UC NHLF lllllllllllllllllllll lillll B M 572 =ibS THE AMERICAN FLAG V r 1- r r r 5 LIBRA.RV OK THK University of California. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class THE AMERICAN FLAG Up with our banner />ri<;/it, Sftrinkled ivith starry light, Sfiread its fair eiiihlems from mountain to shore, H'liile thrrju'^h the sounding sky Loud rings the Xation's cry, — UMOX AM) IJBliRTY.' OSF. EIERMORH.' Olivfr Wenoei.i. Hoi.MKb THE AMERICAN FLAG NEW \()RK STATE EDIC A IION DIl'AR IMENT SIXl'H ANNIAL RKPORl- SI PPLKMENIAL VOLUMK COMIMLtD AND EBITED BV HARLAN HOYT HORNER STAIE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ALBANY 1910 ^/>,\ The Liberty R.-ll vwv: cvM.i. OF iiii: v\.\g TWV. strong colors ami rlu- gloiioiis Inaurx" ot rlu- Aiiuricaii Hag cxiircss well rlu- on t-rw liclniing tact ot iiiodtrn l"iistor\- — the cxolutioii ot tlu- Aiiurican Rc- piiblic. \\ hcrt'N t-r it nia\' he, rlu- flag is both attractnc ami assertive. in the home the colors do not clash with other colors. It the\ do not hlend, neither do the\' repel. In the remotest distance the Hag ma\' he seen aho\e e\er\' other object and distinguishetl trom e\er\' other l^ag. The red and white stripes stantling tor the origmal stares, ami the sil\er\' stars representing the Union, radiate ami scintillate as tar as the eve can reach. Far or near, the American Hag is true and sure, brilliant and radiant, cordial and imlependent. It is a modern flag. There are no m\ rhs or legends, no ruins or heraklrx', no armour or castles about it. It expresses the jiolitical independence of a plain people, the advance ot a new nation, the selt-conscious power, the contident asjiirations, and the uni\ersal good will ot popular goNernment. \\ hat has been said ot the Haii has larjielv been inspiretl by war. Souls must be aflame to give out oratory and poetr\'. The flag has man\- times been at the battle front. The sight of It has inspired man\' a bo\' to do and die tor his countrx . It was in the crucial canijiaign ot the Revolution, that tor the possession of New ^ Ork, beginning at Fort Schu\ler, conrmu- mn at ()riskan\', and endinir with the surrender ot Buriiosne's entire arm\' at Saratoga, that the flat: ^^''^ hrsr trixeii to the air in the face of an enemy. In this state it began to gather the deep love of a tree people. 1 hat lo\e has since grown deeper ami \'et deeper through the hail ami Hanu-, rlu- luioisms and tleaths, of an hundred battles. It is sad that war had to be, but tor us there was no other waw liuKpeiuleiux- ot Britain l.'ould not come In arbination. I he I mon could nor be saved In' negotiation. I'lghtmg is bad business, but there are tinus when it is better than submission. I he strength and courage ot a juople are the guardians ot their peace, ot their Iriedom, and ot their progress. 1 he perils, the suflirmgs, and the heroisms of the count!}' iiave made the literature of rlu- fla I>ut the flag o\ rlu- American I nion, now as never before, tells of toleration and ot good will, ot education and of industr\'. It has welcomed millions from all nations of the world and has held out the ecjual chance to all who came under its folds. Kvery new star added to its blue field has told of a new state, and every new state tells of more farms cleared, more factories opened, more churches and schools set in motion, and more laws and courts to regulate them all and to assure the ecjual rights of ever\' one. Out of the equal chance of freemen, out ot the farms and forests and mines, out of the majestic rivers and charming \ alleys and l()ft\" mountains, and out of the bracing an- that is filled with simshine, might)' public works and marxelous insti- tutions of culture have sprung. Railways and roadways, tunnels and acjueducts, newspapers and magazines, theaters and art galleries, cathedrals and universities, have grown. They are the products and the promoters of ci\ili/atu)n and they give strength and stateliness to the flag. The American flag has looked down upon the writing of more constitutions and the making of more laws than an\- other flair in histor\'. Some of this law-ma kuiir has been crude, and perhaps some of it has been mistaken, but it has been both the necessary accompaniment and the stimulating cause of our wonderful national e\ olution. As man does so is he. All of these industrial, educational, religious, and political doings have produced a new nation of keen, alert, sinewy, and right-minded people who have power and know^ it. They have the traits of a }-oung nation. But they are lacking neither in introspection, nor in imagination, nor in humor. More knowledge of other peoples than their fathers had and increasing responsibilities are sobering and steadying them. In their dealings with other peoples they intend to be just, frank, magnanimous. Iheir political phi- losophy is only the logical outworking ot the (Jolden Rule. 1 hey have undoubting faith in democrac\' and would exem- plit\' it in wa\'s to commend and extend it. The American flag expresses a glorious history, but it does not hark back to it overmuch. It looks forward more than backward. It calls upon us to do for this generation and to regard all the generations that will follow after. It knows that some time there will be five hundred or a thousand mil- lions of people in the United States instead of one hundred millions. It expects still greater public works iiiul main more public con\eniences. It sees better than an\' one of us does how hard it will be tor such a self-governing people to hold what belonjis to rhem in common, and to manajie their tireat enter|")rises without trauils and for the good of all. 1 he jiiople ot the Inited States are not onU {\\v pro- prietors ol great natural possessions; the\- are inheritors of the natural rights of man, fought for b\ their ancestors in the mother country, granted in the great charters of Ijiglish liberty, and established in the English common law. Ihey have added to this what seemed worth takinir from other systems of jurisprudence and from the manifold experiences of other lands; they have proved their capacit\ to administer their inheritance, and to their natural and political estates they have added the experiences of their own successful and notable national career. Ihe flag not only adjures us to guard what we have in property and in law, but to train the children so that the men and women ot the tuture may administer their inherit- ance better than we have ours or than our lathers did theirs. \ he flag does more than emblazon a momentous and glorious histor\'; it declares the purposes and heralds the ideals of the Republic; it admonishes us to uphold the inherent rights of all men; it tells us to stand for international justice and conciliation ; and it encourages us to accept the conse- quences without fear. It hails us to individual duties and the cooperation which alone can maintain equality of rights and tulness ot opportunity in America. It insists that we set a compelling example which will enlarge both security and free- dom, both peace and prosperity, in all parts of the world. A flag ot glowmg sjilendor calls to a nation t)f intinite possibilities. It calls upon the American people to conserve property, health, and morals; to preach the gospel of work and protect the accumulations of thritt; to open e\ery kind of school to all manner of people; and to spare neither alertness nor torce in keeping clean the springs of political action and in punishing vtnality in public lite. That is the c:dl of the radiant flag ot the Inion to the .self-jroverninji nation of the western world which is being compounded out of all the nations and is creating; a new manner of civilization out of all the civilizations of the- earth. AnDRKW S. DR.Xi'HR, Cotnttiissioficr of Ediicdiioii. TiiK Vi.\(: OF Spain ix I4q2 The Personal Banner of Coi.UMnis 0'\ \^ Jc- ¥ -^mM 22»-^* From Avcrv's Hist.irv oi ilitr Unilnl Stales The Landin" of Columlnis THK MAKIXC; OF TllK FT. AC Till', first flails, according to authentic record, raised In \\ liitc men in America were those w hicli Christoj^her Cohmihus brought to the ishmd ot San Salvador, October I2, 1492. His son thus chronicles the ceremony of the landing: "Columbus, dressed in scarlet, first stepped on shore from the little boat which bore him from his vessels, bearing the royal standards ot Spam, embla/.oned with the arms of Castile and Leon, in his own hand, followed by the Pin/ons, in their own boats, each bearing the banner of the expedition, which was a white flag, with a green cross, having on each side the letters F and Y, surmounted bA' golden crowns." The last named was the personal Hag of the great sailor, the gift of Queen Isabella to him, the letter F standing for Ferdi- nand and Y for Ysabel. The first named, composed of four sections, two with yellow castles upon red and two with red lions upon white ground, was the flag of Spain in the time of Columbus and during most of the succeeding }ears of dis- covery and con(]uest. Illustrations of these flags are shown on the opposite page. The flag of I'.ngland was first unfurletl in North .America b\' John Cabot, a \ enetian, who landed, probabK', on the coast of Newfoundland in 14Q7, with letters patent from Henry VII of Fngland, "to set up the roval banners and ensigns in the countries, places or mainland newly found bv him," and "to conquer, occupy and possess the same." Under date of London, August 23, 1497, Lorenzo Lasqualigo writes to his brothers in \'enice that "Cabot planted in his new- II found land a large cross, with a flag of Lngland and another of St Mark, bv reason of his being a \'enetian, so that our banner has floated very far aHeld." 1 he Venetian ensign was of scarlet with a broad band of blue near the edge, perhaps typifying the sea, from which rose in gold the winged lion of St Mark, ha\ing in his right paw a cross. 1 he flag of Kng- lantl used by Cabot and by other l.nglish navigators who followed him was probably the cross of St Cicorge, which is a w bite flag with a rectangular red cross extending its entire length and hight. In 1603 under James I, formerh James VI of Scotland, England and Scotland were united, and St George's cross was later joined with the cross of St Andrew of Scotland to form what was called the King's Colors. The cross of St Andrew is a blue flag with a diagonal white cross extending from corner to corner. Ihe combination of the banners of England and Scotland formed, therefore, a blue flag with a rectangular red cross and a diagonal white cross, the red showing entirely and the white being interrupted by it. Eng- land and Scotland retained their individual flags for many purposes, and it is probable that the Mayflower on that mem- orable journey in 1620 bore the cross of St George at her masthead, for she was an English ship. After King Charles I w'as beheaded in 1649, the partner- ship between England and Scotland was dissolved, and the national standard of England became again St George's cross. In 1660, when Charles II ascended the throne, the King's Colors again came into use. In 1707, when the complete union of the kingdom of Great Britain, including England, Scotland and Wales was established. Great Britain adopted for herself and her colonies a red ensign with the symbol of the union of Enjiland and Scotland in the canton. 1 his "meteor flag of England," as it was sometimes called, con- tinued to be the national standard until 1801, when the cross of St Patrick, a red diagonal salrire on a white ground, was united with the other crosses to mark the addition ot Ire- land to the I nited Kingdom. I his combination has formed rile union in the flag of the kingdom of (ireat Britain Meteor Flap of i-ngiand .iiul Ireland dowu to the te6^^ St (IroRor-'s Cross St Andrfw's Cross The King's Colors St Patrick's Cross The British Uxion Jack '3 present tla\ . 1 lie complete dexelopment ot the British Hag is shown on the preceding page, the crosses of St George and St Andrew at the top with their conihination in the King's Colors ininiediately beneath, followed by the cross of St Patrick and the present Union jack of England. We are not concerned directl}' with the present British flag, iiow- ever, because our American flag was established earlier. Mention should be made ot the flags of other nations that earl\' came to our shores. jac()ues Cartier was, perhaps, the first to brinji the colors ot France to the New World. I nder royal commission he landed on Ma\- lo, 1534 at Cape Bona- \ista, Newfoundland, and set up a cross at (laspe a few weeks later. Upon a second vo\age a \v:\v later he set up a cross and the arms ot France near the site of the present cit\' ot Quebec. 1 he French flag was probabK blue at that time \\ ith three golden fleur-de-lis. Later the Huguenot part}' m France adopted the whiti' flag. ()\er the forts and trading posts and in battle in the vast region of New France, stretching south- west from the St Lawrence to the Mississippi, it is probable that the Bourbon flag floated durmg the greater j:)ortion ot the French occupanc}'. Henr\' Hudson brought the Half Moon into New ^ ork harbor in lOot; fl\ing the flag of the Dutch I.ast India Com- pan\-, which was that of the Dutch Republic — three e(jual horizontal stripes, orange, white and blue- — with the letters V. O. C. A. (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, Amsterdam) in the center of the white stripe. In 162 1, when the Dutch West India Company came into control, the letters Ci. W . C. (Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie) took the place ot the letters V. O. C. A. With the change of the orange to a red stripe between 1630 and 1630, the Dutch flag was in use until \Nu^ when the Fnjrlish flag was raised, which remained, save for the temporary Dutch resumption, 1673-74, until the Stars and Stripes was acknowledged. In 1638 a |xirt\- of Swedish ami Finnish colcMiists tounded a settlement on the bank of the Delaware river, called New Sweden, under the Swed- ish national flag, a yellow cross on a blue ground. This settlement flourished until I (15 5, when it was oxerpowered by the , , ,^ , Dutch. ll.ig ol thf Oulc'h , ,, , ■II' ■ ■ 1 West India Coinpanv i he Settlements in the thirteen original 1 + N<\v Enfl.ind Colors, I (.Ml colonies were largely Knglish, and the ceremonial flags of the l'!ng!ish colonies very natiiralU took the fonii of the Knglish national standard in its successive periods. 1 hr cross ot St Cieorge was in use in the Massachusetts Ha\ Colony as earl}' as 1634. In 1643 the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bav, Connecticut and New Haven formed an alliance under the name- of the United Colonies ot New l.nghind ami in i()S6 adoptetl as a common flag the cross ot St Cjeorge with a gilt crown emhlazoned on the center ot the cross w ith the monogram of King James II under- neath. As early as 1700, however, the colonies began to depart from authorized I\nglish standards and to adopt flags show- ing a degree ot independence and distinguishing their ships tVom those of England and from those of their neighbors. The pine tree flag of New England was a conspicuous one and came into use as early as 1704. In one torm it was a red flag with the cross ot St Cieorge in the canton with a green pine tree in the first quarter. It is thought that this flag may have been disphned at Bunker Hill. .Another torm of the pine tree flag was that having a white tield with the motto "An Apjieal to Hea\en" abo\e the pine tree. .A very interesting banner, now in the possession of the Puiilic library ot Bedtord, .Massa- chusetts, is said to be the oldest .American flag m existence. It was earned In the minutemen of Bed- ford at the battle of Concord. 1 he ground i^ maroon, emblazoned with an outstretched ;irm, the color of silver, in the hand of which is an uplitted Courtesy I'f I he BuiT" |«ny, ruDiitn'-: 1 'I"l * 1 p . . ,, .*' ,, r. sworil. I hree circular From Avery » lliitot) ■: ■ !r» »n'l lt« Pr ; .., r .u H jf . M . tigures, also in silver, H.ig ot the Bedford Minutrmrn o ' ' •5 are said to represent cannon balls. Upon a gold scroll are the words "\'ince aut Morire," iiicaning "Conquer or Die." 1 he rattlesnake emblem was another favorite symbol in the colonies. It rivaled the pine tree in popularity and was shown in several designs. One form, that adopted by South Carolina, was a yellow flag with a rattlesnake in the middle about to strike, with the words "Don't Tread on Me" under- neath. Connecticut troops bore banners of solid color, a different color for each regiment, having on one side the motto "Qui Franstulit Sustinet" and on the other "An Appeal to Heaven." New fork's flag was a white field with a black beaver in the center. Rhode Island's flao; was white with a blue anchor with the word "Hope" above it, and a blue canton with thirteen white stars. Other flags bore the words "Libert}- and Union," and "Liberty or Death." The earliest flag dis- played in the South w'as raised at Charleston, South Carolina, in the fall of 1775. It was a blue flag with a white crescent in the upper corner. Later, the word "Liberty" in white letters was added at the bottom of the flag. Some of these colonial flags are reproduced on the opposite page. These various forerunners of our national flag are insep- arably associated with its history, and yet they give us little or no clue to the origin of the Stars and Stripes. Our flag was an evolution. The design of stars and stripes was not original with us. As early as 1704 the ships of the English Last India Company bore flags with thirteen red and white stripes with the cross of St Cieorge in the canton. Still a cen- tury earlier, the national flag of the Netherlands consisted of three e()ual horizontal stripes. It is fre(|uenrl\- suggested, though without tangible e\idence, that the stars and stripes in Washington's coat of arms may ha\ e determined the original design of our flag. The celebrated standard of the Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse, the first known instance of the American use of stripes, was made in 1775. This flag is shown on page Its stripes ma\' have in turn Courtesy nf Tlir Uhitohs Rrolhere Company, Hiililislicrs. Clcvcl.ind. Dili" From Apery's History of tin.- L'liiteii Ht.itt- aiiil Its People Wasliinpton's Coat of .'Xrm- ■)^- 16 AN APPEALTO HEAVEN A . . -5<»r^ ^1 CoLCJNIAL Fl.\(.S »7 suggested the flag^\hit•ll Washington raised at Camhridge on January 2, I77^>- 1 his was the Hrst distinctive American flag indicating a union of the colonies. It consisted of thirteen alternate red and white stripes with the conihined crosses of St*George and St Andrew in the canton. It was a peculiar flag, the thirteen stripes standing tor the union of the col- onies and their rexolt against tlie mother countrx', and the suhjoined crosses representing the allegiance to her which was yet partially acknowledged. It was variously designated as the I'nion Flag, the (irand Union Flag and the (ireat Union Flag, and is now frecjuentl}' referred to as the Camhridge Flag. A drawing of this flag is shown at the top of the oppo- site page. It marked the real hegmnmg of our national exist- ence and continued to he the flag ot the Rexolution until the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. We shall never know the whole story of the origin of our national flag. The oft-repeated claim that in June 1776 Betsy Ross not on]\' planned hut made the hrst flag which was adopted a year later hv Congress, is pleasant tradition, if not accurate history. The story runs that at that time a com- mittee of Congress, w^hether oflicially or self designated does not appear, consisting of (ieorge Washington, Rohert Morris and Colonel (jeorge Ross, the latter an uncle ot John Ross, the hushand of Hetsy, she then heing a \()ung widow, called upon her at her upholstery shop on Arch street, Philadelphia, and asked if she could make a flag. She said she could try. Whereupon they produced a design roughly drawn of thirteen stripes and thirteen stars, the latter heing six-pointed. She advised that the stars should he five-pointed, showing that a five-pointed star could he made with a single clip of the scissors. They agreed that this would he hetter, and General W'ashing- ton changed the design ujK)n the spot and the committee left. Shortly afterward, the sketch thus made was copied and colored hy a local artist and was sent to her, from which she made the sample flag that was approved hy the committee. It is added that General Washington thought that the stars should he placed in a circle, thus signifying the equality of the states, none heing the superior of another. 1 he account rests almost entirely upon Mrs Ross's own statements made to memhers of her famih' and repeated hy her descendants, a numher of whom have made affidavits to the family under- standing of her communications. The story has heen assailed 18 I ^MJm I II I V, *MI\KI|iI.» I 1^1. Thf First Stars and Stripes 19 chiefly upon the grounds that it is unsupported contempo- raneously, that the flag was not immediately adopted and had no general use prior to June 14, 1777. Nevertheless, it is a pretty and fascinating story as it stands and has immense vo2;ue. 1 he Betsy Ross house, 239 Arch street, has been purchased and is cared for by the American Flag House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association, as the memorial to the reputed maker of the flag. The authentic history of our flag begins on June 14, 1777, when in pursuance of the report of a committee, the names of the members of which are unrecorded, but which John Adams has the credit of proposing, the American Congress adopted the following resolution : Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union he thirteen stars, white on a bkie held, representing a new constellation. Whatever may have been the actual origin of this flag, the sentiment which it has conveyed for 133 years was appro- priately expressed by Washington in these words: "We take the star from Heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty." There was considerable delay in the public announcement of the adoption of the flag, and the design was not officially promulgated by Congress until September 3, 1777. This first flag showed the arrangement of the stars in a circle (see bot- tom of page 19), but the arrangement was afterward changed to three horizontal lines of four, five and four stars. There are other claimants for the honor of first displaA"ing the flag, but the evidence is quite conclusi\e that the event occurred in New York. The occasion was at Fort Stanwix, built in 1758 and renamed Port Schuyler in 1777, the site of the present city of Rome, New ^ ork. In anticipation of the descent of the British forces from the north, a garrison of some 500 or 600 men had been placed in Fort Stanwix, under command of Colonel Peter Cjansevoort, Jr, with l.icurenant-colonel Marinas ^^ illett second in command. ( )n rlu- c\cnnig of the 2d of August the garrison was reinforced b\' about 200 men of the Nuith Massachusetts Regiment, led by Lieutenant-colonel Mellon, bringing the news of the recently enacted flag statute, and the making of the flag was determined upon. It was an iiiipro\ised affair and the fort was ransacked for material of wliicli it iiiiresent the Union, and that it would not be practicable to continue adding a stripe for each new state. Ideven months atter the flag of 1795 was adojHed, on June i, 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the llnion ; and Ohio was admitted on Feb- ruary 19, 1803, Louisiana on Aj^il p, 1S12, Indiana on December 11, 1816, and Mississippi on December 10, 1817. On December 9, i8if) Hon. Peter H. Wendo\cr, a member of Congress from New ^'ork cit\-, ottered a resolution "that a 22 Thj FiAii or FiFTtEN Stars and Fif-ri.KN Stripfs The Flag or Twenty Stars and Thirteen Stripes 23 coiiiniittec Ik- appoiiitctl ro iiKjuire inro rlic- expediency of alter- iiiir the flaiiof tiie Inittd States." As a result of this resolution an act was passed by Congress and on April 4, 18 iS approNed by President Monroe, which fixed finalh- the general form of our flag. 1 he act is as follows: An Act to Establish the 1" lag of the United States. Sec. I. Be it cnactcJ, etc., That from and after the fourth day of lulv next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars, white in a blue field. Six. 2. Be it further enacted. That on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the union ot the flag; and that such addition shall take effect on the tourth of Jul\' next succeeding such admission. 1 here was considerable debate in the House upon the bill, and to Mr Wendover belongs the credit of pressing it to final passage. The suggestion for the form of the flag, howexer, namely, that the original thirteen strijies should be restored and that a star should be added lor each new state, came from Captain Samuel C. Reid of the United States navy. Leg- islation has ne\er provided the exact arrangement the stars should take in the canton ot the flag. Following the last mentioned enactment of Congress, the first flag with thirteen stripes and twenty stars was hoisted on the flagstafl' of the House of Representatives on April 13, 1S18. Upon the sug- gestion of Captain Reid the stars were arranged to form one great star in the center of the union, as shown at the bottom of the preceding page. This design did not gain faNor and the stars were soon thereafter arranged in rows. 1 here was much confusion for many years and a great many diflerent arrange- ments of the stars were displayed. Since the flag with twenty stars was established, a new star has been added on the fourth of July following the admission into the Union of each of the following states : Illinois, December 3, 18 18. Kansas, January 2Q, 1861. .Alabama, December 14, 1819. West Virginia, June iq, 1863. Maine, March 15, 1820. Nevada. October },\, 1S64. Missouri, August 10, 1821. Nebraska, March I, 1S67. Arkansas, June 15, 1836. Colorado. August l. 1876. Michigan, January 26, 1837. North Dakota, No\embcr 2, 1889. 1-lorida, March 3, 1845. South Dakota, November 2, 1889. Texas, December 29, 1845. Montana, November 8, 1889. Iowa, December 28, 1846. Washington, Novemlur 11, iSSq. Wisconsin, May 29, 1848. Idaho, July 3. 1890. California, September 9, 1850. Wyoming, July 11, 1890. L,^ Minnesota, May ll, 1858. Utah. January 4. 1896. Oregon, I'cbruary 14, 1859. Oklahoma, November 16, 1907. 24 1 he earh' confusion about the arrangtiiu-nt of the stars lias largeh' disapptaixil. In the absence of cbrect legislation, an agreement has been arri\ecl at betwetii tlu- W ar and Navy Departments on tlie sub)ect. Since |ul\ 4, 190S, following the admission of Oklahoma m HjOj, the- arrangement of the stars in the flairs of the arm\ and eiisiirns of the na\"\' has been in six horizontal rows, the first, third, fourth and sixth rows havinji: eight stars, and the second and fifth rows ha\ inn seven. The present grouping of the stars is shown in the flag on the frontispiece. Harlan 1 1()\ 1 i Iorm-r "IN C;()I) WK IRLST" 1 rom aiK-iiiu I.inils across the sea Here canu- our fatlurs to he free; Tliey felled the forest, plowed tlie field .•\ntl won the wealth the waters yield; In mine and shop they delved and wrouuht. And bravely for their freedom fought; 1 hey feared the Lord, naught else they feared, .•\s they a mighty nation reared. I' rom C'an.ula to Mexico One land, one law, one flag we know; .\nd far beyond the western seas Old (ilory floats in pledge of peace; While North and South and Kast ami West, .Above our best deserving blest. in gratitude, as still we must. We raise the hymn. In (Jod We Trust. JoSI I'H H. ( In »FR Copyright, igoq, />y tkt author If^ M I I ' i II k^' m;\v ^ork AM) nil', mac; HKilllA as tlu- citi/ciis ot Ww ^ oik \aluc' lu-r posi- tion, possessions, histor\' and taiiu-, tlu\' acknou kcl^e superior allcgiaiux- to tlu- liiioii and its Hag; hut tlu\' take pride, justl\', in tin- e\ents ot national importance that liave occurred on her soil, in her sons who have distin- iiuished themsehes in national affairs, and in the faithful and consistent service she has rendered the Repuhlic. New ^ ork adopted a constitution April 20, and Cjeorge Clinton hecanie the hrst governor of the State, July 9, 1777. At Fort Stanwix, August ^, the Stars and Stripes was Hrst raised in the face ot the enemy; three days afterward the hloody hattle of Oriskany was fought; and, on October 17, iUirgoyne surrendered to the flag at Saratoga at the culmina- tion of the hattle which was the decisive conflict of the Revo- lution. 1 he Legislature of New ^'ork accepted, February 6, 1778, the Articles ot Confederation adopted by Congress. " Mad" Anthon\' Wavne acconijilished one of the most brilliant e.xploits of the war at Stony Point, July i(\ ^JJ*^), and, later in the same year, General John Sullivan swept with the flag through the c(nintr\' of the Irocjuois, burning their Milages, sla\ ing their warriors, and eflectualh' ending their alliance with the British crown. It was on the Hudson in September 1780 that, through the treason of -Arnold, the flag would have trailed in the dust and American freedom, jierhajis, ha\e been lost, save for the New ^'ork men who were the captors of .\ndre. In October 17S1 Colonel Mannus \\ illett gained a \ ictory over the tories and red nun at Johnstown. W hen the enemy was broken and paral\/ed in New ^ ork the operations of the war were mainlv confined to the South ; but it was reserved for New \ ork, on the 25th ot No\ember 178^ ^^ witness the evacuation of the land by British troops and the Stars and Stripes run up in the citv as the ro\al ensign was hauled down. The federal Constitution was ratified at i'oughkeepsie, July 2O, i 7S5 " " " Guam, 201 ' Tutuila (Samoa), 81 " " " Panama Canal Zone 1904, . 474 " " " It is a domain touching approximateh' the i8th degree south and the Jid north latitude, and the 6jth degree west and the liid east longitude, embracing e\er\' variety of soil, scenery and production, with lottx' mountain ranges, indented sea-coasts, long and serviceable ri\ers, and multituilinous mineral deposits. 1 his domain has been ac(]uired In tin- release of tin- colonies from the \()ke ot (ireat Britain, with the conse(|uc-nt cessions from the mother c()uiitr\' and trom the states; b\' war; by purchase; and In Nohmtarv annexation. When the United States became a nation, it included the original thirteen states, with the additional area surrendered b\' (Ireat Britain, the whole being boundi-d on the west b\' the .Mississijipi ii\er, on the south In' the ]isx paralKl ot latitudi' tin- no: th line ot Florida — on the east b\' the .Atlantic ocean, and on the north bv the liritish dominions. Within this area was the tract known as the Noithwist lerritoi"\, in whuh se\eral states — .\ew ^ ork, l'enns\ 1\ ania, .Massachusitts, Connecticut and \ irginia — held claims and which. In the nu-morable ordinance ot 178", was tore\er dedicatid to treeilom. I he states soon reluKjuishetl tluir rights then in to the gineral go\ernment and trom It ha\e been carved ()hio, Indiana, Illinois, .Michigan, Wisconsin, the eastern part la small section) ot Minnesota, ii and the northwest corner of Pcnns)l\ ania. In the territory south of the Ohio ri\er, Kentucky was taken from \ irj^inia. To the remainder thereof, North Carolina, South CaroHna and (jeorgia preferred claims, but also adjusted them with the general government and therein Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi were erected. In 180^5 Louisiana, now compris- ing Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas (except as derived from Texas), Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota (west of the Mississippi), North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, a portion of Colorado and nearly all of Wyoming — nearly 1,000,- 000 square miles — was purchased from Prance. In iSic) Florida was bought from Spain for $5,000,000 which included full extinction of the claims against her of certain American citizens. Texas, an independent state, was annexed in 1845, a portion of her area being subse(|uentlv sold to the L^nited States and now included in Kansas, Colorado and New ^Mexico. By the cession from Mexico in 1848, as a result of the w^ar with that country, a vast region, since famous for and enormously profitable in its yield of mineral treasures and now resolved into California, Nevada, Utah, a large portion of Colorado, the lower part of Arizona, and a considerable part of New Mexico, was obtained. In 1853 the Gadsden purchase of the low^er portions of Arizona and New Mexico w^as made from Alexico. In 1846 Oregon, including the present states of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, whose northern boundary, long in dispute with Great Britain but then adjusted, became incontestably an American possession. "Fhere were thirteen original states; thirty-three have since been admitted and the two territories. New Mexico and Arizona, soon will be. Seven times has the Stars and Stripes flown triumphant in war — six times against a foreitrn and once ajiainst a domestic foe. Kach conflict has upheld the national honor and twice it has enlarged the national domain. In chronological order (omit- ting conflicts with Indian trdies) wars ha\e occurred as follows: I. With Cireat Britain — 1775-83 — b\ winch mdcjiendence was \\"on and the Rejiublic assuretl. II. With France — 1798-1800 — bA'Nshich French insults and outrages were avengetl. \\ar was not formally declared, but conflicts occurred on the ocean. 111. With Tripoli — 1801-5 — by which the capture of American ships, the sale of their crews as slaxes and pa\iiunts for their release, were arnpK jiunished. OF THE 1\ . W ith ( Iicar Britain 1S12-15— lucausc of British claims to search American ships antl imjjress seamen there- from. 1 he war hisfed three }ears, and, although In' it tlu- I mteil States ac(juirecl no territory and American grievances were not in terms settled by the treaty, there was no further ilisposition In' (ireat Britain to attront the American Hag. \'. W'irli Mexico — 1846-4S — hy which in return for ;> 1 5,000,000 and the assumption hv the I'nited States of the claims of American citizens against Me.xico, that countr\- cedeil to it the territory alread}' descrihed. \'I. With the Confederate States — 1861-^)5. The differences between the Northern and Southern states were settled and the Stars anil Stripes waved again over a united people. \11 With S tiom made Porto Colors of Ninth U. S. Infaniry (In camp at Tampa, Fla. during Spani<.h W.ir) pain — iSq8 — bv which Spain was expelled the western world and large accessions were to .American tirriror\ the Philippine Islands. Rico, etc. .'>'> By means other than war the United States acquired Louisiana from France in 1S03, Florida from Spain in 1S19, and Alaska from Russia in 1S67, by purchase; Hawaii by its own application in 189S; 'Futuila, a Samoan island, by arrange- ment with (ireat Britain and Germany in iHgg; and some small outlying Philippine islands in 1901. Sufficient has been said concerning Louisiana and Florida. In 1867 Alaska with its outlying islands was purchased from Russia for $7,200, - 000, mainly through the efforts of William H. Seward, secre- tary of state. His estimate of the value, politically and com- mercially, of a region commonh' assumed to consist onh' of treacherous bogs, glacial wastes and frozen streams, was regarded as a wild and fantastic dream. But Secretary Seward was enthusiastic in its behalf, pressed the measure and esteemed its adoption the crowning laurel of his long and distinguished public career. It may fairly be said that his expectations have been far more than realized and that the buying of Alaska has turned out to be one of the best bargains that one countr\' ever made with another. Sweeping north far within the Arctic circle, its area is equal to that of one-fifth of all the states and organized territories of the Union, and, although there are extensive tracts uninhabitable, desolate and sterile, and dark- ness settles as a pall upon a portion of it through half the year, it is very rich in forests, fisheries, fur-bearing animals, and in precious metals is a real F^l Dorado. For the past decade, a copious stream of gold has issued from Alaska, the production for 1908 alone being $19,858,800. Fven the climate of much of the country, modified as it is by the tepid current of the Kuro- Siwo (the Japanese Gulf Stream) is an agreeable one. 1 he isothermal line of Sitka — 57 degrees north latitude — corre- sponds with that of Philadelphia — 40 degrees. Negotiations for the annexation of Hawaii (the Sandwich islands), intimate relations with which had been established by American missionaries, merchants and residents, began as early as 1854, but were ended by the sudden death of the king. In i87f) a reciprocity treaty was made with Hawaii and continued many years. American influence be- came paramount. In 1893 a revolution occurred which humbled the monarchy and ended in another ajiplication for admission to the Union. Unacted upon b}- the Harrison ad- ministration, it was opposed by that of Cleveland, but approved by that of McKinlev, the islands being given a territorial gov- 36 rri-!.ii.itnt McKinloy and Admiral Dewey ernmcnt and consti- tiitcd a customs dis- trict in 1S97. Their importance, steadily increasing, need not he stated in detail. Midway hetween the (jolden Gate and the Manila outpost, they sentinel our ships, jiroNide coaling sta- tions, augment our commerce, and compel respect for our flag in the Pacific. By a treaty rarihtd with the Republic of Panama, over which it holds a protectorate, the United States on the 15th of February 1904 became the owner (At the ceremonies in front of the Capitol at Washington ^I a Strip Ol lanCl on October 3, 1899 when the President presented to knOWn aS the Canal the .Admiral the sword voted bv Congress) /-. ,- ... Aone, hve miles in width on eithc- side of the canal now being built by our gov- ernment to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is a stupendous undertaking, shortening the water route from New ^ ork to San Francisco by 8,400 miles, upon which over 40,000 men are now engaged and will cost about $500,000,- 000, $210,070,468 having been appropriated for it up to June ^o, 1910. It is expected to be finished in 191 5. Its com- mercial, national and international benefits are beyond com- putation. It is the latest and in many respects the grandest e.xpansion of the dominion of the Stars and Stripes. One more triumph ot the flag is to be noted. It has not, indeed, enlarged its domain, but has signally exalted its pres- tige. After numerous expeditions by the explorers of various nations in search of the North Pole through 400 years, attended with much of pluck, adventure, suffering and death, and uni- formlv with disappointment, Robert K. Pearv, a commander of the United States navv, at last, on the ^nh of \|->ril iQOg 37 reached the pole and fixed the Stars and Stripes in its icy crest. The goal so long and so vainly striven for was attained and by an American. AlthouMi the close of the Spanish War is usually said to be the time when the United States became a world power, so called, such rank actually dates back to the Monroe Doc- trine, declared in 1823, and since maintained inflexibly, as Maximilian found to his undoing. It holds that European powers shall not be permitted to extend their systems to any part of the western hemisphere. And now the Stars and Stripes announces unmistakably that this nation is in the affairs of the world to sta\-. The Stars and Stripes floated over a population of 84,907,- 156 according to the federal census of 1900, distributed as follows : United States, proper, 75>9Q+o75 Alaska, 63,592 Hawaii, 154,001 Philippines, 7,635,426 Porto Rico, 953,243 Guam, Q'OOO Samoa, 6,100 Persons in military service outside continental United States, Ql,2iq Total, 84,907,156 By estimates made by the governors of the states and territories for the year 1909 the population thereof was 89,770,- 126; and, with the island dependencies it seems probable that the entire population will reach 100,000,000 by the census of 19 10. Only three countries, China, Great Britain and Russia, have a larger population than the United States. It is a population embracing all races and colors. In continental United States each of the four main races of the world is rep- resented in percentages as follows: white, or Caucasian, S7.9; negro, or African, 11.6; red, or Indian, 0.3; and yellow, or Mongolian, 0.2. Alaska is mainly Mongolian; the Philip- pines, substantially Malayans; Porto Rico, nearly all African. The invitation to immigration has been generous, with liberal naturalization provisions, and the response prompt and ample. The Stars and Stripes has welcomed all settlers here, those wishing to better their conditions by larger reward for their labor, or those fleeing from the oppressions of the Old World, 38 all hut the .\h)n^()lians, who do not sccni to he wanted here and whose numhcr the hiw restricts. For niaii\' \ears (ler- nians, Irish and Scandinavians formed the hidk ot imniit^rants; hut of Late the larger proportion has heen Russian and Italian. From 1S22 until 1910 the immigrants into the United States aggregated 26,852,723. 691,901 arrived from Furope during 190S, Russia furnishing 156,71 1, and Italy, 123,503; and 40,524 came from Asia. Ot the entire pojndation in 1900, 34.3 per cent was wholly or partially of foreign parentage. Thus far, while there have heen some vexatious (piestions to consider in reference to the character of a small portion of immigrants, there has heen no serious dirt^cult^■ in assimilating the foreign element with American citizenship. It has dug our canals, huilt our railroads, culti\ated our tieltls, driven our looms, helped to fight our hattles, in no small degree participated in our politics, and has loyally accepted the dominion of our flag. The Anglo-Saxon is still the prevailing strain in American nationality — in just what proportion it were too suhtle an anahsis to determine, for there has been a constant commin- gling of stocks. But the Anglo-Saxon — the Puritan of New I'.ngland and the Cavalier of \'irginia — has been at the head of the procession as it has explored and settled the continent through 300 years, and still is in command. It were a long story, impossible to tell in our allotted space, ot the dominion of the flag in governmental expression; in enlightened institutions; in the written American constitu- tions; in the sovereignt\- both of the separate states and the I nion, "distinct like the billows yet one like the sea"; in wealth, in manufactures, in inventions, in science and in popular education, da/./.ling in their arra\ . Iheir mere men- tion must here suffice. Ihere is no reason to tloubt that the dominion of the flag, which has heen so powerful and so glorious in the past, will be e(iual to the call of the future, for the flag with all its triumphs in territorial settlement and expansion, 111 mcreasmg jiopulatioii, in war aimI in peace, in all the arts ot civilization, has its crowning triunijih in the taith and love of the people. C'ii\i<[.i:s Fi.i.ioTT Fiicii 39 Courtesy ."f i,. ,'i: C. Mrrri.vn (V.,n|.,.ny. I'liMibhcrs. Spriiii^ficM. M.i I N1<:W \'ORK FLAG LAWS KnicATioN l.Aw, Ariki.I': 27 Si;c. 710. Purchusc ami display 0/ jlag. It shall In- tlu- duty of the school authorities of every pubHc school in the several cities and school districts of the state to purchase a United States flag, flag-staft' and the necessary appliances therefor, and to displa\- such flag upon or near the puhlic school huilding during school hours, and at such other times as such school authorities may direct. Si-c. 711. Riilt's and rrgiilatioiis. 1 he said school authori- ties shall estahlish rules and regulations for the proper custody, care, and display of the flag, and when the weather will not permit it to be otherwise displayed, it shall be placed con- spicuously in the principal room in the schoolhouse. Skc. 712. Cotiiinissiouer of cdncatton shall prc[)arc pro- gram. I. It shall be the duty of the commissioner of educa- tion to prepare, for the use of the public schools of the state, a program providing for a salute to the flag and such other patriotic exercises as may be deemed by him to be expedient, under such regulations and instructions as may best meet the varied requirements of the different grades in such schools. 2. It shall also be his duty to make special provision for the observance in the public schools of Lincoln's birthdav, Washington's birthday. Memorial day and Flag day, and such other legal holida\s ot like character as may be hereafter desig- nated b}" law when the legislature makes an appropriation therefor. Shc. 713. Military drill cxclndtuL Nothing herein con- tained shall be construed to authorize militarA" instruction or thill in the jniblic schools during school hours. Pi.NAi. Law, Auric 1.1 i :;4 Sl-:c. 1425. 16. An\- jHison, who in an\- manner, tor exhibition or dispL'u-, shall place or cause to be placed, anv word, figure, mark, picture, design, drawing, or any adver- tisement, of any nature upon any flag, standard, color or ensign of rlic Lnired States of America or state flag of this 43 state or ensi<:;n, shall expose or cause to he exposed to puhHc view any such flag, standard, color or ensign, upon which after the rtrst day of September, nineteen hundred and five, shall ha\e been printed, painted or otherwise placed, or to which shall he attached, appended, affixed, or annexed, any word, figure, mark, jiicture, design, or drawing, or any adver- tisement of an\- nature, or who shall expose to public view, manufacture, sell, expose for sale, give away, or have in pos- session for sale, or to give away, or for use for any purpose, any article, or substance, being an article of merchandise, or a receptacle of merchandise or article or thing for carrying or transporting merchandise, upon which after the first day of September, nineteen hundred and five, shall have been printed, painted, attached, or otherwise placed, a representation of any such flag, standard, color or ensign, to advertise, call attention to, decorate, mark, or distinguish, the article or substance, on which so placed, or who shall public!}' mutilate, deface, defile, or defy, trample upon, or cast contempt, either by words or act, upon any such flag, standard, color or ensign, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars or bv imprisonment for not more than thirtv days, or both, in the discretion of the court; and shall also forfeit a penalt\- of fifty dollars for each such offense, to be recovered with costs in a civil action, or suit, in an;- court having jurisdiction, and such action or suit may be brought b}' or in the name of an}- citizen of this State, and such penalty when collected less the reasonable cost and expense of action or suit and recovery to be certified by the district attorney of the county in which the ofl^"ense is com- mitted shall be paid into the treasur\- of this State; and two or more penalties may be sued for and recovered in the same action or suit. 1 he words, flag, standard, color or ensign, as used in this subdivision or section, shall include any flag, standard, color, ensign, or any picture or representation, of either thereof, made of any substance, or represented on an}' substance, and of :\nv si'/e, evidenth' purporting to be, either of, said flag, standard, color or ensign, of the United States of America, or a picture or a representation, of either thereof, upon which shall be shown the colors, the stars, and the stripes, in any number of either thereof, or bv which the person seeing the same, without deliberation ma^' belie\e the same to repre- sent the flag, colors, standard, or ensign of the United States 44 ot AiiK-rica. 1 lu- iiosstssion In' am |h ison, orlur tliaii a jHihlic orticer, as sikIi, ot an\' such riag, standard, color or ensign, on which shall he an\tiiing made unlawtid at any time hv this section, or ot an\ article or substance or thing on which shall he ainrhing niatle unlawtul at an\' time h\' this section shall he jiresumptixe e\ iilence that the same is m violation ot this section, and was matle, done or created alter the tirst da\' ot SepttnilHr, nineteen hundred and ti\e, and that such flag, stantlard, color, ensign, or article, substance, or thing, did not exist on the tirst da\- of Septemlnr, nineteen hundred and tiN'e. Mil II \m I. AW, Akiici.h i Sfc. IQ. Biitidu of records of the zvar of the rebellion; cottipletion and preservation of the records and reins; free inspection of the same and (jiiarters in the capitol, I. 1 he adjutant-general ot the state shall establish and maintain as l>art ot his otiice, a bureau ot records ot the war ot the rebellion, in which all records m his ofHce relating to such war, and relics shall be kept, lie shall be the custodian ot all such records, relics, colors, standards and battle flags of New ^ Ork volunteers now the j")ropert\' ot the state or in its possession, or which the state ma\' hereatter ac(]uire or become possessed ot, and he shall appoint a chief of this bureau w ho shall hold office under his direction tor six )ears. 2. The atl)utant-general of the state b\' all reasonable wa\s antl means, shall complete such records and gather trom ever\' a\ailal>K- source such colors, standartls and battle flags as were borne b\' \ew ^ ork State tro()j")s m the war of the rebellion, and such statistics and historical intormation and relics as may ser\e to perpetuate rlu- memo:;- and heroic deeds ot the soldiers ot the state, and kt-ep and caiitulb preserve the same in such bureau. J^. lb- is aurhori/eil to re(|Uist and accept trom incor- porated associations ot \eterans ot the diflerent regiments, statements and intormation dul\- authenticated by them, descriptive ot then colors, standards and battle flags, together with the number and class ot arms of the regiment, the date ami jilace ot muster into the ser\ ice of the state and also into the scr\ ice ot the I nirinl .Statis, the- jieriod of ser\ ice, and the date and place of muster out, the date of departure tor the seat ot war, the various battles and engagements and places 45 of service, including garrison duty, the time of joining brigades, corps and armies, with tlie time and nature of the service, and the names of colonels of such regiments, the names of those killed in action, including those \vho died of wounds, and the names of those who died of disease during their period of serv- ice. Me is further authorized to ask the co-operation and assistance of the adjutant-general of the United States, and ot f New ^'(irk Rcpiim-nts (Sixteen cases ol these flags are exiiibilcj in the Capitol at Albany. The carols attached to the flags give the names and engagements of the regiments) 46 the cirw couiirx' and town aurhoritKs aiul ofHcials, and ot the Ciiand Arnn' ot the Rtpuhlic, the- .MiHtar\' Order ot" the J.oyal I.cgion, and ot Organizations and ptrsons in tlie State ot' New ^ ork antl elsewhere ni the- collection ot such orlu r informa- tion, relics, memorials and battle tlags as is contemplated h)- this article, in order to make as comjilete as jiossihle the recortls, hist()r\' and statistics ot the patriotic ser\ ice ot the volunteer soldiers ot the state during the war ot the rebellion. 4. I he atljutant-general ot the state is directed to cause to be transcribed aiul kept m books ot recortl m such bureau the historical tacts, inlormation and statistics as pr(n ided abo\"e; and is authorized to determine a convenient size tor the volumes m which such statistics and historical data ma\' be bound, and to re(]uest \eteran associations and others pro- j")()sing to sujipK' such historical data ami intormation to furnish the same on printed or manuscrij^t sheets ot a uniform size to corresjiond with the size ot such volumes. 5. He is further authorized to provide locked and sealed cases with glass fronts, as nearlv air-tight as practicable, in which shall be kept and displavetl the colors, standards and battle Hags above mentioned, and receive placards in duplicate, which incorjiorated regimental veteran associations are privi- leged and empowered to furnish and upon which shall be inscribed svnopses of the historical intormation and statistics herein jirov itled to be furnished to such bureau bv regimental veteran associations, or tailing to receiv e such data and intorma- tion from such veteran associations, for the jireparation ot such placards, he mav utilize the aurhcnric information which he mav obtain from other sources, as herein provided, which placards shall be uniform in size and color and shall be attached to or conspicuoiislv |ilaced in jMoximitv to the colors, standards and battle flags to which thev refer. It anv placard or inscrip- tion shall be lost, destroyed or removed, the ad)utant-general ot the state shall at once re|ilace it bv duplicatt' of the original on file. 1 he legislature shall annuallv make suitable appro]irianon^ to enable the adjutant-general of the- state to carrv out rhi. prov isions of" this section. (). I he books, records ami other jnopertv and nlics deposited in such bureau shall be open to msjuction and use, except the use of the colors, standards and battle flags, at such reasonable hours and under such regulations as the adjutant-general ot the state nia\' determine. No battle flag, book or any property placed in such bureau for the purpose of this article, shall be removed therefrom, or from the imme- diate custody and control of the adjutant-general of the state without an act of the legislature. 7. The trustees of the capitol are authorized and directed to provide suitable and convenient quarters for the bureau of records whenever the adjutant-general of the state shall require ttt-rtiMfi-ttH-ll National and State Flags Flyini; From the Capitol and make demand therefor, and to properly fit up and prepare the same for the safe-keeping of such records, books and property, and for the display of such colors, standards, battle flags and relics which shall be known and maintained as the hall of military records. . The several municipalities ot the state may deposit their record books and papers relating to the war in the archives of the hall for safe-keeping, and trans- 48 cripts therefrom shall be furnished on application h\ the chief officer of the municipality without cost to it. Officers or soldiers may deposit therein their discharge papers, descriptive lists, muster rolls or compan\- or regimental liooks and jxipers for safe-keeping. The interest arising horn the iincstnuin of the funds contributed by towns, cities and individuals for the erection of a hall ot nulitarv records shall be devoted to the maintenance of the hall of military records provided in this section. Public Bi iidincs L.aw, Artklf 2 Skc. 4. Poivcrs (ind duties of sufycnntoideut. The super- intendent shall :**=;= -i^ * * * * * * * * * * 5. Cause the flag of the United States and the state flag bearing the arms of the state, to be displayed upon the capitol Innliling during the daily sessions of the legislature and on public occasions, and cause the necessary flag-staffs to be erected therefor. The necessary expenses incurred thereby shall be paid out of the treasur\' on the warrant of the comptroller. Public Buildings Law, Articlk 6 Sfc. 81. Displav of jorcign jlngs on public buildings. It shall not be lawful to display the flag or emblem of an\- foreign country upon any state, county or municipal building; pro- vided, however, that whenever any foreigner shall become the guest of the United States, the state or any city, upon public proclamation by the governor or UKnor of such city, the flag of the country of which such jiublic guest shall be a ciri/in may be displayed upon such public buildings. Klfction L.\w, Articli; 5 Sec. 124. Eniblnns. When a party nomination is made by a state convention of a candidate or candidates to be voted for by the voters of the entire state, it shall be the duty of such convention to select .some simple device or emblem to designate and distinguish the candidates of the political party making such nominations or nomination. * * * * Vhv device or emblem chosen as aforesaid may be a star, an animal, an anchor, or any other apjiropriate symbol, bur neirlu r the coat of arms or seal of any state or of the Unitiil States, nor the state or national flag, nor any religious emblem or symbol, nor the portrait of any person, nor the representation of a 49 coin or ot the ciirrtnc\- of the I nirtcl States shall be chosen as such distinmiishing cle\ ice or eiiihkni. St ATI- Law, Akrici-H 6 Skc. 70. Dfscription of the (inns 0} thr statr (uul the stdtr jidg. The device ot arms of this state, as adopted March sixteenth, seventeen hundreil and se\enty-eight, is hereby declared to be correctly described as follows: Charge. Azure, in a landscape, the sun in fess, rising in splendor or, behind a range ot three mountains, the middle one the highest; in base a ship and sloop under sail, passing and about to meet on a river, bordered below b\' a grassy shore tringed with shrubs, all j")r()per. Crest. On a wreath a/iue and or, an American eagle pro|ier, rising to the dexter trom a two-thirds ot a globe terres- trial, showinir the north Atlantic ocean with outlines of its shores. Supporters. On a (|uasi compartment formed In the extension of the scroll. Dexter. 1 he figure of Liberty proper, her hair disheveled and decorated with pearls, vested azure, sandaled gules, about the waist a cincture or fringed gules, a mantle of the last depending from the shoulders behind to the feet, in the dexter hand a staff ensigned with a Phrygian cap or, the sinister arm embowed, the hand supporting the shield at the dexter chirf point, a ro\al crown b\' her sinister foot dejected. Smister. Ihe figure of justice proper, her ban' dishe\eled and decorated with pearls, vested or, about the waist a cincture azure, fringed gules, sandaled and mantled as Libert}', bound about the eyes with a fillet proper, in the dexter hand a straight sword hiked or, erect, resting on rlir sinister chief pouit of the shield, the sinister arm embowcti, hoKling before her her scales proper. Motto. On a scroll below the shield argent, m sable, Lxcelsior. State flag. 1 he State- flag is herein' declaieil to be- blue, charged with the arms of the state in the colors as tlescribed in the blazon of this section. Si e'. 71. PdiiUcd devices of arms 111 certdui public places. 1 he device of arms of the state, corresponding to the blazon hereinbefore gi\en, shall be painted in colors upon wood or can\as, and lutn<: iiiioii rlu- walls ot rlic cxccutiw chamber, the court ot ajipeals, the ortice ot the secretar}' ot state, and the senate and assenihl\' chanihers. Si:c. 72. Pr(jliihitt(j)i (jj other pictoridl Jericcs. Xo pic- torial de\ ices other tlian the arms ot the state shall be used in the jiublic ofHces at the cajiitol tor letter headings and envelopes used tor ofHcial biisiiuss. Persons jirmring and cir- culating public documents under the auth()rit\' ot the state, when tlu\' use a \ignette, shall jilace upon the title pages of the docununrs rlu- sramlard iK-\ ice ot the state arms without alterations or additions. Skc. 73. Great seal of the state. The secretary of state shall cause to be engra\fd ujion metal two and one-halt inches in diameter the de\ ice ot arms ot this state, accurately con- tormed to the description thereot gi\en in this article, sur- rounded with the legend, " 1 he great seal ot the state of New York." It alone shall be used as the great seal of the state, and the secretar)' of state shall ha\ e the custod}' thereot. Sf.c. 74. Use of the great seal. All such matters as have issued under the great seal of the state since March sixteenth, seventeen hundred and seventy-eight, shall continue to be issued under such seal, except copies of papers and records certitied by the secretary of state or his dcput\- and authenti- cated under his seal ot ofHce. 52 SOMl FAMOUS I1..\(;S ANl'MHl.R o\ Aiiurican flags, cither for rlicir lH'aut\- or rhfir associarion with sonu- illustrious name or notable achie\ eiiieiit, are liistoricall)' taiiious. Some of these are revoIutionar\- flags raised before the Stars ami Stripes was made, while others are of the regulation jKittern. Some are still preser\ed with religious care and on special occasions shown to the j^ublic. Allusion to a few of them \\ ill be made here. Flag of thf. Bon Hommf Richard Fhe most famous naval flag of the Revolution was that of the l^on Homme Richard, as its commander, John Paul Jones, was the first of the great American sea-fighters. Born in Scotland in 1747? 'ind becoming a sailor at twelve years of age, he had seen much ot romance and adxenture on the seas, ami was settled in Virginia when, in 1775, he was made a lieutenant in the Continental nav\-. He became a captain in 1776 and on |une 14, 1777 he was given command of the Ranger, a small vessel carry- ing eighteen guns. On Julv 4 he is said to have hoisted the first Stars and Stripes that ever flew on an American man- of-w a r . In 1779 he trans- ferred the same flag to the Due de Duras, a rotten, condemned l.ast India man, on which lie mounted forty guns of various caliber and renamed her, in honor ot Beniamin Franklin, the Bon Homme Richard, with which he took many prizes in i',nglish waters. On the e\en- ing of September 23, accom- panied by two small vessels, the Alliance and the Pallas, he fell in with a \aluabic pan) , Pul>IUhm, iirttiy L.f itic Burrn«s I!rot!i-r» Cti CIrvcUnd. Ohio From Avrry'i lll^ory of the Unilp.1 Stitc* ami Its People Flag of the Bon Homme Richard 53 / Baltic convoy off 1- hiiiiborounh Head, jMotected by two British men-of-war, the Serajiis and the Scarborough. The Serapis was a brand-new double-headed frigate carr\ing fifty guns. The Pallas attacked the Scarborough and after a brief engage- ment compelled her surrender, while the .Mliance, by blundering tactics, did more harm than good. The grapple was between the Serapis and the Richard, and, notwithstand- ing the condition and ecjuipment of his vessel, Jones fought one of the most desperate battles and won one of the most brilliant \ ictories in na\ al annals. 1 here was no let-up from beginning to end and the carnage was terrific. 1 he better captain won, and the better ship lost. The Richard was riddled from stem to stern and was enveloped in Hames and sinking, but Jones kept right on pouring broadsides into the Serapis. When his surrender was demanded, he replied, "I have not yet begun to Hght," and after several hours of the bloodiest conflict it was the Serapis that hauled down her colors. All hands that were left were transferred to the Serapis, her crew were made prisoners, and the Richard was abandoned and went to her watery grave, the dead being left with her. But she went down "bows first" with her flag at the masthead. Of the two crews, nearly 700 in number, 350 were killed or wounded. As Paul Tones himself sa\s, "the very last vestige mortal eyes ever saw of the Bon Homme Richard was the defiant waving of her unconquered and unstricken flag as she went down. And as I had given them the good old ship for their sepulchre, I now bequeathed to my immortal dead, the flag they had so desperately defended for their w inding sheet." Was ever a finer tribute than this paid to the flag.' 1 he flag in the National Museum, a cut of which appears on the pre- ceding page, was thought for a time to be the flag of the Bon Homme Richard, but it is ncnv conceded that the original flag went down with the ship. Flag of Piiil.xdi.i.imiia Liciiir Horsk The earliest use of stripes on an American flag, as already indicated, is believed to have been in 1775 on the banner of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop. The banner was pre- sented to the troop by its first captain, .\bram .Markoe. It is made of bright yellow silk, and is forty inches long and thirty- four inches broad, with thirteen blue and silver stripes alter- nating in the canton. ()\er the crest, a horse's head, are the 54 letters "L. 11.," l,iglu 1 lorsc. An Aniciican liulinn iind an angel blowing a goklen rriimjHt support the scroll iiiukr which appear the words, "For These We Stri\'e." The troo|> was organized in 1774. When Washington left Pliihuklphia on I',/ Ilslur-.. <:lcw-l,,n.|. (Ihi.. MilvS aiul 11-, l'c..|'l» Standard of the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop of 1775 June 2^, 1775 to go to Cambridge to assume coniniand ot the Colonial army, he was escorted to New York by the troop, and it is believed that this banner was carried at that time. It is now carefully preserved by the First Troop, l*hilackl|ihia Cit\' Ca\alr\'. Tm: l-.i TAW 1-^1 Ac; The crimson standard, known as the Kutaw flas:, tells a love story of the Revolutionar}' times. In 17S0 Colonel W illiam Augustine Washington, a relative of General Wash- ington, came from \ irginia to South Carolina in command of a force of cavalry. Me met and soon fell in love with .Miss Jane Idliott, who lived near Charleston. Learning one day, when Colonel Washington was paving her a visit, that his corps had no flag. Miss Klliott seized her scissors and cut a square section from a piece of drapery and requested him to accept it as his standard. He readih' accepted and bore this 55 sinipl war. in I 7 f tiamu I upon a hickoi")' pole unnl rlu- close ot the Colonel Washington and Miss I'Jhott were married 82. The luitaw flaii was carried at the battle of Co w p e n s and at that of K u t a w Springs, where it got its name. The ban- ner was presented b^' Mrs Washington in 1X27 to the Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, and is still m rlu- possession of that oriranization. Courtesy of The Biirrows Brothers Company. Publi>^ln-rs, Clfvelaiid. Ohio From Avery's History of the United States and Its People The Eutaw Standard Pulaski's Banner The Maryland His- torical Society carefully preserves at Baltimore the banner of Pulaski, which is reproduced on the ojiposite page. Our histories of the Revolution have not gi\ en much space to its romantic story. Count Casmiir Pidaski was a true soldier of fortune. The son of a nobleman, he was born in Podalia, Poland, March 4, 1748. After having been known as the lead- ing Polish military patriot, and having been chosen commander- in-chief of the Polish forces, he found himself at the age of twenty-four outlawed, with his estates confiscated, and a price .set upon his head. He went to I urkey and thence to France, and in 1777 upon the advice of Benjamin P'ranklin he joined the American army as a volunteer. He attracted Washington's attention, had a part in the battle of (lermantown, and on September 15, 1777 was appointed commander ot the cavalry with the rank of major-general. He resigned his command in March 1778, and was authorized by Congress to raise and organize a corps of "sixty-eight light horse and two hundred foot." This was known as Pulaski's Legion. The banner of the legion was made by the .Moravian Single Sisters of Bethlehem, Pa. It is twenty inches scjuare and was attached to a lance when borm- on the Held. On one side are the letters "U S" ami, in a circle around them, the words 56 ": E "Unitas Virtus Forcior," meaning "Union Makes \ alor Stronger." I'he letter "c" in the last word should be "t." On the other side, surrounding an eye, are the words, "Xon Alius Regit," meaning "No Other Governs." Pulaski carried this banner when he was ordered to South Carolina with his troops in 1779. On October 9, when the combined French and Anurican forces attacked the Ihitish at Savannah, Pulaski commanded the cavalr\- of both armies. A true soldier to the last, he received a mortal wound in this battle and died shorth' after having been taken on board the United States brig Wasp. This brilliant Polish soldier, an exile from his own countr\', at the age of thirtv-one was consigned to a waterv grave in the new land for which he gave up his life. Paul Bentalon of Baltimore, one of Pulaski's captains, was with him \\ hen he fell. He secured the now famous banner and it subsequently passed into the possession of the Mar\land Historical Societ\', where it now remains. "Old Glory" The Essex Institute at Salem, Massachusetts, has in its possession what is believed to be the first Hag to receive the name Old Glory. Captain William Driver, who was born in Salem, March 17, 1803, is given credit for originating the title. In 1837 ^^^ removed to Nashville, lennessee, where he died on March 2, 1886. In 183 1 he commanded the brig Charles Doggett on the vo)'age in which the mutineers of the British ship Bounty were rescued and returned to Pitcairn island. Captain Driver was presented with the flag just before the brig sailed, and as it was hoisted it is said that he christened it Old Cilory. He carried his cherished flag with him to his new home in Nashville and exhibited it upon many occasions. When the Civil War broke out, the Confederates tried to get possession of the flag, and searched his house for it. He sewed it up securely in his bed covers and it was not discovered. When the Pederal troops entered Nashville on I'ebruary 25, 1862 Captain Driver secured permission to raise his flag over the state capitol. It is said that he unfurled it from the flag-staff himself, and, with tears in his eyes, as it swung free in the breeze remarked, " Phere, those Texas Rangers have been hunting for that these six months without finding it, and the\- knew I had it. I have alwa}s said if I could see it float over that capitol 1 should have lived long enough; 58 now Old (jlory is up thciv, giiuKnun, and I am rc-ad\- to die." He gave the Hag in 18S2 ro his niece, Mrs Harriet Ruth Cooke, and upon his death in iSle the Hag and the schoolroom defend! 'Tis the schoolliousc that stands by thr flag; Lei the nation stand by the school f 'Tis the school bell that rings for our Liberty old, 'Tis the school boy whose ballot shall rule. Frank Trkat Southwick 64 'iiii: iF.Ac. AM) mi: schools Till', tiistoni ot raising rlic Stars aiul Stiijics oNcrtlie schoolhouses ot the land, especially at critical periods in the history of the nation, as an ins|-)iration to the children ot America, dates hack nearh' a ceiuurw The first authenticated history ot such a ceremony is that at Catamount Hill, Colrain, Massachusetts in May 1S12. A monument ^vith a suitahle mscription commemorative of the event has been placed upon the site of the log schoolhouse at Cata- mount. The custom grew with the years and at the breaking out of the Civil \\ ar became general in the Northern States. There are several claimants for the honor of raising the Hrst schoolhouse flag; in 1861 and amonjr these are Winchester and Hillsboro Center, New Hampshire, and Lawrence, New Bed- ford and (iroveland, Massachusetts. Since the Civil War the custom has been resolved in many states into law. In 1867 flags were raised over the public schools in New York cit}'. Later came an enthusiastic nioxement in ^^■hich edu- cators, lawmakers and patriotic citizens gener- ally took part, for com- pelling the exhibition of the flag at or on school- houses, and still later one in favor of the ob- sers'ance of patriotic exercises in the schools on the 14th of June- — Flag day. 1 he toUow- ing statutes with these objects in view have been passed b\' \arious states. Ihe chronolog- ical order will show the national scope of these laws, and it will not be long before ever\' state in the L^nion will fl\' Monument at Catamount Hill ■ ■ "J Floatco im May 1812 ->|ffl| ,^^jj|*ALoc SCHOoi. Hoh-.e; vV.iH-.«-iK^ ' --^HR* '^ -' i^ * MlLlaniM Willis AMD Mkv brn^||^^H V. ■ 65 the Stars and Stripes o\er its schoolhouses and seminaries of learning and lime 14 will he a festal occasion, if not a prescribed holiday, all over the land. North Dakota: School hoards may purchase United States Hags to place on or in huildings. March 18, 1890. New Jersey: School hoards may purchase United States flags to place on or in huildings. May 5, i8qo. United States flag must he displayed on schoolhouses. April 4, 1894. Fhig day, June 14, to be observed in schools. April 1907. Colorado: United States flag must he displa}ed on school- houses. March 26, 1 89 1. Connecticut: United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. June 14, 1893. Delaware: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. January 31, 1895. Montana: School authorities shall purchase and display durino- school hours and at other times the United States flag. February 26, 1895. .Wisconsin : United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. March 29, 1895. Massachusetts: United States flag must be displayed on schoolhouses. April 3, 1895. New York: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. April 3, 1895. Authorities to have United States flag displayed upon or near every public school during school hours; State Commissioner of Education to provide program for salute to flag, other patriotic exercises and observance of holida)'s (including Flag day). April 11, 1898. Michigan: United States flag must be displaced on school- houses. April 4, 1895. Designating June 14 as Flag da\\ Ma^■ 4, 1901. Illinois: United States flag must be displayed on school- houses. June 26, iS()5. Flag to In- i^laced on schoolhouses on such da}s as directors ma\' determine. June 2, 1897. 66 Ohio: Lnitca States Ra^ must he Jisplayca c,n school- houses. March 25, 1896. Pennsylvania: School authorities may purchase United States flags and display at discretion. July 9, 1897. Rhode I.sland: I'nited States flag to he displayed on puhlic school huildinus; school committees to regulate time; Fehruary 12 to he CJrand .Army Flag day; conuius- sioner of puhlic schools to prepare program. Fehruary 21, 1 90 1 . West \iruinia: Boards of education may provide for and recjuire display of United States flag over schoolhouses. Fehruary iiy 1901. Wyoming: School district trustees to place Inited States flags on schoolhouses. Fehruary 2^, 1903. New Hampshire: School hoards to purchase flags for schoolhouses at city or town expense not e.xceedmg Sio apiece. March 3, 1903. \rizona: United States flag to he provided for each school huilding; superintendent of puhlic instruction to pre- pare patriotic programs for holidays (including Hag day). March 13, 1903. Idaho: Schools to he provided with flags. March 10, -1903. .Amending act ot 1899. New Mexico: Puhlic schools to own and display United States flag; Fehruary 12 to he celehrated as Hag dav; daily flag salute. March 10, 1905. Oklahoma: Misdemeanor for city hoard of education or school district hoard not to display United States flag in schoolhouse. March 10, 1905. Oregon: Recpiiring display of United States flag on school huildiniis in Element weather during school hours. Fehruary i^, 1907- Kansas: United States flag to he displayed at puhlic schools; flag exercises daily ;ind ohserv;ince ot holidays. March (\ \^p-j. Utah: American flag to he displayed on schoolhou.ses on legal holidays, Fehruary 12 :.nd Flag day. March II, 1907. 67 Indiana: School trustees to accept donation for United States flag to be displayed on holidays. March 12, 1907. California: School authorities to provide flags to he raised over schoolhouses durinji sessions; smaller flairs for class rooms. March 15, 1907. Maim-: Municipalities to furnish all schools with flags. March 2S, 1907. 1 enncssce : ]^e(|uiring displa\'^of United States flag on school buildings in counties of 70,000 to 90,000. April 15, 1907. \'ermont: Recjuiring display of United States flag on premises ot school when in session. December 2, 1908. SaI.UTK to THK f\AC FOR ScHOOl.S The American Flag Association, which was organized in New ^'ork cit>' in 1897, is a society of individual members, and also a union of flag committees of the jiatriotic societies of the Unitetl States. The object of the associiition nia\' be stated to be "the fostering of public sentmient in f;i\or of honoring the flag of our countr}', and preser\ ing it from desecration, and ot initiating and forwarding legal meas- ures to pre\ent such desecration." The object is one to which all patriotic citizens can subscribe. Ihe association has already circulated widely its suggested salute to the flag for schools. Ibis salute is not prescribed b^' the Education Department; but is jirinted below for the information of school officers and teachers and its use when pracric;ible is recommended. At a gi\en hour in the morning, the pupils are assembled and in their places in the school. A signal is gi\en In the jirincipal of the school. l'.ver\' pujiil rises in his placi . 1 he flag is brought forward to the ]irinciii;il or teaclu 1. \\ hile it is being brought forward from the- door to the stand of the principal or teacher, e\er\' pupil gi\ts the flag the milit:irv salute, which is as follows: 1 he right hand ujiliftKl, palm upward, to a line with the forehead close to it. \\ hile thus standing w ith jialm ujiward and in the attitude of salute, all the pupils repeat together slowK' and distincth" the following pledge: 68 I pledge allegiance to im Hag and ro rlu- Republic tor which it stands, One nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. At the words, as pronounced in this pledge, "to my flag," each one extends the right hand gracefully, palni upward, toward the flag until the end of the pledge affirniation. Then all hands drop to the side. The pupils, still standing, all sing together in unison the song America. In the jiriniar}' dcjiarrnunts, wlurc the chiKlren are very small they are taught to repeat this, instead of the |)ledge as gi\en for the older children: I give my head and nn heart to ( lod and m) Counti), One Countr}, one Language, one Flag. In some schools, the salute is given in silence, as an act of reverence, unaccompanied by any pledge. At a signal, as the flag reaches its station, the right hand raised palm down- ward, to a horr/.ontal position against the forehead, and held there until the flag is dipped and returned to a \ertical position. 1 hen, at the second signal, the hand is dropped to the side and the pupil takes his seat. 1 he silent salute conforms very closely to the military- and naval salute to the flag. Principals may adopt the "silent salute" for a daily exer- cise and the "pledge salute" for special occasions. Flag Day 1-..\i;rcisks for ihk (jkadks A suggested program for the grades, prepared bv Miss Clara Walker, Principal School No. i6, Albany, New York. 1. CnoKUS — America. 2. F.XHRCISK- — The Flag of Our C()unrr\ . TWENTY I OIRTH CRADK I'll'll.s One pupil ic;uis, carrying large .Anuriiaii flag, ami takes his place on platlorni at extreme right. Nineteen children follow, each carry- ing a large white letter. It is suggested that the letters forming the words of the title be mounted on alternate red and blue shields, as THE on red, FLAG on blue, etc. The pupil bearing the first letter stands opposite the leader at extreme left, the others standing so that the words may be easily read. Kach pupil recites one line, except the nineteenth, who recites two lines. 69 Xliere is our country's banner Held b)- a loyal hand; Each heart holds it in honor Floating o'er all the land. Love it we shall forever, And as we older grow, Great hope he ours that nc\er Our nation's blood shall flow. From ocean \ast to ocean O, may men ever be United in its devotion. Reliant, safe, and free. Colors, crimson, blue and white, Of these our flag is made; Unfurled, floating in the light Ne'er will its glory fade. Those white stars on Held of blue Reveal the Union strong, Yea, patient, stanch, sturdy, true. In making right, in breaking wrong. Leader with flag steps forward to center of the platform. .At signal the school rises and in concert gives the oath ot allegiance to the flag. (Page 69.) 3. Chorus — O, Starr}- Flag of Union, Hail. (Page 85.) 4. Dkci.amation — The American Flag, by H. \\ . Beecher. (Page 82.) SIXTH GRADH BOY 5. RixiTATiON — Captain Molly at Monmouth. (Page 98.) FIFTH GRADE GIRI. 6. Chorus — Oh, Columbia, the Ciem ot the Ocean. (Page 94-) 7. 1 AHi.KAU — Making the Flag. THREE BOYS .AND TWO GIRLS FRO.M SEVENTH GRADE The boys represent General Washington, Robert Morris and George Ross, standing, while one girl, Betsy Ross, is seated, sewing 70 on a Hag. \ tr\ simple costumes will answer tor this tableau. I he second girl, in ordinary dress, recites The Banner Betsy Made. 8. S()N(;— I In If arc- Mam 1* lags. riRsT Vi:\R CLASS Each pupil carries a small flag which is held upright during the singing of the verses, and waved above the head while the chorus is being sung. g. Ri:cir.\TioN — The Name of Old CjIoh'. (Page 96.) ei(;hth yi:.\r oiri. 10. Churl s — The Sclioolliousc and tin- 1- lag. (Page 64.) I I. Ri-ciTATioN — A Song for Flag Day. (Page 95.) THIRD YKAR BOY 12. CoNCKRT Rkcitation — God Save the Flag. (Page 96. TEN THIRD GRADE PIPILS 13. Chorus — The Flag Goes By. (Page 95.) 14. Evolution of the American Flag. seven eighth grade boys Each hov carries the flag indicated by his description. It will add interest to this exercise if the girls of the class make the flags in their manual training class. Cheesecloth will serve the purpose. The boys may make the dowels and mount the banners. First Box — This is St George's cross which was planted at Labrador by Cabot in 14Q7, to proclaim England's possessive right to the land. It was the first English flag unfurled in Anurica. ScionJ Boy — I bear the banner that first floated over the |ierma- nent settlements in America. i his flag was known as the King's Colors, and was made by combining the white cross of St Andrew and the red cross of St (leorge, when England and Scotland were united after centuries of war. It is believed by many historians that the ship that brought over the Jamestown colonists in 1607, and also the good ship Mayflower in 1620, carried both the cross of St George and the King's Colors. Third Boy — The Pine Tree Elag of New England, as well as the Liberty Flag and the Rattlesnake Flag displayed the beginning of an independent spirit among the American colonists. Fourth Boy — The first flag of American independence was unfurled over Washington's head<|uarters at Cambridge in |anuar\' 1776. It was adopted by the Continental Congress, and consisted of thirteen stripes, representing the thirteen united colonies, and 7« 15 rctaiiud the Kin<;'s Colors as evidence that the colonists still considered themselves Lnglishmen. Fifth Boy — This flag must thrill every heart as we realize that our fathers, assembled in Congress, June 14, 1 777, nearly a year after the Declaration of Independence was passed, adopted this design of thirteen stripes and thirteen stars to show to all the nations on earth the right of the new-born nation to a place among them. Sixth Boy — Although Vermont was admitted into the Union in 1 791 and Kentucky in 1792, no change was made in the flag until July 4, 1795, when by act of Congress two stripes and two stars were added. In a few years it became evident that it \vould be im- possible to continue to add a star and a stripe for each new State. In 18 1 8, there then being twenty States, Congress enacted a law mak- ing the flag of the United States thirteen alternate red and white horizontal stripes, and providing that one star be added to the union of the Held upon the admission of each new state. Seventh Boy — Our country's flag! Proudest emblem of our nation's life! America's heroes lifted it high over Fort Stanwix, Saratoga, Monmouth, Stony Point, ^ orktown, Gettysburg, Vicks- burg, Richmond, San Juan and Manila. It has been carried to the North Pole by American hands. \\ herever it goes, may it forever carry peace and prosperity. Se.michorus — Our Flag High Above. (Page 99.) SEVENTH .\XD EIGHTH GRADES 16. Solo and Chorus — Star Spangled Banner. (Page 86.) SOLO BY SIXTH GRADE BOY 17- Flag Drill /• TWENTY-SIX SECOND GRADE PUPILS M Blue Rpd M l_ Whitp L K Rpd K .7 V\hi+p J T Red T M Whitp M Ct Red C-r Whitp F r Red F n WhitP n c Rprl c R WhiTP R A Rfld A This may be given by e(|ual numbers of boys and girls, or in couples to suit the personnel of the class. Couple A A are the smallest. 7^ M M the largest. The diagram will explain the arrangement as it appears at the Hnal Hgure in the formation of the flag. Strips of cheesecloth of suitable length to make the desired width of the flag, are used. Ihe ends of the strips are pinned to the shoulders of A A, H li, etc. Couples join hands in center of strip and hold it from the floor during the march. Beginning with Ci (i the strips must be of two colors sewed together: G G has red and blue, H II has white and blue, etc. White paper stars pasted on the blue will enhance the effect. Children enter stage in couples, A A, B \i, etc., in order. March for- ward, turn to left, march to back, down center. A A turn to right, B B to left, C C to right, D 1) to left, etc. Meeting at center back, couples fall into first |)osition, B B following A A, etc. Down center, separate as before, come torwartl from center back in double couples, with space between E K F V and stand marking time. CC I) 1) A A B B Ihe odd couple M M advance through space between the lines; one turns to right, one to left, winding in and out between couples until they reach position at back. I he two columns move forward, A A turning to the left, B B to right, C C to left, etc., until they reach center back, when they fall into first position. Couples separate length of streamer, thereby showing Hag in position. Close up ranks and march off in couples. 1 8. Chorus — My Own United States. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 H For High Schools A siipgested p:ogram for high schools prepared by Supt. F. D. Boynton, Ithaca, New York. Chorus — 1 he Star Spangled Banner Key Declamation — 1 he Stars and Stripes .... Sunnier Essay — I he hvokition of the American Flag. Rhcitation — Fhe American Flag Drake Chorus — Battle Hymn of the Repuhlic ... Hoive FssAY — What the Flair Stands For. Di.ci.AMAiioN — Ihe Man without a Country . . Hale Chorus — Hail Columliia Hopkitisoti RlXlTATlON — The Blue and the (ira\ Finch Dkclamation — Ciettyshurg Speech Lincoln Chorus — Tenting on the Old Camp (Iround . . Smith KssAY — Explanation of famous sayings on page 79. Sai.utk to the Fla(; in the school. Chorus — America Smith 73 How TO Make a Flag Prepared by Miss Grace C. Parsons, instructor in sewing and drawing, Vocational School, Albany, New York. T. Size. 9'9"x6'6". This particular size is suggested for convenience of measurements. 1 he proportions, however, are close to those prescribed by United States Army regulations. II. Material. 8 yards of red bunting. 3^ yards of blue bunting. 8 yards of white bunting. ^ yard of canvas. i^ yards of stout muslin. 2 harness rings. 2 spools of white thread, no. 6o. III. The Plan. The planning of the flag can he done as a class lesson — a drawing made by each pupil. The field of the union should be 3' g" x 3' 6", the stripes 6" wide, and the canvas binding at back i\" wide, when fin- ished (see diagram I). The forty-six stars are arranged in six rows, eight in the ■^ ■ j-5"- -I • -^ - -t- -t- -t- 1 r - - - - - - - - - • - 4- -»- •t- 4- X 4- + f- f + -♦- -♦- 4- + -+ i • - ' - ■ - - f - - - ' f t Hrst, st'wn ill rlu- sccoiul, eight iii tlu- next two, sc\cii in the iiLXt, ;iiul light in the last (see diagram I). 1 he ariangeiiient of stars will he accoitling to diagram 11. The length of the blue hekl can he tlixided into eighths and the depth into sixths. 1 his makes tort\-ei}:ht oh- longs. 1 he row s ha\ ing eight stars will ha\e the stars placed in center ot oblong, those hav- ing se\ en stars, the center of star placed on line (see diagram 11 i. vS^ 1 wo rings ^'" in diameter are placed in the can\as strip i" from the end. 1\; The Star. 1 he class can then make the pattern for a hve-pointed star. 1 he geometric jirohlem of constructing a pentagon within a circle is the one involved. Draw a 4" circle. Draw the horizontal and \ertical diameters A B and C 1). Make the point of intersec- tion E. Bisect K B and mark the point of intersection F. ^^ ith F as center and CF as radius, transcribe an arc cutting A E. Mark point of intersection (i. With (i C as radius and C as center, describe two arcs on either side ot C cutting circumference at II and J. With H and | as centers and same radius de- scribe two more arcs, cutting circumference at K and L. Connecting points on cir- cumference gnes pentagon. Connect C K and C [,, | L and 1 IL aiul II K. fhis will give the h\ e-|->()inted star. Cut this out for |iattern (see diagram 111 ). .\ star mav be cut (|uickl\- b)' folding as in diagram I\ . \'\ Coitipiiting Amount of Material and (lost. After the drawing has been made and the stars cut, /> the class can conipiirt' the amount of material necessary and the cost. Ihe bunting comes one yard wide. Let the pupils find the number of stripes of red and of white that can be cut from one width of goods. One-halt inch must be allowed for seams, and one inch tor hem at end of flao;. Plan to have the two outside red stripes seKage. Compute amount ot blue needed. It will probably be necessary to ha\e a seam lenjrthwise throujrh the middle of the blue held. Then hjrure the amount of muslin tor ninctv-two stars like pattern and the amount of canvas tor binding. 1 he tlac()IT 77 IN DKFKNSK OF II AC AM) COUNTRY Don'r uixf up tlu- sliip. 0.\rr. I.\mi:s I.awrhnce Sink or swim, li\f or tin.-, sur\i\c or jicrish, I gi\c my luart and m\' haiul ro this xote. John ;\i).\ms A star tor every state, and a state for every star. Roin-RT Charli-s Wintiirop See, there is Jackson, standing like a stone wall. Bl RNARD K. 13 HE I propose to tight it out on this line it it takes all summer. Ui.YssHs S. Grant \\ e ha\e met the eiieiin , and they are ours. Oliver Hazard Pjrry A little more grape, Captain Bragg. Cji;m;rai. Zaciiarv Ta^ i.or I am not worth purchasing, hut such as I am, the king ot I'.ngland is not rich enough to buy me. General josii-n Ri;i:d I know not what course others ma\- take; but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death. Patrick Henry I have not yet begun to tight. Pal i. Jones 1 here the\- are, bo^■s ; we must beat them today, or this night Moll\- Stark's a widow. Colonel John Stark. Millions for deteiise, not one cent tor tribute. CiLVRLES C. PiNCKNEY Pll try, sir. Colonel |ami s Miller If an\' one attempts to haul tlow n the American tlag, shoot him on the spot. Gi niral John A. Dix I regret that 1 ha\e but one lite to give to my countr\ . Nathan Hale 79 Till Si()i<> oi A Nlu ^'ork Ho'^' E\ \.\\\ li()\ and ^irl ought to know tlit- stor\- of Colonel l.lnur I., l.llsworth, a New ^ ork l-)o\- w liose dcatli in tlctensf ot the Hag at Alexandria, \ irginia, on Ma\' 24, i(S6i, was a tragic incident in the heginning of the Civil War. He was born at Mechanicville, New ^'ork, on April 2^, 1S37. His parents were poor and he was earlv thrown on his own resources. As a mere ho\- he drifted to Troy and then to New ^'ork, where he worked at whatever he could find to do. Always passionately fond of military tactics, he spent much time in New ^'ork watching the drill of the Seventh Regiment and in perfecting himself in the manual of arms. At the age ot twenty-two we find him a student in a law office in Chicago, going hungry man}- times and sleeping on the fioor of the office. He became an expert fencer and soon was captain of a company of young men known as the Chicago Zouaves. Drilling his company to perfection, he challenged the militia companies of the United States and made a successful tour of the country in the summer of i860, surpassing many of the crack companies in eastern cities. At the age of twenty-three he went hack to Chicago one of the most talked of men in the country. Soon thereafter he entered the law office of Abraham Lincoln at Springfield, and while making speeches in support of Lincoln's candidac\' for the presidency, he was dreaming of a national bureau of militia, and more, he was making definite, rational plans to that end. He accompanied the president- elect to N\ ashington, and Lincoln made him a lieutenant in the army. \\ hen the war broke out he went to New ^'ork and organized the New York Zouaves, a regiment of 1,100 men, and early in May 186 1 brought his regiment to Wash- ington. On the evening of ]\Ia\- 2^ he was ordered with his regiment to occupy the town of Alexandria, \ irginia. Ihis he did at dawn the following morning without resistance. On his way with a squad of Zoua\es to take possession of the telegraph office he caught sight of a Confederate flag floating from the summit of the Marshall House. Accompanied by four sf)ldiers he rushed into the hotel, up the stairs to the roof, and tore (low 11 the flag. Coming down the stairs he was met by the hotel-keeper and shot dead. The uniform he wore, the sword he carried, and the Confederate flajr he tore down are now displayed in the capitol at \lban\ and are reproduced n the opposite |")age. A monument at Mechanic\ille marks o 80 ^TI^EIISWORTH'IBWAIS^' hi the last rcsrin^ phitt- of tliis brilliant young New York soldier, who gave up his lite at the \er}' beginning of a great ci\ il war \\hKh was to purge the countr\' ot its greatest evil and more firml)' estal^hsli the flag ot the I nion. 'Ihh Ami:rican Fi.ac AIHOUGH 1 FUL nimd, when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag onl}-, but the nation itself; and what- e\er may be its symbols, its insijrnia, he reads c-hiefl\- in the flag the government, the principles, the rrurh, tlu- histor\', which belong to the nation that sets it forth. W hen the French tricolor rolls out to the wind, we see France. When the new-found Italian flag is unfurled, we see resurrected Italy. When the other three-cornered Hungarian flag shall be lifted to the wind, we shall see in it the long-buried but never dead principles of Hungarian liberty. When the united crosses of St Andrew and St (ieorge, on a fier}' ground, set forth the banner of Old I'.ngland, we see not the cloth merely; there rises up before the mind the noble aspect of that monarchy, which, more than any other on the globe, has advanced its banner for liberty, law, and national prosperity This nation has a banner, too; and wherever it streamed abroad, men saw daybreak bursting on their eyes, for the American flag has been the symbol of liberty, and men rejoiced in it. Not another flag on the globe had such an errand, or went forth upon the sea, carr^•ing everywhere the glorious tidings. 1 he stars upon it were to the pining nations like the morn- ing stars of God, and the stripes upon it were beams of morning light. As at early dawn the stars stand first, and then it grows light, and then as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color, the glowing red and intense white striving together and ribbing the horizon with bars ettulgent, so on the American flag, stars and beams of man)- colored light shine out together. And wherever the flag comes, and men behold it, they see in its sacred emblazonry no rampant lion and Herce eagle, but onU* LK^H T, and every fold significant of liberty. The history of this banner is all on one side. Under it rode Washington and his armies; before it Burgoyne laid down his arms. It wa\ed on the highlands at West Point; 82 it floated over okl Fort Monti^onurw When Arnold would have surrendered tliese \ahiaMe fortresses and jirecious legacies, his night was turned into day, and his treach- er^' was driNen awa\'. In' the heanis ot light from this starry hanner. It cheered our arnn , dri\en troni New ^ ork, ui their solitary pilgrimage through New |erse\'. It streamed in light over \ alle\' Forge and Morristown. It crossed the waters rolling with ice at Frenton; and when its stars gleamed in the cold morning with victory, a new day ot hope dawned on the despondency of the nation. And when, at length, the long years of war were drawing to a close, underneath the folds of this immortal banner sat Washington, while ^ orktown sur- rendered its hosts, and our Revolutionary struggles ended with \ ictory. Let us then twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our countr\'s flag about our heartstrings; and looking upon our homes and catching the spirit that breathes upon us from the battle-flelds of our fathers, let us resolve, come weal or woe, we will, in life and in death, now and forever, stand by the stars and stripes. They have been unfurled from the snows of Canada to the plains of New Orleans, in the halls of the Monte/umas and amid the solitude of every sea; and every- where, as the luminous symbol of resistless and beneficent power, they have led the bra\e to \ictory and to glor\\ Ihey have floated over our cradles; let it be our prayer and our struggle that they shall float over our graves. Henry Ward Bi:i:chkr Rfim.v to Tin Mayor of Xhw "^'ork City Fi-bruarv 20, 1861 TMl. RF is nothing that could ever bring me to consent — willingly to consent — to the destruction of this Lnion (in which not only the great city of New ^'ork, but the whole countr\-, has acquired its greatness), unless it would be the thing tor which the F nion itself was matle. I understand that the ship is made tor the carr\ing and preservation ot the cargo; and so long as the ship is sate with the cargo, it shall not be abandoned. Ihis Union shall never be abandoned, unless the possibilit\- of its existence shall cease to exist without the necessity ot throwing passengers and cargo overboard. Ai'.RAiiAM Lincoln 8i Thh Star Spanch.ii) IJannkr Till] Star Sjxingkd I^anncr! Was ever flag so beautiful, did ever flag so till the souls of men r Yhe love of woman ; the sense ot dut\'; the thirst tor glor\- ; the heart-throbbing that impels the humblest .American to stand In' his colors, tearless in the detense of his native soil, and holdin"; it sweet to die for it — the warning \\hich draws him to it \\hen exiled trom it — Its tree institutions and its blessed memories, all are embodied and s\inb()li/x'd b\' the broad strijies and bright stars ot the nation's emblem, all li\e ajrain in the lines and tones ot Ke\'s anthem. 1 wo or three began the song, millions join in the chorus. rhey are singing it in Porto Rican trenches and on the ram|-)arts ot Santiago, and its echoes, borne upon the winjrs ot morninjr, come rolling: back trom far awa\' Manila ; the soldier's message to the soldier; the hero's shibboleth in battle; the patriot's solace in death! Kven to the la/\' sons of jieace w ho lag at home — the pleasure-seekers whose merr\'- makin<>; turns the nitrht to da\" — those stirrin": strains come as a sudden trumpet-call, and, abo\e the sounds of re\elr}', subjugated tor the moment to a stronger power, rises wave upon wa\e of melodious resonance, the idler's aimless but hearttelt tribute to his countrv' and his country's flag. Hi: NR^' Waii i KsoN WHEN my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union; on states dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! Let their -last feeble and linjrerinjj irlance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the Republic, now known and honored throug-hout the earth, still lull hiiih advanced, its arms and trophies streaming in their original luster, not a stripe erased or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing tor its motto no such miserable interrogator}' as "What is all this worth ?" nor those other words of delusion and tblh', " Libert\' Hrst and Union afterwards"; but everywhere, spread over all in charac- ters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as the\- float over the sea and over the land, and in ever^■ wind under the w hole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true Ameri- can heart — Libert\" (iiiJ Union, now and tbrever, one and inseparable! Damhl Wkbstfr 8+ OlR Fl AC Tlll.RI. is the- national Hag! lie must he cold, inclccd, who can look upon its tolds, rijipling in the hreezc, with- out pride ot country. It he he in a foreign land the flag is companionship and country itself, with all its endearments. Who, as he sees it, can think of a state merely.^ Whose e\e, once fastened on its radiant trophies, can fail to recogni/.e the imajre ot the whole nation .' It has heen called a "floatinti piece of poetry"; and yvt 1 know not if it has any intrinsic beauty beyond other ensigns. Its highest heaut\' is in what it symbolizes. It is because it represents all, that all ga/.e at it with delight and reverence. It is a piece of bunting lifted in the air; but it speaks sublimely, and every part has a voice. Its stripes, of alternate red and white, proclaim the original union of thirteen states to maintain the Declaration of Inde- pendence. Its stars, white on a field of blue, proclaim that union of states constituting our national constellation, which receives a new star with every new state. The two, together, signify union, past and present. The ver)' colors have a lan- guage, which was ofHcially recognized by our fathers. W hite is for purity, red for valor, blue for justice; and all together — bunting, stripes, stars, and colors blazing in the sky — make the flag ot our country, to be cherished b\- all of our hearts, to be upheld by all of our hands. Charles Su.mner () STARRY IL.AG OK IXION, HAIL! O starry flag of Union, hail! Now wave thv silktn folds on liitjli. The gentle breeze that stirs each sail Proclaims a broad dear freedom nigh. Who dares haul down from mast or row'r, ^ on emblem of Columbia's |)ride. Mis life holds li^ht in that ilread hour, .Since brave men tor that flag have died. We raise no hand for strife or war, \N e jilead tor peace for ev'rv land; Hut love we always each bright star, Kach color, stripe, and rain-bow strand. lilut- fiflJ, thv stars for evr\ state: Thy crimson striprs, thy peerless uhlte. Have now o'er us, while our chorus Su.lh r.ur .,wr- /,:,..../. GoJ an.l Rieht! Charles W. Johnson 85 Ht..-i (o'.; iv^ ■ ' - - -- > -. ■ "nn hiu '.ell ! pOM '' »ftii-r ■ '1111- boriMigii He Willi"! 't •<■ '' ■ ..!• Nil, ofttiu ^liurnl, lind ««'a»ni)t permiC^il (o return letl ' lh« iiiuiftddil aitai-k on hiKlmore 'houM bi- "■ d!»clu*tMj il(* was IheiTttiri* tvr<>uf(lit Ofi ihr ■ flay to I he moMiU of the I'.' j[>Mn, whirclh- * n^ijt vciM:i w*« kepi untlrr lt>e i^ufti f>l a fil- £ale, and he was comprllc'l lo wilniMthr mfaaiiinicnl o1 Korl .V'Mcni). wl.i>htlie AOioiral haJ bauted that he unulJ r.'i; in t fev hoUM, and that the ciijr niii*i lull lie u alclir J (he lluf at the fort ihiotigh (he « h-iln day KiUi an aiixietv thai can b<- briter felt Chan de>rribed( and) the ni|(h( prevcnieil hini from seeing iL In th« niedili« Uurub Sh?Us, and at earl) dawn hm ryr «d^ •A«in ji[rreted by (bo prcodly warin|; lUg at bU coantry 7ir— Ava'nr.ow 15 Hi!ati' What -0 prou iiy ivc li4.ileii al tb« twilight's last gieAntn^, \Vhos« btud stiiiH-sand bright it«n thrsogh llie uerii'Mn AKht, O'er 'he rainputs we walch'd, were so gal Unt!y strranint I* And (he Uu«keu' red glare, the Bombs burst- ing in tir, QmTe proof ihroagh the night, that our I'lafi was atdl there ; U ! aay dwa that tUr-tptngUd Banner yet ware, O'er Uk Land gl lb« free, and the home c( the t>ra«e7 On the tbore dimly tetn thrcvugh ihe miita of the fleep, Where the foe's haagbly'hoit in dread si- lence reptw«. What is that which the brre«e, o'er ibc tow- •nng sleep, As it niful!) blows, heir caace^ls, half dit- rluM? Jfow II cstrhrs the gleam of Ihe iDorning't Aril tKam, In full glory rvSectedno* bines in Ihastraan. 'TIS the Uar spangled haaoer, O! lang may it wa»e O'er (lie land of the feaii ead the homa of th* bnre. AbA "hen is that hand who so Taoatjngly swore f hat the havoo of sear and the battle's coo- fusion, J^honie and BCoanUj,*hoald leareas na moreP ' Their t>l»od hai wuhed out their fiwl footr slaps poflutioA. Ko rrfttga could s^eethr^ hireling and slave. From ihr (eiror of Sight or Ibe gwig of (ha grave. And >li>' star-epanglrd banner in Iriiunpb d'tlh waer. O'er- the Land nf Ihe rrea, aad the Hobo of Ih.. Hr^ve. "r when frrisninn s|iaM stand*. ' tmrM hitfics, (nd'lhr wv'a and pa^ci^ may tb« llcav'n raiv- (ha l*ower Chat hath andcaod pra« Mfv'd us a ntiioa f Xt"' • -mjBsr We most, when a«T «aasa it Is * J"'t, Ard this ha oor motto— 'In Ged is odrTnut' ' Add the siar-ipani;lrd Uanoex in triuinph thall wave, O'er thr Land of the i'rer, and Ihe liotaa ^ -tf IbaBAfai re,' aril land sittea Icuv ti* .. nol bvlig ioecillun.u.'.l-,4 C^y. I am, sir, with respert your ol vant, JDIillUABAk CapL A SrvirR, Maiine Cotpm, Washington. VVaaiii.vr,ro.«, Sep' ff Itrtth Houj i of Longress yeitrrday fo/ a ijunrum, and appiiinted a joint eom'/ In iiif.tim the IVesiderti that they We/ oied and ready torecrirc any consmun be mii(ht have to make. Ii is probAhlf ^ fura that the Mes>ai:e will be dcltiere',' A'.: We had yesterday nn addilinm lion of an authentic rbararter froi borbuod of Hiattsbuig, which is n Ire ol the most interesting ope f The gloriuus vicuiry obl^inv/' force on Lalii- C h«ni|ila of that arhieve(. Tbe twt ~ tho capture of one British ai the trani|UTli(y of our wastern i battle bt ChainplaiB preceded .. complished the Jefeat of another luncd a formidable invasion ol ou Ironiiw, by an iiicur*ion into the liius stale Ml (Ik I'nion. Toe rrci hi, every where diffused heartlil been rct«iveduilh welcomr hsiul long as histur< prolongs lo poster | collenian ol uther (iincs, the i>i and .MaciiimoicH will tMrcneiBcl thar and the lanth snii eleventh oTll be racorJed as fortunate days in lb of the Kepiiblio — /^ , CVXGRBR.S UNITED STA! iin IS I year MOKUAT, sr.lT W. This beinK the day assipncd b; matiuo of tin I'r^sidrnt lor ihe' Cnjogreis, lh« .Members a-teio parinienu prepared lor their • at the UMH hiiur. Ttiese re from liiMilg as commodiuui r oucupied b^ the two hous' more romtnrtahle than cr peered finm Ihe exterior building in whi.h liry un brta vry nrsilj and eipedi under ibe diretiiun of the Sl^ the city. /»V S£.\ATa. \ The Vice PiMidcnl not h iving aiV Hon. Jmin (itiliMil, i.r 3'iutbCaA sumnd the Chair ai Mrendoot fro It) of the Senat •. / Tharull havmg beaa called, it/ that (he following mvmbnis were f from .Sro ll,mjilur,-\U /iA-Jt ltUiKi->lr. ffmi twr^lfl -Mr. 1 A. »i J. Ay -.Mr. B.^.i»_ 7'cn«uegan contribut- ing verses to the New fork Evening Post under the title of The Croakers. The American Flag first appeared in this series in the issue of May 29, 1819. The last four lines of the poem were written by Halleck, at Drake's request, because he was not satisfied with his own concluding lines. Culprit Fav, a wiilely known poem, has its scene in the highlands of the Hudson river. Drake died on September 21, 1820, and was buried at Hunt's Point, \^'estchcste^ county, N. Y. His death prompted his friend Halleck to write the familiar lines: Green be the turf above thee, Friend of mv better days ! None knew thee but to love thcc. Nor named thcc but to praise. 89 Reproduced from Preble's History of the Flag 90 nil-. AirilOk OK AMl.KICA Till Rl A. Ik ANdS SMiril 1)1)., rlu- author of AuKTica, was horn in Boston on Octohcr 21, 180S. He aiccl at Newton Ctntrc, Massachusetts, November 16, 1805. He graduated at 1 lai\ aid C\)llege with the famous class of iSig, and is the subject of Holmes's familiar lines: "Ami tiuri-'s a nice vouiiiisnr ot" ixct-Ilcnt pitli; Fate tried to conctal liiiii hy naiuiiii; liini Smith." He was an editor, preacher and poet. He wrote more than 100 hvmns. He is best known, of course, b\- the national hvmn America. The circumstances under which it was writ- ten will be shown best in Dv Smith's own words in a letter written in 1S72, to Captain Preble of the United States navy. ''The origin of mv hMim, ' .M\ Country 'tis of Thee,' is briertv told. ^In the year iS^i, Nlr William C. Woodbridge returned from luirope, bringing a (juantity of German music- books, which he passed over to Lowell Mason. Mr Mason, with whom I was on terms of friendship, one day turned them over to me, knowing that I was in the habit of reading German works, saying, 'Here, 1 can't read these, but they contain good music, which I should be glad to use. '1 urn over the leaves, and, if vou hnd anything particularly good, give me a translation or imitation of it, or write a wholly original song— ainthinu, so I can use it.' ' "Accordinszly, one leisure afternoon, 1 was looking ()ver the hooks, aiuffell in with the tune of 'Ciod Save the King,' and at once took up my pen and wrote the piece in question. It was struck out at a sitting, without the slightest idea that it would e\er attain the popular- it\^it has since enjoyed. 1 think it was written in the town of Andover, Mass., in February, iS^jl. The hrst time if was sung publicly was at a children's celebration of American independenci-, at the Park Street Church, Boston, I think, July 4, 18^2. If 1 hail anticipated the future ot it, doubtless I would have taken more pains with it. Such as it is, I am glad to have contributed this mite to the cause of .\merican tjeedom. 9» HAIL COIAMBIA Mail Columbia — happv' laiiil. Hail ye heroes — heaven-born band. Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause, And when the storm of war was done, Enjoyed the peace your valor won — Let Independence be our boast. Ever mindful what it cost; Ever grateful for the prize. Let its altars reach the skies. Firm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall Hml. Immortal Patriots, rise once more, Defend your rights, defend your shores; Let no rude foe with impious hand. Let no rude foe with impious hantl. Invade the shrine, where sacred lies. Of toil and blood, the wcll-earneil |irize. While offering Peace, sincere ami just, In Heaven we place a manly trust. That Irutli ami justice will prevail. And ever\' scheme of bondage fail. Firm, united, let us be, Ralhing round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined, Peace and safety we shall Hnd. Sound, sound the trump ot tame. Let Washington's great name Ring through the worKl \\iili loutl applause, Ring through the world with loud ap|ilause. Let every clime to Freedom dear, Listen with a joyful ear; With equal skill, with godlike power. He governs in the fearful hour Of horrid war; or guides with ease 1 he happier times of honest peace, lirm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safety we shall find. 92 Ikhokl the chief, who now comm:iiuls, Once more to serve his countiy statuls, 1 lie rock on wliich the storm will heat, The rock on which the storm will heat, But arm'd in virtue, firm and true. His hopes are fixed on Heaven and vou. When hope was sinking in dismav. And clouds ohscured Columhia's day, I lis steadv mind, from changes free, Resolved on D,ath or Ltlnrtw Kirm, united, let us be. Rallying round our Liberty, As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safetv we shall find. Joseph Hopkinson', the author of Hail Columbia was born at Philadelphia, Pa., on November 12, 1770. Francis Hopkinson, his father, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was a lawyer, representative to Congress, judge in a I'nited States District Court, vice-presi- dent i)f the American Philosophical Society, president of tlic Philadelphia .Academy of Fine .Arts, and a writer on legal, educa- tional and ethical subjects. He is best known, however, as the author of our famous national song, which was written in the summer of 1798, when the .American people were taking sides in the contest between England and France. The object of the po<-m was '"to get up an .American spirit which should l>c independent of, and above, the interests, passion, and policy of both belligerents, and look and feel exclu- sively for our honor and rights." Judge Hopkinson died at Philadelphia on January 15. iS4i- 93 '/CiZh7 fu^v ^a/iACi^t^ erf meT't/i, UAu 'ii^tcl u-xThu, fUrV •tJtO' JZci'ly c^ "tftUV /^^ C'l^^nu cit^i^fiy . dnz- CiA-i^p^/c a^t^i^ ftcu^ yW- e^tk^, LJ hv'lfu' %t^ urHi< im M^.Kll\K^ oi War rile iirnn regulations jiro\iile for a color for the Secretar\- of War, m;ide of scarlet b;inner silk, five feet six inches fl\ 101 iiiicl tour tier tour nulus on tlu- j'ukc, ha\ing (.■mhroukrtM.l in tach conuT a ti\ (.-ponuccl white star, one point upward, and Ixarinii in the center, iinhroidered in colors, the official coat ot amis ot the I nitetl States. A similar flag, of scarlet bunt- 1\ ' I'lu- li.illK.slni. .\> VwiL ing, to he attached to halliards, measuring twihe feet fl\ and six feet eight inches hoist, is also prescribed. A launch flag, of scarlet bunting, bearing similar designs, and measuring three and six-tenths teet h\ h\e and rliiirccii one-hundi-edths feet, is also iiroxided. 102 Siniihir colors :iiul flii^s, t-xct-pt that tlu\- shall he mack- of white haniur silk ami whin- luiiuiiig with scarlet stars, re- s[Hcti\ elw are proxuleil tor the Assistant Secretar\' ot War. N\ii()\\i Coi.oKs AM) Standards The national colors carried h\ retjiinents of infantry, the coast artiller\' corps (for h. (j. ot each artiller\' district u and hattalions of engineers, in hattle, campaign, or occasions of ceremony, are made of silk and are five feet six inches Hy and four teet four inches hoist, mounted on pikes nine feet long. The ot+icial disignatioii of the organizations carrying the same are engra\ed upon a siKer hand jilaced on the pike. 1 he held of the color is thirt)' inches long (trom the pike casing) and extends to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The national standards carried hy ca\ ah)' and held artillery regiments in hattle, campaign, or occasions ot ceremony are also made of silk and are four feet fly and three teet hoist, mounted on lances nine feet six inches long. 1 he field of the standard is twenty-two inches long from the lance casinjr and extends down to the lower ediie of the fourth red stripe from the top. 1 he official designation of the t)rgani/ations carr\ing the same are engraved upon a sil\er hand placed on the lance. "Service" national colors and standards made ot hunting (or other suitable material) and of the same dimensions as above are also furnished for similar commands for use at drills and on marches, and on all serxice other than battles, campaigns, and occasions of ceremon}'. I he "serxice" national color is also prescribed tor bat- talions ot Phili|ipine scouts, for use on all occasions. Fl.AC; OK THK Sl-CRFTARV OF THH XavV 1 he flag of the Secretary of the Xav^• is made in four sizes, size No. i being fourteen ami iOnv oiu-hundredths feet fly and ten and twenty one-hundredrhs feet on the pike. It has a blue field with a five-pointc-d white star in each of the four corners, one point upward, and a white anchor in the center. I he flag of the .Assistant Secretar\- of the \a\ y simply reverses the colors, having a white field with blue stars and a blue anchor. »03 M^ 1 ^^^^^^^ 15 X D rJ ^^1= 1 S s a a s lllh A.MI.RICAN Vl.AG A RKFPIRENCK LIST BOOKS Books of interest to school children arc starred. Valuable hooks of reference for teachers are double starred. *Campbell, Robert A. Our flag; or. The evolution of the Stars and Stripes. Chicago, Lawrence, 1890. o. p. Canhy, Cieorge, and l^alderston, Lloyd. Kvolution of the American flag. Philadelphia, Ferris & Leach, 1909. $1. Champion, Mrs Sarah L. Our flag, its history and changes, 1620-1896. 2d ed. New York, Tuttle, 1896. 75c. **Fallo\vs, Samuel (ed.). Story of the American flag, with patriotic selections and incidents. Chicago, Lducational Publication Company, 1905. 40c. **Fow, John H. True story of the American flag. Philadel- phia, Campbell, 1908. 50c. Hale, Ldward L\erett. NLm without a countr\-. Various editions. Hamilton, Schuyler. Histor\- of the national flag of the L nited States ot America. Philadelphia, Lippincoti, 1852. o. I"). **Harrison, Peleg D. Ihe Stars and Stripes and other Ameri- can flags, including their origin and history, army and navy regulations concerning the national standard and ensign, flag making, salutes, improvised, unitjue and combination flags, flag legislation, and many associations of American flags including the origin of the name "Old (ilory," with songs and their stories. Boston, Little, Brown, 1906. S^. *Holden, Ldward S. Our countr\'s flag and the flags of foreign countries. New ^'ork, Appleton, 1898. 80c. '^*Hulme, Frederick L. Flags of the world; their history, bla/.onr}-, and associations. New '^'ork, Warne, 1897. $2. '''*Preble, George H. Histor\' of the flag of the United States. Boston, Houghton, Mif^in, i^Q]. 55. The standard history of the flag. *Smirh, Nicholas. Our nation's flag in histor)- and incident. Milwaukee, ^'oung Churchman Company, 1903. $1. 106 Unitecl States I-.(]ulpiiHnt Hiirtaii. Flags of maritime nations. Washington, ( loNcrnmtnt l^rinting Otiice, 1N99. o. p. Weaver, A. ( 1. Stor\ ot our flag, colonial and national, with a historical sketch of the Quakeress, Hetsv Ross. ImI. 2. Chicago, The .Author, 1898. Si. m.\(;azim- .\rtici.fs The American Hag. Outlook, Fehruar\- 25, 1S99. 61:479. Champion, Mrs Henr\ . American flag the ensign of liberty. journal ot .American Ilistor\, |anuar\ 11^07. 1:9-10; C(»nnecticut Magazine, |anuar\ 1907. 11:^' 11. Dwight, Iheodore W. American flag and lohn Paul lones. .Magazine of .American Histor\', October 1S90. 24: 2O9-72. l\llicott, John .M. What the flags tell. St Nicholas, .March 1895. 22:403-9. I Descrd^es the international signal code. ) Cieare, Ranilolph 1. Historic flags. New l.ngland .Maga/me, August 1903. 34:702-10. (irirtis, William I*.. Where our flag was Hrst saluted. New i'.ngland Magazine, juh' 189^. 14:576-85. Hamilton, Schuyler. Our national flag, the Stars and Stripes, Its histor\' for a centurv. .Magazine of .American History, July 1877. I : 401 28. Stars in our flair. .M:itain who thus christened the American flag. Harjiers Weekl\', Decemher 18, 1909. Ogden, Y\. A. Our flag's hrst engagement. St Nicholas, juiv 1907. 34:^3' U- 1 uftie\', iulward W . ( )rigin of the Stars and Stripes. St Nicholas, No\ ember 188^. i i : h() 71. \ arne\', (leorge |. Stars and Stripes, a Boston uUa. New Fngland Magazine, luh 1902. 32:539-48. Wheelan, I'. H. A hou.se that was saved bv the flag. St Nicholas, lul\ 1908. 35: 791 93. (How the flag saved a house from burning in the San Francisco fire, 1906.) 107 Wilcox, 11. K.. \\ . Xarional standards and cnihlciiis. Har- pers Magazine, July i<^73- 47:171-81. Zch, Lillian K. How the flags for our battleships are made. \'an Nordens Magazine, February 1908. 2: 123-28. POEMS .AND STORIES OF THE FI..AG COLLECTIONS Carrington, Henrv 15. Beacon lights of patriotism. New ^'ork, Silver, Burdett, 1894. 72c. Columbian selections. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1892. 75c. Kggleston, CI. C. .American war ballads and hrics. 2\ . New York, Putnam, 1889. Si. 50. Matthews, j. Brander. Poems of .American patriotism. New ^'ork, Scribner, 1882. 50c. Paget, R. L. Poems of .American patriotism. Boston, Page, 1898. Si. 25. Scollard, Clinton. Ballads of .American bra\er\-. New \'()rk. Silver, Burdett, 1900. 50c. Stevenson, Burton K. Poems of .American history. Boston, Houghton, MifHin, 1908. $3. and Idizabeth B. Da\s and deeds: a book of verse. New York, Baker <5c ra\lor, 1906. Si. White, Richard Grant. Poetr\- of the Civil War. New "\'ork, American News Companw 1866. o. p. INDIVIDI-AL POF..MS Poems in collections listed above arc referred to by compiler and page only. Bennett, Henr\' H. The flag goes hv. See Paget, p. 45- Bovle, \ irginia I'. 1 he apron flag. Lre Harrison, p. 405-^. Bunner, Henr\' C. The old flag. See his Poems, p. 92-93; also abridged in Paget, p. 11. Butterworth, Hezekiah. Festal da\ lias come. See Shoe- maker's best selections, number 20, jv 154-57. • Flag the emigrants cheered. See Carrington, Columbian selections, p. 261-6:5. Sonir of the flac;. See Carrintrton, Columbian selections, p. 260-hi. Carleton, \\ ill. Language of the flag. See his Poems tor young .Americans, p. 5()-6o. Cawein, .Madison. Under the Stars ami Stripes. See Paget, p. 246-47. 108 The Confederate flag. See White, p. ^2 5-2^'». Curtis, (jeorge \\ . Aiiurican Hag. See Fallows, p. 79-80. Dorr, Henry. Spirit ot the Hag. See Serihner's Magazine, liitH' loo.;. .5 ^ : 700. Drake, Joseph Rodiiiari. Ameneaii Hag. See Matthews, (iiiiternian, .Arthur. Call to the colors. See Ste\ensoii, Poems of .American historw p. (wj-l^\ Paget, p. iqj ()(). Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Union and liherty. See his Pomis (Camb. ed.), p. u;S. The Hower ot lilHrt\-. See his Poems iCamh. ed.), p. K)(i-97.^ ( lod sa\e the Ha*:. See his Poems iCamh. ed.l, P- IQ4- .... Howe, |ulia Warti. I he llag. See lu r l.atir l\ rics, |i. Irving, .Minna. Bets\'s battle Hag. See Stevenson, l\xnis ot American history, p. 191-92. Ke\-, Francis Scott. Star spangled banner. See Kggleston, j-). i.;S-40; Matthews, p. 1S7-89; Paget, p. 85-87. King, I loratio. Our beloved flag. See Magazine ot .Anurican History, August 1890. 24: 137-^8. Farcom, I^ucy. 1 he flag. See her Poems, p. 103; also Stexen- son. Days and deeds, p. 156-57. Long, John D. I he Hag. See Harrison, Stars ami Stri|tes, AFipes, \ ictor. A stor\- ot the Hag. St Xicliolas, Iul\- 1892. 19:643-46. (.Adventures of two .American flags in Paris.) .Mitchell, S. Weir. Song ot the flags on their return to the States ot the Contederac\ . See Stevenson, Poems ot .American historw p. 655. Nesbit, \\ ilbur D. ^ our flag and m\ Hag. See Sindelar, ]C, Lincoln day entertainments, p. ifi-ij. ( )ne beneath Old (ilorw See Paget, p. 31.;. Owen, .Moses. Nothmg but flags. See Cam|ibill, |">. 12 1-22. Parker, Hubbard. Old flag. See Ste\ciison, Days and deeds, p. 160-61. Proctor, Fdna D. Columbia's banner. Sir htr Songs ot .America, p. 6-10. — Ihe Stripes and the Stars. See Pamt, p. 128. Raymond, (ieorge L. Hail thi- flag. See his Hallads and poems, p. 160-62. 109 Ra\ni()iul, R. \\ . lianiK-r of rlu- stars. Sec* Paget, p. I4O-41 Reid, 1 hoiiias liuchanan. Ma*:; <)t the constellation. See Kgglcston, J"). 186-S7. Richarcl.s, Laura I',. Our colors. See (ieorge, Marian .M., The plan hook. Spring-intermediate, p. 1294. Rile\', janies \\ hitconih. Xaiiie of Old (ilor\'. See his Home folks, p. 4 7. M. W. S. The flag. See Paget, p. ^7-^.S. Shaw, l)a\icl 1 . Coluiiihia the ltcmi of the ocean. Sec Pa^ret, Smith, Dexter. ()ur national haiiiur. See Stexenson, Potnis of .American histoi}', p. 57S. Smith, Samuel Francis. America. See his Poems of home ami C()untr\', p. 77-7H. \Va\e the flag on high. See his Poems of home and country, p. 156. Stanton, Frank I,. Old flag forever. See Paget, p. 36. Street, Alfred B. Return of the flags of the \olunteer regi- ments to their states. See Canijihell, p. 125-2^. Stryker, M. \\ . Fvery star a story. See Smith, N., ji. i-S7. 1 hompson, Maurice. An incident of the war. See Scollard, p. 99-101. Trowbridge, John l. The color-hearer. See his Poetical works, p. .^H-.^9- Wells, Mary. For the flag. St Nicholas, )ul\ 190S. 35:771-76. Whittier, John Greenleaf. Barbara Frictchie. See his Poetical works, \arious editions. Wilder, fohn N. Stand by the flag. See Ikllamy, R. W . cV Goodwin, M. W., Open sesame, 2:4-5. Woodman, Horatio. 1 he flag. See White, p. 5-O. no Education Department. S.^a.i.O.B.i.yo" comply, of Albany. YD 22ouU 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. ^5\A0M^S3CB Mtii^^ UMi^^ rec'd cifC. MAY 1 2 1983 circ ^AY 1 'i 1903 WAR 12 im i..Mia^J 'U 9 JAN 3 1994 LD 21A-40m-4,'63 (D647l8l0)476B Gei&]& Libr.^r>- Uaiverskyof California Berkeley l-/di3iii IY7 :)274*- U C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD0SEbl317 \\