W. of the court. In
several rooms is plain panelling of early 17th-
century date, possibly re-set.
Condition — Good ; much altered and re-
l)aired.
(G). TiiE Old Coffee-House In.v, at the
corner of Maidenhead Street and Honey Lane,
is a two-storeyed, timber and plaster building
of early 17th-centur}- date; the roof is tiled.
The gi-ound floor retains no original features,
but the projecting upper storey has, on both the
street elevations, carved and moulded baluster
pilasters and a plain coved plaster cornice; the
bay windows were added at a later date.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered inter-
nally.
60. ST. ANDREW, Urbax.
(O.S. 6 in. xxix. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.vHisn Churcti of St. Andrew, N.W.
of the castle, was rebuilt in 18G9, on the site
of the former church, of which the moulded N.
Dooncay of the nave remains; it is of c. 1480,
and has a pointed arch in a square head, with
quatrefoils in the spandrels; the stops of the
label are carved angels holding plain shields.
Fittings — Altar : below the communion table
in the X. chapel, a stone altar slab (3 ft. 5 iu.
by 2 ft. 2 in. by about 5 in. thick). On it are
five incised crosses and in the centre is a rect-
angular cavity, probably for the reception of
relics, about 3 in. by 2 in. by 1^ in. deep. Tlie
slab is said to have come from the site of the
former church of St. Mary the Great, Hert-
ford. Brass : on the floor of the nave, from the
original church of St. Andrew, to Bridget
"UTiitgifte, wife of Robert Collingwood, son of
Sir Cuthbert Collingwood, knight, 1610, in-
scription only. Communion Tahle : in the ?f.
chapel, with twisted legs, possibly late 17th-
century. Floor Slab : to Arthur Sparke. 106.5,
with coat of arms. Plate: includes elaborately
chased cup, without plate-mark, probably IGth-
nrVENTOHY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOHDSHIRE.
113
centiiry, repaired. Stoiip : on W. side of N.
doorway of nave, 15th-centurj', projection of
bowl broken away.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
(2). Hertford Castle stands on low jjround,
about 140 ft. above O.D., on the S. bank of tbe
River Lea, below its junction with the River
Maran, and S.W. of the town of Hertford. The
Keep Mount is flat-topped, 22 ft. hifrh, and
stands at the N. ansjle of the castle, adjoining
the river; the original ditch is now filled up,
and there is no trace of masonry. Tlie JittiJei/,
covering 2^ acres, is defended on the E. aiid
S. by a curtain wall, partly original, whi?h
stands on a slight bank and abuts on the E. side
of the keep mount. The wall is built of tlint
nibble mixed with narrow bricks and blocks
of worked stone, which show no detail, and has,
at the S. angle, the remains of a small octagonal
turret, with a pointed doorway, apjiarently
of the 14th century, now blocked. On the W.
side of the bailey is a late 15th-century Gate-
house of brick. It is a rectangular building, wilh
half -octagonal turrets at the corners, an em-
battled parapet, over an arcaded corbel table in
brick, and a flat lead roof. A mass of flint
rubble, probably part of an earlier gatehouse,
has been iised as a foundation on the E. side.
Over the front door is an undecipherable coat
of arms. The building was much altered in
the 18tli century, when a large block was added
to it on the S.E.; alterations were also
made in the 19th century. Beyond the curtain
wall, on the S., are the remains of a broad
miter (fitch, now partly filled up, and covered
by buildings and gardens. This ditch formerly
encircled the whole castle, and communicated
with the river at each end ; a bifurcation on the
S.W. formed a small outer bailer/ , or barbican,
which is now completely destroyed, together
with the rest of the defences and the original
entrance, on that side.
Dimensions — Greatest length of original
castle, S.W. to N.E., about 800 ft.; greatest
width, about 500 ft.; greatest length of original
bailey, S.W. to N.E., 400 ft.; width, ^50 ft.;
width of original ditch on S.E., 150 ft.;
diameter of keep mount: at base, 100 ft.; at
summit, 30 ft.
Condition — Of mount and bailey, fairly
good; of gatehouse, good, much altered.
(8). House, on the W. side of the Wash,
of late 17th-centur\^ date, is built of ]ilastercd
timber, and has an overhanging upper storey
supported on plain modillions.
Condition — Poor.
St. Andrews Street : —
(4). House (Xo. 0), is a building of brick and
timl)er, originally of c. 1575, but almost com-
pletely rebuilt early in the 18th century. The
roof is tiled. All that remains of the IGth-cen-
tury house }>eyond the carcase is a chimney
stack with two separate octagonal sliafts and a
rebuilt cap. One shaft is ])lain, the other is
ornamented wi(h lozenge-shapwl panels and
panels with pointed ends, formed by a ])lain
roll-moulding of brick.
Condition — Goo<l ; rebuilt.
(5). Cottage, Ts.E. of the church, built of
brick and timber, with rough-cast plaster
filling; it has an overhanging up]>er storey, and
is of early 17th-century date. The roof is tiled,
and there are two large dormer windows.
Condition — Good ; repairecl at the back.
(G). Cottages, in Parliament Row, built in
the 17th century, of plastered timber; the roofs
are tiled.
Condition — Poor.
(7). House, at the corner of Fore and Church
Streets (see also All Saints and St. John), is
modern, but contains a 17th-century door, with.
elaborately mitred stjdes and rails, and a panel
of arabes(|ue work.
Condition — Good.
(8). Drinking Foixtain, near the library,
composed of fragments from the old Church of
St. Jlary the Great, which include a l-'ith-ceu-
tury lancet window, flanked by tlie jambs of
other windows of tliat date. The lancet has a
moulded arch, deta(died shafts with moulded
capitals and ba.ses, and an inner order enriched
with dog-tooth ornament.
Condition — ^luch weather-worn.
61. ST. JOHX. Fruan and Riral.
(O.S. ('')xxix. S.E. Wxxxvi. N.E.)
Secular:—
Homestead Moats: —
« (1). At Jenningsburj', enclosing about 4
acres.
*(2). At Dalmonds, fragments, with build-
ings on the site.
"(S). Christ's Hospital School foe Girls,
at the W. end of Fore Street (see also All Saints
and St. Andrew), is a large irregular group of
brick buildings of various dates, enclosed by an
oiiter wall, with the principal entrance on the S.
The site was bought for a .school for Hie younger
children by the Governors of Christ's Hos)«ital,
London, in 1083, and tlie original buildings
were finished in 1089; of these there remain : —
the schoolroom at the N. end of a long (juad-
114
IXVEXTORY OF THE MOXTJMKNTS OF nF.IlTFORDSillHE.
ranple; part of the walls of the steward's house,
E. of the schoolroom, the house having heeu
altered and enlarged; the gateways on the S.,
and some garden walls. In the ISth century
separate blocks were built on the S.W. and
S.E., facing Fore Street; in 1800 a dining hall
was added on the W. side of the original school-
room ; subsequent additions have been made to
various parts of the buildings, and in 1902, the
original rows of ten cottages on each side of the
quadrangle were replaced by new wings. The
17th-century schoolroom has been re-faced with
modern brick; it has a central doorway and plain
windows; the ceiling is coved, and a bay on the
N. side, divided from the schoolroom by a colon-
nade, was added at a later date. In a niche
over the entrance is the oak figure of a lihie-
coat boy, brought from the Christ's Hospital
School "formerly at Ware. The gateways
(opening into Fore Street) in the enclosing
wall are of the 17th century, with two large
stone posts on which stand two lead figures of
Bluecoat boys; these figures were ])respnted to
the school between March and August, 1697. A
few of the garden walls are of the same date.
The boys were removed to Horsham, and the
school reserved for girls only in 1902.
Condition — Good.
62. HERTIXGFORDBURY.
(O.S. in. ("'xxix. S.W. (^xxxvi. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
"(I). P.\RisH CnuEcn of St. M.\ey, at the
S.E. end of the village, is built of flint rubble
with stone dressings; the roofs are tiled.
The building was completely restored in the
19th century, and only a few traces of the early
work remain. The Chancel was built in the l(jth
century, and the walls of the Nave are possibly
of that date, but both it and the North Aixle
retain only some 15th-century detail. The West
Tower is also of the 15th century. The North
Chapel and Vestry were added in the 19th cen-
tury.
Architectural Description — The Chancel (58|
ft. by 21 ft.) has three lancet windows of the
13th century in the E. wall; the internal arches
are richly moulded, the jambs have engaged
shafts with moulded capitals and bases, and the
labels terminate in head-stops; the exterior
stonework has been renewed. The Nave (5()|-
ft. by 2a ft.) and the North Aisle (50^ ft. by 11^
ft.) have 15th-century stonework in some of the
windows. The Toicer is of three stages, with
an embattled parapet and a lead spire; the lofty
tower arch is of the 15th century, but all other
detail has been renewed or altered.
Fittings— T??//*.- five; 4th and 5th, IGSG.
Brasses: on N. wall of tower, to Thomas Ellis,
1G08, and his wife, 1G12, inscription and
shield, arms of Ellis impaling Hawkins:
said to be under the wooden floor of choir seats,
to Phelipe and Isabel, children of Robert de
Louthe, inscription in French, 13th or 14th-
century. Monuments : on N. side of tower,
altar tomb, of Anne, wife of George Calvert,
1G22, with alabaster effigy, and mural cornice
supporting three shields with arms of Calvert
and ilayne : on S. side of tower, altar
tomb, of William Harrington and his wife;
black marble slab, with two recumbent
shrouded figures in white marble, figure of
kneeling child in front; arched cornice above
witli arms of Harrington and 17 other quarter-
ings, early 17th-ceutury : over the ])ul])it,
mural tablet to Christopher Vernon, 1G52,
with arms: in the N. aisle, mural slab to
Thomas Keightley, lfiG2, and his wife, 1GS2 :
in the chancel, floor slabs, to Robert Mynne,
1G5G : to Helen !Mynne, 1G59. Piscina : in the
chancel, E. jamb richly moulded, with dog-
tooth ornament, 13th-century; the rest is
modern. Plate: covered cup, standing paten
and flagon of 1G75.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
H0MESTE.\D Mo.\TS :
* (2). S.E. of Roxford Farm.
" (3). At Birchall, 2 miles N. of Essendon.
°(4). The M.\xor Hor.sE, in the middle of
the village, N. of the church, is a two-storeyed
brick building, of early 17th-century date; the
roofs are tiled. The plan is L-shaped, and the
main block has been cemented and otherwise
altered; the shorter wing, of red brick, remains
in its original condition, and there is an original
chimney stack.
Condition — Good; altered and restored.
0(5). TuE Inf.\xts' School, N. of the
church, is a red brick building of two storeys.
It is probably of early 17th-century date, and
has a modern addition at the N. end. The roof
is tiled, and there is a central chimney stack
with four octagonal shafts.
Condition — Good.
63. HEXTOX.
(O.S. G in. ('')vi. S.W. Wxi. X.W.)
Prehistoric:—
* (1). R.WEXSDi-RGn Castle (Hill Eort) lies
on a spur of the Barton Hills, 1 mile S.W. of
Hcxton, and occupies the W. half of a plateau
surrounded by deep coombes on every side but
INVENTORY OP THE MONUMENTS OP nERTPOEDSHIEE.
115
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RAVENSBU RGH CASTLE
(P .^RISH OF HEXTON ) -
,„ >""""'
- yog »J»«je»o?ou>»5wo
,>'■ l-l I I I I— « 1—1 K-_) t_^
ScAlt ol <<gf (Of M<:rioro
the N.W. The height is from 4G0 to 500 feet
above O.D.
This fine example of a hill fort compares
favourably with many of those to be found in
counties notable for their earthworks, such as
Sussex or Dorset.
Detailed Description — The work consists of a
large, nearly oval enclosure, which covers
IGj acres, and with its defences, 22 acres, the
major axis lying N. and S. It is protected on
the E. side by a single rampart, about 18 ft.
above the external ground, the ditch and
counterscarp bank having been nearly levelled;
width of the ditch, from crest to crest, 55 ft.
On the S. side is a single rampart, with ditch
and counterscarp bank, beyond which the steep
hillside forms a natural glacis. Height of
inner rampart, from 16 ft. to 18 ft., and of
counterscarp, from 3 ft. to 7 ft. above the ditch;
width of ditch, from crest to crest, 40-CO ft.
The defences of the W. side are made stronger
by a second outer rampart and ditch, witJi the
steep hillside as a glacis. Height of inner
rampart above inner ditch, 18 ft., and above
outer ditch, 25 ft. ; height of middle rampart
above outer ditch, 9 ft. Width of inner ditch,
from crest to crest, 4G ft.; of outer ditch, 22 ft.
The N. side has an inner rampart, beyond which
arc two sloping platforms and two slight banks,
with a small outer ditch and bank, and steep
glacis to the valley. Height of inner rampart
above outer ditch, 22 ft.; width of defences,
from crest to crest, SO ft; width of platforms,
16 ft. to 20 ft.
Entrances — The main entrance, which is
about 90 ft. wide, is at the N.W. angle, where
a neck of land joins the plateau to the bodv of
the hill. There is a second entrance at the
S.E. angle, 40 ft. wide, and also slightly flanked.
There are no inner or subsidiary' enclosures.
Dimensions — Greatest length, S. to N.,
1,435 ft.; width, W. to E., 695 ft.
Condition — Good, but the trees recently
planted may do considerable damage in the
future.
Ecclesiastical:—
"(2). Parish C-nrRcii of St. F.^itii, stands
at the foot of the Barton Hills, at the S.W. end
of the village. The walls are covered with
cement, and the roofs are of lead and slate.
The Chancel, North Chapel, Nave of throe bays,
and North and South Aisles have been com-
pletely restored. The ground stage of the
West Tower, the roof of the nave, and possibly
the roofs of the aisles are of the loth century;
no other old work can be seen, but a church in
this parish was dedicated to St. Faith, by Ralph,
Bishop of llochester (1108-14).
1' J
11(5
IKVKNIXJUY Of TUE MOKUllJi.MS Ol;' UKKJFORUSUIRE.
Architectural Description— The West Tower
is of three stages, with a stair-turret in the
S.W. angle. The lotli-century tower arch is of
three chamfered orders; the W. doorway and
the window over it are modern. The Roof of
the nave is of the 15th century, with moulded
hcams, carved bosses and half-length figures of
angels supporting the intermediate rafters.
The roofs of the aisles are jjossibly of the samo
date, but plainer.
Fittings— iy<7/»-.- three; 1st 1697, 3rd 1688,
both by Chandler; 2nd apjjarently early 14th-
century, inscribed 'Ave Maria'. Monument:
in the chancel, to Peter Taverner, 1601, and his
wife, arched panel of Purbeck marble, inscrip-
tion and two brass shields with arms of
Taverner and Uocwra.
Condition — Good; completely restored.
<»(3). Base of Ckoss, stone, in the grounds
of Hexton House, about 350 yards E. of the
church, is of the 15th century, and is 2 ft. 3 in.
square by 11 in. high. The upper part is half-
octagonal, and has a moulded edge, and stops
with a convex upper surface; in it is a square
opening for the shaft of the cross.
Condition — Weather worn; covered with
moss.
64. HINXWORTH.
(O.S. 6 in. («)iii. N.E. Wiii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical I—
"(1). Parish Church of St. Nicholas,
stands S.E. of the village, and about 4 miles N.
of Baldock. Th© walls are of flint with stone
dressings, except those of the chancel, which are
of brick. The Nave and West Tower were built
early in the 15th century; the South Porch was
added c. 1450, and the Chancel was rebuilt in
the 18th century.
Architectural Description — ITie Chancel
(20 ft. by 16ft.) retaiusof tlieorigiualwnvk only
the chancel arch, which has been re-cut, and is
thrown out of shape bv the pressure of the wall
over it. The A'flj;e(42l ft. by 20 ft.) has, in the
N. wall, a window of three lights with tracery,
imder a four-centre<l head, and another of two
lights with a square head; in the S. wall are two
windows of two lights under square heads and
between them a three-light window with tracery
and a four-centred head; they are all of th©
15th century, though of slightly different dates.
The N. and S. doorways arc original, and have
pointed arches of two chamfered orders with
laWls; the S. doorway retains the original wood
draw-bar. The four windows of the clearstorey
are of the 16th century. In the N.E. corner
are the stairs which led to the rood-loft. The
Tower (about 10 ft. square) is of two stages, with
an embattled parai>et. The tower arch, of early
15th-century date, is of two chamfered orders
with semi-octagonal jambs, having mouldetl
(■aj>itals and bases; the two-light \\' . window,
with tracery, is of the same date, but much
repaired with cement, and an ISth-century
doorway cuts into the sill. The bell-chamber
has 15th-ceutury windows of two lights with
tracery, all much decayed. Th© iSou/h Porch
blocks one light of the S.W. window of the nave,
and the mullion has been rebuilt to bond in
with the porch wall; the windows of the porch
are of three lights, but the E. window is filled
in; the entrance has a four-centred arch under
a square head. The Poofs are modern, but in
the roof of the nave are four original figures
holding shields, one charged harry.
Fittings— iyt//i- ; six; two dated 1651.
Brasses: on jN'. wall of chancel, figures of a
man and woman, c. 1450, no inscription : on
the chancel floor, of a man (thought to be John
Lambard, 1487, ilerchant and Alderman of
London) and his wife, with their children, one
of whom is a priest, below; at the corners,
heraldic shields, one with the arms of the
Mercers' Company, another with a merchant's
mark: to Andrew Gray, 1614, inscription.
JViches: for image, in S.E. corner of nave, with
canopied head, early 15th-century : in the E.
jamb of the N.E. window, also with canopied
head, 15th-century. Miscellanea : in the porch,
coftin lid, 14th-century.
Condition — The uav© has been recently
restored, but the tower needs repair, especially
the upper windows.
Secular:—
« (2). Homestead Moat, at Bury End,
fragment.
*(3). Hi.NXWOETH Pl.\ce, nearly ^ mile S.
of the church, is a farmhouse of two storeys and
an attic, built chiefly of chinch ; the roofs nre
tiled. It was erecte<l in the 15th centurj-, when
it appears to have been a large house of H-
shaped plan; the only original parts remaining
are the main block facing E., and the W. half of
th© S. wing; but indications of the former N.
wing and extensions of the S. wing can Ik;
traced. On the W. side of the main block is a
range of low buildings, apparently added at a
later date, re-using the old materials. Th©
main block, formerly the great hall, is divided
into hall, kitchen and cellars on the ground
floor, the S.W. wing contains the ])arlour, and
in the low ;ulditional buildings are the domestic
offices. Towaixls the end of the 16th century- a
plain square chimney stick was built in the
centre of the hall, and a large projecting stack
INVENtOEY Of XU£ MONUMENTS OF UEfiTfOaDSUiaE.
117
at the N. end of the S. wing; several windows
were also remodelled.
The building is unusually interesting as an
exaiujjle of a large pnvato house of early date,
with some contemporary details.
The E. Front of the main block is of clunch ;
in the N. half is the principal entrance, which is
of the 15th century; it has a pointed arch in a
square head, with carved shields in the
spandrels; a contemporary window, N. of the
doorway, is cusped, and has a square head and
low sill ; it is partly filled in and lights a cellar.
8. of the doorway are the two large windows of
the kitchen and hall, each of four lights with
muUions and transoms, probably inserted late
in the 16th century; at the S. end is a small
four-centred doorway, and in the wall there are
signs of the former extension of the S. wing.
The four upper windows are of three lights each,
with square heads, also of the IGth or early 17th
century, and in the roof are two dormer win-
dows. The N. end of this block is also of clunch,
and has no window^s or doors in it. The roof has
hipped ends, and on the W. side is carried down
without break over the low additional buildings,
in which is a range of cusped 15th-century
windows with square heads. The W. end of the
S. wing is gabled, and on the ground floor is a
window of five lights with stone mullions and
transoms; above it, in the projecting upper
storey of plastered timber, is a window of three
lights with a modern frame and wood mullions.
The upper storey also projects on the S. side of
the wing; the doorway and window in that
wall are blocked ; the E. end of the wing is
modern, and forms a re-entering angle with the
S. wall (also modem) of the main block.
The kitchen and the present hall have
the large 16th-century chimney stack between
them and two large fireplaces set back to back;
the space on each side of the chimney stack has
only recently been filled in and the W. side of
the hall cut off to form a narrow passage from
the kitchen to the S. wing. N. of the kitchen
is a cellar and a narrow steep staircase. The
domestic offices have doorways with four-
centred arches ; a single original cinquefoiled
light in the W. wall of the narrow staircase
now looks into one of the offices, indicating
that this was originally an outer wall. The par-
lour has a stone fireplace of late 16th-century
date in the N. wall, and the mullioned window
at the W. end contains old glass, with arms of
the former owners of the house; one shield is
dated 1570. The modern lobby and staircase
originally formed part of the parlour. On
the first floor several rooms have four-centred
stone doorways, of which two or three retain
their original iron-studded ouk doors. One
room contains a massive moulded tie-beam
of oak, with a natural camlier, and another
room has a late 16th-century stone tirepiaco
with a four-centred arch. At the top of
the narrow staircase from the kitchen are
two blocked doorwai's; one probably opened
into the former N. wing; the other, in the W.
wall, may have opened on to an outside stair-
case, and next to it is the jamb of a former
window ; none of these can Ije seen on the other
side of their respective walls. In the kitchen
is a long, narrow, 17th-century table with
hca\'y, moulded legs.
Condition — Good.
65. HITCHIN, Uun.vN.
(O.S. 6 in. xii. N.W.)
Roman:—
[}.). KiLX, on a hill near Stevenage Road.
The many graves, etc., found near Hitchin,
point to other remains yet undetermined.
Condition — Nothing above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
(2). r.\uisn Chcrcii of St. Mary, stands
N.E. of the market place; the churchyard is
bounded on the E. by the river Hiz. The church
is built of flint rubble with stone dressings,
and has been heavily cemented; the tower has
some Roman bricks in the walls, and has
been repaired with 16th or 17th-century brick.
The roofs are covered with lead. The A arc
and at least the lower stages of the West Tower
are of the 12th century; about the middle of
the 13tli century the i)resent tower arch was
inserted, the S.E. stair-turret was built, and the
tower probably completed. In the first half of
the 14th century the North Aisle and then the
tSouth Aisle were built, and probably about the
same time, or possibly later, the Chancel was
enlarged to about two-thirds its present length,
and, perhaps, to its present width; the foun-
dation of the E. wall of this enlargement now
forms the W. wall of the Chantel. constructed
in the 15th century, when the chancel was
increased to its present length, and the North
and South Chapels, with their arcades, were
built. At the same time windows were in-
serted throughout the church, and the clear-
storey and Nortli Porch were added; the South
Porch was built towards the end of the century.
The church is unusually large, and contains
much woodwork of the" 14th and loth cen-
turies, including the chapel screens, of elabo-
rate design, and the mid 14th-century roof of
the N. aisle, wjiich is excciitionally early work
of its kind.
118
ISVE.S"TORY OF TnE MONa^MENTS OF HEETFORDSUIRE.
Arcliitectural Description — Tlie Chancel
(71* ft. by lyj ft.) has a 15th-century traceried
K. window of five lights, much restored. On
the X. and S. are 15th-century arcades of four
bays; the easternmost arch in each arcade is of
slightly wider span than the others, and is
four-centred, of two continuous moulded
orders; the remaining arches are two-centred,
of two moulded orders, and have columns of
engaged shafts, with foliated capitals and
moulded bases. Above the arcades and con-
temporary with them, is a clearstorey, with four
windows on each side. The chancel arch is
four-centred, very high, having been raised in
the 15th century; the half-octagonal jambs
belong to an earlier arch, probably of mid
14th-century date. The Chamel is under the
E. bay of the chancel, and lias two barred
muUioned windows on the E., one converted
into a door; at the W. end of the N. wall
is a moulded four-centred door and the re-
mains of winding stairs to the chancel, now
replaced bv modern brick steps; the roof is
vaulted with brick. The North Chapel (22}
ft. wide) has an original traceried E. window,
of five lights, and five windows of three lights
in the N. wall, also original. The South Chapel
(21 ft. wide) is similarly lighted, except that the
E. window is of four lights ; at the E. end of the
S. wall is a small doorway. The chancel and
chapels have embattled parapets and are but-
tressed. The Nave (74^ ft. by 22 ft.) is of four
bays, with 14th-century arcades on the X. and
S. ; the two-centred arches are of two chamfered
orders, with octagonal columns, and moulded
capitals. The 15th-century clearstorey win-
dows arc of three lights, and above the
chancel arch is a window of five lights.
Over the E. respond of the N. arcade is the
blocked doorway to the rood-loft. The North
Aisle (20 ft. ■wide) has four traceried windows
of three lights on the N., and one on the TV.,
all inserted in the 15th century, the walls
being of the same date as the arcades, though
the embattled parapets are also of the 15th
century. The 14th-century I^. doorway is of
two chamfered orders, and at the E. end of the
aisle is a moulded loth-century arch. The
South Aisle (191 ft. wide) is similar to the X.
aisle in every respect, except that the S. door-
way is of late 15th-century date. The West
Tower is of two stages, with embattled parapet
and small lead-covered s])ire. It has deep
square l>uttresses. whifli. diiring recent rej)airs.
were found to be built ag;iiiist the remains of
the 12th-centurv pilaster buttresses. At the
R.E. corner, built against the wall without land-
ing, is a sqxiare stair-turret, which rises above
the parapet of the tower; the lower part is
lighted bj' small lancet windows; the upper part
has cross-loops, and, with its parapet, has been
repaired with ICJth or 17th-century brick. The
tower arch is of three chamfered orders, with
half-octagonal responds, moulded capitals and
bases. The 13th-century W. door is much
decayed; on the X. is a 13th-century lancet
window, much restored. The second stage is
lighted by two pointed windows in each
wall, much restored with brick in the I7th
and 19th centuries. The North Porch (11^ ft.
by 9^ ft.) is of two storeys, and has a two-
centred entrance arch of two chamfered orders
and an E. and a "W. window of three lights.
The upper storey has a window of three
lights, and is reached by a polygonal stair-
turret with a four-centred door in the aisle.
The South Porch (14 ft. by 11 ft.) is an elaborate
structure of two storej's, with an embattled
parapet and angle pinnacles; the entrance is of
two moulded and shafted orders, the inner two-
centred and the outer square, with tracery in
the spandrels; on each side of the doorway is a
niche, with a shield below it bearing a mer-
chant's mark. In each side wall there are two
traceried windows of three lights. The ground
storey is elaborately vaulted, with moulded ribs
and wall shafts, and carved bosses at the junc-
tion of the ribs. The upper storey is ornamented
with panels on the S. side, and has two niches
on each side of a small three-light window ; it is
reached by an octagonal stair-turret at the N.E.
corner. Tlie Roof of the nave, though much
repaire<l, is of 15th-century date, witli moulded
principals, tie beams, etc. The chapel roofs
are of the 15th century, much repaired, and
have moulded principals, purlins, wall plates,
etc., with carved figures of angels at the feet of
tlie principals. The roofs of the S. aisle and of
the \V. part of the X. aisle are of the 15th cen-
tury, and plainer than the others, but over the
E.])art of the N. aisle is an elaborate flat wooden
roof of mid 14th-centurv date, which, from its
measurements, would a))pear to have been the
roof of the 14th-century chancel; this is divided
by moulded beams into square panels, elabor-
ately foiled and cusped.
Fittings — Brasses: in chancel, slab with
indents of priest, late 15th-century, marginal
inscription with roses at corners, and two
hearts with scrolls : brass of priest in cope, late
15th-century, with brass of wounded heart and
indent of another, indents of two inscriptions
and small plate, possibly a symbol of the Holy
Trinity : brasses of a man and his wife,
shrouded figures, three sons and five daughters,
shield with a bend and a border engrailed,
liri'lMllX : I'AHISIl CHIUCII (IK ST. MAIiV.
Klidll SCi!i;i:X (IF SDl TH (_llAl'i;i.: I.VrH-CK.NTriiY.
HIT-
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIEE.
119
indents of inscription and four roses : brasses of
man in civilian dress (mercliant of tho Staple of
Calais), 1452, his wife, four sous, and six daugh-
ters, imperfect inscription with date, a shield
(now illegible), indents of four other shields,
and of four square plates : brass, of woman, late
15th-century, much worn, indents of man and
inscription: brasses of civilian, early IGth-cen-
tury, and his three wives: of civilian, late
15th-eentuiy, and his wife, with indents of mar-
ginal inscription and scrolls : in N. chapel, slab
with indents of inscription and shield, IGth-
century, used as gravestone in 18th century (see
also Monuments, below) : in S. chapel, indents
of civilian, late 15th-century, his wife and
inscription; brasses of four sons and four
daughters, partly covered by pews : indent of
John Parker, 1578 ; half-figure, with square
plate and brass inscription : indent, with brass
feet remaining, of John Pulter, 1421, and brass
of his wife Lucia, 1420, with square plate, worn
smooth ; imperfect inscription, much worn ; in-
dents of two roundels: brasses of woman,
shrouded figure, four sons and four daughters ;
indents of inscription and seven scrolls, un-
dated : at W. end of nave, brasses of civilian,
and his wife, mid 15th-century : in tower, in-
dents of woman and two men : indents of a man
and woman, late 15th-century, with inscription,
scroll and four roses, much worn. Communion
Table: in the N. chapel, small, 17th-century.
Door: in the S. doorway, with cusped panels,
late 15th-century; the pointed head has been
sawn off and fixed. Foni : 15th-century,
twelve-sided, set with richly ornamented
canopies over defaced figures of saints. Lockers :
in N. chapel, and at E. end of N. wall of aisle,
both plain, square-headed. Monuments : in N.
chapel, Purbeck marble altar tomb, early 15th-
century, quatrefoiled panels in sides, slab at
the top, with indent of marginal inscription,
and brass plate of later date, with inscription
to John Pulter, 1485 ; floor slab, 14th-century,
with incised marginal inscrijjtiou, illegible and
partly covered by the organ : indent of William
Pulter, 1549, brass inscription and shield : altar
tomb, of c. 1500, of chinch, with panelled sides,
and slab with brass of the same date, of a man
and his wife, shi-ouded figures: altar tomb,
late 15th-century, panelled side with shields
marked G. A. and T. A., and slab with
brasses of man in civilian dress and his wife :
three mural monuments in plain architectural
settings to John Skinner, lOG!) ; Ralph Skinner,
1697; and Edward Docwra, IGIO : in the
S. chapel, largo 17th-centurv monument to
Ralph Radcliffe, 1559, Ralph RadclilTe, 1G21,
Sir Edward Radcliffe, 1631, and Edward Rad-
cliffe, 1660 : other monuments to the same
family: in the N. aisle, in window sills, Pur-
iH'ck marble effigy of knight in mail hauberk,
with coif, mail chausses and a long surcoat,
mid 13th-centurj-, much defaced : effigies of
knight and lady, late 14th-century, much de-
faced. Niche : in first column of arcade, in N.
chapel, tall, moulded, with low projecting
bracket, 15th-century. Piscina: in the N.
chapel, 15th-century. Plate: includes two cups
and two flagons of 1705, natens of 1625 and
1634, salver of 1635. Pulpit: with traceried
panels, of c. 1500, much restored. Screens:
between the chajiels and aisles, richly carved,
with traceried panels and moulde<l, enriched
and crested beams, late 15th-century : between
the chancel and chapels, remains of parclose
screens, 15th-century. Settling: in the chancel,
some bench ends, late 15th-century. Stoup : in
N. porch, remains, in a pointed recess.
Condition — Good ; the S. porch requires
attention. The whole church is being gradually
and very carefully repaired.
Secular:—
(3). HiTCuiN Priory, on the S. side of the
town, is of especial interest, as it incorporates
part of a house of White Friars.
Tile building has been in the possession
of the same family since the suppression
of tho monasteries, and appears to have
been originally of flint i-ubble and clunch,
with the Priory church on the S. All
that now remains is part of the N. or Frater
range and part of the W. range, and the only
detail visible is of the 15th century. The rest
of the present house, which encloses a small
courtyard, is of plastered brick, built in the 17th
and 18th centuries. The roofs are covered with
tiles and lead. The S. wing is perhaps on the site
of tho church; it was completely rebuilt in the
18th century, and contains tho principal rooms.
The E. wing, possibly on the site of the Dorter
range and Chapter House, contains a few rooms,
the main staircase, and some cellars on the
ground level ; the domestic offices are in the W.
wing. The N. wing contains some cellars and
a loggia on the ground floor, which represent tho
cellarage under the Frater, and the N. walk
of the cloister; the cloister openings have
been blocked and a late 17th-century arcade has
been inserted in the N. wall. The space origi-
nally occupied by the Frater on the first floor
of this wing is now divided into several bed-
rooms. The court is small for a cloister garth,
but no traces of foundations appear to have
Im'cu found further S. and E. ; it is now
almost filled by a modern conservatory. The
F. and TT'. Elevations are much patched and
120
IXVEXTORY OF TlIE MONUMENTS OF IIERTFOKDSnrRE.
repaired, and the latter is partly obsriired by
outbuildings, which have been added at dif-
ferent times. The S. Elevation is a somewhat
elaborate Palladian design of late 18th-century
date. The X. Elevation was completely altered
late in the ITth century. The ground storey
has an open arcade of five semi-circular arches,
with moulde<l imposts and a frieze of loeettes
between cable mouldings; the central arch is
set in a slight projection and has spandrels
decorated with strap work, a shield with the
Kadclifle arms, the initials n^'g and the
date IfiTO. The windows above the arcade and
the moulded cornice were inserted at a later
date, all the detail being in plaster. The walls
of the courtyard have been much renewed; in
the X. and W. wings facing the courtyard are
many of the arches, now blocked, of the original
cloister arcade, and part of the inner wall,
showing that the cloister walk was 9 ft. wide;
the arches are G ft. in span and are two-centred,
continuously moulded with double ogees and
chamfers, but the tracery has disappeared; the
piers between them are 4 ft. 6 in. wide. Only
one arch remains open, and is now the main
entrance of the house, but at least three are
visible inside the ^«'. wing, and two inside the
W. wing, while others are said to be bricked up
and plastered. In the W. wing is some early
17th-centiiry panelling, and in a small T^. room
is a plaster ceiling, of the same date, decorated
with cable and foliate designs.
Condition — Good; much altered.
Srx Street : —
(4). The Street contains, in addition to
those specified below, several buildings of the
17th century, and possibly two or three of
earlier date; but most of the houses were rebuilt
or re-fronted in the 18th century.
E. side : —
(5). House, near Bridge Street, appears to
have been originally planned for a dwelling
house, but is now used for business offices. It
is a late 17th-century building of brick; the roof
is tiled. The plan is rectangular, and the
symmetrically designed street front has a good
original wooden cornice and a small door-
way of later date. At the X. end is a three-
centred archway, opening into the yard at the
back. The windows of the first floor have wood
frames, mullions and transoms, with metal
casements; the windows of the ground floor
were altered in the 18th century.
Condition — Good.
(6). The Sun Inn is a two-storeved house of
brick and plastered timber, built c. IGOO, or
«5!f«S
earlier, re-fronted with brick in the 18tli cen-
turv, and mxich repaired in the l!)th century;
the roof is tiled. The house, with its outbuild-
ings, encloses three sides of a courtyard, and
the entrance from the street is through an arch-
way, high enough to admit a coach.
Condition — Good.
(7). The Anqel Inn is a two-storeyed
mediteval building, of plastered timber, much
altered in the 17th. 18th, and 19th centuries;
the roof is tile<l. The original plan was pro-
bably L-shaped, the main wing facing W., with
shops on the ground floor, and a hall and small
chamber above them; the staircase in the angle
between the wings was added in the 17th cen-
tiiry, when a small block was also built at the
back of the house. The upper storey of
the main wing projects in front and at
the back; under it, at the X. end of the
street-front, an archway opens into the yard
at the back, and has on each side remains
of brackets, carved with bird and flower designs,
of early 16th-century date. The ground floor
of the shorter wing is open, and the gabled
upper storev is carried on posts. Tlie small
17th-century gabled wing is also carried on
jiosts, the courtyard is thus partly covered in,
and the open yard beyond is enclosed by other
buildings. Both the gables at the back have
carved barge-boards, one of the 15th century',
with a cusped and pierced design of flowing
character, the other, plainer, with a series of
small ovals in relief, of early 17th-century
date. The 17th-century staircase has a plain
moulded handrail, turned balusters and a flat,
carved outer string.
Condition — Fairly good ; much altered.
TiLEiiorsE Street: —
(8). The Street contains, in addition to the
houses noted below, many 17th-ceutury build-
ings, much altered in the 18th and 19th cen-
turies.
S. side : —
(9). House, now Xos. 8 to 11, is an early 17th-
century two-storeyed building, covered with
modern plaster; the roof is tiled. The plan is
of simple H shape; the wings are gabled, and
have overhanging upper storeys. The whole
building was repaired and subdivided, and the
windows were altered in the 19th century. An
adjoining house, which, with Xo. 11, forms the
Three Tims Inn, is also of early 17th-centurv
date, and has an archway opening into a yard
at the back.
Condition — Fairly good.
(10). House, No. 19, is a small, early 17th-
century l)uilding, of timber and rough-cast,
INVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIERTFOBOSHIHE.
121
PLAN OF HITCHIN
She-wing the probable extent of the Mediaeval Town.
with flo;ited rustication, etc.; the roof is tiled.
The timber-framed windows retain a few o]<l
metal casements, and some early ITth-contury
panellinfj, re-set, remains inside the house.
Condition — Good.
N. side : —
(11). Tfic Coopers' Ar7ns Jim, supposed to
have been originally the Tylers' Guildhall, was
built in the middle of the loth century, of
stone, but was much re-facc<l and altcn'd in the
10th contury; the roof is tiled.
Although the liousc has l)ecn much altcicd it
affords an interesting example of mediaeval
arcdiitectnre.
The original |)lan was possibly of the court-
yard type, but only parts of the S. aud W. wings
leniain; in the infernal angle, between them,
is a small ])lock, adde<l in the ITth centurv.
The S. wing faces the street and has an arch-
way opening into the yard at the back. This
w-ing contains the remains of the hall, which was
originally open to the roof, but an njipcr floor
was inserted, probably in 'the ITth century;
and the overhanging: part of the upper storey,
which is carried hinlicr than the rest of the
building, was jjrobably added at the same
time. The W. wing projects about 3 ft.
beyond the face of the S. wing, and the
N. end seems to have formed a re-entering
angle in the corner of the courtyard; a
blocked door at the IS'.W. indicates a
former extcnsi(ni of the building on tlie W. side
of the couit. The N. and S. ends of the wing
arc ornamented on the ground floor with
moulded cinque-foiled panels in stone; at the
R. end they are grouped in three bays under
four-centred main heads, and tlic central bay
a]i|H'ars to have l)eeu a window, but they are all
uiuiii defaci^I and allere<l; at the ^'. end the
Itancls are in better |ireservalioTi. Tlie win-
dows throughout the building liave Wen
altered, and the interior lias been coni]dcle]y
changed. Tn the S. wing the open timber roof of
the hall had principals about 21 ft. in span and
1:2.', ft. on centres, and two of the trusses and
intermediates are still in existence; they are
plainlvnioulded,and the trussesarcof thequeen-
post type, with (Muved bracketting and winil-
bracing. In theW. wing the moulded beams of
the first floor remain, and the blocked door on
the N.W. has a moulded four-centred head.
Condition — ^tuch defaced within and with-
out; covered with plaster and jiaint; strur-
furallv sound.
122
INA'RNTORT OF THE MnNUMENTS OF HERTFOHDSHIRE.
(12). House, formerly the Free Sohool, was
built c. 1640-60, but has been completely
altered, although the structure is old. It is a
two-.'itoreyed building of plastered timber and
brick; the roof is tiled. The original plan
cannot be ti-aced, but it is now L-shaped, one
wing being very short. A few metal casements,
with original furniture, ami one original door,
of moulded battens, remain.
Condition — Good ; much altered.
Bridge Street : —
(13). The Street includes one or two late
17th-century houses of plain brick, and others
of plastered timber, much altered, but showing
traces of work of an earlier date. In addition
are the following : —
N. side : —
(14). Cottages (Nos. 21-23), are two-.^torej-ed
buildings of plastered timber, built c. 1600, and
considerably altered in the 18th and 19th cen-
turies. The roofs are tiled. No. 22 has an old
bay window carried up to the roof, and the en-
trance door is of mouldwl battens.
Condition — Fairly good.
(15). House, now divided into a shop and cot-
tages (Nos. 18 and 19), is a Ifith-century build-
ing of timber, with plaster filling; the roof is
tiled. The upper storey projects on the ^.
side over the river Hiz, and also on the N. front,
facing the street; the W. end of this front has
been covered with modern plaster, but at the
other end the close-set timbei"s are ex])Oscd ; the
windows have been altered. A yard at the back
is entered through a timber-framed archway.
Condition — G<x)d.
S. side: —
(16). Cottaf/e (No. 2), a small. 16lh-century
building covered with rough-cast, is probably
of timber construction; the roof is tiled. The
cottage has been much allereil. but two early
16th-century barge-boaids remain ; one is
carved with a form of guilloche pattern, tlie
other with dragons in low relief.
Condition — Of the cottage, good; of the
barge-boards, much weathore<l, and covered
witii paint.
The Triangle : —
(17). llnusr, on the S. si«Ie, is of two storeys
and an attic, built of plastered timber in the
15th centuiy, much altered and repaired in the
lOth century, and now divided into several
houses. The roofs are tiled. The plan is
L-shaped, with an archway opening into a yard
at the liack. The overhanging upjier storey was
originally open to the roof, of which the trusses,
enclosed in the construction of the attic, appear
to be of the king-post type. The windows have
been altered.
Condition — Good; much altered.
livcKi.i.Rsiuuv : —
(18). This short Street connects the W. si<lo of
the market place with Tilehouse Street. It
contains many houses, in addition to those men-
tioned below, which show traces of 16th and
17th-century and earlier origin, though they are
much alterwl, re-fronted and re-plastered.
W. side : —
(19). The George Inn, is a two-storeyed
plasteretl timber house, built in the 16th cen-
tury, or possibly earlier, re-roofed, re-plastered
and much repaired in the first half of the
19th centur}'. The roof is covered with slate.
The upper storey projects, and in the middle of
the front, facing the street, is a high archway,
opening into a yard at the back; above it is an
overhanging, gabled structure carried higher
than the rest of the house.
Condition — -Fairly good.
(20). The 1\ed Hart Inn, is a two-storeyed
house of plastered timber, built f. 1600 or
earlier, but much altered and repaired in the
19th century. The rt)of is tiled. The building
faces E. and is rectangular, with a projecting
upper storey. In the gabled X. end is an arch-
way with a pair of early 17th-century gates,
which have open upper panels set with pierced
balusters. The archway opens into an irregu-
larly shaped yard at the back, in which are
ranges of rough-plastered timber outbuildings
with overhanging upper storeys.
Condition — Fairly good.
The M.^rket Pi,a<e: —
(21). The Market Place has been consider-
ably altered, but many of the houses show traces
of 17th-century, or possibly medireval, work;
some of them were re-fronted in the 18th cen-
tury, and on the N. and W. sides there has been
much modern rebuilding.
N.K. corner, S. of the church: —
(22). House, includes part of a 15th-centuiy
building of courtyard plan, and is now divided
into a dwelling house and shops. The walls are
of brick and pl.nsteivd timber; the roof is tiled.
The hiiusc. on the site of the former 10. wing,
was completely rebuilt in the 17th century,
and mucli altered in the 18th century, llie
15th-century W. wing is nearly intact, and
retains the overhanging gatehouse, and an eti-
trance archway framed in heavy moulded tini-
l>ers with curved bracketting. The N. and 8.
wings no longer exist, but traces of the N. wing
were found recentlv.
Condition — Good.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIEE.
123
High Street, W. side : —
(23). The Cock Hotel, is a building of tiinljei',
with plaster aud brick tilling, and is probably
of tb© IGtb century. The plan is L-shuped, and
the bouse with its outbuildings encloses a large
yard on tbree sides. The heavy, close-set con-
structional timbers of the street front have re-
cently been exposed by the removal of modern
plaster, but no detail is visible. Many additions
have been made and the whole building has
been re-arranged.
Condition — (iood; much altered.
Bancroft : —
(24). The Street, is composed almost entirely
of old houses, many evidently of the 17th cen-
tury, but there are also indications of mediseval
buildings. A considerable number were re-
tronted and enlarged, and a few were rebuilt in
tbe 18th century; all have been much patched
and repaired in the 19th century.
The houses of especial interest are the follow-
ing : —
W. side: —
(25). Tlie Brotliei-hood was built in the middle
of the liitli cciitiuy; it is covered wiiii rough-
cast, and has a tiled roof.
This building, although much altered, is of
especial interest on account of its early date,
and retains a fine open timber roof, now ceiled
in, but otherwise unchanged.
The original plan was lectangular, with the
ground floor divided by transverse partitions,
and the first floor, forming a large hall, open
to the roof, and about 48 ft. by 17 ft. internally.
At subsequent dates additions have been made
at the back, the outer walls have been re-
newed, the hall divided into a number of rooms,
and shop windows inserted on the ground
floor. Nothing remains to show the original
position of the stairs. The street front has four
first floor windows of two lights with wooden
mullions and transoms, apparently modem,
but possibly restorations. On the apices of
the two gables are small figures in coarse terra-
cotta of a man on horseback, copied from the
original figures preserved in one of the shops.
Inside the house some ogee-moulded beams
remain, and the four trusses of the open roof
of the hall are still in position, partly covered
by the plaster ceiling; the roof has moulded
wall-posts with moulded capitals and bases,
moulded wall-plates and purlins, cambered tje-
beams, and queen-posts with curved spandrel
pieces and wind braces, all of oak.
Condition — Good ; much repaired.
(26). The Croft was built in the first half of
the 15th century, probably of plastered timber;
the roof is tiled. The house was much altered
in the 17th and 19th centuries. The original
plan appears to have been of half- II shape;
the large hall with open roof was in the central
block, a solar wing on the >S., and a kitchen
wing on the N. The N. wing no longer
exists, and the S. wing has been completely
re-faced, within and without. Parts of two
trusses of the hall roof remain, and one of
the large moulded wall-posts which carried
them. The trusses (al)out lU ft. centre to centre)
are of the king-post type with moulded tie-
beams, and the octagonal king-posts have
moulded bases, embattled capitals and four-way
curved strutting. The present rooi is built
over the old one, aud to a lower pitch. One
room on the ground floor is lined with early
17th-centuiy panelling.
Condition — Gooil ; considerably altered.
E. side : —
(27). House, nov! divided into two dwellings
(Nos. 83-84), is probably of the 15th century.
The walls are of plastered timber; the roof is
tiled. The plan appears to have been originally
L-shaped, with the hall in the main wing facing
W., and a small solar wing on the N. On the N.
side of the solar wing is a high archway with
a room over it. In the second half of the ICth
century a floor was inserted in the hall to form
an upper storey, which projects on the W. front;
to give sufficient head-room a gable was built at
the N. end, and the S. half of the roof was raised;
the solar wall was not altered. A chimney
stack was also inserted at the N. end of the main
wing. Only one tie-beam of the original open
roof of the hall remains, in which mortice holes
for curved angle-brackets are visible. One
moulded beam of the IGth-century floor also
remains.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(28). The HermUac/e is a building of irregular
plan which incorporates a large barn, probably
of the 16th century, converted into part of a
dwelling house in the 18th century, the rest of
the house being rebuilt or added at the same
time. The barn is of plastered timber with two
large disuse<l archways.
In the garden there are traces of cultivation
terraces, and the remains of what is supposed
to be a gravel pit.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(29). The Skynner Almshoitses are two brick
buildings, dated 1670 and 1698, and divided
into small, single-room tenements; the roofs are
tiled. The windows in front and at the back
are wood-framed and the external doors have
124
INVENTORY OF THE MONVMENTS OF HERTFORDSIIIUK.
four-centred brick heads; they are much
restore<l, but uiaiiy uietul casoiiients remain. A
wall picrcetl by arclies encloses the strip of
garden in Iwut, and in it are stones recording
the foundation of the buildings.
Condition — (lood.
(iJO). House, with outbuildings, of late loth-
century date, now forms three dwelling houses
(.\os. 8U, 87 and .S8j, with a builder's yard. The
house is of two storeys, timbcr-franie<l, partly
plaster filled, partly rough-cast and partly
weather-boarded, witli some modern brickwork ;
the ixK)fs are tile<l. The whole building was
much altered in the I'Jth century.
The panelled canopy of the dais in the hall is
an unusual instance of the survival of this
fitting.
Tlie original plan of the house was L-shaped,
W'ith the hall (of about 20 ft. span, and probably
of four bays of 12 ft. each) in the long wing
facing W., and now divided by partitions. The
two-storeyed solar wing, N. of the hall,
has an archway with a room over it at the N.
end; beyond it is a small modern building on
the site of an old malt kiln. In the angle of
the wings a staircase led to the upper floor
of the solar, and the modern staircase is almost
in the same position. The elevation facing the
street is gabled at each end, and the upper
storey projects under the gables; between them
i-^ a modern bay window. Many of the con-
structional timbers are exposed, but most of
them have been re-faced, and the back of the
house has been much altered. Part of the open
timber roof of the hall is visible above the ceiling
in No. 87; it has moulded wall-plates, tie-
beams, etc., and king-posts with curved struts.
(Jne of the moulded wali-pnsts and some inter-
mediate studs remain at the N. end of the 1"!
wall, and between them on the level of the first
floor are traces of unglazed moulded openings
with elaborate cintjuefoiled traceried heads, of
wliicli one remains intact ; fhev were pi(dialily
iK'tween tin? solar staiicase and the hall. Over
the N. enil of the hall is the coved cano|)y (d'
the dais; it is wood, divided into square ])ane]s
by oge<'-moulde<l ribs, formerly with bosses at
tiie junctions, of which some were in situ a few-
years ago. The solar contains a little ]>anelling
of early 17th-century <late. At the back are
hiiig ranges of ontbuildiniiS with elaborate (j])cn
roofs of rouoli-hcwn tind)crs which have no
detail, but are jirobably (d' the same date as the
house.
Condition — Good.
(31). Tlousrs (Nos. 89 and 90), appear to have
been originally one building, similar to Nos.
87 and 88, but were completely altered and
re-fronte<l in the 18th century.
Condition — (iood; nuudi altered.
(o2). TuE Gn.\.N(;E, Portniill Lane, was built
at the beginning of the 17th century, if not
earlier, but it was re-fronted with brick and
much altered about the niitldle of the 18th cen-
tury.
Cond i tiou — Good .
(•■5;5). TiiK Bi(;(;iN Ai.MsiiuisES, S.E. of the
church, built early in the 17th century, prob-
ably of plastered timber and brick, are of two
storeys and an attic. The roof is tiled. They
are said to be on the site of a religious
house, of which there are no visible re-
mains, and consist of four wings built about
a small courtyard, each wing containing
small sets of rooms on both floors, and simple,
enclosed staircases. Many alterations have been
made and partitions inserted at various dates.
On the W. side of the court is a colonnade, form-
ing a cloister, with small wooden columns of the
Tuscan order.
Condition — Poor.
QiEEN Street: —
(•'54). The Street, runs parallel with Bancroft
and the High Street on the E. bank of the river
Jliz, and appears to be of mediaeval origin. The
AV. side is probably the ohler, and retains
the original arrangement of houses with arch-
ways opening into yards, in which are rows of
small tenements extending towar<ls the river.
The houses of most interest aie the follow-
ing:—
E. side : —
(3.')). House (No. fi), is a small l)uilding of
plastered timber, with a gabled front and over-
hanging \ij)per storey, of early 17th-century
date. It is of the simplest workmanship, and
devoid of detail.
Condition — Poor.
AV. side: —
(3G). lloiise, originally a single buihling of
the 15th century, now divide<l into two shops
(Nos. 101 and 102), and covered with modern
plaster. The upper storey projects, and the hall
a]i])ears to have' been on the first llooi-, but the
roof an<l inleiior have lieen com]detely altered.
Over the archway on the S. side of No. 101 is an
overhanging gable with the date 1729 worked in
the ])Iaster, but the posts carn-ing the bres-
sumer have thi> remains of Ifjth- century
octagonal moulded ca])itals, sujiporting curved
angle bracketting, which forms a four-centred
head.
Condition — Poor.
INVENTORY OF THE MCiNUMEXTS OF HF.RTFOHDSHIKE.
125
(37). House (\os. 103 and 104), now dividod
into two buildings, was built at the end of the
14th or beginning of the 15th century. It is of
plastered timber with masonry foundations;
the roofs are tiled. The plan, of lialf-H shape
and of the simplest medieval tyj)e, consisted
of a wing containing kitchen, buttery and pan-
try on the N., a solar wing of two storeys on
the 8., and a hall of one storey between them.
The kitchen wing and, apparently, the N.'eud
of the hall have disajjpeared ; an upper lloor lias
been inserted in the remaining part of tlie hall,
which is now divided into several rooms, and
the solar wing forms a separate tenement. The
interior is quite plain, but the hall retains the
original moulded wall-plate and parts of two
trusses of the roof, one nearly complete. The
trusses, about 19 ft. in span, are of a simplified
hammer-beam type, moulded with a double
ogee, the principals being of a trefoiled form.
Condition — Poor.
Unclassified;—
(28). CuLTiv.\Tio.\ Terr.^ces, in the garden of
the Hermitage (see above).
66. HUDUESDON, \Wv,\y and Rural.
(O.S. G in. (a)sxxvi S.E. («xxxvii. N.W.)
Secular:—
High Street, E. side: —
''(1) St. Monica s Priory, formerly Rawdon
House, about ?, mile S. of the church, is a large
red brick building with stone dressiiijis, of two
storeys and an attic; the loof is tiled. It was
built by Marmaduke Rawdon in 1G22; a stone
over the jjorch bears the date, and several lead
rain-water heads also have the date and
the initials M.R. The original plan was
rectangular, with a projecting porch and bay
windows on the W. or main front, and a square
tower, containing the staiicase, at the back; a
N.W. wing was add<><l in IcSSO, and the building
was very carefully restored. The W . Elevntiuti
has a plain stone cornice with a range of five
curvilinear gables above it; in the middle gable,
over the ])(irch, is the date 1022; (he other gables
have circular o|)enings, with a small stone cross
in low relief above each opening. The project-
ing porch is of two storeys; the lower ])ait has
been restored, and has granite columns on each
side; the upper part has engaged shafts of
brick, with capitals which support a mwlern
brick pierced parapet. On each side of the
porch are two projecting bay windows in two
storeys, with heavy mullions and transoms, and
modern brick embattled parapets,; all the win-
dows have been restored, but the brick pilasters
between those on the hrst floor are original.
The attic wijidows are also mullioned, and have
been restored. Ou the E. or Garden Front the
square central tower rises above the roof and
terminates in a pierced parajjet^ enclosing a
gallery with cup<da and sidelights of glass.
The garden door is original and has a semi-
circular head, elaborately fluted and panelled;
all the windows have been restored. The
rectangular chimney stacks are original, and
have pilastered sides and projecting caps. The
hall is in the middle of the original block, and
has a plaster ceiling with a design of fleurs-de-
lis, Tudor roses, etc., a plaster frieze of geomet-
rical design and a wide fireplace with plaster
figures. The librarj- ou the N. of the hall was
probably originally the kitchen. The 17tli-
centnry, wide oak staircase, which is carried up
to the attic, has heraldic newels and a jiierced
balustrade, with heraldic figures of dragons,
griffins, etc., ou the first floor, and figures,
apjjarently Biblical, on the top floor. On the
first floor landing is an elaborate tour-centred
doorway of oak, with a square head; the door is
panelled and the lintel and pilasters are en-
riched with stiap worlc. There are some old
doors, panelling and lieams in a few of the
rooms, but most of the original fittings were
sold in the 19th century, when the house be-
came the property of Canonesscs of the Augus-
tinian Order. Three of the fireplaces are at
Rothamsted. (See Ilarpenden.)
Condition — Good, but restored and altered.
'(2). Stanborough House, now the Conserva-
tive Club, J mile S. of the church, is a late Kith
or early ITth-century house, with a central wing
at the buck, dated Hi:!?, the plan of the building
being T-shaped. The W. block (or head of the
T^), facing the street, is of two storeys and attics,
and has timber-framed and plastered walls.
The roofs are tiled, and there is an original
chimney stack of narrow bricks. Externally
this block is of modern appearance, but inside
there are several original oak floor joists with
chamfered edges and moulded stops. The wing
of 1G37 (forming tho stem of the T) is of three
storeys, built of brick, and has several rain
water heads bearing the date: the N. front is
divided by shallow pilasters into six bays, below
the cornice at the second floor level; the Hue of
tho high parapet above this is broken by a semi-
circular gable in the middle and a plain gable
at the E. end of the front. The outer doorway,
in the second bay from t!H> W., has an original
oak panelled door; each window on the ground
dooi' has a shallow form of ornamental p€<li-
ment; two of the oiiginal windows on the first
floor are blocked. The E. or end wall of the
126
l.VVEXTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERrFORDSHIEE.
wing has a curvilinear gable and modern win-
dows. On the S. side are two chimney stacks
with five square shafts, lour set diawonaily; the
westernmost shaft is modern, and the others
apparently rebuilt with old bricks. Inside the
wing there is a Hne oak staircase with heavy
newels, some with double heads, a deep moulded
handrail, and carved Hat balusters, moulded to
the rake of the stairs. Several rooms retain
their original oak i)anelling, in small squares
with stop-mouhled frames, and one room has a
carved oak chimney piece. Some oak panelled
doors, studded with nails, also lemain.
Condition — Good.
*(;J). /loyijts Hall, about J mile S. of the
church, is a building of two storeys, timber-
framed, and covered with rough-cast cement; the
roof is slated, but under it is said to be part of
the original roof with some old tiles. ITie
present plan is of an irregular half-H shape, and
externally the house is entirely modern, but
detail in the main block, which faces AV., shows
it to be part of a 15th-century building, prob-
ably of rectangular or perhaps L-8ha])ed plan,
with a N. wing, as at present, containing the
kitchen, etc. This wing and two small rooms
on the K. side of the main block have no detail
by which they can be dated; the wing at the
S. end was added by the present owner of the
house. The hall, in the main block, appears
to be the N. half of the original hall, and has
an open timber ceiling with 1.5th-century beams;
at the N. end is a timber-framed, plastered par-
tition, in which is a loth-century wood d<X)r-
way with a cinquefoihnl hollow chamfered
ogee arch and plain chamfered posts; W.
o( it was formerly a similar doorway, and the
notch to receive the arch can still be seen in
one of the posts: these doorways probably
led to the kitchen and buttery. The rooms
N. and S. of the hall have old ceiling joists, but
all the other details of the interior are modern,
except a little panelling of late IGth and early
ITth-centun,- date, brought fi-om elsewhere.
Condition — Good.
W. side : —
'' (4). The Grangr, about 700 yards S. of the
church, is a two-storeyed house of brick.
It seems to have been built in the lOth
century, but was rebuilt early in the ISth
century, and has later alterations and addi-
tions, llie original plan is untraceable.
One room is lined with early 17th-century
j)anelling, not in situ, and has an overmantel
and enriched cornice of late 17th-century date.
In the domestic offices are three doors of c. ICOO,
with long, narrow, moulded j(ancls,aud there is
also a fragment of a carved frieze panel, in oak,
of the same date.
Condition — Good; much altered.
''(oj. The O'olih'ii Lion Inn, about ."lOU yards
S. of tile church, is a small, two-storeyed iiouse
of plastered timber and brick, built c. KiUO, and
much altered in the 18th and l^th centuries.
'I'ho j)lan is L-shape<l, with the principal rooms,
now parlour and bar, in the lono- wins, which
faces the street, and the domestic ofiiccs in the
short wing. The upper storey projects on the
front, and is carried on rough-axed beams; a
door on this level, under a small gable at the
back, is reached by a ladder. The two chimney
stacks have been rebuilt.
(Condition — Good; much altered,
''(G), Tlie Old Swan Inn, probably of late
IGth-centuiy date, is a two-storeyed house built
of red brick and timber; the i-oof is covered with
slate. The upper storey projects over a
moulded oak cornice, and in the front is a large
bay window, suppoi'ted on two columns.
Condition — Good ; much restored and altered.
' (7). The Griffin Hotel retains some timber
work, i)robably of early 17th-century date.
Condition — Good; much altered and repaired.
^{8). Bell, in the Clock Tower, at the N. end
of the street, about 200 yds. S.W. of the church,
was cast by Thomas Bullisdon early in the IGtli
century, and bears the inscription ' Sancta Ana
ora pro nobis.' It prcjbablv belonged to an
ancient chapel, on the site of which the tower
ii built.
*(9). CoTT.iGES (Nos. 71-75), on the W. side
of Amwell Street, are probably of the 17th
century. They are built ol brick and timber;
the roofs are tilccl.
Condition — Fairly good.
''(10). Stone CoxDUiT-HivAn, formerly at the
public well in the High Street, was removed in
the 19th century, and is tcmjiorarily placed at
Connal's Farm, about § mile F. of the church.
It represents tl'.e three-quarter figure of a
woman, life-size, holding a pitcher, and was
given by Sir JIarmaduke Eawdon (who built
Kawdon House in 1022) to the town.
Condition — Damaged and weatherworn.
Unclassified:—
"(11). TuMCLUs, S. of road at Hoddesdon-
burv.
67. IIOLWELL.
fO.S. G in. («) vi. N.E. W vi. S.E.
Ecclesiastical;—
"(1). I'.^Kisn CinECii OF St. Peter, stande
in the village, about 'i miles N. of Hitchin.
H
INVENTORY OF THE MONTJMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
127
It was built in 1877-9 on the site of an older
rliurch, of which it contains the followiupf
remains: — across E. wall, the length of 14th-
century string course, with ball flower and other
ornament typical of the period, and in the N.
wall of the nave a 15th-century doorwa}'.
Fittings — Brass : in the nave, to Robert
Wodehouse, 1515 ; with chalice and wafer, and
an inscription between two 'wodehouses' or
wild men. Corbel or Bracket : in S. wall of
chancel, possibly 15th-century. Piscina: in
N. wall of nave, recess without basin, cusped
head much damaged, 15th-century.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
* (2). Homestead Mo.\t, i mile S.W. of the
church.
68. HUNSDON.
(O.S. fi in. («)xxx. S.W. Wxsx. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
* (1). Parish Church, dedication unknown,
but attributed to St. Dunstan, stands near
Hunsdon House, about a mile S. of the village.
The walls are of flint rubble with stone dress-
ings; the S. chapel is of brick; the roofs are
tiled. The church has been much rebuilt, but
there are traces of a Nave, probal)ly of the 12th
century, of which the W. wall and possiblv
the N. wall remain. Early in the 15th
century the West Tower and North Porch were
built, and, c. 1500, the nave was widened
towards the S. and the Chancel rebuilt. The
North Chapel was added later in the 16th cen-
tury, and at the end of the cenlury the South
Chapel was built. The building was restored
during the IDth century, but was not structur-
ally altered.
The churcli contains the following fittings of
especial interest: — the screen beiween the S.
chapel and nave, an unusually elaborate
example for the date (r. 1010) : the Cary monu-
menl ami th.it of Sir niomas Eorster, fine illus-
trations of the ]ieriod (early 17th-century) : the
I'oyntz monument (1528), though small, of ex-
reptionally good detail; the early IGtlrcenlury
glass in the ]']. window, of which suflicicut
remains lo show the subjecfs of the design.
Architectural Descri|)tion — The Chancel (4'i
ft. by 171 ft.) has an E. window of five lights,
a N. window, two S. windows, and a small S.
doorway, all modern, except a few stones of
c. 1500 in the jambs. On the N. a doorway,
with a four-centred wf)oden head and a pointed
arch, opens into the chajiel. The chancel arch,
of two chamfered orders, is also of c. 1500. The
North Chapel (22^ ft. by 13^ ft.) has an early
14(h-centur\' E. window of two lights, re-set,
])artly restored. On the S.E. is a square pro-
jection which contains a short flight of steps, the
floor of the chapel having been raised for the
construction of a vault early in the ISth century.
The Nave (48| ft. by 22i ft.) has in the N. wall
two windows, of two lights each, and a door-
^\ay, all of the 15th century much restored ; two
doors and ]iart of the stairs to tlie rood-loft are
in the N.E. corner. In the S. wall, opening
into the chapel, is a wide arch of three moulded
orders, probably of brick, plastered, and W. of
it are two almost entirely modern windows.
Above the tower arch are traces of the steep-
])itched roof of the earlier and narrower nave.
The South Chapel (23 ft. by 22i ft.) has
mul Honed windows of plastered brick in the E.
and W. walls, and two single-light windows
and a doorway in the S. wall; they are all
of late 16th-century date. The West Toicrr
(12i ft. by 11 ft.) 'is of three stages, with an
embattled parapet and a small slated spire.
The early 15th-century tower arch is a little N.
of the central line of the nave and is of two
orders, the inner order resting on pilasters.
The W. doorway is of two moulded orders, the
inner two-centred, and the outer square; above
it is a traceried window of two lights. In the
second stage is a W. window of two lights, and
in the third stage are four windows of two lights.
The North Pnrrh is of open timber construction,
with cusped barge-boards, and a two-centred
entrance arch. In the Poof of the nave are a
few old moulde<l tie-beams; the N. chapel
has a plain collar-beam roof, possibly original,
and the r<x)f of the S. chapel is also original.
Fittings— /7r//.s .• eight; 4th bv Robert Old-
feild, 1630; 7th and 8th by Anthony Bartlet.
1608 and 16-52. Brasses: in the N. chapel, of
Margaret Shelley, 1495, shrouded figure, with
symbol of ihe Holy Trinity and inscription : in
nave, to .Tames Gray, park keeper, 15!ll, inscrip-
tion and square plate with figure "f huntsman
with crossbow, a wounded stag, and skeleton
representing Death. Commnnion Table: in
chancel, early 17th-c;cntury. Doors: in nave, N.
chapel and chiincel, plain, jirobably medijeval.
Class: in the ]']. window, fiaginenls of an
Annuncial ion, an Ascension. Resurrection, etc.,
early 16lh-(entury : in the windowsof nave, other
fragments, ^fonuwents : on N. side of chancel,
cusped and ])anelle(l wall recess, with in.scrip-
lion to h'rancis Povniz, 1528: on the same
side, large canopied tomb, in classical style,
with cffigv of Sir Tluunas Forster, judge of the
Common Bench, 1612, in his judge's robes and
cap; in front of the tomb, a richly worked
126
INVENTOR T OF TnE MOXl'MENTS OF HERTFOFDSHIBE.
wrought iron railing^: in S. chapel, large mural
nioiiunieiit, of rlassical design, with effigies of
Sir John C'arv and his wife, c. ItiOd. I'isciiku- :
in the ehancel. e. 1500. Plate: includes cup
and rover paten of 1660. Poor Box: plain,
17th-century. Screens: under chancel arch,
base only, mid 15th-century : between S. chapel
and nave, large, elaborate oak screen, with close
lower panels, small Ionic arcade above them,
and heavy enriched cornice; over it a shield
of twenty pieces, with the Carv arms and alli-
ances, c. 1610.
Condition — (iood; much repaired. The
screen in the S. chaiK'l is in very gootl condition.
Secular: -
"(2). Olives Farm, house and mouf, on the
extreme W. horder of the parish, nearly | mile
from the church. The house is of timber and
plaster, and is gabled; the roofs are tiled.
It was built in the 17th century, apparently on
a rectangular plan, and has an 18th-ceutury
addition on the E. side, and a modern S. wing.
One chimney stack is of 17th-ceutury thin
bricks. Inside the house is a large fireplace
with chimney ccirners enclosed in cupboards,
and a few old beams also remain.
Condition — Of house, good; of moat, fairly
good.
* (3). HuxsDox House, near the church, is a
rectangular building, facing N. and S., of red
brick, with an embattled parapet and flat roof.
The recorded history of the house is that in 1447
it was built by Sir -Tohn Oldhalle: in the 16th
century it became the property of Henry VIII..
and was much altered: in 1804 the then owner
])ulled down a great part of it, and restored the
rest. The plan was probably half-ll or Iv
shaped, and the present nuiin blwk formed the
Jf. wing, projecting towards the E. Only the
outer walls remain, the interior being entirely
the work of 1804. At eai h of the four angles
is a diagonal buttress, with a V-sha|>cd face,
surmounted by a pinnacle or small turret with
a modern slate roof. The principal entrance is
in a small projecting wing at the E. end, and the
donrway has jamhs and a four-centred arch of
I'rick, covered with cement. All the other
doorways and window.s are m<Mlern. One of the
large cellars under the main block has a barrel-
vault of brick, and projcctinjr from another is a
small octagonal turret which now terminates
below the ground level. At the W. end is a
small modern wing containing the domestic
offices. It partly encloses a courtvard. and is
pierced bv a large gateway on the X.W., which
has some old bricks in it, but was probably
also built in the 19th centurv. A wall between
the courtyard and garden on the S. appears to
be old; on the garden side it has an octagonal
summer house, ])robably originally a turret,
and, on the courtyard side, a blocked window
and three vertical rows of small blocked re-
cesses, three in each row, possibly constructed
to hold the wooden joists of partitions. In-
ti-rior — In the entrance hall there is a ])ainted
wooden mantelpiece, of 17th-ceuturv workman-
ship, and in another room is an old stone fire-
|)lace with a flat four-centred arch, and three
shields, one surmunilcd by a jrarter. carved in
the lintel; the woodwork of this fireplace is of
the 18th century.
Condition — Good.
* (4). Hot'SE, formerly the Wheatsheaf Inn,
now divided into two cottages. stan<ls on the
E. side of the A\'idford road, about a mile N.
of the church. It is an early 17th-centurv
building, of two storeys, with part of the upper
storey in the roof. The walls are timber-frame<l
and plastere<l ; the roof is tiled. The plan is
L-shn])e<l; the main block faces W. and the
shorter wing S. The R. half of the W. front
is gabled, and there is a dormer window in
the N. half; the main entrance is in the mid<lle.
The X. end of the main block and the E. end of
the S. wing are also gabled. The windows have
modem snsh frames. In the main block is a
central chimney stack with engaged shafts set
(liagonally. A large fireplace on the S. side of
the stack has oak posts and a lintel with arched
soffit; on it is carved the date 16S1 or 1687.
Condition — Fairly good.
'(5). CoTT.AGEs. in the village, nearly a mile
X. of the church, a row of two-storeyed 17th-
ccntur\- buildings, have plastered walls ami
retain their original chimney stacks of narrow
bricks; the roofs are tilo<l. Other small cof-
i:i£res are of the I7th century, but onlv the
chimnev stacks remain unaltered.
Condition — Fairly good.
69. ICKLEFORD.
ro.s. n in. ("K-ii. x.w. c-ivii. s."vr.)
Ecclesiastical: -
'■(1). P.\R1SH ClU'RCII OK St. K.^thertne,
stands in the middle of the village. It is
entirely covered with plaster; the chancel is
roofed with slate and the nave with lead. The
Xiive, of c. 1150, is the earliest part of the
church; the Chnnrcl and West Tower were built
early in the 1 'ith centurv'. The Smith Porrh
was added r. 14.')0; the nave was re-roofcd in the
l;"'th centurv, and in 1859 the church was
restored, and the South Chapel, South Aisle and
Xorth Vestrji were added.
\
HUNSDON: r.\HISII CIIIUCIl OK ST. 1 )r NSIA X.
SCKKKX T(i siiiril illANSKI'T ; KAKl.V ITthi KNTlllV.
INVENTORY OF THE MONtlMENTS OF HERTFORDSniRE.
129
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(19 ft. by 14 ft.) has no orifrinal detail except a
1.3th-ccntury lancet window in the N. wall. The
Nave (54 ft. by 17 ft.) has, in the N. wall, a win-
dow of three cinquefoiled lights with tracer^-,
under a square head, and a second window of
two cinquefoiled lights, also with tracery, under
a pointed head; both windows are of the 15th
century, and repaired with cement; between
them is a blocked 12th-century doorway, much
decayed and repaired with cement, but with a
well preserved ciieveron-moulding on the rear
arch; at the E. end of this wall is a rood-loft
staircase. In the S. wall is a 12th-century door-
way with a semi-circular arch of three
moulded orders, supported on each side by
two shafts which have capitals carved with
leaf ornament, and moulded abaci; the original
bases are missing, and the stonework has
l>een repaired with cement; E. of it is a
15th-century window of two lights, repaired
witii cement. The S. arca<lc is modern. The
Toircr (10 ft. square) is of two stages
witii substantial angle buttresses and a low
pyramidal lead roof. The two-centred tower
arch and a narrow lancet window on the
S. are probably of the 13th century. The W.
window and the belfry windows are of the 15th
century, repaired with cement. The South
Porch has an embattled parapet with a central
niche over the doorway. The entrance arch is
two-centred and above it is a string cour,se,
much decayed. The Roof of the nave is of the
loth century, supported on grotesque stone
corbels.
Fittings— TJc//^ .• five; 3rd 1680, 4th 1650.
Brass : in the nave, of Thomas Somor and
Marjory his wife, c. 1380, half-length figures,
with imperfect inscription. Chair: in the
chancel, oak, with canopy, of foreign work-
maiisliip, c. 1600. I'lsciiiiie : in the chancel, the
bowl ])rojection broken, 15th-century: in nave,
15th-century, much broken, probably not in
situ. Screen: above the piscina in chancel,
15tli-century tracery, possibly part of a screen.
Slab : in the chapel, with face fixed to the wall.
Condition — Structurally good, but most of the
stonework is decayed and repaired with cement.
The iV. wall is covered with ivy.
Secular:—
'' (2). Homestead Moat, at Pound Farm.
« (3). Old Ramkrick, Manor House and
Moat, about two miles N. of the cluirch. The
house is of two storeys; the plan is L-shaped
and the maiu block was built or rebuilt early
in the 18th century, of red brick; the N.E.
wing is probably part of a 17th-ceutury house,
and is of chinch with brick quoins. The roofs
are tiled. The interior is of the 18th century.
An outbuilding, formerly a stable, appears to
be of earlier dale than the house; the S. gable
end is of cluucli, and part of the E. wall is of
])la,stcre<l timber, the rest is of brick ; inside
tlio building are circular oak posts, with
moulded caj)s and bases, which divided (he
stalls.
Only a fragment of the moat remains.
Condition — Of house, good.
' (4). House, about i mile S. of the church, is
a two-storeyed building of timber, covered with
rough-cast, on a brick foundation, dated 1599.
The roofs are tilwl. It is of a modified II plan,
the projection of the wings being very slight;
one end of the house is partly enclosed by
modem cottages. The wings are gabled and
have overhanging upper storeys; a gabled oriel
window has the date 1590 over it.
Condition — Fairly good.
(See also Addendum, p. 245.)
70. IPPOLLITTS.
(O.R. 6 in. '«)xii. N.W. '6)xii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical;—
« (1). Parish CiiVRcir of St. Ippolyts,
.stands in the middle of the village, about 1}
miles S. of Hitchin. It is built chiefly of flint
y.ith limestone and clunch dressings; the tower
is covered with cement, and the S. porch is of
timber and brick; the roof of the X. aisle is
covered with lead, the other roofs are tiled.
Almost the whole church, except the fower, was
rebuilt from the foundations in 1879, but the
old materials were carefully replaced and the
history of the original building can lie followed.
The Nave was built towards the end of the lltli
century, and the chancel was rebuilt r. 1320,
when the North and South Aisles were added, the
S. aisle first and then the X. aisle, succeeded
immediately by the addition of the West Tower.
In the 15th century the chancel arch was
widened, a rood-screen and several windows
were inserted, and the North and South Porches
were built. When the church was restored in
the 19th century the width of the N. aisle
was increased from 6 ft. to 9 ft.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(26 ft. by 22 ft.) has a modern E. window; the
N. window and the two S. windows, each of
two lights with tracery, are of the 14th century,
much repaired; the 15th-centurv chancel arch "is
partly restored. The Nave (29 "ft. by 20 ft.) has
two 14(h-century arches on each side, separated
by about 4 ft. of wall space ; they were inserte<l
in an earlier wall, and are of two chamfered
orders, the inner order springing from carved
corbel heads, of which some are modern; the
B
130
INVENTORY OF THE UONCUBNTS OF HERTFORDSHIHB.
labels and parts of the arches are also modern.
The stair-turret of the rood-loft in the N.E.
corner has a four-centred doorway at the former
level of the loft. Above the 8. arcade are the
remains of a window with a round head, of late
11th-century date, built in tufa. The Aorth
Aisle (9 ft. wide) has modern windows and a
doorway of early 14th-century date, restored,
with a modern rear-arch. The SoiUh Aisle (G ft.
wide) has a narrow 14th-ceutury E. window of
two lights with tracery, and a siiuave-headed S.
window of two lights, repaireil ; the S. door-
way, of moulded chinch, is of c. 1320; the
W. window is modern. Part of a 13th-centuiy
arch and label with dog-tooth ornament is set
in the wall of the arcade. The ^yest Tower ha.s
no external string courses; it has square angle
buttresses and a 8.AV. stair-turret; tiie root is
pyramidal, tinished with a tall lead-covered
tinial or post. The tower arch is plain,
with modern abaci; the 14th-century W.
window, of three lights with tracery, has
been partly rcpaire<l; the second storey is
lighte<l by loops, and the bell-chamber by win-
dows of two lights repaired with cement. The
North Porch is of stone repaired with cement;
the entrance doorway has a pointed arch in a
square head, with traceried spandrels, and is
flanked by buttresses. The South Porch is of
15th-century timber framing, with 17th-cen-
tury brick sides. The Hoofs are modern.
Fittings — Brasses: in the N. aisle, to Robert
Poydres and Alice his wife, 1401, incomplete
inscription: in the chancel, of Alice, wife of
Ryce Hughes, 1594, kneeling figures of man,
woman and children, witli inscription, all on
one plate. Font : octagonal bowl, on stem with
engaged shafts, 14tli-century. Lockers: two, in
the N. wall of the chancel. Monument : in the S.
aisle, recess with recumbent effigj' of priest,
14th-century. Niches : on each side of entrance
to N. porch, rough, tref oiled : over entrance,
with cano|)ied head, 15th-century: on the sill
of Iv window in S. aisle, remains of canojiy,
1 Itli-century. Piscinae : in the chancel, com-
bined with credence, 14th-century: in each
aisle, 14th-century. Plate: includes silver cup
of 1(134 and paten of 1039. Screen : in the
chancel, modern, with 15th-century middle
bay.
Condition — Good.
Secular;—
"(2). M.wnK.N'cnoFT, farmhouse and moat.
about a mile AV. of the church. The house is a
two-storeyed, red brick and timber building,
of early 17th-centuiy date; the roofs are tiie<l.
'I'tic ](tan is L-siiaped, and on the E. side are
large projecting chimney stacks with tall square
shafts set diagonally. On the ground floor the
hall, now divided into two rooms, has old ceiling
beams, supported in the centre by a substantial
circular pillar with a moulded capital, and the
(late 1(J15 above it. Some of the I'ooms retain
old timbers.
Outbuildings — S."W. of the house is a large
barn, built of timber with brick nogglng, and a
stable, both of the same date as the house. A
network of timbers supports the gabled roof of
tlio barn, but it is falling in at one end.
Only a fragment remains of the moat.
Condition — Of buildings, good, except the
roof of the barn.
«(3).HorsE, AV. of the church, on the N. side
of the road, is a n^ctangular building of brick
and timber; the roof is tiled. The W. part of
the house is of early 17th-century date, and is
gabled on the N. and S. ; the E. side was
destroyed by fire and rebuilt in the 18th cen-
tury, the wall being carried up to the level of
the tops of the gables. At tlie back is an ojjcn,
arcaded passage, of which the two round arches
at the W. end are original. There is an old nail-
studde<l door in the principal entrance.
Condition — Good; much restored.
" (4). CoTT.iGE, S.E. of the church, is of brick
and timber, with a ])rojccting upper storey sup-
ported on brackets, and was built ])iobably
early in the 17th century. At the gabled W. end
of the house is a large brick chimnej- stack with
two square shafts, set diagonally.
Condition — Fairly good.
Little Axmsiioe: —
6(5). The Wych, jf mile S. S.E. of the church,
is a two-storeyed house, formerly five cottages,
each of two rooms, built jirobably in the 17th
century, of timber with brick nogging, partly
replaced by modern tiles; the roof is tiled. The
plan is roughly T shaped ; the walls were
raised a few feet and under-pinned at the end
of the 19th century. The uppc>r storey is jiartly
in the roof, and one (u- two of the trusses and
also some beams in the ceilings of the rooms on
the ground floor appear to be original; old
timbers have been re-used for posts and lintels
of fireplaces, and in the floors, but the windows
and doors are modern.
Condition — Good.
'(G). Cottuijc, 1 mile S.S.E. of thechurch, of
late 17th-century date, is a small rectangular
Imilding, of two storeys, the upper storey
])artly in the roof; the original walls are of
timber with brick nogging; the fiont, facing
S., is of modern brick, and tlie roof is tiled.
Over a gabled iloiiner win<low are the letters
I L and the date 1095. The central chimney
INVENTORY OF THE MONTJMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIEE.
131
stack is of thin bricks. S.W. of tte cottage is
ail old barn built of timber.
Condition — Poor.
GOSMOEE : —
(7). House and Cottaqes, f mile W. of tbe
church; the house is of red brick and has a
central chimney stack wi(h three square sbafts,
of which two are original; inside the house a
chimney-piece bears the date ICG-T. The
cottages are of brick and timber, built in the
ITtli century.
Condition — Fairly good.
Unclassified;—
((S). TvmiiJus, near Gosmore.
Condition — Poor.
71. KELSHALL.
(O.S. 6 in. Wiv. S.W. Wviii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
*> (1). Parish GiiuEcit of St. Faith, stands on
high ground about 2 miles S. of the Eoyston and
Baldock road. The walls are of flint and stone,
and those of the tower are coated with cement.
The church is of the 15th century, the Chancel,
Nave and West Tower being of earlier date than
the Aisles and South Porch; the walls of the
chancel and nave possibly contain stones of an
earlier building. The church, except the tower,
was completely restored in 1870.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(29 ft. by 18 ft.) has an E. window, two N. and
two S. windows and a S. doorway, all modern;
the chancel arch, of two moulded orders, is of
the 15th century. The Nave (42 ft. by 18 ft.)
has N. and S. arcades of four bays with com-
posite pillars and pointed arches, of c. 1460-80;
in the N.E. corner is a stair-turret to the former
rood-loft; the lower doorway is blocked but the
upper one remains; the clearstorey has modern
two-light windows. The North Aisle (9 ft.
wide) has an E. window of three lights with
tracery, a W. window and two N. windows
each of two lights with tracery; all are of
late 15th-centiiry date, restored; the N. doorway
is original and has a label with defaced head-
stops. The South Aisle (9 ft. wide) has an E.
window and two S. windows with modern tiaccry
of 15fh-ceiiturv diameter; the inner jambs are
probably original, but re-workcd; the 15fh-
century S. doorway has a pointed arch in a
square head, and the two-light W. window with
tracery is of the same date, repaired. The West
Tmrer (12 ft. square) is of three stages with
buttresses and embattled parapet; the tower
arch is of early 15th-century date and of three
moulded orilers, and the jambs have moulded
capitals and bases; tho W. window is of two
lights under a sexfoil in a pointed head ; the
second stage has single lights in the S. and W.
walls, and the bell-chamber has four windows
of two lights with tracery. The South Porch
has a modern entrance and windows; over it is
an upper chamber lighted by a small square
headed window and approached by a stair-turret
in the N.W. corner. The Roof of the nave is
said to have some 15th-century timbers in it,
but is covered with modern painted ornament,
copied from the old design found in 1870 ; the
roof of the N. aisle retains a few original
timbers.
Fittings—Bells : five; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, of 1642.
Brass : in front of the chancel step, of Richard
Adane and Maryan, his wife, with inscription;
the stone was laid in 1435, but the date of
death has not been added : in the chancel, to
John Eordhain, 1527, and his two wives, in-
scription only; further inscription records its
removal from the church, c. 1700, and restora-
tion in 1910. Brackets : in the chancel, for
images, two : in the N. aisle, two; all damaged.
Doors: in the S. doorway, original, of oak,
partly restored, retains old lock, large key
and other ironwork : of the porch staircase, also
with old ironwork. Glass : in a N. window of N.
aisle, fragments, 15th-century. Locker : in the
N.W. corner of N. aisle, tall, narrow recess
(about 12 ft. high by 1 ft. 8 in. wide) with a
concave back, probably a unique example in
respect of its shape and height; it has rebate and
iron hooks for door; possibly used to hold pro-
cessional cross or stave. Monuments : on N.
wall of chancel, to Edward Franklin, rector,
1617, and Ilebecca, his wife. 1597, kneeling
figures and inscription : at W. end of nave,
floor slab to Tames Willymott, 1662. Piscina :
in the S. aisle, 15th-century, partly mutilated.
Plate: includes paten of 1685. Rood Screen:
lower part of 15th-century screen, in situ; the
panels havo original paintings of saints (two
kings, Edmund and Edward, and two bishops).
Miscellanea : in the churchyard, S. of the build-
ing, base of an octagonal stone cross. 15th-
century.
Condition — The tower needs repair, its but-
tresses and windows being much decayed; the
rest of tlio building is in good condition.
Secular: -
*(2). Base of Vill.vge Ckoss, stands in tho
middle of a small triangular green near tho
church. Little workmanship remains, but it
shows that the stone is probably of the 14fh
century. The upper half, in wliich is the socket
for the cross, is octagonal, with ogee stops; the
lower half is square. It was found in 1906, set
on a brick base, and enclosed with iron railings.
R 2
132
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIHE.
Condition — Weatherworn ; its custody has
been taken over by the County Council.
Unclassified:—
"(^3j. TiMiLUS, on Gallows Hill.
Condition — Fairly good, but thickly planted.
72. XIMPTON.
(O.S. ("Jsix. S.E. Wxx. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
* (1). Parisu Chuecu of St. Peter and St.
Paul, stands on rising ground N. of the village.
It is built of flint rubble with free-stone
dressings; the roofs are covered with slates
and lead. The plan of the Nave is prob-
ably of the 12th centuiy; North and ^So^Uh
A tiles were added c. 1200, while about
the same time, or a little later, the
Chancel was enlarged to its present size. During
the 15th century the SuiUh Chapel, the clear-
storey of the nave, the West Toicer and the
South Porch were added, and (he S. aisle was
probably partly rebuilt. In ISGl the N. aisle
was rebuilt, a North Vestry and Organ Chamber
were added, and the church was much repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(36 ft. by 15 ft.) has a three-light E. window,
which retains only a few stones of early 14th-
century date, the rest having been replaced by
modern stonework; on cacn side of it are
remains of a 13th-century lancet window. On
the S. is the 15th-century cliaj)el arcade of three
bays with columns of four clustered sliafis, and
moulded arches. The X. wall and the chancel
arch are modern. The South Chapel (32 ft. by
14j ft.) has an E. window and three S. windows,
all original openings of three lights, but with
modern tracerv. The S. doorway is also much
restored. Tlie Nave (G4 ft. by 18 ft.) has N.
and S. arcades of sixbaj-s, of c. 1200, which have
two-centred arches oi two moulded <»rdcrs, and
circular columns with moulded bases and
capitals alternately foliated and scalloped. The
clearstorey has three windows on the N. and
four on the S., the fourth having a wooden head.
The North Aisle (12J ft. wide) is modern. The
SoiUh Aisle {l'i\ ft. wide) has four windows, of
which the rear arches and jambs are old. The
S. doorway, of the 15th century, is continuously
moulded and has a label with grotesque stops.
The West Tower (12i ft. by 12 ft.) is of two stages
with an embattled parapet, a lead-covered needle
spire and a projecting stair-turret at tlie N.E.
comer. The 15th-century tower arch is four-
centreil, of two moulde<l orders with flat jambs.
The W. doorway and the window over it are
almost completely modern, and the windows of
the upper stage, of two trefoiled lights, are
much restored. The South Porch (9 ft. by
lOi ft.) is of two stages with a stair-turret at tho
N.W. corner. A window originally opened from
the second stage into the S. aisle, but is now
blocked. The whole structure is much restored.
The Roof of the S. aisle is of late 15th or early
Kith-century date, with moulded ridges, purlins
and wall plates, and cambered trusses on corbels
can'ed as angels.
Fittings — Bells: six; 1st and 3rd by Koberl
Oldfeild, 1636, 4th by John Saunders,
mid IGth-century; 5th probably by William
Kott'orde, mid i4th-century; 6th by Kobert
Oldfeild, 1638. Brass: in the chancel, of a
woman, with hair worn loose, early 15th-cen-
tury, no inscription. Monument : mural, to
Susannah, wife of Sir Jonathan Kcate, baronet,
1673; Judith Orlebar, 1690; and Sir Jonathan
Kcate, 1700. Paintings: on the remaining
splay ot each lancet window in the chancel,
traces, figure of angel visible, 13th-century.
Piscina: in S. chapel, early 13th-century, re-
set. Plate: includes a cup of 1635. Screens:
between chancel and chapel, part of parclose
screen, mid 15th-century, with tracerie<l panels,
moulded stiles, etc., all much repaired : in tho
S. chapel, at AV. end, rood-screen, with vaulted
canopy, 15th-eentury, much restored. Scatinri :\
in the chancel, six poppy-head bench-ends,
15th-century, one much restored,
rondition — Good; m\ich restored.
Secular:—
«(2-3). Tallents ok Terence Farm, 1| miles
W^.S.W., and Eameridge, 1| miles W. of the
church, are farmhouses built c. 1600, but much
altered in the 18th and 19th centuries, and now
practically modern. A few old chamfered
beams and some fragments of jnuielling remain.
Condition — Fairly good, much altcivd.
"(4). Stoneiie.\ps F.\i!.\r, 'I mile S.W. of tlie
church, is a two-storeyed building of early 17tii-
century date. Tho walls are of plastered
timber and brick; the roof is tiled. The house
is of the central chimney type, enlarge<l by
the addition of a parlour beyon<l the hall
on the AV'., a second chimney stack, and,
N. of the kitchen, a small wing, making the
])ian L-sha]x>d. The small wing is possibly a
later addition, but the rest is of one date. The
S. Elevation has three symmetrically placed bay
windows of slight projection, with overhanging
gables on moulded bressumers and carved
brackets; the gables have moulded and denticu-
lated verges. The wide fireplaces of the parlour
and kitchen remain, and one of them has a
heavy moulded beam over it.
Condition — Fairlv good.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIEE.
133
*(5). KiMPTON Hall, a farmhouse -} mile
S.S.W. of the church, was built about the same
date as Tallents Farm and Rameridge, but, as
in their case, retains little original detail.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered.
* (6). KiMPTON Mill Farm, 1^ miles E. of the
church, is also of the 17th century, much
altered, the original timber-framed walls
having been re-faced with modern brick.
Condition — Fairly good; completely altered.
*(7). Houses, in the main street of the
village, a number of 17th-century buildings, all
much altered. On the N. side: — The Two
Brewers Inn, is a two-storeyed house of plastered
timber and brick; the roof is tiled. It was
largely rebuilt in the 19th century, but at the
W. end of the street front is an original gable,
showing the constructional timbers. Cottage,
near ' The Two Brewers ', is of two storeys, built
of brick; the roof is tiled. It has been partly
rebuilt, but the windows retain some original
casements. Cottaqes, further W., several in
one range, set back from the road, are of two
storeys, built of brick and plastered timber; the
roof is tiled. The street front is gabled and the
upper storey has original dormer windows.
Almost all the other windows were altered in
the 18th century. The Goat Inn, on the S. side
of the street, is a small building of two storeys,
ihe lower storey of brick and the upper
plastered; the roof is tiled.
73. KING'S LANGLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xxxviii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church OF All Saints stands at
the S.E. end of the village. It is built of tlint
nibble and brick with Totteruhoe stone dress-
ings; the roofs of the nave, chancel and porch
are tiled, those of the aisles and chapels arc
covered with lead. The walls of the Chancel
are of the 13th century, and the plan of the nave
is probably that of a still earlier building. The
North Aisle was added probably in the first half
of the 14th century, but the N. arcade is of early
15th-century date, when the nave and S. side of
the church were practically rebuilt, the arcades
oj>ening into the South Aisle and South Chapel
being of that period. The North Chapel was
added, and the West Tower probably rebuilt
later in the same century. During the 19th cen-
tury the N. chapel was extended towards the E.,
the South Vestry and South Porch were built,
the clearstorey of the nave and part of the
tower were rebuilt and the whole church was
repaired.
The 14th-century tomb of Edmund of
Langley, son of Edward III., brought to the
church from the Dominican Friary in the
same parish in 1575, is especially interesting on
account of the carved heraldic decoration.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by 17j ft.) has a modern E. window, but
traces of 13th-century lights were found in 1877,
when the existing window was removed. On
the N. the 15th-centur3' arcade of two bays has
four-centred arches and piers with engaged
shafts; on the S. the arches with octagonal
shafts are of earlier date in the same century.
IS'ear the E. end of the S. wall is a 13th-century
lancet window, blocked. The chancel arch is
modern. The North Chapel (31 ft. by 14 ft.)
has the tomb of Edmund of Langley in the
modern extension at the E. end. The' original
chapel has two square-headed windows of
four cinquefoilod lights each, and one small
window in the N. wall. The W. arch, opening
into the aisle, is modern. The South Chapel
(31 ft. by 13 ft.), now used as an organ chamber,
has a modern E. window; part of the four-light
8. window is of the 15th century; the W. arch
is modern. The Nave (30 ft. by 15 1 ft.) is of
three bays with early 15th-century arcades of
the same detail as those on the 8. side of the
chancel, and the modern clearstorey has six
windows of two lights each. The North Aisle
(16 ft. wide) has in the N. wall two square-
headed windows with modern tracery, and in
the W. wall a window of c. 1340, of two trefoiled
lights with a quatrefoiled head. The N. doorway
with moulded jambs and arch, may be of about
the same date.' The South Aisle ('l4i ft. wide)
has a S. window with three cin(iuefo'ik><] lights
and a 15th-century moulded S. doorway ; the
AV. window is modern. The West Tower {V^ ft.
by 11 ft.) is of three stages, with an embattled
l)arapet and a small leaded s])ire. The tower
arch is of the 15th century, of later date than
the nave arcades. The W. doorway is mtxlern,
except the rear arch ; the "W. window is of three
lights with 15th-century tracery, and above it
is the blocked arched head of an earlier window.
In the N. and S. walls of the ground stage are
15th-century windows of two trefoiled lights
with quatrefoiled heads ; the four bell-chamber
windows arc of the same dale and design, but
are re-set in modern stone.
Fittings — Bells: six; 3rd 1G57. Brasses and
Indents: in the N. cha]>el, of John Carter,
1588, his two wives and eighteen children,
with inscription; in the S. chapel, of a lady,
late loth-century : of a lady, c. 1000, palimp-
sest on the head of a female figure, with
canopies in margin and part of inscription, of
134
INVENTOET OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIBE.
Flemish workmanship : to John Cheney, 1597,
inscription : to William and Alic© Carter, 1528,
inscription, palimpsest on an inscription of
1477 : in the chancel, to Mary Dixon, 1622, in-
scription : in the ^'. chapel, slab with indent of
woman's iigure, possibly the original cover-
stone of the Langley tomb (as the dimen-
sions are the same) and the figure that of
Isabel of Castile, the wife of Edmund, ISLKi.
C/tcst: in the vestry, large, iron bound,
mediieval. Glass: in the windows of the
N. cJiajiel, heraldic shields. Locker: (see
Piscinae). Monuments and Floor Slabs: in
the N. chapel, late 14th-centui-y tomb of
Edmund of Langley, son of Edward III.,
with alabaster sides, on a plinth of Purbeek
marble ; on three of the sides are carved
sliields of arms, now thirteen in number, seven
on the E. side having been lost; the arms on
the shields at the N. end are (1) St. Edward
the Confessor, [azure] a cross paty between five
martlets or; (2) Eoj-al arms of Eichard II., Old
France quartered with England; (3) St.
Edmund, [azure] three crowns [or] ; the seven
shields on the W. side have (1) the Empire [or]
and eagle with two heads [sable] ; (2) the Prince
of "Wales, the royal arms with the ditt'erence of
a label [argent]; (3) Lionel, Duke of Clarence,
the royal arms with a label [argent] having a
quarter [gules] on each pendant; (4) Edmund,
Duke of York, the royal arms with a label
[argent] having three roundels [gules] on each
pendant, impaled with Castile, [gules] a castle
[or] quartering Leon [arsent] a lion [purple];
(5) Edmund, Duke of York; (6) Thomas, IJuke
of Gloucester, the royal arms with a border
argent; (7) Henry of Bolingbroke, the royal
arms with the difference of a label of five
pendants, two Ix-ing of ermine and tlie other
three [azure] with fleurs de lis [or] ; the three
shields at the S. en<l are (1) Holand, Earl of
Kent, England, with a border [argent]; (2)
H<>land, Earl of Huntingdon, ICnsrIand, with a
border [azuie] with fleurs <le lis [or] thereon;
t3) Fitz Alan, Earl of Arundel, [gules] a lion
[or]; the top of the tomb is ])art of an altai'
slab with three incised crosses on it; there is no
inscription: in the same chapel, altar tomb of
Sir AVilliam (ilasscock, lOcSX, white marble with
lilack marble slab (the mural inscription remains
in the chancel) : in the N. chapel. alt:ir tomb of
Sir Ralph Verney and his wife, late loth or
early IGth-century, of chinch, with mutilated
effigies; panelled sides with carved heraldry:
in the chancel floor, slabs to members of
the families of Over, f'heyney, Sprague, and
Dixon, ITth-ccnlury. I'isrinac : in the S. wall
of the chancel, 13th-century, with locker: in
the S. aisle, 13th-century : in S. chapel behind
the organ, not visible. Pulpit: hexagonal,
carved and panelled body, with tester, 17th-
century, one side modern.
Condition — Good on the whole, but the stone-
work in some of the windows is decaying.
Secular:—
(2). Fkiaey, remains, known as ' King John's
llakehouse,' now converted into a cottage and
storehouse, on a hill about }j mile M.W. of
the church. The house was founded c. 1312
for friars of the Dominican Order; the remains
form a long two-storeyed rectangular building
(7(ji ft. by 18 ft.) facing E. and W., of ilint
rubble with stone dressings, and appear to be
of the 14th century, with a few later altera-
tions. The roofs are tiled. It is not known what
])art of the friarj^ the building represents, but
<loors and windows of early date on every side
show that it stood practically by itself, though
a wall evidently abutted on the S. side, all tlie
angles being buttressed except on the S.E.
In the E. Wall are five small original windows
on the ground floor and four on the first floor;
they are splayed within and have arched heads,
and rear arches with hollow chamfered edges;
on the ground iloor two of them are
blocked, and there are also two mo<lern
windows. At the S. end of this wall is an
original entrance, and beyond it the wall pro-
jects about a foot, and has a steep gable. In
the W. Wall, on the ground floor, are three
wide arches with plain external splays, and but-
tresses between the arches, a small original
window and a modern doorway ; on the first
floor are three small arched windows, one
blocked, and a modern doorway. The JV. Wall
has a I4th-(entury doorway on the ground floor,
and a doorway with a square head on the upper
floor, which may have had external womlen
steps leading to it. The S. Wall has on the
giound floor a small original window and a
blocked doorway; the window on the upper
floor is modern. Internally the house is divi(le<l
into two n<"arly e(|\ial parts on each floor by a
thick partition wall, built, on the ground floor,
of flint like the external walls; on the S. side, in
the kitchen, is an original open fireplace with
splayed stone jambs, and four-centre<l arch;
above it on the first floor is a 17th-century stone
fireplace with a thiee-centred head. At the S.
end of the kitchen is a cun-ed recess, evidently
for the newel stairs, now rejdaced by a modein
staircase. The small room at the S. end of the
liouse has an arched recess in the W. wall, and
in the N. wall a blocked 15lh-century doorway,
with a flat four-centred head and splayed jambs.
On the first floor one doorway has a solid oak
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIEE.
135
frame and a four-centred liead ; the roof is of
oak, probably original. S. of the building is a
Hint and stone wall, originally cither another
part of the Friary, or to mark the boundary'. On
the N., incorporated in a modern farm build-
ing, is part of another wall, in which is a
blocked door or gateway with continuous
moulded jambs and three-centred arch.
Condition — Bad ; all the stonework is much
decayed, the buttresses are defaced, some of
them have disappeared, and the whole building
needs repair.
(3). King's Langley Palace, ruins, standing
on a hill about | mile W. of the church, near
the Friary : a palace existed on the site as early
as 1299, and was the birthplace of Edmund of
Langley in 1341; it remained Crown property
until given to the JJuchess of York in 14(J9. All
that now remains is a fragment of flint wall
with brick quoins, and part of the moulded
brick jambs of a window.
Condition — Bad.
(4). The Old Cottage, on the W. side of the
main street, about 400 yards N.E. of the church,
is a small two-storeyed building of the 17th
century; the roof is tiled. On the E. front the
lower storey is of brick, and the upper storey
covered with plaster in large panels; a small
gable near the N. end has modern tile-hanging.
The date 1509 is painted under the sill of a first
floor window, but there is no evidence of woik
of that period. At the S. end of the building
is a chimney stack with two square shafts set
diagonally; the space between them is filled up
on one side.
Condition — Good.
(5). Pale Farm, on the N. side of the hamlet
of Chippertield, 2 miles W. of King's Langley,
is a rectangular, IGth-ccntury building with an
overhanging upper storey. The walls are of
brick and timber; the roof is tiled. Near the
centre is a square chimney, built of brick.
Later additions have been made at the W. end.
Condition — Fairly good.
(G). French's Farm, i mile N.W. of the
hamlet of Chippertield, is a house of red brick
and timber, built in the 17th century.
Condition — Fairly good.
74. KING'S WALDEN.
(O.S. r, in. xix. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Mary, W. of
King's Walden Bury, is faced with flint and lias
stone dressings; the vestry is of brick; the
chancel is roofed with tiles, and the rest of the
church with lead. The nave arcades are of
c. 1190, but the .\ace was probably built at an
earlier date, without aisles. The Cliancel,
though the plan is jiossibly of the loth century,
has been much rebuilt. The West Tower was
erected c. 1380, and during the lyth century the
clearstorey was added, and the Aisles were
wholly or partly rebuilt. The North Vestry was
built early in the 17th century, and in the 19th
century the outer walls of the church were re-
faced, the chancel and aisles partly rebuilt and
a South Porch added.
Architectural Description — In the Chancel
(34| ft. by 17| ft.) all the windows have been re-
newed. There are a few 15th-century stones
in the E. window, and in the W. window of the
S. wall; both windows are of three lights;
the other window in the 8. wall is a lancet,
and possibly retains some original stones.
The early 14th-ceutury chancel arch is of two
chamfered orders, with half-octagonal responds
and moulded capitals. The Nave (40 ft. by
20| ft.) has late 12th-century arcades of three
bays, with two-centred arches of two chamfered
<»rders, circular pillars and capitals of water-
leaf, scallop and trefoil designs. The clear-
storey has three windows of two lights on
each side, with restored tracery. The doorway
of the rood-loft, high up in the wall at the N.E.
corner, is partly blocked. The North Aisle
(40 ft. by ~\ ft.) has a 14th-century doorway,
with a pointed b.ead, restored; the ]']. window,
the two N. windows, and most of the exterior
stonework have been renewed. The floor has
been lowered, as shown by the height of the
bases of the N. arcade, compared with those on
the S., and by the position of the steps
from the doorway. The South Aisle (45 ft. by
8^ ft.) extends towards the E. beyond the line
of the chancel arch; a blocked doorway on the
N. formerly opened into the chancel. The E.
window, of three lights, and two S. windows,
one of three and the other of two lights, are of
the 15th century, much repaired; the S. door-
way, also of the 15th century, is of two moulded
oiders, and has a four-centred arch in a square
head with traceried spandrels. The North
Vestry (21 ft. by 15 ft.) is of early 17th-century
date, with 'Gothic' wood window frames. The
West Tower (12 ft. by 11 ft.) is of three stages
with buttresses, embattled parapet and a
jirojecting stair-turret at the S.E. corner.
The late 14th - century tower arch is of
two chamfered orders, with two-centred head
and shafted jambs. The W. window and the
four bell-chamlH>r windows of two lights each,
with tracery and pointed heads, are also of late
14th-century date, repaired. The Roofs ol the
13G
IXVENTORT OF THE MONTJMENTS OF HERTFORDSHTRE.
S. aisles and some timbers in the N. aisle are
of the 15th centurv; two lar^e stone corbels
which support the iv truss of the nave roof are
also probably of the L'>th century; the chancel
I'oof is modern .
Fittings— /?.//.<.■ six; 1st, 4th, oth, 1G27;
2n<l, Itiliy. Bracket: for imaf^, on E. wall of
X. aisle, carved, mucb defaced. Brass: in the
chancel, to Sibbill, wife of Robert Barber, 1614,
inscription only. Chest: in the vestiy, of oak,
ITth-centurj-. Door: in "W. doorway of tower,
old. Locker: E. end of S. aisle, witli rebate for
door. Monvmenis: in the chancel, to Timothy
Shcppard, 1613, alabaster, mural : in N. aisle,
two mural tablets, to Eoland Hole, 1088, and to
Richard Hole, 1689. Piscinae : in the chancel,
13th-century, double: in the S. aisle, late
14th-century: in the N. aisle, square-headed.
Screen: under chancel arch, traceried upper
panels, cresting, much patche<l, coated with
paint, 15th-century.
Condition — Fairly good, much restored;
masonry of tower decayed, much ivy on tower.
75. KNEBWORTH.
(O.S. 6 in. (°'xx. N.E. Wxx. N.W. Wxx. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
•' 1 1). Parish CnrRcn of St. Mary axd St.
Thomas of Caxterbury, stands in Knebworth
Park. The walls are of flint rul)ble with chinch
dressings ; the roofs are tiled. The Nave
was built c. 1150, and the Chancel
probably at the same time. The West
Toirer "was added c. 1420, the North Chapel
c. 1520, and the South Porch c. IGOO: the N.
chapel was rebuilt c. 1700, and during the 19th
century the chancel was practically rebuilt, and
the North Vestry was added.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(27i ft. by 13i ft.) is almost entirely modern,
but'has in theX. wall a blocked window with
edge-roll moulding of c. 1150; below it is an
arched recess of early IGth-centurv date. The
arch opening into the N.. chapel is also of
early 10th-century date, and has been much
repaired; the chancel arch, of c. 1150, has
engaged shafts with scallop capitals. The
North Chapel {2~\ ft. by 12 ft.) has two square-
headed windows of c. 1700 with wood frames.
The Nave (57i ft. by 20 ft.) has in the S. wall a
modern single light, a square-headed window
of three lights with tracery, of c. 1350, much
restored, and a two-light window of the 15th
century, also much restored ; beyond the two-
centred doorway, of c. l.'!8(i, much re-
paired, is a fourth window of c. 1500,
without the central muUion. At the E. end of
the N. wall, is a single-li^ht window, with
modern ti^acen' ; the wide single-light window
at the W. eiui of the wall is modern, and re-
])la(es an earlier two-light window. The lower
entrance to the rood-loft stairs is blocke<l, but
the two-centre<l arch with moulded e<lge can l>e
seen, and the upper doorway remains. In the
E. wall is an opening into the N. chapel ; it has
a square head and skewed sides. The Toicer
(12 ft. square) is of three stages with angle
iiuttresses, embattled parapet and small lead
spire; on the 8. is a projecting stair-turret.
The string course of the parapet has grotesque
heads at the corners and a gargoyle in
the centre of each wall. The tower arch
is of c. 1420, and of two moulded orders
with engaged shafts ; the W. window is
original, with grotesque heads on the stops
of the labels, and modern tracery; the W. door-
way has a two-centred moulded arch under a
square head with shields in the spandrels; one
shield bears the arms of Hotoft (see Brasses
below). The second stage is pierced on the N. and
S. by narrow loops, and the bell-chamber has
four windows, each of two cinquefoilcd lights
with a quatrefoil in the head. The South Porch
is coated with cement, and shows only traces of
original windows. The Hoof of the nave has
trusses, which are probably of the 15th cen-
turv; the N. chapel has a flat plaster ceiling of
c. 1700.
Fittings — Brasses: in the chancel, of Simon
Bache, 1414, priest in Eucharistic vestments,
with figures of saints on his cope, and inscrip-
tion : under the arch to the N. chapel, to John
Hotoft, c. 1470, inscription on six strips of brass,
three shields: (1) Hotoft, three pikes' heads
erect, erased; (2) (covered by iron railing) —
impaling three harts (?); (3) quarterly, 1 and 4
Hotoft, 2 and 3, argent, two bars gules, in chief
three roundels; said to have been on an altar
tomb, now not on original slab : in S. chapel, of
Roland Lytton and his two wives, 1582. arms
and inscription. Font : octagonal, of limestone,
jilainly moulded, c. 1480. Monuments : in S.
chapel, to Anna, wife of Roland Lytton,
1001, with arms: tomb of Sir William Lytton,
1704-5, recumbent figure of marble under
elaborate canopy, with arms and quarterings of
Lytton: on floor, to the son of Giles
Strangwavs. 1040: to .Judith, wife of Rowland
Lytton, r059 : to Sir William Lytton, IGGO : to
Sir Rowland Lytton, 1074: to Judith (Lytton),
wife of Sir Thomas Barrington. 1657. with
arms: other monuments of the Lytton family:
in chancel, mural tablet to Judith (Lytton), wife
of Nicholas Strode, 1062: floor slab to John
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIEE.
137
Ham, chricus, 1684 : on W. splay of window on
N. side of nave, inscription, defaced, with date
of birth, 1395, said to be of John do Hall, rector.
Piscina: in the chancel, 14th-century, with
modern sill. Plate : cup, ITth-century, date
erased : paten of 1GG8. Pulpit : Flemish carved
panels, one dated 1507, made up in 18th
century. Scree?) : under the chancel arch,
elaborate iron grill of c. 1700. Seating : in tlie
nave, complete set, oak, moulded, ir)th-century.
Condition — 'Generally good. The tower is
secured by iron ties, and the stonework of the
W. doorway and boll-chamber windows is partly
decayed.
Secular:—
« (2). Knebworth House stands in a park,
S.W. of the church; it faces a little N. of E.
and is a large two-storeyed building of early
16th-century date, of brick and stone, heavily
plastered externally. The original plan was of
the courtyard type, but three wings were pulled
down in 1811 ; the W. wing, containing the
hall, forms the ])resent house, with additions
of later date. The hall was re-constructed in
the 17th century, but the further history of the
house is obscured by alterations made in
the 19th century. The gatehouse in the E. wing
was partially re-erected as a lodge (see Codi-
cote), and contains the only remaining original
detail. The 16th-century plan of the W. wing
had the screens in the middle, entered from a
projecting porch, with the hall on the N. and
the butteries, pantries, and kitchens on the S.
Beyond the hall, in the N.W. corner of the
house, was a solar. The hall, which is carried
up two storeys, is intact, though it retains no
16th-century detail. A long gallery fills part of
the space formerly occupied by the offices, and a
grand staircase and library have been addeil
on the N. of the hall and solar. Only the stumps
of the N. and S. wings remain, and with tlio
rest of the building are completely altered.
The exterior is covered with ' Gothic ' detail in
cement, and all the windows have been altered.
The ceiling of tho hall is of c. 1610-20, and was
probably inserted under an open timber roof;
it is coved and has a moulded cornice, ])late
and principals, with carved grotesque brackets.
The screen, of the same date, is in three bays
divided by herm caryatides; the arch in eacli
bay has pierced spandrels, and above them is a
heavy moulded entablature with a j)ierced
frieze; the central arch is open and forms the
entrance, but the lower part of the other arches
is filled with solid carved panels, ornamented
with cartouches painted with the arms and
quarterings of the Lytton family. Above tlie
cornice is the railing of the gallery over the
screens, filled with panels of pierced aralxisque
design. Both screen and ceiling are of oak.
The rest of the room is lined with elaborate
deal panelling, which is said to have been de-
signed by Inigo Jones, and may be of mid
17th-century date, but is possibly later: the
])anelling at the N. end of the room is au
elal)orate architectural design in three bays,
with detaclied, fluted Corintliian columns and
an enriched entablature broken over tlie niitblli!
bay; over the broken entablature is a pediment
■with a round arch, of which the soffit is
panelled ; and in the flanking bays are doors
opening into the solar, now a drawing-room.
The rest of the wall is covered with large
bolection-moulded panels, and the E. and W.
walls are treated in a similar, but less elaborate,
manner, and are set with fluted pilasters. The
fireplace on the S.W. forms a simple part of
the design.
Condition — Good ; much altered and rebuilt.
« (3). F.^Rsi-iiuiLDiXGS, at Beard's End,
nearly a mile S.E. of the chiirch, are of timber
with brick nogging, and of late 16th or early
17th-century date. The roofs arc of rough-axed
timbers, and tiled.
Condition — Fairly good.
^(4). Little Ru.stung End F.\rm, about 1.^
miles W.N.W. of the church, is a 17th-century
house of two storeys; the front is covered with
cement; at the back the walls are timber-
framed, with brick filling on the ground floor
and plaster on the first floor; the roof is tiled.
The plan is rectangular, with a projecting stair-
case wing at tho back and a central chimney
stack. In the kitchen is a large beam support-
ing the open timber ceiling.
Condition — Fairly good.
Unclassified:—
'' (5). Tumi LI, two, in Grafi'ridge Wood.
Condition — Poor.
76. LANGLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical I—
(1) MiNSDEN CiiAPEL, ruins, on rising ground
about 3 miles S. of Hitchin and \ mile W. of the
road to Hitchin. The walls are of Hint rubble
witli stone dressings. The chapel, consisting of
Chancel and Nave, was probably built in the
14tli century, l)ut little or no detail remains by
which an exact date can be assigned to it.
Architectural Bescriptiou — The Chancel
(26 ft. by 15 ft.) : little remains but the four
angles with fragments of the walls 12 to 15 ft.
high, and the chancel arch is represented only
138
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
b\- a rougli ojieiung. The Nave (42 ft. by 21 ft.) :
the >«. wall .still stamls to a height of about
1.5 ft. ; but the only reiuniiis, except the
rough openings, of the two N. windows and the
N. doorway are a few worked stones in the
W. splay, and the spring of the chamfered
rear arch of the westernmost window. The
S. wall is pierced by two rough oj)enings
which represent a doorway and a window; at
the 1']. end of the wall a complete break indi-
cates the ])Osition of a secon<l window. Tlio VT.
wall is nearly intact, and at its apex is a small
brick pier. There are traces of square but-
tresses on the X. and S. walls, and of diagonal
buttresses on the W. wall.
Conditiou — Ruinous; overgrown with ivy.
77. LAYSTOX (with Bcntingford).
(O.S. (i in. (o)ix. S.W. ('')xiv. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
'' (1). Parish CnrRcu of St. Bartholomew,
stands high, about | mile N.E. of Buntingford.
It is built of Hint, with some Koman tiles in the
X. wall of the nave; the upper parts are in ])laces
repaired with blue bricks. The roofsare flat. The
Chnncel seems to have been built c. 1220, but its
walls are unusually thin for the period : the
very thick walls of the Nave suggest an early
origin, but none of its details are of earlier date
than the 15th century : the Tower was added
c. 1420, and the Soxdh Porch probably at the
same time.
Architectural Descrijjtion — The Chancel
(301 ft. by 17 ft.) has a triplet of l:Uh-century
lancet windows in the E. wall, below which,
inside, is a contemporary string course: in the
N. wall arc two blocked lancets, the westernmost
of modern stone; in the S. wall are two Tith-
century lancets, a 15th-century window of three
lights, and a priests' doorway, also of the 15th
century. The chancel arch was widened
towards the end of the 15th century, and has
shafted jambs and a moulded four-centred arcli.
The Nave (52 ft. by 27 ft.) has three windows
in the N. wall, all with moulded jambs; the
westernmost window is of two lights; the two
others, of three lights each, have lost their
mullions, etc., and now have wooden frames:
in the S. wall are two windows of three lights,
with moulded jambs and heads, and a window
of two lights with plain hollow-chamfered
jambs; all the windows arc of the 15th century,
but the two-light window in the S. wall is of
earlier date than the others. The N. doorway,
with a two-centred arch, is blocked; the S. door-
way is of the 15th century, and has moulded
jaiiibs and a ])ointed hea<l; both doorways liave
moulded square labels inside. In the N.E.
corner is a rood-loft stair-turret, now without
steps. The Wed Tower (14 ft. by IMJ ft.)
is of three stages, with a small leaded nee<lle
spire; the W. wall has diagonal buttresses,
and at the S.E. angle there is a newel stair-
case with much-worn steps. The 15th-century
tower arch is jiointed, and of three moulded
orders, with shafted jambs: the W. doorway
has moulded jambs and a pointed arch in a
square head, with traceried spandrels and a
label, and is also of the 15th century, but the
head has been repaired at some later date; the
15th-century window over it is of three lights
with tracery; the second stage is lighted by loops,
and the bell-chamber by windows of two lights,
with tracerietl four-centred heads. The oouth
I'orch has an original entrance archway with
moulded jambs and a four-centred arch in a
square head : on each side is a two-light
window, modern, except the head of the E.
window. The Hoofs are modern.
Fittings— Se//i .• five; four of 1633.
Bracket : for an image, moved from elsewhere,
now on S. wall of chancel, carved with
a grotesque face, and showing traces of
colour, 15th-ccutury. Brass Indents: in the
nave, of two men and two women, early 10th-
century. Font : panelled bowl, stem with small
shields, many of them broken, carved with the
emblems of the Passion, 15th-centurj-. Monu-
iiieiits : in chancel, mural, to John Croudi, with
heraldic shields, 1605 : in the nave, to "William
Slatholmc, Doctor of Physics, 1665. Niche : with
canopy, above the entrance to the porch, partly
old. Piscina : in the chancel, with rebated jambs
and a shouldered arch, 13th-century. Plate: in-
cludes large silver-gilt cup of 1681, silver-
gilt standing paten, and large salver of 1727.
Pulpit: made up of 16th and 17th-century
])aiu'lling, including a linen panel. Seatinci :
many of the pews, 15th-ceutury. Stoup : in
the tower, S. of the W. doorway, in a cinque-
toiled niche. Miscellanea : in {Inirchyard,
(oIKn lid or slab, ])lain, ancient.
Condition — Fairly good, exccj)t some of
the external stonework: the windows of the
nave have been repaired with cement, the W.
window in the S. wall is in a bad state of preser-
vation, as the cement is falling away and taking
the surface of the stone with it.
''(2). Chapel of Ease, St. Peter's, at Bunting-
ford, stands at the S. end of the High Street; it
was built c. 1615, of brick, in the form of a
cross, with the chancel on the S.; the roofs are
tiled. In 1899 the building was completely
restored, and an aixse and a porch were added.
The windows are modern.
Architectural Description — TheC/tanceZ(21ft.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
139
by 13 ft.) is formed by the S. arm of the cross
and opens into the apse by a modern arch; it has
one window on the E. side. The Nnvr, (•39t; ft.
by 21 ft.) is formed by the central part and the
N. arm of the cross, and has windows in the N.,
E., and W. walls. In the N. wall is also a door-
way opening into the modern Porch. The E.
and W. arms of the cross form Transepts (both
\1\ ft. deep by 24 ft. wide); the E. transept has
a window of five lights on the E. side, a window
of two lights on the N., and another on the
S. Above the first, outside, is a stono in-
scribed " Domus Orationis, 1615." The W.
transept has a window of three lights in the N.
wall, and two, of two lights, and an external
doorway in the W. wall. Over the E. gable of
the E. transept is a small brick bell-cot. The
Roofs are modern, but four original tie-beams
remain.
Fittings — Bells : one, no marks. Brasses :
in E. transept, plate engraved with a view of
the chapel during a service, 17th-century.
Gallery : in W. transept, with plain wooden
Ionic columns, and a panelled front, r. 1615,
much restored. Glass .• in N. window of nave, a
quartered coat, dated 1622. 6Vaim^ ; of modern
construction, but probably old material.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
"(3). BE.iuCHAMPs, farmhouse and w?oa/, nearly
a mile N.E. of the church; the house is of early
17th-century date, with a modern brick front;
the original walls are timber-framed and plas-
tered ; the roofs are tiled. The plan is E-shapcd,
with the wings projecting at the back; the
middle wing is of one storey, the rest of
the house of two storeys ; all the wings are
gabled, and at each end of the main block is an
original brick chimney stack with three plain
square shafts. Inside the house is some 17th-
centiiry oak panelling, now painted, and a
carved panelled door. Three arms of (he moat
are still wet.
Condition — Of house, fairly good; of moat,
good.
* (4). Alswick Hall, farmhouse and moat,
about I mile S.E. of the parish church; the
house, now divided into two tenements, is two-
storeyed, and of the L type; the walls are of
plastered timber, with brick foundations;
the roofs are tiled. It was built early in tho
17th century, and re-dccorated at the end of
that century, when corridors were arranged on
the fii'st floor. The windows have wooden
frames and plain mullions. Interior: the
original kitchen firej)laie remains, with a wide,
three-centred arch, and on the first floor are
two fireplaces with four-centred moulded heads,
also original. There is some panelling of
various dates in the 17th centurj-, one room
been completely panelled ; several rooms have
large bolection-moulded panels of c. 1700, and
retain fixed oil paintings over the fireplaces.
A fragment only remains of the moat.
Condition — Of house, poor.
^ (5). OwLES, farmhouse and moat, about a
mile S.S.E. of the parish church; the house
originally consisted of a rectangular block, built
of brick early in the 17th century, but additions
and alterations were made in the 18th and 19th
centuries. Two brick mullioned windows re-
main, and also the original chimney stacks with
diagonal shafts, much defaced and rebuilt.
The moat, nearly circular in shape, can be
traced, but only a fragment remains.
Condition — Of house, dilapidated.
High Street, Buntingfoed : —
' (6). The High Street, running N. and S., was
a part of the Ermine Street, and an old coaching
road to the north.
E. side (starting from the S. end) : —
^ (7). House, now used as a storehouse and
stable, behind a furniture shop, is an early 16th-
century building of two storeys with timber-
framed and plasterexl walls; the roof is tiled.
The entrance doorway has moulded oak jambs
and a Tudor arch in a square head; the mul-
lioned window frames are original and have
quarry glazing; in the upper storey are some
good roof trusses.
Condition — In bad ro])air; the walls lean
inwards and the roof timbers are sagging; the
building will probably soon collapse.
* (8). The Court was originally the Bunting-
ford Grammar School; two wings remain, built
of brick, with tiled roofs; tho wing running 10.
and W. is of the 18th century, and was probably
the master's house; the other wing, at right
angles to it, is of early 17th-century date, and
originally consisted of a single room of one
storey, forming the hall or school-room, but is
now divided into two storeys and several rooms.
Some original windows remain, and have
])lastered brick mullions and transoms. The
main entrance has shallow rustications, a
semi-circular head and a crude pediment in
])laster. The original plain queen-post trusses
of the roots arc still in silii, with the tie-beams
imbeddc<l in tho ceiling of the first floor.
Condition— Good, but much altered in the
19th century.
* (9). House, next to the George Hotel, is
of the 17th century, and has a plain timber-
S 2
140
IXVENTORY OF THE ilGSVMSinS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
framed and plastered front, and an overhanging
upper storey; the roof is tiled.
Condition — Good.
* (10). The George Uotel is also probably of
the 17th century, but has been much altered in
the 19th century.
Condition — Good.
t (11). Cottage, now divided into two dwell-
ings, near the N. end of the street, is of early
16th-century date. It is a two-storeyed build-
ing of timber and plaster with a central chimney
stack; the roof is tiled. The original central
doorway with a three-centred wood arch has
been filled in. The upper storey projects and
has original windows with lead glazing.
Condition — Fairly good.
W. side (starting from the S. end) : —
* (12). Ward's Hospital, almshouses, four for
men and four for women, were founded and
built in 1684 bySethWard, Bishop of Salisbury
and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, as
recorde<l by an inscription on the lintel over the
middle doorway; the walls are of red brick with
rusticated Portland stone quoins; the door and
window dressings are also of Portland stone, and
a plain stone string course marks the level of the
first floor; the roofs are tiled, and hipped at the
ends of the wings. The building is of t wo storeys
and consists of a main body and two long wings
which enclose a quadrangle; on the E. side is
an iron railing on a brick wall, in which is tho
gateway. On the E. front of the main block is
a slightly projecting bay, with moulded cornice
and pediment enriched with modillions; the
cornice is carried round the whole building. In
the projecting bay is a stone doorway with an
ornamented head, over which is a broken pedi-
ment, enclosing the arms of Bishop Ward.
Each of the eight dwellings has a living room
on tho grounti floor with a front and back
entrance, a Ix'ihxwm over it, and another small
room on both floors. The doorways to the
courtyard have stone architraves and moulde<l
lintels.
Condition — Good.
''(I-']). Hoiifr, formerly the Angel Hotel, now
two dwellings, has a plastered front of r. 1680-
1700, but the main building is probably older.
On the front the upper storey projects, and the
lower storev has a hollow cornice with foliate<l
brackets: the entrance doorway has rusticated
jambs, and a lintel with keystone and pediment.
A large gateway leads to the yard behind the
house.
Condition — Fairly good.
* (14). House, now a butcher's shop, has a
large gateway of late 16th-ceniury date, with a
depressed wood arch and carved spandrels; a
rain-water head is dated 1741, but the house is
evidently of earlier date.
Condition — Good.
''(15). House, opposite the George Hotel, is
probably of the 17th century, and has timber-
framed and plastered walls; tho roof is tiled.
Condition — Good.
*(16). The Clock Turret, over a large gate-
way next to a stationer's shop, is said to have
been built in the 16th century; it has a gabled
head and is modem outside^ but some of the
internal timbers may be old.
Condition — Good.
"(17). The Coek Inn, probably of early iTth-
century date, has a plastered front and an over-
hanging upper storey; the roof is tiled.
Condition — Fairly goinl.
* (18). The White Hart Inn is modern except
the gabled N. end, which is of early 17th-
century date, built of plastered timber, with an
overhanging upper storey.
Condition — Good.
"(ID). Cottages, several, with timber-framed
walls partly plasteretl and partly weather-
boarded, are of late 16th or early 17th-century
date. Some have tiled roofs and others are
thatched.
Condition — Fairly good.
78. LETCHWORTH.
(O.S. 6 in. vii. S.E.)
Ecoleslastlcal: —
(1). P.iRisH Church, dedication unknown,
stands IS", of Letchworth Hall, about ^ mile S.
of the village. It is built of flint rubble with
free-stone dressings; the roofs are tiled. The
Xavc is the earliest part, and is probably of the
12th century, the Chancel, which is of the 13th
century, having been apparently rebuilt, as it
leans to the S. In the 15th century the South
Porch was added, and the church rc-roofe<l ;
windows were inserted in the nave c. 1500,
and the Bell-cot at the W. end, altiioiigh altered
externally, also seems to have been erected at
the beginning of the 16th century. The church
was rcjiaired in the 19th century.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(19 ft. by 14 ft.) has an E. window of three lights
under a square head, probably of the 16th cen-
tury, when the E. wall seems to have been
rebuilt; in the N. wall is a 1.3th-century lancet
window and a low-side window of c. 1350,
The S. wall has similar windows, and a 14th-
century doorway, which has been blocked and
INVENTORY OF THE IIONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
141
can only be seen outside. The cliancel arch
has coarse mouldings and was probably re-
built in the 16th century. The Nave
(32 ft. by 16^ ft.) has, in the N. wall, two
single-light windows with tracery, of c. 1500,
and a blocked doorway, probably of the 14th
century. The wall is thickened at tbe N.E.
angle, probably for the rood-loft staircase, of
which the foundations have been discovered
recently. In the S. wall are two modern
windows, and a 15th-century doorway of two
moulded orders, with a four-centred head. The
W. window is of two cinquefoiled lights with
tracery, and is also of c. 1500. The Bell-cot
is covered externally with cement, and has N.
and S. windows and a pyramidal tiled roof. It
is supported by a four-centred wooden arch,
now painted, which spans the nave at the W.
end. The South Porch has an entrance archway
of two moulded orders; the arch is two-centred
under a square head, with shields in the
spandrels; the arms on the W. shield are six
lozenges, three and three. The side windows
are blocked. The Roof of the chancel is
plastered, but the 15th-century trusses and
wind-braces are visible; the beams and wall
cornices of the 15th-century roof of the nave
are still in position, though the nave is now
covered by a plaster ceiling.
Fittings — Bell : with inscription Ave Maria
Gracia Plena, probably 14th-century. Brasses :
in. the cliancel, of Thomas Wyrley, priest
in Eucharistio vestments, with inscription,
1475 : in the nave, of a man and his wife,
half-length figures, c. 1470, with fragment of
inscription, recording name of wife, Isabelle;
man said to be William Overbury. Door : on S.
door, some 13th-centuiy ironwork. Font:i
bowl, possibly 14th-century. Glass: in the
W. and N.E. windows of nave, fragments of
medipeval painted glass ; the arms of Mont-
fitchet, gules three cheverons or a label of three
points azure, in the N.E. window. Monument :
on sill of N.E. window of nave, small
effigy in chain mail and long surcoat holding
a heart in his hands, c. 1300, much worn and
defaced. Niche: for image, in the nave,
early 15th-century; the head is partly buried
in the N. wall, and the S. jamb cut back.
Plate : includes cup and cover paten of late
16th-century character, without hall-marks.
Seating: in the nave, several benches with
broken ends, 15th-century. Stoup : in the
porch, only the base remains.
Condition— Generally good. The N.W. but-
tresses are decayed, and the E. wall is .settling,
but its N. and S. angles, being on old founda-
tions, are good.
Secular:—
(2). Letohwortu Hall, S. of the church, is
a large house, built c. 1G20, on the site of an
earlier building, of which fragments remain;
they were dug out of the foundations in
1909, and include some 15th-ceutury window
traceiy in clunch. The present house is of
brick, and has a picturesque and irregular ap-
pearance on account of the difli'ercnt levels at
which it is built; the roofs are tiled.
The house is of especial interest on account of
the uiiusual plan.
It is T-shaped, with the hall and a range of
rooms in the vertical arm which projects
to the S.E. ; the cross arm, which faces
N.W., contains the kitchens at the N.E. end
and the parlour at the other end; a modern
wing with a tower has been added on the N.W.
front. The plan is abnormal, for the entrance,
which is covered by a porch, and the screens
are at the S.E. end of the hall, away from the
kitchens. Over the screens is a gallery, now
closed. A modern staircase has been in-
serted S.W. of the screens. Above the hall are
some attics, and above the parlour another large
room reached by a second nifxlcrn staircase.
The N.E. Elevation has a projecting porch
which is carried up two storeys, and is finished
with a gable on each side. All the gables of
the house, including those of the porch, have
brick copings, and, at their apices, the octagonal
stumps of former brick pinnacles. The /S.TI'.
Elevation of the hall wing, and the S.E.
Elevation of the parlour and kitchen wing have
been much altered; the N .W . Elevation is
nearly covered by the modern additions. The
original windows have wooden frames, mullions
and transoms. Some original chimne}- stacks
remain, and have square shafts set diagonally.
The inner doorway of the porch has an old oak,
nail-studded door and moulded oak frame, and
opens into the screens. The fine oak screen
still remains in the hall; it is of early
17th-century date, and has two wide arches
with a central pillar and enriched span-
drels; the sides have diagonal panels, and
there is a richly moulded cornice. One
section of the screen has been brought for-
ward to make room for the modern staircase
behind it, in which some early 17th-century
oak balusters and newels have been re-used.
On the S.W. of the hall is a fireplace with
a four-centred arch and a 19th-century coat of
arms above it. In the parlour is a 17th-
centurv carved oak chimney-piece. The room
above it has a 17tli-centurv carved clunch fire-
place with female half-figures at the sides,
and a decorated frieze. The overmantel repre-
142
INVENTORT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
sents the ' Judgim-nt of I'aris' modelled iu
plaster.
Condition — Good; mxicb altered and enlarged.
(3). IIorsE, now divided into cottages,
N.W. of the church, was built early in the 17th
century, of timber with brick noggiug; the roof
is tiled. The plan is rectangular, with a pro-
jecting porch on the S., and a central chimney
stack. Some of the old windows have been
blocked.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(4). The Post Office, in the middle of the
village, I mile N. of tho church, is a two-
storeyetl brick and timber building, probably of
early 17th-century date; the roof is tile<l. The
plan is L-shaped, but there may have been
originally a S. wing, as the S. end of the AV.
wing is of much later date than the rest of the
house. There are dormer windows in the roof,
and a square chimney stack at the junction of
the wings.
Condition — Good; much of the brickwork re-
newed; the chimney stack out of repair.
79. LILLET.
fO.S. G in. si. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.\RisH Chvecii OF Rt. Peter, standing
in the village, and originallyof tlie 12th century,
was rebuilt in 1871. Tho more important re-
mains of the former church arc the 12tli-contury
chancel arch, of tufa, re-set in the N. wall of
the chancel, and some 15th-century stones in
the S. doorway.
Fittings — Font: octagonal, of clunch, 15th-
century. Monuments: in the porch, mural
tablets to Thomas Docwra. 1602; to Daniel
Houghton, 11)72. Piscina : in the chancel, with
a four-centred head, octagonal bowl and .shelf,
possibly of the 15th centurv, now covered with
modern paint. Plate: includes .a cup of lOSD.
Pill pit : ma<le up of old oak, with linen panels
and tracoried heads.
Condition — Good.
80. LITTLE AMWELL.
(O.S. C in. xxix. S.E.)
Secular:—
(1). HoMESTE.^D Mo.\T, at Gamcls Hall, frag-
ment.
81. LITTLE BERKHAMPSTEAD.
(OS. r, in. (<')xxxvi. N.W.; ("ixxxvi. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical;—
" (1). P.uiisii Church of St. .\xdrew stands
on the W. side of the village. It is almost
completely modern; the only visible remains of
old work are parts of the E. and AV. walls
belonging to the church said to have been
rebuilt in 1(»47.
Fittings — Bells: three; 1st, 1718; 2nd, prob-
ably 14th-century; ^rd, lti21. Monuments : in
the chancel, floor slabs to John Pendred, 11)50:
Elizabeth, his wife, 1G55 : Elizabeth Fleetwood,
1053 : Cromwell Fleetwood, l(i88. Plate : in-
cludes cup and cover paten of 1GS4; paten of
1701 and a salver of Sheffield plate.
("(>n<liti()n — Good.
Secular:—
* (2). UoMESTE.\D Moat, at Woodcock Lodge
Farm.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (3). TuE G.\GE, a house about \ mile W. of
the church, consists of a long irregular block
running N.E. and S.W., originally of late IGth-
century date, but with alterations and additions
of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries; it is built
of brick and timber^ covered with rough-cast;
the roofs are tiled. The interior has been much
altered, but in the rooms on the ground floor is
some g<K)d ])anelling of late 17th-century date.
Tho I'ounil Tower in the grounds is largely
built of 17th-century bricks, but was con-
structed in the 18th century as an observatory.
Condition — Good.
" (4). The M.\nor F.\rm Hoxtse, of early 17th-
ceutury date, stands about 300 yards E. by N.
of the church. It is built of plastered timber;
the r«x)fs are tiled. Tho house is of the L typo
with a parlour and hall in the longer wing, and
a kitchen in the shorter wing. The whole build-
ing is much repaired and altere<l both within
and without. On the E. is a small projecting
open timber j)orch, of which the sides are set
with square moulded balusters, an unusual
example of 17th-century work; N. of this is a
shallow bay window of two storeys with moulded
wooden mullions and transoms. Part of tho
hall coiling remains, decorated with roses and
octofoiled flowers modelled in low relief.
Condition — Good.
82. LITTLE GADDESDEN.
(O.S. G in. ('')xxvi. N.W. ("xxvi. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
"(1). Pvitisii CnrRCH of St. Peter and St.
Pai I,, stands about \ mile N.E. of the villago,
surrounded by lields; the walls are covered with
cement, except those of the tower and the new
jiarts of the chancel and N. chapel, which are
of flint with stone dressings; the roofs arc partly
of lead and partly of tiles. Hestoration and
rebuilding have obscured the early history of
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
143
the church; the Nave arcades and the West
Tower are of the 15th century, and appear to he
the oldest parts; the Chancel seems to have been
rebuilt in the 17th century, with the exception
of the S. wall, which retains traces of late l5th-
contury work. The Nortlt Chapel has lieen re-
built, and the South Chapel restored. The South
Porch was added in tho 17th century.
Architectural Description- — The Chancel (32i
ft. by 18 ft.) has traces of a blocked window of
late 15th-centurv date in the S. wall, and some
carved stone corbels which formerly supported
a wood ceiling. The Nave (38 ft. by 17 ft.) has
15th-century JN". and S. arcades of three bays;
the shafts are octagonal, with moulded capitals
and bases, and the arches are of two hollow
chamfered orders; all the stonework has been
restored. The North Aifle has two N. windows,
one of three cinquefoiled lights and the other of
two lights, in late loth-century style, but with
modern stonework. In the W. wall is a single
trefoiled light. The N. doorway is blocked and
has a plain four-centred head. In the South
Aisle are two S. windows of three lights and a
small window in the W. wall. Tho West Tuu-er
(\)\ ft. square) is of two stages with an embattled
parapet. The tower arch, with half-octagonal
responds and moulded capitals, and the W. door-
way with a four-centred head, are both of the
15th century, but the windows and other details
are modern. The low-jiitched Roof of the nave
is of the 15th century, and has moulded timbers
lesting on stone corbels. The roof of the N.
aisle has also- some old timbers.
Fittings — Chest : in the N. cha])el, largo, iron-
bound. Monuments and Floor Slabs : in the S.
cha])el, to Elizabeth, Viscountess Brackley,
KifiU : to Henry Stanley, 1(J70 : in the floor,
several 17tli-century slabs: in tho N. aisle, to
members of the Egerton family, 1G35, and 1G4'J
to l(i(i3 : mural tablet in the S. aisle, to Elizabeth
Egert<m, IGll : and over the S. door, to John,
Earl of Bridgwater, 1(J86. Plate: includes
unmarked cup of c. 1G50, and flagon of l(i35.
Screen: between chancel aiul nave, 17th-cen-
tury, much restored. Seating: carved p()|)))V
heads, and part of the front panelling of choir
seats, 17th-century.
Condition — Good, owing to modern restora-
tions, but the external cement is peeling otV in
])laces.
Secular:—
''(2). AsHRiDGE, stands in a large
between Little Gaddesden and Great
bampstead. The house is of early 19th-century
date, but is on the site of monastic buildings, of
which a cellar still remains. The cellar (G8 ft.
by 2G ft.) was originally under the fratcr, and
park
Berk-
is of the 15th centurj-; it has seven bays
of vaulting, sup])orted by a row of octagonal
columns, from which the ribs spring directly
without capitals. The 17th-century mantel-
jiieces, etc., in the house were bix>ught from else-
\\here. In the Chapel are two brasses : of John
Swynstede, priest, in Eucharistic vestments,
1395, and a rose brass with inscription to John
Killingwoith, 1412; both brought from Edles-
bc.rough, Bucks.
Condition — Good.
'' (3). Old P.vrk Lodge, Ashridge Park,
about f of a mile N.W. of the house, formerly
known as the Forester's Lodge. It is a small
rectangular brick building of three storeys,
ami is of the 17th century^ with 19th-century
additions at the E. end; the roof is tiled. The
tiiird storey is partly in the roof, and has dormer
windows. At each end of the building is a
chimney stack with square shafts set diagonally.
In the middle of the S. front, and on tho pro-
jecting chimney breast at the W. end, is a large
s(juare of plaster on which a sundial is painted;
both are now much defaced.
Condition — Good.
*(4). The Manor Hoitse, stands about ^ mile
S. of the church, at the corner of the road lead-
ing to Studham. It was built in the Kith cen-
tury and consists of a main block of two storeys
and attics, with a large <lining i-oom on the
ground floor; a wing at the S.E. end, containing
the kitchen and domestic oittces; and a modern
wing at the back. The main block is built
chiefly of Totternhoe stone, and the N.E. side
of the house is faced with tliut and stone in
alternate squares.
The house is a good example of IGth-century
domestic architecture, and the painting on the
main staircase is of especial interest.
At each end of the front of the main block
is a scjuare ])rojecting turret carried up above
the roof^ and finished with a moulded crow-
sie])]ied gable; in the turret at the S.E. end is
the entrance doorway, and the other turret con-
tains a staircase. Between the two turrets is a
projecting bay window carried up two storeys; a
stone built into it bears the date 157G, and the
initials A. R. D. and E. (?) B. The initials
may be those of Sir Robert Dormer who owned
the manor at that time, and of his wife,
Elizabeth Browne. All the windows have
stone mullions and transoms and moulded labels.
A rain-water pipe on this front bears the date
1GS4. At the N.W. end of the building is a
chimney stack with four large circular shafts
of stone on moulded bases; the shafts are con-
nected at the top by a stone entablature with a
14t
nrVENTORT OF THE MONtJStENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
small moulded cornice. All the other chimney
stacks are of brick, and have square shafts set
diagonally.
Interior — The internal doorways of the main
block have moulded stone jambs of two orders;
the inner order is carried up to form a four-
centred arch, and the outer one is carried abovo
the arch as a square lintel. The Dining Room,
originally ^2 ft. by Itii ft., is now about 27 ft.
long, as "a passage has been formed at the S.E.
end by the erection of a partition made up of
15tli-century tracoried panelling taken from
Ashridge; the other walls are faced with stone.
At the N.W. end of the room is a large stone
fireplace with a four-centred arch, flanked by
fluted columns on pedestals which support a
moulded entablature with architrave, frieze and
cornice, all richly carved, and with traces of
distemper colouring. Above the columns are
stone consoles carried up to the ceiling, cai-ved
with human figures. In the middle panel above
the fireplace are painted the arms of Queen
Elizabeth. The panel on the right probably
represents Princess Elizabeth and her attend-
ants walking in Ashridgo Park; in the panel
on the left are figures of three gentlemen of
the same period; all the painting is much de-
faced. At the S.E. end of the room is a blocked
arcade; the piers are square with moiilded
capitals, the arches are four-centred^ except one,
which is semi-circular. The Drawing Room,
on the first floor, above the dining room,
is also faced with stone. At each end
is a plain stone fireplace; in the walls are
several small recesses and an arched recess for a
seat at the N.W. end. The first floor of the S.E.
turret forms part of this room, opening
into it by two four-centred arches resting on
an octagonal column with moulded base and
capital of IGth-century character. The Attics
are reached by an oak staircase in the S.W.
turret ; on the jamb of the doorway between
the drawing room and this staircase is an incised
cross, between two gibbets, on a curved line
representing the summit of Calvary. A room
in the attic, about (5 ft. square, probably
once used as an Oratory, has a fireplace and three
recesses in the walls. A painted cupboard door
which came from the dining room hangs on a
wall of the main staircase, and is saiil to repre-
sent Princess Elizabeth in Ashridgo I'ark
receiving the summons from (iueen Mary to
proceed to London as a jirisoner.
Condition — Goml throughout.
^ (5). John of Gaddesdf.n's Hot se, stands
opposite the N.E. hxlge of Ashridge Park. John
of Gaddesden was a noted jihysician in the reign
of Edward III. The house is a small mediaival
building of timber and plaster with a projecting
upper storey; the roofs are tiled.
Although restored externally, tiie house is
an interesting example of the lesser domestic
architecture of mediaeval date. The 15th-cen-
tury open timber roof of the hall is especially
noticeable.
The windows have wooden frames and leaded
lights with somo original fastenings; near the
N. end an octagonal chimney stack has two
octagonal sluifts with moulded bases and caps.
At the back is a stack with a single shaft of
similar design. The hall of two bays on the first
floor, now used as a reading room, has a very
line open timber roof of 15th-century date;
the beams are massive and have carved spandrels
in the supporting brackets. The timbers in the
walls are exposed, and at the N. end is a stono
fireplace, some oak panelling and an oak cup-
board.
Condition — Good throughout; restored ex-
ternally.
* (G). Robin Hood House, originally an inn,
stands at the end of the village, ^ mile S. of the
church. It is a two-storeyed building with
attics, and is covered with cement; the roofs are
tiled. It is probabh' of the 17th century, but
the only old features now visible are some
beams in the ceilings and some flat, shaped
balusters in a staircase leading from the first
floor to the attics.
Condition — ^Good.
83. LITTLE HADHAif.
(O.S. G in. (a)xxii. Ts\E. Wxxii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
"(1). Parish Church of St. Cecilia, stands
nearly \ mile E. of the village and, with two or
three houses, forms the hamlet of Ciiurch End.
It is built of flint rubble with stone dressings,
except the S. transept and vestry, which are of
brick. The roofs are of lead and of tiles. The
Nave is possibly of the l~th century, but this is
uncertain, as the N. doorway, which suggests
(he (late, was nuich defaced when it was con-
verted into a window in tiie IGth century. Tin-
West Tower was added about the end of the 14th
century, and a little later a doorway and
windows were inserted in the nave. The South
/'orcli was built in the first half of tlio 15th
century". The Xort/i Transcjit was added late in
the IGth century, and in the liitli century the
C/iancel was rebuilt or restoretl, the A'ort/i Vestry
was added and the whole church repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(25i ft. by 235 f*-) li-'* '^ modern E. window.
There are two N. windows, the first from
I.ITTI.K HADllAM: IIADHA.M HALL.
KMIIANCK (iATKWAV OK MOISK ; l.ATK KiTH-CENTfUV.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFORDSHIRE.
lU
the E. is modern, the other, a small square-
headed single light is possibly of the IGth cen-
tury. Between them is a modern doorway open-
ing into the vestry. In the S. wall are two
modern windows, which have perhaps a few old
stones, and between them is a modern external
door. The Nave (48 ft. by 23i ft.) has no
structural division from the chancel. On the
K. side is a wide four-centred arch, opening into
tlie transept, of three narrow orders with heavy
octagonal I'esponds and crude, moulded capitals,
plastered, but probably of biick : the N. door-
way is partly blocked and in the semi-circular
head two rough pointed lights in brick have
been inserted : in the S. wall are two early 15th-
century traceried windows of two lights and
between them the S. doorway, of the same
date, is of two moulded orders, the inner two-
centred, the outer square. The North Transept
(25 ft. by 23| ft.) has windows of three rounded
lights in the E. and W. walls, and a window of
four lights with interlacing tracery in the N.
wall. All the windows are of moulded and
plastered brickwork. On the E. side is a small
doorwav with a four-centred head, also of brick.
The West Tower (11|- ft. square) is of three
stages with an embattled parapet, a moulded
plinth and a newel staircase on the S.W. The
tower arch, of two moulded orders, is carried
on circular shafts with moulded capitals and
bases, and is of late 14th-century date. The W.
door is of two moulded orders, the inner two-
centred, the outer square, and is original,
though the jambs have been much restored.
The "VY. window is of three lights with modern
tracery. The bell-chamber windows, of two
traceried lights, are also original, but miich
restored. The South Porch is of open timber
construction with a pointed entrance archway,
trefoiled open panels, and a cusped barge-board.
The Roof of the nave is low-pitched, and is
plain 15th-century work.
Fittings — Bells: five; 2nd by John Dior,
1595; 3rd, ])robably carlv 15th-century; 4th,
1023; 5th, Um. Brasses ": on the S. wall of the
chancel, of a knight and lady, c. 1485 ; the
slab with indent is in the nave : of a priest in a
coj>6, late 15th-century, much worn, with in-
scription almost illegible, apparently to Richard
Warren: in the chancel, part of an unused
15th-century mnrginal inscription. Glass: in
N.W. window of the chancel, shield with
arms of Bishop Braybrooke, 15th-century : in
S.E. window of the nave, figures of St.
Lawrence and Isaiah, 15th-century. Panellincj :
in N. transept, made up from 17th-contury pews.
Piscina: in the chancel, late 14th-ceiitury.
Pulpit: dated 1633, richly carved, with a
carved sounding board and standard. Rood
Screen: early IGth-century, panels of varied
design, with elaborate tracxMV. Xothing remains
of the canopy, and the beam at the top is of
later date. Seating: in the nave; plain, late
IGth-century, heightened by later additions.
Condition — Good; the wooden porch has
suffered from the weather.
Secular:—
" (2). Homestead Mo.a.t, at Green Street
Farm, a fragment.
°(3). Hadh.^m Hall, stands on high ground
about 3 furlongs E. of the church. The house is
built of red brick and is of two and three storeys.
It consists of the W. wing and the W. half of
tlie S. wing of a large house with a central court-
yard, built c. 1575 by the Capel family. The
rest of the house has been destroyed, but the
foundations have been discovered, and also
those of an earlier building (of c. 1440) on the
S.E.; a moated site at some distance to the S.TV.
is probably that of a still older house.
The present house is an interesting example
of 16th-century architecture, and much of the
external detail remains in an unusually perfect
state of preservation.
The main front faces W. ; the entrance, a
modern stone archway, is flanked by half
octagonal turrets. In the S. wing was a second
entrance, of which one archway remains,
in what is now a garden wall ; it was
approached through a walled courtyard, still
in existence, and contained the domestic
offices. On the W. side of the house
was a large fore-court with a brick gatehouse
on tiie 8., and a brick barn on the W. ;
both gatehouse and barn are still standing.
The liouse lias been thoroughly repaired and
re-fitted by the present owner, and a N. wing
added, partly on the old foundations. The
gables have stepped copings. The windows have
simply-moulded mullions and tr;insoms, whicli
are ])lastered to give the effect of stonework : on
the W. side of the house they have pediments
over them. At each end of the W. wing are pairs
of original cliimney stacks with octagonal
shafts and capitals, tlie western shaft of each
]>air being ornamented and tiio eastern plain.
The chimney sta(>ks on eacli side of the central
gateway are of later dnte. Inside tlie hou.se
many of the original timber and plaster parti-
tions, with four-centred doorways and moulded
beams, remain in the W. wing. One room on
tlie ground floor and two on tlie first floor have
jianelling and chimney pieces of c. 1600,
probably taken from the destroyed wings.
The rooms on the first floor in the S. wing have
U6
INVEXTORT OF THE MOXTMENTS OF HHRTFOnDSHIRE.
good panellinw of c. 1740. A large formal
Garden was laid out early in the ITtli century
to the E. of the house, and traces of it are still
to be seen. The Gatehouse is of plain brickwork
with some diaper pattern in black bricks and
has two four-centred archts; it is probably a
little older than the house. The Barn has
buttressed walls and is of early 17th-century
date.
Condition — Good.
0(4). HorsE, at Church End, is a 17th-
century building, of timber and plaster, with a
plastered brick front, possibly added at the end
of the same century.
Condition — Much restored.
<• (5). CoTT.^GEs, in the village, several, of
timber and plaster, were built in the 17th cen-
tury, but altered at later dates.
Condition — Fairly good.
o (G). HorsE, at Hadham Ford, now divided
into several tenements, is of early 17th-century
date. It has a brick gabled front, and two
octagonal chimney shafts with moulded bases
and modern caps.
Condition — Poor.
o (7). F.VRM (Acremoor Street or Alt House
Faim), stands "W. of Bury Green village. It is
a two-storeyed rectangular building, of the
central chimney type, built in the 17th century,
with timber-framed and plastered walls on a
moulded brick plinth : the roof is tiled. The
heavA' chimney stack has diagonal shafts. The
upper floor had low roof trusses, but the ties
have been cut away and the ceilings raised. The
large open fireplaces have been partly filled in,
but one retains an original corner seat and small
locker in a cupboard at the side.
Condition — Poor.
Bfhy Green: —
° (8). Bury Green Farm, on the W. side of
the Green, is of early 17th-century date. It is
a rectangular two-storeyed building of timber,
covered outside with cement; the hipped roof is
of tiles. The central chimney stack has three
square shafts, set diagonally. One large fire-
place remains, with a chimney corner seat of
oak, now enclosed in a cupboard, and there are
also some old floor beams.
Condition — Fairly good.
*(9). Lower Farm, E. of the Green, is
a two-storeyed house with an attic. One wing
is built of 16th-century thin red bricks,
the rest is timber-frame<] and cemented ;
the roofs are tiled. The plan, originally
L-shaped, has been changed to a T-shape by
a modern addition. The brick wing has the
date 10(35 painted on the gable end; it is said to
bo a restoration of a former inscription, but
the bxiildiiig belongs to an earlier period. A
moulded brick string course marks the level of
the first floor. All the windows have been
renewed, except one with a moulded brick label,
in the gable end, now blocked. The two
chimney stacks are original, and have octagonal
shafts of thin bricks. Two rooms in the brick
wing have plastered ceilings of unusually
elaborate design, one is divided into two bays,
with a square panel in each bay, containing
floral devices and a double-headed eagle; in the
sides of the bays are carbuncle-shaped flowers
with a royal crown above every alternate flower;
the other ceiling has square panels with similar
flowers.
Condition — Good; some ivy on the walls.
''(10). Clintons, S. of the Green, is a small
farmhouse of two storeys with an attic at the
E. end. The plan is roughly L-shaped; the
W. wing, projecting to the N., is apparently
modem, but the S. wing seems to be of late
15th-century date, with 17th and 19th-century
alterations. The walls are of narrow red
bricks, and the roof is tiled ; the E. end is gabled,
and has diaper patterns and a Latin cross picketl
out in blue brick; the cross is about 4 ft. high
and 16 ft. above the ground, and has a stepped
base and diamond-shaped ends to the arms. All
Ihe doorways and windows are modern, but
there are two old chimney stacks, one
rectangular, the other with two square shafts
set diagonally. The S. wing is in three divisions,
each containing a single room on the ground
floor; the westernmost room is apparently part
of a large hall, formerly open to the roof; a
floor has been inserted, probably in the 17th
century, and the ceiling is of plaster, with four
small ornamental devices, of which two resemble
those at Lower Farm. A fine moulded tie-
beam of the original roof remains in the upper
room, with a heavy curved brace reaching
nearly to the floor; the spandrel is filled with
late 15th-century tracciy. The kitchen retains
a large fireplace, partly blocked, with the
original chimney comer seat in a cupboard at
the side.
Condition — Fairly good.
Unclassiried:—
°(11). Moated Triirn-s, X. of Hadham
Hall.
Condition — Fairly good.
JTTIJ-; lloKMKAl): rAKlSII ilirKCll <IK ST. MAKY.
NOlMil l»..)K ..I- NAVK. SIIOWINC lliri.-CKM r i; V IlioNWOKK.
INVENTORY OP THE MONUMENTS OF IXEETFOEDSHIRE.
W?
84. LITTLE HORMEAD.
(O.S. G in. xiv. N."W.)
Ecclesiastical; —
(1). Parish Chitroh of St. Mary, stands in a
somewhat isolated position on high ground
about 2 miles E. of Buntingford. The chancel
is built of Hint and stone, and the nave is
cemented; the roofs are tiled. The A'ave is of
c. 1140, but the Chancel, which leans to the N.,
was rebuilt c. 1220. In the 15th century several
windows were inserted ; in the 17th century a
large buttress was built against the S. wall of
the nave, and the small South Porch of brick
was added in the 18th century. The building
was restored in 1888 when the chancel was
shortened a few feet, and the east wall rebuilt.
The 12th-century ornamental ironwork on the
N. doorway is a rare survival (see Fittmgs below
and illustration).
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(24 ft. by 13 ft.) has three modern lancet
windows in the E.wall, and the N. wall is blank ;
in the S. wall are two 13th-century lancets, the
westernmost of slightly later date than the
other; between them is a modern, cemented
doorway, and further W. is a 15th-century
window of two lights under a square head. The
chancel arch is of the 12th century, and has a
flattened round arch; the jambs are square and
have shafts with scallo]ied capitals ; the S. jamb
is mutilated. The Nave (27| ft. by 15^ ft.) has,
in the N. wall, a 12th-century window with a
round head, and a 12th-century doorway with a
moulded round arch, a cemented tympanum,
and shafted jambs; in the S. wall is a 15th-
century window of two lights with tracery, and
E. of it, under the cement, are signs of another
blocked window; the 12th-century S. doorwav
is plainer than that on the N., and has a round
head ; the W. window is modern. The Roof of
the chancel appears to be of the 18tli century;
the nave roof has three old, plain tie-beams and
shaped rafter feet, but is otherwise modem;
over the W. end is a modern wood bell-turret.
Fittings — Belh : two, inaccessible (one said
by Stahlschmidt to be of early 15th-cpntury
date). Door: in the N. doorway, old, oak, with
unusually fine ]2th-ccnturv ironwork, in two
bays, one above the other, of interlacing patterns
formed with one inch straps, a wavy horizontal
band with small sprigs or tendrils shooting from
it, and vertical borders with similar tendrils;
most of it is purely ornamental. Font: of
oolite, c. 1310; sides of bowl have panels of
tracery alternating with circular foiled panels :
in the E. face, a shield with a fleur-de-lis.
Piscina: in S. wall of chancel, partly covered
by modern E. wall, with pointed chamfered
arch, old; basin missing. Plate: used at Great
Hormead Church {q. v.). Roijul Arms : over the
chancel arch, an achievement of the arms of
Charles II. and the date MDCLX. Stoup : in
the porch, a round-headed recess.
Condition — Fairly good, but damp inside,
probably because the building is little used
except in the summer; much ivy on the N. wall
of the chancel. The ironwork on N. doorway
has suffered from age and rust, and parts are
missing, but it is now being properly preserved.
Secular:—
H0MESTE.\D MoATS : —
(2). At Mutford's Farm, fragment.
(3). At Stonebury Farm, fragment.
(4). Bali.oxs Farm, S.E. of the church,
originally a single house, now divided into three
tenements, is a two-storeyed building, of the
17th century, with timber-framed and plastered
walls; the roof is thatched. The plan is of a
half-H shape, with the wings projecting from
the N. front. Two of the chimney stacks, one
central, the other at the W. end, are original,
with diagonal shafts; the third, at the E. end, is
modern. The windows are mullioned. The
original doorway, now much altered, is on the
N. side next to the E. wing, and opposite the
central chimney stack. In the middle cottage
is a very large fireplace, with chimney corners;
the cottage on the W. has also a large fireplace,
with a flat three-centred arcli, reduced to fit a
modern grate.
Condition — The E. wing is used as a chicken
house, and is much dilapidated. The rest is
inhabiteil, and in better condition.
Unclassified;—
(5). Tumulus, on Bummers Hill.
Condition — Fairly good.
85. LITTLE MITNDEN.
(O.S. G in. xxi. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:-
(1). Pari.sh Chueoh of All S.unt.s, stands
on high ground a little over \ mile N.E.
of the village. It is built of flint rubble with
stone dressings ; the roofs are tiletl. The early
history has been much obscured by the later
work, but it seems probable that in the second
half of the 11th century the church consiste<l
of a Chancel and Nave with a North Aisle and
arcade of three bays. The western half of the
present North Chapd was built c. 1-340, and
T i
148
INVENTOKY OP THE MOKTrMENTS OF nEETFORDSHIBE.
about twenty years later the two eastern
bays of the nave arcade were replaced by
the present arcade; the aisle may have been
widened at the same time. Early in the 15th
century the ^'. chapel was enlarged to its present
size, new windows were inserted, a stair-turret
to the rood-loft was built, and the aisle probably
rebuilt; later in the century the West Tower
was added. In the I'Jth century, in addition
to general restorations, the SoiUh Vestry and
yorth and South Porches were added and the
arch of the third bay of the nave was replaced
by the present arch.
Architectural Description — The Chancel (21^
ft. by 16^ ft.) has an E. window of three lights
and a S. window of two lights, the latter
wholly, and the former almost completely
restored. In the N. wall an early 15th-
centurj- four-centred arch leads to the N.
chapel; it has an ogee label with crockets
and hnials and a panelled soffit; W. of
it, a two-centred arch of c. 1340 is of two
moulded orders with shafted jambs. In the
S. wall is a doorway, originally of the 12th
centur}^ and external, but now opening into
the modem vestry, and very much restored.
The chancel arch, of two moulded orders
with shafted jambs, is of the 15th cen-
tury. The North Chapel (21| ft. by 121 ft.)
has windows in the E. and N. walls, both 15th-
century openings, but otherwise modern : the
X. jamb of the arch to the aisle is original. The
Xave (41 ff. by 21i ft.) is of three hays : at the
E. end the ]N'. wall is pierced by the rood-loft
door, and the first two bays have arches of two
chamfered orders, with an octagonal column,
moulded capitals and bases, etc., of c. 1360 : the
W. bay has a modern two-centred arch, but the
jambs are of the 11th century, and their abaci
are roughly cable-moulded, the E. jamb being
set in pink mortar, which is not visible any-
where else in the church. In the S. wall is a
15th-century window of two lights with modem
tracery; the 14th-century S. doorway is of two
continuously moulded orders. A 15th-centurv
doorway with a pointed head opens into the
tower. The .Xorth Aisle (10 ft. wide) has newel
stairs to the rood-loft : in the X. wall are two
late loth-century windows of three lights, much
restored, and a window of two lights possibly
of a little earlier date, also much restored. The
loth-century N. doorway has continuously
moulded jambs and a four-centred head. The
West Tower (11 ft. square) is of three stages,
with an embattled parapet and a small lead-
ccvered spire. The ground stage has modern
vaulting. The W. door, with a moulded square
outer order, the window above it, and the bell-
chamber windows, all of two lights, are of the
same date as the tower.
Fittings— Bells : six; 2nd, 1629; 3rd and
5th, probably by John Danyel, mid 15th-
century. Bracket: on the Is'.W. pier of the
arcade, small. Image: in a niche in the E.
respond of the nave, part of a small female
figure. MonumeiUs : in the E. arch on the N.
side of the chancel, an altar tomb with
effigies of knight and lady, the former in
plate armour, wearing, on his bare head,
a rich and heavy orle; early 15th-ceutury : in
the W. arch an altar tomb with effigies of
knight, in armour, and lady, late 14th-
century; on the effigy of knight, traces of
gilding: in the N. chapel, tomb recess, 15th-
century. Niches : in the E. responds of nave, a
group of three, the central niche cinque-
foiled, the others trefoiled, and all with
crocketted labels, late 14th-centurv. Piscina :
in chancel, with a trefoiled head, late 14th-
century. Screen : under W. arch of the chapel,
three bays with open traceried upper panels
and closed lower panels, late 15th-century.
Condition — Good, much restored.
86. LITTLE AVYMONDLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. Msii. N.E. Wxii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
" (Ij. Paeish CntmcH OF St. Mary, stands on
rising ground in a somewhat isolated position
about J mile from the village. It is built of
flint rubble covered with cement; the dressings
are of stone; the roofs are tiled. The Chancel,
Nave, and West Tower are of the 15th century,
probably the second half, but this is uncertain,
as in the 19th century the chancel was
lengthened, a North Aisle, North Vestry and
South Porch were added, and the church was
completely restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by 14| ft.) has, in the S. wall, two single-
light windows, possibly of the 15th centurj',
much restored; the westernmost is set with a
fairly low sill. The E. and X. windows and the
chancel arch are modern. The Nave (28i- ft.
by 18^ ft.) has a modern N. arcade; the wall on
the S. side is thickened at the E. end, probably
in connection with former stairs to the rood-
loft. In the S. wall are two windows, one of
two lights, the other a single light, both possibly
of the 15th century, much defaced with cement.
The S. doorway is of the 15th centurj-. The
West Tower (tfj- ft. square) is of two stages
with a brick parapet. The tower arch, of the
INVENTOUY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
149
15th century, is two-centred, of two chamfered
orders and has shafted jambs with capitals of
crude detail. The W. window and the bell-
chamber windows are original and each of two
lights.
Fittings — Bells: three; 1st, by John Dier,
15!J5; 3rd, without marks. Brass: on N. wall
of chancel, inscription plate to James Nedham,
who came into the county in 153(i, and his son,
with arms; inscription records erection of monu-
ment by grandson of the one and son of the
other in 1605. Niche: for image, in the vestry,
re-set, early 16th-century. Piscina : in E. wall
of chancel, 15th-century.
Condition — Fairly good, but much defaced
with cement where not rebuilt.
Secular:—
o(2). Wymondley Priory, house, bam and
■moat, about | mile N. of the church.
The house is of interest as it incorporates
remains of buildings which belonged to an
establishment of Augustinian Canons founded
in the 13th century. The barn is noticeable on
account of its great size and early date.
The central block of the present building, now
a farmhouse, is probably part of the aisleless
nave of the conventual church, with the cloisters
on the N., as indicated by a range of shafted
arcading found in the inner or S. wall of the
present drawing room, formerly the N. wall of
the cloisters; the arcading is now hidden by
plaster. The ranges of buildings N. and
S. of the central block, added at the end of
the 16th century and later, are of brick and
timber; the pre-Refonnation work is of flint
rubble with chinch dressings. The only original
detail visible is part of one of the S. windows of
the church, now forming a doorway to a bedroom
on the first floor; the moulded rear arch and the
shafted jambs remain, though somewhat
defaced, and are of mid 13th-century date. Two
15th or 16th-century doorways have been re-set
oa the ground floor, and several rooms have
early 17th-century panelling. There are many
worked stones in the garden walls, etc. Tlio
moat is dry and much denuded, except the S.W.
corner. A large Barn (about 100 ft. by 40 ft.)
S.E. of the house, is probably of modiasval date.
The walls are on masonry foundations, and are
weather-boarded; the roof is tiled. The interior
iff of nine bays with a central space, or nave,
and aisles, separated by rows of posts. The
roof is elaborately framed, with curved braces
and struts in plain squared timbers. A
Conduit Head, about 600 yards N.E. of the
Priory, is a small ruincnl structure, of medircval
date, built of flint rubble. Only the founda-
tions and about 1 ft. of the jS'., S. and W. walls
reumiu; the E. wall has been re-built with a
gable, partly in 16th-century brick.
Condition — Of house, fairly good; of barn,
good; of moat, poor.
*^3). Wymondley iI.\LL F.\rm, about \ mile
N.W. of the church, is a two-storeyed house,
built early in the 17th century of plastered
timber on brick foundations ; the roofs
are tiled. It consists of a rectangular
block, of the central chimney type, facing
X.AV., with a small original extension at
the S.W. end; a second extension, projecting
slightly to the S.E., was added at the iS'.E. end
later in the century. TTie main entrance
is on the N.W. front, and opens into a small
lobby, the width of the central chimney stack;
at the back of the stack is a plain, enclosed
staircase. The domestic offices are >«.E. of the
lobby, and the hall and parlour are on the
S.W. The original part of the N.W . Elevation
has two overhanging bay windows on the upper
storey, finished by gables and carried on carved
brackets; at each end the upper storey projects,
and is gabled. The chimney stacks have square
shafts set diagonally. The interior of the house
is modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
o(4). Wymondley Ijury, house, moat and
dovecote, are on rising ground S. of the church.
The house is of late 16th-century date, and is
built of brick and timber; the roofs are tiled.
The plan is L-shaped, though the main wing,
facing N., is of the central chimney type; the
other wing, containing the domestic offices, is
small. The interior of the house has been much
altered, and only the wide fireplace in the hall
now remains, with chimney corner seats and, at
tile head, a moulded beam. The dovecote,
S.W. of the house, is built of brick with a half-
hipped gabled roof.
Of the moat only a fragment remains.
Condition — Good.
* (5). The Buck's Head Inn, in the main
street of the village, is a two-storeyed house
built of plastered timber on masonry founda-
tions early in the 17th century; the roofs are
filed. The front elevation has an overhanging
gable at each end. The plan is of the central
chimney type; the entrance is on the X., and
opens into a lobby the width of the chimney
stack; the hall and a room beyond it, possildy
partitioned off at a later date, are on the W.;
the kitchen, now used as the bar, is on the E.;
the staircase at the back of the stack corresponds
in position with the lobby.
Condition — Good.
150
IXVENTORT OF THE MOXTJilvXTS OF nF.nTFOnnSHlllE.
87. MArvKYATE.
(O.S.
XVIU.
S.E.)
Seculari—
(1). Makkyate Cell, stands in a park
3i miles S.TT. of Luton. It is a largo house
wliich. has been almost completely rebuilt
several times on account of fires, the date of the
last rebuilding being 1840. The site was
originally occupied by a nunnery founde<l early
in the l^th century; after the suppression of the
monasteries it was leased to Humphrey
Bourchier, of the King's household, who con-
verted the monastic buildings into a house in
1539-40 ; the old work remaining is probably of
this period, and consists of the walls of the two-
storeyed kitchen ofhces at the E. end of the
house, and the lower part of a chimney stack.
The walls are of flint with Tottcrnhoe stone
dressings; the N. wall of the scullery and the
room over it is of flint and stone in alternate
squares. The E. wall has been rebuilt and faced
in the same manner, the stones used being frag-
ments from the monastic church, with mouldings
of 13th-centur\- character. The N. window of
the scullery is of two lights, with four-centred
heads, divided by a moulded stone mullion ;
the kitchen window is similar, but of five lights,
and over it is a square moulded hood with
returned ends. The chimney stack projects
from the E. wall of the kitchen, and in the
lower part is a secret chamber, formerly reached
by an opening in an upper room. The W. or
inner wall of the scullery is 3 ft. 9 in. thick, and
in it is a large arched opening, now built up on
one side; the arch is low and pointed, and of
three orders.
Condition — Good.
88. MEESDEX.
(O.S. 6 in. ix. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). pAEisn CnuECH of St. Mary, about
' mile E. of Meesdcn Green, is built of
flint, with clunch, oolite and Barnack
stone dressings, and has a brick porch;
the roofs are tiled. The Nave is of early
12th-century date; the unusually small North
and South Transepts or chapels were added
c. 1250; the Chancel appears to have been re-
built c. 1300, when it was made the same width
as the nave. At some subsequent period the
transepts were destroyed, but were rebuilt on
the old foundations in 1877, and the arches
giving access to them, which had been filled in,
were re-opened.
The tiled pavement, of early 14th-century
date, in the chancel, is especially interesting.
Architectural Description — The Chancd
(20 ft. to tho chancel step and 15J- ft. wide) has
an E. window of three lights under a pointed
head, a X. window and a S. window, each of two
lights under a square head ; all have 14th-
century rear arches and possibly old inner
jambs, re-worke<l, but, like all tho other
windows in the building, are modern out-
side. The Nave (41 ft. long from the
chancel step to the W. wall, and 15^ ft.
wide) has a traceried S. window of two
lights, with ISth-centtiry inner jambs, and two
similar, but entirely modern, windows in the
!X. wall. E. of the windows are the 13th-cen-
tury arcades of clunch, opening into the N. and
S. transepts; they are of two bays (only 4 ft.
wide) and have octagonal pillars and responds
with moulded bases and capitals, pointed arches
of two orders, each with a hollow in a chamfer,
and moulded labels with mask stops. The 12th-
ceutury S. doorway, of oolite, is plain, with
square jambs, grooved and hollow-chamfered
abaci and a semi-circular arch; a 14th-century
doorway in the W. wall is of Barnack stone, and
has a pointed drop-arch. The South Porch has
an E. window of two lights, and an archway
with moulded jambs and depressed arch, all in
brick ; over the archway is a brick corbel
table and an embattled and stepped gable.
The Roofs are modern; above the W. end is a
modern wood bell-cot.
Fittings — Font : of stone, with panelled
sides, 17th-century. Monument: on the N.
wall of the chancel, of Robert Younge,
with his bust in a circular niche, 162G.
Niches : in the face of the S. porch,
above the entrance, a small arched niche,
in which is set a brick disc with a molet in
relief : in the face of the S.E. diagonal buttress
of the porch, with a trcfoiled head, c. 1530.
Plate : includes a silver cup and standing paten
of 1G21. Tiles : in the pavement of the altar
pace or platform (9 ft. 5 in. by 7 ft. 2 in.),
glazed tiles in black (or very dark green) and
yellow (or white) in circular and other patterns,
and circular, quatrefoil, cinquefoil and other
shapes, two as shields, one is charged, barry
vair; early 14th-century.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
(2). Homestead Moat, at Meesdenbury,
fragment.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIERTFOEDSHIRE.
151
89. MONKEN HADLEY.
(O.S. G In. xlv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Maey, stands on
tlie W. side of Hadley Green, about 'j mile N.E.
of Chipping Barnet. It is built of flint with
stone dressings; the roofs are tiled. The whole
church, beginning with the chancel, was
apparently rebuilt in the 15th century; the
work was probably completed in 14IJ4, the
date carved on the ]Vcst Tower. Both tlie
Aisles were widened, and extensive restorations
carried out in 1848-50. The South Porch
was rebuilt in 1855, and the North Vestry added
in 1888.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(26i ft. by 15i ft.) has an E. window of three
traceried lights, with 15th-century inner jambs,
the rest of the stonework being modern. In the
N. wall is a late 15th-century moulded arch
opening into the N. chapel, a squint with a four-
centred head, and the modern doorway of the
vestry. In the S. wall is a squint and an arch,
as in the N. wall, and a 15th-century window
of two lights with tracery. There is no chancel
arch. The North Chapel (16^ ft. square) has a
15th-century E. window of three cinquefoiled
lights under a segmental head, but the ghiss has
been removed, and it now opens into the modern
organ chamber; N. of it is a small modern
doorway. In the N. wall is a glazed window
which resembles the window in the E. wall.
The South Chajwl (16 ft. square) has E. and S.
windows similar to the corresponding windows
in the N. chapel ; the tracery of the window in
the S. wall is modern. The Nave [2~t\ ft. by
16 ft.) is of two bays with N. and S.
arcades of late 15th-century date ; the
columns and W. responds are moulded,
the E. responds are plain, and the four-
centred arches rest on corbels carved as angels.
The North Aisle (IfJi ft. wide) has modern
windows. The South Aisle (lOi ft. wide) has
also modern windows and a modern S. doorway.
The West Tower (14 ft. square) is of three stages,
with a stair-turret at the S. W. angle, and an em-
battled parapet. It is flanked by the aisles, and
has 15th-century moulded arches with moulded
jambs on the E., N., and S. sides; the W.
doorway has moulded jambs and arch, the
whole covered with cement; the date 1494 is
carved over the doorway. The bell-chamber
■windows have late 15th-century stone jambs,
and modern or cemented heads.
Eittings— Z/e/Z.s' .• 4tli, by James Bartlet, 1681,
and Sanctus bell, uniuscribed. Brasses and
Indetds: in the chancel floor, of a lady, 15th-
century, without inscription : of William Gale,
1614, and his wife, with shields of arms: in-
dent of William Gale, 1610, brass inscription.
Other bi-asses on the walls : on N. wall of
chancel, of a lady, 15th-century : on S. wall of
chance], of man and his wife, 16th-century: in
the N. transept, to Anne Walkenden, 1575, in-
scription and shield of arms : in the S. transept,
of a lady, with inscription to John Goodyere,
1504, and his wife, two shields, (1) a fesse
l>etween three lions, (2) a fesse between two
cheverons : to Walter Green, 1442, inscription
only : in the S. aisle, of William Tumour, 1500,
his wife and children, with inscription : to
Walter and Agnes Tornor, 1494, inscription
only : many of the indents of these brasses
remain in the floors. Chest : at W. end
of S. aisle, iron bound. Font : octagonal
with quatrefoil panels, 15th-century. Glass:
in N. window of N. transept, fragments,
17th-centuiy. Monuments : at W. end of
S. aisle, to Sir Eoger Wilbraham, with
marble busts, etc., 1616: on E. wall of
chancel, to Elizaljeth Davies, 1078: on
the same wall, to Alice Stamford, 1573, and her
son, 1626. Piscinae: in the chancel, with a
trefoiled head : in N. transept, with a four-
centred head : in S. transept, with a cinquefoiled
head but without basin; all 15th-century.
Plate: includes cup of 1562 with cover paten of
1657, cups of 1586, 1610, and 1615, paten of
1618 and flagon of 1609, all of silver gilt.
Miscellanea : on the tower, remains of a copper
beacon, possibly the only one left in the county.
Condition — Good. The exterior, with the
exception of the tower, has been entirely re-
faced.
Secular:—
(2). H.VDLEY Peiory, W. of the church, re-
tains some traces of 16th-century work, but was
practically re-built in the 18th and 19th cen-
turies. A room on the first floor is lined with
early 17th-century oak panelling. In an adjoin-
ing room is a fireplace of mid 16th-centurv date,
with a straight-sided, four-centred, moulded
head and moulded jambs.
Condition — Good.
90. MUCH HADHAM.
(O.S. G in. («)xxii. S.E. Wxxx. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
« (1). Parish Church of St. Andrew, stands
at the N. end of the village, on the W. bank of
the river Ash, and at the foot of a sharp decline
known as Bush Hill. It is built of flint with
152
INVENTOUT of the MONTTMENTS of HERTFORDSHIRE.
chalk dressings; the walls of the chancel con-
tain some red tiles, and those of the tower are
almost entirely covered with cement. Although
no remains of a l^th-century church are lell,
the order of the subsequent growth indicates
the existence of an earlier church, consisting at
least of a chancel and a nave. The extension
of the building has been gradual : the Chancel
was rebuilt and enlarged c. 1220, and was prob-
ably made wider at the W. end in order to give
more room for quire stalls; a South Aisle with
an arcade of three bays the same length as the
Xave was added c. 1240, and c. 1260 both nave
and aisle were lengthened by two bays, bringing
them to their present limit; a North Transept
or Chapel was added at the E. end of the nave
c. 1280; the North Aisle, with an arcade of four
bavs, was built c 1340, and the transept was
incorporated with it. Further work in
the 14th century consisted of the insertion of
new windows in the S. aisle, and of a
doorway, which was moved subsequently to
serve as an entrance to a small vestry
on the X. side of the chancel, where it
remains, obviously too large for the position
and purpose. The West Toirer was added
e. 1400, and bears the arms of Eobert Brav-
brooke, Bishop of London. 1380-1404. The
work of the 15th century included apparently
the removal of the western recesses in the
chancel, when the openings were walled up and
windows inserted; the insertion of the present
E. window and other windows; the addition of
the North Vestry, with the removal of the 14th-
century doorway mentioned above; the
heightening of the side walls of the chancel;
the widening and heightening of the chancel
arch; the erection of the rood screen and loft.
with a stair-turret to the loft: the raising of
the nave clearstorey; the remodelling of the E.
ends of both aisles; and the addition of the
South Porch. In the 19th century much of the
stonework was renewed, and an Ori/fln Chamber
was added recently X. of the chancel.
The intricate history of the church and the
excellence of the details in the several styles of
architecture which it represents, make the
building of more than usual interest. The
arcades, especially the 14th-century work, are
perhaps the most noticeable feature.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(34 ft. by 22 ft.) has an E. window of five lights
and tracery, with moulded mullions and jambs;
in the N. wall is a blocked lancet window of the
13th century, filled in probably when the 15th-
century vestrv was built: below it, and partly
cutting into the W. jamb, is a late 14th-centur>-
doorway of clunch, which opens into the vestry;
it is of two moulded orders, with a two-centred
arch; another window in the N. wall and three
in the S. wall, each of two lights, are of the
15th century; the two-light X. window and one
of the S. windows are in the walls filling the
former openings of the recesses; in the same
walls are small 15th-century doonvays, much
restored; a 13th-century moulded string course
runs round the walls inside, and dies against
the blocking walls at the chamfered eastern
jambs of the former openings. The earlv 13th-
centuiy chancel arch is of two hollow chamfered
orders with shafted jambs; its enlargement in
the 15th century can be traced by the difference
in the sizes of the voussoirs of the pointed arch.
The Nave (72 ft. by 22» ft.) has a X. arcade of
five baj's; the first bay, originally opening into
the tnin.sept. is of c. 1280, and has semi-
octagonal jambs, with moulded bases and bell
capitals, an arch of two chamfered orders, and
a plain label ; a short space of wall divides it
from the other four bays, which are of c. 1340,
and have octagonal pillars, with moulded bases
and bell capitals, arches of two double-ogee
orders, and moulded laljels with curved stops;
the capitals and arches of the 14th-century bays
are interspersed with small carvings set regard-
less of subject and position ; among these are
the ball-flower and other flowers, lions' faces,
human faces and other designs. The S. arcade
has five bays; the three easternmost bays are of
c 1240. and have octagonal pillars, with
moulded bases and bell capitals, pointed arches
of two chamfered orders, and plain labels;
the two western bays are of c. 1260 and differ
from the other three bays in the details of their
capitals and arches ; almost every stone in these
TV. bays has a mason's mark in the form of a
crosslet. Both arcades are of chalk ; several
of the capitals and bases are damaged,
the result of old mutilations, probably for
galleries and screens ; the variation in the
heights of the bases in both arcades shows
that the nave floor originally sloped down-
wards to the TV. The clearstorey has 15th-
century windows with square heads. In the
X.E. comer is the upper doorway of the
rood-stair turret. The large corbels carrying
the roof trusses are variously carved : four have
the symbols of the Evangelists with scrolls;
another appears to re])resent Edward 111.,
dressed in the short tunic and hip-belt of the
])eriod, crowned, and holding his sceptre;
a sixth is a lady holding a disJatf, and another,
a recumbent knight. The North Aisle (15 ft.
wide) has an E. window of three lights, and, in
the eastern half of the X. wall, two windows of
two lights, all traceried,andof the 15th century;
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
153
below the first is a recess for the former altar;
the two windows, of two lights with tracery, in
the western half of the N. wall, and the W.
window of three lights with tracery, are of the
14th century; some of the windows have been
repaired outside with cement : in the middle of
the N. wall is a 14th-century doorway, and
along the N. and W. walls inside is a contem-
porary moulded string course with various
carvings like those in the arcade. The stair-turret
to the former rood-loft is in the S.E. corner of
the aisle, with a moulded pointed doorway,
and next to it is a small trcfoilod piercing
probably not in situ. The South Aisle (IH ft.
wide) has 15th-century E. and W. windows
of tliree lights with tracery; of the four S.
windows the first or easternmost is of three
lights, inserted in the 15th century, but com-
pletely restored; the second, a two-light window
of the 14th century, has been renewed outside
but the old work has been copied; the third is
modern, of two lights of 14th-century character,
and the westernmost, also of two lights, is of the
15th century, partly restored; the 15th-century
S. doorway has a pointed arch in a s(iuare head.
The West Tower {14: ft. scjuarc) is of three stages,
with diagonal buttresses at the W. angles, an
embattled parapet and a small leaded needle
spire; the lofty tower arch is two-centred, and
has moulded and chamfered jambs, with
moulded bases and bell capitals; the W. door-
way has moulded jambs and a pointed arch in a
square head with traceried spandrels; over it is
a shield with the arms of Bishop Braybrooke,
seven voided lozenges, conjoined, and above
this a window of three lights with tracery;
a small window which looked into the nave from
the second stage or ringing chamber is filled in
with late l(!th-century bricks: tlie toj) stage
or bell-chamber has a pointed window, of two
lights with tracery, in each wall. The South
Porch has two windows of two lights in each
side wall, and a pointed entrance arcliway with
shafted jambs, of the 15th century. The Roof
of the chancel is low-pitched, and of the 15th
century; its three tie-beams are strengtliencd
by wall posts which have pendant ends; on the
soffits of the tie-beams are carved roses. The
early 15tli-century roof of the nave is also low-
pitched, and has moulded main timbers; on the
soffits of its four tie-beams are carved fares of
lions, etc.; the ends of the tie-beams have
braces with traceried spandrels, and rest on wall
posts which have moulded bases and capitals,
and stand on the carved corbels mentioned
above. The aisles have flat lean-to roofs of
similar character and date as that of the nave.
Tlie roof of the S. porch is coeval with its walls.
Fittings — AUar : the communion table stands
upon a large stone slab said to belong to a
former altar, but it has no crosses cut ujxin tho
exposed surface. Bells: six; 2ud, l(j.54 ;
3rd, 1595; 4th, 1595. Brasses and Indents:
in the chancel floor, in.scription to Simon
riambard, rector from 1320 to 1332, and
indent of a floriated cross : a brass strip
in a grey marble slab inscribed ' Priez pur
I'alme alban psone de hadhim,' probably Alan
de Fen, rector from 13G9 to 1372; half-figure
of a man, in tho dress of a sergeaut-at-law,
15th-century, no inscrijjtion : to Grace Good-
man, 1G31, inscription only: in the nave, of a
manand woman, early IGth-century : of Clement
Newce, ' cyttezin and mercer of London ', 1579,
ilary, his wife, 1582, eight sons and nine
daughters, with inscription, arms and crest (a
wheatsheaf) : of William Xewce, died IGIO, and
his two wives, six sons and seven daughters, with
arms and crest: to Joone Goldsmyth, eldest
daughter of Clement Newce and wife of
Frauncys Goldsmyth, of Crayford, Kent, 1509 :
to Dianis Burtun, widow, daughter of .John
Knitun of Bayford, IGIG. Chairs: two,
high-backed, a little damaged but sub-
stantially sound, 15th-century. Communion
Table: of oak, late IGth-century. Door: in the
doorway opening into the N. vestry, old, of oak,
with good early 13th-century ironwork. Easter
Scpulehre: see Mo?iumeiUs. Font: of stone,
probably IGth-century. Glass: in the tracery
of E. window of chancel, figuiTs of St. Peter and
St. Andrew, and a row of female saints, 15th-
century : in the lower lights, heraldic glass
with the sacred monogram, etc., of later date.
ilonuments and Floor Slabs : In X. wall of
chancel, tomb recess, possibly used also as an
Easter sepulchre, 15th-century: on S. wall of
chancel, at E.end, effigy of Judith, wife of John
Aylmer, Bishop of London, 1G18, head missing.
In the chancel, floor slabs: to John Good-
man, rector, died 1G90: to Catherine, wife
of Dr. William Fuller, Dean of Durham,
1GG8. Paintings: on the jambs of the blocked
lancet window in the chancel, probably 13th-
century : on N. wall of nave clearstorey
and on N. wall of N. aisle, in patches, pro-
bably 15th-century. Panellinq : on E. wall of
chancel, 15th-century; on E. responds of both
sides of nave, 17th-century. Piscinae: two in
the chancel, with octofoiled basin, and cinque-
foiled four-centred head, inserted in the 15th-
century; combined with a credence with
trcfoiled heads, two openings divided by a
muliion, 13th-centurv ; in X. aisle, small, tre-
foiled, with semi-quatrefoiled basin. Plate: in-
cludes two silver cups and small cover paten of
U
154
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
1576. Pulpit: partly made up of 15tli-century
pauelliuEj. Rood Scran, tracerieil, 15th-centurT,
with motlern cornice. Siotinp : in the nave,
some seats with loth-centurv buttressed stan-
dards. Stalls: in the choir, 15th-century.
Tiles: in the tomb recess or Easter sepulchre
in N. wall of chancel, encaustic tiles, probably
14th-century.
In the churchyard, on the S., is a fine old
yew-tree.
Condition — Generally good; much of the ex-
ternal stonework has been renewe<l, although in
some places the decayed stones have been re-
paired with cement.
Secular:^
HOMESTE-VD iloATS :
o (2). At the Lordship.
0(3). At Exnells Farm, a fragment.
" (4). At Moat Farm, enclosing the house and
garden.
<»(5). At Brand's Farm, a fragment.
*(6). At Mingers Farm.
6(7). At Sherrards, a fragment.
" (8). The Palace, stands on the X. side of
the churchyard.
From the 10th to the 18th century the site
has been occupied by a residence of the Bishops
of London. The present building does not
appear to be of earlier date than the IGth cen-
tury, although a loth-century beam still exists
in one of the rooms. The traces of the large
10th-century hall are interesting.
The house was originally timlwr-framed, but
the walls were encased with brick between 1670
and 1700. It is of two storeys with attics; the
older parts of the roofs are tiled. The plan is
H-shaped, with later additions. The main
block (about 48 ft. by 22 ft.), was originally
occupied by a large hall carried up from the
ground floor to the roof. Early in the 17th
centurj' a floor was inserted, and the lower part
of the hall divided into two rooms. Late in the
18th century a wing was added at the
E. end of the house, and in the 19th cen-
tury additions were made to the domestic
offices, etc., on the N. side. The wings
and also the main block are gabled, the
latter both lengthways and across, the two
cross gables being of unequal pitch; the gables
and parapets have brick copings. One window
has IGth-century moulded oak jambs and mul-
lions encased in plaster. Two of tlie chimney
stacks are built of early 17th-century bricks.
Interior: on the N. side of the main block is a
long passage, with the ends of six old oak
girders dividing the ceiling into five bays : these
girders, which are carried through into the
rooms next to the passage, are the original tie-
beams of the roof trusses of the pre-17th-
century hall: the mortices and pegholes where
the former curved braces were fixed can still be
seen in the soffits of the beams and in the wall-
j)Osts on which they rest. Several rooms have
17th-century panelling, and some doors of the
same date also remain. In the ceiling of a room
on the first floor there is a loth-century beam,
with masons' joints at the ends, and many of
the 17th-century constructional timbers are
visible. The principal staircase has 17th-cen-
tury square newels with ball tops and a moulded
handrail.
Grounds : A few trees are all that remain of
an avenue leading from the main road W. of the
house to the S. front. In a meadow N. of this
avenue are traces of extensive buildings, pro-
bably the former stables and outbuildings of the
Palace.
Condition — Good.
o(9). The Rectory, S. of the church, is an
early 17th-century house, built of plastered
timber on brick foundations. The original plan
was L-shaped, but the house was much altered
and enlarged in the 18th and 19th centuries.
In a vestibule are some carvings, panelling,
and a pilastered doorway of earlv 17tn-century
date.
Condition — Good.
« (10). The Morris Cottage, on the W. side
of the main street, is probably of late ICth-
century date. It is a small rectangular build-
ing of timber and plaster, with an overhanging
upper storey, and a tiled roof. The ends are
gabled, and the plain central chimney stack is
built of thin bricks.
Condition — Good.
o (11). Yew Tree Farm, at Hadham Cross,
f mile S. of the church, is an early 17th-century
building, with later additions at the back. It
is of two storeys with an attic, and the walls are
of timber and plaster. The thatched roof is
high-pitche<l, and hi])ped at both ends, and has
tiled eaves. On the front the upper storey pro-
jects, and the attic is lighted by a gabled
dormer window, inscribed " TTVS, 1697 " ;
the date evidently applies only to the window.
The two square chimney stacks, with a small
square pilaster on each face, are original. The
interior is modern.
Condition — Good.
" (12). HorsEs, in the village; many are of
the 17th century or of earlier date, but are
much repaired and altered. They are built of
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
155
brick and timber, and liave overhanging upper
storeys; the roofs are tiled.
Condition — Fairly good.
Perry Green : —
b (13). Bucklers Farm, 1^ miles S. by S.E. of
the church, is a timber-framed house, partly
plastered and partly weather-boarded; the roof
is tiled. It was built probably early in the 17th
century on an L-shaped plan, with a small pro-
jection in the angle, containing the staircase;
the main block faces N., and on the ground
floor contains two rooms with a passage between
them leading to the staircase; in the wing is one
room with a large chimney stack between it and
the room on the N. Small modern wings have
been added to the main block on the S. and W.
On the N. front the iipper storey projects at the
E. end, with a gabled dormer window above it,
and at the W. end is a gable with a moulded
barge-board, and an old pendant at the apex.
The roof is half-hipped at the E. end of the
main block, and also on the E. side of the stair-
case wing. The main doorway, in the middle
of the X. front, and themullioned windows have
modern frames. The chimney stack at the
junction of the wings has engaged diagonal
shafts and a moulded base. There is also a
plain original chimney stack near the E. end of
the main block. On the first floor, one room
has plaster decorations on two walls, with
heraldic devices — a lion rampant reversed, rose,
carbuncle, fleur-de-lis, etc. ; there is some
panelling of early 17th-century date in another
room, and a third room has an original oak
ledged and moulded batten door.
Condition — Good.
*(14). Hot/lands, a small farmhouse of early
17th-century date, nearly 1| miles S.S.E. of the
church, is a timber-framed building partly
plastered and partly weather-boarded, of two
storeys and an attic. The roofs are tiled :
the plan of the ridges forms a T. -'^t the W.
end is a large chimney stack, built of thin
bricks, with two engaged shafts set diagonally-
The W. half of the house is gabled on the N.
and S.,'the N. gable having an original moulded
barge-board of oak, now painted. The E. end
is also gabled.
Condition — Poor.
91. NETTLEDEN.
(O.S. 6 in. xxvi. S."W.)
Ecclesiastical;—
(1). Parish Church of St. Lawbence, stands
in the village, 2| miles N.E. of Great Berk-
hampstead. It is built of brick, except the W.
tower, which is probably of flint rubble with
stone dressings, but is covered with rough-cast.
The West Tower is of the loth century; the
Nave, Chancel and North Porch were rebuilt in
1811.
Architectural Description — The Chancel is
entirely modern. The Nave has four windows
of three lights each, in which some of the stones
may be of the 15th century, re-set. The Tower
is of three stages, with an embattled parapet,
and has diagonal buttresses on the W. side. The
A\^ doorway is modern, but the window over it
and the windows of the ground stage are of the
IGth century. The bell-chamber windows are
of two trefoiled lights under four-centre<l heads.
Fittings — Brass : in the chancel, of John
Cotton, 1545, with four shields and inscription.
Chair : on N. side of chancel, early 17th-cen-
tury, carved. Monvment : on S. wall of nave,
to Edmund Bressy, 1G12, his wife and children.
Condition — Good on the whole, but the
rough-cast on the tower is cracking in places.
Secular:—
(2). Cott.\ge.s, in the village, probably of late
17th-century date, are all of two storeys, built
of brick and timber. The roofs are tiled, and
the chimney stacks are of brick.
Condition — Fairly good.
92. NEWNHAM.
(O.S. G in. iii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Parish Church of St. Vixcknt, stands
on the N. side of the village, 2^ miles X. of
Baldock. The external walls and parapets are
cemented; the roofs are covered with lead.
It is recorded that a church in this parish was
consecrated by Losinga, Bishop of Norwich,
1094-1119, and some of the walling of the Nave
may belong to it, although no detail remains of
that date. The Chancel was either rebuilt or
lengthened in the KJth-century; the South
Aisle was built c. 1340; and a West Tower was
added at the same date by erecting a wall across
the W. end of the nave, the N. and S. walls of
the tower being carried upon arches s])ringing
from this wall to the W. wall of the nave,
within the lines of the original N. and S. walls.
In the 15th century a stair-turret was built at
the S.E. angle of the tower, and, at some later
date, the tower was enlarged to give more room
for bells bv pulling down its N. wall, and
raising the X. wall of the nave, the E. and "W.
walls of the tower beinjr extended northwards
to meet it. The South Porch is also of the 15th
century, and may have been built during the
repairs carrietl out by John of Wheafhamp-
stead. Abbot of St. Albans, between 1420-40.
U 2
156
INVENTORY OP THE MONUMENTS OF IlEnTFORDSHIEE.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by 12} ft.) has a luth-century E. window
of three lights with tracery; in the 2s. wail are
two 13th-ceutury laacet windows; in the S.
wall are two windows of two trefoiled lights
with pierced heads, possibly of the same date as
the E. window, and between them is a small
doorway. The chancel arch is of two chamfered
orders without responds. The Nave (48 ft. by
loi- ft., including the tower, which occupies the
W. end of the nave) has, in the X. wall, two
15th-century windows of two cinquefoiled lights
with square heads. The S. arcade, of c. l;540,
is of tour bays with octagonal shafts, moulded
bases and capitals, and pointed arches of two
chamfered orders. The clearstorey has, on eacli
side, three l-5th-century windows of two lights
with square heads. The Soitth Aisle has two
S. windows with modern tracery, and a plain S.
doorway, probablj- of the same date as the nave
arcade. The S. I'orch has a loth-century four-
centred outer arch under a square head. The
West Tower is of two stages, with a S.E. newel
stair-turret, embattled parapet and flat roof;
the wide tower arch, of c. 1340, has the same
detail as the nave arcade. The windows of the
bell-chamber, of two trefoiled lights under
square heads, are also original. The Roof of
the porch is of the 15th century, but all the
other roofs are modern.
Fittings — Bells: one, IGth-century, with a
meaningless inscription; there are pits for
three more. Brasses: in the chancel, of Joane
Dowman, 1607, eight children, shield and in-
scription: of a civilian, his two wives and four
children, c. 1490, no inscription. Floor Slab:
to William Dyer, 1G80. ]Joor : of the S. aisle,
[)robably 15th-century, with original strap
tinges. Font: octagonal, richly panelled sides
and shaft, 15th-century. Glass: in W. window
of S. aisle, a few quarries, 15th-century.
Plate: includes cup and cover paten of 1568.
Condition — Fairly good. The S. arcade leans
somewhat to the S., and the stonework of the
porch is decaying in places.
Secular:—
{2). Homestead M().\t, at Manor Farm. The
island is revetted with a brick wall.
Condition — Good.
(3). Xe\v.nii.\m II.\ll, formerly tlie ' Church
Farm ', E. of the church, is probably part of a
16th-century house, but has been much altered
and enlarged in the I'Jtii century. The old
walls are of considerable thickness. Tlie build-
ing is covered externally with cement; the roofs
are tiled. One of the bedrooms has two small
original windows, now blocked ; part of a stair-
case is of the 17th century, and there are old
beams in the attic.
Condition — Good.
(4). CoTT.-iGES, almost opposite the church,
said to have been originally the malting house
of the manor, are probably of the 17th century.
They form a long rectangular building of brick
and timber; most of the walls are covered with
cement ; the roofs are tiled.
Condition — Fairly good.
93. XORTHAW.
(O.S. G in. sli. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.iRisH CiRRCH OF Sx. Thom.\s, in the
village, is modern, but in the churchyard is
part of a 15th-century Font. The bowl is octa-
gonal, with concave sides, each side having a
Tudor rose or a shield with a cross carved on it.
The base is missing. The Plate of the church
includes a cup and cover paten of 1636, and a
paten of 1668.
Condition — Good.
94. XORTHCHUECn.
(O.S. Wxxv. S.E. (Mxxxii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
*< (1). Pauish Church of St. Mary, stands in
the middle of the village, 1\ miles N.W. of
Great Berkhampstead on the main road to
Tring. It is a cruciform building faced with
flint and has stone dressings, except the tower,
which is faced with Tottcrnhoo stone and has
been plastered. The roofs of the chancel and
transepts are tiled; the low-pitched roof of
the navo is of lead. The earliest part of tho
building is the Nave, of which the S. and W.
walls are of pre-Conquest date; the church at
that time probably consisted of a small chancel
and an aisleless nave, 32 ft. U in. by 22 ft. 4 in.,
with a square W. chamber, about 21 ft. square,
as indicated by tho thickening of the walls at
the W. end. The present Chancel was built
early in the 13th century, when probably the
Central Toiccr was erected over the lines of the
original chancel, and the Transepts were added;
the tower is now entirely of the 15th century,
but it is unlikely that it was more than
rebuilt at that time; tho transepts were
also repaired or ])artly rebuilt in the 15th
century. The North Vestry and Organ Chamber^
the North Aisle and South Porch are modern,
and tho building has been extensively restored.
The chunli is of especial iiitorost on account
of the indications of the pre-Conquest W.
chamber, of which very few examples remain
INVENTORY OP THE MONUMENTS OP HEETFOEDSHIHE.
157
NORTHCHURCH.
PARISH CHURCH OF ST. MARY.
5cALE. OF Feet
PrP" CONquEST
13'" CENTUR.Y
l^'" CENTUF^f
15'" Centura
fev;ij MoDER,N (i^-^Qntwo)
in tlie country. The Flemish chest in tho
vestry is an elaborate example of 15th-century
wood carving.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(34 ft. by 17 ft.) has a modern three-light E.
window, with a few 15th-century stones in the
outer jambs. In the N. wall is an early 13th-
ceutury lancet, opening into the vestry, and W.
of it is a modern doorway and an arch opening
into the organ chamber. In the S. wall are
three late 14th-century windows of two lights,
with a quatrefoil in the head, and a small
doorway now blocked by a wide buttress.
The Central Tower (15 ft. square) is of two
stages above the roof of the church, with an
embattled parapet and a stair-turret at the
N.W. angle; it rests on four 15th-century arches
of two moulded orders with half-octagonal
responds. The bell-chamber windows are of
two trefoilcd lights, with a quatrefoil in
the head. The North Transept (16 ft. by
13^ ft.) has a little 15th-century stonework in
the E. window, but all tho other details are
modern. In the South Transept (17 ft. by
16 ft.) all tho details are modern except some
14th-century worked stones in the S. wall. The
Nave (59 ft. by 22i ft.) is of four bays, with a
modern N. arcade. In the S. wall there is a
modem window of three lights, a window of
c. 1250, of two trefoilcd lights with a quatrefoil
in the head, and a window of c. 1320, of two
trefoiled lights with tracery, much restored; the
S. doorway is modern and the W. window of
three lights, with tracery, has been entirely
renewed, except a little of the internal stone-
work. The rood-loft doorway remains in tho
N.E. corner. The North Aisle has modern
windows, but some old stones are re-used in the
jambs. The Roofs of the chancel and nave con-
tain a few old moulded timbers.
Fittings — Bells : six, four by Chandler, 1651 ;
bell frame dated ' T.K., 1615.' Chest : in the
vestry, Flemish, with richly carved traceried
panels, shafts and pinnacles on the styles,
and an original wrought-iron lock plate. Font :
l)lain octagonal bowl, probably 15th-century;
base modern. Indent : at E. end of N. aisle.
Piscina: in the chancel, recess without basin,
jirobably late 15th-century. Tiles : in Hoor of
tower, 15th-oentury, much worn.
Condition — Good, owing to modern refacing
and repairs. The plaster is scaling off the
tower.
''(2). Ch.vpel of St. M.^ry M.\gdalexe, ruins,
in the grounds of Marlin Chapel Farm, on a
hill 1] miles S.W. of the village, consisting of
fragments only of a small rectangular building
of flint rubble. There is no detail by which it
can be <lated; a few worked stones are built into
the walls.
Condition — Bad; some of the walling is
covered with ivy, and trees are growing inside
the buildinfj.
158
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
Secular: —
*(3). Homestead Moat, at Marliu Chapel
Farm, encloses farm buildings.
«'(4). The Cuirch Houses, at the S.W.
corner of the churchyard, are a group of IGth-
ceuturv cottages huilt of vertical timbers, with
brick tilling, of which some is modern ; the
roofs are tiled. The upper storey projects, and
the windows have leaded casements.
Condition — Fairly good.
*(5). Cottages, in the main street, are ITfh-
century buildings of brick and timber; the roofs
are tiled.
Condition — Fairly good; some of tlie timbers
are decayetl and have been replaced with strips
of tarred brickwork.
" (6). Dovecote, in the grounds of Xorcott
Court, about a mile X.W. of the church. It is
a small rectangular 17th-ceutury building of
brick and timber, with gabled ends. The roof
is tiled. The lower pai-t is now used as a tool
house. All details arc hidden by the ivy, which
completely covers the walls and roof.
Condition — Bad, on account of the ivy.
Unclassified:—
*(7). Grim's Ditch, or Graeme's Dyke or
Gryme's Dike (BoundarA' Bank: see also Great
Berkhampstead, Tring and Wigginton), enters
the parish on the "W. from Smart's Wood (Wig-
ginton) and passes S.E. through Hamberlin's
Wood. The line is then lost until it reappears
at Woodcock Hill towards the E. border of the
county.
Condition — Fairly good at W. end; poor at
E. end; destroyed elsewhere.
95. NORTH MIMMS.
(O.S. 6 in. («)xxxv. S.W. (Wxxxv. S.E.
('^'xl. N.W.\
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands in
North Mymms Park, 2^ miles S.W. of Hatfield,
andis built of flint with patches of modern brick;
the dressings are of stone. The roofs are of tiles
and lead. Tiie earliest part is the Chancel, of
which the walls are {x>ssibly of the 13th contur\-.
The .Vor</iC/ta;je/ appears to have been built for a
chantry founded in 1328; the Nave and probably
the Aisles were entirely rebuilt c. 1340, and at
that time a central tower with transepts was
planned, but not completed; the West Tower
was built in the 15th century. The church was
restored in 1860 and the North Vestry and South
Porch are modem.
The church is especially interesting on
account of the abandoned scheme for the central
tower; the 1-lth-ceutury detail of the windows,
etc., is also noticeable.
Ai-chitectural Description — The Chancel
(32 ft. by 18^ ft.) has an E. window of three
lights with modern tracery. In the S. wall are
two windows, one of two lights, the other of
three lights, with tracery; the head and jambs of
the easternmost window are old. The S. doorway
has modern external stonework. On the Jv .
side is a modern arcade of two baj-s opening into
the chapel. The chancel arch, originally in-
tended for the W. arch of the 1-lth-century
central tower, is of three chamfered orders, and
the jambs have moulded capitals and bases.
Parts of the jambs of the N. and S. arches of the
central tower also remain. On each side of the
chancel arch, at the E. end of each aisle, is a
smaller arch built as an opening into the pro-
jected transepts; the arch on the S. is blocked,
that on the N. opens into theN. chapel. TheiY«r//i
Chapel {2^ ft. by 13 ft.) has two 14th-century
windows in the N. wall, each of two trefoiled
lights with quatrefoile<l heads. The Nave (43 ft.
by 18 ft.) is of three bays with N. and S. arcades
which have octagonal shafts and arches of two
orders with details similar to those of the
chancel arch. The Aisles (each 10 ft. wide)
have windows of three lights with net tracery,
of c. 1340, partly restored; there are three in
the N. wall, two in the S. wall, and one at the
W. end of each aisle. The S. doorway is also
of the 14th century, with continuously moulded
jambs and arch. The West Tower is of three
stages with diagonal buttresses at each angle, a
plastered parapet, and copper-covered spire.
Tlie 15th-century tower arch is of two orders
with engaged shafts and moulded capitals to
the inner order. The W. doorway and the
window over it are of the 14th century, and
must have been moved from the old W. wall;
the jambs of the doorway have richly carved
capitals, and the arch is of three moulded orders,
with carved flowers in the hollows; the window
is of three trefoiled lights w^ith net tracery.
Fittings — Bras.iex : in the chancel, of a priest,
said to be Thomas de Horton, vicar, c. 13G0, in
Eucharistic vestments, with chalice and ]>aten,
under an enrirhed canopy, similar in design
and workmanship to that of Abbot do la Mare
(see St. Albans), with figures of Christ,
saints and angels in panels above it; a shield
below is charged with a snltire between four
crosslets fitchy ; of Flemish workmanship :
to Thomas Hewes, 1587, and his wife, 1500,
inscription onlv: of a knight in armour,
said to be Henry Covert, c. 1488 : of a
N(
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOBDSHIRE.
159
civilian, his wife and ten children, c. 1490: of
Richard Butler, figure iu armour, iiiul his wife,
c. 1560, with two shields and inscription : of
woman, two children with heads missing, and
inscription to Robert Knowles, 14 — , and Eliza-
beth, his wife, 1458. All the brasses were
removed from the floor to the walls of
the chancel in 1800. Communion Tahle :
with baluster legs, 17th-century. Glass : in
the chapel windows, fragments, 15th and
17th-century. Monuments: in the N. chapel,
partly hidden by the organ, panelled altar
tomb, said to be of Elizabeth Coningsby;
15th-ceutury : in the N. aisle^ alabaster altar
tomb of a lady of the Barford family, 16th-
century ; lier figure incised on a slab at the
top, the lines fillod with black composition, mar-
ginal inscription in raised black-letter, much
worn. FnneUing : in the vestry, 17th-century.
Piscina: in the chancel, 14th-century. Plcite :
includes a cup of c. 1570 and a covered cup of
c. 1610. A 17th-century German tankard made
of amber and mounted with silver gilt, now in
the British Museum, also belongs to this parish.
Puljjit : hexagonal, carved and panelled, 17th-
century. Sedilia : under one of the S. windows
in chancel arched recess. Miscellanea : on the
S.E. buttress of the nave, sun dial with muti-
lated inscription, and apparently the date 1584.
Condition — Good, except the stonework of
some of the aisle windows; one is badly decayed.
Secular: —
'> (2). Homestead Moats, two; on© at "Welham
Green, the other about \ mile S. of it.
"(4). North Mymms Park, W. of the church,
is a large three- storey ed house of red brick with
diaper pattern in blue brick, stone dressings and
a stone plinth; the coping and parapets are
covered with modern cement, and the roofs are
tiled. It was built c. 1600, and considerably
enlarged in the 19th century.
The house, although much altered inside, is
an interesting example of the domestic architec-
ture of the period, and on three sides at least its
external appearance is little changed.
The plan is H-shaped, but on the N.
front the wings are of shallow projection,
and there is a small porch wing containing
the principal entrance. The original hall
is in the central block, but is now divided
into two galleries with a modem chimney
stack opposite the main entrance. On the
S. is a large courtyard, enclosed on the E.
and W. sides by modern two-storeyed additions
built on to the wings ; the room at the S. end of
each wing is also modern. A'. Elevation : the
entrance to the porch is of stone, and has a
semi-circular arch, with a carved ogee keystone;
the carving in the spandrels is probably modem;
on each side are fluted pillars which support an
entablature with trigylphs, carved flowers and
a moulded cornice ; over the entrance is a
narrow horizontal stone panel with three plain
shields and surrounding ornament, and above
the window on the first floor is a stone shield
bearing the arms of Coningsljy. The wings
have gables with pinnacles. Many of the stone
quoins on this front are original, but the
muUions and transoms and the moulde<l labels
of the windows have been restored. In the
plinth, E. of the porch wing, arc two small
original windows, which evidently lighted a
cellar below the hall. W. Elevation : the five
windows on the first floor have stone mullions.
transoms and labels, and are original, but re-
paired. There are also two original gabled
dormer windows of brick with stone quoins and
copings. E. Elevation : the windows on the
first floor and the three brick dormer windows
are original, but ,have been restored. The S.
Elevation has three shallow gabled projections on
the face of the central block; in the middle pro-
jection is a modem window of two storeys, in-
serted in place of a former doorway. The pro-
jection on the E. has, on the first floor, an
original transomed window, with a label. Be-
tween the original courtyard face of each wing
and the modern additions there are four rect-
angular chimney stacks; the northernmost iu the
W. wing is original, but the four octagonal
shafts with moulded caps and bases have been
rebuilt with old material; three stacks in the E.
wing are original below the roof; the others are
modern. The house has been entirely re-
modelled inside, and the old fittings it contains
have been brought from elsewhere.
Condition — Good.
*(5). BROOKMAr^s, ruins, and the stables,
which are now used as a dwelling house, in a
park 1^ miles E. of the church. Tiic original
jiouse was built c. 1680, but was burnt down in
1892, and only a few bare brick walls remain.
The stables consist of a long rectangular red
brick building, of two storeys, with a low-
])itched slate roof. In one of the rooms is a
17th-century carved overmantel, witli the date
1527 cut on it, which came from ' Gobions,' a
house in the neighbourhood, pulled down early
in the 19th centurj-. On the W. side of the
park is a brick gateway, with semi-circular
arch, flanked by turrets, apparently of the same
date as the house.
Condition — Of stables, good; the ruined
walls of the house are to be jiulled down.
160
ry%'ENTORY OF THF. MONf STENTS OF HERTFORDSniHE.
96. NORTON.
(O.S. G in. vii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical;—
(1). Parish CiirRcn of St. Nicuol.\s, stands
at the N.E. end of the village, one mile N.W. of
Baldock. The walls of the chancel and tower
are covered with cement, hut those of the nave
are of flint rubble, bonded with clunch, and
have patches of mo<lern brick covered with thin
cement. The roofs are of slate. The Xave is
probably part of the church dedicated by
HerbertLosinga, Bishop of Norwich, 1094-1119,
but in the 15th century it was lengthened west-
wards about 8 feet and the walls were raised; at
the same time a West Tower was added. In
1814 the Chancel was almost entirely rebuilt
and the church repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
is modern, except the W. wall (3 ft. thick)_ and
the early 12th-century chancel arch (7 ft.
10 in. wide), of one square order, with a
chamfered string at the springing. The
Nave (48i ft. bv 20 ft.) has walls apparently of
early date. The N. wall has two 15th-century
windows of two cinquefoiled lights with tracery,
and a plain doorway, blocked in 1814. In flie
N.E. angle are the "rood-loft stairs, with upper
and lower doorways intact. The S. wall has
similar windows, and a doorway, also of the
loth century, with continuous mouldings. The
West Toirer (12^ ft. square) is of three stages,
with an embattled parapet and a S.W. stair-
turret. The tower arch is of two orders, with
shafts to the inner order. The W. doorway has
traceried spandrels under a square head. The
window above it has modern rough posts instead
of mullions. The muUions and tracery of the
bell-chamber windows have disappeared.
Fittings — Bells: three; 2nd, 15th-centur\-, by
Eichard Hille, inscribed ' Sancte Petre ora pro
nobis ' ; 3rd. 16th-century, with apparently
meaningless inscription. Door : at foot of rood-
loft stairs, probably 1.5th-centurj-. Font :
octagonal bowl, much scratched, re-worked
panelled stem, 13th-century. Monument and
Floor Slab: in the chancel, alabaster mural
tablet, to Katlierine Cole, 1648, and her
daughter, 1052: in the nave, floor slab, to
"William P\-m, 1685. Plate: includes a cup of
c. 15T0 without hall marks. Pulpit: of
moulded oak, hexagonal, with a canopy, 17th-
century. Seating : in the nave, with moulded
lails and sills, of c 1500.
Condition — Good on the whole, and under
repair at the time of visit. Windows, etc.,
repaired with new stonework.
Secular: —
(2). HoMESTE.VD Mo.iT, at Nortoubury.
97. NUTHAMPSTEAD.
(OS. 6 in. ix. N.E.)
Secular:—
Homestead iloATS : —
(1). At Little Cockenhatch, irregular in shape.
(2). In S.AV. corner of Scales Park.
98. OFFLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xi. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Parish Church of St. Mary Magd.vlexe,
about \ mile S.E. of the village, is built chiefly
of flint and stone; the chancel is faced with
Portland stone, and the N. aisle with cement;
the tower is of brick ; the roofs arc covered with
lead, except the roof of the porch, which is tiled.
The Nave and Aisles were built c. 1220, and
material of the same date has been re-used in the
South Porch : the windows and doorways were
inserted in the 14th and 15th centuries. The
Chancel was re-cased and re-fitted in 1777; early
in the 19th century the West Tower was rebuilt
and the church has since been much repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(42ft.byl7|ft.) has an 18th-century E. window,
and is also lighted through a cupola in the roof;
the E. end is apsidal inside, but square outside.
The 18th-centurv chancel arch is semi-circular.
The.Yaue (54| ft'.by 22 ft.) has N. and S. arcades
of four bays ; the pillars lean outwards, probably
owing to the pressure of an earlier roof; they are
octagonal and have moulded bases and carved
foliated capitals: the arches are of two chamfered
orders with labels terminating in carved stops,
of which some have been broken off; above the
arcades is a 15th-century clearstorey, much
restored. The North Aisle (8 ft. wide) has
a modern E. window; in the N. wall are
three 15th-century windows of two lights
under square heads, repaired; on the E.
jamb of the easternmost window is a small in-
scription recording the consecration on the fes-
tival of St. Sulpicius. 1417, of the side altar near
the window ; the N. doorway was inserted
towards the end of the 14th century, and has a
two-centred arch of two orders; there is no W.
window. The South Aisle (7 J ft. wide) has an E.
window and three S. windows of two lights with
modern tracery, but the inner jambs are prob-
ably of the 15th century. The 15th-century S.
doorway has a square head. The Tower (about
1^ _
y. if
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
161
12 ft. square) has a small spire above it. The
archway, opening into the nave, is plastered.
The Sovth Porch is biiilt of brick, covered with
cement, and has some re-used 1.3th-century
material in the W. window ; the entrance arch-
way is much repaired with cement. The Roof
of the nave is low-pitched, and has an old tie-
beam at the E. end on a broken corbel, carved
with a head; the chancel has a flat wood ceiling;
the roof of the S. aisle is of the 15th ceutur)'.
Tiiiings— Bells : six; 1st 1632, 2nd 1618, 3rd
1583, 4th 1619, and 5th 1618. Brasses: on
N. wall of N. aisle, of John Samwel, 1529,
his two wives and one son : of a man, his three
wives, and nine sons, no inscription, but
evidently by the same engraver as the other : on
floor of N. aisle, slabs with indents of the two
brasses. Font : bowl of Totternhoe stone with
traceried panelled sides, mid 14th-century;
wood cover, early 17tli-century. Glass : in the
middle window of N. aisle, some fragments,
14th-centurv. Monument : on W. wall of S.
aisle, to .John Spencer, 1699. Piscina : in S.
aisle, 15th-rentury. Seating : W. of the gang-
way in the nave and aisles, late 15th-century.
Tiles: two, in S. aisle, over the piscina, witli
the pattern and lettering in reverse ; probaldy
14th-century. MisceUanen : in the chancel, an
ancient stone coffin.
Condition — Generally good; some of the N.
windows are slightly decayed, but are sub-
stantially sound.
Secular: —
(2). Offley Pl.\ce, N. of the church, was re-
built c. 1770, except the N. wing, which is of
late 17th-century date, and is of three storeys,
built of brick, with buttressed walls and a
parapet.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(3). Little Offley, two miles N.W. of the
church, is a two-storeyed brick house, built
probably early in the 17th century; the roofs are
tiled. The plan is H-shaped; the central block
was re-faced apparently c. 1695, and wings, S.E.
and W. of those already existing, were added at
about the same time. A passage on the N. and
the N.E. wing are modem. The S. front has a
central pediment and a deep wood cornice which
extends to the wings on each side; the central
doorway has a divided pediment, and an
elaborately carved wood cornice and ]iosts. The
windows have modeiTi sashes. There are four
original chimnev stacks; one is a large
rectangular block, repaired at the top; the
others have square shafts set diagonally. A
rain-water head on the N. side is dated 1695.
The main doorway has a late 17th-century
g
panelled door; in one room, W. of the entrance
hall, are some pieces of oak panelling and an
elaborately carved wood overmantel, with three
half-figures, and two panels witli semi-circular
heads, of early 17th-century date; in the ceiling
are two old chamfered beams; the kitchen
retains its wide fireplace and two similar beams.
A nail-studded oak door of early 17th-century
date also remains.
Condition — Good.
(4). Westiu-ry F.\rm, about 2^ furlongs
N.TV. of the church, is a house of plastered
timber, built probably in the second half of the
16th century; the roofs are tiled. The original
plan appears to have been of the H type, with
the hall and a room above it in the central block,
facing N.E. ; a kitchen wing at one end, and a
solar wing at tlic other. The house was much
altered in the 18th century and a wing was added
on the S.W. in the 19th century, but it is prob-
able that the kitchens were originallv on the
8.E., as there is a porch at that end of the central
block. The N.E. elevation is flanked by the
gabled ends of the two wings, and in the middle
is a two-storeyed bay window; at the N.W. end
is a chimney stack, probably inserted c. 1600.
The projecting porch on the S.E. is also
gabled, and has an overhanging upper storev.
In the ceiling of the hall is a beam moulded
with an ogee hollow and roll; the interior is
otherwise modern.
Near the house is a square dovecote, built of
brick-nogged timber, probably of the I7th
century; the half-hipped roof "is covered with
tiles.
Condition — Fairly good; much repaired.
(5). Houses land Cottages in the village:
several cottages are of plastered timber, with
thatched and tiled roofs, built between 1550 and
1650; a few small houses, of brick, are of late
17th-century date.
Condition — Generally in good repair.
(6). The Gree.v M.\>r Ixx, N. of the church,
is probably of late 16th-century date. The
walls are of timber covered with rough-cast ; the
roofs are tiled. The original ])lan appears to
have been of the L type, with hall and kitchens
in the long wing, and the ' solar ', etc., in the
short wing.
Condition — Good ; much repaired.
99. PIRTON.
(O.S. 6 in. vi. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical;—
(1). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands in
the middle of the village. It is built of flint
X
162
IKVENTORT OF THE MOTTUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
rubble with stone dressings; the chancel is
rwfed with tiles, and the nave with lead. The
Xave and the Central Tower were built in the
12th century, but the tower was rebuilt from
the foundations in 1883. The walls of the
Chancel are possibly of the 12th century, but the
earliest details are of c. 1330. The South Porch,
with an upper stage, was added e. 1380. The
church was generally restored in 1883.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(24 ft. bv 18 ft.) has an E. window of three
lights, originally of the 14th century, but
defaced and altered in the 17th centun,-. In
the X. wall is a 15th-century window of two
cinquefoiled lights with tracery, and iu the S.
wall is a similar window, and a window of three
lights, also of the 15th century. The doorway
on the S. has a two-centred arch. The Central
Tower (17 ft. by 16 ft.), rebuilt in 1883 with the
old materials, has E. and W. round arches of
c. 1130, with a diaper pattern worked on several
of the stones; the S. arch is blocked and on the
y. is a doorway; both are of c. 1330. The
.Yrtre (56 ft. by 26 ft.) has in the X. wall
a 15th-century window of three cinquefoiled
lights with tracer%% partly blocked, and a 14th-
century window of two cinquefoiled lights with
a quatrefoil under a two-centred head; between
them is a 12th-century window, now blocked.
The X. doorway is also blocked inside, but the
two-centred arch and single-splayed jambs can
be seen outside, and are of the 14th century.
In the S. wall is a similar arrangement of
■windows, but of the 12th-century window only
the E. jamb and part of the arch remain, and
the easternmost window has 14th-century
jambs. The 14th-century S. doorway has a
two-centred arch of two orders. The W.
window is of three lights with tracery, under a
two-centred head, and is now blocked. The
South Porch has a two-centred entrance arch-
way and a stone seat. The upper stage has an
original two-light window in the S. wall; the
E. and W. windows are blocked, and the floor
has been remove<l, leaving the porch open to the
roof. The Roof of the chancel has a modern
plastered ceiling, and the roof of the nave is also
modern.
Yitiings— Bell f : five; 5th, 1634. Chest: in
chancel, probably 17th-century. Doors : in
N. and S. doorways, probably 14th-century:
the N. door much battered. Glass: in W.
window of X. wall of nave, fragments, painted.
14th-century: in E. window of S. wall of nave,
fragments, 15th-century. Monument : on TV.
wall of nave, tablet, to Jane, wife of Thomas
Pocwra, 1645, with arms and inscription.
Painting: on N. wall of nave, discovered in
1883, now undecipherable. Piscina: in chancel,
double, with central pillar, 14th-century.
Plate: includes two cups and two patens of
Sheffield plate.
Condition — Good.
Secular: —
(2). Toot Hill, in the village S.W. of the
church, stands on ground sloping eastwards, at
from 250 to 230 ft. above O.D. It is an in-
teresting example of a mount and bailey castle,
with attached ' burgess ' or fortifie<l village.
Detailed Description — The Keep Mount is
340ft. in greatest diameter at the base, and 25ft.
above its ditch, and has a hollow summit
defended by a breastwork 6^ ft. high with
an entrance on the N.E., on which side the
ditch is interrupted between the mount and
the inner bailey. On the N.W the ditch is
115 ft. wide with a counterscarp 10 ft. high.
The Inner Bailey is an enclosure of 3f acres,
containing the church. The defences on the N.
are somewhat obliterated^ but on the W. the
ditch becomes deeper where it joins that of the
mount, and receives a joint feeder. In a fairly
well preserved section on the S. the ditch is 42 ft.
wide, 4 ft. below the counterscarp and 8^ ft.
below the crest of the rampart, which is 3 ft.
above the ground inside. Other Enclosures :
S. of the mount and the inner bailey are two
other enclosures, formerly defended by ditches
which joined those of the mount and bailey ;
beyond these again are traces of a fourth
enclosure, and the whole of the present village
probably formed a defensive stronghold, for
the name of Burge End appears at its northern
limit. Entrances: not recoverable.
Dimensions — Greatest length through mount
and inner bailey, W.S.W. to E.X.E., 800 ft.;
of inner bailey on same line, 500 ft.; length of
two baileys on S., 750 ft. Greatest width of
mount at'base, N.W. to S.E., 340 ft.; of inner
bailey, N.W. to S.E., 400 ft.; of S. bailey,
150 ft.; of S.E. bailey, 150 ft. Area of mount
and three adjacent baileys, 10 acres.
Condition — Of mount, good; of baileys,
fairly good.
(3). The Gr.\nge, on the "W. border of tlie
parish, is a timber-framed farmhouse of two
storeys, surrounded by a moat. The plan is
now irregular, but an H-shaped structure can
l)e traced; it faces E., and was built earlv in
the 17th century; on the S. side is an L-shaped
wing which may be part of a building of earlier
date, but has been much altered; a length of
wall on the E. front of this wing shows that the
upper storey formerly projected. At the back
is a modern addition.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSUIRE.
163
TOOT HILL
( PARJSH OF PIRTON)
t oo O too 2oo 300 4oo 300 600 700
Scaite ot iccr for f>lan
M) J3 >0aO3O4oj0fatf 70 go ygM >o
^ca>.l c of t*gr /of 0ecrior>a
•-*0 «— 300"
luterior — In the kitchen in the N. win^ is a
large 17th-c6ntury fireplace reduced to hold a
modern range, with chimney corners in a small
cupboard on each side of it.
A small Bridgehouse with an upper chamber
spans the moat; it is of timber and plaster, and
has a gabled roof. An old Bakehouse, N.E. of
the house, is also of timber. Both these build-
ings are probably of the same date as the house.
Condition — Of buildings, good ; of moat, very
good.
(4). The Eectory Farm and Mo.\t, about
3 furlongs W.N.W. of the church. The house
is a timber-framed building of early 17th-cen-
tury date, much altered in the 18th and 19th
centuries, when it was completely faced with
brick. The plan is of the L type, with a parlour
in the wing running E. and W., and the kitchen
offices and a porch in the second wing, which
projects towards the S. from the E. end of the
parlour wing. The entrance to the porch is on
the S. ; it leads to a lobby in the width of the
chimney stack at the E. en<l of the parlour,
between the wings. On the N. is a small pro-
jecting staircase wing. Only one old window,
with moulded wooden mullions, remains. Near
the house is a large barn (about 135 ft. by 37 ft.)
constructed in bays with an elaborate framing
of plain squared timbers on masonry found-
ations. This is possibly of an earlier date than
the house.
The moat is fairly well preserved but the
S. corner is obliterated. On the N.E. are traces
of an outer moat.
Condition — Of house, good; much altered.
(5). High Down, Manor House, stands on
the side of a wooded hill about f mile S.S.W.
of the church. It is of two storeys and a base-
ment, and is built of plastered Hint and clunch,
with clunch dressings ; the roofs are tiled. Tlie
plan is L-shaped with one very short wing ; the
two wings, with outbuildings and a garden wall,
enclose a courtyard.
The whole building is of early 17th-ceutury
date, and is unusual in plan both for the period
and the locality.
The main entrance is on the S. front, and
the projecting porch opens into a passage,
originally the ' screens ', with the dining room,
formerly the hall, on the E. and a servery on the
W., which communicates with the staircase to
the basement. This passage leads to a staircase
hall lighted from the court, with the parlour on
the E. and the library on the W.; the parlour
fills the short arm of the L. Beyond the
servery are some small rooms and a modern
back staircase. The first floor is divided in a
similar manner, but with extra partitions to
form two rooms over one. The basement con-
tains collars on the S. and W., and at the foot of
the staircase is a small entrance hall with an
external door to the court; the kitchens and
164
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF BEETFOBDSBIBE.
offices are under the parlour and dining room.
The W. side of the court is formed by a
row of low two-storejed outbuildings; on the
2S. side are barns and a stable with an arched
entrance. These buildings are partly of timber
and partly of brick. The E. side is partly
enclosed by the garden wall. The <S. Elevation
is plain; the porch is carried up to the full
height of the house, and is gabled; the front
doorway is square-headed, and moulde<l in stone
with a "label; above it are muUioned stone win-
dows lighting the porch, first floor and attic;
and also two stone panels carved with shields
bearing the arms of Docwra and Periam im-
paled, the date 1-599, and Docwra impaling
Hales. Only one original stone window remains
besides those in the porch, the rest have
wood frames, probably inserted late in the 17th
century. The E. Elevation is broken by a slight
projection of the main wing and by the bay
window of the parlour; both are gabled, and
a third, smaller gable is set between them; all
three have carved and pierced barge-boards.
The windows of the dining room and parlour
have moulded muUions and transoms in stone,
and over them is a small moulded cornice; on
the first rioor and basement the windows are
mullioned only, but have a moulded cornice.
Over one of the parlour windows is a carved
stone panel with a shield with Docwra impal-
ing (probably) Horsey. The *S'. Elevation of the
court has three gables; a bay window lights the
library, and all the windows, as on the E. eleva-
tion, are trausomed only on the ground floor.
The IF. Elevation is quite plain. The buildings
forming the N. and AV. sides of the court are of
the plainest description with wood-framed win-
dows, etc. The archway is four-centred, and of
plastered brick; over it is a stone panel with the
arms and names of Thomas Docwra and Jane
Periam and the date 1613, which is probably the
date of the house. Another stone panel at the
E. end of this range ba.s the date 1504 and the
arms of Docwra with a chief, on which is a
cross. The chimneys are all finished with brick,
and the stack over the parlour has square flues
set diagonally.
Interior — The door in the main entrance is
original, and of heavy nail-studded oak. At
each end of the ' screens ' is a crudely designed
arch with Tuscan columns, and some of the
rooms have dados made of early 17th-century
panelling. Most of the fireplaces were altered
in the 19th century, but two original stone fire-
places remain; one, in a bedroom over the draw-
ing room, has a square moulded opening and
moulded stops; the other, in a room over the
librarv, is further enriched with a coarse
echinus moulding. TTie ceiling of this room is
plastered on the rafters and collars, and in the
middle is a plain principal or truss with carved
angle braces.
Condition — Good ; the interior is defaced but
the original arrangement has been little
altered.
(G). H.4MM0xu's F.\EM, about 400 yds. N. by
W. of the church, is a late IGth or early 17th-
century building. It is of two storeys : the
lower of brick, capped with a splaj-ed brick
course, the upper of timber with brick nog-
ging; the roofs are tiled and the gables
have plain verge-mouldings.
The building has been little altered, and is a
good example of i\. farmhouse of the period.
The plan is of the L tyi>e, the parlour being in
a wing running E. and W., with the fireplace at
the E. end. In the angle between the two wings
is a porch opening into a small lobby in the
second wing, which projects to the S.E. and
contains the kitchens and offices. A modem
partition divides the kitchen into two rooms,
and another partition, also modern, cuts off a
corridor from the parlour on the W., giving
access to a range of cellars with lofts over them,
probably added late in the 17th century. The
small projecting staircase wing is on the N. of
the parlour wing. On the first floor are bed-
rooms over the parlour and over the porch; a
third, over the kitchen, is now divided into two
rooms. The windows are all wood framed and
mullioned, and have iron casements. The porch
has a doorway witli a .semi-circular liead of
two orders, and on one side an unglazetl open-
ing filled with turned balusters. The kitchen
chimney stack has three square flues set
diagonally. Interior — The rooms on the first
floor are lined with early 17th-century panelling,
and have friezes of flat arabe.-;([ue work. The room
over the kitchen has a stone fireplace with a
moulded four-centred head, and an oak mantel-
piece with elaborately mitred panels and
grotesque figures, etc., on each side.
!Xear the house is a large dovecote of plastered
timber with a half-hipped tiled roof.
Condition — Good.
(7). The Old H.\ll, now an inn, stands at the
S. end of the village. It is a two-storeyed
building, part of a former manor liouse, and is
dated 1609. The walls are of flint, with angles
of thin bricks, and are covered with plaster;
the roofs are tiled. The plan is rectangular,
40 ft. by 20 ft., facing W., and there appears
to have been formerly a large central wing
on the E. ; on the W. front there is a massive
j)rojecting chimney stack of flint and thin
Kl
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFORDSHIRE.
I6i
bricks; the upper part haa a moulded brick
eornice, and the top is inoderu. The main
entrance is of stone with splayed jambs : above
it are two windows of two lights with stone
mullions; the window immediately over the
door is blocked : above the windows is a panel
with the arms and quarterings of Thomas
Docwra, the date 1609, and the motto ' En dieu
est tout.' The N. and S. ends are gabled, and
have mullioned three-light stone windows on
the upper floor. On the E. face the flint walls
return about G ft. at each end ; the space
between, about 34 ft., is filled in by the old
timber-framed wall or partition which divided
this part of the building from the former E.
wing. Interior — There is some wood panelling,
and a fireplace of the 18th century in the tap
room at the N. end.
Condition — Fairly good ; the plaster is falling
off in places.
100. PRESTON.
(O.S. 6
in. xii.
S.W.)
Secular:
(1). Temple Dixsley, near St. Martin's
Church and 2| miles S. of Hitchin, is an 18th-
century house, now being enlarged, which stands
on the site of an earlier l)nil(ling. Dinsley is in
Domesday Book as a manor belonging to the
Crown ; during the 12th century it was granted
to the Knights Templars, and when the Order
was dissolved in 1312 the manor passed into the
hands of the Knights Hospitallers, who held it
until the suppression of the monasteries; it
was then granted to Sir Ralph Sadleir and
remained the property of the Sadleir family
until 1712.
Among the relics turned up from the soil,
besides many human skulls, etc., is part of a
13th-century Coffin Lid, on which is a long
cross in low relief; the head of the cross is
almost obliterated : on another stone is the
stepped base of a thin Latin cross, but the two
stones do not appear to fit : another coffin lid
has been placed in the Church of St. Martin;
on it is a cross in relief, with a foliated head and
long stem, of which the foot is missing; the
sides of the lid are hollow-chamfered.
(2). Cottages, in the village, several, built of
brick, are of the 17th centurv; the roofs are
tiled.
Condition — Fairly good.
101. PUTTENHAM.
(O.S. 6 in. XXV. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
[I). Parish Chuech of St. Mary, stands on
the A', side of the village, 3^ miles N.W. of
Tring. The wall of the aisles are of stone
with flints set in the wide joints, the
chancel is faced with flint and the tower
with alternate squares of flint and stone.
The chancel has a tiled roof, and the other
roofs are of lead. There is no detail of
earlier date than the 14th century, but the pro-
portions of the Nave suggest an earlier aisleless
building; the North and South Aisles were added
c. 1330, and a clearstorey and West Tower in
the 15th century. The Clianal has been too
much restored for a definite date to be assigned
to it. The South Forch is modem.
Architectural Descri2>tion — The Chancel
(23^ ft. by 13| ft.) has a modern E. window of
three lights and a small modern S. doorway.
The 14th-century chancel arch is of two cham-
fered orders with half-octagonal responds,
which have moulded capitals and bases. The
Nave (29 ft. by 141 ft.) has 14th-century N. and
S. arcades of three bays; the octagonal shafts
have moulded capitals and bases, and the
arches are of two orders, with wave mouldings
in the N. arcade, and plain chamfers in the S.
arcade. The clearstorey has^ on each side, two
late 15th-century windows of two uucusped
lights. The Aisles have E. windows which re-
semble those of the clearstorey; in the N. wall
are two late 15th-century windows, the eastern-
most of three cinquefoiled lights under a
segmental head, and the other of two lights
under a four-centred head. In the S. wall
the easternmost window resembles the opposite
window ; the second is of two uncusped lights
under a square head. The plain S. doorway is
of the same date, and has a four-centred arch
under a square head. The West Toirer (12 ft.
by 11 ft.) is of two stages, with a modem
embattled parapet and a stair-turret on the S.E.
The W. window is of late 15th-century date,
and has three cinquefoiled lights, the doorway
below it is of the same date, but restored with
cement. The four bell-chamber windows are of
two trefoile<l lights with a quatrefoil in the
head. The Roof of the nave is a fine example
of 15th-century date, with heavj' moulded
timbers, and carved bosses, one bearing the
arms, three rings on a bend engrailed, quar-
tered with a chovcron between three hunting
horns, impaling a bend. On another boss is a
shield with two clieverons between three roses,
and a third boss has a rebus of a ton on which
166
INVENTOBT OF THE UONUUENTS OF HESTFOSDSHI&E.
is the word " l)iit " for Hutton. Below the tie-
beaiuB are large figures of saints, standing on
birds, projecting from the wall with heads out-
stretched. The S. aisle has a plain late 15th-
century roof, with a piece of carved ornament,
apparently from a rood screen, fixed to the
wall-plate.
Fittitigs— Bells : three; 1st, 1714; 2nd, un-
marked, with cannons broken; 3rd, bv
Chandler, 1656. Brass-Indents : in the chancel,
of figures and shields on two slabs. Communion
Table: 17th-century. Door: in S. aisle, 15th-
century or earlier, with 17th-century moulded
beads nailed on the outer side. Font : plain
circular bowl, no detail; cover 17th-ceutury.
Glass: in window of N. aisle, a few fragments,
heraldic, 17th-century; one piece earlier
date. Piscina : in S. wall of chancel, 15th-
century : in N. wall, recess with trefoiled head,
probably 15th-ceutury. Plate : includes cup of
1569. Pulpit: hexagonal, with carved panels,
early 17th-century, cornice and base modern.
Seating: in the nave, several oak benches, with
moulded rails ; another in the chancel, pro-
bably 17th-century, or older. Tiles : in the
chancel floor, a few, 15th-century.
Condition — Good.
102. EADAVELL.
(O.S. G in. vii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Ciicech of All S.\ixts, stands
about 1^ miles N. by W. of Baldock and about
^ mile XV. of the Biggleswade road. It is built
of plastered flint rubble; the roofs are tiled.
The earlier history of the Chancel and aisleless
Nave has been completely obscured by 15tli-
century repairs. The earliest detail, the
chancel arch, is of c. 1340, but the walls are
probably older. An arch partly carrving a bell-
rot, and tlie E. window of the chancel are of
c. 1500. The South Porch and North Vestry are
modem.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(20 ft. by 13i ft.) has an E. window of three
lights, of c. 1500, and a modern single light in
the S. wall : on the N. side is a modern doorway
opening into the vestry. The chancel arch is
of two wave-moulded orders on octagonal
pilasters, with moulded bases and capitals. The
Nave (35 ft. bv 16| ft.) has windows of two
lights in the X., S., and "W. walls, with little,
if any, old work. The S. doorway is of late 14th-
century date. The W. bay of the nave is cut
ofE by a wall pierced by an arch of c. 1500
with coarso detail. The small Bell-Cot over
the "W. end of the nave is practicallj' modern.
Fittings — Bells: two, undated. Brasses: in
chancel, at S.E., of William Wheteaker, his
wife Joan, and their son Thomas, a priest in
l*]ucharistic vestments, who died in 1487, with
inscription : in chancel at X.E., of Elizabeth,
wife of John Parker, IGO^, with inscription : in
the nave, at N.E., of John Bele, 1516, and his
wives Anne and Agues, with inscription. Chest :
atW.endof nave, mid 17th-centur3\ Communion
Rails, with moulded rail and square moulded
balusters, early 17th-century, probably of
Laud's time. Font : of rough workmanship,
ornamented with shields, possibly 15th-cen-
tury. Monianents : at E. end of S. wall of
chancel, large, of alabaster, to Mary Plomer,
1605, with eftigies of a woman seated, six sons,
four daughters, and a chrisom child : on S. wall,
alabaster, to Ann Plomer, 1625 : on N. wall
of chancel, small, of marble and alabaster,
three kneeling effigies, of John Parker, 1595,
his wife Mary, 1574, and their son John : on
S. wall of nave, small, of alabaster and black
marble, with kneeling effigy of Sir William
Plomer, 1625. Plate: includes cup of 1574
and paten of 1796.
Condition — Good; much restored.
103. EEDBOUE>f.
(O.S. 6 in. xxvii. S.W.)
Prelilstoric:—
(1). The ArBEEYS, or Aubreys, is situated
on a flat spur X. of the valley between Hemel
Hempstead and Eedbourn, 1 mile S.W. of the
latter, about 320 ft. above O.D. It is a well-
developed example of a' plateau fort.
Detailed Description — The Defences consist
of a double rampart and ditch except on the
N.W., where both are single, and on the E.,
where the outer line has been destroyed. The
area defended is I73 acres, and including the
defences, 22f acres. The height of the inner
rampart varies from 10 ft. to 14 ft. above the
ditch, and the outer rampart is 7 ft. to 10 ft.
above it, while the counterscarp on the W. is
7 ft. high. The remaining scarp on the E. is
6 ft. high. The distance between the crests of
the double ramjiarts is from 50 ft. to 60 ft. A
modem house and farm occupy a gap in the S.
side.
Entrances: There is a well-marked entrance
in the W. side at the S. end of the single ram-
part and a narrower one at the X. end.
Dimensions — Greatest length, X^.N.E. to
S.S.W., 1,320 ft. Internal length, 885 ft.
Greatest width, W.X.W. to E.S.E., 1,130 ft.
Internal width, 820 ft.
Condition — Good.
Fosier s
Feir/n
<~ZX — X — 2X^x-/S-> E.
THE AUBERYS
( parish OFRLDBQURN )
'L ^ 'M° 't^ 'X-^ 'X-^ ^
S_V^ <— X O'-x- 2 o'-i<— 2 S '— X — 30 x-/5'-> N£
5co.le of feet for sections
168
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIKE.
Ecclesiastical:—
(2). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands at
Church End, nearly ^ of a mile S.W. of the
main road from St. Albans. The walls of the
chancel are face<l with a chequer pattern of ilint
and stone, except the X. wall, which is of plain
flint. The rest of the building is plastered, flint
masonry showing where the plaster has scaled
off. Between 1094 and 1119 Herbert Losinga,
Bishop of Norwich, consecrated a church
here, which then consisted of a small
chancel, the present Nave and West Tower;
a North Aisle was added <". 1140, and the
arcade still remains, though the walls were
rebuilt in the 15th century. The Chancel
was rebuilt on a larger scale c. 1340 ; the
South Aisle was probably added c. 1350-60. and
was extended eastwards to form a South ('hai>el
c. 1448-55 : the South Porch was probably built
about the same time. The clearstorey of the
nave was added c. 1478 and the X. aisle rebuilt
in 1497.
The church has much interesting detail; the
Earapet of the S. aisle and chapel, with its
rick corbel table, is especially noticeable.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(35 ft. by 18^ ft.) has an E. window with net
tracery: the internal jambs, rear arch and
label are of the 14th century, the rest is
modern : in the N. wall one window, of c. 1350,
has a tref oiled light and richly moulded external
jambs, while another has two uncusped lights
under a square head, and is of the 16th century;
in the S. wall is a 15th-century window of two
cinquefoiled lights with tracery, and a four-
centred arch of the same date, of two cham-
fered orders with semi-octagonal responds and
moulded capitals, opens into the S. chapel. The
14th-centurv chancel arch is of three moulded
orders, and has a label on each side and moulded
responds and capitals; the responds have no
bases and part of their shafts have been cut
away to make room for the quire seats. The
South Chapel fl9i ft. by 13^ ft.) has a 15th-
century E. window of three cinquefoiled lights
with tracery, and in the S. wall a window of
somewhat later date has three cinquefoiled
lights and a four-centred head. There is also
a small S. doorway of late 15th-century date,
with chamfered jambs and a four-centred head.
The embattled parapet above the roof has an
ornamented brick corbel table with small tre-
foiled arches, of late 15th or early 16th-centurv
date. The Nave (421 ft. by 25 ft.) is of three
bays: the N. arcade, of c 1140, has circular
columns with enriched scalloped capitals re-
stored with cement; the arches are semi-circular
and of two orders, the inner being plain and the
outer moulded, with a billet-moulded label on
the nave side : the S. arcade has octagonal
columns and moulded capitals, apparently of
the 14th century, but probably re-cut at a later
date: the two-centred arches have two cham-
fered orders and i)lain labels ; the bases of the
columns in both arcades have been much cut
away. At the E. end of the S. arcade is a small
doorway, which originally opened into the rood-
loft stairs, but is now carried through the wall
to the pulpit. The clearstorey has, on each
side, thi-ee windows of two cinquefoiled lights
under a square head. The North Aisle
(44i ft. by 10 ft.) has a 15th-century E.
window of three cinquefoiled lights under a
square head, with a heavy external label, much
damaged. The N. doorway is blocked, but the
arch and jambs, of two chamfered orders partlv
restore<l in cement, are visible outside. Two
windows in the N. wall and one in the W.
wall have each two cinquefoiled lights, square
heads and much decayed external labels. The
South Aisle (46 ft. by 11 ft.) has a three-light
window near the E. end of the S. wall similar
to the S. window of the chapel, but with much
modern stonework: near the W. end is a
smaller window of two trefoiled lights under a
square head, probably of the 14th century.
The S. doorway is of the 14th century and has
wave-moulded jambs and arch with a scroll-
moulded label; the jambs have been restored.
The parapet above the roof is similar to that of
the S. chapel described above. The West Tower
(18| ft. by 16^ ft.) is of three stages with a plain
parapet : the "W". angles have 12th-century
clasping buttresses, and a buttress of later date
has been added at the S.W. angle. The semi-
circular 12th-century tower arch has Seen
underbuilt with a narrow 15th-century arch,
which has three chamfered orders and semi-
octagonal responds with moulded capitals and
bases; the original arch now shows only on the
TV. face of the wall. In the N. and S. walls
and above the TV. doorway is a plain round-
headed light, of which the external stonework
is completely covered with cement. In the S.
wall is a blocked internal doorway originally
leading to the stair turret. The "W. doorway
has wave and double-ogee moulded jambs and
arch, and was inserted in the 15th century, but
the jambs, part of the arch and the label are of
modem stonework. The TV. window of tLe
bell-chamber has remains of two 15th-century
lights, but those in the N., S. and E. walls are
plain, plastered openings. The South Porch
has a moulded entrance archway with moulded
jambs and capitals, much weather-worn; on
■/. :u
= y.
"/- —
^
>',
^
?',
/.
-
;
V.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
1(10
each side of the entrance is a small cinqnefoiled
niche now coated with cement.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents : on X. wall of
chancel, panelletl stone slab, with brass of
knight and lady, said to be Sir llichaid Rede,
1560, and his wife, with six children and shield
of arms: on wall at N.W. corner of S. chapel,
inscription to Richard Peacock, 1512, and
Elizabeth his wife, with figures of man, four
daughters and small headless peacock ; wife
and sons missing ; rest of the slab which con-
tained these brasses is in the floor at E. end of S.
aisle : near S. door, on wall, of eight girls,
c. 1470. Cupboard : in the tower, an angle
cupboard, 17th-century. Piscinae. : at E. end of
the S. aisle, 14th-centurv, basin modern, plas-
tered: in N. wall of chancel, trefoiled recess,
possibly part of another, 14th-centiiry. Plate:
includes cu]i and jjaten cover of 1577.
Rood Screen: of c. 1478, with elaborate
tracery and pierced vaulting over it; the loft is
destroyed. Sedilia : two, in S. wall of chancel,
with foiled heads and shafted jambs, probably
of c. 1340; foliated ca])itals of Purbeck marble,
late 12th-century, re-used; one of the bases
missing. Miscellanea : on S.E. buttress of the
nave, marks of a sundial.
Condition — Bad; structural rejiairs are
urgently needed, particularly to the tower,
which has a crack in the N. wall. The stone
buttresses, quoins and windows are much
decayed, and the external plaster is scaling off
almost everywhere.
Secular: —
(3). REDBorRNBURY, ou the E. side of the
main road from St. Albans, about 1^ miles S.E.
of the church, is a two-storeyed house, built
probably early in the Ifitli century, but much
altered in the 19th century; the walls are
covered externally with cement, and all the
windows are modern. The original plan has
been destroyed by the modern alterations, but
the former extent of the hall can be traced,
although part of it has been made into a
dining room, and a floor inserted to form
rooms above it. Interior — Four original door-
ways remain, with plain sjdayed stone jambs
and four-centi-ed heads; one is in Ihe W.
wall of the hall, two are in the oi-iginal E.
wall of the hall, and tlie fourth is in the kitchen
wing. On tlie first floor vertical jiosts \\\\\\
curved brackets support the principals of the
roof over tbe hall, which is probably original,
and is constructed of larire oak timbers.
Tondition — Fairly goml.
(4). The Bull Hotel, stands on the E. side
of the High Street. Part of the back of the
l)ui!ding is of 17th-century brick and timber,
but tlio front is of more modern brick. There
is some 17th-century oak panelling in the room
on the ground Hoor known as the old tap room.
Condition — Good.
104. REED.
(O.S. 6 in. ix. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). CiiL'RCU OF St. Mary, stands on high
ground S.W. of the village, about three miles
S. of Royston. It is built of small coursed
uncut flints with liarnack stone and chinch
dressings; the roofs are tiled. The Nave
was ])robably built in the first half of the
11th century, the original Chancel was re-
built c. 1350, while the West Tower was added
early in the 15th century. In the 19th century
the E. wall of the chancel was rebuilt, the
chancel arch renewed, a South Porch added,
and the chvirch generally repaired.
The early date of the nave, the crude mould-
ings of the N. doorway and the long-and-short
work in the external angles, make this a
church of unusual interest.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(21^ ft. by 17 ft.) has a modern E. window set in
a thin modern wall; it is of five lights and in-
corporates mucli of the tracery of a window of
c. i;{5(). In the N. and S. walls are two-light
windows, the N. window of c. 1350, the S.
window modern. The chancel arch is also
modern. Tlie Nave (34 ft. by 19 ft.) has, in the
N. wall, two 15th-century windows of two
lights, much restored : tlie original X. doorway,
between them, now blocked, has a semi-
circxilar head, crudely moulded and carried on
circular shafts with rough voluted capitals :
in the S. wall are two modern or completely
restored windows, and, between them, is the
S. doorway, of late 14th-century date, and
of two continuously wave-moulded orders. All
the four oriijinal angles of the nave remain,
quoined with long-and-short work. In the
N.E. corner are remains of the stairs to the rood-
loft. The West Tower (lOi ft. by 10 ft.) is of
three staR'cs with a parapet, emliattled, except
on the E. side, where it is iilain. The TV".
window, of two liglits, is of the 15th century,
niucli restored ; below it are traces of a rough
opening, now blocked. The bell - chamber
windows are pointed lights of uncertain date,
deface<l.
Fhi'uiss— Bells : three, all of lf!14. Com-
miinjon Table: with heavy turned baluster legs,
early 17th-century. Font: in the churcii,
modern: in adjoining farmyard, remains of
font from the church, decorated with shields
170
IXVEXIORT OF THE ilO.NUUENTS OF nERTFOUDSniRE.
•^
GROUP OF
HOMESTEAD MOATS
( parish of keep )
Pc&lc of ieef
anfl roses, 15th-rcntury, defaced. Xiche: in
i'amb of tower arch, small, shallow, with ogee
lead. Stoup : in N.E. corner of S. porch.
Condition — Good.
Secular: —
(2-7). Homestead Moats, six; two, at Heed
Hall, the others at Queenbury, Fiddler's Green,
in Bushwood and in Gannock Grove, just below
the 500 ft. contour. They form together a
representative grou]), altliougli nnne of tlieni
are perfect examples. There were probably
others in the vicinity, but only isolated ponds
now indicate their position.
Condition — Fairlj- good.
105. RICKMAXSWOKTH; Trban and
Rural.
(O.S. 6 in. Wxliii. N.E. ("xliii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
* (1). Parish CiirRoii of St. ifARY, stands in
Church Street, on the S. side of the town. It
was rebuilt in 1824 and part of it again in 1800,
except the Wext Toirrr, -wliich is dated KviO,
and is built of flint with stone dressings.
Architectural Description — The West Tower
is of three stages with clasping buttresses, an
embattled parapet and a small leaded spire. On
the W. face is a stone bearing the date 1630.
The W. window has wooden tracery; the win-
dows of the second stage are of two trefoiled
lights under square heads, and those of the bell-
chamber are of three lights with uncusped
tracery ; the W. doorway is modern.
Fittings — Brasses: in the N. aisle, of Thomas
Day, lfii3, his two wives and inscrijjtion; the
figure of the second wife is a modern restoration.
Glass: formerly in the E. window, now kept at
the vicarage, French, Ifith-century. Font:
probably 17th-century. Monuments and Floor
Slabs : in the chancel, altar tomb of IlenryCarv,
Earl of Monmouth, IGGl, and others of his
family, alabaster panel at the end with arms
and supporters: in the N. chapel, mural tablet
to Sir Thomas Fotherley, 17th-century, and part
of marble inscription to Thomas Fotherlev,
1G24, and his wife, 1584: at the W. end of tlie
nave and in the tower several floor slabs, 17th-
century. Plate: includes cup and cover
paten of 1559, cup and paten of 1028, an
i{i:i:i): I'AKisii ciirKrH ok s'l'. makv
NoKIII nnol; dl" N.WK ; 1 1 rH-iKNl'l'KV.
IKVEXtOUY Of tHE ItOKfMESXS OP nERTfonDSmUE.
171
unmarked silver-gilt cup and paten ofc. 1600,
silver-gilt flagon of 1695 and a silver salver of
1692, re-made from a piece of c. 1670.
Condition — Good.
Secular; —
* (2). The Bury, a little W. of the church, is
the manor house of Itickmans worth; it is of two
storeys with attics, and was built early in the
17th centui-y of brick and timber, covered with
rough-cAst; the roofs are tiled. Some flint
walling remains in the foundations, and may
be part of an earlier building. In the first half
of the 18th century the house was much altered,
and the W. side was re-fronted; during the 19th
century it was considerably repaired. The
original plan was half H-shaped, the central
block facing W., but the N. wing has been
pulled down. The chimney stacks are of the
17th century, and have square shafts, set
diagonally; the windows on the E. side retain
the original wood frames and muUions, though
much repaired. In the central block is a 17t]i-
century staircase, which has large square newels
with turned finials and circular moulded
balusters; and there is a smaller staircase of the
same date in the S. wing. Several rooms have
17th-century panelling, and one room has a fire-
place with moulded stone jambs and head, and
an elaborately carved oak overmantel of the
17th century. A second overmantel, of the same
date, formerly in the kitchen, is used as a side-
board. Many of the original doors remain, and
two of them have moulded frames and carved
spandrels.
Condition — Good, much repaired during the
19th-century, after being used as a warehouse
and much neglected.
''(3). The Priory, near the N.W. corner of
the church, is a small, rectangular, 17th-cen-
tury building, of two storeys; tlie Avails are of
brick and timber ; the roofs are tiled. The win-
dows and chimneys are modern.
Condition — Good.
Church Street, Xorth end : —
" (4). The Vicarage is a gabled building of
irregular s]ia])e and heiglit; tlic walls ■An- ]ihis-
tered ; the roofs are of tiles and slates. Part of
the house is mediaeval; it is built of timber
on a brick base, and originally consisted of a
hall and two wings, but has been much altered,
heightened and enlarged. Under the window
of the hall, on the N. front, is a brick corbel
table with small trefoiled arches, probably of
earlv IGth-centurv date; on a gable is the date
1737, probably the year when the walls were
raised and the gables added. Some of the rooms,
including the hall, contain original ceiling
beams, and in a window on the first floor is a
fragment of old heraldic glass.
Condition — Good throughout.
West side : —
*(5). The Fetdhers Inn, is a small low build-
ing with a plastered front; the S. end is of timber
construction with modern brick filling, and at
the back is a gable built of thin bricks ; the roof
is tiled. The house was built in the 16th century,
and altered and enlarged in the 19th century.
On the street front is an old porch, and the
entrance doorway has moulded wood jambs and
a four-centred head. One chimnej- is of very
thin bricks, the others are modern. In the
ceiling of the bar are some original moulded
beams.
Condition — Fairly good.
« (6). Almshouses, five, on the X. side of the
High Street, built in 1682 by John Fotherley,
lord of the manor of Rickmansworth, form a
single building of one storey; tlie walls are of
brick; the steep-pitched roof is tiled.
Condition — Good.
« (7). Parsonage Farm, in Rectory Road, \
mile N.W. of the church, was originally the
manor house of the Rectory manor, and was
built in the 17th century, but has been much
altered. It is of two storeys and the back shows
timber construction, but the front is covered
with cement; the roof is tiled. In the farmyard
is a Barn built of timber and plaster: it is of
the same date as, or possibly older than, the
house.
Condition — House, good; barn, dilapidated.
*(8). Hampto.v H.4LL, formerly Batchworth
manor house, ruins, in an orchard at King's
Farm, \ mile S.E. of the church, consisting of
some brick walls, about 6 or 8 ft. high; all the
bricks are 2\ in. thick, and are apparently of
the 17th century, but no detail remains.
Condition — Bad, though where the walla
serve as field boundaries they are kept in repair.
a (9). Croxley H.\ll Farm, about \ mile N.E.
of the church, was built of red brick c. 1600, but
was almost entirely rebuilt in yellow brick
in the 19th century. It is of two storevs, and
the plan is rectangular. The gabled E. wall
of tho original building remains, and also
a largo chimney stack with moulded octagonal
shafts. On the ground floor is an original room,
probably the parlour ; it is lined with early
i7th-century panelling and has a plain oak over-
mantel. In the farmyard is a largo ham, prob-
ablv mcdiafval, with weather-boarded wal].« and
:i tiled roof. It is luiiit in five bays, each of
about 20 ft. by 40 ft., of timber, on flint and
Y 2
172
IXVEXTORY OF TUli MONVMEiNTS Of HERTFOUDSHlIlE.
clunch walls about 5 ft. high. The framing is
constnietcd on the principle of a nave with
aisles; the trusses are of the kiii'r-iii)st tyi)e and
the posts have plain curved strutting.
Condition — Good; house almost entirely re-
built.
"(lO). r.\RROT's F.\RM, Croxley Green, is a
building of brick and plastered timber, of early
ITth-ceutury date, but refaced and much
altered in the 19th century; the roof is tiled.
The chimney stacks are old' and there are a few
metal casements with old furniture.
In the farmyard is a square Grunanj, of the
same date as the house. It is built of timber
with brick nogging, and is on brick piers; the
pyramidal roof is tiled.
Condition — Gootl; house much altered.
106. RIDGE.
(O.S. G in. ("»xxxv. S.AV. («')xl. N.W.
(-■'xl. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
e(l). Parish CnrRcn of St. M.4rg.\ret,
stands on a hill in the village, three miles Is.W.
of Chipping Barnet. It is built of flint with
stone dressings; the roofs are tiled. The
Chancel, Nave and West Tower were rebuilt in
the 15th century; the only remaining sign of
an earlier building is a i3th-ceutury piscina
in the chancel. The North East Organ
Chamber and the South Porch were added in the
I'Jth century, and the whole church has been
much restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(27 ft. by 14 ft.) has a modern E. window. In
the >'. wall is a 15th-century trefoiled single
light and a modern arch opening into the organ
chamber; in the S.wall are two single-light win-
dows much restored; between them is a doorway,
of which only the inner jambs and rear arch are
old. The chancel arch is modern. The Nave
(46 ft. by 18 ft.) has two windows on each side,
the two easternmost are of the loth century,
and each of two cinquefoiled lights, with
tracerv under square heads; the others are
modern. The S. doorway is of late 15th-cen-
tury date, with jambs and three-centred arch of
two hollow chamfered orders. The West Toxrer
{&\ ft. square) is of three stages with a modern
embattled parapet and much restored buttresses.
The W. window is modern, and below it is a
doornav of which only the jambs are old. The
square-headed windows of the bell-chamber are
probably of the l~th century. The Roofs of the
chancel and nave are old, but have no detail
bv which a definite date can be assigned to
them.
Fittings— iyi//i; three, 1st 1065, 3rd 1613.
InJents: in the chancel, of a man, inscription
plate and shields. Glass: in the 2S.E. window
(if nave, fragments, 15th-century. FaitUinq :
on X. wall of nave, of St. Christopher, with a
diaper background, much defaced, 15th-cen-
tury : on the AV. side of the S. doonvay,
traces, defaced. Piscina: in the chancel, with
moulded pointed arch and foiled basin, 13th-
century. Miscellanea : incised interlaced pat-
tern on jamb of S. doorway, probably a con-
secration cross: in S. wall of nave, outside,
jjarts of two stone sundials : in S. wall of
chancel, a scratched stone, possibly also a
sundial.
Condition — Much restored, but some of the
old stonework in the windows is decaying.
Secular: —
' {2). UoMESTE.UJ Mo.\T, at Porter's Park
Farm, fragment. (This moated site is partly
in the parish of Aldenham.)
"(S). Tyttexu.\xger, stands in a ])ark
about a mile E. of London Colney, and
3i miles S.E. of St. Albans. It is a large
house of three storeys and attics, built of red
brick on a stone plinth ; the ro<^>fs are tiled.
The original building, of which no traces
remain, was iinishetl in 141J, and was the
property of the abbots of St. Albans until the
dissolution of the monasteries ; Henry YIII.
stayed there with Wolsey (then Abbot of St.
Albans) in 1528. The present house was built
by Sir Henry Blount, who inherited the pro-
perty in 1654, but the brickwork is character-
istic of a later perio<^l. The plan is H-shaped,
with wings of shallow projection •, the central
block contains the hall and two staircases on
the X., and the library and dining room on the
S. In the W. wing are two drawing rooms,
and in the E. wing are the domestic offices,
with a modern kitchen wing behind them.
Manv of the windows have original wood frames
and lead glazing. On the ground floor the
windows of the S. front and W. side have
moulded brick architraves, and the windows of
the first floor have petliments, also of moulded
brick. Over the garden entrance on the S. front
is a projecting wood pediment richly carved and
moulde<l, su]iported on carved brackets. The
principal entrance on the X. front has a plain
triangular periment over the door, and the N.
windows are plainer than those on the S. The
K. side resembles the X. front. The attics are
lighted by dormer windows, and over the central
block is a clock and bell turret with a wooden
cupola. Two of the larsrc chimney stacks have
panelled sides and moulded caps.
INVENTOKY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
173
Interior — In the hall are some richly carved,
round-headed panels of c. 1630^ made up with
later work; the original kitchen, in the E. winj<,
has a large open tireplace, now disused, and an
outer doorway of the 17th century. Several of
the principal rooms on each floor are panelled
with lUth-ceutury linen pattern or 17th-century
designs, some of it hrought from elsewhere.
The chapel, on the second floor, is lined with
IGth-century linen panelling; the pulpit and
i-eadiug desk in the A'.E. corner, and four
ix>ws of pews at the W. end have 17th-century
panels, with carved, arched heads and strap
ornament; attached to the pulpit is an hour-
glass of wrought iron, gilded. A vestment
cupboard, against the S. wall, has the Lord's
Prayer and the Ten Commandments painted on
the doors. The N. windows contain some 17th-
century heraldic glass, and on one pane is a
painted sundial. ' Sir Henry Blount's music
room', called after the builder of the house, has
his coat of arms painted on one of the large
panels, and over the door is the motto, ' Hoc
Age.' On the attic Hoor a long gallery runs the
whole length of the house on the S. ; it has a wide
blocked hreplace, and the walls are almost
covered with linen panellingj now painted. The
principal staircase is of oak, richly carved in
the style of Grinling Gibbons; the square
newels have carved sides and are surmounted
by baskets of fruit; elaborately carved pierced
foliage takes the place of balusters, and the
string and handrail are moulded. The back
staircase has plain square newels with ball tops,
a moiilded handrail and turned balusters.
Condition — Good throughout.
107. ROYSTON.
(O.S. 6 in. iv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). P.\RisH Church of St. John the
B.'iPTisT .\ND St. Thom.\s of C.\nterbury^ stands
on the S. sideof Melbourn Street, nearthemiddle
of the town ; it is bviilt chiefly of chinch faced
with flint rubble, and has modern stone dress-
ings. The history of the church is unusual.
The Nave and Aisles of the present building,
built c. 1250, originally formetl the quire and
sanctuary, witli tlieir aisles, of a verv large
churcli of pre-Eeforraation date, belonging to
the Augustiniun Priory of Roystou. The former
rood-screen was one bay E. of the present tower,
the stair-turret having been discovered opposite
this point some years ago, and afterwards
destroyed. The South Aisle of the quire was
originally of two bays; at some uncertain period
it was lengthened towards the E., and another
bay added to the arcade. The West Tower was
built, re-using old material in the tower arch,
probably in the IGth century^ and the western-
most bay of the S. arcade was inserted,
also using old material, at the same time.
The arcade in the North Aisle was rebuilt,
except the middle pillar, in the 17th or
18th century. In the I'Jth century the church
was much restored, the Chancel, Organ
('haniher and Vestry were built, and the south
aisle again lengthened towards the E., an addi-
tional bay being added to the S. arcade. The
windows have almost all been renewed, and the
appearance of the church outside is modern.
The church is of unusual interest on account
of its former size and importance, its history
and the excellence of the earlier details,
es])ecially the remains of the lancet windows.
The 14th-century alabaster effigy is noticeable.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(34i ft. by 22 ft.) is modern. The Nave (70^ ft.
by 22 ft.) has remains of lancet windows of
c. 1250 in the N. and S. walls at the E. end;
there were originally three windows ii.i each
wall with clustered shafts in the jambs and
richly moulded arches wath dog tooth orna-
ment : in the N. wall the easternmost window
remains, though the bases and capitals have
been restored; the other windows have dis-
appeared : in the S. wall the heads of the three
windows also remain, but the two eastern-
most are blocked, and the lower part of all
three windows has been cut away to make room
for the arcade of two bays inserted beneath
them. Of this arcade tlie easternmost arcJi and
middle pillar with its capital, etc., are
modern ; the second arch has a ]dain label
and is of two orders, the outer of one hollow
in a chamfer, and the inner of two ; the details
are of 14th-century character and may be
re-used stones of that period : the next arcade
is of c. 1250 ; it is of two bays, separated from
the other arcade by a short length of wall,
and has clustered responds and mid<lle pier,
with round shafts, pointed rolls, and
moulded bases and capitals of c. 1250
the arches have moulded labels and are
of two orders, the outer of a hollow in a
chamfer and the inner of two hollow chamfers :
a wider space of thinner wall divides this arcade
from the westernmost arcli, wliich has details of
c. 1240, but was probably rebuilt later with the
old material; the jambs have clustered shafts
and rolls, with moulded capitals aiul plain
bases; the arch is almost semi-circular and has
undercut pointed ix)lls and a moulded label.
The N. arcade is of four bays, and has pointed
arches (only 1 ft. in. thick) carried on two
174
INVENTORY OF tllE MONUJiEXtS OP QERTFOnDSlllHE.
thin octagonal pillars and a middle pier of four
lialf-round shafts witli smaller intermediate
rolls; all the capitals arc alike and probably
modern. Above the first N. pillar are two
small lights, and over the S.W. arch is a modern
window which lights the W. gallers'. The
North Aisle (58 ft. bv 14^ ft.) has an E. window of
three lights and four N. windows of two lights,
all modern, except possibly the inner jambs of
the second window from the E., which may be
of the loth century; it is inserted in the filling
of an archway, possibly one of two bays which
opened into a former N. chapel : the jambs of
this archway have clustered shafts and rolls like
those in the arcade, and moulded capitals of the
14th century; the capital of the W. jamb appears
to belong to a whole detached pier rather than to
a res]x>nd; the arch is of two orders, the inner
hollow-chamfered, the outer with undercut
rolls and filleted bowtells, possibly of the same
date as the capitals, but characteristic of earlier
work ; the label is plain, splayed on both sides,
and has a king's-head stop at the E. end. W. of
this archway the wall sets back eight inches
inside. The W. doorway is modern. The South
Aisle (IGj ft. wide) has four S. windows in the
older part, all apparently of modern stonework,
but the two large lancets in the middle have
inner edge rolls, and may be original
windows restored, or copies of them. The small
S. doorway, now blocked, and the W. doorwaj'
are modern. The West Tower (20i ft. by 14 ft.) is
of three stages with square angle buttresses and
an embattled parapet, the angles surmounted
by crocketted pinnacles ; the wide tower arch
has jambs with rudely moulded capitals of
mid or late 16th-century date ; in the arch
there are re-used stones, similar in section
to those of 14th-century style in the S.
archway which cut into the lancet windows
in the nave; the "W. doorway is modern.
W. of the church, and on a line with the S. wall,
is the ruined wall of the former S. aisle of the
original nave ; in it are the remains of a door-
way and a recess (see below). The Roof of the
nave is of low pitch and has moulded principals
and canned bosses ; it is of late 15th or early
10th-century date ; the S. aisle has a plain
trussed lean-to roof of the loth century, and the
N. aisle has some re-used timbers of the same
period.
Fittings — Brasses : under the communion
table, stone slab, with long, thin brass cross
standing on stepped base re|)reseijtiii}r luasoiirv,
and incised with the symbols of the Five
Wounds, 15th-century: in the nave, of a man
and his wife, and indent of a second wife,
c. loOO, without inscription: of AVilliani
Tabram. rector of Tlierfield, 14C2, half-figure of
priest in hood and tippet, below a cusped and
crocketted cano^iy with side pinnacles, and in-
scription: on E. wall of >'. aisle, inscriptions,
to Kobert White, prior of Hoyston, 1534 : to
William Chamber, 1546 : verse in English,
probably c. 1500. Desks : two, made up
of part of traceried rood screen, 15th-
century. Door : former AV. door, now in
the upper part of the tower, panelled and
tracened, apparently made up from screens, as
the various parts do not fit well together.
Glass: in N. window of N. aisle, fragments,
15th-century. Images: two, in the chancel,
alabaster, 15th-century, discovered during
modern restorations, evidently wilfully mal-
treatwl ; one is of the Virgin (headless) and
Child holding in His left hand a bird ; this
was found in the former rood-stair turret in the
S. wall : the second, of a bishop (also headless)
with pastoral staff broken away. Monument :
in the chancel, under a modern recess, alabaster
effigy of a knight, 14th-century. PancUinq :
in ground stage of tower, oak, 17th-century, not
in situ. Piscina : in the chancel, with octofoil
basin, 13th-century, set in a modern recess.
Plate: includes paten, elaborately chased, of
1029, cup of 1021. PuljiU: on stone base
made up of panelled and traceried tomb, with
parts of the loth-century traceried rood screen
incorporated in the upper part. Recess: in
ruined wall, W. of church, probably for a tomb.
Condition — In good repair throughout ;
nearly all external stonework is modern.
(2). Font, now standing in the garden of a
house (see No. 5) X.E. of the Palace, is of stone,
and has a 13th-ccnturj-bowl with plain sides and
a moulded stem and base of the 15th-century.
Condition — Much weatherworn ; the upper
edges are broken away, and the mouldings of
the stem and base much decayed.
Secular:—
(3). The P.^l.^ce, St.\bles, and a House, now
divided into two cottages, on the E. side of
Kncesworth Street, are the remains of the
palace built by James I., incorporating some
lOth-centurj- houses. It originally extended
to Melbourn Street on the S., and a consider-
able distance towards the E., and included many
buildings, since destroyed. The Palace is the
E. half of ' The King's Lodgings ', the rest
having been pulled down, probably c. 1700 ; it is
a two-storeyed building of brick ; the roof is
tiled. The plan is rectangular and faces E.; the
back, towards the street, was rebuilt ])robably c.
1700, and has two projecting chimney stacks
with tall shafts repaired at the top. The interior
HdVSTON: I'AKMSII CliriJCll OK ST. .KUIN TIIK UAI'TIS'l'
AM) S'l'. THdMAS (iK ( ' A NTKH liT in .
INIKIMiili i>V NAVK LOOKING SOUTH-KAST, SHOWINf;
i:;TH-CKNTrRV LANTKT WINDOWS
ROI
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UERTFOEDSniHE.
175
was much altered in the 18th century, but some
chamfered ceiling beams on the ground floor,
a four-centred brick fireplace in a S. room, the
newel post of the staircase, and some wall
painting, discovered behind ISth-century
panelling, are probably original.
The Stables : only a small part remains, over-
grown with ivy.
The House, built early in the IGtii ccntun,', is
of timber and plaster, with an overhanging
upper storey, supported on brackets ; the steep-
pitched roof is tiled. The doorway, in the centre,
retains its original moulded wood frame. The
lower rooms have been altered, but the open
timber roof remains, and has moulded trusses,
purlins, spandrels and wind braces.
Condition — Of Palace, good, though much
altered; of Stables, overgrown with ivy; of
House, good.
(4). The Priory, S. of the church, is the
manor house of Eoj-ston, and was probably
originally part of the building erected on the
site of Royston Priory, after the dissolution of
the monasteries. It retains, however, little old
work except the walls on the S.W. side, which
are of 17th-century brick.
Condition — Good.
(5). House, on the N. side of Melbourn
Street, opposite the church, was built at the be-
ginning of the 17th century or possibly earlier.
It is of two storeys and an attic ; the walls are
of brick ; the roofs are tiled. The S. front has
been practically rebuilt, probably in the 18th
century. At the back are twin gables, in which
are original windows, one blocked; the other
windows have been renewed. On the ground
floor one room is lined with small square 17th-
century panels, and there are some original
beams with moulded edges in the ceilings. On
the first floor there are two carved and painted
mantelpieces dated 1635, one being in a
panelled room which also retains an original
cupboard. Another room has panelling^ and a
carved chimney piece with turned pillars, of
cedar; the original painting of festoons of
fruits, etc., has been found on some of the
panels under a later coating of paint. In
a third room there are traces of mural paint-
ing over the fireplace, and the constructional
timbers are exposed. Two of the ceilings have
painted figures in medallions. The attic has
exposed timbers, an oak door, with traces of
stencilling of an early date, and, at the W.
end, an original oak window frame, now
blocked. In the garden is a stone font (see
No. 2 above).
Condition — Good.
(G)., Cottages, N. of the church, built of
timber and plaster, are probably of the 17th
century.
Condition — Decayed.
High Street, W. side: —
(7). House, now divided into three cottages,
opposite the Bull Hotel, is a 15th-ceutury
building of two storeys and attics; tlie walls are
timber-framed and plastered, on brick founda-
tions; the roof is tiled. The projecting upper
storey is supported on curved brackets, formerly
springing from slender wood shafts with
moulded capitals and bases, of wliich one is
partly visible, buried in the plaster; at the X.E.
angle is a larger curved bracket to the angle
post, with a traceried panel at the foot. On the
ground floor, facing the street, are two bow
windows and a sash window, and on the first
floor are three wood mullione<l windows; all
have modern wood frames. The attics are
lighted by three gabled dormer windows. The
two plain chimney stacks are of thin 17th-
century bricks.
Condition — Fairly good.
(8). Cottages, several, of timber and plaster,
built in the 17th century, with modern fronts.
Condition — Fairly good.
(9). Base of Cro.ss, and Stone Coffin Lid,
at the junction of the Cambridge and New-
market roads, E. of the town ; the base is a large
shapeless block of conglomerate, with a square
socket, probably for the cross, in the upper
surface. Two fragments of the colfin lid
remain, with a cross on the face.
Condition — Weatherworn.
Unclassified:—
(lUj. KoY.sTON C.WE, at the W. end of
Melbourn Street, where the ' Icknield Street'
and the ' Ermine Street ' cross, is a bottle-
sliaped cavern (about 28 ft. deep and 17 ft. in
diameter at the bottom) hollowed out of the
natural chalk, and lighted only by the small
opening at the top. It is said to have been filled
up at the time of the Peformatiou, and acci-
dentally discovered in 1742. Near the bottom
there are six recesses of various sizes, and on
the face of the cavity figures have been rudely
carved in relief, probably in the lllth or 14th
century; they represent the Crucifixion, St.
Christo])her, St. Catherine, figures on horseback,
etc.
The ])resent entrance, on the N., is modern,
the former entrance is higher up on the N.E.
side.
Condition — Good.
176
IN"VKNTOHY OF Till". >r()NrMKNTS OF nERTFORDSHIRE.
108. RUSHDEN.
(O.S. 6 iu. i'')viii. S.E. Wviii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
* (1). Parish Cinucn of St. Mary, stands
on rising ground >'. of the village. It is built of
flint rubble with clunch and stone dressings ;
the chancel and S. porch are of brick ; the roofs
are covered with load and with slate. The Nave
is probably of c. l-^AO. The Chuncel, with the
exception of the chancel arch, is completely
modern, but is built on the old foundations, of
which a part, visible on the S., seems to be of
mid 14th-century date. Nearly half a century
later the We$t Tower was built, and in the 19th
century the South Porch was added, the chancel
rebuilt in yellow brick, and all the windows in
the church were much restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(28 ft. by 14 ft.) retains its old plinth on the S.,
and in this are the jambs of a doorway of mid-
14th-century date. The chancel arch is of the
loth century, and of two moulded orders
with moulded capitals. The Nare (43 ft. by
20 ft.) has, in the N. wall, a late 15th-century
window of three ligKts and a late 14th-century-
doorway, now blocked; in the S. wall, are two
late 15th-century traceried windows of two
lights, and between them a doorway, of c. 1340,
of three moulded orders with shafted jambs.
In the thickness of the wall, at the S.E. angle,
are the remains of the rood-loft stairs. The
West Tower (11 ft. by IQi ft.) is of three stages
with an embattled parapet. The "W. window,
of late 14th-century date, is of three lights.
The tower arch, also original, is of three cham-
fered orders with half octagonal responds and
moulded capitals. The bell-chamber windows
are single trefoiled lights, much decayed. The
South Porch is modern. The low-pitched Poof
of the nave is of the 15th century-, and has
moulded principals and s])andrel tracery.
Fittings — Communion Tahic : with plain
turned legs, early 17th-century. Font : octa-
gonal basin, decorated with cuspcd and foliated
panels, mid 15th-century ; cover, 17th-ccntur\-.
Gallery : at "W. end of nave, the base of an oak
column, part of a late 17th-century gallerv.
Monuments : in nave, at S.E., mural, to Sir
.\dolphus Mcetkerke. 1018. Niche: for image,
in E. wall of nave, N. of chancel arch, large,
cinquefoile<l, with a moulde<l square head, outer
order and a frieze of cuspcd panels, 15th-cen-
tnry. Pnintinns: in nave, on the W. end of tTie
N. wall, traces. Piscina : in the chancel, re-set,
late 14th-century.
Condition — Good, much repaired and partly
rebuilt.
of the
of late
the S.
Secular: —
HoMESTE.\D Moats : —
o (2). At AVood Farm.
«(3). At Friar's Farm, fragment.
* (4). Julians, about \ a mile N.
church, is a two-storeyed brick house
ItJth - centuiT date, much altered
front has been re-modelled and coated with
cement, probably during the 18th century,
when the 1'^ end was made square. The main
entrance, in the middle of the S. front, opens
into the hall ; at the back is the dining room,
and between the two there is a central
chimney block. In the original plan the
kitchens were probably on the E. and the living
rooms on tlie W.; this disposition is now
reversed, and the present domestic offices in-
clude a room panelled with oak in small squares
with sto])ped moiildingSj and a carved chimney
piece with arabesque ornament and turned
columns, all of late Ifith-century date. Many
of the rooms on the first floor seem to have
similar panelling concealed behind the wall
paper.
Condition — Good.
''(5). The Villacje : — The Post Office, about
1 furlong S. of the church, is an irregular range
of building of plastered timber, and of the Ifilh
or 17th century: the date 1730 inscribed on it
l)robal)lv refers only to the ])1 aster. 'Hie roof is
tiled, an<l there is one overhanging gable. The
Rose and Crown inn. near the Post Office, is
of late lOth-century date. It is built of plas-
tered timber, decorated with combetl work. The
roof is tiled. The plan is rectangular, with a
central chimney stack finished with square
shafts set diagonally. Cottages: There are also
a number of small cottages and farm buildings
of the 17th century. The walls are covere<l with
rough-cast; the roofs arc thatched.
Con<l ition — Poor.
109. S A COMBE.
(O.S. 6 in. xxi. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Parish Chtrch of St. Katiierin-k,
stands on high ground in the middle of the
parish. The walls are faced with flint ; the roofs
are tiled. 'Y\\e Chancel and the Nnre were built
in the 14th century. The South Tourr. probablv
oriffinally of the same period, was rebuilt in
1855-6, when the whole church was thoroughlv
restored, faced with flint, and re-roofed, the AV.
wall rebuilt and a Vestry added. Much of the
stonework for this restoration was brought fii;in
the demolished church of Thundridge.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HESTFOnDSHIHE.
177
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(24^ ft. by IG ft.) and the Nave (43^ ft. by
21 ft.) have modern windows and doorways, hut
the responds of tho chancel arch are of the 14th
century, and have wave-mouldings on botli
sides. Tho Tower is 11 ft. square.
Fittings — Bells : three, 3rd 1683. Brasses :
ill the eliaiKol, to Eleanijr Dodyntoii, ir)3T;
to John Dodington, her husband, 1544;
inscriptions only. Monuments : on N. wall of
chancel, to the Rev. John Meriton, llector of
the parish, died 16G9 ; on W. wall of vestry,
tablet to Sir Thomas Rolt, ' Agent of Persia
and President of India,' 1710, and his wife,
171G. Piscina: in the chance], with modern
recess, bowl probably 14th-century. Plate:
includes cup of 1G88 and flagon of 1715. Mix-
cellanea: hour-glass stand, in vestry, of iron,
17th-century.
Conilitiou — Good.
110. ST. ALBANS.
(O.S. G in. xxxiv. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Tmc Abbey Ciiukch of St. Alban, on
high ground on the S.W. side of the town, is a
large cruciform buikling, and one of the longest
cathedrals in England. The oldest parts are
built chiefly of flint rubble, Roman bricks and
liarnack stone, taken from the ruins of Yeru-
lamium, and in the later work Totternhoe stone
is largely used. The roofs are covered with
lead and tiles. The site, which falls con-
siderably from E. to W., overlooks tbe valley of
the Ver, and the long nave and massive central
tower form a landmark for many miles.
The Abbey is a monument of quite exceptional
iiifprosf, tliough some parts of it have been
obsinued and much <if fhe old work has been
destroyed in fhe course of restoration. Amongst
fhe most notable features of the structure are:
the advanced design of the Lady chapel windows
of c. 1308; fhe early Norman work in re-used
Roman brick and flints of fhe presbytery, of the
central tower (which, beyond being stripped of
its coating<Kf j)laster, and having lost its original
roof and tho top of the walls, is almost
untouche<l), of tho transepts and of tlie nave;
fhe fine detail ol the 13th-century bays and
fhe unusual design of the 14th-century work
of the nave; and the late 13fh-cenfury
wooden vault of the presbytery, an early
example of its kind. Of fhe fittings the
most remarkable are: the large and elabo-
rate brass of Abbot dc la Mare ; fhe richlv
ornamented 15th and 16th-century sepulchral
monuments of Abbot Wheathampstead (so
called), Ablx)t Ramrygo and Duke Iluniphrey
of Gloucester ; tho many paintings, possibly
representative of the school for which the Abbey
was famous ; the richly carved, 15th-century,
wooden chamber of the Feretrar, a rare
example, richly carved; the 13th-century iron
grate in the jiresbyfery aisle, a piece of iron-
work of unusually early date ; and the ])edestal
of the shrine of St. Alban, one of the best
examples remaining in the country.
HisTouicAL Development.
No pai't of the pre-Conquest buildings of the
IJeuedictine Abbey founded by Off'a II., king of
the Mercians, in 703, now remains. The earlier
monastery was destroyc<l during the rebuilding
by Abbot Paul of Caen (1077 to 1003), though
some of the old material apjiears to have been
re-used.
The Norman church, completed in 1088, was
cruciform in plan, and covered the ground
now occupied by tho Ferclonj and Preshytcnj
with their Norlli and South Aisles, the Central
Tower, the North and South Transepts, and
probably ten of the existing thirteen bays of the
A^ave with its North and South Aisles. There
were also an A])se to the ])resbytery, two apsidal
chapels on the E. of each transept, and a North
West Chapel of St. Andrew attached to the N.
aisle of the nave, all of which have been
destroyed. Of the late llfh-ceiifury church
there remains a large part of fhe j)resbytery
and feretory walls, the central tower, the
transepts, about nine bays of fhe N. arcade
and aisle of fhe nave, and about three bays
of the S. arcade and aisle. About 1105
tho work of lengthening the nave to its present
dimensions by the addition of three bays was
begun by Abbot John dc Cella; at the same
time a new W. front, was comnience<l which
was intended to have flaid<ing towers and
three projecting vaulted porches. By 1107, for
various reasons, tho work was stopped, and was
much neglected till after 1214, when it was
finished by Abbot William of Trumpingtou
(1214 to 1235), but fhe flanking fower.s to the
W. front and fhe vaulting of the nave were
abandoned, and the design and its details were
very much modified. This Abbott also rebuilt
ill stone many of the brick windows, erecte<l a
lead-covered wood spire, and pi-obably altered
and re-vaulted fhe three eastern bays of the S.
aisle of fhe presbytery. In 1257, fhe two
E. bays of the eastern arm were ])ulled down
as tlicy showed signs of collapse, and an
extension to tho E. was then begun in order to
provide a new Lady cliapel. The presbytery
178
IXVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEKTFORDS)linE.
was re-modelled and the vestibule to the Lady-
chapel was then built. This part of the work
was finished by the end of the 13th century,
but the Lady chapel itself was not completed
till the following century. A stone vault
was planned for the presbytery, but was
not carried out, a wood vault being substi-
tuted, but the stone springers and the abut-
ments of the flying buttresses remain. The
shrine was moved by Abbot John de Maryna,
and the defaced pedestal for it, now in the
feretory, belongs to this date. The Lady chapel
was completed by Abbot Hugh of Kvcrsdon
(1308 to 132G), and again a wood vault was sub-
stituted for that of stone originally proposed,
of which the springers were destroyed in the
late restorations. A flat roof was built in the
vestibule instead of the stone vault originally
intended, and the vault springers were cut back.
The sleeper wails of the two rows of columns,
Aihich were originally planned, still remain
below the floor.
On the day of St. Paulinus, 1323, two
columns on the S. side of the nave, probably
the fourth and fifth, fell, and as a result part
of the roof of the nave, the S. aisle, and
the adjacent part of the cloisters collapsed.
The repairs were begun at once and were nearly
finishe<l by 1326, when Abbot Hugh died. His
successor," Richard of "Wallingford (1326 to
1335), neglected this work and left it to be
completed by the next abbot, Michael of Ment-
more (1335 to 1349), who by 1343 had re-roofed
the nave and re-built and vaulted the S. aisle.
Little work of importance was done during the
remainder of the 14th century beyond the
paving of the nave, but early in the 15th century
the feretrar's wooden gallery was set up. John
of Whcathampstead, during his first abbacy
(1420 to 1440), built a small sepulchral chapel
for himself (consecrated in 1430), made altera-
tions to the pulpitum, built a chapel S.E. of
the Lady chapel, possibly removed the apses
of the N. transept, and inserted a large window
in the W. end of the nave. During the second
abbacy of John of Wheathamjistead (1451
to 1465) the chapel of St. Andrew was
built anew, the old chapel, erected at the
end of the 11th century and enlarged at
the end of the 12th, and beginning of the
13th centurv, being pulled down. William
Wallingford (1476 to 1484) built the stone
screen behind the high altar, inserted the
windows in the N. and S. transepts, and pro-
bably altere<l the W. front to the condition in
which it remained until the recent restoration.
He also possibly built the tomb chapel usually
attributed to John of Wheathampstoad. The
only pre-Tteformation work of a later date
is the Chantrv chapel of Abbot Thomas Kam-
ryge (1492 to"'l520) on the N. side of the Pres-
bytery.
' In 1553 the church was sold to the Borough
of St. Albans to be their parish church,
and the chapel of St. Andrew was then pulled
down and the Lady chapel assigned to the
grammar school. The following are the dates
of the more important post-Eeformation repairs
and restorations: 1681, 1704, 1721, 1764, 1832.
1835 till 1877 (under Sir Gilbert Scott), and
from 1877 to 1885 (under the late Lord Grim-
thorpe).
Abchitectueal Desceiptiox.
The Lady chapel (56 ft. by 23 ft.) is of three
bays, with 19th-century stone vaulting, which
replaces the wooden vaulting of c. 1310. The
E. window is of five lights, and there are three
windows of four lights each in the N. wall, and
two windows of four lights and another in the
form of a spherical triangle in the S. wall. The
tracery of these windows, on flowing and geomet-
rical lines, is very advanced in character for
the date, c. 1308. Each window (except the
triangular one) has two courses of ball-flower
ornament, and niches with crockettcd canopies
containing images on the internal splays and
central mullions; these windows are entirely
modern outside. Beneath them a modem wall
arcade replaces the original arcade. In one of
tlie sedilia in the S. wall is a small square-
headed opening to the chapel of the Trans-
figuration, now blocked, and near it a
modern doorway, also into this chapel, which
was rebuilt as a vestry by Lord Grimthorpe.
The Vestibule (32^ it. by 32 ft.) is separated
from the Lady chapel by an arch of two
riclily moulded orders upon multiple shafted
jambs with moulded capitals, bases and
necking, all much restored. This is flanked
by a small space of walling, the vestibule
being wider than the Lady chapel. The
sjiringers of the vatilting, originally intended
for this part of the church, existed before
the recent restorations, but only mutilated
fragments now remain. The vestibule is of
three bays, the E. bay has a N. and a S.
window of late 13th-century date; both are of
two trefoiled lights, with quatrefoils over them,
and have shafted jambs and mullions; they
are set in the wall arches continuing the arcade
by wliich the seconil and third bays ()|ien into
tlie aisle. The aisles are of two bays, and con-
tinue the aisles of the presbytery. The arcades
are of two orders of deeply under-cut mouldings;
the E. responds have clusters of shafts, the
ST. ALliANS CATJIKDIJAL.
NOKTIi AIICAUK OK NAVK, SI l( i\V I M ; 1 Ith-C KNI I' i; V WOIIK ANH 1 S Till KNI T I; V I'AlNIINii
INVENTOBY OF IIIK MONrMENlS OF UERTFORDSUIBE.
179
columns are octagonal, and the "W. responds
have been partly covered by square piers of
modern masonry. The wall ribs for the vaultinp^
also remain in these bays. At the W. end of the
vestibule is a thin wall pierced by three acute
two-centred arches of one chamfered order, with
linked hood mouldings. Against this is a low
wall with a modern wall arca<!e on the E. side.
The North Aisle of the vestibule (liJ ft. wide)
has an E. window of three lights; the
opening is of the 13th centur}% but the tracery
is similar to the tracery of the windows in the
Lady chapel. In the N. wall are two 13th-
century windows, much restored, each of two
trefoiled lights, with a cinquefoil over them.
Beneath these windows is some wall arcading,
originally of late 13th-century date, now almost
entirely restored. In the N.E. angle is an
octagonal turret containing a newel staircase,
reached by a door and a vaulted passage in the
N. wall ; this leads to the roof of the Lady
chapel.
The South Aisle of the vestil)ule (19 ft. wide)
is similar in arrangement to the N. aisle, but
the E. window, of three trefoiled lights with
tracery, is of early 14th-century date; the
two S. windows are identical with the
corresponding windows of the N. aisle; at
the N. end of the E. wall is a blocked doorway,
ll^nder the windows is wall arcading almost
wholly restored with modern stonework ; the
few old fragments which remain indicate work
of an elaborate design. This part of the church
was very much damaged aftor the dissolution
of the monasteries.
The Eastern Arm (central span 88j ft. by
33 ft.) is of five bays, of which the feretory oc-
cupies one and a half bays at the E. end and the
])resbytery the rest. This division into five bays
is the result of the rebuilding begun in 1257,
for tlie central span was originally of four baya,
though the aisles have always been of five; the
unequal spacing was devised in order to prevent
the vaulting baj's of the central span from being
too long and narrow; traces of the original
arrangement remain above the vaults of the
aisles. TJie central span is separated from the
vestibule by a wall pierced by three arches, of
three richly moulded orders, carried on clusters
of columns and built against the thin wall
at the W. end of the vestibule. The central
span was originally divided from its aisles by
sclidwalls, of which a considerable part remains,
especially at the W. The first two bays from
the E. are pierced by poiniod arches of three
richly moulded orders carried on piers of
clustered columns; the lower parts of the
arches of the first liay are blocked, on the N. by
the Feretrar's chamber, on the S. By the tomb of
Uuke Humphrej' of Gloucester, while the arches
of the second bay are blocked by the walls
Hanking the reredos, which are pierced by doors
giving access to the feretor}' from the N. and S.
aisles of the presbytery (see fittings). The
third bay has similar arches, blocked on the 2f.
by the tomb of Abbot Kamryge, and on the S.
by the tomb attributed to Abbot Wheathamp-
slead, and a thin wall above it. The remain-
ing two bays retain the 11th-century solid
wall, cut back, and with blank arcades in-
serted in it. All this work was carried out
during the second half of the 13th century, but
the spacing was much affected b}- the one bay
which was retained of Abbot Trumpington's
work in the S. aisle. In the blank arcades
of the W. bay are much-restored quire
entrances, also part of the rebuilding they
project slightly into the presbytery, and
have moulded heads carried on shafted jambs ;
above them are triple gabled and crocketted
canopies with trefoiled heads and gix)in-
vaulted soffits carried on circular shafts.
At the eastern corners of the central span
are stair-turrets, which, with the E. gable,
were rebuilt by Lord Grimthorpe. Above the
main arcades is a small triforium with ranges
of trefoiled arches on circular shafts. The two
E. bays of this triforium have seven arches, the
three middle arches being pierced; the other
bays have six arches, of which only two are
pierced. The clearstorey has, on each side, three
windows of five lights with moden tracery,
and a four-light E. window with a single-light
window on each side of it. Between the bays
above the triforium level are clusters of circular
vaulting shafts, from which the wooden vaulting
springs. (Sec Roofs and Ceilings.)
The North Aisle of the presbytery (15 ft. wide)
is of five bays ; the three eastern bays were
completely altered in the rebuilding, begun in
1257, and the fourth was re-vaulte<l ; the fifth
bay retains its plain unribbed groined vaulting
of the 11th century, with semi-circular wall,
tiansverso arches and flat i)ilasters, partly cut
away, with a chamfered string at the spring-
line. The later vaulting is quadripartite with
moulded ribs and carved bosses, and is carried
on circular wall shafts which separate the
bays. There are four N. windows, in the first,
second, third and fifth bays: tho fourth bav
is blank. The first two are similar to the N.
windows of the vestibule aisle, and are very
much restored : the third, of a later type, is of
two lights, -nitli tlirce quartrefoils over tliem.
ITnder these windows is wall arcading and a
stone bench of late 13th-century date, with
180
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOHDSHIHE.
trefoiled arches having trefoils in the span-
drels. I'nder the first window is an arched
recess; the arch was found elsewhere and was
placed here in the llHh century; the recess is
supposed to he u tomh, but it has splayed sides,
and is more probably a dt>orway. Under the
second window is a loth-century doorway,
much restored. The fourth window is formed
by a partly blocked opening to the 11th-century
transept chapel, and modern tracery has been
inserte<l in it.
The >'South Aisle of the presbytery (15 ft. wide)
retains two of its 11th-century bays with their
vaulting intact. The two bays, at the E. end,
were rebuilt late in the 13th century, and the
work of both dates is similar in every respect to
the corresponding work in the N. aisle, except
that the wall anading of the two 13th-century
bays a])pears, from the fragments which remain,
to have been richer than that on the N. The
middle bay is all that remains of Abbot Trump-
ington's work in this aisle, and is vaulted at a
higher level than the llth-centurj-, and at a
lower level than the 13th-century bays. The
8. windows of the first three bays are
modern. In the first bay is a doorway
flanked by two-light, traceried openings to
a chapel buflt in 1429; the chapel has been
destroyed, as well as a second chapel further
"W., also of the 15th century, of which,
in the second bay, a traceried screen remains
(see Fittinqs). In the fourth bay is a curious
winilow of 11th-century date, now blocked ami
mutilated; it is of two round-headed lights
within a round-headed arch ; in the N. wall of
this bay is an 11th-century brick arch, flush
with the surface. In the S. wall of the fifth bay
is a wide round-headed arch originally opening
into the apsiilal cliapcl ; above it is a
smaller round-arched opening, now glazetl;
in the N. wall is part of a blocked arch
of the 11th century, one of the original upper
entrances to the quire.
The Central Tower (32 ft. by 30*- ft. by 144 ft.
high) stands on four massive recessed piers and
slightly stilted semi-circular arches of three
square orders. Above these arches are four
stages, of which two are open to the crossing and
form a lantern; the lower has a triforium gallery
in the thickness of the wall, with three plain
round-headed openings on each side, each
enclosing two subordinate arches, with plain
imposts, central stone pillars, simple <'apitals
of varving detail and plastered brick bases.
On each side of the second stage are two
wide, plain round-headed lights. The third
stage has a gallerv in the thickness of the
wall, opening outwards, with four round-
headed arches on each side, sub-divided by
smaller arches resting on stone columns with
cushion capitals; the gallery is covered b}' a
plastered vault. From this stage there is a
newel staircase, in the thickness of the N.W.
angle. At the corners, and in the middle
of each face of these stages, are flat ])ilaster
buttresses; in the fourth, or bell-chamber
stage, the corner pilasters take a rounded
form, and are finished with embattled jiara-
pets, while those in the middle become pairs
of half-round pilasters; iu each face of this
stage are two double windows, with round
arched heads, each enclosed iu a round arched
recess; the tympana are pierced with triangular
openings, and above the enclosing arches are
lozenge-shaped openings. The arches have
stone shafts and roll mouldings of stone, but
are otherwise of brick. The tower is finished
bv an embattled brick parapet of later date.
'The North Transept (G5 ft. by 32| ft.) is of
three bays divided by wide shallow pilaster
buttresses, now partly destroyed. On the
ground stage there are two N. and three
W. windows of 11th-century date, with
jambs and semi-circular heads of two square
orders, all in brick. In the E. wall are two
round arches, of two square orders, which
were originally the W. arches of the transept
chapels ; the cha])els themselves were destro\-ed
in the 15th century, and the arches blocked ;
the blocking now contains modern windows,
and all that remains of the chapels is the
s]iringing of the vault and the 8. respond at
the chord of the apse of the 8. chapel. The N.
wall was completely rebuilt above the ground
stage and a large circular window was inserted
by Lord Grimthorpe. In the ¥i. and W. walls
the 11th-century triforium remains, with an
open arcade of semi-circular brick arches, four
in each bay, enclosed in pairs in larger recessed
arches. All four arches and the larger enclosing
arches rest on roughly-worked circular and
octagonal shafts with cushion ca])itals. Two of
the shafts, on the E., are latlie-turned, and
jirobably re-used material from the church
destroyed in Paul of Caen's rebuilding. Tlie
clearstorey has a tall open arch and a largo
round-headed window in each bay of the E. and
W. walls. The stages are divided by cham-
fere<l string courses. In the N. wall near the
N.W. angle is an original external doorway
with an f)u(er arch of brick and an inner andi
of stone; the space between is roofed with
a groined vault. This was probably the
entrance of the townspeople to the transept, to
which they have certain rights of access. At the
N.W. angle is a modern newel-staircase.
ST. AM'.ANS CATIIi;!!!! \1..
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ST. AL15ANS CATH KDKAL.
SdlTll -IHK Ol' NAVK, KASTKKN HALF: UTILC KNiri; V.
INVENTORY OF TUE MONTJMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
181
The Soidh Transept (32^ ft. by 65 ft.) is almost
identical in armngement with tlie N. transept.
In the blocking of the two chapel arches in theE.
wall are doorways, originally opening into the
vestries by which the chapels were replaced
in the 14th century; the doorways, which are
moulded, and have shafted jambs with foliated
capitals, now open into closets in the thickness
of the wall, and all that remains of the vestries
is a vaulting shaft. The triforium and the clear-
storey are similar to those of the Is. transept,
but the triforium has six of the Saxon baluster
shafts. In the middle of tho S. wall is re-set
the much restored late ISth-century arch which
formerly opened from the cloister into the slype,
or passage, to the cemetery; it has a round head
and is of three elaborately enriched orders, the
innermost being new; above it, and in the lobby
which now replaces the old passage, is re-set
some of the 12th-century arcading of the slype;
it has interlacing semi-circular arches with
ringed roll-mouldings and circular columns with
richly carved capitals. The rest of the S. wall is
filled by five large modern lancets. In the W.
wall the two original windows of the grolind
stage were replaced, early in the 13th century,
by lancet windows, having jamb shafts, with
foliated capitals and moulded roar arches. These
windows cut into the triforium, and, in order
to accommodate them, the central column of the
triforium arcade, in each bay, was replaced by
a small square pier. In this wall is an 11th-
century doorway, which originally opened into
the cloister, but is now blocked and used as a
cupboard; it has a semi-circular rear arch, and
is vaulted in the thickness of the wall; there
is no trace of it on tho outside. The cloarstorey
on the W. side is the same as that on the E.,
except that one window, at the S. end, has a
stone jamb shaft with a cushion capital. Close
to the S. aisle of the nave a blocked two-light
window of the 15th century originally lighted a
small chamber in the thickness of the wall, now
filled up.
The Nave {21b\ ft. by 31 ft.) has N. and
S. arcades of thirteen bays, of which nine of
the N. arcade and three of the S. are of the llih
century. The detail is very plain; the arches
are semi-circular, of three square orders,
and rest on recesswl piers with a chamfered
string course at the springing; the bays are
separated by flat pilasters. The triforium stage
was .nltered in the 15th century, when the roofs
of the aisles were lowered and three-light
windows wore inserted in each bay, except the
third from the E., opposite the pulpitum. The
arches arc plain, round-headed, and of three
square orders, with a chamfered string at the
springing. The clearstorey windows have plain
round-headed lights similar to the original
clearstorey windows in the transepts. A dif-
ference is visible in the detail between
the three bays E. of the rood-screen and
the rest, which may indicate a slight difference
in date. The fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and
eighth bays on the S., counting from the E.,
belong to the rebuilding of 1323-43. The main
arcade of these bays has arches of four moulded
orders, with labels, and piers with round en-
gaged angle-shafts at the cardinal points, and
moulde<l capitals and bases carried round the
complete pier. The dripstones of the labels arc
carved as heads and may be intended to rei)re-
sent Hugh of Evcrsdon, Isabel of France,
Edward II., and Master Henry Wy, magister
operum of the Abbey. The triforium is some-
what more, and the clearstorey somewhat less
important than is usual in work of this date,
owing to an attem])t to make the new work liar-
monize with the 13th-century design further
W. The triforium arcade is continuous, and has
arches of two moulded orders, enriched with ball-
flowers, sub-divided by two sharply pointed
cinquefoiled arches, above which are spandrels
pierced with trefoilcd tracer}-. The arches are
carried upon clusters of three shafts, with four-
leafed flowers between them ; the capitals of the
main arches are moulded and those of the sub-
arches are foliated. At the liaso of the triforium
is a string course decorated with four-leafed
flowers, and under it are six great shields carved
in stone with the leopards of England, alter-
nating with the cross and martlets of the
Confessor, the three crowns of St. Oswyn,
and a very beautiful shield of tho lilies of
France. The clearstorey has two lancet
windows in each bay with roar arches of two
moulded orders and two engaged shafts in eacli
jamb. The five western bays on the S. and four
western bays on tho N. belong to the work
begun by John de Cella in 1195, but not finished
till after 1214. The arches of the main arcades
are of four moulded orders, carried on piers
with four engaged shafts at the cardinal points;
the moulded oa]>itals and l)asos are of four types
which indicate the slow progress of the work
from W. to E. ; the W. responds are set with
detached marble shafts, which wore much
simplified towards tlie completion of the work,
and have capitals of the latest type. Tho tri-
forium is a continuous arcade witji (wo moulded
arches in each bay, sub-divided l)y moulded
arches with a pierced quatrefoil in the spandrel.
These arches are carrie<l on clusters of circular
shafts with moulded ca])ital8 and bases; a line
of dog-tooth ornamont runs round tho arches
182
IKVENrOKT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
and down between the columns, and there is a
string-course with the same enrichment at the
base of the triforium. The clearstorey is
similarly arranged with two lancet windows in
each bay; externally tliey are set in a con-
tinuous arcade, the windows alternating with
blank panels, and internally thej- have
moulded arches with a single line of dog-tooth
ornament and three shafts in each jamb. The
flat faces of the piers between the windows,
which originally were to have been hidden
by the vaulting shafts were worked with
shallow sinkings in the simplified design. In
the U])per storeys of the building are other
traces of the abandoned vault. There are pre-
parations for vaulting shafts, beginning at the
string course below the triforium from shafted
corbels over the piers and plain corbels over the
I>oints of the arches, in all the bays except the
ninth from the E., which is entirely of the later
work. The W. front was almost completely
rebuilt by Lord Grimthorpe.
The I\orth Aisle of the nave (15 ft. wide)
corresponds with the N. arcade of the nave
in date, but has been much altered. There
is a l-3th-century X. window, with modern
tracery and shafted jambs, in each of the
first nine bays. The N. wall of the remain-
ing four bays replaces the arcade to the
chapel of St. Andrew, destroyed about 1553,
and contains modem windows. Two vaulting
shafts remain N.E. of the tenth bay, but
the vault was never carried further. In the
fourth bay from the E. is a modern external
doorway, and a modern wall crosses the aisle at
this point. In the sixth bay is an 11th-century
doorway, with a round head and plain rear
vault, and in the ninth bay is another doorway,
now blocke<l, which led into St. Andrew's
Chapel. In the W. wall is a single doorway
similar in style to that of the nave, and almost
entirely modern; above it is a small two-light
window and a corbelled vaulting shaft.
The South Aisle of the nave (IG ft. wide^
corresponds in date to the different periods of
the S. arcade of the nave, but the 11th-century
bays have been much altcre<l and were re-vaulted
by Lord Grimthorpe. In the E. bay is a late 14th-
century doorway which originally opened into
the cloister; the outside is modern, and is covered
by a modern porch, but the inside is untouched
and is richly ornamented. The opening is of
three orders, the inner being two-centred,
the middle one multi-cusped, and the outer
square-headed ; it is flanked by buttresses and
niches with cusped panelled backs, vaulted
canopies and panelled half octagonal pedestals.
In the spandrels are two c.irved and painted
shields with the arms of Richard II., France
ancient quartering England, anil of the Abbey,
azure a saltire or; the latter is said to be the
earliest representation of these arms. The
opening is vaulted in the thickness of the wall
with moulded ribs and carved bosses. The first
three windows are almost entirely modern, the
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh anil eighth bays
have each an early 14th-century window of two
lights, with shafted internal jambs, moulded
rear arches and modern tracery. These bays
have quadrijiartite ribbed stone vaulting, also
ot early 14th-century date, which springs, on
tlie S., from clustered shafts with moulded
capitals, rings and bases. In the seventh bay
is a staircase in the thickness of the wall, now
partly blocked and used as a safe, but originally
leading to the Abbot's chapel. The outside of
these bays retains the mutilate<l remains of the
X. range of the early 14th-century cloister,
partly covere<l by modern buttresses. , (See
Monastic Buildings.) In the ninth bay is a
window of late 13th-century date with shafted
jambs and mo<lern or much restored tracer^'.
The remaining bays, originally covered by tho
buildings of the Abbot's house and chapel, have
had modern windows inserted in them, and are
covered by modern vaulting on early 13th-cen-
tury wall shafts. In the S. wall of the twelfth
bay are traces of a doorway from the aisle to a
vaulted passage below the Abbot's Lodging. In
the S. wall of the TV. bay is the blocked X. arch
of the proposed, but unbuilt, S.W. tower. It
is of three moulded orders having detached
shafts with moulded capitals, rings and bases.
The three TT'<',>-/ Porches are mainly contained
in the thickness of the TV. wall. Little beyond
the vaulting ribs and parts of the detail on the
E. are old ; they belong to the very early 13th-
century TV. front finished by TVilliam of
Trumpington, and have elaborate wall arcading
with detached shafts now almost entirely re-
stored.
The Chapel of St. Andrew was almost
completely destroyed c. 1553, and only the
foundations and a few fragments of the walls
remain.
The two West Towers were never completed;
nothing now remains above ground of the tower
on the S. except the blocked arch (see S. aisle),
and only a few fragments remain of the tower
on the X.
Roofs and Ceilings : Over the central span of
the eastern arm is a wooden vault of late 13th-
century date with moulded ribs and carved
bosses; it is elaborately decorated with colour.
(See Paintings.') Round the springers are
set a series of late ITth-century painted
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INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UEHTFORDSHIRE.
183
shields which commemorate the repair of
the roof iu lGSl-3. The foUowiug arms
appear: Skeffingtou; Rowbottom quartering
Grace; Gape; Moiithermer, Earl of Hertford and
Gloucester; Brisco; Beauchamp, Earl of War-
wick; Eduioiuls; an unknown coat; Tetley;
Anderson; Wittewronge; Ridware; Napier {?);
Holies; Berkeley; Capell; Finch, Earl of Not-
tingham; Wentworth, Earl of StalVord; Butler,
lluke of Ormonde; Prince of Wales; Grey, Earl
of Kent; Russell, Earl of Bedford; Cavendish,
Earl of Devonshire; North; William Bancroft,
Archbishop of Canterbury; Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury; Howland; Jennings; Pemberton;
Eariugton; de Burgh {?), Earl of Kent;
Lytton; Boteler; Blount; Cox; Hale;
Chauiicey; Garrard; Leman; Fawconbridgo (?);
Grimston; Jeft'reys; Montagu, Earl of Sand-
wich; Hatton; Tufton, Earl of Th'anet; Bruce,
Earl of Elgin and Ailesbury; Compton; Monck,
Duke of Albemarle; Egerton; Robartes, Earl
of Radnor; Howard, Duke of Norfolk; a wrongly
painted coat intended possibly for that of the
lirst Duke of St. Albans. The tower is ceiled
above the second stage with a mediseval flat
painted, wooden ceiling (see Vaintiriqn). The
modern ceilings of the transepts have 15t]i-
contury figures of angels at the feet of tlio
principal rafters. The nave has a flat wooden
panelled ceiling of late 15th-centuiy date, with
half-figures of angels, some of which holt!
shields, at the feet of the rafters. (See also
Paintings.)
Fittings.
Altar Slab (see Monuments). Bells: eight;
[ird, 4th, 7th, and 8th, lO'Ji). Bracket: on
ninth pier of N. arcade of nave, moulded,
small, 15th-contury. Brasses : in Preshytery,
slab, originally covered by large Flemish
brass, 9 ft. 3 in. by 4 ft. 4 in. (now in
the Wheathampstead Chapel), of Abbot Thomas
de la Mare (1349-96), in richly ornamented
Eucharistic vestments, diaper background of
leaves and heraldic beasts ; on each side and
over the figure elaborate traceried niches, with
figures of saints, prophets, angels, etc.; mar-
ginal inscription, date left blank; two small
siiielda with a bend, three eagles displayed
thereon : slab with indents only, assigned to
Abbot Hugh de Eversdon (1308 'to 132(i), with
mitre and crozier, cusped canopy and marginal
inscription : slab witli indents onlv, assigned to
Abbot Richard Waliingford (^i'Jd to 1335),
with mitre and crozior, jiedcsial with small
arcading, heavy cusped and crocketted canopy
and marginal inscription, two small figures
above canopy : slab only of Flemish brass of
Abbot Michael Meutmore : slab with indents
only of small figure and inscription : slab with
indent only of half-figure (brass iu AVheat-
hampstead Chapel of monk wearing cowl) :
slab, with remains of brass and indents, of
Abbot John Stoke (1440 to 1451), indent only
of figure, scroll, small figure of the Virgin, two
saints, shield, and inscri])tion ; brasses of large,
incomplete triple canopy, shield with azure, a
saltire or (St. Alban), part of a scroll and mar-
ginal inscription : slab with indents, of kneeling
figure, large floriated cross, on which are two
figures a7id a scroll, brass only of part of scroll ;
15th-century : of Robert JJeauver, c. 1455,
in monastic habit, with cowl, inscription and
scroll: of Sir Anthony Grey, 1480, in plate
armour, with indeut of inscription (shield with
Grey quartering, a quarterly coat of Valence
and Hastings, in AVheathampstead Chapel) :
slab witli indents only of ecclesiastic, 15th-
century, scroll and inscription : slab witii indents
only of tan cross, kneeling figures of man and
woman, and marginal inscrii)tion, early IGth-
century, much defaced : slab with indents
only of priest and inscription ]dat(', small :
slab with indent of Hewry Grinibald, priest,
1522, and inscription : slab with indent of
Richard Stondon, priest, early 16th-century,
and inscription: slab witli indents only of
Abbot Jolin of Berkhamstede, 1302, fully
vested, elaborate canopy, marginal fillets, and
marginal inscription in old French in se[)arate
Lombardic characters: slab with indents only
of knight in armour and of woman, assigned to
Bartholomew Halley, 1468, an<l Florence, his
v.ife, of two sons, two daughters, a shield, and
inscription ])late (imperfect brass of knight and
brass of wife in Wheathampstead Chapel) : slab
with incomplete brass of an abbot, early 15th-
century (lower part of figure, palimpsest,
with lower part of figure of lady on the
back, now in Wheathampstead Chapel), inscrip-
tion, lower part of canopy, ])art of marginal in-
scription and a heart, indents of the rest of the
figure, three hearts and the rest of the marginal
inscription, and two shields: slab, with indents
only, assigned to Abbot John de Maryns, 1308,
figure fully vested, elaborate triple caiu)py, mar-
ginal inscription : slab with indents onlv of
priest, early Kith-century, scroll and inscription
plate : slab with indents only of floriated cross,
kneeling figure of ecclesiastic, scroll and in-
scription plate: slab with indents only of
civilian, early 16th-century, scroll, inscription
plate and marginal inscription, with roundels
at the corners; slab with indents of priest, late
15th-century, and inscription i)late, brass of
scroll with prayer : slab with indeiits only as-
signed to Robert Fairfax, doctor of music, 1521,
18i
INVENTORY Ol' THE MONUMENTS? OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
and Agnes, bis wife, two fipures, inscription
plate, two sous and two daufrliters : slab with
indents of a man, liis wife, six sous and
seven daujjhters, c. 1500. In the W healham pstcad
Chapel, original positions uncertain : of civi-
lian, c. 14()5 : of civilian, c. 1470, head missing :
to Maud Hariyps, 1537, inscription : to Agnes
Skelton, l(i04, inscri])tion (see also ahove and
below). In N . Aisle of Prishylcri) : slab, indents
only, ])robably of an ecclesiastic, scroll, inscrip-
tion plate : brass of Thomas Fayrman, merchant
of the Staple of Calais, 1411, and his wife Alice,
imperfect inscription : slab with indents only
of a priest, c. 1440 (brass in AVhcathanipstead
Chapel), scroll and inscription plate : slab
with indents only of man and wife, early 15th-
centui-y, inscri])tioa ]>late and shield, much
worn : slab, with indents only of kneeling figure
of monk, floriated cross and scroll, much worn :
slab with indent only of figure with device over
it, much worn : slab with indent only of monk,
inscripticm plate, small : slab with indents only
of a man, two wives, and children. In S. Aisle
of Preshylenj : slab with indents only, probably
of a monk, inscription plate, small: slab, im-
perfect, with part of indent of floriated
cross and two loses: slab with indents only
of kneeling figure, in profile, and inscription
jdate : slab with brass of Kalph llowlatt,
merchant of the Staple of Calais, 1543,
six daughters and imperfect marginal inscrip-
tion, indents of wife, three sons and four
shields : slab with indents of figure and inscrip-
tion plate, small : three slabs with indents, one
much worn, two in fragments. In N. Tran-
sept : slab with iiulcnts only of man, his wife and
child, scroll, inscription plate, three shields, late
15th-century : slab with worn indents of
William Stro<ler and his wife Margaret,
1517 (inscription plate in Wheathamjistead
Chapel): slab with indents only of monk,
))0ssibly AVilliam Stul)l)ard, late i4th-ccntury,
inscri])tion jdate, elaborate canojiy, scroll.
Virgin and Child (?), marginal inscription with
devices: slab with indent only of large half-
figure of ecclesiastic. In S. Transept : slab
with indents only of ecclesiastic and inscrip-
tion plate : slab with indents of Thomas
Rutland, sub-prior, 1521, and inscription plate
(brasses of both in AVhoathampstead Chapel),
indent and remains of marginal inscription with
roundels at the corners : slab with indents only
of bust of ecclesiastic, jiossibly Prior Kobcrt
Norton, mid 14th-century, over floriated cross
of unusual design, with canopy and marginal
in8cri])tion : slab with indents only of kneeling
figure, floriated cioss, inscription plate and scrolls
much worn : fragment of a slab with indents of
bust, scroll and device, mid 15th-century, over
grave of John Gyldford, custos of the nuns at
Sopwell : slab with indents of monk, scroll and
inscription plate. In N. Aisle of iVflie; slab
with indents, much defaced : slab with in-
dents only of man, wife, four sons, three
daughters, and inscription ])late, mid-lOth-
ocntury; slab with indents only of half-figure,
jHobably a civilian, and inscription plate, mid-
l(!th-centtny, small : slab with indents only of
figure and inscription plate, small. In S. Aisle
of Nave: slab with indents only of floriated
cross, inscription plate and part of indent of
marginal inscription : slab, a fragment with
indent. In W. end of Nave: slab with indents
of man and his wife, inscription, two shields:
slab with indents only of ecclesiastic, inscrip-
tion ])late and marginal inscription, large: slab
with indent of inscription plate : slab with in-
dents only of civilian and inscription plate,
small: slab with indent only of civilian, lOth-
century : slab with indent of inscription ])late :
slab with indents only of half-figure and inscrip-
tion plato: slab with indents only of civilian,
inscription and four roundels : slab with indents
only of half-figure and inscription plate, much
worn. Chairs: in sanctuary, four, and a settle,
all with curved back, early 17th-cpnturv : two
late 17th-centur}-. Chest : in S. aisle of
])resbytery, plain, with painted scroll, three
locks and money slot; on wall above it wooden
figure of an old man begging, late 17th-century.
Doors: in the late 14th-centurv dixirway in E.
bay of S. aisle of nave, elaborately traceried,
late 14th-century: in N. aisle of presbytery,
original doors, c. 1303, of gatehouse, in frag-
ments, plain work, heavily framed : in doorway
of Ramryge ehanti-y chapel, with linen fold
panels, cus]H?d and fidiated tracery, early IGth-
century : in N. aisle of presbytery, old W. doors
of nave, with small wickets flanked by cusped
panels and with traceried head, 15tli-centurv :
ill N. doorway of X. transept, with late 11th-
ceutury strap hinges : in doorwaj-s of feretory,
lute 15th-century. Images : under the canopies,
on the tracery and in the jambs of the
windows of the Lady chapel ; N. side, first
window from the E., an archbishop, figure
holding crown, two kneeling figures, two
kings, figure with ])alni, figure (!•'); second
window, St. Edward the Confessor, two head-
less figures, figure with spear and book, St.
Edmund, mitred figure; third window, six
mitred figures, one in cope, the others in
f'^ucharistic vestments, a monk; S. side, second
window, two figures of Evangelists, three figures
of prophets, St. Stephen, figure ( ?) ; third
window, two figures of queens, two figures of
SI', ALMANS CA rilKDKAl,
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INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFOEDSniEE.
185
female martyrs, the Virgin and St. Anne,
female figure with sword, an abbess : in blocked
doorways in E. wall of S. transept fragments of
several images and one nearly complete, of man
in armour, c. 1400, in gypon and bascinet, with
padded chain mail avantail (known asEed Cross
knight). Glass: in fourth window of N. aisle
of nave, four shields, late 14tli-century, pro-
bably from cloisters, with arms of Edward III.,
Edward Prince of Wales, Lionel Duke of Clar-
ence, and John of fiaunt : in fiftli window, a
shield with or two bars gules, and in next win-
dow another with azure a saltire or and a border
gules with eight golden mitres (the arms of
Abbot William Heyworth), both shields of
similar design with angel supporters : in a W.
window of N. transept, fragments leaded into a
square. Lockers : in the E. bav of the vestibule,
on the N. : in the E. wall of the S. aisle of the
vestibule : in the N. respond of the arch between
the S. aisle of the presbytery and the S. tran-
sept. Momiments : on the S. side of the Feretory,
the monument of Duke Humphrey of
Gloucester, 1447, a triple arch, with a traceried
soffit, springing from panelled responds set
against the pillars of the arcade, surmounted
by cornice ornamented with four shields of the
Duke's arms, France and England quarterly in
a border argent, ensigned with ducal caps and
supported by chained antelopes, alternating
with three smaller shields, with helms, crests
and mantling; above the cornice are tall,
pierced, traceried panels with crocketted heads,
pinnacles, and niches, which, on the S. side,
are filled with figures ; the arms are repeated
several times, and also the Duke's badge of
daisies in a standing cup. 0« N. side of
Presbytery : the chantry chapel of Abbot
Ilamryge, c. 1522, a small structure with
delicate fan-vaulted roof, in two stages ; lower
panels of both stages are solid, with shields of
arms, upper panels, transomed and traceried ;
string course between the stages, with shields
of arms of various religious houses, and of
Heniy VIII., and an inscription ; top stage
designed with elaborate canopies and niches
finished with crocketted heads ; at the E. end
inside are shields, with the arms of St. Alban,
St. Oswin, and St. Amphibal, and niches for
figures; some traces of a decorative pattern in
colour remain interaally ; on the floor is an
incised slab, with the figure of the abbot; the
chapel is entered from the S.E. On S. side of
Presbytery : the chantrv chapel, known as that
of Abbot John of Wheathampstead, 1464,
with wide, four-centred arch to the presbytery,
closed by contemjiorarv iron s'rille of plain
design, ornamented with small gilt shields ;
above the arch is a cornice, ornamented with a
motto and wheat-ears, a band of quatrefoils
with devices, and a course of cresting ornament ;
doorway on the S., where there is a plain
panelled plinth, with open traceiy and a cornice
above it. In S. Aisle of Presbytery : on X. wall,
a board with painted inscription to Ilaffe May-
nard, 1613; Margery (Rowlatt) Maynard, his
mother, 1547; and Margery (Scale), his second
wife, 1010 ; with arms of Maynard, Rowlatt
and Scale : small wall monument in architec-
tural setting to Charles Maynard, 1605, and
Mary, his wife, 1603 : a rough altar tomb with
a plain slab : altar tomb with slab of
Frosterley marble marked with five consecra-
tion crosses, plain sides, with indents of
three figures, inscription, and three shields.
In N. Aisle of Presbytery : small mural monu-
ment with setting of drapery and cherubs' heads,
to Robert NicoH, 1689, and Mary (Gape), his
wife, 1685, erected 1694, with arms of Nicoll
impaling Gape: tablet to John Jones Wall,
1686. In S. Aisle of Nave: in S. wall, tomb
recess ascribed to the hermits Roger and Sigar.
with multi-cusped and moulded arch on shafted
jambs, 13th-century; above it a painted in-
scription in 16th-century characters. Niches:
in Lady chapel, in S. wall of E. bay over
sedilia, a range of canopied niches, early
14th-centurv, now almost comjiletely restored :
in vestibule, flanking W. arch of Lady chapel,
two tall niches with gabled foliated heads, early
14th-century, much restored : in S. respond of
arch between S. aisle of presbytery and S. tran-
sept, low down, trefoiled, moulded, 13th-
centurs- : in S. respond of arch from S. transept
to S. aisle of nave, rough. Paintings : In Lady
chapel: traces of scrolls with inscriptions in
S. window of W. jamb, late loth-century: in
Presbytery : on wooden vault of central span,
decoration, on ribs, and circular me<lallions
with symbols of St. John the Baptist, and St.
John the Evangelist, late 15th-century: over
arch at W. end, three shields with the arms of
St. Alban, St. Oswin, and St. Amphibal, and
an inscription, late 15th-centurv : on low wall
E. of feretory, figure of St. William of York in
archbishop's vestments, late 14th-century :
fragment of another figiire of an archbishop,
earlv 15th-centnrv : on S. wall fragment of a
border. In N. Aisle of Presbytery : over arch
at W. end, painting of King Offa, 15th-
century; remains of colour decoration, ma.sonry
lines, etc., orieiiial. In S. Ais^e of Presbytery :
painted inscription, earlv 17th-centurv. In
Central Tiiircr : below ceiling, four shields with
arms of Edward I., E<linund, Earl of Lancaster,
Eleanor of Castile and Richard, Earl of Corn-
2A
186
IN'VESTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UEETFORDSHIHE.
wall : on the ceiling, panels with red and white
roses, and shields with the arms of England,
St. (ieurge, St. Albau and St. Edward the Cou-
lessor, iljih-ceutuiy : anhes oi tower decorated
with coloured squares and masonry lines,
original. In ^V. 'Transept: on E. wall, paint-
ing of the incredulity of St. Thomas, early 15th-
century : splays of windows decorated with vine
pattern, 15th-ceutury. In S. Transept : on E.
wall, figure of an angel with outstretched wings,
l;Jth-century. In yaie: between dearstorey
windows of quire, remains of three large figures
on the N. and of two on the S. : on second
pier of N. arcade, of the Holy Trinity^ early
15th-century, defaced : on W. faces of 11th-
century piers of X. arcade, a series of five
paintings, two subjects in each, one over the
other, upper one in each case a crucifixion, the
lower, a scene from the life of the Virgin, all
13th-century : on S. faces of these piers, figure
subjects, including one of St. Thomas and St.
Christopher, mid 14th-centur3', all much de-
faced : on ninth pier of S. arcade^ an outline in
red of the Virgin and Child : on walls of quire,
painted texts; on ceiling over monks' quire,
painted j)auels, in rows, ornamented alter-
natelv with the sacred monogram and angels
holding shields; in the middle a large painting
of the coronation of the Virgin; the shields in
the alternate panels, thirty-two in number,
bear the following arms: St. Edmund, St.
Alban, St. Oswin, St. George, St. Edward the
Confessor, St. Lonis of France, the Emperor,
the King of .Judea (Christ), the Emperor of
Constantinople, Castile quartered with Leon,
England quartered with France for the King of
England, the King of Portugal, the King of
Sweden, the King of Cyprus, the King of Man,
the emblems of the Trinity or the shield of
faith, the instruments of the Passion or the
shield of salvation, the King of Aragon, the
King of .Jerusalem, the King of Denmark, the
King of Bohemia, ' Lord Thomas,' the king's
son, the King of Sicily, the King of France,
the Diike nf Lancaster, the Prince of Wales,
the Duke of York, the King of Xorway, the King
of Xavarre, the King of Scotland, mid 15th-
century : on the shields held by half-figures
of angels in the nave roof the fnllowinGT arms are
painted : gules the letters T.W. gold between
three white roses, gules the monogram of the
Blessed Virgin under a crown, argent the Five
"Wounds, gules a cross argent, argent a cross
gules, party gules and argent a crosslet
counter coloured, azure a sacred monogram
argent, azure a saltiro or. for St. Alban, gules
three crowns or. for St. Oswin, argent a fesse
sable witii a bird on the fesse dimidiating a cross
engrailed gules. (See also Ramryge tomb
under Monuments.) Fanelling : in vestry in E.
end of N. aisle of nave, early 17th-century,
originally in presbytery. I'iscinae : in S. wall
of E. bay of S. aisle of vestibule, a triple recess
with two drains, vaulted sofiit and gabled head
with carved tympanum, nearly all modern:
in E. wall of feretory, of uncertain date. (See
also Sedilia.) Plate : includes cups of 15G0 and
IGyy, large paten of IGiJ?, straining spoon
of 1709, tiagon of 1721, and two Itith-century
cups presentetl in 1878. Reredos : in the middle
of the second bay of the eastern arm, in the
form of a great stone screen, built b}- William
Wallingford at a cost of 1,100 marks and
finished before 1484; three stages of large,
richly decorated niches, original images re-
placed by modern figures; on each side of
tiie altar are doorwaj-s to the feretory, over
which are shields supported by angels with the
arms of England quartering those of France and
a cheveron between nine wheatears in groups
of three : on the E. side the screen is panelled
and has some niches containing modern
statues; the whole structure is very much
restored. Royal Arms: in N. aisle of
presbytery, a painted achievement of the
arms of Charles II. or James II. Screens:
in S. aisle of presbytery, in S. wall of
second bay, blocked stone screen, originally
open to the S. chapel at this point, two ranges of
pointed uncusped lights, with moulded mullions
and embattled transoms ; late 15th-century. In
nave at E. side of fourth bay, rood screen, con-
structed of clunch ; on E. side, panelled with
simple cinquefoiled arcades; on W. side has a
range of projecting canopies flanked by door-
ways, with brackets for two tiers of images
under each canopy ; over each doorway are
plain niches, and beyond the doorways are more
canopies; on the N. is a modern continuation
across the N. aisle; there are two modem
piscinae in the screen ; it was probablv con^
structed by Abbot de la Mare (1.349-9GV
Sedilia: in the Lady chapel, under range of
])rojecting canopies, three setlilia and a piscina
ranging with them with two grooves for shelves;
canopies nearly all modem, the rest of early
14th-centurv date, much restored. S/oups: ^t
W. end of X. aisle of nave, canopied niche, late
14th-century, much restored, with modern
holy-water basin : in S. aisle of presljvtery, of
clunch, 14th-century': in blocked doorwav in
E. wall of S. transept, loo.se with other frnc-
ments. Tiles: in N. transept, niedia>val. ^fi^-
crllnnea : Chamher of Ferelrar: in E. bay
of N. arcade of feretory, a wooden structure
of two stages, the upper projects, and contains
x. .J.
ST. AI>HANS CATIIKDIJAI,.
( IIAMI'.Ki; (l|- TIIK I'KliKTKAK ; i:.TH-' KNIT 1! V.
INVENlORt Of THE MOtltrMENtS 0» nfiRTfORBSHIKE.
187
the watching chamber; in the lower stage are
cupboards with elaborate traceried doors ; sofht
of overhanging part is elaborately vaulted
in wood, and the front of the watching chamber
has, on the S., traceried panels in two ranges,
the upper being pierced ; on the N. are solid
canopied panels ; on the top is a plain cornice ;
the beam separating the two stages is carved
with representations in relief of the martyrdom
of St. Alban, the Seasons, etc.; at E. end a stair-
case to the upper stage, entered from feretory,
With a pair of tracerie<l doors ; erected early in
the 15th century'. Coffins: in S. aisle of presby-
tery, three, of stone. Cupboards : in blocked
W. doorway of S. transept, three wooden,
baluster- fronted cupboards, used to contain
bread of a bread charity, 16th and early ITtli-
ceutury. Fragments: in low wall at E. end of
feretory, of all dates from 12th century to
IGth century, and some modern : in blocked
doorways in E. wall of S. transept, of various
dates, including carved bosses, mouldings, etc. :
in lobby S. of S. transept, architectural
details of all dates from 12th century to IGth
century. Grate : set up against S. side of Duke
Humphrey's tomb, of wrought iron, three
ranges of panels, fourteen in each, alternately
square and diamond lattice, with wrought studs
at the intersections; possibly of 13th-century
date, not in situ. Masons' Maries : many varieties
in tower and western bays of nave. Rood Beam :
in feretory, in glass case, a short length,
moulded and carved, with running pattern and
cresting, gilt and pointed. Shrines : in N. aisle
of presbytery, the remains of pedestal of shrine
of St. Amphlbal, constructed of clunch, with a
range of canopied niches on rectangular base,
ornamented with a diaper inclosing the letters
R. and W. ; mid 14th-century, found in pieces
and re-erected in 19th century. In feretory, the
pedestal of the shrine of St. Alban, of Purbeck
marble, fragments discovered in 187-3 and re-
erected; base, 8-1 ft. by 21 ft., by 3 ft. high, with
qiiatrefoil panels; above base a range of niches,
four on each side and one at each end, having
acutely pointed crockcted canopies, with foliate
designs and figure subjects (the martyrdom of
St. Alban, etc.) in the tympana and spandrels,
the whole crowned with cresting foliage ;
detached shafts placed round it, early llth-
centurv, in fragmentary condition.
Monastic Buildings.
The Mox.\STXC BtriLDiNGS, except ihe Clnirch
and the Great Gatehouse, have almost com-
pletely disappeared, but the sites of many
of Ihem have been identified by excavation.
The Cloister was on the S. side of the church and
covered rather more than half the S. aisle of
the nave, in the S. wall of which are the only
remains of it above ground. They consist of
parts of vaulting shafts, the springers of some
of the vaults and wall panelling, all much
weather-worn and partly obscured by modern
buttresses. These remains date from the second
quarter of the 14th century, but are curiously
backward in style when compared with the
work in the Lady chapel. On ihe W. of the
cloister was a second court, on the N. side of
which were the Abbot's Lodgings which covered
the rest of the aisle. Beyond this, in a position
S.W. of the church, was the outer court of the
abbey.
(2). The Great Gatehouse, on the N. side of
the former couit, is an unusually fine exani])le,
and now forms part of the Grammar School.
It is a three-storeyed building of flint rubble
with stone dressings, considerably repaired with
brick, and has an embattled parapet, behind
which isa tiled roof. It was built by Thomas de
la Mare, probably in 1363. In the middle is a
large vaulted passage two storeys in height. On
each side of this are two vaulted chambers
entered by doorways in the S. archway. One of
the chambers on the AV. has vaulting made up
of re-used 13t]i-(entury vaulting-ribs. On the
first floor there are three rooms on each side of
the archway. Above this on the second floor
are two large rooms with a third smaller room
over the archway. The N. or outer elevation
has two moulded arches of unequal size, one
for foot, and the otiier for horse traffic. The
S. elevation has one large arch of two moulded
orders which is flanked by the projecting stair-
case turrets. The windows, some of two lights,
other single lights, have cinquefoiled heads
under square-headed labels: they are mainly
oiiginal, l)ut liave been considerably restored.
Over a fireplace on tjie second floor are Die arms
of Charles I. The ceilings of the second floor
rooms are carried upon heavy joists on carved
stone corbels. The Waxhous'e Gate in the High
Street still exists in the form of a plastered arch
of uncertain date; this gave access from the
town to the lay cemetery and the door of the X.
transejit. There are also .some remains of tiie
walls of the Sacristy N. of the X. transept, but
tliough much of the foundations exi.sts, only
small fragments of the walls remain above
ground.
Condition — Of ihe main structure of tlie
Abbey, good; of the cloisters, bad; of the
Gatehouse, good ; of the "Waxhouse Gate, poor.
2A 2
188
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
Secular:—
George Street: —
(3). House, at the E. end of the street, now
couverted into shops on tlie ground tloor, was
built in the loth century, and is an interesting
example of a town-house oi this date.
The walls are eovered with rough-cast
between the studs, with the ovei'hangiug upper
storey supported on a heavy moulded beam ; the
back of the building is weather-boarded. The
plan is i-ectangular. On the street front is a
window of two pointed lights, with a wood
frame, and there are traces of four similar
windows. The interior is ])ractically modern.
Condition — Fairl}- good in the front; poor at
the back.
M.\RKET Pl.\ce : —
(4). The Clock Tower, facing the High
Street, is a square, four-storeyed building
of flint rubble, with stone dressings. It
has an embattled parapet and a newel
staircase in the thickness of the wall at the
N.W. angle, finished above the parai)et with
a small modern stone spire. It was built between
14U.3 and 141^, and drastically restored in 1866.
The tower is remarkable as being one of the
few mediicval belfries remaining in England,
and is the only example in Hertfordshire.
In the ground stage there are open moulded
arches on the S. and E., and in the N ."W.
angle a small pointed doorway opens into
the newel staircase above mentioned ; a similar
doorway in the X.E. corner ojiens into a second
staircase, which finishes at the first floor.
Both the first and second floors have fireplaces,
with plain four-centred heads, in the W. wall,
and are lighted by windows in the S. and E.
walls, with moulded cinquefoiled heads and
square labels. The third storey has a similar
window in the N. wall; all arc much restored,
and thewindows of the bell-chamber are modern.
The floors are original, but considerably re-
paired. There are two bells: 1st by Robert
and William lUirford, early 15th-eentuiy.
Condition — Fairly good, much repaired; a
bad crack is visible in ijic AA'. wall, and anntlier
in the diagonal wall of the N.W. staircase.
(5). House, No. 30, now a shop, is of late
ITth-century date. Iniilt of plastered timber
and brick. The street front above the sliop
window retains some of the original plaster
work. The interior is modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
(G). The Old Market House and an adjoining
building, both of early 17th-century date, are
constructed of plastered timber; the roofs are
tiled. The hou.ses are of three storeys, the upper
storeys projecting one over the other; the
cellar or basement is of brick, and has an arched
entrance. On the first fioor of both houses there
a latticed bav window. The interiors
IS
are
practically modern.
Condition — Fairly
good.
(7). House, now a shop, dated 1637, is of three
storeys, and built of plastered timber. The
roofs are tiled. On the street front, which is
gabled, and has bay windows irregularly
designed, the upper storeys project. Umler the
overhanging second floor at the N.lv angle, is a
carved bracket, on which is the date l(i37.
This is repeated on a modern rain-water head.
Condition — Fairly good ; interior completely
altered.
(8). House, No. 17, now a shop, is a 17th-
ceutury building of two storeys. Above the
shop window the street elevation retains the
original plaster, which is divided into panels
and medallions by moulded ribs worked in
plaster. The roof is tiled.
Condition — Good.
(0). The Boot Inn is a small two-storeyed
l)uildingof early 17th-century date. The street
front is plastered, and has two gables. The in-
terior is modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
High Street : —
(10). House, No. 13, is a 17th-century
plastered building, now used as a shop. Exter-
nally, above the shop window the walls are
))lastered and have rusticated jjlaster quoins.
Over the window facing the so-called
'Cloisters', formerly Schoolliouse Lane, a set
of early 17th-ceutury grotesque carved brackets
have been iucorporated with modern work.
These are said to Jiave been removed recently
from the shop front in the High Street.
The whole of the interior is modern.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(11). House, No. 17, now a shop, is a plastered
timber building of three storeys, with the third
storey projecting. 'J'he roof is tiled. In a
gable on tlie street front is an oval ni('(l;il-
lion, which bears the date 1665. The structure
is largely original, though little of the old
detail remains, except the front, above the shop
window, which is divided into small jianels by
bands of raised plaster witii a running pattern
in low relief. The windows are almost entirely
modern.
Condition — Fairly good.
(12). Houses, two, adjoining No. 17, pro-
bablv of the 17th century, are similar buildings
which have been coni])letely re-plastered, and
otherwise renewed and altered.
Condition — Good ; much repaired.
ST. ALBANS.
HOUSK IN GEORGE STREET; ISth-CKNTURY.
ST. ALBA.NS CATHEDRAL.
THE GREAT G.\TK\V.\V (c. 1363) FROM THE SOfTH.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
189
Trench Row : —
(13-15). The street consists of a number of
attached buildings, of which some are probably
mediaeval, but all have been much altered in
the 17th, lyth, and 19th centuries. At the ><'.
end are several 16th and 17th-ceutury houses.
At the S. end, the ' Christopher Inn', now con-
verted into shops, is probably mediaeval in front,
though no detail remains by which an exact
date can be assigned to it. It is a plastered
timber building of two storeys and attics ; the
roof is tiled. At the S. end of the street front
is an archway opening to the yard at the back ;
the upper storey projects above it, and is gabled;
and there is a corresponding gable at the iS'.
end. Behind the house a range of buildings
was added probably early in the 17th century,
a post at the back of the archway, with a cai-ved
grotesque bracket under the overhanging upper
storey, being apparently of that date. The
' Fleur-de-Lis ', still used as an inn, is
of plastered timber, and the roofs are
tiled. It is only a small part of the
original house, which was built at least as early
as the first half of the 14th century; a traceried
wooden window of that date was discovered
early in the 20th century during some altera-
tions, in which part of the old building was
destroyed ; this window is now in the Hert-
fordshire County Museum. The original plan
appears to have been arranged about a
courtyard, in which buildings of later dale
have been constructed. In the ^. range
is a small 17th-century open staircase and
landing, possibly the remains of an open
gallery. On the street front the upper storey
projects, and is flanked by two overhanging
gables with plain curved brackets.
Condition — Of 'The Christopher Inn ', poor ;
of ' The Fleur-de-Lis ', good, but much rebuilt ;
of the other houses, fairly good.
College Street : —
(16). The Collegium. Tnsanorum is an early
17th-century building of plastered timber ; the
roofs are tiled. The jilan is of the H type. In
the 18th century the wings facing the street
were reduced in projection, re-fronted with
brick, and many of the windows were altered.
The building appears to have been cut up into
several tenements.
Condition — Fairly good; much altered.
FisHPOOL Street : —
(17). Godmersham House, of late 17th-cenlury
date, is built of plastered brick and timber;
the roof is tiled. The street front is divided
into large panels by bands of running design
in moulded plaster. The interior was much
altered in the 18th and I'jth centuries.
Condition — Good.
(18). House, Xo. 13, is of the same date and
style as Godmersham House, but the back is
weather-boarded.
Condition — Of front, good; of back, poor.
(19). The Raven Inn, retains traces of 16th-
century work, but was re-fronted and largely re-
built in the 18tli century. The front doorway
has a four-centred arched head of the IGth cen-
tury, re-set.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(20). 2'he Old Queen's Inn, is mainly of early
17th-centurj' date, but is built on mediaeval
foundations. The plan is L-shaped ; the par-
getted street front and the interior have been
much altered ; the gabled overhanging wing
at the back stands on a cellar, of which the walls
are built of flint rubble ; in them there are
fragments of mediaeval stone carvings, and the
remains of a 15th-century window of two lights.
The room over it has early 17th-century panel-
ling and an enriched ceiling of the same date.
Condition — Bad.
Holywell Hill : —
(21). Holywell Brewery, is an early 17th-
century building of plastered timber, re-fronted
with brick in the 18th century; the roofs are
tiled. The only old detail now visible is one of
the heavy posts which supported the original
front, with part of a grotesque carved bracket
which carried the overhanging upper storey.
The back of the building is structurally of the
17th century, but it is much patched, repaired
and enlarged.
Condition — Fairly good.
(22). No. 54, is a small town-house of early
17th-century date, built of red brick. A
lobby entered from the front door has, on
the right, the dining room, lined with late
17th - century panelling, and, at the end,
the staircase of somewhat earlier date,
with plain turned balusters. From the stair-
case a much repaired part of the house at the
back is entered. Above the lobby and dining
room is the drawing room, with an original
plaster ceiling, decorated in low relief
with mouldings in geometrical patterns and
medallions of classical heads.
Condition — Good; much altered.
(23). The Old Saracen's Head and The
White JIarl Inns, arc early 17th-century build-
ings of plastered timber, with overhanging
cornices, much altered in the 18th and 19th
190
nrVENTOEY OF THE MOXTTMENTS OP Bfi&TfOttDSHlHS.
centuries. In the White Hart there is some
early 17th-century panellin<».
Condition — Fairly good.
(24). The Ciiy LoJfjing House is of the 17th
century. It is a small rectangular building of
timber and plaster, with an overhanging upper
storev and exposed constructional timbers; the
roof IS tiled.
Condition — Fairly good.
Abbey Mill L.\.ne : —
(25). The Fiqhting Cocks Inn, is a small
octagonal building of timber and plaster on
stone foundations; the roof is tiled. It stands
probably on the site of one of the outlying con-
ventual buildings of the Abbey, and the base-
ment, which is of masonry, maj- well be
media;val. The upper part apjjears to be of
the 16th century.
Condition — Fairly good.
111. ST. MICHAEL, Frtiax j^h Ei'eal
(St. Albans).
(O.S. 6 in. Wxxvii. S.E. (*)xxxiv. N.E. Wxxxiv.
X.TV. Wxxxiv. S.E. Wxxxiv. S.W.)
Roman:—
*. ^ (1). VERrL.\M : Site of the Roman munici-
pality Verulamium : it is the only instance of
its special class in Britain, and is remarkable
for its fragments of massive town walls, and for
the remains now buried beneath all its area.
This site lies W. of the modem town of
St. Albans, on ground which rises gradually
from the river Ter, 203-270 ft. above
O.D., to a point about 100 ft. higher. It is
a large, roughly oval area, about 4,800 ft.
long and 2,700 ft. wide, nearly 2 miles in cir-
cumference and aliout 200 acres in extent.
Eound this area the line of the Roman city
defences can be traced with almost absolute
certainty (see map). Thev consist of the follow-
ing parts: — (a) The wall proper, built of flint
rubble with tile bonding-courses and (as ex-
cavation has shown) flint facing, the whole
9-10 ft., or in one place 1.3| ft. thick: [h) a solid
ramp of earth behind the wall for all its length
except on the E. side, which is covered by the
river; this seems to have been piled up to
strengthen the wall against siege engines and to
facilitate defence generally, but its exact
relation to the wall can only be fixed by excava-
tion, and its contours have been too seriously
altered by various operations of man and nature
to allow its original size and shape to be deter-
mined from its present appearance ; (c) a berm,
15-20 ft. wide in front of the wall — a common
Roman device ; {d) a dry ditch, obviously of
formidable dimensions, but too much disturbed
by natural and human agencies for its proper
width, depth and shape to be ascertained with-
out excavation. On the S.W. front, where
the ground rises somewhat outside the wall
and the defences are naturally weakest,
there seems to have been a double ditch ;
cu the E. front, the place of the ditch
was taken by the A'er, which was perhaps
dammed up below in order to ensure a sufficient
and constant depth of water. Uf these defences,
the ditch is throughout traceable on the surface,
and the wall, or at least its foundations, seems
to survive continuously below the surface, but
the most important features are the pieces of
wall still visible above ground. Beginning at
the S.E. and working round the W. front, the
principal pieces are: {a) the St. Germain's
Block, so-calle<l from the adjacent mediseval
St. Germain's Chajwl, 115 ft. long, 10 ft.
high, with a smaller and more ruined piece
just S. of it ; (b) a piece nearly 400 ft. long
and in parts 6 or 7 ft. high, now much over-
grown, which runs along the S. front of the
city area ; (c) about five small fragments visible
in the section between the S. point of the wall
and the Bluehouse Hill Lane; (d) a piece 58 ft.
long, in a field, a little X. of this lane; and (e)
the Gorhambury Block, 125 ft. long, 10 ft. wide
and 10 ft. high, close to the X. point of the city.
All these pieces are eminentlv worthy of pre-
servation and, apart from a little ivv and the
roots of trees, they appear to be in no present
danger of destruction. A great deal of the wall
appears, however, to be still buried underground,
and whenever measures for preservation maj' be
taken, attention should not be confined only to
the fragments which are now visible and are
enumerated above. On the N.W. of the town
wall, a ditch, said to be called locallv the Fosse,
diverges fi-om the larger town ditch and runs
towards the N.W. (see map). This can be traced
clearly for about 300 yds., and within living
memory ran somewhat further ; it is fiO-OO ft.
wide and 9-11 ft. deep in its present form.
Its continuation is not at all certain : a possible
line is sucgestod on the map. No rampart is
now visible on either side of the Fosse
except close to the end, iter can its relation
to the main ditch or its object be fixed
without excavation. The Roman town within
these defences is buried beneath 4-0 ft. of soil
and debris, and the little that is known of its
constructions and monuments is due to excava-
tions. The Theatre (see map) was excavated and
planned in 1847 (Grove Lowe. !>l. Afhnns Arehi-
frrli/ral Sor. Report,\Siif>. Geiillemnn's Mnqnzine,
1818, vol. 2, p. M3): it had a stage 8 ft. 8 in.
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INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSniEE.
191
wide and 4G ft. long, and a nearly semi-circular
auditorium lUO it. in diameter: ou the N.E. of
it ran a street and beyond that stood a big build-
ing which was not explored. The Forum (Town
Hall and Market Square) was partly uncovered
in iS'JS-liJUS in the vicarage garden and adja-
cent glebe of St. Michael's (see map) : it had
a courtyard, 215 ft. by 308 ft., surrounded by
ambulatories and apartments opening into
them, and was plainly of much importance.
Other finds have made it clear that almost the
whole area within the walls is full of buildings,
many of them apparently dwelling houses of
diiferent sizes. It is hardly possible to put a
spade into the ground below plough level anj'-
where in this area without touching serious
archaeological interests.
Condition — Generally good, but the pieces of
wall now above ground need watching — in fact,
any disturbance of the site needs to be as
jealously watched as if the whole area were
covered by Roman constructions upstanding
above the surface.
Ecclesiastical:—
<^ (2). Parish Church of St. Michael, stands
W. of the city of St. Albans, about \ mile W. bv
N. of the cathedral. It is built of flint and
lloman brick, with stone dressings, and the
gables of the S. chapel are of modern timber.
The roof of the nave is of lead, the other roofs
are tiled. The original church was founded by
Wulsin, abbot of St. Albans, in the middle of
the 10th century. The Channel and Nave both
contain detail which is evidently of pre-
Conquest date, although the walls are unusually
thick for the period. The North and South Aisles
were added towards the end of the 12th century,
and the South Chapel and the nave clearstorey
early in the 13th century. The E. wall and
part of the side walls of the chancel and the
walls of the N. aisle were rebuilt c. 1340, and in
the 15th century the West Tower was added, or
possibly rebuilt. In the 19th century the late
Lord Grimthorpe ])ul]ed down the tow(>r,
lengthened the nave towards the W., built ilu^
new North-West Toicer, the South-West Vestry
and Porch on the site of the S. aisle W. of the
S. chapel, and restored the rest of the building.
The church is exceptionally interesting on
account of its early date and subsequent his-
torv ; the remains of pre-Conq\iest windows
and the 13th-century clearstorey of the nave are
especially worthy of note. The monument of
Sir Francis Bacon is also of interest.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
f24| ft, by 14^ ft.) has a modern E. window.
In the N. wall is a much restored 13th-century
lancet window and a blocked pre-Conquest door-
way in Roman brick; the head is semi-circular,
and the jambs go straight through the wall
without a rebate ; externally only the W. jamb
remains. In the S. wall the easternmost
window is of the loth century, with three
cinquefoiled lights under a square head; the
other window is of two lights with 14th-century
tracery under a square head, and below it, out-
side, is a tomb recess of the same date (see
fittings). The chancel arch is segmental, of
two chamfered orders, with plain rectangular
jambs. Between the windows is a modern door-
way. The Nave {11 ft. by 21 ft.) has a 12th-
century N. arcade of three bays, cut irregularly
through the wall, with semi-circular arches and
large rectangular piers with square chamfered
abaci ; at the E. end is a small 15th-century
doorway opening into the N. aisle. On the S.
side is a similar arcade of four bays ; two open
into the S. chapel, and one of them is underbuilt
with a plain 13th-century doorway. The other
two bays contain the 13th-century S. doorway
and a small modern doorwav opening into the
vestry. Above the arcades on each side are
remains of the round heads and jambs, in.
Roman brick, of pre-Conciuest windows. ITie
13th-century clearstorey has six windows on
each side, all originally plain lancet lights,
but, c. 1500, three on the N. side were
replaced by square-headed windows of two
cinquefoiled lights. The "W. end is modern.
The North Aisle (9 ft. wide) has a round-headed
E. window, possibly of the 12th century,
restored, and four N. windows, three of the 15th
century, with two cinquefoiled lights under
square heads, and the fourth a two-light window
of c. 1340, with delicate tracer^'. The X. door-
way is blocked, and is only visible inside. At
the W. end is a modern doorway into the
tower. The South Chapel (30 ft. by 18} ft.)
has, in the E. wall, two tall round-headed 13th-
century windows, with engaged shafts in the
inner jambs, and a small circular light between
thom. In the middle of the S. wall is another
tall single-light window with edge rolls to the
inner jambs ; on each side of it is a square-
headed, 15th-century window, one of three
lights, the other of two; in the N. wall is the
blocked door of the 15th-century stairs to the
former rood-loft, and low in the W. wall is a
curious round opening into the ])orch, formerly
into the S. aisle. The Roof of the nave and the
caivwl stone corbels which support it are of the
15th century. Some of the timbers in the roof
of the N. aisle are also old.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents: in the S.
chapel, brass of John Pecok and his wife, c. 1-330,
with inscription and arms, three peacocks im-
192
INVENrORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFOHDSHIRE.
paling on a cross three escallops : floriated cross,
with hgure of civilian in the head of cross, 14th-
century, no inscription : in the nave, of knight
in armour, c. 1400 : to Henry Gape, 1558, and
his wife, inscription only : in various jiarts of
the church, indents. Door: in S. wall of nave,
probablv 15th-century, with original wrought-
iron strap hinges. Font : with octagonal bowl
and quatrefoil panels in the sides, loth-ccnturv.
Monuments and Floor Slabs : against the N. wall
of the chancel, of Sir Francis Bacon, Lord
Chancellor, died 1G2G, marble figure, life-size,
seated, and inscription : in the floor, several
17th-century slabs : in the nave. 17th-century
slab. In the S. wall of the chancel, outside,
14th-century tomb recess with a foiled head,
and in it contemporary coffin lid carved with a
cross. \ic?if: E. of the tomb recess, possibly
locker of small cell, 15th-century. Paintinrjs : in
the vestry, remains of a 'Doom', 15th-cen-
turj- : on the S. wall of chapel, painted inscrip-
tion to John Maynard and his wife, dated
155f5, much deface<l : on the W. jamb of S.E.
window of clearstorey, traces of figure and
decoration : on the jambs of E. window of
X. aisle, fragments of diaper pattern.
Piscinae: in the chancel, 15th-century: in the
chapel, 15th-century. Pulpit: hexagonal,
with elaborately carved panels and tester, 17th-
century: wrought iron hour-glass stand, prob-
ably 17th-century. Seatinq : in the nave, 15tli-
or earlv IGth-century linen panelling, made up.
Condition — Structurally good, owing to tlie
19th-century restorations, but the stonework of
a few of the old windows is decayed.
Secular:—
*(3). Kixr.snrEY E.^rthwork (? village site")
lies N.TT. of St. Albans Cathedral and a few
hundred vards N.E. of Verulamium on a natural
hill about 300 ft. above O.D., but is now hardlv
distinguishable, as the site has been much built
upon. The area, covering about 27^ acres, was
surrounded bv a steep scarp or rampart, varying
considerablv in height, formwl ])y levelling the
top of the hill and throwing the soil outwards.
Before reaching the southern boundary, the
rampart curves outward to the E. to form a pro-
jecting bulwark, mentioned in one of the St.
Albans Chronicles as a projntnnorulum or muni-
ripiolum. The main area was levelled in the
10th century, and the propuanonihim c. 1152.
There is no trace of a ditch : whether there ever
was a stone wall of any sort is whollv uncertain.
The original entrance appears to have been on
the S.E. at the point where Dagnell Street now
enters the area.
Dimensions — Greatest lenn;th, about 1.370 ft.:
greatest width, about 880 ft.
Condition — Poor; much built upon and
denuded.
•^ (4). St. Michael's Manor House, on the
S.W. side of Fishpool Street (see also St.
Albans), a two-storeyed building of plastered
and cemented brick and timber, is probably of
late 16th-century date. The original plan has
been completely obscured by alterations made
at various times, and the street front is of
late 17th-century date, but has been re-
plastered. A room at the X. side of the
building is lined with large bolection moulded
panels of late 17th-century date, and has a
plastered ceiling ornamented with moulded ribs,
in geometrical and flowing designs, and foliated
panels in which are the initials I.G. and
the date 158G. The Dairy^ about 50 yards
further down the street, was built possibly
a little later than the house, and was re-
decorated and much altered late in the 17th
century. The plan is rectangular and has prob-
ably been enlarged. The street front is
plastered and cut up into panels by bands of
running ornament. On the first floor is a room
linetl with early 17th-centur}i- panelling divided
into bays by Ionic pilasters ornamented with
strap work. In the entrance hall is some plain,
late 17th-century panelling, and the wide fire-
place in the kitchen is original.
Condition — Good; much altered.
' (5). Sir ^v ichol.^s Bacon'.s House, ruins,
in Gorhambury Park, about 2j miles "W. of St.
Albans. The remains consist of the walls and
porch of the hall, and part of the W. side
of the main courtyard. The porch is of stone
and the other walls of brick and flint. The
house w.as built by Sir Nicholas Bacon between
15fi3 and 1508, and a complete plan exists in a
manuscript history of Gorhambury by the Hon.
Charlotte Grimston. 1821. Tho porch is a
good example of Renaissance work, and is
of two storeys, with a parapet ; the lower
storey is open on three sides, and has
semi-circular arches now under-built with
modern brickwork. The xipper storev has
square-headed windows ; the front window,
which has lost its mullions, is flanked by semi-
circular niches with a mutilated figure in one
of them. On the parapet are carved the
royal arms. France modern, quartering the
leopards of Eneland. The parapet is finished
with small pediments, and at one angle is the
fragment of a statue. The windows in the
other walls are square-headed, with stone
mullions and transoms: the uncusped heads of
the lights are four-centred. At the W. end is
part of an octagonal clock tower and there is
\KI!ri.A.\l : I.'OMAX WAl.
ST. GKI! MAIN'S liUuK.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIRE.
193
also an open fireplace with a tilerl back of
herring-bone pattern. Further W. is a small
fragment of wall containing a semi-circular
niche in which is a statue of Henry YIII. in
armour, with the head and one leg missing.
There are many fragments of moulded stone-
work lying near the ruins.
Condition — Bad; the stonework of the porch
is cracked and decayed ; it is under-built and
is kept up by a large brick buttress, iron ties
and bands. The other walls are ruinous ; some
of them are loaded with ivy, and trees and
shrubs are growing among them.
' (6). The Pondyards, a small cottage, about
2 miles N.W. of St. Albans, on the W. side of
the main road to Redbourn, is the only frag-
ment remaining of Verulam House, a large
building erected by Sir Francis Bacon c. IGOl,
as a secondary house to Gorhambury ; the rest
was destroyed in 1G63. The cottage stands near
the ponds, now almost filled up, which formerly
supplied Gorhambury with water. It is of two
storeys and attics. The walls are of red brick ;
the roof is tiled. Between the two storeys is a
moulded brick string course, and the chimney
has a moulded cap. The windows are not
original.
Condition — Fairly good; the moulded brick-
work is damaged in places.
« (7). House, at Childwick Green, about
2 miles N. of St. Albans, and f mile N.E. of
Childwickbury, is a two-storeyed building with
attics, of late IGth-century date ; at the back
are modern additions. The walls are of brick,
with stone dressings ; the roof is tiled. The plan
is rectangular, facing S.W., with a small central
staircase between the principal rooms on the
ground floor, and a kitchen and ofBces at
tlie back. Originally a moulded stone plinth
ran round the house, but only parts of it
remain. On the S.W. front are two stone
cornices, one on th^ first floor level, the other
under the eaves; the entrance doorway, also on
this front, has slightly moulded jambs and a
flat, four-centred head; on each side of it is a
projecting splaj-ed bay window ; the northern-
most is almost entirely modern, but the other
is original, and has three front and two side
lights, with moulded stone jambs, mullions,
transoms and lintels. Several other windows
retain original stonework, partly restored, and
a window at the back contains IGth-century
diamond pattern lead glazing. The chimneys
have been restored. Some old beams, which
have been encased, remain in the ceilings.
Condition — Good.
Unclassilied:—
<^ (8j. TuE Devil's Ditch (line of entrench-
ment or dyke), lies between Mayne's Farm and
Gorhambury Lodge. It is an isolated ditch on
the S.E. slope of a spur formed by the 300 ft.
contour, and there are no traces of any exten-
sion to the E. or W. or of any other works in con-
nection with it. It has a conterscarp on the S.
9 ft. high, with a slight bank; the N. slope, 11 ft.
high, has a berm, but no apparent rampart.
Dimensions — Length, 500 ft.; width, crest to
crest, 75 ft.
Condition — Fairly good.
112. ST. PETER, Urb.^n and Rural
(St. Albans).
(O.S. G in. ('')xxxlv. N.E. Wxxxiv. S.E.
Wxxxv. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
"(1). Parish Church of St. Peter, stands
on the E. side of St. Peter's Street, about \ mile
N.E. of St. Albans Cathedral. It is built of
flint with stone dressings ; the central tower is
of brick with angle buttresses of flint and sfone.
No traces remain of the church built by
Wiilsin, abbot of St. Albans, in the 10th cen-
tury, but in the 13th century it appears
to have been cruciform; it was altered and
enlarged in the 15th centiiry, and the earliest
remaining parts, the arcades of the Nave, and
the South Aisle, are of that date. The Central
Tower was rebuilt in 1801-3, when the transepts
were removed and the chancel shortened. The
whole church was much altered and restored in
1893, by Lord Grimthorpe, who re-modelled
the tower, and rebuilt the Chancel and Vestries,
the clearstorey and W. end of the nave, the
North Aisle and the South Porch.
Architectural Description — The Chancel and
Central Tower (145i ft. by 23 ft.1 are modern;
over the W. arch of the tower is the line of the
former flat-pitched roof. The N'ai-e (90 ft. bv
19^ ft.) is of seven bays with lofty N. and S.
arcades of c. 1440; thev have clustered shafts,
semi-octagonal monlded capitals and bases, and
moulded arches of two orders; the W. bay is
part of the 19th-century addition, but the capi-
tals of the western responds are old. The angel
corbels which supported the former flat roof re-
main, and are probably of the same date as the
arcades. The South Aisle flOJ ft. wide), also of
the 15th century, has tall windows of three
lights each with tracery. Between each pair of
windows is an engaged shaft with a moulded
capital, probably originally inrended to support
a vaulted stone roof. The stonework of the S.
doorway is apparently new. The North Aisle
'2B
194
UrVENTORT OF THE MOXUMENTS OF HEETFOHDSHIRB.
(14 J ft. wide) has been rebuilt in the same
style.
Fittings — Brass : at E. end of S. aisle, of
Koger Pemberton, 1627, and his wife and chil-
dren; figures and modern copy of inscription.
The children are said to be palimpsest on a
brass of 1515. Glass : in the windows of the X.
aisle, considerable quantity, in fragments,
jumbled together, 15th-century. Painting: on
shafts between the S. aisle windows, traces.
Flute: includes silver-gilt chalice, paten,
flagon, and covered bowl of beautiful workman-
ship, probably foreign: no hall marks; given c.
1667 by the Duchess Dudley : small ])aten of
similar workmanship. Slabs: outside the E.
end of the chancel, two, 17th-century. Mis-
cellanea : in the vestry, funeral helm, 16th-
century, and some shackles.
Condition — Good, owing to complete restora-
tions.
Secular: —
« (2). HoMESTE.\D Mo.\T, at Beaumont's
Farm, fragment.
* (3). SopwELL HorsE, ruins, on the borders
of the parishes of St. Albans and St. Peter.
about 5 mile S.E. of the Cathedral, consisting
of the fragmentary walls of the main building,
two storeys high, and remains of inclosures and
boundary walls of considerable extent. The
walls are of red brick and flint with stone
dressings. It is said that Sopwell Nunnery
stood on or near the site of this house, and frag-
ments of worked stones used in the boundary
walls probably came from the conventual
church and buildir.gs. The house was built bv
Sir Richard Lee between 1540 and 1570, and
has also been called Lee Hall and Sopwell Hall.
The main building faces N. and S., and on the
E. side a three-light transomed window, a
moulded door jamb, and part of a string course
remain. Two enclosures on this side measure
together about 280 ft. from N. to S., and are
divided by a wall about SO ft. long, running E.
from the main block. In the N.E. comer of
the S. enclosure there is a small building with
many recesses in the inner walls, probablv part
of a staircase. Beyond these two enclosures is
a third, and a fourth at the X.W. corner of the
main building has, in the S. wall, a doorway
which shows traces of mouldings.
Condition — TerA* bad, some parts in danger
of being pulled down by the ivy which covers
them.
St. Peter's Street (E. side): —
f> (4). House, No. 1, was probably built in the
second half of the 16th centurv, but was much
altered and enlarged in the 17th, 18th and 19th
centuries, and shows no external trace of its
origin. It is built of brick, which possibly
replaces or i^e-taces earlier walls of plastered
timber, and is of two storeys. . It is now divided
into a dwelling house and a set of business
ottices, and appears to have been originally an
L-shaped building, with the long arm facing
the street, but an extra block has been added at
the back. The long wing formerly contained
the hall and a large room, or range of rooms,
over it, which have now been sub-divided. The
kitchens and offices are in the shorter wing.
The hall is ceiled with plaster and across the
ceiling there are heavy moulded beams and
small moulded ribs forming a diamond pattern ;
in the middle of the N. wall, now in a jiassage,
as a partition has been inserted, is a fireplace of
moulded clunch with a straight-sided four-
centred opening. The rooms at both ends of
the hall on both floors are lined with panelling
belonging to the first half of the 17th century.
The S. room has mitred panelling, not in situ,
and the room above it has panelling of an earlier
date and an elaborate overmantel with pedi-
mented architrave and baluster columns. The
X. room on the ground floor has a clunch fire-
])lace with an elaborate carved overmantel, and
is lined with panelling of c. 1600. The panel-
ling in the room above, it is of the same date
with Ionic pilaster carved with arabesques.
Condition — Good; much altered.
" (5). The Pemberton Almshouses were built
by Roger Pemberton in 1627, as recorded on a
stone in the central gateway, and consist of a
long, one-storeyed building, of red brick,
divided into a number of small tenements. The
roof is tiled. The two-light windows with mul-
lions and square heads, and the doorways with
semi-circular heads arc of brick. The narrow
garden in front is bounded b\- a low brick wall,
in which is the central gateway.
Condition — Good, partly repaired.
«(6). Great Nasthyde, stands about 3 miles
E. of St. Albans and If miles W. of Hatfield.
It is a red brick building of two storeys and an
attic, formerly a farm-house, and is of early
17th-centurv date. The high-pitched roof is
tile<l.
The house is exceptionally interesting, as
the internal arrangement has been compara-
tively little altered since it was built.
The plan is H-shaped ; on the S. side the wings
project only slightly, and in the middle is a two-
storeyed brick porch, with a moulded stone
doorway in a round arch; on the N. side the
wings are of greater projection, and the space
between them is now enclosed up to the first
ST. MICHAEL (ST. ALB.\NS) : CHURCH OF ST. MICH.XKL.
INTERIOR, SHOWlNCi RK.MAINS OF PRE-CONQUEST WINDOWS,
INVENTOBY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIEE.
]95
floor, to form a new entrance liall. The main
block is occupied by the original hall (present
dining room) and servery (now a study). In the
E. wing is the parlour (present drawing room)
and stair hall, and in the W. wing the kitchen
and back staircase. The wings have gabled
ends, and the S. front has an intermediate
gable, now plain, but an old view shows that all
the gables were formerly curvilinear. The win-
dows are mullioned and transomed ; many of
them have been restored to their original style,
and others, which were blocked, have been
opened and restored with cement. There are
two original chimney stacks, one at the E. end
and one in the middle, with octagonal shafts,
moulded caps and bases. Many of the original
arched fireplaces have been opened and restored.
The principal staircase, which reaches to the
first floor only, is of oak, and has heavy square
newels with tall, moulded heads, moulded
carriages and handrail and straight-sided
balusters moulded lengthwise. Much original
panelling has been re-fixed in new positions,
and the paint removed from it.
Condition — Good.
113. ST. STEPHEN (St. Albans).
(O.S. 6 in. (a)xxxiv. S.E. Wxxxix. N.E.
Wxxxix. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
a (1). Parlsh Church of St. Stephen, stands
on St. Stephen's Hill, about f of a mile S.W. of
the city of St. Albans. It is built of flint
rubble with stone dressings and has Roman
bricks in the oldest parts. The first church on
this site was built by Wulsiii, abbot of St.
Albans, in the middle of the 10th century.
Gilbert, bishop of Limerick, consecrated a
church here between 1101 and 1118, and the
W. wall and part of the masonry of the N. wall,
and of the Nave, which was then without aisles,
and probably part of the N. wall of the Chancel
are of that date. Later in the 12th century a
jVor^A jlw/ewasadded. The<SV;w//i C^w/^e^and the
Smith Aisle were built in the 13th century. The
two eastern bays of the S. arcade were rebuilt in
the 14th century, and in the 15th century the
chancel was re-modelled; probably in the same
century the wooden Belfry over the W. bav of
the nave was added, and the N. aisle was pulled
down, except the W. wall. The whole building
was repaired in 1801.
The church is of especial interest on account
of its early history, which is in many respects
the same as that of St. Michael's Church, but
this building has been less restored. Among the
fittings the 15th-century font and the 16th-
century lectern are especially noticeable.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(35 ft. by 17^ ft.) has an E. window of three
lights with modern tracery, and in the A', wall
are two 15th-century windows of two lights,
with a blocked doorway of the same date be-
tween them. In the S. wall is an arch, possibly
of late 15th-century date, with a small squint
on the E. side, opening into the chapel. There
is no chancel arch, its place being taken by a
wooden framework, of which the jambs may be
of the 15th century, but the rest is modern.
The South Chapel (34 ft. by 13 ft.) has two
lancet windows of c. 1220 in the E. wall, with a
modern circular light between them ; in the
S. wall is a similar lancet between two late 15th-
century windows of two lights each, and below
the easternmost window is a doorway of about
the same date. The Nave (58 ft. by 25 ft.) has
three N. windows, all modern ; between the
second and third windows is one bay of the
12th-century N. arcade, now blocked ; it has a
semi-circular arch of a single square order, and
is of the same character as the arcades at St.
Michael's Church ; in it is built a 15th-century
doorway, now also blocked ; at the W. end
of the wall a modern doorway leads to a small
heating chamber, of which the W. wall is all
that remains of the original North Aisle; in
it is a small 13th-century lancet window. The
S. arcade of the nave is of five unequally spaced
bays, the two easternmost being of early 14th-
century date, with octagonal pillars, moulded
capitals and bases, and arches of two chamfered
orders ; the remaining three bays are of the 13th
century and also have octagonal pillars and
chamfered arches, but the details of the
moulded capitals and bases are difi'erent. There
is a twist in the arcade in the second bay from
the W., as the W. respond and the first W.
pillar are on the line of the outer part of the
original S. wall, while the rest are approxi-
mately on the inner part. Over the W. bav of
the nave is a wooden belfry, supported by three
pairs of posts with arched braces under the
cross beams. In the W. wall are two small
lights with round heads, the only remaining
details of the early 12th-centurv church ;
between them is a 15th-conturv doorway with a
contemporary window of two cinquefoiled lights
above it. The nave has a L5th-century clear-
storey with two windows on each side, of two
cinquefoiled lights under square heads. The
South Aisle (10 ft. wide) has three S. win-
dows of two lights, a single-light W. window
and a S. doorway, all almost entirely of
modern stonework. The South Porch is also
2B2
196
INVEXTOEY OF THE MOXUMEKTS OF nERTFORDSHlRE.
modern. The Roofs of the chancel and S.
chapel contain some loth-ceutury moulded
timbers.
Fittings^ Z/rfl«« .• in the S. chapel, of
man in armour (said to be William Kobins,
1482), his wife and nine children, without
inscription. Font: octagonal bowl carved with
figures of angels between plain shields, octa-
gonal stem with the figures of the Virgin and
Child in one panel and a saint in each of the
others, loth-centurv. Lectern: latten. with
eagle book rest, moulded stem, and three
lions at the basOj said to have come from the
Chapel of Ilolyrood Palace, Edinburgh, and
bears the inscription, ' Georgius Creichtoun
Episcopus Dunkeldensis ' ; between the words,
two lions (referring to the arms of the bishop —
argent a lion azure) and a mitre. George
Crichton was bishop of Duukeld 1524-43. It
was found, in 1750, buried under the floor of the
chancel. Locker: in the S. wall of the chapel,
with framework of wood^ divided into two
square openings ; in it are kept Eoman remains,
including glass burial urn, dug up near the
church. Piscina : in S. wall of chapel, double,
with moulded jambs and arches, 13th-century.
Plate: includes a late IGth-century cup.
Screen: at W. end of S. aisle, has some old
framing re-used with modem work.
Condition — Good.
Secular: —
«(2). HoMESTE-U) Mo.\T, at Holt Farm, frag-
ment.
*(3). BcESTox Faeu, house and moat^ about
Ij miles from the church, on the S.E. side of
the road to Watford, is a two-storeyed house
built in the 16th century ; the front and part
of the back are of timber, covered with modern
weather-boarding, and the other walls are
of brick ; the roofs are tiled. The plan
consists of a rectangular main block facing
N. with two shallow wings projecting from
the N.E. corner, facing X. and E. respec-
tively, and at the W. end is a small pro-
jecting chamber. The garden wall which joins
this chamber was apparently part of a former
western extension. A modern wing projects
on the S. side, and all the windows are modern.
A. doorway on the S. has an original door in a
moulded frame, with a four-centred head. In
one room is some 17th-century panelling and
an overmantel with carved panels (separated bv
small columns and flanked by strap work
pilasters), and a carved frieze, which is con-
tiniied round the room ; it is all now grained
and varnished. In other rooms are old ceiling
beams.
The house was originally surrounded by an
oval-shaped moat, of which only a fragment
remains.
Condition — Of house, good.
<»(4). Tithe B.\ex, at St. Julian's Farm,
about 500 yards S. of the church, is a mediaeval
building of timber on a base of flint, brick,
and a little cluuch, and is covered with weather-
boarding, except part of the E. side, which has
brick hlling. The roof is partly of slate and
partly tiled. The plan is rectangular, with a
small wing at the S. end and two projecting
entrances on the E. side.
Condition — Fairly good.
114. ST. PAUL'S WALDEX.
(O.S. 6 in. Mxix. N.E. ('')xx. X.W. Wxx. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
^ (1). P.iRisH CiiracH OF All Saints, stands
on a hill 4^ miles S. of Hitchin, in an almost
isolated position. It is faced with flint and has
stone dressings, the chancel and chapel are
plastered, and all the walls have embattled para-
pets. The roofs of difi'erent parts are of lead,
slate, and tiles. The early history of the church
has been obscured by later alterations; the oldest
existing detail is a window of c. 1300 in the
South Aisle. The West Tower is out of axis with
the Nave, and this suggests certain develop-
ments in the building: the N. wall of the i\'ai'«
is probably older than the windows, which are
of c. 1320, while the S. arcade is contemporary
with them, and the South Porch is possibly also
of the 14th century. The w^alls of the S. aisle
have been almost entirely rebuilt. The lower
stage of the tower contains 14tk-century details,
but some of the walling may be of earlier date ;
the upper stage was built in the 15th century.
The SoiUh Chapel was added early in the 16th
century, and the Chancel was entirely rebuilt in
the 18th century.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(30^ ft. by IG ft.) is of Kenaissance character,
and is said to have been designed by Wren.
The outer order of the chancel arch is probably
of the 14th century, but the inner order has
been replaced bv ISth-centurv plaster work.
The Smith Chapel (301 ft. by 15 ft.) has
an E. window of four cinquefoiled lights under
a square head, and in the S. wall are three
wandows. each of three plain lights and square
heads, partly restored, and a small four-centred
doorway. In the N. wall is an arcade, blocked
by 18th-century panelling, of four bays with
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSUIIIE.
197
clustered columns and four-centred arclies.
The W. arch is of similar detail. The
Nave [bb ft. by 20 ft.) has a S. arcade of five
bays of c. 1320, with octagonal shafts, moulded
bases and capitals and pointed arches of two
orders with a label ; in the N. wall are three
windows, also of c. 1320, each of two trefoiled
lights with tracery, and a N. doonvay, probably
of the same date, but much restored. The 15th-
century clearstorey has three windows on each
side, of two cinquefoiled lights with modern
tracery. The South Aisle (12j ft. wide) has a
window of c. 1300 in the S. wall, of three
trefoiled lights with tracery and moulded rear-
arch and label. E. of this window is a plain
14th-century doorway and two 15th-centuiy
windows, each of three cinquefoiled lights under
segmental heads. In the W. wall is a blocked
window of the same type, and in the N.W. angle
is a four-centred doorway, leading to the stair-
turret in the tower. The SoiUh Porch has an
outer arch of two continuous chamfered orders,
possibly of 14th-century date. The West Toxoer
(12| ft. square) is of two stages, and has large
angle buttresses, a S.E. stair-turret and an em-
battled parapet. The tower arch is of two
moulded orders springing from half-octagonal
responds with moulded capitals and bases; the
trefoiled single-light W. window, rebated inter-
ually for a wooden shutter, and the plain W.
doorway, with two continuous hollow chamfers,
are of the 14th century, as are the plain un-
cusped lancet lights on three sides, higher up
in the ground stage. The four bell-chamber
windows are of 15th-century style, probably
copies of the original windows, and are of two
lights with quatrefoil heads. All the Roofs are
modern.
Fittings — Bells : six ; five by Chandler,
1665. Font : octagonal embattled bowl with
band of foliage in the middle; octagonal
panelled shaft and moulded base; 15th-century.
Glass: in W. window of tower, fragment, re-
presenting the Virgin and Child ; heads and
background 14tli-century. Indents : at W. end
of nave, floor slab with indents of two small
shields and a partly defaced French inscription,
14th-century : slab with traces of indent : in
the S. chapel, slab with indents of inscrip-
tion plate and shield. Monuments : on W.
wall of S. chapel, to Henry Stapleford, 1631,
and his wife, 1620, kneeling figures, with
shield and inscription. Piscina : at W. end of
S. aisle, bowl, lying loose. Plate: includes
standing paten and flagon of 1G80. Screen : at
W. end of S. chapel, 15th-oentury, made up
with modern work. Miscellanea : in the vestry,
Desk and BiVe-lox, both 17fh-century : in the
S. aisle, pieces of Stone Coffin, the rest in the
churchyard.
Condition — Good, owing to restorations.
Most of the external stonework is modern.
Secular:—
*> (2). F.\aM House, in the hamlet of Easthall,
about \ a mile E.N.E. of the church, is of
late 17th-century date ; the walls are of plas-
tered brick, with a brick and timber addition at
the W. end; the old bricks are 2\ inches thick.
The roofs are tiled. There are two chimney
stacks with panelled sides and over-sailing
courses at the top. Inside the house there are
some old ceiling beams.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (3). Leggats End, or Hoc End Geaxge,
stands on a hill about Ij miles S.W. of the
church. It is a ITth-ceutury building, of two
storeys, covered with roughcast ; the roof
is tiled. The plan is rectangular, facing N.,
with a central hall, the living rooms on ono
side, the kitchen and offices on the other. The
N. front has a large gable at each end and three
smaller gables in the middle. One upper window
has original wood muUions. The interior has
been much altered, but there is some 17th-
century panelling in the dining room and
in one of the bedrooms, and two original doors
on the first floor. Until lately the hall had a
large open fireplace.
Condition — Good.
"^ (4). Hoo End Farm, about 1^ miles S.W.
of the church, is a long, two-storeyed building,
probably of late 16th-century date; the upper
storey is of timber, and almost the whole house
is covered with rough-cast. The roof is tiled.
The chimney stacks have plain brick shafts.
The plan is rectangular, with a small wing at
the S.W. end, which has an overhanging upper
storey resting on two carved brackets. The front
has four gables, and the windows are modern.
One room on the ground floor is panelled, but
has been painted.
Condition — Fairly good.
' (5). The Village Hall, on the E. side of
the main street of the village of Whitwell,
nearly a mile S.W. of the church, is a small
rectangular two-storeyed building of the 17th
century ; the lower storey is faced with modern
brick and the upper storey is timber -framed
with pebble-dash filling. The roof is tiled.
There are two dormer windows in front with
diamond pattern glazing. At the N.W. end is
a large projecting chimnev stack with a plain
shaft.
Condition — Good.
198
IXVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
<»(6). Farm House and Cottages, in the hamlet
of Bendish, alwut 1^ miles W. of the church.
The Farm House is a small two-storeyed rect-
angular building of brick and timber; the front
of the upper storey and the end gables are
covered with rough-cast; the root is tiled.
A panel in the front bears the date 1GG3 and
the initials T. V. At the AV. end is a
chimney stack with a moulded cap. It is said
that John Banyan used to preach in this house.
The Cottages are of brick and timber, and pro-
babh- of the 17th century.
Condition — Of Cottages, fairly good ; the
Farm House is unoccupied and in a dilapidated
state. All the glass of the windows is broken
and the rough-cast is falling off.
115. SANDOX.
(O.S. G in. ("Mil. N.E. Wviii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
a (1). P.\RisH Church of All Saints, at
Churchend Green, N. of Sandonbury, is built
of flint rubble with stone dressings; the chancel
is roofed with tiles, and the nave and aisles with
lead. The Chancel, Nave, and North and South
Aisles were built late in the 14th century, prob-
ably on the site of an earlier church. The West
Tower and the South Porch were added c. 1400.
The church was restored in 1832 and 1875, and
the restoration of the tower and S. porch was
completed in 1909.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(36 ft. by 15 ft.) has two late 14th-century
windows of two lights in the N. wall and two
in the S. wall ; the tracery of the three-light E.
window is modern. The two-centred chancel
arch, of two hollow-chamfered orders, with
moulded capitals and bases, is of late 14tL-
century date, repaired. The Nave (52| ft.
bv 20 ft.) has S'. and S. arcades of four
bays and of late 14th-centur}- date ; the
arches are pointed and carried on octagonal
pillars with moulded capitals and bases.
At the E. end are two small clearstorey
windows, probably inserted to light a former
rood-loft. The North Aiale (9i ft. wide) has two
14th-century windows of two lights, in the N.
wall. The E. window, of three lights, is much
repaired. The South Aisle (9} ft. wide) has a
14th-century E. window of three lights with
flowing tracery. In the S. wall are two windows,
and the moulded S. doonvav is original. Tlie
Tover (12i ft. by 12 ft.) is of three stages, with
modern brick buttresses and a low pyramidal
roof. The tower arch is four-centred, and the
responds have moulded capitals and bases; the
W. doorwaj- and window are modem, and the
bell-chamber windows are of two lights. The
exterior stonework has been generally restored.
The South Porch has a two-centred moulded
arch over the entrance and a window in each side
wall, restored. The tie-j)lates and king-posts of
the Roof of the chancel are probably of the 14th
century. At the W. end of the N. aisle is a
15th-century moulded principal and carved
boss.
Fittings — Bells : five ; 5th 1G24. Brasses :
in the nave, of John Fitz-Geifrey, 1480, in
armour, and his wife, six daughters, three
shields, with indent for fourth, and in-
complete inscription : at W. end of S.
aisle, to Symond Pratt and Jone his wife,
inscription undated, probably early IGth-cen-
turj-. Easter Sejntlrhre : in X. wall of chancel,
low arched recess with enriched edge mouldings
and a double label, the lower forming a series
of crocketted finials, and the upper a moulded
framework, late 14th-century. Font: bowl
modern, stem, with four tlanking shafts, and
base probably 14th-century. Glass : in heads
of three windows in X. aisle, and in E. window
of S. aisle, fragments, old, painted. Monu-
ments and Floor Slabs: on S. wall of chancel,
tablet to Edward Xicholas, 1GS3 : alabaster
monument to Elizabeth Moryson, 1626 : on floor
of nave, slab, also to Edward Xicholas, 1683.
Niche: in X. aisle, segmental head, possibly
for image. Panelling : two linen panels worked
into a desk. Piscinae: in chancel, 14th-cen-
tury, defaced : in S. aisle, with credence shelf,
14th-century : in X. aisle, probably 15th-cen-
tury. Plate: includes cup and large paten of
1G8S, and ])ewter alms-dish. Pulpit : carved
oak, early 17th-century. Screen : under chancel
arch, traceried oak, with slight traces of colour
on the lower panels, 15th-century. Sealing : at
TV", end of nave, oak benches, with ])oppy-head
finials, 15th-century. Sedilia : at back of recess
under S.E. window of chancel, carve<l stone-
work, in three divisions, with crocketted heads,
14th-century, apparently not in situ.
Condition — Good.
Secular:^
HOMESTE.VD Mo.^TS : —
" (2). At Daniel's Farm, fragment.
*(3). At Hankins, 1 mile S.W. of the church.
" (4). Sandon Bury, a farmhouse, stands
S.E. of the church. It was built at the begin-
ning of the 17th century, and is of three storeys,
with walls of the usual thin bricks of that
period. Tlie original plan was almost square.
A modern wing has been added at the E. end,
and the attics on the S. have been enlarged by
SANDKinci; : I'AKisii ciirncn of st. i-koxakd.
CHANTKI, AlIiH (<■. 1 lOfl) .\NI> STONK SCUKKN (I.ATK Uth-iKNITI; V). K.\ST sIHK.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSniRE.
199
raising the wall on that side. The only
original fitting^ inside the house, is a staircase,
with heavy square newels, moulded handrail
and turned balusters ; it reaches to the second
iloor.
Two timber Barns near the house are pro-
bably also of the ITth century; one is built of
thin bricks, and has a gabled end with three
oval lights in it. There is also an early
17th-century Pigeon House, 22 ft. square, now
used as a chicken house ; the walls are of thin
bricks, and the pyramidal roof is tiled ; it has
a tall segmentally-arched doorway, now reduced
in height, and is lighted by oval windows ; the
cots inside are of brick, but are much broken
away at the top and bottom.
Condition — Of house and barns, good; of
pigeon house, dilapidated.
*(5). Hyde IIall^ stands in an isolated posi-
tion about 2\ miles N.N.W. of Buntingford.
It is of 17th-century origin, but is now jiracti-
cally modern. The plan is L-shaped; the
gabled end of the smaller wing, the lower part
of the main block, and two chimney stacks of
thin bricks are the only signs of age in the
building. A large brick Barn near the Hall
was built probably in the 16th century; the
plan is L-shaped. It is lighted by long narrow
loops, and in the smaller wing some of
these have been filled in, and replaced by
plastered brick muUioned windows, and an
upper floor has been inserted, the space being
divided by wood partitions into smaller rooms.
The large doorways to the barn have wood
frames, and the roof contains some good oak
trusses. The foundations of an adjacent barn,
and some of the garden walls, contain 17th-
century narrow bricks.
Condition — Of hoiise, good; of barn, fairly
good; except the first floor and roof, which are
in bad condition.
Unclassified:—
"(6). TuE Mount, moated tumulus, E. of the
village.
Condition — Fairly good, but thickly planted.
116. SANDEIDGE.
(O.S. 6 in. (<')xxviii. N.W. (Wxxviii. S.W.
Wxxxiv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1). Parish Church of St. Leonard, stands
on the N.E. side of the village, 2J miles N.E.
of St. Albans. It is built of flint with stone
dressings, and has Roman bricks in the walls ;
the roofs are tiletl, except those of the aisles.
which are covered with lead. The earliest parts
consist of the eastern angles of an aisleless Nave
of early 12th-century date, and part of a
Roman brick chancel arch, probably the
remains of the church consecrated by Losinga,
bishop of Norwich (1094-1119), though the use
of Roman material suggests a pre-Conquest
date. The Aisles were added c. llGO-70, and a
West Tower at the end of the same century. The
Chancel was rebuilt between 139G and 1401, and
a stone screen was inserted below the chancel
arch ; in the 15th century the South Porch
was added, and the aisles were restored. The
tower fell c. 1688, was rebuilt in brick in
1837, and replace<l by the present tower
in 1886, when the church was repaired. At
the same time the nave clearstorey was built
and the roof renewed, the E. wall of the nave
above the chancel arch was replaced by a pierced
wooden framework, and the aisles were ex-
tended towards the W. The North Porch is
also modern.
The details throughout the church are in-
teresting, more especially at the E. end of
the nave, where the original Roman brick
chancel arch remains above the 14th-century
stone screen.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(36 ft. by 17i ft.) has an E. window of three
lights with modem tracery, and the N. and S.
walls have each two windows of twocinquefoiled
lights under segmental heads. Between those
in the N. wall is a plain <loorway, originally
external, but now leading into the" vestry. The
original chancel arch has a semi-circular head,
and the screen below it consists of a central
doorway, with moulded and enriched jambs and
a pointed head; on each side are three pierced
cinquefoiled lights, and in the tympanum of
the brick arch are two similar lights. On theE.
side of the screen the small spandrels of each
light are enriched with carving, and on each
side of the doorway is a stone bench-end with a
figure carved in high relief on the sloping
arm. The Nave (40 ft. by 21i ft.) has
N. and S. arcades of three bays ; the semi-
circular arches are of two orders with edge rolls,
and the octagonal shafts have moulded bases
and square scalloped capitals. The North
Aisle (7 ft. wide) has an E. window and
two N. windows of the 15th century, each
of two cinquefoiled lights under a square head.
The N. doorway is of the 12th century, with a
round arch of two orders, the stonework much
restored. _ The South Aisle (7^ ft. wide) has
windows similar to those of the N. aisle, and a
loth-century S. doorwav, p.irtly restored. The
South Porch retains a little ISth-century stone-
200
IN'VKXTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIERITORDSHIRE.
work, but has been much restored. The West
Toxcer (13 ft. square) is of three stages, with an
octagonal shingled spire; the lofty E. arch of
two orders is of late 12th-century date, and has
angle shafts in the jambs and foliated capitals.
All the Roofs, except that of the nave, contain
some old timbers.
Fittings — Font: cylindrical, car\-ed with
an arcade of small intersecting arches and
shafts, late 12th-century. Piscina: in the
chancel, 14th-century, much restored. Screen
(see Chancel). Tiles': in floor of chancel, loth-
century, glazed, many much worn. Miscella-
nea: quoin at S.E. angle of the chancel, part
of an old sun-dial.
Condition— Grood throughout.
Secular: —
a (2). Bride Hall, now a farm house, stands
at the N. end of the parish about 1^ miles N.E.
of "VHieathampstead. The walls are of 21-inch
red bricks, and the roofs are tiled. It was built
early in the 17th century, and the plan is E-
sliapcd, with the addition, at the back, of
two small projecting wings containing stairs.
An entrance passage divides the house into two
parts, the hall and living rooms being on the
AV. side, and the kitchen and offices on the E.
All the windows of the front have been restored,
apparently with wood, and are now painted, but
at the back some of the original windows remain,
with chamfered brick jamb.s and nuillions, and
four-centred heads to the lights. There are two
original chimney stacks, and a third is rebuilt
with old material. The two-storeyed central
porch has a moulded brick doorway with a four-
centred arch, and a modern outer door ; the inner
door is original. The hall has a large open fire-
place, now partly filled up, with a moulded
wood lintel aboveit, and in the ceiling is a large
moulded beam; other rooms have rough ceiling
beams, and many of the original solid oak door
frames and batten doors remain ; the kitchen
has a wide fireplace. Both the staircases have
circular wood newels with short rails at the top,
and turned balusters.
Condition — Good.
6 (3). Waterend F.4RM, originally the manor-
house of Waterend, stands on the X. bank of
the river Lea, about 3 miles X.E. of the village,
and about 1^ miles E. of Wheathampstead.
The house is of two storeys and an attic ; it is
said to have been built by Sir John Jennings,
c. 1610, and appears to be of the 17th century,
though the date 1549 is cut on a rafter in the
attic; the walls are of red brick, with large
moulded brick string-courses between the
storeys ; the roof is tiled.
The building is a good example of an early
17th-century house on an E-shaped plan. The
chimney stacks are especially noticeable.
The W. front has three slightly projecting
windows, with stone mullions and transoms,
carried up to the attic, and above them are
three steep straight gables, with moulded
coping. At the back are three large chimney
stacks, with groups of octagonal shafts, which
have moulded bases and caps. The interior has
been much altered, but in the kitchen is a wide,
arched fireplace, and there is an original oak
newel staircase of plain character.
Condition — Good.
Unclassified:—
''(4-5). The Devil's Dyke .\xd The Slad
(Boundary Dykes, or Lines of Entrenchment),
partly enclose an area of about 90 acres, lying
on the S. side of the river Lea, ^ mile S.E.
of Wheathampstead, about 300-360 ft. above
O.D. The Devil's Dylce is a cutting or ditch,
with a slight rampart on the E., and a slighter
counterscarp on the W., the whole diminishing
gradually in size from the middle to the ends,
which run out to the natural ground level.
Nearly parallel to the Devil's Dvke, at a dis-
tance of 1,800 ft. to the E. is The Slad, a slighter
work without a rampart. The bottom of the
entrenchment is wet, as it is in heavier soil ; it
continues S. to form a single line of moat with
low banks, bending round W. towards the Dyke.
Dimensions — DeviVs Dyke : Length, 1,400 ft.;
greatest width, 130 ft.; greatest depth. 35 ft.
The Slad: Length (N. part) 1,200 ft., (S. part,
the moat) 1,500 ft. ; greatest width, 80 ft. ;
greatest depth, 15 ft.
Condition — Good.
" (6). Beech Bottom (Boundary Dyke, or
Line of Entrenchment), extends from the N.
end of Bernard's Heath along a shallow valley,
N.E. as far as the road from St. Albans, at
an average level of 320-340 ft. above O.D.
It consists of a single ditch or cutting of nearly
symmetrical section, diminishing gradually in
size towards the extremities, which run out to
the natural ground level.
Dimensions — Total length, 5,000 ft. ; greatest
w^dth at crest, 105 ft.; greatest depth, 32 ft.
Condition — Good.
117. SAERATT.
(O.S. 6 in. («)xxxviii. X.TV. <« xxxviii. S.E.
Wxxxvlii. S.W.)
Roman:—
* (1). BiiLDixG, in Church Field, near Sarratt
Bottom Farm, possibly part of a dwelling
IHVENTOEY OF THE MONtTMENTS OF UEETFOEDSHIEE.
201
SARRATT.
Parish Church of th k Holy Cross.
□W«l?t«nt ^ 141*' Cent.
al^Ceri. ^ 15* Cent.
I I Modem .
house, found and planned in 1907. Other Roman
foundations, etc., were previously noted near it.
CVmditiou — No remains above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
'' (2). Pakisii Church of the Holy Cross,
stands about f of a mile S.S.W. of the village.
It is a small cruciform building of flint with
some Roman brick ; the top stage of the tower
is partly of brick; the dressings are of stone,
and the transepts have plinths of roofing
tiles laid horizontally. The roofs are tiled.
The Nave, with North and South Transepts and
part of the side walls of the ChanceJ, are of
late 12th-century date. TTie chancel was
lengtliencd in the 13th century, and again in
the 14t]i century. The West Tower appears to
have been added in the 15th century, and
the top rebuilt in the IGth century. In 18G5
short Aisles were added W. of the transepts,
and the whole building was restored. The
South Porch and Vestry are also modern.
This church, with a very short nave, is an
unusual and interesting type of a small cruci-
form building of late 12th-century date, though
it has been subsequently enlarged and altered.
Architectural Description — - The Chancel
(25 ft. by 13 ft.) has a modern E. window of two
lights; the design is based on the 14th-century
E. window, of which traces were found when an
IStli-century window was removed ; in the N.
wall is a small modern lancet window, and in
the S. wall a small square-headed window,
])robably of late 14th-century date, a modern
lancet window, and a blocked doorway. Near
the E. end is a plain roll string, running verti-
cally, which was doubtless originally continued
horizontally over the sedilia. The chancel arch,
of late 12th-century date, is pointed, and of one
square order. The Nave (28^ ft. by IGJ ft.) has
an arch on each side opening into the transepts,
similar to the chancel arch ; W. of these are
modern arches opening into the short aisles. The
North Transept (12 ft. square) has a modern E.
window and a 15th-century N. window of two
cinquefoiled lights with a square head. In the
South Transept (14 ft. by 13 ft.) the only old
detail is the rear arch of (he S. window. The
West Tower (9 ft. square) is of two stages. The
tower arch, probably of the 15th century, is of
two continuous chamfered orders. In the S.
wall is a small 15th-century window; the W.
window is of two uncusped lights, and may be
of the 13th century, re-set from the W. wall of
the nave. The upper stage has brick quoins and
window openings, except on the N. side, where
the window and the E. quoin are of stone. The
gables on the N. and S. are of brick. The Roof
of the ciiancel is possibly of the IStli century,
and has a hammer-beam truss at the E. end to
clear the E. window. The beams in the roofs
of nave and transepts are al.so old.
Fittings— Z?c//5 ; three; 1st by Knight, 1606.
Brasses and Indents : now kept at the rectory,
three small fragments of late 15th-century
brasses: in the chancel, indent of figure and iii-
scri])tion, much worn: in the S. transept, slab
with indents of two figures, children and inscrip-
tion. Locker: in N. wall of chancel, small,
square. Monuments : on S. wall of chancel, to
William Kingsley and his wife, 1611; the date
1502 painted on it is incorrect. Paintings : on
E. wall of S. transept, series of New Testament
scenes, much defaced. Piscinae : in the
chancel, large, double, with central shaft, prob-
Note.—l)\& plan is reproiluced by permission of the Victokia Couhty Histobieb.
20
202
INVEJITOBT OF THE MONUMENTS OF lIEllTFORDSninE.
ably original ami retains the W. drain ; the E.
ojH'ning was cut down to serve as a sedil© in the
15th-fentury : in the same wall, 15th-ceutury.
Plate: includes cover paten of 11)35. I'ulpit:
hexagonal, with carved linen pattern panels, a
carved back and scjuaie tester, ITth-ccnlury.
liteess: in iS'. wall of chancel, small, with
modern head, jiossibly loculus for Easter
Sepulchre, tieuliiifj : in the N. transept, partly
of old oak. Tiles: under the altar, 15th-
century. MisceUanea : in the churchyard, re-
mains of font, 12th-century : coffin lid, with
incised cross and scrolls, late IJitli-century.
Condition — Good, but the external stonework
of the N. window in the 2s. transept is decaying.
Secular: —
'' (H). HoMESTE.tD Moat, at Maiginia Wick,
Js.AV. of the village, with an inner rampart.
Condition — tiood.
'(4). Rose Hall Farm, stands in an isolated
position about 1| miles Is'.A.W. of the church,
and a mile 2s. W. of the village. It was built in
the ITth century, and is ot two storeys and a
basement, with l!Jth-century additions on the
E. side. The original walls are of brick, and
the W. front is plastered above the brick plinth.
The roofs are tiled. The jilan is roughly
rectangular, facing W., but the back is of
irregular shape. The entrance door and a
nail-studdijd oak door leading into the kitchen
are original. In the centre of the kitchen
ceiling is a small Tudor ix>se in plaster. The
jtarlour has a low 17th-century panelled dado,
with shallow tluti'd panels at the top. The plain
oak stairs are original. The walls of the cellar
are faced inside witli brick and flint, and a patch
of brickwork is said to mark the entrance to an
undergix>und passage. The small Outhuildinq
at the back of the house is also of the ITth
century, and is of two storeys, built of timber
and wcafher-boardi'd, except part of the E. wall
which is of brick and timber. Tlio roof is tiled,
ftnd the central chimney stack is built n{ ITth-
century bricks. The interior is divided into
two rooms by the chimney stack, in wliich is an
open fireplace and a doorway, now blocked on
one side.
Condition— Fairly good; some cracks aj)pcar
in the back wall of the farmhouse.
a (5). WniTEDELL Faum, in the hamlet of
Belsize, about IJ miles N.W. of the village, is
a small house of early 17th-century dale. The
walls are of timber and brick on a flint base,
and the timbers used in the walls are unusually
large for so small a building ; the roofs are
tiled. The central chimney stack, with scjuare
shafts, has been restored. In the E. front is a
projecting central porch with an overhanging
ujjper storey, and a small central wing projects
from the back. All the windows are modern.
There is a little 17th-century panelling in the
jiarlour.
Condition — Fairly good.
118. SAWBRIDGEWORTH.
(O.S. G in. ('')xxiii. S.W. (Wxxx. N.E. Wxxx.
S.E. (JJxxxi. N.W. («)xxxi. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
"'(1). rAKISU CUVKCII OE Sx. JIaKY THE
Gkeat, S.E. of the town, is built of Hint rubble
with stone dressings ; the walls of the chancel
are coated with cement ; the roofs are covered
with lead. The Chancel^ Nave, and the lower
part of the West Tower were probably built in
the l'3th century. The Suulh l'/ia];el, the
North Aisle, and the >Soiith Ais!e were built in
the first half of tlie 14th century. In the 15th
century the clearstorcy, the iSoulh Porch, and
jjrobably the belfry stage of the tower were
built, and the nave was re-roofed. The whole
building was restored and the chancel re-roofed
c. 1870.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(44 ft. by 23i ft.) has a five-light E. window, a
window in the N. wall, and two in the S. wall,
which are almost entirely modern. In the N.
wall is also a 15th-century blocked doorway,
which formerly opened into a vestrj-, now
destroyed. At the W. end of the S. wall is a
richl}- moulded two centred arch of c. 130U, now
hidden by the organ. The chancel arch is
jirobably of the 13th century, re])aired, with
modern capitals and bases. The South Chapel
has a completely restored E. window, and, in
tiie S. wall, a blocked 14tli-(entury window.
At the W. end of the N. wall are the rood-loft
stairs, with an upper doorway oi)ening into the
nave. The chapel has no structural division
from the S. aisle. The Nave (58 ft. by 28 ft.)
has walls i)robably of the 13th century ; the
11th-century N. and S. arcad(>s are of three
bays and have two-centred moulded arches and
pillars of quatrefoil section with moulded
capitals and bases; the S. arcade was built prob-
alily twenty years later than the N. arcade, and
the mouldings are less rich; R. of the chancel
arch is the upjier doorway of the rood-loft (see
alj<n-e). The North .•l/.s7/(lU ft. wide) has E.
an<l W. windows of three lights, an<l two N.
windows of two lights, all of the 14th century,
with moulded internal jambs and rear arches ;
the tracery is partly renewed, and the N. door-
i>P
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFOnDSIJIRE.
203
way, of the same date, has been much repaired.
The South Aisle (including the S. chapel, 73 ft.
by 19 ft.) has an early 14th-century S. doorway,
with 13th-century jambs, re-set ; the windows
are of the 14th century, but the tracery is
modern. The Toiver (I'Ji ft. by 17 ft.) is of
three stages with an embattled parapet and a
lead-covered spire. It is without buttresses,
and has on the S. a brick stair-turret, probably
added in the ICth century. The tower arcli
is of the 14th century with modern jambs. The
14th-century W. doorway, of two chamfered
orders, and the 15th-century W. window, of
three lights, have been repaired ; the four bell-
chamber windows, of two lights, are also of the
15th century, repaired. The South Porch has
a two-centred doorway and two windows, which
are almost entirely modern. The Poofs of the
aisles are of the 15th century, and have moulded
ribs and carved bosses ; the roof of the porch
and the ceiling of the ground- stage of the tower
are of the same date.
Fittings — Bells: nine; 9th 1GG4. Brasses:
in the chancel, of Geoffrey .Joslyne, 1470, and
his two wives, with imperfect inscription: in
the nave, brasses of twelve sons and six
daughters, and shield; Chauncy, with quar-
terly 1 and 4 on a chief a lion passant, 2 and 3
a lion rampant over all a bend, late 15th-cen-
tury ; possibly belonging to the Joslyne
brass: indents of man an<l two wives, brass
shield with arms of Chauncy, imperfect
inscription, and indents of four shields: in
S. chapel, brasses of knight and lady, said to
be John Leventhorp and his wife, c. 1433,
two shields, of England and France, and Eng-
land with label of France; no inscription : in S.
aisle, of lady in mantle, e. 1500, and three
shields, with arms of Lcvcntliorp : indent of
man and one shield, no inscription, said to be
of Thomas Leventhorp and Joan (Dalison), his
wife: of Edward Leventhorp, died 1551, and
his wife, figures of man in armour, lady in
Elizabethan diess, and inscription, brass
laid (ki^wn r. IfiOO : indent of woman, 15th-
century: in the N. aisle, brasses of two
shields, and inscription to William Chauncy,
probably early Ifith-century : in tower, of
Mary, wife of Edward Leventhorp, 1500,
figure and inscription: of man and woman,
in shrouds, 15th-century, with arms of England
(jnartering France. (See also Moniimrnls.)
Chest: in the towei-, large, of oak, with five
locks, probably early 17th-century. Door:
in the S. ai.sle, of oak, with traceried panels and
some original ironwork, late 14th or early 15tli-
century, repaired. Font: octagonal, with
quatrefoil panels, c. 1400, repaired. Monu-
ments and Floor Slabs: in N.E. corner of
chancel, altar tomb, of John Joscelyn, 1525,
and his wife, recumbent effigies, much defaced,
with inscription on alabaster slab in the
wall above tomb: on X. wall of chancel,
of Sir Waiter Myldemaye, IGOG, his wife, 1G()5,
and his son ; white marble, three kneeling
figures : to George, Viscount Hewit of Gow-
ran, 1GS9, large monument : in S.E. corner
of chancel, tomb, late 15th-century, Purbeck
marble, with tracery and sculptured canopy on
carved, engaged pillars; indents for brasses at
back of recess lielow canopy; spaces for
brass shields in the tracery in front: in S.
chapel, monument of Sir John Leventhorp
and his wife, 1G25, recumbent effigies; three
children, kneeling figures, in front : on E. wall
of nave, of Sir William Hcwct, 1037, and
his wife, 1G4G, half-figures, in architectural
setting : on floor of nave, slab, to Thomas do
Aungervil, Rector, 14th-century, with marginal
inscription : near chancel arch, slab with inci.sed
figure, possibly of a nun, Purbeck marble, mar-
ginal inscription illegible; early 14th-century:
in S. aisle, slab with illegible inscrijjtion, 14th-
century : in the tower, monument to Sir
Thomas Hcwytt, 1(JG2. Niches: in N. aisle,
with square bracket: in S. aisle, with ciiiquc-
foiled head and moulded jambs, probably
modern stonework, containing meili;rval stone
mortar. Ptincllinfj : incorporated in pews,
N.E. corner of nave, eaily 17th-centurv.
Piscina (?): in N. aisle, cinquefoiled recess in
square head, ]5tli-centurv, much restorc<l.
Pulpit: of oak, dated 1032. Poorbor : in S.
aisle, probably c. 1600. Rood Screen : traceried
oak. 15th-centurv. Seatinn : in the nave,
several linen pattern bench ends, rails and
b;icks, early IGlh-centiirv.
Condition — Good.
Secular:^
JfoMESTEAn ifoATS:
" (2). In Matham's Wood.
'' (3). At Parsonage Farm, a narrow ditch
enclosing 1\ acres.
* (4). At Actons, fragment.
'(5). In Gilston Park.
'•(G). PisiiiomRY, about a mile S. of the
church, is a three-storeyed square brick house,
with a central courtyanl, now roofed in. It
has an embattled jiarapet, and the roof is slated.
The house is said to have been built originally
at the end of the IGth century, but, after a fire,
was ])ractically rebuilt by .Tames Wyatt in
1782, much of the old material being re-used.
Jnlcrior : in the entrane(> hall is some IGth-cen-
2C 2
204
nrVENTOET OF THE MONUJCENTS OF HEBTFOEDSHIEB.
tiuy oak panelling, and the dining-room also lias
oak panelling, with mitred mouldings, said to
have been brought from the servants' hall, and a
carved stone fireplace inlaid with marble discs,
which has an iron back with the Stuart Royal
Arms, dated 1G35 ; the carved oak overmantel,
with three round-headed panels flanked by
pillars supporting a frieze and cornice, is of
c. 1630. In the servants' hall there is a dado
of 16th-century panelling, with stop-mouldings,
and a fireplace of the same date, with a frieze
above the arch, carved with grotesque animals
and conventional foliage. The Stables and a
liarn S. of the house are of late 16th or early
17th-century date. Near the lake E. of the
house, is the late 16th-century carved head of a
niche which belonged to the original building.
Condition — Good.
'' (7). Cottages, several, on both sides of Bell
Street, are probably of the 17th century; they
are built of timber and brick, coated with
cement, and have projecting upper storeys; the
roofs are tiled. One cottage on the S. side of the
street has original brick chimneys, and another,
at the corner of Knight Street, has a moulded
beam supporting the upper storey.
Condition — Fairly good ; the cottage at the
comer of Knight Street is out of repair.
West Street, N. side : —
^(8). Crump's Farm, on the N. side of West
Street (formerly Clay Lane), 1^ miles W.N.AV.
of the church, is a red-brick building of two
storej-s and attics, and in a plaster panel over
the front door is the inscription i\ 1628. The
original building was probably rectangular,
with a central chimney stack, and had timber-
framed walls, but early in the 18th century a
wing was added at the S. end, making the plan
L-shaped ; the main part was lengthened by the
addition of a brew-house at the N. end, and the
walls were encased with red brick. The door
in the W. wall opens into a lobby by the side
of the central chimney stack. Interior: The
kitchen has a large open fireplace and original
oak ceiling joists, with ogee-stopped cham-
fered edges. The wall between the kitchen
and the brew-house was evidently the original
outside wall, and is of timber, covered with
straw and plaster. In the stair-hall is a little
painted oak panelling of early 17th-century
date, and there are several original ledged and
battene<l oak doors with old hinges.
Condition — Good.
^ (d). Great Beazlej/s, a little over a mile
W.N.W. of the church, is a small cottagre which
incorporates a fragment of an early 17th-cen-
tury timber-framed farmhouse of two storeys;
the walls are plastered ; the roof is covered with
j)antiles ; at the E. end is the original chimney
stack of thin bricks. The W. half of the house
is modem. The entrance, in the S. wall, opens
directly into the only old room on the ground
floor, which has a large open fireplace, partly
blocked, and an original open timber ceiling ;
oa the heavy middle beam is cut the inscription
I.E.. 1612. All the windows and doors are
modem.
An old Barn, E. of the house, is built of sun-
dried mud bricks, each about 14 in. by 6 in.
The plan is rectangular, lying N. and S., with a
large doorwa}- in the middle of the W. side, and
a smaller doorway in a small central projecting
bay on the E. side. The original W. wall, S.
of the large doorway, has been replaced by
mo<lern timber-framing. In the roof are two
old tie-beams.
Condition — Of house and barn, poor.
S. side : —
'^ (10). Little Bea:hi/s, a little over a mile
W.N.W. of the church, is a small rectangular
building of two storeys, facing N., with timber-
framed and weather-boarded walls ; the roof is
thatched, and the central chimney stack is built
01 thin bricks. The X. front has the initials and
date, T.D. 1662, carved over the entrance, and
tlio muUioned windows on the ground floor are
probably original; there are no windows on the
upper floor. The E. and W. eu<is have half-
hipped gables, with a window in the W. gable.
At the back of the house is a dormer window.
The kitchen, E. of the central chimney stack,
lias a large open fireplace, with brick jambs and
a good motilded oak lintel ; both the rooms on
the ground floor have old, open timber ceilings.
Condition — Fairly good.
<^ (11). Three Mile Poxd Farm, on the main
road, about | mile N. of the church, is a 17th-
century house of two storeys and a cellar; the
roofs are tiled ; the roof of the western half,
.some feet higher than the other, is hipped, and
has a small dormer window. The plan is
rectangular, and the walls are timber-framed,
the N. front being pargettcd ; on the S. the
lower storey is covered with weather-boarding.
Many of the windows in the K. front are
blocked. The interior retains the original
beams.
Condition — Fairly pood.
• (12). The Hand and Crown Inn. S. of the
village, is a two-storeyed building of late 16fh-
centurydate, with some 19th-century additions.
The walls are of plastered timber, and the roof
is tiled. The upper storey projects, and on the
N. front are three gables and a gabled porch.
The chimney stack is original and has engaged
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEUTFORDSHIRE.
205
square shafts. On the S. side there is an
original window, now blocked; the windows on
the N. are modern. Interior: Two four-
centred fireplaces, some oak doors and moulded
oak panelling remain.
Condition — Fairly good.
119. SHENLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xl. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Botoli-h, stands
about a mile N. of the village and 4 miles S.E.
of St. Albans. The walls are faced with squared
flintwork, similar to that found in the eastern
counties, and the quoins ai-e of brick ; the roof
is tiled. It is a plain rectangular building
(85 ft. by 38 ft. externally), originally the Nave
and South Aisle of a larger church, and appears
to have been rebuilt c. 1424, when Maud,
Countess of Salisbury, made a bequest to the
fabric. The Chancel, Tower, and nave arcade
were destroyed in 1753.
Architectural Description — The E. and W.
windows are modern. In the N. wall are three
windows of two cinquefoiled lights, with
tracery, and a small doorway, all of the 15th
century, restored with cement. In the S.
wall are four similar windows, and a contem-
porary doorway, of one double hollow-
chamfered order. Near the E. end is a
smaller doorway, of which the jambs and arch
are covered with cement. In the W. gable is
a small cot for one bell.
Fittings — Brasse.'s and Indents: in the floor,
to Elizabeth Alwaye, 1G18 : on the S. side,
indent of knight and lady, late 15th-century.
Floor Slabs: to William Cox, 1G49 : to Mary
Anderson, 16T3 : to Edmund Anderson, 1683:
to Robert Now, 1G84 : to Rebecca Palmer,
1694 : others covered by pews. Seating :
modern, but with some old carved poppy heads.
Condition — Good.
Secular; —
(2). Homestead Moat, at Colney Chapel,
large and of an oval shape.
(3). Salisbury Hall and Moat, on low
ground, about 1| miles N. of Shcnley and 4
miles S.E. of St. Albans. The house is built
of brick, and is of two storeys with attics ;
the roofs are tiled. Sir John Cuttes is said to
have built a house on this site in the 16th
centur5% but Sir Jeremiah Snow, who owned it
from r. 1660 to 1702, appears to have rebuilt it
entirely, and much of his work remains.
Charles II. visited the house several times.
A large part of the old building was demolislied
in 1819, and considerable additions were made
in 1884, chiefly at the back.
The house is a fine example of 17th-century
architecture, and the plaster medallions in the
hall are especially interesting.
The plan is rectangular, with a projecting
porch at the W. end of the N. front, which is
entirely the work of Sir Jeremiah Snow. The
porch is carried up to the roof, and the upper
storey is supported by brick piers or buttresses ;
the entrance archway is of stone, with pilasters,
a semi-circular head and moiilded pediment,
in which is a shield bearing the arms of Snow.
The windows in the N. front have modem
frames, and the attics, including that of the
porch, are lighted by dormer windows,
which retain some original detail. The back
elevation has twin gables. All the chimney
stacks have groups of square shafts set
diagonally, with oversailing courses at the top.
Interior — The principal rooms are on the TV".
of the entrance, the kitchen an<l offices on the
E., and at the back are modern additions. The
entrance passage was originally part of the hall,
now used as a •dining-room ; it has a stone-paved
floor, and under it a secret passage is said to
exist; the walls are panelled with oak, now
painted, to a height of 7 ft. Above the jianelling
arc the famous plaster medallions bought by Sir
John Cuttes, the builder of the original house,
from the nunnery of Sopwell, St. Albans.
There are said to have been twelve, but
now only six whole medallions and tliree halves
are visilde; the other halves are probably built
into the wall. They are each about 3 ft. in
diameter, and are evidently copies of old coins,
each having a largo head in low relief, repre-
senting a Roman emperor or empress, with the
name in the border. They are supposed to be
of the 15th century, but the maker is
unknown. On one side of the hall is a wide
stone fireplace, with moulded jambs and lintel,
and in another room on the ground floor is a
stone fireplace carved with fruit and flowers. On
the first floor are some remains of panelling.
Many of the doors and an oak linen cupboard
are of the 17th century. Some of the wood
chimney-pieces are old, and in three fireplaces
are old Idue and white tiles of various designs.
In the attics are several deep cupboards under
the sloping roof, which are said to be entrances
to secret passages and hiding holes. The main
staircase, from the ground floor to the attics, is
of massive oak, and has square newels with
carved heads, twisted balusters, and a moulded
hand-rail.
206
INVE?rrUKT OF TIIE UONUlCBirrS 07 BERTFORDSHIHB.
The house is completely surroundetl by the
moat, the main entrance on the N. being
reached by a bridge. The island is revetted with
a" brick wall. Opposite the front of the house
are some old brick buildings, most of them
outside the moat.
Condition — Good throughout.
120. SHEPHALL.
(O.S. G in. XX. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). P.\RisH Church of St. M.\ry, stands at
the N.E. end of the village, about 2 miles S.E.
of Stevenage. It is built of flint with stone
dressings, except the E. wall of the chancel,
which is of brick ; the roofs are tiled. The
whole building has been much restored, and it
is inijiossible to trace its history, but the walls
and roof trusses of the Nave and Chancel are
probably old ; the earliest detail is the 14th-
century wood truss which takes the place of a
chancel arch. The Tor/A Aisle was adde<l in
18G5, and the S. wall rebuilt al>out the same
time. The South Porch, the Xorth Vestry and
the Bell Turrit are also modern.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(21j ft. by 13 ft.) has an old window of three
uncusped lights in the N. wall, and a tall, low-
side window in the S. wall; both of uncertain
date. All the other windows arc modern.
The wooden truss which takes the place of a
chancel arch is of c. 1340, and has arched braces
and a collar beam. The Nave (42 ft. by 17| ft.)
has a modem N. arcatle of three bays ; in
the S. wall are two windows of two lights each,
with tracery and square heads of 15th-century
style, but most of the masonry is modern. The
S. doorway and "\V. window are modern.
The Roof of the chancel has moulded wall-
plates, and that of the nave has arched trusses
(except one at the W. end), probably of the
same date as the truss between the chancel and
nave. Both roofs have j)la8ter ceilings between
the trusses.
Fittings — Brasses: on the S. wall of the
chancel, inscriptions to George Nodes, Ser-
jeant of the ihickhnuiids to Henry YIII.,
Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, iriG4: to
.Margaret Nodes, his wife, l.')S2. Chest: at
AV. end of N. aisle, cut out of a solid lojr.
Font: modern; in the churchyard is the old
font, thickly covered with ivy. Monuments and
Floor Slabs : in N. aisle, to -Tohn lUidd, Rector,
1G40, mural tablet, alabaster, with painting
above it representing him as a shepherd : on S.
wall of chancel, to .Jane Nodes, 1G!)7 : at W. end
of N. aisle, to Susan Nodes, 1695 : in the nave,
to George Nodes, IG'JT, and his wife, 1G82 : two
17th-ceatury floor slabs, to members of the
Nodes family. Fainting: in N. aisle (see J/o;iu-
mcnls). Piscinae: in S. wall of chancel, recess
with cintjuefoilcd head, 14th-century : in sill of
win<low near it, square drain. Pceess : in E.
^tall of N. aisle, square, containing piscina
drain. Screen: in the chancel, 15th-century,
with modern lower panels, cresting, etc.
Condition — Good, owing to complete restora-
tion.
- 121. SOUTH MIMMS, UnB.tx.
(O.S. 6 in. xlv. N.E.)
Secular:—
(1). HoMESTE.u) Mo.\T, at Old Fold Manor
Farm.
Condition — Good, except E. arm.
122. STANDON.
(O.S. 6 in. ('')xxii. N.W. Wxxii. S.W.)
Roman:—
''(1). Dwelling Hoise, at Youngsbury (see
also Thundridge), discovered 175G; there are
two Barrows close to it, one found to contain
Komau burials.
Condition — Of dwelling house, no remains
above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
« (2). P.\RisH Ohvrch of St. ^Iary, stands
on low ground in the middle of the village,
close to the E. bank of the river IJib. It is built
of flint, with stone dressings, those outside
being of shelly oolite ; the tower is covered with
cement. The Chancel was built e. 1230 ; nothing
is left to show whether the nave of that time was
contemporary with the chancel or older, but
the W. door was inserted e. 1320, and the
Xave practically rebuilt c. 1345, when the
North and South Aisles were added. In the 15th
century the West Porch was built : a detached
South-east Tower, an unusual feature, was
erected probably in tiie same century, but it is
now much restored ; its position mav have been
decided by the rise of the <jr(uuid towards the
E., and perhajis by the existence of the 14th-
century W. doorway, with probably a W. porch
of timber. In liSG4 the fabric was completely
repaire<l; most of the external stonework was
renewed, an Organ Chamber was erected on the
S. side of the chancel, and the tower was thus
INVENTOHY of the monuments of nERXFOHDSIIlRE.
20/
connected with the main building ; the tower
was repaired witli brick in the upper stages, and
coated with cementj and a Vestry was added on
the N. side.
The buiUliug is especially interesting ou
account of the hne chancel arch of early l-'Jth-
century date, the Field tomb, with 15th-century
brasses, in the N. aisle, and the Sadleir tombs,
ol the Itith and 17th centuries, in the chancel.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
{'68}^ ft. by 20^ ft.) has its floor raised consider-
ably above the floor of the nave in order to
follow the natural rise of the ground : the I'l.
windows are modern : in the IS. wall there is a
do<irway to the modern vestry, and two modern
lancets, and in the S. wall another modern
light, a blocked doorway, and a modern arch-
way to the organ-chamber. The chancel arch
is a fine example of work of c. 1230; it is
elaborately moulded and enriched with dog-
tooth ornament; the marble shafts in the
jambs are modern, but the stone bases and
carved foliated cajiitals are original. The W.
wall, on each side of the archway, is pierced by
a pointed squint of slightly later date than the
arch, much repaired. The Nave (71^ ft. by
22 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of five bays ; the
piers, formed of four attached semi-octagonal
shafts with moulded bases and caiiitals, and the
pointed arches of two moulded orders, are
of c. 1345 ; the clearstorey windows, of two
lights, havo inner jambs of c. 1400, but are
restored outside. The W. doorway has oolite
jambs and a moulded chinch arch of early 14th-
century date ; over it is a mid 14th-century
window of four lights with flowing tracery. The
North Aisle (12 ft. wide) has an E. window of
three lights with flowing tracery, four N.
windows of two lights with tracer}', and a W.
window of three lights with tracery; all of
mid 14th-century date, restored ; the labels in-
side, over the first and third N. windows and the
W. window, have crudely ciit head-stops; a
moulded string course on the N. wall, inside,
is interrupted by the blocked 14th-century
N. doorway, which has a pointed arch of two
moulded orders and labels inside and outside.
The South Aisle (12 ft. wide) lias windows
similar to those in the N. aisle, but the inner
labels of the S. windows are different ; the E.
window, now unglazed, looks into the modern
organ-chamber ; in the N.E. corner of the aisle
is the stair-turret to the former rood-loft ; a
15th-century doorway with a four-centred arch,
opens into it at the foot, and a similar doorway
at the head of the turret o])ens into the nave;
the S. doorway, of mid 14th-century date, has
a pointed arch; the rear arch is richly moulded
Fittings
li rackets :
and has a label and head stops ; the outer jambs
have been repaired. The SoiUh-east Tower (14 ft.
square) is of three stages, with an embattled
parapet and a slender leaded spire ; the lowest
stage has N. and W. d<>r>rways, both repaired
with cement; the upjjer windows are modern.
The South Porch is mo<lein. The ]yest Porch
(14i ft. by 12 ft.) is of the 15th century, and
the moulded and pointed entrance archway
retains much of the original stonework ; the
side windows are restored. The Hoofs are
nuulern.
Bells: six; two dated 1G30.
for images, on the I'l wall of chancel,
carved as an angel with a shield : on the E.
wall of N. aisle, with plainer detail. Brasses :
at E. end of nave, to William Coft'yn, knight,
of the Household of Henry VIII., Master of
(he Horse to Queen Jane, tlied 1538, inscrip-
tion and coat-of-arms : of civilian, c. 1450,
inscription and paternal shield missings mater-
nal shield, with arms of Wade, remaining: of
man in armour, with inscription to — — • Wade,
died 1557, and arms, AVade impaling another, and
old arms of the Merchant Taylors' Company :
to Richanl Emerson, died 15(j2, inscription
only : on the S. wall of chancel, to John
Ivuggewyn, 1412, and his wife, inscription
only. (See also Monuments.) Chests: in
the organ-chamber, iron-bound, probably IGth-
century : in the vestry, another of later date.
Font: bowl, with bands of horizontal foliage,
13th-centurv, stem modern, but bases of
shafts a])parently original. Monuments : on
X. side of chancel, large, marble, of Sir Thomas
Sadleir, died IGOC, and his wife, recumbent
eltigies in a large round-headed recess ; on the
base, figures of son and daughter and two
heraldic shiehls : on the S. side of chancel, of Sir
llalph Sadleir, died 1587, with his elfigy in
armour ; on the side, figures of three sons and
tour daughters, with heraldic shields ; suspended
al)ovo the monument, two helmets, a sword, stir-
rups, halberd, spurs, etc., and standard of a
banner, said to have been captured by Sir
IJalph from the King of Scotland at Mussel-
burgh. In the N. aisle, altar tomb, plain stone
si<les, with indents for three shields ; in marble
slab at the top, two brass figures, of a man in
robes of an alderman of London, said to be
■John Field, died 1474, with .small figures of two
sons and daughter below; of his son John, in
armour, with arms of Field on his tabard, two
sons and two <laughters below; at corners of
slab, four shields with arms of the City of
London, of the Staple of Calais, a merchant's
mark and arms of Field ; inscription at
side, with alderman's name and date of
208
UrVEXTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEHTFOEDSHIEE.
son's death missing. In the vestry, mural
tablet to Anne, daughter of Sir Edward
Coke, wife of lialph Sadleir, IGGO. In
E. wall of chancel, outside, tomb of Eichard
Sadleir, undated. Piscinae: iu S. wall of
chancel, partly destroyed by the Sadleir monu-
ment of 1587, 15th-century : against the E. wall
of N. aisle, ancient, with sill of unusually great
projection : in S. aisle, with moulded jambs and
head, mid 14th-century. Miscellanea: in a
modern recess in the S. aisle, ancient stone
Coffin, without lid.
Condition — Good ; much restored outside.
Secular: —
° (3). Homestead Moat, at Mentley Farm,
fragment.
'(4). SuTES Manor House (now a farmhouse)
and MoAT, in the hamlet of High Cross, about
three miles S.W. of the church. The house was
built during the first half of the 17th century,
and is of two storeys, with timber-framed and
plastered walls; part of the gabled N. front has
been repaired with modem brick ; the tiled roof
is hipped at the S. end. The plan was originally
L-shaped, but the addition of a small modern
wing on the E. side has made it roughly
T-shaped. There arc two original chimney
stacks, one with attached shafts set diagonally,
the other square and plain. All the windows
and doorways have modern frames, except the
outer doorway opening into the kitchen in the
smaller original wing. The kitchen retains the
large firephice, partly blocked, and there are
also some original floor joists.
Only a fragment remains of the moat.
Condition — Of house, good.
" (5). The Lordship, a manor house, stands
on the W. bank of the river Rib, about j mile
S.S.W. of the church. The old parts of the
present building are of two storeys and attics,
built of thin red bricks, and are the remains
of a large house with a central courtyard ;
two old stones bear the date 154G and one
has also the initials of the builder. Sir
Ralph Sadleir ; the roofs are tiled. A plan pre-
served at the house shows the size of the original
structure: the main front, facing W., had a
largo middle gateway, giving access to tlie quad-
rangle, flanked by sonii-octagonal turrets bolli
on tlie outer face and towards tlie courtyard ; the
principal rooms were on the S. of this gateway
and in the S. wing, while the kitchen and offices
were on the N. side; on the E. side of the court-
yard (not square with the rest of the house)
was a rantre of buildings probably containing
the lessor domestic offices. Tiio house fell into
decay, and was divided into several tenements.
but was converted again into a single house in
the last century ; practically all that is left of
the original building is the S. half of the W
wing, with a small S.W. wing, the foundations
of the 2^". half and X.W. turret, on which are
raised modern buildings, and the ground stage
of the middle gateway. On the W. front two of
the original gables remain, with moulded brick
copings, and the stumps of former pinnacles ;
the middle gateway has moulded jambs and
a four-centred arch covered with cement ; the
flanking turrets are roofed just above the
ground stage; those at the back contain the
stairs; in the side wall of one of the front turrets
is one of the dated stone; the other stone is set
in the gable at the S. end of the W. wing. The
small S.W. wing is gabled and has a side en-
trance. All the windows are square and have
modern wood frames; the sills, jambs and lintels
are of brick, formerh- dressed with cement. The
three original chimney stacks have tall
diagonal shafts with plain oversailing courses
as caps. The space inside the middle gate-
way is now enclosed to ser\'e as an entrance hall,
and has a modern fireplace. In the two rooms
on the S. are four stone fireplaces with moulded
jambs, four-Centred arches and spandrels carved
with foliage, one fireplace having also a frieze
with five quatrefoil panels. The bedrooms on
the first floor have stone fireplaces with similar
four-centred arches ; most of these fireplaces
are probably original, but they have been
cleaned and restored, and one or two arc mo<lern
copies; in one of the rooms is a little 17th-
century oak panelling. In the gardens E. of
the house parts of the original S. wall, a few
feet high, remain, with traces of ojicnings for
fireplaces, windows and an archway. The site
of the E. wing is now covered by trees, but
fragments of brick foundations remain. A range
of stables S.E. of the house has some old bricks
in the walls, and the barns and cowsheds on the
.S.W. have an old brick wall facing X. with a
gable at each end : the other walls are timber-
frame<l and probably modern.
Condition — Generally good ; there is some ivy
on the walls, but chiefly on the modern parts of
the building.
" (G). Staxdon Endowed School, S. of the
church, is a two-storeyed building of brick and
limber, on a brick and stone base ; the roof is
tiled. Tlie building has been much ro]>aired,
and retains no original detail, but it is probably
of late media?val date. The plan is rectangular,
and on the ?f. si<le the upper storey projects.
Condition — Good.
" (7). Cottages, in the main street of the
village : on the E. side, a row of two-storeyed
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSniEE.
209
buildings, including the Windmill Inn, are
probably of the 17th century, but five of
the fronts have been renewed. Some of the
brick chimney stacks are original. On the
W. side, the Star Inn, also probably of the 17th
century, retains some original l)ri(k chimneys.
At the N. end, opposite the mill, is a block of
timber cottages with thatched roofs and a
square central chimney stack.
Condition — Fairly good.
'' (8). Cottage, at High Cross, on the E. side
of the main road, about 3 miles S.W. of the
church, is a 17th-century, timber-framed
and plastered building facing W. ; the steeply
pitched roof is tiled. On the front the
lower storey has been re-faced with modern
brick ; the upper storey projects, and is
sup])orted by curved brackets. Tlie N. and S.
ends are gabled, and the S. end has an old,
square bay window with a wood frame. Nearly
all the other window frames and the doorways
are modern. Tlie central chimney stack is
original, and has three detached sijuaro shafts
set diagonally.
Condition — Good.
The Village of Puckekidge (see also
Braughing) : —
"(9). Everett Hall and a House N. of it con-
tain eight oak doors, of r. lU^iO, originally
belonging to old houses in the village which
have been destroyed. Eoch door lias six ])anels
with good moulded edges worked on tl)e solid.
Condition — Good.
" (10). The Old George Inn, on the W. side
of the main street, is probably of the 17tli cen-
tury, and two Cottages, now used as stables, at
the N. end of the village, are probably of late
IGfh-century date. Tlie inn is a two-storeyed
buildinsf of timber and brick nofffrina:; the roof
is tiled. The N. end of the street front has a
(vide gateway, over which the upper storey
projects ; the S. end has a 19th-century brick
front and the interior has been much altered.
The cottages are built of timber with brick
nogging ; the roofs are tiled. The plan is
rectangular, and only one room dee[). In the
N. front are two four-centred doorways, one
with moulded edges and enriched spandrels ; the
dormer windows evidently always lighted an
upper storey, but the present floor is modern,
and one dormer window has been removed to the
gable at the W. end. All the windows have
leaded lights.
Condition — Of inn, good, much altered and
repaired ; of cottages, fairly good.
Unclassified:—
* (llj. Moated Tlmulus, S. of Eennesley
Garden Wood.
Condition — Fairly good.
(1). Babrow. (See under Roman above.)
123. STANSTEAD ABBOTS.
(O.S. G in. («)xxx. S.W. Wxxxvii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
'' (1). The Old Parish Church of St. James,
stands al)out ^ mile S. l)y E. of the village, in
a somewhat isolated position on a hill.
It is built partly of flint rubble and
partly of brick, with stone dressings; the
roofs are tiled. The Nave is probably
of the 12th century, as in the \'M\x cen-
tury the chancel was re-built to its present
size, and windows were inserted in the nave.
Earl}^ in the 15th century the West Tower was
built, and late in the same century the South
Porch was added. In 1577 a North Chapel
was built of brick, and probably about the same
time the chancel was altered and ])artly
re-faced, also with brick. The building is no
longer used as the parish church.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(32 ft. by 17i ft.) has a late 15th-century E.
window of three lights. In the N. wall is an
aicade of four bays ; the first arch is of one
chamfered order, and is probablv of later date
than the other arches, which foini a continuous
arcade, of (lie same date as tiie chajiel ; they
are two-centred aiul of one double ogee moulded
order, on octagonal columns with moulded
capitals ; the whole arcade is heavily plasteroil
and probably of brick. In the S. wall are two
windows of two lights with almost completely
modern tracery; they were inserted in the loth
century, when tliree 13th-centurv lancet win-
dows, of which traces remain, were destroyed.
There is no chancel arch. The North Chapel
(4U ft. by 15i ft.) has an E. window of three
lights and two N. windows of two lights,
all original but much restored. In the
E. gable, outside, is a stone inscribed 1577.
The Nave (47 ft. by 17| ft.) is in one
range with the chancel, and without struc-
tural division. The N. wall has l>een consider-
ably altered in fitting it to the L'ith-century
chancel, and in it are the blocked remains
of a doorway. In the S. wall are three windows
of two lights, probablj' inserted in the 15th
century, but the tracery is nearly all modern.
The westernmost window is set in the defaced
splay of a 13th-century lancet. The S. door-
way is also of the 13th century, and of two
2D
210
INVENTORY OF THE MONITMENTS OF HERTFOIIDSHIRE.
chamfered orders. The West Tower is of two
stages with an embattled parapet, angle but-
tresses, a stair-turret, in the S.Jv angle, which
rises above the parapet, and a lead-covered
needle spire. The early 15th-century tower
arch is of two moulded orders with shaft«d
jambs and moulded cajiitals; the original AV.
doorway is of two moulded orders, the outer
being square ; the three-light window above
it, and the bell-chamber windows, of two
light-s, are also original. The South Porch
is of open timber construction with a cusped
barge board. The Koof of the nave is plastered
on the rafters and collar beams, but the 15th-
century strutted king-posts and moulded tie-
beams and wall-plates are visible.
Fittings— Z?«//5.- three; 2nd 1617, 3rd 1605,
both by Robert Oldfeild. Brasses : in a slab on
S. wall of chancel, of knight, in armour, late
15th-century: on floor of chancel, of William
Saxaj-e, 1581, figure of civilian, with inscrip-
tion and arms : in the nave, of a man and his
wife with their hands joined, mid lOtb-cen-
tury, indents of inscription and shields, much
mutilated : shield, charged with three cheverons
quartering a cheveron between three bears'
heads erased : large slab with shield charged
with arms of Boteler, cheeky a fesse, and in-
dents of three others. Communion Table: late
17th-century. Door: in S. doorway of nave,
possibly medireval. Fotii : circular basin, part
of a 13th-century base reversed, on 15th-century
octagonal stem. Glass: in E. window of chapel,
dated 1573, with Elizabethan Eoyal arms.
Monuments : on N. wall of chajx;!, of Sir
Edward Baeshe, 1587, effigies of man, his wife
and children, in an architectural setting with
inscription. Piscina: in the chancel, double,
with plain pointed heads, 13th-century. Pulpit :
standard for canopy, IGth-century. Screc?is :
in the nave, lower part of 15th-century rood-
screen now forming the back of a pew : under
the tower arch, screen made up of fragments,
late 16th-century, with head apparently part of
15th-century rood-beam, with the three mor-
tices for the great rood. Miscellanea : Coffin
Slab: in churchyard, crudely worked, ])robably
13th-century, broken and overgrown.
Condition — Fairly good ; there is a dangerous
amount of ivj' ; the stair-turret of the tower is
unroofed and the top steps are dangerous.
Secular:—
a (2). IIoMESTEAD Mo.\T, in Moat Wood,
fragment.
*{3). IIye House, remains of (see also No.
9), about one mile S.W. of the church,
with a Moat. The remains consist of a large
16th-century gate-house, and a long low wooden
building, possibly of the 17th century. These
buildings were the scene of the " Kye llouse
Plot " in 1683, and are now open to the public.
The two-storeyed gate-house, facing E., is built
of red brick, covered with a diaper pattern of
blue bricks ; the roof is flat, and the embattled
jiarapet has cross-shaped piercings in the
merlons. The stone d<K)rway is in the centre,
and has a pointed arch in a square head; on each
side of it is a small brick-mouldetl window under
a square hood-mould. Over the windows are
slightly projecting bays, carried on a corbel-
table, which is repeated over the doorway at a
higher level. In the bays are mullioned oriel
windows, one of two lights, the other of three,
which light the first floor; they are finished
with embattled parapets, at the level of
the main parapet string-course. At the back is a
brick chimney stack, with a fine twisted shaft.
The entrance passage is flanked by small rooms ;
on the first floor is a single large room, which
has a fireplace of clunch, with moulded jambs
and a flat four-centred arch ; the overmantel
and the carved frieze under the ceiling are of
late 17th or early 18th-century date; in the
fireplace is a j)air of old dog-irons ; the room also
contains two 17th-century chests, and a writing-
desk, dated 1670. A circular staircase, opening
into the S.W. corner of this room, leads up to
the flat roof and down to a pseudo-dungeon.
The wooden building on the N. of the gate-
house contains a considerable quantity of
panelling of various designs and dates, much of
it jirobably collected from elsewhere ; some is
of lOth-centurj- linen pattern, and the rest
appears to be of the 17th century ; a large fire-
place has 17th-century woodwork round it. On
one of the panels are the arms : a cheveron
between three lions' heads erased, imj)aling
a chief with three stags' heads cabosscd
thereon.
Condition — Good.
* (4). St.\xstead Bi'RY (Manor-house), E. of
the old church, is a two-storeyed building,
remeuted outside ; it was probably built late in
the 16th century, but was entirely remodelled
in the 18th centurj-. The cellars are original,
and in them are two triangular-headed niehes.
In a bedroom window is some heraldic glass,
dated 1563.
Condition — Good.
" (5). BoNNiNGTONS, about three miles N.E.
of the old church, is an almost entirely modern
building, but the E. wing may be of the 17th
century, though it has been considerably
altered. It is of two storeys, and has twin tiled
INVENTORY OF THE MOXTJMENTS OF nERTFORDSHlRE.
211
roofs and tall brick chimneys. Inside the house
is an oak door, of two large panels, also probably
of the 17th century.
Condition — Good.
«(6). The B.veshe Almshouses, about f mile
N.W. of the old church, were built by Sir
Edward Baeshe early in the 17th century, and
consist of six brick cottages, of two storeys,
under one tiled roof. The upper windows are
set in three gables, and the original oak door-
jiosts and moulded oak window-frames remain.
Condition — Good.
" (7). The Old Clock School, at the E. end of
the High Street, is a small two-storeyed build-
ing of early 17th-century date, coated with
rough-cast ; the roof is tiled. The plan is
rectangular, and the W. front is gabled, but has
been altered. The school-room on the ground
floor retains original beams in the ceiling, and
oak mullioned windows.
Condition — Good ; much repaired and altered.
" (8). The Eed Lion Inn, in the middle of the
village, is a building of two storeys, coated
outside with modern rough-cast ; the roof is
tiled. It is at least of early 17th-century date,
but as it has been much altered, nothing more
definite can bo said. On the street-front the
upper storey projects, and there are five gables ;
the date " 1538," worked on the central gable,
is in modern figures. The rough-cast leaves
visible some plaster ornament in low relief, of
early 17th-century date, consisting of a car-
buncle and a lion rampant, etc., repeated
several times.
Condition — Good; much altered.
* (9). The Great Bed of Ware, is kept at the
Rye House tsee above, No. 3) ; it has the date
1463 painted on it, but was made late in the
ICth century. It was mentioned hy Shakespeare
in Twelfth Niglit, and may have come originally
from a manor-house in the neighbourhood of
Ware. It is a carved oak four-post bedstead,
about 11 ft. square and 8 ft. high. The po,st8
are square at the bottom ; more than half-way
up is an arcading of four round-headed arches
on round pillars, surrounding an o]ien space ;
below it the posts have plain sides, with
square panels enclosing smaller lozenge-
shaped panels. The upper parts are round,
elaborately carved in low relief., The back or
head of the bed is panelle<l, and the top has an
enriched frieze and cornice.
Condition — Good.
Unclassified: —
"(10). Tumulus, in Easneye Wood.
Cond ition — Poor.
124. STANSTEAD ST. MARGARETS.
(O.S. 6 in.
XXX.
S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
(1). Paeish Church of St. Maegaeet,
stands in the middle of the village. It is built
of heavily plastered flint rubble with stone
dressings; the roof is tiled. The Nave is of early
12th-century date; the Chancel, which has no
structural division from the nave, was re-built
in the middle of the 14th century; a North Aisle
and Chapel were added at the same time, but
were afterwards destroyed; the church is now a
rectangular building with two modern North
Vestries, one containing stairs leading to a
modern W. gallery.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(35 ft. by 19 ft.) has a 14th-century E. window
of four lights, much repaired. On the N.
side are two bays of pointed arcading, now
buried in the wall and only faintly visible.
During a recent restoration the capital and
part of one of the columns were exposed, and
photographed before being covered up again.
The columns are of four engaged shafts, sepa-
rated by roll-moulding, and the capitals have
plain bells and deep moulded abaci. Modern
windows are inserted in both ba3-s, and at the E.
end of the N. wall is a doorway to the vestry. In
the S. wall are two 14th-century windows of two
lights and, between them, a blocked 14th-cen-
tury doorway; a little AV. of these a slight break
indicates the junction of the 12th and 14th-
century walling. There is no chancel arch.
The Nave (32 ft. by 19 ft.) has two bays of
pointed arcading buried in the X. wall ; the
apex of one arch, of mid 14th-century date,
forms the head of the gallery door, and is of two
wave-moulded orders ; the whole arcade was
probably of the same detail and date. Under
the other arches are a mo<lern window and door-
way. In the S. wall at the E. end is a much-
repaired 14th-century window of two lights, and
W.of it is a small original window, nowblockcd,
with a semi-circular head cut from a single
stone, and the 14th-centui-y S. doorway of two
moulded orders. The W. window is modern.
Over the W. end of the nave is a small bell-cot.
In the Roof of the nave are three late 15th-cen-
tury trusses, with cambered tie-beams and
strutted king-posts.
Fitting.s — Bracket: on N. wall of chancel,
small and plain. Brasses and Indents: iu
N.W. vestry, slab with indents of foliated cross,
shields, and remains of marginal inscription in
French: in chancel, indent of half-figure of
priest, 15th-century. Floor Slabs : a number of
17th-century slabs to members of the families
2D 2
A—
213
INVENTORY OF TIIK MONIMENTS OF IIERTFOUDSIIIRE.
of Lawrence ami Cresset. Niches : on each side
of tlie E. window, ciiuiuefoileil niidie with
croiketted canopy, late 14tii-ieutury. J'iscina :
in the sill of S.E. window of chancel, Ixwl only.
Condition — Good, much restored and some-
what defaced.
Secular:—
(2). TiiK Manor Hor.sE, S. of the church, is
timber-franieii, and has tilcil roofs. It shows
traces of having been built in the ITth century,
but has been nuicii altered. The main entrance
has ornamental iron gates of the 18th century,
with an heraldic shield and crest over them.
Condition — Good.
Fittings — Dells: two; no marks. Glass: in
lln' ohl window of the nave, some fragments,
mid l-')th-century.
Condition — Oood ; much restored and en-
larged; the 12th-ceutury doorway is well
preserved.
125. STAPLEFORD.
(O.S. G in. xxix. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(Ij. rAUisu Chvrcii of St. Mary the
Viuui.v, stands on the E. bank of the livcr
lieane, E. of the village. It is built of
cemented Hint rubble, with stone dressings ; the
roof is tiled. The E. part of the Nave
was built probably c. 1150, and the Chancel,
from its proj)ortions, may be of the same date,
but early in the Itith century the chancel arch
was rej)laced by a now one, and the whole
church was re-roofed and generally repaired
and altered. In the I'Jth centui-y the nave was
lengthened 20 ft. towards the W., and a North
Transept, South Vcslnj and North Tower, of
which the ground stage serves as a porch, were
added.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(I'J ft. by 14 i ft.) has a modern E. window ;
in the N. wall is a blocked modern doorway
and a blocked window, of which the rear
aich is ])ossibly of the l^ith century, but
the exterior was altered in the 18th century.
In the S. wall is a mo-dern doorway to the
vestry. The IGth-century chancel arch is two-
centred, of two chamfered onlers with a
moulded capital at the springing. The Nave
(52 ft. by I'J ft.) has, in the N. wall, a modern
arch oi)ening into the tran8('])t, and a modern
window; l)etween thcin is a doorway of c. ll'jO,
which has a chevcrou-mouldcd semi-circular
head carried on circular shafts with leaf-
ornamented capitals. In (Ik! S. wall are some
iii(i(l(>rn windows and a window of (wo cinque-
loilccl lights with tracery, of mid 15th-
century date; at the E. end of the wall is a
thickening, which may indicate the position
of the former stairs to the rood-loft. The
Roof of the nave at the E. end is of the 16th
centurv.
126. STEVENAGE.
(O.S. (I in. ("ixii. S.E. Wxiii. S.W. Wxx. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical: —
" (1). Parish Ciicrcii of St. Nicholas,
stands about f mile N.W. of the town ; the walls
are probably of Mint, but are covereil with
cement. The nave, chancel and aisles have
embattled parapets, and the Hat roofs are
covered with lead. Tho Tower is the earliest
part, and was built in the first half of the 12th
century ; it aj)pears to have been the west tower
and porch combined of an earlier nave, which
was replace<l by the present Nave, with its
North and South Aisles, early in the 13th cen-
tury ; the aisles were widened c. 1;{.'10, when the
present Chancel, with its North and South
Chapels, took the place of the earlier (probably
l;ith-century) chancel. A doorway, now above
the roof of the nave, in the E. wall of the
tower, suggests that there was a high-pitched
roof of the 14th century; the present low-pitched
roof, with the clearstorey, is of the 15th century,
and the arches of the nave arcades with the
capitals are of later date than the bases and
])illars, and were probably inserted when the
lout' was rebuilt. The bell-chamber of the
tower was also added in the 15t]i century. The
South Transept is modern, and the South Porch,
if it is old, has been com])letely restore<l.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(;$!) ft. by 17 ft.) has a modern E. window of
four lights an<l tracery; (he N. window, now
blocked, is of three lights under a square head,
with an edge-roll on the inner jambs, and is of
the 14th century; the S. window is similar,
and has been rejjaired outside with cement. The
arcades, each of two bays, In'tween the chancel
an<l the N. and S. cha|K'ls, are of the 14th cen-
tury; both have octagonal mid«lle ]iillars, but
the resj)oiuls are difl'erent, those on the N. being
semi-octagonal and those on the S. semi-circular,
all have iuould(>d bases and capitals; the arches
are of two clianifere<l orders, and have moulded
labels. There is no chancel andi. The North
Chapel (25 ft. by 1.3 ft.) has a 14th-century
traceried E. window of four lights, with an inner
e<lge-roll like those in the chancel; it has been
much repaired with cement ; in the N. wall
are two 14tli-centuiy windows of two lights
inventohy of the monuments of hebtfoedshieb.
213
under jiointuJ Lends with labels, and a third win-
dow, ;i modern cojjy of tlie others; the eastern-
most is walled up outside, but the tracery is
exposed inside; the second is wholly blocked,
but the outline is visible outside. The South
Chapel (25 ft. by 12 ft.) has an E. window and
two S. windows similar to those in the N.
chapel, but those on the >S. have inner jambs
and arches moulded with an under-cut edge-
roll, and have moulded labels; outside they are
repaired with cement ; between them is a
pointed doorway, probably contemporary. The
Nave (48 ft. by IG ft.) has N. and S. arcades of
four ba3S ; the octagonal pillars and moulded
bases are of early 18th-century date, but the
moulded capitals and pointed arches (of two
hollow chajnfered orders) were inserted at the
beginning of the 15th century ; the bases are
mutilated, and the labels of the westernmost
bays have been, hacked away to make room for a
gallery. The clearstorey has 15tli-century
square-headed windows, which have lost their
tracery. The North Aisle (IJi^ ft. wide) has
three N. windows; the easternmost is of four
lights under a square head, and was probably
inserted in the 15th century, but now has
modern (racery ; the second, of two lights with
tracery under a pointed head, is probably of tlie
nth century, but the tracery is modern ; the
third is a similar window of the 14th century,
repaired outside ; close to the W. wall is a 14th-
contury doorway, restored ; the W. window, of
three lights with tracery, is modern. Tlio
South Aisle {VZ\ ft. wide) has a modern S. arcli-
way opening into the transept ; W. of it is a
14th-century two-light window, which re-
sembles those in the B. chapel, and near the W.
wall is the pointed 14th-century S. doorwav,
repaired ; the W. window is modern. The
West Tower (IG ft. by 15 ft.) is of two stages,
xindivided externally, with diagonal angle-
buttresses, ])robably added in the 15tii century,
an embattled parapet, and a leaded spire. The
tower arch is of the 12th century ; on the W.
side it has sliafted jambs, witli rudely carved
ca])itals, and an cdge-ioll in tlie somi-circular
liead, the E. .side is plain ; in the W. wall is a
12t li-c(>iitiiry do'fuway, restored with cement;
it lias shafted janil).s, with rude bases, ('a])itals
and abaci, and a round arch of two orders, tlu^
outer with an edge-roll ; in the N. and S. walls
are small roun(l-licade<l 12th-century windows,
sot high U]) in the wall ; above the tower arch is
a round-headed doorway, which foimerlv
opened into the 12tli-century roof, and over it
fbut now outside, above the roof of the nave) is
a pointed doorway, which probably gave access
to the former 14th-century roof : the E. wall of
the bell-chamber, on each side of this doorway,
has a small round piercing, and the other three
walls have two-lignt j^ointed windows of the
15th century, repaired. The South I'orcii is too
much restored for the dale of its erection to be
determined. The Roof of the chancel and nave
is low-pitched, with traceried trusses, and is of
the 15th century; the aisles have coeval ilat
lean-to roofs, though that of the N. aisle has
been repaireil; in the chancel the roof has
cai-ved angels at the feet of the principal cross-
ribs; the others have wood corbels, some being
carved.
Fittings —Bells : six ; one of 1070. Brasses
and Indents : in the ciianccl, of Stephen
Hellard, Itector, c. 151)0, priest in cope,
with inscription : in the N . aisle, indents
of a man and his two wives, their sons
and daughters, and inscription, mid 15th-
century: in nave, slab with indent of Horiated
cross and inscription, probably 14th-ccutury.
Font: square bowl carved with foliage, stand-
ing on circular stem and small round shafts
with moulded bases and capitals, early 13th-
century. Monuments : in chancel, mural, to
"William Pratt, H')2d : in !s'. aisle, upper part of
recumbent effigy of a lady with hands raised in
])rayer, an angel and a ])riest supporting her
elbows, late 13th or early 14th-century. Niche:
ill N.E. corner of N. chajjel, with large modern
bracket, and traceried canopy, probably IStli-
century. Piscina: in chancel, cement, possi-
bly old: in S. chajjcl, with cinquefoiled
head and trefoiled liasin, probably 14th-century.
Flute: cup and cover paten of 1634, paten and
flagon of 1083; all of silver. Screens: against
the E. wall behind the altar, upper part of a
traceried wood screen, now painted ; 15th-cen.
tury ; the lower part is at the entrance to the
chancel : between chancel ami cliajiel, two, of
oak, traceiied, 15th-century: anotiicrat W. eixl
of iS. cliajjel. Stalls: three in chancel and three
in tower, with carved misericords; late 14tli
or early 15th-century. Sedilia : in chancel,
three, of modern cement.
Conditiofi — Good.
Secular:—
''(2). IIoMKSTKAD Mo.VT, ill
Wliomerley
AVood. Tln-re is a slight outwork at (lie N.W.
corner.
Condit ion — Good.
«(3). TiiK Old Hirv, N.W. of the parish
cliurcli, is a small rectangular building of the
17th century. It is two-storeyed, faces S., and
has timber-framed walls wholly coated with
cement ; the roof is tilwl, and gabled longitu-
dinall}', with cross gables at the ends. At each
214
INVENTOET OP THE MONXTMENTS OF IIEETFOEDSHIRE.
end of the S. front is a gable, and in the middle
is a smaller gable. E. of the centre of the
house is a 17th-century plain brick chimney
stack. Interior: Some old tloor joists are
visible, and there is some ilint walling in a
cellar, possibly part of an earlier building which
is known to have existed on the spot.
Condition — Good.
* (4). Chzlls Maxoe House, now a farm-
house, situated about 2 miles E. of Stevenage,
is of early 17th-century date. Externallj- it is
coated with rough-cast; the roofs are tiled.
The plan is half H-shaped; the main block
faces S.W., and originally the two wings were
continued as outbuildings and enclosed a court-
yard, but a fire in 1896 destroyed the outbuild-
ings. At the end of the X.E. wing is a timber-
framed extension of one storey; the wall at the
N.E. end is of modern brick. At each end of
the S.W. front the upper storey projects and
has an overhanging gable above it. One
window in the room over the kitchen, now
blocked, is original ; it is of three lights, and has
moulded oak mullions and jambs. The chimney
stacks are of brick, the central stack having
sunk panels. Interior: The hall, now divided
into two rooms and a passage, originally
occupied most of the main block, and tho
doorway on the S-TV. front, now opening
into tile drawing-room, was the principal
entrance. The original wide fireplace in the
dining-room is now an ingle nook ; at the back
of it is an original narrow staircase lighted by a
small window. A few oricjinal oak d<x)rs re-
main. The cellar is paved with narrow bricks.
Condition — Good.
" (5). The Old TVoRKiiorsE, stands opposite
the modem Church of Holy Trinity, at the S.
end of the town. It is no longer used as the
workhouse, and was no doubt originally a
dwelling house; it is now the property of the
gas company. The building is rectangular,
and is probablv of early Ifith-century date. The
walls are of vertical timber-framing, filled with
plaster ; the roof is tile<l. The upper storey
projects at each end of the iS. front and is
gabled, and the E. and W. ends are also gabled ;
the window and door frames are modern ; there
is one dormer window and a plain 17th-century
chimney stack of brick. The interior has been
much altered.
Condition — Good.
High Steeet, E. side: —
" (6). The Grammar School, of the IGth cen-
tury, and several Houses, of tho 17th century.
The School is at the N.end of the bowling green.
It is known that a school existed in Stevenage
in 1312, but the grammar school was founded
in 1558 by Thomas Alleyn, rector of the parish.
About 1572 it was transferred to a building
which belonged to the English or Pettits' School,
founded in 15G1, and for more than 300 years
tlie schools were carried on together. In 1905
the buildings were much altered and enlarged,
but one small rectangular building of c. 1562
remains. Tho walls were originally of timber
with brick nogging, but have been almost
entirely faced with brick; the roof is tiled, and
at each end is a gable. The building consists
of one room of two bays; the roof, mainly
original, is of open timber construction; the one
truss has an ogee-moulded and cambered tie-
beam with curAed moulded angle-braces; the
purlins are also moulded. House opposite the
green, at the N. end of the street, is of two
storeys with attics, built in the I7th centurv of
timber and brick, and much altered and re-
fronted in the 18th century. The roofs are
tiled, and there is one original chimney stack.
On the N. side of the house is a range of out-
buildings, formerly malthouses, with a disused
kiln; they contain some large trusses of un-
certain date. Inn, opposite the White Lion
Inn (see No. 9), has a modern brick front, but
the two chimney stacks are of 17th-century
brick; one has thrccsquareshafts set diagonally.
Cottaqes, two, in a detached block of houses, are
covered with rough-cast on a brick base; the
roofs are tiled and have two small dormer
windows. House, at the S. end of the street,
now a shop and dwelling house, is of two storeys;
the front is gabled; the lower part is covered
with modern cement, and the upper storey has
basket-work pargetting arranged in panels.
The roofs are tiled. The central chimney stack
has three square flues. At the back of the house
are modern additions, but one original plastered
gable remains. The interior contains some old
ceiling beams, one being moulded, and a largo
open fireplace has been filled in.
Condition— Of school, fairly good ; of houses,
good on the whole, most of them have been
restored; of cottages, dilapidated.
a (7). The Castle Inn and an adjoining
Cottage, originally one building, are of late
inth-century date, with modern additions and
alterations.' Part of the front has a brick base,
and the upper storey, with two gables, has
panels of basket-work pargetting restored with
cement. All the window, of the inn arc
modern, but some of those in the cottage have
leaded lisrhts. The roofs are tiled, and the inn
has a brick chimney sfack with three square
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOUDSHIEE.
215
flues. In the parlour of the inn is a large open
fireplace, with a massive beam over it, in which
is cut a flat foiir-centred arch.
Condition — Fairly good.
W. side : —
" (8). Houses and Cottages, a number of small
buihlings of ITth-century date, generally of two
storeys, with tiled roofs; some liave basket-
work pargetting and original chimney stacks.
The interiors are almost wholly modern, but
some retain open fireplaces, which have been
reduced in size to fit modern grates. Four
Cottaqes in ono range, at the N. end of the street,
standing back from tlie road, are of two storeys,
timber-framed and plastered, except the front,
which is partly of brick, and is gabled ; the roofs
are tiled. The chimney stacks are built of thin
bricks. A large open fireplace remains in one
cottage, but is reduced to fit a modern grate.
Cottage, at the junction of the Hitchin road, is
also of the ITth century, but on the front the
ground floor was faced with brick at a later date.
The end is gabled, and shows some timber-work ;
the two chimney stacks are of thin bricks. House
near the N. end of the street, has an overhang-
ing upper storey. The walls are almost entirely
re-faced with brick, but the overhanging part is
covered with rough-cast, and tliore is a little
original baskot-work pargetting. The roofs are
tiled, and the central chimney stack is built of
thin bricks. House, adjoining the S. end of the
Red Lion Inn (see No. 10), is probably also of
the 17th century, but much restored. House,
further S., is a small building, and part of it is a
shop. The plan is L-shaped, and tho front has
a gable at each end, and a dormer window in
the middle. The lower storey is of plastered
brick, and the upper storey of pargetted timber.
The roofs are tiled, and tho central chimney
stack has three octagonal brick shafts on a
moulded base. Cottage, further S., has a modern
plastered front, a tiled roof, with two gabled
dormer windows, and a central chimney stack
with three square shafts built of 17th-century
bricks.
Condition — All good, much restored.
«(9). The White Lion Inn, near the K. end of
the street, is of late 17lh-century date : the walls
have been almost entirely re-faced with brick ;
the roofs are tiled, and there are two chimney
stacks built of 17th-centui-y bricks. The wide
entrance to the yard has some original con-
structional timbers supporting the floor above
it, and a semi-classic turned column, which
formerly supported a gallery. The interior
contains some large moulded beams in the ceil-
ings. An open fireplace in the bar has been
blocked.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (10). The Red Lion Inn has a bracketed
timber coach entrance. The front has been re-
stored, but on the N. side of the yard is part of a
16th-century building, which has a projecting
up2x;r storey of close vertical timberwork, with
plaster filling. The roofs are tiled. A timber
outhouse on the S. side of the yard has a little
basket-work pargetting on the E. side.
Condition — Fairly good.
Unclassified:—
<: (11). Tumuli, six mounds known as ' The
Six Hills,' about | mile S. of Stevenage.
Condition — Good.
127. STOCKING PELHAM.
(O.S. 6 in. xiv. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1) P.\Kisu CnuKcii OF St. Maky, stands in
open country, about 5 miles N.W. by N. of
Bishop's Stortford. It is built of flint, with
oolite dressings; thcchancel roof is tiled and the
nave roof slated. The N. walls of the Cliancel
and Nave are in one plane, althiuigh that of the
nave appears to be of earlier date ; the earliest
details which remain point to a chancel and
nave of equal width existing c. 13G0. Late in
the 14th or early in the 15th century the nave
was widened towards the S., probably by the
addition of a narrow aisle, with a wooden arcade
which has now disappeared. Nothing of the
subsequent history of the church is apparent
until the lUth century. In 1804 the E. wall
and the eastern part of the S. wall of the chancel
were rebuilt in brick.
Architectural Description — -The Chancel
(25 ft. by 15^ ft.) has a modern E. window of
three lights with tracery. In the N. wall is a
small, pointed doorway, with moulded jambs of
cluucli; the rear arch is on the outside and has
either served as the entrance to a former vestry
or has been re-set and reversed at some period ;
in the same wall is a mid 14th-ccnturv window
of one light, with moulded jambs and pointed
head; the label and sill outside are modern. In
the S. wall is a small doorway, now blocked, and
not visible in the cemented face outside, and a
14tli-century window of two lights, under a
square head; the outer jambs of the window are
much perished ; the label is of cement. The
chancel arch has been replaced by a modern
arch and partition of wood. The Nare
(35 ft. by 23 ft.) has a N. window of two lights
under a traceried, pointed head of c. 13G0, partly
216
IXVENTOET OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFOKDSHIEE.
restored. The 14th-century N. doorway is
blocked; it has moulded jambs and a pointed
arch of chinch; only the head and part of the
E. jamb are orifrinal, the rest, with the label,
is modern. In the S. wall are two modern win-
dows of 14th-century character, and a modern
doorwav. The W. window has modern tracery,
but the sill and rear arch are old, possibly of
late 14th-centurv date. The Roofs arc pabled
and have jdasteretl ceilings. Over the W. end
is a small w<mk1 bell-turret, partly carried on
framework from the Hoor of the nave.
Fittings — Bell : inscribed, ' Viccncius Reboot
vt I'unria Xoxia Tollat' possibly by William
Founder, early loth-century. Jirnns and
Indents: in the nave, slab with brass shield,
a merchant's mark upon it, said to be the mark
of the Hudlestones, probably IGth-century, and
indent of inscription : imder the seats on S.
side, slab with indent of half-figure of priest.
Glass: in S. window of chancel, a few frag-
ments, 14th and 15th-century. Piscina : in S.
wall of nave, 14th-century.
Condition — Generally good; ivy on the S.
wall of the chancel may do damage; the jambs
of the S. window of the chancel arc much
perishwl.
Secular: —
HoMESTF..\D Moats: —
(2) N.E. of the church, fragment.
(3) Surrounding the rectory, a stirrup-shaped
moat.
128. TEWIX.
(O.S. G in. Wxxviii. X.E. Wxxix. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1) I'arisii OnrHcn of St. Pktek, stands in
an isolated position aljout ^ mile S.TT. of the
village ; the walls are built of flint treated with
thin cement ; the roofs are tiled. In the 11th
centurv the building consisted probably of a
nave and chancel only ; the Xave remains, but
early in the 13th centurv the Chancel was re-
built or lengthened, and later in the same cen-
tury the Souih Aisle was added and a range of
small dearstorej' windows inserted above the
arcade. In the loth centurv the roof of the
nave was renewed, and that of the aisle raised.
The Tower appears to be of late loth-century
date, and the South Porch of the IGth century.
The North Vestry is modern.
The church is interesting on account of the
unusually early date of the clearstorey.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(28J ft. by 15 ft.) has a late loth or early IGth-
centurj- E. window of three lights, repaired,
but with an original label outside. In the N.
wall a modern doorway oj)ens into the vestry,
and in the S. wall are two early 13th-century
lancet windows and a late loth-century window
of two lights under a square head. The chancel
arch, ])ossibly of the 14th century, is of two
chamfered orders dying into the splayed jambs.
The Xace (3G^ ft. by 18| ft.) has, high up in the
N. wall, a small blocked window, with a round
head of c. lU8t), on each side of it is a
late 15th-centuiy window of two lights under a
square head, and next to the chancel arch is the
E. jamb and jiart of the rear arch of a blocked
window, probably of the 13th century, de-
stroyed when the loth-century windows were in-
serted. The N. doorway, with a pointed arch,
is almost entirely modern ; over it is a small
square window, probably inserted to light au
ISth-century gallery which no longer exists.
On the S. side is a 13th-century arcade of three
bays ; it has octagonal pillars and responds,
with moulded bases and capitals, and pointed
arches of two chamfered orders ; over the pillars
are the remains of two clearstorey windows
of the same date, circular outside, and
with round-headed rear-arches ; they are now
blocked and enclosed by the roof of the aisle.
The South Aisle (7 ft. wide) has a late 15th-
century E. window of two lights under a square
head, and in the S. wall are two 13th-century
lancets; the S. doorway was inserted in the
middle of the 14th century, and has moulded
jambs and a pointed arch, with a label
outside, of which the stops are much defaced.
The West Toicer (12 ft. sq.) is of two stages,
with diagonal buttresses on the W. side,
an embattled para])et and a shingled spire;
the centre is N. of the central line of the
nave, the two X. walls being almost in a line;
the tower arch is ])]ain, of two chamfered
orders dying into square jambs; the TV. door-
wav is modern : over it is a single light, jiossibly
a l3th-centurv lancet, re-used; the bell-chamber
has original windows of two lights. The South
Porch is built of timber and brick ; the entrance
is blocked by an ISth-ccntury monument. The
Poof of the nave is of the 15th century; it is
ceiled with plaster below the rafters and
collars, but the moulded tie-beams are exposed.
Fittings— 7?<7/.s .• six ; five of 1G73. limss :
in the S. aisle, of Thomas Pygott, IGIO, with
inscription, and arms. Communion Table: pro-
bably late 17th-century. Floor Slabs: in the
chancel, part of Purbeck marble slab to
Walter de Louthe, Rector, early 14th-centurv :
in recess on S. side of chancel, fragments.
Niche : in first pillar of nave arcade, probably
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEKTFORDSHIEE.
217
for image. Piscina : in chancel, with tref oiled
pointed head and scroll-moulded label, the bowl
partly cut away, early 14th-century. Plate :
includes cup of 1564. paten of 1662, paten of
1687, flagon of 1688, alms-dish of 1702, all
silver. Stoup : near the S. doorway, deep oval
recess, of rude workmanship. Miscellanea :
sundial, scratched on a quoin S.E. of the
chancel.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
' (2) Queen- Hog, stands on high ground Ij
miles N.N.E. of the church; it is of two storeys
and attics, and was built c. 1560-70; the
walls aro of red brick with diamond patterns
picke<l out in blue brick on the S. front, in the
W. wall above the windows of the first floor and
less distinctly in the E. wall; the bricks vary
from 2 J to 2f inches in thickness; the plinth
round the building has at the top a course of
moulded brickwork covered with cement; the
roofs are tiled.
The building is a good specimen of a 16th-
century country house, almost unaltered. The
original mural painting is especially interesting.
The plan is roughly rectangular, but the S.
front has a very shallow, projecting wing at
each end ; and the N. front has a larger wing
E. of the centre, containing the stairs, and a
low, modern addition on the E. The E. and W.
walls are gabled, and the roof of the staircase
wing is hipped. The small S. wings also have
gables which rise well above the main eaves;
each gable has three tall, round pinnacles, with
moulded bases, and sides enriched with small
triangular facets ; the caps have disappearetl.
On the N. side are three projecting chimney
stacks, with square detached shafts, set
diagonally. All the windows are muUioned and
have dressings of cement. There is an entrance
in the N. wall, with a modern porch, another in
the E. wall, to the kitchen, and two on the S.
front, one opening into a passage which leads to
the staircase. The kitchen, with a large, open
fireplace, is on the E., and on the W. is the
hall, or dining-room, with an original fireplace
01 dark brown stone, having moulded jambs and
a flattened Tudor arch, with straight sides, in
a square, moulded head. The parlour, or draw-
ing-room, W. of the hall, has a similar fireplace.
The partitions between these rooms have visible
oak beams, varnished and apparently re-worked.
In the small S.W. wing is a lobby leading to the
parlour. The staircase has oak treads and a
timber-framed central newel about 2 ft. 6 in.
square, in which are several recesses. Two of
the four rooms on the first floor have fireplaces
like that in the hall, and one (over the kitchen)
has a stone fireplace, with a moulded four-
centred arch. Over the fireplace in the room
above the parlour are the remains of a mural
painting, in which the figure of a bearded man,
in a long robe with a lace tippet, is kneeling
before a bishop, in a mitre ; behind him are
several ladies in Elizabethan dress and ruffs,
also kneeling, and in the background are two
almost nude figures ; the larger has a halo
round his head, and his hand reste on what
appears to be a large viola, the other is holding
up his anns ; the figures are painted red and
part of the background is green.
An old wall surrounds a small, square garden
S. of the house.
Condition — Good.
*" (3). The Rectory, near the road N. of the
church, is an 18th-century brick house, which
has, on the E. side, part of a 17th-centurv
timber building of two storeys, coated outside
with ISth-centuiy cement ; the ix>of is tiled,
and the central chimney stack is old, but i.s
repaired at the top. The kitchen on the ground
floor has a wide fireplace and a recess on the
S. side. A room on the first floor is panelled in
high and narrow divisions, partly of the 17th
century, and above the fireplace are some
moulded panels of the same date.
A Tithe Bar7i and a Stable, N.E. and E. of
the house, are probably of the 17th century.
The barn is of timber, covered with weather-
boarding, and has a thatched roof. The stable
is a brick and timber building, of two storeys;
the roof is tiled.
Condition — Good, but the S. wall of the
stable is covered with iw.
129. THERFIELD.
(O.S. 6 in. Wiv. N.E. (*)iv. S.E. Wviii. N E.
Wviii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
* (1). Parish Chuuch of St. M.\ry, on the
S.W. of the village, is a modem building, but
stands on the site of the old church, of which it
contains some fragments and fittings, dating
from the 13lh to the 17th century. The Roofs
are modern, but incorporate some carved figures
of angels and some bosses of the 15th centurv.
'Fittings— Bells : six; 1st 1689, 2nd and 3rd
1626, 4th by John Dier, 1597, 5th 1608. 6th
1707. Font: octagonal, with plain, moulded
basin, late 14th - century. Monuments : in
vestry, slab with incised cross: near it a stone
with minute recumbent eifigy in curious posi-
tion, and two female figures, in relief, 14tli-
2£
218
INVENTORY OF THE MONtTMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
century : in tower, large carved mural monu-
ment of cedar to Ann (Horton), wife of Francis
Turner, 1G77, with carved figures of Time and
Death. Piscina: re-set in S. wall of chancel,
double, with shafted jambs, early 14th-
century. Plate : includes two flagons of 1667.
Se<liliti: re-set in S. wall of chancel, almost
wholly restored, a few 15th-century stones.
Miscellanea : in a recess in N. wall of chancel,
a stone coffin : in the tower, three carved wooden
figures of angels, 15th-century : on sills of
chancel windows, and in vestry, many frag-
ments of carved stone, enriche<l mouldings and
corbels dating from the 13th to the 16th
century.
Condition — Of fittings, fairly good ; some of
the fragments are loose.
Secular:—
''(2). Mount, with Attached Baileys, form-
ing a Fortified Village, N.W. of the church,
standing about 520 ft. above O.D.
Detailed Description — The Mount, which
shows no traces of masonry, stands 5 ft. above
the ditch, and is 57 ft. in diameter at the base.
It is defended on the N. by a dry ditch, from
which branches another ditch, also dry, em-
bracing the Bailey on the TV.; the bailey, in-
cluding the ditch, covers one acre. There are
slight traces of an inner rampart on the S. and
W. sides, and the S.E. arm of tho bailey is
formed by a long pond. Other Enclosures :
there are "the remains of a larger enclosure on
the S., and traces of a rampart and ditch, which
run N.W. from the N.'W. arm of the bailey.
Entrances: the position of the entrance is not
certain, but there is a track through the N.W.
corner of the bailey.
Dimensions — Greatest length through moiint
and bailey X.E. to S.TV., 270 ft Greatest width,
N.W. to S.E., 180 ft.
Condition — Much denuded.
Homestead Moats : —
« (3). At Mardleyburj', fragment.
« (4). At Fivehouse Farm.
'(5). Bull Moat, N.W. of Buckland Church.
<* (6). At Hodenhoe Manor.
6(7). The Rectory, S.E. of tho church,
consists of a main building of brick, which
faces N., and is of late 18th-centurj- date, and
a two-storeyed structure on the E., which is
built of flint rubble and clunch, and is of the
15th century.
It is difficult to say exactly what part of the
mediaeval building is represented by these
remains, but their size and style indicate a
house of some importance, which, as they are
well preserved, makes them of unusual interest.
The original plan of the mediiEval part of
the house has been somewhat obscured. It is
now composed of a rectangular block about
35 ft. by 30 ft., with a wing, 24 ft. by 12i ft.,
consisting of outhouses and lofts, projecting to
the S., but the larger part appears to have been
originally a long block with a short wing pro-
jecting to the E. at each end. The addition of
a wall, at some uncertain date, joined up the
free ends of these wings and gave the building
its present rectangular form. The evidences of
this are an offset in the present E. wall, partly
quoined in clunch, and a straight joint which
mark tbe N.E. angle of the S. projecting wing
and the S.E. angle of that on the N.; the wall
between them is also thinner than the other
walls, and is largely built of 18th-century brick,
anl in the original N. wall of the S. wing is a
blocke<l doorway facing X. The S. wall of the
N. wing has disappeared on the gix>und floor,
but is represented by a partition on the first
floor, which is carried on a beam. The main
block now contains the kitchen, with a long
room over it. The two projecting wings and the
space between them now contain sculleries on
the ground floor, and on the first floor a long
room on the S.; the space of the N. wing is
now, and possibly always was, occupied by a
small chapel, as there are traces of a large E.
window. Tlio main block is roofed with a ridge
running X. and S. to a gable at each end. A
ridge running at right angles to this finishes in
a gable over the chapel, and a third ridge,
jiarallel with the first, completes the roof. The
N. Elevation has in the centre the stair-turret,
with an original window on the W., which
lights the kitchen, and is of four cinquefoiled
lights with moulded heads and mullions and a
square-headed label ; above it, under the gable,
is a similar window of two lights; E. of
the turret, on the ground floor, is an original
two-light window, now made into a door, and
above it are two other windows of two lights,
now blocked, which originally lighted the
chapel. Tlie E. Elevation retains no old
windows, all having been renewed in the 18th
century or later. In the gable of tho chapel are
traces of a large pointed window, now partly
blocked with brick^ and filled with a double-
hung sash. On the S. of this window is the
straight joint, and still further S., the offset in
the wall already mentione<l. The S. Eleration
has a double gable, and, on the ground floor,
an original window of four lights, of which two
have been converted into a door. Interior : in
THKKFIKI,!).
THK RKCTOIIV ; SH(J\VIX(; l.^TH-CKNTriiV NdltTIi (iAItl.l':. Ac.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF IIEETFOEDSHIEE.
219
the W. wall of the kitchen is a wide fireplace,
partly blocked, of uncertain date, and in the
opposite wall is a large round-headed recess,
with an original door on each side, which has
a two-centred head and double-ogee mouldings.
lutheN. wall of the S. scullery is a blocked door
with the rear-arch on the S. A door in the W.
wall of the kitchen is of similar detail^ but has
been defaced. The chapel is lined with oak
panelling of late 17th-century date in large
bolection - moulded panels, with a classical
cornice.
Condition — Good; much altered.
* (8). Elm House, one furlong N. of the
church, is a two-storeyed building plastered ex-
ternally; the S. part is timber- framed, and the
N. part is probably of brick. The plan is rect-
angular, and consists of two distinct sections,
the S. block built probably early in the Ifitli
century, and the other added c. 1700 ; the older
part has a tiled roof and a large square central
chimney stack, the other part is roofed with
tiles on the S. and with slate on the N., and
has a chimney stack at each end. The central
hall in the S. block, with a room on each side
of it, has a large open brick fireplace and a fine
ceiling of moulded oak beams; on the first fl^jor
are plastered brick fireplaces with four-centred
arches. The N. block has a small hall containing
the staircase with rooms on each side, and
retains many original doors and other fittings.
Condition — Good.
6 (9). The Limes, about 150 yards E. of the
church, was built possibly in the 17th century,
but has been much altered and enlarged.
Condition — Good.
* (10). House, used as the village reading-
room, about 110 yds. N. of the cburch, was built
probably at the end of the Ifith contur^^ It is
a timber-framed building of two storeys, facing
N"., and has a thatched roof. At eacb end of the
front the iipper storey, covered with weather-
Warding, projects and is gabled ; the steep-
pitchefl roof between the gables is carried down
to tlie level of the ground floor coiling, and con-
tains a dormer window. The E. gable has an
original feathered and moulded barge-board.
The central chimney stack has three original
octagonal shafts. Inside the house are some old
oak floor beams, and a large open fireplace.
Condition — Good.
* (IIV House, now divided into two cottaares,
about 70 A'ards E. of the church, was built la^o
in the Ifith or earlv in the 17th centurv. It
is of two storeys, timber-framed and plastere<l ;
the roof is thatched. The plan is rectan-
gular, and the overhanging upper storey on the
N. and W. sides is supported on brackets, as
well as on the projecting floor joists. At the E.
end of the building is a gable, and at the W.
end is a cross gable, with weather-boarded ends
facing N. and S. The central chimney stack
has square shafts set diagonally. In the ceiling
of the ground floor are some good mouldcnl
beams.
Condition — Good.
* (12). Cottages, a group, at Tuthill, about
300 yards N.W. of the church, probably origi-
nally formed one house, built in the 17th cen-
tury; the walls are timber-framed and plas-
tered ; the roofs are tiled and contain dormer
windows.
Condition — Good.
Unclassilied:—
"—* (1-3). Tumuli and Barrow : A group of
five tumuli, en echelon, and one long barrow to
the S., lie on Therfield Heath, W. of Royston,
on a spur of the Chiltern Hills, about 390 ft.
above O.D. They form a most interesting
group ; the long barrow is the only one remain-
ing in the county.
The diameter of the base of the tumuli
varies from 27 ft. to 06 ft., and the height from
3 ft. to 12 ft. The barrow is 125 ft. long
from E. to W. by 05 ft. broad at its base, and is
from 5 ft. to 8 ft. high. Another isolated
tumulus lies 350 yards to the E., and there
are three others within a distance of half a
mile.
Condition — Fairly good. The barrow and
three of the tumuli appear to have been opened.
130. THOELEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xsiii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Tamer, stands
about 1| miles from Bishop's Stortford. It is
jirobably built of flint ruljblc with chinch dress-
ings, but is heavily plastered and cemented.
The Chancel and Nave are of early 13th-century
date, b\it the S. doorway of the nave is 12th-
centurv' work, re-set. The chancel arch was
T-ebuilt about the middle of the 14th century,
and tlic llV.sf Tower was added at the beginning
of the 15th century. The North Vestry and
Smith Porch were added in the 19th century,
and the whole church was restored and much
defaced with cement.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(31 ft. by 20i ft.) has a modern E. window. In
the N- ■'S'iill fii'P ^ 13tli-ccntury lancet window.
2E 2
220
IXVBNTOEY OF THE MOXTJMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIRE.
a modem window (possibly a restoration), and a
13tli-century doorway, much i-estored. In the
S. wall are also a l-ith-century lancet and two
windows, with modern tracery, possibly in old
openings. The chancel arch is of two chamfered
orders, with half octagonal responds and
moulded capit^als. The Nave (4-3 ft. by 23^ ft.)
has. at the E. end of the X. wall, the rood-loft
stairs, with both doors remaining. The N. and
S. walls each have two windows of two lights,
almost completely modern, but possibly in 15th-
century openings, with a 13th-century lancet
window between them. The 12th-century S.
doorway has been re-set and much restored ; it
has a semi-circular, cheveron-moulded head and
twisted shafts with scalloped capitals. The
West Tower (12^ ft. by 11 ft.) is of three stages,
with embattled parapet and a small slated
needle-spire. It is not buttressed; the S.E.
stair-turret has a small entrance door inside the
tower, with shafted jambs, foliated capitals,
etc., of unusual detail. The tower arch is of
three moulded orders, with pilastered jambs and
moulded capitals. The W. doorway has a two-
centred inner, and a square outer order, with
blind spandrel tracery ; the tracery of the
window above it is modern. The bell-chamber
windows, of two lights, are probably original,
but much restored with cement.
Fittings— i?e//s ; three ; 1st and 2nd. 1682 ;
3rd, 1628. Brass: in the nave, to John
Duke, 1606 ; inscription only. Fot)t : square
bowl, ornamented with round-headed sunk
panels, 12th-century, on modem stem.
Piscirue: in chancel, cinquefoiled, late 14th-
century: in the nave^ on S.E., trefoiled recess,
much restored, possibly for piscina. Plate :
includes cup and cover paten of 1562. Sedilia :
S. wall of chancel, triple, with cinquefoiled
heads and spandrel tracery, late 14th-century.
Sfoup : near the W. doorway, small niche.
Condition — Fairly good, but much defaced
with cement.
Secular:—
(2). TnoRLET Hall, a farm-house E. of the
church, with a 'Moat. The house is of r. 1435.
and is built of plastered timber; the roof is
tiled. Part of the building has been destroyed,
but it appears to have consisted originally of a
central block, facing E. and "\V.. and contain-
in{j the hall, a solar wing on the S. and a
kitchen wingon the N., thus forming either an
H, or a modified E plan. The kitchen winer and
the N. end of the hall have been destroyed, and
the plan is now L-shaped. A large chimney
stack was inserted at the S. end of the hall, c.
1600. In the 18th century the S. front was
faced with brick, and the whole building much
altered, and in the 19th century additions were
made on the X. and 2s. E. The roof of the hall
is ridged from end to end, and half-hipped on
the 2v. The sohir wing is gabled, and the upper
storey projects on the W. side. The other eleva-
tions have been much altered, and the windows
are of the 18tli and 19tli centuries. A floor
lias been inserted in the hall, and in the room
above it are the remains of one of the original
queen-post trusses of the roof, which is ceiled
with plaster on the rafters and straining-beam.
The tic-beam has been cut away between
the queen-posts, and both tie-beam and
straining-beam are chamfered, and have cui-ved
angle-braces. The queen-posts rest on moulded
octagonal bases of unusual profile, and the
purlins have struts. The dining-room, at the
W. end of the solar wing, is lined with early
17th-century panelling, and has remains of a
plain fluted frieze.
Only a fragment of the moat remains.
Condition — Of house, good ; much altered.
(3). HorsE, now divided into cottages, } mile
N.E. of the church, was built late in the 16th
or early in the 17th century. It is a gable<l
building of two storeys ; the roof is tiled. An
orijjinal chimney stack remains ; the window
frames, etc., are modem, and the interior has
been remodelled.
Condition — Fairly good.
(4). Stocks and "Whippixg-Post, in the
churchyard on the X. side, are surrounded by
an iron railing. Only the lower board of the
stocks with four holes in it, remains; the whip-
ping-post has two semi-circular grooves on two
sides, covered by the original iron clasps.
Condition — Much repaired.
131. THROCKIXG.
(O.S. 6 in. xiii. N.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of Holt Trinity, stands
in an isolated position on high ground 2 miles
N.W. of lUintingford. and is built of flint
coated with cement ; the dressings are of chalk
and oolite ; the upper half of the tower is of red
brick ; the roofs are slated. The earliest part is
the lower half of the Tower, wliich is of the 13th
century : the present Chnncel and Nave were
built early in the 15th century, and the South
Porch later in tlie same century ; the upper
part of the Toirer was rebuilt in 1660 ; the
church was re-roofed and the vestry added in
the 19th century.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
221
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(19 ft., to the chancel step, by 18 ft. wide) is
the E. part of a plain rectangular plan; the E.
window is of three lights with tracery of the
15th century, partly repaired; on the N. side is
an original doorway now opening into the
vestry, and next to it is a modern stone screen :
in the >S. wall is a single light with re-uscd
jambs, apparently of the 14th century, and a
15th-centuiy traceried head. The Nave (31 ft.
by 18 ft.) has a 15th-century N. window of two
lights with tracery, much restored, and a similar
S. window; the S. doorway has 15th-century
moulded jambs and a four-centred arch with a
label. The South Porch has a single light in
the E. wall; the entrance archway has moulded
jambs, a four-centred arch under a square head,
and a label. The West Tower (9 ft. square) is of
two stages ; the lower stage is built of flint, and
has 13th-century N. and S. lancet windows with
modern external stonework, and a 15th-century
W. window of three lights with restored tracery
and mullions. The tower arch has 15th-century
shafted jambs and a four-centred head of the
same date as the upper stage of the tower. This
stage is of red brick with stone quoins, and
bears the date 1660 in a panel on the S. side ;
it has a plain parapet, which retains the stumps
only of former pinnacles at the comers; an octa-
gonal stair-turret of cemented brick, corbelled
out below in an ogee form, projects at the
S.W. corner, and is carried above the parapet;
the windows of the bell-chamber are single
lights with round heads. The Roofs are modern,
but some carved figures of angels^ re-\ised, are
probably of the 17th century.
Fittings — Font : of chalk, bowl with panelled
sides of different designs, panelled stem,
15th-century. Monument : floor slab to Sir
Thomas Soame (who built the upper half of the
tower), 1670. Seating : in the nave, almost all
17th-century : in the chancel, one poppy-head
on a bench-end, probably early 17th-century,
carved with three human figures and a bird.
Miscellanea : on the N. wall of the nave,
three consecration crosses, painted red.
Condition — Good, but there is a dangerous
amount of ivy on the walls.
Secular:—
H0MESTE.4D Mo.lTS :
(2). At Throcking Hall. There are traces of
a brick revetment to tlie island, and also of
brick foundations.
Condition — Fairly good.
(3). At the Rectory, fragment.
132. THUNDRIDGE.
(O.S. 6
in. XXX.
N.W.)
Ecclesiastical :-
(1). The Old Parish Chi'ecii: only the
Tower remains ; it stands in an isolated position
near the river Rib, about ^ mile E. of Wades-
mill. The walls are of flint rubble coated with
cement; the dressings ai-e of stone. It was built
in the 15th century, and the rest of the church
was pulled down in 1853.
Architectural Description — The Tower is of
three stages, with angle buttresses on the W.
side, and a straight parapet. The tower arch is
much defaced, and is now built up ; a 12th-cen-
tury doorway, also much defaced, has been in-
serted, and above it a 14th-centuiy window, well
preserved, both evidently from the original
church. The doorway has a round arch, with
cheveron and other mouldings; the window is of
two trefoilcd liglits with tracery under a
square head. On the S. wall is a stone with
a quatrefoil piercing and in the centre a
rose; in the W. wall is a doorway, with a
window above it of the 15th century. The
15th-century bell-chamber windows are each
of two lights, trefoiled, with a quatrefoil in the
head.
Fittings — Bells : four (now in the modern
parish chiirch); 1st, medireval, probably by
•John Danvell, inscribe<l, 'Johannes est 7Wmen
ejus ' ; 2nd, 1623; 3rd, 1631; 4th, bv John Dier,
1580.
Condition — Fairly good, but requires atten-
tion. The upper stages arc held together by iron
bolts and glands ; much of the coping of the
parapet has broken away. Two low buttresses
were built on the E. side after the destruction of
the church.
Secular:—
(2). Thundridge Bury, house (ruins), and
Moat, about 110 yards N. of the tower of the
old church. The only remains of the house con-
sist of a red-brick chimney stack, about 45 ft.
high, with fireplaces, now blocked, on the S.
side. The house was of oarlv 17th-century date.
At Youngsbury, in Standon, is preserved a
17th-century oak panel with the arms of Gar-
diner, said to have come from a chimney-piece
at Tliundridge Bury.
Condition — The stack has a slight crack on
the N. side, and has been buttressed on the S,
The moat is in fairly good condition.
222
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
133. TOTTEEIDGE.
(O.S. C in. xlv. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical! —
(1). P.vRisH CntTRon OF St. Andrew, stands
on a hill in the centre of the village, about
If miles S. of Chipping Barnet. It was entirely-
rebuilt in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Fittings — rrom the old church; Bells: two,
IGIT. Monument: on N. wall of nave, to
Dorothy Taylor, 1673, and Susanna Turner,
1672, daughters of Eichard Turner. Plate:
includes a silver-gilt cup of 1599. From
Hatfield Church, Pulpit: early 17th-century.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
(2-3). Barns, two, one W. of the church,
and the other belonging to Copped Hall ; both
are built of timber with tiled roofs, and are
probably of the 17th century.
Condition — Fairly good.
134. TRING, Urban and Rural (with Long
Marston).
(O.S. 6 in. («)xxv. N.W. <«xxv. S.W. Wxxxii.
N.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
*(1). Parish Churoh of St. Peter and St.
Pattl, stands on high ground at the N.E. end of
the village, opposite the main entrance to Tring
Park. It is built of flint, with random blocks
of stone ; the roofs are covered with lead. Little
remains of the 13th-century church on the site
but the N. wall of the Chancel. Early in the
14th century the South Aisle was widened, the
Porch was added, and later in the same
century the West Toicer was apparently begun.
In the l-5th century the Nave arcades were
rebuilt, the clearstorey added, and the tower
iinishe<l. In the 16th century the chancel
and North Aisle were parti v rebuilt.
In the 19th century the bases and shafts of the
arcade were replaced by larger ones, most of
the external stonework of the windows waa
renewed, the North Vestri/ and Chapel were
added, and the church generally repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(43} ft. bv 19 ft.) has a modern E. window, and
near the E. end of the N. wall is a 13th-century
lancet window, which is partly blocked by the
vestry. In the S. wall are three early 16th-
century windows, each of three cinquefoile<l
liglits. The chancel arch is of tho 15th centurv,
and is of two deeply-moulded orders; the 15th-
century responds have engapred shafts, moulded
bases and capitals. In the N. wall of the
modern North Chapel is a window of the same
type as the S. windows of the chancel, and in
the E. wall is a two-light window with modern
tracery, and a 14th-century rear arch ; they are
both probably from the former chancel. The
Nave (71 ft. by 21 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of
six bays, with capitals and arches of the same
date and character as the chancel arch ;
the shafts and bases are modern. The
clearstorey has six windows of three cinque-
foiled lights on each side under flat arched heads,
the central foils being larger than the others.
The bays of the clearstorey and the spandrels of
the nave arcades are separated by slender shafts
resting on large carved figures of beasts, etc.
The North Aisle (15^ ft. wide) has a large 15th-
century E. window of five lights, with tracery,
now without glass and opening into the vestry.
Adjoining this window on the S. are the rood-
loft stairs. In the N. wall are four modern win-
dows, and high up in the wall is a small blocked
doorway of the 15th century, which may have
opened into a room over a N. porch,
now destroyed. The W. window has a
14th-centurv rear arch, but the tracery is
modern. The South Aisle (14| ft. wide)
has an E. window resembling that in
the N. aisle, but with modern tracery; the
sill is cut down to admit a reredos, and the bond-
ing of canopies or brackets remains in each
jamb. In the S. wall are four windows, each of
three cinquefoiled lights ; the first two from
the E. resemble those in the chancel, the other
two have a wide central foil like the clearstorey
windows. The S. doorway has a 13th-century
rear arch, but is otherwise modern. Tlie W.
window is also of three cinquefoiled lights.
The South Porch has plain 14th-century
detail, but most of tho stonework is modern.
The West Tmcer (16 ft. square) is of three
stages, and has massive buttresses at the
W. angles, an embattled parapet with short
leaded spirelet, and a S.E. stair-turret. The
tower arch is of c. 1380, and is sharjily
pointed, of four orders, with engaged shafts
to the second and third orders. Above it
is a plain iinglazed openina; sot within
the lines of the former high-iiitched roof
of the nave. The ground stasje has a vaulted
ceiling of the same date as the arch, c. 1380,
with plain ribs and a central bell-way. The W.
doorwav and window are of mo<lem masonry.
The bell-chamber windows are of three cinque-
foiled liffhts under squ.Tre heads, the oiiter lights
onlv boinsr pierced. Tlie Roof of the nave has
old carved fieurcs at the feet of the trusses. The
roof of the N. aisle is of the 15th or Ifith cen-
tury, and parts of the roof of the S. aisle may
be of the same date.
INVENTORY OP THE MONUMENTS OK UERTFOUDSHIRE.
223
Fittings — Bells: eight; 3rd by Ellis Kniglit,
1G.36, 5tli 1622, Gtli and 7th 1624, by Robert
Oldfeild, 8th by Chandler, 1695. Floor Slabs:
in the chancel floor, slab to Mary Anderson,
1638, and others partly hidden, to members of
tlie same family, 17th-century: slab to Richard
Warren, 1640 : in the floor of N. aisle, large
coffin lid with foliated cross, 13th-century.
Locker: in N. wall of chancel small recess.
Piscina: in the S. aisle, with trefoiled head,
14th-century. Plate : includes a silver-gilt cu])
of 1565. Miscellanea : in the blocked doorway
of the N. aisle, small pieces of worked stone,
ISth-centuiy, among them part of a fine gabled
canopy.
Condition — ^^Good, owing to extensive restora-
tions.
« (2). Old Church of All Saints, Long
Marstou, on the W. side of the village;
only the west tower remains. The Nave,
Chancel, and South Porch, probably partly of
the 12th century, were pulled down in 1883.
The Toicer, of late 15th-century date, is of two
stages. The walls are faced with chequer work
of flint and stone, and there is a modern brick
parapet. The W. window of the ground stage
is of three cinquefoiled lights, the bell-chamber
windows arc single uncusped lights with four-
centred heads, and below the S. window there
is a small, square-headed light. The tower
arch, now blocked, is of two chamfered orders ;
a stone in the N. jamb has two sundials incised
on it, and must have been in the S. wall of the
church. In the ground stage are some frag-
ments of 15th-century woodwork, bench ends,
roof timbers, panels, etc. Many of the fittings
belonging to the old church have been re-used
in the modern building.
Condition — Fairly good.
o(3). New Church of All Saints, Long
Marston, stands at the N.W. end of the village.
It is a modern building, but contains many
details, dating from the 12th to the 17th
centuries, which were removed from the old
church of All Saints and from the parish church
at Tring. The Nave arcade of five bays has
15th-century clustered columns and moulded
bases which came from Tring Church. In the
Vestry is a large recess built with stones from
the 14th-century chancel arch of the old Church
of All Saints. Some of the stones in the S.
doorway of the nave, and possibly some in the N.
doorway are of the 14th century. In the N.
wall of tho North Aisle is a window of c. 1230
with two lancet lights, and further W. are two
14th-century windows, each of two trefoiled
lights with tracery. In the W. wall is a window
containing a fragment of 14th-century tracery.
Roofs : the two eastern bays of the aisle are of
the 15th century, and in the chancel is a beam
with arched braces of the same date.
Fittings — FojU : with octagonal bowl, cut
back, necking and shaft, apparently 14th-cen-
tury. Piscinae : in S. wall of chancel, with a
shelf ,v. 14th-century : in the vestry, 15th-
century (see also lieccsses). Plate: includes
small cup of 1571. Pulpit : hexagonal, with
two tiers of carved panels, early 17th-century.
Recesses: in N. wall of chancel, pointed arch,
with dog-tooth ornament, 13th-ceutury : in the
N. aisle, with small engaged shafts in the jambs
and a semi-circular head enriched with dog-
tooth ornament, late 12th-century : in the sill is
a square piscina drain. Screen: at E. end of
the aisle, partly 15th-ceutury, with solid
lower 2>anels, and pierced tracery at the top.
Miscellanea : built into the vestry wall, frag-
ments of stonework, chiefly of the 12th century.
Condition — The old parts arc in good condi-
tion on the whole.
Secular:—
Homestead Moats : —
" (4). Near Chapel Farm, Long Marston.
« (5). Half a mile W. of Marsworth.
"■ (6). Loxley Farm House, in the middle of
Long Marston village, is a 17th-ceutury build-
ing of red brick ; the roof is tiled. The plan is
rectangular, with a slightly projecting wing at
one end, and modern additions. Two-inch
bricks arc used in the old work, and there is a
large original central chimney stack. A Barn in
front of the house, and probably of the same
date, is built of brick and timber.
Condition — Good.
6 (7). House, on the W. side of Frogmore
Street, formerly the manor-house of Bunstreux,
is apparently of the 16th century, and has been
used as two cottages, but is now uninhabited.
The walls are of brick and timber; the roofs are
tileil. On one end of the house, which is faced
with plaster, is a Latin cross raised about an
inch from the surface and measuring about 3 ft.
by 1ft.
Condition — Very dilapidated ; the timbers are
decaying, and the plaster is falling off.
'•(8). Grim's Ditch (or Graeme's Dyke, or
Gryme's Dike), Boundary Dyke (see also Great
Berkhamiistead, Northchurch and Wigginton),
enters the parish at the county boundary by
Loiigcruft, and, ruiiiiiug in a .sliglit curve io a
])oint S. of Hastoe, continues in a straight line
i^.N.E. to another point S. of Wigginton
bottom. The levels fall, on the whole, from
224
INVENTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
760 ft. at the W. end to 640 ft. above O.D. at
the E. end. The dyke, in this pnri:<li. tonsists
of u hank and ditth. tlie hitliT on the S. side,
Heifrht of hank from 5 to 7 ft., of counterscarp
2 to 3 ft. above the ditch, which is from IS to
35 ft. wide. Dimensions — Total length, includ-
ing paps, 1,320 yards.
Condition — Fairly good in parts ; much
denuded.
136. WALKERN.
(O.S. 6 in. xiii. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: —
^l). Pahi.sh CiirEcii OF St. Mart, stands on
the E. bank of the river Beave, I^.E. of the
village. It is built of flint rubble, with
Barnack stone and chinch dressings. The Nave
is of the 11th century, and probably of pre-
Conquest date, as the walls are only 2 ft. 3 in.
thick; there is much re-used Barnack stone
about the church, and traces of what was pro-
bably a rood over the former S. dooi-way. Early
in the 12th centuiy the South Aisle was built,
and at the beginning of the 13th century the
Chan-eel was rebuilt and the North Aisle added.
The West Tower was built in the middle of the
1-lth centur)'; the South Forch was added early
in the 15th century, and windows were inserted
in the aisles late in the same centuiy; at the
beginning of the IHth century the dearstorcy
was built. In the I'Jth century the North and
South Chapels were added, and the chancel was
completely restored.
The church is of especial interest on account
of its early origin and the varied dates of its
development. It also contains, in tho S. aisle,
a 13th-century effigy, which affords a rare and
unusually perfect example of the flat-topped
helm of th&t period.
Architectural Description — Tho Chancel
(2!Jj- ft. by 16j ft.) has modern lancet windows
and modern arches, opening into the chapels.
The two-centred chancel arch, of two chamfered
orders, is of 13th-centurv material, rebuilt late
in the 14th century. The Nave (37i ft. by
201 ft.) has a 13th-century N. arcade of three
bays, with two-centred arches of two cham-
fered orders, and octagonal columns with
moulded capitals and bases, the latter much
defaced; the easternmost capital was re-cut or
inserted in the 15th century. The 12th-century
S. arcade of two bays has semi-circular arches,
of one square order, and abaci, one abacus
being cable-moulded. The clear.storey lias tlircc
windows of two lights on each side. The North
Aisle (7 ft. wide) has, in the N. wall, three
windows of three lights and a W. window of
two lights, all inserttnl late in the 15th century.
Tho N. doorwav, of two moulded orders, is of
lute 14th-centufy date. The South Aisle (9^ ft.
wide) has, in the S. wall, a late 15th-
century window of four lights, and the jambs
and part of the rear arch of a 12th-century
window. The S. doorway is also of the 12th cen-
tury, though much restored, and has a semi-
circular head of two orders, and shafted jambs
with defaced capitals ; a small 15th-century
doorway opens into the stair-turret of the S.
porch. In the N.E. comer are the remains of
the stair-turret leading to the former rood-loft,
with one doorway. The W. window, of three
lights, is of late 15th-century date, and there
are traces of a similar window over the modem
arch opening into the chapel. The West Tower
(11 ft. square) is of three stages with embat-
tled parapet and .small spire. The tower arch,
of three moulded orders, is original. The W.
window, of three lights with net tracery, is also
of the 14th century, but the single-light windows
of the bell-chamber are of late 15th-century
date. The South Porch (11 ft. by 8 ft.) is of two
stages; tlie vaulting of the ground stage is re-
stored. The entrance archway is of two moulded
orders, with pilastered jambs. In the N.W.
angle there is a quarter-octagonal stair-turret;
the ujiper chamber has a S. window. The Roofs
of the nave and aisles are plain 15th-century
work.
Fittings— .Be//* ; five; 1st, 1626; 3rd, 4th, and
5th, 1713. Brasses : in the chancel, of William
Chapman, 1621, his wife, 1636, and inscription :
on N. side of nave, of a civilian and his wife,
with shield of arms, late 15th-century : at W.
end of nave, of Edward Humbarstoue, 1583,
and his wife, said to be palimpsest; with in-
scription : in N. aisle to William Bramfeilde,
1596, inscription only : in the vestry, to John
Humberstone, 1590, inscription imperfect: to
Rvchard Humberstone, 1581, inscription
palim|)sest on inscription to — Lovekyn, 1370.
Foiit : of clunch, octagonal, roughly moulded ;
bowl with plain sides and angle shafts ; late
14th-century. Monuments : in the S. aisle, in
a niche with segmental head, Purbeck marble
effigy <>i knight in mail hauberk with coif,
and chausses, long surcoat and flat-topped helm ;
left leg broken below the knee, but fragment
remains perfect; mid 13th-century: on S. side
of chancel, a classical mural monument, with
kneeling effigies of Daniel Gorsuor and his
wife, 1638; name said to be incorrectly in-
sciibcil for Gorsuch : on S. side of nave to Gyles
Uumbarston, 1627, and his wife, kneeling
figures, with inscription. Piscina: in the
INVENTOKY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UEETFOEDSHIRE.
225
chancel, with shafted jambs, early 13th-cen.tury,
much restored. Pulpit : small, of oak,
octagonal, with plain panelled sides, early
IGth-century. Screen ; under the chancel arch, of
tive bays, with traceried open upper panels,
close lower panels, and a central opening, 15th-
century. Sedilia: in chancel, plain, much
restored, 13th-century. Miscellanea : on S. side
of S. wall of nave, a little W. of the middle and
above the arcade, remains of a rood carved in
chalk; probably over the original S. doorway.
On plinth of tower, consecration crosses, worked
in scappled flints and chalks.
Condition — Good ; much restored.
Secular;—
(2). Walkern Bury (Mount and Bailey type
or manorial work), lies on level ground 1 mile
E. of the village, 400 ft. above O.D.
Detailed Description — The work consists of a
nearly circular enclosure, defended by a strong
rampart and ditch, the latter partly sur-
rounding a smaller enclosure on the N. This
second enclosure corresponds to the usual
moated mount, but is nearly obliterated by
modern farm buildings; the indentation on the
E. at the junction of the two enclosures may be
accidental, in which case they would constitute
a single defensible area of about 2g^ acres,
standing from 7-11 ft. above the ditch. The
rampart is 11 ft. above the ditch, which is
nearly 50 ft. broad, and has a counterscarp
8 ft. high, without a bank, but with a small
mound, 5 ft. high, on the N.E. There is an
entrance in the middle of the S. side.
Dimensions — Greatest length through both
enclosures, N. to S., 430 ft.; greatest width, W.
to E., 320 ft.
Condition — Fairly good.
(3). Walkern Place, a farmhouse at the N.
end of the village, was built in the 17th century,
of timber and plaster, but the front was re-faced
with brick in the 18th century.
Condition — Good.
(4). Bridgefoot Farm, W. of the church, is
a 17th-century building of timber and plaster;
the roofs are tiled. At the S. end of the E. front
the upper storey projects and is gabled. The
central chimney stack has a cluster of square
and diagonal shafts.
Condition — Good.
(5). Rooks Nest, a farmhouse at the S. end
of the village, W. of the main road, is a I7th-
centiiry building of two storeys. The plan is L-
shaped, with a gabled porch wing on the E. front
of the longer block, which is built of red brick ;
the shorter block is at the S. end, and projects
towards the W. ; it is of timber with brick fill-
ing. The windows in the front are probably
original, and have brick muUions, now covered
with cement. The central chimney stack in
the main block has four square shafts set
diagonally. Interior : the staircase has a large
square newel with moulded panelling of early
17th-century date.
Condition — Good.
(6). Cottages, in the village, several built in
the 17th century.
Condition — Fairly good.
(7). The White Lion Inn, on the E. side of
the main street, was probably built in the 17th
century, but has been much altered. It retains
the original brick chimney stack and an
entrance doorway of substantial oak timbers.
Condition — Good.
136. WALLINGTON.
(O.S. 6 in. viii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands on
high ground at the S. end of the village. It is
built of plastered flint rubble with stone dress-
ings; the roofs are covered with lead. In the
absence of all early detail it is impossible to
assign a date to the Nave and Chancel, but they
were probably standing when the West Tower
was built at the beginning of the loth century.
A little later in the same century the North
Aisle and North Chapel were addwl, and the
windows were renewed throughout the church ;
at the end of the century the South Porch was
added. In the 19th century part of the chancel,
with the chancel arch, was rebuilt.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(27 ft. by 17| ft.) has no early detail, except the
arch opening into the chapel, which is of mid
15th-ceuturydate; it is four-centred, and of two
moulded orders with shafted jambs. The
North Chapel (24 ft. by 11} ft.) has an E.
window of three lights with tracery, and two
windows in the N. wall, each of three lights
under a four-centrwl head ; they are all of the
15th century. The S.W. corner is splayed in a
way which suggests that it formerly contained
the rood-loft staircase. The Nave (47 ft. by
20| ft.) has a 15th-century N. arcade of three
bays with two-centred arches of two moulded
orders, and columns with four half-round
shafts sejjarated by hollows; the bases and
capitals are moulded, and the bells of the
capitals are indented. The N.E. corner is
2F
INVESTOEY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOUDSHIRE.
splayed for the rood-loft stairs which, if they
remain, ai© uow built up, though both door-
ways are in silu; the upper doorway is blocked.
In the S. wall are three windows ; the hrst,
of early loth-century date, is small, and
of two lights under a square head, the other
two windows are of three lights and, with the S.
doorway, are of the same date as the 2s . arcade.
The North Aisle (10^ ft. wide) has, in the N.
wall, three windows similar to those in the N.
wall of the chapel, and an original doorway;
the window in the W. wall resembles the E.
window of the chapel. The Tower (11 ft.
square) is of three stages with two buttresses at
each angle, an embattled parapet, and a stair-
turret at the S.W. corner. The early 15th-
century tower arch is two-centred^ and of three
chamfered orders with half octagonal responds
and moulded capitals. The W. window and
the bell-chamber windows, of two lights with
tracery, are original, but the latter are
much defaced. The SoiUh Porch (10^ ft.
by 9 ft.) has a three-light window on each side.
The entrance archway has a two-centred inner
order on shafts, and a square outer order with
pierced spandrels. The Roof of the nave is
plain, and probably of the 15th century; the
roof of the aisle is original, and has moulded
principals with figures of angels at the feet.
Fittings — Brass Indents: in N. chapel, of a
man, his wife, four sons, four daughters, a
representation of the Trinity, and two shields,
early 16th-century: in the porch, on the
threshold, indent of priest or civilian, 15th-
century (see also Monuments). Communion
Table : early 17th-cpntury. Glass : in N.
window of chapel, fragments, with the arms
of Picot or Piggot and Prysot, early 16th-
century and later. Monuments : in the chapel,
altar tomb, on side, five cusped niches with
figures of saints in them, and panels with
shields of the Piggot and Prysot arms, late
15th-century slab on the top, with indents of
man and his wife, marginal inscription, etc.:
in floor of nuve, slab to Eichard Blow, 1698.
Piscina: in the chapel, a defaced pillar piscina,
15th-century, unusually late example. Screen :
between chapel and aisle, in situ, with
traceried close lower panels and open upper
panels, loth-century, part of the carved cornice
remains. Seaiin/j : in the nave, several plain
open seats, medifeval. Stoup : in the porch, half-
octagonal, defaced. Miscellanea : at E. end of
N. wall of chapel, halfway up the wall, a 15th-
century roof corhcl. Tn cluirchyard. Font,
bowl of Purbeck marble, broken, late 12th-
ccnturv; part of base, of cluneh, 15th-century.
Condition — Not good; the tower requires
attention, the buttresses are in a very bad state,
and the roof is not watertight; no structural
weaknesses visible at present.
137. WALSWORTH.
(O.S. 6 in. vii. S.W.)
Unclassified I—
Tumulus, S. of Willbury Hill.
Condition — Fairly good; thickly planted.
138. WARE, UEB.iN and Rukal.
(O.S. 6 in. Mxxix. N.E. Wxxix. S.E. Wxxx.
N.W. Wxxx. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
" (1). Parish Church of St. Mary, stands in
the middle of the town. The walls are of flint,
with clunch dressings ; the roofs are covered
with lead. Part of a 13th-century window
jamb, recently discovered, proves that the
Chancel is of that date, and the chui-ch then
probably consisted of the present chancel and
Nave and perhaps the North and South Tran-
septs, making the plan cruciform. The West
Tower was added c. 1330, and possibly also the
Aisles; the South Chapel was added late in the
14th century; the nave arcades were rebuilt, the
clearstorc)' was raised, and the S. porch was
probably added c. 1410; the North-East Vestry
was built at about the same time, and laterin the
same century the space between the vestry and
north transept was filled in by a chapel; this
space is now used as an Organ-Chamber, and
the present Vestry is modern. The church has
been considerably restored at different times
during the 19th century, and most of the ex-
ternal stonework is modern, as well as parts of
the arcades, etc., inside.
The carved font, of late 14th-century date,
is of unusually fine workmanship, and well pre-
served ; the stone traceried archway in the S.
wall of the chancel is also of great interest.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(40| ft. by 23 ft.) has a modern E. window of
five lights with tracery: in the N. wall a 15th-
century doorway opens into the vestry, and next
to it is a late 15th-century archway of coarse
detail, which opens into the organ-chamber.
In the S. wall there is a modern window,
and a large archway, divided into two bays by
stone tracery springing from a Purbeck marble
pillar, was inserted in the 14th century, when
the S. chapel was added, and probably caused
the destruction of an early 13th-century win-
\v.\i;i;: I'AUisii cm ucii ov st. maki'.
KONT, I.AIK ICiii-iKNTlKV. SlldWI N(; l-KHIIKS dl' si ( II lils loril Kit,
ST. (1K(>I!i;K AM> ST. KATIIKIMNK.
INVENTORY OF TUB MONUMENTS OF UERTFOHDSHIEE.
227
dow, of wkicli part of the moulded E. jamb is
now exposed E. of the archway. The chancel
arch was rebuilt and widened early in the 15th
century. The 15th-century clearstorey has
three windows on each side, much restored.
The South Cha-pel (25 ft. by 15^ ft.) has an E.
window of five lights with tracery, and two S.
windows of two lights, all modern. The "Nave
(78 ft. by 22. ft.) has N. and S. arcades of
c. 1410 ; they are of five bays, and the two
easternmost, which open into the transepts, are
of larger span than the others; the pillars are
moulded, and have moulded bases and capitals,
and the four-centred arches of two orders have
labels with carved head-stops. Flanking the
chancel arch are stair-turrets leading to the
former rood-loft and the roof; the N.E. turret
is still in use, and retains two doorways; the
doorway of the rood-loft is blocked, but can be
seen inside the turret; the S.E. turret is not
\ised, and the lowest of the three doorways was
blocked during a recent restoration of the
cluirch ; both turrets rise above the roof. The
15th-century clearstorey has, on each side, four
windows, of which only the inner jambs and
rear arches are original. The North Transept
(22 ft. by 23 ft.) has a modern cemented arch-
way in the E. wall, opening into the organ-
chamber; the large five-light window in the
N. wall has been entirely restored, except the
inner jambs and rear arch, which are wave-
moulded, and probably of the 13th century ; the
archway in the W. wall, opening into the N.
aisle, springs from the first pillar of the N.
arcade, but is probably of the 14th century; the
clearstorey is modem. Tlie South Transevt
(22 ft. bv 23 ft.) has a late 14th-century arch-
wav in the E. wall, opening into the S. chapel,
and an archway of the 15th centui-y in the oppo-
site wall, opening into the R. aisle ; the S.
window, of five lights, is modern, except the
double-ofjee moulded inner jambs and rear
arch, which are probably of the 15th century :
the clearstorey is modern. The North and Sovth
Aisles (13 ft. wide) each have three side win-
dows and a W. window, all restored; the N.
doorwav is modern, but the S. doorwav is of
the 14th century, slightly repaired, and there
is a 14th-cpriturv string course inside Inflow the
windows. The West Toircr (15 ft. square) is of
five stnges, with square angle buttresses, an em-
battled parapet and a small leaded spire: the
tower arch is of the I4th century, with cham-
fered jambs and moulded arch; over the W.
doorway is a two-light window; in the fourth
stage is a clock, and the bell-chamber has four
windows of two lights. The Soiifli. Porrh has
modern side windows and entrance archway.
The Roof of the chancel is modern; the other
roofs are of the 15th century, but have been
restored ; the traceried trusses of the roof of the
nave are carried on stone corbels, probably
modern, carved with half-figures of the twelve
Apostles; heraldic shields cover the intersec-
tions of the main timbers. The S. porch also
has a 15th-century roof.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents : on E. wall of
N. transept, of Elenc, daughter of John Coke,
1454, with ius(ri])tion commemorating also her
two husbands, William Bramble and Richard
Warbulton, and her son, William Bramble : on
floor of N. transept, of a lady, c. 1420, without
inscription : in S. transept, of William Pyrry
and his two wives ; below each wife, five sons
and five daughters ; with inscription dated
147... (unfinished) : indents of civilian and his
wife, c. 1400, under a canopy : indent of a cross,
14th-century; said to be from 15th-century altar
tomb, formerly in the N. transept. Communion
Rail: in the S. chapel, of c. 1640, brought from
Benington Church. Communion Table: in the
S. chapel, 17th-century: in the vestry, square
oak table, with one carved rail, apparently
made up from a 17th-century communion table.
Door: in the doorway from chancel to vestry,
original, oak, now painted; it had three heavy
oak stock locks, one still in position and one in
the vestry cupboard. Font: elaboratelv carved,
of c. 1380; octagonal bowl, with panelled sides,
containing figures in high relief representing
the Annunciation (in two panels), St. Margaret
and the dragon, St. Christopher and the Christ
Child, St. George and the dragon. St. Katherine,
St. Tames, and St. John the Baptist ; the
moulded panels have crockettod labels: at the
angles, half-figures of angels (four with musical
instruments and four with emblems of the
Passion), behind them small crocketted ])in-
nacles; stem, panelled with quatrefoils; base,
moulded, and enriched with floral ornament.
Moninnents : on E. wall of S. transept, large,
marble, to Sir Richard Fanshawe, Baronet,
Privy Councillor, Ambassador to Spain in the
reign of Charles II.. 16G6: in the S. chapel, to
Anne, wife of Sir Richard Fanshawe. 1680 :
Panelling : in the vS. chapel, carved, late 17th-
century. Piscinae: in the chancel, with
moulded jambs and pointed arch under a square
head, the E. jamb much decayed, 15th-century:
in the S. chapel, with cinquefoiled head, late
14th-ccnturv. partly restored : in the S.
transept, 14th-century, jambs badly perished
Plate: includes silver cup of 1618. Pulpit;
with lozenge-shaped raised panels, lato I7tb-
century. Recesses : two, in N. wall of N".
transept. 15th-centurv; one. about 3 ft. 6 in.
2F 2
228
INVENTORY OF THE MONTMENTS OF IlEETFOEDSHIRE.
wide and 3 ft. above the floor, possibly formerly
over an altar for group of sculpture, and
removed to present position; cinqucfoiled head
sub-cusped with leaf cusp-points; shafted jambs
with foliated capitals; "W". jamb much perished;
label with carved crockets and finial : the other
recess, on the floor level, 6 ft. 3 in. wide, pro-
bably for monument, with double-ogee moulded
jambs and pointed segmental arch; E. jamb
decayed. Sedile: in S. chapel near piscina,
with cinquef oiled head, late 14th-century.
Screen : across W. end of S. chapel, oak, with
some 15th-century tracery, otherwise modern.
Condition — Substantially good; the stone-
work of some of the fittings is decayed.
Secular: —
H0MESTE.\D M0.\TS :
«(2). At New Hall, fragments.
<* (3). At Priorswood Cottages.
*(4). The Priort, about 100 yards S. of the
church, is a dwelling house of two storeys and
an attic, largely constructed out of the remains
of a Franciscan Friary. The walls are of plas-
tered rubble with stone dressings; post-Sup-
pression additions have been made in brick and
plastered timber; the roofs are tiled. The
earliest detail now visible is of late 15th-century
date.
The original plan had the Church on the X.
and a Cloister garth, probably about 100 ft.
square, on the S. All that now remains is the
greater part of the Smithfrn Jianqe, less than
half the Western Banqe, and the Great Hall (see
Illustration). These together form a right-
aneled Z, with the hall proiecting W. of the
W. range. On the S. of the S. range there is a
small projecting wing of two storeys, now used
as a smoking room and bedrooms, which may
have been connected with the frater pulpit. The
cloisters are about 8 ft. wide, and in their S.W.
angle a small modern oorch has been built,
which, with the ends of the two cloisters, forms
the present entrance hall. The S. JRanqe now
forms the drawing room, most of the bark wall
of the cloister having been removed. On the
first floor are bedrooms, formed out of the
frater which was partlv over the cloister. On
the W. of this range is a modem staircase, and
the kitchens, etc., are in the S.TV. corner
of the building, probably their original posi-
tion. The small part rpmaininp nf the W.
range has the dining room on the eroiind
floor, with bedrooms over it. The hall wing
had an undercroft, oriffinallv divided into
nt Ipnaf two rooms, and now into six rooms and
aporridor. Above this was the hall, about 48ft.
by 22 ft., in four bays with an open timber roof;
it is now divided into a number of rooms and
is ceiled at the tie-beam level to form an attic.
The S. elevation of the S. range, with its small
projecting wing, is modern in appearance; only
one small window in the smoking room
remains of the old detail. On the N. are six
of the cloister windows, all of three cinqucfoiled
lights with hollow moulded jambs and obtuse
four-centre<l main heads, much restored and
covered with plaster ; some of them are blocked.
The first floor, above the cloister, has 18th and
19th - century sash windows. Two cloister
windows of the W. range remain, one, in the
dining room, is almost entirelv restored. Tlie
two end windows of both cloisters are now
without tracery and are merely arches
between the porch and entrance hall. The
rest of the W. range is of 18th and 19th-
century detail, except the blocked W. window
of the kitchen; it is of two cinqucfoiled lights
under a square head and has an external label
now -^-isible in the pantry, which is a modem
addition; the original windows of the hall
wing are of similar detail; two remain on
the S., one on each floor, and on the first
floor there are three on the T^.; a fourth window
on this side is on the ground floor, but is placed
so high that the head cuts into the upper floor
and suggests that it was formerly a staircase
window. Below this, on the W., is a small
quatrefoil opening set in an internal splay
with a four-centred rear arch. All these
windows are much restored and covered with
plaster. Modern windows have been inserted
on the N. in imitation of the old windows.
Both X. and S. elevations of the hall wing were
orijrinally divided into four bays by thin oft'set
ashlar buttresses of slight projection. Of these,
three remain on the S. and one on the N.
Internally the house has been much altered
and repaire<l. llie plain beams of the ceiling
in the smoking room are probably original.
In the corner of the cloisters, on the S.W..
is a 15th-century doorwav with a pointed
hollow chamfered head. This end of the S.
cloister is spanned by a three-centred arch of
two chamfered orders on grotesque moulded
corbels: the arch springs from the end of the
external wall of the W. cloister, and is appa-
rently an addition. At the N.E. corner of the
hall, near the supposed staircase window, is a
small niche with a pointed chamfered head about
4^ ft. above the floor. In the middle cross wall of
the undercroft is a pointed chamfered doorway,
now blocked, with its rear arch on the E.; a
moulded arch, carried across the corridor wher**
it pierces this wall, is perhaps old. but is mucl>
W AKK.
THK PIIIORY FUOJI TJIK .NOItTll-KAST. SHOWING loTH-CEXTl'l! V HAM. AM> Cl.dlSTKi;
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF nERTFORDSUIEE.
229
plastered. Of the three roof trusses only the
king-post of one is visible; it is octagonal,
with a moulded capital and base, and plain
strutting. Most of the roof is probably old, but
is covered with jilaster, and the tie-beams are
hidden in the floor.
Condition — Good; much altered, repaired and
restored.
« (5). House, N. of the church, known as the
Old Rectory, was built early in the 17th cen-
tury, of plastered timber and brick. The plan
is L-shaped, but the original arrangement of
the room is obscured by alterations made in
the 18th and 19th centuries. A room on the first
floor is lined with early 17th-century panelling,
and has an overmantel with three baluster Ionic
columns and an enriched entablature.
Condition — Good; much altered and
repaired.
High Street : —
6(6). House (No. 65), on the S. side of the
street, now a shop and dwelling-house, is pro-
bably of medieval oriffin, but the detail is
mainly of the 18th and 19th centuries. A large
archway, which opens from the street into a
courtyard, has a moulded and depressed wood
arch , of late 1 Sth-century date , on the side facing
the court. On the E. side of the courtyard is a
long narrow wing running S. from the gatewav
into the garden, which is bounded on the S.
by the river Lea.
The house is especially interesting, as part of
the wing is constructed of the remains of two
mediaeval buildings.
The wing is about 14 ft. wide internally, and,
except where it adjoins the house, is used for
stabling, cellarage, etc., on the ground floor,
and has lofts above. In about the middle of its
length is a coal cellar, of which the N. and
S. walls appear to have been the S. and N.
walls respectively of two 15th-century domestic
buildings, separated by a narrow alley about
10 ft. wide; the upper storeys of both fronts pro-
jected, so that at the first floor level the build-
ings were about 6 ft. apart, and were apparently
connected by a bridge. On the W. side of what
was orisfinally the S. building are also traces
of a balcony or outside gallery, which opened
on to the bridge; this building is of early 15th-
century date, and was originally about 20 ft.
wide, but has been reduced to 14 ft., the width
of the N. building, which was constructed later
in the same century. The E. walls arc hidden
by a modern malting house. The S. building
has, in the TS". wall, on the cellar side,
(I wooden window of two pointed lights ■pith
pierced spandrels and moulded heads, jambs
and mullions, now blocked. E. of the window
is a l>locked doorway of oak, with a hollow-
chamfered, four-centred arch; it was prob-
ably in the middle of the original wall, as
the former width of the building is shown by
two cambered tie-beams which have been re-used
in the roof, one complete, and the other cut
down to 14 ft. The N. front of the upper storey
has disappeared, but a few of the cantilevered
beams which carried it remain in situ. On the
W. front the head of the ground storey studs is
formed by a moulded beam, which shows traces
of having received the supports of an outside
gallery, the mouldings being stopped against
plain blocks. The rest of the wing is repaired
with, and partly constructed of. mediaeval
fragments, many being moulded. At least three
bays remain of the N. building, each about
12 ft. long ; in the S. wall, on the first floor,
is a doorway with a four-centred head, and in
the W. wall of the same floor are the remains of
a wood mullione<l window of three or four
lights. Of the roof three imperfect plain king-
post trusses remain, with slightly cambered tie-
beams and curved bracketing to the king-posts.
Condition — Bad.
* (7). Hcnise, on the N. side, known as the
'Blue Boot Store', was built early in the iTth
century, of timber and brick ; the roofs are
tiled. The original plan has been completely
obscured by the construction of the shop. The
elevation on the High Street has two gables,
and has been re-plastered and painted. A room
at the back has a ceiling divided by flat-reeded
moulding into round and square panels, in
which are shields with arms : two lions passant
between three crosslets. In the room above this
is a similar ceiling and a plaster overmantel,
which is decorated with crowned roses.
Condition — Fairly good; much defaced.
*(8). House, on the S. side, dated 1624. of
plastered timber and brick, is built about three
sides of a long, narrow courtyard, but the plan
was probably originally L-shaped, as the house
was much re])aired and enlarged in the ISth
and 19th centuries. A room on the ground floor
is lined with early 17tli-cenlurv panelling, and
has an elaborate overmantel with enriched
mouldings and small columns. The room above
it is panelled in tlie same way to the spring-line
of a plain plaster barrel vault; the overmantel
is carried on square baluster columns, and is
decorated witli a small Ionic order and a heavy
carved entablature, and the lunettes at eacli end
of the room, aboye the panelling, are filled mih
230
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFOEDSHIHE.
elaborate strap-work in plaster; one has in
it the initials ^%, in the other is the date 1624.
Condition — Good.
»(9). Ilauses, four, of early 17th-century
date, on the N. side of Ware Bridge. Three of
the buildings arc of three storeys, with timber-
framed and plastered walls ; the roofs are tiled.
Both the upper storeys project in one plane,
beyond the ground floor, and beyond the
northernmost house is a large gateway opening
into a yard at the back. One plain rectangular
chimney stack remains, and is of thin ITth-
ccntury bricks. The windows and doorways are
of the 18th century and modern. The fourth
building, N. of the gateway, is of two storeys,
the upper overhanging; the walls are timber-
framed and plastered ; the roof is tiled. It is
probably of the same date as the others, but
much altered and restored.
Condition — Good.
6(10). Blue Co.\t Y.\rd, formerly the Place
House, is about 300 yards E. of the church, in
a small side street N. of the High Street.
The Place Hotise was a branch establish-
ment of Christ's Hospital, London, but the
buildings were not used as a school after 1760.
The courtyard is entered throusrh a large covered
gateway from the street. The building con-
taining the gateway, and facing the street, is
apparently of early 18th-century date, and is
of red brick; over the gateway is a round-headed
niche which formerly contained the figure of
a ' Blue Coat Boy ' . now at another branch of the
school at Hertford. On the "W. side of the court-
yard there is a row of twelve cottages with
plastered fronts, each of two storeys and attics
with dormer windows; the roofs are tiled, and
the red brick chimneys are cross-shaped ; the
windows are mullioned and have casements.
These cottages were probablv built r. 1660: on
the E. side of the courtyard are other buildings
of carlv 18th-century date, formerly connected
with the school.
Condition — Fairly good.
o(ll). HoFSE, No. 23, Baldock Street, about
100 vards W. of the churr-h, is a rectangular
buildinff of plastere<l timber ; the roof is tiled.
It was built early in the 16th century, but much
altered in the 18th century, and a wing
added on the N. in the 19th century. The arch-
wav, opening from the street to the yard at the
back, is original, though much painted : it has
a three-centred head, ogee and hollow moulded,
with foliate designs carved in the spandrels.
The hall was probably on the first floor,
as the moulded beams in the ceilings of the
ground floor are apparently original. In the
garden is a 15th-century stone niche for an
image, with a moulded bracket and trefoiled
head.
Condition — Good ; much altered.
Wadesmill Egad : —
" (12). House, at the corner of Bourne, on
the E. side of the road to Eoyston, at the N.
end of the town, is a two-storeyed building
covered with modern ])laster ; it retains a 17th-
century central chimney stack of narrow bricks,
with four octagonal shafts on a moulded base.
Condition — Good.
<»(13). The MaJting, on the W. side, about
300 yards N. of the church, is a collection of
red brick buildings ; one is of the 17th century,
and has a gable facing the road and a window of
three round-headed lights, with mullions and
chamfered label, all of brick.
Condition — Good.
Crib Sthket, E. side: —
" (14). The Green Draoon Inn, is a small
house, with an overhanging upper storey; the
walls are of plastered timber; the roof is slated.
It was built probablv early in the 17th century,
but much altered in the 18th century, repaired
and re-plastered in the 19th century. The plan
is rectangular, and at the back is an original
chimney stack.
Condition — Fairly good ; much altered.
" (15). The Albion Inn, ia a two-storeyed house,
built late in the 16th or early in the 17th cen-
tury, of timber and plaster, but partlv rebuilt
with modern brick: the roof is tiled. The plan
is L-shaped ; on the street front the ground
storey is of modem brick; the upper storey is set
with heavy studs, and has angle-braces at the
corners. The back is roughly plastered.
Condition — Good; partly rebuilt.
" (16). The Red Cow Inn, is a small house, of
timber and plaster, with an overhanging upper
storey ; the roof is tiled. It is probably of early
17th-century date, and the chimney stacks are
original.
Condition — ^Poor ; much altered.
"W. side : —
"(17). Cottages (Nos. 50-54), are probably of
early 17th-century date, and are built of
plastered timber, with overhanging upper
storeys; the roofs are tiled.
Condition — Poor; much altered,
WAHK.
KEMAIXS (IF l.-.TH-CKXTI-HV HOUSK BEHIND No. 6a, HIGH STREET.
w/
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSUIRE.
231
139. WATFOED, TJeban and Uvrai..
(O.S. G in. («)xxxviii. S.E. Wxliv.
Wxliv. S.W.)
N.W.
Ecclesiastical; —
''(1). Parish Church OF St. Mary, stands on
the S.W. side of High Street near the centre
of the town. All the walls are faced with
modern flint, the dressings are of stone, and the
roofs are covered with lead. The only traces
of a 12th-centiiry building are fragments
of masonry, found during repairs, which are
now in the N. chapel. The oldest work now
standing is of c. 1230, and consists of the walls
of the Cha7icel, the chancel arch and the S.
arcade of the Nave. The Sovih Chapel, the
North and South Aisles, the shallow Transept
Chapels and the enclosed West Tower are
apparently of the 15th century, and the North
Chapel was built in 1595-6. The whole build-
ing was re-faced in 1871, and the North and
South Porches are modern.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(39 ft. by 20 ft.) has a 15th-century E. window
of five lights, much restored. In the N. wall is
a late 15th-century arcade opening into the N.
chapel; it is of two bays with four-centred arches,
and a central pillar of the Tuscan order. In the
S. wall there is a 15th-century arcade of two
bays with four-centred arches, opening into the
S. chapel. The chancel arch is of the 13th cen-
tury, and of two chamfered orders, with half
octagonal responds having moulded bases and
capitals. The North Chapel (39 ft. by 21 ft.)'
known as the Essex Chapel, was built by
Bridget, Countess of Bedford in 1595-6. The
square-headed E. window is of five lights with
a transom. The N. window is of three lights
under a square head, and is blocked by a tomb.
The South Chapel (32 ft. by 13 ft.) has, in the S.
wall, a 15th-century window of three lights
with modern tracery. The W. arch is modern.
The Nave (71 ft. by 25 ft.) has arcades of six
bays; the N. arcade is of the 15th century, with
pointed arches of two chamfered orders; the S.
arcade has arches and responds of c. 1230, but
the pillars have been renewed, three of them
in the 15th century, the two others in the 19th
century. The clearstorey is of the 15th century,
and has windows of three cinquefoiled lights.
In the N.E. angle of the nave is the upper door-
way of the rood-loft stairs. The Transept
Chapels contain no original detail. The North
Aisle {d\ ft. wide) has a 15thrcentury N. door-
way, and the rear arches of the two windows are
of the same date. In the SoiUh Aisle (9^ ft. wide)
only the rear arch of the S. doorway is old. The
West Tower (16 ft. square) is of three stages
with a plain parapet; there is a small leaded
spire. The E. arch is modern, but the arches
opening into the aisles are of the lotli century,
and of three continiious chamfered orders, liie
W. doorway and window, and the bell-chamber
windows are almost entirely modern. The Roof
of the nave has 15th century tie-beams resting
on carved stone corbels. The moulded tie-beams
and wall plates of the chancel roof are of the
same period.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents : on N. wall
of chancel, formerly on the floor, of man in
judge's robes, and a woman, said to be Hugh de
Holes, 1415, and his wife, 1416, full length
figures much worn, part of man's figure miss-
ing; brass plate above records removal: on
same wall, to Henry Baldwyn, 1601, inscription
only, in two pieces: on floor of N. chapel, of
Henry Dickson, IGIO, (ieorge Miller, 1613, and
Anthony Cooper (undated), servants of the
Morrison family, three figures and inscription
on one brass : on floor of S. aisle, slab with
indents of figure and marginal iuscriptiou.
Chests : two, at W. end of the nave, 17th-
century. Monuments : in N. chapel, large
mural monument, black marble, of Sir
Charles Moryson, 1628; with alabaster effigies
of himself, in ai-mour, and two sons; in-
scription and arms : mural monument, alabaster
and black marble, with female figure kneel-
ing before desk, under canopy, c. 1580;
biblical inscription on desk; arms with
seven quarterings : on N. wall of chancel,
tablet to Henry Ewer of the Lea, 1667,
and his wife 1649, tbeir son and graiulcliildren ;
inscription and arms of Ewer. Piscina :
double, in S. wall of chancel, 13th-century.
Plate : includes cup of 1561, cup and cover
paten of 1610, all silver-gilt; two bread holders
of 1637 : two flagons of 1628 : almsdish of 1642.
Pulpit : hexagonal, carved and moulded, with
inlaid panels, c. 1670. Miscellanea : near N.
doorway, small recess, 15th-century, probably
part of a stoup. Built into W. wall of N. aisle,
outside, coffin slab with part of carved cross,
14th-century.
Condition— Structually good, owing to ex-
tensive restorations, but some stonework in the
old windows shows signs of decay.
« (2). OxHEY Chapel, opposite Oxhey Place,
about 2 miles S. of St. Mary's Church, is a small
232
INVENTOUY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
rectangular building of flint and brick, the E.
wall being entirely of 2-in. bricks; the roof is
tiled. It was built by Sir James Altbam in
1612, possibly on the site of a former chapel, but
from 1799 it'was used as a lumber-room until it
was repaired in 1852. It was again restored in
1897, and a small W. porch was added. All the
windows have plain uncusped lights with four-
centrod heads; some of the external stonework
is modern.
Fittings — C^rt/r ; elaborately carved, foreign,
apparently 16th-century. Door: in W. door-
way, original. Monument: on S. wall, to Sir
James Altham, 1G16, and his wife, 1638: near
it, tablet recording the building of the chapel in
1612. Eeredos : of Renaissance design, c. 1690,
said to be of oak from the old house of Oxhey
Place, pulled down in 1688. W oodwork : at the
W. end of the chapel, also of c. 1690. The 17th-
century altar-rails have been removed to St.
Matthew's t'luircli, Oxhey.
Condition — Good, owing to the restorations of
1897.
Secular:—
*'<^(3). Oxhey H.\ll, now a farmhouse, sur-
rounded by a Mo.^T, stands about 1^ miles S.
of St. Mary's Cluirch. It was probably built in
the first half of the 16th century, but has been
much altered and restored. In a room on the
ground floor is a fine oak panelled ceiling, with
massive moulded beams, and carved roses^ etc.,
in the panels. A little of the timber construc-
tion can be seen in a passage at the back of the
house.
Condition — Of house, good. Of moat, good,
except E. arm.
^ (4). Cas-siobury, stands in a park on the
N.W. side of the town. It incorporates part of
the building begun by Sir Charles Morrison
c. 1545, and complete<l by his son Charles,
who succeedetl him, in 1556. The first
Earl of Essex employed Hugh May to rebuild
the house, with the exception of the W. wing,
in the 17th century. May's building was pulled
down c. 1800, and the present house was built by
James Wyatt, who re-used much of the old
material and possibly some of the old walls. Tlie
house is built round a courtyard, and is entered
from the N.W. This front and the inner walls
of the courtyard appeiir to be the oldest parts,
though none of the walls can be definitely dated.
Some of the outbuildings on the W. of the
liouse, and the wall connc-cting them, may be
of the same date as the front. 1 7ii erior : the
Cloister, on the S.W. side of the courtyard, has
five tracerie<l windows containing glass with
heraldic shields, and some 17th-(entury frag-
ments of strapwork designs, panels of Biblical
subjects, etc.: in a window at the N.W. end is
some Kith-century glass representing the Virgin
and Child and St. Anne. The main staircase at
the S.E. end of this cloister is said to be the
work of Grinling Gibbons. It has elaborate
square newels, with carved heads, a massive
carved and moulded handrail, and a richly
carved balustrade. In the Smnll Dinincj Room
is a small piece of Jacobean panelling. Most of
the principal rooms contain woodwork, which
may be of late 17th-century date, including
panelling, with large carved festoons of fruit
and foliage, cornices car\-ed with acanthus
leaves, etc. In the floor of the porch are two
brasses of c. 1510, one of a man and the other
of a woman.
Condition — Good throughout.
& (5). The Vicarage, S. of the church, is a
plastered timber house, of two storeys, built
jirobably early in the 17th century, but parts of
it may be older. The plan is half H-shaped,
facing N. and S., the entrance being in the
middle. In the W. wing is an early 17th-
century timber ceiling and other woodwork.
Condition — Good.
High Street, S. side: —
'' (6). The Compasses Inn, at the corner of
Market Street, has a small 15th-century oak
window of two cinquefoiled lights. It was
<liscovered during some alterations, and re-set
in the outer wall.
Condition — Good.
^ (7). The Hit or Miss Inn, is a plastered
timber building, probably of the 17th century,
completely restored and altered.
Condition — Good.
N. side: —
^(8). Monmouth House and the Plaits, now
Nos. 11 and 13, were formerly a dower house,
built by Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth,
early in the 17th century. The building
is three-storeyed, of red brick, with tiled
roofs. It was divided into two houses in
the 18th century, and in 1820 the part called
Monmouth House was re-modelled and covered
with cement. The Platts retains the original
red brick facing, and lias two gables in front and
two large projecting chimney stacks at the S.
end. The window frames are almost all modern.
Several rooms contain early 17th-century panel-
ling, and in the dining room is a large oak fire-
place, with a four-centred moulded arch, and
Ionic columns on eacli side: above the arch are
plain panels separated by Doric columns, sur-
mounted by a large cornice. The oak staircase
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
233
is also of the 17th century, with moulded rails,
turned balusters and large square newels with
moulded finials. In an outhouse is a heavy
oak panelled door, much dilapidated, probably
originally the entrance door.
Condition — Good; Monmouth House much
altered.
* (9). House, opposite Farthing Lane, now a
shop and dwelling house, is of the 17th century,
and of two storeys and an attic. The walls are
of brick and timber, partly covered with cement;
the roofs are tiled, and have dormer windows.
Between the two parts of the house is a wide
gateway; the three chimney stacks are original.
Condition — Good.
* (10). The Angel Inn, is a brick and timber
house with an overhanging upper storey, built
at the end of the 16th century; the roof is tiled.
The plan is rectangular, and at the N. end is a
wide gateway, with a room over it .su])|)orle(l on
heavy beams; the roof of this part is higher
than the rest. There is a large central chimney
stack, but the shafts have been rebuilt, and the
windows are modern. The interior of the house
shows the original timber construction, and has
been little altered.
Condition — Good.
* (11). The Old Vic-vrage (remains), now two
cottages and a storehouse, in Fenn's Yard, off
the High Street, is a two-storeyed brick and
timber building of the 16th century, plastered
outside, and with tiled roofs. The plan is long
and naiTow, and has a projecting two-storeyed
timber porch in the middle of the front. The
cottages S. of the porch have two gables; the
porch has a flat -headed moulded doorway; the
open upper sides and front have turned
balusters, placed widely apart ; the upper storey
projects slightly and is gabled. The storehouse
N. of the porch was probably the kitchen, and
contains a large open fireplace. Inside the
cottages there is some carved oak panelling and
a chimney piece of the 17th century. Tlie Tithe
Barn, W. of the house, is a large rectangular
timber building, probably of the 16th century.
The roof is tiled and ha^=! queen-post trusses.
Condition —Of house, somewhat dilapidated;
part of the original building has been pulled
down. Of barn, fairly good, but the roof is in
bad condition, especially at the W. end.
''(12). The Free School, S. of the church-
yard, is a square brick house, with ])rojecting
stone quoins and an open wood bell-turret on the
roof. It was built in 1704, and endowed in
1708 by Mrs. Elizabeth Fuller. In one of the
cbiss-rooms is an oak chimney piece of late 16th
or early 17th-century date, evidently brought
from elsewhere ; on each side of the fireplace is
a large moulded pilaster, and above it are square
and oval panels divided by Ionic columns with
cai'ved ornaments at the corners, and sur-
mounted by a deep cornice.
Condition — Good.
*(13). Almshouses, eight, near Church
Street, built by Francis, Earl of Bedford, in
1580. They are two-storeyed buildings of
timber and plaster; the roofs are tiled. In front
are five gables, and the original window frames,
repaiied. Four oiiginal cliimney stacks, with
two shafts each, also remain.
Condition — Good.
*(14). CoTT.\GE, in Church Street, is of
plastered timber with an original brick chimney
stack, probably of late 17th-century date.
Conditi<m — Good.
*(15). Ballard's Buil7jin(;s, in an alley off
Church Street, are two-storeyed red brick
cottages, probably of late 17th-century date,
with original chimney stacks. The front is of
early ISth-cenlury date, with moulded hrick-
work, and a wooden hood with curved brackets
over the entrance.
Condition — Fairly good.
* (16). Cottages, four in Farthing Lane, are
of the 17th century. They are two-storeyed red
brick buihlings, and the upper storej- of one is
covered with cement. The roofs are tiled, and
two cottages are gabled.
Condition — In bad repair.
* (17). Cottages, four, in Water Lane, are
17th-century buildings of two storeys, the lower
storey of brick, the upper weather- boarded.
The roofs are tiled, and there are two original
square chimney stacks.
(Vindition — Out of repair.
'■(18). Cottages, several, in the hamlet of
Cassio, of brick and timber, with original
chimney stacks, are probably of the 17th
century.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (19). Cottage, at Buckshill Bottom, about
1{ miles E. of the village of Sarratt, is built of
timber, plaster and brick; the roofs are tiled.
It is a narrow rectangular building with a
central projecting porch of two storeys, and is
of early 17th-century date. The internal
arrangement shows that it must have been used
at one time as three separate cottages, each
entered from the porch, and each having its own
staircase. Tlie porch has remains of a wooden
balustrade high up in the side walls; the upper
room projects slightly beyond the lower part.
Condition — Poor; the timberwork in the walls
3G
234
IirVENTORT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFOEDSHIRE.
is decaying, especially ia the porch, and the
whole building needs repair.
''(20). Cottage, in the village of Buckshill,
»bout I of a mile ^'.E. of Sarratt, is a two-
storeyed rectangular building of brick and
timber, with a projecting central porch, and a
small projecting wing at the back; the roofs are
tiled. The porch is covered with rough-cast,
and has an overhanging upper storey; on the
lintel of the outer doorway is carved the date
and initials I 1696 A. The window over this is
original, and has three lights and lead glazing,
and at the back of the house there is another
original window of two lights. The central
chimney stack has three square shafts.
Condition — Fairly good.
"(21). Chandler's Farm, at Chandler's Cross,
about 2^ miles N.W. of the town, is a two-
storeyed house, possibly of late 17th-century
date. It is built of brick, with an upper storey
of brick and timbor; the roofs are tiled. The
plan is rectangular, facing S., with a slightly
projecting block at the E. end. At the back is
a large plain chimney stack. Some of the
ceilings have old beams in them.
Condition — Fairly good.
140. WATTON AT STONE.
(O.S. 6 in. xxi. S.W.)
Eocleelastlcal:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Andrew and
St. Mary, stands on rising ground S.W. of the
village. It is built of flint rubble with
stone dressings. The church, consisting of a
Chancel. North Chapel, Nave with North and
South Aisles and Porches and a West Tower was
rebuilt in the 1.5th century, and all traces of
any earlier history were destroyed. In 1851
the North Chaprl was added and the whole
church completely restored.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(:38i ft. by 22| ft.) has an E. window, and two
windows in tlie S. wall, of three lights each with
tracerv ; only a few of the stones a re old. A door-
way in the S. wall, an arcade in the N. wall,
and the chancel arch are modern. The Nave
(541 ft. bv '-?2 ft.) has N. and S. arcades of
early 15th-century date; they are of four
bay.s with two-(cntr».'d arches, of two moulded
orders, and columns of four shafts, scpiuatcd
by hollows, with moulded capitals and
bases. The two arcades are practically
identical in detail. At the >'.E. and S.E. angles
are stair-turrets to the roof, which also served
as the rood-loft stairs. Above the arcade, on
each side, are four much restored clearstorey
windows of two lights. The North Aisle (9 ft.
wide) has in the E. wall a modern arch opening
into the chapel, and in the S.E. angle is a
blocked squint. In the N. wall are three
traceried windows of three lights, much
restored; the Is. doorway and another small door-
way, E. of it, are modern. The AV. window is
of two lights, much restored. The Souih
Aisle (8j feet wide) has an E. window of
three lights; the other windows resemble
those in the ?^. aisle. The S. doorway is
of the 15th century; it has a two-centred arch,
and is of two wave-moulded orders. The West
Tower (14 ft. by 13 ft.) is of three stages with an
embattled parapet, a S.W. stair-turret, and two
square buttresses at each angle. The 15th-
century tower arch is of three moulded orders.
The W. doorway, the window over it, of three
lights, and the bell-chamber windows, of two
lights, are almost wholly modern. The North
Porch (14 ft. by 9 ft.) is'of two .storeys: all tlie
detail has been renewed. The South Porch
(12| ft. by 9 ft.) was completely rebuilt in the
19th century. The Roofs of the aisles are of the
15th century, much restored; they have
moulded purlins, principals and wall plates, and
some carved bosses.
Fittings — Bells: six; 2nd 1682. Brasses and
Indents: in the chancel, of priest in ([uire cope,
mid 15th-century: in N. chapel, of knight in
armour, under a canopy, with marginal inscrip-
tion in French and two shields; said to be of Sir
Philip Peletoot, 1361; the upper part of the
figure and the inscription restored in 1851 : of
knight in armour, said to be John ikitlcr, 1514,
with five shields of arms, early 16th-century : of
civilian, late 15th-centurj' : to IJichard Boteler,
of Stapleford, 1614, Anna his wife, daughter of
John Mynne, of Hertingfordbury, lfil9, and
their only daughter Elizabeth, wife of Rowland
tiraveley, of Graveley, 1600; inscription, two
shields and indents of a third : in nave, E. end,
of a lady, mid 16th-century, lower part of figure
missing, indents of husband, sons, daughters,
two shields; two brass shields, one on a chief, a
tau cross between two pierced molets (Drury,
Colne or Riddlesworth ?); second a sword bend-
wise (Kilpec") quartering Boteler: jmrt of in-
scription remaining: . . . Knyght late Lorde of
Wodhalle whych decea.sed t . . . : in the N.
aisle, headless figure of civilian, late 15th-
contury, with indents of two figures and
marginal inscription : in S. aisle, of lady and
shield, mid 15th-century. Chest: in the chapel,
large, iron-bound, late 16th or early 17th-
century. Monumcn/s: in the chapel, slab with
marginal inscription in French to Sir Robert de
Gravele. 14th-century : alabaster slali incised
and inlaid with the figures of Sir John Butteler,
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF UERTFORDSHIRE.
235
ot Wudehall, in armour, date of deatk not
tilled in; Lis two wives, Elizabeth, 1471, and
Custans, 14..., eight children, inscription and
three shields of arms: in chancel, lioor slab
to John Sayvvell, rector, 11193: in N. aisle,
slab with marginal inscription to Koger de
Larabi, 14th-century. Piscinu : in chancel,
much restored, 15th-century. ISedilia : in
chancel, in range with piscina, three seats with
cusped canopies and spandrels, 15th-century,
much restored.
Condition — Wood, but much restored.
Secular:
Homestead Moats: —
(2). At Watton Green, two. First, S. of the
church; second, further S., fragment only
remains.
(3). In Well Wood, there ai-e traces of a cir-
cular moated enclosure, and in Chapel Wood,
on the S., there appear to be defensive works
of some kind, but it is impossible to obtain an
accurate plan owing to the thickness of the
plantation. The work is not shown on the
Ordnance maps.
(4). Watton Place, on the W. side of the
main street, about 700 yards N. of the church,
is a late Kjth-century building of two storeys
and cellars, facing N.E. ; the walls are of lirick;
the roofs are tiled. The plan is rectangular,
but was probably L-shaped originally. At
the E. end of the front are twin gables, which
stand well above the eaves. The original brick
chimney stacks remain, and one .stack, between
the gables, has twisted shafts with moulc!e<l
caps. The entrance doorway and the windows
are modern. In a room on the first floor is some
late 16th-century panelling. In the cellars are
several triangular-headed recesses in the walls,
and at the end of a row of these in the N.W.
wall there is a deep locker with an oak frame
and rebate for doors ; in the S. wall there is a
blocked window. Two king-post trusses in the
roof are original; one of them is buried in the
S.W. wall, showing that the roof probably
continued in that direction.
Cond ition — Good .
(5). House, on the N. side of the main road,
near the middle of the village, is a timlxjr-
framed and plastered building, of late 16th
or early 17th-century date, much lepaired. It
retains at the N.E. end an arched door-frame
of oak, and the original beams, which appear
to have su])])orted an overhanging upper .storey,
are now incorporated in n modern addition.
The red brick chimney stack is probably
original.
Condition — Good.
(6j. Cottage.s : in the village, two on the S.
side of the road, built early in the 17th century,
are of timber and plaster, with overhanging
upper storeys supported on substantial beams ;
one cottage has a thatched roof ; the other roof
is tiled. A CoUaye at the E. end of the village,
also of early 17th-century date, has been re-faced
and otherwise altered, but retains an original
red brick chimney stack, and the old internal
beams, re-cased.
Condition — Good .
(7). Broom Hall, about a mile N.W. of the
church, is a two-storeyed farm-house of brick,
built late in the 16th century. ITie plan is rect-
angular, with a small jiorch wing projecting
from the N. front, opposite the central chimney
stack. The principal rooms are on each side
of the stack, and there is a small staircase at
the back. The entrance doorway has moulded
jambs and a four-centred arch with a square
label. The windows of the Hrst floor are
original, and have brick mullions, nearly all
restored, and four-centred heads. The chimney
stack has a large, cross-shaped shaft. The in-
terior has been altered, but the central newel of
the staircase and, at the top, the turned
balusters and a moulded handrail, are original.
Condition — Good.
(8). Watkins Hall, has over the front en-
tranc-e an old beam, on which is the inscrip-
i- WAITOX alias watkins riii , ,
tion : — HALL iM hall 1636 Ihehousehas
been rebuilt in plaatere<l timber and brick, and
the beam is apjiarently the only old feature
which has been preserved.
141. WELWYN
(O.S. G in. xxviii. N.E.)
Roman I—
(1). DwELLTNCi House: A flint wall was
found in l!tOG at the N.E. corner of the Rectory,
between the house and the tennis-lawn; bricks
roofing tiles, coins, etc., were also discovered.
Ecclesiastical: —
(3). P.tRisH Church of St. Mary, stands on
low ground N. of the village. It is built partly
of flint rubble and partly of modern brick, with
stone dressings. No detail remains of an
earlier date than the second half of the
1.3th century, when the Chnnrel was re-
built to the present size, but the plan of the
Nave is probably earlier; the South Aisle is of
the same date as the chancel, but the S. wall
has been much rebuilt, probably in the 15th
2G 2
236
INVENTOHT OF THE MONTTMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
ceutury, when the South Forch was added. It
is recorded in the Session Kolls ol the county
that in 1663 heavy storms did much damage to
the fabric, the tower, standing on the I*i. side
of the church, fell to the ground, leaving that
side of the churoii and the vestry ojicn, and the
whole building had to be strengthened by iron
tie-rods. The cost of rebuilding was estimated at
about £2,00U. In the 19th century, the Narth
Aisle. North Organ Chamber, South Chapel, and
South-West Tower were built.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(37| ft. by 17 ft.) is almost entirely modern in
detail, the only old work being a late 13th-
century lancet window, now blocked, in the N.
wall, and the chancel arch, of the same
date, of two chamfered orders, with half-
octagonal responds, moulded capitals, etc. The
arches opening into the Organ Chamber and
South Chapel are modern. The Nave (49| ft. by
19 ft.) has a S. arcade of late 13th-century date,
much restored ; it is of four bays, with
arches of two chamfered orders, octagonal
columns, plain moulded bell capitals, and
modern bases; the N. arcade is a modern copy.
The North Aisle is modern. The South Aisle
(8 ft. wide) has been much altered, and the
windows and doorway are modern. The S. wall
is externally very irregular. The South-Weft
Tower is modern. The South Porch has a plain
entrance arciiway of two chamfered orders and
of late 15th-century date. The Roofs of the
nave and S. aisle are possibly of the 15tli
century, and of the plainest detail.
Fittings — Brackets : for images, in the S.
aisle, two, with grotesque corbels, late 13th-
century. Piscinae : in the chancel, double, 13th-
century, much restored; in S. aisle, restored.
Plate: includes a cup of Ififjfi and a paten of
1678. Screen: in the arch opening into the
organ chamber, oak, in three bay.s, with central
openings, elaborate pierced tracery, and ogee
heads having crocketted finials.
Condition — Good; much restored and rebuilt.
Secular;—
(3). The Poor HorsE, now the police station,
stands S.E. of the church. It is a small two-
storeyed building of early 17th-century date,
but the N. and E. elevations have been much
altere<l and are practically modern. The S.
and W. walls are of timljer and plaster, and the
upper storey projects on the W. side. Under the
projection a large fire-hook is preserved. The
interior is modern.
Condition — Good, much restored.
142. WESTMILL.
(O.S. 6 in. iiv. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical: -
(1). P.utisa CiiiRCH OK St. M.\ry, stands at
the E. end of the village. It is built of tiint
rubble with chinch dressings, aud has long-
aud-short work, of Barnack stone, at the S.E.
angle of the nave; in the E. gable is some
Roman brick. Tlie tower is coated with
cement. The Nave is pre-Conquest; tlie plan of
the Chaiictl and possibly parts of the walls are
of the same period, altliougli the earliest
details are of the 13th century. 'Ihe i\'urth Aisle
was added c. 1190, and the chancel arch rebuilt
c. 133U-4U. The West Tower was built late in
the 15th century. In 1875 the church was
thoroughly restored, the chancel re-roofed, and
a Vestry and South J'urch were added.
Anthitectural Description -The Chancel
(25 ft. by 15 ft.) has a modern E. window; the
lancet windows in the N. aud S. walls are
modern, but may replace the 13th-centurj'
lights. The internal jambs of the S. doorway
are probably of the 14th centurj'; above it
is a single-light window of the 13th century,
with rebated jambs and a square head.
The two-centred chancel arch is of the 14th
century ; it is of two moulded orders with a label
on both sides, and is supported on responds
with three large engaged shafts. The Nave
(41 ft. by 21 ft.) retains, un the S.E., an angle
of pre-Conquest long-and-short work in perfec;t
preservation. In the N. wall are two late 12th-
century pointed arches with single splayed
edges, labels and moulded abaci; between them
is a rectangular pier, cut flush with the face of
the wall; at the E. end of the wall there is a
modern opening, over wliicli is ;i blocked dooi-
way to the former rood-loft. The stonework of
the S. window and doorway is modern. The
North Aisle (12 ft. wide) has two modern
windows in the N. walls. The brick jambs,
head and label of the W. window are of r. 1530;
in a buttress are some re-used ' long-and-sliort '
stones. The Tower (14 ft. scjuarel is of three
stages, with embattled parapet and small lead
spire, and has buttresses at the angles. The
tower arch, of late 15th-century date, reaches to
the roof of the high nave; it is two-centred and
of three splayed orders, the mouldings being
continued down (hejambs without capitals. The
W. doorway has canopied niches in the moulded
splays and figures of angels with censers in the
spandrels, all much decayed and repaired with
cement. The three-light W. window and the
four windows of the bell-chamber, each of two
lights, are also repaired with cement. There
WKSTOX : PARISH CIIIKCII OK 'llll'; lloLV TlilNITV
NOItTII IKANSKIT, SlldWINd IIIK l2Tlirl':M li; V MASONIiV.
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIRE.
237
are gargoyles in the centre of the string courses
below the parapet. ITie Roof of the nave is
probably of the 15th century.
Fittings — Bells: live; 3rd early lyth-century,
inscribed " Sutic/u Marqartta (Jra Fro Nubis"
4th by William llotford' probably <•. l;J5U, 5th
161G. Communion Rail : with twisted balusters,
late 17th-century. Font: of elunch, octagonal,
with j)anelle<] sides, late 15th-ceutury. Niche :
in E. respond of nave arcade. I'laie: includes
cup of 15G2, cover paten without hall marks,
dated IG^U, and a large paten of ITlo. t-ieat-
ing : in the chancel, with early Ibth-ceutury
standards: in the aisle, several benches with
buttressed ends aud moulde<l rails, 16th-cen-
tury; in the nave, a similar bench.
Condition — Good; much restored.
Secular;—
(2). Westmill Bi'RY, S.E. of the church, has
a niedia-val barn, of ten bavs, e;i(li of 1(J It.:
it is tinibei-framed and coveie<l willi weather-
boarding ; the roof is tlia1<lie(l. The large
queen-j)Ost trusses are of oak, luul ivaili Iroiii
the floor to the roof.
Condition — Good.
143. WESTON.
(O.S. G in. xiii. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical;—
(1). Parish Church of the Holy Trinity,
stands on high ground S.E. of the village. It
is built of flint and coursed iron-stone rubble;
the quoins and other dressings are of oolite and
elunch. The roofs are covered with slates. The
North Transept, Central Tmcer, and Nave are
the remains of a mid 12th-century cruciform
church, and there are trac<>s of a N. chapel E. of
the N. transept. In the 15th century the South
Aisle, South Foreh, and clearstorey were added,
and windows were inserted, the original S.
transept being rebuilt to form the E. bay of
the aisle. In the 19th century the Chancel and
the upper part of the central tower were rebuilt,
a Vestry was added, and the whole building
much repaired.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(32 ft. by 17i ft.) is modern. 'The Central Tower
(13^ ft. square) rests upon four semi-circular
arches, with heavy abaci of unusual detail. The
upper ijart of the tower is practical Iv modern.
The North Transept (14 ft. by 12^ ft.) has a
blocked and partly destroyed semi-circular arch
in the E. wall which indicates the position of a
former chapel. In the N. and W. walls are small
12th-century windows, with semi-circular heads.
The Nave (44i ft. by 21i ft.) has, in the N. wall,
a 15th-century traceried window of two lights,
and another of thi-ee light.s ; between them is a
blocked 15tli-(entury A. doorway. The three-
light wind<iw in the \V . wall is also of the I5th
century. The S. arcade is of three bays, with
two-centred arches of two hollow chamfered
orders, separated by hollows ; the octagonal
columns have moulded capitals and bases. 'J'he
whole arcade has been considerably scraped aud
defaced. Above it are four square openings,
from whicb tracery has probably been re-
moved; they were originally clearstorey
windows, Imt are now internal, as the aisle roof
lias been raised. The South Aisle (the E. bay
14| ft. wide, the other bays 12 ft. wide) has an
E. window of three lights, with tracery, and
three windows of two lights, in the S. wall, all
oi the 15th century, and veiy similar to the
windows of tlie nave. The S. doorway is of the
same date. The South Porch (12 ft. by 10 ft.)
has an entrance with an arch of two moulded
oiders, and shafted jaiiil)s. Tiie /{oof of the
nave, with grotes(|ue corbels, is of the 15tli
century.
Fittings— 7?e//4-.- five; Ist, 171G; 2nd aud 3rd,
1G34; 5th, 1G82. Chest: in the nave, small,
carved, 17th-century. Ford: octagonal, with
quatrefoil ])aiiels on the moulded bowl, moulded
and panelleil stem; 15th-century. Monument:
on the chancel wall, to John Fairclough, 1630.
Piscina: in S. aisle, with plain pointed head,
15th-century. Plate: includes a cu]) of 1G38
and a paten of 1661.
Condition — Very gootl, but over-restored.
Secular:—
(2). Halls Green F.^rm, formerly Faircloth
Hall, nearly a mile S.E. of the church, is a
timber - fnime<l and jdastered house of two
storeys, built in the 17th century. The roof is
tiled. The plan is L-shaped, but the smaller
wing is probably of later date than the main
block, which faces S.W., and has a large central
chimney stack (modern outside), and another at
the N.W. end, with two detached square shafts
set diagonally. The original large fireplaces in
the central stack are reduced for modern grates.
Several original cambered beams remain in the
first-floor rooms ; two doors are made up of
pieces of early 17th-century oak panelling, and
one of them has some good hinges of the same
date.
Condition — Good.
238
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
144. WHEATHAMPSTEAD.
(U.S. U ill. <"' xivii. N.E. Wxxvii. S.E. Wxxviii.
N.W. i-iJixviii. S.W.)
Eocleslastlcal:—
(1) 1'akij.ii Church of St. Helen, stands
iu tlif iiiidille of the village. It is built of flint
rubble with stone cli'essiugs; the roofs of the
nave, transepts and chancel are covered witii
slate, and those of the aisles with lead. No
exact date can be assigned to the Hrst church
which a|ijiaieutly consisted of an apsi<lal
chancel, a central tower with transej)ts, an«l a
nave. Of the walls of this chinch [in>bably only
those of the .\ace remain, but the ioundations
oi the apse have been discovered below
the floor. The present Chancel was built
c. 1230, and the central Tower was rebuilt
towards the end of the l-ith century. Tiie
>Sout/t Ais/e of the nave was added early in tiie
14th century. A little later in the century the
west end of the Nave was i-ebuilt and the North
Aisle was added. The North Transept was
rebuilt c. 1330-40, and the South Transept soon
afterwards. The South Porch was built c. ViiM.
The two-storeyed North Vcstrij was added
c. 1380, but was altered and enlarged in IHitT.
The whole church was restored in 1805-0, and
the X. porch rebuilt.
The church contains some excellent 14th-cen-
tury detail, especially in the windows of the
transepts. The carved reredos, in the N.
transept, and other fittings are also of interest.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(45A ft. by 20 ft.) has three large 13th-century
lanret windows in the K. wall, with niniilded
rear arches and shafted jambs having moulded
bases and ca]>itals. Tlie windows in the N.
wall and the string course round the walls are
of the same date, c. 1230. The S. windows were
inserted c. 1380 ; two are of two lights and the
third of three lights, all with tracery. The
Central Tower (201 ft. square) is of two stages,
and has a broach sj)ire covered with lead,
restored in 1865. The four lofty arches are each
of three chamfered orders with jdain piers and
moulded capitals. The bell-chamber windows
of two lights are modern. The North Trnnse/it
f27A ft. by 18i ft.) has a large N. window of five
lights with net tracery, of r. 1335; in the E.
wall is a similar window of three lights, with the
sill carried down to sup]>ort a reredos (see
fittings). The South Trmmpt (27 ft. by 18' ft.)
has a S. window of four lights with net tracery,
of the same date as that in the opposite wall,
and an E. window, also of the 14th century, of
three lights with tracerv and feathered
cusping. The Nave (45 " ft. by 21J ft.)
has a S. arcade of three bays with octagonal
pillars, which have moulded bases and capitals,
and ari'hes of two chamfered orders, all
of early 14th-ceutury date. The 2*!. arcade
is of slightly later date, but is similar in
design, except the mouldings of the capitals.
The \V .doorway has an arch of c. 1320, enriched
with ball flower ornament; the jaiiibs are
modern. The W. window is modern. The
clearstorcy has four small quatretoil windows
on each si<le, with modem external stonework.
The North Aisle (10 1 ft. wide) has, in the iS.
wall, three Hth-ceiitury windows of two lights
with restored tracery. The J\'. doorway has
splaj'ed jambs and a moulded arch, modern
except the inner orders of the arch. The South
Aisle (10^ ft. wide) has a window of c. 1430-40,
with three cint|Uef'oiled lights under a low arched
iiead, a 1 Ith-ct'iitiuy window of two liglits with
traceiy, and a S. doorway with shallow moulded
jambs and arch. The South Porch has an
entrance archway of two chamfered ordei-s; the
moulded capitals and bases of the jambs are
iiio«lerii.
Fittings — Brasses and Indents: in the N.
transept, of Hugh Bostok and Margaret Macry,
his wife, c. 1430, the jiarents of John W'heat-
hampstead, Abbot of St. Albans; inscription,
and one corner shield with arms of Heyworth,
argent three bats sable; indents for six children,
and three shields: of a civilian and his wife, c.
1510, and eight children, without inscription ;
the brasses of children do not fit the indents:
of John Heyworth and his wife, 1520, nine
children, four shields, and inscription : in the
S. transept, of a lady, headless figure, indent of
knight (one leg in brass), 15th-centurv, indents
of inscrii>tion. etc. : in the chancel several in-
dents. Font: with octagonal ])anelled and
carved bowl, clustered shafts with moulded
bases and ca])itals, early 14th-c«ntury. Glass:
in E. window of N. transept, fragments, 14th-
century. Monuments and Floor Slabs: in the
chancel, mural tablet to Nicholas Bristow. 1584.
servant of Henry VIH, Edward VI, Marv and
Elizabeth, also to his great grandson, Nicholas
Bristow, 1620, and several children : mural
tablet to Thomas Sfubbinger, merchant, and
Rector of the parish, ITth-century, with three
shields: on the floor, N. side, to Eliical>eth
TIuns<lon, 1695: in the N. transept, on E. wall,
to John Heyworth, 1558. his wife, three chil-
dren, white marble, incised kneeling figures,
arms and inscription : on W. wall, large
monument, in coloured marbles, with recum-
bent effigies of a knight in plate armour, c. 1G37,
and his wife; figures of six sons and eight
daughters in high relief, arms and inscription
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
239
to Elizabeth, wife of Sir John Garrard, Bart.,
lGti2, aud to Isaliella (iarraid, tlii'ir fjrand-
child, died 1677 : mural tablet to Sir John
Garrard, Bart., 1686, and Jane his wife, 1692,
with inscription and arms : Hoor slab to Alice,
wife of Jonas Bailey, of Mackcrye End. 1642 :
in S. transept, altar tomb of Sir John Brocket,
1558, and his wife, recumbent alabaster figures,
the knight in plate armour; sides of tomb
panelled, eight small figures in relief and
shields of arms; marginal inscription; traces of
paint and gilding remain : Hoor slabs to
Edward Brocket, 1669: to Mary, wife of .lohn
Brocket, 1669: in the N. aisle, recess, probably
for the tomb of the founder or builder of the
aisle, 14th-century. Piscinae : in the chancel,
small, with crockettcd canopy, 15th-century :
in the S. transept, with projecting basin broken
off, 14th-century. Plate. : includes cup and
cover of 1648, the rim apparently added to the
cover in 1841; flagon and paten given between
1673 and 1708. Pulpit: hexagonal, with
panelled sides, 17th-century, originally be-
longed to the chapel in Lamer Park. Rerrdof :
below E. window of N. transept, seven stone
canopied niches, with leafy crockets, inid foliiigc
in the spandrels, carving not entirely finished.
Screen: across the N. transept, early 17th-
century, apparently made up from the "W.
gallery pulled down in 1865. Smting : in the
N. transept, two seats, dated 16-31, from the
Lamer Park chapel. Tiles: ;it l)Lise of font,
medifeval.
rnndition -Good throughout.
Ssculari—
'■(2). Lamer House, stands in a park, about
ly miles N. of the church. It is an 18th-rentury
building, but in the garden is an early 17th-
cpntury Arch which belonged to the main
entrance of the original hoiisc, and in the
windows of the dairy, formerly the chapel, is
some 17th-centui-y Glass. The semi-circular
moulded arch is of stone with shields in the
spandrels; in the left shield, arms of Garrard, a
fesse with a lion pnssani thereon nnd a crescent
for difference; the right shield li;is a clieveion
between three crescents. On each side of the
arch is a flutwl column with moulded capitals
and bases, supporting an entablature with
circular flower ornaments in the frieze. The
glass in the dairy windows is heraldic, the
shields being as follows: — (1) Garrard, argent
a fesse snble with a lion passant argent thereon.
Badge of TTIster and a crescent for difference.
Above is a mantled helm and crest, and below is
the date 1632. (2) The royal arms of the
Stuarts impaling a coat of five pieces; over all
an escutcheon of two pieces within another of
four pieces. (3) Garrard impaling argent three
pales gules, over all a cheveron or; dated 1632.
(4) Quarterly 1 and 4 Garrard, 2 and 3 argent a
fesse azure between three crescents azure with
a molet for difference. (5) Garrard impaling
"•ules a cheveron vair between tliree lambs
argent. (6) Garrard im])aling argent two
cheverons gules; dated 1610.
Condition — Of arch, damaged at base,
restored at top, otherwise fairly good. Of
glass, fairly good.
«(3). Mackerye End, about IJ miles N.W. of
the village, is a red brick house of two storeys
and attics, built late in the 16th century. The
roofs are tiled. It consists of a main block,
running nearly N. and S., with a wing at each
end projecting towards the E. The S, wing also
once piojected towards the W., as there is an
original wide fireplace, now disused, in the AV.
wall, on the side towards a late 17th-century
T-shaped extension; this extension is built of
plastered timber with brick filling. S. of
it is a modern kitchen wing, and the
corridor, etc., at the back of the main lilock
is also modern. The wings of the E. front are
finished with curvilinear pedimented gables;
the N. gable contains the date 1665, probably
recording the time when the gables were altered ;
they pos.sibly originally resembled the gable at
the W. end of the N. wing, which is straight.
All the principal windows have a slightly pro-
jecting brick margin. The wings on the E. front
have two large 16tli-century chimney stacks
with octagonal shafts and moulded bases and
capitals. Interior: The principal entrance is
through .1 brick jiorch in the centre of the E.
front, o|iening into the 16th-crntury hall, now
divided by a passage into two rooms; in one room
is the original fireplace, and the other is
panelled in oak aud has a richly carved 17th-
century overmantel. In the library a similar
overmantel has becMi grained and varnished;
one of the bedrooms also contains a little
jianelling. The n\ain staircase, at the N. end
of the house, is of massive oak, and probably of
early ISth-century date.
Condition- -Good.
"■(4). Wheathamtstead Place, now known
as Place Farm, about 300 yards N.E. of the
church, is a two-storeyed house, built in the
16th century, and considerably altered in the
l!)th century. The AV. front faces the road and
is coveied with cemeTit, but the other (dd walls
are of thin bricks. The roofs arc tiled. ,\t the
8. end are two chimney stacks with tall
octagonal shafts, mouhbnl bases and rebuilt
caps. Much of the panelling inside the house
240
INVENTOHT OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
has been removed, but in the kitchen is a late
16th-centun- carved overmantel and a shield
charged with the Brocket arms. On the first
floor is another overmantel of about the same
date but plainer, and there are some remains of
panellinp in two rooms. Part of the staircase is
also oripinal.
The boundary wall near the road is of brick,
and in it is a blocked doorway with moulded
stone jambs and a four-centred head. In
another brick wall are several small recesses.
Condition — Fairly good.
"•(5). I'he Bill Inn, about 160 yards N.E. of
the church, is a long, two-storeyed building of
the 17th century. The walls are of plastered
timber with brick filling; the roof is tiled.
Condition — Good.
"■•''(6). CoTT.\GES, several, near the church,
and two cottages near the schools are of the
17th century, built of plastered timber and
brick.
Condition — Fairly good.
" (7). Ceeswell Farm, about a mile from
Wheathampstead, on the road to Batfnrd Mill,
is a small 17th-century house of two storeys
and an attic, and has an extension of one storey
on the S.TV. The old walls are of timber covered
with basket-work pargetting; the roofs are
tiled. All the windows are modern. In the
kitchen, and also in the extension, are wide,
open fireplaces and some 17th-century oak
panelling.
Condition — Good.
* (8). Cross F.aem, about | of a mile E. of
Harpenden Common, is a long, rectangular
brick building of two storeys, with gables
and a projecting porch on the N.TV. front. It
was probably built in the 16*h century of timber
and plaster, but was re-faced with brick late in
the 17th century. A small block at the S.W.
end, built of timber with brick filling, was ap-
parently added in the 17th century before the rest
of the house was re-faced. The roofs are tiled.
The casement windows are glazed with square
and diamond-shape<l panes, and the gables have
brick coping. There are three chimney stacks
with square shafts built of thin bricks. The
porch has a late 17th-century panelled door.
A room at the N.E. end has early 17th-centiiry
panelling with a carved frieze, and in tiic ceil-
ing is a 16tli-centurv beam >\illi moulded edges
and stops; the fireplace is jnirtly original, and
has chamfered brick jambs. Another room, at
the S.W. end, has a wide, open fireplace. The
stairs are of plain oak. At the back of the house
is a small outbuilding of brick and timber, and
in front is a long narrow range of timber build-
ings on a brick base, terminating at the N.E.
end in a small two-storeyed brick an<l timber
house; all areof the 17th century, much restored.
Condition — Good.
145. WinFORD.
CO.S. 6 in. ("'xxx. N.E. ('"xxx. N.W.)
Ecclesiastical;—
" (1). Parish Church of St. John the
Baptist, stands about ^ mile W. of the village,
on the edge of an incline commanding an
extensive view to the N. over the river Ash.
The walls are built of small tliut.->, and the
dressings are of clunch, except those of
the tower, which are of Barnack stone; the
roofs are tiled. A building stood on this
site in the 12th century, but the only
remaining details of that date are the detached
fragments of a doorway, though probably
the walls of the y>ne incorporate some of
the original work. In the 14th century the
Chancel appears to have been enlarged to its
jiresent size, and the West Toicer was added.
In the loth century the tower arch was
widened and various windows were inserted.
The church has been restored several times
during the l!)th century, and the Porch, Organ
Chamber and Vestry are motlern.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(21 ft. by 18 ft.) has a modern E. window of three
lights, and, in each .--ide wall, a lot li-centiiry
window of two lights with tracery ; a doorway in
the S. wall is of the same date, but has a modern
label: there is no chancel arch. The Nave
(43 ft. by 18J ft.) has, in the S. wall, a window of
two lights with tracery, of c. 13o0, an<l a modern
window of 14th-century character; the doorway
is of c. 1370, and set in tlie wall -.ibove it is
part of a 12th-century arch with zig-zag
moulding. In the N. wall is a window which
resembles the S. window of c. 1350, but is of
modern stonework ; the doorway, of the same
date and iletail as that on the S., now opens
into the modern vestry; a projection at the N.E.
corner outside proves the existence of a former
rood-loft staircase. The West Tower (11 ft.
square) is of three stages, with an embattled
parapet, and a modern s])ire covered with copper.
The tall lower arch is tlit^ width of the tower, and
of late 15th-century detail, the A\'. doorway, of
two motilded orders with a label, is of the 14th
century, and the W. window, of two lights with
tracery, is of the same date; a projecting
S.E. stair-turret has pointed doorways opening
into it at the level of the ground and first floors.
All the upper windows of the tower areof modern
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEnTFORDSHinE.
2il
stone. Tlio Roofs are modern, but retain some
ancient tie-beams ami wall plates.
Fittings — Bells: six: 2nd probably of 1024,
date incomplete; 3rd of pre-Eeformation date,
inscribed with a prayer to St. Katherine; 4th
of 1624. Brass Indents : in the tower, of a
priest (?), half-figure, inscription and shield:
of a man and his wife, with shieldSj inscription,
etc., e. 1420. Credence: in the chancel, a
carved cushion-capital, early 12th-contury, set
on a shaft, now forms credence shelf; discovered,
with several others, in the tower when it was
restored at the beginning of the lOth century.
Doors: in N. doorway of nave, oak, e. 1370.
with 13th-century ironwork : in upper doorway
of stair-turret, oak, with vertical iron straps,
plain hinges, and a large oak stock lock,
mediicval. Font: octagonal, sides ])anell(Ml,
and carved with various subjects, the head of a
lion, a nun, etc., of c. 1420. Pointings: on E.
wall of chancel, figures of a bishop and ap-
parently of a knight: on the N. wall, another
figxire, seated on a rainbow, with a sword raised
horizontally; close to it, small figure of an angel
with a Tail cross. Piscina: in S. wall of nave,
of brick, early IGth-centurv. Plate: includes
a finely chase<l cup of 1502 and cover paten.
Recess: on S. side of chancel, 14th-centurv,
probably encloses a monumental slab.
Condition — Good.
Secular:—
* (2). WiDFORDBrRY, ncxt to the church on
the TV. side, is a two-storeyed house with timber-
framed and plastered walls, and tiled roofs;
the plan is L-shaped. It was built probably in
the 17th century, but the only certain signs of
age are a few exposed floor timbers, and a
doorway in the E. wall, now only visible inside
a cellar: it has an oak door on strap hinges,
and appears to have been internal: if in situ it
must have opened into a former E. winjj which
probablv extended to the red brick wall (about
180-200 ft. long and 7-8 ft. high) which bounds
the W. side of the chiirchyard. This wall,
which runs N. and S., was apparentlv Imilt
earlv in the 16th century, and is said
locally to have belonged to a former priory.
At the N. end are the remains of two sides
of a room with a lar^e fireplace. Part
of a moulded and mullioned brick window,
and a doorway with a fovir-centred arch, are
visible on the E. face of the wall, and a large
gateway with a four-centred arch can be seen
on the W. face. Aliout 70 ft. further R. is an
archway of later date, probably of the 17th cen-
tury; it is flanked by shallow pilasters and has
a round arch with moulded imposts and archi-
volt. A moulded plinth runs along the wall
on the churchyard side, interrupted by the
doorways and archways. A Piqeon House, on
(he farm, about 300 ft. N.W. of the house, has
red brick walls and a thatched roof, and was
built probably in the 16th century. The plan is
octagonal (internal flianieler, 17 ft.). It has a
plain, square-headed doorway, and small
rectangular lights on four sides, with moulded
jambs which resemble those in the old wall
mentioned above, and have grooves for glazing;
none of the cots remain.
Condition — Of the wall, ruinous. The house
is divided into two dwellings and is not in very
good repair: but is probably substantially sound.
Unclassified:—
« (3). Tlmuli, two, W. of the railway.
Condition — Of one, good; of the other, bad.
146. WIGGINTOX.
(O.S. in. Wxxv. S.E. Wxxxii. N.E.)
Roman:—
" (1). Dwelling House, reputed, no remains
above ground.
Ecclesiastical:—
"(2). P.\RisH Cht'rch OF St. B.\rtholomew,
stands at the top of a steep hill, about 1\ miles
S.E. of Tring. It is built of flint with stone
dressings; the roofs are tiled. In 1881 the
church was completely restored, and there is not
enough old detail reinaining to determine the
date of the original building. It consisted of
a Chancel and an aisleless Nave, of which
the plan has remained unaltered, and a
West Chamher, added in the 15th century,
now forming an extension to the nave. The
North Orqan Chatnhcr and Vestry, the North
Aisle, the Smith Porch and a Bell Turret over
the W. end of the nave, are modern.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(18| ft. by 12i ft.) has a modern E. window, a
late 14th-century N. window, restored, of two
lights under a square head; in the S. wall is a
similar window, also much restored; "W. of it is
a blocked doorway and a low side window with a
square head. The chancel arch is modern. The
Nave (3-5 ft. by 15 ft.) has a modern N. arcade ;
in the S. wall are two modern windows, and a
doorwav, with a plain pointed arch and moulded
label, possibly of late 13th-centurv date,
re-tooled when the church was restored. Tlie
West Chamber (W\ ft. by 12^ ft.) has a modern
E. arch and W. doorway, the original S.
entrance heing blocked. Over the "W. doorwav
i.s an original window of three uncusped lights
under a square head. The only traces of a
2H
242
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
window in the N. wall are a few stones of a
relieving arch, lu the S. wall is a 15th-century
window of two trefoiled lights under a square
head, and a small square-headed window of
one light, set low in the wall. Most of the
woodwork in the Roof of the W. chamber is
original; thi- tie-beams, with anlied braces, and
pierced tracery in the spandrels, rest on carved
stone corbels, some of which are also of the lotii
century.
Fittings — Niches: one on each side of the E.
window, with bracket for image. Piscina: in
the chancel, with a square basin, probably 13th-
centurv. a shelf and a modern or re-tooled head.
Plate: includes a cup and cover paten of 1509.
Condition — Structurally good, but some of
the external stonework is crumbling away.
Unclassified;—
''(3). Grim's Ditch (see also Great Berk-
hampstead, Northchurch, and Tring), enters
the parish a little S. of AVigginton Bottom, and
continues to Clayhill in the same straight line
as in Tring parish. A little beyond Clayhill it
vanishes, reappearing at the S.E. corner of
Harding's AVood. From this point the line
takes a new direction E.S.E. to the parish
boundary beyond Smart's Wood. The western
part of this second line is much levelled
and obliterated, but a fairly goo<l section
is to be seen S.E. of the road past Harding's
"Wood, the bank being 4 ft. and the counterscarp
6 ft. above the ditch, which lies to the S.W. and
is 40 ft. wide from crest to crest; beyond this the
work degenerates into a field bank, but on
nearing Smart's AVood it veap])ears, and iii tlie
wood the bank is 5 ft., and the counterscarp
2 ft. above the ditch, which is 30 ft. across. The
levels on the whole are downhill, from 640 ft.
above O.D. at the "\V. end to 580 ft. at the E.
end.
Dimensions — Total length, including gaps,
1.060 yds.
Condition — Fairly good in parts; much
denuded.
147. WILLIAN.
(O.S. 6 in. vii. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical :—
(1). r.vRi'^H Cni'RCH OF All S.\ints, stands
on the S. side of the village, about 2j miles E.
of Hitrhin. The walls are of flint fsoe below).
The Chnnrd and Nave were built in the first half
of the 12th century. The West Tower was added
c. 1430; the E. diagonal buttresses are built
against the "W. quoins of the nave, sliowing
that the tower must have been completed before
the W. wall was removed and the nave
lengthened by three or four feet. The windows
and doorways are of the 14th and loth centuries
and modern. The South I'vrcit is possibly
of the 15th century. The C/uaiccl was re-
modelled and probably lengthened early in the
lS)th century.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(20^ ft. by 13i ft.) has a 15th-century E.
window of three lights, re-used; in the S. wall is
a doorway, with a 12th-century rear arch and
modern external stonework, and a late 14th-
century window of two lights under a square
head. The chancel arch, of two moulded
orders with shafted jambs, is of c. 1430.
The Nave (38 ft. by 18| ft.) has, in the N. wall,
a 15th-century window of two lights with
tracery, and a modern window, which cuts into
the pointed head of the blocked N. doorway. In
the S. wall is a 15th-century window of three
lights with tracery; the S. doorway is of late
14th-century character, but is restored with
cement. The West Tower (11^ ft. square) is of
two stages with diagonal buttresses, a N.E. stair-
turret, and an embattled parapet. The tower
arch resembles the chancel arch in detail, and is
also of c. 1430; the "W. doorway has a pointed
arch under a square head with shields in the
spandrels; one shield has the Instruments of the
Passion, the other is charged with a bend in an
engrailed border; the oak lintel is possibly
old; over it there is a three-light window. The
bell-chamber has windows of two lights with
tracery. The SoiUh Porch is of mediceval,
possibly 15th-century date; it has a pointed
segmental eiitrauce ;inliway of two orders. The
Walls of the nave and chancel are of 12th-cen-
tury uncut small flints in wide-jointed courses,
some of herring-bone pattern; mixed with the
flint are some large pieces of free stone; one of
them, on the N. side, is part of a 12th-century
moulding rc-uscd in the i5th century when the
walls were raised; the tower is also of small
stones, with much cement facing. The Roofs
are modern.
Fittings— .^f/^5 .• three ; 2nd and 3rd of 1662.
Brass: on N. wall of chancel, of Richard
Goldon, 1446, figure of a priest in Eucharistic
vestments; inscription incomplete. Glass: in
the E. window, panels, heraldic, 17th-century.
Moiniwrnfs and Floor Slahs : in the chancel, on
X. wall, of Edward Lacon, 1625, and Joan his
wife. 1624, kneeling figures, the man in
armour; three children, arms and inscription:
on S. wall of chancel, large white marble monu-
ment with Inisis nf Tliomas "Wilson, 1656, and
liUcia his wife, inscription and arms: in
circular-headed niche, of John Chapman, vicar
w
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HEaTFOKOSHIRE.
243
of the parish, 1G24, and Anne his wife, 1633,
small kneeling figures, and inscription: tablet
to Matthew Thorley^ 1G34 : on hoor of chancel,
slabs to liichard \V ay, vicar of the parish, 1073 ;
and to Alice his wife, 1G62; Recess : in S. wall
of chancel, outside, probably 14th-century,
repaired with cement. Screens : across the
chancel arch, remains of rood screen, 15th-
century, partly restored with plaster : on S.
side of cliaucel, pieces of a screen, restored witli
plaster. Stalls : in the chancel ; the standards
have carved heads, on© of an elephant, late
15th-century; one with representation of the
head of St. John the Baptist in a dish.
Condition — Good, except the upper part of
the tower which needs repair.
Secular:—
(2). PuNCHAEDEN Hall, ou the N. side of the
main road, N. of the church, is a two-storeyed
house with cellars and small garrets, built in
the ITtli century, of limber and ])l;ister ; in tlie
18th century the S. front was re-faced with
brick. The roof is tiled. The plan is L-shaped,
with the main block facing S. ; the short wing,
with a modern addition, is at the W. end,
and projects to the N. The central chimney
stack is of brick, and has four detached
octagonal shafts with moulded bases and caps.
Interior: Some of the original timbers
remain in the floors; one beam in a garret is
partly in its natural state, with the bark still
attached to it. A large original brick fireplace
remains in a room on the ground floor, and con-
tains an 18th-century iron grate, on which are
the arms of the Merchant Taylors' Company.
Condition — Good.
(3). The Old Vicarage, stands on the S. side
of the main road, N. of the church. It is a
small, two-storeyed house of timber and
plaster, built probably in the 16th century; the
roof is thatched and hipped at the ends. The
plan is rectangular, with a central chimney
stack. Part of the upper storey projects at the
back. The arrangement of the interior is
modern, but one old fireplace remains; it is of
stone, with a Tudor arch.
Condition — Good.
148. WORMLEY.
(O.S. 6 in. xxxvi. S.E.)
Ecclesiastical:—
(1). Parish Church of St. Lawrence, stands
about \ mile W. of the village. It is built of
flint rubble with stone dressings, and is re-
paired with brick ; the chancel and nave are
coated with cement^ and roofed with tiles. The
Nave was built at the beginning of the 12th
century; the Chancel has no ancient detail,
and, as the walls are covered with cement, no
date can be assigned to it. In 1826 the W.
wall of the nave was rebuilt and a bell-cot
added, and at the end of the 19th century the
chancel was restored, the chancel arch rebuilt,
and a South Aisle and \ islry were addetl. In
the South Forch there is some old timberwork.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
(35 ft. by lU ft.) has a triplet of lancet windows
in the E. wall, two lancets in the N. wall and two
in the S. wall; they may replace 13th-century
work. The chancel arch is modern. The Nave
48 ft. by 21 ft.) has a 12th-century N. wall,
3 ft. thick, in which is an original round-headed
window with splayed jambs and a deeply splayed
sill which has been lowered at a later date; the
other two windows, one a single light, the
second of two lights, are of the loth century,
repaired. The N. doorway is of two orders
with a semi-circular head and edge-roll
mouldings ; it is of the 12th century, but
the shafts and abaci have been restored. At
the N.E. angle is a rood-loft stair-turret, of
which tho lower door is partly blocked. The S.
arcade is modem. The South Aisle is modern,
but has a 13th-century doorway with a 12th-
century arch above it, and the inner jambs of
one window are of the 12th century ; all evidently
were in the original S. wall. The Roof of the
nave has many 15th-century moulded timbers.
Fittings — Brasses: in the chancel, of John
Cok, lower part of figure missing, his wife, and
nine sons; above them, representation of the
Trinity; at their feet a narrow strip of brass
showing trees, dogs, a hare and two birds; two
pieces of marginal inscription; c. 1470 : of a
man, his wife, eight sons and four daughters, a
shield with arms of Tooke impaling WoodlifiFe,
and inscription, c. 1590: of Edmond Ilowton,
1479, Anne his wife, five sons, and part of an
inscri])tion : to John Cleve, rector of the parish,
1404, inscription only. ForU : circular bowl
with eight rectangular panels decorated with
leaf ornament and surrounded by cable borders,
12th-century; base modern. Monuments and
Floor Slabs : in tho chancel, large monument
of coloured marbles, with recumbent effigies of
AVilliam Purveye, 1617, and Dorothy his wife,
with arms and inscri]ition : floor-slab, to Mary,
wadow of Arthur Sheere, 16G0, with arms of
Sheere impaling Gardiner : to Anne, wife of
George Tooke, 1642. Plate: includes a flagon
of 1G25, and a pewter alms dish dated 1699-
Pulpit : hexagonal, panelled, early 17th-cen-
tury.
Condition — Good; much modern work.
2H 2
2U
ISVENTORV l)f lllE MONUMENTS OF HEETFORDSHIRE.
Secular: —
['■ij. liiE AIa.noh House, now two cottages^ iu
the village, on the E. side of the iludiiesduu
road, is a ITth-ceutury rectangular building of
two storeys and attics ; the walls are timber-
Iramed and tovered with rough-cast; the roof is
tiled. The plain square central chimney stack
is built of original narrow bricks.
Condition — Fairly good.
149. WVDDIAL.
I U.S. (J in. w'viii. S.E. ''"is.. S.W.)
Ecclesiastical:—
' (1). Pauisu Church of St. Giles, stands
about 1^ miles X.E. of Buntingford. It is
built partly of Hint rubble with stone dressings,
and partly of brick. The \nvt is probably of
earlier date than the Chancel, which appears to
be of the loth century, but both have been
much rebuilt and it is almost impossible to date
them with certainty. The West Toner was also
jtrobably added in the lOth century, before the
chancel was built. The Xorth Aisle with Xorth
L ha pel is built of brick, and dated 1532 by a
brass commemorating the builder; itisthereiore
a very late example of pre-Reformation church
architecture. In the 19th century the nave
and chancel were restored and practicallj- re-
built, a South Porch was added, and all the
windows were replaced.
Architectural Description — The Chancel
{23 ft. by 14^ ft.) has an obtuse two-centred
arch of brick, opening into the N. chapel; it is
of two double hollow-chamfered orders with
octagonal responds and crude capitals. The
chancel arch is of two moulded orders, the
inner on engaged shafts with moulded capitals
and bases. The E. window and all other details
are modern. The North Chapel (18 ft. by 12 it.)
has an E. window of four cinquefoiled lights
with tracery, under a four-centred moulded
head, and an external label, all of brick. Ou the
N. are two windows of three lights, with
moulded brick jambs, heads and labels. There
is no structural division between the chapel and
aisle. The Nave (39 ft. by 19 ft.) has, on the N. ,
a brick arcade of three bays, with two-centred
arches of three chamfered orders; the columns,
also of brick, consist of four half-octagonal
shafts separated by hollows, with crude,
moulded bell capitals. This arcade and the
chapel arch were probably plastered originally,
but are now colour-washed red. with 'tuck'
pointing to represent narrow joints. All the
detail of the S. wall is modern. The North
Aiilt (^10| ft. wide) has, in the N. wall, two
brick windows ot the same design as those ot the
chapel, a doorway ot classical design, in stone,
inserted iu the ITth century, and a loth-century
window of two lights, also of stone, probably
re-set from the nave; the \V. wimlow is of the
loth century, with tracery. A halt-hexagonal
mass of brickwork projects externally on the
W., and suggests the existence of a former
stair-turret, but there is no indication of this
inside. The West Tower (10 ft. by 9^ ft.) is of
three stages with an embattled parapet. The
tower arch is ot two orders, the inner carried on
half-octagonal shafts with moulded capitals and
bases; the centre of the arch is slightly S. ot the
centre line ot the nave. The \V. window is
of two lights under a quatrefoil in a two-centred
head. Ihe bell-chamber windows are also of
two lights with crude tracery, and are much
defaced. The South Porch is modern. The
Poofs of the chancel and nave are modern, and
those of the X. aisle and chapel have modern
ceilings, but may be original.
Fittings — Bells: four; 2nd probably 14th-
century, with inscription to St. Katherine, 3rd
possibly 14th-century, illegible inscription, 4th
1660. Brasses: in the chancel, on the N. wall,
of Dame Margaret, 1575, widow of Sir Robert
Southwell, Master of the Rolls, and wife of
William Plumbe, half-figure, arms and inscrip-
tion : in the floor, of John Gille, 1546, and his
wife, eight daughters, arms and inscription,
indent of sons : to George (iyll, 1568, and his
two wives, inscription and broken shield with
arms : to John Gill, 1000, and Joan his wife,
inscription and arms: in the N. chapel, to
Helen (Gulston), wife of John Joscelyne, 1640,
arms and inscription : indent of civilian, lower
part of figure brass, with indent of inscription
said to be of George Canon. 1534 : brass inscrip-
tion (now kept at the Rectory) to George
Canon, recording that he built the aisle in
1532, died 1534 (see also Monuments below).
Communion Table : early ITth-cenfury. Glass:
in the N. windows of the aisle, late 16th-
ceiitury. ])aiiif('d witji scenes of tlie I'assioii ;
German or Flemish workmanship. Monuments :
in the nave, painted inscription on board to Mar-
gery, wife of Aiitlioiiy Disney, 1021 : in N.
chapel, on S.E.. mural tablet and floor slab with
brass inscription jdate and sliield«. to .lane
(iouldsfon, 1630: mural tablet and floor slab
with brass punning inscription, foRichard Gul-
stone (spelt Goulston on brass). 1680: on ihe
.'S.TV., elaborate mural monument with broken
pediment on twisted columns, to .Sir Wiljiiim
Goulston, 1687, with marble busts of Sir
William and Frediswide, his wife: floor elab,
\
INVENTORY OF THE MONUMENTS OF HERTFORDSHIRE.
245
also to Sir William Goulston, 1G87. Screens :
separating the chapel from chancel and aisle,
elaborately carved and pierced, ornamented with
grotesque figures and with a semi-classical
cornice, early 17th-ceutury. Sealing : in the
aisle, four pews of same date as the screens, and
of similar, but plainer workmanship : in the
nave, some , reeded panels incorporated in
modern seats.
Condition — Fairly good, except the tower,
which issomewhat out of repair, and the chancel
arch, which is settling to the S. There is a
dangerous amount of ivy on the tower and aisle.
Secular;—
I' (2). "Wyddial Hall, N. of the church, is a
two-storeyed building of plastered brick; the
roof is tiled. The house is of 18th-century
design, but incorporates the shell of a
hilc mediiPval huildiiig, (il wliidi little detail
remains. The cellars are built of early
16th-century brick, and have niches with
inverted V-shaped heads, and windows of three
lights with defaied stone imillioiis, possibly
original. Some of the timbers of tlie loof
appear to be niediipval nuilerial re-used, nnd
some early ITthceiitmy ]iaiii'lliiig remains.
f'niiditioii — finnil : vcbuill.
" (3). CoRNEY Bury, stands about li miles
S.W. of the church and 1 mile N. of Bunting-
ford. It is u 17th-century building of two
storeys and an attic; the walls are of red
brick, and the roofs are partly tiled and partly
slated. The plan is E-shaped, with the wings
projecting to the N.W. Two lead rain-water
heads remain, with the initials C. C. (Charles
Crouch) and the date 1G81 ; the Crouch family
owned the manor of Corney Bury from about
the beginning of the 17th century to 1690. On
the N.W. front of the house are three curvi-
linear gables, one at the end of each wing and
the third in the middle of the main block; the
central porch was added late in the 17th or
early in the 18th century, and has columns
with Ionic capitals carrying a pediment. A
shallow bay on the S.W. face was added late
in the 18th century, but behind it is another
original curvilinear gable. The plain square
windows have wood frames ; those at the end
of the W. wing are blocked by a modern chim-
ney stack ; there are small circular lights in
the gables. The interior has been much
altered.
Condition — Good.
UnolasBlfied!—
* (4). Denehole, at Cave Gate.
END OF THE INVENTORY.
ADDENDUM.
69. TCKLTIFOTJD.
The Old Gf,()1!(;f, Inn-, about 200 yards
S.AV. of the church, is a two-storeyed building,
of r. KiOO. 'I'lie walls are of ])lastered timber
and brick, underbuilt with brick in places,
'('lie roofs are tiled. Tlie ])lan is L-shaped ;
the front nf the lon^'ei' w ing has a small iioicii
and a gabled jirojertion which forms a bay
window on Ijotli storeys. The wings are also
galded. The doorways and windows are of the
18th aud l!)th centuries, '{'here is one original
chimney stack, with .square shafts set
(li.igonally. The interior of tlie house has lieon
much alteied.
Condition - Good.
240
SOHIEIDTJI^E B.
LIST OF MONUMENTS SELECTED BY THE COMMISSION AS
ESPECIALLY WORTHY OF PRESERVATION.
1. ABBOTS LANGLEY.
Ecclesiastical: — (2) Parish Church of
St. Lawrence.
2. ALBURY.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Mosuuext with Effi-
gies in the Parish Church of St. Mary.
3. ALDBURY.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Wuitti.vgham Monu-
ment with Effigies, aiid the Screen
enclosing it, in the Parish Church of St.
John the Baptist.
4. ALDENHAM.
Ecclesiastical : — (3) Parish Chx:bch of
St. John the Baptist.
5. ANSTEY.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish CnrHCH (dedi-
cation unknown).
Secular: — (2) Anstey Castle.
8. ASHWELL.
Ecclesiastical : — (2) Parish Church of
St. Mary.
10. ASTON.
Secular: — (2) Aston Bury.
13. BALDOCK.
Ecclesiastical: — {I) VAmsH Church of
St. Mary.
18. BEXGEO.
Ecclesiastical : ^ {I) Church of St.
Leonard.
19. BEXINGTON.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) P.^rish Church of
St. Peter.
Secular : — Bf.xington Castle.
20. BISHOPS HATFIELD.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) P.irish Church of
St. Etheldrepa.
Secular : —
(5) H.^tfield House.
(i\) The Palace.
21. BISHOP'S STORTFORD.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Michael.
Secular: — (2) Waytemore Castle.
28. BROXBOURNE.
Errlrsin.itical : — (1) Parish Ciiuhch of
St. Augustine, ami the Say brass.
33. CHESHUNT.
' Secular : —
(9) The Gre.^t House.
(10) Waltiiam Cross.
38. COTTER ED.
Secular : — (4) The Lordship.
LIST OF MONUMENTS SELECTED AS ESPECIALLY WORTHY QF PRESERVATION.
247
42. EASTWICK.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Effigy in the Parieli
Church of St. Botolph.
45. FLAMSTEAD.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Leonard.
46. FLAUNDEN.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Old Parish Church,
EUINS.
48. GILSTON.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Chancel screen, in
the Parish Church of St. Mary.
51. GEEAT BEEKHAMPSTEAD.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Peter.
Secular : —
(2) Berkhampstead Castle.
(8) The Grammar School.
52. GEEAT GADDESDEN.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. John the Baptist.
57. HAEPENDEN.
Secular : — (3) Eothamsted.
58. HEMEL HEMPSTEAD.
Ecclesiastical: — (2) Parish Church of
St. Mary.
63. HEXTON.
Prehistoric : — (1) Eavensburgh Castle.
64. HINXWOETH.
Secular : — (3) Hinxworth Place.
65. HITCHIN.
Ecclesiastical : — (2) Parish Church of
St. Mary.
Secular : —
(3) The Priory.
(11) ' The Coopers Arms ' inn, formerly
the T)-ler8' Guildhall.
(25) The Brotherhood.
(30) House in Bancroft.
68. HUNSDON.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) C4lass, Monuments
and Screen in the Parish Church.
73. KING'S LANGLEY.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Tomb of Edmund of
Langley in the Parish Church.
Secular : — (2) The Friary.
78. LETCHWOETH.
Secular : — (2) Letchworth Hall.
82. LITTLE GADDESDEN.
Secular : —
(4) The Manor House.
(5) John of Gadde.sden's House.
83. LITTLE HADHAM.
Secular: — (3) Hadham Hall.
84. LITTLE HOE MEAD.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Ironwork, on the N.
door of the nave of the Parish Church.
86. LITTLE WYMONDLEY.
Secular: — (2) The Priory.
88. MEESDEN.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Tiles in the Parish
Church.
90. MUCH HADHAM.
Erclcsiasticnl :—[\) Paki.su Chikcii of
St. Andrew.
Secular: — (8) The Palace.
94. NOETHCHUECH.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Parish Church of
St. Mary.
95. NOETH MIMMS.
Ecclesiastical : — (1) Pahish Church of
St. Mary.
Secular: — [■',) Ndimii M\m.ms Park.
99. PIETON.
Secitlar : —
(2) Toot Hill.
(5) ' High Down '.
(6) Hammonds Farm.
248
LIST OF MONUMENTS SELECTED AS ESPECIALLY WORTHY OF PRESERVATION.
103. BEDBOURN.
Prehistoric: —{I) TiiE Aiherys or
AUBHEYS.
Ecclesiastical : — {2) Parish Chcrch of
St. Mary.
104. REED.
Ecclesiasticah — (1) Parish CnrRCH of
St. Mary.
Secular: — (2-7) Homestead Moats.
105. RICKMANSWORTH.
Secular : —(2) ' The Bury '.
107. ROYSTON.
Ecclesitistical : — (1) Parish Chfrch of
St. John the Baptist and St. Thomas
OF Cantf.rbury and alabaster Effigy.
110. ST. ALBANS.
Ecclesiastical : —
(1) The Abbey of St. Aldax; anrl ihe.
Br.\ss of Abbot de la Mare; the sepulchral
Monuments of Abbot Wheathampstead
(so-called), Abbot Ramryge and Duke
Humphrey of Gloucester; the many
Paintings; the Ch.vmber nf the Feretrar;
the iron Gr.\te in the Presbytery aisle;
and the Pedestal of the Shrine of St.
Alban.
(2) The Great Gatehoi'se.
Secular : —
(3) House in George Street.
(4) The Clock Tower.
111. ST. MICHAEL (St. Alha-v-s).
Roman: — (1) Verul.4M : Site of the
Roman municipality Yerulamium.
Ecclesiastical : — (2) Paui.sii Church of
St. Michael.
112. ST. PETER (St. Alb.\ns).
Secular : — (6) Great Nastuyde.
113. ST. STEPHEN (St. Albans).
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Stephen.
116. SANDRIDGE.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Leonard.
Secular: — (3) Waterend Farm.
117. SARRATT.
Ecclesiastical: — (2) Parish Church of
THE Holy Cross.
119. SHENLEY.
Secular: — (3) Salisbury Hall.
128. TEWIX.
Secular: — (2) Queen Hoo.
129. THERFIELD.
Secular: — (7) The Rectory.
Unclassified: — (13) Tumuli and Barrow.
135. WALKERN.
Eeclesinstical : — (1) Parish Church of
St. Mary and Effigy in the S. Aisle.
138. WARE.
Ecclesiastical: — (1) Parish Church of
St. Mary and the Font.
Secular : —
(4) The Priory.
(6) Remains of 15th-Centuey Build-
ings behind Nos. 65-73, High Street.
143. WESTON.
Ecclesiastical: — (I) P.4RISH Church of
the Holy Trinity.
144. WHEATHAMPSTEAD.
Ecclesiastical :—{l) Parish Church of
St. Helen.
240
GLOSSARY
OF THE MEANING ATTACHED TO THE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THE INVENTORY.
Abacus. — The uppermost mombfr of a capital.
Ailettes. — Plates of various materiale, exact purpose
doubtful ; worn with armour at back or sides of
shoulders ; r. 1275 to r. 1325.
Alb. — Long linen robe, with girdle and close sleeves ;
worn by ecclesiastics.
Altar-tomb. — A modern term for a tomb of stone or
marble resembling, but not used as an altar.
Amice. — An ecclesiastical coif with embroidered edge.
always shown pushed back; has appearance of broad
collar.
Amess. — Fur cape with hood, and long tails in front ;
worn by ecclesiastics.
Anelace. — A large dagger.
Apparels. — Rectangular pieces of embroidery on alb,
amice, etc.
Apse. — The semi-circular or polygonal end of a chancel
or other part of a church.
Arabesque. — A peculiar kind of strap ornament in low
relief, common in Moorish architecture, and found in
15th and 17th-century work in England.
Arcade. — A range of archee carried on piers or columns.
Arch. — The following are some of the most usual forms : —
Segmental: — A single arc struck from a centre below
the springing line.
Seqmental-jtointed : — Struck from two centres, much
below the springing line, to form a slight point at
the apex.
Two-centred, jininted, lancet, eqnUutcral : — Two arcs
struck from centres on the springing line, and meet-
ing at the apex with a point.
Drop-arch: — A two-centred arch in which the arcs are
struck from centres below the springing line.
Three-centred, elliptical: — Formed with three arcs, the
middle or uppermost struck from a centre below the
springing line.
Four-centred, depressed. Ttidor: — A pointed arch of
four arcs, the two outer and lower arcs struck from
centres on the springing line, and the two inner and
upper arcs from centres below the springing lino.
Sometimes the two upper arcs (and in a few cases all
four arcs) are replaced by straight lines.
Orjee, ogiral : — A pointed arch of four or more arcs,
the two uppermost or middle arcs being reversed, i.e.,
convex instead of concave to the base line.
Stilted: — An arch with its springing line raised above
the level of the imposts.
Skew: — An arch not at right angles laterally with its
jambs.
Archbishops' Vestments. — Buskins, sandals, amice.
alb, girdle, stole, tunic, dalmatic, gloves, ring,
maniple, chasuble, pall, mitre ; carries cross staff.
Architrave. — A moulded enrichment to the jambs and
head of a doorway or window opening ; the lowest
member of an entablature {q.r.).
Argent. — In heraldry, silver.
Armed. — In heraldry, applied to animals and birds of
prey to denote their natural weapons of offence or
defence.
Armet.— .S'cf "Helmet."
Arming Doublet. — Sleeved cloth coat worn under
armour : l.'ith and IGth-centuries.
Arming Points. — Laces for fastening parts of armour
together.
Arris. — A sharp edge or corner.
Articulation. — The joining of several plates of armour
to form a flexible defence.
Ashlar. — Masonry wrought to an even face and square
edges.
Aumbries.— .See "Lockers."
Aventail. — Mail defence for neck and throat attached to
bascinet.
Azure. — In heraldry, blue.
Badge of Ulster.— An inescutcheon charged, ardent, a
hand { ut off at the wrist, erect and showing the
palm, gules; it denotes a Baronetcy.
Bailey. — A court attached to a mount or other fortified
enclosure.
BainbergS. — Shin defence of plate armour, or leather.
Ball-tlower. — A decoration peculiar to the 14th century,
consisting of a globular flower of three petals
enclosing a small ball.
Banded Mail. — Mail shown with bands of leather or woven
stuff, between rows of rings ; construction uncertain.
Bar. — A band placed horizontally across a shield in any
position, except in fesse or in chief.
Barbe. — Pleated linen covering for chin, worn by widows
and women imder vows.
Barbican Mount. — A mound advanced from the main
defences.
Barge-board.— A board placed below the verge or edge
of a gabled roof, a short distance from the face of the
wall, and either taking the place of. or covering the
end rafter, which would otherwise be exposed to view.
Barnack-Stone. — A shelly limestone.
Barrel-vaulting.— 5pc " Vaulting."
Barrow. — A burial mound.
Barry. -Ill heraldry, an even number of divisions in a
shield, normally six. set barwise.
Barry-bendy. — Lines pl.aced barwise on a shield crossed
by others placed bendwisc.
Barwise.— Disposed after the manner of an heraldic bar.
Bascinet. — Steel head-piece worn with aventail, some-
times fitted with vizor.
Baton.— In heraldry, a diminutive of the bend sinister,
cut off short at" the ends.
Bead. — A small round moulding.
Bell-capital.— A form of capital of which the chief
characteristic is the reversed bell between the neck
moulding and upper moulding; the bell is often
enriched with carving.
Bend.— In heraldry, a band crossing the shield diagonally
from the dexter chief to the sinister base.
Bend Sinister.— As a bend, but crosaing from the sinister
chief to the dexter base of a .<!hicld.
Bendwise. — In the direction of a bend.
Bendy.— A shield divided bendwise into an eciual niimbor
of divisions, normally six.
Berm. — A platform on the slope of a rampart.
Besagues.— Small plates worn in front of the armpits.
Bevor. — Plate defence for chin and throat.
Bezant. — In heraldry, a gold roundel or disc.
Billet.— In heraldry, a small rec tangular figure ; also an
architectural ornament (hiefly used in the 11th and
12th centuries.
21
250
cross ART.
Billety.— In heraliUy, studded with billets.
Bishops' Vestments.— Same as Archbishops', but without
pall, ami a I'.ishop carries a crozier.
Bolectlon-mouldlng.— A moulding raised above the
general plane of the framework of the door or
panelling in which it is set.
Border.— In heraldry, a band around the edge of a shield.
Boss.— A projecting" square or round ornament, generally
carved, covering the intersections of the ribs in a
panelled ceiling or roof, or placed at the apes of a
vault.
Bouget. — See " Wator-bouget."
Bowtell.— A round moulding; another term for roll
moulding.
BrassartS. —Plate armour defence for the arms.
Bressumer.— A beam supporting the front of a building.
Brick-nogglng.— The brick-work filling the spacoe
between the uprightfi of a timberframed building.
Brigand ine. — Coat of padded cloth and very small
plates (of metal).
Broach-spire. — '^ee " Spire."
Broach-stop.— A half pyramidal stop against a chamfer
to biing the edge of the masonry out to a right angle.
Buff Coat. — Coat of heavy leather.
Burgonet.— 5ee "Helmet."
Buskins.— Cloth stockings reaching to the knee ; worn by
Archbisliops, Bishops, and Mitred Abbots.
Butterfly Head-dress.- Large, of lawn and gauze on
wire, late ISthcentury.
Buttress. — A mass of masonry or brick-work built against
a wall to give additional strength.
Angh-butlresgts :— Two meeting, or nearly meeting, at
an angle of 90° at the corner of a building.
Diagnnalbuttress :— One placed against the right angle
formed by two walls, and more or less equi-angular
with both.
Flyingbullress : — One connected to the wall which it
supports, by a half-arch, springing at some distance
from the wall, and leaving a clear space beneath or
within the buttress.
Cable-mouiding. — A round moulding carved in the form
of a cable.
Cabossed. — In heraldry, term applied to the head of a
stag or other animal, full-face, with no part of netk
visible.
Gamail. — Hood and tippet of mail.
Cambered (applied to a beam). — Curved so that the centre
is higher than the ends.
Canonical Habit. — Surplice, amess, cope.
Canopy. — A projection or hood over a door, window,
etc., and the covering above a tomb or niche; also
the representation of the same on a brass.
Canton. — A quarter on a shield.
Caryatides. — Figures of human beings used as pillars.
Casement. — 1. A wide hollow moulding in window
jambe, etc.
2. A window frame hinged at the side to
oi)en.
Cassock. — Long, close-sleeved gown ; worn by all eccle-
siastics.
Central-chimney Type of House.— .sVc " House."
Chalice. — The term applied to the cup used for the Mass
before the Reformation.
Chamfer. — The small plane formed when the sharp edge
or corner of stone or wood is cut away, usually at
an angle of 45° ; when the plane is concave it is
termed a hnlloif chamfer, and when the plane is sunk
below its arrises, or edges, a sunk chnmfrr.
Chancel-arch. — The arch spanning the west end of the
chancel.
Chantry-chapel. — A small chapel usually occupying part
of a large building, especially dedicated and endowed
fur chanting memorial masses.
Chasuble. — Cloak put on over the head, not open in
front ; Eucharistic vestment only.
Chausses. — Leg defences of mail.
Cheeky.— In heraldry, divided up into small squares,
vertically and horizontally.
Oheveron. — In heraldry, a reverse V-shaped band crossing
a shield from side to side.
Cheveronny. — An even number of divisions placed
cheveronwise on a shield.
Chief. — In heraldry, a horizontal band at the extreme top
of a shield.
Cinquefoil.— 1. See " Foil."
2. An heraldic flower of five petals.
Clearstorey. — An open storey or range of windows in the
upper part of a nave, "chancel, etc.. of a church,
immediately below the roof.
Close-helmet. — .S'ee "Helmet."
Clunch. — A local name in Hertfordshire and the sur-
rounding district for the lower chalk limestone, com-
posed of chalk and clay.
Cockatrice. — A fabulous monster with the head and legs
of a cook and the tail of a wyvern.
Coif. — Small close hood, covering head only.
Coif of Mail.— Mail hood attached to hauberk.
Collar-beam. — A horizontal beam framed to and serving
to lie a pair of rafters together some distance above
tlie wall plate level.
Combed Work. — The decoration of plaster surfaces by
"combing " it into various patterns.
Communion Cup. — The term applied to the cup used for
the Holy Communion, after the Reformation.
Console. — A bracket with a compound curved outline.
Cops, Knee and Elbow. — Knee and elbow defences of
leather or plate.
Cope. — Cloak fastening in front with morse ; processional
and quire vestment only ; worn by ecclesiastics.
Corbel. — A projecting stone or piece of timber support-
ing, or intended to support, a superincumbent weight.
Cotise. — In heraldry, a narrow bend.
Counterchanged.— In heraldry, term applied to a divided
field in which the colour and metal are reversed
reciprocally in the divisions.
Counter-gobony. — In heraldry, two rows of checks
count<'rooloured.
Counter scarp. — The reverse slope of a ditch facing
towards the place defended.
Courtyard Type of House.— .S'ee "House."
Cove. — A curved surface forming the junction between a
wall and a ceiling.
Cover-paten. — A cover to a communion cup, intended for
use as a paten.
Crackows. — Shoes or soUerets with very long pointed
toes.
Credence. — A shelf, niche, or table on which the vessels,
etc., for Mass were placed.
Crest. — A device worn upon the helm.
Crest, cresting. — An ornamental finish on the top edge
of a screen, etc., usually in the form of square leaves
and flowers.
Crockets. — Carvings which represent projecting leaves of
conventional design ; used to enrich the vertical or
sloping sides of parts of a building, such as spires,
canopies, hood moulds, etc.
Cross. — In its simplest form in heraldry, a pale combined
with a fosse, as the St. George's Cross; there are
many other varieties, of which the following are the
most common : — Crofsht, — with a small arm crossing
tlie end of each main arm ; Cross (or rrosslit) filchy, —
having the lowest arm spiked or pointed ; Formy, —
arms widening with concave curves from the centre,
and square at the ends ; Greek, — plain, with four
equal arms; Latin, — plain, with the bottom arm longer
than the other three ; Moltne (or mUlrind), also varie-
ties called foiirrhfe, anrrte. rererrelre, — with the arms
split or forked at the ends; Passion (or Calvary), a
Latin cross on a stepped base; Paty (also called, with
slightly differing ends to the arms fieune ftory, and
palonce), as a cross Formy, but with the arms tre-
GLOSSARY.
251
foiled at the ends ; Patriarchal, — having an extra and
smaller horizontal arm above the main arm ; Pottnt
(or Jerusalem), — having a small transverse arm at
the extreme end of each main arm ; 7*01/ (or Anthony),
— in the form of a T.
Cross-loop. — Narrow slits or openings in a wall, in the
form of a cross, generally with circular enlargements
at the ends.
Cross-vaulting.— ^ee " Vaulting."
Cross-staff. — Staff terminating in across; carried before
archbishops, who are usually shown holding it in
efHgies, brasses, etc.
Crusilly. — In heraldry, the field of a shield covered or
powdered with small crosses.
Cuirass. — Breast and back plates of metnl or leather.
Cushion-capital.— An early form of capital (late lllh and
early 12th-century).
Cusps {ruxping, rvsped heads, sub-cusps). — The projecting
points forming the foils in Gothic windows, arches,
panels, etc. ; they were frequently ornamcntvd at the
ends, or cusp-points, with leaves, flowers, berries,
etc.
Dagging. — Cutting of edges of garments into slita and
foliations.
Dalmatic. — Loose roljo, moderate length, slit up sides,
with wide sleeves.
Dancetty. — In heraldry, a zigzag band or line on a shield.
Deacons' Vestments (Eucharlstic). — Amice, alb, stole,
over left shoulder, maniple.
Demi-brassart. — Plate defences for outside of arm.
Dexter. — In heraldry, the right side of a shield (from the
position of the holder).
Diagonal-buttress.— .SVc •■ Buttress."
Diaper. — Decoration of surfaces with squares, diamonds,
and other patterns.
Dimidiated. — In heraldry, cut in half palewise and one
half removed.
Dog-legged Staircase.— Two nights of stairs in opposite
directions.
Dog-tootll Ornament A typical 13th-century carved
ornament consisting of a series of pyramidal flowers
of four petals; used to cover hollow mouldings.
Dormer-window. — A vertical window on the slope of a
roof, and having a roof of its own.
Dorter. — A sleeping apartment.
Double-ogee.— .S'ee "Ogee."
Dovetail. — A carpenter's joint for two boards, one with
a series of projecting pieces resembling doves' tails
fitting into the other with similar hollows ; in
heraldry, an edge formed like a dovetail joint.
Drawbar. — A wood bolt inside a doorway, sliding when
nut of use into a long channel in the thickness of the
wall.
Dressings. — The stones used about a window, or other
feature when worked to a finished face, whether
smooth, tooled in various ways, moulded, or sculp-
tured.
Drip-stone.— .9ee "Label."
Drop-arcli. — See "Arch."
Easter Sepulchre A place provided on the N. side of
the Cliaiicel for the representation of the Burial and
Resurrection of Christ ; the Sepulchres were usually
temporary structures of wood, but sometimes they
were of stone, with recesses in the wall.
Eaves. — The lower edge or verge of a sloping roof over-
hanging a wall.
Embattled. — In heraldry, an edge with a regular series
of R(|uare sinkings.
Embattled Parapet. — A parapet with square indents in
the form of a battlement.
Embrasures. — The openings, indents, or sinkings in an
embattled para-pet.
Enceinte. — The main outline of a fort.
Engaged Shafts.— Shafts cut out of the solid or con-
nected with the jamb, pier, respond, or other part
against which they stand.
Engrailed.— In heraldry, edged with a series of concave
curves.
Entablature.— The horizontal superstructure above the
columns or jambs of an opening, and consisting of
an arrhilrave, frieze and cornice.
Erased.— Of a Head, etc., in heraldry,— having a ragged
edge, as though torn off.
Ermine. — The fur most frequently used in heraldry ;
white with black tails ; the following are varieties of
ermine -.—Ermines, black with white tails (table
ermined argent) ; Erminois, gold with black tails (or,
ermined snhte) ; and Pean, black with gold tails
{inblc. ermined or).
E Type of House.— See " House."
Fan Vaulting.— ,svc "Vaulting."
Fenestration. — The arrangement of windows in the
elevation of a building.
Feretory. — A place or chamber for a body which vtas
watched by a " Feretrar " ; the term now usually con-
fined to a shrine or the chamber in which it stands.
Fesse. — In heraldry, a horizontal band from side to side,
across the centre of a shield.
Finial. — A formal bunch of foliage or similar ornament
at the top of a pinnacle, gable, canopy, etc.
Fitchy. — In heraldry, pointed, or spiked.
Foil {trefoil, qualrcfoil, citir/uefoil, inultifoil, etc.). — A
leaf-shaped curve formed by the cusping or feather-
ing in an opening or panel.
Foliated (of a capital, corbel, etc.).— Carved with leaf
ornament.
Fosse.— A ditch.
Four-centred Arch.— .s-pc "Arch."
Frater. — The Uining-hall of a monastic establishment
Fret. — In heraldry, a small pattern formed by two bands
interla(ed with a voided lozenge.
Fretty. — A field of interlacing diagonal bands like a
trellis.
Frieze. — The middle division in an entablature, between
the anhitrai e and the cornice ; generally any band
of ornament or colour immediately below a cornice.
Fusil. — In heraldry, an elongated lozenge.
Fylfot. — A peculiar cruciform figure, each arm of which
is bent to form one or more right angles in its
length.
Cable. — The wall at the end of a high-pitched roof, gener-
ally triangular, sometimes semicircular, and often
with an outline of various curves, then called
curi-ilinear.
Cadlings. — Spikes or knobs on plate gauntlets.
Cambeson. — Garment of padded cloth worn under
hanVierk or as sole defence.
Cobony. — In heraldry, a row of squares of alternate
tinctures, or furs, and metals.
Corget. — Plate defence for neck and throat.
Griffin. — A winged monster with the head and legs of an
eagle, and t^ie body, hind legs, and tail of a lion.
Groining, Groined Vault .'^ee " Vaulting."
Guardant (of beasts). — In heraldry, looking out from the
field.
Cuige. — Strap from which shield was suspended.
Guilloche-pattem. — An ornament consisting of two or
more intertwining wavy bands.
Gules.- In heraldry, red.
Gussets. — Pieces of flexible armour placed in gaps of
plate defences.
Cypon. — Close fitting vest of cloth, worn over armour
r. 1350 to r. 1410.
Cyronny. — In heraldry, a quartered shield in which each
quarter is dividetJ di.Tgonally from the centre point
of the shield, thus makini; eight triangular pieces,
altprnalely tinctured ; when more or less than eight
pieies are blazoned the number is specified.
Half-H type of House .'^ee " House."
Hall and cellar type of house.— .S'ee " House "
21 3
252
GLOSSARY.
Hammer-beams.— Horizontal brackets projecting from
the wall at the wall-platc level, and somewhat
reecmbliiig the two ends of a tie beam with its middle
part cut away ; thev are supported by braces (or
(itriite), and help to diminish the lateral pressure in a
roof by reducing the span for the upper part of the
truss.
Hatchment.— A display of arms in a lozenge-shaped
frame.
Hauberk. — Shirt of chain or other mail.
Hauriant (of fish).— In heraldry, head in thief, tail in
base.
Helm.— Complete barrel or dome-shaped head defence of
plate.
Helmet.— Light headpiece giving complete protection to
face ; various forms are : Armet, Burgonct, close
Helmet, all similar in principal.
Herm. — A form of caryatid, a square tajwring column
with a human body growing out of it at the top.
Hirondelle. — In heraldry, a swallow.
Hood-mould.— .NVf " Label."
Houses. — These are classified as far as possible under the
following definitions : —
i. Hall and cellar type: — Hall on first floor; rooms
beneatli generally stone vaulted ; examples as early
as the 12th century,
ii. // li/pe : — Hall between projecting win^, one con-
taining living rooms, tlie other the offices. The
usual form of a mediaeval house, employed, with
variations, down to the 17th century,
iii. L type: — Hall and one wing; generally for small
houses,
iiii. E type: — Hall with two wing'* and a central porch;
generally of the 16th and 17tli centuries.
V. Ilalf-H type: — A variation of the E type without the
central porch,
vi. C'niirlyard type: — House built round a square; some-
times only three ranges of buildings with or with-
out an enclosing wall and gateway on the fourth
side,
vii. Central Chimney type: — (Rectangular plan), small
houses only.
Impaling. — In heraldry, divided from — by a line pale-
wise.
Indent. — The sinking, in a slab, in which a monumental
brass is, or has been, fixed.
Indented. — In heraldry, a serrated or zigzag edge.
Inescutchcon. — In heraldry, a small shield on another
larger one.
Invected. — In heraldry, edged with a series of convex
(urvcs.
Jambs. — 1. The sides of an archway, doorway, window,
or other opening.
2. In heraldry, legs of lions, etc.
3. In armour, plate defence for lower leg.
Jazerine. -Armour of small plates on leather or cloth.
Jessant de lis. — Heraldic term for a leopard's face com-
bined with a fleuT-delis.
Keep. — A tower or stronghold in a Norman castle ;
of greater height and strength than the other
buildings.
Keystone. — The central stone in an arch.
King-post. — The central vertical post in a roof trues.
Kneeler. — Stone at the foot of a gable.
Label (hnndmnuld, dri pulnnr). — A projecting moulding on
the face of a wall above an arch ; in some cases it
follows the form of the arch, and in others is square
in outline.
Label. — In heraldry, a horizontal band (lying across the
chief of a shield), from which small arms, gener-
ally three or five, called point/, depend at right -
angles.
Lambrekin. — Cloth, covering top of helm, hanging down
beliind.
Lancet. — A long narrow window with a pointed head,
typical of l3lh-century style.
Langued (of beasts, etc.). — In heraldry, with a projecting
tongue.
Laniers. — Straps or loops by which shield was held.
Leopard. — In heraldry, a lion showing its full face; always
pn&sant (unless olhcrwiso emblazoned), as in the three
leopards of England.
Llerne vault. — See "Vaulting."
Lintel. — The flat beam or joist bridging an opening.
Lion. — In herakliy, face in profile and (unless otherwise
emblazoned) always rampant.
Liripipe. — Long tail of cloth attached to hooded tippet of
14th century; the whole finally developed into form
of turban called Liripipe liead-dn.<x.
Locker (Aumbry). — A small cupboard cut or built in a
wall.
Loculus. — A small niche in an Easter Sepulchre, in which
the Pyx was placed.
Loop. — A small narrow light in a turret, etc. ; often
unglazed.
Low Side window. — A window with a low sill, i.e..
within a few feet of the floor, in the N. or S. wall of
the chancel near the W. end ; it appears to have
always been provided with a shutter instead of fixed
glass ; use uncertain.
Lozenge. — A diamond-shaped pattern.
L type of house See "House."
Luce. — In heraldry, a fish (pike).
Lychgate. — A covered gateway, at the entrance of a
churchyard, beneath which the bier is rested at a
funeral.
Mail Skirt. — Skirt of chain mail worn under taces and
tulles.
Mail Standard.— Collar of chain mail.
Manch, maunche. — A lady's sleeve with a long pendant
lappet; an heraldic charge.
Maniple. — An Eucharist ic vestment, being a long strip of
cloth usually embroidered ; carried in left hand up to
end of 12th century ; later, over wrist.
Mantling. — The decorative treatment of the Lambrekin
in heraldry.
Martlet. — A martin, usually shown without feet in
heraldry.
Mask stop. — A mask, to a label, bearing a distant
resemblance to a human face; generally of the 12th
and 13th centuries.
Merlon. — The solid part of an embattled parapet between
the embrasures.
Mezzanine. — A subordinate storey between two main
floors of a building.
Mill-rlnd {I'^er de moliiif). — The iron affixed to the centre
of a millstone ; a common heraldic charge.
Misericord. — 1. A projecting carved bracket affixed to
the underside of the seat of a stall so that when
the seat, which is hinged, is turned up against the
tiack. the bracket f)rin-s a i\'>^t for tlie u^cr.
2. Dagger worn with armour.
Mitred Abbots' Vestments.— .Same as bishops'.
Modlllions. — Brackets under the cornice in classical
architecture.
Molet.— In heraldry, a five-pointed -star.
Morse. — Large clasp fastening cnpe at throat.
Mullion. — A vertical post, standard, or upright dividing
a window into two or more lights; generally cham-
fered, and often moulded.
Muntin. — The intermediate upri;;hts in the framing of
a door, screen, or panel, butting into or stopped by
the rails.
Hasal. — Vertical bar or plate to protect nose.
Hebuly. — Heraldic term for a very exaggerated wavy line
or edge, nr a kind of rounded dovetail.
Neck-moulding. -The narrow moulding at the bottom of
a capital.
GLOSSARY.
253
Newel. — The central post in a circular or winding stair-
case ; also the principal poste at the angles of a
dog-legged or well staircase.
Hogging. — The filling, generally of brick, between the
posts, etc., of a timber-framed house.
Ogee. — A compound curve of two parts, one convex, the
other concave ; a double-ogee mould is formed by
two ogees meeting at their convex ends.
Or. — In heraldry, gold.
Orders of Arches. — The receding divisions, concentric
rings, or groups of mouldings in an arch.
Oriel Window, — A projecting bay-window carried upon
corbels or brackets.
Orle. — Formed by a border of a shield charged on
another larger shield ; in orle : arranged round the
edge of a shield. Also a wreath of twisted cloth worn
on bascinet, or bare head, to take weight of helm ;
or on helm to hold lambrekin in place.
Orphreys. — Strips of embroidery on vestments.
"Out of the Solid." — Mouldings worked on the styles,
rails, etc., of framing, instead of being fixed on to
them.
Oversailing Courses. — A number of brick courses of
which each course projects beyond the one below it.
Pale. — A vertical band in the middle of a shield reaching
from edge to edge.
Palimpsest. — Of a brass, — re used by engraving the back
of an older engraved plate.
Of a wall-painting, — superimposed on an
earlier painting.
Paly. — In heraldry, a shield divided by lines palewise,
generally into six divisions, unless otherwise em-
blazoned.
Paly-bendy. — Divided evenly palewise and also bend-
wise.
Panache. — A plume of feathers worn on the helm.
Pargetting. — Ornamental plaster work on the surface
of a wall.
Party. — In heraldry, showing direction of dividing lines ;
ae "parly palewise."
Parvise. — The area outside the W. end of a church ;
generally used to denote a chamber above a porih.
Passant (of beasts, etc). — In heraldry, walking and look-
ing forward, — head in profile.
Pastoral Staff. — Staff ending in ornamented crook ;
carried by bishops and abbots.
Paten. — A plate or salver for holding the Bread at the
celebration of the Eucharist.
Paty (cross). — See "Cross."
Pauldron. — Plate defence for the shoulders.
Pediment. — A low-pitched gable used in Classical and
Renaissance architecture above a portico, at the end
of a building, and above doors, windows, niches, etc. ;
sometimes the central part is omitted, forming a
" broken " pediment.
Pheon. — In heraldry, a spear-head
Pile. — In heraldry, a triangular or wedge-shaped charge,
issuing from the chief of the shield unless otherwise
blazoned.
Piscina. — A basin with a drain, set in a niche or recess
in the wall S. of an altar, and used in the mediieval
ceremonial.
Pitch of Roof. — The slope or angle of a ridged roof.
Plinth. — The projecting base of a wall, generally cham-
fered or moul<lod at the top ; also the square member
below a column.
Poppy-head. — The ornament at the heads of bench-
standards, etc., in churches; generally carved with
foliage and flowers, somewhat resembling a fleur-
de-lis.
Portcullis. — A gate, rising and falling in vertical grooves
in the jambs of a doorway.
Pourpolnt. — Defence of padded cloth or of leather set
with metal studs.
Powdered. — A sliield with small charges scattered indis-
criminately over the field is said to be powdered with
them.
Presbytery.— The part of a church in which is placed
the High Altar; E. of the quire.
Priests' Vestments {i:iir/iarislic).— Amice, alb, girdle,
stole, maniple, chasuble.
Principals. — Generally the larger rafters of a roof; also
sometimes used for the lie-beams, purlins, and other
main timbers.
Processional Vestments.— Same as canonical.
Purlin. — A horizontal timber resting on the principal
rafters of a roof-truss, and forming an intermediate
support for the common rafters.
Purpure.— In heraldry, purple.
Pyx. — .V vessel to contain the consecrated bread.
Quarry. — In glazing, small panes of glass, generally
diamond-shaped or squares set diagonally.
Quarter.— The fourth part of a shield ; also the name
given to the top dexter fourth of the shield known
as the canton.
Quartered. — A term applied to two coats of arms of which
the principal occupies the first and fourth quarters of
a shield, and the secondary the second and third
quarters; often— as in the Royal Standard — other
coats are introduced in place of one of the quarters
with the repeated charges.
Quarterly.— In heraldry, of four parts.
Quatrefoil.— In heraldrv, a fourpetalled flower. See
also "Foil."
Queen-posts. — A pair of vertical posts in a roof-truss
equidistant from the centre line.
Quillons. — Bars forming cross-guard of sword.
Quilted Defence.— Armour made of padded cloth, leather,
etc.
Quoin. — The dressed stones at the corners of a building.
Ragged, Raguly — Having a ragged edge in heraldic
charges ; in a party-line,— an embattled edge with
sloping battlements.
Rampant (of beasts, etc.). — In heraldry, erect; one hind
paw on the ground, the other paws elevated.
Rampart. — A breastwork of earth.
Rapier. — Cut and thrust sword.
Rear arch. — The arch on the inside of a wall above a
doorway or window opening.
Rear-vault. — The space between a rear arch and the
outer stonework of a window.
Rebate (ralhet, rahhil). — A continuous rectangular notch
cut on the edge of a solid.
Reliquary. — A small box or other receptacle for relics.
Rerebrace. — Plate or leather defence for upper arm.
ReredOS. — A wall or screen of stone or wood at the back
of an altar.
Respond. — The half-pillar or pier at the end of an
arcade.
Revetment. — A retaining wall of masonry against a bank
of earth.
Roll-moulding. — A plain round moulding cut upon the
edges of stone and woodwork, etc.
Rood (rood-beam, rood-screen, rood-lnfi). — A cross or
crucifix. The Creat Pood was set up at the E. end
of the Nave, and represented the Crucifixion, with
the accompanying figures of St. Mary and St. John ;
it was generally carved in wood, and was fixed in
the loft or head of the rood screen, or in a special
beam (the Boodbeam), reaching from wall to wall.
Sometimes the Rood was merely painted on the wall
above the Chancel-arch or on a closed wood partition
or tympanum in the upper half of the Chancel, or
Chancel-arch. The Hood-.<crien is thf open screen
spanning the E. end of the Nave, sliutting off the
Chancel ; in the 15th century a narrow gallery was
often constructed above the cornice to carry the' Rood
with its images and candlesticks, and it waa also
254
GLOSSAKT.
probably used as a music gallery. The loft was
approached by a etaircase (and occasionally more
than one), cither of wood or in a turret built in the
wall wherever most convenient, and, when the loft
was carried right across the building, the intervening
walls of the Nave were pierced with narrow arch-
ways. Manv of the Roo<ls were destroyed at the
Reformation," and their final removal, with the loft,
was ordered in 1561.
Roundel.— A round disc or small sphere in an heraldic
cliarge.
Rubble.— Walling of rough unsquared stonee or Bints.
Rustic work, rusticated joints — Masonry in which the
joiniiiii; is accentuated by grooves.
Sable. — In heraldry, black.
Salade. — Light steel hea<lpiece, frequently with vizor.
Saltire. — In heraldry, a diagonal or X-shaped cross; also
called St. Andre'w's Cross.
Sanctus. — A small bell which, before the Reformation,
was rung at the Elevation of the Host during Mass.
Sash-window. — A window of which the part to open is
made to slide up and down, with pulleys and counter-
balances. In late 17th or early 18th-century work
the frames were placed almost flush with the outer
face of the walls {flufh-f:afh. or outaidc tash).
Scallop.— .\ shellfish, conventionalized in heraldry.
Scalloped capital. — A later development of the 12th-
centiiry cushion capital.
Scappled Flints.— Split flints.
Scarp. — A vertical or sloping face of earth in a
diti h nr moat, or cut in the slope of a hill, and faring
away from the place which it helps to defend.
Scroll-moulding. — A rounded moulding of two parts, the
upper projecting beyond the lower, thus resembling
a scroll of parchment.
Scutcheon. — A shield. A door handle in the form of a
pendent ring. etc. A covering for a keyhole.
Sedile (pi. sedilia). — A seat; now usually applied to the
seat on the S. side of the chancel, choir, or chapel
near the altar, used during the Mass.
Sexpartite vault. See "Vaulting."
Shaft. — A finall pillar.
Shafted jambs. — A jamb containing one or more shafts
either engaged or detached.
Shell-keep. — An open space surrounded by a strong wall.
moat, etc.
Shingles. — Tiles made of cleft oak; used for covering
spires, etc.
Sinister. — In heraldry, the left half of a shield (from the
position of the holder).
Slype. — A mediieval term for a narrow passage between
two buildings ; generally used for that from the
cloister to trie cemetery of a monastic establishment.
Soffit. — The under-side of a staircase, lintel, cornice,
arch, canopy, etc.
Solar. — An upper chamber in a mediaeval house reserved
lor the private use of the family.
Sollerets. — Shoes of articulated plates.
Spandrel. — The triangular-shaped space above the haunch
of an arch ; the two outer edges generally form a
rectangle, as in an arched and square-headed door-
way ; the name is also applied to a space within a
curved brace below a tie-beam, etc., and to any similar
spaces.
Spire, Broach-spire, Needle-spire.— The tall pointed
termination, usually of stone or wood, forming the
roof of a tower or turret. A Broarhtpire rises from
the sides of the tower without a p.irapet, the ancles
of a square tower being surmounted, in this case,
by half-pyramids against the alternate faces of the
spire, which is octagonal. A Needle-tpire is small
and narrow, and rises from thfl centre of the tower-
roof well within the parapet
Splay. — A sloping face making an angle less than a right-
angle with the main surface, as in window jambs,
etc.
Springing-llne.— The level at which an arch springs
from its supports.
Spurs. — Prick: in form of plain goad; early form.
Itowtl : with spiked wheel; later form.
Squint. — A piercing through a wall to allow a view of
an altar from plaoee whence it would be otherwiae
hidden.
Stages of Tower. — The divisions marked by horizontal
string-courses externally.
Stanchion, stancheon The upright iron bars in a
sereen. window, etc.
Style. — The vertical members of a frame into which are
tenoned the ends of the rails or horizoutal piecee.
Stole. — An ecclesiastical vestment; a long narrow strip
of cloth ; ends usually embroidered.
Stops. — Projecting stones at the ends of labels, string-
courses, etc., against which the mouldings finish;
tliey are usually carved in various forms, such as
shields, bunches of foliage, human or grotesque
heads, etc. ; a finish at the end of any moulding or
chamfer bringing the corner out to a square edge,
or sometimes, in the case of a moulding, to a cham-
fered edge ; a splayed stop has a plain sloping face,
but in many other cases the face is moulded.
Stoup. — A vessel, placed near an entrance doorway, to
contain consecrated water; those remaining are
usually in the form of a deeply-dished stone set in
a niche. Also called Iloly-tvater Stones, or Uoly-
iratrr Sliirl:<.
String-course. — A projecting horizontal band of brick
or stone in a wall ; usujdly moulded.
Strut. — A timber forming a sloping support to a hori-
zontal beam, etc.
Sub-deacons' vestments {Euchariitic). — Amice, alb,
tunicle, maniple.
Surcoat. — Coat, usually sleeveless, worn over armour.
Tabard. — Short loose surcoat, open at sides, sometimes
worn with armour ; distinctive garment of Heralds.
Taces. — Articulated defence for hips and lower part of
body.
Tapul. — Ridge down centre of breast-plate.
Tie-beam. — The horizontal transverse beam in a roof,
tying together the feet of the rafters to counteract
the thrust.
Timber-framed building A building of which the walls
are built of open timbers and covered with plaster or
boarding, or with interstices filled in with brickwork.
Totternhoe stone.— Chinch from the Totternhoe beds.
Tracery. — The ornamental work in the head of a window,
screen, panel, etc., formed by the curving and inter-
lacing of bars of stone or wood, and grouped together,
generally over two or more lights or bays.
Transom. — A horizontal bar of stone or wood across the
upper half of a window opening, doorway, or panel.
Trefoil. — In heraldry, a three-lobed leaf, slipped with a
stalk ending in a point; cotiped with a straight-cut
stalk.
Tressure. — Heraldic term for a narrow orle on a shield ;
gciierallv enriched with flcurs-dclif. pointing head
outwards, and then called tresaure flory. When the
fleiiTxde lis point alternately inwards and outwards
it is termed Iresxure flory coviilrrflory, and when'
there are two Irensvrps with the flrurs as last it is
blazoned double trefsure flory countcrflory, as in the
.'Vrms of Scotland.
Tripping. — Applied to stags, etc., walking with an easy
motion across the field of a coat-of-arms.
Truss. — A number of timbers framed together to bridge
a space or form a bracket, to be self supporting, and
to carrv other timbers. The hu'iief of a roof are
generally named after a peculiar feature in their con-
struction, such as King-pott, Queen-post, hammer-
hram. etc. ('y.i".).
GLOSSAHT.
255
Tuilles. — In armour, plates attached to taces.
Tumulus. — A circular burial mound.
TunJcle. — Similar to dalmatic, but longer and with close
sleeves.
Tympanum. — An enclosed space in the head of an arch,
doorway, etc., or in the triangle of a pediment.
Types of houses.— .S'ee "Houses."
Unguled (of Beasts). — In heraldry, armed with hoofs.
Urinant (of Fish). — In heraldry, in vertical position, head
downwards.
Vair. — An heraldic fur ; of two colours, blue iind white,
joined in horizontal bands, of which one edge is wavy
and the other straight, (.'oiinten air, potent, and
ronnter jiotcnt are varieties of xalr.
Vallum. — A rampart.
Vambrace. — Plate defence for lower arm.
Vamplates. — Funnel-shaped hand-guard of lance.
Vaulting, — An arched ceiling or roof of stone, brick, or
wood, liarrel vaulting (sometimes called waggon
head raultinq) is a vault unbroken in its length
by cross vaults. A groined vault (or cross vaulting)
is one crossed at right-angles by another. A rib-vault
is a framework of arched ribs carrying the material
which covers in the spaces between them. One bay
of vaulting, divided into four quarters, or compart-
ments, is termed quadriparlitr ; but often the bay
is divided longitudinally into two subsidiary bays,
each equalling a bay of the wall supports ; the vaulting
bay is thus divided into six compartments, and is
termed sex-pnrtite. A more complicated form is Licrnr
vaulting ; this contains secondary ribs, which do not
spring from the wall-supports, but cross from main
rib to main rib, producing a star-shaped plan. Fan
vaulting is made up of compartments or bays, each
containing numerous ribs, spreading from a common
pendant in equal curves, and giving a fan-like effect
when seen from below.
Vert. — In heraldry, green.
Vizor. — Hinged faeeguurd of baecinet, ealade, close
helmet, etc.
Voided. — In heraldry, with the middle part cut away,
leaving a margin.
Vol. — In heraldry, two birds' wings conjoined without
the body.
Volute. — A spiral form of ornament.
Voussolrs. — The stones forming an arch.
Waggon-head vault.— .SV.^ "Vaulting."
Wall-plate. — A timber laid lengthwise on the wall to
receive the ends of the rafters and other joist*.
Water-bouget. — -V double vessel for carrying water,
formed of two skins of animals, forms an heraldic
charge.
Wave-mould. — A compound mould formed by a convex
curve between two concave curves.
Weather-boarding.— Horizontal boards nailed to the
uprights of timber-framed buildings and made to
overlap ; the boards are wedge-shaped in section, the
upper e<lge being the thinner.
Weathering (to sills, tope of buttresses, etc.). — A sloping
surface for easting off water, etc.
Well-staircase. — A staircase of several flights and gener-
ally square, surrounding a space or "well."
Wimple. — Scarf covering chin and throat.
Window. — A term applied to the stone, brick, or wood-
work forming the window opening, as well as the glass.
Wyvern. — A fabulous beast with a beaked head, wings,
two legs, and tail coiled in a knot.
256
INDEX
The page on which the principal description of a parish Is given is put first, followed by the pages on
which it Is merely mentioned.
Abbey Mill Lane, St. Albans
Abbot's Langley
Abbotsbury, Barley
' Above and Below Bank,' Cheshunt
Acremoor Street, or Alt House Farm. Little
Hadham
Actons, Sawbridgeworth
■Ad Fines'
Adane, Richard, and Maryan. brass
Adrian, I., Pope
Adulterine, or unlicensed castles
Aethelmaer, Thegn
PAGE
190
27-2S, 4. 16, 17, 19
48
and Monuments In
Akeman Street
Alabaster Figures
Churches:
14TH-CENTLRY :
Great Berkhampstead
King's Langley
Royston
15th-ce\tdrt :
Great Berkhampstead
Royston
Watton-at-Stone
IGth-centtry :
Braughing
North Mimms
Radwell
Sawbridgeworth
Watford
Wheathampstead
IGOO, Watford
17TH-CENTVRY :
Ayot St. La^Yrence
Braughing ...
Broxbourne
Buckland
Elstree
Flamstead
Great Gaddesden
Hertingfordbury
King's Walden
Norton
Radwell
Rickmansworth
Sandon
Shephall
Watford
Alban, St
Albemarle, Monck, Duke of, arms
Albury
Albury Lodge, Albury
Albyn, Hub., brass '.
Aldbury
Aldbury Farm, Cheshunt
Aldbury Nowers, Aldbury
Aldenham '
Atdenham House, AUIenham
Atdred, Archbishop of York, see under York
So
146
203
4
I3«
89
II
12
6, 25
19
96
«33
19. "74
19
174
191. 235
67
>9. '59
166
203
231
239
2;i
43
. ... 67
72
74
. ... 87
. ... 89
'01
"4
. ... 36
160
17. '66
170
19S
206
231
4, 8, iSs, 186, 187
1S3
... 28-30, 19
29-30
19
7. '9. 303:
79
31
5. 19, 21, 172
3'-33.
Allngton, arms
All Saints, Hertford
Alleyn, Thos.. rector of Stevenage, Grammar
School founded by. 1558
Almshoe, Little, see Little Almshoe.
Almshouses:
ICth-century :
.\ldbury
Watford
ITth-cextcry :
Aldbury
Baldock
Buntingford
Cheshunt
Chipping Burnet
Flamstead
Great Berkhampstead
Hitchin
Rickmansworth
St. Albans
St. Peter
Stanstead Abbots
Alswick Hall, Layston
Alt House Farm,' .<iee Acremoor Street, or Alt
House Farm, Little Hadham.
Altar frontal, 17th-century, Anstey Parish
Church rectory
Altar tombs, see under Monuments, funeral.
Altham, arms ...
Altham, Sir Jas. :
0.\hey Chapel, Watford, built, 1612
Monument to, and wife
Alwaye, Elizabeth, brass
Alwyn, Rob., and wife, brass ...
Amphibal, St.. arms
Amwell, Great, see Great Amwell.
Amwell, Little, ,«pp Little Amwell.
Amwell Street, Hoddesdon
Amwellbury, Great Amwell
Anchorite's Cell, Bengeo
Anaball, Will., and wife, brass ...
Anderson, arms
Anderson family, floor slabs
Anderson:
Kdmiand, floor slab
Mary, floor slab
Mary, floor slab
Andrew, St
Andrews, R. T.
Anglo-Saxon settlement of the County
Annables Farm, Kinsbourne Green, IJarpenden
Anne, Queen:
.4rms ..
Statue ...
Anne, St
*"8tey 34-35, 7, 14
Anstey Castle
Anstey family
PAGE
91
111-112
214
20 21
3'
233
3'
20,45
20, 140
20, 79
80
20, 89
20, 98
123, 124
'7'
20
'94
211
'39
35
74
232
232
205
no
6, 185. 187
126
95
50
107
183
223
20s
223
205
«S3
12
6-8
109
74
79
185, 232
l6, 17, 19
12.35
13
INDEX.
257
PAGE
Anstey:
Dionisia, wife of William de Munchensy .
12
Nicholas de
12
Apsidal Chancels:
Bengeo, St. Leonard's Church
15. 5°
Great Amwell
93
Great Wymondley
IS- 105
Offley
160
Wheathftmpstead, foundations
238
Arabesque work:
Albury Lodge, Albury
30
Aspenden Parish Church
41
Furneux Pelham Hall ...
91
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield
• ■ 55. 57. 58
Hertford, St. Andrew's
"3
Knebworth House
137
Pirton, Hammond's Farm
164
Rushden, Julians
176
St. Peters
194
Aragon, King of, arms ...
186
Arbury Banks, Ashwell
5. 3S
Arch, 17thcentury, Wheathampstead
239
Ardeley
36-38
Ardeley Bury, Ardeley
36
Argentine, Barony
13
Argentine, John de
13
Armour:
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield
57
ffe also Brasses, military.
Arms, see nnder Heraldry.
Art, Late Celtic Period
3
Arundel, Fitz Alan, Earl of, arms
133
Ashlar, see under Building Material.
Ashridge, Little Gaddesden ... I43-I44. I9>
Ashwell 38-40,5,8,
Ashwell End, Ashwell
Aspenden 40-4ii
Aspenden Hall, Aspenden
Aston
Aston Bury, Aston ...
Astwick Manor, Bishop's Hatfield
Athelstan (925-941)
Atkins, Henry, physician to James I. and
Charles T., monument
Attwood, Ralph, indent, 1498, and brasses of
wives and children
The Auberys fnr .\uhreys), Redbourn
Augustinian Order, Canonesses ...
Aulus Plautius
Aumbries, see Lockers.
Aungervil, Thos. de, rector of Sawbridgeworth
Austin or Black Canons, Houses of:
Little Wymondley
Royfton
Aylesbury, Bucks
Aytmer:
John, Bishop of London, see under London.
.Judith, effigv, 1618
Ayot
Ayot House, Ayot St. Lawrence
Ayot Place, Ayot St. Peter
Ayot St. Lawrence 42-43. '7
Ayot St. Peter
20,
21
,30
• 7,
24.
25
40
'5.
18,
,24
41
41
■42
42
53
10
77
27
5.
166
125
3
203
'3.
149
'3.
173
25
«53
26
43
23.44
. 18
i, 19. 24
44
Baas Manor House, Broxbourne
Bache, Simon, brass, 1414 ...
Back Lane, Great Berkhampstead
Bacon :
Sir Eras., Lord Chancellor, monument
Sir Nicholas, ruins of house of, St. Michael ...2
Baesh :
Sir Edw., wife and children, monument
Sir Edw., almshouses built by, 17th-century
Bailey, Alice, wife of Jonas, slab
Balconies:
15th-century, Ware
17th-century, Hemel Hempstead, The
King's Arms Inn
see also Galleries.
Baldock ... 44-46,4, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 76, 116,
73
136
100
191, 192
, 192-193
216
211
239
229
III
131, 15s, 160, 166,230
Baldwyn;
Hen., inscription
Ralph, monument, with arms
Ball, John, Priest, hanged at St. Albans, 1381..
Ballard's Buildings, Watford
Ballon's Farm, Little Hormead
Balusters:
8th-century, turned stone, St. Albans Cathedral
see also Staircases, Woodwork.
Bancroft, Hitchin
Barber, Sibbill, wife of Rob., inscription
Barford family, tomb of lady of
Barge boards:
15TH-CENTDRY :
Hitchin, The Angel Inn
Stanstead Abbots Old Parish Church
c. 1600, Bishop's Stortford, The Cock Inn
16TH-CENTDRY :
Aldenham, Batler's Green
Bishop's Stortford, The Black Lion Inn ...
Hitchin
Sandon
Therfield
231
39
IS
233
147
•23
136
19, 159
120
210
65
33
65
122
199
219
Barge boards: ront'd.
16th or 17-century, Bishop's Stortford,
The Boar's Head Inn
17th-century :
Hitchin. The Angel Inn
Hunsdon Parish Church, north porch
Little Hadham Parish Church, porch
Much Hadham, Hoglands
Pirton, High Down
Much Hadham, Buckler's Farm
Barkway ... ... 46-47,13,18,19,
Barlee:
Dorothy, see Leventhorpe.
Robert, of Bibblesworth
William
Barlee, arms
Barley ... 47-49.
Barley, arms
Barley, Anne, charity
Barnack, see Barnack and other Oolites, under
Building Material.
Barnet
Barnet, battle of, 1471
Barnet, East, see East Barnet.
Barnewell, Hen., floor slab
Barns:
Medi.bval :
Barley, Mincinbury
Little Wymondley. Wymondley Priory
Rickmansworth, Croxley Hall Farm
Westmill, Westraill Bury
c. 1600. Stortford Park, Bishop's Stortford ...
16th-century :
Codicnte, Lower Farm
Hitchin
IGth or 17th-century :
Ardeley
Sawbridgeworth, Pishiobury
64-S
120
127
'45
15s
164
'55
25,69
87
29
87
25
43
29
8
14
los
49
«49
171
337
65
83
123
38
204
2K
258
INDEX.
Bams I cont'd.
ITtu-cen ruKV :
Braughing
tottered
Harptuden
Ippollitte ...
Little Hadbam ...
Long Marston
Pirton
Rickniansworth
Sandon
Sawbridgeworth
Totteridge
Ippollitts
StaiidoD
Barrel Vault, tte Roofs, vaulted.
Barrlngton, arms
Barrington, Judith Lylton, wife of Sir Thos.
Barrow Field, Great Amwell
Barrow holes, Ashwell Parish Church
Barrows, .-ff Tumuli, under Earthworks.
Bartlet:
Anthony, bellfounder
.Jiis.. bellfounder
Barton Hills
Batchworth Manor House, Rickmanswortb,
now Hampton Hall .
Batford Mill •..•
Bath
Batter's Creen, Aldeuham ._
Battyll, Rob., brass
Bay Windows:
Bishop's Stortford, The Boar's Head Inn ...
Braughing
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampstead Place
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield
Harpenden, Bothamsted
Hertford, The Old Coffee- House Inn
Hitchin
Hoddesdon
Kimpton, Stone Heaps Farm
Little Gaddcsden, The Manor House
Little Wymondley. Wymondley Hall
Offley, Westbury Farm
Pirton, High Down
St. Albans
St. Michael, house at Child wick Green
Standon
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, gatehouse
tee also Oriel Windows.
Bayford
Bayford, John Knitun of
Bayford Manor House, Bayford
Baylie, John, and wife and children, monument
with arms
Bays:
Brickendon, Bridgeman House
Buntingford, Ward's Hospital
Great Berkhampstead, Egerton House
Great Hormead. Brick House
Wyddial, Corney Bury
Beach Bottom, Sandridge
Beacon, Copper, remains
Beane, River 5
Beauchamp, John, nave arcades and dear
blurey of Chipping Barnet, built by
Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, ue Warwick.
Beauchamps, Layston
Beaucock, B-nedict, floor slab
Beaumont Creen, Cheshunt
Beaumont's Farm, St. Peter
Beauver, llub.. braas
Beazleys, Creat, set Great Beazlevs.
Beazleys, Little, see Little Beazleys.
Becket, Thomas
Bede
PAOB
68
84
lo8
'30
145, 146
163, 164
"71
199
204
222
'3°
208
'36
136
95
39
1.27
•5>
114, 115
171
240
S
33
86
64-65
68
98
55. 57. 58
107
112
122, 123
125, 126
132
143
149
161
164
1 88
193
209
210
49. 9
153
49
72
7«
140
98
•03
24s
S
'5"
I, 212, 224
So
>39
35
80
194
iSj
II
6
Bedford, arms
Bedford:
Bridget, Countess of, Chapel and tomb
Francis, Earl of, Watford Almshouses built...
Russell. Earl of, arms
Bedmond, Abbots Langley
Bedsteads, -ce under Furniture.
Beech Bottom, Sandridge
The Beeches, Brent Pelham
Beechwood:
Thos. i^aunders, of
Bele, John, brass of, 1516, and wives Anne and
Agnes
Belgic Tribes, invasion
Belfrys, wooden, 15th-century, St. Stephen ...
Bell Street, i>awbridgeworth
Bellcots:
Buntingford Chapel of Ease
Letchworth
Shenley
Stanstead St. Margarets ...
Bellfounders:
Bartlet, Anthony
Bartlet, Jas. "
BuUisdon, Thos
Burford, Rob. or Will
Chandler, Anthony 66, 85, ^, loi, no, 116,
157, »66,
PAOB
231
233
183
28
300
70
31
89
166
3
«9S
204
139
140, 141
205
211
"7
126
188
Clark, John
Culverden, Will
Danyel, John
Dier, John
Eldridge, Will
Founder, Will
Gray, Mile«
Hille, Rich
Jurden, Hen.
Knight
Knight, Ellis
Knight, WiU
Landon. Rog., of Wokingham
Mot, Rob
Oldfeild, Rob.
Rofford, Will.
Saunders, John
Whitmore, W
Wvmbish, Ric.
Bells:
Chtjbch :
Pre-Reformation :
Albury
Ardeley
Bramfield
Bushev
Clothall
Furneux Pelham
Hexton
Kimpton
Letchworth
Little Berkhampstead
Little Hadham
Little Hormead
Little Munden
Norton
Stocking Pelham ...
Widford
Westmill
Wyddial
Mediieval, Thundridge ...
16th-century :
Anstev
Clothal
Kimpton
N'ewnham
Norton
"97. 223
87
90
r48, 221
105, no, 145 149, 217, 221
74
66,216
42.83
160
28-36
201
223
90
74
no
28, 76, 104, 107, no, 127, 132, 210, 223
132.237
>32
66
81
aS
36
66
it
.??
132
141
142
»4S
•47
148
160
216
241
237
244
221
35
81
'32
156
160
tKDEJC.
Bells: cont'd. page
Church : cont'd.
Post-Reformation :
Albury 29
Aldbury
30
Aldenham
32
Anetey
33
Ardeley
36
Ashwell
39
Aspenden
41
Aston
42
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
5°
Benington
S»
Bishop's Stortford ...
63
Bovingdon
66
Bramfield
66
Braughing
67
Brent Pelham
70
Broxbourne
72
Bushey
74
Caldecote
76
Cheshunt
77
Cottered
83
Datch worth
8s
Digswell
86
Eastwick
87
Essendon
87
Flamstead
89
Flaunden
90
Furneux Pelham
90
Gilston
92
Graveley
92
Great Amwell
9S
Great Gaddesden ...
lOI
Great Hormead
102
Great Munden
104
Great WymondJey ...
los
Harpenden
107
Hemel Heippstead ...
no
Hertingfordbury
114
Hexton
116
Hinxworth
116
Hunsdon
127
Ickleford
129
Kelshall
131
Kimpton
132
King's Langley
'3.5
King's Walden
136
Layeton
138
Little Berkhampstead
142
Little Hadham
145
Little Munden
148
Little Wymondley ...
149
Monken Hadley
151
Much Hadham
153
Newnham
156
Northchurch
157
Offley
161
Pirton
162
Puttenham
166
Reed
169
Ridge
172
Sacombe
177
St. Albans
..
183
St. Paul's Walden...
107
Sandon
198
Siin-att
201
Sawbridgevvorth
203
Standon
207
Stanstead Abbots ...
210
Stevenage
213
Tewin
21O
Therfield
217
Thorley
220
Thundridge
221
Totteridge
222
259
PAOE
Bells: cont'd.
Church : cont'd.
Post-Reformation : cont'd.
Trine
Walkern
Watton-at-Stone
Weston
Widford
Willian
Wyddial
Sanctus r
Aldenham
Monken Hadley
Eastwick
15th-century, St. Albans clock tower
16th-century, Hoddesdon clock tower
Cell-Turrets:
Bengeo, St. Leonard's Church
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Little Hormead Parish Church
Ridge, Tyttenhanger
Stocking Pelham
Watford, The Free School
Bellway, circular, Great Hormead Parish
Church
Belsize, Sarratt
Bench, stone, St. Albans
Bench Ends and Fronts:
15th<entury, Hitchin
16THCENTURY :
Braughing
Great Munden
Poppy-head :
15th-century :
Ardeley
Bygravo
Clothall
Kimpton
Sandon
Throeking
17th-century, Little Gaddesden
Aldbury Parish Church
Bendlsh, St. Paul's Walden
Benedictine Monasteries, St. Albans
Benedictine Nuns, Rowney Priory, Great
Munden
Benett, Margaret, inscription
Bengeo, Urban and Rural 49
Bengeo Temple, Bengeo ...
Benington 50-52, i
Benington Castle, Benington
Benstede, arms
Berkeley, arms
Berkhampstead:
John de, Abbot of St. Albans, see under St.
Albans.
Berkhampstead, Great, .ve Great Berk-
hampstead.
Berkhampstead Castle, Great Berkhampstead
10, 12, 14, 21,
Berkhampstead Common, Great Berk-
hanipst<';ul
Berkhampstead, Little, .ve Little Berkhamp-
st«_»ad.
Berkhampstead Place, Great Berkhampfitead 22, 9S
Berkhampstead St. Mary ... 9
Berkhampstead St. Peter 9
Bernard's Heath 200
Bibbesworth, arms 43, 87
Bible-box, St. Paul's Walden, Parish Church 197
Big House, Sliaftenhoe End, Barley 48
Biggin Almshouses, Hitchin 124
Biggin Bridge, Anstey 35
Biggin Farm, .\n3tey 35
Biggleswade, Bed 4,26,166
2&2
224
234
237
241
242
244
32
87
188
126
50
107
147
173
216
233
102
202
179
119
67
104
36
75
Si
132
19S
221
"43
3'
19S
9. 13, '77
13, '04
45
-50, 15, 19
50
7, 19, 227
12, 51, 52
5'
'83
10, II, 14
25. 97-98
100
260
INDEX.
173.
PAOE
BJrchall, llertiiigfordbury "4
Bishops Hatfield 5262. >°' '9
Bishop's Stortford ... 62-66,4, S, 11 12, 12, 17,
24, 26,91, 215, 219
Black Canons, .«( Austin or Black Canons.
Black Death, .<ie Plaguo.
Black Friars, see Dominicans.
Bland:
i:s<lra-i. Rector of Buekland
Joan, inscription
Blind Man's Lar\e, Clictihuut
Blount, arm6
Blount, Sir Hen., Tyttenhanger built by
Blow, liieli.. floor slab
Blue Boot Store, Ware
Blue Coat Yard, Ware
Bluegates Farm, Ashwell
Bluehouse Hill Lane, St. Micbaek
Boadicea, Queen
Bockland, arms
Bohemia, King of, arms
Bokeland, xec Buekland.
Bonningtons, Stanst«ad Abbots
Boole, riios., inscription, 1456
Boothby, arni-i
Borrell, .John, brass
Bostok, Hugh, and Margaret Macry, brass
Boteler, arme
Boteler:
Alice, brass
John, Sheriff of London
Sir John, of Wodhalte, slab to Elizabeth,
and Custans, his wives, children, etc. ...
Rich., of Stapleford
fee alfu Butler.
Boulogne, Count Eustace of, and Anetey Castle
Bourchier, Humphrey
Bourne
Bourne Hall, Bushey
Bovingdon
Bow Bridge
Bowers House, Harpenden
Bowyer, .<..: Gamble.
Boxmoor, Kernel Hempstead
Boxmoor House, Bovingdon
Boyden's Hill, Aldenham
Brackley, Elizabeth, V^iscountess, monument ...
Brackets in Churches:
FOR Images :
Anstey
Ayot St. Lawrence
Baldock
Bishop's Hatfield
Broxbourne
Clothall
Flamstead
Great Gaddesden
Kelshall
King's Waldon ...
Layston
Standon
Welwyn
Wiggington
Ashwell
Benington
Digswell
Furueux Pelham, iron
Kelshall
Little Munden
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead St. Margarets
St. Albans
Bradonham^ HuckB
Brakespears, farmhouse. Abbot's Langley
74
74
79
■83
172
226
229
230
40
190
3
30
186
210-21 1
7>
70
72
238
31, 44, 183, 210
74
74
235
234
J2
150
230
75
4. 19
25
108
66
25, 109
4, 66
3J
>43
35
43
45
53
72
81
89
loi
13«
136
'38
207
236
242
39
SI
86
91
131
148
203
211
188, 189
5
38
Bramble, Will., inscription
Bramfield
Bramfield:
Anne, brasa ...
Will., inscription ...
Bramfieldbury, Bramfield ...
Brand's Farm, .Much Hadham
Brasses and Indents, Church
Civil :
14th-century :
Great Berkliompstead
Hemel Hempstead
c. 1400 :
Baldock
Hemel Hempstead ...
Ickleford
St. Michaels
15th-tentury :
Abbots Langley
Albury
Aldbury
Anstey
Ashwell
Aspenden
Baldock
Braughing
Brickendon
Broxbourne
Buekland
Cheshunt
Cottered
Digswell
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham ...
Great Berkhampstead
Harpenden
Hinxworth
Hitchin
Hunsdon Parish Church
Kelshall
Kimpton
King's Langley
Letchworth
Little Hadhara
Monken HsMlley
Much Hadham
Newnham
North Mimme
Rodwell
Redbourn
St. Albans
St. St-ephen
Sandon
Sarratt
Sawbridgworth
Shenley
Standon
Stevenage
Walkern
Wnllington
Ware
Watford
Watton-atSlone ...
Wheathampst<?ad
Widford
Wormley
C. 1500:
Hitchin
Rnyston
St. Albans ...
Sawbridgeworth
IGth-century :
Albury
Aldbury
Aldenham
Aspenden
PAOB
227
66
81
224
66
'54
'9
19. 96
19
45
no
129
191-192, 192
27
30
30
35
39
41
45
. ... 67
71
... 19. 7". 72
74
77
. ... 83
86
. ... 89
90, 91
96
107
116
119
127
131
132
133
141
145
151
'53
156
... 15S, 159
166
169
183, 183-184, 184
196
198
201
203
205
207
213
224,226
226
227
231
234
238
241
243
119
'74
184
203
29
31
32
19, 41
INDEX.
261
Brasses: cont'd.
Civil: cont'd.
16thcentury : cont'd.
Aston
Baldock
Barkway
Bayford
Braughing
Cheshunt
Clothall
Digswell
Eastwick
Essendon
Furneux Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddeaden ...
Harpenden
Hitchin
Holwell
Hunsdon
Ippollitts
King's Langley
Knebworth
Layston
Monken Hadley
Much Hadham
Nettleden
North Mimma
Offley
Radwell
Redbourn
St. Albans
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead Abbots ...
Stocking Pelham
Walkern
Wallington
Watford, Cassiobury
Watton-at-Stone
Wheathampstead
Wormley
Wyddial
c. 1600, Datchworth
17th-century :
Abbots Langley
Aldenham
Barley
Bishop's Hatfield ...
Bifihop's Stortford ...
Bovingdon
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Broxbourne ...
Cheshunt
Monken Hadluy
Much Hadham
Newnham
Radwell
Rickmansworth
St. Peter
Shenley
Tewin
Walkern
Watford
Wyddial
Aldenham
Ardeley
Ayot St. Lawrence
Clothall
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham
Great Amwell
Great Gaddesden
Hitchin ...
Northchurch
Puttenham
42
45
46
49
67
77
81
86
87
87
91
96
loi
107
119
126, 127
127
130
133
136
138
151
153
iSS
159
161
166
169
.. 1S3, 184
203
210
216
224
226
232
234
23S
243
244
8s
27
32
48
S3
63
66
67
70
72
77
151
"S3
156
166
170
194
205
216
224
231
244
32
36
43
81
89
91
9S
101
118-119, 119
'57
166
Brasses : cont'd.
Civil: cont'd.
Ridge
St. Albans
Ecclesiastical :
14th-ceutury :
Ashridge, Little Gaddesden, Chapel
Baldock
Great Berkhampstead
North Mimms
St. Albans
15th-century :
Beningtoo *
Broxbourne
Bucklaiid
Cheshunt
Clothall
Flamstead
Great Amwell
Hinxworth
Little Hadham
Hitchin
Knebworth
Letchworth ...
Radwell
Royston
St. AlbiiMs
Stanstead St. Margaret's
Wallington
Watton-at-Stone
WiUian
Stevenage
16th-ceutury :
Ardeley
Bnixbuuriie ...
Clothall
17th-century :
Clothall
St. Albans
Stocking Pelham
Widford
Military :
14th-century :
Great Berkhampstead
Watton-at-Stone
c. 1400, St. Michaels
15th-century :
Albury
Broxbourne ...
Cheshunt
Digswell
Little Hadham
North Mimma
St. Albana
Sandon
St. Stephen
Sawbridgeworth
Shenley
Stanstead Abbots ...
Wheathampstoad
16th-century :
Bayford
Broxbourne
Furneux Pelham
North Mimms
Redbourn
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Watton-at-Stone
17th-century :
Abbots Langley
Albury
Broxbourne
Baldock, indent for floriated cross
Buntingford Chapel of Ease
»9. "83
■ 83,
FAOB
172
184
'43
45
96
.'58
1 84
5'
72
74
77
Si
89
95
116
Itl
136
141
166
174
184
2il
226
234
242
2'3
36
72
81
Si
1S3, 1S4
216
241
96
234
192
29
7>. 72
77
86
'45
158
183
19N
196
203
205
2IO
238
49
72
90-91
'58
169
203
207
234
27
29
72
45
«39
262
INDEX.
Brasses: cont'd.
Palimpsest :
Aldenham
Barley
Bsyford
Eastwick
Great Berkhampstead
King's Langley
St. Albans
St. Peter
Walkern
Hose Brass, Ashridge, Little Gaddesden
Albury
St. Albans
St. Michael
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth
Shields, xee under Heraldry.
Stanstead St. Margarets
Stevenage
Ware
Watford
Braughlng 66-69, 3> 4. 7-
Bray, arms
Braybrooke, Rob.. Bishop, jcf under London.
Breccia, red, monument, Watford
Brent Pelham 69
Brent Pelham Hall
Bressy, Edm., monument, 1612
Brick:
Black, patterns :
Bishops Hatfield Palace
Hadham Hall, Hadham, gatehouse
Blue, patterns :
Branghing. Upp Hall, barn
Layeton P.irish Church
Little Hadham. Clintons
North Mimms, North Mymmis Park
Stanstead Abbots, gatehouse
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Early csk of :
Aston Bury, Aston
Bushey, Bourne Hall
Hertford Castle
Roman, Churches :
Great Gaddesden
Hemel Hempstead
Hitchin. reused
St. Albans
St. Michael
St. Stephen
Sandridge 10, 17
Sarratt
Weatmill
Roman, found at Welwyn
Terracotta, modelled, Annables Farm, Kins-
bourne Green, Harpenden
Brick House, Great Hormcad
Brickendon, Urban and Rural
Brickendonbury, Brickendon
Bride Hall, Sandridge
Bridge Street, Bishop's Stortford
Bridge Street, Hitthin
Bridgefoot Farm, Walkern
Bridgehouse, 17th-century, The Grange, Pirton
Bridgeman House, Brickendon
Bridgwater, Jolin, Earl of, monument
Brisco, arms
Brisco, Edw., brass
Bristow:
Xiih., grandson and children, mural tablet ...
Nich., monument
Nich., tablet
PAOB
32
48
49
87
96
>.?4
1S3
"94
224
'43
<9
•Sj
192
201
203
211
2'3
227
231
iS, 25, 26
30, 3'
231
7", 17. "9
70, 23
•55
60
22, 146
68
13S
22, 146
159
210
22, 217
42
75
"3
10, 100
lOg
"7
10, 177
10, 191
10, 19s
199, 200
201
236
235
109
23, 103
71
71
200
65
120, 122
225
163
71
•43
•83
32
Brittany and Richmond, Conan, Earl of,
Broadfield
Broadfield Hall, Broadfield
Brocket, arms
Brockett:
Dame Elizabeth, monument
Edw., floor slab
John, monument
Mary, wife of John, floor slab ...
Sir John .ind wife, tomb ...
Brockhold'S Farm, Great Munden
Brograve, Chapel and family monuments
Bronze Age
Bronze Ewer, Wheathampstead
Brookman's, North Mimms
Broom Farm, Cottered
Broom Hall, Watton-at-Stone
The Brotherhood, Hitchin
Browne, Elizabeth, wife of Sir Rob. Dormer ...
238
43
238
Broxbourne
Broxbournebury, Broxbourne
Bryce, John
Buck, Olive, monument
Buckinghamshire
Buckland
Buckland, Xich. de
Buckler's Farm, Much Hadham ...
Bucklersbury, Hitchin
Buokshill, Watford
Buckshill Bottom, Watford
Building, restriction in
Building Material:
Ashlar :
Aldenham Parish Church
Ashwell Parish Church
Benington Castle Keep
Cheshunt Parish Church Tower
Hatfield House
Ware Priory
Barsack, and other Oolites :
Benington Castle Keep
Churches :
Anstey
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Furneui Pelham
Meesden
Reed
St. Albans
StandoD
Stocking Pelham
Throcking
Walkern
Westmill
Weston
Widford
Fonts :
Benington
Buckland
Little Hormead
St. Albans Cathedral, balusters
Caen stone
Chalk, Churches :
Great AmwcU
Much Hadham
Throcking, and font
Walkern
Conclomerate :
Gaddesden Hall, Gt. Gaddesden
Royston, base of cross
Flint work faced, see that title.
Free-stone, Obtirches :
Kimpton
Letchworth
WiUian
7i-73> •7.
73-74,
PAGE
104
71
7'
44. 240
S3
239
S3
239
239
104
67
2
6
»S9
84
-35
22. 123
143
iS, 19, 26
73.6
72
87
8
17, 19, 20
73
•55
122
234
20-21
3«
39
52
76
SS
228
52
33
49
90
ISO
10, 169
•77
206, 207
ai5
220
224
10, 236
237
240
SI
74
'47
10
16
93
151, 152
220, 221
225
101
'75
'32
140
242
INDEX.
263
Building Material: cont'd.
Granite :
Bishop's Hatfield, columns
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory, columns
Iron-stone rubble, Weston Parish Church ...
Limestone :
IppoUitts Parish Church
Knebworth Parisli Churcli, font
Limestone Ashlar, liiixxljourne
Marble :
Busts, see that title.
Coffin lid, Furneux Pelham Parish Church..
Floors, Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield
Font, Cottered
Mantelpieces, see that title.
Monuments :
Abbot's Langley
Bayford
Bishop's Hatfield
Bovingdon
Bramfield
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Essendon
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesden
Hemel Hempstead
Hertingfordbury
King's Langley
Knebworth ...
Monken Hadley
Much Hadham
Radwell
St. Albans ...
St. Michael
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Ware
Watford
Wheathampstead
Willian
Wyddial
St. Albans, shafts in nave
Pink Mortar, Little Munden Parish Church,
jamb
Portland Stone :
Buntingford, Ward's Hospital
Offley Parish Church
Pudding-stone, Great Munden, foundations ...
Pdrbeck Marble :
Baldock, coffin lid
Bushey jambs
Cheshunt, shafts in nave
Eastwick, chancel arch, etc
Fonts :
12th-century :
Albury
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne
Clothall
Wallington
c. 1200, Harpenden
13th-century :
Aldenham
Furneux Pelham
Gilston, shaft of piscina
Monuments :
13th-century :
Brent Pelham
Hitchin
Walkern
14th-century :
King's Langley
52
125
237
129
136
71
91
57, 5«
83
27
49
S3
66
66
67
70
87
89
91
96
114
133
136
151
"53
166
1 85
192
203
207
227
231
238
242
244
181
148
140
160
104
45
74
77
86
29
63
72
81
226
107
32
91
92
19, 70
"9
19, 224
'33
Building Material: cont'd.
PuRBECK Marble : cont'd.
Monuments : cont'd.
14th-century : cont'd.
Sawbridgeworth ...
Tewin
15th-century :
Furneux Pelham
Hitchin
16th-century :
Aldbury
Aspenden
Furneux Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
17th-century :
Hexton
Sawbridgeworth
Redbourn, Sedilia capitals
St. Albans Abbey Church, pedestal of shrine
TOTTEENHOB, OK CLUNCH :
Aston Bury, Aston
Bishop's Stortford
Cheshunt, Theobalds Palace, and The
Great House
Churches :
Abbots Langley
Albury
Anstey
Ashwell
Barkvfay
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Braughing
Buckland
Essenden
Flaunden
Furneux Pelham
Graveley, St. Etheldreda's
Jppollitts
King's Langley
Knebworth
Meefiden
Much Hadham
Nortlichurch
Norton
Reed
Royston
Rushden
St. Albans
Standon, doorway
Stocking Pelham, doorway
Thorley
Walkern
Ware
Westmill
Weston
Widford
Fireplaces, nee Fireplaces, Mantelpieces and
Chimney Pieces.
Fonts :
Buckland
Lilley
Offley
Walkern
Wallington
Westmill
Gravelev, Graveley Hall, quoins
Great berkhampstead Place
Great Gaddesden, Gaddesden Hall
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place
Hitchin, Hitchin Priory
lekleford, Old Ramerick
Letchworth Hall
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Priory
Markyate, Markyate dell
Monuments :
Albury
Hitchin
PAGE
19.203
216
91
119
'9.31
19.41
91
96
116
19, 203
169
187
10, 24
42
78
27
28
33
38
46
49
7,66
73
87
89
90
93
129
•33
136
150
152
156
160
169
173
176
177
207
216
219
224
226
236
237
240
74
141
161
224
226
237
93
22, 98
lOI
116
119
129
141
149
ISO
29
119
264
INDEX.
Building Material: cont'd.
TOTTERNHOE i>R CI.U^•CH : Cont'd.
Monuments : cont'd.
King's Langley
St. Albans
Pirton, High Down
Rickmansworth, Croxley Hall Farm, barn
St. Albans, root! screen ami stoiip
St. Stephen, tithe barn
Therfield, The Rectory
Tff.v :
IppoUitts. window
Lilley. chancel arch
see also Flint Work, faced.
Bulborne, River
Bull Cross, Cheshunt
Bull Moat, Therfield
Bulllsdon, Thos., bellfounder
Bull's Green, Datchworth
Bull's-eye Openings, Braughing, Upp Hall ...
Bummer's Hill, Little Hormead
Bunstreux
Buntingford, Layston : 7, 18, 20, 21, 26, 138-139,
139-140, 147, 199, 220,
see al.in L.iyston (with Buntingford).
BuntlngfOld Grnnmiar School, Layston
Bunyan, John
Burford, Rob. or Will., bellfounder
Burge End, Pirton
de Burgh, Earl of Kent, see Kent.
Burghley, Lord
Burhill Wood, Buckland
Burial Mounds, see Tumuli, under Earthworks.
Burial Urn, Glass, Roman, St. Stephen Parish
Church
PAOB
•33
187
1^3
171
186
196
218
«30
142
97
26
218
126
85
68
147
244. 245
139
198
1 88
162
S3
74
196
Burials:
Anglo-Saxon :
Redboum
Wheathampstead
Roman, Bovingdon...
Burnels, family
Burston Farm, St. Stephen
Burtun, Dianis. brass
The Bury, Codicote
The Bury, Kernel Hempstead
The Bury, Rickmansworth
Bury End, Hinxworth
Bury Field
Bury Green, Little Hadham
Bury Green Farm, Little Hadham
Bury Hill, Kernel Hempstead
Bush Hill, Much Hadham
Bushey
Bushey Hall Farm, Bushey
Bushey Hall Parit ...
BushWOOd. Reed
Busts in Churches:
16th-century, Braughing
17th-century :
Ardeley
Meesden
Monken Hadley
Willian
Wyddial
Butler, Duke of Ormonde, see Ormonde.
Butler:
John, brass
Rich., and wife, brass
*ee nho Roteler.
Buttery, Harpenden, Rothamsted
Bygrave
Bygrave House, Bygrare (manorial works)
PAOK
6
■." 6
66
48
196
no
I7»
n6
26
146
146
110
51
74-7S. 9. «8, 21
7S
7S
170
67
36
150
151
242
244
234
«S9
107, 108
7576, 7. 25
75-76
Caddlngton
Caed, St.
Caen stone, see under Building Material.
Caesar family, floor slabs
Calais, ve under France.
Caldecote
Caldecote Farm, Caldecote
Calvert, arms and tomb
Cambridge
Camulodunum, see Colchester.
Canon, Geo., inscription
Canopies:
Gabled, Tring Parish Church
Panelled, of dais, Hitchin
see alsn Testers.
Canterbury, Kent:
Archbishops :
Becket, Thomas
Sancroft, Will., arms
See of, arms ...
Capel family:
Arms
Cardinal's Colleges
Carey, see t'ary.
Carmelites or White Friars, house at Hitchin...
Carter, family, brasses
Carvings:
Barkway, Newsells House
Much Hadham, The Rectory
Therfield Parish Church, carved stone frag-
ments
Gary, arms, and alliances
Gary I
Hen., Earl of Monmouth, see under Monmouth.
Sir Edw
2
6
51
76, 18, 19
76
114
38. 175
244
123, 124
II
183
80
22, 145
•83
20
14, 119120
134
47
'54
218
128, 170
22,98
Gary: cont'd.
Sir John and wife, monument 128
Rob.. Earl of Monmouth, see Monmouth.
Cashio, Hundred 7
Cason, arms 91
Cason, Eihv., inscription 91
Cassio, Watford ... 233
Cassiobury, Watford 232
Casslvellaunus, Prince of the Belgic Tribe of
the Catuvelauni 3
Castile:
Arms 133, 186
see also Ponthieu or Castile.
Castle Cottage, Bishop's Stortford 64
Castle Street, Briekendon 71
Castle Street, Great Berkhampstead 97, 100
Castles, with masonry:
Benington ... ... ... ... ... 12, S'-S*
Berkhampstead 10, 11, 12, 14,24,97-98
Hertford 11,12,14,20,113
Norman 11-12
Reed 13
Waytemore, Bishop's Stortford ... 11-12, 24 63-64
.-•ce also Mount and Bailey, under Earthworks.
Catuvelauni, Belgic tribe 3, 5
Catyeuchlani, sre Catuvelauni.
The Causeway, Braughing 68
Cave, Sir .\lex., brase to daughters of 86
Cave Gate, Wyddial 245
Cavendish, Earl of Devonshire, see Devonshire.
Caves, Rovston ... 175
Cecil arms SS-S". 57. 58
Cecil family 2^
Cecil: ''
Earl of Salisbury, tee Salisbury.
INDEX.
265
Ceoll; cont'd. page
Sir Rob 58
Rob., 1st Earl of Salisbury, see Salisbury.
Sir Will 20
Cedar Monument, Therfieki Parish Church,
ITth-centtiry ... ... ... ... ... 218
The Cedars, Brtixbourne 7273
The Cedars, Cheshunt 78
Cedar Trees, 16th century, Cheshunt 78-79
Ceilings:
Coved :
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House 58
Hertford, Christ's Hospital School for
Girls 114
Knebworth House 157
Modelled in low relief, the Manor Farm
House, Little Berkhampstead 142
Moulded :
Anstey Parish Church Tower, 15thcentury 35
Braughine 68
Brent Pelham, The Beeches 70
Ware, the Blue Boot Store 229
Panelled, 16th century, Broxbourne Parish
Church 72
Plaster:
Abbot's Langley, Tlie Lawn .. ... ... 28
Barkway, Newsells House 47
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House 57
Bishop's Stortford, house in Bridge Street
and St. Joseph's 64,65
Cottered, Cottered Lordship 84
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampstead
Place 98
Hemel Hempstead, Lockers no
Hitchin Priory, Hitchin 120
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory ... ... 125
Knebworth Parish Church 136
Little Hadliam 146
Pirton, High Down 164
Sarratt, Rose Hall Farm 202
St. Albans ... ... ... ... ... 189
St. Michael, Manor House 192
St. Peter 194
Timber Work : 23
Aldenham, House at Batler's Green ... 33
Aspenden Rectory 41
Bro.xbourne Parish Church 72
Furneux Pelham Parish Church 90
Great Hormead Parish Church 102
Hoddesdon, Hogges Hall ... ... ... 126
Knebworth, Little Rustling End Farm ... 137
Offley Parish Church 161
Rickmansworth, The Vicarage, beams ... 17'
St. Albans Abbey Church 183, 1S6
Sawbridgeworth ... ... ... ... ... 204
Therfield, Elm House 219
Ware, The Priory 228
Watford, Oxhey Hall 232
Wheathampstead, Cross Farm 240
Vaulted :
Great Berkhampstead Parish Church,
transept ... ... ... ... ... 96
Hemel Hempstead Parish Church 109
Tring Parish Church, ground stage of tower 222
St. Albans, The Old Queen's Inn 1S9
Cella, John de, Abbot of St. Albans, see under
St. Albans.
Cellars:
Berkhampstead Castle 97
Cheshunt, The Great House ... ... ... 78
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place 117
Hitchin, Hitchin Priory 119
Hunsdon, Hunsdon House 128
Little Gaddesden, Ashbridge 143
Pirton, High Down and Hniiiniond's r'arni . 163, 164
St. Albans 188. 189
Cellars: cont'd.
Sarratt, Rose Hall Farm
Sawbridgeworth, Three Mile Pond
Stanstead Abbots, Staiistead Bury
Stevenage, Chell's Manor House
Ware
Watton at-8tone, Wattun Place
Willian. Pimcharden H.ill
Wyddial^ Wyddial Hall
Celtic Period
Cemeteries, Romano-Britieh, Wickhams
Cestrehunt
Chairs, fce under Furniture.
Chalk, fee vndcr Building Material.
Challers family
Chamber, Will., inscription
Chamberlain's Moat, Brent Pelham
Chambers:
Hemel Hempstead
N'orthchurch
Chandelier, brass, 17th-century, Bushey
Church ...
Chandler, .\nthony, bellfounder
PAOE
202
204
210
214
229
243
245
2.3
4
76
'3
'74
70
Chandler's Cross, Watford
Chandler's Farm, Watford
The Chantry, Bishop's Stortford ...
Chantries
Flamstead
North Mimms Chapel built for...
St. Albans
Chapel Farm, Tring
Chapel Wood, Wattonat Stone ...
Chapels:
Attached to Chubches :
13th-century :
Aldenham
Bishop's Hatfield
St. Michael
St. Stephen
c. 1300, Sawbridgeworth
14th-century :
Abbots Langley
Aldbury ..."
Ayot St. Lawrence
Baldock
Benington
Clothall
Codicote, restored
Graveley, St. Etheldredn'a
Great Berkhampstead
Little Mundcii
North Mimm.s
St. Albans
Stevenage
Ware
15th-century :
.Aspenden
Baldock
Broxbourne ...
Cottered
Hitchin
Kimi)ton
King's Langley
Redbourn
St. Albans
Wnllington
Watford
Watton-at-Stonc
16th-century :
Broxbourne ...
Furneux Pelham
Hunsdon
St. Paul's Walden
Stan.stead Abbots
Watford
66
16,
109
156
Parish
75
, 85, 89, loi, no,
157, 166, 197, 223
234
• 234
64
14
88
158
178
223
235
31
52
16, 191
16, 195
202
17,27
30
17,43
44
50, 51
81
81,82
93
■ 17.95-9*5
■ 147, '48
17, 15S
'7, 177. '7S
212. 213
226
40,41
44
7'. 72
83
n?, 118
132
iS, 16S
'78
225, 225-226
23«
234
7'.72
18,90
127
Iq6
18, 209
iS. 23,
3L
266
INDEX.
Chapels: cont'd.
Attached to Churches: cont'd.
IGthcentury : cont'd.
Wyddisl
ITthcentury :
Bishop's Hatfield
Braughing
Cheshunt (reused 17th-century brick-
work)
f. 1700, Kncbworth
ISthccntury, Great Gaddesden
Standing petachbd;
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Buntiiigford
Colney, Slienley
Graveley, Chesfield
Great Uoriuead, Hare Street House
Langley, Minsdcn Chapel
Little Gaddesden, Ashridge
Nnrthchiirch, St. Mary Magdalene
Ridge, Tyttenhanger
St. Michael, St. German's
Thcrfield, The Rectory
Watford, Oxhey iS
Chapman:
John, Vicar of W'illian, monument
Will., and wife, brass
Charles I.:
Arms
Hunting Lodge at Abbot's Langley
Physician
Statue
Charles 11.;
Arms
Chief cook
Salisbury Hall visited by
Statue
Charnel, 15th-century, Hitchin Parish Church...
Charter Tower, The Bury, Hemel Hempstead...
Chaunoey, arms
Chauncy, arms
Chauncy, Will., inscription
Chells Manor House, Stevenage
Cheney, .Tohn, brass
Chelsing Farmhouse, Bengeo
Chequer Street, St. Albans
Cherry Tree Farm, liati hworth
Chesfield, Cravelcy
Chesfield Manor House, Graveley
Cheshunt 76-80, 4, 5, 8, 13, 15, 17, 2
Chess, River
Chests:
IN Churches :
Carved :
Ashwell
Baldock
Broxbourne
Weston
Flemish, 15th-rentury, Northchurch 156-
Great Gaddesden
Iron bound :
Albury, outbuilding
.Mdenham
Anstey
Baldock
Barley
Bishop's H.-itfield
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnct
Harpcndrn
Ilpnipl Hempstead
King's Langley
Little Gaddesden
Monken Hadley
St.indoii
Watton-at-Stone
FAOB
244
I>i
'; 52
67
76
•36
ICO
55
;,5S
138,
139
»4,
205
24
'03
24,
'37
143
24-
'57
'73
190
2t,
218
; 231
-23-'
242-243
224
187
28
77
79
186,
227
147
96
205
79
117,
118
no
'83
203
203
214
'34
5°
8
85
24.93
93
22, 24, 26
89
39
45
17.72
237
■157.
'57
161
29
32
35
45
48
S3
77
80
107
Ho
'33
•43
'5'
207
234
Chests: cont'd.
IN Churches : cont'd.
13th-century, Anstey
IGlh-century, Cottered
IVth-centuey :
Bishop's Stortford
Branineld
Uatihworth
Great Herkhanipstead
Great Munden
King's Walden
Pirton
Radwell
Sawbridgeworth
Watford
St. Albans
Shephall
Standon
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, Gatehouse ...
Cheyney family, floor slabs
Chlldwick Green, St. Michael
Childwickbury, St. Michael
Chlltern country, Bucks
Chiltern Forest
Chlltern Hills i, 5,
Chllternsaetna
Chimneys:
15th-century :
Bishop's Hatfield, Palace
Harpenden
IBiH-CENrnnY :
AUlenham, r.atler's Gropn, and Delrow
Ardeley, Cromer Hall
Aston, Aston Bury
Baldock
Bonington Cottngea
Broxbourne, Broxliournebury
Furncux Pelham Hall
Great Hormend, Hormead Hall
Great Berkhampstead, Egerton House
Great Hormead, cottage
Great Wymondley, The Manor House
Hemt'l Hempstead
Hertford, St. Andrew's
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place 116-
Hitchin
Inecnt's House and Grammar School
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House
Little Hadham, lladham Hall
Markyate, Markyate Cell
Rushden
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth, The Hand and Crown
Inn
Standon, The Lordship
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, Gatehouse...
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Therfield
Watford Almshouses
Watton-at-Stone
Wlieathampstead
Willian, The Old Rectory
c. lliOO:
Ardeley, Cromer
Bishop's Stortford, Stortford Park
Broxbourne, The Gables
North Mymras Park
Offley, Westbury Farm
Rickraansworth, Croxley Hall Farm
Thorley Hall
IGth or 17th-century :
Ardeley, Cromer Farm
Braughing
Great Gaddesden, Gaddesden Hall
Iloddesdon, Stanborough House
Stevenage, The Castle Inn
PAOB
35
83
63
66
11
104
"36
162
J7
203
231
184
206
207
210
«33
«93
193
6
I
75. 219
60
108
22
33
36
42
46
Sa
73
91
102
93
108
106
no, ni
"3
"7. "7
'23
98, 100
'43
'45
176
'97
204-205
208
210
217
219
233
23s
339
243
38
6S
73
159
161
171
220
38
68
lOI
125
214
UiDEX.
267
Chimneys: cont'd.
16th or ITth-centuby : cont'd.
Therfield
Thorley
Watton-at-Stone
17TH-0ENTUEY :
Abbot's Langley, The Lawn
Albury, Gardener's Cottage
Ardeley, Wood End
Ashwell
Ashwell End, farmhouse
Ayot St. Peter, Ayot Place
Baldock
Barkway
Barley, The Big House, Shaftenhoe End
Bengeo
Bishop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Broxbourne, The Bull Inn
Bushey
Cheshunt ...
Codicote
Cottered, Cottered Lordship
Datchworth
Essendon, Essendon Mill
Flamstead Almshouses ...
Gilston, The Plume of Feathers Inn
Graveley
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesden
Great Hormead
Great Munden
Harpenden 107
Hertingfordbury ...
Hinxworth, Hinxwortli Place
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Hunsdon
Ippollitta
Kimpton, Stone Heaps Farm
King's Langley, The Old Cottage
Knebworth, Little Rustling End Farm
Layston
Letchworth
Little Gaddesden
Little Hadham
Little Hormead, Ballon'e Farm
Little Wymondley
Much Hadham
Nettleden
Offley, Little Offley
Pirton
Rickmansworth
Ridge, Tyttenhanger Park
Royston
Long Marston, Loxley Farm House
St. Michaels, The Pondyards
St. Paul's Walden
St. Peter, Great Nasthyde
Sandon, Hyde Hall
Sandridge ...
Sarratt
Sawbridgenorth
Shenley, Salisbury House
Standon
Stanstead Abbots, Bonningtons
Stevenage
Tewin, The Rectory
Thundridge, Bury House
Walkern
Ware
Watford '232,
Watton-at-Stone
Weston, Halls Green Farm
Wheathampstead, Cross Farm
219
220
23s
28
29
36
40
40
44
45.46
47
49
50
62
65, 66
68, 69
70
73
75
79
82,83
83
«5
88
89
92
93
98
loi, 102
103
104
108,
171
105
109
114
117
125
128
130
132
135
137
■39
141, 142
143
146
147
149
'54, 155
155
i6i
164
172
172
"74. 175
223
193
197, 198
'95
199
200
202
204
205
208, 209
211
2'5
217
221
225
230
234
•'35
237
340
233.
Chimneys: cont'd.
ITlH-CENTCRY : cont'd.
Willian, Puncharden Hall
Wormlev, the Manor House
Wymondley Hall, Little Wymondley
Cheshunt, Water Lane Farm
Cottered, Broom Farm
Gaddesden Hall, Gt. Gaddesden
Little Gaddesden, John of Gaddesden'a
House
Little Hadham, Clintons
Malting, Baldock
Mullioned windows in. The Beeches, Breot
Pelham
Chimney Corners and Seats:
Codicote, Driver's End Karm ...
Hunsdon, Olives Farm
Little Hadham
Little Hormead Ballon's Farm
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Bury
Pirton, The Grange
Chimney Pieces, see Fireplaces, Mantelpieces
and Chimney Pieces.
Chipperfield, King's Langley
Chipping Barnet 80,151,
Chowne, Xich., inscription and arms
Christopher, St 20,83-4,172,
Christ's Hospital, London
Christ's Hospital School for Cirls, St. John,
Hertford
Church End, Little Hadham
Church End, Redbouru
Church Farm, Newnham, now Newnham
Hall
Chureh Field, Sarratt
Church Houses, Northchurch
Church Lane, Cheshunt
Church Manor House, The, Bishop's Stort
ford
Church Street, Baldock
Church Street, Hertford
Church Street, Rickmansworth
Church Street, Watford
Church Town, Redbourn
Churches, position
Churchgate, Cheshunt
Churchend Green, Sandon
Cistercian Monies
City Lodging House, St. Albans
City of London, arms
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, arms
Clark:
John, bellfounder
see also Clarke, Clerk, and Gierke.
Clarke:
John, inscription
Will., inscription
see ali:o Clark, Clerk, and Gierke.
Claudius, Emperor
Clay Lane, Sawbridgeworth, now West Street...
Claybush, Ashwell
Clayhill
Clerk:
John, inscription to
.«ee aUo Clark, Clarke, and Gierke.
Clerke, Susan, monument
Cleve, John, rector of Wormley, inscription ...
Clifford, aee Clyfford.
Clintons, Burj- Green, Little Uadliaai
Clocks:
Hatlield House, Bishop's Hatfield
Ridge, Tyttenhanger
Ware Parish Church Tower
Clock Towers:
Hoddesdon
St. Albans 14
PAOB
243
244
149
79
84
144
146
46
70
82
128
145, 146
'47
149
163
'35
172, 222
32
186, 227
113.230
113 114
144, '46
16S
156
200
158
79
66
46
"3
170, 171
7
7
79
198
«3
190
207
'34. 185
87
51
5'
3
204
38
242
36
74
243
23, 146
55
«72
227
126
21, 188
2L 2
268
INDEX.
... 45.7. '4. "9
Chinch, tinder
Clock Towers I cont'd.
St. Miclmel, Sir Nicholas Bacon's HouBe
Clock Turrets:
Bishops Hatfield, Hatfield House
Buiitingford
Cloisters:
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Hitehin, The Biggin Almshouses
St. Albans
Ware, The Priory
Watford. Caossiobury
Clothall
Clunch, see Tottcrnhoe
Building Material.
ClyRord, arms
ClyRord, Sir Rob. :
South porch, Aspenden, built by ...
Tomb
Cock, Sir Hen. and wife, monument to ...
Cockenhatch, Little, see Little Cockenhatch
Cockhampstead, Braughing
Codicote
Coffin Lids, ill Churches:
c. 1200, Bishop's Hatfield
ISTH-CENTUBY :
Baldock
Gilston
Preston
Sarratt
Tring
14th-century :
Aldenham
Baldock
Funieui Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
Hinxworth ...
St. Michael
Aldbury
Bengeo, St. Leonard's Church, part of
Layston
Royston
CofDn Slabs:
13th-century : Stanstead Abbots
Uth-ceiitiiry : Watford
Coffins, ancient stonei
Cheshunt
Graveley, St. Etheldreda's
Great Munden, Rowney Priory
Hemel Hempstead
Offley
St. Albans
St. Paul's Walden
Standon
Therfield
CofTyn, arms
Coffyn, Will., Kt., brass
Cogdell, Thomas and wives, brass of ...
Cok, John, brass
Coke:
Anne, wife of Ralph Sadleir, tablet ...
Sir Edw
Elenc, brass
John
Colchester, Essex
Cold Hall, Broxbourne
Coldharboiir Farm, Essendun
Cole, KiitliiTine, tiiblet
Cole Creen, Brent Pelham
Coleman Creen
College Road, Cheihunt
College Street, St. Albans
Colleges
Si
PAOB
192
55.57
140
53. 55. 57
107
124
1S2, 1S7
22S
232
25, 26, Si
41
40
19. 4>
72
68
■83. '5. '6
53
45
92
.65
202
223
33
45
9«
96
116
192
31
SO
138
•75
210
231
77
93
104
no
161
187
«97
208
218
207
207
27
243
208
208
227
227
25. 26
26
88
160
3. 4
Crown
of, 17th-century,
71
26
79
189
14
Collegium Insanorum, St. Albans
Collen, Eiiw
Colllngwood:
Bridget Whitgifte, wife of Rob., brass
Sir Cuthbert, Knight
Colne Valley
Colney Chapel, Shenley
Colour:
Broxbourne, altar tomb
Great Gaddesden, bracket
Layston, bracket
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House, fire
place
Little Munsdon
St. Albans, tomb
Sandon, screen
see also Paintings.
Combe :
Aune, monument
Rich., monument
Sir Rich., carved coat of arras
Rich. :
Arms
Property owned by
Combed Work
Ashwi'U End Farmhouse
Braughing
Rushdon, The Rose and
Commandments, tables
Abbots Langley
Communion Tables and Railsi
16th-century, Much Hadhara
ITth-century :
Albury
Aldeuham
Anstey
Ashwell
Aston ...
Baldock
Benington
Bygrave
Flamstead
Great Amwell
Great Gaddesden
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hitehin
Hunsdon
North Mimms
Puttenham
Radwell
Reed
Rushden
Stanstead Abbots
Tewin
Wallington
Ware
Westmill
Wyddial
Compton, arms
Conan, Earl of Brittany and Richmond
Brittany and Richmond.
Conduit Heads:
Mediaeval, Little Wymondley
mondley Priory...
17th-century, Hoddesdon
Conglomerate, see under Building Material
Conlngsby, arms
Conlngsby:
Elizabeth, tomb
Sir Ralph, North Mymms built
Ccnnal's Farm, Hoddesdon
Constantinople, Emperor of, arms
Cooper, Anthony, brass
Copped Hall, Totteridge
N.E. of Wy-
PAOR
182
77
113
112
2
14. 205
72
lOI
138
148
198
27
no
no
no
no
23
40
68,69
176
38
«S3
39
3a
3S
39
43
45
5»
75
89
95
lOI
113
"9
137
«S9
166
166
169
176
3IO
216
336
337
237
244
i83
«49
126
159
159
n
126
186
23«
333
INDEX.
269
Corbals, In ohuroheti
13th-century :
Aldbury
Much Hadham
IStH-CENTUKY :
Bishop's Stortford
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnet
Clothall
Holwell
Icklefotd
King's Walden
St. Michael
Stevenage
Wallington
Great Hormead
Monken Hadley
Offley
Corbel-tables:
Bishop's Hatfiald Palace, porch
Hertford Castle, gatehouse
Meeeden Parish Church
Redbourn Parish Church
Rickmansworth
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, gatehouse
Cordell, Ffrauncys, inscription
Corney Bury, Wyddial
Cornwall, Duchy of '.
Cornwall, Richard, Earl of, arms
Cornwallls, Sir John, tomb and arms
Cottages I
15TH-CENTUEY :
Albury
Ashwell
16TH-CBNTUEY:
Aldbury
Aldenham
Benington
Buntingford
Caldecote
Great Hormead
Hitchin
Much Hadham
Royston
Standon, Puckeridge
1550-1650, Offley
16th or 17th-century :
Ayot St. Lawrence
Barkway
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Buntingford
Great Wymondley
Stevenage
c. 1600, Hitchin
17TH-CKNTURY :
Abbots Langley
Aldbury ,
Ashwell
Aspenden
Baldock
Barley
Bishop'e Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Cheshunt
Codioote
Datchworth
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesden, Waterend and Waterend-
moor
Great Hormead
31
152
62,63
77
So
So
127
129
135-6
191
226
213
102
«S'
161
60
"3
150
168
171
245
II
185
96
29
40
31
33
52
140
76
103
122
154
■75
209
161
43
47
64
68
140
106
215
122
28
31
40
41
46
48, 49
62
65, 66
68
79
82
8S
100
loi, 102
103
Cottages: cont'd.
17th-centtjby : cont'd.
Great Munden
Harpenden
Hemel Hempstead
Hoddesdon
Hertford, St. Andrews
Hunsdou
Ippollitts
King's Langley
Little Hadham
Little Hormead
Ncttleden
Newnham ...
Northchurch
Preston
Royston
Rushden
St. Michael's
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Stevenage ...
Therfield
Walkem
Ware
Watford
Watton-at-Stone
Wheathumpstead
tee also Almshouses, and Domestic Architec-
ture.
Cottered 83-84, 18,
Cottered Lordship, Cottered
Cotton, arms
Cotton:
John, brass ...
Nathan, slab
The Court, Buntingford
Court House, Great Berkhampstead
Courtney, Hen., arms
Covert, Heu., brass
Cox, arms
Cox, Will., floor slab
Craudene, Prior, chapel at Ely
Cray ford, Kent, Frauncys Goldsmyth of
Credence shelf, 14th-century, Sandon
Credences:
12th-century, Widford
ISth-centdry :
Gilston
Much Hadham
14th-century, Ippollitts
Crelchton, Geo., Bishop of Dunkeld, ue
Dunkeld.
Cresset family, 17th-century slabs
Cressye, Will., and wife, brass
Creswell Furm, W^heathampstead
Crib Street, Ware
The Croft, Hitchin
Croke, Will., and wife, brass
Cromer, Ardeley
Cromer Farm, Ardeley
Cromer Hall, Ardeley
Cross Farm, Wheathampstead
Crosses:
Brasses and Indents, lee that title.
Churchyabd :
Great Munden
Kelshall
Coffin Lids, in Chuhohis:
13th-century :
Baldock
104
109
III
126
"3
128
130
«3S
146
«47
«SS
156
158
'75
«7S
176
•93
198
204
209
215
219
225
230
233
235
240
20, 26, 71
22, 84
109
■55
107
'39
too
87
158
'S3
205
20
198
241
92
'53
130
212
107
240
230
t*3
lOI
38
38
36-38
240
lOI
'34
45
270
INDEX.
CrOMeS: cont'd.
CorriN Lids, in Churches : cont'd.
13thcentury : cont'd.
Gilston
S&rratt
Tring
14th-century :
AUU'nham
Baldock
Great Berkhampstesd
St. Michael
Watford
Aldbury
Preston
Royston
Consecration :
Brent Pelham
Flamstead
Ridge
St. Albans
Throcking
Walkern
Eleanor, Waltham Cross, Cheshiint
Gable, over openings, Hoddeadon, St. Monica's
Priory
The Manor House, Little Gaddesden
On Slabs in Churches :
13thcentury, Brent Pelham
14thcentury :
Clothall
PAOB CroMesi cont'd. page
On Slabs in Churches : cont'd.
14thcentury : cont'd.
92 Datchworth 85
202 King's Langlcy 133
223 St. Andrew, Hertford tl2
Therfield 217
33 Royston, base 175
45 Stone, 15th-century, Hexton House, Hexton,
96 grounds, base 116
192 Tring, on house 223
231 Village, Hthcentury, base, KelahuU 24, 131 132
31 Crosshill, Barley 48
165 Crouch:
17s Charles 245
Mrs. Eliza, see Freman.
70 John, monument 138
So Crowmer, arms and quartorings on altar tombs
172 of Hthcentury, Aldenham Parieli Church 32
185 Croxley Green, Rickmansworth 172
221 Croxley Hall Farm, Rickmansworth 171-172
225 Croydon, Archiepiscopal Palace 95
24, 78 Crump's Farm, Sawbridgeworth 204
Crypt, vaulted. Great Berkliampstead Parish
125 Church 95
144 Cultivation Terraces, Ilitchin 123
Culverden, Will., belU'ounder 90
70 Cupola, roof, Offley Par. Ch 160
Cuttes, Sir John 20$
81 Cyprus, King of, arms 186
Daoorum, Danish Hundred
Dacre Chapel, Codicote Parish Church
Daores:
George, name on tomb
Rob., tomb
Sir 'Thos., name on tomb
Dagllngworth, Glos.
Dagnell Street
Dallson, Joan, wife of Thos. Leventhorp, indent
Dalmonds, St. John, Hertford
Dalyson, Thos., rector of Clothall, inscription
Danes End
Oanesbury
Daneswich
Daniel's Farm, Sandon
Danish barrow, Broxbornebury
Danish Invasion
Danyel, John, bellfounder
DasselS, Braugbing ,
Datchworth
Davjes ('). John, figure with inscription
Davies, Elizabeth, monument
Day, Thos., and wives, brass
De Anstey, see Anstey.
De Argentine, .lee Argentine.
De Berkhampstead, set Berkhauipstend.
De Cella, s" Cella.
De Fen, .?<■« Fen.
De Cravele, see Gravelo.
De Hertford, set Hertford.
De Horton, lee Horton.
De La Mare, see La Mare.
De la Jouche, see Lu Jouche.
De Louthe, v Louthe.
De Mandevllle, see Mandevitle.
De Munohensy, see Munchensy.
De Norton, see Norton.
De St. Clare, see St. Clare.
De Valognes, see Valognes.
De Vere, «? Vere.
Deal, Stephen Titus, Governor of, slab
Daard's End, Knebworth
7 note, I"
81
77
77
77
10
192
203
"3
81
10
10
10
198
6
9-10
, 221
69
84-5,87
30
«5i
170
148,
75
137
Delamere House, Great Wymondley 106
Delamere, Will., inscription recording gift by... 102
Delrow House, .Vldenhaiu 33
Denehole:
Aldbury, near Rectory 3*
Cave Gate, Wyddial 245
Denmark, King of, arms 186
Denny:
Chas., brass 63
Mrs. Cordelia, monument 63
Derbyshire Marble, see Marble, under Building
Material.
Desks:
15th-contury, Royston Parish Church ... -... I74
17th-century, St. Paul's Walden «97
The Devil's Ditch, St. Michael I93
Devil's Dyke, Sandridge 5. 200
Devonshire, Cavendi.sh, Eurl of, arms 1^3
Dewhurst School, Chcshunt 79
Dewhurst, Rob., charity school, Cheshunt,
built by 79
Dickson, Hon., brass 231
DIer, John, bellfounder ... 105, no, 145, 149,217,221
Digswell 85-86, 18
Digswell House, Digswell 85
Dinsley 165
Disney, Margery, wife of Anthony, painted
buard to 244
Oiuma, 1st Bishop of the Mercians 6
Dixon family, floor slab to members of, 17th
century 134
Dixon i
Mary, brass 134
Nicli., rector of Cheshunt, church rebuilt by,
and brass to 7^-77
Documents, Bishop's Hatfield Palace 60
Docwra, arms 116, 162, 164, 165
Docwra :
Edw., monument ... ... ... ... ... 119
Jane, wife of Thos., tablet 162
Thos 165
INDEX.
271
Docwra; cont'd.
Thos., tablet
Thos
Dodyngton:
Eloan&r, brass
Julin, brass ...
Dog-gatee, carved, Hatfield House, Biehop's
Hatfield
Dog Irons, Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, gate-
house
Dog-tooth Ornament:
IN Churches :
Ardeley
Bishop's Hatfield
Hertingfordbury ...
Ippollitts
Long Marston
Roystou
Sandon
St. Albans
St. Andrews, Hertford, drinking fountain ...
Domestic Architecture
Mbdijival:
Hitchin
Little Gaddeaden, John of Gaddesden's
House
Rickraansworth, The Vicarage
St. Albane
Wyddial, Wyddial Hall
14th or ISthcentury, Hitchin
15th-century :
Cheshunt, The Great House
Harpenden
Hinxworth
Hitchin
Hoddesdon, Hogges Hall
Hunsdon, Hunsdon House
Little Hadham, foundations at Hadham Hall
Royston
St. Albans
Therfield, The Rectory
Ware
I6TH-CBNTURT :
Albury
Aldbury
Aldenham
Ardeley
Aston, Aston Bury
Ayot St. Lawrence
Baldock
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne, Broxbournebury
Buntingford
Furneux Pelham Hall
Great Berkhampstead ...
Great Wymondley
Harpenden
Hemel Hempstead
Hitchin
Ickleford
Knebworth, Knebworth House
Little Berkhampstead, The Gage ...
Little Gadflesdeii, The Manor House
Little Hadham ...
Little Wymondley, Wymondlcybury...
Markyate, Markyate Cell
Monken Hadley, Hadley Priory
Much Hadham, The Palace
Newnham, Newtihnm Hall
Pirton
Redbourn, Redbournbury
Royston
Rushden, Julian's
St. Albans
St. Michael
St. Peter
PAOE
142
194
177
58
36
S3
114
130
223
173
207
181
"3
22
123. 124
144
171
189
245
I24> 125
21-22, 77-78
108
22, II6-II7
22, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124
126
22, I2S
J45
175
188
218-219
228-229, 229
29
31
33
36, 38
42
43
46
64, 65
73
... 139, 140
23,91
... 22, 98, 100
106
107, 108, 109
no, tii
122
129
137
142
143144
22, 23, 145.146
149
150
151
154
156
23
169
174. 17s
'76
189
22, 192, 192-193, 193
194
PAOB
203 204
194
22, 20!i
210
214
23. 2'7
22, 219
223
230
232, 233
23s
239
243
43
65
loi
125-126
176
219
220
23s
65, 66
73
23
23. '59
28
33
-112, 112
3*^. 38
45. 56
47
49
Domestic Architecture: cont'd.
IGin CENTURY : cont'd.
Sawbridgeworth, Pishiobury
Sopwell House
Standon, The Lordship
Stanstead Bury, Stanstead Abbots
Stevenage, the Old Workhouse
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Therfield
Tring
Ware
Watford '.'.'.
Watton-at-Stone. Watton Place
Wheathampstead, Mackerj'e End
Willian, the Old Vicarage ...
16th or 17TH-CENTUHY :
Ayot St. Lawrence, Post Office
Bishop's Stortford, Jocelyn's House
Great Gaddesden, Gaddpsdpn Hall
Hoddesdon, Stanborough House
Rushden
Therfield
Thorley
Watton-at-Stone
c. 1600:
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne, The Gables
Great Horraead
North Mymnis Park
ITtr-century :
Abbots Langley, The Lawn
Aldenham, Debrow House
All Saints, Hertford 11
Ardeley
Baldock
Barkway
Bayford Manor House, Bayford
Bengeo, St. L<>onard'6, formerly Old
Vicarage 50
Benington. Rectory ... ... ... ... 52
Bishop's Hatfield 23, 62
Bishop'e Stortford 64,65,66
Braughing 68, 69
Brent Pelham Hall 23. 70
Brickendon 71
Broxbourne, Baas Manor House 73
Buntingford 139, 140
Bushey 75
Cheshunt 23, 79
Codicote, The Bury ... 83
Datch worth, Hoppers Hall 85
Essendon, Essenuon Mill 88
Graveley 93
Great Hormead 23, 103
Harpenden 23, loS, 108-109
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield 5358
Hemel Hempstead, Keen's Place iii
Hertford, St. Andrew's 113
Hertingfordbury, The Manor House 114
Hitchin 120, 120121, 122,123, 124
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory 125
Hunsdon 12S
Ickleford, Old Ramerick ... 129
Ippollitts 130, 131
Kimpton 133
Letchworth 23, 141, 142
Little Gaddesden 142, 143
Little Hadham 14(5
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Hall ... 149
Much Hadham 154
Offley 161
Pirton 23, 163-165
Rickmansworth 171, 172
Ridge, Tyttenhanger 21, 23, 172-173
Royston 175
St." Albans tS8, 189, iSo, 100
272
INDEX.
PAGE
197
194.19s
199
200
204
, 205-206
208
210-211
212
214-215
217
219
221
229, 2J0
232. 233
236
237
23
241
243
244
245
DontMtle ArohltMture: cont'd.
ITlH-CESTURY : riint'd.
St. Paul's WaUien
St. Pct*r. Oreat Nasthyde
Sandon, Hyde Hall
Sandrid^:e, "r.ride Hall, farmhouse ...
Sawbridgcworth
Shenley, Salisbury House
Standon, Sutes Manor Houae
Sfanstead Abbota 210,
Stanstead St. Margaret's, The Manor Hou-^e
Stevenage 213-214
Tewin, The Rectory
Therfield
Thundridge, Bury House, ruins
Ware
Watford
Welwyn, The Poor House
Weston, Halls Green Farm
Wheathanipstead
Widford. Widfordbury
Willian, Puncliarden Hall
Wormlev, The Manor House
Wyddial, Corney l^ury
see also .-Mmshouses, Cottages, Farmhouses,
Palaces and Schools.
Dominicans, house at King's Langley i3> 25, 133, i,S4->3S
Doors I
11th-century, St. Albans Abbey Church ... 1S4
12th-centi'ry, in Churches:"
Codicote 82
Little Hormead 147
l.lTH-CKNTLRY, IN CHDRCHES :
Hitchin ilS
Much Hadham 153
14th-century, in Churches:
Bengeo 50
Brent Pelhara 70
Pirton 162
St. Albans 17, 184
Widford 241
14th or 15th-century, Sawbridgeworth ... 203
MEDi.f:vAL, IN Churches:
Clothall 81
Hunsdon 127.
15th-century :
in Churches :
Baldock 45
Benington 5'
Bishop's Stortford 63
Bushey 74
Chipping Barnet 80
Cottered 83
Great Amwell 95
Hitchin 119
Kelshall 131
Newnham 156
Norton 160
Puttenhnra ... ... ... ... ... 166
St. Albans 184, 187
St. Michael 192
Secular :
Bishop's Hatfiold, Pnlnce 60
Cottered, Cottered Lordship 83
Hinxwnrth. Hinxworth Place 117
Therfield, The Rectory 218
Medi.t.v.^t,. in Churches:
Stanstead .■\bbots 210
Widford 241
16th-century :
in Churches :
Cottered 8^
Digswell 86
St. Albans 184
Secular :
Aldenham. Delrow ... .. .. 33
Pr.iiighine. Crown and Falcon Inn ... 83
Doors: ront'd.
16THCKNTURY : cont'd.
Secular: cont'd.
Codicote, Lower Farm
Great Bcrkhanipstead Grammar School
Great Hormead. cottage ...
Great Wymondlcy. The Manor House,
and Deliiinere House
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Sawbridgeworth, The Hand and Crown
Inn
Therfield, Elm House
'. 1600. The Grange, Hoddesdon
17th-century :
Aspenden Parish Church
Secular :
.\11 Saints' The Old Rectory. Hertford
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Braughing, Upp Hall
Brickendon. Bridpeman House
Cheshunt, .'\lmshouses
Codicote. The Bury
Datchworth, Cherry Tree Farm and
Hoppers Hall
Great Hormead, Hormead Bury
Great Munden, High Trees Farm
Hit<-hin House
Hoddesdon
Layston, Beauchamps
Letch worth Hall
Much Hadham, Buckler's Farm
OfRey, Little Offley
Pirton. High Down
Rickniansworth, The Bury
Ridge, Tyttenhanger
Royston
St. Andrews, Hertford
St. Paul's Waldeii, Leggat's End
Sandridge, Bride Hall
Sarratt. Rose Hall Farm
Sawbridgeworth, Crump's Farm
.Shenley, Salisbury House
Standon
Stanstead Abbots, Bonningtons
Stevenage, Chells Manor House
Watford
Weston. Halls Green Farm
Widford, Widfordbury
Ardeley, Cromer Hall
Ashwell Parish Church
.\ston, Aston Bury
Bishop's Stortford, house
Codicote Parish Church
Cottered Broom Farm
Great Berkhampstead, Egerton House
Harpenden, Rothamsted, and Turner's Hall...
Hitchin, cottage
Hitchin Parish Church
Hoddesdon, St. Monica'6 Priory
Ippollittfi, house
Royston Parish Church
Ware Parish Church
Doorways :
Pre-Conque.st, St. Michael Parish Church
llTH-CF.Nl-UnT :
Reed Parish Church, blocked
St. Albans Abbey Church
12TH-CBNTURY, IN CHURCHES :
Ayot St. Lawrence
Bengeo
Bygrave
East Barnet
Flamstead
Graveley
Great .Munden
Oreat Wymnndley
Hemel Hempstead
PAOB
23.69
100
>o3
106
196
aoS
219
126
41
111-112
57
68
7»
79
82
85
«03
105
122
125, 126
«39
141
ISS
161
164
171
173
«7S
"3
197
200
202
204
205
20S, 209
211
214
232, 233
237
241
38
39
42
82
84
08
107, 109
122
118
I2S
174
227
191
10, 169
181, 182
43
so
75
86
88
92
104
105
■ 10
INDEX.
273
Doorways: cont'd.
12TH-CENTDRT, IN Chtjrcheb : cont'd.
Ickleford
Little Hadham
Little Hormead ...
Little Muiiden
Meesden
Sandridge ...
Stanstead Abbot.s
Stapleford
Stevenage ...
Thorley
Tliiindridgo
Walkern
Widford
WiUian
Wormley ...
ISth-centuiiy, in Churches :
Benington
Braughing
Flaunden
Gilston
Graveley
Great Hormca<l ...
Newnham ...
North Mimms ...
St. Michael ... i
Stanstead Abbots
Thorley
Wormley
c. 1300, Anstey Parish Church ...
Hth-cbntury :
in Churches :
Albury
Anstey
Ashwell
Baldock
Barley
Benington
Brent Pelhani
Buckland
By grave
Ciothall
Cottered
Datchworth ...
Graveley
Great Munden
Heniel Hempstead
Hit chin
Ippollitts
King's Langley
King's Walden
Knebworth ...
Langley, Minsden Chapel
Letrhworth ...
Little Hadham
Little Munden
Meesden
Much Hadham
North Mimms
Offley
Pirton
Radwell
Redbourn
Reed
Rushden
St. .Mbans
St. Paul's VValdcn
Sandridge
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Stanstead 8t. Margarets
Stevenage
Stocking Pelham ...
Tewin
Walkern
P.\OE
129
'44. >4S
147
148
150
200
209
212
2'3
219, 220
321
224
240
242
243
5'
67
89
91,92
92
102
156
1 58
191
210
220
243
34
28
34-35
3«, 39
44
48
SI
69
73. 74
75
81
83
85
93
104
no
118
'3°
'33
'35
136
'37
140
144
148
150
'5.5
1 58
160
162
166
168
169
176
182
197
200
203
207
211
213
216
216
824
152
Doorways: rnnt'd.
I4tH CE.NTUBY : cont'd.
in Churches : cont'd.
Ware
Westniill
Wheathampstead
Widford
wiiiian ;;;
Secular :
Hertford Castle
King's Langley, King Johns Bakehouse
c. 1400, in Churches :
Furneu.x Pelhani
Much Hadham
ISth-cbntury :
in Churches :
Abbots Langley
Anstey
Aspenden
Ayot St. Lawrence
Baldock ...
Bengeo
Bishop's Hatfield ..'. ..'.
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Bro.xbourne ...
Buckland
Bushey
Caldecote
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnct ".
Cottered ][]
Flamstead
Graveley
Great Amwell
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesden
Great Hormead
Harpcnden
Hemel Hempstead ..
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hinxworth
Hitchin
Hoiweii ;;; ;;;
Hunsdon
Kelshall ... ■" ";
Kimjjton ... "'
King's Langley
King's Walden ,_,
Knebworth
Layston
Letchworth ...
Lilley Z '.'.'. '..'.
Little Gaddesden
Little Hadham
Little Munden
Little Wymondlcv ..
OfRey '
Monkon Hadley
Much Hadham
Norton
Puttenham
Redbourn
Ridge ...
St. Albans
St. Michael
St. Stephen
Sandridge
Sawbridgeworth
Shenley
Standon
Stanstead Abbots ..
Thorley .. ...
Throcking
Tring ... ...
227
236
238
240
"3
'34
90
«S3
27
35
4«
43
44
50
53
6?
67
70
72
73. 74
74
76
77
80
83
88
92
93.95
95.06
101
■ 02
'07
no
112
n6
118
127
127
«3'
'32
^ii
'35
'36
«38
141
142
'43
•45
148
14S
160
'5'
-' '53
t6o
'65
168
172
iSo
191
'95
200
202
205
207
210
2lq
221
222
2M
274
INDKX.
Doorways I cont'd.
IjTHCEXTrRY : cont'd.
in Churches : cont'd.
Wallington
Walkern
Ware
Watford
Wattonat-Stone
Westmill
Weston
Widfor.l
Willian
Secular :
Bishop's Hatfield, The Palace
Rarpenden
Hinxnorth. Hinxworth Place
Hoddesdon. Hogges Hall
Ihinsdon, Hunsdon House
King's Langlev, King John's Bakehouse
St. Albans, clock tower
Therfield Rectory
Ware, The Priory
r. 1500, Hunsdon Parish Church
15th or 16TH-CBNTURY :
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Priory
Wattonat-Stone ...
16THCENTURY :
in Churches :
Furneux Pelham, two stones only
Hemel Hempstead
Hunsdon
Secular :
Aston, Aston Bury
Buntingford
Codicote, Lower Farm
Great Berkhampstead, Grammar School
Great Hormead
Great Wymondley, The Manor House ...
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House ...
Little Hadlinni. Hadham Hull
Redljourn, Redhournbury
Rickmansworth, The Feathers Inn
Royston
St. Albans, The Raven Inn
St. Michael, house at Childwick Green
Sandon. barn
Standon. Puckeridge
Stanstciid Abbots, Rye House Gatehouse
Watford, The Old Vicarage
Wattonat-Stone, Broom Hall
Wheathampstead, Place Farm
17TH-CENTURV :
in Churches :
Bishop's Hatfield
Broxbourne ...
riamstead
Wyddial
Secular :
Albury
PAOI
226
224
226
23'
236
237
240
242
60
108
117
126
I2S
134
1S8
2r, 219
228, 229
127
149
235
90
no
127
42
139. 140
S3
100
103
106
144
'45
169
171
'75
189
■93"
'99
2og
210
2.U
235
240
52
72
89
244
Doorways: cont'd.
17th ( ENTrRV : lont'd.
Secular : cont'd.
All Saints, Hertford, Hale's Grammar
School
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Broxbourne, Baas Manor House
Buntingford ...
Cheshunt, The Four Swans Inn
Codicote, The Bury
Letchworth Hall '.
Little Hormead, Ballon's Farm
Much Hadham, The Rectorv
Offloy, Little Offley "
Pirton, Hammond's Farm
St. Peter, Great Nasthyde
Sandon. Sandon Bury, pigeon house ...
Sandridge, Bride Hall
Sarratt, Rose Hall Farm
Walkern, The White Lion Inn
Wheathampstead, Cross Farm
Widford, Widfordbury
Priest's :
Flamstead
Layston
Beningtiin Parish Church
Bishop's Hatfield Parish Church
Bishop's Stortford, The Oranes Inn
Hatfield House, porch
Cheshunt, Old Temple Bar
Hemel Hempstead
Hinxworth Place, Hinxworth
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Hmisdim Parish Church
Ippollitts Parish Church
St Albans
Thorley Parish Church
Wigginton Parish Church
.«ce also under Rood Lofts.
Dorchester, ait. Lincoln
Dormer, ^ir Rob., and Elizabeth Browne, his
wife
Dovecotes:
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Bury
Northchurch, Norcott Court
Offley, Westbury Farm
Pirton, Hammond's Farm
Dowman, Joan, and children, brass
Down Hall, Brent Pelham
Drinking Fountain, St. Andrew, Hertford
Drivers End Farm, Codicote
Dudley, Duchess, Church plate given by
Duke, John, inscription
Dunkeld, Geo. Crichton, Bishop of
Dunstable
Dunstan, St
Durham, Will. Fuller, Dean of
Dutch carving, Hatfield House, mantelpieces...
Dyer, Will., floor slab
PAGE
112
57.58
73
140
80
82
141
147
'54
161
164
195
199
200
202
22s
240
241
88
'38
S«
52.53
65
55
79
16
"7
•25
127
130
181
219
241
'43
'49
158
161
164
'56
70
"3
82
194
220
196
25
127
'53
58
'56
Early Ecclesiastical Buildings
Earthworlts :
BouNUAHY Banks ;
Buckinghamshire
Cheshunt
Great Berkhampstead
Northchurch
St. Albans
Tring
Wigginton
i>(c aim Lines of Entreocbment Mow.
10 Earthworks: cont'd.
llii.i. l-'oRTs UK I'l.ATEAU Forts:
r Asbwell, Arbury Banka
Hexton, Ravensburyh Castle ...
J' Redbourn
5. 80 Homestead Moats :
100 Abbots Langley ...
158 Albury
8 Ald«nham
223-224 Anstey
242 Ardeley ...
Aspenden
5. 38
13, 24, 114-11S
S. 166
14
28
29
3i
35
36
41
tNOEJC.
275
Earthworks: cont'd.
Homestead Moats : cont'd.
Ashwell
Aston
Barkway
Barley
Bayford
Beiigeo
Bishop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortt'ord
Bramfield
Braughing
Breiit Pelham
Brickendon
Buckland
Bushey
Caldecote
Cheshunt
Clothall
Cottered
Datchworth
Eastwick
Essendon ...
Furneux Pelham
Great Amwell
Great Hormead
Great Munden
Hertingfordbury
Hinxworth
Holwell
Hunsdon
Ickleford
IppoUitts
Layston
Little Amwell
Little Berkhampstead ...
Little Hadham
Little Hormead
Little Wymondley
Meesden
Much Hadham
Newnham
Northchurch
North Mimms
Norton
Nuthampstead
Oxhey
Pirton
Reed
Ridge
Rusnden
St. John, Hertford
St. Peter
St. Stephen
Sandon
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth
Shenley
South Mimms
Standon
Stanstead Abbots
Stevenage
Stocking Pelham
TherBeld
Thorley
Throcking ...
Tring
Ware
Watton-at-Stone
LiNK.s OF Entrenchment :
Aldbury
Great Gaddesden
Sandridge
St. Michael
see aUo Boundary Banks ahovt.
PAGE
40
42
47
4S
49
50
53
64
66
68
70
71
74
75
76
77
81
84
85
87
88
9«
95
102
104
X14
116
127
128
129
130
139
142
142
145
147
149
150
154
156
158
159
160
160
232
t62, 163
170
172
176
114
194
196
198
202
203
205, 206
206
208
210
213
216
2l8
220
221
223
228
235
31
102
5, 200
193
Earthworks: cont'd. page
Manorial works, Bygrave 75"76
Mount and Bailev :
Anstey '2, 35
Barkway 47
Beiiington 12, 5152
Bishop's StortTord, Wayteniore Castle 1 1- 12, 24, 63-64
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampstead
Castle 10,11,4,24,97-98
Great Wymondley 105-106
Hertford Castle 11,12,14,20,113
Pirton. Toot Hill 13. '62
Therfield 218
Walkern, Walkern Bury 11-12,225
Pre-Norman ... ... ... ... ... 5'^
Rectangular Works :
Braughing, Lark's Mill
Great Wymondley
Verulam
Tumuli :
Anstey
Ashwell
Brent Pelham
Bronze age
Broxbornebury
Danish
Easneye
Great Amwell
Great Gaddesden
Hemel Hempstead
Hoddcsdon
Ippollitts ...
Kelshall
Knebworth
Little Hadham
Little Hormead ...
Neolithic
Redbourn
Roman
Royston Heath
Sandon
Saxon
Standon ... ...
Stanstead Abbota
Stevenage
Therfield
Walsworth
Widford ...
WiUbury HiU
ViLLAOB Sites :
Kingsbury, St. Michael
Easneye
Easneye Wood, Stanstead Abbots
East Angles, Etbelbert, King of ...
East Barnet
East Saxons:
MelUtus, Bishop of
Sebert, King of
Segebert, King of
Easter Court, llMO
Easter Sepulchres:
Ardeley
Funipiix Pelham
Much Hadham
Sandon
Sarratt, recess probably loculus for .
Easthall, St. Paul's Walden
Eastwick
Eastwick Wood, Eastwick
Economic Disturbances
Edgar, King (957-75)
Edgar Atheling
Edgcomb, Thos., brass
69
10$, 105-106
190-191
5-6
35
40
7'
2
6
6
6
95
102
III
126
130
132
6, 137
146
■ 47
'..'. 6
6
6
'99
6
6, 209
211
6, 215
6, 2IQ
226
241
5
9. 192
5
211
8
... 86-87, 15
6
6
6
12. 13
36
91
153
198
202
197
... 87, l6, iq
8;
14 15
I
10
63
2M 2
2?6
tNt>E3C.
Edgware Road
Edinburgh, Holvrood Castle
Ediesborough, Bucks.
Edmonds, unns
Edmund of Langley, birthplace and tomb 19,
Edmund, St., arms, imugf, uud painting 131,
Edmund, Duke uf York, see York.
Edmund, Karl of Lancaster, sve Lancaster.
Edward the Confessor, St.
.\rnis 133,
Edward the Elder
Edward, King, painting of
Edward I.;
.Vrnis ...
Cross erected bv, Cheshuot
Edward II.
Edward III.:
.■\rnis ...
Edward IV
Edward VI.:
Serjeant of the Buckliounds
Edward, Prince of Wales, arms
Edwin, Earl
Effigies, monumental, in churches :
ISth-century :
Eastwick
Hitchin
13th or Hth-centurv. Stevenage ..
e. 1300, Letchworth
14TH-CBXTUBY :
Albury
Aldenham
Anstey
BeaingtoD
Great Berkhampstead
Hitchin
Ippollitts
Little Munden
Royston
Therfield
loTH-CBNTl-BV :
Aldbury
Aldenham
Ayot St. Lawrence
Benington
Boringdon
Flamstead
Great Berkhampstead
Little Munden
loth or IGth-century, King's Langley ...
I6TII-CKNTLRY :
Bishop's Hatfield
Radwell
St. Michael "' [
Sawbridgeworth '
Standon
Stanstead Abbots
Watford ] [[
Wheathampstead
c. IGIKI, Hunsdon
leoO, Watford
ITTH-CE.NTURy :
Ablxit's Langley
Aspenden ... "
Ayot St. Lawrence
Bayford
Bishop's Hatfield
Braughing
Broxbourne
Chipping Barnet
PAQE
25
196
«43
'S3
, i33'34. 1S5
133, 184, 186
181, 1S4, 186
8
131
16
1S5
78
ISI
152
184-5
•4. '33, '44
.. IS, 20, 23S
206
i8s
10
'9
19, 87
19. "9
213
141
19, 29
32
'9. 35
19, 51
96
119
'3°
19, 14S
19. 174
217
19. 30
'9
'9. 43
19, SI
19, 66
19, 89
19
'9. '4S
'33
53
166
192
203
207
210
231
•■ 238,239
128
231
27
41
43
49
53
67
72
80
EfAgles, monumental, in churches : cont'd.
17iH Lt.NTnRT : cont'd.
Flamstead
Hertingfordbury
Hunsdon
KeUhall
Much Uadham
Radwell
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Walkern
Watford
Wheathampetead
Willian
Worniley
ISth-cenlury, Knebworth
Wooden, Ayot St. Lawrence, formerly
fee alio Images, Statues, Figures.
Egerton family:
Arms
Slabs
Egerton House, Grcit Berkhampstead
Egfrith, t^on of Offa II., King of the Mercians...
Elbow Lane
Eleanor of Castile:
.■Vims
Ci'uss, Cheshiuit
Eleanor Cross Road, Cheshunt
Eldrldge, Will., bellfounder
Elfleda, d. of Offn 11., King of the Mercians ...
Elgin and Ailesbury, Bruce, Earl of, arms ...
Elizabeth, Queen:
Arms
at Hatfield House, etc
Keeper of the Wardrobe
Paintings of, in Ashridge Park
Serjeant of the Biickhounds
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Chipping
Barnet
Ellis, arms
Ellis, Thos., and wife, brass
Elm House, Therfield
Elmham, South, Suffolk
Elstree
Elstree Hall
Ely, Cambs
Ely, Bishop of, Hatfield Palace built by
Emerson, Rich,, inscription
PAQB
89
114
J27
«3'
iS3
166
197
203
207
224
23'
238
242
243
•36
19
74. 'S3
143
98
9
26
18s
78
78
74
8
183
23. 238
144, 210
26
72
'44
206
80
114
"4
219
10
25. 8789
33
20
53. '20
207
England, arms 43. 7S, So 87, 96, iSi, 182, 185, 1S6, 192, 203
English, or Pettits' School, Stevenage 214
Ermine Street 4,6,25,26,69,139,175
Eschallers Family, see Challers,
Essendon 87-88,9,62,114
Essendon Mill, Essendon 88
Essex 5, 12, 23
Essex, 1st Earl of 232
Essex Chapel, Watford Parish Church iS, 231
Estfeld, Sir Will,, Sheriff of London in 1429,
arms
Ethelbert, King of the East Angles
Eustace, Count of Boulogne
Evans, Sir John
Everett Hall, Puckeridge, Standon
Eversdon, Hugh of. Abbot of St, Albans, eee
under St, Albans,
Ewer, arms
Ewer, lien., wife, son, and grandchildren,
tablet
Exeter, Henry, Marquis of
Exnells Farm, .Much iludham
92
8
12
5
209
231
231
8-
'54
tNDEJC.
277
Faircloth Hall, see Halls Green Funii.
Fairclough, John, monument
Fairfax, Rob., doctor of music, wife Agnes,
sons, and daughters, indunt
Fanshawe:
Anne, monument
Sir Rich., Bart., monument
Farlngton, arms
Farmhouses:
13th century. Little Wymondley, incorporating
remains of
15th-century :
Cottered, Cottered Lordship
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place...
Little Hadham, Clintons
Thorley, Tliorley Hall
16th-century :
Bovingdon. Rent Street Farm
Braiigliing
Cheshunt, Water Lane Farm
Codicote, Lower Farm ...
Cottered, Broom Farm
Great Horniead, Brick House
King's Langley, Pale Farm ...
Offley, Westbury Farm
St. Paul's Walden, Hoo End Farm
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Watton-at-Stone, Broom Hall
Wheathampstead
c. 1600:
Albury, Albury Lodge
Bifhop'.s Hatfield, St..rtfoi-d Park
Kimpton
Riokmaneworth, Croxley Hall Farm
16th or 17th-century:
Ardeley, Cromer Farm...
Great Hormead, Hormead Hall
Knebworth
PirtoD, Hammond's Farm
17th-century :
Abbots Langley, Brakespeare
Ardeley, Wood End
Ashwell, Ashwell End
Ayot St. Peter, Ayot Place
Barley, The Big House, Shiiftenhoe End ...
Bengeo, Revel's Hall and Chelsing ...
Bishop Hatfield, Kentish Lane Farm
Braughing
Brent Pelham, The Beeches
Cheshunt
Codicote, Drivers End Farm
Datchworth, Cherry Tree Farm
Graveley
Great Hormead, Parsonage Farm
Great Munden. High Tree Farm
Hunsdon, Olives Farm ...
Ippollitts, Maiden Crott
Kimpton, Stone Heaps Farm, and Kimpton
Mill Farm
King's Langley, French's Farm
Knebworth, Little Rustling End
Layston
Little Berkhampst«ad, The Manor Farm
House
Little Hadham
Little Hormead. Ballon's Farm
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Hall Farm
Long Marston, Loxley Farm House ...
Much Hadham
Pirton 62-
Rickmansworth
St. Paul's Walden
Sandon, Sandoii Bury ...
Sandridge, Watercnd Farm ...
Sarratt
PAOB
1S3-184
227
227
183
148
22, }J4
116-117
146
220
66
69
79
83
84
103
'35
161
■97
196
235
239-240
29-30
65
"32, 133
171172
38
102
137
164
28
38
40
23.44
48
50
62
6S-69
70
79
82
85
93
103
104-105
1 28
'3°
"32. "33
"35
"57
139
142
146
"47
"49
223
"54, "55
163, 163
"7". "72
"97, "98
198-199
200
202
Farmhouses: cont'd.
17TU-CENTUKV : cont'd.
Sawbridgeworth
Standon, Sutes Manor House
Stevenage, Chell's Manor House
Walkern
Watford, Chandler's Farm
Weston, Hall's Green Farm
Wheathampstead, Creswell Farm
c 1700, Foxholes Farm, Broadfield
Marley, Mincinbury
Great Amwell, Home Farm
Harpenden, Annables Farm, Kinsbuurne
Green
Farthing Lane, Wmford
Fawconbrldge (?), arms
Fayrman, Thos., merchant of the staple of
Calais, and wife Alice, brass
Fen, Alan de, rector of Much Hadham, in-
scription
Fenn's Yard, Watford
Fens
Feretrar's Chamber, 15th-century, St. Albans 17-1
Fiddler's Green, Reed
Field, arms and tomb
Figures, see Images, Statues, Figures.
Finch, Earl of Nottingham, see Nottinglium.
Fire-hook, Welwyn
Fireplaces, Mantelpieces, and Chimney
Pieces:
Brick :
15th-century :
Bishop's Hatfield, palace
Clintons, Little Hii<lham
IGth-century :
Aston, Aston Bury
Codicote, Lower Farm
Cottered, Broom Farm
Great Berkhampstead, Egerton House
and Incents House
Great Hormead, cottage
Great Wymondley, The Manor House ...
Hemel Hempstead, Lockers
Little Wymondley, Wymnndlcybury ...
Monken Hadley, Had'ley Priory
Royston, The Palace
St. Michael
Sawbridgeworth
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Therfield
VVatford, The Old Vicarage
Wheathampstead
ICth or 17th-century:
Gaddcsdcn Hall, Gt. Gaddesdun
Stevenage, The Castle Inn
c. 1600, Hadham Hall, Little Hadham
17th-century ;
Abbot's Langley, The Lawn
Baldock
Barley, The Fox and Hounds Inn
Braughing, Rotten Row
Brent Pelham
Bushey Rectory ... ...
Codicote
Datchworth, Hoppers Hall
Great Hormead
Great Munden, High Trees Farm
Har(>enden
Hunsdon, Olive's Farm ...
I|)pollitt3
Kimjiton, Stone Heaps Farm
Little Gaddesden, Asbridge
Little Hadham
Offley, Little Offley
PAOB
204
208
214
225
234
237
249
71
49
95
109
'83
1S4
"53
233
38
8, 177. "87
170
207.20S
7. 236
24
60
146
42
83
84
98
103
106
no
"49
«5"
•74
"92, 193
204, 205
217
219
233
239. 240
102
215
'45
28
46
48
69
70
75
82
85
103
105
loS, 109
128
130
132
'43
146
161
278
INOKJt.
FIrvplaces, Mantelpieces, and Chimney
Pieoea: cont'd.
Ukick : cont'd.
17th-century : cont'd.
Pirion, The Grange
Ridge, Tyttenhauger
St. Albans
St. Peter's, Gt. Nasthyde
Sandridge
Sarratt
Sawbridgewurtb ...
Staudon, Sutes Manor House
Stevenage ,.
Thuudridge, Bury House
Weston, Halls Green Farm
Wheathampstead. C'reswell Farm
Willian, Puiicliarden Hall
17th or 18th-century, Braughing, Upp Hall
18th century, Pirton, The Old Hall
Albury, Gardener's Cottage
Aldenham, Batler's Green
Ardeley
Ashwell End
Aston, .\ston Bury
Braughing
Brozbourne, The Gables
Chesbunt, 'The Great House
Harpenden
Hinxworth, Hiniworth Place
Letchworth, Letchworth Hall
Little Hormead, Ballon's Farm
Tewin, The Rectory
Therfield, The Kectory
Widford, Widfordbury
Iron Back, 17THCF.N"n7EY :
Ardeley, Cromer Farm
Codieote, The Bury
Makbls :
Barkway, Newaell's House
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Plaster :
Great Berkhampstead. Bcrkhampatead Place
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Stonb :
14th-century, King's Langley, King John's
Bakehouse
15th-century, Berkhampstead Castle
16th-century :
Aldbury
Baldoek
Broxbourne, Broibournebury
Harpenden, Rothanisted
Great Wymondley, The Manor House...
HiniHorth, Hinxworth Place
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House...
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, gatehouse
Standon, The Lordship
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Willian. The Old Rectory
16th or 17th-century :
Great Hormead, Hormead Hall
Hammond's Farm, Pirton
17th-century :
Aldenham, Aldenham House
Barkway, Manor House
Brent Pelham Hall
Harpenden, Rothamst<?d
Hemel Hempstead
King's Langlev, King John's Bakehouse
Letchworth Hall
Pirton, High Down
Rickmansnorth. The Bury
Sawbridgeworth, PishiobuVy
Shenli'v. Salisbury House
Braughing. Upp Hall"
Brent Pelham Hall
214
»AGK
163
■73
«9S
200
202
204
20!)
215
221
237
246
243
6S
165
29
33
38
40
42
68
73
77.78
loS
"7
141
147
217
219
241
38
S2
5S
9S
125
•34
97
3'
46
73
108
106
"7
144
2IO
208
217
243
102
164
33
47
70
107- loS
III
134
141
164
'71
204
205
6S
70
Fireplaces, Mantelpleoee, and Chimney i
Pieces: cont'd.
Slu.Nt ; cont'd.
Harpenden
Hemel Hempstead
liunsdon, Hunsduii House
Little Gaddesden, Johu uf Gaddesden's
House
St. Peter
Tewin, Queen Hoo
Wood :
loth-ceutury, Harpenden
16th-century, Hatfield House
Itith or 17th-century:
Pirton, Hammond's Farm
Watford, The Free School
17th-ceutury :
Ardeley Vicarage
Barley, The Big House
Beniiigton Rectory
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Brent Pelham Hall
Brickendou, Bridgeman House
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampstead
Place
Great Wymondley, Delamere House ...
Hemel Hempstead
Hertford, All Saints
Hunsdon
Letchworth Hall
Shenlev, Salisbury House
Watford, The Pfatts
Hoddesdon, Stanborough House
Fishpool Street, St. Albans 189,
FItz Allan, E:irl of Arundel, -fr Arundel.
Fitz Geffrey, John, wife and daughters, brass ...
Fivehouse Farm, Therfield
Flambard, Simon, rector of Much Hadham,
inscription
Flamstead ... 8S-89, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 109
Flamstead End, Chesbunt 26, 79
Flaunden 89-90, 16, 24
108
111
128
(94
217
108
58
164
»33
36
49
52
58
70
7'
98
106
III
113
128
«4l
205
232
126
192
198
218
"S3
Fleet Street, London
Fleetwood:
dumwell. slab
Elizabeth, slab
Flemish Work:
Brass:
Bayford
King's Langley ...
North Mimms
St. Albans
C.irved Panels, Knebworth Parish Church,
pulpit
Chest, 15th - century, Northchurch Parish
Church
Stained Glass, 17th century, Hatfield House.
Bishop's Hatfield, eliupel
Fleur-de-Lys Inn, St. Albans
Flint Work, faced :
Great Berkhampstead. Berkhampstead Place
King's Walden Parish Church
Long M&rston Old Church
Puttenhani Parish Church
Redbourn Parish Church
Sacombe Parish Church
Verularn
Willian Parish Church ...
Flint Wall, Roman, Welwyn
Floor Slabs, see under Monumenta.
Floor Tiles, -ft Tiles.
Floyer, arms
Floyer:
Francis, owner of Brent Pelham Hall ..
Martha
79
142
143
49
'34
19, 15S
19, ISJ
'37
'57
58
21, 189
22,98
'3S
323
\u
176
190
242
235
70
70
70
INDEX.
279
Fonts:
12TH-CBNTURY :
Albury
Anstey
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne
Cheshunt ...
Clothall .'" .■"
Great Hormead
Gilston
Sandridge
Sarratt
Thorley ['.'.
Wallington, base, l.'ith century
Wormley
c. 1200, Harpenden, bowl
13th-century :
Aldenham
Baldock "
Furneux Pelham ,,, [,,
Norton
Rovston, stem and base, 15th-century
Standon
Stanstead Abbots, basin on 15th-century stem
Stevenage
14th-century:
Ashwell
Braughiiig
Bucklaiid
Gilston ' '
Ippollitt« [[[ ''\
Letchworth
Little Hormead ...
Long Mareton
Offley '" ■"
Sandon
Therfield
Walkern "'
Ware '" "\^^
Wheathampstead
14th and 15th-century, Benington
e. 1400, Sawbridgeworth
15TH-CBNTUEY :
Abbot's Langley
Ardeley
Aependen "
Ayot St. Lawrence
Bayford "
Bygrave '.'
Caldecote
Chipping Barnet, St. Stephen Mission Church
Datchworth
Elstree
Flametead .].
Flaunden
Great Wymondley ,,\ [][
Hitchin ']
Knebworth []
Layston '" "
Lilley '
Monken Hadley \
Newnham [ ''
Northaw
Northchurch
Radwell "' '" "■
Reed
Rushden "[ ''[
St. Michael
St. Paul's Walden ...
St. Stephen \'\
Throcking '" '"
Westmill "'
Weston
Widford [[[ \\\ ''[
16th-century, Much Hadham ... ... "'.
PAGZ
l6
29
i6, 35
63
72
77
8i
102
92
200
202
220
226
243
107
32
4S
9»
160
174
207
210
213
39
67
74
92
■30
Mr
'47
223
i6i
198
217
224
227
23S
51
203
27
36
41
43
49
75
76
go
85
87
89
90
105
119
'36
138
142
'51
156
156
'57
, '7
169-170
176
192
„ '97
18. 195
221
237
237
241
•53
226,
18,
Fonts: ront'd.
17th century, Meesden
c. 1700, Cottered ',]'_ "[
Puttenham "
Standon
Font Covers, 17th-century :
Ardeley
Braughiiig
Clothall
Offley ■■■ '
Puttenham '
Rushden
Fordham, John, and wives, brass ...
Fore Street, Bishop's Hatfield
Fore Street, Hertford
Forester's Lodge, now Old I'ark Lodge, Ash-
ridge Park, Little Gaddesden
Forster, Sir Thus., Judge of the Common
Bench, tomb
Forum, Verulam
Fotherley:
John, Lord of the Manor of Rickmansworth,
almshouses built by
Sir Thos., tablet ... "\ ']
Thos., and wife, iiisciption
Fouke, Sir Barth., monument, 16(14
Founder, Will., bellfounder
Foxholes Farm, BroadBeld
France:
j^'"^^ 43. 80, 87, 133, 181, 182, 185, 186,
Caen :
Paul of. Abbot of St'Albans, see " under
St. Albans.
Calais, Staple of :
Arras ... ... ]
Isabel of ''
King of, arms
Francis, Earl of Bedford, .w Bedford.
Franciscans, or Grey Friars, house at Ware
Frank, Sir Levcnthorpe, floor slab
Franklin:
Edw., rector of Kelshall, monument ...
Kebecca, monument
Fraters:
Hitchin, Hitchin Priorv
Ware ^ ... ;;; ;;•
Fray, arms
Free School, Hitchin
Free School, Watford ...
Freere, arms
Freestone, fee under Building Material
Freman, arms
Freman:
Mrs. Eliz. (Crouch), tablet
Ralph :
Chapel of Aspenden Parish Church re
moulded and arcade built bv
Tablet .. '
Will., tablet ...
French Class:
leth-century, Rickmansworth, now at vicarage
l(th-century. Hatfield House, chapel
French Row, St. Albans ...
French's Farm, King's Langiey
Friar'8 Farm, Rushden
Friaries:
Kings Langley, known as King John't Bake-
liuu.se
«'"'' n/so Priories.
Friars Preachers, sre Dominicans
Friezes ;
Great Hormead, Hare Street House
Harpenden. Turner's Hall
Hitchin. Hitchin Priory
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory, and The
Grange '
PAGS
ISO
83
166
16
36
67
81
161
166
176
'3'
62
112, 113
143
127
4. 19'
•7'
170
170
89
66, 216
71
192, 203
16
119. 1S4
207
181
186
'3. 228
29
«3l
«3'
119
238
72
122
233234
no
41
4«
40
41
41
170
58
8, 189
'35
176
'34»35
109
120
•'5
280
INDEX.
Friezes s cont'd.
Pirton, Hammontl's Farm
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Stanstesd Abbot*, Rye House, gatehouse
Thorlov Hull. Tliurloy
Frogmore Street, Tring
Froeterley Marble, fee Marble, under Building
Material.
Fulleri
Catherine, floor slab
Mrs. Eliziibeth, the Free School, Watford,
endowed
Dr. Will., Dean of Durham, see under
Durham.
Funeral Monumente, fee Monuments, Funeral.
Furneiix Pelham
Furneux Pelham Hall
Furniture:
I7th-centurv, IlutfieKl House, Bishop's Hat-
field ■
Cn.tIRS :
ISthcentury, Much Hadham Parish Thurch
90
PAOB
164
196
210
220
223
233
■91, 18
91. 23
'S.'i
Furniture: rtmt'd. runt.
Chairs : cont'd,
c. 1600:
Benington Parish Church 5'
Ickleford Parish Church 129
IGth-century, Oxhey Chapel, Watford 232
ITth-century :
Datchnorth Parish Church . 85
Nettleden Parish Church ... 'S5
St. Albans Abbey Church ... 184
Desks :
15th-century, Royston Parish Church ... '74
ITth-centurv :
St. Paul's Walden "97
Stanstrad Abbots, Rye House 210
The Great Bed of Ware, Rve House, Stan-
stead Abbots " 211
Settle, 17th-century, St. Albans Abbey Church 184
Tables, 17th-cf,n"tl'ry :
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House 57
Cottered Parish Church . 84
Hiiixworth Parish Church 117
Ware Parish Church Vestry 227
Cable End, Harpenden
The Cables, Broxbournc
Caddesden, .Inlm of
Caddesden, Creat, src Great Gaddesdcn.
Caddesden Hall, Great Gaddesdcn
Caddesden, Little, see Little Gaddesden.
Cade, River
The Cage, Great Bcrkhampstead
Gale, arms
Gale:
John, slab
Will., brass ...
Will, and wife, brass
Galleries:
Ashwell Parish Church (now taken down) ...
Ayot St. Peter, Ayot Place
Buntingford Chapel of Ease
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory, tower
Knebworth House ...
Letchworth Hall
Xorth Mvmms Park
Ridge, "fyttenhangcr
Rushden Parish Church
St. .41ban's .\I)bev Church, tower
Callows Hill, Kelshall
Gamble, Will., alias Bowyer, monument and
arms
Camels Hall, Little Amwell
Cannock Grove, Reed
Gape, arms
Cape:
Hen., and wife, inscription
Mary, ."•<> Xicoll.
Garden, 17th-century, Hadli,Tni Hall. Little
liiiilliiim, traces
Gardener's Cottage, Albury
Gardiner, arms ... .'.
Gardners, Ardcley 36
Gargoyles, in Churches :
Great Munden 104
Knebworth ,. 136
Westmill 236237
Garnett, Elizabeth, wife of Edward Collen,
brass ... ... ... ... ... ... 77
Garrard, arms 183,238,239
Garrard:
Elizal>eth, inscription ... 239
Isabella, inscription ... . 239
108
■ 109
73
22,
144
lOI
.102
lOI
142
74.
151
75
151
'5'
39
44
139
loS
55.5!
',58
125
'57
141
•59
173
176
180
132
72
142
170
183,
,.85
192
146
29
J2I, 243
Garrard: font'd.
Sir John. Bart 239
Sir .John, and wife .lane, tablet 239
Cascoigne, arms ... 40
Gatehouses:
14th-centnry, St. Albans 21, 1S7
15TH-CEXTURY :
Bishop's Hatfield, Palace 58,60-62
Hertford Castle 11, 113
Hitihiii, overhanging ... ... ... ... 122
ICTlI.CENTrRY :
Knebworth House 136
Little Hadham, Hadham Hall 145, 146
Stanstcad Abbots, Rye Houee 2io
Gates:
c. 1500, Braughiug, The Crown and Falcon
Inn, Puckeridge ... 23, 69
15th-century, Baldoek 45
17th-century, Hitchin, The Red Hart Inn ... 122
18th-century, Stanstead St. Margaret's, The
Manor House 212
St. .41bans, Waxhousc Gate 187
Gateways:
r. ir>00. Braughing, The Crown and Falcon
Inn, Puckeridge 23, 69
IGrH-CKNTlRy :
Buntingford 140
Little Hadham, Hadham Hall 22
Staudon 23, 208, 209
Watford, The Angel Inn 233
17TH-Cf;NTl'RY :
Albury, Albury Lodge 30
Baldoek 46
Braugliing, Upp Hall and Thorpe House,
Puckeridge 68,69
Buntingford ... ... ... ... ... 140
Gravcley, CliesfieUI Manor llriuse . 93
Hertford, Christ's Hospital School for Girls 114
North Mimms,. Brookman's 159
St. Pet«r, The Pemberton Almshouses ... 194
Ware, Blue Coat Yard 230
Watford 233
ISth-centurv, Blue Coat Vard. Ware 230
Chenhunt, Old Temple Bar 79
Hunsdi.n, Hunsdon House 128
Gaunt. .Inhri of, arms 184
George Street. St. Alban.s 188
George, .st. : 227
.\rnis 186
Cerish, W. B 12
INDEX.
281
German Work, ITth-conlury, tankard ...
Germanus
Gibbons, Grinling
Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick
Gill, arms
Gill, Gilie, Cyll:
George, and wives, inscription
Joan, inscription
John, brass
John, wife, daughters and sons, inscription
John, and wife Joan, inscri])tion
Gllston
Gllston Park
Class, coloured:
English :
14th-century, in Churches :
Barkway
Barley
Buckland
Clothall
Offley
Pirton
St. Paul's Waldeii
Stocking Pelhara
Wheathampstead
15th-century, in Churclies:
Anstey
Ardeley
Ashwell
Aston
Baldoek
Barkway
Bygrave
Caldecote
Cheshunt
Clothall
Cottered
Furiieux Pelliam
Kelshall
Little Hadham
Much Hadham
Newnham
North Mimms
Pirton
Ridge
Royston
St. Albans
St. Peter's
Stapleford ...
Stocking Pelham
16th-century :
in Churches :
Barley
Hunsdon
Stanstead Abbots
Wallington
Watford, Cassiobury
17th-century :
Hatfield House, Chapel
Heme! Hempstead, house, fragment
Moukeii Hadlev I'arisli Church ...
Nortli Mimnis I'arisli Churcli
Watford, Cassiobury
in Churches :
Abbot's Langley
Ashwell
Beniugton
Caldecote
East Barnot
Great Berklianipstead
Letchworth ...
Much Hadliam
Putteuham
St. Albans
PAGE
159
4
47. 173. 232
195
244
244
74
74
244
244
91,92, 16, 17
203,91
19
48
74
19,81
19, 161
162
197
216
238
35
36
39
42
45
46
75
19. 76
77
81
8384
91
131
i9> 145
'9, 153
156
'59
162
172
'74
19
19
212
216
48
127
210
226
232
58
III
'5'
159
^3i
39
5'
76
86
96
141
'53
166
185
'9. 177, 179.
Glass, coloured: cont'd.
English : cont'd.
in Churches : cont'd.
St. Peters
Sandon
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place
FOBBIGN :
15th-century, Aldbury Parish Churoli
16th-century :
Aldbury
Rickmansworth
Wyddial '
17th-century, Hatfield House, chapel
Bishop's HatHcId
fee filxo under Heraldry.
Glasscock, Sir Will., tomb and inscription
Gloucester:
Humphrey, Duke of :
Arras
Tomb
Thos., Duke of, arms
see also Hertford and Ghjucestcr.
GobOins, North Mimms
Codmersham House, St. Albans ...
Coff's Oak, Cheshunt
Golden Lion Inn, lluddcsdon
Golden Parsonage, Great Gaddesden ...
Goldon, Rich., brass
Goldsmyth:
Frauncys, of Crayford, Kent
Joone, d. of Clement Newce, brass ..
Goodman:
Grace, inscription
.John, redor of Much Hadham, slab '.'.'.
Coodyere:
John, and wife, inscription
Lucas, brass
Gore:
Bridget, niununient and floor shib
Dorothy, Hoor slab
.^ir John, and daughters, monument ...
Gorhambury
Gorhambury Block, Verulam
Gorhambury Drive
Gorhambury Lodge, St. Michael
Gorhambury Park
Gorsnor (Gorsuch), Daniel, and wifc^ monu-
uicnt
Gosmore, Ippollitis ...
Gothic work, late survivals
Goulston:
Frediswide, wife of Sir Will, monument ...
Jane, nionuuient and tomb slab
Rich., monument
■■^ii- Will., monument and brass
Cowran, Geo. Hewitt, Viscount of, nionunient
Grace, amis
Graemes Dyke, .., Grims Ditch.
Graffridge Wood, Kiubworth
The Grammar School, Great Berkhampstead
Granaries:
Aldenham, Hatlcr's Green
Ardeley, Cromer Farm
Braugl'iiug, Upp Hall ,. '''
Rickmansworth, Parrot's Farm, Croxley
GrocD
Crandison, George, Viscount, Mionumcnt
The Grange, Portmill Lane, Hitchin
The Grange, Hoddesdon
The Grange, Pirton
Granite, ,«■( under Building Material.
Grapes Inn, I'.ishop's Stortford ...
Crates, wrought iron, St. Albans ...
Gravele, Sir Rob. de, slab
Craveley
177.
•94
198
■"7
30
30
170
244
58
1S5
185, 1S7
"33
'59
189
77
126
102
242
"53
'53
'53
'53
'5'
32
92
92
92
22, I9J
190
25
'93
'92
224
'3'
18
244
244
244
244
20J
'83
'37
100
i.^
38
68
172
66
124
126
t62-i63
. *5
1S5, 1S7
'4. 234
93. 7, 17
2N
282
l^rDEX.
Craveley Bury, tirnvoley
Craveley Hall, Gravoley
Craveley:
Kli/.ilifth. inscription
KuwlaiKJ, of Gravelcy
Gravestones, I'th-coutmy, Barkway Parish
Churchyivrci
Cray:
And., brass
Jas., park keeper, brass
^lihs. bellfnunder
Great Amwell
Great Beazleys, Sawbridgeworth
Great Berkhampstead ... 95100 5
Great Gaddesden
The Great Gatehouse, St. Albans
Great Hampden, linoks
Great Horrnead
Great House and Moat, Cbesbunt
Great Munden
Great Nasthyde, St. Peter
Great North Road
Great Wymondley
Green, Walter, inscription
Creen Street Farm, Little Iladham
Crene :
Rii'li., inscription
Rich., brass
PAOB
93
93
234
234
4"
116
127
42. 83
93-95. 7. 9. "o
204
, 10, 16, 17, 19, 156
100.102, 10, 16
187
5
102-103, •7> -i
77-78
... 104105, 13, IS
194-195
26
105-106, 5, 9> 13. '5
>5'
145
67
07
Crey, quartering
Grey, sir .\nthony, brass
Grey, Earl of Kerit, .«'•»• Kent.
Grey Friars, .«<■<• Franciscans.
Crigge, John, inscription recording burial
pl.iro
Grimbald, Henry, priest, slab
Crims Ditch, Graemes Dyke, or Crymes
Dyke:
Great I3erkhampstead
Northchurch
Triug
Wigginton
Grimston, arms
Crimston, llnii. Charlotte ... ...
Grimthorpe, Lord
Grout:
Ann. gravestone
(^eo., cravestone
Grove House, Cheshunt
Crymes Dike, ■"■e Grinis Ditch.
Gryndoobbe, Will., citizen of St. Albans,
liaiigoil. 1381 ... ...
Guiiden Morden, .\Khwell
Cuiiioche pattern
Cuiston, Helen, see Joscelyne.
Cyidford, John, custos of nuns at Sopwell,
slab
Cyll, see Gill.
PAOB
183
183
89
183
100
158
223-224
242
183
192
178, 179. iSo. 1S2, 191, 193
46
46
78
"5
40
33. '22
184
Hadham Cross, Much Hailham
Hadham Ford, Little Hadham
Hadham Hall, Little Hadham
Hadham, Little, see Little Hadhnni.
Hadham Road, Bishop's Stortford
Hadley Green
Hadiey Priory, Monkeu Hadley
Hailey Hall, Great Amwell '
Hale
Haies. arms
Hales. .John
Hales Farm, .\iistey
Hale's Grammar School. .Ml Saints. Hertford...
Half Moon Inn, liishop's Stortford
Hall :
John, brass
John de, rector, of Knebworth, inscription ...
Hailey, Hartholomew, wife Florence, sons and
daiiuhters, brass
Halliwell, arms
Halls Green Farm, Weston
Halsey family, tloor slabs to members of
Halsey :
Jolui, monument
Will., and Lelticia, tablet
Ham, .jiihn. ilerlriif, floor slab
Hammond's Farm, I'lrtmi
Hampden, Groat, see Great Hampden.
Hampton Hall, Rickmansworth
Hanchett, Barbara, brass
Hankins, Sandon
Harding's Wood
Hare Street, Ctitte.ed
Hare Street, rJreat Hormead
Hare Street House, Great Hormead
Harpendcn
Harpenden Common
Harrington, arms
Harrington, Will., and wife, tomb
Harryes, Maud, inscription plate
Hastings arms
154
146
145-146
64
•51
«S"
95
183
164
'5
35
112
64
66
137
■S3
3'
237
lOI
101
101
'36- '37
164
'7'
67
198
242
26, 84
'03
'03
107-109
240
"4
"4
184
'83
10
223
109
16, 21, 15S, 194, 222
■•• '8. 23, 53-58, 78
S3
21,53
'S3
"4
'9
77
213
Hastings, Battle of
Hastoe,
Hatching Green, Harpenden
Hatfield
Hatfield House, Bishop's Hatfield.
Hatfield, Manor of
Hatfield Palace, Bishop's Hatfield
Hatton
Hawkins, arms
Heart burials
Hell Wood, Cheshunt
Hellard, Stephen, rector of Stevenage, brass,
-■. 150U
Helmets:
Bronze :
Tring 3
Verulam 3
1"UNER.4L:
Aldbury Parish Church 31
Furiicux Pelliam Parish Church 91
St. I'ltcrs Parish Church 194
Helmets, Sword, etc., Standon Parish Church 207
Hemel Hempstead 109-111,4,8,16,
15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 100, 166
Henry, Prince u( Wales. Berkhampstead Place,
I.; real Burkliampstead, sold to, 1610 ... 98
Henry of Bollngbroke, arms 133
Henry III 14
Henry V. 71
Henry VII 14
Henry VIII. I 14,72,207,258
-Vrms ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 185
Hatfield House acquired so
Hertford Castle repaired 20
Hunsdon House owned 128
Moor Park visited iS
Serjeant of the Buckhounds 206
Statne ... ... ... ... ... ... 193
at Tvtienhanger iS, 172
Henry's Banqueting Hall, Hemel Hempstead... in
IJTDEX.
283
Heraldry;
Arms :
Albaii, St
Albemarle, Monck, Uuke of ...
Alington • ...
Althair
Amphibal, St.
Anderson
Anne, Queen
Aragon, King of
Arundel, Fitz Alan, Earl of ...
Baklwyn
Barlee
Bailey
Harrington ■•
Bedford
Bedford, Russell, Ear! of
Benstede
Berkeley
Bibbesworth
Blount
Bockland
Bohemia, King of
Boutlibv
Boteler 3
Bray
Braybrooke
Briaco
Bristow
Brocket
Brngrave
Calais, Staple of
Canterbury, See of
Capell
Cary
Cason
Castile
Cecil
Charles I
Chauncy
Chauneey
Chicheley
Chowne
City of London
Clarence, Lionel, Duke of
Clyfford
Coffin
Combe
Compton
Coningsby
Constantinople, Emperor of
Cornwallis
Cornwall, Richard, Earl of
Cotton
Courtney
Cox
Crowmer
Cyprus
Denmark, King of
Devonshire, Cavendish, Earl of
Dewhurst ...
Docwra
Edmonds ...
Edmund, St
Edward the Confessor, St
Edward I
Edward III
Egerton
Eleanor of Castile
Elgin and Ailesbury, Bruce, Earl of,
Elizabeth. Queen
PAGE
185,
IS6
. ... IS3
91
74
. ... 1S5
1S3
74
1S6
■ 33
39
. ... S7
4i>43
. ... 136
231
i«J
51
. ... 1S3
. ... 43, 87
... 173, 1S3
30
. ... 1S3
70
, 44, 183, 210, 234
30 3'
145- »52. 153
. ... 183
43
44, 240
. ... 67
207
So
. ... 1S3
12S, 170
91
78, 133, 186
■■■ 55, 57, 58
1S7
203
. ... :S3
. ... 96
32
207
185
41
207
IIO
1S3
159
186
96
iSs
109
S7
'S3
32
1 86
1 86
1S3
79
164, 165
■83
1S5
18s
■33.
116, 162,
•33
133,
i8i,
Ellis
Emperor
England
Estfield
Ewer
43, 78, 80, 87,96, 181, 182
185
74, 183
185
183
144
114
186
[85, 186, 192, 203
92
231
Heraldry: cont'd.
Arms : cont'd.
Exeter, Hon. Marquis of
Farington ...
Faweonbridge
Floyer
France
Fray
Freere
Freman
Gale
Gamble
Gape
Gardiner
Garrard
Gascoigne
George, St,
Gill
Gloijcicstkk :
Humphrey, Duke of
Thos., Duke of
Gray
Goodyere
Grace
Grimstou ...
Hales
Halliwell
Harrington
Hastings
Hatton
Hawkins
Henry of Bolingbroke ...
Henry VIII
Hertford and Gloucester,
Eiirl of
Hill
Heyworth
Holies
Hoore
Horsey
Hotoft
Howland
Huntingdon, Holand, Earl of
Incent
Jeffreys
Jennings
Jerusalem, King of
John of Gaunt
Judea, King of (Christ)...
Kent :
Holand, Earl of
Grey, Earl of
Kilpec
Knighton
Lacon
Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of .
Lancaster, Dnke of
Leman
Leon
Leventhorpe
Louis, St., of France ...
Lytton
Mackery
Man, King of
Maynard
Mercers' Company
Merchant Taylors' Company
Montfitcliet " .
Moyne
Napier (?)
Navarre, King of
Nedham ..
Newce ...
Newport
Nicoll
Noone or Nove (f)
87
'83
. .. 183
... . 70
43, 80. 87, iSi, 1S2, 1S5, ISO, 192, 203
72
IIO
4'
74, >5'
... '83, 1S5
221, 243
IS?. 23S. 239
49
186
244
'85
"33
183
"5'
■83
I S3
104
30
114
183
'S3
•14
'33
Monthermer,
.78,1
1S5
1S3
72
185, 23S
■83
86
164
'.36
'83
^ii
100
183
■S3
1S6
1 85
180
'Si
■83
44, 2.M
49
'85
iSo
■83
1S6
29, 203
1S6
■36, '37, ^83
loS
1S6
iSs
...45, S6, 116
... 207, 243
Ml
51
1S3
186
149
■S3
91
185
87
2N 2
281
timslc.
Heraldry: cont'd.
Arus : cont'd.
Norbury
Norfolk. Howard, Uuke of
North
Norway, King of
Nottiiighaui. riiicli, Enrl of ...
Ouslowe
Ornuiiide ...
Oewyn, St.
Peeok
Pemberton
reriain
Perieut
Peryeiit ...
Picot or Piggot or Prysot
Pickett or Pigott
I'iggot
Piggott
Poiitliieu or Castile
Portugal, King of
Piirchnse or Thwaites (?)
Purveye
Prv^ot
Radcliffe
Radnor, Robartes, Earl of
Ravenscroft
Rede
Redvers
Richard II.
Ridware
Rowbottom
Rowbatt
Roval Arms 28, 43. 75.78, 80, 87,91, no,
133- 147. '86, 192.
Russell
St. Albans
Salisbury, Cecil. Earl of
Sancroft
Sandwich. Montagu. Earl of
Saiaye
Say
Saver
Scotland, King of
Seale
Shere
Sicily, King of
Skeffington
Skipworth (t)
Snowe
Sparke
Stafford, Wentworth, Earl of
Stei)ney
Stuarts, Royal arms
Sudley
Sweden, King of
Tavemer
Tetlev
Thanet, Tufton, Earl of
Thomas, Lord
Tooke
Torrington
Ulster, badge
Verney
Vernon ...
Wade
Wales, Prince of
Walkenden
Ward
Warwick, Beauchamp, Earl of
Wliittingham
Wittewronge
Woodliffe
York, Duke of
Coats of Arms :
IGth-cciilury, Eastwick PurJNli Churcl
PAOK
31
IS3
IS3
IS6
IS3
53
■S3
iSl, iSS, 186
192
183
164
44
86
226
49
226
216
'.'.'. 78
186
87
243
226
120
■83
So
169
'''. 87
.. 133. '82
1S3
"83
185
204, 210, 239
231
80, 182
'83
'83
183
210
72. 87
96
186
185
243
186
183
43
205
112
183
32
... 204, 239
31
186
116
183
1S3
l86
87, 243
96
239
30
114
207
iS^. 185, i86
'5'
140
183
30
... 107, 183
243
... 133. 186
87
Heraldry; cont'd. t>AUK
Coats of Akms : cont'd.
Floor tiles, Berkhumpsteud Castle 97
Stone, Hertford Castle, gatehouse 113
Wood, Stanstead Abbots, Rye House ... 210
IIkraldic Uevice.s, Arms, etc. :
Haldock. Wyuiic-'s Almshouses 45
Cromer Farm, .\rdeley 38
Hoddesdoii, St. Monica's Priory 125
King's Laugley Parish Church 133
Much Hadham, Buckler's Farm '. 155
Putlenham I'aiish Church 165
Heraldic Glass :
Churches :
Buutiugford, Chapel of Ease 139
Bushey 74
Much Hadham 153
Puttenham '66
Ridge, Tyttenhanger Clinpel 173
Stanstead Abbots 210
Willian 242
Secular :
Harpeuden, Rothamsted '08
Rickniunswiirth, The Vicarage '7*
Stanstead Abbots, Stanstead Bury ... 2«o
Wheathampstend. Lamer House ... *39
.*ee also under Shields below.
iif the Passion
SHIELDS :
Brass, in Churches :
14th-century :
Hemel Hempstead
St. Albans
St. Paul's Walden
Wattou-at-Stone
15th-century :
Cheshunt
Digswell
Flamstead
Hinxworth
St. Albans
Sandon
Sawbridgeworth
Walkern
c. 1500, Sawbridgeworth
16th-centurT :
Albury
Hitchin
Nettleden
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead Abbots
Slocking Pelham
Wallington
Watton-at-Stone
Willian
17th-century :
Hraughing
Broxbourne
Hertingfordbury ...
Hexton
Albury
Aldbury
.Mdenham
.•\.s|)enden
Bayford
Cheshunt
Digswell
Eseendon
Furneux Pelham ...
Graveley
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesdeu ...
Harpenden
Hit«hin
Knebworth ...
j^Ionken Hadley
138, 1S6, 227, 242
no
183
197
234
77
86
89
116
I S3, 184
198
203
224
203
29
119
iSS
203
210
216
226
234
243
67
72
114
116
29
30.31
32
41
49
77
86
87
9'
92
96
lOl
107
1 18. 119
136
'5'
TNDEX.
285
150
185
1^
Si
92
119
'45
4.5
96
I OS
117
133
232
239
212
110
Heraldry: conVi. paob
Shields : cont'd.
Brass, in Churches : cont'd.
Newnham 156
North Mimms 15S
Puttenham 166
Redbouru 169
Ridge 172
St. Albans 1S3, 1S4
St. Paul's Walden 197
Standon 207
Wheathampstead 23S
Widford 241
Wyddial 244
Floor Tiles, Hth-ceiitury, Meesden Parish
Church
Glass :
14th-century, St. Albans
15th-century, in Churches :
Broxbourne
Clothall
Gilston
Hitchin
Little Hadham
ITlh-century, Ayot St. Lawrence, Old
Rectory
Great Berkhampstead Parish Church...
Harpendeu, Rotham.sted ...
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place
King's Langley Parish Church
Watford, Casaiobury
Wheathampstead, Lamer House
Iron :
St. Albans
Stanstead St. Margaret's, The Manor
House
Plaster, Hemel Hempstead, Lockers
Stone :
in Churches :
14th-century, King's Langley
15th-century :
Caldecote
Furneux Pelham
St. Albans
St. Peter's
Standon
Wallington
Watton-at-Stone
16th-century, St. Albans
17th-century :
Chipping Barnet
Furneux Pelham
Aldbury
Aspenden
Benington
Bishop's Hat6eld
Braughing
Broxbourne
Digsvvell
Furneux Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hertingfordbury
Hinxworth
Hitchin
Knebworth
Layston
Letchworth
Little Hormead
Radwell
Reed, farmyard, font from
St. Albans liji
St. Paul's Walden '
Standon
Watford
^3i
76
91
1S5, 186
196
207
226
235
185, i86
80
91
30-31
41
5'
52.53
67
72
86
96
96
112
114
116
irS
'36
>3S
141
147
17
169
182, 1S5
•97
207
23'
Heraldry: cont'd.
■Shields : cont'd.
Stone : cont'd.
in Churches : cont'd.
Wheathampstead
Willian
Secular :
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Harpeuden, Rothamsted
Hinxworth, Hinxworth Place ...
llilehin, Hitchin Priory
llurmead, Hormead Hull
Huudsdon, Hunsdon House ...
North Mymms Park
Pirton, High Down
Shenley, Salisbury House
Ware, The Blue Boot Store
Wood :
in Churches :
Furneux Pelham
Hunsdon, All Saints
Hunsdon
St. Albans
Ware
Secular :
Ayot St. Peter, Ayot Place
Wheathampstead, Place Farm
The Hermitage, Hitchin
Herring-bone work :
Bt-nington Castle keep
Braughing, house
Hertford 111-114,2,8,10,13,21,71,95
Hertford, Abbot John de, tee under St. Albans
Hertford and Gloucester, Monthermer, Earl of
239
242
55. 57
107
"7
120
102
1 28
'59
104
205
229
90,91
112
12S
. 182-183, 185, 186
227
44
... 238, 240
I2J
52
OS
Hertford Caetle, St. Andrew, Hertford
183
"3.
II, 12
20, 24
26
4, 16, 19, 234
158
203
203
203
114-116, 5, 25
116
... 18s, 23S
Hertford Heath
Hertingfordbury
Hewes, Thus., inscription
Hewet, Sir Will., monument
Hewit, Geo., Viscount, of Gowran, monument..
Hewytt, Sir Thos., monument
Hexton
Hexton House, tlcxton
Heyworth, arms ...
Heyworth :
John, wife and children, mural slab
John, and wife, children, etc., brass
Will., Abbot, .-tee under St. Albans.
Hiding Places:
Slienley, Salisbury House
Higbert," Archbishop of Lichfield, see under
Lichfield.
High Cross, Standon
High Down, Pirton
High Street Farm, Hemel Hempstead
High Trees Farm, Gt. Munden ...
Highley Hill, Ashwell
Hill, arms
Hllle, Rich., bellfounder
Hills of the Banners
Hinges, see under Ironwork.
Hinxworth 116-117,24
Hinxworth Place, Hinxworth 22,116-117
Hitchin ... 125126, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17,
iS, 19, 20, 22, 117, 129, 137, 196, 215, 242
Hitchin Priory, Hit<-hin 119-120
Hitchin Street, Baldock 45
Hiz, River 117, 122, 124
Hockerill, Bishop's Stortford 65
Hoddesdon '25126,8,9,14,2,58,108,224
Hoddesdonbury, Hoddesdon 126
Hodenhoe Manor, Therfield 218
Hogges Hall, Hoddesdo/i . . ... 126
23S
23s
205
208, 209
23, 163. 164
HI
104105
40
72
160
6
286
INDEX.
Hoglands, Miuli Hailhniii
Holand, Karl of Huntingdon, ^ee Huntingdon.
Holand, Earl of Kent, tet Kent.
Hole:
Rich., Ublet
Kolaiid, tablet
Noles, Hugh de, and wife, brass
Holies, :irms
Holwell •:
Hoiyrood Palace, Kdinburgh
Holywater Stones, stt Stoups.
Holywell Brewery, St. Albans
Holywell Hill, St. .Mbans
Home Farm, (Ireut .\mwell
Home Park, llntfield
Homestead Moats, -.c under Earthworks.
Honey Lane, .\11 Saints, Hertford
Hoo End Farm, St. Paul's Walden
Hoo End Grange, " Leggats End.
Hooksgreen Farm, Clotbnll
Hoore, .irnis
Hoore, Thos.. wife, sons, and daughters, brass
Hoppers Hall, Datcliworth
Hormead Bury, Great llorinead
Hormead, Great, -> Great llomiead.
Hormead Hall, Great Hormead ...
Hormead, Little, «<'e Little Hormead.
Horsey, arms
Horsham
Norton:
.\nn, .«ee Turner.
Thos. de, vicar of North Miinnis, brass
Horwode, Rauffe. brass
Hospitallers, Commandery of
Hospitals, Religious ... '
Hotoft, arms
PAGE
'55
136
136
23 »
.83
'6-127, 25
190
1 89
1S9-190
95
62
112
197
Si
S6
86
S5
'03
102
PAGE
136
142
17J
i%
164
114
158
27
«3
14
136
Hotoft, John, brass
Houghton, lianiel. tablet
Hour Class, Ri.l:;!.'. 'lyttenhanger, chapel
Hour Class Stands, in churches, iron, 17th-
century :
Bygrave
Sacombe
St. Michael
Howard, Duke of Norfolk, sre Norfolk.
Howland, arms
Howton, F.dmond, Anne, his wife, and sons,
brass
Hudlestones, merchant's mark (?)
Hugh of Eversdon, Abbot of St. Albans, see
uiiil-r St. .\lbBns.
Hughes, Alice, wife of Ryce, brass
Humbarston, see ilumberstone.
Humberstone:
Kdw.. and wife, brass and inscription
Gyles, and wife, monument
John, inscription
Rirh.. inscription
Humfre, Thos., wife and children, brass
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, .«(t Gloucester.
Hunger, John, onc« Master Conk to (jueen
Katlierine, wife of Henry V., inscription 71
Hunsdon 127-128, 18, 19
Hunsdon, Elizabeth, floor slab 238
Hunsdon House, Hun.sdon 20,22,127,128
Huntingdon, Holand, Earl of, arms 134
Hunton Bridge, .Abbot's Langlev 28
Hutchinson, Will., house built at Delrow ... 33
Hutton, rebus 166
Hyde Hall, Sandon 199
Hyde, Thos.. and son, monument 31
75
«77
192
183
243
216
130
224
224
224
224
96
IcenI, revolt, a.d. 62
3.4
Ickleford
128-129,
9. «5.25
Icknield Street
'75. 25
Images, Statues, Figures:
on Itrass. set Brasses and Indents.
Churches :
Ayot St. Lawrence
43
Bark way
46
Benington
5'
Bishop's Hatfield
... I
9. 52, 53
Hinxworth
116
Hitchin
iiS
Letchworth
19
Little Munden
148
Puttenham
166
Rovston
174
St." Albans
"i'83
, 1S4-185
Therfield
19, 218
Throcking
221
Tring
222
Walkem, Saxon
10, 224
VVallington
226
Ware
...
227
Westmill
236
Secular :
Barlev. The Big House ...
49
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House ...
55- 5i>
Cheshunt
7S, 79
Hertford, Christ's (hospital School foi
■ Giris
114
Hitchin, The Brotherhood
...
123
Hoddesilon. St. Monica's
Priory.
Stone
Conduit Head
125, 126
Royston Cave
«75
Images, Statues, Figures: mut'd.
Seci;i^k : coiit'il.
St. Michael, Sir Nicholas Bacon's House ...
Ware, Blue Coat Yard
see also Efhgies, monumental.
Incent, arms
incent family, tomb of member of
Incent:
John, Dean of St. Paul's, see under St. Paul's
Katherine, wife of Rob., brass
Rob., inscription
Incent's House, Gumi Biikli^inipstcad
Inclosures and Inclosure Riots
Indents, .-^ Bras.;es and Indeuts.
The Infants' School, Hertingfordbury
Inns:
Htb-century, St. Albans, Fleurde-Lys
Medijival:
Hitchin
St. Albans
c. 1500, Braugbing. The Crown and Falcon ..
15th-century, Hitchin
lOTH-CENTURY :
Bishop's Slortford
Great Berkhampstead
Hitchin
Hoddesdon, The Old Swan
Offley, The Green Man
Riekmanswortb ...
Rushden
St. Albans 23,
Sawbridgeworth
Stevenage
Watford
192. 193
230
100
96
96
96
98
«s
114
21, 189
120
189
23.69
121
12
65
98
123
126
161
'7'
176
189, 190
204-205
2'S
233
INDEX.
287
Inns: cont'd,
c. 1000:
Bishop's Stortford
Hitchin
Hoddesdon, The Golden Lion
Kkleford
lliTH UK 17TH-CENTUBY :
Bishop's Stortford
Stevenage ...
Ware
ITth-centuey :
Baldock
Barley
Bishop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne
Buntingford
Cheshunt
Codicote
Gilston
Ilarpenden
Heraol Hempstead ...
Hertford
Hitchin
Hoddesdon, The Griffin Hotel
Hunsdon, Wheatsheaf Inn
Kimptou
Little Wymondley, The Buck's Head
Offley, The Old Inn
Redbourn
St. Albans
Standon
Stanstead Abbots
Stevenage
Ware
Watford
Wheathanipstead
Ashwell
Walkern, The White Lion
inscriptions:
ON BeLL.S :
14th-century :
Bramfield
Hexton
15th-eentury :
Bushey
Norton
Westniill
16th century :
Flaunden ...
Hoddesdon Clock Tower
Newnham
Eastwick
Letehworth
Norton
Stocking Pelham
Thundridge
Westniill
Widford
Wyddial
Coffin Ijid, Htli-centiiry, Aldcnliam
COMMKMORATIVE :
14tli-century, Ashwell Pnrisli Church, tower
15th-century :
Cheshunt Parisli Church ...
Chipping Barnet Parisli (^)iiuili
IGth-ccntury, Broxbourne Parish Church ...
17th century :
Baldock. Wynnes Almshouses ...
Braughing Parish Church
Buntingford, Ward's Hospital ...
Chipping Barnet, The '.Jesus Ho.spital '
or Ravenscroft Almshouses
Great Hormead Parish Church ..
Little Wymondley Parish Church
Oxbey Chapel, Watford
PAGE
6S
120, 122
126
245
64-65, 65
214
230
46
48
62
64,65
73
40
79, 80
82
92
109
III
112
120
126
128
m
149
164
169
59-190
209
211
215
2JO
232
240
40
225
188, I
66
n6
74
160
237
90
126
156
87
141
160
216
221
237
241
244
33
38, 39
77
80
72
45
67
140
80
102
149
232
Inscriptions: cont'd.
CuM.MBMUK.VTIVB : cont'd.
Aldbury Parish Church
Codicote, West Lodge, Kuebworth Park
Kelshall Parish Church
Oniey Parish Church
on Lectern, 16thcentury, St. Stephen ...
Monumental :
13th or 14th-ceiitury, Hertingfordbury
14th-century :
Baldock
Clothall
Great Berkhampstead
Hcmel Hempstead
Hitchin
Ickleford
Knebworth
Much Hadham ...
St. Albans
St. Michael
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth
Stevenage
Tewin
Walkern
Watton-at-Stone
15th-century ;
Aldbury
Anstey
Ardeley
Ashridge, Little Gaddesdcn, chnpcl
Barley
Brickendon
Broxbourne
Cheshunt
Digswell
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham
Great Berkhampstead
Hitchin
Hunsdon
Ippollitts
Kelshall
Knebworth ... ... . .
Letehworth ...
Little Hadham
Monkcn Hadley
North Mimms
Radwell
Royston
St. Albans ..
Sandon
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Stevenage
Wallington
Ware
Watton-at-Stone
Whoathainpstead
Widford
Willian
Wornilev
1500:
Aspenden
Monken Hadlev
c. \:m, Stevenage'
16th-century :
.Vldenbara
Aston
Baldock
Barley
Benington
Braughing
Broxbourne
Chipping Barnet
Clothall
Eastwick
>9
l83>
PAGR
30
S3
13"
160
196
114
45
81
96
no
119
129
"37
'53
iSj, 184
192
■97
203
213
•9
224
19, 234
30
35
36
143
48
71
78
77
86
89
90,91
96
118, 119
127
'30
'31
«36
141
MS
'5'
'58
166
■74
184, iSs
1 98
203
207
213
226
227
234. 23s
23S
241
242
243
41
'5'
213
32
42
:i
67
7*
80
81
87
288
INDEX.
Inscriptions: cont'd.
PACK
MdNI' MENTAL: cont'd.
16thceiitiiry : cont'd.
Exsendon
87
Flamsteail
89
Furneiix I'clhaiu ...
i6
Great Borklinmpstencl
96
Great Gaddesclcii ...
lOI
Hitchin
'19
Holwell
'27
Hunsdon
«27
Ippollitts
'30
Kelshall
«3i
King's Langley
»34
Knehnorth
«36
Monken Hadley
iS«
Mucli Hadham
IS3
Nettleden
155
North Minims
158. '59
Radwell
166
Redbourn
169
Rickmansworth
'70
Royston
174
Sacombe
'77
St. Albans
. 183, 183-1S4, 1S4, 1S5
!St. Michael
192
Sandon
'9S
Sswbridgeworth
203
Shephall
206
Standon
207
Stanet«ad Abbots ...
210
Stocking I'elham ...
215-216
Walkern
224
Watton-at-Stone ...
234
Wheatharupstead ...
••• 238, 238-239, 239
Wormlev
243
Wyddial
244
1600, Wvddial
244
c. 1600, "Datchworth ...
Ss
17th-century :
Aldenham
32, ii
.\3hwell
39
Barkway
46
Barley
48
Beningtoii
5'
Bishop's Hatfield ...
S3
Bishop's Stortford ...
63
Bovincdon
Braughing
66
70
Buckland
74
Cottered ^ .
83,84
Digswell
86
Flamstead
89
Furneux Pelham ...
91
Great Berkhampstead
96
Hertford, St. Andrew
112
Hertingfordbury
"4
Hexlon
n6
Hinxworth
u6
Kelshall
'3'
King's Langloy
^M, '34
King's Walden
'36
Monken Hadley
'S'
Much Hadham
'S3
Newnham
IS6
Radwell
166
Rickmansworth
'70
St. jMbHiis
1S4, iSt;
St. Paul's ^Ynlden
197
Tewin
216
Thorlcv
220
Wntfofd
231
Wnlkern
224
Walton-at-Stone
234
Wheilhampstcad ..
238-239. 23'J
Willian
242
Wyddial
244
inscriptions: cont'd.
MoNl'.MBNTAL: Ci-nl'd.
18th-century, Brent Pelham
Aldenham
.\spenden
Braughing
Buckland
Clothall
Digswell
Essendon
Flamstead
Graveley
Hitchin
King's Langley
Ridge
St. .Mbans 1S3,
St. Pauls Walden
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead St. Margaret's
Watford
Widford
Wyddial
Baldock
Barley, the Big House
Great Amwell, Home Farm, triangular
panel
Sundial, North Mimms Parish Church
W.->tton-at-i>tone, \Vatkins Hall ...
ippoilittS 129-'
Ironstone Rubble, .'cr under Building Material.
Ironwork:
Fireback, The Bury. Cudioote
Firegrate, Purcharden Hall, Willian
Gates, 18th-century. The Manor House, Stan-
stead St. Margarets
Grates :
l.'lth-century, St. Albans
15th-eentury, St. .41baiis
Hinges and Other Fittings :
12th-century, in Churches :
Codicote
Little Horraead
13th-century, in Churches:
Letchworth
Much Hadham
Widford
14th-centurv, in Churches :
Baldock
Clothall
Mediaeval, Widford Parish Church
nth or 1 jth-century, Sawbridgeworth Parish
Church ...
1 jth-century, in Churches :
Albury
Baldock
Chipping Barnet
Kelshall
Northchurch
St. Michael
Little Gaddesden, .John of Gaddesden
House
16th-century :
in Churches :
Broxbourne
Cottered
Secular :
Great Hormcad
Harpenden. Rothamsfod ...
ITth-eenturv :
Ashweli End
Codicote. The Bury
Har|)endcn. 'R^itli:ini<liNl ...
Sawbridgeworth. Crump's Farm
Weston, Halls Green Farm
PAOK
70
32
4'
67
74
81
86
87
89
9*
119
"33
«72
184, 18s
'97
201
203
211
231
241
244
4S
49
95
16, 159
235
3'. 9. '5
82
243
177. '87
185
16, 82
16, 147
141
IS3
241
45
81
241
203
29
80
'3'
'57
192
142
72
83
103
107
40
82
T08
204
237
moEx.
289
Ironwork; mnt'd. pao.r
Hinges and Other Fittings : mnt'd.
c. 1700, Cottered, Broom Farm 84
Ashwell Parish Church 39
Barley, The Big House, Shaftenhoe End ... 49
Great Munden, High Trees Farm 105
Harj)enden 109
Kelehall Parish Church 131
Thorley 220
Hour Glass Stands, se( vnHer Hour GlasBes.
Ironwork: cont'd.
Railinos :
Buntingford, Ward's Hospital
Hunsdon Parish Church
.<ec nL<ifi undrr Screens.
Isabel of Castile, indent
Isabel of France
Isaiah
The Island, Cottered
140
127
181
'45
84
James I.:
Bishop's Hatfield Palace property of ...
Keeper of the Wardrobe
Manor of Hatfield and Palace exchanged
Theobalds
Palace built by, at Royston, remains ...
Physician
Statues
James II. :
James, St
Jane, Queen, Master of the Horse
Jeffreys, arms
Jennings, arms
Jennings, Sir Jnlm. Waterend Farm built
Jenningsbury, St. John, Hertford
Jermin, Ralph, monument
Jerusalem, King of, arms
Jesse window, Bark«ay Parish Church
Jesus Hospital, Chipping Barnet
Joceiyn's House, Bishop's Plortford ...
5^ John, King
72 John the Baptist, St
for John the Evangelist, St
53. 78 John of Caddesden
174 John of Caddesden's House, Little Gaddesden
77 John of Gaunt, arjns
58, 79 John of Wheathampstead, Abbot of St.
•86 Albans, tee under St. Albans.
227 Jones, Inigo
207 Josceiyne, Josceiyn, Josiyne:
'83 Geoffrey, wives, sons and daughters, brass ...
183 Helen (Gulston), brass
200 John
113 John and wife, tomb
35 Judea, King of, arms
186 Julians, Rushden
46 Julius Caesar
80 Jurden, Hen., of London, bellfounder
rSs
65
12, 14
227, 242
■85
22, 144
144
.85
iS, ih 137
20.5
244
244
203
1S6
176
3
. 28, 36
Katherlne, Queen
Katherine, St.
Keate:
Sir Jonathan, monument ...
.Susannah, monuments
Keen's Place, Hemel Hempslead
Keightiey, Thos., and wife, slab
Keishall
Kent
de Burgh (?), Earl of, arms
Grey, Earl of, arms
Holand, Earl of, arms
John, and wife, brass
Kentish Lane Farm, Bishop's Hatfield ...
Key ornament. Barley
Kiilingworth, John, brass
Kilns:
Malt, Hitchin
Roman :
Aldenham
Hitchin
Stevenage
Kiipec, arms
Kimpton
KImpton Hail, Kimpton
Kimpton Mill Farm, Kimpton
King James' Palace, Rnyston
King John's Bakehouse, King's Langley
King's Farm, Rickmansworth
13
71
227, 241, 244
132
132
III
114
■152, 24,25
6
183
183
134
42
62
49
'43
5.31
5,117
214
44
132-133. 16, iS
132 133
133
■■■23, 174175
I34I35
171
King's Langley '33 135.
King's Langley Palace, Kings Langley
King's Walden
King's Walden Bury
Kingsbury Earthwork, St. Michael .
Kingsley, Will., and wife, monument ..
Kinsbourne Green, liarpendon
Kitters Green, Abbots Langley
Knebworth
Knebworth House, Knebworth
Knebworth Park, Codicole
Kneesworth Street, Royston
Knight:
Ellis, bellfounder
Will., bellfounder
Knight, bellfounder
Knight Street, Sawbridgeworth
Knighton, arms
Knighton:
Geo., monument
John, and wife, brass
Knights Hospitallers, Dinsloy hel<l by ...
Knights Templars, Uinsley h'eld bv
Knitun, John, of Bayford
Knolles:
Kli/.abeth. inscription
Rob., inscription
Kyrle, Sir Rich., shib
4, 14, 19, 21, 25
135
135 136, 16, 24
•.;5
4, 9, 192
20I
Io6
28
i3f>-'37. 5. 'S
... 83, 137
... S3, 136
174
223
90
201
304
49
49
49
I6S
I6s
•53
'59
'59
S3
La Mare, Thos. de. Abbot of St. Albans, n
rtndPT St. Albans.
La Zouche, Sir Will, dp. Chantry, Flamstead
Lacey Green, Bucks
LaCOn, arms
Lacon, Edward, and wife ,Joan, monument
Lambard, John, merchant and alderman of
88 London, wife and children, brass ...
5 Lamer House, Wheathampstead
242 Lamer Park, Wbeathampstetd
242
fi6
239
239
80
290
INDEX.
PAGB
PAOE
Lancaster:
Kilimiiid, Earl of, arms
Duke of, arms
Landon, Rog., of Workinghaui, bellfounder ...
Langley
Langley, Kdmund of, $ee Edmund of Langley.
Langley, Will., rector of Buckland, brass
Langton, Stephen
Lantern, St. Albans, tower
Lanvaleys
LarabI, Roger de, slab
Lark's Hill, or Lark's Field, Braughing
Laud
The Lawn, Abbot's Langley
Lawrence, St
Lawrence family, 17th-century slabs
Layston (with Buntineford)
Lazar Houses, St. Julian's and St. Mary de
I'ray 13
Lea, River 1,2,6,8,9,10,26,112,113,200.229
Lecterns, 16th-century :
-Mdbury
M. Stephen
Lee, Bucks
Lee:
Joan, brass to
Sir Rich., Sopwell House built by
Lee Hall, sre Sopwell House.
Leggats End, or Hoo End Grange, St. Paul's
Walden
Leman, arms
Leon, arms
Letchworth
Letchworth Hall, Letchworth
Leventhorpe, (Leventhorp), arms
Leventhorpe:
Edw.. and wife, brass
John, and wife, brass
Sir John, and wife, monument
Mary, wife of Edw., brass
Thos., and wife Joan (Dalison), indent
Thos., wife Dorothy and children, brass
Lichfield, .\rchbishop Higljcrt
Lllley
Limerick, Gilbert, Bishop of
The Limes, Therfield
LimesI, barony
Limestone, see under Building Material.
Lincoln
Linen Panels, see Panelling.
Lionel, Duke of Clarence, see Clarence.
Little Almshoe, Ippollitts
Little Amwell
Little Beazleys, Sawbridgeworth
Little Berkhampstead
Little Cockenhatch, Nuthampstcad
Little Caddesden
Little Hadham
Little Hormead
Little Munden
Little Ofney, Dffley
Little Rustling End Farm, Knebworth
Little Wymondley
I So
1S6
74
"37. 24
74
12
iSo
'3
235
4. 69
17
2S
27. '45
212
138-140, 7
30
18, 195
S
87
194
197
. ... 183
...78,133.186
140-142, 19, 24, 25
23, 141
29, 203
203
203
203
203
203
29
8
142, 25
«95
219
13
6, 26
130
26, 142
204
142
160
142-144. 22
144-146, 19- 22, 23, 25
... 147. 15. 16, 24
147-148, 10, 18, 19
161
... 137
...148.149, 1.3
Lock-up, .-Vijaley
Lockers:
IN CunncBES :
Ashwell, recess
Bengeo, St. Leonard's, recess probably used
as
Bushey
Clothall
Hitchiu
Ippollitts
7, 35
39
50
74
81
119
130
Lockers: cont'd.
I.N ('HPHcnES : cont'd.
Kelshall
King's Langley
King's Walden
St. Albans
St. Michael
St, Stephen
Sarratt
Tring, recess
Bury Hill, Hemel Hempstead
Little Hadham, Acromoor Farm
W'atton-at-Stone, Wntton Place
Loggia, llitoliin Priory, Hitchiu
Lombard House, .\11 Saints, Hertford
London: 3, 5. 6, 10, i
Bishops :
Aylmer, John
Braybrooke, Rob., arms I45>
Castle at Waytemore
Palace at Much Hadham
St. Paul's Cathedral:
John Inccnt, Dean of:
Grammar School, Great Berkhamp-
stead, founded and biiilt by, I.')44 ...
House in Groat Berkhampstead
Drawing on Ashwell Parish Church tower...
London Colney
London Road, St. Albans
Long, ,Iohn. brass
Long and Short Work:
Reed Parish Church
Westmill Parish Church
Long Marston:
fce also Tring, Urban and Rural (with Long
ilarston).
Loom Lane, Aldenham
Loopholes:
Broxbourne Parish Church
Great Hormead, Brick House
Hemel Hempstead Parish Church
Layston Parish Ciiurcli, tower ...
The Lordship, Mucli Hadham
The Lordship, Standon
Loslnga, Bishop of Norwich, sec under Norwich.
Louis of France, St., arms
Louis of France, Berkhampstead and Hertford
Castles besieged by, 1216
Louthe:
Isabel de. brass
Phelipe de, brass
Rob. de
Walter de, rector of Tewin, floor slab,
Hlh-cenlury
Love's Farm, Ashwell
Lower Farm, CodiiHite
The Lower Farm, liury Gicon, Lillle Hadham...
Low Side Windows in Churches;
13TII-CENTURY :
.\ll)ury
Furneux Polham
Great Wymondley
14TH-CENTUKV :
Buckland ...
Letchworth
16th-century, Aspenden
Aldbury
Barkway
Bygrave
Caldecote
Great Gaddesden
Wigginton
Lovekyn, — , inscription
Loxley Farm House, Long Marston
13'
'.33
'63
'85
192
196
201
223
no
'46
23s
"9
112
2. 20, 25
'53
>.52,
'.S3
11
■ 63
21
21,
100
98
38
. 39
172
13
32
10,
169
10,
23ft
24.
223
72
'03
109
'38
'54
208
186
'2,97
"4
114
114
2l6
40
83
146
28
90
105
73
140
40
30
46
75
76
loi
241
224
223
nn>Ex.
291
Lucas, Will., rector of Clothall, brass ...
Luthyngton, Agnes, inscription
Luton
Lyoh-gates
Mediaeval, Anstey
IBth-oenturv, Ashwell
Lytton :
Arms ...
Monuments ...
Rebus on name of, West Lodse of Knebworth
Park
PAOB
8i
77
150
7
35
39
36, 137.
183
'36
S3
Lytton :
Anna, wife of Roland, monument
Judith, wife of Sir Thos. Barrington,
Judith, wife of Rowland, floor slab
Juditch, wife of Nich., Strode, tablet
Roland, and wives, brass
Sir Rowland, slab
Sir Will., slab
Sir Will., tomb
slab
PAOB
136
136
136
136
136
.36
136
136
Mackery, arms
Mackerye End, Wheatharapstead
Mackerye End, Jonas Bailey of
Maidenhead Street, All Saints, Hertford
Maine, Hen., brass ...
Maltland, Prof
Malthouses;
Baldock
Newnham, formerly
Stovenage, formerly
The Malting, Ware
Man, King of, arms .
The Man Cage, Barley
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Justice and Sheriff of
Essex and Herts, and of London and
Middlese.x, and Custodian of Tuwer of
London ...
Manor Farm, Xfwnham
The Manor Farm House, Little Berkhampstead
Manor House, Barkway
Manor House, Bayford
The Manor House, Great Wymondley
The Manor House, Hertingfordbury
The Manor House, Little Gaddesden ...
The Manor House, Stanstead St. Margarets ...
The Manor House, Wormley
Mantelpieces, see Fireplaces, Mantelpieces, and
Chimneypieces.
Maplesden, Edw., monument to children, 1684
Maran, River
Marble, see under Building Material.
Mardleybury, Therfield
Mare, see La Mare.
Margaret, Queen
Margaret, St
Marginia Wick, Sarratt
Market Places:
Hitchin
St. Albans
Market Street, Watford
Markham, Mary, monument
Markyate 150,
Markyate Cell, Markyate
Marlin Chapel Farm, Northchuroh
Marsworth, Tring
Mary, Queen :
at Hatfield
Serjeant of the Buckhounds
Maryns, ,Tohn de. Abbot of St. Albans, see
under St. Albans.
Mason's Marks, in Churches :
Much Hadham, 13th-century
Chipping Barnet, 15th-century
St. Albans ...
Matham'S Wood, Sawbridgeworth
Maud, Countess of Salisbury, see Salisbury.
Maud, Empress
May, Hugh. Cassiobury rebuilt by, 17th-century
Mayden-croft, IppoUitts
Maynard, arms
108
239, 23
239
112
66
7, II
45
156
214
230
186
48
12, 13
156
142
47
49
;o6 107
114
143-144
212
244
63
113
218
14
227
202
8
122
8
232
36
25
150
157, iSS
223
144, 238
iS
206
13, 21
152
So
1 87
203
12
232
'30
i8s
73'
Maynard:
Charles, and wife Mary, monument .
John, and wife, inscription
Margery iRowlatt), inscription
Mayne, arms
Mayne:
Andrew, brass
Jas., Boor slab
Mary, brass
Raffe, inscription
Mayne's Farm, St. Michael
Meesden
Meesden Green
Meesdenbury, Meesden
Meetkerke, Sir Adolphus, monument
Melbourn Street, Royston
Mellitus, Bishop of the East Saxons
Mentley Farm, Standon
Mentmore, Michael of. Abbot of St. Albans,
see under St. Albans.
Mercers' Company, arms i
Merchant Taylors' Company, arms
Mercia
Mercians:
Diuma let Bishop of
0£fa IL, King of ■""■ ^ V
Meriton, .John, rector of Sacombe, monument ...
Metcalffe, Phil., brass
Michael, St
Michael of Mentmore, Abbot of St. Albans, see
under St. Albans.
Middlesex
Middlesex Forests
Mill Green, Bishop's Hatfield
Mill Farm, Gt. Munden
Miller, Geo., brass
Mills, Rich., gravestone
Mimms, North, .«'<• North Minims.
Mimms, South, see South Mimms.
Mincinbury, Barley
Mingers Farm, Much Hadbam
Minsden Chapel, Langley
Misericords:
13lh or 14th-century, Anstey
14th or l.')th-century, Stevenage
l.'ith-century, Bishop's Stortford
17th-century, Anstey
Moat Farm, Much Hadham
Moat Wood, Bishop's Hatfield
Moat Wood, Stanstead Abbots
'Mobs Hole,' Aslnvell
Monasteries, dissolution of
Monastic Buildings, St. Albans
Monck, Duke of AIbi>marle, .-■.<• Albemarle.
Monken Hadley
Monmouth:
Hen., Cary, Earl of, and others of family,
tomb
185
192
1S5
1'4
66
66
06
1S5
'93
50, 15, 20
150
ISO
176
174. '75
6
20S
;. 86, 116
-•07, 243
5.6
6
. 177. '^5
177
36
5'. 96
12
I
62
104
23'
46
49
'54
137. 24
'7- 35
213
62,63
35
'54
S3
2IO
to
JO
'>>7
'51
20 2
292
INDEX.
Monmouth) cont'd.
Kvb. Carv, Earl of, house at Watford built
liy, lithcentury
Monmouth House, Watford ...
Monson family, 17thccntury floor slabs
Montagu, i::tirl of Sand»icli, see Sandwich.
Montfitchet, arms
Monthermer, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester,
rre Hertford and Gloucester.
Monuments, funeral:
e. 1300, Letchworth
15th-century :
St. Albans
Watton-at-Stone
16TH-CENTDRr :
Bishop's Hatfield
Hunsdon
Standon
ITthcentubt r
liayford
Bishop's Stortford
Hramfield
Br.iughing
Broxbourne
Buckland
Harpenden
HextoD
Hitchin
Layston
I^ittle Gaddesden
Menken Uadley
St. Michael
Sawbridgewortb
Sbephall
Standon
Wonnley
1700, Kimpton
Al.TAB TOHBS :
14th-century :
Albury
Aldenham
Benington
Great Berkbampstead
Little Munden
loth-century :
Ayot St. Lawrence
Benington
Broxbourne
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham
Hitchin
Little Munden ...
North Mimms
Standon
Wallington
c. 1500, Hitchin
lotb or 16th-century, King's Langley
IGtb-century :
Aldbury
Aspenden
Broxbourne
Great Berkbampstead
North Mimms
Sawbridgewortb
Wheathampstead
1600, Watford
irth-contury :
Bishop's Hatfield
Chipping Barnet
Great Berkbampstead
Hertingfordbury
King's Langley
Furneux Pelham
332
232233
72
141
19
141
18S
235
53
127
207
49
63
66
67
72
74-75
107
116
119
138
•43
«SI
191
203
206
207
243
132
28, 29
32
19.5'
96
148
43
5"
72
89
91
119
148
'9. 159
207-20S
226
119
133
3'
4>
>9. 72
96
'59
203
239
23'
'''^
96
19, 114
^ii
91
Monuments, funeral: cont'd.
Ai.TAK Tombs : cont'd.
ITth-ceiitury ; cont'd.
Ritkniansworth
Watford
St. Albans
EtBgies, see that title.
Floor Slabs :
14th-century :
Clothall
Hitchin
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgewortb
Tewin
Watton-at-Stone
15th-century, Watton-at-Stone
ITtb-century :
Albury
Aldenham
Anstey
Barkway
Benington
Bovingdun
Broxbourne ...
Bushey
Chipping Barnet
Digswell
East Barnet
Essendon
Gilston
Great Gaddesden
Great Wyraondley
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hertingfordbury
Kelshall ..."
King's Langjey
Knebworth
Little Berkbampstead
Little Gaddesden
Much Hadham
Newnham
Norton
Hickmansworth
St. Michael
Sandou
Shenley
Sbephall
Throcking
Wallington
Watton-at-Stone
Wheathampstead
Willian
Wormley
Wyddial
Sawbridgewortb
Mural :
13th-century, Brent Pelham ..
16th-century :
Aldbury
Braughing
Broxbourne
Furneux Pelham ...
Monken Hadley
Stanstead Abbots ...
Watford
Wheathampstead
c. 1600, Hunsdon
17th-century :
Anstey
Ardeley
Asbwell
Aspenden
Braughing
Broxbourne
Cheshuut
Digswell
170
231
185
81
119
197
'9, 203
19, 216
19. 234
•9. 234-235
«9
29
33
35
46
5«
66
72
75
80
86
87
87
92
lOI
10s
112
114
131
133
136
142
143
'53
160
170
193
198
206
221
226
23s
339
243
243
344
303
19, 70
3'
67
72
91
151
210
231
238
127, 128
35
36
39
41
67
72
77
86
IKDEX.
293
Monuments, funeral; cont'd.
MUKAL: cont'd.
17th-ceutury : cont'd.
Elstree
Essendon
Gilston
Hertingfordbury
Hitehin
Great Gaddesden ...
Hemel Hempstead ...
KimptoD
Kine'B Walden
Knebworth
Layston
Lilley
Little Gaddesdeu ...
Meesden
Monken Hadley
Nettleden
Norton
Pirton
Radwell
Rickmansworth
Rushden
Sacombe
St. Albans
Sandon
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth
Shephall
Stevenage
Therfield
Totteridge
Walkern
Ware
Watford
Weston
Wheathampstead
Wyddial
IStli-century, Sacombe ...
Recesses:
13th-century :
Ardeley
St. Albans
Hthcentury :
Baldock
Datchworth
Great Berkhampstead
Great Munden
Ippollitts
St. Michael
Wheathampstead
15th-century :
Baldock
Broxbourne
Little Munden
Much Hadham
Tewin
Slabs :
14th-century :
Baldock
Therfield
17th-century :
Cottered
Harpenden
St. Albans
231
FAOB
S7
S7
92
114
119
lOI
no
'32
136
'36
138
142
"43
150
'S'
155
160
161
162
166
170
176
177
185
198
201
203
206
213
218
222
224
227
i 232
237
238
244
177
191
36
185
45
85
96
104
'3°
, 192
239
45
72
148
'53
216
45
217
84
107
185
Monuments, funeral: cont'd.
Slabs .- cont'd.
ITth-ceutury : cont'd.
St. Michael
St. Peter
Stanstead St. Margaret's
Tring
St. Paul's Walden
see aho Floor Slabs.
Tombs :
14th-century :
Anstey
Bygrave
King's Langley
15th-century :
Aldbury ... ... ... ... 19
Ashwell
Sawbridgeworth
16th-century :
Cheshunt
St. Albans
17th-century :
Hunsdon
Standon
see also Brasses aJid Indents. Coffin Lids, and
Effigies, monumental.
Monumental Inscriptions, see Inscriptions.
Moor Park
Morcar, Earl
The Morris Cottage, Much Hadham
Morrison Family
Morrison:
Sir Charles, building begun by, and completed
by son
see also Moryson.
Mortain, Robert, Count of
Mortars:
Mediaeval, Sawbridgeworth Parish Church ...
15th-century :
Barkway, Newsell's House
Great Munden, Rowney Priory
Mortgrove, Hexton
Morton, Bishop of Ely, Palace of Hatfield
Moryson;
sir Charles, wife and sons, monument
Elizabeth, monument
see also Morrison.
Mosaic, 17th-century, Hatfield House, Bishop's
Hatfield
Mot, Robt., bellfounder
The Mount, Sandon
Moyne, arms
Much Hadham >5'-i55< 5°, 19,
Munchensy;
nionisia de ...
William de
Munden, Great,
Munden, Little,
Musselburgh
Mutford's Farm, Little Hormead
Myldemaye, Sir Walter, wife and son, monument
Mymms, North, see North Mymms.
Mynne;
Anna, see Boteler.
Helen, floor slab
John, of Hertingfordbury
Rob., floor slab ...
192
194
211-212
223
197
33
75
19. '33
. 30i 30-3'
39
19, 203
77
19, 185
19, 127
208
15, 20
lu
'54
231
232
II
203
47
104
25
21.53
see Great Munden.
see Little Munden.
23'
198
5S
110
'99
5'
20, 21, 22
12
12
207
•47
203
"4
234
"4
Napier, arms
Nasthyde, Great, see Great Nasthyde.
Naunton, Sir Rob
Navarre, King of, arms
1S3 Nedham, Jas.,
Neolithic Age
2u Net tracery
186 Nettleden
and son, inscription with arms
149
2
17
'55
294
INDKX.
New Hall, Ware
Newoat
Clement, citizen and mercer of
wife Mary, sons and daughters,
arms
Will., brass
Newmarket, Cambs
Newnham
Newnham Hall, Newnham
Newnham Hills
Newport, arms
Newport:
Juliii, inscription
Rob. :
Chapel, Furneauz Pelham, built
Tablet
HewsellS House, Barkway
Niohest
IS Chubcbis:
ISthcentury, St. Albans
14th century :
Aldbury
Baldock
IppoUitts
Little Munden
St. Albans
Stanstead St. Margaret's
15th-century :
Ashwell
Chipping Bamet
Graveley
Great JBerkhampstead
Great Munden
Hinxworth
Hitchin
IppoUitts
Letchworth
St. Michael
Stevenage
16th-century :
Little Wymondley
M««sden
Aldbury
.\nstey
Benington
Braughing
Buckland
Datchworth
Flaunden
Great Wymondley
Hitchin
I.ayston
Meesden
Redbourn ...
Reed
Rushden
St. Albans
Sandun
PAOB
22S
London,
brass and
by
'53
'53
•75
i55'S6, 17
156
3S
91
9'
90
91
47
185
31
45
130
14S
... 185, 186
212
39
80
92
96
104
116
"9
'3°
141
192
213
149
150
3«
35
5»
67
74
85
89
105
118
'.38
150
16S
170
176
178, 182, 185
198
NIohea; cont'd.
IN Churches : cont'd.
Sawbridgeworth 203
Tewin 216-217
Weetmill 237
Secular :
Braughing, Upp Hall 68
Cheshunt 78. 79
Codicote, The Bury 82
Sawbridgeworth, Pishiobury, near lake ... 204
Stanstead Abbots, Stanstead Bury 210
St. Michael '93
Ware 228,230
Wyddial Hall 245
Nicholas, Pope, taxation 9
Nicholas, Edw., mural tablet and floor slab ... t9^
Nicoll, arms 185
Nicoll, Kob., and wife Mary (Gape), monument 185
Nine Acres Wood, Cheshunt 80
Nodes family, floor slabs 206
Nodes:
Geo., and wife, monument 206
Geo., inscription 206
Jane, monument 206
Susan, monument 206
Noone or Nove (t), arms 87
Norbury. arms 31
Norcott Court, Northchurch 158
Norfolk, Howard, Duke of, arms 183
Norman Castles 11-12
Norman Conquest lo-ii
Norman Work:
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampstead Castle 97
St. Albans 177
North, arms 183
North MImms 158-150, 17, 19
North Mymms Park, North Mimms ... 23, 15S, 159
Northaw 156, 6, 9, 15
Northchurch 156-158, 5, 8, 9, 10, 24, 100
Norton 15,25,160
Norton:
Prior Rob., indent 184
Roger de. Abbot of St. Albans, see under
St. Albans.
Norton Street, Baldock 49
Nortonbury, Norton 160
Norway, King of, arms 186
Norwich, Herbert Losinga, Bishop of 155, 160, 168, 200
Nottingham 8
Nottingham, Finch, Earl of, arms 183
Now, Rob., floor slab 205
Nunneries:
site at Markyate Cell 150
St. Mary de'Pray 19
Sojnvell, St. Albans ... 205
Nunnery Farm, Cheshunt 77
Nuthampstead 160
Oakleigh Park, East Bamet
Oddingsells
Odsey
Otfa II., King of the Mercians ...
Offley
OfHey, Little, see Little Offley.
Oniey Place, Offley
The Old Bury, Stevenage
Old Clock School, Stanstead Abbots
The Old Cottage, King's Langley
Old Fold Farm, South Mimms
The Old George Inn, Kkleford ...
The Old Hall, Pirton
86
'3
...
10
8,8-
i6o-
9. '77.
161, 16
185
, 19
161
2'3
■214
211
206
;;:
164
245
165
The Old Market House, St. Albans 188
Old Minster, South Elmham, SuCf lo
Old Palace House, Chestnut 78
Old Park Lodge, Ashridge Park, Little Gad-
(Icsdcn ... ... ... ... ... ... 143
Old Parsonage, Great Munden 104
Old Ramerick, Ickleford 129
The Old Rectory, Caldecote 76
The Old Rectory, All Saints, Hertford in-ii2
The Old Rectory, Ware 229
Old Temple Bar, Theobalds Park, Cheshunt ... 79
The Old Vicarage, Willian 243
The Old Workhouse, Stevenage ... ... 214
INDEX.
295
Oldfelld, Rob., bell founder... 29, 76, 104, 107,
'32
Oldhalle, Sir John, Hunscion House built by...
Olives Farm, Hunsdon ...
Oolite, spc Barnack and other Oolites, under
Building Material.
Oratory, Little Gaddeaden
Orlebar, Judith, monument
Oriel Windows:
16 IH CENTURY :
Aldenham, Batler's Green
Great Berkhampstead, Berkhampsicad
PAOE
no, 127,
210, 223
128
1 28
'44
132
■?3
Place
9S
lokleford
129
Stanstead Abbots. Rye House, gatehouse
210
17th-century, Baldock "
45
Aldpnham, Delrow ...
3.1
Bishop's Stortfnrd
65
.«r« also Bay Windows.
Ormonde, Butler, Duke of. arms
183
Oswln, St., arms
181, 185, 186
Oudoby, John, rector of Flamstead, brass
89
Oughton River
25
Over family, floor slabs
133
Overbury, Will., and wife Isabelle, brass
141
Pace, John, inscription
89
Paine, Will., brass
8s
Pain's End, Anstey
35
Paintings:
ig-20
13THCENTUBY, IN CHURCHES:
Kimpton
132
Much Hadham
153
St. Albans 19
182-183, 186
14th CENTURY, IN CHUKCUES :
Abbot's Langley
28
St. Albans
19, 185, 186
15THCENTURY, IN CHURCHES:
Great Munden
104
Hemel Hempstead
110
Kelshall
131
Much Hadham
19. 153
Ridge
172
St. Albans 19.
183, 185, 186
St. Michael
192
16th-century :
Bishop's Ifetfield, Gatehouse, The Palace
62
Harpenden, Rothamsted
loS
Rovston, The Palace
175
St.' Albans
1S6
17th-century :
Braughing Parish Church
67
Datchworth, Hopper's Hall
8s
Layston, Alswick Hall
1.39
St. Albans
19, 18s
IN Churches :
Abbot's Langley
.. 19, 27-2S
Aldbury
3'
Aldenham
32. 5i
Ardeley
36
Bengoo, St. Leonard's
19,50
Braughing
67
Bushey
74
Cottered
84
Flamstead
19. 89
Flaunden
89
Pirton
162
Ridge
172
Royston
175
Rushden
176
St. Albans 16, 177,
183, 185, 186
St. Michael
192
Overmantels:
16th-century, Brookman's, North Mimms ...
17th-century :
Aldenham, Aldenham House
Brent Pelham Hall
Codicote, The Bury
Cottered, Cottered Lordship ...
Great Berkhampstead, Egerton House
Harpenden
Hoddesdon, The Grange
Little Offley. Offley
Rickmansworth, The Bury, and Crozley
Hall Farm ' :.
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Sawbridgeworth, Pishiobury
Wheathanipstead ...
17th or 18th-century, Stanstead Abbots, Rye
House, gatehouse
Harpenden, Rotham.sted
Letchworth Hall
St. Peter
Ware
Owles, Lnvston
Oxhey Chapel, Watford 18,
Oxhey Hall, Watford
Oxliey Place, Watford
PAOB
159
33
70
82
83
98
108, 109
126
161
"71
196
204
239. 240
210
loS
141
194
229
13')
231 232
232
231
Paintings: cont'd.
IN Churches : mnl'H.
St. Peter
104
Sarratt
[9, 201
Shephall
206
Throcking
221
Wheathampstead
239
Widford
19.241
Secular :
Furneux Pelham
90
Little Gaddesden House
144
Teniii, Queen Hoo
217
'ep alio Colour.
Palaces:
Bishop's Hatfield
21, 22, 58 1)2
Chcshunt. Theobald's Palace
78 70
King'.s Langley
... 21. 24. 13s
Much Hadharn
21, 154
Rovston
...23. '74-175
Palaeolitlilo Age
1-2
Pale Farm, King's Langley
'35
Palmer:
Elinor, in.soription
So
Rebecca, floor slab
205
Paneiiing:
ISth-centuhy :
23
Anstey Parish Chuich, porch
35
Baldock, gates
45
Bishop's Stortford Parish Church,
stalls, desks
quire-
63
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House
'44
Much Hadham Parish Church
'53
St. Albans Abbey Church
1S7
16TH-CKNTURY :
Ardeley, Ardeley Bury
36
Bishop's Stortford
6s
Furneux Pelham Hall
91
Great Hormead
103
Harpenden, Rothamsted, and Bowers
House 107-108
Hemel Hempstead
1 ID, III
Ridge
'73
Rushden, Julians
176
Sawbridgeworth
204,205
Stanstead Abbots
210
Wattonat-Stone, Watton PUee
J35
296
INDEX.
Panalllngi cont'd.
r. 1600:
Kimpton
Little Hadhum, Hadham HsU
St. Peter
IfiTH OR 17THCENTrRY :
Orpat Hormead. Hormead Hall
Hoddesdon
l7TH-CENTrRT :
Albury
Aldbiiry
Aldenham, Aldenham House
Ashwell End
Baldock
Barkway Manor House
Bavford Manor House
Barley. The Big House. Shaftenhoe End...
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Bi.shop's Stortford
Braughing
Brent Pelham Hall
Codicote. The Bury
Cottered, Cottered Lordship
Furneui Pelham Hall
Graveley. Chesfield Manor House
Oreat Hormead
fJreat Munden, High Trees Farm
Oreat Wymondley. Delamere House
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Hertford. All Saints
Hitchin 120, 121, 122,
Hoddesdon, The Grange
Knebworth House
Layston
Little Berkhampstead, The Gage
Little Hadham Parish Church, pews
Little Wymondley, Wymondley Priory
Monken Hadley, Hadley Priory
Much Hadham
North Mimmg Parish Church
Offley, Little Offley
Pirton
Redbourn, The Bull Hotel
Rickmansworth
Ridpe, Tyttenhanger
Royston
Royston Parish Church
St. Alban's Abbey Church 186, 189
St. Michael
St. Paul's Walden, Leggats End
St. Peter
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth, Crump's Farm
Sawbridgeworth Parish Church pews
Shcnley, ."Salisbury House
Standon, The Lordship
Stan«itead Abbots, Rye House
Tewin. The Rectory
Therfield, The Rectory, chapel
Thorley Hall ... '
Ware '
Watford, Caiisiobury ...
Wheathampstead
Wyddial Hall, Wyddial
Youngsbury, Standon ...
Jacobean, Watford, Cassiobury
17th or 18th century, Aspenden Hall, Aspenden
r. 1700, Alswick Hall, Layston
.\Idenham, Batler"s Green
Harpenden, Bowers House and Turner's
Hall
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Furneux Pelham Hall
Rcebworth House
'32
•45
194
102
126
29, 30
31
33
40
45
47
49
49
57, 5S
65
69
70
82
83
9'
93
■03
105
106
loS
1 12
123, 124
126
'37
'39
142
'45
'40
'5'
'54
159
161
164
169
'7'
172, 173
'75
'74
189-190
192
'97
'94. '95
196
202
204
203
205
20S
210
217
210
220
229
232, 233
240
245
221
232
41
'39
33
108
125
9'
'37
'5
Panelling: ront'd. paob
Little Gaddesden, John of Gaddesden's
House 144
Pulpits, fe that title.
St. Paul's, Walden '97
Wheathampstcad. Mackerye End 239
Pantiles, Sawbridgeworth, Great BeazlevR, roof 204
Pargetting; ... 24
Aldbury 3'
Aldenham 33
Ashwell 40
Gravelev 93
St. .Vlbans, The Old Queen's Inn 189
Sawbridgeworth, Three Mile Pond 204
Stevenage 215
Wheathanipstead, Cresswell Farm 240
-■'■r also IMasterwork.
Parishes, formation of 9
Park Street, Bishop's Hatfield 62
Parke, or I'vke, Will, and Ellen, brass 77
Parke:
.John, monument '6^
John, monument '66
Parker:
Elizabeth, brass 166
John, indent "9
Parliament Row, Hertford "3
Parre, Constance, wife of John, brass ... ... 77
Parrot's Farm, Croxley Green, Rickmansworth 172
Parsonage Farm, Barkway 47
Parsonage Farm, Great Hormead 103
Parsonage Farm, Rickmansworth '"'
Parsonage Farm, Sawbridgeworth 203
Parvises, Ioth-cknti'ry :
Ashwell 38, 39
Baldock 44
Braughing 67
Furneux Pelham 9°
Patmore Hall, Albury 29
Paul, St. 13
Paulinus, St 178
Peacock, Rich., and wife Elizabeth, slab ... 169
Peada 6
Peartree Farm, Bishop's Hatfield 53
Peasants' Revolt, 1381 15
Pecok, arms I92
Pecok, John, and wife, brass 19, 191-192
Pelagian Heretics 4
PeletOOt, sir Philip, brass 19, 234
Pemberton, .irms 183
The Pemberton Almshouses, St. Peter ... 194
Pemberton, Roger:
Almshouses founded 194
Brass of, wife and children 194
Penda 6
Pendley, Tring 15
Pendred:
Elizabeth, slab 142
.lohii. slab 142
Perlam, arms 164
Periam, Jane 164
Periwinkle Hill, B.irkw.iy 47
Perry Green, Much Hadham 155
Peryent, or Perient, arms 44,86
Peryent:
John, and wife, brass ... .. ... ... 86
John, brass 86
John, inscription ... ... ... ... ... 86
Peter, St. 153
PettitS' School, Sterenage 214
Pews, ."•(• Seating.
Philip li., of Macedon 3
Phylypp, John and .\lyce, tower built by ... 96
PlOkett or PigOtt, arms 49
PiOOt or Piggot or Prysot, arms ,. 226
IKDEX.
297
PAGE
Pigeon Houses:
Amwellbury, Great Amwell 95
Bishop's Stortford, now used as a lodge ... 66
SandoD, SandoD IJury ... ... ... ... I99
Widford, Widfordbury 241
PiggOtt, arms 226
PIggOtts' Farm, Bishop's Stortford 64
Pillars, Roman, base, Harpenden 107
Pirton 161165, 9, 13, 15, 16, 23, 25
Piscinae: 16
12TH-CENTTIRY :
Graveley 92
Sarratt 201-202
13TH-CENTTIRT :
Aldenham 33
Ardeley 36
Astou 42
Baldock 45
Barkway ... ... ... ... ... ... 46
Bishop's Hatfield 53
Digswell 86
Flaunden 89
Furneux Pelham 9'
Gilston 92
Graveley 92
Great Berkhampstead 96
Great Wymondley 105
Hertingfordbury 114
Kimpton 132
King's Langley 133
King's Walden 137
Layston 138
Much Hadham 153
Ridge 172
Royston 174
St. Stephen 196
Stanstead Abbots 210
Walkern 225
Watford 231
Welwyn 236
Wigginton 242
Hth-cbntuby :
Abbots Langley 28
Albury 29
Anstey 35
Ashwell 39
Baldock 45
Benington 51
Bishop's Hatfield 53
Bramfield 16
Buckland 74
Bygrave 75
Clothall 81
Cottered 84
Flamstead 89
Graveley 92
Great Amwell 95
Great Berkhampstead 96
Great Gaddesden loi
Great Munden 104
Hemel Hempstead no
Ippollitts 130
King's Walden 136
Knebworth l36-'37
Little Hadham 145
Little Munden 148
Long Marston 223
North Mimnis 159
Pirton 162
Redbourn 169
Rushden 176
Sacombe 177
St. Albans 186
SandoD 198
Piscinae: cont'd.
14TH-CENTUEY : COtU'J.
Sandridge
Shephall
Standon
Stevenage
Stocking Pelham
Tewin
Therfield
Thorley
Tring
Ware
Wheathampstead
c. 1400, Aldbury ...
ISth-centxjbv :
Barley
Bishop's Stortford
Broxbourne
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnet
Cottered
Great Gaddesden
Hemel Hempstead
Hitchin
Holwell
Ickleford
Kelshall
Lilley
Little Wymondley
Long Marston
Monken Hadley ...
Much Hadham ...
Northchurch
Puttenham
St. Michael
Sandon
Sarratt
Standon
Wallington
Ware
Watton-at-Stone
Weston
Wheathamstead
c. 1500, Hunsdon
16th-century :
Furneux Pelham
Widford
Aldenham
Ayot St. Lawrence
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Benington
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnet
Eastwick
Flamstead
Great Amwell
King's Walden
Little Hormead
Long Marston
Much Hadham
St. Albans
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth
Shephall
Standon
Stnnstead St. Margarets
Stevenage
Thorley
Welwyn
PIshiobury, Sawbridgeworth
Pit Dwellings, Arbury Banks, Ashwell, traces
nf. furiiiorly
Place Farm, Wheathampstead
Plague, Black Death, references to :
Ashwell Parish Church
PAOB
200
208
213
216
217
218
220
223
227
239
31
48
63
72
77
80
84
101
no
H9
127
129
'3'
142
M9
223
'5'
"S3
•57
161
166
192
198
ao2
208
226
227
235
237
239
1 28
9'
241
33
43
50
5'
77
80
87
89
95
'36
147
223
186
197
203
206
20.S
212
213
220
236
203 204
38
239. »40
3«, 39
9P
298
Da>EX.
Plague, Block Death, references to : cont'd.
North Minims
St. Albans Abbey
Plasterwork, orDamental :
Abbot's Langley, The LavMi
Albury
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
BrickendoD. The Walnuts
Datchworth
Harpenden
Hemel Hempstead
Hertford, All Saints
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
King's Langley
Much Hadham, Buckler's Farm
St. Albans
St. Michael
Shenley, Salisbury Hotise
Stanstead Abbots, The 'Red Lion' Inn ...
Ware, house
set also Ceilings, Fireplaces, Mantelpieces and
Chimneypieces, and Pargetting.
Plate, Church:
Alms Dishes, Post-R«formation :
Bishop's Hatfield
Great Berkhampstead
Sandon
Tewin
Watford
Wormley ...
Cover Patens, see Patens below.
Chalice, possibly foreign, St. Peter
Crps:
1514, Aldbury
1508. Codicote
1559, Rickmansworth
16th-century :
St. Albans
St. Stephen
Post-Reformation :
Albury
Aldenham
Ashnell
Aston
Ayot St. Lawrence
Baldock
Barley
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Benington
Bishop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Bramfield
Brent Pelham
Broxbourne
Bushey
Caldecote
Cheshunt
Chipping Barnet
Cottered
Datchworth ...
East Barnet
Essendon
Flamstead
Flaunden
Gilston
Great Am well
Great Berkhampstead
Great Gaddesden
Great Munden
Hemel Hempstead
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hertingfordbury
Hitchin
loS.
PAGE
17
14
23
28
29
64
68, 69
71
85
109
III
112
125
135
«5S
1S8, 189
192
205
211
229230
53
96
198
216
231
243
194
3>
81
170
186
196
29
33
39
42
43
45
48
50
51
53
63
66
70
72
75
76
77
80
84
85
86
87
89
96
92
95
96
101
104
110
12-113
114
119
Plate; cont'd. page
CfPS : cont'd.
Post-Reformation : cont'd.
_ Hunsdon 128
IppoUitts 130
Kimpton 132
Knebworth 137
Layeton 138
Letchworth 141
Lilley 142
Little Berkhampstead 142
Little Gaddesden I43
Long Marston 223
Meesden 150
Monkon Hadley 151
Much Hadham 153
Newnham 156
North Mimms 159
Northaw 156
Norton 160
Pirton 162
Putt«nham 166
Radwell i66
Redlioiirn ... ... ... ... ... 169
Rickmansworth 170171
Royston 174
Sacombe 177
St. Albans 186
Sandon 198
Stevenage 213
Thorley 220
Tewin 217
Totteridge 222
Tring 223
Ware 227
Watford 231
Welwyn 236
Westmill 237
Weston 237
Wheathampstead 239
Widford 241
Wigginton ... ... ... ... ... 24a
Flagons, Post-Refobmation :
Bushey 75
Cheshunt 77
Digswell 86
Flamstead 89
Gilston 92
Hertingfordbury 114
Hitchin 119
Little Gaddesden 143
Monken Hadley 151
Rickmansworth 170
Sacombe 177
St. Albans 186
St. Paul's Walden 197
Stevenage 213
Tewin 216
Therfield 218
Watford 231
Wheathampstead 239
Wormley 243
Patens and Cover Patens, Post-Refobma-
tion :
Ardeley 36
Ashwell 39
Aston 42
Ayot St. Lawrence 43
Baldock 45
Bengeo, St. Leonard's 50
Benington ... ... ... ... ... 51
Bishop's Hatfield 53
Bramfield 66
Broxbourne 72
Bushey 75
Caldecote 76
IKDEX.
299
Plate: cont'd.
Patens and Covek Patens,
TION : cont'd.
Che8hunt ...
Codecote
Cottered
Datchworth
Digswell
Essenden
Flamstead
Flaunden ...
Gilston
Great Amwell
Hertingfordbury
Hitehin
Hunsdon
Ippollitts ...
Kelshall .' .■"
Knebworth ',
Layston
Letchworth
Little Berkhampstead ...
Meesden
Monken Hadley
Much Hadham ...
Newnham ...
Northaw
Pirton "
Radwell
Redbourn ...
Rickmansworth
Royston
Sandon
St. Albans
St. Paul's Walden
St. Peter ...
Sarratt
Stevenage ...
Tewin
Thorley
Ware
Watford ...
Wei wyn
Westmill ... ]'] ['[
Weston '
Wheathampstead
widford ;;;
Wigginton '"
Salvers, Post-Reformation •
Barley
Layaton
Little Berkhampstead
Rickmansworth
Post-Reformation :
Anstey
Braughing
The Platts, Watford ..
Plomer:
Ann, monument
Mary, monument ... ..,
Sir Will., monument
Plumbe, Dame Margaret, brass '.
The Pondyards, St. Michael
Ponthjeu or Castile, arms ..
Poor-boxes :
c. 1600, Sawbridge worth ...
ITth-century :
Datchworth
Hunsdon
The Poor House, Welwyn
Porches, Timber:
15TH-CENTUBY, IN CHUECHES:
Hunsdon
Ippollitts []
Little Hadham ]'
Stanstead Abbots
Post-Refoema-
77
8i
84
8S
86
88
89
90
92
95
1X4
119
:28
130
13'
137
138
141
142
150
'5J
I S3
156
156
162
166
169
170, 171
174
198
186
197
194
202
213
216
220
227
231
336
237
237
239
241
242
48
'38
142
171
35
67
232-233
166
17
166
244
■93
78
203
85
128
236
127
'3°
144. 145
209, 210
Porches, Timber; cont'd.
i'th^cent;^^;^^"-''' ''''' o''' ^-""^e ...
Albury, Albury Lodge
Brickendon, Bridgeman House
Housf"''''""''"^*''' '^^^ ^"""^ ^""^
Wormle' ""^"'^ °^ """"^^n balustrlide '.'.'.
Porters Parl< Farm, Ridge
p^^^l^1f S^kuc^hrn"'''^ ^-'"^^-^ ^-"'''-
Portugal, King of, arms
pStter'^?""*^' Ecclesiastical Architecture
Great Wymondley
Late Celtic period ...
Roman ...
Pound Farm, icklefo'rd
Powdering Closet, Benington Rectory W'
Poydres, Rob., and Alice, brass
Poynard, Rob., wives and children, brass
foyntz, i>ran., monument
Pratt:
Symond and Joan, inscription ...
Will., monument
Prehistoric Remains:
Hexton, Ravensburgh Castle ... c 21;
Redbourn, The Auberrs, or Aubreys '
Pre-Norman Earthworks
Presbytery, St. Albans Abbey Church 178
Prestley, Will., monument ^ '
Preston
The Priest's House, Benington *.
Priories: ^
Great Munden, Rowney Priory
Hitehin
Markyafe Cell, on site of
Ware ...
Wymondley
The Priory, Rickmansworth
The Priory, Royston
The Priory, Ware
Prlorswood Cottages, Ware
Prysot, arms
Puckerldge, Braughing
Puckeridge, Great Munden
Puckerldge, Standon
Puddingstone, see under Building Material.
14th-century, Graveley
15th-century, Much Hadham ...
16TH-CENTUEY :
Hitehin
Knebworth
Stanstead Abbots, standard for canopy
Walkern
16th and 17th century, Layston
17TH-CBNTURY:
Albury
Ashwell
Afiton
Barley "'
Bishop's Stortford ... ... .,,
Bushey '"
Codicote
Great Amwell ... "'.
Great Munden
King's Langley
Little Hadliam
Long Marstou
North Mimms '
Norton '[
Puttenham
Ridge, Tyttenhanger, chapel ...
St. Michael
.14
13. 14
PAGE
233
30
71
142
233
243
172
124
186
IS-19
106
3
4.5
129
52
46
127
198
2'3
II4-II5
S, 166
5-6
179180
87
16s
52
104
1 19-120
150
228-229
'4
171
228-229
228
226
69
104, 23
209
18
7. 19, 92
■54
18, 119
«37
210
18, 225
»3S
29
39
4»
48
63
^f
95
104
in
•45
223
'59
160
166
■73
192
8pa
300
INDEX.
PutpitS! cont'd. FAOB
17TH-CKSTURY : cont'd.
SaodoD , . 198
Sarratt 202
Satrbridgeworth 203
Totteridge 222
Ware 227
Watford 231
Wheatbampstead 239
Wormley 243
Bygrave. Diodern, incorporating few traceried
heads from 15tb-centiiry screen 75
Lilley ' 142
Rovston 174
Pultir: ^
John, indent 119
John, inscription 119
[Litton], inscription 83
Pulter: cont'd. ^^°*
Lucia, brass "9
Will., indent "9
Puncharden Hall, Willian 248
Punches Cross ■ •• ^S
Purbeck Marble, see under Building Material.
Purchase or Thwaites, arms 87
Purveye, arms *43
Purveye, Will., and wife, Dorothy, monument ... 243
Purwell Mill, Great Wymondley 5. "oS
Puttenham 165166, 17, 18
Pye Corner, Gilston 92
Pygott, Tlios., brass 2'°
Pyke, tee Parke.
Pym, Will., floor slab 160
Pyrry, Will., and wives, and sons, and daughter,
brass «27
Queen Hoo, Tewin ...
Queen Street, Hitchin
217, 23 Queenbury, Eeed
124-125 'Quia Emptores,' statute of, 1290
170
14
RadClifTe, arms
Radcliffe family, monuments
RadClifTe:
Edw., monument
Ralph, monument
Ralph, monument
Sir Edw., monument
Radlett, Aldenham
Radnor, Robartes, Earl of, arms ...
Radwell
Rain-water heads:
ITlH-CENTURY :
.\ldenh.Tni, Delrow House
Bishop's Hatfield. Hatfield House ...
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory and Stan-
borough House
Offley, Little OfBey
Wyddial, Corney Bury
18th-century, Buntingford
Rain-water pipe, ITth century, the Manor
House, Little Gaddesden
Ralph, Bifihop of Rochester, lee under
Rochefiter.
Ramerldge, Kimpton
Ramryge, Thos., Abbot of St. Albans, tet under
St. Albans.
Ransom, Mr., of Hitchin
Raven, .John, brass
Ravensburgh Castle, Ueiton 5, 2
Ravenscroft Almshouses, see the Jesus Hos
pital.
Ravenscroft:
Geo., floor slab
Jas., almshouses. Chipping Barnet, built by..
Thos., tomb
Rawdon family, floor slabs
Rawdon House, now St. Monica's Priory, Hod
desdon
Rawdon, Sir Marmaduke :
House built by, 1622
Stone conduit head given to Hoddesdon
Recesses:
.. iL-im, nigswell P.irish Church
12th-century, Long Marston New Church ..,
ISth-ckntu'ry, in Churchss :
Bishop's Hatfield
Long Marston
120
119
119
119
119
119
5. 25. 31
1S3
166
33
S7
161
*4S
14a
«43
132
106
96
5. 114 115
80
80
80
72
loS, 125
125
126
86
223
S3
223
Recesses: cont'd.
14TH-CKNTURy, IN CHUECHBS :
Flamstead
Long Marston
Widford
Willian
15TH-CKNTUKY, IN CHURCBBS :
Akibury
Digswell
East Barnet
Ware
Watford
16TH-CE.NTURY :
Knebworth Parish Church
Wattonat-Stone, Watton Place
IN Chtjbches :
Flamstead
Flaunden
Great Amwell
Great Wymondley
Much Hadham
St. Albans
Sarratt
ShephaU
Therfield
Ware
Secular :
Hunsdon House, Hunsdon, wall, blocked...
King's Langley, Friary
Manor House, The, Little Gaddesden, seat
Wheatbampstead Place Farm
xpf also under Monuments, funeral.
The Rectory, Much Hadham
The Rectory, farm and moat, Pirton
The Rectory, Tewin
The Rectory, Therfield
Rectory Road, Rickmansworth
Red Granite, see Granite, under Building
Material.
Redbourn ... 166-169, 5. 6, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18,
Redbournbury, Redbourn ...
Rede, Sir Rich., wife and children, brass
Redvers, arms
Reed )
Reed Hall, Reed
Religious Houses
Reliquary, Anstoy Pariah Church
Rennesley Garden Wood, Standen
Rentstreet Farm, Bovingdon
88
333
341
243
3»
86
86-87
227-228
231
136
23s
f9
89
95
105
iS3
180
202
206
218
338
128
«34
144
340
IS4
163
217
218-219
17"
23 24, 193
169
169
87
169-170, 10
170
, '314
3S
309
66
INDEX.
301
Reredoses;
14th-century, Wheathampstead
15th-century:
Great Munden
St. Albans
17th-ceDtury, Oxhey Chapel, Watford ..
Flaunden Old Church, traces
Revel's Hall, Bengeo
Rib, River ...
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, see Cornwall.
Richard of Wailingford, Abbot of St. Albans,
see under St. Albans.
Richard I
Richard II.:
Arms ...
Standard bearer
Richard of Cirencester
Richmond, Conan, Earl of, see Brittany and
Richmond.
Rickmansworth, Urban and Rural
Ridge
RIdware, arms
Roads, British and Roman ...
Robartes, Earl of Radnor, see Radnor.
Robert, Count of Mortain, see Mortain.
Robert, Will., wife and sons, brass
Robins, Will., wife and children, brass
Robin Hood House, Little Gaddeeden
Robinson, Robynson;
John, monument
John, slab
Tho3. and wife, inscription
Will, and wives, monument
Rochester, Ralph, Bishop of ...
Rofford (RofTorde), Will., bellfounder
Roger, Hermit, tomb recess
Rolt, Sir Thos., monument
Roman Cement, see under Building Material.
Roman Occupation
Roman Remains:
Barrows, see Burial Mounds under Earthworks.
Building Material :
Aldenham, Boyden's Hill
St. Albans Abbey Church
Brick Quoin.s and Arche.s :
Great Gaddesden
St. Albans
St. Michael
St. Stephen
Sandridge lo, i
see also under Brick.
Cemetery, Wickhams
Dwelling Houses:
Abbot's Langley, King's Langley
Bovingdon
Boxmoor, Hemel Hempstead
Great Wymondley
Sarratt
Standon, Youngsbury ...
Stanstead Abbots
Welwyn
Wigginton
Foundations, Larks Field, Braughing
Kilns, see that title.
Pottery, «ee that title.
Roads :
Colchester and Bishop's Stortford
Biggleswade
Harpenden, traces
Miscellaneous :
Braughing
Harpenden
Hitchin
St. Stephen Parish Church
... 23S, 239
104
186
232
89
50
6, 206, 20S, 221
14
133. 'S2
86
... 170-172, 2
172 173, 9, 20
183
25-26
86
196
142
77
33
86
77
81, 115
... 132. 237
18s
177
^i
16
10,
100
10,
■77
10,
191
10,
■95
7. 199.
200
4
45
<t
, 27
4
,66
41.
109
4,
los
4, 200-201
4.
206
4
4,
23s
4.
241
4
.69
to
25-26
4
107
69
107
117
196
Roman Remains: cont'd.
Tiles, see that title.
Verulam
Romano-British period
Rood beam, St. Albans Abbey Church
Rood lofts:
Buckland, corbels for former
Doors and Doorways :
Ashwell
Baldock
Barkway
Benington ...
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Bygrave
Cheshunt ...
Cottered
Great Gaddesden
Great Wymondley
Hitchin
Hunsdon
Ippollitts
King's Walden
Knebworth
Little Munden
Much Hadham
Norlhchurch
Norton
Redbourn
St. Michael
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Thorley
Walkern
Wallington
Ware
Watford
Westmill
Wormley
Stairs and Stair Turhets :
Ardeley
Baldock, replaced by small modern porch.
Benington
Braughing
Broxbourne
Bygrave
Cottered
Flamstead
Great Berkhampstead
Great Wymondley
Hinxworth
Hunsdon
Ickleford
Kelshall
Layston
Letchworth
Little Munden
Much Hadham
Norton
Reed
Rushden
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Thorley
Tring
Walkern
Ware
Wormley
Rood Screens, see Screens.
Roofs :
Vaulted :
Ashwell Parish Church, tower
Ashridge, Little Gaddesden, cellar
Braughing Parish Church
Cheshunt, The Great House
Hitchin Parish Church, porch
FAGS
J, I90-I9I
3-5
187
l8>
74
39
44
46
51
63
67
75
77
83
loi
105
118
127
■3°
'35
■ 36
1 48
'52
'57
160
168
191
202
207
220
224
226
a27
231
236
243
36
44
5'
67
72
75
S3
88
96
105
116
127
129
130
'3S
141
147. 148
'52, 153
160
169
176
202
207
220
224
222
227
243
39
'43
67
78
'5. '18
302
INDEX.
Roof* I cont'd .
Vault«D : cont'd.
HuDsdoii, Hunsdon House, cellar
Hunsdon Parish Church
St. Albans Abbey Church 178,179,180,182,
Walkern
15TH-CBNTCRV, CHUBCHES :
Braughing, plaetered panels
Datchworth
Great Wymondley
WoOD«N :
14th-ceatury :
in Churches :
Ashwell
Hitchin 17, ii"-
King John's Bakehouse, King's
Langley
Sandon
Shephall
Medieval :
Barley, Mincinbury, barn
Wymondley Priory, Little Wymondley,
barn
Westmill Burv, barn
Wyddial, Wyddial Hall
ISthceutury :
in Churches :
Abbot's Langley
Albury
Aldennam ...
Anetey
Ardelev
Ashwell
Aspenden ...
Aston
Benington
Bishop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
ltr<ixboiirne
Buckland ...
Bushey
Cottered ...
DigsweU
Elstree
Flamstead
Furneux Pelham
Graveley
Great Amwell
Great Gaddesden
Hemel Hempetead
Helton
Hitchin
Kelshall
King's Walden
Knebworth
Letchworth
Little Gaddesden
Little Hadham
Long Marston
Much Hadham
Newnham ...
Offley
Puttenham
Eoyston
Rushden
St. Michael
St. Stephen
Sandon
Sarratt
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead Abbots
Stanstead St. Margarets
Stevenage ...
Tewin
Therfield
PAGE Roofs; cont'd.
Wooden : cont'd.
128 15th-century: cont'd.
127 in Churches: cont'd.
185, 187 Walkern
224 Wallington
Ware
Watford
Watton-at-Stone
Welwyn
Westmill
Wigginton
Wormley
Secular :
Bishop's Hatfield, Palace
Cheshunt, The Great House
Cottered Lordship
Hitchin 121, 122,
Little Gaddesden, John of Gaddes-
den's House
Little Hadham, Clintons
Thorley Hall
Ware
16th or 16th-century, Churches :
Kimpton
Tring
16th-century :
in Churches :
Digswell
Hunsdon
Royston
Stapleford
Secular :
Barley, The Town House
Buntingford
Great Berkhampstead
Much Hadham, The Palace
Redbourn, Rcdbournbury
Royston
Sandon
Stevenage, Grammar School
Watford, Tithe Barn
Watton-at-Stone, Watton Place
17th-century :
Ayot Place, Ayot St. Peter, decorated
beam
Buntingford
Harpenden
Bramfield
Great Hormead Parish Church
Little Hormead Parish Church
Northchurch Parish Church
Offley Parisli Church
Rickmansworth, Croxley Hall Farm
Ridge Parish Church
Widford Parish Church
Pyramidal :
Benington Parish Church, tower
Sandon Parish Church, tower
Sandon, Pigeon House
Sarratt l':irish Church, gabled
Rooks Nest, Walkern
Rose Hall Farm, Sarratt
Rothamsted, Harpenden 23, 107-
' Rotten Row,' Braughing
Round, J. H
Rowbottom, arms
Rowhenny, Great Munden
Rowlatt, arms
Rowlatt:
Ann, inscription
Ann, floor slab
.4nne, brass ...
21^ Francis
216 John
217 Mary, brass
18,
67
IDS
39
118, 118
134
17, 198
206
49
149
237
245
27
28
32
35
36
39
41
42
SI
S3
63
67
72
74
18,74
83
86
87
88
90
92
95
loi
iio
116
8, 118
"31
134
'36
141
■43
'45
223
■53
156
161
166
■74
■76
191
196
198
201
203
210
211
18, 165
224
226
227
231
234
236
237
242
243
60
77-78
84
123, 124
144
146
220
229
132
222
86
■27
174
212
48
'39
100
■54
169
'75
■99
24
233
235
44
'39
108
66
102
■47
■57
161
172
■72
241
SI
198
'99
201
22$
202
108, 125
69
II
'S3
13
'85
46
46
70
70
46
70
INDEX.
303
Rowlatt: cont'd.
Marger\', fre Maynard.
Ralph, merchant of the staple of Calais,
brass
Rowney Priory, Great Munden
Roxford Farm, Hertingfordbury
Royal Arms, see under Heraldry.
Royston ... i73-'75. 4, 6, 7. '3
'4>
16, 19, 23.
131, 169, 2
Royston Cave
Royston Heath
Royston Priory
Rudd, John, rector of Shephall, tablet, 1640...
PAGE
1 84
104
114
25, 26.
19. 230
5
175
206
Rudston, Rob., monument, 1642
Ruggewyn, John, inscription to, 1412, and wife
Rusil Green, Great Munden
Rushden
Russell, arms
Russell, Duke of Bedford, fee. Be<lford.
Russell, Elizabeth, wife of Will., Lord Russell
of Thornhaugh, tomb. IGU
Rustling End, Little, see Little Rustling End.
Rutland, Thos., indent, 1521
Rye House and Moat, Stanstead Abbots 22, 2
Rye House Plot
PAOB
107
207
26, 104
"79. 2
231
231
184
, 211
210
Sacombe
176.177
Sadleir family, Dinsley held
by, until
1712 '.'.'.
165
Sadleir:
Anne, see Coke.
Ralph
208
Sir Ralph :
Dinsley granted to
16s
The Lordship, Standon, built by, 1546
22, 208
Tomb, d. 1587
207
Rich., tomb
20S
Sir Thos., tomb, d. 160G, and wife .
207
Saffron Walden, Essex
12
St. Albans: ... 177-190, 3, 4
, 6,"7, 8,'
8-9, 10, r
5. '4, i6,
17, iS, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 166,
169, 172,
191, 192,
193. 194
■ 195. 199,
200, 205
Abbey:
Architectural description
178-183
Arms
So, 182
Cells
13
Fittings
183-187
Historical development
177-178
Monastic buildings
187
Abbots :
Berkhampstead, John of :
16
Indent
183
Caen, Paul of:
177
Work on St. Albans
180
Cella, John de :
16
Work on St. Albans
177, 181
Churches of St. Peter, St.
Michael,
and St
Peter built, c. 950 ...
Eversdon, Hugh of:
181
Indent
183
Work on St. Albans
17S
Hertford, John de
i6
Heyworth, Will., arms ...
i8s
La Mare, Thos. de :
•9
Brass
19,
177, 1S3
Great Gatehouse built
by"
1S7
Screen probably built
by
186
Maryns, John de :
Indent
183
Work on St. Albans
178
Mentmore, Michael :
Brass
'83
Work on St. Albana
178
Norton, R(^er de
16
Ramryge, Thos. :
Tomb
• • 19, 177,
179, 1S5
Work on St. Albans
1 78
Stoke, John, indent
• t .
183
Trumpington, Will., of :
I'e
Work on St. Albans
177.
179, 182
Tyttenhangcr formerly property of .
21, 172
Wallingford :
Rich.:
178
Slab, with indents
1S3
Work on St. Albans
178
II2-II3,
St. Albans: cont'd.
Abbots : cont'd.
Wallingford : cont'd.
Will., reredos built by
Wheathampstead, John of:
Tomb and chantry chapel
Work on St. Albans
Wulsin :
St. Albans established by, c. 950
St. Albans, Ist Duke of
St. Albans, battles of, 1455, 1460
St. Andrews Street, Hertford
St. Andrew, Urban, Hertford
St. Clare, barony
St. Clare, Hamo de
St. Germain's Block, Verulam
St. Giles In the Wood
St. John, Urban and Rural, Hertford ..
St. John's Pelham, Furneux Pelham ..
St. Joseph's, Bishop's Stortford
St. Julian's Farm, St. Stephen
St. Margaret le Thele
St. Margarets
St. Mary the Great, Hertford
St. Mary Magdalene Hospital, Clothall
St. Mary de Pray
St. Mary the Virgin, Little Wymondley
St. Michael's Manor House
St. Michael (St. Albans)
St. Monica's Priory, Hoddesdon
St. Paul's Cathedral, see under London,
St. Paul's Walden 196-197,8,17,18
St. Peter's Street, St. Albans 8
St. Peter's Street, St. Peter 194
St. Peter, Urban and Rural (St. Albans) «93-i9S,9, 17, 19
... 178, 186
«7, 155.230
19. 177. "79. «85
178
19'. «93. "95
8
183
14
113
9, 20
13
13
190
13
113-114
91
64
13, 196
9
15, 17
112
45
'3. >9
148-149
192
'90I93. 9. '6
... loS, 125
St. Stephen's Hill
St. Stephen (St. Albans)
Salisbury:
Cecil, Earl of, arms
Maud, Countess of
Rob. Cecil, 1st Earl of:
Tomb
Earl of, house at Bushey
3rd Marquess of
Seth Ward, Bishop of:
Almshouses, Buntingford
Arms
Tablet erected to parents
Salisbury Chapel, Bi.thop'e HatSeld
Salisbury House and Moat, Shenley
Samwel, John, wives and son, brass
Sancroft, Will., Archbishop of Canterbury, set
under Canterbury.
Sanders, Dame Agnes, monument 53
Sandon 198-199,17,25
Sandonbury, Sandon 198-199
Sandridge 199-200,5,9,10,15,17,26
Sandwich, Montagu, Earl of, arms 1S3
•95
195-196,9, 16, 18,25
"83
205
53
53
21
55
• 140
140
4«
'8. 53
23, 205-206
161
304
msKX.
PAGE
Sarcophagus, Roman, HarpeDden 107
Sarratt 200202, 4, 16, 20, 233, 234
Sarratt Bottom Farm, Sarratt 200
Saunders;
Joliri, boUfouiider ...
Tluis., of Beechwood, almshouses built by
Sawbridgeworth 202-205, 13, 17, '9
Saxaye, arms 210
Saxaye, Will., brass
Saxon work
Dagliiignorlh, Glos.
Little Munden
Northchurch
Reed
St. Albans
South Elmham, Buff
Walkern
Westmill
Say, arms
Say:
Sir John and wife, tomb, and brasses
Sir Will. :
Chapel, Broxbourne Parish Church
Tomb
Sayer Almehouses, Great Berkhampstead
Sayer, John, chief cook to Charles II. :
Almshouses founded by
Berkhampstead Place held by
Tomb ...
Saywell, John, rector of Watton-at-Stone, slab
Scales or Exchallers family, now Challers
Scales Park, Nuthampstead
Schoolhouse Lane, St. Albans, formerly
Schools:
9th-ceiitury, St. Albans
Mediteval, Standon Endowed School
16th-centl'ry :
Aldenham
Chipping Barnet, Queen Elizabeth's Gram-
mar School
Great Berkhampstead Grammar School
Stevenage
I7Tn-CENTUEY :
Ayot St. Lawrence School House
Buntingford Grammar School, now The
Court 20, 21, 139
Cheshunt, Dewhurst School 20, 21, 79
Hertford, All Saints, Hale's Grammar
School 21, 112
Hertford, Christ's Hospital School for
Girls 20, 113-114
Hertingfordbury, The Infants' School
Stanstead Abbots, The Old Clock School.
Ware, Blue Coat School
W^atford, The Free School
Scotland, King of, arms
Scott, Sir Gilbert
Screens:
Iron, in Churches:
c. 1700, Knebworth
18th-century, Bishop's Hatfield
Stone, in Churches:
14th-century :
St. Albans
Sandridge
15th-century :
Aldbury
St. Albans
Wooden:
1.3th-century, Gilston Parish Church
LOth-century, in Churches :
Albury
Aldenham
Anstey, remains
Ashwell
132
89
310
10
10
10
10
10
181
ID
10
10
72,87
19, 7>, 72
72
72
98
98
98
96
23s
«3
160
188
20, 21
20
208
20
80
20, 100
20, 214
43
20,
114
211
21,
230
233
186
178
23
J36
53
17,
18,
186
200
3C
18, 178,
'.31
186
18
• '7.91
1,92
29
33
35
39
Screens: cont'd.
WooDE.N : cont'd.
15th-century, in Churches : cont'd.
Baldock
Barley, tracery from, incorporated
modern chancel stalls
Bishop's Slortford
Brent Pelham
Bushey
Flamstead
Graveley ..
Great Amwell, traceried doors ...
Great Berkhampstead
Hitchin
Hunsdon
Ickleford
IppoUitts
Kolshall
Kimpton
King's Walden
Little Munden
Long Mnrston
Much Iladham
Redbourn
St. Paul's Walden
Sandon
Sawbridgeworth
Shephall
Stanstead Abbots
Stevenage
Walkern
Wallington
Ware
Willian
16th-century, in Churches :
Aston
Digswell
Little Hadham
Stanstead Abbots
c. 1600, Hunsdon Parish Church
17th-century :
in Churches :
Hunsdon
Little Gaddesden
Wheatharapstead
Wyddial
Secular :
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Great Munden, High Trees Farm
Knebworth House
Letchworth Hall
18th-century, St. Paul's Walden
in Churches :
Bygrave
St. Stephen
Stevenage
WelvNyn
Willian
Scroggs:
John, wife and child, brass
John, and wife Eliz., slab
Seale, arms
Seale, Margery, see Maynard.
Seating, in Churches :
14th-century, Flamstead
Mediseval, Wallington
15th-century :
Caldecote
Knebworth
Layeton
Letchworth
Much Hadham
OfBey
c. 1500, Norton
PAGE
45
48
63
70
75
89
92
96
18, 117, 119
128
129
130
131
18, 132
136
148
223
152. «S3
18, 169
197
198
203
206
210
213
225
226
228
243
42
86
145
210
127, 128
18, 127, 128
143
18, 239
..18,244-245
105
57
137
141
18
75
196
ai3
236
243
29
29
18s
iSs
18
89
226
76
136
138
141
'53
161
190
INDEX.
305
Seating, in Churches : cont'd.
15th or I6TH-CENTURV :
Great Wymondley
St. Michael
16th-century :
Benington
Little Hadham
Sawbridgeworth
Westmill
17TH-CENTURy :
Gilston
Puttenham
Throcking
Wheathampatead
Wyddial
Buntingford Chapel of Ease
Little Gaddeaden
Puttenham
Sarratt
Shenley
see also Bench Ends and Stalls.
Seat, stone, Sandridge Parish Church
Sebert, King of the East Saxons ...
Secret Chamber, Markyate Cell, Markyate
Secret Passage, Shenley, Salisbury House
Secular Architecture
Sedlllae:
13TH-CBNTURy :
Benington
Furneux Pelham
Walkern
14TH-0ENTURY :
Ashwell
Baldock
Cottered
Flamstead
Redbourn ..
St. Albans
Sandon
Thorley
Ware
c. 1400, Aldbury
15TH-CENTDRY :
Cheshunt
Therfield
Watton-at-Stone
Anstey
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Flamstead, recess
Great Amwell ...
North Mimms
St. Albans Lady Chapel
Sedley, Will., mural tablet
Segebert, King of the East Saxons
Sell, John, inscription
Settles, see under Furniture.
Shackles, St. Peter Parish Church
Shaftenhoe, Barley
Shaftenhoe End, Barley
Shalcrosse, Eliza and Fran., tablets
Sheere, arms
Sheere, Mary, widow of Arthur, floor slab
Shelley, Margaret, brass
Shenley 205-206,7,
Shephall
Sheppard, Timothy, monument ...
Sherrards, Much Hadham
Shields, see under Heraldry.
Shonks, Piers
Shotbolt, Thos., wife and children, brass
Shrines, 14th-century pedestal, St. Albans
Abbey Church
Shutters:
13th-century, Furneux Pelham Parish Church
rebates and hooks for
105
192
51
145
203
237
92
166
221
239
245
'39
'43
160
202
205
200
6
150
205
21-24
5'
91
224
39
45
84
89
169
186
19S
220
228
31
77
21S
235
35
50
89
95
159
178
86
6
39
194
49
48
86
243
243
127
14. 23
206
136
154
19, 70
36
17, 187
90
Shutters: cont'd.
16th-century, Aldenham Parish Church
Rebate for, garden walk, Theobald'e Palace...
Sicily, King of, arms
SIgar, Hermit, tomb recess
Six Hills, Stevenage
Skeat, Professor
Skeffington, arms
Skelton, Agnes, inscription plate
Sklffington, Sir R., monument
Skinner, John and Ralph, monuments
Sklpwith (?), arms
Skynner Almshouses, Hitchin
Slab, Ickleford Parish Church Chapel, face to
wall
Slad:
Sandridge ...
Wheathampstead
Slatholme, Will., doctor of physics, monument
Smart's Wood
Smith, Worthington G., factory of Paleeolithic
implements found at Cadilington
Snow, arms
Snow, Sir Jeremiah, Salisbury House, Shenley,
owned and rebuilt
Soame, Sir Thos. :
Floor slab
Part of Throcking Church Tower built
Somer, Thos. and Marjory, brass, c. 1380
Sopwell
Sopwell Hall, see Sopwell House.
Sopwell House
Sopwell Nunnery
South Elmham, see Elmham, South.
South Mimms
South Street, Bishop's Stortford
Southwell, Sir Rob., Master of the Rolls
Sparke, Arthur, floor slab, with arms ...
Spencer, John, monument ...
Spires, Church:
Broach, Wheathampstead
Copper covered :
North Mimmfl
Widford
Great Berkhampstead
Lead-covered :
Ashwell
Asponden
Baldock
Biehop's Stortford
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Flamstead
Cottered
Gilflton
Hertingfordbury
Hemel Hempstead
King's Langley
Knebworth
Little Munden
Sawbridgeworth
Standon
Stevenage
Tring
Westmill
Watford
Ware
Needle:
Albury
Anstey
Furneux Pelham
Great Munden
Kimpton ... . .
Layston
..184,
PAOB
181
i8s
5. 2«5
7
183
184
72
119
43
123
129
200
.3!
158, 242
2
205
205
221
221
22!
129
13,21
'94
'94
'94
206
6S
244
tI2
161
238
158
240
95
'8.39
41
44
63
67
70
88
83
92
114
18, Ilo
'33
■36
148
203
207
213
222
236
231
227
28
34
93
104
>32
138
SQ
306
INDIX.
Spires, Church: cont'd.
Needlb: cont'd.
Much Hadham
Stanstead Abbots
Thorley
Offley
Rickmansworth
St. Albans
Shinolkd :
Aldenham
Bishop's Hat6eld
Sandridge
Tewin
Slated, Hunsdoo
VValkern
Walkern
Sprague family, floor slabs
Squints:
Aldbury
Anstey
Great Amwell
Great Wymondley
Monken Hadley
St. Stephen
Standon
Wattonat-Stone
Stables:
Bishop's Hatfield, The Palace
Broadfield Hall
Ickleford, Old Ramerick, formerly
Ippollitts, Maiden Croft
North Mimms, Brookmans
Pirton, High Down
Royston
Sawbridgeworth, Pishiobury
Tewin
Stafford, Wcntworth, Earl of, arms
Staircases:
Circular, Great Hormead Parish Church ...
Enclosed :
Barley, Fox and Hounds Inn
Branching, ' Rotten Row '
Newel :
Churches :
Ayot St. Lawrence, traces
Brent Pelham
Busbey
Bygrave
Layston
Little Hadham
St. Albans
Secular :
Braughing, The Causeway
Brent Pelham, The Beeches
Codicote, Lower Farm
Royston, The Palace
St. Albans, Clock Tower
Rood Lofts, see under Rood Lofts.
Spiral Iron, Flamstead Parish Church vestry
Turrets, see Ihal title.
Woodwork :
16thcentury :
Ardeley, Cromer Hall
Aston, Aston Bury
Great Wymondley, Delamere House ...
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House ...
Tewin, Queen lloo
Watford, Cassiobury
Wattonat-Stone, Broom Hall
16th or 17th-century, Great Gaddesden,
Gaddesden Hall
17th-century :
Bayford, Bayford Manor House
Bcnington, Rectory
Bishop's Stortford, St. Joseph
Broibourne, The Cedars
Bushey, Rectory
'53
2IO
320
l6l
170
18
32
S3
200
216
127
224
47
'33
30
34
93
10s
151
'95
207
234
58
71
129
130
1 59
164
174-175
204
217
'83
102
48
69
43
70
74
75
138
'45
180
68
70
83
175
iSS
88
38
42
106
'44
217
232
235
lOI
49
52
64
72-73
75
Staircases: cont'd. page
Woodwork : cont'd.
17th-century ; cont'd.
Codicote, The Bury
Datchworth, Hopper's Hall
Gravelev, Chesfield Manor House
Great Serkhampstead, Burkbampstead
Place
Great Munden, High Trees Farm
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Hatfield, house in Home Park
Hertford, Salisbury Hotel
Hitchin, Angel Inn
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Letchworth Hall
Little Gaddesden, Robin Hood House...
Much Hadham, 'The Palace
Newnham, Newnham Hall
Rickmansworth, The Bury
Ridge, Tyttenhanger
St. Albans
St. Peter, Great Nasthyde
Sandon
Sandridge
Sarratt, Rose Hall Farm
Shenley, Salisbury House
Stevenage
Walkern
Watford
18th-centurv, Wheathampstead, Mackerye
End
Aldenham, Batler's Green
Aston Bury, Aston
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Essendon, Essendon Mill
Hatfield, House in Home Park
Hitchin Parish Church
Hoddesdon, Stanborough House
St. Albans Abbey Chuch, S. aisle of nave
Stanstead Abbots, Rye House, gatehouse...
tee also Newel above.
Stalls;
13th or 14th-century, Stevenage
14th-century, Anstey
15TH-CBNTCRY :
Ashwell
Bishop's Stortford
Much Hadham
Willian ..:
Ifith-ceutury, Great Munden
17th-century, Anstey
Stamford, Lines
Stamford, Alice, and son, monument
Stanborough House, Hoddesdon
Standon
Standon Endowed School ...
Stane Street
Stanley, Hon., monument 143
Stanstead Abbots 209-211,5,8,15,21,22,24
82
85
93
98
105
107, 108
62
112
120
125
141
'44
156
»7i
'23
189
'95
199
200
302
305
214
225
232233
239
33
42
55. 5758
88
62
118
126
182
3IO
17.213
35
39
62, 63
'53
342
104
35
8
151
125-126
206-209, 5, 13, 16, 22, 221
208
26
Stanstead Bury, Stanstead Abbots
Stanstead le Thele, or St. Margarets ...
Stanstead St. Margarets
Stapleford
Stapleford:
Rich. Boteler of
Hen., and wife, monument
Statues, see Images, Statues and Figures.
Stencilling, Royston
Stephen, King
Stephen, St., image
Stepney, arms
Stevenage, 212-215,6,7,15,16,17,20,117,306
Steward, Augustin, monument 67
Stocking Pelham 215 216
210
14
211-212. 18, 23
212, IS
234
'97
175
... 9, II, 13
1S4
32
INDEX.
307
stocks:
Aldbury
Brent I'elham
Great Aniwell
Thorley
Stoke, John, Abbot of St. Albans, «e under
St. Albans.
Stondon, Rich., priest, slab
Stone Heaps Farm, Kimpton
Stonebury Farm, Little Hormead
Stort, River
Stortford
Stortford Park, Bishop's Stortford
Stoups:
Albury
Benington
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Broxbourne
Buckland
Bushey
Caldecote
Cottered
Furneux Pelhain
Hertford, St. Andrew
Hitchin
Layston
Letchworth
Little Hormead
Reed
St. Albans
Tewin
Thorley
Wallington
Strangeways, Giles, slab to son of
Strapwork:
Bayford Manor House
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield House
Great Munden, High Trees Farm
PAGE
7.31
7, 70-7'
7.95
7. 220
"S3
132
147
6,63
II
65
29
51
6.3
67
72
74
75
76
84
91
"3
119
138
141
147
170
186
217
220
226
136
49
55- 57
105
Strapwork I cont'd.
Great Munden Parish Church
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Hitchen, Hitchen Priory
Hoddesdon, St. Monica's Priory
Ridge, Tyttenhanger, Chapel
St. Stephen, Burston Farm
Street Town, Redboum
Strode, Judith Lytton, wife of Nicb., monu-
ment
Stroder, Will., and wife Margaret, indent ...
Stuart Royal arms
Stubbard, Will., indent
Stubbinger, Thos., merchant and rector of
Wheathampstead, mural tablet
Studham
Sudley, anng
Suffolk
Sulplolus, St
Summer House, octagonal, Hunsdon House,
Hunsdon
Sun Street, Hitchin
Sundials:
Churohks :
Aldbury
Furneux Pelham
Great Wymondley ...
Long Marston
North Mimms
Redboum, marks of
Ridge
Sandridge
Tewin
Little Gaddesden, Old Park Lodge, Ackridge
Park
Sutes Manor House and Moat, Standon
Sweden, King of, arms
Swynstede, John, priest
PlOB
104
loS
I20
I2S
"73
196
7
n6
184
204, 239
184
■7. 238
'43
3'
160
128
120
31
90
105
223
'59
169
'72, 173
200
217
'43
208
186
«43
Tables, see under Furniture.
Tabram, Will., rector of Therfield, brass
Talants or Terence Farm, Kimpton
Tannis Court, Aspenden
Tapestry :
Bengeo Parisli Church
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield HouB«
Harpenden, Rothamsted
Tasciovanus, coins
Taverner, arms
Taverner, Peter, and wife, monument ...
Taylor, Dorothy, monument
Temple Dinsley, Preston
Templars, preceptory found at Temple Din-
nesley
Terence Farm, mr Talanffl.
Terracotta Figures, The Brotherhood, Hitchin
Tesselated Pavements, Larksfield
Testers, 17th-cbntury :
Bushey ...
King's Langley
St. Michael
Sarratt
.'ft' also Canopies.
Tetley, arms
Tewin 216-217,15,
Thanet, Tufton, Earl of, arms
Theatre, Roman, Verulam
Theobald's Palace, Cheshunt 7879,
Theobald's Park, Cheshunt
Theobald's Park Farm, Cheshunt
Therfield 217219,5,6,7,8,
Therfield, Will. Tabram, rector of
174
132
41
50
57>58
108
3. 4
116
116
222
13. 165
12.!
4
75
192
202
'83
19, 22, 62
'83
4
23. S3. 58
80
77
19, 22, 25
174
Therfield Heath
'Thomas, Lord,' the King's son, arms ...
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, see Gloucester.
Thomas, St
Thorley 219
Thorley, Matt., monument
Thorley Hall, with Moat, Thorley
Thornhaugh, Lord Russell of
Thorpe House, Puckeridge, Braughing
Three Mile Pond Farm, Sawbridgeworth
Throcking 220
Throcking Hall, Throcking
Thundridge 176,
Thundridge Bury House (rnins) and Moat,
Thundridge
Tilehouse Street, Hitchin
Tiles:
Roman :
in Churches :
Great Wymondley
Layston
found at Welwyn
Mediaeval, in Chttrches :
Aldbury
Flaunden
St. Albans
WTieathampstead
14th-century, in Churches :
Bengeo, St. Leonard's
Meeeden
Much Hadham
Offley
219
1S6
186
•220, 7, 16
243
22, 220
231
69
204
-221, 6, 24
221
221, 9, 24
7, 221
120122
20
105. 106
'38
23s
3'
90
186
239
50
20, 150
'S3
161
2Q a
308
INDEX,
TIlMl cont'd.
15THCENTURY, IN CHURCHES :
Northchurch
Putt«nhain
Sandridge
S&rratt
Berkhampstead Castle
Red Much Hadham Parish Church ...
Shenley, Salisbury House, fireplaces ...
Tithe Barns:
St Stephen
Tewin
Watford
Titus:
Silius, and wife Constance, slab
Stephen, Governor of Deal Castle, slab
Tombs, sff undtr Monuments, Funeral.
Tonman's Dyke, St. Albans
Tooke, arms
Tooke:
Anue, wife of George, floor slab
Will., wife Ales, and children, brass ...
Toot Hill. Pirton
Top Street, Harpenden
Tornor, Walter and Agnes, inscription...
Torrington, Rich, and Margaret, brass
arms
Torrington, family, tomb of member of
Totterldge
Totternhoe, sn Totternhoe or Clunch, u
Building Material.
Towers, Church:
c. 1100, Redbourn
12TH-CKNTURr :
Anstey
Barley
Codicote
Flamstead
Hitchin
Pirton, rebuilt 1883
Sandridge Church, rebuilt 1837
Weston
c. 1200, Abbot's Langley
IStH-CENTUKV :
Aldenham
Great Berkhampstead
Heme] Hempstead
Ickleford
Puttenham
S.iwbridgeworth
Throcking ...
Wheathampstead
14th-century :
Aldbury
Ardeley
Ashwell
Aspenden
Baldock
Clothall
Cottered
Datchworth
Furneux Pelham
Great Hormead
Ippollitts
King's Walden
Little Hadham
Newnham
Rushden
Tring
Walkern
Widford
Ware
c. 1400:
Much Hadham
Sandon
and
ndtr
PAOE
'57
1 06
200
202
97
152
20s
196
217
7S
7S
8
87. 243
243
87
13, 162
107
151
19, 96
96
222,9
168
33
47
;,34
,48
81
88
117.
iiS
162
200
237
27
3'
95
:fe
110
128,
129
16s
202,
203
220,
221
238
38
36
.39
40
. 4«
44
81
83
84.85
90
102
129,
■30
135
144. 145
"55
176
222
224
240
226, 227
»52, 153
198
Towers, Church: cont'd.
14th or 15th-century :
Aston
Buckland
15TH-CBNTURY :
Albury
Ayot St. Lawrence
Barkway, rebuilt 1861
Benington
Biahop's Hatfield
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Brent Pelham
Broxbourne
Bushey
Caldecote
Chipping Barnet
Codicote
Essendon
Gravcley
Great Gaddesden
Great Munden
Great Wymondley
Harpenden
Hertingfordbury
Hexton
Hinxworth
Hunsdon
Kelshall
Kimptou
King's Langley
Knebworth
Layston
Little Gaddesden
Little Munden
Long Marston
Little Wymondley
Menken Hadley
Nettleden
Northchurch
North Mimms
Norton
Reed
Ridge
Sandon
Staiistead Abbots
Tewin
Thorley
Thundridge
Royston
Wallington
Watford
Watton-at-Stone
Westmill
Willian
Wyddial
16th-century :
Digs well
Gilston
Great Berkhampstead
Sarratt
17th-century, Rickmansworth
Great Amwell
St. Albans
Thorley
The Town House, formerly the Guildhall
Barley
Transepts:
Anstey...
Bishop's Hatfield
Buntingford Chapel of Ease
Flaunden
Great Berkhampstead
Hemel Hemp.'^tead
Little Hadham
Much Hadham
riOE
41.42
73. 74
28
43
46
50. 51
52. S3
62
17. 67
69, 69-70
71. 72
74
• 8, 76
So
.. Si -82. 82
87
92
100
104
>0S
107
"14
115, 116
116
"27
"3"
"32
'33
136
138
"42. 143
"47. "48
223
148, 148-149
IS"
'55
• "56. "57
15S
160
169
172
206
209, 210
216
219, 220
221
• in< "74
225, 226
231
234
236
242
244
86
91, 92
95. 96
201
iS, 170
95
16, 180
219, 220
48
33.34
52.53
"39
89
95.96
no
"44. '45
'S
INDEX.
309
Transepts: cont'd.
Northchurch
Sarratt
Watford
Weston
Wheathampstead
The Triangle, Hitchin
PAGE
156
201
231
237
238
122
Tring, Urban and Rural (with Long Marston) ... 222 224,
3, 5, S, 9, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 100, 156, 165, 241, 242
Trinobantes 3
Troopers' Stables, Codicote, see Lower Farm.
Trumplngton, Abbot Will, of, see under St.
Albans.
Tufa, see under Building Material.
Tufton, Earl of Thanet, see Thanet.
Turk's Wood, Braughing
Turner:
Ann, monument
Rich
Susanna, monument
Turner's Hill, Cheshunt
Turner's Hall, Harpenden
Turnour, Will., wife and children, brass
Turpin, Dick, Highwayman
Turrets :
Bell, see that title.
IN Chtthches :
Anstey
Baldock
Bishop's Stortford
Braughing
Broxbourne
Bushey
Bygrava
Cheshunt
Clock, see that title.
Secular :
Cheshunt Theobald's Palace
Codicote, Knebworth Park, West Lodge ...
Hertford Castle
Hunsdon House, Hunedon
Little Gaddesden, The Manor House and
Hadham Hall
68
218
222
222
23. 79
109
■5'
48
34
44
63
67
72
74
75
77
78
83
'13
I 28
143. 145
Turrets; cont'd.
Stair :
in Churches :
Ashwell
Broxbourne
Codicote
Flamstead
Gilston
Hendon
Harpenden
Hitchin
Ippollitta
Kimpton
King's Walden
Kneoworth
Monken Hadley
Newnham
Northchurch
Norton
PuUenham
St. Albans
St. Paul's Walden
Sawbridgeworth
Stanstead Abbots
Thorley
Throcking
Tring
Wallington
Wattonat-Stone
Widford
Willian
see also under Rood Lofts.
Secular:
Bishop's Hatfield, Hatfield
Palace
Chipping Barnet, Queen
Grammar School
St. Albans
St. Michael, Gorhambury
Standon, The Lordship ...
Therfield, the Rectory ...
Thorley
Tuthlll, Therfield
Tylers' Guildhall, Hitchin
Tyttenhanger, Ridge
PAOB
39
72
32
88
92
116
I"?
117, 118
«30
'32
'35
136
'51
155. 156
'57
160
'65
'79
"97
203
210
219
321
222
226
234
240
242
House and
55.6°
Elizabeth's
80
187
22
22, 208
218
220
219
121
21,22,23, 172173
Ulster, badge of
Undercroft
Upminster Church, Essex
Upp Hall, Braughing
Upper Chamber, Kelshall Parish Church
239
228
49
68
131
Upper Farm, Top Street, Harpenden
Urns, tapering cordoned urns, Hitchia
Upwiok Hall, Albury
Uxbridge, Midd., St. John's Church
107
3
29
90
Valence and Hastings, arms
Valognes Barony
Valognes:
Peter de, Benington Castle granted to
Roger de
Vaulted Roofs, see under Roofs.
Ver, River
Vere, Hugh de
Verney:
Arms
Shield
Verney:
Sir Ralph, and wife, tomb
Bir Ralph, wife and children, tomb, with
brasses
fernon, Chris., tablet, with arms
Verulam, site of Roman municipality Veru-
lamium 3, 34, 5, 8, 10, 24, 25, 26,
Verutam House, St. Michael
183
12
12
12
177, 190
12
30
30
133
19. 31
114
I 90-191
192
Vestries:
14th-century :
Anstey, destroyed
33
Ashwell, destroyed
3^
Flamstead
88
Wheathampstead
238
15TH-CBNTURY :
Much Hadham
152
Ware
226
lexH-CENTDRY :
Aldenham
31
Broxbourne 18,
71. 7'-72
Cottered
S3
17th-ceatury, King's Walden
«35
The Vicarage, Rickmansworth
171
The Vicarage, Watford
232
The Village Hall, St. Paul's Walden
•97
Vynter, John, rector of Clothall, brass, 1404 .
81
310
INDEX.
PAOI
Wade family, arms and inscription 207
Wadesmlli Road, Ware 230
Walden, set t^affron Walden.
Wales, Princes of, arms 133. 'Sj. 'S5. 1S6
Walkenden, Anne, brass '5'
Walker, Will., floor slab 74
Walkern 224-225, 10, 13, 15, 16, 19
Walkern Bury, Walkern 225
Walkern Place, Walkern 225
Wall, Jolui Jones, tablet 185
Walllngford, Berks 10
Wallingford:
Richard of, Abbot of St. Albans, see under
St. Albans.
William of, Abbot of St. Albans, tee under
St. Albans.
Walllngton 225-226, 7, 19, 24, 25
Walllngtonbury 7
The Walnuts, Brickendon 7i
Walsworth 226,25
Waltham Cross, Cheshunt 24. 78, 80
Warburton, Rich., inscription 227
Ward, Seth, Bishop of Salisbury, see under
Salisbury.
Ward's Hospital, Buntingford 14°
Ware, Urb.-in and Rural 226-230
Ware, Bengeo ... 2, 5, 9, 13, 16, 17, 21, 26, 50, 104, 114
Ware Bridge, Ware 230
Ware, The Great Bed of, Stanstead Abbots ... 211
Warner, Jane, brase 32
Warren:
John, name painted on door, Clothall Parish
Church 8'
Rich., brass i45
Rich., floor slab 223
Wars of the Roses 14
Warwick, lieamhamp, Earl of, arms 183
Warwick, the Kint; maker 14
Watching Chamber, St. Albans 187
Water Lane, Watford 233
Water Lane Farm, Cheshunt 79
Waterend, Great Gaddesden loi
Waterend Farm, Sandridge 200
Waterend Moor, Great Gaddesden 102
Waterhouse, John, and wife, inscription, 1558-9 96
Watford, Urban and Rural ... 231-234, S, 9, i6, iS, 196
Watkins Hall, Watton-at-Stone 235
Watling Street 6,25,26
Watton Green, Watton-at-Stone 235
Watton Place, Watton-at-Stone 235
Watton-at-Stone 234-2357,18,19
Way, Rich., vicar of Willian, and wife Alice, slab 243
Waytemore Castle, Bishop's Stortford ... 11, 12, 24, 63-64
Waxhoiise Cate, St. Albans 187
Welham Creen, North Mimms 159
Well Wood, Watton-at-Stone 235
Wells:
Aston Bury, Aston, cellar 42
Bramfield Parish Church, under W. tower ... 66
Welwyn 235-236, 3, 5, 7, 26
Wentworth, Earl of Stafford, see Stafford.
West Chamber, l.'ith century, Wigginton ... 241
West Street, Brickendon 71
West Street, Sawbridgeworth 204
Westbrook, Rich., brass 96
Westbury Farm, Ashwell 40
Westbury Farm, Offley 161
Westmiii ... ... ... ... ... ...236-237, 10
Westmill Bury, Westmiii 237
Westminster 7, u, 13
Weston ... 237, 15
Wheathampstead: 238-240,5,6,16,17,18,200
John of. Abbot of St. Albans, see under St.
Albans.
inscription
240
Wheathampstead Place, now known as Place
Farm
Wheteaker, Will., wife Joan, and eon Thos.
brass
Whipping Posts:
Aldbury
Brent Pelham
Datchworth
Thorley
White, Rob., prior of Royston
White Friars, .tee Carmelites.
White Horse Street, Baldock
Whitedell Farm, Sarratt
Whithcot, Eleanor (7), monument
Whitgifte, Bridget, brass
Whitmore, W., bellfounder
Whittingham, arms
Whittlngham:
Rob., house built at Pendley
Sir Rob., and wife, tomb
Whitwell, St. Paul's Walden
Whomerley Wood, Stevenage
Wickham Hall, Bishop's Stortford
WIckhams
WIdford
WIdfordbury, Widford
Wigginton
Wigginton Bottom
Wilbraham, Sir Rotter, monument
Wlllbury Hill, Walsworth
Willet, Andrew, brass to
William I
William of York
Willian
Willymoth, Jas., floor slab
Wilson, Thos., monument
Winchester, Hants:
Bi.^hop of
Wind Hill House, now St. Joeeph's, Biehop's
Stortford
Windows, see Bay Windows, Low-side Windows
anri Oriel Windows.
Wittewronge, arms
Wodehouse, Rob., brass
Wodhalle:
Sir John Botteler of
Wokingham, Roger Landon of bellfounder
Wolsey
Wood End, Ardelev
Wood Farm, Rusliden
Wood Street, Chipping Barnet
Woodcock Hill
Woodcock Lodge Farm, Little Berkhampstead
Woodlands Park, Bucks
WoodlifTe, arms
Woodwork:
15th-century :
Long Marston Old Church
Watford, Compasses Inn
17th-century :
Digswell Parish Church
Oxhey Chapel. Watford
Watford, Cassiobury
Chests, see that title.
Fireplaces, see that title.
Panelling, see that title.
Pulpits, see that title.
Screens, see that title.
Staircases, see that title.
Wormley
Wren, Sir Christopher
Wryght, John, rector of Clothall, brass
WudehatI, see Wodhalle.
Wulsin, Abbot of St. Albans, see under St
Albans.
PAQB
239-240
166
7.3'
7, 70 71
7. 85
7, 220
174
46
202
87
112
66
30
"5
9. 30, 30-31
7. '97
213
66-67
4
241. 20
5.
241-242, 5, 9,
128
241
100
223
'5'
25, 226
48
10, 12
185
242-243. '5
'3'
242
20
86
64
107
20, 2:
,'83
127
234
233
74
■ '72
38
176
80
158
'42
5
243
23
223
232
18
232
232
243.244, J 5
79. '96
81
INDEX.
311
Wy, Master Hen., magister operum, St. Albans
Abbey iSi
Wyatt!
Jas., Cassiobury, built by 232
Jas., Pishioburv, rebuilt ... ... ... ... 203
The Wych, Ippollitts 130
Wyddiat 244-245, 18, 24
Wyddiar Hall, Wyddia! 245
Wytnbish, Ric. 81
Wymondley, Great, see Great Wymondley.
Wymondley Hall, Little Wymondley
Wymondley, Little, see Little Wymondley.
Wymondley Priory, Little Wvmondley
Wymondley Bury, Little Wymondley
Wynne, Julin, almshouses at Buldock
Wynne's Almshouses, Baldock
Wyrley, Thos., priest, brass, 1475...
149
M, 149
149
45
45
141
Yew Tree Farm, Hadham Cross, Much Hadham
York!
Aldred, Archbishop of
Duchess of. King's Langley Palace granted
to, 1469 ...
Duke of, arms
154
S
"35
186
York I cont'd.
Edmund, Duke of, arms ( T)
St. William of
Younge, Rob., monument ...
Youngsbury, Standon
'33
1S5
. 206, 220, 5
Zouche, see La Zouche.
312
v./
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