^TjiaONVSOl^ -< V? '^6'AbViiaii-^^ "^^okm ^HlBRARYOr 5.WEUNIVER% avIOSAN %Oim-i^^ ^(!/0dllV3JO^ '^J'ilJDNVSOl^ ^OFCAllFOff/i^ ^OFCAIIFO% ^^Aavaani^ .^WEUNIVERi-ZA < BO " ' ' o v>;lOSANLtL "^/SaaAlNlI;! ,5.\\EllNIVERSy/i ^lOSANCEier^ o &Aavaaii-^^ ^^Aavaan- ^HIBRARYQ^ ^HIBRARYQ<^ ^^WEUNIVERV^ ^^ lOS-ANCEl ^(tfOJllVDJO^ %OJI1V3JO^ &Advaan^^ ^IUBRARYQa^ ^UIBRARYO^, ^OJIIVDJO'^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ ^OFCAlIFOff^ ^(?AilVliaiH'^ ^^UIBRARYQ^, -^HIBRARY<7/ ^OFCALIFOi?^ ^OFCAIIF0% ,5,WEUNIVER% OQ ^lOSANCElfj O 95 9 f wi^ f^' ' v ■' -'.. '?■-'- i \ f^ cJiuyfi^-cc^T'^.^ DEATH VALLEY IN '49. IMPORTANT CHAPTER OF California Pioneer History. —THE — AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A PIONEER, DETAILING HIS LIFE FROM A HUMBLE HOME IN THE GREEN MOUNTAINS TO THE GOLD MINES OF CALIFORNIA ; AND PARTICULARLY RECITING THE SUFFERINGS OF THE BAND OF MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN WHO GAVE "DEATH valley" ITS NAME. By WILLIAM LEWIS MANLY SAN J08E. CAL. : THE PACIFIC TREE AND VINE CO. 1894. Kntered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1894, by wm. l. man ley, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. TO THE PIONEERS OF CALIFORNIA, THEIR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED, WITH THAT HIGH RESPECT AND REGARD SO OFTEN EXPRESSED IN ITS PAGES, BY THE AUTHOR. 2607SI CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Birth, Parentage. — Early Life in Vermont. — Suck- ing Cider through a Straw. 10-16. CHAPTER II. The Western Fever.— On the Road to Ohio.— The Outfit. — The Erie Canai. — In the Maumee Swamp. 16-21 CHAPTER III. At Detroit and Westward. — Government Land. — Killing Deer. — "Fever 'N Agur. " 21-26. CHAPTER IV. The Lost Filley Boy. — Never Was Found. 26 29. CHAPTER V. Sickness. — Rather Catch Chipmonks in the Rocky Mountains than Live in Michigan. — Building the Michigan Central R. R. — Building a Boat. — Floating down Grand River. — Black Bear. — Indians Catching Mullet. — Across the Lake to Southport. — Lead Min- ing at Mineral Point. —Decides to go Farther West. — Return to Michigan. 30-46. CHAPTER VI. Wisconsin. — Indian Physic. — Dressed for a Winter Hunting Campaign. — Hunting and Trapping in the Woods. — Catching Otter and Marten. 47-57- ^CHAPTER VII. , Lead Mining. — Hears about Gold in California. — Gets the Gold Fever. — Nothing will cure it but Cal ifornia. — Mr. Bennett and the Author Prepare to Start. — The Winnebago Pony. — Agrees to Meet Ben- nett at Missouri River. — Delayed and Fails to Find Him. — Left with only a Gun and Pony. — Goes as a CONTENTS. Driver for Charles Dallas.— Stopped by a Herd of Buffaloes.— Buffalo Meat— Indians.— U. S. Troops.— The Captain and the Lieutenant. — Arrive at South Pass. — The Waters Run toward the Pacific. — They Find a Boat and Seven of them Decide to Float down the Green River. 58'75- CHAPTER VIII. Floating down the River. — It begins to roar. — Thirty Miles a Day.— Brown's Hole.— Lose the Boat and make two Canoes. — Elk. — The Canons get Deeper. — Floundering in the Water. — The Indian •Camp. — Chief Walker proves a Friend. — Describes the Terrible Canon below Them.— Advises Them to go no farther down. — Decide to go Overland. — Dangerous Route to Salt Lake. — Meets Bennett near there. — Or- ganize the Sand Walking Company. 76-108. i^ CHAPTER IX. The Southern Route.— Off in Fine Style.— A Cut-off Proposed.— Most of Them Try it and Fail— The Jay- hawkers. — A New Organization. — Men with Families not Admitted. — Capture an Indian Who Gives Them the Slip. — An Indian Woman and Her Children, — Grass Begins to Fail. — A High Peak to the West. — No Water. — An Indian Hut. — Reach the Warm Spring. — Desert Everywhere. — Some One Steals Food. — The Water Acts Like a Dose of Salts. — Christmas Day. — Rev. J. W. Brier Delivers a Lecture to His Sons. — Nearly Starving and Choking. — An Indian in a Mound. — Indians Shoot the Oxen. — Camp at Fur- nace Creek. 108-143. i/CHAPTER X. A Long, Narrow Valley. — Beds and Blocks of Salt. — An Ox Killed. — Blood, Hide and Intestines Eaten. — Crossing Death Valley. — The Wagons can go no farther. — Manley and Rogers \^olunteer to go for Assistance. — They Set out on Foot. — Find the Dead CONTENTS. Body of Mr. Fish. — Mr. Isham Dies. — Bones along the Road. — Cabbage Trees. — Eating Crow and Hawk. — After Sore Trials They Reach a Fertile Laud. — Kindly Treated. — Returning with Food and Animals. — The Little Mule Climbs a Precipice, the Horses are Left Behind. — Finding the Body of Captain Culver- well. — The}^ Reach Their Friends just as all Hope has Left Them. — Leaving the Wagons. — Packs on the Oxen. — Sacks for the Children. — Old Crump. — Old Brigham and Mrs. Arcane. — A Stampede [Illustrated.] — Once more Moving Westward. — "Good-bye, Death Valley." 143-217. CHAPTER XI. Struggling Along. — Pulling the Oxen Down the Precipice[Illustrated.] — Making Raw-hide Moccasins. — Old Brigham Lost and Found. — Dry Camps. — Nearly Starving. — Melancholy and Blue. — The Feet of the Women Bare and Blistered. — "One Cannot form an Idea How Poor an Ox Will Get. ' ' — Young Charlie Arcane very Sick. — Skulls of Cattle. — Cross- ing the Snow Belt. — Old Dog Cuff. — Water Dancing over the Rocks. — Drink, Ye Thirsty Ones. — Killing a Yearling. — See the Fat. — Eating Makes Them Sick. — Going down Soledad Cailon. — A Beautiful Meadow. — Hospitable Spanish People. — They Furnish Shelter and Food. — The San Fernando Mission. — Reaching Los Angeles. — They Meet Moody and Skinner. — Soap and Water for the First Time in Months. — Clean Dresses for the Women. — Real Bread to Eat, — A Pic- ture of Los Angeles. — Black-eyed Women. — The Author Work.s" in a Boarding-house. — Bennett and Others go up the Coast. — Life in Los Angeles. — The Author Prepares to go North. 217-278. CHAPTER XII. Dr. McMahon's Story. — McMahon and Field, Left behind with Chief Walker, Determine to go down the CONTENTS. River. — Change Their Minds and go with the Indians. — Change again and go by themselves. — Eating Wolf Meat. — After much Suffering they reach Salt Eake. — John Taylor's Pretty Wife. — Field falls in Love with her. — They Separate. — Incidents of Wonderful Es- capes from Deaih. 278-319. •CHAPTER XIII. Story of the Jay hawkers. — Ceremonies of Initiation — Rev. J. W. Brier. — His Wife the best Man of the Two. — Story of the Road across Death Valley. — Burn- ing the Wagons — Narrow Escape of Tom Shannon — Capt. Ed Doty was Brave and True— They reach the Sea by way of Santa Clara River — Capt, Haynes before the Alcalde — Eist of Jayhawkers 319-366 CHAPTER XIV Alexander Erkson's Statement — Works for Brig- ham Young at Salt Lake — Mormon Gold Coin — Mt. Misery— The Virgin River and Yucca Trees — A Child Born to Mr. and Mrs. Rynierson — Arrive at Cucam- onga — Find some good Wine which is good for Scurvy — San F'rancisco and the Mines — Settles in San Jose— Experience of Edward Coker — Death of Culverwell, Fish and Isham— Goes through Walker's Pass and down Kern River— Living in Fresno in 1892 366-576 J^HAPTER X\' The Author again takes up the History — Working in a Boarding House, but makes Arrangements to go North — Mission San Bueno Ventura — First Sight of the Pacific Ocean— Santa Barbara in 1850 — Paradise and Desolation— San Miguel, Santa Ynez and San Luis Obispo— California Carriages and how they were used — Arrives in San Jose and Camps in the edge of Town— Description of the place— Meets John Rogers, Bennett, Moody and Skinner — On the road to the Mines — They find some of the Yellow StufiF and go CONTENTS. Prospecting for more — Experience vvitti Piojos — Life and Times in the Mines — Sights and Scenes along the Road, at Sea, on the Isthmus, Cuba, New Orleans, and up the Mississippi — A few Months Amid Old Scenes, then away to the Golden State again, 376-440. •^CHAPTER XVI St. Eouis to New Orleans, New Orleans to San Francisco— Off to the Mines Again — Life in the Mines and Incidents of Mining Times and Men — Vigilance Committee — Death of Mrs. Bennett 440-478 CHAPTER XVII Mines and Mining — Adventures and Incidents of the Early Days— -The Pioneers, their Character and Influ- ence—Conclusion DEATH \^ ALLEY TN '49. THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A CHAPTER I. St- Albans, \"ermont is near the eastern shore of T.ake Champlain, and only a short distance south of "Five-and-forty north degrees" which separates the United States from Canada, and some sixty or seventy miles from the great St. Lawrence River and the city of Montreal, Near here it was, on April 6th, 1820, I was born, so the record says, and from this point with wondering e3'es of childhood I looked across the waters of the narrow lake to the slopes of the Adirondack mountains in New York, green as the hills of my own Green Mountain State. The parents of my father were English people and lived near Hartford. Connecticut, where he was born. While still a little boy he came with his parents to Vermont. My mother's maiden name was Phoebe Calkins, born near St. Albans of Welch parents, and, being left an orphan while yet in very tender years, she was given away to be reared b}- people who provided food and clothes, but permitted her to grow up to wo- manhood without knowing how to read or write. After her marriage she learned to do both, and acquired the rudiments of an education. Grandfather and his boys, four in all, fairly carved a farm out of the big forest that covered the cold rocky hills. Giant work it was for them in such heavy tim- 12 DEATH VALLEY. ber — pine, hemlock, maple, beech and birch — the clear- ing of a single acre being a man's work fcr a year. The place where the maples were thickest was reserved for a sugar grove, and from it was made all of the sweet material they needed, and some besides. Econ- omy of the very strictest kind had to be used in ever}- direction. Main strength and muscle were the only things dispensed in plenty. The crops raised consisted of a small flint corn, rye oats, potatoes and turnips. Three cows, ten or twelve sheep, a few pigs and a yoke of strong oxen comprised the live stock — horses, they had none for many 3-ears. A great ox-cart was the only wheeled vehicle on the place, and this, in winter, gave place to a heavy sled, the runners cut from a tree having a natural crook, and roughly, but strongly, made. In summer there were plent)- of strawberries, rasp- berries, whortleberries and blackberries growing wild, but all the cultivated fruit was apples. As these ripened many were peeled bj' hand, cut in quarters, strung on long strings of twine and dried before the kitchen fire for winter use. Thej' had a way of bury- ing up some of the best keepers in the ground, and opening the apple hole was quite an event of early spring. The children were taught to work as soon as large enough. I remember they furnished me with a little wooden fork to spread the heav}' swath of grass my father cut with easj" swrings of the scythe, and when it was dry and being loaded on the great ox-cart I fol- lowed closel}' with a rake gathering every scattering spear. The barn was built so that every animal was housed comfortably in winter, and the house was such as all settlers built, not considered handsome, but capa- ble of being made very warm in winter and the great piles of hard wood in the yard enough to DEATH VALLEY. 13 last as fuel for a year, not only helped toclear the land, but kept us comfortable. Mother and the girls washed, carded, spun, and wove the wool from our own sheep into good strong cloth. Flax was also raised, and I remember how they pulled it, rotted it by spreading on the green meadow, then broke and dressed it, and then the women made linen cloth of various degrees of fineness, quality, and beauty. Thus, by the labor of both men and women, we were clothed. If an extra fine Sunday dress was desired, part of the yarn was colored and from this they managed to get up a very nice plaid goods for the purpose. In clearing the land the hemlock bark was peeled and traded off at the tannery for leather, or used to pa}- for tanning and dressing the hide of an ox or cow which they managed to fat and kill about every year. Stores for the famih' were either made by a neighboring .shoe- maker, or by a traveling one who went from house to house, making up a supply for the family — whipping the cat, they called it then. They ])aid him in some- thing or other produced upon the farm, and no money was asked or expected. Wood was one thing plenty, and the fireplace was made large enough to take in sticks four feet long or more, for the more they could burn the better, to get it out of the way. In an outhouse, also provided with a fireplace and chimney, they made shingles during the long winter evenings, the shavings making plenty of fire and light by which to work. The shingles sold for about a dollar a thousand. Just beside the fireplace in the house was a large brick oven where mother baked great loaves of bread, big pots of pork and beans, mince pies and loaf cake, a big turkey or a young pig on grand occasions. Many of the dishes used were of tin or pewter; the milk pans were of earthenware, but most things about the house in the line of furniture 14 DEATH VALLEY. were of domestic manufacture. The store bills were ver\- light. A little tea for father and mother, a few spices and odd luxuries were about all, and they were paid for with surplus eggs. My father and my uncle had a sawmill, and in wintei they hauled logs to it, and could sell timber for -tS per thousand feet. The school was taught in winter b}' a man named Bo wen, who managed forty scholars and considered sixteen dollars a month, boarding himself, was pretty fair pay. In summer some smart girl would teach the small scholars and board round among the families. When the proper time came the property holder would send off to the collector an itemized list of all his property, and at another the taxes fell due. A farmer who would value his property at two thousand or three thousand dollars would find he had to pay about six or seven dollars. All the money in use then seemed to be silver, and not very much of that. The whole plan seemed to to be to have every family and farm self-supporting as far as possible. I have heard of a note being given payable in a good cow to be delivered at a certain time, say October i, and on that day it would pass from house to house in payment of a debt, and at night only the last man in the list would have a cow more than his neighbor. Yet those were the days of real independence, after all. Ever}' man worked hard from early youth to a good old age. There were no millionaires, no tramps, and the poorhouse had only a few inmates. I have very pleasant recollections of the neighbor- hood cider mill. There were two rollers formed of logs carefully rounded and four or five feet long, set closely together in an upright position in a rough frame, a long crooked sweep coming from one of them to which a horse was hitched aud pulled it round and DEATH VALLEY. 15 round, One roller had mortices in it, and projecting wooden teeth on the other fitted into these, so that, as they both slowly turned together, the apples were crushed, A huge box of coarse slats, notched and locked together at the corners, held a vast pile of the crushed apples while clean rye straw was added to strain the flowing juice and keep the cheese from spreading too much; then the ponderous screw and streams of delicious cider. Sucking cider through a long rye straw inserted in the bung-hole of a barrel was just the best of fun, and cider taken that way "awful" good while it was new and sweet. The winter ashes, made from burning so much fuel and gathered from the brush-heaps and log-heaps, were carefully saved and traded with the potash men for pot- ash or sold for a small price. Nearly every one went barefoot in summer, and in winter wore hea\'y leather mocassins made by the Canadian French who lived near bv. 1 6 DEATH VALLEY. CHAPTER II. About 1828 people began to talk about the far West. Ohio was the place we heard most about, and the most we knew was, that it was a long wslx off and no way to get there except over a long and tedious road, with oxen or horses and a cart or wagon. More than one got the Western fever, as they called it, my uncle James Webster and my father among the rest, when they heard some traveler tell about the fine country he had seen; .so thej' sold their farms and decided to go to Ohio, Uncle James was to go ahead, in the fall of 1829 and get a farm to rent, if he could, and father and his family were to come on the next spring. Uncle fitted out with two good horses and a wagon ; goods were packed in a large box made to fit, and un- der the wagon seat was the commissary chest for food and bedding for daily use, all snugly arranged. Fath- er had, shortly before, bought a fine Morgan mare and a light wagon which served as a family carriage, hav- ing wooden axles and a seat arranged on wooden springs, and they finally decided they would let me take the horse and wagon and go on with uncle, and father and mother would come by water, either by way of the St. Lawrence river and the lakes or by way of the new canal recently built, which would take them as far as Buffalo. So they loaded up the little wagon with some of the mentioned things and articles in the house, among which I remember a fine brass kettle, considered al- most indispensable in housekeeping. There was a good lot of bedding and blankets, and a q^ilt nicely folded was placed on the spring seat as a cushion. As may be imagined I was the object of a great deal of attention about this time, for a bov not vet ten vear.s- DEATH VAI.LEY. 17 old just setting out into a region almost unknown was a little unusual. When I was ready they all gathered round to say good b3'e and nij' good mother seemed most concerned. She said — "Now you must be a good boy till we come in the spring. Mind uncle and aunt and take good care of the horse, and remember us. May God protect 3'ou. ' ' She embraced me and kissed me and held me till she was exhausted. Then they lifted me up into the spring seat, put the lines in my hand and handed me my little whip wdth a leather strip for a lash. Just at the last moment father handed me a purse containing about a dollar, all in copper cents — pennies we called them then. Uncle had started on they had kept me so long, but I started up and they all followed me along the road for a mile or so before we finally separated and they turned back. They waved hats and handkerchiefs till out of sight as they returned, and I wondered if we should ever meet again. I was up with uncle very soon and we rolled down through St. Albans and took our road southerly along in sight of Lake Champlain. Uncle and aunt often looked back to talk to me, "See what a nice cornfield!" or, "What nice apples on those trees," seeming to think they must do all they could to cheer me up, that I might not think too much of the playmates and home I was leaving behind. I had never driven very far before, but I found the horse knew more than I did how to get around the big stones and stumps that w^ere found in the road, so that as long as I held the lines and the whi]) in hand I was an excellent driver. We had made plans and preparations to board our- selves on the journey. We always .stopped at the farm hou.ses over night, and they were so hospitable that they gave us all we wanted free. ()ur supper was i8 DEATH VALLEY. generally of bread and milk, the latter always fur- nished gratuitoush', and I do not recollect that we were ever turned away from any house where we asked shelter. There were no hotels, or taverns as they called them, outside of the towns. In due time we reached Whitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, and the big box in Uncle's wagon proved so heavy over the muddy roads that he put it in a canal boat to be sent on to Cleveland, and we found it much easier after this for there were too many mud-holes, stumps and stones and log bridges for so lieavy a load as he had. Our road many times after this led along near the canal, the Champlain or the Erie, and I had a chance to see something of the canal boys' life. The boy who drove the horses that drew the packet boat was a well dressed fellow and always rode at a full trot or a gallop, but the freight driver was generally ragged and barefoot, and walked when it was too cold to ride, threw stones or clubs at his team, and cursed and abused the packet-boy who passed as long as he was in hearing. Reared as 1 had been I thought it was a pretty wicked part of the world we we were coming to. We passed one village of low cheap houses near the canal. The men about were very vulgar and talked rough and loud, nearly every one with a pipe, and poorly dressed, loafing around the saloon, apparently the worse for whisky. The children were barefoot, bare headed and scanth' dressed, and it seemed awfulh' dirty about the doors of the shanties. Pigs, ducks and geese were at the very door, and the women I saw wore dresses that did not come down very near the mud and big brogan shoes, and their talk was saucy and different from what I had ever heard women use before. They told me they were Irish people — the first I had ever seen. DEATH VALLEY. 19 It was along here somewhere that I lost my little whip and to get another one made sad inroads into the little purse of pennies ni}- father gave me. We trav- eled slowly on day after day. There was no use to hurry for we could not do it. The roads were muddy, the log ways very rough and the only way was to take a moderate gait and keep it. We never traveled on Sunday. One Saturday evening my uncle secured the privilege of staying at a well-to do farmer's house un- til Monday. We had our own food and bedding, but were glad to get some privileges in the kitchen, and som2 fresh milk or vegetables. After all had taken supper that night they all they all sat down and made themselves quiet with their books, and the children were as still as mice till an early bed time when all re- tired. When Sunday evening came the women got out their work — their sewing and their knitting, and the children romped and played and made as much noise as they could, seeming as anxious to break the Sabbath as they had been to have a pious Saturday night. I had never seen that way before and asked my uncle who said he guessed the}' were Seventh Day Baptists. After many da\-s of travel which became to me quite monotonous we came to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, and here my uncle found his box of goods, loaded it into the wagon again, and traveled on through rain and mud, making very slow headway, for two or three days after, when we stopped at a four-corners in Medina county they told us we were only 2 1 miles from Cleveland. Here was a small town consisting of a hotel, store, church, schoolhouse and blacksmith shop, and as it was getting cold and bad, uncle decided to go no farther now, and rented a room for himself and aunt, and found a place for me to lodge with Daniel Stevens' bov close bv. We got good stables for our 20 DEATH VALLEY. horses. I went to the district school here, and studied read- ing, spelling and Colburn's mental arithmetic, 'which I mastered. It began very easy — "How many thumbs on 3'our right hand?" "How many on your left?" "How many altogether?" but it grew harder further on. Uncle took employment at anything he could find to do, Chopping was his principal occupation. When the snow began to go off he looked around for a farm to rent for us and father to live on when he came, but he found none such as he needed. He now got a let- ter from father telling him that he had good news from a fiiend named Cornish who said that good land nearh' clear of timber could be bought of the Govern- ment in Michigan Tenitory, some sixty or sevent}' miles beyond Detroit, and this being an opportunity ot We then gave up the idea of staying here and pre- get what land they needed with their .small capital, they would start for that place as soon as the water- ways were thawed out, probably in April, pared to go to Michigan as soon as the frost was out of the ground. vStarting, we reached Huron River to find it it swollen and out of its bank, giving us much trouble to get across, the road along the bottom lands being partly covered with logs and rails, but once across we were in the town and when we enquired about the road around to Detroit, they .said the coun- try was all a swamp and 30 miles wide and in vSpring impassible. They called it the Maumee or Black Swamp. We were advised to go by, water when a steamboat caine up the river, bound for Detroit we put our wagons and horses on board, and camped en the lower deck ourselves. We had our own food and were ven,- comfortable, and glad to have esaped the great mudhole. DEATH VALLEY. 21 CHAPTER III. We arrived in Detroit safely, and a few minutes an- swered to land our wagons and goods, when we rolled outward in a westerly direction. We found a verj^ muddy roads, stumps and log bridges plenty, making our rate of travel very slow, When out upon our road aboui 30 miles, near Ypsilanti, the thick forest we had been passing through grew thinner, and the trees soon dwindled down into what they called oak open- ings, and the road became more sandy. When we reached McCracken's Tavern we began to enquire for Ebenezer Mauley and family, and were soon directed to a large house near by where he was stopping for a time. We drove up ;o the door and they all came out to see who the new comers were. Mother saw me first and ran to the wagon and pulled me off and hugged and kissed me over and over again, while the tears ran down her cheeks. Then she would hold me off at arm's length, and look me in the e^^e and sa^- — "I am so glad to have you again" ; and then she embraced me again and again. "You are our little man, " said she, "You have come over this long road, and brought us our good horse and our little wagon. ' ' M}- sister PoU}^ two years older than I, stood patiently by, and when mother turned to speak to uncle and aunt, she locked arms with me and took me awa\- with her. We had never been separated before in all our lives and we had loved each other as good children should, who have been brought up in good and moral princi- ples. We loved each other and our home and re- spected our good father and mother who had made it 22 DEATH VALI^EY. so happy for us. We all sat down b}' the side of the house and talked pretty fast telling our experience on our long journey by land and water, and when the sun went downi we were called to supper, and went hand in hand to sur- round the bountiful table as a family again. During the conversation at supper father said to me — "Lewis, I have bought you a smooth bore rifle, suitable for either ball or shot. ' ' This, I thought was good enough for any one, and I thanked him heartily. We spent the greater part of the night in talking over our adventures since we left \'ermont, and sleep was for- gotten by young and old. Next morning father and uncle took the horse and little w^agon and went out in search of Government land. They found an old acquaintance in Jackson county and Oovernment land all around him, and, searching till they found the section corner, the}- found the number of the lots they wanted to locate on — 200 acres in all. They then went to the Detroit land office and .'•;ecured the pieces they had chosen. Father now bought a yoke of oxen, a wagon and a eow, and as soon as we could get loaded up our little emigrant train started west to our future home, where we arrived safely in a few days and secured a house to live in about a mile away from our land. We now worked with a will and built two log houses and also hired 10 acres broken, which was done with three or four yoke of oxen and a strong plow. The trees were scattered over the ground and some small brush and old limbs, and logs which we cleared away as we plowed. Our houses went up very fast — all rough oak logs, with oak puncheons, or hewed planks for a floor, and oak shakes for a roof, all of our own make. The shakes were held dow^i upon the roof by heavy poles, for we had no nails, the door of split stuff" hung with DEATH VALLEY. 23 wooden hinges, and the fire place of stone laid up with the logs, and from the loft floor upward the chimney was built of split stuff plastered heavily with mud. We have a small four-paned window in the house. We then built a log barn for our oxen, cow and horse and got pigs, sheep and chickens as fast as a chance offered. As fast as possible we fenced in the cultivated land, father and uncle splitting out the rails, while a younger brother and myself, by each getting hold of an end of one of them managed to lay up a fence four rails high, all we small men could do. Thus working on, we had a pretty well cultivated farm in the course of two or three years, on which we produced wheat, corn and potatoes, and had an excellent garden. We found plenty of wild cranberries and whortleberries, which we dried for winter use. The lakes were full of good fish, black bass and pickerel, and the woods had deer, turkeys, pheasants, pigeons, and other things, and I became quite an expert in the capture of small game for the table with my new gun. Father and uncle would occasionally kill a deer, and the Indians came along and sold vension at times. One fall after work was done and preparations were made for the winter, father said to me: — "Now Lewis, I want you to hunt every day — come home nights — but keep on till you kill a deer." vSo with his permis- .sion I started with my gun on my shoulder, and with feelings of considerable pride. Before night I started two deer in a brushy place, and they leaped high over the oak bushes in the most affrighted way. I brought my gun to my shoulder and fired at the bounding ani- mal when in most plain sight. Ivoading then quickly. I hurried up the trail as fast as I could and soon came to my deer, dead, with a bullet hole in its head. I was really surprised myself, for I had fired so hastily at the 24 DEATH VALLEY. almost flying animal that it was little more than a ran- dom shot. As the deer was not very heavy I dressed it and packed it home myself, about as proud a boy as the State of Michigan contained. I really began to think I was a capital hunter, though I afterward knew it was a bit of good luck and not a bit of skill about it. It was some time after this before I made another lucky shot. Father would once in a while ask me: — "Well can't you kill us another deer?" I told him that when I had crawled a long time toward a sleep- ing deer, that I got so trembly that I could not hit an ox in short range. "O, " said he, "You get the buck fever — don't be so timid — they won't attack you." But after awhile this fever wore off, and I got so steady that I could hit anything I could get in reach of. We were now quite contented and happy. Father •could plainly show us the difference between this coun- try and \"ermont and the advantages we had here. There the land was poor and stony and the winters ter- ribly severe. Here there were no stones to plow over, and the land was otherwise easy to till. We could raise almost anything, and have nice wheat bread to eat, far superior to the "Rye-and-Indian" we used to have. The nice white bread was good enough to eat without butter, and in comparison this country seemed a real paradise. The supply of clothing we brought with us had lasted until now — more than two years — and we had sowed some flax and raised sheep so that we began to get material of our own raising, from which to manu- facture some more. Mother and sister spun some nice yarn, both woolen and linen, and father had a loom made on which mother wove it up into cloth, and we were soon dressed up in bran new clothes again. Do- mestic economy of this kind was as necessary here as it was in \'ermont, and we knew well how to practice it. DEATH VALLEY. 25 About this time the emigTants began to come in very fast, and every piece of Government land any where about was taken. vSo much land was ploughed, and so much vegetable matter turned under and de- caying that there came a regular epidemic of fever and ague and bilious fever, and a large majority of the people were sick. At our house father was the first one attacked, and when the fever was at its height he was quite out of his head and talked and acted like a crazy man. We had never seen an)' one so sick be- fore, and we thought he must surely die, but when the doctor came he said: — "Don't be alarmed. It is only 'fever 'n' agur, ' and no one was ever known to die of that." Others of us were sick too, and most of the neighbors, and jt made us all feel rather sorrowful. The doctor's medicines consisted of calomel, jalap and quinine, all used pretty freely, by some with benefit, and by others to no visible purpose, for they had to suffer until the cold weather came and froze the disease out. At one time I was the only one that remained well, and I had to nurse and cook, besides all the out- door work that fell to me. My sister married a man near by with a good farm and moved there with him, a mile or two away. When she went away I lost my real bosom companion and felt very lonesome, but I went to see her once in a while, and that was pretty often, I think. There was not much going on as a general thing. Some little neighborhood society and news was about all. There was, however, one inci- dent which occured in 1837, I never shall forget, and which I will relate in the next cha])ter. 26 DEATH VALLEY. CHAPTER IV. About two miles west father's farm in Jackson county Mich. . lived Ami Filley, who moved here from Connecticut and settled about two and a half miles from the town of Jackson, then a small village with plenty of stumps and mudholes in its streets. Many of the roads leading thereto had been paved with tamarac poles, making what is now known as corduroy roads. The countr}' was still new and the farm houses far be- tween. Mr. Filley secured Government land in the oak openings, and settled there with his wife and two or three children, the oldest of which was a bo}* named Willie. The children were getting old enough to go to school, but there being none, Mr. Filley hired one of the neighbor's daughters to come to his house and teach the children there, so they might be prepared for usefulness in life or ready to proceed further with their education — to college, perhaps in some future day. The young woman he engaged lived about a mile a half away — Miss Mary Mount — and she came over and began her duties as private school ma'am, not a very difficult task in those days. One day after she had been teaching some time Miss Mount desired to go to her father's on a visit, and as she would pass a huckleberry swamp on the way .she took a small pail to fill with berries as she went, and by consent of Wil- lie 's mother, the little boy went with her for company. Reaching the berries she began to pick, and the little boy found this dull business, got tired and homesick and wanted to go home. They were about a mile from Mr. Filley 's and as there was a pretty good foot trail over which they had come, the young woman took the bov to it, and turning him toward home told him DEATH \-ALLEV. 27 to follow it carefully and he would soon see his mother. She then filled her pail with berries, went on to her own home, and remained there till nearly sundown, when she set out to return to Mr. Filley's, reaching- there yet in the early twilight. Not seeing Willie, she inqired for him and was told that he had not re- turned, and that they supposed he was safe with her. She then hastily related how it happened that he had started back toward home, and that she supposed he had safely arrived. Mr. Filley then started back on the trail, keeping- close watch on each side of the way, for he expected he w^ould soon come across Master Willie fast asleep. He called his name every few rods, but got no answer nor could he discover him, and so returned home again, still calling and searching, but no boy was dis- covered. Then he built a large fire and put lighted candles in all the windows, then took his lantern and went out in the woods calling and looking for the boy. vSometimes he thought he heard him, Ijut on going where the sound came from nothing could be found. vSo he looked and called all night, along the trail and all about the woods, with no succe.ss. Mr. Mount's home was situated not far from the .shore of Fitch's Lake, and the trail w^ent along the margin, and in some places the ground was (juite a boggy marsh, and the trail had been fi.xed uji to make it passably good walking. Next day the neighbors were notified, and asked to a.ssist, and although they were in the midst of wheat harvest, a great many laid down the cradle and rake and went out to help search. On the third day the w^hole county became excited and (juite an army of earchers turned out , coming from the whole country miles around. Mr. F^'illey was much excited and quite worn out and 28 DEATH VALLEY. beside himself with fatigue and loss of sleep. He could not eat. Yielding to entreaty he would sit at the table, and suddenly rise up, saying he heard Wil- lie calling, and go out to search for the supposed voice,, but it was all frviitless, and the whole people were sorry indeed for the poor father and mother. The people then formed a plan for a thorough search. They were to form in a line so near each other that they could touch hands and were to march thus turning out for nothing except inpassable lakes, and thus we marched, fairly sweeping the county in search of a sign. I was with this party and we marched south and kept close watch for a bit of clothing, a foot print or even bones, or anything which would indicate that he had been destroyed by sonie wild animal. Thus we marched all day with no success, and the next went north in the same careful manner, but with no better result. Most of the people now abandoned the search, but some of the neighbors kept it up for along- time. Some expressed themselves quite strongly that Miss Mount knew where the boy was, saying that she might have had some trouble with him and in seeking to correct him had accidentally killed him and then hid- den the body away — perhaps in the deep mire of the swamp or in the muddy waters on the margin of the lake. vSearch was made with this idea foremost, but nothing was discovered. Rain now set in, and the grain, from neglect grew in the head as it stood, and many a settler ate poor bread all winter in con,sequence of his neighborly kindness in the midst of harvests The bread would not rise, and to make it into pancakes was the best way it could be used. Still no tidings ever came of the lost bov. Many things were whispered, about Mr. Mount's dishonesty of character and there were manv suspicions about DEATH VALLEY. 29 him, but no real facts could be shown to account for the boy. The neighbors said he never worked like the rest of them, and that his patch of cultivated land was altogether too small to support his family, a wife and two daughters, grown. He was a very smooth and affable talker, and had lots of acquaint- ances. A few years afterwards Mr. Mount was con- victed of a crime which sent him to the Jackson State Prison, where he died before his term expired. I vis- ited the Filley family in 1S70, and from them heard the facts anew and that no trace of the lost boy had ever been discovered. 30 DEATH \'ALLEY. CHAPTER V. Thk second year of sickness and I was affected with the rest, though it was not generally so bad as the first year. ■ I suffered a great deal and felt so miserable that I began to think I had rather live on the top of the Rocky Mountains and catch chipmuncks for a liv- ing than to live here and be sick, and I began to have very serious thoughts of trying some other country. In the winter of 1839 and 1840 I went to a neigboring school for three months, where I studied reading, writ- ing and spelling, getting as far as Rule of Three in Daboll's arithmetic. When school was out I chopped and split rails for \\"m. Hanna till I had paid my win- ter's board. After this, m3^self and a young man named Orrin Henry, with whom I had become ac- quainted, worked awhile scoring timber to be used in building the Michigan Central Railroad which had just then begun to be built. The}- laid down the ties first (sometimes a mudsill under them) and then put down four by eight wooden rails with a strips of band iron half an inch thick spiked on top. I scored the timber and Henry used the broad axe after me. It was pretty hard work and the hours as long as we could see. our wages being $13 per month, half cash. In thinking over our prospect it seemed more and more as if I had better look out for my owm fortune in some other place. The farm w^as pretty small for all of us. There were three brothers j-ounger than I, and only 200 acres in the whole, and as they were growing up to be men it seemed as. if it would be best for me, the oldest, to start out first and see what could be done to make my own living. I talked to father and mother about my plans, and the}- did not seriouslv ob- ject, but gave me some good advice, which I remem- oer to this da}- — "Weigh well everv thing vou do; DKATH \'ALLKV. 31 shun bad conipaiu-; be honest and deal fair; be. truth- ful and never fear when you know you are right. " But, said ha, "Our little peach trees will bear this year, and if you go away you must come baGk and help us eat them; they will be the first we ever raised or ever saw." I could not promise. .. ., Henry and I drew our pay for our work. I had fi\-e dollars in cash and the rest in pay from the company 's store. We purchased three nice whitewood boards, eighteen inches wide, from which we made .us, , a boat and a good sized chest which we filled with provi-sions and some clothing and quilts. This, with our, guns and ammunition, composed the cargo of our. boat. When all was ready, we put the boat on a wagon and were to haul it to the river some eight miles a\yay for embarkation. After getting the wagon ;loaded, father said to me; — "Now my son, you are starting oiit in life alone, no one to watch or look after you. You will have to depend upon yourself in all things. You have a wide, wide world to operate in — you will meet all kinds of people and you must not expect to find them all honest or true friends. You are limited in money, and all I can do for you in that way is to let you have what ready money I have.,"" He handed me three dollars as he spoke, which added to my own gave me seven dollars as my money capital with which to .start out into the world among perfect strangers, and no acquaintances in prospect on our Western course. When ready to start, mother and sister Polly came out to see us off and to give us their Ijest wishes, hop- ing we would have good health, and find ;^hHsant paths to follow. Mother said to me: — "You must be a good boy, honest and law-abiding. Remember our advice, and honor us for we have striven to make you a good and honest man, and you nuist follow our 32 DEATH VALLEY. teachings, and 3'our conscience will be clear. Do no- thing to be ashamed of; be industrious, and you have no fear of punishment." We were given a great many "Good byes" and "God bless you 's" as with hands, hats and handkerchiefs they waved us off as far as we could see them. In the course of an hour or so we were at the water's edge, and on a beau- tiful morning in early spring of 1840 we found our- selves floating down the Grand River below Jackson. The stream ran west, that we knew, and it was west we thought we wanted to go, so all things suited us. The stream was small with tall timber on both sides, and so many trees had fallen into the river that our navigation was at times seriously obstructed. When night came we hauled our boat on shore, turned it partly over, so as to shelter us, built a fire in front, and made a bed on a loose board which we carried in the bottom of the boat. We talked till pretty late and then lay down to sleep, but for my part my eyes would not stay .shut, and I lay till break of day and the little birds began to sing faintly. I thought of many things that night which seemed so long. I had left a good dear home, where I had good warm meals and a soft and comfortable bed. Here I had reposed on a board with a very hard pil- low and none too many blankets, and I turned from side to side on my hard bed, to which I had gone with all my clothes on. It seemed the beginning of an- other chapter in mv pioneer life and a rather tough experience. I arose, kindled a big fire and sat looking at the glowing coals in still further meditation. Neither of us felt very gleeful as we got our break- fast and made an early start down the river again. Neither of us talked very much, and no doubt my companion had similar thoughts to mine, and won- dered what was before us. But I tliink that as a pair DEATH VALLEY. 33 we were at that moment pretty lonesome. Henry had rested better than I bnt probably felt no less keenly the separation from our homes and friends. We saw plenty of squirrels and pigeons on the trees which overhung the river, and we shot and picked up as many as we thought we could use for food. When we fired our guns the echoes rolled up and down the river lor miles making the feeling of loneliness still more keen, as the sound died faintly awav. We floated along generally very quietly. We could see the fish dart under our boat from their feeding places along the bank, and now and then some tall crane would spread his broad wings to get out of our wav. We saw no houses for several days, and seldom went on shore. The forest was all hard wood, such as oak, ash, walnut, maple, elm and beech. Farther down we occasionally passed the house of some pio- neer hunter or trapper, with a small patch cleared' At one of these a big green boy came down to the bank to see who we were. We said "How d'you do, ' ' to him, and, getting no response, Henry asked him liow far is was to Michigan, at which a look of su- preme disgust came over his features as he replied — ""'Taint no far at all. "' The stream grew wider as we advanced along its •downward course, for smaller streams came pouring in to swell its tide. The banks were still covered with Tieavy timber, and in some places with quite thick un- dergrowth. One day we saw a black bear in the river washing himself, but he went ashore before we were near enough to get a sure .shot at him. Many -deer tracks were seen along the shore, but as we saw very tew of the animals themselves, they were i)roba- bly night visitors. One day we overtook some canoes containing In dians, men, women and children. They were poling 34 DEATH \' ALLEY. their craft around in all directions spearing fish. They caught many large mullet and then "vvent on shore and made camp, and the red ladies began scaling the fish. As soon as their lords and ma.sters had un- loaded the canoes, a party started out with four of the boats, two men in a boat, to try their luck again. The}' ranged all abreast, and moved slowly down the stream in the still deep water, continually beating the surface with their spear handles, till they came to a place so shallow that they could see the bot- tom easily, when they suddenly turned the canoes head up stream, and while one held the craft steady by sticking his spear handle down on the bottom, the other stood erect, with a foot on either gunwale so he could see whatever came down on either side. Soon the big fish would try to pass, but Mr. Indian had too sharp an eye to let him escape unobserved, and when he came within his reach he would turn his .spear and throw it like a dart, seldom missing his aim. The poor fish would struggle desperately, but soon came to "the surface, when he would be drawn in and knocked in the head with a tomahawk to qiiiet him, when the spear was cut out and the process repeated. We watched them about an hour, and during that time .someoneof the boats was continualh- hauling in a fish. They were sturgeon and ^•ery large. This was the first time we had ever .seen the Indian's way of catching fish and it was a new way of getting grub for us. When the canoes had full loads they paddled uyi toward their camp, and we drifted on again. When we came to Grand Rapids we had to go on .shore and tow our boat carefulh' along over the many rocks to prevent accident. Here was a sma-11 cheap looking town. On the west bank of the river a water wheel was driving a drill boring for salt water, it seemed through solid rock. Up to this time the cur- DKATH VALLKV. 35. rent was slow, and its course through a dense forest. We occasionallv saw an Indian gliding around in his canoe, but no houses or clearings. Occasionally we saw some pine logs W'hich had been floated down some of the streams of the north. One of these small rivers they called the "Looking-glass," and seemed to be the largest of them. Passing on we began to see some pine timber, and realized that we were near the mouth of the river where it emptied into Lake Michigan. There were some steam saw mills here, not then in operation, and some houses for the mill hands to live in when they were at work. This prospective city was called Grand Haven. There was one schooner in the river loaded with lumber, ready to sail for the west side of the lake as soon as the wind should change and become favora- ble, and we engaged passage for a dollar and a half each. While waiting for the wind we visited the woods in search of game, but tbund none. All the surface of the soil was clear lake sand, and some cpiite large pine and hemlock trees were half buried in it. We were not pleased wirh this place for it looked as if folks must get their grub from .somewhere else or live on fish. Next morning we were off early, as the wind hal changed, but the lake was very rough and a heav\- choppy sea was running. Before we were halt way across the lake nearlv allwere sea-sick, passengers and sailors. The poor fellow at the helm stuck to his ]iost casting up his accounts at the same time, putting on an air of terrible misery. This, I thought was pretty hard usage for a land- lubber like myself who had never been on such rough water before. The effect of this sea-sickness was to cure me of a slight fever and ague, and in fact the cure was so thorough that I have never had it since. As:, 36 DEATH VALLEY. Ave neared the western shore a few houses could be .seen, and the captain said it was Southport. As there was no wharf our schooner put out into the lake again for an hour or so and then ran back again, lying •oif and on in this manner all night. In the morning it was quite calm and we went on .shore in the schooner's yawl, landing on a sandy beach. We left our chest of clothes and other things in a warehouse and shouldered our packs and guns for a march across Avhat .seemed an endless prairie stretching to the west. We had .spent all our lives thus far in a country where all the clearing had to be made with an axe, and such a broad field was to us an entirely new feature. We laid our course westward and tramped on. The houses were very far apart, and we tried at everv one ■of them for a chance to work, but could get none, not •even if we would work for our board. The people all seemed to be new settlers, and very poor, compelled to do their own work until a better day could be reached. The coarse meals we got were very reasonable, gener- ally only ten cents, but .sometimes a little more. As we travelled westward the praries .seemed smaller "with now and then some oak openings between. vSome of the farms .seemed to be three or four years old, and what had been laid out as towns consisted of from three to six houses, small and cheap, with plenty of vacant lots. The soil looked rich, as though it might be very productive. We pas.sed .several small lakes that had nice fi.sh in them, and plenty of ducks on the surface. Walking began to get pretty tiresome. Great blis- ters would come on our feet,- and, tender a,sthey were, it was a great relief to take oif our boots and go bare- foot for a while when the ground was favorable. We crossed a wide prairie and came down to the Rock river where there were a few houses on the east side DEATH VALLEY. 37 but no signs of habitation on the west bank. We crossed the river in a canoe and then walked seven miles before we came to a house where we staid all night and inquired for work. None was to be had and so we trampel on again. The next day we met a real live Yankee with a one-horse wagon, peddling tin ware in regular Eastern style, We inquired of him about the road and prospects, and he gave us an encouraging idea — said all was good. He told us where to stop the next night at a small town called Sugar Creek. It had but a few houses and was being built up as a mining town, for some lead ore had been found there. There were as many Irish as Engli-sh miners here, a rough class of people. We ])ut up at the hou.se where we had been directed, a low log cabin, rough and dirty, kept l)y Bridget & Co. Sup- per was had after dark and the light on the table Avas just the right one for the place,, a saucer of grease, with a rag in it lighted and burning at the edge of the saucer. It at lea.st served to made the darkness ap- parent and to prevent the dirt being visible. We had potatoes, beans and tea, and probably dirt too, if we could have .seen it. When the meal was nearly done Bridget brought in and deposited on each plate a good thick pancake as a des.sert. It smelled pretty good^ but when I drew my knife across it to cut it in two, all the center was uncooked batier, which ran out upon my plate, and spoiled m\- sup])er. We went to bed and soon found it had other occu- pants beside ourselves, which, if they were small were lively and spoiled our sleeping. W'e left beibre break- fast, and a few miles out on the prairie we came to a house occupied b\- a woman and one child, and we were told we could have breakfast if we could wait to have it cooked. Everything looked cheap but cheery, and after waiting a little while outside we were called 260781 38 DEATH VALLEY. in to eat. The meal con.si.sted of corn bread, bacon, potatoes and coffee. It was well cooked and looked better than things did at Bridget's. I enjoyed all but the coffee, which had a rich brown color, but when I sipped it there was such a bitter taste I surely thought there must be quinine in it, and it made me shiver. I tried two or three times to drink but it was too much for me and I left it. W'e shouldered our loads and went on again. I asked Henry what kind of a drink it was. "Coffee," said he, but I had never seen any that tasted like that and never knew my father to bu\- any such coffee as that. W'e labored along and in time came to another .small place called Hamilton's Diggings where some lead mines were being worked. W'e stopped at a long, iow log house with a porch the entire length, and called for bread and milk, which was soon set before us. The lady was washing and the man was playing with a child on the porch. The little thing was trying to walk, the man would swear terribly at it — not in an angrv way, but in a sort of careless, blasphemous style that was terribly shocking. I thought of the child being reared in the midst of such bad language artd reflected on the kind of people we were meeting In this far away place. They seemed more wicked and profane the farther west we walked. I had always lived in a more moral and temperate atmos- phere, and I was learning more of .some things in the world than I had ever known before. I had little to say and much to see and listen to and my early pre- cepts were not forgotten. Xo work was to be had here and we set out across the prairie toward Mineral Point, twenty miles away. When within four miles of that place we stopped at the house of Daniel Parkin- •son, a fine looking two-.story building, and after the meal was over Mr. Henry hired out to him for $16 per DEATH \' ALLEY. 39 month, and went to work that day. I heard of a job of cutting cordwood six miles away and went after it, for our money was getting very scarce, but when I reached the place I found a man had been there half an hour before and secured the job. The proprietor, Mr. Crow, gave me my dinner which I accepted with many thanks, for it saved my coin to pay for the next meal. I now went to Mineral Point, and .searched the town over for work. My purse contained thirty- five cents only and I .slept in an unoccupied out house without supper. I bought crackers and dried beef for ten cents in the morning and made my first meal since the day before, felt pretty low-spirited. I then went to \'ivian's smelting furnace where they bought lead ore, smelted it, and run it into pigs of about 70 pounds each. He said he had a job for me if 1 could do it The furnace was propelled ]:)y water and the>- had a small buzz saw for cutting four-foot wood into blocks about a foot long. These blocks they wanted split up in })ieces about an inch square to mix in with char- coal in .smelting ore. He said he would board me with the other men, and give me a dollar and a quar- ter a cord for splitting the wood. I felt awfully poor, and a stranger, and this was a beginning for me at any rate, so I went to work with a will and never lost a minute of daylight till I hads])lit np all the wood and filled his woodhouse completeh' u]). The board was ver\' coarse — bacon, potatoes, and bread — a man cook, and bread mixed up with salt and water. The old log house wdiere we lodged was well infested with trouble- some insects which worked nights at any rate, whether they rested days or not, and the beds had a mild odor of pole-cat. The hou.se was long, low and withoiit windows. In one end was a fireplace, and there were two tiers of bunks on each side, supplied with straw only. In the space between the bunks was 40 DEATH \'ALLP:v. a stationary table, with stools for seats. I was the only American who boarded there and I could not well become very familiar with the boarders. The country was rolling", and there were many beautiful brooks and clear springs of water, with fer- ile soil. The Cornish miners were in the majority and governed the localitv politically. My health was ex- cellent, and so long as I had my gun and ammunition I could kill game enough to live on, for prairie chick- ens and deer could.be easily killed, and meat alone would sustain life, so I had no special fears of .starva- ttion. I was now paid cff, and went back to see m companion, Mr. Henry. 1 did not hear of any more work, so I concluded I would start back toward my old home in Michigan, and shouldered my bundle and gun, turning my face eastward for a long tramp acro.ss the prairie. I knew I had a long tramp before me, but I thought best to head that way, for my capital was only ten dollars, and I might be compelled to walk the whole distance. I walked till about noon and then sat down in the .shade of a tree to rest for this was June and pretty warm. I was now alone in a big territory, thinly settled, and thought of my father's home, the well set table, all happy and well fed at any rate, and here was my \'enture, a sort of forlorn hope. Prospects were .surely very gloomy for me here away out west in Wisconsin Territory, with- out a relative, friend or acquaintance to call upon, and very small means to travel two hundred and fifty miles of lonely road — perhaps all the way on foot. There were no laborers required, hardl5-any money in sight, and no chance for business. I knew it would be a safe course to proceed toward home, for I had no fear of starving, the weather was warm and I could easily walk home long before winter should come again. Still the outlook was not very pleasing to one in my DEATH VALLEY. 41 circumstances. I chose a route which led me some distance north of the one we travelled when we came west, but it was about the same. Every house was a new settler, and hardly one who had yet produced anything to live upon. Indue time I came to the Rock River, and the onlv house in sight was upon the east bank. I could see a boat over there and so I called for it, and a young girl came o\'er with a canoe for me. I took a paddle and helped her hold the boat against the cur- rent, and we made the lauding safely. I paid her ten cents for ferriage and went on again. The country was now level, with burr-oak openings. Near .sun- down I came to a small prairie of about 500 acres sur- rounded by scattering burr-oak timber, with uot a hill in sight, and it seemed to me to be the most beautiful spot on earth. This I found to belong to a man named Meachem, who had an octagon concrete house built on one side of the opening. The house had a hollow column in the center, and the roof was so con- structed that all the rain water went down this central column into a cistern below for house use. The stairs wound around this central column, and the whole affair was quite different from the most of settlers' hou.ses- I staid here all night, had supper and breakfast, and paid my bill of thirty-five cents. He had no work for me so I went on again. I cro.ssed Heart Prairie, passed through a strip of woods, and out at Round Prairie. It was level as a floor with a slight rise in one corner, and on it were five or six settlers. Here fortune favored me, for here I found a man whom I knew, who once lived in Michigan, and was one of our neighbors there for some time. His name was Nelson Cornish. I rested here a few days, and made a bargain to work for him two or three days every week for my board as long as I wished to stay. As I 42 DEATH VALLEY. got acquainted 1 found some work to do and many of my leisure hours I spent in the woods with my gun, killing sortie deer, some of the meat of which I sold. In haying and harvest I got some work at fift>' cents to one dollar per day, and as I had no clothes to Tduv, I spent no nionc}-, saving up about fifty dollars bv fall. I then got a letter from Henry saying that I could get work with him for the winter and I thought I would go back there again. Before thinking of going west again I had to go to vSouthport on the lake and get our clo;hes we had left in our box when we passed in the spring. So I started one morning at break of day , with a long cane in each hand to help me along, for I had nothing to carry, not even w^earing a coat. This was a new road, thinly settled, and a few log houses building. I got a IdowI of bread and milk at noon and then hurried on again. The last twenty miles was clear prairie, and houses were very far apart, but little more thickly set- tled as I neared Lake Michigan. I arrived at the town just after dark, and went to a tavern and in- quired about the things. I was told that the ware- house had been broken into and robbed, and the pro- prietor had fled for parts unknown. This robbed mc of all my good clothes, amd I could now go back as lightly loaded as when I came. I found I had walked sixty miles in that one day, and also found myself very stiff and sore so that I did not .start back next day, and I took three days for the return trip — a very un- profitable journey. ' - 1 was notv ready to go west, and coming across a pet deer which I had tamed, I knew if I left it it would wander away with the first wild ones that came along, and so I killed it and made my friends a pres- ent of some venison- I chose still a new route this time, that I could see all that was possible of this big DEATH \'ALLEY. 43 territor}' when I could do it so easily. I was alwaj-s a ^reat admirer of Nature and things which remained as they were created, and to the extent of my observa- tion,! thought this the most beautiful and perfect ■country I had seen between \'ermont and the Missis- sippi River. The country was nearly level, the land rich, the prairies small with oak openings surrounding them, very little marsh land and streams of clear wa- ter. Rock River was the largest of these, running south. Next west was Sugar River, then the Pica- tonica. Through the mining region the country was rolling and abundantly watered with babbling brooks and health-giving springs. In point of health it seemed to me to be far better than Michigan. In Mr. Henry's letter to me he had said that he had taken a timber claim in "Ken- tuck Grove," and had all the four- foot wood engaged to cut at thirty-seven cents a cord. He said we could board ourselves and save a little money and that in the spring he would go back to Michigan with me. This had decided me to go back to Mineral Point. I stopped a week or two with a man named \Ve])b, hunting with him, and sold game enough to bring me in some six or seven dollars, and then resumed ni}- journc}'. On my way I found a log house ten miles from a neighbor just before I got to the Picatouica Piver. It belonged to a Mr. Shook who, with his wife and three children, lived on the edge of a small prairie, and had a good crop of corn. He invited me to stay with him a few da5\s, and as I was Lired I accepted his offer and we went out together and brought in a deer. We had plenty of corn bread, venison and coffee, and lived well. After a few days he wanted to kill a steer and he led it to a proper place while I shot it in the head. We had no waj- to hang it up so he rolled the intes- 44 DEATH \'ALI.EY. tines out, and I sat down with my side against the steer and helped him to pull the tallow off. It was now getting- nearly dark and while he was splitting the back bone wath an axe, it slipped in his greasy hands and glancing, cut a gash in my leg six inches above the knee. I was now laid up for two or three weeks, but was well cared for at his house. Be- fore I could resume my journey snow had fallen to the depth of about six inches, which made it rather un- pleasant walking, but in a few days I reached Mr. Henry's camp in "Kentuck Orove, " when after com- paring notes, we both began swinging our axes anel piling up cordwood, cooking potatoes, bread, bacon, coffee and flapjacks ourselves, which we enjoyed with a relish. I now went to work for Peter Parkinson, who paid me thirteen dollars per month, and I remained with him till spring. While with him a very sad affliction came to him in the loss of his wife. He was presented by her with his first heir, and during her illness she was cared for by her mother, Mrs. CuUany, who had come to live with them during the winter. When the little babe was two or three weeks old the mother was feeling in such good spirits that she was left alone a little while, as Mrs. CuUany was attending to some duties which called her elsewhere. When she returned she was surprised to see that both Mrs. Parkinson and the babe were gone. P^veryone turned out to search for her. I ran to the smokehouse, the barn, the stable in quick order, and not finding her a search was made for tracks, and we soon discovered that she had pa.ssed over a few steps leading over a fence and down an in- cline toward the spring house, and there fallen, face downward, on the floor of the house which was covered only a few inches deep with water lay the un- fortunate v'^"''^^i and her child, both dead. This was DEATH \^\LLEY. 45 doubly distressing- to Mr. Parkinson and saddened the whole community. Both were buried in one grave, not far from the house, and a more im])ressive funeral I never beheld. I now worked awhile again with Mr. Henry and we sold our wood to Bill Park, a collier, who made and sold charcoal to the smelters of lead ore. When the ice was gone in the streams, Henry and I shouldered our guns and bundles, and made our way to Milwau- kee, where we arrived in the course of a few days. The town was small and cheaply built, and had no wharf, so that when the steamboat came we had to go out to it in a small boat. The .stream which came in here was too shallow for the steamer to enter. \\' hen near the lower end of the lake we stopped at an island to take on food and several cords of white birch wood. The ne.xt stopping place was at Michilamackanac, af- terward called Mackinaw. Here was a short wliarf, and a little way Ijack a hill, which seemed to me to be a thousand feet higli, on which a fort had been built. On the wharf was a mixed lot of people — Americans, Canadians, Irish, Indians, squaws and i)appooses. I saw there some of the most beautiful fish I had ever seen. They would weigh twenty pounds or more, and had bright red and yellow spots all o\-er them. Thev called them trout, and they were beauties, reallv. At the shore near by the Indians were loading a large white birch bark canoe, putting their luggage along the middle lengthways, and the pappooses on top. One man took a stern .seat to steer, and four or five more had seats along the gunwale as paddlers and, as they moved away, their strokes were as even and regular as the motions of an engine, and their crafts danced as lightly on the water as an ey:;^ shell. They were start- ing for the Michigan shore some eight or ten miles awav. This was the first birch ]:)ark canoe I had ever 46 DEATH VALLEY seen and was a great curiosity in my eyes. We crossed Lake Huron during the night, and through its outlet, so shallow that the wheels stirred up the mud from the bottom; then through Lake St. Clair and landed safely at Detroit next day. Here we took the cars on the Michigan Central Railroad, and on our way westward stopped at the ver^' place where we had worked, helping to build the road, a year or more before. After getting off the train a walk of two and one half miles brought me to my father's house, where I had a right royal welcome, and the questions the}' asked me about the wild country I had traveled over, how it looked, and how I got along — were numbered by the thousand. I remained at home until fall, getting some work to do by which I saved some money, but in August was attacked wdth bilious fever, which held me down for several weeks, but nursed by a tender and loving mo- ther with untiring care, I recovered, quite slowly, but sureh'. I felt that I had been close to death, and that this countr3' was not to be compared to Wisconsin with its clear and bubbling springs of health-giving water. Feeling thus, I determined to go back there again. DEATH VALLEY. 47 CHAPTER VL With the idea of returning to Wisconsin I made plans for my movements. I purchased a good outfit of steel traps of several kinds and sizes, thirty or forty in all, made me a pine chest, with a false bottom to sep- arate the traps from my clothing when it was packed in traveling order, the clothes at the top. My former experience had taught me not to expect to get work there during winter, but I was pretty sure something could be earned by trapping and hunting at this sea- son, and in summer I was pretty sure of something to do. I had about forty dollars to travel on this time, and quite a stock of experience. The second parting from home was not so hard as the first one. I went to Huron, took the steamer to Chicago, then a small, cheaply built town, with rough sidewalks and terribly muddy streets, and the people seemed pretty rough, for sailors and lake captains were numerous, and knock downs quite frequent. The country for a long way west of town seemed a low, wet marsh or prairie. Finding a man going west with a wagon and two horses without a load, I hired him to take me and my baggage to my friend Nelson Cornish, at Round Prai- rie. They were glad to see me, and as 1 had not yet got strong from my fever, they persuaded me to stay a while with them and take some medicine, for he was a sort of a doctor. I think he must have given me a dose of calomel, for I had a terribly sore mouth and could not eat any for two or three weeks. As soon as I was able to travel I had myself and chest taken to the stage station on the line for the lake to Mineral Point. 1 think this place was called Geneva. On tqe 48 DEATH \'ALLEY. tag-e I got along pretty fast, and part of the time on a new road. The first place of note was Madison the capital of the territory, situated on a block of land nearly surrounded by four lakes, all plainly seen from the big house. Further on at the Blue Mounds I left the stage, putting my chest in the landlord's keeping till I should come or send for it. I walked about ten miles to the house of a friend named A. Bennett, who was a hunter and lived on the bank of the Picatonica River with his wife and two children. I had to take many a rest on the way. for I was very weak. Resting the first few days, Mrs. Bennett's father, :slr. J. P. Dilly, took us out about six miles and left us to hunt and camp for a few days. We were quite successful, and killed five nice, fat deer, which we dressed and took to Mineral Point, selling them rapidly to the Cornish miners for twenty-five cents a quarter for the meat. We followed this business till about January first, when the game began to get poor, when we hung up our guns for a while. I had a lit- tle money left yet. The only money in circulation was American silver and British sovereigns. They would not sell lead ore for paper money nor on credit. During the spring I used my traps successfully, so that I saved something over board and expenses. In summer I worked in the mines with Edwin Buck of Bucksport, Maine, but only found lead ore enough ;o pay our expenses in getting it. Next winter I chopped wood for thirty-five cents per cord and boarded myself. This was poor bu.siness; poorer than hunting. In summer I found work at various things, but in the fall Mr. Buck and myself concluded that as we were both hunters and trappers, we would go northward toward Lake Superior on a hunting expedi- tion, and, perhaps remain all winter. We replenished DEATH vXlLEV. 49 our outfit, and engaged Mr. Bennett to take us well up into the north country. We crossed the Wisconsin River near Muscoda, went then to Prairie du Chien, where we found a large stone fur trading house, owned by Mn Brisbois, a Frenchman, from whom we ob- tained some information of the country further on. He assured us there was no danger from the Indians if we let them alone and treated them fairly. We bought fifty pounds of flour for each of us, and then started up the divide between the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers. On one side flowed the Bad River, and on the other the Kickapoo. We traveled on this divide about three days, when Mr, Bennett became afraid to go any further, as he had to return alone and the Indians might capture him before he could get back to the settlement, We camped early one night and went out hunting to get some game for him. I killed a large, black bear and Mr. Bennett took what he wanted of it, including the skin, and started back next morning. We now cached our things in various places, .scat- tering them well. vSome went in hollow logs, and some under heaps of brush or other places, where the Indians could not find them. We then built a small cabin about six by eight feet in size and four fee^ high, in shape like a A- "^Ve were not thoroughl> pleased with this location and started out to explore the country to the north of us, for we had an idea that it would be better hunting there. The first day we started north we killed a bear, and filled our stomachs with the fat, sweet meat. The next night we killed another bear after a little strug- gling. The dog made him climb a tree and we shot at him; he would fall to the ground as if dead, but would be on his feet again in an instant, when, alter the dog had fastened to his ham, he w(mld climb llie 50 DEATH VALLEY. tree again. In the third trial he lay in the fork and had a good chance to look square at hi.s tormenter. I shot him in the head, and as he la}' perfectly still. Buck said: — "Xow you have done it — we can't get him. ' ' But in a moment he began to struggle, and soon came down, lifeless. Here we camped on the edge of the pine forest, ate all the fat bear meat we could, and in the morning took separate routes, agreeing to meet again a mile or so farther up a small brook. I soon saw a small bear walking on a log and shot him dead. His mate got away, but I set my dog on him and he soon had to climb a tree. When I came up to where the dog was barking I saw Mr. Bear and fired a ball in him that brought him down. Just then I heard Mr. Buck shoot clo.se by, and I went to him and found he had killed another and larger bear. We stayed here another night, dressed our game and sunk the meat in the brook and fastened it down, thinking we might want to get some of it another time. We were so well pleased with this hunting ground that we took the bear skins and went back to camp. When we got there our clothes were pretty well satu- rated with bear's oil, and we jokingly .said it must have soaked through our bodies, we had eaten so much bear meat. I began to feel quite sick, and had a bad headache. I felt as if something mu.st be done, but we had no medicine. Mr. Buck went down by the creek and dug some roots he called Indian Physic, then steeped them until the infusion seemed as black as mo- lasses, and, when cool told me to take a swallow every fifteen minutes for an hour, then half as much for an- other hour as long as I could keep it down. I followed directions and vomited freely and for a long time, but felt better afterward, and .soon got well. It reminded me some of the feelings I had when I was seasick on DEATH \' ALLEY. 51 Lake Michigan. It may be interesting to describe how we were dressed to enter on this winter campaign. We wore mocassins of our own make. I had a buckskin jumper,, and leggins that came up to ni}' hips. On my head a drab hat that fitted close and had a rim about two inches wide. In fair weather I went bare-headed, In- dian fashion. I carried a tomahawk which I had made. The blade was two inches wide and three inches long — the poll two inches long and about as large round as a dime: handle eighteen or twenty inches long with a knob on the end so it would not easily slip from the hand. Oiled patches for our rifle balls on a string, a firing wire, a charger to measure the powder, and a small piece of leather with four nip- ples on it for caps — all on my breast, so that I could load very rapidly. My bed was a comfort I made my- .self, a little larger than usual. I lay down on one side of the bed and with my gun close to me, turned the blanket over me. When out of camp I never left my gun out of my reach. We had to be real Indians in custom and actions in order to be considered their equals. We got our food in the same way they did, and so they had nothing to a.sk us for. They consid- ered themselves the real kings of the forest. We now determined to move camp, which proved quite a job as we had to pack everything on our backs; which we did for ten or fifteen miles to the bank of a small stream where there were three \nne trees, the only ones to be found in many miles. We made us a canoe of one of them. While we were making the canoe three Indians came along, and after they had eaten some of our good venison, the}' left us. These were the first we had seen, and we began to be more cautious and keep everything well hid away from camp and make them think we were as poor as they ^2 DEATH VALLEY. were, so they might not be tempted to molest us. We soon had the canoe done and loaded, and em- barked on the brook down stream. We fomid it rather difficult work, but the stream grew larger and we got along ver}' well. We came to one place where otter signs seemed fresh, and stopped to set a trap for them. Our dog sat on the bank and watched the operation, and when we started on we could not get him to ride or follow. Soon we heard him cry and went back to find he had the trap on his fore foot. To get it off we had to put a forked stick over his neck and hold him down, he was so excited over his mishap. When he was released he left at full speed and was never seen by us after. When we got well into the pine woods we camped and cached our traps and provisions on an island, and made our camp further down the stream and some lit- tle distance from the .shore. We soon found this was very near a logging camp, and as no one had been liv- ing there for a year, we moved camp down there and occupied one of the empty cabins. We began to .set fire at all. As no Indians appeared we were quite successful and kept our bundle of furs in a hollow standing tree some distance from camp, and when we went that way we never stopped or left any sign that we had a de]'>osit there. Some time after it was all frozen up sol'd, some men with two yoke of oxen came u]) to cut and put logs in the river to raft down when the ice went out. With them came'a shingle weaver, with a i)on\- and a small sled, and .some Indians also. We now had to take up all of our steel traps, and rob all our dead-falls and ([uit business generally — even then tliey got some of onr traps before we could get them gathered in. We were now comparatively idle. Until these loggers came we did not know exactly where we were situated, but they told us we were on the Lemonai river, a branch of the Wisconsin, and that we could ":et out bv ofoing: west till we found the 54 DEATH VALLKY. Mississippi river and then home. We hired the shin- gle man with his pony to take us to Black River, fur- ther north which we reached in three days, and found a saw mill there in charge of a keeper. Up the river farther we found another mill looked after by Sam Ferguson. Both mills were frozen up. The Indians had been here all winter. They come from Lake Su- perior when the swamps froze up there, to hvint deer, till the weather gets warm, then they returned to the T.ake to fish, Of course the presence of the Indians made game scarce, but the mill men told us if we would go up farther into the marten country they thought we would do well. We therefore made us a hand sled, put some provisions and traps on board, and started up the river on the ice. As we went the snow grew deeper and we had to cut hemlock boughs for a bed on top of the snow. It took about a half a cord of wood to last us all night, audit was a trouble to cut holes in the ice to water, for it was more than two feet thick. Our fire kindled on the snow, would be two or three feet below on the ground, by morning. This country was heav- ily timbered with cedar, or spruce and apparently very /ei^el. One day we saw two otters coming toward us on the ice. We shot one, but as the other gun missed fire, the other one escaped, for I could not overtake it in the woods. We kept on irp the river till we began to hear the Indians' guns, and then we camped and did not fire a gun for t\vo days, for we were afraid we might be discovered and robbed, and we knew we could not stay long after our grub was gone. All the game we could catch was the marten or sable, which the Indians called ]]\i[iibiisas/i. The males were snuff color and the female much darker. Mink were scarce, and the beaver, living in the river bank, could not be got at till DEATH VALLEY. 55 the ice went out in the spring. We now began to make marten traps or dead-falls, and set them for this small game. There were many cedar and tamarack swamps, indeed that was the prin- cipal featiire, but there were some ridges a little higher where some small pines and beech grew. Now our camp was one place where there was no large timber caused by the stream being dammed by the Ijeaver. Here were some of the real Russian Balsam trees, the most beautiful in shape I had ever seen. They were very dark green, the boughs very thick, and the tree in shape like an inverted top. Our lines of trips led for miles in every direction marked by bla/.ed trees. We made a trap of two poles, and chips which we split from the trees. These were set in the snow and covered with brush. We sometimes found a porcupine in the iop of a pine tree. The only signs of his presence were the chips he made in gnawing the bark for food. They never came down to the ground as we saw. They were about all the game that was good to eat. I would kill one, skin it and drag the carcass after me all day as I set traps, cutting off bits for bait, and cooking the rest for ourselves to eat. We tried to eat the marten but it was pretty musky and it was only by putting on plent}' of .salt and pep- l)er that we managed to eat them. We were reallj- forced to do it if we remained here. We secured a good many of these little fellows which have about the the best fur that is found in America. We were here about three weeks, and our provisions giving out and the ice becoming tender in the swamp were two pretty strong reasons for our getting out, so we shouldered our packs of fur and our guns and, get- ting our course from a pocket-compass, we started out. As we pushed on we came to some old windfalls that were troublesome to get through. The dense 56 DEATH VAhhEY. timber seenied to be six feet deep, and we would sometimes clinil) over and sometimes crawl under, the fallen trees were so thickly mixed and tangled. Mr. Buck got so completely tired that he threw away his traps. W'e reached our starting place at O 'Neil's saw-mill after many days of the hardest work, and nearly starved, for we had seen no game on our trip. We found our traps and furs all safe here and as this stream was one of the tributaries of the Missis- sippi, we decided to make us a boat and float down toward that noted stream, We secured four good boards and built the boat in which we started down the river setting traps and moving at our leisure. We found plenty of fine ducks, two bee trees, and caught some cat-fish with a hook and line we got at the mill. We also caught some otter, and, on a little branch of the river killed two bears, the skin of one of them weighing five pounds. We met a keel boat being- poled up the river, and with the last cent of money we possessed bought a little flour of them. About the first of May we reached Prairie du Chien. Here we were met with some surprise, for Mr. Bris- bois said he had heard we were killed or lost. He showed us through his warehouses and pointed out to us the many bales of different kinds of furs he had on hand. He told us we were the best fur handlers he had seen, and paid us two hundred dollars in Ameri- can gold for what we had. We then stored our traps in the garret of one of his warehouses, which was of stone, two stories and an attic, as we thought of making another trip to this country if all went well. We now entered our skiff" again and went on down the great river till we came to a place nearly opposite Mineral Point, when we gave our boat to a poor set- tler, and with guns and bundles on our backs took a atraight shoot for home on foot. The second day DEATH VAIXEY. 57 about dark we came in the edge of the town and were seen bj' a lot of boys who eyed us closely and with much curiosity, for we were dressed in our trapping: suits. They followed us, and as we went along the crowd increased so that when we get toCrum. I^lo^'d's. tavern the door was full of boys' heads looking at us as if we were a circus. Here we were heartily wel- comed, and every body was glad to see us, as they were about to start a company to go in search of their reported murdered friends. It seems a missionary got lost on his wa}' to Prairie L,a Crosse and had come across our deserted cabin, and when he came in he re- ported us as no doubt murdered. I invested all of my hundred dollars in busing eighty acres of good Government land. This was the first $ioo I ever had and I felt very proud to be a land owner. I felt a little more like a man now than I had ever felt before, for the money was hard earned and all mine. .58 DEATH \' ALLEY. CHAPTER VIL Mr. Buck and myself concluded we would try our luck at lead mining for the summer and purchased some mining tools for the purpose. We camped out and dug holes around all summer, getting just about enough to pay our expenses — not a very encouraging venture, for we had lived in a tent and had picked and shoveled and blasted and twisted a windlass hard enough to have earned a good bit of money. In the fall we concluded to try another trapping- tour, and set out for Prairie du Chien. We knew it was a poor place to spend money up in the woods, and when we got our money it was all in a lump and seemed to amount to .something. Mr" Brisbois said that the prospects were very poor indeed, for the price of fur was very low and no prospect of a better mar- ket. So we left our traps still on storage at his place and went back again. This was in 1847, and before Spring the war was being pushed in Mexico. I tried to enlist for this service, but there were so many ahead of me I could not get a chance. I still worked in the settlement and made a living, but had no chance to improve my land. The next winter I lived with Mr A. Bennett, hunted deer and sold them at Mineral Point, and in this way made and saved a few dollars. There had been from time to time rumors of a better country to the west of us and a sort of a pioneer, or western fever would break out among the people oc- casionally. Thus in 1845 I had a slight touch of the disease on account of the stories they told us about Or- egon. It was reported that the Cioverment would give JSL man a good farm if he would go and settle, and DEATH \' ALLEY. 59 make some specified improvement. They said it was in a territory of rich soil, with plenty of timber, fish and game and seme Indians, just to give a little spice of adventure to the whole thing. The climate was very mild in winter, as they reported, and I concluded it would suit me exactly. I began at once to think about an outfit and a journey, and I found that it would take me at least two years to get ready. A trip to California was not thought of in those days, for it did not belong to the United vStates. In the winter of 184.S-49 news began to come that there was gold in California, but not generally believed till it came through a V. .S. officer, and then, as the people were u.sed to mines and mining, a regular gold fever spread as if by swift contagion. Mr. Bennett was aroused and .sold his farm, and 1 felt a change in my Oregon desires and had dreams at might of dig- ging u}) the yellow du.st. Nothing would cure us then but a trij), and that was quickly decided (m. As it would be some weeks yet before grass would start, I concluded to haul my canoe and a few traps over to a branch of the Wisconsin, and make my way to Prairie du Chien, do a little trapping, get me an In- dian pony on which to ride to California. There were no ponies to be had at Mineral Point, (jetting a ride up the river on a passing steaml)oat I reached Prairie La Cro.sse, where the only house was that of a Dutch trader from whom I bought a Winnebago pony, which he had wintered on a little brushy island, and I thought if he could winter on brush and rushes he must be tough enough to take me across the plains. He cost me $30, and I found him to be a poor, lazy little fellow. However, I thought that when he got some good grass, and a little fat on his ribs he might have more life, and so I hitched a rope to him and drove him ahead down the river. When I came to 6o DEATH VALLEY. the Bad Axe river I found it swimming- full, but had no trouble in crossing, as the pony was as good as a dog in the water. Before leaving Bennett's I had my gun altered over to a pill lock and secured ammunition to last for two vears. I had tanned some nice buckskin and had a good outfit of clothes made of it, or rather cut and made it myself. Where I crossed the Bad Axe was a the battle ground where Gen. Dodge fought the Win- nebago Indians. At Prairie du Chien I found a letter from Mr. Bennett, saying that the gra.ss was so back- ward he would not start up for two or three weeks, and I had better come back and start with them ; but as the letter bore no date I could only guess at the ex- act time. I had intended to strike directly west from here to Council Bluffs and meet them there, but now h ought perhaps I had better go back to Mineral Point and start out with them there, or follow on rapidly after them if by any chance they had already started. On my way back I found the Kickapoo river too high to ford, so I pulled .some ba.sswood ba'-k and made a raft of a couple of logs, on which to carry my gun and blanket; .starting the pony acrosr, I followed after. He swam acro.ss quickly, but did not seem to like it on the other side, so before I got across, back he came again, not paying the least attention to my scolding. I went back with the raft, which drifted a good way down stream, and caught the rascal and started him over again, but when I got half wa}- across he jumped and played the .same joke on me again. I began to think of the old puzzle of the story of the man with the fox, the goose and a peck of corn, but I solved it by making a basswood rope to which I tied a stone and threw across, then sending the pony over with the other end. He staid this time, and af- ter three days of .swimming streams and prett}- hard DEx\TH \'ALIvKV. 6i travel reached Mineral Point, to find Bennett had been gone two weeks and had taken my ontfit with hitn as we first planned. I was a little troubled, but set out light loaded for Uubuque, crossed the river there and then alone across Iowa, over wet and muddy roads, till I fell in with some wagons we?t of the Uesmoines River. They were from Milwaukee, ownei by a Mr. BloAgett, and I camped with them a few nights, till we got to the Missouri River. I rushed ahead the last day or two and got there before them. There were a few California wagons here, and some campers, so I put my pony out to grass and looked around. I waded across the low bottom to a strip of dry land next to the river, w^here there was a post office, store, and a few cabins. I looked first for a letter, but there w^as none. Then I began to look over the cards in the trading places and saloons, and read the names written on the logs of the houses, and everywhere I thought there might be a trace of the friends I sought. No one had seen or knew them. After looking half a day I waded back again to the pony — pretty ])lue. 1 thought first I would go l)ack and wait another year, ])ut there was a small train near where I left the pony, and it was not considered very safe to go beyond there exce],)t with a pretty good train. T sat down in camp and turned the matter over in my mind, and talked with Chas. Dallas of Lynn, Iowa, who owned the train. Bennett had my outfit and gun, while I had his light gun, a small, light tent, a frying pan, a tin cup, one woolen shirt and the clothes on my back. Having no money to get another outfit, I about concluded to turn back when Dallas .said that if I would drive one of his teams through, he would board me, and I could turn my pony in with his loose horses; I thought it over, and 62 DEATH VALLEY. finally put my things in the wagon and took the ox whip to go on. Dallas intended to get provision here, but could not, so we went down to vSt. Jo, following the river near the bluff. We camped near town and walked in, finding a small train on the main emigrant road to the west. My team was one yoke of oxen and one yoke of cows. I knew how to drive, but had a little trouble with the strange animals till they found I was kind to them, and then they were all right. This was in a slave state, and here I saw the first negro auction. One side of the street had a platform such as we build for a political speaker. The auc- tioneer mounted this with a black boy about 18 years old, and after he had told all his good equalities and had the boy stand up bold and straight, he called for bids, and they started him at '^500. He rattled away as if he were selling a steer, and when Mr. Rubi- deaux, the founder of St. Jo bid ij^Hoo, he went n higher and the boy was sold. With my New England notions it made quite an impression on me. Here Dallas got his supplies, and when the flour and bacon was loaded up the ferryman wanted $30 to take the train across. This Dallas thought too high and went back up the river a day's drive, wheie he got across for $30. From this cro.ssing we went across the country without much of a road till we struck the road from St. Jo, and were soon on the Platte bottom. We found some fine strawberries atone of the camps acro.ss the country. We found some hills, but now the country was all one vast prairie, not a tree in sight till we reached the Platte, there .some cottonw^ood and willow. At the first camp on the Platte I rolled up in my blanket under the wagon and thought more than I slept, but I was in for it and no other way but to go on. I had heard that there were two forts, new Ft. Kearny and P't. Laramie, on the south side of the DEATH VALI.KV. 63 river, which we must wass before we reached the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, and beyond there there would be no place to buy medicine or food. Our little train of five wagons, ten men, one woman and three children would not be a formidable force against the indians if they were disposed to molest us, and it looked to me very hazardous, and that a larger train -would be more safe, for Government troops were sel- dom molested on their marches. If I should not please Mr. Dallas and get turned off with only my gun and pony I should be in a pretty bad shape, but I decided to keep right on and take the chances on the savages, who would get only my hair and my gun as my contribution to them if they should be hostile. I must confess, however, that the trail ahead did not look either straight or bright to me, but hoped it might be better than I thougnt. vSo I yoked my oxen and cows to the wagon and drove on. All the other teams had two drivers each, who took turns, and thus had every other day off for hunting if they chose, but I had to carry the whip ever>- day and leave my gun in the wagon. When we crossed Salt Creek the ])anks were high and we had to tie a strong rope to the wagons and with a few turns around a post, lower them down eas- ily, while we had- to doul)le the teams to get them up the other side. Night came on before half the wagons were over, and though it did not rain the water rose before morn ■ ing so it was ten feet deep. We made a boat of one ot the wagon beds, and had a regular ferry, and when they pulled the wagons over they sank below the sur- face but came out all right. We came to Pawnee \'il- lage, on the Platte, a collection of nuid huts, oval in shape, and an entrance low down to crawl in at. A ground owl and some prairie dogs were in one ot them, 64 DEATH \\\I.LEY. and we suspected they might be winter quarters for the Indians. Dallas and his family rode in the two-horse wagon, Dick Field was cook, and the rest of us drove the oxen. We put out a small guard at night to watch for Indians and keep the stock together so there might be no delay in searching for them. When several miles from Ft. Kearney I think on July 3rd, we camped near the river where there was a slough and much Cottonwood and willow. Just after sundown a horse came galloping from the west and went in with our horses that were feeding a little farther down. In the morning two soldiers came from the fort, inquiring- after the stray horse, but Dallas said he had seen none, and they did not hunt around among the willows for the lost animal. Probably it would be the easiest way to report back to the fort — "Indians got him. ' ' When we hitched up in the morning he put the hor.se on the offside of his own, and when near the fort, he went ahead on foot and entertained the officers while the men drove by, and the horse was not discovered. I did not like this much, for if we were discovered, we might be roughly handled, and perhaps the property of the innocent even confiscated. Really my New England ideas of honesty were somewhat shocked. Reaching the South Platte, it took us all day to ford the sandy stream, as we had first to sound out a good crossing by wading through ourselves, and when we started our teams across we dare not stop a moment for fear the wagons would sink deep into the quick- sands. We • had no mishaps in crossing, and when well camped on the other side a solitary buffalo made his appearance about 200 yards away and all hand.s started after him, some on foot. The horsemen .soon got ahead of him, but he did not seem inclined to get out of their way. so they opened fire on him. He .still DEATH VALLEY. 65 kept hi feet and they wentnearer, Mr. Rog-ers, being on a honse with a blind bridle, getting near enough to fire his Colt's rev^olver at him, when he turned, and the horse, being unable to see the animal quick enough to get out of the way, suffered the force of a sudden attack of the old fellow's horns, and came out wdth a gash in his thigh six inches long, while Rogers went on a fly- ing expeditiou over the horse's head, and did some lively scrambling when he reaced the ground. The res them woriied him along for about half a mile, and finally, after about forty shots he lay down but held his head up defiantly, receiving shot after shot with an angry shake, till a side shot laid him out. This game gave us plenty of meat, which though tough, was a pleasant change from bacon. I took no part in this battle except as an observer. Ou examination it was found that the b.alls hadbeeu mxny of them stopped by the matted hair about the old fellow's head and none of them had reached the skull. A few days after this we were stopped entirely by a herd of buffaloes crossing our road. They came up from the river and were moving south. The smaller animals seemed to be in the lead, and the rear was brought up by the old cows and the shaggy. Inirly bulls. All were moving at a smart trot, with tongues hanging out, and seemed to take no notice of us, though we stood within a hundred yards of them. We had to stand by our teams and stock to pre\-ent a .stampede, for they all seemed to have a great wonder, and .somewhat of fear at their relatives of the ])lains. After this we often saw large drove-; of them in the distance. Sometimes we could see what in the distance seemed a great patch of brush, but l)y watching closely we could see it was a great drove of these ani- mals. Those who had leisure to go up to the bluffs often reported large droves in sight, .\ntelopes were 66 DEATH \' ALLEY. also .'-eeii, Ijut these occupied the higher ground, and it was ven;- hard to get near enough to them to shoot successfully. Still we managed to get a good deal of g^ame which was very acceptable as food. One prominent land mark along the route was what they called Coiirt House Rock, standing to the south from the trail and much resembled an immense square building, standing high above surrounding country. The farther we went on the more plentiful became the large game, and also wolves and prairie dogs, the first of which seemed to follow the buffaloes clo.sely. About this time we met a odd looking train going east, consisting of five or six Mormons from Salt Lake, all mounted on small vSpani.sh mules. They were dressed in buckskin and moca.s.sins, with long spurs jingling at their heels, the rowels fully four inches long, and each one carried a gun, a pistol and a big knife. They were rough looking fellows with long, matted hair, long beards, old slouch hats and a gen- erally back woods get-up air in every way. They had an extra pack mule, but the baggage and provisions were very light. I had heard much about the Mor- mons, both at Xauvoo and vSalt Lake, and some way or other I could not separate the idea of horse thieves from this party, and I am sure I would not like to meet them if I had a desirable mule that they wanted, or any money, or a good looking wife. We talked with them half an hour or so and then moved on. We occasionally pa.ssed by a grave along the road, and often a small head board would slate that the poor unfortunate had died of cholera. Many of these had been toni open by wolves and the lilanket encirling the corpse partly pulled away. Our route led a few miles north of Chimney Rock, standing on an elevated point like a tall column, .so perfect and regular on all DKATH VALLEY. 67 sides, that from our point it looked as if it might be the work of the stone cutters. vSome of the party went to see it and reporte I there was no way to ascend it, and that as far as a man could reach, the rocks were inscribed with the names of visitors and travelers who passed that way. At vScott's Bluffs, the bluffs came clo.se to the river, so there was considerable hill climbing to get along, the road in other places finding ample room in the bot- tom. Here we found a large camp of the vSioux In- dians on the bank of a ravine, on both sides of which were som • large cottonwood trees. Away up in the large limbs platforms had been made of poles, on which were laid the bodies of their dead, wrapped in blankets and fa!-tened down to the platform by a sort of a network of smaller poles tightly lashed so that they could not be dragged away or disturbed by wild animals. This seemed a strange .sort of cemetery, but when we saw the desecrated earth-made graves we felt that ])erha])s this was the best way, even if it was a savage custom. These Indians were fair-sized men, and ])retty good looking for red men. vSome of our men went over to their camp, and .some of their youths came down to ours, and when we started on they seemed (juite proud that they had learned a little of the English lan- guage, but the extent of their knowledge seemed to be a little learned of the o.K-drivers, for they would swing their hands at the cattle and cry out "Whoa I haw, g — d d — n." Whether they knew what was meant, I have my doubts. They .seemed pretty well provided for and begged very little, as they are apt to do when they are hard j^res.sed. We saw also .some bands of Pawnee Indians on the move acro.ss the prairies. They would hitch a long, light pole on each side of a pony, with the ends drag- 68 DEATH YAhh^W ging behind on the ground, and on a little platform at the hind end the children sat and were dragged along. As we passed on beyond Scott's Bluff the game be- gan to be preceptibh' scarcer, and what we did find was back from the traveled road, from which it had apparently been driven by the passing hunters. In time we reached Ft. Laramie, a trading post, where there were .some Indian lodges, and we noticed that some of the occupants had lighter complexions than any of the other Indians we had seen. The}" had cords of dried buffalo meat, and we purcha.sed some. It was very fat, but was so perfectly cured that the clear tallow tasted as sweet as a nut. I thought it was the best dried meat I had ever tasted, but perhaps a good appetite had something to do with it. As we passed Ft. Laramie we fell in company with some U. vS. soldiers who were going to Ft. Hall and thence to Oregon. We considered them pretty safe to travel with and kept with them for some time, though their rate of travel was less than ours. Among them were some Mormons, employed as teamsters, and in other ways, and they told us there were some Missourians on the road who would never live to see California. There had been some contests between the Missourians and the Mormons, and I felt rather glad that none of us hailed from Pike county. We turned into what they called the Black Hills, leaving the Platte to the north of us. The first night on this road we had the hardest rain I ever experi- enced, and the only one of any account on our jour- ney. Our camp was on a level piece of ground on the bank of a dry creek, which soon became a verv wet creek indeed, for by morning it was one hundred yards wide and absolutely impassible. It went down, however, as quickly as it rose, and by ten o'clock it was so low that we easilv crossed and went on our DEATH VALLEY. 69 way. We crossed one stream where there were great drifts or piles of hail which had been brought down by a heavy storm from higher up the hills. At one place we found some rounded boulders from six to eight '.nches in diameter, which were partly hollow, and broken open were found to contain most beautiful crystals of quartz, clear as purest ice. The inside was. certainly very pretty, and it was a mystery how it came there. I have since learned that such stones are found at many points, and that they are called geodes. We came out at the river again at the mouth of Deer Creek, and as there was some pretty good coal there quite easy to get, we made camp one day to try to tighten our wagon tires, John Rogers acting as blacksmith. This was my first chance to reconoitre, and so I took my gun and went up the creek, a wide, treeless bottom. In the ravines on the south side were beautiful groves of small fir trees and some thick brush, wild rose bushes I think. I found here a good inany heads and horns of elk, and 1 could not decide whether they had been killed in winter during the deep snow, or had starved to death. There was a ferry here to cross the river and go up along north side. Mr. Dallas bought the whole outfit for a small sum and when we were safely over he took with him such ropes as he wanted and tied the boat to the bank The road on this side was very sandy and led over and among some rolling hills. In talking with the men of the V. S. troops in whose company we still were, I gathered much information concerning our road further west. They said we were entirely too late to get through to California, on account ot crossing the vSierra Nevada mountains, which, tlic\ said would be covered with snow by November, or even earlier, and that we would be compelled to win- ter at Salt Lake. vSome of the drivers overheard Mr. 70 DEATH VALLEY. Dallas telling his family the same thing', and that if he should winter at vSalt Lake, he would discharge his drivers as soon as he arrived, as he could not afford to iboard then; all winter. This was bad news for me, for I had known of the history of them at Nauvoo and in Missouri, and the prospect of being thrown among them with no money to buy bread was a very sorry prospect for me. From all I could learn we could not get a chance to work, •even for our board there, and the other drivers shared my fears and disappointment In this dilemma we ■called a council, and invited the gentleman in to have an understanding. He came and our spokesman! ■stated the case to him, and our fears, and asked him what he had to say to us about it. He flew quite au- gry at us, and talked some and swore a great deal more, and the l)urden of his speech was: — "This train ibelongs to me and I propose to do with it just as I have a mind to, and I don't care a d — n what you fel- lows do or say. I am not going to board you fellows all winter for nothing, and when we get to Salt Lake yoii can go where you please, for 1 shall not want you any longer. " We talked a little to him and under the circumstances to talk -was about all we could do. He gave us no satisfaction and left us apparently much offended that we had any care for ourselves. Then we had .some talk among ourselves, at the time, and from day to da>- as we mo\-ed along. We began to think that the only way to get along at all in vSalt Lake would be to turn Mormons, and none of us ihad any belief or desire that Avay and could not make lip our minds to stop our journey and lose so much time, and if we were not very favored travelers our Hot might be cast among the .sinners for all time. We were now on the Sweetwater River, and began ±o see the snow on the Rockv Moiuatains ahead of us, DEATH VALLEY. yr another reminder that there was a winter coming- and only a little more than half our jonrney was done. We did not feel very happy over it, and yet we had to laugh once in a while at some ot the iunn\- thing.s that would happen. The Cjoveniment party we were with had among them a German mule driver who had a deal of trouble with his team, but who had a very lit- tle knowledge of the English language. When the- officers tried to instruct him a little he seemed to get out of patience and would say something very like SaciaiNt'/itiK We did not know exactly what this meant. \\"e had heard there was a river of that name or something very near like that; and then again some said that was the Dutch for swearing. If this latter was the truth then lie was a very protane miile driver when he got mad. The Captain of the company had a very nice looking lady with him, and they carried a fine wall tent which they occupied when they went into camp. The com- pany cook served their meals to them in the privacy of their tent, and they seemed to enjo\- themselves very nicely. Everybody though the Ca])tain was very lucky in having such an accomplished companion, and journey along (piietly to the gold fields at govern- ment e.Kpense. There seemed to l>e just a little jealousy between the Captain and the Lieutenant, and one day I saw them both standing in angry attitude l)efore tlie Cap- tain's quarters, l>oth mounted, with their carl)ines lying across their saddles before them. They had .some pretty sharp, hot words, and it looked as if they both were pretty nearly warmed up to the shooting- point. Once the Lieutenant moved his right hand a little, and the Captain was quick to see it. shouting; — "Let your gun alone or I will make a hole through 72 DEATH VALLEY. vou, ' ' at the same time grasping his own and pointing it straight at the other officer. During all this time the Captain's lad}- stood in the tent door, and when .she saw her favorite had the drop on the Lieutenant she clapped her delicate, little hands in a gleeful man- ner: — "Just look at the Captain! Ain't he spunky?" and then she laughed long and loud to see her lord show so much military courage. She seemed more pleased at the affair than any one else. 1 don't know •exactly what the others thought, but I never could be- lieve that the lady and the Captain were ever married. The Lieutenant was no coward, but probably think- ing that prudence was the better part of valor, re- frained from handling his gun, and the two soon rode away in opposite directions. We passed a lone rock standing in the river bottom on the Sweetwater, w^hich they named Independence Rock. It was covered with the names of thousands of people who had gone by on that road. Some were pretty neatly chiseled in, some very rudely scrawled, and some put on with paint. I spent all the time I could hunting Mr. Bennett's name, but I could not find it anywhere. To have found his name, and thus to know that he had safely passed this point would have been a little re-assuring in those rather doubtful days. Some had named the date of their passing, and some of them were probably pretty near the gold fields at this time. All along in this section we found alkali water near the road, some very strong and dangerous for man or beast to use. " We traveled on up the Sweetwater for some time, and at last came to a place where the road left the river, and we had a a long, hard hill to pull up. When w^e reached the top of this w^e were in the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, the backbone of the American continent. To the north of us were DEATH VALLKV. 73 some very high peaks white with snow, and to the south were some lower hills and valleys. The sum- mit of the mountains was not quite as imposing as I expected, but it was the summit, and we were soon surely moving down the western side, for at Pacific Springs the water ran to the westward, toward the Pacific coast. The next day we came to the nearly dry bed of the river — the Big Sandy. The country round about seemed volcanic, with no timber, but plenty of sage brush, in which we were able to shoot an occasional sage hen. The river bed itself was no- thing but sand, and where there was water enough to wet it, it was very miry and hard traveling over it. There are two streams, the Big Sandy and Little Sandy, both tributaries to (rreen River, which we soon reached and cros.sed. It was a remarkable clear and rapid stream and was now low enough to ford. One of the Government teams .set out to make the crossing at a point where it looked .shallow enough, but before the lead mules reached the opposite .shore, they lost their footing and were forced to swim. Ofcour.se the wagon stopped and the team swung round and tangled up in a bad .shape. They were unhitched and the wagon pulled back, the load was somewhat dampened, for the water came into the w^agon box about a foot. We camped here and laid by one day, having thus quite a little chance to look around. When we came to the first water that flowed toward the Pacific Coast at Pacific Springs, we drivers had quite a little talk about a new scheme. We put a great many "ifs" together and thev amounted to about this: — If this .stream were large enoug.i; if we had a boat; if we knew the way: if there were no falls or bad places; if we had plenty of provisions; if we were bold enough set out on such a trip, etc., we 74 DEATH VALLEY. might come out at some point or other on the Pacific Ocean. And now when we came to the first of the "ifs, " a stream large enough to float a small boat; we began to think more strongly about the other "ifs". In the course of our rambles we actually did run across the second "if" in the shape of a small ferry boat filled up with sand upon a bar, and it did not take very long to dig it out and put it into shape to use, for it was just large enough to hold one wagon at a time' Our military escort intended to leave us at this point, as their route now bore off to the north of ours. I had a long talk with the surgeon who seemed well informed about the country, and asked him about the prospects. He did not give the Mormons a very good name. He said to me: — "If you go to Salt Lake City, do not let them know you are from Missouri, for I tell you that many of those from that State will never see California. You know they were driven from Missouri, and will get revenge if they can." Both the surgeon and the captain said the stream came out on the Pacific Coast' and that we had no ob- stacles except cataracts, which they had heard were prettv bad. I then went to Dallas and told him what we proposed doing and to our surprise he did not offer any objections, and offered me $60 for my pony. He said he would sell us some flour and bacon for provi- sions also. We helped them in crossing the river, which was .somewhat difficult, being swift, with boulders in the bottom but we got all safely over and then made the trade we had- spoken of. Dallas paid me for my pony and we took what flour and bacon he would let go. He gave us .some ropes for head and stern lines to our boat and a couple of axes, and we laid the.se, and our provisions in a pile by the roadside. vSix of us then gave up our whips. Mr. S. McMahon, a driver, hesi- DEATH VALLEY. 75 tated for some time, but being pressed by Dallas for a decision, at last threw down his whip and said: — "L will go with the boys. " This left Dallas with only one driver, but he took a whip himself, and with the aid of the children and his wife who drove the two-horse wagon, they got along very weil. I paid for such provisions as we had taken ,as the rest of the fellows had almost no money. So we parted company, the little train slowly mov- ing on its way westward. Our military captain, the soldier boys, and the gay young lady taking the route to Oregon, and we sitting on the bank of the river whose waters flowed to the great Pacific. Each com- pany wished the other good luck, we took a few long breaths and then set to work in earnest to carry out our plans. 76 DEATH VALLEY. CHAPTER VHL About the first thing we did was to organize and select a captain, and, very much against my wishes, I was chosen to this important position. Six of us had guns of some sort, Richard Field, Dallas's cook, was not armed at all. We had one regular axe and a large camp hatchet, which was about the same as an axe, and several ver}- small hatchets owned by the men. All our worldly goods were piled up en the bank, and w^e were alone. An examination of the old ferry boat showed it to be in pretty good condition, the sand with which it had been filled keeping it very perfectly. We found two oars in the sand under the boat, and looked up some pole.s to assist us in navigation. Our cordage was rather scant but the best we could get and all we could muster. The boat was about twelve feet long and six or seven feet wide, not a very well propor- tioned craft, but having the abilitj' to carry a pretty good load. We swung it up to the bank and loaded up our goods and then ourselves. It was not a heavy load for the craft, and it looked as if we were taking the most sensible waj' to get to the Pacific, and almost wondered that everybody was so blind as not to see it as we did. This party was composed of W. L. Manley, M. S McMahon, Charles and Joseph Hazeliig, Richard Field, Alfred Walton and John Rogers. We untied the ropes, gave the boat a push and commenced to move down the river with ease and comfort, feeling much happier than we would had we been going toward Salt Lake with the prospect of wintering there. At the mouth of Hani's Fork we passed a camp of DEATH VALLEY. 77 Indians, but we kept close to the opposite shore to avoid being boarded by them. They beckoned very urgently for us to come ashore, but I acted as if I did not understand them, and gave them the go-by. As we were floating down the rapid stream it be- came more and more a rapid, roaring river, and the bed contained many dangerous rocks that were diffi- cult to shun. Each of us had a setting-pole, and we ranged ourselves along the sides of the boat and tried to keep ourselves clear from the rocks and dangers. The water was not very deep and made such a dash- ing noise as the current rushed among the rocks that one had to talk pretty loud to be heard. As we were gliding along quite swiftly, I set my pole on the bottom and gave the boat a sudden push to avoid a boulder, when the pole stuck in the crevice between two rocks, and instead of losing the pole by the sudden jerk I gave, I was the one who was very suddenly yanked from the boat by the spring of the pole, and landed in the middle of the river. I struck pretty squai'ely on my back, and so got thoroughly wet, but swam for shore amid the shouts of the boys, who waved their hats and hurrahed for the captain when they saw he was not hurt. I told them that was nothing as we were on our way to Califofnia by w^ater any way, and such things mu.st be expected. The next day after this I went on shore and sighted a couple of antelope, one of which I shot, which gave us good grub, and good appetites we already had. As near as we could estimate we floated about thirty miles a day. which beat the pace of tired oxen considerably. In one place there was a fringe of thick willows along the bank, and a little farther back a perpendicular bluff", whiel between the two was a strip of fine green grass. As we were passing this we scared up a band of elk in this grass meadow, and they all took a run 78 DEATH X'ALLEY. down the river like a band of horses. One of them turned up a small ravine with walls so steep he could not get out, so we posted a guard at the entrance, and three of us went up the canon after him, and after the others had each fired a shot, I fired the third and brought him down. This was about the finest piece of Rocky Mountain beef that one could .':ee. We took the carcass on board and floated on again. Thus far we had a very pleasant time, each taking his turn in working the boat while the others rested or slept. About the fifth day when we were floating along in very gently running water, I had lay down to take a rest and a little sleep. The mountains here on both sides of the river were not very steep, but ran gradually for a mile or so. While I was sleeping the boat came around a small angle in the stream, and all at once there seemed to be a higher, steeper range of mountains right across the valley. The boys thought the river was coming to a rather sudden end and hastily awoke me, and for the life of me I could not say they were not right, for there was no way in sight for it to go to. I remembered while looking over a map the military men had I found a place named Brown's Hole, and I told the boys I guessed we were elected to go on foot to California after all, for I did not propose to follow the river down any sort of a hole into any mountain. We were floating directly toward a perpendicular cliff, and I could not see any hole any where, nor any other place where it could go. Just as we were within a stone's throw of the cliff, the river turned sharply to the right and went behind a high point of the mountain that seemed to stand squarely on edge. This was really an immense crack or crev- ice, certainly 2000 feet deep and perhaps much more, and seemed much wider at the bottom than it did at the top, 2000 feet or more above our heads. Each wall DEATH \'ALLEY. 79 .seemed to lean in toward the water as it rose. We were now for some time between two rock\' walls between which the river ran very rapidly, and we often had to get out and work our boat over the rocks, sometimes lifting it off when it caught. For- tunately we had a good tow line, and one would take this and follow along the edge when it was so he could walk. The mountains seemed to get higher and higher on both sides as we advanced, and in places we could see quite a number of trees overhanging the river, and away up on the rocks we could see the wild mountain sheep looking down at us. They were so high that they seemed a mile away, and consequently safe enough. This was their home, and -they seemed very independent, as if they dared us fellows to come and see them. There was an old cotton wood tree on bank with marks of an axe on it, but this was all the sign we saw that an\- one had ever been here before us. We got no game while passing through this deep caiion and began to feel the need of some fresh provi- sions very sorely. We passed many deep, dark canons coming into the main stream, and at one place, w^here the rock hung a little over the river and had a smooth wall, I climbed u]) above the high water mark which we could clearly see, and with a mixture of gunpowder and grease for paint, and a bit of cloth tied to a stick for a brush, I painted in fair sized letters on the rock. CAPT. W. L. MANEKV. V. S. A. We did not know whether we were within the bounds of the United States or not, and we put on all the majesty we could under the circumstances. I don't think the sun ever shone down to the bottom of the canon, for the sides were literally sky-high, for the sky, and a very small portion of that was all we could see. Just before night wc came to a place where some 8o DEATH VALLEY. huge rocks as large as cabins had fallen down from the mountain, completely filling up the river bed, and making it completely impassible for our boat. We unloaded it and while the boys held the stem line, I took off my clothes and pushed the boat out into the torrent which ran around the rocks, letting them pay the line out slowly till it was just right. Then I sang out to — "Let go" — and away it dashed. I grasped the bow line, and at the first chance jumped overboad and got to shore, when I held the boat and brought it in below the obstructions. There was some deep wa- ter below the rocks ; and we went into camp. While some loaded the boat, others with a hook and line caught some good fish, which resembled mackerel. While I was looking up toward the mountain top, and along down the rocky wall, I saw a smooth place about fifty feet above where the great rocks had broken out, and there, painted in large black letters, were the words "ASHLEY, 1824. " This was the first real ev- idence we had of the presence of a white man in this wild place, and from this record it seems that tw-enty- five years before some venturesome man had here in- scribed his name. I have since heard there were some persons in St. Louis of this name, and of some circum- stances which may link them with this early traveler. When we came to look around we found that an- other big rock blocked the channel 300 yards below% and the water rushed around it wath a terrible swirl. So we unloaded the boat again and made the attempt to get around it as we did the other rocks. We tried to get across the river but. failed. We now% all but one, got on the great rock with our poles, and the one man was to ease the boat down with the rope as far as he could, then let go and we would stop it with our poles and push it out into the stream and let it go over, but the current was so strong that when the boat DEATH VALLEY. 8i struck the rock we could not stop it, and the gunwale next to us rose, and the other went down, so that in a second the boat stood edgewise in the water and the bottom tight against the big rock, and the strong cur- rent pinned it there so tight that we could no more move it than we could move the rock itself. This seemed a very sudden ending to our voyage and there were some very rapid thoughts as to whether we would not safer among the Mormons than, out iu this wild country, afoot and alone. Our boat was surely lost be3-ond hope, and something must be done. I saw two pine trees, about two feet through, growing on a level place just below, and I said to them that we must decide between going afoot and making some canoes out of these pine trees. Canoes were decided on, and we never let the axes rest, night or day till we had them completed. While my working shift was off, I took an hour or two, for a little hunting, and on a low divide partly grown over with small pines and juniper I found signs, old and new, of many elk, and so concluded the counLry was well stocked with noble game. The two canoes, when completed were about fifteen feet long and two feet wide, and we lashed them together for greater security. When we tried them we found they were too small to carry our load and us, and we landed half a mile below, where there were two other jiine trees — white pine — about two feet through, and much taller than the ones we had used. We set at work making a large canoe of these. I had to direct the work for I was the only one who had ever done such work. We worked night and day at these canoes, keeping a big fire at night and changing off to keep the axes busy. This canoe we made twenty-five or thirty feet long, and when completed they made me captain of it and into it loaded the most valuable things, such as provisions. 82 DEATH VAIvLEY. ammunition, and cooking utensils. 1 had to take the lead for I was the onl}- skillful canoeist in the party. We agreed upon signals to give when danger was seen, or game in sight, and leading off with my big canoe we set sail again, and went flying down stream. This rapid rate soon brought us out of the high mountains and into a narrow valley when the stream became more moderate in its speed and we floated along easily enough. In a little while after we struck this slack water, as we were rounding a point, I saw on a sand bar in the river, five or six elk, standing and looking at lis with much curiosity. I signaled for those behind to go to shore, while I did the same, and two or three of us took our guns and went carefully down along the bank, the thick brush hiding us from them, till we were in fair range, then selecting our game we fired on them. A fine doe fell on the oppo- site bank, and a magnificent buck which Rogers and I selected, went below and crossed the river on our side. We followed him down along the bank which was here a flat meadow with thick bunches of willows, and soon came pretty near to Mr. Elk who started off on a high and lofty trot. As he passed an opening in the biishes I put a ball through his head and he fell. He was a monster. Rogers, who was a butcher, said it would weigh five hundred or six hundred pounds. The horns were fully six feet long, and by placing the horns on the ground, point downwards, one could walk under the skull between them. We packed the meat to our canoes, and staid up all night cutting the meat in strips and drying it, to reduce bulk and per- serve it, and it made the finest kind of food, fit for an epicure. Starting on again, the river lost more and more of of its rapidity as it came out into a still wider valley, and became quite sluggish. We picked red berries DEATH VALLEY. 83 that grew on bushes that overhung the water. They were sour and might have been high cranberries. One day I killed an otter, and afterward hearing a wild goose on shore, I went for the game and killed it on a small pond on which there were also some mallard duck. I killed t.vo of these. When I fired, the ones not killed did not fly away, but rather swam toward me. I suppose they never before had seen a man or heard the report of a gun. On the shore around the place I saw a small bear track, but I did not have time to look f)r his bearship, and left, with the game already killed, and passed on down through this beau- tiful valliiv. We .'aw one place where a large band of horses had crossed, and as the men with them must have had a raft, we were pretty sure that the men in charge of them were white men, Another day we passed the mouth of a swollen stream which came in from the west side. The water was thick with nu;d. and the fish, about a foot long, came to the top, with their noses out of water. We tried to catch some, but could not hold them. One night we camped on an island, and I took my gun and went over toward the west side where I killed a deer. The boys hearing me shoot, came out, guns in hand, thinking I might need help, and I was very glad of their assistance. To make our flour go as far as possible we ate very freely of meat, and having excellent ai)petites it disappeared very fa.st. It took us two or three days to i)ass this beautiful valley, and then we began to get into a rougher coun- try again, the caiions dee])er and the water more tumultuous. McMahon and 1 had the lead always, in the b'g canoe. The mountains seemed to change into bare rocks and get higher and higher as we floated alono-. After the first dav of this the river be- 84 DEATH VALLEY. came so full of boulders that many times the only way we could do was to unload the canoes and haul them over, load up and go ahead, only to repeat the same tactics in a very short time again. At one place where the river was more than usually obstructed we found a deserted camp, a skiff and some heavy cooking utensils, with a notice posted up on an alder tree say- ing that they had found the river route impracticable, and being satisfied that the river was so full of rocks and boulders that it could not be safely navigated, they had abandoned the undertaking and were about to start overland to make their wa}' to Salt Lake-. I took down the names of the parties at the time in my diar\-, which has since been burned, but have now for- gotten them entirely. They were all strangers to me. They had taken left such heavy articles as could not be carried on foot. This notice rather disconcerted us. but we thought we had better keep on and see for ourselves, so we did not follow them, but kept on down the rocky river. We found generally more boulders than water, and the down grade of the river bed was heax-^-. Some alders and willows grew upon the bank and up quite high on the mountains we could see a little timber. Some days we did not go more than four or five miles, and that was serious work, loading and un- loading our canoes, and packing them o^-er the boulders, with only small streams of water curling around between them. We went barefoot most of the time, for we were more than half of the time in the water which roared and dashed so loud that we could hardly heard each other speak. W'e kept getting more and more venturesome and skillful, and managed to run some very dangerous rapids in safety. On the high peaks above our heads we could .see the Rocky Mountain sheep looking defintly at us from their DEATH VALLEY. 85 mountain fastnesses, so far away they looked no larger than jack rabbits. They were too far off to trj- to shoot at, and we had no time to tr>' to steal up any nearer for at the rate we were making, food would be the one thing needful, for we were consuming it very fast. Sometimes we could ride a little ways, and then would come the rough-and-tumble with the rocks again. One afternoon we came to a sudden turn in the river, more than a right angle, and, just below, a fall of two feet or more. This I ran in safety, as did the rest who followed and we cheered at our pluck and skill. Just after this the river swung back the other way at a right angle or more, and I quickly saw there was danger below and signaled them to go on shore at once, and lead the canoes over the dangerous rapids. I ran my own canoe near shore and got by the rapid safely, waiting for the others to come also. They did not obey my signals but thought to run the rapid the same as I did. The channel here was straight for 200 yards, without a boulder in it, but the stream was so swift that it caused great, rolling waves in the center, of a kind I have never seen any- where else. The boys were not skillfal enough to nav- gate this stream, and the suction drew them to the center where the great waves rolled them over and over, bottom side up and every way. The occupants of our canoe let go and swam to shore. Fields had always been afraid of water and had worn a life per- server every day since we left the wagons. He threw up his hands and splashed and kicked at a terrible rate, for he could not swim, and at last made solid ground. One of the canoes came down into the eddy below, where it lodged close to the shore, bottom up. Alfred Walton in the other canoe could not swim, but held on to the gunw^ale with a death grip, and it went 86 DEATH VALLEY. on down through the rapids. Sometimes we could- see the man and sometimes not, and he and the canoe took turns in disappearing. Walton had ver}- black hair, and as he clung fast to his canoe his black head looked like a crow on the end of a log. Sometimes he would be under so long that we thought he must be lost, when up he would come again still clinging manfulh-. AIcMahon and I threw everything out of the big canoe and pushed out after him. I told Mc. to kneel down so I could see over him to keep the craft off the rocks, and by changing his paddle from side to side as ordered, he enabled me to make quick moves and avoid being dashed to pieces. We fairly flew, the boys said, but I stood up in the stern and kept it clear of danger till we ran into a clear piece of liver and overtook Walton clinging to the overturned boat; Mc- Mahon seized the boat and I paddled all to shore, but Walton was nearly dead and could hardly keep his grasp on the canoe. We took him to a sandy place and worked over him and warmed him in the sun till he came to life again, then built a fire and laid him up near to it to get dry and warm. If the canoe had gone on 20 yards farther with him before we caught it, he would have gone into another long rapid and been drowned. We left Walton by the fire and cros.s- ing the river in the slack water, went up to where the other boys were standing, wet and sorr3'-looking, sa}'- that all was gone and lost. Rogers put his hand in his pocket and pulled out three half dollars and said sadly: — "Boys, this is all I am worth in the world. " All^the clothes he had were a pair of overalls and a .shirt. If he had been possessed of a thousand in gold he would have been no richer, for there was no one to bu}- from and nothing to buy. I said to them: "Bo^'s, we can't help what has happened, we '11 do the best we DEATH VALLEY. 87 can. Right your canoe, get the water out, and we'll go down and see how Walton is. " They did as I told them, and lo and behold when the canoe rolled right side up, there were their clothes and blankets safe and sound. These light things had floated in the canoe and were safe. We now tried by joining hands to reach out far enough to recover some of the guns, but by feeling with their feet they found the^bottom smooth as glass and the property all swept on below, no one knew where. The current was so powerful that no one could stand in it where it came up above his knees. The eddy which enabled us to save the first canoe with the bedding and clothes was caused by a great boulder as large as a house which had fallen from above and partly blocked the stream. Every- thing that would sink was lost. We all got into the two canoes and went down U) Walton, where we camped and staid all night for Walton's benefit. While we were waiting I took my gun and tried to climb u]) high enough to see how much longer this horrible canon was going to last, but after many attempts, I could not get high enough to see in any direction. The mountain was all bare rocks in terraces, but it was impossible to climb from one to the other, and the benches were all filled with broken rocks that had fallen from above. By the time I got back to camp, Walton was dry and warm and could .talk. He said he felt better, and pretty good over his rescue. When he was going under the water, it seemed sometimes as if he never w^ould come to the top again, but he held on and eventually came out all right. He never knew how he got to shore, he was so nearly dead when rescued. The ne.xt morning Walton was .so well we started on. We were now very ])oorly armed. My rifle and McMahon's shotg:un were all the arms we. had for 88 DEATH VAIvIvEY. seven of us, and we could make but a poor defence it attacked by man or beast, to say nothing of providing ourselves with food. The mountains on each side were ver}" bare of timber, those on the east side par- ticiilarly so, and very high and barren. Toward night we were floating along in a piece of slack water, the river below made a short turn around a high and rocky point almost perpendicular from the water. There was a terrace along the side of this point about fifty feet up, and the bench grew narrower as it ap- proached the river. As I was coming down quite close under this bank I saw three mountain sheep on the bench above, and, motioning to the boys, I ran on shore and, with ni}' gun in hand, crept down toward them, keeping a small pine tree between myself and the sheep. There were some cedar bushes on the point, and the pines grew about half way up the bank. I got in as good a range as possible and fired at one of them which staggered around and fell down to the bottom of the cliff". I loaded and took the next larg • est one which came down the same way. The third one tried to escape by going down the bend and then creeping up a crevice, but it could not get awa}' and turned back, cautiously, which gave me time to load again and put a ball through it. I hit it a little too far back for instant death, but I followed it up and found it down and helpless, and soon secured it. I hauled this one down the mountain, and the other boys had the two others secure by this time. McMa- hon was so elated at my success that he said: " Man- ley, if I could shoot as 3'ou do I would never want anj^ better business. ' ' And the other fellows said they guessed we were having better luck with one gun than with six, so we had a merry time after all. These an- imals were of a bluish color, with hair much finer than deer, and resembled a goat more than a sheep. These DEATH \'ALLEY. 89 three were all females and their horns were quite straight, not curved like the big males. W^e cut the meat from the bones and broke them up, making a fine soup which tasted pretty good. They were in pretty good order, and the meat like very good mut- ton. We kept pushing on down the river. The rapids were still dangerous in many places, but not so fre- quent nor so bad as the part we had gone over, and we could see that the river gradually grew smoother as we progressed. After a day or two we began to get out of the canons, but the mountains and hills on each side were barren and of a pale yellow caste, with no chance for us to climb up and take a, look to see if there were any chances for us fartlier along. We had now been obliged to follow the cafion for many miles, for the only way to get out was to get out endwise, climb- ing the banks being utterly out of the question. But these mountains .soon came to an end, and there was some Cottonwood and willows on the bank of the river, which was now so smooth we could ride along with- out the continual loading and unloading we had been forced to practice for so long. We had begun to get a little desperate at the lack of game, but the new valley, which grew wider all the time, gave us hope again, if it was quite barren everywhere except back of the willow trees. We were floating along very silently one da^-, tor none of us felt very much in the mood for talking, when we heard a distant sound which we thought was very much like the firing of a gun. We kept still, and in a short time a similar sound was heard, plainer and evidently some ways down the stream. Again and again we heard it, and decided that it must be a gun shot, and yet we were puzzled to know how it could 90 DEATH VALLEY. be. We were preLt_v sure there were no white people ahead of us, and we did not suppose the Indians in this far-off land had any firearms. It might be barely possible that we were coming now to some wagon train taking a southern course, for we had never heard that there were any settlements in this direction and the barren country would preclude any such thing, as we viewed it now. If it was a hostile band we could not do much watha rifle and a shot gun toward defend- ing ourselves or taking the aggressive. Some of the boys spoke of our scalps ornamenting a spear handle, and indulged in such like cheerful talk which com- forted us wonderfully. Finally we concluded we did not come out into that wild country to be afraid of a few gunshots, and de- termined to put on a bold front, fight if we had to, run away if we could not do any better, and take our chances on getting scalped or roasted. Just then we came in sight of three Indian lodges just a little back from the river, and now we knew for certain who had the guns. McMahon and I were in the lead as usual, and it was only a nioment before one of the Indians appeared, gun in hand, and made motions for us to come on shore. A cottonwood tree lay nearh- across the river, and I had gone so far that I had to go around it and land below, but the other boys behind were afraid to do otherwise than to land right there as the Indian kept his gun lying across his arm. I ran our canoe below to a patch of willows, where we landed and crawled through the brush till we came in sight of the other boys, where we stood and waited a mo- ment to see how they fared, and whether our red men were friends or enemies. There were no suspicious movements on their part, so we came out and walked right up to them. There was some little talk, but I am sure w^edid not understand one another's language, DEATH VALI^EY. 91 and so we made motions and they made motions, and we got along- better. We went with them down to the tepee, and there we heard the first word that was at all like English and that was ' ' Mormonee, ' ' with a sort of questioning tone. Pretty soon one said ' ' Buffalo, ' ' and then we concluded they were on a big hunt of some sort. They took us into their lodges and shov.'ed us blankets, knives, and guns, and then, with a suggestive motion, said all was " Mormonee, " by which we understood they had got them from the Mormons. The Indian in the back part' of the lodge looked very pleasant and his countenance showed a good deal of intelligence for a man of the mountains. I now told the boys that we were in a ]iosition where we were dependent on some one, and that I had seen enough to convince me that these Indians were per- fectly friendly with the Mormons, and that for our own benefit we had better i)a.ss ourselves off for Mormons, also. So we put our right hand to our l)reast and .said " Mormonee," with a cheerful countenance, and that act conveyed to them the belief that we were chosen disciples of the great and only Brigham and we became friends at once, as all acknowledged. The fine-look- ing Indian who sat as king in the lodge now, by mo- tions and a word or two, made him.self known as Chief Walker, and when I knew this I took great pains to. cultivate his acquaintance. I was quite familiar with the sign language used bv all the Indians, and found I could get along pretty well in making him understand and knowing what he said. I asked him first how many "sleeps " or days it was from there to "Mormonee." In answer he put out his left hand and then pnt two fingers of his right astride of it, making both go up and down with the same motion of a man riding a horse. Then he shut his eyes and laid his head on his hand three times, bv 92 DEATH VALLEY. which I understood that a man could ride to the Mor- mon settlement in three sleeps or four daj's. He then wanted to know where we were going, and I made signs that we were wishing to go toward the setting .sun and to the big water, and I said "California." The country off to the west of us now seemed an open, barren plain, which grew wider as it extended west. The mountains on the north side seemed to get lower and smaller as they extended west, but on the south or east side they were all high and rough. It seemed as if we could see one hundred miles down the river, and up to the time we met the Indians we thought we had got through all our troublesome navigation and •could now sail on, quietly and safely to the great Pa- cific Ocean and land of gold. When I told Chief Walker this he seemed very much astonished, as if wondering why we were going ■down the river when we wanted to get west across the country. I asked him how man)- sleeps it was to the big water, and he shook his head, pointed out across the country and then to the river and shook his head again; by which I understood that water was scarce, out the way he pointed. He then led me down to a smooth sand bar on the river and then, with a crooked stick, began to make a map in the sand. Eirst he made a long crooked mark, ten feet long or so, and pointing to the river to let me know that the mark in the sand was made to represent it. He then made a straight mark across near the north end of the stream, and showed the other streams which came into the Green river which I saw at once was exactl)' correct. Then he laid soine small stones on each side of the cross mark, and making a small hoop of a willow twig, he rolled it in the mark he had made across the river, then flourished his stick as if he were driving oxen. Thus he represented the emigrant road. He traced r)p:ATH \'atj.p:y. 93 the branches off to the north where the soldiers had gone, and the road to California, which the emigrants took, all of which we conld see was correct. Then he began to describe the river down which we had come. A short distance below the road he put some small stones on each side of the river to represent mountains. He then put down his hands, one on ■each side of the crooked mark and then raised them up again sa3'ing e-e-e-e-e-e as he raised them, to sa}- that the mountains there were very high. Then he traced down the stream to a place below where we made our canoes; when he placed the stone back from the river farther, to show that there was a valle}' there ; then he drew them in close again farther down, and piled them up again two or three tiers high, then placing both fists on them he raised them higher than the top of his head, saying e-e-e-e-e-e and looking still higher and shaking his head as if to say :- "Awful bad canon", and thus he went on describing the river till we understood that we were near the place where we now were, and then pointed to his tepee, showing that I understood him all right. It\vas all correct, as I very well knew and assured me that he knew all about the country. I became much interested in my new found friend, and had him continue his map down the river- He showed two streams coming in on the east side and then he began piling up stones on each side of the river and then got longer ones and piled them higher and higher 3'et. Then he stood with one foot on each side of his river and put his hands on the stones and then raised them as high as he could, making a continued c-e-e-e-e-e as long as his breath would last, pointed to the canoe and made signs with his hands how it would roll and pitch in the rapids and finely capsize and throw us all out. He then made signs of death to show us 94 DEATH YAhhUY. that it was a fatal place. I understood perfect!}^ plain from this that below the valley where we now were was a terrible cafion, much higher than any we had passed, and the rapids were not navigable with safety. Then Walker shook his head more than once and looked very sober, and said "Indiano" and reaching for his bow and arrows, he drew the bow back to it's utmost length and put the arrow close to my breast, showing how I w^ould get shot. Then he would draw his hand across his throat and shut his eyes as if in death to make us understand that this was a hostile country before us, as well as rough and dangerous. I nowhad a description of the countr}- ahead and be- lieved '.t to be reliable. As soon as I could con viently af- ter this, I had a council with the boys, who had looked on in silence while I was holding the silent confab with the chief. I told them where we were and what chances there were of getting to California by this route, and that for my part I had as soon be killed b}- Mormans as by savage Indians, and that I believed the best way for us to do was to make the best of our way to Salt Lake. "Now" I said, "Those of you who agree with me can follow — and I hope all will. ' ' Mc. Mahon said that we could not understand a word the old Indian said, and as to following his trails, I don't believe a word of it, and it don't seem right. He said he had a map of the country, and it looked just as safe to him to go on down the river as to go wandering acro.ss a dry and desolate country which we knew nothing of. I said to Mc. Mahon — "I know this sign language pretty well. It is used bj^ almost all the Indians and is just as plain and certain to me as my talk is to you. Chief W^alker and his forefathers were borne here and know the country as well as you know your father's farm, and for my part, I think I shall take one of his trails and go to Salt DEATH VALLEY. 95 Lake and take the chances that way. I have no ob- jection.s to you goino^ some other way if you wi.sh to and thmk it is best". McMahon and Fields conclu- ded they would not follow me any farther. I then went to Chief Walker and had him point out the trail to "Mormonie" as well as he could. He told me where to enter the mountains leading north, and when we got part way he told me we would come to an Indian camp, when I must follow some horse tracks newly made; he made me know this by using his hands like horse's forefeet, and pointed the way. Some of the voung men motioned for me to come out and shoot at a mark with them, and as I saw it would please them I did so and took good care to beat them every time too. Then they wanted to swap (narawaup) guns with me which I declined doing. After this the Chief came tome and wanted me to go and hunt buffalo with them. I told him I had no horse, and then he went and had a nice gray one brought up and told me I could ride him if I would go. He took his bow and arrow and showed me how he could shoot an arrow straight through a buffalo just back of his short ribs and that the arrow would go clear through and come out on the other side without touching a bone. Those fellows were in fine .spirit, on a big hunt, and when Walker pointed out his route to me he swung his hand around to vSalt Lake. They all spoke the word buffalo quite })lainly. I took his strong bow and found I could hardly pull it half way out, but I have no doubt he could do as he said he could. I hardly knew how to refuse going with him. I a.sked him how long it would be before he would gel around his long circuit and get to Salt Lake, to whicli he replied by pulverizing some leaves in his hands and scattering them in the air to represent snow, which ■ would fall by the time he got to "Mormonee". I shiv- 96 DEATH VALLEY. ered as he said this and by his actions I saw that I understood him right' I told him I could not go with him for the other boys would depend on me to get them something to eat, and I put my linger into my open mouth to tell him this. I think if I had been alone I should have ac- cepted his offer and should have had a good time. I gave them to understand that we would swap (nara- waup) with them for some horses so he brought up a pair of nice two year-old colts for us. I offered him some money for them, he did not want that, but would take clothing of almost any kind. We let them have some that we could get along without, and some one let Walker have a coat. He put it on, and being more warmly dressed than ever before, the sweat ran down his face in streams. We let them have some needles and thread and some odd notions we had to spare. We saw that Walker had some three or four head of cattle with him which he could kill if thev did not .secure game at the time they expected. McMahon and Field still persisted they would not go with us and so we divided our little stock of flour and dried meat with them as fairlv as possible and de- cided we would try the trail. When our plans were settled we felt in pretty good spirits again, and one of the boys got up a sort of corn-stalk fiddle wqich made a squeaking noise and in a little while there was a sort of mixed American and Indian dance going on in which the sqaws joined in and we had a pretty jolly time till quite late at nig.lt. We wcire well pleased that these wild folks had proved themselves to be true friends to us. The morning we were to start I told the boys a dream I had in which I had .seen that the course we had de- cided on was the correct one, but Mc. Mahon and Field thought we were foolish and said they had rath- DEATH \'ALLEV. 97 er take the chances of going with the Indians, or go- ing on down the river. He seemed to place great stress on the fact that he could not understand the Indians. Said He: — "This Indian mcy be all right, and may- be he will lead us all into a dreadful trap. They are treacherous and revengeful, and for some merely fan- cied wrong done by us, or by some one else of whom we have no control or knowledge, they may take our scalps, wipe us out of existence and no one will ever know what became of us. Now this map of mine don't show any bad places on this river, and I believe we can get down easily enough, aud get to California some time. Field and I cannot make up our minds so easily as you fellows, i believe your chances are ver\' poor. The boys now had (nu- few things loaded on the two colts, for they had fully decided to go with me, and I was not in the least put back by McMahon"s dire forbodings. We shook hands with ([uivering lips as we each hoped the other would meet good luck, and find enough to eat and all such sort of friendly talk, and then with my little party on the one side and McMahon and Field, whom we were to leave behind, on the other, we bowed to each other with bared heads, and then we started out of the little young cot- tonwoods into the broad plain that sec.ned to get wid- er and wider as we went west. The mountains on the northern side grew smaller and less steep as we went west, and on the other hand reached down the river as far as we could see. The plain itself was black and barren and for a hundred miles at least ahead of us it seemed to have no end. Walker had explained to us that we must follow some horse tracks and enter a canon some miles to the northwest. He had made his hands work like horses - 98 DEATH VALLEY. feet, placing then near the ground as if following a trail, We were not much more than a mile away when on looking back, we saw Chief Walker com- ing towards us on a horse at full speed; and motioning for us to stop. This we did, though some of the boys said we would surely be marched back and scalped. But it was not for that he came. He had been watch- ing us and saw that we had failed to notice the tracks of the horses he told us about so he rode after us, and now took us off some little distance to the right, got off his horse and showed us the faint horse tracks which we were to follow and said "Mormonie". He pointed out to us the exact caiion we were to enter when we reached the hills; and said after three "sleeps" we would find an Indian camp on top of the mountain. He then bade us good bye again and galloped back to his own camp. We now resumed our journey, keeping watch of the tracks more closely, and as we came near the spurs of the mountain which projected out into the barren valley we crossed several well marked trails running along the foot hiils, at right angles to our own. This we afterwards learned was the regular trail from vSanta Fe to Los Angeles. At some big rocks further on we camped for the night, and found water in some pools or holes in the flat rocks which held the rain. Reading people of to-day, who know so well the ge- ography of the American continent, may need to stop and think that in 1849 the whole region west of the Missouri River was very little knowai, the only men venturesome enough to dare to travel over it were hunters and trappers who. by a wild life had been used to all the privations of such a journey, and j^hrewd as the Indians themselves in the mysterious wavs of the trail and the chase. Even the.se fellows DEATH \'ALIvEY. 99 had onl)- investigated certain portions nest snited to their purpose. The Indians here have the reputation of being blood thirsty savages who took delight in murder and tor- ture, but here, in the very midst of this wild and des- olate country we found a Chief and his tribe, Walker and his followers who were as humane and kind to white people as could be expected of any one. I have often wondered at the knowledge of this man respect- ing the country, of which he was able to make us a good map in the sand, point out to us the impassable canon, locate the hostile Indians, and many points which were not accurately known by our own explor- ers for many years afterward. He undoubtedly saved our little band from a watery grave, for without his advice we had gone on and on, far into the great Colorado canon, from which escape would have been impossible and securing food another impo.ssibility, while destruction by hostile indians was among the strong probabilities of the case. vSoin a threefold way I have for these more than forty years credited the lives of myself and comrades to the thoughtful interest and humane consideration of old Chief Walker. In another jiool or pond near the one where we were camp ed I shot a .^^mall duck. Big sage was i-)lenty here for fuel and we had duck for supper. Our party consisted of five men and two small ponies only two vears old, with a stock of provisions very small includ- ing that the old chief had given us. We started on in the morning, following our faint trail till we came to the cailon we had in \-iew, and up this we turned as we had been directed, finding in the bottom a little runniug stream. Timber began to appear as we as- cended, and gra.ss also. There were signs of deer and grouse but we had no time lo stop to hunt, for I had the onlv gun and while I hunted the others must lie loo DEATH VALLEY. idly by. We reached the summit at a low pass, and ju.st above, on the north side of the higher mountains were considerable banks of snow. Following the Chief's instructions we left the trail and followed some horse tracks over rolling hills, high on the mountain side. We found the Indian camp exactly as the Chief had described, consisting of tw^o or three lodges. The men were all absent hvmting, but the women were gathering and baking .some sort of a root which looked like a carrot. They made a pile of several bushels and covered it with earth, then made a fire, treating the pile some as a charcoal burner does his pit of coal. When sufficiently cooked they beat them- up and made the material into small cakes which were dried in the sun. The dried cakes were as black as coal and in- tended for winter use. These roots before roasting were unfit for food, as they contained a sort of acrid juice that would make the tongue smart and very sore but there was a very good rich taste when cooked. The woman pointed to our horses and said "Walker", so we knew they were aware that we got them of him, and might have taken us for horse thieves for aught I know. As it was not yet night when we came to the camp, we passed on and camped on a clear mountain brook where grew some pine trees. . After a little some of the Indians belonging to the camp we had passed came in, bringing some venison, for which we traded by giving them .some needles and a few oth- er trinkets. I beat these fellows shooting at a mark, and then they wanted to trade guns, which I declined. This piece of meat helped us along considerably with our provisions, for game was ver}- scarce and only some sage hens had come across our trail. One da}- 1 scared a hawk off the ground, and we took the sage hen he had caught and was eating, and made some soup of it. UKATH \'ALLHY. loi Alter being on this trail six or seven days we began to think of killing one of our colts for food, for we had put ourselves on two meals a day and the work was very hard; so that hunger was all the time increasing. We thought this was a pretty long road for Walker to ride over in three sleeps as he said he could, and we began also to think there might be some mistake somewhere, although it had otherwise turned out just as he said. On the eighth day our horse-tracks came out into a large trail which was on a down grade lead- ing in a northward direction. On the ninth day we came into a large valley, and near night came in sight of a few covered wagons, a part of a train that intend- ed going on a little later over the southern route to Los Angeles but were waiting for the weather to get a little cooler, for a large part of the route was over almost barren deserts. We were very glad to find these wagons, for they seemed to have plenty of food and the bountiful supper they treated us to was the very thing we needed. We camped here and told them of the hardshii)s we had i)assed through. They had hired a guide, each wagon pa> ing him ten dollars for his service. Our little party talked over the situ- ation among ourselves, and concluded that as we were good walkers we must allow ourselves to be used in any way so that we had grub and concluded as many of us as jiossible would trN- to get some service to do for our board and walk along with the party. John Rogers had a dollar and a half and I had thirty dollars, which was all the money we had in our camp. We found out we were about 60 miles south of vSalt L,ake City. Some of the boys next day arranged to work for their l)oard, and the others would he taken along if they would furnish themselves with flour and bacon. This part of the proposition fell to me and two others, and so Hazelrig and I took the two colts 1 02 DEATH V A LIvE Y , and started for the city, where they told its we could get all we needed with our little purse of money. We reached Hobble Creek before night, near Salt Lake where there was a Mormon fort, and were also a number of wagons belonging to some prospecting train. There seemed to be no men about and we were looking about among the wagons for some one to in- quire of, when a woman came to the front of the last wagon and looked out at us, and to my surprise it was Mrs. Bennett, wife of the man I had been trying to overtake ever since my start on this long trip Bennett bad my entire outfit with him on this trip and w^as all the time wondering whether I would ever catch u]) with them. We stayed till the men came in with their cattle tow^ards night, and Bennett was glad enough to see me, I assure you. We had a good substantial supper and then sat around the campfire nearly all night telling of our experience since leaving Wiscon- sin. I had missed Bennett at the Missouri River. I knew of no place where people crossed the river ex- cept Council Bluff, here I had searched faithfully, find- ing no trace of him, but it seems they had crossed farther up at a place called Kanesville, a Mormon crossing, and followed up the Platte river on the north side. Their only bad luck had been to loose a fine black horse, which was staked out, and when a herd of buffaloes came along he broke his rope and followed after them. He was looked for with other horses, but never found and doubtless became a prize for .some enterprizing Mr. Lo. who was fortunate enough to capture him. ' Hazelrig and I told of our experiance on the .south side of the Platte; why we went down l>reen River; what a rough time we had; ho^' we -were stopped b}- the Indians and how we had come a- cross from the river, arriving the day before and were now on our wav to vSalt Lake to get some flour and ba- DEATH VALLEY. 105 con so we could go on with the train when it started as they had offered to haul our grub for our service if we could carry ourselves on foot. Mr. Bennett would not hear of my going on to Salt Lake City, for he said there must be provisions enough in the party and in the morning we were able to buy flour and bacon of John Philips of Mineral Point Wis. and ofWm. Philips his brother. I think we got a hundred pounds of flour and a quantity of ba- con and some other things. I had some money which I had received for my horse sold to Dallas, but as the others had none I paid for it all, and told Hazelrig to take the ponies and go back to camp wath a share of the provisions and do the best he could. I had now ray own gun and ammunition, with some clothing and other items which I had prepared in Wisconsin before I started after my Winnebago pony, and I felt I ought to share the money I had with the other boys to help them as best I could. I felt that I was pretty well fixed and had nothing to fear. Mr. Bennett told me much of the trip on the north side of the Platte. He said they had some cholera, of which a few people died, and related how the outer if not the inner nature of the men changed as they left civilization, law and the courts behind them. vSome who had been raised together, and lived together all their lives without discord or trouble, who were con- sidered model men at home and just the right people to be connected with in such an expedition, seemed to change their character entirely out on these wild wastes. When anything excited their displeasure their blood boiled over, and only the interference of older and wiser heads on man}' occasions prevented bloodshed. Some dis.«olved the solemn contract they had made to travel together systematically and in order and to stand, by, even unto death, and when thev I04 DEATH VALLEY. reached the upper Platte, the journey only half over, talked of going back, or splitting up the outfit and join others they had taken a fancy to. Some who could not agree upon a just division of a joint outfit, thinking one party was trying to cheat, would not yield but would cut their wagons in two lengthwise just for spite so that no carts could be made and the whole ve- hicle spoiled for both parties. The ugh' disagreements were many and the cloven foot was shown in man}- ways. Guns were often drawn and pointed but some one would generally interfere and prevent bloodshed. Others were honest and law abiding to the last de- gree beyond law and churches, and would act as har- moniously as at home, obeying their chosen captain in the smallest particular without any grumbling or dissension, doing to every one as they would be done by. These were the pride of the train. The trains were most of them organized, and all along the river bottom one was hardly ever out of sight of some of the wagons, all going west. Buffalo and antelope were plenty and in great droves, followed always by wolves great and small, who were on the lookout for crippled or dead animals with which to fill their hungry stom- achs. Buffalo meat was plent}- and much enjoyed while passing this section of the road and this oppor- tunity of replenishing, enabled the stock to last them over more desolate regions where game was scarce. After Bennett had told his stories, and I had related more of our own close escapes I began to ask him why he went this way which seemed to be very circuitous and much longer than the way they had first intended to go. He said that it was too late in the. season to go the straight-road safel}', for there was yet 700 miles of bad country to cross and do the best they could it would be at the commencement of the rainy season before the Sierra Nevada mountains could be reached DEATH VALLEY. 105 and in those mountains there was often a snow fall of 20 feet or more, and anyone caught in it would surely perish. If they tried to winter at the base of the mountains it was a long way to get provisions, and no assurance of wild game, and this course was con- sidered ver}' hazardous for any one to undertake. This they had learned after consulting mount- aineers and others who knew about the regions, and as there was nothing doing among the Latter Day Saints to give employment to any one, it was decided best to keep moving and go the southern route b^• way of Los Angeles. No wagons were reported as ever getting through that wa}', but a trail had been traveled through that barren desert country for per- haps a hundred years, and the same could be easily broadened into a wagon road. After days of argument and camp-fire talks, this Southern route was agreed upon, and Capt. Hunt was chosen as guide. Capt. Hunt was a Mormon, and had more than one wife, but he had convinced them that he knew something about the load. Each agreed to give him ten dollars to pilot the train to San Bernardino where the Mormon Church had bought a Spanish grant of land, and no doubt they thought a wagon road to that place would benefit them greatly, and probably ga\-e much encouragement for the parties to travel this way. It was undoubtedly safer than the northern mountain route at this season of the year. It seemed at least to be a new venture for west-bound emigrant trains, at least as to ultimate success, for we had no knowledge of any that had gone through safely. Some western people remembered the history of the Mormons in Illinois and Missouri, and their doings there, feared somewhat for their own safety now that they were so completely under their power, for they io6 DEATH VALLEY. knew the Mormons to be revengeful and it was con- sidered ver}- unsafe for any traveler to acknowledge he was from Missouri. Manj- a one who had been born there, and lived there all his life, would promptly claim some other state as his native place. I heard one Mormon say that there were some Missourians on the plains that would never reach California. "They used us bad," said he, and his face took on a really murderous look. These Mormons at Salt Lake were situated as if on an island in the sea, and no eneni}' could reach anv adjoining state or territory- if Brigham Young's band of destroying angels were only warned to look after them. At a late hour that night we lay down to sleep, and morning came clear and bright. After breakfast Mr. Bennett said tome: — "Now Lewis I want you to go wath me; I have two wagons and two drivers and four yoke of good oxen and plenty of provisions. I have your outfit yet, your gun and ammunition and }-our two good hickory shirts which are just in time for >our present needs. You need not do any work. You just look around and kill what game you can for us, and this will help as much as anything, you can do. ' ' I was, of course glad to accept thi.s offer, and thanks to Mr. Bennett's kind care of my outfit, was better fixed then any of the other boys. We inquired around among the other wagons as to their supply of flour and bacon; and succeeded to getting flour from Mr. Philips and bacon from some of the others, as much as we supposed the other bo3's would need, which I paid for, and when this was loaded on the two colt,s Hazelrig started back alone to the boys in camp. As I was so well provided for I gave him all my money for they might need some, and I did not: DEATH VALLEY. 107 The wagons which composed the intended train were very much scattered about, having moved out from Salt Lake at pleasure, and it was said to be too early to make the start on the southern route, for the weather on the hot, barren desert was said to grow cooler a little later in the season, and it was only at this cool season that the south west part of the desert could be crossed in safety. The scattering members of the train began to congregate, and Capt. Hunt said it was necessary to have some sort of system about the move, and that before they moved they must or- ganize and adopt rules and laws which must be obeyed. He said they must move like an army, and that he was to be a dictator in all things except that in case of necessity a majority of the train could rule otherwise. It was thought best to get together and try a march out one day, then go in camp and organize. This they did, and at the camp there wa^ gathered one hundred and seven wagons, a big drove of horses and cattle, perhaps five hundred in all. The train was divided into seven divisions and each di\-isior\ was to elect its own captain. Division No. i shoulc' lead the march the first day, and their men should take charge of the stock and deliver them to the wagons in the morning, and then No. i should take the rear, with No. 2 in the lead to break the road- The rear division would not turn a wheel before 10 o'clock the next day, and it would be about that time at night before they were in camp and unyoked. The numbers of animals cleaned out the feed for a mile or two each side of the camp and a general meeting was called for the organization of the whole. Mr. L. Granger got up so he could look over the audience and proceeded to explain the plan and to read a preamble and resolutions which had been prepared as io8 DEATH VALLEY. the basis for government. I remember that it begun thus: — "This Organization shall be known and des- ignated as the Sand Walking Company, and shall consist of seven divisions etc, ' ' detailing the manner of marching as we have recited. Capt J. Hunt w^as chosen commander and guide, and his orders must be obeyed. All possible trouble that w^e could imagine might come was provided against in our written agreement, and all promised to live up to it. DEATH VALLEY. lo^ CHAPTER IX. We moved off in good st3'le from this camp. After a day or two and before we reached what is called Little Salt Lake, an attempt was made to make a short cut, to save distance. The train onh' went on this cut off a day or two when Capt. Hunt came back from the front and said they had better turn back to the old trail again, which all did. This was a bad move, the train much broken and not easy to get them into regular working order again. We were now ap- proaching what they called the Rim of the Basin. Within the basin the water all ran to the north or toward Great vSalt Lake, but when we crossed the rim, all was toward the Colorado River, through which it reached the Pacific Ocean. About this time we were overtaken by another train commanded by Capt. Smith. They had a map with them made by one* Williams of Salt I^ake a mountaineer who was repre- sented to know all the routes through all the mountains of Utah, and this map showed a way to turn off from the southern route not far from the divide which separated the waters of the basin from those which flowed toward the Colorado, and pass over the mountains, coming out in what they called Tulare valley, much nearer than by Los Angeles. This map was quite frequently exhibited and the mat- ter freely discussed in camp, indeed speeches were made in the interest of the cut-off route which was to be so much shorter. A clergyman, the Rev. J. W. Brier, was very enthusiastic about this matter and dis- 9aused learnedly and plausibly about it. The more the matter was talked about the more there were who were converted to the belief that the short road no DEATH VALLEY. would be the best. The map showed everj- camp on the road and showed where there was water and grass, and as to obstacles to the wagons it was thought they could easih- be overcome. A general meeting was called for better consideration of the question. Capt. Hunt said: "You all know I was hired to go by way of Los Angeles, but if 3^ou all wish to go and follow Smith I will go also. But if even one w^agon decides to go the original route, I shall feel bound to go with that wagon. ' ' A great many were anxious to get the opinion of Capt. Hunt on the feasibility of the new route for he was a mountain man and could probablj- give us some good advice. He finally consented to talk of it, and said he really knew no more then the others about this particular route, but he ver}^ much doubted if a white man ever went o^^er it, and that he did not con- sider it at all safe for those who had wives and 'children in their company to take the unknown road. Young men who had no family could possibly get through, and save time even if the road was not as good as Los Angeles road. But said he "If you de- cide to follow Smith I will go will go with you, even if the road leads to Hell." On the route from near Salt Lake to this point we found the country to grow more barren as we pro- gressed. The grass was thinner, and sage brush took the place of timber. Our road took us in sight of Sevier Lake, and also, while going through the low hills, passed Little vSalt Lake, which was almost dry, with a beach around it almost as white as snow. It might have had a little more the dignity of a lake in wet weather, but it was a rather drj^ affair as we saw it. At one point on this route we came into a long narrow valley, well covered with sage brush, and before we DEATH VAT.LEY. iir had gone very far we discovered that this was a great place for long eared rabbits, we would call them Jack Rabbits now. Every one who had a gun put it into service on this occassion, and there was much popping and shooting on every side. Great clouds of smoke rolled up as the hunters advanced and the rabbits ran in every direction to get away. Many ran right among the horses, and under the feet of the cattle and under the wagons, so that the teamsters even killed some with a whip. At the end of the valley we went into camp, and on counting up the game found we had over 500, or about one for every person in camp. This gave us a feast of fresh meat not often found. It was on this trip that one of Mr. Bennett's ox drivers was taken with a serious bowel difficulty, and for many days we thought he would die, but he eventually recovered. His name was vSilas Helmer. It was really a serious moment when the front of the train reached the Smith trail. Team after team turned to the right while now and then one would keep straight ahead as was at first intended. Capt. Hunt came over to the larger party after the division was made, and wished them all a hearty farewell and a pleasant happy journey. My friend Bennett whose fortune I shared was among the seceders who fol- lowed the Smith party. This point, when our paths diverged was very near the place afterward made notorious as Mountain Meadows, where the famous massacre took place under the direction of the Mormon generals. Our route from here up to the mountain was a very pleasant one, steadily up grade, over rolling hills, with wood, water and grass in plenty. We came at last to what seemed the summit of a great mountain, about three days journey on the new trail. Juniper trees grew about in bunches, and my experience with this timber taught me that we 112 DEATH VAIvLEV. were on elevated ground. Immediately in front of us was a cailon, impassible for wagons, and down into this the trail descended. Men could go, horses and mules, perhaps, but wagons could no longer follow that trail, and we proposed to camp while explorers were sent out to search a pass across this steep and rocky cafion. Wood and bunch grass were plenty, but water was a long way down the trail and had to be packed up to the camp. Two days passed, and the parties sent out began to come in, all reporting no way to go farther with the wagons. Some said the trail on the west side of the canon could be ascended on foot b}' both men and mules, but that it would take years to make it fit for wheels. The enthusiasm about the Smith cut-off had begun to die and now the talk began of going back to follow Hunt. On the third morning a lone traveler with a small wagon and one 3'oke of oxen, died. He seemed to be on this journey to seek to regain his health. He was from Kentucky, but I have forgotten his name. Some were very active about his wagon and, some thought too much attention was paid to a stranger. He was decently buried by the men of the company. This vers' morning a Mr. Rynlerson called the at- tention of the crowd and made some remarks upon the situation. He said: "My family is near and dear to me. I can see by the growth of the timber that we are in a ver}- elevated place. This is now the seventh of November, it being the fourth at the time of our turning off on this trail. We are evidently- in a country where snow is liable to fall at an}" time in the winter season, and if we were to remain here and be caught in a severe storm we should all probably perish. I, for one, feel in duty bound to seek a safer way than this. I shall hitch up my oxen and return at once to the old trail. Boys (to his teamsters) get DEATH VALLEY. -113 the cattle and we'll return. " This was decisiv^e, and Mr. Rynierson would tarry no longer. Many others now proceeded to get ready and follow, and as Mr. Rynierson drove out of camp quite a respectable train fell in behind him. As fast as the hunters came in and reported no road available, they also yoked up their oxen and rolled out. Some waited awhile or companions yet in the fields, and all were about ready to move, when a party came in with news that the pass was found and no trouble could be seen ahead. About twenty-seven wagons remained when this news came, and as their proprietors had brought good news they agreed to travel on westward and not go back to the old trail. Mr. Bennett had gone only a short distance out when he had the misfortune to break the axle of his wagon and he then went back to camp and took an axle out of the dead man's wagon and by night had it fitted into his own. He had to stay until morning, and there were still a few others who were late in getting a start, who camped there also. x\mong these were J. B. Arcane, wife and child; two Earhart brothers and sons and some two or three other wagons. When all was ready we followed the others who had gone ahead. The route led at first directly to the north and a p asswas said to be in that direction. Of the Oreen River party only Rodgers and myself re- mained with this train. After the wagons straightened out nicely, a meeting was called to organize, so as to travel systematically. A feeling was very manifest that those without any families did not care to bind themselves to stand by and assist those who had wives and children in their party and there was con- siderable debate, which resulted in all the family wagons being left out of the arrangements. A party who called themselves "The Jay hawkers" 1 1 4. DEATH YALLEY. passed us, and we followed along in the rear, over rolling hills covered with juniper timber, and small grassy valleys between where there was plenty of water and went well, for those before us had broken out the road so we could roll along very pleasantly. At the organization Jim Martin was chosen captain. Those who were rejected were Rev. J. W. Brier and, his family, J. B. Arcane and family, and Mr. A. Bennett and family, Mr. Brier would not stay put out, but forced himself in, and said he was going with the re.3t, and so he did. But the other families remained behind. I attended the meeting and heard what was said, but Mr. Bennett was my friend and had been faithful to me and my property when he knew not where I was, and so I decided to stand by him and his wife at all hazards. As I had no team to drive I took every opportunity to climb the mountains along the route, reaching the highest elevations even if they were several miles from the trail. I sometimes remained out all night. I took Mr. Arcane 's field glass with me and was thus able to see all there was of the country. I soon be- came satisfied that going north was not taking us in the direction we ought to go. I frequently told them so, but they still persisted in following on. I went to the leaders and told them we were going back toward Salt Lake again, not making any headway to- ward California. They insisted they were following the directions of Williams, the mountaineer; and they had not yet got as far north as he indicated. I told them, and Mr. Bennett and others, that we must either turn west, or retrace our steps and get back into the regular Los Angeles road again. In the morning we held another consultation and decided to turn west kere, and leave the track we had been following. Off we turned at nearly right angles to our former DEATH VALLEY. 115 course, to the west now, over a piece of table land that gave us little trouble in breaking our own road. When we camped, the oxen seemed very fond of a white weed that was very plenty, and some borrowed a good deal of trouble thinking that perhaps it might be poison. I learned afterwards that this plant was the nutritious whiie sage, which cattle eat freely, with good results. We now crossed a low range and a small creek running south, and here were also some springs. Some corn had been grown here by the Indians. Pillars of sand stone, fifteen feet high and very slim were round about in several places and looked strange enough. The next piece of table land sloped to the east, and among the sage grew also a bunch grass a foot high, which had seeds like broom - corn seeds. The Indians had gathered the grass and made it in piles of one hundred pounds or so, and used it for food as I found by examining their camps. One da>' I climbed a high mountain where some pine grew, in order to get a view of the country. As I neared its base I came to a flat rock, perhaps fifty feet square. I heard some pounding noise as I came near, but what ever it was, it ceased on my approach. There were many signs of the rock being used as a camp, such as pine burrs, bones of various kinds of animals, and othei remains of food which lay every where about and on the rock. Near the center was a small oblong stone iitted into a hole. I took it out and found it covered a fine well of water about three feet deep and was thus protected against any small animal being drowned in it. I went on up the mountain and from the top I saw that the land west of us looked more and more barren. The second night the brave Jayhawkers who had been .so firm in going north hove in .^ight in our rear. They had at last concluded to accept my advice and had ii6 DEATH VALLEY. came over our road quite rapidly. We all camped to- gether that night, and next morning the}' took the lead again. After crossing a small range they came to a basin which seemed to have no outlet, and was very barren. Some of the boys in advance of the teams had passed over this elevation and were going quite rapidly over the almost level plain which sloped into the basin, when they saw among the bunches of sage brush behind them a small party of Indians following their road, not very far off, bat still out of bow and arrow range. The boj-s were suddenly able to take much longer steps than usual and a little more rapidly too, and swinging round toward the teams as soon as possible, for they already had some fears that an arrow might be stickirg in their backs in an un- pleasantly short space of time, for the Indians were good travelers. When they came in sight of the wagons, the Indians vanished as quickly as if they had gone into a hole, with no sign remaining, except a small d^g which greatly resembled a prairie wolf, and kept a safe distance away. No one could imagine where the fellows went so suddenly. We drove to the west side of this basin and camped near the foot of a low mountain. The cattle were driven down into the basin where there was .some grass, but at camp we had only the water in our kegs. Some of the boys climbed the mountain on the north but foimd no springs: Coming down a canon the}' found some rain water in a basin in the rocks and all took a good drink. Lew West lay down and swallowed all he coLild and then told the boys to kill him for he never would feel so good again. They finished the pool, it was so small, before they left it. In going on down the canon they saw an Indian dodge behind some big rocks, and searching, they found him in a cave as still as a dead man. They DEATH VALLEY. 117 pulled him out aud made him go with them, and tried ever}' way to find out from him where the}^ were and where Owen's Lake was, as they had been told the lake was on their route. But he proved to be no wiser than a man of mud, and they led him along to camp, put a red flannel shirt on him to cover his nakedness, and male him sleep between tsvo white men so he could not get away easilj-. In the morn- ing they were more successful, and he showed us a small ravine four miles away which had water in it, enough for our use, and we moved up and camped there, while the boys and the Indian started over a barren, rocky mountain, and when over on the western slope they were led to a water hole on a steep rocky cliff where no one but an Indian would ever think of looking for water. They took out their cups and had a good drink all around, then offeied the Indian some, but he disdained the cizilized way, and laying down his bow and arrows took a long drink directly out of the pool. He was so long in getting a good supply that the boys almost forgot him as they were gazing over the distant mountain and discussing prospects, till attracted by a slight noise they looked and saw Mr. Indian going down over the cliffs after the fashion of a mountain sheep, and in a few bounds he was out of sight. They could not have killed him if they had tried, the move so sudden and un- looked for. They had expected the fellow to show them the way to Owen's lake, but now their guide was gone, and left nothing to remem])er him i)y except his bow and arrows. vSo they returned to their wagons not much wiser than before. All kinds of game was now very scarce, and .so seldon seen that the men got tired of carrying their guns, and grew fearless of enemies. A heavy rifle was indeed burdensome over so long a road when there ii8 DEATH VALLEY. was no frequent use for it. The party kept rolling- along as fast as possible but the mountains and valle5-s grew more barren and water more scarce all the time. When found, the water would be in hole at the outlet of some canon, or in little pools which had filled up with rain that had fallen on the higher ground. Not a drop of rain had fallen on us since we stared on this cut-oflF. and every night was clear and warm. The elevated parts of the country seemed to be isolated buttes, with no running streams between them but instead, dry lakes with a smooth cla}' bed, very light in color and so hard that the track of an ox could not be seen on its glittering surface. At a distance those claj- beds looked like water shining in the sun and were generally about three times as far as an}' one would judge, the air was so clear. This mirage, or resemblance to water was so perfect as often to deceive us, and almost to our ruin on one or two occasions. I took Arcane 's field glass and took pains to ascend all the high buttes within a day's walk of the road, and this enabled me to get a good survey of the country north and west. I would sometimes be gone two or three days with no luggage but mj^ can- teen and gnu. I was very cautious in regard to Indians, and tried to keep on the safe side of surprises. I would build a fire about dark and then travel on till I came to a small washed place and lie down and stay till morning, so if Mr. Indian did come to my fire he would not find any one to kill. One day I was going up a wide ravine leading to the summit, and before I reached the highest part I saw a smoke curl up be- fore me. I took a side ravine and went cautiously, bowed down prett}' low so no one could see me, and when near the top of the ridge and about one hundred yards of the fire I ventured to raise slowly up and DEATH VALLEY. 119 take a look to see how many there were in camp: I could see but two and as I looked across the ravine an Indian woman seemed looking at me also, but I w^as so low she could only see the top of my head, and I sank down again out of sight. I crawled further up so as to get a better view, and when 1 straightened up again she got a full view of me. She instantly caught her infant off its little pallet made of a small piece of thin wood covered with a rabbit skin, and putting the baby under one arm, and giving a smart jerk to a small girl that was crying to the top of her voice, she bounded off and fairh' flew up the gentle slope toward the summit, the girl following after verj- close. The woman's long black hair stood out as she rushed along, looking over her shoulder every instant as if she expected to be slain. The mother flying with her children, untrammeled with any of the arts of fashion was the best natural picture I ever looked upon, and wild in the extreme. No living artist could do justice to the scene as the lady of the desert, her little daughter and her babe, passed over the summit out of sight. I followed, but when I reached the highest summit, no living person could be seen. I looked the country over with my glass. The region to the north was black rocky, and very mountainous. I looked some time and then concluded I had better not go any further that way, for I might be waylaid and filled with arrows at some unsuspected moment. We saw Indian signs almost every day, but as none of them ever came to cur camp it was safe to say the}- were not friendly. I now turned back and examined the Indian woman's camp. She had only fire enough to make a smoke. Her conical shaped basket left behind, contained a few^ poor arrows and some cactus leaves, from which the spines had been burned, and there lay the little pallet where the baby was sleeping. It was a bare looking kitchen for hungry folks. I20 DEATH VALLEY. I now went to the top of a high butte and scanned the country very carefully, especially to the west and north, and found it very barren. There were no trees, no fertile valleys nor anything green. Away to the west some mountains stood out clear and plain, their summits covered white with snow. This I decided was our objective point: Very little snow could be seen elsewhere, and becween me and the snowy mountains lay a low, black rocky range, and a wide level plain, that had no signs of water, as I had learned them in our trip thus far across the country. The black range seemed to run nearly north and south, and to the north and northwest the country looked volcanic, black and desolate. As I looked and thought, I believed that we were much farther from a fertile region then most of our party had any idea of. Such of them as had read Fremont's travels, and most of them going to Cali- fornia had fortified themselves before starting b}- reading Fremont; said that the mountains were near California and were fertile from their very summits down to the sea, but that to the east of the mountains it was a desert region for hundred of miles. As I ex- plained it to them, and so they soon saw for themselves, they believed that the snowy range ahead of us was the last range to cross before we entered the long-sought California, and it seemed not far off, and prospect quite encouraging. Our road had been winding around among the buttes which looked like the Indian baskets turned upside down on the great barren plain. What water we found was in small pools in the wash-out places near the foothills at the edge of the valley, probably running down the ravines after some storm. There were dry lake beds scattered around over the plain, but it did not seem as if there had ever been volume DEATH VALLEY 121 of water enough lately to force itself out so far into the plain as these lakes were. All the lakes appeared about the same, the bed white and glistening" in the sun, which made it verj' hard for the eyes, and so that a man in passing over it made no visible track. It looked as if it one time might have been a smooth bed of plastic mortar, and had hardened in the sun. It looked as if there must have been water there sometime, but we had not seen a drop, or a single cloud; every day was clear and sunny, and very warm, and at night no stars forgot to shine. Our oxen began to look bad, for they had poor food. Orass had been ver^- scarce, and now^ when we un- yoked them and turned them out they did not care to look around much for something to eat. They moved slowd}' and cropped disdainfully the dry scattering shrubs and bunches of grass from six inches to a foot high. Spending many nights and days on such dry food and without water they suffered fearfully, and though fat and sleek when we started from Salt Lake, they now looked gaunt and poor, and dragged them- selves slowly along, poor faithful servants of mankind. No one knew how long before we might have to kill some of them to get food to save our own lives. We now traveled several days down the bed of a broad ravine, which led to a southwest direction. There seemed to be a continuous range of mountains on the south, but to the north was the level plain with scattered buttes, and what we had all along called dry lakes, for up to this time we had seen no water in an}- of them. I had carried my rifle with me every day since we took this route, and though I was an experienced hunter, a professional one if there be such a thing, I had killed only one rabbit, and where no game lived I got as hungry as other folks. Our line soon brought us in sight of a high butte 122 DEATH VALLEY. which stood apparently about 20 miles south of our route, and I determined to visit and climb it to get a better view of things ahead. I walked steadily all day and reached the summit about dusk. I wandered around among the big rocks, and found a projecting cliff where I would be protected from enemies, wind or storm, and here I made my camp. While the light lasted I gathered a small stock of fuel, which con- sisted of a stunted growth of .sage and other small shrubs, dry but not dead, and with this I built a little fire Indian fashion and sat down close to it. Here was a good chance for undisturbed meditation and .somewa}' I could not get around doing a little meditating as I added a new bit of fuel now and then to the small fire burning at my side. I thought it looked dark and troublesome before us. I took a stcne for a pillow with my hat on it for a cushion, and lying down close mider the shelving rock I went to sleep, for I was very tired, I woke soon from being cold, for the butte was pretty high, and .so I busied myself the remainder of the night in adding little .sticks to the fire, which gave me some warmth, and thus in solitude I spent the night. I was glad enough to see the day break over the eastern mountains, and light up the vast barren country I could see on every hand around me. When the sun was fairl)- up I took a good survey of the situation, and it seemed as if pretty near all creation was in sight. North and we.st was a level plain, fully one hundred miles wide it .seemed, and from anything I could see it would not aiFord a traveler a single drink in the whole distance or give a poor ox many mouthfuls of grass. On the western edge it was bounded by a low, black and rocky range extending nearly north and south for a long distance and no pa.ss though it which I cculd.see, and beyond this range still another one apparently DEATH VALLEY. 12.^ parallel to it. In a due west course from ine was the high peak we had been looking at for a mouth, and lowest place was on the north side, which we had named Martin's Pass and had been trjing so long to reach. This high peak, covered with snow, glistened to the morning .sun, and as the air was clear from clouds or fog, and no dust or ha/.e to obscure the view, it seemed very near. I had learned b}' experience that objects a day's walk distant .seemed close by in such a light, and that when clear lakes appeared onl}- a little distance in our front, we might search and .search and never find them. We had to learn how to look for water in this peculiar way. In m\- Wisconsin travel I had learned that when 1 struck a ravine I must go down to look for living water, but here we must invariably travel upward for the water was only found in the high mountains. Pro.spects now seemed to me so hopeless, that I heartily wished I was not in dutv bound to stand by the women and small children who could never reach a land of bread without assistance. If I was in the position that some of them were who had only them- selves to look after, I could jMck up my knapsack and gun and go off, feeling I had no dependent ones to leave behind. But as it was I felt I should be morally guilty of murder if 1 should forsake Mr. Bennett's wife and children, and the family of Mr. Arcane with whom I had been thus far associated. It was a dark line of thought Ijut I always felt better when I got around to the determination, as I always did, to stand by my friends, their wives and children let come what might. I could see with my glass the trai.i of wagons mov- ing slowly over the plain toward what looked to me like a large lake. I made a guess of the point they 124 DEATH VALLEY. would reach by night, and then took a straight course for it all day long in steady travel. It was some time after dark, and I was still a quarter of a mile from the camp fires, where in the bed of a canon I stepped into some mud, which was a sign of water. I poked around in the dark for a while and soon found a little pool of it, and having been without a drop of it for two days I lay down and took a hasty drink. It did not seem to be very clear or clean, but it was certainly wet, which was the main thing just then. The next morning I went to the pond of water, and found the oxen had been w^atered there. They stirred up the mud a good deal and had drank off about all the clean part, which seemed to refresh them very much. I found the people in the camp on the edge of the lake I had seen from the mountain, and fortunately it con- tained about a quarter of an inch of water. They had dug some holes here, which filled up, and they were using this water in the camp. The ambitious mountain-climbers of our party had by this, time, abandoned that sort of work, and I was left alone to look about and try to ascertain the character of the road they were to follow. It was a great deal to do to look out for food for the oxfen and for water for the camp, and besides all this it was plain there were Indians about even if we did not see them. There were many signs, and I had to be always on the lookout to outgeneral them. When the people found I was in camp this nijht they came around to our wagons to know what I had seen and found, and vvhat the prospects were ahead. Above all they wanted to know how far it was, in my opinion to the end of our journey. I listened to all their in- quiries and told them plainly what I had seen, and what I thought of the prospect. I did not like telling the whole truth about it for fear it might dampen DEATH VAIvIvEY. 125 their spirits, but being pressed for an opinion I told them in plain words that it would at least be another month before their journey would be ended. They seemed to think I ought to be pretty good authority, and if I was not mistaken, the oxen would get very poor and provisions very scarce before we could pull through so long. I was up at day break and found Mr. Bennett sitting by the fire. About the first thing- he said: — "Lewis, if you please I don't want you here- after to express your views so openly and emphatically as you did last night about our prospects. Last night when I went to bed I found Sarah (his wife) crying and when pressed for the cause, she said she had heard your remarks on the situation, and that if Lewis said so it must be correct, for he knows more about it than all of you. She felt that she and the children must starve. ' ' In the morning Jayhawkers, and others of the train that were not considered strictly of our own party,, yoked up and started due west across the level plain which I had predicted as having no water, and I really thought they would never live to get across to the western border. Mr. Culverwell and Mr. Fish stayed with us, making another wagon in our train. We talked about the matter carefully, I did not think it possible to get across that plain in less than four or six days, and I did not believe there was a drop of water on the route. To the south of us was a mountain that now had considerable snow upon its summit, and some small pine trees also. Doubtless we could find plenty of water at the base, but being due south, it was quite oif our course. The prospects for reaching water were so much better in that way that we finally decided to go there rather than follow the Jayhawkers on their desolate tramp over the dr\ plain. T26 DEATH VALLEY. So we turned up a canon leading toward the mountain and had a ])retty heavy up grade and a rough bed for a road. Part way up we came to a high cliff and in its face were niches or cavites as large as a barrel or larger, and in .some of them we found balls of a glistening .substance looking some- thing like pieces of vari gated candy stuck together. The balls were as large as !-mall pumpkins. It was evidently food of some sort, and we found it .sweet but sickish, and tho.^e who were so hungry as to break up one of the balls and divide it among the others, making a good meal of it, were a little troubled with nausea afterwards. I considered it bad policy to rob the Indians of any of their food, for they must be pretty smart people to live in this desolate country and find enough to keep them alive, and I was pretty sure we might count them as hostiles as they never came near our camp. Like other Indians they were probably revengeful, and might .seek to have revenge on us for the injury. We considered it prudent to keep careful watch for them, so they might not surprise us with a volley of arrows. The second night we camped near the head of the canon we had been following, but thus far there had been no water, and only some stunted sage brush for the oxen, which they did not like, and only ate it when near the point of starvation. They .stood around the camp looking as .sorry as oxen can. During the n'ght a stray and crazy looking cloud pa.ssed over us and left its moisture on the mountain to the shape of a coat of .siiow several inches deep. When daylight came the oxen crowded around the wagons, shivering Vv'ith cold, and licking up the snow to quench their thirst. We took pattern after them and melted snow to get water for ourselves. By the looks of our cattle it did not seem as if they DEATH VALLEY 127 could pull much, and light loads were advisable on this up grade. Mr. Bennett was a carpenter and had brought along some good tools in his wagon. These he reluctantly unloaded, and almost everything else except bedding and provisions, and leaving them upon the ground, we rolled up the hills .slowly, with loads as light as possible. Rogers and I went ahead with our guns to look out the way and find a good camping place. After a few miles we got out of the snow and out upon an in- cline, and in the bright clear morning air the foot of thesnowy part of the m^aiitain seemed near by and sav were sure we could reach it before night. From here no guide was needed and Rogers and I, with our guns and canteens hurried on as fist as possible, when a camp was found we were to raise a signal smoke to tell them where it was. We were here, as before badly deceived as to the distance, and we marched steadily and swiftly till nearly night before we reached the foot of the mountain. Here was a flat place in a table land and on it a low brush hut, with a small smoke near by, which we could plainly see as we were in the shade of the mountain, and that place lighted up by the nearly setting sun. We looked carefully and satisfied our- selves there was but one hut, and con.sequently but few people could be expected. We a])proached care- fully and cautiously, making a circuit around so as to get between the hut and the hill in case that the occupants should retreat in that direction. It was a long time before we could see any entrance to this wickiup, but we found it at last and approached directly in front, very cautiously indeed: We could .see no one, and thought perhaps they were in ambush for us, but hardly ])robable, as we had kejJt closelv out of sight. We consiilted a moment and 128 DEATH VAIvIvEY. concluded to make an advance and if possible capture some one who could tell us about the countrj', as we felt we were completely lost. When within thirty yards a man poked out his head out of a doorway and drew it back again quick as a flash. We kept out our guns at full cock and ready for use, and told Rogers to look out for arrows, for they would come now if ever. But they did not pull a bow on us, and the red- man, almost naked came out and beckoned for us to come on which we did. We tried to talk with the fellow in the sign language but he could understand about as much as an oyster. I made a little basin in the ground and filled it with water from our canteens to represent a lake, then pointed in an inquiring way west and north, made signs of ducks and geese flying and squawking, but I did no seem to be able to get an idea into his head of what Me wanted. I got thoroughly provoked at him and may have shown some signs of anger. During all this time a child or two in the hut squalled terribly, fearing I suppose they would all be mur- dered. We might have lost our scalps under some circumstances, but we appeared to be fully the strangest party, and had no fear, for the Indian had no weapon about him and we had both guns and knives' The poor fellow was shivering with cold, and with signs of friendship we fired off" one of the guns which waked him up a little and he pointed to the gun and said "Walker," probably meaning the same good Chief Walker who had so fortunately stopped us in our journey down Green River. I understood from the Indian that he was not friendlj' to Walker, but to show that he was all right with us he went into the hut and brought out a handful of corn for us to eat. By the aid of a warm spring near by they had raised some corn here, and the dry stalks were standing around. DEATH VALLEY. 129 As we were about to leave I told him we would come back, next day and bring him some clothes if we could find any to spare, and then we shouldered our guns and went back toward the wagons, looking over our shoulders occasionally to see if we were followed. We walked fast down the hill and reached the camp about dark to find it a most unhappy one indeed. Mrs. Bennett and Mrs. Arcane were in heart-rending distress. The four children were crying for water but there was not a drop to give them, and none could be reached before some time next day. The mothers were nearl}^ crazy, for they expected the children would choke with thirst and die in their arms, and would rather perish themselves than suffer the agony of seeing their little ones gasp and slowh' die. They reproached themselves as being the cause of all this trouble. For the love of gold they had left homes where hunger had never come, and often in sleep dreamed of the bounteous tables of their old homes onl}^ to be woefully disappointed in the iiiorning. There was great gladness when John Rogers and I appeared ■ in the camp and gave the mothers full canteens of water for themselves and little ones, and there was tears of joy and thankfulness upon their cheeks as they blessed us over and over again. The oxen fared ver)' hard. The ground was made up of broken stone, and all that grew was a dry and stunted brush not more than six inches high, of which the poor animals took an occasional dainty bite, and seemed hardly able to drag along. It was only seven or eight miles to the warm spring and all felt better to know for a certainty that we would soon be safe again. We started early, even the women walked, so as to favor the poor oxen all we could. When within two miles of the water some of the oxen lay down and refused to rise again, so we^ I30 DEATH VALLEY. had to leave them and a wagon, while the rest pushed on and reached the spring soon after noon. We took water and went back to the oxen left behind, and gave them some to drink. They were somewhat rested and got up, and we tried to drive them in without the wagons, but the}- were not inclined to travel without the yoke, so we put it on them and hitched to the wagon again. The yoke and the wagon seemed to brace them up a good deal, and they went along thus much better than when alone and scattered about, with nothing to lean upon. The warm spring was quite large and ran a hundred yards or more before the water sank down into the dr}' and thirsty desert. The dry cornstalks of last years crop, some small willows, sage brush, weeds and grass suited cur animals very well, and they ate better than for a long time, and we thought it best to remain two or three days to give them a chance to get rest. The Indian we left here the evening before had gone and left nothing behind but a chunk of crystalized rock salt. He seemed to be afraid of his friends. The range we had been traveling nearly paralell with seemed to come to an end here where this snow peak stood, and immediately north and south of this peak there seemed to be a lower pass. The con- tinous range north was too low to hold snow. In the morning I concluded to go to the summit of that pass and with my gla.ss have an extensive view. Two other boys started with me, and as we moved along the snow line we .saw tracks of our runaway Indian in the snow, passing over a low. ridge. As we went on up hill our boys began to fall behind, and long before night I could see nothing of them. The ground was quite soft, and I saw many tracks of Indians which put me on m\' guard. I reached the summit and as the .shade of its mountain began to make it a DEATH VAULKV. 131 little dark, I built a fire of sage brush, ate my grub, and when it was fairly dark, renewed the fire and passed on a mile, where in a small ravine with banks two feet high I lay down sheltered from the wind and slept till morning. I did this to beat the Indian in his own cunning. Next morning 1 reached the summit about nine o'clock, and had the grandest view I ever saw. I could see north and south almost forever. The surrounding region seemed lower, but much of it black, mountainous and barren. On the west the snow peak shut out the view in that direction. To the south the mouutains seemed to descend for more than twenty miles, and near the base, perhaps ten miles away, were several smokes, api)arently from camp fires, and as I could see no animals or camp wagons anywhere I presumed them to be Indians. A few miles to the north and east of where I stood, and .somewhat higher, was the roughest piece of ground I ever .saw. It stood in sharp peaks and was of many colors, some of them so red that tlie mountain looked red hot, I imagined it to be a true volcanic jxjint. and had never been so near one before, and the most wonderful ])icture of giand desolation one could ever see. Toward tlie north I couUl see the desert the Jay- hawkers and their comrades had under taken to cross, and if their journey was as troublesome as ours and very much longer, they might by this time be all dead of thirst. I remained on this summit an hour or so bringing my gla.ss to bear on all points within my view, and scanning closely for everything that tnight help us or prove an obstacle to our i)rogress. The more I looked the more I satisfied myself that we were yet a long way from California and the serious question of our ever living to get there presented itself to me as I tramped along down the grade to camp. I put 132 DEATH YALIvEY. down at least another month of heavy weary travel be- fore we could hope to make the land of gold, and our stock of strength and provisions were both pretty small for so great a tax upon them. 1 thought so little aboiit anything else that the Indians might have captured me easily, for I jogged along without a thought of them. I thought of the bounteous stock of bread and beans upon my father's table, to say nothing about all the other good things, and here was I, the oldest son, away out in the centerofthe Great American Desert, with an empty stomach and a dry and parched throat, and clothes fast wearing out with constant wear. And perhaps I had not yet seen the worst of it. I might be forced to see men, and the women and children of our party, choke and die, powerless to help them. It was a darker, gloomier day than I had ever known could be, and alone I wept aloud, for I believed I could see the future, and the results were bitter to contemplate. I hope no reader of this history may ever be placed in a position to be thus tried for I am not ashamed to say that I have a weak point to show under such circumstances. It is not in my power to tell how much I suffered in my lonely trips, lasting sometimes days and nights that I might give the best advice to those of my part}'. I believed that I could escape at any time myself, but all must be brought through or perish, and with this all I knew I must not discourage the others. I could tell them the truth, but I must keep my worst apprehen- sions to myself lest they loose heart and hope and faith needlessly. I reached the camp on the third day where I found the boys who went part way with me and whom I had out-walked. I related to the whole camp what I had seen, and when all was told it appeared that the route from the mountains westerly was the onlj- route that DEATH YALLKY. 133 ■could be taken, they told me of a discovery they had made of a pile of squashes probably raised upon the place, and sufficient in number so that every person ■could have one. I did not approve of this for we had no title to this produce, and might be depriving the rightful owner of the means of life. I told them not only was it wrong to rob them of their food, but they ■could easily revenge themselves on us by shooting our cattle, or scalp us, by gathering a company of their own people together. They had no experience with red men and were slow to see the results I spoke of as possible. During my absence an ox had been killed, for some were nearly out of provisions, and flesh was the only means to prevent starvation. The meat was dis- tributed amongst the entire camp, with the understand- ing that when it became necessary to kill another it should be divided in the same way. vSome one of the wagons would have to be left for lack of animals to draw it. Our animals were so poor that one would not last long as food. No fat could be found on the entire carcass, and the marrow of the great bones was a thick liquid, streaked with blood resembling cor- ruption. Our road led us around the base of the mountain; There were many large rocks in our way, some as large as houses, but we wound around among them in a very crooked waj^ and managed to get along. The feet of the oxen became so sore that we made mocassins for then\ from the hide of the ox that was killed, and with this protection they got along very well. Our trains now consisted of seven wagons. Bennett had two; Arcane two; liarhart Bros. one. Culverwell, Fish and others one; and there was one other, the owners of which I have forgotton. The second night we had a fair camp wdth water and pretty fair 134 DEATH VALLEY. grass and brush for the oxen. We were not very far from the snow line and this had some effect on the country. When Bennett retired thatn'ghtheput on a camp kettle of the fresh beef and so arranged the fire that it would cook slowly and be done by daylight for breakfast. After an hour or so Mr. Bennett went out to replenish the fire and see how the cooking was coming on, and when I went to put more water in the kettle, he found that to his disappointment, the most of the meat was gone. I was rolled up in my blanket under his wagon and awoke when he came to the fire and saw him stand and look around as if to fasten the crime on the right party if possi'-^le, but soon he came tome, and in a whisper said: "Did you see anyone around the fi'-e after we went to bed?" I assured him I did not, and then he told me some one had taken his meat. "Do you think,"' said he "that any one is .so near out of food as to be starving? " "I know the meat is poor, and who ev^er took it must be nearly starving. After a whispered conversation we went to bed, but we both rose at daylight and, as we sat by the fire, kept watch of those who got uj) and came around. We thought we knew the right man, but were not sure, and could not imagine what might happen if stealing grub should begin and continue. It is a sort of unwritten law that in parties such as ours, he w^ho steals provisions forteits his life. We knew we must keep watch and if the offense was re- peated the guilty one might be compelled to suffer. Bennett watched closely and for a few days I kept closely with the wagons for tear there might be trouble. It was really the most critical point in our experience. After three or four days all hope of de- tecting the crimminal had passed, and all danger was over out of any difficulty. One night we had a fair camp, as we were close to DEATH VALLEY. 135 the base of the snow hutte, and found a hole of clear or what seemed to be li\nng water. There were a few minnows in it not much more than an inch long. This was among a big pile of rocks, and around these the oxen found some grass. There now appeared to be a pass away to the south as a sort of outlet to the great plain which lay to the north of us, but immediately west and across the desert waste, extending to the foot of a low black range of mountains, through which there seemed to be no ])ass, the distant snowy peak lay still farther on, with Martin 's pass over it still a loiig way off though we had been steering toward it for a month. Now as we were compelled to go west this impassable barrier was in our waj- and if no pass could be found in it we would be compelled to go south and make no ])rogress in a westerly direction. Our trail was now descending to the bottoui of what seemed to be the narrowest part of the plain, the same one the Jayhawkers had started across, further north, ten days before. When we reached the lowest part of this valley we came to a running stream, and, as dead grass could be seen in the bed where the water ran very slowly, I concluded it only had water in it after hard rains in the mountains, perha])s a hundred miles, to the north. This water was not pure; it had a bitter taste, and no doubt in dry weather was a rank poison. Those who partook of it were affected about as if they had taken a big do.se of salts. A short distance above this we found the trail of the Jayhawkers going west, and thus we knew they had got safely across the great plain and then turned southward. I hurried along their trail for several miles and looked the country over with field gla.ss becoming fully .satisfied we should find no water til we reached the summit, of the ne.xt range, and then 136 DEATH VALLEY. fearing the party had not taken the precaution to bring along some water I went back to them and found they had none. I told them they would not see a drop for the next forty miles, and they unloaded the lightest wagon and drove back with everything they had which would hold water, to get a good supply. I turned back again on the Jayhawker's road, and followed it so rapidly that well toward night I was prett}' near the summit, where a pass through this rocky range had been found and on this mountain not a tree a shrub or spear of grass could be found- desola- tion beyond conception. 1 carried mj^ gun along every day, but for the want of a chance to kill any game a single load would remain in my gun for a month. Very seldom a rabbit could be .seen, but not a bird of any kind, not even a hawk buzzard or crow made their appearance here. When near the steep part of the mountain, I found a dead ox the Jayhawers had left, as no camp could be made here for lack of water and grass, the meat could not be saved. I found the body of the animal badly shrunken, but in condition, as far as putrefaction was concerned, as perfect as when alive. A big gash had been cut in the ham clear to the bone and the sun had dried the flesh in this. I was so awfal hungry that I took my sheath knife and cut a big steak which I de- voured as I walked along, without cooking or salt. Some ma}' say they would starve before eating such meat, but if they have ever experienced hunger till it begins to draw down the- life itself, they will find the impulse of self preservation something not to be controlled by mere reason. It is an instinct that takes possession of one in spite of himself. I went down a narrow, dark canon high on both sides and perpendicular, and quite so in many places. DEATH V ALLEY. 137 111 one of the perpendicular portions it seemed to be a varigated clay formation, and a little water seeped down its face. Here the Indians had made a clay bowl and fastened it to the wall so that it would collect and retain about a quart of water, and I had a good drink of water, the first one since leaving the running stream. Near here I staid all night, for fear of Indians who I firmly believe would have taken my scalp had a good opportunity offered. I slept without a fire, and my supply of meat just obtained drove hunger away. In the morning I started down the canon which descended rapidly and had a bed of sharp, volcanic, broken rock. I could sometimes see an Indian track, and kept a sharp lookout at every turn, for fear of revenge on account of the store of squashes which had been taken. I felt 1 was in constant danger, but could do nothing else but go on and keep eyes open trusting to circumstances to get out of any sudden emergency that might arise. As I recollect this was Christmas day and about dusk I came upon the camp of one man with his wife and family, the Rev. J. W. Brier, Mrs. Brier and two .sons. I inquired for others of his party and he told me they were somewhere ahead. When I arrived at his camp I found the reverend gentleman very cooly delivering a lecture to his boys on education. It seemed very strange to me to hear a solemn discourse on the benefits of early education when, it seemed to me, starvation was staring us all in the face, and the barren desolation all around gave small promise of the need of any education higher than the natural impulses of nature. None of us knew exacth' where we were, nor when the journey would be ended, nor when substantial relief would come. Provisions were wasting away, and some had been reduced to the last 13^ DEATH VALLEY alternative of subsisting on the oxen alone. I slept by the iire that night, without a blanket, as I had done on many nights before end after they hitched up and drove on in the morning I searched the camp carefully, finding some bacon rinds they had thrown away. As I chewed these and could taste the rich grease they contained, I thought they were tlie sweet- est morsels I ever tasted. Here on the north side of the canon were some rolling hills and some small weak springs, the water of which when gathered together made a small stream which ran a few yards down the caiion before it lost itself in the rocks and sand. On the .side there stood what seemed to be one half of abutte, with the perpendicular face toward the caiion. Away on the .summit of the butte I saw an Indian, .so far away he looked no taller than my finger, and when he went out of sight I knew prett>' well he was the very fellow who grew the squashes. I thought it might be he. at any rate. I now turned back to meet the teams and found them seven or eight miles up the cafion, and although it was a down grade the oxen were barelj- able to walk .slowly with their loads which were light, as wagons were almost empt}' except the women and children. When night came on it seemed to be cloudy and we could hear the cries of the wild geese passing- east. We regarded this as a very good sign and no doubt Owen's Lake, which we expected to pa.ss on this route, was not very far off. Around in those small hills and damp places was some coarse grass and other growths, but those who had gone before de- voured the best, so our oxen had a hard time to get anything to eat. Next morning I shouldered my gun and followed down the canon keeping the wagon road, and when half a mile down, at the sink of the sickly .stream, I DEATH VAI^LEY. 139- killed a wild goose. This had undoubtedly been at- tracted here the night before by the light of our camp fire. When I got near the lower end of the canon, there was a cliff on the north or right hand side which was perpendicuiar or perhaps a little overhanging, and at the base a cave which had the appearance of being continuously occupied by Indians. As I wert on down I saw a very strange looking track upon the ground. There were hand and foot prints as if a human being had crawled upon all fours. As this track reached the valley where the sand had been clean swept by the wind, the tracks became more plain, and .the sand had been blown into small hills not over three or four feet high. I followed the track till -it led to the top of one of these small hills where a small well-like hole had been dug and in this excavation was a kind of Indian mumni}" curled up like a dog. He was not dead for I could see him move as he breathed, but his skin looked very much like the surface of a wile dried venison ham. I should think by his looks he must be 200 or 300 years old, indeed he might be Adam's brother and not look any older than he did. He was evidently crippled. A climate which would preserve for many days or weeks the carcass of an ox so that an eatable round stake could be cut from it, might perhaps preserve a live man for a longer period than would be believed. I took a good long look at the wild creature and during all the time he never moved a muscle, though he must have known some one was in the well looking down at him. He was probably practicing on one of the directions for a successful political career looking wise and saj-ing nothing. At any rate he was not going to let his talk get him into any trouble. He probably had a friend around somewhere who supplied his wants. I now left him and went farther out into the I40 DEATH VALLEY. lowest part of the valley. I could look to the north for fifty miles and it seemed to rise gradually in that direction. To the south the view was equally ex- tended, and down that way a lake could be seen. The valley was here quite narrow, and the lofty snow- •capped peak we had tried so hard to reach for the past two months now stood before me. Its east side was almost perpendicular and seemed to reach the sky, and the snow was drifting- over it, while here the day sun was shining uncomfortablj' hot. I believe this mountain was really miles from its base to its summit, and that nothing could climb it on the eastern side except a bird and the only bird I had .seen for two months was the goose I shot. 1 looked every day for some .sort of game but had not seen any. As [ reached the lower part of the valley I walked over what seemed to be boulders of various sizes, and as I stepped from one to another the tops were covered with dirt and they grew larger as I went along. I could see behind them and they looked clear like ice, but on closer inspection proved to be immense blocks of rock .salt while the water which .stood at their bases was the strongest brine. After this discovery I took my way back to the road made by the Jayhawkers and found it qiiite level, but ?andy. Following this I came vo a campfire soon after dark at which E. Dot)^ and mess were camped. As I was better acquainted I camped with them. They said the water there was brackish and I soon found out the same thing for myself. It was a poor camp; no gra.ss, poor water and scattering, bitter sage brush for food for the cattle. It would not do to wait long here, and so they hurried on. I inquired of them about Martin's Pass, as they were now quite near it, and they said it was no pass at all, only the mountain was a little lower than the one holding the .snow. No wagon could get over it, and DEATH VALIvEV. 141 the party had made up their minds to go on foot, and were actually burning their wagons as fuel with which to dry the meat of some of the oxen which they had killed. They selected those which were weakest and least likely to stand the journey, and by drying it the food was much concentrated. They were to divide the provisions equally and it was agreed thereafter ■every one must lookout for himself and not expect any help from anyone. If he used up his own provisions, he had no right to expect anyone else to divic^e with him. Rice, tea and coffee were measured out by the .spoonful and the small amount of flour and bacon which remained was divided out as evenly as possible. Ever^'^thing was to be left behind but blankets and provisions for the men were too weak to carr}' heavj^ packs and the oxen could not be relied on as beasts of burden and it was thought best not to load them so as to needlessly break them down. When these fellows started out they were full of spirit, and the frolic and fun along the Platte river was something worth laughing at but now they were very melancholy and talked in the lowest kind of low spirits. One fellow said he knew this was the Creator's dump- ing place where he had left the worthless dregs after making a world, and the devil had scraped these to- gether a little. Another said this must be the very place where Eot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt, and the pillar been broken up and spread around the country. He said if a man was to die he would never decay on account of the salt. Thus the talk went on. and it seemed as if there, were not bad words enough in the language to properly express their contempt and bad opinion of such a country as this. They treated me to some of their meat, a little better than mine, and before daylight in the morning I was headed back on the trail to report the bad news I had I 42 DEATH VAIvIvEY. learned of the Jayhawkers. About noon I met two of our camp companions with packs on their backs following the wagon trail, and we stopped and had a short talk. They were oldish men perhaps 50 3'ears old, one a Mr. Fish of Indiana and another named Gould. They said they could perhaps do as well on foot as to follow the slow ox teams, but when I told them what those ahead of them were doing, and how they must go, they did not seem to be en- tirely satisfied, as what they had on their backs would need to be replenished, and no such chance could be expected. They had an idea that the end of the journey was not as far off as I predicted. Mr. Fish had a long nicely made, whiplash wound around his waist, and when I asked him why he carried such a useless thing, which he could not eat, he said perhaps he could trade it off for something to eat. After we had set on a sand hill and talked for awhile, we rose and shook each other by the hand, and bade each other good bye with quivering lips. There was with me a sort of expression I could not repel that I should nevtr see the middle aged men again. As my road was now out and away from the mountains, and level, I had no fear of being surprised by enemies, so walked on with eyes downcast, think- ing over the situation, and wondering what would be the final outcome. If I were alone, with no one to expect me to help them, I would be out before au}- other man, but with women and children in the party, to go and leave them would be to pile everlasting in- famy en my head. The .thought almost made me crazy but I thought it would be better to stay and die with them, bravely struggling to escape than to for- sake them in their weakness. It was almost night before I reached our camp, and sitting around our little fire I told, in the most easy DEATH VALLEY. 143 way I could the unfavorable news of the party in ad- vance. They seemed to look to me as a guide and adviser, I presume because I took much pains to in- form myself on every point and my judgment was ac- cepted with ver\^ little opposing opinion, they moved as I thought best. During my absence from camp for the two da3's the Indians had shot arrows into three of our oxen, and one still had an arrow in his side for- ward of the hip which was a dangerous place. To be sure and save him for ourselves we killde him. Some were a little afraid to eat the meat thinking perhaps the arrow might be poisoned, but I agreed that they wanted meat themselves and would not do that. I told them if they got a shot themselves i t would be very likely to be a poisoned arrow and they must take the most instant measures to cut it out before it went into the blood. So we ventured to diy the meat and take it with us. Now I said to the whole camp "You can see how you have displeased the red men, taking their little squashes, and when we get into a place that suits them for that purpose, they may meet us with a superior force and massacre us, not onh' for revenge but to get our oxen and clothing." I told them we must ever be on guard against a sur])rise, as the chances were greatly against us. We pulled the arrows out of the other oxen, and they seemed to sustain no great injury from the wounds. This little faint stream where we camped has since been named as Furnace Creek and is still known as such. It was named in 1862 by some prospectors who built what was called an air furnace on a small scale to reduce some ore found near by, which the}' supposed to contain silver, but I believe it turned out to be lead and too far from transportations to be available. 144 DEATH VALIvEY. CHAPTER X. Bennett and Arcane now concluded not to wait for me to go ahead and explore out a way for them to follow, as I had done for a long time, but to go ahead as it was evidently the best way to turn south and make our own road, and find the water and passes all for ourselves. So they hitched up and rolled down the cafion, and out into the valley and then turned due south. We had not gone long on this course before we saw that we must cross the valle}^ and get over to the west side. To do this we must cross thiough some w^ater, and for fear the ground might be miry, I went to a sand hill near by and got a mesquite stick about three feet long with which to sound out our way. I rolled up my pants pulled off my moccassins and waded in, having the teams stand still till I could find out whether it was safe for them to follow or not by ascertaining the depth of the water and the char- acter of the bottom. The water was very clear and the bottom seemed uneven, there being some deep holes. Striking my stick on the bottom it seemed solid as a rock, and break- ing oif a small projecting point I found it to be solid rock salt. As the teams rolled along the)^ scarcely roiled the water. It looked to me as if the whole valley which might be a hundred miles long might have been a solid bed of rock salt. Before we reached this water there were many solid blocks of salt lying around covered with a little dirt on the top. The second night we found a good spring of fresh water coming out from the bottom of the snow peak almost over our heads. The small flow from it spread out over the sand and sank in a very short distance DEATH VALLEY. 145 and there was some quite good grass growing around. This was a temporary relief, b:it brought us face to face with stranger di!hcuUies and a more hopeless out- look. There was no possible way to cross this high steep range of mountains anywhere to the north and the Jayhawkers had abandoned their wagons and burned them, and we could no longer follow on the trail they made. It seemed that there was no other alternative but for us to keep along the edge of the mountain to the south and search for another ])ass. Some who had read Fremont's travels said that the range immediately west of us must be the one he described, on the west side of which was a beautiful country, of rich soil and having plenty of cattle, and horses, and containing some settlers, but ou the east all was barren, dry, rocky, sandy desert as far as could be seen. We knew ^this eastern side answered well the description and believed that this was really the range described,- or at least it was close by. We had to look over the matter very carefully and consider all the conditions and circumstances of the case. We could see the mountains were lower to the south, but they held no snow and seemed only barren rocks piled up in lofty peaks, and as we looked it seemed the most (iod-forsaken country in the world. We had been in the region loug enougli to know the higher mountains contained most water, and that the valleys had bad water or none at all, so that while the lovver altitudes to the south gave some promise of easier crossing it gave tB no promise of water or grass, without which we m ist certainly perish. In a certain sense we were lo^L The cleir night and days furnished us with the mean of telling the points of compass as the sun rose and set, bat not a sign of life m nature's wide domain had been seen for a month or 146 DEATH VAIvLEY more. A vest pocketful of powder and shot would last a good hunter till he starved to death for there was not a living thing to shoot great or small. We talked over our present position pretty freely, and every one was asked to speak his unbiassed mind, for we knew not who might be right or who might be wrong, and some one might make a suggestion of the utmost value. We all felt pretty much downhearted. Our civilized provisions were getting so scarce that all must be saved for the women and children, and the men must get along some wa\- on ox meat alone. It was decided not a scrap of anything that would sustain life must go to waste. The blood, hide and intestines were all prepared in some way for food. This meeting lasted till late at night. If some of them had lost their minds I should not have been surprised, for hunger swallows all other feelings. A man in a star\dng condition is a savage. He may be as blood- shed and selfish as a wild beast, as docile and gentle as a lamb, or as wild and crazy as a terrified animal, devoid of aifection, reason or thought of justice. We were none of us as bad as this, and yet there was a strange look in the eyes of some of us some- times, as I saw by looking round, and as others no doubt realized for I saw them making mysterious glances even in mj^ direction. Morning came and all were silent. The dim pros- pect of the future seemed to check every tongue. When one left a water hole he went away r.s if in doubt whether he would ever enjoy the pleasure of another drop. Every camp was sad beyond de.'cript- ion, and no one can guide the pen to make it tell the tale as it seemed to us. When our morning meal of soup and meat was finished, Bennett's two teams, and the two of Arcane 's concluded their chances of life were better if they could take some provisions and DEATH VATXHV. i47 ^strike out on foot, and so they were given what they ■conld carry, and they arranged their packs and bade us a sorrowful good bye hoping to meet again on the Pacific Coast. There were genuine tears shed at the parting and I lielieve neither party ever expected to see each other in this life again. Bennett's two men were named Silas Helnier and S. vS. or C. C. Abbott, but I have forgotton the names of Arcane 's men. Mr. Abbott was from New York, a harness maker by trade, and he took his circular cutting knife with him, saying it was light to carry and the weapon he should need. One of them had a gun. They took the trail taken by the Jay hawkers. All the provisions they could carry besides their blankets could not last them to exceed lo days, and I well knew they could hardly get off the desert in that time. Mr. Abbott was a man I loved fondly. He was good company in camp, and happy and sociable. He had shown no despondency at any time untill the night of the last meeting and the morning of the parting. His chances seemed tome to be much poorer than my own, but I hardly think he realized it. When in bed I could not keep my thoughts back from the old home I had left, where good water and a bounti- ful spread were always ready at the proper hour. I know I dreamed of taking a draft of cool, sweet water from a full pitcher and then woke up with my mouth and throat as dry as dust. The good home I left be- hind was a favorite theme about the campfire, and many a one told of the dream pictures, natural as life, that came to him of the happy Eastern home with com- fort and happiness surrounding it, even if wealth was lacking. The home of the poorest man on earth was preferable to this ])lace. Wealth was of value here. A board of twenty dollar gold jMeces could now stand before us the whole day long with no temptation to 148 DEATH YAIvIvKY. touch a single caiii, for its very weight would drag us- nearer death. We could purchase nothing with it and we would have cared no more for it as a thing of value than we did the desert sauds. We would have given much more for some of the snow which we could see drifting over the peak of the great snow mountains over our heads like a dusty cloud. Deeming it best to spare the strength as much as possible, I threw away everything I could, retaining only my glass, some ammunition, sheath knife and tin cup. No unnecessary burden could be put on any man or beast, lest he lie down under it, never to rise again, lyife and strength were sought to be hus- banded in every possible wa^^ lycaving this camp where the water was appreciated we went over a road for perhaps 8 miles and came to the mouth of a rocky canon leading up west to the summit of the range. This canon was too rough for wagons to pass over. Out in the valley near its mouth was a mound about four feet high and in the top of this a little well that held about a pailful of water that was quite strong of sulphur. When stirred it would look quite black. About the mouth of the well was a wire grass that seemed to prevent it caving in. It seems the drifting sand had slowly built this little mound about the little well of water in a curious way. We spent the night here and kept a man at the well all night to keep the water dipped out as fast as it flowed, in order to get enough for ourselves and cattle. The oxen drank this water better than they did the brackish water of the former camp. The plain was thinly scattered with sagebrush, and up near the base of the mountain some greasewood grew in little bunches like currant bushes. The men with wagons decided they would take this canon and follow it up to tr}' to get over the range. DEATH VAlvIvEY. 149 and not wait for me to go ahead and explore, as they said it took too much time and the provisions, consist- ing now of only ox meat were getting more precarious every day. To help them all I could and if possible to be forewarned a little of danger, I shouldered my gun and pushed on ahead as fast as I could. The bottom was of sharp broken rock, which would be very hard for the feet of the oxen, although we had rawhide mocassins for them for some time, and this was the kind of foot-gear I wore myself. I walked on as rapidl}^ as I could, and after a time came to where the caiion spread out into a kind of l)asin en- >closedon all sides but the entrance, with a wall of hi jh, steep rock, possible to ascend on foot but which woall apparently bar the further progress ofthe wagons, and I turned back utterly disappointed. I got on an ele- vation where I could look over the country east and south, and it looked as if there was not a drop of water in its whole extent, and there was no snow on the dark mountains that .> tretched awaj' to the south- ward and it seemed to me as if difficulties beset me on e /ery hand. I hurried back down the canon, but it was nearly dark before I met the wagons. By a mis- hap I fell and broke the stock of my gun, over which I was very sorry, for it was an ex:cellent one, the best I ever owned. I carried it in two pieces to the camp and told them the way was barred, at which the}^ could hardly endure their disappointment. The}^ turned in the morning, as the cattle had nothing to eat here and no water, and not nuich of any food since leaving the spring; they looked terribly bad, and the rough road coming up had nearly finished them. They were yoked up and the wagons turned about for the return. They went better down hill, but it was not long before one of Bennett's oxen lay down, and could not be pursuaded to rise again. This was no I50 DEATH VALLEY. place to tarn' in the hot sun, so the ox was killed and the carcass distributed among the wagons. So little draft was required that the remaining oxen took the wagon down. When within two or three miles of the water hole one of Arcane 's oxen also failed and la}- down, so they turned him out and when he had rested a little he came on again for a while, but soon lay down again. Arcane took a bucket of water back from camp and after drinking it and resting awhile the ox was driven down to the spring. This night we had another meeting to decide upon our course and determine what to do. At this meet- ing no one was wiser than another, for no one had ex- plored the country and knew what to expect. The questions that now arose were "How long can we endure this work in this situation?" How long will our oxen be able to endure the great hardship on the small nourishment they receive?" How long can we provide ourselves with food?" We had a few small pieces of dry bread. This was kept for the children giving them a little now and then. Our only food was in the flesh of the oxen, and when they failed to carry themselves along we must begin to starve. It began to look as if the chances of leaving our bones to bleach ui:)on the desert were the most prominent ones. One thing was certain we must move somewhere at once. If we stay here we can live as long as the oxen do, and no longer, and if we go on it is un- certain where "to go, to get a better place. We had guns and ammunition to be sure, but of late we had seen no living creature in this desert wild. Finall}- Mr. Bennett spoke and said: — "Now I will make you a proposition. " "I propose that we select two of our youngest, strongest men and DEATH VALLEY 151 ask them to take some food and go ahead on foot to try to seek a settlement, and food, and we will go back to the good spring we have just left and wait for their return. It will surely not take them more than ten days for the trip, and when they get back we shall know all about the road and its character and how long it will take us to travel it. They can secure some other kind of food that will make us feel better, and when the oxen have rested a little at the spring we can get out with our wagons and animals and be safe. I think this is the best and safest way. Now what do you all say?" After a little discussion all seemed to agree that this was the best, and now it remained to find the men to go. No one offered to accept the position of advance messengers. Finally Mr. Bennett said he knew one man well enough to know that he would come back if he lived, and he was sure he would push his way through. "I will take Lewis (mj'self) if he will consent to go. ' ' I consented, though I knew it was a hazardous journey, exposed to all .sorts of things, Indians, climate Jand probable lack of water, but 1 thought I could do it and would not refuse. John Rogers a large strong Tennessee, man was then chosen as the other one and he con- sented also. Now preparations began, Mr. Arcane killed the ox which had so nearly failed, and all the men went to drying and preparing meat. Others made us some new mocassins out of rawhide, and the women made us each a knapsack. Our meat was closely packed, and one can form an idea how poor our cattle were from the fact that John and I actually packed seven-eighths of all the flesh of an ox into our knapsacks and carried it away. They put in a couple of spoonfuUs of rice and about as much tea. This seemed like robbery to the children , 152 DEATH V ALLEY. but the good women said that in case of sickness even that little bit niijht save oar lives. I wore no coat or vest, but took half of a light blanket, while Rogers wore a thin summer coat and took no blanket. We each had a small tin cup and a small camp kettle holding a quart. Bennett had me take his ssven- shooter rifle, and Rogers had a good double barreled shot gun. We each had a sheath knife, and our hats were small brimmed, drab affairs fitting close to the head and not very conspicuous to an enemy as we might rise up from behind a hill into possible views. We tried on our packs and fitted the straps a little so the}^ would carr}^ easy. They collected all the money there was in camp and gave it to us. Mr. Arcane had about $30 and others threw in small amounts from forty cents upward. We received all sorts of advice. Capt. Culverwell was an old sea faring man and was going to tell us how to find our way back, but Mr. Bennett told the captain that he had known Lewis as a hunter for many years, and that if he went over a place in the daytime he could find his way back at night every time. Others cautioned us about the Indians and told us how to manage. Others told us not to get caught in deep snow which we might find on the mountains. This advice we received in all the kindness in which it was given, and then he bade them all good bye. Some turned away, too much affected to approach us and others, shook our hands with deep feeling, grasp- ing them firmly and heartl)^ hoping we would be suc- cessful and be able to pilot them out of this dreary place into a better land. Every one felt that a little food to make a change from the poor dried meat would be acceptable. Mr. and Mrs. Bennett and J. B. Arcane and wife were the last to remain when the others had turned awa)\ They had most faith in the DEATH VAIvIvKY. 153 plan and felt deeply. Mrs. Bennett was the last, and she asked God to bless us and bring some food to her starving children. We were so much affected that we could not s])eak and silently turned away and took our course again up the canyon we had descended the night before. After a while we looked back and -when they saw us turn around, all the hats and bonnets waved us a final parting. Those left in the camp were Asabel, Bennett and Sarah his wife, with three children, George, Melissa, and Martha; J. B. Arcane and wife with .son Charles. The youngest children were not more than two years old. There were also the two Karhart brothers, and a grown son, Capt. Culverwell, and some others I cannot recall; eleven grown peoj^le in all, besides a Mr. Wade, his wife and three children who did not mingle with our party, but usually camped a little distance off, followed our trail, but seemed to shun company. We soon passed round a bend of the canon, and then walked on in silence. We both of us meditated some over the homes of our fathers, but took new courage in view of the im- portance of our mission and passed on as fast as we could. By night we were far up the mountain, near the perpendicular rough peak, and far above us on a slope we could see some bunches of gra.ss and sage bru.sh. We went to this and found some .small water holes. No water ran from them they were so small. Here w^e staid all night. It did not seem very far to the snowy peak to the north of us. Just where we were seemed the lowest pass, for to the south were higher peaks and the rocks looked as if they were too steep to be got over. Through this gap came a cold breeze, and we had 154 DEATH VALLEY. to look round to get a sheltered place in which to sleep. We lay down close together, spoon fashion, and made the little blanket do as cover for the both of us. In the morning we filled our canteens, which we had made by binding two powder cans together with. strips of cloth, and started for the summit near by. From this was the grandest sight we ever beheld. Looking east we could see the country we had been crawling over since November 4th. "Just look at the cursed country we have come over!" said Rogers as he pointed over it. To the north was the biggest mountain we ever saw, peaks on peaks and towering far above our heads, and co'-^ered with snow which was apparently everlasting. This mountain seemed to have verv few trees on it, and in extent, as it reached away to the north seemed interminable. South was a nearly level plain, and to the west I thought I could dimly see a range of mountains that held a little snow upon their summits, but on the main range to the south there was none. It seemed to me the dim snowy mountains must be as far as 200 miles away, but of course I could not judge accurately. After looking at this grand, but worthless landscape long enough to take in its principal features we asked each other what we supposed the people we left behind would think to see mountains so far ahead. We knew that they had an idea that the coast range was not very far ahead, but we saw at once to go over all these mountains and return within the limits of fifteen days which had been agreed upon between us, would probably be im- possible, but we must try as best we could, so down the rocky steep we clambered and hurried on our way. In places the way was so steep that we had to help each other down, and the hard work made us perspire freely so that the water was a prime necessity. DEATH VALLEY. 155 111 one place near here, we found a little water and filled our canteens, besides drinking a good present supply. There were two low, black rocky ranges directly ahead of us which we must cross. When part way down the mountain a valley or de- pression opened up in that direction up which it seemed as if we could look a hundred miles. Near by and a short distance nofth was a lake of water and when we reached the valley we crossed a clear stream of water flowing slowl}' toward the lake. Being in need of water, we rushed eagerly to it and prepared to take a big drink, but the tempting fluid was as salt as brine and made our thirst all the more intolerable. Nothing grew on the bank of this stream and the bed was of hard clay, which glistened in the sun. We now began the ascent of the next ridge, keeping a westernly course, and walked as fast as we could up the rough mountain side. We crossed the head of a canon near the summit about dark, and here we found a trail, which from indications we knew to be that of the Jayhawkers, who had evidently been forced to the southward of the course they intended to take. They had camped here and had dug holes in the sand in search of water, but had found none. We staid all night here and dug around in some other places in the bottom of the canon, in the hope to have better luck than they did, but we got no water anywhere. We seemed almost perishing for want of water, the hard exercise made us perspire so freely. In the morning we started on, and near the summit we came to the dead body of Mr. Fish, laying in the hot sun, as there w^as no material near here with which his friends could cover the remains. This Mr. Fish was the man who left camp some two weeks before in 156 DEATH VALLEY. company with another and who carried the long whip- lash wound about his body, in hope he could some- where be able to trade it for bread. Xo doubt in this very place where he breathed his last, his bones still lie. As we came in sight of the next valley, we could see a lake of water some distance south of our western course. We had followed the Jayhawkers trail thus far, but as we found no water in small holes in the rocks as we w^ere likely to do when we were the first to pass, we decided to take a new route in the hope to find a little water in this way, for we had no hope of finding it in any other. This valle}' we now crossed seemed to come to an end about ten miles to the north of us. To the south it widened out, enclosing the lake spoken of. This valley was very sandy and hard to walk over. When about halfway across we saw some ox tracks leading toward the lake, and in the hope we might find the water drinkable we turned off at right angles to our course and went that wa}^ also. Long before we reached the water of the lake, the bottom became a thin 'si' my mud which was very hard on our mocassins. When we reached the water we found it to be of a wine color, and so strongly alkaline as to feel slippery to the touch, and under our feet. This side trip, had cost us much exertion and made us feel more thirsty than ever. We turned now west again, making for a cation, up which we passed in the hope we should at some turn find a little basin of rain water in some rock. We traveled in it miles and miles, and our mouths became so dr}- we had to put a bullet or a small smooth stone in and chew it and turn it around with the tongue to induce a flow of saliva. If we saw a spear of green grass on the north side of a rock, it was quickh' pulled and DEATH VAT.LEY. i57 eaten to obtain the little moisture it contained. Thus we traveled along for hours, never speaking, for we found it much better for our thirst to keep our mouths closed as much as possible, and prevent the evaporation. The drj- air of that region took up water as a sponge does. We passed the summit of this ridge without finding any water, and on our way down the western side we came to a flat place where there was an Indian hut made of small brush. We now thought there surely must be some water near and we began a thorough search. The great snow mountain did not seem far off. but to the south and southwest a level or inclined plain extended for a long distance. Our thirst began to be something terrible to endure, and in the warm weather and hard walking we had secured only two drinks since leaving camp. We were so sure that there must be water near here that we laid our knapsaJ.:s down by the little hut and looked around in every possible place we could think of. Soon it got dark and then we made a little fire as a guide and looked again. vSoon the moon arose and helped us some, and we shouted frequently to each other so as not to get lost. We were so nearly worn out that we tried to eat a little meat, but after chewing a long time, the mouth would not moisten it enough so we could swallow, and we had to reject it. It seemed as if we were going to die with plenty of food in our hand, because we could not eat it. We tried to sleep but could not, but after a little rest we noticed a bright star two hours above the horizon, and from the course of the moon we saw the star must be pretty truly west of us. We talked a little, and the burden of it was a fear that we could not endure the terrible thirst a while longer. The thought of the women and children waiting for our return made us 158 DEATH VALLEY. feel more desperate than if we were the only ones con- cerned. We thought we could fight to the death over a water hole if we could only secure a little of the precious fluid. No one who has ever felt the extreme of thirst can imagine the distress, the dispair, which it brings. I can find no words, no way to express it so others can understand. The moon gave us so much light that we decided we would start on our course, and get as far as we could before the hot sun came out, and so we went on slowly and carefully in the partial darkness, the only hope left to us being that our strength would hold out till we could get to the shining snow on the great movintain before us. We reached the foot of the range w^e were descending about sunrise. There was here a wide wash from the snow mountain, down which some water had sometime run after a big storm, and had divided into little rivulets only reaching out a little way before they had sunk into the sand. We had no idea we could now find any water till we at least got very near the snow, and as the best way to reach it we turned up the wash although the course was nearly to the north. The course was up a gentle grade and seemed quite sandy and not easy to travel. It looked as if there was an all day walk before us, and it was quite a question if we could live long enough to make the distance. There were quite strong indications that the water had run here not so very long ago, and we could trace the course of the little streams round among little sandy islands. A little stunted .brush grew here but it was so brittle that the stems would break as easy as an icicle. In order to not miss a possible bit of water we separated and agreed upon a general course, and that if either one found water he should fire his gun as a DEATH VALLEY. 159 signal. After about a mile or so had been gone over I heard Roger's gun and went in his direction. He had found a little ice that had frozen under the clear sky. It was not thicker than window glass. After putting a piece in our mouths we gathered all we could and put it into the little quart camp kettle to melt. We gathered just a kettle full, besides what we ate as we were gathering, and kindled a little fire and melted it. I can but think how providential it was that we started in the night for in an hour after the sun had risen that little sheet of ice would have melted and the water sank into the sand. Having quenched our thirst we could now eat, and found that we were nearly starved also. In making this meal we used up all our little store of water, but we felt refreshed and our lives renewed so that we had better courage to go on. We now took our course west again taking a bee line for a bluff that lay a little to the .south of the big snow mountain. On and on we walked till the dark shadow of the great mountain in the setting sun was thrown about us, and still we did not seem more than half way to the bluff before us. All the way had been hill and very tiresome walk- ing. There was considerable small brush scattered about, here and there, over this steeply inclined plain. We were still several miles from the base of this largest of the mountains and we could now .see that it extended west for many miles. The buttes to the south were low, black and barren, and to the west as far as we could see there were no mountains with anj' snow. As the sun got further down we could see a small smoke curling up near the ba.se of the mountain, and we thought it must be some signal made by the Indians, as we ha 1 -. f.en seen them signal in that way, but we stoppe 1 and talked the i6o DEATH VALIvEY, matter over, and as we were yet a long way from the bluff which had been our objective point, we con- cluded we would investigate the smoke signal a little closer. So we set off toward it in the dusk and darkness and when within about a mile we found we were in a tract that had been somewhat beaten. Feeling with my fingers I was quite sure I could dis- tinguish ox tracks, and then was quite sure that we had overtaken the Jayhawkers, or at least were on their trail. And then I thought perhaps they had fallen among the Indians, who now might be feasting on their oxen and it became necessarv to use great caution in approaching the little smoke. We took a circuitous route and soon saw that the persons were on a little bench above us and we kept very cautious and quiet, listening for any sounds that might tell us who they were. If they were Indians we should probably hear some of their dogs, but we heard none, and kept creeping closer and closer, till we were within fifty yards with- out hearing a sound to give us any idea of who they were. We decided to get our guns at fall cock and then hail the camp, feeling that we had a little the advantage of position. We hailed and were answered in English. "Don't Shoot" said we and they assured us they had no idea of .such a thing, and asked us to come in. We foundheretooursurpri.se, Ed Doty, Tom Shannon, E. D. Stevens, and others whom I do not recollect, tbe real Jayhawkers. They gave us some fresh meat for supper, and near the camp were some water holes that answered well for camp purposes. Here an ox had given out and they had stopped long enough to dry the meat, while the others had gone on a day [ehead. Coming around the mountain from the north was DEATH VALLEY. i6i quite a well defined trail, leading to the west and they said they were satisfied some one lived at the end of it, and thi.y were going to follow it if it lead to Mexico or anywhere else. They said that Mr. Brier and his family were still on behind, and alone. Every one mnst look out for himself here, and we could not do much for another in any way. We inquired of them about the Irail over which they had come, and where they had found water, and we told them of our experience in this respect. We then related how our train could not go over the mountains with wagons, how^ they had returned to the best spring, and that we started to go through to the settlements to obtain relief while the}- waited for our return. We explained to them how they must perish without assistance. If we failed to get through, they could probably live as long as the oxen lasted and would then perish of starvation. We told them how nearly we came to the point of perishing that very morning, of thirst, and how we were saved b}- finding a little patch of ice in an unexpected place, and were thus enabled to come on another days travel. These men were not as cheerful as they used to be and their situation and prospects constantly occupied their minds. They said to us that if the present trail bore away from the moinitain and crossed the 1 evel plain, that there were some of them who could not possibly get along safely to the other side. Some were completely discouraged, and some were com- pletely out of provisions and dependent on those who had either provisions or oxen yet on hand. An ox was frequently killed, they said, and no part of it was wasted. At a camp where there was no water, for stewing, a piece or hide would be prepared for eating by singeing off the hair and then roasting in the fie. The small intestines were drawn through the fingers 1 62 DEATH VALI.EY. to clean them, and these when roasted made very fair food. The}' said they had been without water for four or five days at a time and came near starving to death, for it was impossible to swallow food when one became so thirsty. They described the pangs of hunger as something terrible and not to be described. They were willing to give us any information w.e desired and we anxiously received all we could, for on our re- turn we desired to take the best possible route, and we thus had the experience of two parties instead of one. They told us about the death of Mr. Fish and Mr. Isham, and w^here we would find their bodies if we went over their trail. In the morning we shouldered our packs again and took the trail leading to the west, and by night we had overtaken the advance party of the Jayhawkers, camped in a canon where there was a little water^ barely sufficient for their use. We inquired why they did not take the trail leading more directly west at the forks, and they said they feared it would lead them into deep snow which would be impassible. They said they considered the trail they had taken as al- together the safest one. We met Bennett and Arcane 's teamsters, and as we expected they were already out of grub and no way to get anymore. When the party killed an ox they had humbly begged for some of the poorest parts, and thus far were alive. They came to us and very pitifulh' told us they were entirely out, and although an" ox had been killed that day they had not been able to get a mouthful. We divided up our meat and gave them some although we did not know how long it would be before we would ourselves be in the same situation. Thus far we had not seen anything to shoot, big DEATH VALLEY 163 or little although we kept a sharp lookout" The whole camp was silent, and all seemed to realize their situation. Before them was a level plain which had the appearance of being so broad as to take five or six days to cross. Judging by the look from the top of the mountain as we came over, there was little to hope for in the way of water. We thought it over very seriously. All the water we could carry would be our canteens full, perhaps two drinks apiece and the poor meat had so little nourishment that we were weak and unable to endure what we once could. We were alone, Rogers a. id I, in interest at any rate, even if there were other men about. For the time it really seemed as if there was very little hope for us and I have often repeated the following lines as very closely describing my own feelings at that time. Oh hands, whose loving, gentle grasp I loosed. When first this weary journey was begun. If I could feel your touch as once I could. How glidly would 1 wish my work undone. Harriet Kiyiion. During the evening, I had a talk with Capt. Asa Haines, in which he said he left a good home in Illinois, where he had everything he could wish to eat, and every necessary comfort, and even some to spare, and now he felt so nearly worn out that he had many doubts whether he could live to reach the mountains, on the other side. He was .so deeply impressed that he made me promise to let his wife and family know how I found him and how he died, for he felt sure he would never see the California mines. I said I might not get through myself, but he thought we were so young and strong that we would struggle through. He said if he could only be home once more he would be content to stav. This was the i64 DEATH \'ALLEY. general tenor of the conversation. There was no mirth, no jokes, and ever}' one seemed to feel that he was very near the end of his life, and su.ch a death as stood before them, choking, starving in a desert was the most drear\- ontlook I ever saw. This camp of trouble, of forlorn hope, on the edge of a desert stretching out before us like a small sea, with no hope for relief except at the end of a struggle which seemed almost hopeless, is more than an\' pen can paint, or at all describe. The writer had tried it often. Picture to yourself, dear reader the situation and let your own imagination do the rest. It can never come up to the reality. In the morning, as Rogers and I were about to start, several of the oldest men came to us with their addresses and wished us to forward them to their families if we ever got within the the reach of mails. These men shed tears, and we did also as we parted. We turned silently away and again took up our march. As we went down the caiion we came to one place where it was so narrow, that a man or a poor ox could barely squeeze through between the rocks, and in a few miles more reac'.ied the open level plain. When three or four miles out on the trail and not far from the hills we came to a bunch of quite tall willows. The center of the bunch had been cut out and the branches woven in so as to make a sort of corral. In the center of this was a spring of good water and some good grass growing around. This was pretty good evidence that some one had been here before. We took a good drink and fiilled our canteens anew, for we did not expect to get another drink for two or three days at least. "^Ve took the trail again and hurried on as the good water made us feel quite fresh. After a few miles we began to find the bones of animals, some DEATH VALLEY. 165 badly decayed and some well preserved. All the heads were those of horses, and it puzzled us to know where they came from. As we passed along- we noticed the trail was on a slight up grade and some- what crooked. If we stepped off from it the foot sank in about two inches in dirt finer than the finest flour. The bones were scattered all along, sometimes the bones of several animals together. Was it the long drive, poison water, or what? It was evident they had not been killed but had dropped along the way. It was a dreary trail at best, and these evidences of death did not help to brighten it in the least. We wondered often where it led to and what new things would be our experience. After walking fast all day w^e came to quite an elevation, where we could stand and look in all directions. The low black range where we left the Jayhawkers was in sight, and this spur of the great snowy mountains extended a long way to the south, and seemed to get lower and lower, finally ending in low rocky buttes, a bundled miles away. Some may think this distance very far to see, but those who have ever seen the clear atmosphere of that region will bear me out in these magnificent distances. Generally a mountain or other object seen at a distance would be three or four limes as far off as one would judge at first sight, so deceptive are appearances there. The broad south end of the great mountain which we first saw the next morning after we left the wagons, was now plain in sight, and peak afier peak extending away to the north, all of them white with snow. Standing thus out in the plain we could see the breadth of the mountain east and west, and it seemed as though it must have been nearly a hundred miles. The south end was very abrupt and sank as one into a great plain in which we stood, twenty miles from the mountain's base. 1 66 DEATH YALLEY. To the northwest we could see a clay lake, or at least that was what we called it, and a line of low hills seemed to be an extension of the mountain in a direction swinging around to the south to enclose this thirst}-, barren plain before us, which was bounded by mountains or hills on thej^e sides. To the south this range seemed to get higher, and we could see some snow capped mountains to the south of our westerly course. The low mountains as those seen in the north- west direction is the same place now crossed by the Southern Pacific Railroad, and known as the Tehachipi pass, the noted loop, in which the railroad crosses itself, benig on the west slope and Ft. Tejon being on the same range a little further south where the Sierra Nevada mountains and the Coast Range join. The first mountain bearing snow, south of our course was probably what is know as Wilson's peak, and the high mountains still farther south, the San Bernardmo mountains. There were no names there known to us nor did we know anything of the topography of the country except that we supposed a range of mountains was all that separated us from California. We were yet in the desert, and if we kept our due west course, we must cross some of the snow before us which if steep gave us some doubts whether we could get through or not. We did not know exactly what the people left be- hind would do if we were gone longer than we in- tended, but if they started on it was quite plain to us they would be lost, and as seven daN-s had already passed we were in serious trouble for fear we could not complete the trip in the time allotted to us. We surveyed the plain and mountains to learn its situation and then started ,on following our trail. As we went on we seemed to be coming to lower ground, and near our road stood a tree of a kind we had not seen before. DEATH VALLEY. 167 The trunk was about six'or eight inches through and six or eight feet high with arms at the top quite as large as the body, and at the end of the arms a bunch of long, stiff bayonet shaped leaves. It was a brave little tree to live in such a barren country. As we walked on these trees were more plenty and some were much larger than the first. As we came to the lowest part of the valley there seemed to be little faint water ways running around little clouds of stunted shrubs, but there was no signs that very much water ever run in them. We thought that these were the outlet of the big sandy lake which might get full of water and overflow through these channels after some great storm. As this low ground was quite wide we lost our trail in crossing it, and we separated as we went along, looking to find it again, till nearly dark when we looked for a camping place. Fortunately we found a little pond of rain water, and some of our strange trees that were dead gave us good materiar for a *ire, .so that we were very comfortable indeed, having both drink and fire. Starting on again our course was now ascending slightly, and we came across more and more of the trees, and larger ones than at first. W'e saw some that seemed to have broken down with their own weight. The bayonet shaped leaves .seemed to fall off when old and the stalk looked so much like an old overgrown cabbage stump that we name them "Cab- bage trees, ' ' but afterward learned they were a .spec- ies of Yucca. We were much worned at loosing our trail and felt that|it would be quite unsafe to try to cross the mountain without finding it again, so we separated, Rogers going northwest, and I southwe.st, agreeing to .swing round so as to meet again about noon, but when we met, neither of us had found a 1 68 DEATH VALIvEY. trail, and we were still about lo miles from the foot- hills. Rogers said he had heard some of the people say that the trail leading from Salt Lake to Los Angeles crossed such a mountain in a low pass, with very high mountains on each side, and he supposed that the high mountain to the south must be the one where the trail crossed, but as this would take us full}' fifty miles south of our course as we supposed it was we hesitated about going there, and concluded we would try the lowest place in the mountain first, and if we failed we could then go and try Roger's route, more to the south. So we pushed on, still keeping a distance apart to look out for the trail, and before night, in the rolling hills, we saw here and there faint traces of it, which grew plainer as we went along, and about sundown we reached some water holes and from some old skulls of oxen lying around the ground showing that it had at some previous time been a camping ground. We found some good large sage brush which made a pretty good fire, and if we could have had a little fresh meat to roast we thought w^e were in a good position for supper. But that poor meat was pretty dry food. However it kept us alive, and we curled up together and slept, for the night was cool, and we had to make the little blanket do its best. We thought we ought to find a little game, but we had not seen any to shoot since we started. In the morning the trail led us toward the snow, and as we went along, a brave old crow surprised us by lighting on a bush near the trail, and we surprised him by killing him with a charge of shot. "Here's your fresh meat, ' ' said Rogers as he put it into his knapsack to cook for supper, and marched on. As we approached the summit we could see, on the high mountains south of us, some trees, and DEATH VALLEY. 169 when we came near the highest part of our road there were some juniper trees near it, which was vers^ en- couraging. We crossed over several miles of hard snow, but it moistened up our moccassins and made them soft and uncomfortable After we had turned down the western slope we killed a small hawk. "Here's your meat" said I, as the poor thin fellow was stowed awa}^ for future grub, to cook with the crow. When we got out of the snow we had lost the trail again but the hills on the sides were covered with large brush, and on a higher part of the mountain south, were some big trees, and we began to think the countr)^ would change for the better prett}^ soon. We followed down the ravine for many miles, and when this came out into a larger one, we were greatly pleased at the prospect, for down the latter came a beautiful little running brook of clear pure water, singing as it danced over the stones, a happj' song and telling us to drink and drink again, and you may be sure we did drink, for it had been months and months since we had had such water, pure, sweet, free from the terrible alkali and stagnant taste that had been in almost every drop we had seen. Rogers leveled his shot gun at some birds and killed a beauti- ful one with a top knot on his head, and colors bright all down his neck. It was a California quail. We said birds always lived where human beings did, and we had great hopes born to us of a better land. I told John that if the folks were only there now I could kill game enough for them. We dressed our three birds and got them boiling in the camp kettle, and while they were cooking talked over the outlook which was so flattering that our tongues got loose and we rattled away in strange con- trast to the ominous silence of a week ago. While I70 DEATH VALLEY. eating our stew of crow and hawk, we could see willows alders and big sage brush around and we had noticed what seemed to be cotton woods farther dowi the canon, and green trees on the slope of the mountain. We were sure we were on the edge of the promised land and were quite light hearted, till we began to tell of plans to get the good people out who were waiting for us beside the little spring in the desert. We talked of going back at once, but our meat was too near gone, and we must take them something to encourage 1" Jem a little and make them strong for the fearful trip. As to these birds — the quail was as superb a morsel as ever a man did eat; the hawk w^as pretty fair and quite good eating; but that abominable crow! His flesh was about as black as his feathers and full of tough and bony sinews. We concluded we did not want any more of that kind of bird, and ever since that da3% when I have heard people talk of "eating crow" as a bitter pill, I think I know all about it from experience. There seemed to be no other way for us but to push on in the morning and try to obtain some relief for the poor w^omen and children and then get back to them as fast as ever we could, so we shouldered our packs and went on down the canon as fast as we could. We came soon to' evergreen oaks and tall cottonwoods, and the creek bottom widened out to two hundred yards. There were trees on the south side and the brush kept getting larger and larger. There was a trail down this caiion, but as it passed under fallen trees we knevv it could not have been the same one we had been following on the other side of the summit, and when we discovered a bear track in a soft place we knew verj' well it w^as not a trail in- tended for human beings, and we might be orderc' out almost any moment. DEATH VALLEY. 171 On the high bold grassy point about four hundred yards we saw two horses that held their heads aloft and gave a snort, then galloped awa)- out of sight. About 10 o'clock I felt a sudden pain in my left knee, keen and sharp, and as we went along it kept growing worse. I had to stop often to rest, and it was quite plain that if this increased or continued I was sure enough disabled, and would be kept from helping those whom we had left. Nerved with the idea we must get help to them, and that light soon, I hobbled along as well as I could, but soon had to say to Rogers that he had bettter go on ahead and get help and let me come on as best I could, for everj- moment of delay was a danger of death to our party who trusted us to get them help. Rogers refused to do this, he said he would stay with me and see me out, and that he could not do much alone, and had better wait till I got better. So we worked along through the tangled brush, being many times compelled to wade the stream to get along, and this made our mocassins soft and very uncomfortable to wear. I endured the pain all day, and we must have advanced quite a little distance in spite of my lameness, but I was glad when night came and we camped in the dark brushy canon, having a big fire which made me quite comfortable all night, though it was quite cold, and we had to keep close together so as to use the blanket. I felt a little better in the morning and after eating some of our poor dried meat, which was about as poor as crow, and I don't know but a little worse, we continued on our way. The tangle got worse and worse as we descended, and at times we walked in the bed of the stream iu order to make more headway, but my lameness in- creased and we had to go very slow indeed. About enoon we came to what looked like an excavation, a hoi 172 DEATH VALLEY. four feet square or more it looked to be, and on the dirt thrown out some Cottonwood trees had grown, and one of the largest of these had been cut down sometime before. This was the first sign of white men we had seen and it was evidently an attempt at mining, no one knows| how long ago. It encouraged us at any rcte, and we pushed on through brush and briers, tangles of wild rose bushes and bushes of every sort, till all of a sudden we came out into an open sandy valley, w^ell covered with sage brush and perhaps a hundred yards wide; probably more. The hills on the south side had on them some oak trees and grassy spots, but the north side was thickly covered with brush. Our beautiful little brook that had kept us company soon sank into the dry sand out of sight, and we moved rather slowlj- along every little while we spoke of the chances of wagons ever getting through the road we had come, and the hope that my lameness might not continue to retard our progress in getting back to the place of our starting, that the poor waiting people might begin to get out of the terrible country they were in and enjoy as we had done, the beautiful running stream of this side of the mountain. If I did not get better the chances were that they would perish, for they never could come through alone, as the distance had proved much greater than w^ehad anticipated, and long drj- stretches of the desert were more than they would be prepared for. As it was we feared greatly that we had con- sumed so much time they would get impatient and start out and be lost. I continued to hobble along down the barren valley as well as I could and here and there some tracks of animals were discovered, but we could not make out whether they were those of domestic cattle or elk. Soon, on the side of a hill, rather high up a pack DEATH VALLEY. 173 of prarie wolves were snarling around the carcess of some dead animal, and this was regarded as another sign that more and better meat could be found, for these animals only live where some sort of game can be found, and the}' knew better than we that it was not for their health to go into the barren desert. Before us now was a spur from the hills that reached nearly across our little valley and shut out further sight in that direction and when we came to it we climbed up over it to shorten the distance. When the summit was reached a most pleasing sight filled our sick hearts with a most iudiscribable joy. I shall never have the abilitj- to adequately describe the beauty of the scene as it appeared to us, and so long as I live that landscape will be impressed upon the canvas of my memory as the most cheering in the world. There before us was a beautiful meadow of a thousand acres, green as a thick carpet of grass could make it, and shaded with oaks, wide branching and symmetrical, equal to those of an old English park» while all over the low mountains that bordered it on the south and over the broad acres of luxuriant grass was a herd of cattle numbering many hundreds if not thousands. They were of all colors shades and sizes. Some were calmly lying down in happy rumination, others rapidly cropping the sweet grass, while the gay calves worked off their superfluous life and spirit in vigorous exercise or drew rich nourishment in the abundant mother's milk. All seemed happy and content, and such a scene of abundance and rich plenty and comfort bursting thus upon our eyes which for months had seen only the desolation and sadness of the desert, was like getting a glimpse of Paradise, and tears of joy ran down our faces. If ever a poor mortal escapes from this world where so many trials come, and joys of a happy Heaven are opened up to 174 DEATH VALLEY. him, the change cannot be much more that this which was suddenly opened to us on that bright da}' which was either one of the very last of December 1849 or the first of January 1850, I am inclined to think it was the very day of the new year, but in our troubles, the accuracy of the calendar was among the least ot our troubles. If it was, as 1 believe the beginning of the year, it was certainly a most auspicious one and one of the most hopeful of my life. And uoz<.' if the otlwrs zcere only here, was the burden of our thought, and a serious awakening from the dream of beauty and rich plenty spread out before us. This ring-streaked and speckled herd might be descended directl}- from Jacob's famous herd, blessed of the Lord, and while we could not keep our thoughts from some sad doubts as to the fate of those whom we had left behind, we tried to be generally hopeful and courageous and brightened up our steps to prepare for a relief and return to the hot dr}' plain beyond the mountains where they were awaiting us, no doubt with much tribulation. I now thought of myself and my failing knee and we sat down under the shade of an oak to rest, and after a little, better feeling seemed to come. Down by a deep gully cut by the rains a yearling steer was feeding, and I took the rifle and crawled down near him and put first one ball through him, and then another, before he fell dead on the other side of the wash, when we sprang with all the agilit)- of a deer. We quickly got some good meat and had it roasted and eaten almost quicker than can be told. We hardl}- realized how near starv^ed we were till we had plenty before us again. We ate till we were satisfied for once, and for the first time in many long dreary weeks. We kindled a fire and commenced drying the meat, one sleeping while the other kept the DEATH VALLF.Y 175 fire, and changing off every few hours. What a rest that was! One who has never been nearly worn out and starved, down nearly to the point of death can never know what it is to rest in comfort. No one can tell. It was like a dream, a sweet, restful dream where troubles would drown themselves in sleep. How we felt the strength come back to us with that food and the long draughts of pure clear water. The miserable dried meat in our knapsacks was put away and this splendid jerked beef put in its place. The wolves came to our camp and howled in dreadful disappointment at not getting a meal. Rogers wanted me to shoot the miserable howlers, but I let them have their concert out, and thought going without their breakfast must be punish- ment enough for them. As our mocassins were worn out we carefully prepared some sinews from the steer and made new foot gear from the green hide which placed us in shape for two or three wreck's walking. The morning was clear and pleasant. We had our knapsacks filled with good food we had prepared, and were enjoying the cool breeze which came up the valley, when we heard faintly the bark of a dog, or at least we thought we did. If this were true there must be some one living not very far away and we felt better. I was still very lame and as we started along the walking seemed to make it worse again, so that it was all I could do to follow John on the trail down the valley. As we went along a man and woman passed us some distance on the left, and they did not seem to notice us, though we were in plain sight. They were curiously dressed. The woman had no hoops nor shoes, and a shawl wound about her neck and one end thrown over her head, was a sub'^titute bonnet. The man had sandals on his feet, wi..i whi.e cotton pants, a calico shirt, and a wide .i mined, comical, 176 DEATH VALLEY. snufF-colored hat. We at once put them down as Spaniards, or then descendants of Mexico, and if what we had read about them in books was true, we were in a set of land pirates, and bloDd thirsts- men whom we might have occasion to be aware of. We had never heard a word of Spanish spoken, except perhaps a word or two upon the plains which some fellow knew, and how we could make ourselves known and explain who we were was a puzzle to us. Diflficulties began to arise in our minds now we were in an apparent land of plenty, but in spite of all we went along as fast as my lame knee would permit me to do. A house on higher ground soon appeared in sight. It was low, of one story with a flat roof, gray in color, and of a different style of architecture from any we had ever seen before. There was no fence around it, and no animals or wagons in sight, nor person to be seen. As we walked up the hill toward it I told John our mocassins made of green hide would betray us as having recently killed an animal, and as these people might be the owners and detain us by having us arrested for the crime, and this would be especially bad for us just now. We determined to face the people, and let the fact of our close necessities be a sufficient excuse for us, if we could make them understand oui circumstances. As we came near the house no person was seen, but a mule tied to a post told us there was some one about, and a man soon made an appearance, dressed about same style as the one we had passed a short time oefore. As we came near we saluted him, bidding him good morning, and he in turn touched his hat politely, saying S3:nething in reply which we were not able to understand. I showed him that I was lame, and taking out some money pointed to the mule, but he only shook his head and said something DEATH VALLEY, 177 I could not comprehend. Rogers now began looking around the house, which was built of sun-dried bricks about one by two feet in size, and one end was used as a storehouse. As he looked in, a man came to him and wanted a black, patent leather belt which Rogers wore, having a watch-pocket attached to it. He offered a quart or more of coarse corn meal, and Rogers made the trade. We tried to inquire where we were or where ought to go, but could get no satisfactorj' answer from the man, although when we spoke San Francisco he pointed to the north. This was not vtry satisfactory to us and we seemed as badh' lost as ever, and where or which way to go we did not seem very successful in finding out. So we concluded to go on a little way at least, and I hobbled off in the direction he pointed, which was down the hill and past a small, poorly fenced field which was sometimes cultivated, and across the stream which followed down the valle}-. Passing on a mile or two we stopped on a big patch of .sand to rest. I told Rogers I did not think thiscour.se would lead us to any place in a month, and just now a delay was ruinous to us and to those who were waiting for us, and it would not do for us to go off to the north to find a settlement. While I was expressing my opinion on matters and things, Rogers had wet up a part of his meal with water and put it to bake on the cover of his camp kettle. There was a fair sized cake for each of us, and it was the first bread of any kind we had eaten for months, being a very acceptable change from an exclusively meat diet. Looking up the valley we could see a cloud of dust, thick and high, and soon several men on horseback who came at a rushing gallop. I told Rogers they were after us. and believed them to be a murderous set who 178 DEATH VALIvEY. might make trouble for tis. I hastily buried our little store of money in the sand, telling him that if they got us, they would not get our money. Putting our guns across our laps in an easy position we had them cocked and ready for business, and our knives where we could get ihem handy, and awaited their arrival. They came on with a rush until within a short distance and halted for consultation just across the creek, after which one of them advanced toward us and as he came near us we could see he was a white man, who wished us good evening in our own language. We answered him rather cooly, still sitting in the sand and he no doubt saw that we were a little suspicious of the crowd. He asked us where we were from, and we told him our circumstances and con- dition and that we would like to secure some means of relief for the people we had left in the desert, but our means were very limited and we wanted to do the best we could. He said we were about 500 miles from Sau Francisco, not far from 100 miles from the coast and thirty miles from Los Angeles. We were much afraid we would not be able to get anything here, but he told us to go across the valley to a large live oak tree which he pointed out, and said we would find an American there, and we should wait there till morning. He said he would go back and stay at the house we had passed, and would do what he could to assist us to go to Los Angeles where we could get some supplies. Then he rode away, and as we talked it over we saw no way but to follow the directions of our newfound friend. It seemed now that my lameness had indeed been a blessing. If I had been able to walk we would now have been well on toward the seashore, where we could ha'i'e found no such friend as this who had ap- DEATH VALLEY. 179 peared to us. The way seemed clearer to us, but the time for our return was almost up and there was no way of getting back in fifteen days as we had agreed upon, so there was great danger to our people yet. It seemed very likely to take us twenty four or thirty days at best, and while they probably had oxen enough to provide them food for so long a time they might take a notion to move on, which would be fatal. At the big live oak tree we found an American camper, who was on his way to the gold mines. He was going a new route and said the mines could be reached much quicker than by going up the coast - by way of San Francisco. A new company with wagons was soon to start out to break the road, and when they crossed the east end of the valley he would follow them. I think this man's name was Springer. He had come by way of the Santa Fe route, and the people of Los Angeles had told him this route was an easy one being often traveled by saddle horses, and if the company could make it possible for wagons they could have all the cattle they wanted to kill along the road as their pay for doing the work. Our new friend lay down early, nnd as he saw we were scant in blankets he brought some to us for our use, which were most thankfully received. As soon as we were alone Rogers mixed up some more of the meal which we baked in our friend's fry- ing pan, and we baked and ate and baked and ate again, for our appetites were ravenous, and the de- mand of our stomachs got the better of the judgment of our brains. It was hard to find time to sleep, we were .so full of the plans about the way, which we must manage to get relief for the people. We had many doubts if animals could ever come over the route we had come over, from deliberation we decided that bv selecting a route i8o DEATH VALLEY. with that idea in our minds, we could get mules and perhaps horses over the country. We perhaps could go more to the north and take the Jayhawkers trail, but this would take us fully a hundred miles farther and four or fiv^e days longer, at the best, ard erery moment of delay was to be carefully avoided as a moment of danger to our friends. Thus again, our sleep was troubled from another cause. Being so long unaccustomed to vegetable food, and helped on, no doubt, by our poor judgment in guaging the quantity of our food, we were attacked by severe pains in the stomach and bowels, from which we suffered intensely. We arose very early and with a very light breakfast, for the sickness admonished us, we started back for the house we had first passed, at which our friend on horseback, said he would spend the night and where we were to meet him this morning. He said he could talk Spanish all right and would do all he could to help us. Our suffering and trouble caused us to move very slowly, so that it was nine or ten o'clock before we reached the house, and we found they had two horses all read}' for us to go to Los Angeles. There were no saddles for us, but we thought this would be a good way to cure my lameness. The people seemed to be friends to us in every way. We mounted, having our packs on our backs, and our guns before us, and with a friendly parting to the people who did not go, all four of us started on a trip of thirty miles to the town of Los Angeles. When we reached the foot ofthemountain which was ver}^ steep but not rocky, John and I dismounted and led our animals to the top, where we could see a long way west, and south, and it looked supremely beauti- ful. We could not help comparing it to the long wide, desert we had crossed, and John and myself said many DEATH VAIvLEY. i8i times how we wished the folks were here to enjoy the pleasant sight, the beautiful fertile picture. There appeared to be one quite large house in sight, and not far ofif, which the man told us was the Mission of San Fernando, a Roman Catholic Church and residence for priests and followers. The down- ward slope of the mountain was as steep as the other side and larger, and John and I did not attempt to mount till we were well down on the level ground again, but the other two men rode up and down with- . out au}^ trouble. We would let our leaders get half a mile or so ahead of us and then mo ant and put our horses to a gallop till we overtook them again. We had walked so long that riding was very tiresome to us, and for comfort alone we would have preferred the way on foot, but we could get along a little faster, and the frequent dismounting kept us from becoming too lame from riding. We passed the Mission about noon or a little after, and a few miles beyond met a man on horseback who lived up to the north about a hundred miles. His name was French and he had a cattle range at a place called Tej on (Tahone). Our friends told him who we were, and what assistance we needed. Mr. French said he was well acquainted in Los Angeles and had been there some time, and that all the travelers who would take the Coast route had gone, those who had come by way of Salt Lake had got in from two to four weeks before, and a small train which had come the Santa Fe Route was still upon the road. He said Los Angeles was so clear of emigrants that he did not think we could get any help there at the present time. 'Now, " said Mr. French — "You boys can't talk Spanish and it is not very likely you will be able to get any help. Now I say, you boys turn back and go with me and I will give you the best I have, I wilj i82 DEATH VALLEY. let you have a yoke of gentle oxen, or more if you need them, and plenty of beans, which are good food for I live on them ; besides this I can give an Indian guide to help yon back. Will that do? After a moment we said we doubted if oxen could be got over the road, and if they were fat now they would soon get poor, and perhaps not stand it as well as the oxen which had became vr^^ to that kind of life, and of those they had in canip all they needed. We wanted to get something for the women and children to ride, for we knew they must abandon the wagons, aiid could not walk so far over that dry, rough country. "Well, " said Mr. French: — "I will stop at the place you were this morning — I know them well — and they are good folks, and I am sure when I tell them what you want they will help you if they possibly can. This looks to me to be the most sensible course. ' ' After talking an hour our two companions advised us that the proposition of Mr. French seemed the most reasonable one that appeared. But for us to go clear back to his range would take up so much valuable time that we were almost afraid of the delay which might mean the destruction of our friends. French said he had a pack saddle, with him taking it home, and we could put it on one of our horses, and when we came back to Los Angeles could leave it at a certain saloon or place he named and tell them it belonged to him and to keep it for him. I have forgotten the name of the man who kept the saloon. We agreed to this, and bidding our two campanions farewell, we turned back again with Mr. French. When night came we were again at the Mission we had pa.s.sed on the way down. We were kindly treated here, for I believe Mr. French told them about us. They sent an Indian to take our horses, and we sat down beside the great house. There were many smaller DEATH VALLEY. 183 houses, and quite a large piece of ground fenced in by an adobe wall. The roof of the buildings was like that of our own buildings in having eaves on both, sides, but the covering was of semi circular tiles made and burned like brick. Rows of these were placed close together, the hollow sides up, and then another course over the joints, placed with the round side up, which made a roof that was perfectly waterproof, but must have been very heavy. These tiles were about two feet long. All the surroundings, and general make up of the place were new to us and very wonderful. They gave us good dried meat to eat and let us sleep in the big house on the floor, which was as hard as granite, and we turned over a great msmy times before daylight, and were glad when morning came. We offered to pay them, but they would take nothing from us, and we left leading our horses over the steep mountain, and reaching the house again late in the day. They turned our horses loose and seemed disposed to be very friendly and disposed to do for us what they could. We were very tired and sat down by the side of the house and rested, wondering how we would come out with our preparations, They were talking together, but we could not understand a word. A dark woman came out and gave each of us a piece of cooked squash. It seemed to have been roasted in the ashes and was very sweet and good. These were all signs of friend- ship and we were glad of the good feeling. We were given a place to sleep in the house, in a store, room on a floor which was not soft. This was the second house we had slept in since leaving Wisconsin, and it seemed rather pent-up to us. In the morning we were shown a kind of mill like a coffee mill, and by putting in a handful of wheat from a pile and giving the mill a 1 84 DEATH YALLEY. few turns we were given to understand we should grind some flour for ourselves. We went to work with a will, but found it, hard, slow work. After a little, our dark woman came and gave us each a pancake and a piece of meat, also another piece of roasted sqash, for our breakfast, and this, we thought, was the best meal we had ever eaten. The lady tried to talk to us but we could not understand the words, and I could convey ideas to her better by the sign language than any other way. She pointed out the way from which we came and wanted to know how many day's travel it might be away, and I answered by putting mj' hand to my head and closing my eyes> which was repeated as many times as there had been nights on our journey, at which she was much sur- prised that the folks were so far away. She then place her hand upon her breast and then held it up, to ask how many women there were, and I answered her by holding up three fingers, at which she shrugged her shoulders and shook her head. Then pointing to a child by her side, four or five years old, and in the same way asked how many children, I answered by holding up four fingers, and she almost cried, open- ing her movith in great surprise, and turned away. I said to Rogers that she was a kind, well meaning woman, and that Mr. French had no doubt told her something of our story. Aside from her dark com- plexion her features reminded me of my mother, and at first sight of her I thought of the best woman on earth my own far ofi" mother, who little knew the hardships we had endured. We went to work again at the mill and after a while the woman came again and tried to talk and to teach us some words of her own language She place her finger on me and said ombre and I took out my little book and wrote down ombre as meaning man, and in the same way she taught DEATH VATXEY. 185 me that jnnjer, was woman; trigo, wheat; frijoles, beans; came, meat; calasasa, pumpkin; caballo, horse; vaca^ cow; niuchacho, boy, and several other words in this way. I got hold of many words thus to study, so that if I ever came back I could talk a little and make my- self understood as to some of the common objects and things of necessary use. Such friendly, human acts shown to us strangers, were evidences of the kindest A isposition. I sh 11 never forget the kindness of those original Californians. When in Walker's camp and finding he was friendly to Mormonism we could claim that we were also Mormons, but the good people though well known Catholics, did not so much as mention the fact nor inquire whether we favored that sect or not. We were human beings in distress and we represented others who were worse even than we, and those kind acts and great good will, were given freely because we were fellow human beings. The provisions we prepared were, a sack of small yellow beans; a small sack of wheat, a quantity of good dried meat, and some of the coarse, unbolted flour we had made at the mills. The}^ showed us how to properly pack the horse, which was a kind of work w e had not been use to, and we were soon ready for a start. I took what money we had and put it on a block, making signs for them to take what the things were worth. They took .130, and we were quite surprised to get two horses, provisions, pack- saddles and ropes, some of the latter made of rawhide and some of hair, so cheaply, but we afterward learned that the mares furnished were not considered of much value, and we had really paid a good fair price for everything. To make it easy for us they had also fixed our knapsacks on the horses. The good lady with the child, came out with four i86 DEATH VALLEY. oranges and pointed to her own child and then to the East, put them in the pack meaning we should carry them to the children. With a hearty good bye from them, and a polite lifting of our hats to them we started on our return, down toward the gentle decline of the creek bottom, and then up the valley, the way we came. Toward night we came to a wagon road crossing the valley, and as we well knew we could not go up the tangled creek bed with horses we took this road to the north, which took a dry ravine for its direction, and in which there was a pack trail, and this the wagons were following. We kept on the trail for a few miles, and overtook them in their camp, and camped with them over night. We told them we considered our outfit entirely too small for the purpose intended, which was to bring two women and four children out of the desert, but that being the best we could get, we were taking this help to them and hoped to save their lives. Our mission became well known and one man offered to sell us a poor little one-eyed mule, its back all bare of covering from the eflfect of a great saddle sore that had very recently healed. He had picked it up somewhere in Arizona w'here it had been turned out to die. but it seemed the beast had enough of the good Santa Ana stock in it to bring it through and it had no notion of dying at the present time, though it was scarcely more than a good fair skeleton, even then. The beast became mine at the price of $15, and the people expressed great sympathy- with us and the dear friends we were going to try to save. Another maii offered a little, snow-white mare, as fat as butter, for $15, which I paid, though it took the last cent of money I had. This little beauty of a beast was broken to lead at halter, but had not been broken in any other way. Rogers said he would ride DEATH VAlvIvEY. 187 her where he could, and before she got to the wagons she would be as gentle as a lamb. He got a bridle and tried her at once, and then there was a scene of rearing, jumping and kicking that would have made a good Bufalo Bill circus in these days. No use, the man could not be thrown off, and the crowd cheered and shouted to Rogers to — "Hold her level. " After some bucking and backing on the part of the mare and a good deal of whipping and kicking on the part of the man, and a good many furious dashes in lively, but very aw'iward ways, the little beast yielded the point, and carried her load without further trouble. The people gave us a good supper and breakfast, and one man came and presented us with 25 pounds of unbolted wheat flour. They were of great assist- ance to us in showing us how to pack and sack our load, which was not heavy and could be easily carried by our two animals which we had at first. However we arranged a pack on the mule and this gave me a horse to ride and a mule to lead, while Rogers rode his milk-white steed and led the other horse. Thus we went along and following the trail soon reached the summit from which we could see off to the East a wonderful distance, probably 200 miles, of the dry and barren desert of hill and desolate valley over which we had come. The trail bearing still to the north from this point, we left and turned due east across the country, and soon came to a beautiful lake of sweet fresh water situated well up toward the top of the mountain. This lake is now called Elizabeth Lake. Here we watered our animals and filled our canteens, then steered a little south of east among the Cabbage trees, aiming to strike the rain water hole where we had camped as we came over. We reached the water hole 1 88 DEATH Y ALLEY. about tioon and here found the Jayhawkers trail, which we took. They had evidently followed us and passed down the same brushy canon while we having taken a circuitous route to the north, had gone around there. Getting water here for ourselves and horses, we went back to the trail and pushed on as fast as the animals could walk, and as we no.v knew where we could get water, we kept on till aftex' dark, one of us walking to keep the trail, and some time in the night reached the Willow corral I have spoken of before. There was good water here, but the Jay hawker's oxen had eaten all the grass that grew in the little moist place around, and our animals were short of feed. One of us agreed to stand guard the fore part of the night and the other later, so that we might not be surprised by Indians and lose our animals. I took the first watch and let the blaze of the fire go out so as not to attract attention and as I sat by the dull coals and hot ashes I fell asleep. Rogers happened to wake and see the situation, and arose and waked me again saying that we must be more careful or the Indians would get our horses. You may be stire I kept awake the rest of my watch. Next da}' we passed the water holes at the place where we had so stealthily crawled up to Dot}- 's camp when coming out. These holes held about two pails of water each, but no stream run away from them. Our horses seemed to want water badly for when they drank they put their head in up to their eyes and drank raveuoush'. Thirty miles from here to the next water, Doty had told us, and night overtook us before we ^ould reach it, so a dry camp was made. Our horses began now to walk with drooping heads and slow, tired steps, so we divided the load among them all and walked ourselves. The water, when reached DEATH VAT.LEY. 189 proved so salt the horses would not drink it, and as Doty had told us the most water was over the mountain ahead of us, we still followed their trail which went up a very rocky cailon in which it was hard work for the horses to travel. The horses were all very gentle now and needed some urging to make them go. Roger's fat horse no longer tried to unseat its rider or its pack, but seemed to be the most downhearted of the train. The little mule was the liveliest, sharpest witted animal of the whole. She had probably traveled on the desert before and knew better how to get along. She had learned to crop eveiy spear of grass she came to, and every bit of sage brush that offered a green leaf was given a nip. She would some- times leave the trail and go out to one side to get a little bunch of dry grass, and comeback and take her place again as if she knew her duty. The other animals never tried to do this. The mule was evi- dently better versed in the art of getting a living than the horses. Above the rough bed of the caiion the bottom was gravelly and narrow, and the walls on each side nearly perpendicular. Our horses now poked slowly along' and as we passed the steep wall of the caiion the white animal left the trail and walked with full force, head first, against the solid rock. She seemed to be blind, and though we went quickly to her and took ofi" the load she carried, she had stopped breathing by the time we had it done. Not knowing how far it was to water, nor how soon some of our other horses might fall, we did not tarry, but pushed on as well as we could, finding no water. We reached the summit and turned down a ravine, following the trail, and about dark came to the water they had told us about, a faint running stream which came out of a rocky ravine and sank almost immediately in the dry 190 DEATH VALLEY. sand. There was water enough for us, but no grass. It seemed as if the horses were not strong enough to carr}- a load, and as we wanted to get them through if possible, we concluded to bury the wheat and get i on our return. We dug a hole and lined it with fine sticks, then put in the little bag and covered it with dry brush, and sand making the surface as smooth as if it had never been touched, then made our bed on it. The whole work was done after dark so the deposit ■could not be seen by the red men and we thought we had done it pretty carefully. Next morning the little mule carried all the remain- ing load, the horses bearing only their saddles, and seemed hardly strong enough for that. There was now seven or eight miles of clean loose sand to go over, across a little valley which came to an end about ten miles north of us, and extended south to the lake where we went for water on our outward journey and found it red alkali. Near the Eastern edge of the v^alley we turned aside to visit the grave of Mr. Lshani, which the}' had told us of. They had covered his re- mains with their hands as best thej- could, piling up a little mound of sand over it. Our next camp was to be on the summit of the range just before us, and we passed the dead bod}- of Mr. Fish, we had seen before, and go on a little to a level sandy spot in the ravine just large -enough to sleep on. This whole range is a black mass rocky piece of earth, so barren that not a spear of grass can grow, and not a drop of water in any place. We tied our horses to rocks and there they staid all night, for if turned loose there was not a mouthful of food for them to get. In the morning an important question was to be decided, and that was whether we should continue to follow the Jayhawker's trail which led far to the north to cross the mountain, which stood before us, a mass DEATH VALLEY. 191 of piled-up rocks so steep that it seemed as if a dog could hardly climb it. Our wagons were nearl}- due east from this point over the range, and not more than fifty miles away, while to go arovmd to the north w^as fully a hundred mile.>5, and would take us four or five days to make. As we had already gone so long we ex- pected to meet them any day trying to get out, and if we went around we might miss them. They might have all been killed by Indians or they might have already gone. We had great fears on their ac- count. If they had gone north they might have perished in the snow. The range was before us, and we must get to the other side in some wa^-. We could see the range for a hundred miles to the north and along the base .some lakes of water that must be salt. To the south it got .some lower, but very barren and ending in black, dry buttes. The horses must have food and water by night or we must leave them to die, and all things considered it seemed to oe the quickest way to camp to try and get up a rough looking canon which was nearly opposite us on the other side. So we loaded the mule and made our way down the rocky road to the ridge, and then left the Jayhawker's trail, taking our course more south .so as to get around a salt lake which lay directly before us. On our way we had to go close to a steep bluff, and cross a piece of ground that looked like a well dried mortar bed, hard and smooth as ice, and thus got around the head of a small stream of clear water, salt as brine. We now went directly to the mouth of the canon we had decided to take, and traveled up its gravelly bed. The horses now had to be urged along constantly to keep them movnig and they held their heads low down as they crept along seemingly so di ;c riraged that they would much rather lie down an 1 rest forever than. 192 DEATH VALLEY. take another step. We knew they would do this soon in spite of all our urging, if we could not get water for them. The canon was rough enough where we entered it, and a heav}' up grade too, and this grew more and more difficult as we advanced, and the rough 5ellowish, rock}- walls closed in nearer and nearer together as we ascended. A perpendicular wall, or rather rise, in the rocks -was approached, and there was a great difficulty to pursuade the horses to take exertion to get up and over the small obstruction, but the little mule skipped over as nimbly as a well-fed goat, and rather seemed to enjo\- a little variety in the proceedings. After some coaxing and urging the horses took courage to try the extra step and succeeded all right, when we all moved on again, over a path that grew more and more narrow, more and more rocky under foot at every moment. We wound around among and between the great rocks, a ud had not advanced very far before an- other obstruction, that would have been a fall of about three feet had water been flowing in the caiion, opposed our way. A small pile of lone rocks enabled the mule to go over all right, and she went on looking for every spear of grass, and smelling eagerly lor water, l3ut all our effijrts were not enough to get the horses along another foot. It was getting nearly night and every minute without water seemed an age. We had to leave the horses and go on. We had deemed them indispensable to us, or rather to the extrication of the women and children, and yet the hope came to us that the oxen might help some of them out as a last resort. We were sure the wagons must be abandoned, and such a thing as women riding on the backs of oxen we had nev^er seen, still it occurred to us as not impossible and although leaving the horses here was like deciding to abandon all for the feeble ones, DEATH VAIvIvEY. 193 we saw we must do it, and the new hope arose to sustam us for farther effort. We removed the saddles and placed them on a rock, and after a few moments hesitatiou, moments in which were crowded torrents of wild ideas, and desperate thoughts, that were enough to drive reason from its throne, we l^ft the poor animals to their fate and moved along. Just as we were passing o.it of si^ht ths p3 or creature? neighed pitifully after us, and one who has never heard the last despairing, pleading neigh of a horse left to die can form no idea of its almost human appeal. We both burst into tears, but it was no use, to try to save them we must run the danger of sacrificing ourselves, and the little party we were trying so hard to save. We found the little mule stopped by a still higher precipice or perpendicular rise of fully ten feel. Our hearts sank within us and we said that we should re- turn to our friends as we went away, with our knapsacks on our backs, and the hope grew ver}^ small. The little mule was nipping some stray blades of grass and as we came in sight she looked around to us and then up the steep rocks before her with such a knowing, intelligent look of confidence, that it gave us new courage. It was a strange wild place. The north wall of the canon leaned far over the channel, overhanging considerably, while the south wall sloped back about the same, making the wall nearly parallel, and like a huge crevice descending into the mountain from above in a sloping direction. We decided to try to get the confident little mule over this obstruction. Gathering all the loose rocks we could we piled them up against the south wall, beginning some distance below, putting up all those in the bed of the stream and throwing down others from narrow shelves above we built a sort of inclined plane along the walls gradually rising till we were 194 DEATH VALLEY. nearly as high as the crest of the fall. Here was a narrow shelf scarcely four inches wide and a space of from twelve to fifteen feet to cross to reach the level of the crest. It was all I could do to cross this space, and there was no foundation to enable us to widen it so as to make a path for an animal. It was forlorn hope but we made the most of it. We unpacked the mule and getting all our ropes together, made a leading line of it. Then we loosened and threw down all the projecting points of rocks we could above the narrow shelf, and every piece that was likel}^ to come loose in the shelf itself. We fastened the leading line to her and with one above and one below we thought we could help her to keep her balance, and if she did not make a misstep on that narrow way she might get over safely. Without a moments hesitation the brave animal tried the pass. Carefully and steadily she went along, selecting a place before putting down a foot, and when she came to the narrow ledge leaned gently on the rope, never making a sudden start or jump, but cautiously as a cat moved slowly along. There was now no turni.ig back for her. She must cross this narrow place over which I had to creep on hands and knees, or be dashed down fifty feet to a certain death. When the worst place was reached she stopped and hesitated, looking back as well as she could. I was ahead wdth the rope, and I called en- couragingly to her and talked to her a little. Rogers wanted to ge^ all ready and he said, "holler" at her as loud as he could and frighten her across, but I thought the best way to talk to her gently and let her move steadily. I tell you, friends, it was' a trying moment. It seemed to be weighed down with all the trails and hardships of many months. It seemed to be the time when helpless women and innocent children hung on DEATH VALLEY. 195 the trembling balance between life and death. Our own lives we could save by going back, and some- times it seemed as if we would perhaps save ourselves the additional sorrow of finding them all dead to do so at once. I was so nearly in despair that I could not help bursting in tears, and I was not ashamed^of the weakness. Finally Rogers said, "Come Lewis" and I gently pulled the rope, calling the little animal, to make a trial. She smelled all around and looked over every inch of the strong ledge, then took one careful step, after another over the dangerous place. Looking back I saw Rogers with a very large stone in his hand, ready to "holler" and perhaps kill the poor beast if she stopped. But she crept along trust ing to the rope to balance, tillshe was half way across, then another step or two, when calculating the distance closely she made a spring and landed on a smooth bit of sloping rock below, that led up to the highest crest of the precipice, and safely climbed to the top, .safe and sound above the falls. The mule had no .shoes and it was wonderful how her little hoofs clung to the .smooth rock. We felt relieved. We w ould pu.sh on and carry food to the people; we would get them through some way; there could be no more hopeless moment than the one just past, and we would save them all. It was the work of a little while to transfer the load up the precipice, and pack the mule again, when we proceeded. Around behind some rocks only a little distance beyond this place we found a small willow bush and enough good water for a camp. This was a strange caiion. The sun never shown down to the bottom in the fearful place where the little mule climbed up, and the rocks had a peculiar yellow color. In getting our provisions up the precipice, Rogers went below and fastened the rope while I pulled them 196 DEATH VALLEY. lip. Rogers wished many times we had the horses up safely where the mule was, but a dog could hardly cross the narrow path and there was no hope. Poor brutes, they haci been faithful servants, and we felt sorrowfal enough at their terrible fate. We had walked two days without water, and we were wonderfully refreshed as we found it here. The way up this caiion was very rough and the bed full of sharp broken rocks in loose pieces which cut through the bottoms of our mocassins and left us with bare feet upon the acate points and edges. I took off one of my buckskin leggins, and gave it to Rogers, and with the other one for myself we fixed the mocassins with them as well as we could, which enabled us to go ahead, but I think if our feet had been shod with steel those sharp rocks would have cut through. Starting early we made the summit about noon, and from here we could see the place where we found a water hole and camped the first night after we left the wagons. Down the steep canon we turned, the same one in which we had turned back with the wagons, and over the sharp broken pieces of volcanic rock that formed our only footing we hobbled along with sore and ten ler feet. We had to watch for the smoothest place for every step, and then moved only with the greatest difficulty. The Indians could have caught lis easily if they had been around for we must keep our eyes on the ground constantly and stop if we looked up and around. But we at last got down and camped on some spot ^.-here we had set out twenty-five days before to seek the settlements. Here was the same little water hole in the sand plain, and the same strong sulphur water which' we had to drink the day we left. The mule was turned loose dragging the same piece of rawhide she had attached to her when we purchased her, and she ranged and searched faith- DEATH VALLEY i97 fully for food finding little except the very scattering bunches of sage brush. She was industrious and walked around rapidly picking here and the^e, but at dark came into camp and lay down close to us to sleep. There was no sign that any one had been here during our absence, and if the people had gone to hunt a way out, they must either have followed the Jayhawker's trail or some other one. We were much afraid that they might have fallen victims to the Indians. Remaining in camp so long it was quite likely they had been discovered by them and it was quite likely they had been murdered for the sake of the oxen and camp equipage. It might be that we should find the hostiles waiting for us when we reached the appointed camping place, and it was small show for two against a party. Our mule and her load would be a great capture for them. We talked a great deal and said a great many things at that camp fire for we knew we were in great danger, and we had many doubts about the safety of our people, that would soon be decided, and whether for joy or sorrow we could not tell. From this place, as we walked along, we had a wagon road to follow, in soft sand, but not a sign of a human footstep could we see, as we marched toward this, the camp of the last hope. We had the greatest fears the people had given up our return and started out for themselves and that we should follow on, only to 'ind them dead or dying. My pen fails me as I try to tell the feelings and thoughts of this trying hour. I can never hope to do so, but if the reader can place himself in my place, his imagination cannot form a picture that shall go beyond reality. We were some seven or eight miles along the road when I stopped to fix my mocassin while Rogers 198 DEATH VALLEY went slowly along". The little mule went on ahead of both of us, searching all around for little bunches ot dry grass, but always came back to the trail again and gave us no trouble. When 1 had started up again I saw Rogers ahead leaning on his gun and waiting for me, apparently looking at something on the ground. As I came near enough to speak I asked what he had found and he said — "Here isCapt. Culverwell, dead." He did not look much like a dead man. He lay upon his back with arms extended wide, and his little canteen, made of two powder flasks, h'ing by his side. This looked indeed as if some of our saddest forbodings were coming true. How man)' more bodies should we find? Or should we find the camp deserted, and never find a trace of the former occupants. We marched toward camp like two Indians, silent and alert, looking out for dead bodies and live Indians, for really we more expected to find the camp de- vastated by those rascals than to find that it still con- tained our friends. To the east we could plainh- see what seemed to be a large salt lake with a bed that looked as if of the finest, whitest sand, but really a wonder of salt cr^'stal. We put the drearj^ steps steadily one forward of another, the little mule the only unconcerned one of the party, ever looking for an odd blade of grass, dried in the hot dry wind, but yet retaining nourishment, which she preferred. About noon we came in sight of the wagons, still a long way off, but in the clear air we could make them out, and tell what the}- were, without being able to see anything more. Half a mile was the distance between us and the camp before we could see ver}- plainly, as they were in a little depression. We could see the covers had been taken oif, and this was an ominous sort of circumstance to us, for we feared the depredations of the Indians in retaliation for the DEATH VALLEY. 199 ■capture of their squashes. They had shot our oxen before we left and the}- have slain them this time and the people too. We surely left seven wagons. Now we could see •only four and nowhere the sign of an ox. They must have gone ahead with a small train, and left these fotir standing, after dismantling them. No signs of life were anywhere about, and the thought of our hard struggles between life and death to go out and return, with the fruitless results that now seemed apparent was almost more than human heart could bear. When should we know their fate? When should we find their remains, and how learn of their sad history if we ourselves should live to get back again to settlements and life? If ever two men were troubled, Rogers and I surely passed through the furnace. We kept as low and as much out of sight as possible, trusting very much to the little mule that was ahead, for we felt sure she would detect danger in the air sooner than we, and we watched her closel)' to see how she acted. She slowly walked along looking out for food, and we followed a little way behind, but still no decisive sign to settle the awful suspense in which we lived and suffered. We became more and more convinced that they had taken the trail of the Jayhawkers, and we had missed them on the road, or they had perished before reaching the place where we turned from their trail. One hundred yards now to the wagons and still no sign of life, no positive sign of death, tliough we looked carefully for both. We fear that perhaps there are Indians in ambush, and with ner\'ous irregular breathing we counsel what to do. Finally Rogers suggested that he had two charges in his shot gun and I seven in the Coil's rifle , and that I fire one of mine and 2O0 DEATH VAIvLEY. await results before we ventured any nearer, and if there are any of the red devils there we can kill some of them before they get to us. And now both closely watching the wagons I fired the shot. Still as death and not a move for a moment, and then as if by magic a man came out from under a wagon and stood up looking all around, for he did not see us. Then he threw up his arms high over his head and shouted — "The boys have come' "The boA^s have come!" Then other bare heads appeared, and Mr. Bennett and wife and Mr. Arcane came toward us as fast as ever they could. The great suspense was over and our hearts were first in our mouths, and then the blood all went away and left us almost fainting as we stood and tried to step. Some were safe perhaps all of those nearest us, and the dark shadow of death that had hovered over us, and cast what seemed a pall upon every thought and action, was lifted and fell awaj- a heavy oppression gone. Bennett and Arcane caught us in their arms and embraced us with all their strength, and Mrs. Bennett when she came fell down on her knees and clung to me like a maniac in the great emotion that came to her, and not a word was spoken. If they had been strong enough they would have carried us to camp upon their shoulders. As it was they stopped two or three times, and turned as if to speak, but there was too much feeling for words, convulsive weeping would choke the voice. All were a little calmer soon, and Bennett soon found voice to sa}^: — "I know 3^ou have found some place, for you have a mule, ' ' and Mrs. Bennett through her tears, looked staringly at us as she could hardly believe our coming back was a reality, and then ex- claimed: — Good boys! O, you have saved us all! God bless you forever! Such boys shoul^. never die! "It was some time before they could talk without DEATH VAIvIvEY. 201 weeping. Hope almost died within them, and now when the first bright ray came it almost turned reason from its throne. A brighter happier look came to them than we had seen, and then they plied us with questions the first of which was: — "Where were you?" \Ve told them it must be 250 miles yet to any part of Californa where we could live. Then came the question; — 'Can we take our wagons?" "You will have to walk," was our answer, for no wagons could go over that unbroken road that we had traveled. A? rapidly and caiefully as we could we told them of our journey, and the long distance between the water holes; that we had lost no time and yeihad been twenty six days on the road ; that for a long distance the country was about as dry and desolate as the region we had crossed east of this camp. We told them of the scarcity of grass, and all the reasons that had kept us so long away from them. We inquired after the others whom we had left in camp when we went awaj", and we were told all they knew about them. Hardly were we gone before they began to talk about the state of aifairs which existed. They said that as they had nothing to live on but their oxen it would be certain death to wait here and eat them, up, and that it would be much better to move on a little every day and get nearer and nearer the goal before the food failed. Bennett told them they would know surely about the way when the boys returned, and knowing the road would know how to manage and what to expect and work for, and could get out successfully. But the general opinion of all but Mr. Bennett and Mr. Arcane and theij families was, as expressed by one of them: — "If thosa boys ever get out of this cussed hole, the}- are d — d fools if they ever come back to help anybody." 202 DEATH VALLEY. Some did not stay more than a week after we were gone, but took their oxen and blankets and started on. They could not be content to staj- idly in camp with nothing to occupy their minds or bodies. Thej- could see that an ox when killed would feed them onl}' a few days, and that they could not live long on them, and it stood them in hand to get nearer the western shore as the less distance the more hope while the meat lasted. Bennett implored them to stay as he was sure we would come back, and if the most of them deserted him he would be exposed to the danger of the Indians, with no hope of a successful resistance against them. But the most seemed to think that to stay was to die, and it would be better to die trying to escape than to set idly down to perish. These men seemed to think their first duty was to save themselves, and if fortunate, help others afterward, so they packed their oxen and left in separate parties, the last some two weeks before. The}^ said that Capt. Culverwell went with the last party. I afterward learned that he could not keep up with them and turned to go back to the wagons again, and perished, stretched out upon the sand as we saw him, dying all alone, with no one to transmit his last words to family or friends. Not a morsel to eat, and the little canteen by his side empty. A sad and lonely death indeed! There was no end to the questions about the road we had to answer, for this was uppermost on their minds, and we tried to tell them and show them how we must get along on our return. We told them of the great snow mountains we had- seen all to the north of our road, and how deep the snow appeared to be, and how far west it extended. We told them of the black and desolate ranges and buttes to the south, and of the great dry plains in the same direction. We told DEATH V ALLEY. 203 thein of the Ja3'hawkers trail; of Fish's dead body; of the salt lake and slippery alkali water to w hich we walked, onl}- to turn awaj- in disappointment; of the little sheets of ice which saved our lives; of Doty's camp and what we knew of those gone before: of the discouraged ones who gave us their names to send back to friends; of the hawk and crow diet; of my lameness; of the final coming out into a beautiful valley, in the midst of fat cattle and green meadows, and the trouble to get the help arranged on account of not knowing the language to tell the people what we needed. They were deeply impressed that my lame- ness had been a ble-^^ing in disguise, or we would have gone on to the coast and consumed more time than we did in walking slowly to favor the cripple knee, Our sad adventures and loss of the horses in returning was sorrowfully told and we spoke of the provisions we had been able to bring on the little mule which had clambered over the rocks like a cat; that we had a little flour and beans, and some good dried meat with fat on it which we hoped would help to eke out the poorer fare and get them through at last. They were so full of compliments that we really began to think we had been brought into the world on purpose to assist some one, and the one who could forecast all things had directed us, and all our ways, so that we should save those people and bring them to a better part of God's footstool, where plenty might be enjoyed, and the sorrows of the desert for- gotton. It was midnight before we could get them all satisfied with their knowledge of our experience. It was quite a treat to us to sleep again between good blankets, arranged by a woman's hand, and it was much better resting than the curled up, cramped position we had slept in while away, with only the poor protection of the half blanket for both of us, in 204 DEATH VALLEY nights that were pretty chilly. We had plenty of water here, and there being no fear of the mule going astray we turned her loose. As the party had seen no Indians during our absence we did not concern ouselves much about them. At breakfast we cautioned them about eating too much bread, remembering, our own experience in that way. They said they had about given up our coming back a week before, and had set about getting ready to try to move on themselves. Bennett said he was satisfied that they never could have got through alone after what we had told them of the route and its dangers. He said he knew it now that not one of them would have lived if they had undertaken the journey alone without knowledge of the wa\-. Thej- had taken off the covers of the wagons to make them into houses for the oxen, so they could be used as pack animals. The strong cloth had been cut into narrow strips and well made into breast straps and breeching, for the cattle were so poor and their hide so loose it was almost impossible to keep anything on their backs. They had emptied the feathers out of the beds to get the cloth to use, and had tried to do everything that seemed best to do to get along with- out wagons. The oxen came up for water, and the mule with them. They looked better than when we left, but were still poor. They had rested for some time and might feel able to go along willingly for a few days at least. I was handy with the needle, and helped them to complete the harness for the oxen, while Bennett and John went to the lake to get a supply of salt to take along, a most necessary article with our fresh meat. I looked around a little at our surroundings, and could see the snow still drifting over the peak of the snowy mountain as we had seen it DEATH VALLEY. 205 farther east, where we were ourselves under the burning sun. This was now pretty near February first, or midwinter. The eastern side of this great mountain was too steep to be ascended, and no sign of a tree could be seen on the the whole eastern slope. The range of mountains on the east side of this narrow valley were nearly all the volcanic, barren in the ex- treme, and the roughest of all the mountains we had ever seen. I had now looked pretty thoroughly, and found it to be pretty nearly a hundred miles long, and this was the only camp I had seen where water could be had. When Mrs. Bennet was ready to show me what to do on the cloth harness, we took a seat under the wagon, the only shady place and began work. The great mountain, I have spoken of as the snow mountain has since been known as Telescope Peak, reported to be 11,000 feet high. It is in the range running north and south and has no other peak so high. Mrs. Bennett questioned me closely about the trip, and particularly if I had left anything out which I did not want her to know. She said she saw her chance to ride was very slim, and she .spoke particularly of the children, and that it was impossible for them to walk. She said little Martha had been very sick since we had been gone, and that for many days they had expected her to die. They had no medicine to relieve her and the best they could do was to select the best of the ox meat, and make a little soup of it and feed her, they had watched her carefully for many days and nights, ex- pecting they would have to part with her any time and bury her little body in the sands. Sometimes it seemed as if her breath would stop, but they had never failed in their attentions, and were at la.st re- warded by seeing her improve slowly, and even to 2o6 DEATH VALLEY. relish a little food, so that if no relapse set in they had hopes to bring her through. Thej^ brought the little one and showed her to me, and she seemed so different from what she was when we went away. Then she could run about camp climb out and in the wagons, and move about so spry that she reminded one of a quail. Now she w^as strangely misshapen. Her limbs had lost all the flesh and seemed nothing but skin and bones, while her body had grown corpulent and distended, and her face had a starved pinched and suffering look, with no healthy color in it. She told me of their sufferings while we were gone, and said she often dreamed , she saw us suffering fearfully for water, and lack of food and could only picture to herself as their own fate, that thej' must leave the children by the trail side, dead, and one by one drop out themselves in the same way. She said she dreamed often of her old home where bread was plenty, and then to awake to find her husband and children starving was a severe trial indeed, and the contrast terrible. She was anxious to get me to ex- press an opinion as to whether I thought we could get the oxen down the falls where we hcd so much trouble. I talked to her as encouragingly as I could, but she did not cheer up much and sobbed and wept over her work most all the time. It was not possible to en- courage her much, the outlook seemed so dark. Mrs. Arcane sat under another wagon and said nothing, but she probably heard all we had to say, and did not look as if her hopes were any brighter. Bennett and Rogers soon returned with a supply of salt and said the w'hole shore of the lake w^as a winrow of it, that could be shoveled up in enormous quantities. We now in a counsel of the whole, talked over the matter, and the way which seemed most promising. DEATH VALLEY 207 If we went by the Jayhawkers trail, there was a week of solid travel to get over the range and back south again as far as a point directly opposite our camp, and this had taken us only three days to come over as we had come. The only obstacle in the way was the falls, and when we explained that there was some sand at the bottom of them, Bennett said he thought we could get them over without killing them, and that, as we knew exactly where the water was, this was the best trail to take. Arcane was quite of the same opinion, the saving of a week of hard and tiresome travel being in each case the deciding reason. They then explained to me what they had decided on doing if we had not come back. They had selected two oxen for the women to ride one to carry water and one to carrj^the four children. There were no saddles but blankets enough to make a soft seat, and they proposed to put a band or belt around the animals for them to hold on by, and the blankets would be re- tained in place by breast and breeching straps which we had made. They had found out that it was very difficult to keep a load of any kind upon an o.x, and had devised all this harness to meet the trouble. Bennett had one old bridle ox called Old Crump, which had been selected to carry the children, because he was slow and steady. How in the world do you expect it to keep the children on? — said I. "Well" — said Bennett, with a sort of comical air, about the first relief from the sad line of thought that had possessed us all — "We have taken two strong hickory shirts, turned the sleeves inside, sewed up the necks, then sewed the two shirts together by the tail, and . when these are placed on the ox they will make two pockets for the youngest children, au-l we think the two others will be able to cling to his back with the help of a band around the body of the ox to which 2o8 DEATH VALLEY. they can cling to, with their hands. ' ' Now if Old Crump went steady and did not kick up and scatter things, he thought this plan would operate first rate. Now as to the mule they proposed as we knew how to pack the animal, that we should use her to pack our provisions so they would go safe. From a piece of hide yet remaining John and I made ourselves some new mocassins, and were all ready to try the trip over our old trail for now the third time, and the last, we hoped. Mrs. Bennett and Mrs. Arcane had taken our advice, and in cooking had not put too much of the flour or beans into the soup for the children and they had gotten along niceh^ and even began to smile a little with satisfaction after a full meal. They got along better than John and I did when we got hold of the first nutritions after our arrival on the other side. We must leave everj^thing here we can get along without. No clothing except that on our backs. Only a camp kettle in which to make soup, a tin cup for each one, and some knivei and spoons which each happen to have. Each one had some sort of a canteen for water, which we must fill up at every opportunity, and we decided to carry a shovel along, so we might bury the body of Capt. Culverwell, and shovel up a pile of sand at the falls to enable us to get the oxen over. Every ox had a cloth halter on his head, so he might be led, or tied up at night when we had a dry camp, and they would most assuredly wander off if not secured. Old Crump was chosen to lead the train, and Rogers was to lead him. We had made an extra halter for this old fellow, and quite a long strip of bed ticking sewed into a strap to lead him oy. This packing buiness was a new idea, and a hard matter to get anything firmly fixed on their backs. DEATH VALLEY. 209 We had made shoulder straps, hip straps, breast straps and breeching as the correct idea for a harness . The only way we could fasten the band around the animals was for one to get on each side and pull it as tight as possible then t'.e a knot, as we had no buckles Oi ring in our harness. The loads of the oxen consisted of blankets and bedding and a small, light tent of their sheeting about four by six feet in size. We rose early and worked hard till about the middle of the forenoon getting all things ready. They had been in a state of masterly inactivi ty so long in this one camp that they were anxious to leave it now forever. Only in progress was there hope, and this was our last and only chance. Wc must succeed or perish. We loaded the animals from the wagons, and some of the oxen seemed quite afraid at this new way of carrying loads. Old Crump was pretty steady, and so was the one with the two water kegs one on each side but the other oxen did not seem to think they needed any blankets on these warm days. Mrs. Arcane was from a city, and had fondly con- veyed thus far some articles of finery, of considera ble value and much prized. She could not be per- suaded to leave them here to deck the red man's wife, and have her go flirting over the mountains with, and as they had little weight she concluded she would wear them and this perhaps would preserve them So she got out her best hat and trimmed it up with extra ribbon leaving some with quite long ends to stream out behind. Arcane brought up his ox Old Brigham, for he had been purchased at Salt Lake and named in honor of the great Mormon Saint. Mrs. Arcane also dressed her little boy Charlie up in his best suit of clothes, for she thought they might as well wear them out as to throw them away. She 2IO DEATH VALLEY. made one think of a fairy in gay and flying apparel. In the same way all selected their best and most servicable garments, for it was not considered prudent to carry any load, and poor clothes were good enough to leave for Indians. We set it down as a principle that we must save ourselves all we could, for it would be a close contested struggle with us and death, at the very best, and we wanted to get all the advantage for ourselves we could. As we were making the preparations the women grew more hopeful, as it seemed as if something was reall}' going to be accomplished. Bennett and Arcane were emphatic in their belief and expressions that we would succeed. "I know it — Dont you Sally?" said Bennett very cheerfully, but after all Mrs. Bennett could not answer quite as positively, but said "I hope so." — Mrs. Bennett's maiden name was Sarah Dilley, which I mention here as I may otherwise forget it afterward. She realized that hers was no easy place to ride, that they would have hard fare at best, and that it must be nearly or quite a month before they could reach a fertile spot on which to place her feet. O^^ could easily see that the future looked quite a little dark to her, on account of her children, as a mother naturally would. High overhead was the sun, and verj- warm indeed on that day in the fore part of Februarj^ 18 50, when the two children were put on Old Crump to see if he would let them ride. The two small children were placed in the pockets on each side, face outward, and they could stand or sit as they should choose. George and Melissa were placed on top and given hold. of the strap that was to steady them in their place. I now led up Mrs. Bennett's ox and Mr. Bennett helped his wife to mount the animal, on DEATH VALLEY. 211 whose back as soft a seat as possible had been con- structed. Mrs. Arcane in her ribbons was now helped to her seat on the back of Old Brighara and she care- full y adjusted herself to position, and arranged her dress and ornaments to suit, then took hold of the strap that served to hold on by as there were no bridles on these two. Rogers led the march with his ox; Bennett and I started the others along, and Arcane followed with Old Crump and the children. Bennett and Arcane took oflF their hats and bade the old camp good bye. The whole procession moved, and we were once more going toward our journey's end we hoped. The road ".-as sandy and soft, the grade practically level, and everything went well for about four miles, when the pack on one of the oxen near the lead got loose and and turned over to one side, which he no sooner saw thus out of position, then he tried to getaway from it by moving sidewise. Not getting clear of the objectionable load in thiswa}' he tried to kick it off, and thus really got his foot in it, making matters worse instead of better. Then he began a regular waltz and bawled at the top of his voice in terror. Rogers tried to catch him but his own animal was so frisky that he could not hold him and do much else, and the spirit of fear soon began to be communicated to the others and soon the whole train seemed to be taken crazy. They would jump up high and then come down, sticking their fore feet as far as possible into the sand after which, with elevated tails, and terrible plunges would kick and thrash and run till the packs came off, when the}' stopped apparently quite satisfied. Mrs. Bennett slipped off her ox as quick as she could, grabbed her baby from the pocket on Old Crump, and shouting to MelLssa and George to jump, got her 212 DEATH YALLEY. family into safe position in pretty short order. Arcane took his Charley fiom the other pocket and laid him on the ground, while he devoted his own at- tention to the animals. Mrs. Arcane 's ox followed suit, and waltzed around in the sand, bawled ai every turn, fully as bad as any of the others, but Mrs. Arcane proved to be a good rider, and hard to unseat, clinging desperately to her strap as ^he was tossed up and down, and whirled about at a rate enough to to make any one dizzy. Her many fine ribbons flew out behind like the streamers from a mast-head, and the many fancy fixin's she had donned fluttered in the air in gayest mockery. Eventually she was thrown however, but without the least injury to herself, but somewhat disordered in raiment. When I saw Bennett he was standing half bent over laughing in almost hysterical convulsion at the entirely impromptu circus which had so suddenly performed an act not on the program. Arcane was much pleased and laughed heartily when he saw no one was hurt. We did not think the cattle had so much life and so little sense as to waste their energies so uselessly. The little mule stepped out one side and looked on in amazement, with out disarranging any article of her load. Mrs. Bennett, carrying her baby and walking around to keep out of the way, got very much ex- hausted, and sat down on the sand, her face as red as if the blood were about to burst through the skin, and perspiring freely. We carried a blanket and spread down for her while we gathered in the scattered baggage. Then the oxen were got together again, and submitted to being loaded up again as quietly as if nothing had happened. Myself and the women had to mend the harness considerably, and Arcane and his ox went back for some water, while Rogers DEATH VATXEY. 213 and Benii'^tt took the shovel and went ahead about a mile to cover up the body of Capt. Culverwell, for some of the party feared the cattle might be terrified at seeing- it. All this took so much time that we had to make a camp of it right here. We put the camp kettle on two stones, built a fire, put in some beans and dried meat cut very fine, which •cookc^ till Arcane came with more water, which was added, and thickened with a little of the unbolted flour, making a pretty good and nutritious soup which we all enjoyed. We had to secure the animals, for there was neither grass nor water for them, and we thought they might not be in so good spirits another day. We had little trouble in packing up again in the morning, and concluded to take a nearer route to the summit, so as to more quickly reach the water holes where Rogers and I camped on our first trip over the ■country. This would be a hard rocky road on its course leading up a small rocky canon, hard on the feet of the oxen, so they had to be constantly urged on, as they seemed very tender footed. They showed no dis- position to go on a spree again and so far as keeping •the loads on, behaved very well indeed. The women did not attempt to ride but followed on, close after Old Crump and the children who required almost constant attention, for in their cramped position they made many cries and complaints. To think of it, two children cramped up in narrow pockets, in which they could not turn around, jolted and pitched around over the rough road, made them objects of great suffering to themselves and anxiety and labor on the part of the mothers. Mrs. Bennett said she would carry her baby if she could, but her own body was so heavy for her strength .that she could not do it. Bennett, Rogers and 214 DEATH VALLEY. myself hurried the oxen all we could, so that we could reach the water, and let Bennett go back with some to meet the rest and refresh them for the end of the day's march, and he could take poor little Martha from the pocket and carr}- her in his arms, which would be a great relief to her. Arcane also took his child when he met them, throwing away his double barrel gun, saying: — "I have no use for you." When the women reached camp we had blankets already spread down for them, on which they cast themselves, so tired as to be nearly dead. They were so tired and discouraged they were ready to die, for they felt the^- could not endure many da3'S like this. We told them this was the first day and they were not used to exercise therefore more easily tired than after they became a little used to it. We told them not to be discouraged, for we knew every water hole,, and all the road over which we w^ould pilot them safel5^ They would not consent to try riding again,. after their circus experience, and Mrs. Arcane said her limbs ached so much she did not think she could even go on the next dav'. The)' had climbed over the rocks all day, and were lame and sore, andtruely thought they could not endure such another daj- .The trail had been more like stairs than a road in its steep ascent, and our camp was at a narrow pass in the Tange. The sky was clear and cloudless, as it had been for so long for thus far upon this route no rain had fallen, and only once a little snow, that came to us like manna in the desert. For many days we had been obliged to go without water both we and our cattle, and over the route w'e had come we had not seen any signs of a white man's presence older than our own. I have no doubt we were the first to cross the valley in this location, a visible sink hole in the desert. DEATH VALLEY. 215 The women did not recover sufficient energy to re- move their clothing, but slept as they were, and sat i\p and looked around with uncombed hair in the morning, perfect pictures of dejection. We let them rest as long as we could, for their swollen eyes and stiffened joints told how sadly unprepared they were to go forward at once. The sun v,ame out early and m ade it comfortable, while a cool and tonic breeze, came down from the great snow mountain the very thing to brace them up after a thorough rest. The slope to the east was soon met by a high ridge ard between this and the main mountain was a gentle slope scattercxil over with sage brush, and a few little stools of bunch grass here and there between. This gave our oxen a little food and by dipping out the water from the holes and letting them fill up again we managed to get water for camp use and to give the animals nearly all they wanted. While waiting for the women Bennett and Arcane wanted to go out and get a good view of the great snowy mountain I had told them so much about. The best point of view was near our camp, perhaps three or four hundred yards away, and I went with them. This place where we now stood was lower than the mountains either north or south, but were difficult to climb, and gave a good view in almost every direction, and there, on the back bone of the ridge we had a grand outlook, but some parts of it brought back doleful recollections. They said they had traveled in sight of that mountain for months and seen many strange formations, but never one like this, as developed from this point. It looked to ])e seventy-five miles to its base, and to the north and west there was a succession of snowy peaks that seemed to have no end. Bennett and Arcane said they never before supposed America contained 2i6 DEATH VALLEY. mountains so grand with peaks that so nearly seemed to pierce the sky. Nothing except a bird could ever cross such steep ranges as that one. West and south it seemed level, and low, dark and barren buttes rose from the plain, but never high enough to carry snow, even at this season of the year. I pointed out to them the route we were to follow, noting the prominent points, and it could be traced for fully one hundred and twenty-five miles from the point on which we stood. This plain, with its barren ranges and buttes is now known as the Mojave Desert. This part of the view they seemed to study over, as if to fix every point and water hole upon their memory. We turned to go to camp, but no one looked back on the country we had come over since we first made out the distant snow peak, now so near us, on November 4th 1849. The only butte in this directicn that carried snow was the one where we captured the Indian and where the squashes were found. The range next east of us across the low valley was barren to look upon as a naked, single rock. There were peaks of various heights and colors, yellow, blue firery red and nearly black. It looked as if it might sometime have been the center of a mammoth furnace. I believe this range is known as the Coffin 's Mountains. It would be difficult to find earth enough in the whole of it to cover a coffin. Just as we were ready to leave and return to camp we took off" our hats, and then overlooking the scene of so much trial, suffering and death spoke the thought uppermost saying: — ''Good bye Death Valley P' then faced away and made our steps toward camp. Even after this in speaking of this long and narrow valley over which we had crossed into its nearly central part, and on the edge of which the lone camp was DEATH VALLEY. 2:7 made, for so many daj's, it was called Death Valley. Many accounts have been given to the world as to the origin of the name and by whom it was thus designated but ours were the first visible footsteps, and we the party which named it the saddest and most dreadful name that came to us first from its memories. :2i8 DEATH VALLEY. CHAPTER XI. Out of Death Valley we surelj- were. To Rogers and 1, the case seemed hopeful, for we had con- fidence in the road and believed all would have power to weather difficulties, but the poor women — it is hard to say what compliants and sorrows were not theirs. They seemed to think they stood at death's door, and would about as soon enter, as to take up a farther march over the black, desolate mountains and dry plains before them, which they considered only a drear)' vestibule to the dark door after all. Thej'- even had an idea that the road was longer than we told them, and they never could live to march so far over the sandy, rocl:y roads. The first day nearly satisfied them that it was no use to try, Rogers and I counted up the camps we ought to reach each day and in this way could pretty near convince them of time that would be consumed in the trip. We encouraged them in ever)- way we could; told them we had better get along a little every day and make ourselves a little nearer the promised land, and the very exercise would soon make them stronger and able to make a full day's march. John and I told them we felt in much better spirits now than we did when we set out alone, and now that nothing but the arrows of an Indian could stop us. We said to them. "We are not going to leave you two ladies out here to die for there is not a sign of a grave to put you in,— "and it was a pretty tough place to think of making one. We told told them of the beautiful flowery hillsides over the other side and Pegged them to go over there to die, as it would be so much better and easier to perform the last sad rites DEATH VALLEY. 219 there instead of here on the top of the dismal mountain. It seemed quite like a grim joke, but it produced a reaction that turned the tide of thoughts and brought more courage. We only laid out the march for this day as far as the falls and after a little prepared to move. The cattle seemed to have quit their foolishness, and they were loaded without trouble. The children fitted into the pockets better than usual, and the mothers with full canteens strapped across their shoulders picked out soft places on which to place their poor blistered feet at every step. They walked as if they were troubled with corns on every toe and on their heels into the bargain, and each foot was so badly affected, that they did not know on which one to limp. But still they moved, and we were once more on our way westward. They often stopped to rest, and Arcane waited for them with Old Crump, while they breathed and com- plained awhile and then passed on again. The route was first along the foot of the high peak, over bare rocks and we soon turned south somewhat so as to enter the canon leading down to the falls. The bottom of this was thick with broken rock, and the oxen limped and picked out soft places about as bad as the women did. A pair of mocassins would not last long in such rocks and we hoped to get out of them very soon. Rogers and I hurried along, assisting Arcane and his party as much as we could, while Bennett staid behind and assisted the women as much as possible, taking their arms, and by this means they also reached camp an hour behind the rest. A kettle of hot steaming soup, and blankets all spread out on which to rest, was the work Rogers a nd I had done to prepare for them, and they sank down on the beds completely exhausted. The children cried 220 DEATH VAIvLEY. some but were soon pacified and were contented to lie still. A good supper of hot soup made them feel much better all around. The first thing Bennett and Arcane did was to look round and see the situation at the falls, and see if the obstacle was enough to stop our progress, or if we must turn back and look for a better way. They were in some doubt about it, but concluded to try and get the animals over rather than to take the time to seek another pass, which might take a week of time. We men all went down to the foot of the fall, and threw out all the large rocks, then piled up all the sand we could scrape together with the shovel, till we had quite a pile of material that would tend to break a fall. We arranged everything possible for a forced passage in the morning, and the animals found a few willows to browse and a few bunches of grass here and there, which gave them a little food, while the spring supplied them with enough water to keep them from suffering with thirst. Early in the morning we took our soup hastily and with ropes lowered our luggage over the small precipice, then the children, and finally all the ropes were combined to make a single strong one about thirty feet long. They urged one of the oxen up to the edge of the falls, put the rope around his horns, and threw down the end to me, whom they had stationed below. I was told to pull hard when he started so that he might not light on his head and break his neck. We felt this was a desperate undertaking, and we fully expected to lose some of our animals, but our case was critical and we must take some chances. Bennett stood on one side ot the ox, and Arcane on the other, while big Rogers was placed in the rear to give a regular Tennessee boost when the word was given. "Now for it, " said Bennett, and as I braced out on the DEATH VALLEY 221 rope those above gave a push and the ox came over^ sprawling, but landed safely, cut only a little by some angular stones in the sand pile. "Good enough, " said some one and I threw the rope back for another ox. "We'll get 'em all over safely" said Arcane, "if Lewis down there, will keep them from getting their necks broken. ' ' Lewis pulled hard every time, and not a neck was broken. The sand pile was renewed every time and made as high and soft as possible, and very soon all our animals were below the falls. The little mule gave a jump when they pushed her and lighted squarely on her feet all right. With the exception of one or two slight cuts, which bled some, the oxen were all right and we began loading them at once. Bennett and Arcane assisted their wives down along the little narrow ledge which we used in getting up,, keeping their faces toward the rocky wall, and feeling carefully for every footstep. Thus they worked along and landed safely by the time we had the animals ready for a march. We had passed without disaster, the obstacle we most feared, and started down the rough canon, hope revived, and we felt we should get through. After winding around among the great boulders for a little while we came to the two horses we had left behind, both dead and near together. We pointed to the carcasses, and told them those were the horses we brought for the women to ride, and that is the way they were cheated out of their passage^ The bodies of the animals had not been touched by bird or beast. The canon was too deep and dark for either wolves or buzzards to enter, and nothing alive had been seen by us in the shape of wild game of any sort. Firearms were useless here except for defence against Indian?, and we expected no real trouble from: them. 222 DEATH VALLEY. From what we could see, ii was my opinion that no general rain ever fell in that legion. There was some evidence that water had at times flowed down them freely after cloud bursts, or some sudden tempest, but the gravel was so little worn that it gave no evidence of much of a stream. We hurried on as rapidly as possible so as to get into the Jayhawker's beaten trail which would be a little easier to follow. When we reached the lowest part of the valley we had to turn south to get around a little, slow running stream of salt water, that moved north and emptied into a Salt Lake. No source of the stream could be seen from this point, but when we reached a point where we could cross, we had a smooth, hard claj- bed to march over. It seemed to have been, some da}-, a bed of mortar, but now baked hard, and the hoofs of the oxen dented into it no more than half an inch. On our left hand was a per- pendicular cliff, along which we traveled for quite a little way. The range of mountains now before us to cross was black, nothing but rocks, and extremely barren, having no water in it that we knew of, so when we reached the summit we camped, tied all our animals to rocks, where they lay down and did not rise till morning. The women were .so tired they were over two hours late, and we had the fire built, the soup cooked and the beds made. As we did not stop at noon all \a ere very hungry, and ate with a relish. The poor animals had to go without either grass or water. When Old Crump and the party came in the men were carrying the babies, and their wives were clinging to their arms, scarcely able to stand. When they reached the beds they fell at full length on them, saying their feet and limbs ached like the tooth ache. It .seemed to be best for them to rest a little before eating. Mrs. Bennett said that the DEATH VALLEY. 223 only consolation was that the road was getting shorter every day, but were it not for the children she would sooner die than follow the trail any farther. Their soup was carried to them in the bed, and they were covered up as they lay, and slept till morning. This day's walk was the hardest one yet, and probably the longest one of the whole journey, but there was no other place where we could find a place large enough to make a camp and free enough of rocks so that a bed could be made. Rogers and I had thi^ kettle boiling early, and put in the last of the meat, and nearly all that was left of the flour. A^ the next camp an ox must be killed. Just as it was fairly light I went about 200 yards south where the dead body of Mr. Fish lay, just as he died more than a month before. The body had not been disturbed and looked quite natural. He was from Oscaloosa, Iowa. The folks arose very reluctantly this morning, and appeared with swollen eyes and uncombed hair, for there was no means of making a toilet, without a drop of water, except what we had used in getting breakfast. We set the soup kettle near the foot of the bed so the women could feed the children and themselves. Now as we loaded the oxen, it was agreed that Rogers and I should go ahead with all but Old Crump, and get in camp as soon as possible, anc' they were to follow on as best they could. There was a little water left in the canteens of Bennett and Arcane, to be given only to the children, who would cry when thirsty, the very thing to make them feel the worst. We were to kill an ox when we reached camp, and as each of the men had an equal number on the start each was to furnish one alternately and no disputing about whose were better or stronger, in any 224 DEATH VALLEY. emergency. Our road now led down the western slope of the mountain, and loose, hard, broken rocks were harder on the feet of our animals than coming up, and our own mocassins were wearing through. The cattle needed shoes as well as we. Any one who has never tried it can imagine how hard it is to walk with tender feet over broken rock. It was very slow getting along at the best, and the oxen stumbled dreadfully in trying to protect their sore feet. At the foot of the mountain we had several miles of soft and sandy road. The sun shone very hot, and with no water we suffered fearfully. A short wa} out in the sandy valley we pass again the grave of Mr. Isham, where lie had been buried by his friends. He was from Rochester, N. Y. He was a cheerful, pleasant man, and during the forepart of the journey used his fiddle at the evening camps to increase the merriment of his jolly companions. In those days we got no rain, see no living animals of any kind except those of our train, see not a bird nor insect, see nothing green except a very stunted sage, and some dwarf bushes. We now know that the winter of 1849 — 50 was one of the wettest ever seen in California, but for some reason or other none of the wet clouds ever •came to this portion of the State to deposit the most scattering drops of moisture. Quite a long way from the expected camp the oxen snuffed the moisture, and began to hurry towards it -with increased speed. A little while before it did not seem as if they had ambition enough left to make a quick move, but as we approached the water those which had no packs fairly trotted in their haste to get a drink. This stream was a very small one, seeping out from a great pile of rocks, and maintaining itself till it reached the sands, where it disappeared com- DEATH VAIvLEY. 225 pletely. A few tufts of grass grew along the batiks, otherwise everything surrounding was desolate in the € xtreme. As soon as we could get the harness off the oxen, we went to look for our little buried sack of wheat, which we were compelled to leave and hide on our way out. We had hidden it so completely, that it took us quite a little while to strike its bed but after scratchi ig with our hands awhile, we hit the spot, and found it untouched. Although the sand in which it was buried seemed quite dr3^ yet the grain had absorbed so much moisture from it, that the sack was nearly bursting. It was emptied on a blanket, and proved to be still sound and sweet. Our first work now was to kill an ox and get some meat to cook for those who were coming later. We got the kettle over boiling with some ofthe wheatinit, for the beans were all gone. We killed the ox saving the blood to cook. Cutting the meat all off the bones, we had it drying over a fire as soon as possible, ex cept what we needed for this meal and the next. Then we made a smooth place in the soft sand on which to spread the blankets, the first good place we had found to sleep since leaving Death \'alley. The next job was to make mocassins for ourselves and for the oxen, for it was plain they could not go on another day barefooted. We kept busy indeed, at- tending the fires under the meat and under the kettle, besides our shoemaking, and were getting along nicely about sundown, when Old Christian Crump ap- peared in sight followed by the women and the rest of the party. The women were just as tired as ever and dropped down on the blankets the first thing. "Hovr many such days as this can we endure?" — they said. We had them count the days gone by, and look around to see the roughest part of the road was now behind 226 DEATH VALLEY. them. They said that only five days had passed, and that two thirds of the distance still remained untraveled, and they knew they could never endure even another five day's work like the last. We told them to be brave, and be encouraged, for we had been over the road and knew what it was, and that we felt sure of being abl e to do it nicely. They were fed in bed as usual, and there they lay till morning. We men went to making mocassins from the green hide, and when we had cut out those for the men and women the balance of the hide was used in preparing some also for the oxen, particularly the worst ones, for if I remember correctly there was not enough to go round. The morning came, bright and pleasant, as all of them were, and just warm enough for comfort in the part of the day. The women were as usual, and their appearance would remind one quite strongly of half- drowned hens which had not been long out of trouble. Hair snarled, eyes red, nose swollen, and out of fix generally. They did not sleep well so much fatigued, for they said they lived over their hard days in dreams at night, and when they would close their eyes and try to go to sleep, the visions would seem to come to them half waking and they could not rest. There was now before us a particularly bad stretch of the country as it would probably take us four or five days to get over it, and there was only one water jole in the entire distance. This one was quite salt, so much so that on our return trip the horses refused to drink it, and the little white one died next day. Only water for one day's camp could be carried with us, and that was for ourselves alone and not for the animals. When the mocassins were finished in the morning we began to get our cattle together when it was dis- DEATH VALLEY. 227 covered that Old Brigham was gone, and the general belief was that the Indians had made a quiet raid on us and got away with the old fellow. We circled around till we found his track and then Arcane followed it while we made read}- the others. Arcane came in with the stra\' namesake of the polygamous saint about tnis time shouting: — "I've got him — No Indians. " The ox had got into the wash ravine be- low camp and passed out of sight behind, in a short time. He had been as easily tracked as if he walked in snow. There was larger sage brush in the wash than elsewhere, and no doubt Brigham had thought this a good place to seek for some extra blades of grass. Immediately south of this camp now known as Providence Springs, is the salt lake to which Rogers and I went on the first trip and were so sadly dis- appointed in finding the water unfit to use. As soon as ready we started up the canon, follow- ing the trail made by the Jayhawkers who had pro- ceeded us, and by night had reached the summit, but passed beyond, a short distance down the western slope, where we camped in a valley that gave us good large sage brush for our fires, and quite a range for the oxen without their getting out of sight. This being at quite a high elevation we could see the foot as well as the top, of the great snow mountain, and had a general good view of the country. This proved to be the easiest day's march we had experienced, and the women complained less than on any other night since our departure. Their path had been comparatively smooth, and with the new mocassins their feet had been well protected, they had come through pretty nicely. We told them they looked better, and if they would only keep up good courage they would succeed and come out all right 228 DEATH VALLEY to the land where there was plenty of bread a nd water, and when safely out, they might make good resolutions never to get in such a trap again. Mrs. Bennett said such a trip could never be done over again, and but for the fact that Rogers and I had been over the road, and that she believed all we had said about it ; she never would have had the courage to come thus far. Now, for the children's sake, she wished to live, and would put forth any effort to come through all right. The next day we had a long cailon to go down, and in it passed the dead body of the beautiful white mare Rogers had taken such a fancy to. The body had not decomposed, nor had it been disturbed by any bird or beast. Below this point the bed of the canon was filled with great boulders, over which it was very difficult to get the oxen along. Some of them had lost their mocassins and had to suffer terribly over the rocks. Camp was made at the salt water hole, and our wheat and meat boiled in it did not soften and get tender as it did in fresh water. There was plenty of salt grass above; but the oxen did not eat it any more than the horses did, and wandered around cropping a bite of the bitter brush once in awhile, and looking very sorry. This was near the place where Rogers and I found the piece of ice which saved our lives. The women did not seriously complain when we reached this camp, but little Charley Arcane broke out with a bad looking rash all over his body and as he cried most of the time it no doubt smarted and pained him like a mild burn. Neither his mother nor any one else could do anything for him to give him any relief. We had no medicines, and if he or any one should die, all we could do would be to roll the body in a blanket and cover it with a light covering DEATH VALLEY. ' 229 of sand. From this camp to the next water holes at the base of the great snow momitain, it was at least 30 miles, level as to surface, and with a light ascending grade. The Jayhawkers had made a well marked trail, and it it was quite good walking. The next camp was a dry- one, both for ourselves and the oxen, nothing but dry brush for them, and a little dried meat for ourselves, but for all this the women did not complain so very much. They were getting use to the work and grew stronger with the exercise. They had followed Old Crump and the children every day with the canteens of Vv-ater and a little dried meat to give them if they cried too much with hunger, and Arcane had led his ox day after day with a patience that was remarkable, and there was no bad temper shown by any one. This was the way to do, for if there were any diiFerencse, there was no tribunal to settle them by. In all this desert travel I did not hear any discontent and serious complaint, -except iu one case, and that was at the Jayhawker's camp, where they burned their wagons at the end of the wagon road, in Death Valley. Some could not say words bad enough to express their contempt, and laid all the trouble of salt water to Lot's wife. Perhaps •>he was in a better position to stand the cursing than any of the party present. The next day we reached the water holes at the place where Rogers and I stole up to camp fire in the evening, supposing it to be Indians, but finding there Capt. Doty and his mess, a part of the Jayhawker's band. By dipping carefully from these holes they filled again, and thus, although there was no flow from them we gradually secured what water we needed for the camp, which was a small amount after so long a time without. There was some low brush 230 DEATH VALLEY. here called greasewood, which grew about as high as currant bushes, and some distance up the mountain the oxen could find some scattery bunch grass, which, on the whole, made this camp a pretty good one. The women, however, were pretty nearly exhausted, and little Charley Arcane cried bitterly all day and almost all night. All began to talk more and feel more hopeful of getting through. The women began to say that everj^ step brought them so much nearer to the house we had told them about on the other side and often sa'd the work was not so very hard after all. Really it was not so bad travelling as we had at first. We were now nine days from the wagons. "Are we half way?" was the question they began to ask. We had to answer them that more than one half the hard days were over, if one half the distance had not been traveled, and with the better walking and getting hardened to the work, they would get over the last half better than the first. One thing was a little hard. All of our beans and flour had been used up, and now the wheat was about gone also. We had cooked it, and it seemed best, trying to build up our strength, where it was most needed for the greatest trials, and now we thought they would be able to get along on the meat. We had reached the base of the gre at snow mountain. It seems strange with the mass of snow resting above, and which must be continuall}^ thawing more or less, no ravines or large streams of water were produced flowing down this side. It seemed dry all around its base, which is is ver)^ singular, with the snow so near. . We had now our barren canon to go down, and right here was the big trail coming down from the north, which we took and followed. We said all these good things about the road, and encouraged the people all we could to keep in good spirits and keep moving. DEATH VALLEY. 231 We told them we thought we knew how to mauage to get them safe over the road if they only fully en- deavored to do it. We were all quite young, and not in the decline of life as were most of them who had perished by the way. No reader can fully realize how much we had to say and do to keep up courage, and it is to this more than anything else that we did which kept up the lagging energies and inspired the best exertion. I don't know but we painted some things a little brighter than they were, and tried to hide some of the most disheartening points of the prospects ahead, for we found the mind had most to do with it after all. We have no doubt that if we had not done all we could to keep up good courage, the women would have pined away and died before reaching this far. Whenever we stopped talking encouragingly, they seemed to get melancholy and blue. There was some pretty good management to be ex- ercised still. The oxen were gradually growing weaker, and we had to kill the weakest one every time, for if the transportation of our food failed, we should yet be open to the danger of starvation. As it was, the meat on their frames was very scarce, and we had to use the greatest economy to make it last and waste nothing. We should now have to kill one of our oxen every few days, as our other means of subsistance had been so completely used up. The women contracted a strange dislike to this region and said they nevcx wanted to see any part of it again. As the sun showed its face over the great sea of mountains away to the east of Death Valley, and it seemed to rise very early for winter season we packed up and started w est on the big trail. Rogers and I took the oxen and mule and went on, leaving the others to accompan}' Old Crump and his little charges. 232 DEATH VALLEY. Arcane had found it best to carry Charley on his back, as it relieved the burning sensation, caused by the eruption on his skin, which was aggravated by the close quarters of the pockets. Thus leaving the pockets unbalanced, Bennett had to carry his baby also. This made it harder for them, but every one tried to be just as accommodating as they could and each one would put himself to trouble to accommodate or re- lieve others. Rogers and I made camp when we reached the proper place which was some distance from the mountain, on a perfectly level plain where there was no water, no grass, nothing but sage brush would grow on the dry and worthless soil. We let the oxen go and eat as much of this as they chose, which was very little and only enough to keep them from absolute starvation. The great trail had a branch near here that turned north, and went up a ravine that would seem to reach the snow in a little while. This was believed to be impassable at this time of year. This route is known as Walker's Pasb, leading over a comparatively low ridge, and coming out the south fork of the Kern River. \ We made our camp here because it was as long a march as the women could make, and, for a dry one, was as good a location as we could find. The cool breeze came down from the snow to the north of us, not so very many miles away, and after a little it be- came uncomfortably cold. We gathered greasewood bushes and piled them up to make a wind-break for our heads. TThe oxen, even, would come and stand around the fire, seeming greatly to enjoy the warm smoke, which came from burning the greasewood brush, which by the way, burns about the best of any green wood. When we were readj^ to lie down we tied the animals to bunches of brush, and they lay DEATH VAI.I.EY. 233 contentedly till morning. To the north of us, a few miles away we could see some standing, columns of rock, much reminding one of the great stone chimney of the boiler house at Stanford J-., University; not quite so trim and regular in exterior appearance, but something in that order. We reckon the only students in the vicinity would be lizards. When the women arrived in camp they were very tired, but encouraged themselves that they were much nearer the promised land than they were in the morning. Mrs. Bennett said she was very careful never to take a step backward, and to make every forward one count as much as possible. "That's a good resolution, Sally," said Mr Bennett. "Stick to it and we will come out by and bye. " From near this camp we have a low range of mountains to cross, a sort of spur or offshoot of the great snow mountain that reaches out twent> miles or more to the southeast' and its extremity divides away into what seems from our point of view a level plain. We had attained quite an elevation without realizing it, so gradual had been the ascent, and our course was now down a steep hillside and into a deep cafion. In its very bottom we found a small stream of water only a few yards long, and then it sank into the sands. Not a spear of grass grew there, and if any had grown it had been eaten by the cattle which had gone before. This was the same place, where Rogers and I had overtaken the advance portion of the Jayhawkers when we were on our outward trip in search of relief, and where some of the older men were so discouraged that they gave us their home adresses in Illinois so that we could notify their friends of their precarious situation, and if they were never otherwise heard from they could be pretty sure 234 DEATH VAI,IvEY. they had perished from thirst and starvation when almost at their journe3^'s end. The scenes of this camp on that occasion made so strong an impression on my memory that I can never forget it. There were poor dependent fellows without a morsel to eat except such bits of poor meat as they could beg from those who were fortunate enough to own oxen. Their tearful pleadings would soften a heart of stone. We shared with some of them even when we did not know the little store upon our backs would last us through. Our oxen here had water to drink, but nothing more. It might be a little more comfortable to drink and starve, than both choke and starve, but these are no ver}' pleasant prospects in either one. Both ourselves and the oxen were getting barefoot and our feet very tender. The hill we had just come down was ver}^ rough and rocky and our progress very slow, every step made in a selected spot. We could not stop here to kill an ox and let the remainder of them starve, but nrust push on to where the living ones could get a little food. We fastened the oxen and the mule to keep them from wandering, and slept as best we could. The women and children looked worse than tor some time, and could not help complaining. One of the women held up her foot and the sole was bare and blistered. She said the}- ached like toothache. The women had left their combs in the wagons, and their hair was getting seriously tangled. Their dresses were getting worn off pretty nearly to their knees, and showed the contact with the ground that sometimes could not be avoided. They were in a sad condition so far as toilet and raiment were con- cerned. Life waf in the balance, however, and instead of talking over sad things, we talked of the time when we would reach the little babbling brook' DEATH VALI.KY. 235 where Rogers and I took such long draughts of clear, sweet water and the waiter at our dinner gave us the choice of Cxoiu, Haivk or Quail, and where we took a little of all th; se. In the morning we were off again down the canon, limping some as we trod its coarse gravelly bed with our tender feet and stiffened joints, but getting limbered up a little after a bit, and enduring it pretty well. We set out to try to reach the bunch of willows out on the level plain, where the cattle could get some water and grass, but night overtook us at the mouth of the canon, and we were forced to go into camp. This canon is now called Red Caiion. This was on an elevated plain, with a lake near by, but as we had been so often deceived by going to the lake for water, and finding them salt in every instance, or poison on account of strong alkali, we did not take the trouble to go and try this one. Near us was some coarse grass and wet ground where we found water enough for our moderate use, and the oxen, by perseverance, could get something to eat and drink. After supper we were out of meat and we would have to kill an ox to get some food for breakfast. In the night a storm came on, much to our surprise, for we had seen none since the night on the mountain east of Death Valley more than two months before. We tried to fix up a shelter to pro- tect the children an'', ourselves, but were not very successful. We tried to use our guns for tent poles, but could not keep them in place. We laid down as close as pigs in cold weater, and covered up as best we could, but did not keep dry, and morning found us wet to the skin, cold and shivering. We gathered big sage brush for a fire in the morning, and the tracks of our nearly bare feet could be plainly !?een in the sncw which lay like a blanket awhile over the 236 DEATH VALIvKY. ground, about two inches deep. Some lay in bed and we warmtd blankets before the fire and put over them to keep them comfortable till the sun should rise and w^arm the air. We selected an ox and brought him up before the fire where I shot him, and soon there was meat roasting over the fire and blood cooking in the camp kettle. We had nothing to season the blood pudding with but salt, and it was not very good, but answ^ered to sustain life. We ate a hasty meal, then packed our animals and started for the willow patch about four miles away. The snow was about gone. I staid in camp to keep it till they could get through to the willows and some one to come back with the mule to carry forward the portion of meat that could not be taken at first. We intended to dry it at the wallows, and then we could carry it along as daily food over the wide plain we had yet to cross. Having carried the meat forward, we made a rack of willows and dried it over the fire, making up a lot of mocassins for the barefooted ones while we waited. We were over most of the rocky road, we calculated that our shoe- making would last us through. This was a very pleasant camp. The tired ones were taking a rest. No one needed it more than our women and children, who were tired nearh' out. They were in much better condition to endure their daily hardships than when they started out, and a little rest would make chem feel quite fresh again. The}- understood that this was almost on the western edge of this desert country and this gave them good hope and courage. This w^onderful spot in the level plain, with a spring of pure water making an oasis of green willows and grass has been previously spoken of as: — "A spring of good water, and a little willow^ patch in a level desert away from any hill. " In all our wander- DEATH VALLEY, 237 ings we had never seen the like before. No mountaineer v ould ever think of looking here for water, much less ever dream of finding a lone spring awa}' out in the desert, several miles from the mountain's base. Where the range we just came throvigh leaves the mother mountain stands a peak, seemingly alone, and built up of many colored rocks, in belts, and the whole looks as if tipped with steel. Arcane 's boy Charley still suffered from his bogus measles or whatever else his disorder might be, and Bennett's little Martha grew more quiet and improved considerably in health, though still unable to walk, and still abdominally corpulent. The other two children George and Melissa seemed to bear up well and loved to get off and walk in places where the trail was smooth and level. Bennett, Arcane and Old Crump usually traveled with the same party as the women, and as each of them had a small canteen to carry water, they could attend to the wants of the children and keep them from worrying and getting sick from fretfulness. They often carried the twO' younger ones on their backs to relieve and rest them from their cramped position on the ox. Arcane used to say he expected the boys — meaning Rogers and I — would try to surprise the party by letting them get very near the house be- fore they knew how near they were "Be patient Mr. Arcane, " said we, we can tell you just how many camps there must be before we reach it, and we won't fool 3^ou or surprise 3-0U in any way. "Well," said he. "I was almost in hopes you would, fori like to be disappointed in that way. " "What do you think the folks will say when, we tell them that our little mule packed most of the meat of an ox four miles from one camp to another?" "What will they say when we tell them that the oxen were so poor 238 DEATH VALLEY. that there was no marrow in the great thigh bones?" Instead of marrow there was a thick dark liquid some- thing like molasses in consistency, but streaked with different colors which made it look very unwholesome. Arcane said the whole story was so incredible, that he never should fight anyone, even if he should tell him he lied when he related the strange sad truth. He said he had no doubt many a one would doubt their story, it was so much beyond what people had ever seen or heard of before, and they might be ac- cused of very strong romancing in the matter. They all felt more like talking; for we were thus far safe and sound, and though there was a desperate struggle of seventy-five miles or more, from this place to the next water in the foot-hills. Possibly the snow storms had left a little in some of the pools, but we made no calculations on any, The promised land w^e had so steadily been approaching, and now comparatively so near, gave us great hope, which was better than food and drink to give us strength. There were surely two camps between this and the little pond John and I found, among the Cabbage trees, and not more than six b^^ ten feet square. As we worked awaj' at our foot-wear we talked more in an hour than we had in a whole day before. We were slowly leaving Death Valley behind us with its sad memories and sufferings. We were leaving behind the dead bodies of several who had traveled with us and been just as strong and hopeful as we. AVe had left behind us all in our possession in that terrible spot, and simply with our lives we hoped to escape, and trust to Providence and humanity on the other side. Arcane now admitted that they .could not have got along half as well, if we had not gone ahead and looked out the land. It was such a gain to know exactly where the next water hole was, so it DEATH VALLEY. 239 could be steered for and struggled toward. He even went so far as lo say they would have no chance alone, and that as he now saw the road, he was sure they have would all perished even before reaching as far as this. We had strong hopes of the morrow, when we would be all rested, all were shod, and would make every footstep count in our western progress. It seems quite a strange occurrence that the only two storms we had had since we turned westward on this route, Nov. 4th, were snow storms, and that both had come while we were asleep, so that all our days were cloudless. Sometimes the sun was uncomfort- ably warm even in the heart of the winter. One would have naturally expected that the great rainfall all over the California coast in the winter of I849 — 50, and the deep snows that came in the Sierra Nevada mountains the same winter, would have extended southerly the few hundred miles that separated the two places. Modern science has shown the tracks of the storms and partially explains the reasors for this dry and barren nature of this region. When rains do come they are so out of the regular order, that they are called cloud-bursts or waterspouts, and the washes in the canons and their mouths show how great has been the volume of water that sometimes rushed down the slope. If clouds at a warm or moderate temper- ature float against these snow peaks all the water they contain is suddenly precipitated. The country is an arid one and unless wealth should appear in the shape of mines, the country can never be inhabited. We considered ourselves very fortunate in finding the little pools and holes of water which kept us alive. It was not very good drinking water, but to us thirsty for.:s it was a blessing and we never passed it by on account of any little stagnent bitter taste. Salt water we could not drink of course, though we 240 DEATH VALLEY. :sometimes used it to cook with. We were as well prepared next morning as possible for a move, and the long walk before us, the last one between us and the fertile land. They all talked of how delighted they would be to see once more a running brook, green grass and trees, and such signs of life as they had seen and been used to in the good land they had left behind. The women said they could endure the march of four or five days, if when all over, they could sleep oflF the terrible fatigue and for once drink all the pure sweet water they could desire. No more forced marches. No more grey road, stretching out its dusty miles as far as the eye could reach. The ladies thought the oxen would be as happy as themselves, and the little mule, the most patient one of the whole train deserved a life of ease for her valuable services. This little black, one-eyed lady wandered here and there at will seeking for grass, but never going astray or getting far enough from the track to alarm us in the least. She seldom drank much water, was always ready, never got foot- sore, and seemed made expressly for such a life and for such a desert. A good kettlefiil of soup for breakfast, dried meat fixed in packages, kegs and canteens filled with water, and we were ready for an advance. There is one less ox to lead, and ver}^ little load for those we have, still the load is all such poor weak fellows ought to bear. Old Crump was not thus favored by a gradually lightened load. He bore the same four children every day, faithfully, carefully, with never a stumble nor fall, as though fully aware of the precious nature of his burden. In this new march John and 1 took the oxen and pushed on as usual, leaving the families to follow on, at a slower pace, the trail we made. The trail was DEATH VALLEY. 241 slightly inclined. The bushes stunted at the best, getting smaller as we proceeded, and the horse bones, new and ancient are now thickly scattered along the way. The soil is different from that we have had. We can see the trail, winding gently here and there, swept clean by the wind, and the surface is hard and good; but when the mule gets the least bit off of it she sinks six inches deep into the soft sand, and the labor of walking is immense. I stepped out to examine the peculiar soil, and found it finer than superfine flour It was evident that a strong wind would lift it in vast clouds which might even darken the sky, but we were fortunate in this respect, for during all the time we were on this peculiar soil, there was no wind at all, and we escaped a sand-storm, a sort of storm as peculiar to this region as are blizzards to some of the states of the great west. Our first night's camp was out on the barren water- less plain, now known as the Mojave Desert. There were no shrubs large enough to make a fire of, and nothing to tie our cattle to, so we fastened all our animals together to keep them from scattering and getting lost. We ate a little dry meat and drank sparingly of the water, for our scant}- stock was to last us another day, when we might reach prospective water holes. vStarting early, John and I took all but Old Crump and the other travelers, and hurried on to try and find the water holes as early as possible. We, as well as the oxen were very dry, for we left all the water we had with the party, for the children, for they cannot endure the thirst as the older people can. We reached the camping plav-e before night. Quite a time before we reached it, the cattle seemed to scent the water and quickened their pace, so we were confident it had not dried up. We got ahead of the oxen and kept there until we reached the little 242 DEATH VALLEY. pond and then guarded it to keep them from wading- into it, in their eagerness to reach some drink. They all satisfied their thirst, and then we rejioved the harness, built a fire of the dead cabbage trees which we found round about, laid down the beds and arranged them neatly, and had all nicely done before the rear guard came up, in charge of Captain Crump. The party was eager for water and all secured it. It was rain water and no doubt did not quench thirst as readily as water from some living spring or brook. There was evidence that there had been a recent shower or snow to fill this depression up for our benefit. The Jayhawkers had passed not more than a half mile north of this spot, but no sign appeared that they had found it. and it was left to sustain the lives of the women and children. It often occurs to me that many may read incredul- ously when I speak of our party eating the entire flesh of an ox in four or five days. To such I will say that one cannot form an idea how poor an ox will get when nearly starved so long. Months had passed since they had eaten a stomachful of good nutritous food. The animals walked slowly with heads down nearly tripping themselves up with their long, swinging legs. The skin loosely covered the bones, but all the flesh and muscles had shrunk down to the smallest space. The meat was tough and stringy as basswood bark, and tasted strongly of bitter sage brush the cattle had eaten at almost every camp. At a dry camp the oxen would lie down and grate their teeth, but they had no cud to chew. It looked almost merciless to shoot one down for food, but there was •■no alternative. We killed our poor brute servants o save ourselves. Our cattle found a few bunches out among the trees at this camp and looked some better in the morning. They had secured plenty of DEATH VALLEY. 245 water and some grass. Young Charlie Arcane seemed to grow worse rather than better. His whole body was red as fire, and he screamed with the pain and torment of the severe itching. Nothing could be done to relieve him, and if his strength lasted till we could get better air, water and food he might recover, but his chances were very poor. Not much rest at this camp for in the morning we aimed to start early and reach the water in the foot- hills. We thought we could do it if we started early, walked rapidly and took no resting spell at noon. Such a poor soil as this we were anxious to get away trom, and walk once more on a soil that would grow something besides stunted sage brush. From all ap- pearances the Jay hawkers were here in about the same predicament Rogers and I were when we lost the trail. By their tracks we could see they had scattered wide and there was no road left for us to follow, and they had evidently tried to follow our former tracks. Having no trail to follow we passed on as best we could and came to a wide piece of land on which were growing a great many cabbage trees. The soil was of the finest dust with no grit in it, and not long before a light shower had fallen, making it very soft and hard to get along in with the mocassins. The women had to stop to rest frequently, so our progress was very slow. Rogers and I had feet about as hard as those of the oxen, so we removed our mocassins and went barefoot, finding we could get along much easier in that way, but the others had such tender feet they could not endure the rough contact with the brush and mud. Only a few miles had been made before the women were so completely tired out that we had to stop and eat our little bit of dried meat and wait till morning. The little mule now carried all our stock of 244 DEATH VALLEY. food, and the precious burden lightened every day. This delay was not expected, but we had to endure it and bear it patiently, for there was a limit to strength of the feeble ones of our party. We had therefore to make another barren camp. Relief seemed so near at hand we kept good courage and talked freely of the happy ending which would soon come. If we had any way to set a good table we would feast and be merry like the prodigal son, but at any rate we shall be safe if we can reach the fertile shore. When the sun went down we tied the mule and oxen to cabbage trees, and shortly after dusk lay <3own ourselves, lor we had enjoyed a good fire made of the trunks of cabbage trees, the first really com- fortable one in a long time. The air was cooler here, for we were on higher ground, and there was some snow on the range of mountains before us, which sent these cool breezes down to us, a change of climate quite pleasing. For breakfast in the morning we had only dried meat roasted before the fire, without water, and when we started each one put a piece in his or her pocket to chew on during the day as we walked along. As we went ahead the ground grew dryer and the walking much improved. The morning overhead was perfectly lovely, as away east, across the desert the sun early showed his face to us. Not a cloud any- where, not even over the tops of the high peaks where great white masses sometimes cluster but dissolve as soon as they float away, and there was not wind enough to be perceptible. We remarked the same lack of animal life which we had noticed on our first passage over this section, seeing not a rabbit, bird, or living thing we could use for food. Bennett had the same load in his gun he put there when we left the wagons, and all the powder I had burned was DEATH VALLEY 245 that used in killing the oxen we had slain when- ever it became necessary to provide for our barren kitchen. As we approached the low foot-hills the trail be- came better travelled atid better to walk in, for the Jayhawkers who had scattered, every one for himself apparently, in crossing the plain, seemed here to have drawn together and their path was quite a beaten one. We saw from this that they followed the tracks made by Rogers and myself as we made our first trip westward in search of bread. Quite a little before the sun went out of sight in the west we reached our camping place in the lower hills at the eastern slope of a range we must soon cross. Here was some stand- ing water in several large holes, that proved enough for our oxen, and they found some large sage brush and small bushes round about, on which they browsed and among which they found a few bunches of grass. Lying about were some old skulls of cattle which had sometime been killed, or died. These were the first signs of the sort we had seen along this route. They might have been killed by Indians who doubt- less used this trail. The next day in crossing the range before us, we reached the edge of the snow, which the sun had softened, and we dare not attempt to cross. Early in the morning, when it was frozen hard the cattle could travel it very well. The snow belt was five or six miles wide, and the snow two or three feet deep. This was a very good camping place except that we had to melt snow for all our water, but this being coarse and icy it was not a great job as we found enough dry juniper treesand twigs to make a very good fire. Here we also had to kill another ox. This one in its turn was Arcane 's, and left him only two, and Bennett three, but we think that if we have no 246 DEATH VALLEY. cccident we shall get them along with us till we can get other food, as they have very light loads to pack. When the ox is killed and the meat prepared the mule has, for a time, a larger load than all the oxen have, but seems content and nips a bite of food whenever it can see a chance an5^where along the road, giving us no more trouble than a dog. And by the way, I think I have not mentioned our faithful camp dog, a worthy member of our party who stood watch alwa^'s and gave us a sure alarm if anything unusual happened any w^here about. He was perhaps only one of a hundred that tried to cross the plains and had to be abandoned when the}" reached the upper Platte, w^here the alkali dust made their feet so sore they could not travel, and as they could not be hauled on wagons they were left behind. But this dog Cuff did not pro- pose to be left behind to starve, and crippled along after us, we doing all we could for him, and proved as tough as the best of us. Bennett and I had trained him as a hunting dog in the East, and he was very knowing and handy in ever}- particular. We were out of this camp at daylight. Very little rest for some of us, but we must make the best of the cool morning while the snow is hard, and so move on as soon as we can see the waj-. As it gets lighter and the sun comes up red and hot out of the desert we have a grand view of the great spread of the country to south and of the great snow mountain to the north and east, the peak standing over the place where we left our wagons nineteen days before, on the edge of Death Valley. The glare of the snow on the sun makes us nearly blind, but we hurr> on to try to cross it before it becomes so soft as to slump under our feet. It is two or three feet in the deepest places, and probably has been three times as deep when freshly fallen, but it is now solid and icy. Our raw- DEATH VAIvLEY. 247 hide mocassins protect our feet from cold, and both we and the animals got along fairly well, the oxen breaking through occasionally as the snow softened up, but generally walking on the top as we did our- selves. The snow field reached much farther down the western slope than we had hoped, much farther than on the eastern side. Before we got out of it, we saw the track of some animal which had crossed our route, but as it had been made some days before and now could be seen only as some holes in the surface, we could not determine what sort of an animal i was. A mile or two down the hill we were at last out of the snow, and a little farther on we came to the little babbling brook Rogers and I had so long painted in the most refreshing colors to the tired women, with water, wood and grass on every hand, the three greatest blessings of a camper's life. Here was where Rogers and I had cooked and eaten our meat of crow, quail and hawk, pretty hard food, but then, the blessed water! There it danced and jumped over the rocks singing the merriest song one ever heard, as it said — Drink, drink ye thirsty ones your fi!l — the happiest sweetest music to the poor starved, thirsty souls, wasted down almost to haggard skeletons. O! if some poet of wildest imagination could only place himself in the position of those poor tired travelers to whom water in thick muddy pools had been a blessing, who had eagerly drank the fluid even when so salt and bitter as to be repulsive, and now to see the clear, pure liquid, distilled from the crystal snow, abundant, free, filled with life and health — and write it in words — the song of that joyous brook and set it to the music that it made as it echoed in gentle waves from the rocks and lofty walls, and with the gentle ac- 248 DEATH VALLEY. compauiment of rustling trees — a soft singing hus!r^ telling of rest, and peace, and happpiness. New life seemed to come to the dear women. "O!. What a beautiful stream ! ' ' say they, and they dip ia a tin cup and drink, then watch in dreaming ad- miration the water as it goes hurrying down ; then dip and drink again, and again watch the jolly rol- licking brook as if it were the most entertaining thing in the w^hole wide earth. "Why can't such a stream as that run out of the great Snow Mountain in the dry Death Valley?'! say they — "so we could get water on the wa}', " The men have felt as glad as any of them, but have gathered wood and made a fire, and now a camp kettle of cut up meat is boiling for our supper. It was not yet night, but we must camp in so beautiful a place as this, and though the food was poor, we were better off than we had been before. Bennett proposed that I take the mule and go back to where we saw the track of the animal in the snow and follow it in hope that we might get some game for we had an idea it might be an elk or bear or some large game, good to kill and give us better meat: So T saddled the mule and took the trail back till I came to the track, then followed it as best I could, for it was very dull and gave me no idea what it was. I traced out of the snow and then in a blind way through bushes as high as the mule's back — Chaparral we called it now — among which I made my way with difficulty. I could now see that the track was made by an ox or cow — perhaps an elk — I could not tell for sure it was so faint. This chaparral covered a large piece of table land, and I made my way through it, following the track for a mile or two, till T camp to the top of a steep hill sloping down into a deep canon and a creek, on the bank of which grew sycamore and DEATH VALLEY. 249 alder trees, with large willows. I stopped here some minutes to see if I could see or hear the movement of of anything. Across the creek I could see a small piece of perhaps half an acre of natural meadow, and in it some small bunches of sj-camore trees. After a little I discovered some sort of a horned animal there, and I reckoned this was good enough game for me to try and capture, so led the mule out to one side and down the hill near the creek, then tied her, and crept along the bank, about four feet high, toward the little meadow. When about right, as I thought, I climbed up behind a bunch of sycamores, and when I slowly and cautiously raised up I was within fift}^ 3'ards of a cow or steer of some sort which I could dimly see. I put a ball square in its forehead and it fell without a struggle. I loaded again quick as possible, and there saw two other smaller cattle stepping very high as though terrified, but not aware of the nature or location of the danger. I gave a low whistle and one of them looked toward me long enough for me to put a ball in it. The third one was now behind a clump of sycamores, and I soon saw its face through a little opening not more than three inches wide. I made a shot, and wounded it, and then rushed up and gave it a fatal one. I examined my game and found the first one was a poor old cow, but the others were yearlings, one of them very fat and nice, and! soon had the hind quarters skinned out, and all the fat I could find, which made a big load for the mule. It was now almost dark, and the next problem was to get back to camp again. The brushy hills would be terrible to cross with a load of meat, and by the way the ground lay I concluded our camp was on this same creek farther down. The only way that seemed at all feasible was to fol- 250 DEATH VALLEY. low the course of tke stream if possible, rather than return the course over which I had come. There were so many bushes and trees along the bank that I had to take to the bed and follow in the water, and as it was rocky and rough, and so dark I could not see well how to step, I stumbled into holes and pools up to my waist, wet as a rat. Coming to a small open place I decided I had better camp for the night and not attempt further progress in the darkness, and the decision was hastened by dark clouds, which began to gather and a few sprinkles of rain began to come.' There was a good patch of grass for the mule, but all was un- comfortable for me, with the prospect for a rainj' night, but as wood was plenty I decided to make a fire and take the chances. I looked for matches and scratched one. No go — they were damp, and scratch as careful and quickly as I could, there was no answering spark or flame, and darkness reigned supreme. A camp without a fire in this wet place was not to be thought of, so I concluded I might as well be slowly working my way down along the stream, through thick brush and cold water, as to sit here in the cold and wait. So the little mule and I started on, wading the creek in thick darkness, getting only the most dim reflected light from the sky through now and then an opening in the trees. I did not know then how easy it was for a grizzly to capture m3-self, the mule and meat and have quite a variety for supper. But the grizzh- stayed at home and we followed on through brambles and hard brush, through which it was almost impos- sible to force one's way. As it turned out, I was not in the track of the storm and did iiot suffer much from it. Soon the cafion grew wider, and I could make out on the right hand a piece of table land covered with brush that seemed easier to get through than the creek bed. The hill up to the table land was verj- steep, but not DEATH VALLEY 251 more than fifty yards high, and when the mule tried to get up she got along verj' well till near the top, when she slipped in the wet earth and never stopped till she reached the bottom and lay down. She was helped up to her feet again and we tried it in another place, I holding her from slipping when she stopped to rest, and at last we reached the top. The mule started on, seeming to follow a trail, but I could not see whether there was a trail or not, so thick was the darkness, but there was evidentl}' something of the kind, for the brush was two or three feet high and very thick. After proceeding some distance the mule stopped and did not seem to wish to go any farther. I was pretty sure there was something in front of her that blocked the way, and so worked my way through the brush and carefully past her. I could partly see and partly hear something just ahead, and in a moment found it was our good faithful Cuff, and no frightful spook at all. The good fellow had discovered our approach and came out to meet us, and I am sure the mule was as glad as I was to see him. He crawled through the brush and smelled at the mule's load and then went forward in the trail, which we followed. It was a long time after midnight when we reached camp. There was a good fire burning, but all were asleep till I led the mule up to the fire and called out — "Wake Up," when they were most of them on their feet in a minute without stopping to dress, for all had slept a long time without taking off their clothes. John took charge of the mule and unloaded it, tell- ing me to get into his warm bed. I took off my wet clothes and told him to dry them, and then got be- tween the dry, warm blankets in greatest comfort. Daylight came very quickly, it seemed to me, and be. 252 DEATH VAIvIvEY. befoiC I finally rose, the sun had been up some hours before me. Before I fell asleep I could hear the women say, as they cut oflfthe pieces of meat to roast — "See the fat! Only see how nice it is!" Quickly roasted on the coals they ate the delicate morsels with a relish and, most of all, praised the sweet fat. "We like to have it all fat, " said they, showing how their system craved the nourishment the poor starved beef could not give. No one went to bed after i came, but all sat and roasted meat and ate till they were satisfied. This sporting trip was quite different from deer hunting in Wisconsin, and nothing like looking for game in Death Valley where nothing lived. Ii was the hardest night's work that ever came to me in many a day, and not the wild sport I generally looked for when on the chase. I felt pretty well when I got up, and a chunk of my last night's prize which had been loasted for me was eaten with a relish, for it was the best of meat and I, of course, had a first class appetite. I had to tell them my last hunting story, and was much praised as a lucky boy. We would not be compelled to kill any more of our poor oxen in order to live. So far we had killed six of them, and there were five left. Our present situation was much appreciated, compared with that of a few days ago when we were crawling slowly over the desert, hungry, sore-footed and dry, when to lie was far easier than to take steps forward. We felt like rejoicing at our deliverance and there was no mourning now for us. The surrounding hills and higher mountains seemed more beautiful to us. They were covered with green trees and brush, not a desert place in sight. The clear little singing brook ran merrily on its way, the happiest, brightest stream in all my memory. Wild birds came near us without DEATH VALLEY. 253 fear, and seemed very friendly. All was calm, and the bright sunshine exactly warm enough so that no one could complain of heat or cold. When ready to move it was announced that I had lost my saddle blanket in my adventure, so they substituted another one and I took the back track to the place where the mule slipped down the bank, and there I found it. I soon overtook them again just as they were going to camp on Mrs. Bennett's ac- count, as she had been suddenly taken sick with severe pain and vomiting, something as Rogers and I had been after eating our first California corn meal. The rich, fat meat was too strong for her weak stomach. Arcane all along had an idea that Rogers and I meant to surprise them by leading them to believe the house we had visited was quite a distance off, and then to so manage it that it should appear upon their sight suddenly. We assured them it would take two or more camps before we could get there, and if Mrs. Bennett did not soon recover, even more than that. Our camp here was under a great live oak, the ground deep covered with drv leaves, and near by a beauti- ful meadow where our cattle and mule ate, drank and rested, the oxen chewing their cud with such an air of comfort as had not come to them since leaving their far-off eastern pastures. They seemed as much pleased as any one. They would lie down and rest and eat at the same time in perfectly enjo3'able laziness. Here we all rested and washed such clothes as we could do without long enough to dry, and washed our faces and hands over and over again to remove the dirt which had been burned and sweated in so completely as not to come off readily. We sat on the bank of the brook with our feet dangling in the water, a most refreshing bath, and they too began to look 254 DEATH VALLEY. clean again. We often saw tracks of the grizzly bear about, but in our ignorance had no fear of them, for we did not know they were a dangerous animal. An owl came and hooted in the night, but that was the only challenge an 3- wild beast or bird gave to our peace- ful and restful] camp. We were out of the dreadful sands and shadows of Death A^alley, its exhausting phantoms, its salty columns bitter lakes and wild, dreary sunken desolation. If the waves of the sea could flow in and cover its barren nakedness, as we now know they might if a few sandy barriers were swept away, it would be indeed, a blessing, for in it there is naught of good, comfort or satisfaction, but ever in the minds of those who braved its heat and sands, a thought of a horrid Charnel house, a cornero the earth so dreary that it requires an exercise of strongest faith to believe that the great Creator ever smiled upon it as a portion of his work and pro- nounced it "Very good. " We had crossed the great North American Continent, from a land of plenty, over great barren hills and plains, to another mild and beautiful region, where, though still in winter months, we were basking in the warmth and luxviriance of early summer. We thought not of the gold we had come to win. We were dead almost, and now we lived. We were parched with thirst, and now the brightest of crystal streams invited us to stoop and drink. We were starved so that we had looked at each other with maniac thoughts, and now we placed in our mouth the very /at of the land. We had seen our cattle almost perishing; seen them grow gaunt and tottering; seen them slowly plod along with hanging heads and only the supremacy of human will over animal instinct had kept them from lying down never to rise again. Now thej- were in pastures of sweet grass, chewing the cud of content and satifaction. DEATH VALLEY. 255 Life which had been a burden grew sweet to us, and though it may be that our words of praise to Him, whose will was to deliver us out of the jaws of death, were not set nor formal, j^et His all-seeing eye saw the truth in our hearts, and saw there the fullest ex- pression of our gratitude and thankfulness. Who shall say the thanks that arose were less acceptable, because not given on bended knees before gilded altars? Though across the desert and evidently in the long promised land our troubles and trials were not through b}' an}- means, but evidently we were out '^f danger. Our lives seemed to be secure, and we were soon to meet with settlers who would no doubt extend to us the hand of human sympathy. Many long miles 3'et remained between us and the rivers in whose sands were hidden the tin}- grains of gold we came to seek. The rest in the lovely camp had answered to cause Mrs. Bennett to feel quite well again by the next morning, and we made ready to proceed. We had the trail of the Jayhawkers to follow, so the vines, brambles and tangles which had perpiexed Rogers and myself in our first passage were now somewhat broken down, and we could get along very well with- out further clearing of the road until the hills came down so close on both sides that there was no room except in the very bed of the stream. There was no other way, so we waded along after the oxen as best we could. Sometimes the women fell down, for a rawhide mocassin soaked soft in water was not a very comfortable or convenient shoe, however it might be adapted to hot, dry sands. The creek was shaded and the water quite cool. The trail, such as it was, crossed the creek often a.id generally was nothing else than the stream itself The constant wading, and 256 DEATH VAI.IvEY. wet, cold clothing caused the women ^o give out soon and we selected the first dry suitable place which oflFered food for the oxen, as a place to camp. Wood was plenty and dry, so a good fire was soon burning, and the poor women, wet to the waist and even higher, were standing before it, turning round and round to get warm and dry. Someone remarked that they resembled geese hanging before the fire to roast, as they slowly revolved, and it was all owing to their fatigue that the suggestor did not receive merited punishment then and there at their hands. As they got a little dry and comfortable they remarked that even an excess of water like this was better than the desert where there was none at all, and as to their looks, there were no society people about to point their fingers at them, and when they reached a settled country they hoped to have a chance to change their clothes, and get two dresses apiece, and that these would be long enough to hide their knees which these poor tatters quite failed to do. One remarked that she was sure she had been down in the brook a dozen times and that she did not consider cold water baths so frequently repeated were good for the health. Young Charley Arcane had been getting better for some days. No medicine had been given him, and it was no doubt the change of air and water that had begun to effect a cure. Arcane had a hard time of it to keep the brush from pulling George and Melissa off of Old Crump into the water. It vva* indeed one of the hardest day's work of the whole journey, but no one was low spirited, and all felt very well. The camping place was in a deep cailon, surrounded by thick brush, so that no wind came in to chill us. Ever3'body was cook and nobody was boss. Not a cent of money among us, nor any chance to use any if we had possessed it. We had nice, sweet, fat meat, DEATH VAI.I.EY, 257 cooked rare or well done as each one perferred, and no complaints about the waiters. The conditions were so favorable, compared with the terrible Death Valley and its surromidings that every one remarked about it, and no one felt in the least like finding fault with the little inconveniencies we were forced to put up with. It might cure an inveterate fault-finder to take a course of training in the desert. The next day we did not wade half as much, and after a few hours of travel we suddenly emerged from the brush into a creek bottom which was much wider, with not a tree to obstruct our way. The soil was sandy and covered more or less with sage brush, and the stream which had been strong and deep enough to make us very wet now sank entirely out of sight in the sandy bottom. The hills were thinly timbered on the left side but quite brushy on the right, and we could see the track of cattle in the sand. No signs of other animals, but some small birds came near, and meadow larks whistled their tune, quite familiar to us, but still sounding slightly different from the song of the same bird in the East. High in the air could be seen a large sailing hawk or buzzard. We stopped to reit at noon and noticed that the water ran a little in the creek bed; but, by the time we were ready to start we found none with which to fill our canteens. No doubt this water was poured into the canon somewhere near the place where we killed the three cattle, and we had got out of it before the flood came down. It was astonishing to see how the thirsty sand drank up the quite abundant flow. The next day we came down to the point of hill that nearly crossed the valley, and we crossed the low ridge rather than make a longer trip to get around by way of the valley. As we reached the summit there appeared before us a. ^beautiful a rural picture as 258 DEATH VALIvEY. one ever looked upon. A large green meadow, of a thousand acres, more or less; its southwest side bounded by low mountains, at the base of which oak trees were plenty, but no brush or undergrowth. It was like a grand old park, such as we read of in English tales. All over the meadow cattle of all sorts and sizes grazed, the "Ring -streaked and speckled" of old Jacob's breed being very prominent. Some lazily cropped the grass; some still more lazily re- clined and chewed their cud; while frisky calves exercised their muscles in swift races and then secured their dinner from anxious mothers. We camped at once and took the loads from all the animals that they might feed in comfort on the sweet grass that lay be- fore them. We tarried here perhaps two hours, till the cattle stopped eating, and amply enjoyed the scene. Never again would anj^ one of the party go back over that dreary desert, they said,, and everyone wondered why all places could not be as green and beautiful as this one I cannot half tell how we felt and acted, nor what we said in our delight over this picture of plenty. The strong contrasts created strong impressions, and the tongues so long silent in our dry and drear}' trouble were loosened to say everything the heart in- spired. Think as much as you can; you cannot think it all. We felt much better after our rest, and the oxen seemed stronger and better able, as well as more willing" to carry their loads, so we soon prepared to move on down the valley, toward the liDUse we had spoken of as the goal we were to reach. It was now the 7th day of March 1850, and this date, as well as the 4th day of November 1849 will always remain an important one in memory. On the last named day we left the trail to. take the unfortunate cut-off, anp DEATH VAIvLEY. 259 for four long months we had wandered and struggled in terrible hardship. Every point of that terrible journey is indelibly fixed upon my memory and though sevent3'-three years of age on April 6th 1893 I can locate everj- camp, and if strong enough could follow that weary trail from Death Vallej' to Eos Angeles with unerring accuracy. The brushy canon we have just described is now occupied bj' the Southern Pacific Railroad, and the steep and narrow ridge pierced by a tunnel, through which the trains pass. The beautiful meadow we so much admired has now upon its border a railroad station, Newhall, and at the proper season some portion of it is covered with thousands of tra3^s of golden apricots, grown in the luxuriant orchards just beyond the hills toward the coast, and here drying in the bright summer sun. The cattle in the parti-colored coats are gone, but one who knows the ground can see our picture. Loaded up again we start down the beautiful grassy valley, the wo.U2n each with a staff in hand, and everything is ne.v and strange 10 u^. Rogers and I know that we will soon meet people who are strangers to us; who speak a strange language of which we know nothing, and how we, without a dollar, are to proceed to get our food and things we need, are questions we cannot answer nor devise any easj^ way to overcome. The mines are yet five hundred miles away, and we know not of any work for us to do nearer. Our lives have been given back to us, and now comes the problem of how to sustain them man- fully and independently as soon as possible. If worse comes to worst we can walk to San Francisco, probably kill enough game on the way and possibly reach the gold mines at last, but the way was not clear. We must trust much to luck and fortune and the ever faithful Providence which rarelv fails those 26o DEATH VALLEY. who truly try to help themselves. We began to thiuksorae very independent thoughts. We had a mule to carry our camp kettle and meat; Our cattle were now begining to improve and would soon get fat; these could carry our blankets and odd loads, while Old Crump the christian could still carry the children; Bennett and I knew how to hunt, and ' had good rifles; so we could still proceed, and we determined that, come what may, we will be victorious. These were some of the plans we talked over at our camps and resting places, and as we walked along. If we could get the two families fixed in some waj^ so they could do without Rogers and I, we could strike for the mines quite rapidly and no doubt soon get ourselves on good footing. We were j^ounger than the rest and could endure more hardship. We de- cide to remain together till we get to Los Angeles, and then see what is best. We reached our camping place at the foot of the hill, about a hundred yards from the house we have so long striven to reach. Here we unloaded in the shade of a large willow tree, and scarcely had we removed the harness from the oxen wheu the good lady of the liouse and her little child came down to see us. She stood for a moment and looked around heJ and at the two small children on the blankets, and we could hear her murmur inucJia pobre (verj- poor.) She could see our ragged clothes and dirty faces and everything told her of our extreme destitution. After seeing our oxen and mule which were so pDor she said to herself ''flaco, Jlacd" (so thin. ) She then turned to us, Rogers and I, whom she had seen before, and as her lively little youngster clung to her dress, as if in fear of such queer looking people as we were, she took an orange from her pocket and pointing to the children of our party, wanted to know if we had give n them DEATH VAIvLEY. 261 the four oranges she sent to them by us. We made signs that we had done as she requested, when she smiled and said ''Buenos Muclmc/ios \goo^ boys. ) In all this talk neither could say a word the other could understand, and the conversation was carried on by signs. Arcane said to her— "Me Catholic" which she seemed partly to comprehend and seemed more friendly. About this time two men rode up and took a look at us. Arcane, who was a mason, gave the masonic sign, as he told me afterward, but neither of them recognizee^ it. We used such words of Spanish as I had taken down in my pass book and committed to memory and by motions in addition to these made them understand something of fhe state of affairs and that Mr. French who had assisted us before had told us we could get some meat {came) from them. These men were finely mounted, wore long leggins made of hide, dressed with the hair on, which reached to their hips, stiff hats with a broad rim, and great spurs at their heels. Each had a coil of braided rawhide rope on the pommel of the saddle, and all these arrangements together made a very dashing outfit. They seemed to understand what we had said to them, for they rode off with a rush and came back in a short time, leading a fine, fat two-year-old heifer. When near our camp the rider who was behind threw his riata and caught both hind feet of the animal when by a sudden movement of the horses the heifer was thrown. One of them dismounted, and at the com- mand the horse backed up and kept the rope tight while the man went up to the protrate beast and cut its throat. As soon as it had ceased struggling, they loosened their ropes and coiled them up: they came to us and pointed to the dead heifer in a way which said — "Help yourselves. ' ' 262 DEATH VALLEY. We were much gratified at the generosity of the people, and at once dressed the animal as it la}-, cutting oflf some good fat pieces which we roasted over the fire and ate with a relish. It seemed as if meat never tasted so good as that did sweet, fra- grant, and juicy. If some French cook could only cook a steak that would smell and taste to his customers as that meal tasted to us, his art would be perfect. We separated a hind quarter and hung it to a tree, and when the lady came back we told her that the piece we had selected was enough for our present use, so she caused the remainder with the hide to be taken to the house. Toward night the}^ drove up a lot of cows and calves and other cattle into their cattle yard or corral, as it is called all over California, a stockade of strong oak posts set deep in the ground and close together, enclosing a space of about half an acre. The horsemen now rode in and began to catch the calves with their ropes. It seemed as if they were able to thro vv a rope over a calf's head or around either leg the}- desired, with better aim, and at as great a distance as one could shoot a Colt's re- volver, and we saw at once that a good raw-hide rope. in the hands of an experienced man and well-trained horse, was a weapon in many respects superior to fire- arms of any kind. A man near the gate loosened the ropes and pushed the calves into a separate corral till they had as many as they pesired. Rogers watched the circus till it was over and then returned to camp, meeting on the way Bennett and Arcane, with their wives and children, carrying some blankets, for the good lady had invited them to come up to the house and sleep. They said we could go down and keep camp if old dog Cuflf w^as willing, for they had left him guarding the property. He was pleased enough to have us come and keep him com- DEATH VATXEY. 263 pany, and we slept nicely, disturbed only a little by the barking of the house dogs and the hooting of an owl that came to visit our tree. The people came back to camp iu the Jiorning and had their experience to relate. Their hosts first baked some kind of slapjacks and divided them among their guests; then gave them beans seasoned hot with pep- per: also great pieces of squash cooked before the fire, which the}" said was delicious and sweet-more han good. Then came a dish of dried meat pounded fine, mixed with green peppers and well fried in beef tallow. This seemed to be the favorite dish of the proprietors, but was a little too hot for our people. They called it chili cum carne-meat with pepper-and we soon found this to be one of the best dishes cooked by the Califor- nians. The children were carefully waited on and given special attention to by these good people, and it was nearly ten o'clock before the feast was over: then the household had evening worship by meeting in si- lence, except a few set words repeated by some in turn, the ceremony lasting half an hour or more. Then they came and wished them bitenos noches in the most polite manner and left them to arrange their blankets on the floor and go to sleep. The unaccustomed shelter of a roof and the restless worrying oi the children, who required much attention, for the change of diet had about the same effect on them as on Rogers and myself when we first partook of the Californii food, gave them little sleep, but still they rested and were truly grateful for the most perfect hos- pitality of these kind hearted people. In the morning the two horsemen and two Indians went to the corral, when the riders would catch a cow with their ropes and draw her head up to a post, bind- ing it fast, while an Indian took a short piece of rope and closely tied the hind legs together above the gam- 264 DEATH VALLEY. brel joint, making the tail fast also. They had a large bucket and several gourds. The Indians then milked the cows they had made fast, getting from a pint to two quarts from each one, milking into a gourd and pour- ing into the biicket till they had all thej^ desired. The calves were separated the night before so they could secure some milk. Cows were not trained to stand and be milked as they were at home. Setting down the bucket of milk before us, with some small gourds for dippers, we were invited to drink all we wished. This was a regular banquet to us, for our famished condition and good appetites made food reliss wonder- fully. When we made a sign of wishing to pay them for their great kindness they shook their heads and utterly refused. It was genuine sympathy and hospi- tality on their part, and none of us ever forgot it; the sight of a native Californian has alwaj^s brought out thoughts of these good people, and respect and thank- fulness to the race. This rancho, at which we were so kindly entertained was called San Fraucisquito, or Little San Francisco Rancho. This morning Mr. Arcane, with our assistance, made an arrangement with these people to give them his two oxen; and they were to take him and his wife and child, to the sea-shore, at a place called San Pedro, from which place he hoped, in some way, to get passage to San Francisco in a sailing vessel. He had no money, and no property to sell, except perhaps his spy-glass, worth about ten dollars. With this poor prospect be- fore him he started for the sea. He bade Bennett's folks good-bye, then came to me and put a light gold ring on my finger, saying that it and his interest in the little mule were mine. Then he gave his silver watch to Rogers and said it was all he had to give him, but if he had a million dollars, he would divide, and still think it a small compensation for the faithful services DEATH VAIvIvEY. 265 we had rendered him. "I can never repay you," said he, "for I owe you a debt that is be> ond com- pensation. You have saved our lives, and have done it when you knew 3"0U could get nothing for it. I hope we will meet again, and when we do 3 ou will be wel- come. If you hear of me anywhere, come and see me, for I want to tell my friends who Manly and Rogers are, and how you helped us. Good Bye!" There were tears in his e3'es, voice full of emotion, and the firm clasp of his hand told how earnest he was, and that he felt more than he could speak. He helped Mrs. Arcane on her horse, then gave Charlie to her, and , amid waviug hands and many" adios from our new-found friends, with repeated "good byes" from the old ones, they rode away. Mrs. Arcane could hardly speak when she bade us fcrewell, she was so much affected. They^ had about sixty- miles to ride to reach the sea, and as she rode on a man's saddle, and was unused to riding, I knew she would be sadly- wearied before she reached the coast. Our little train now seemed much smaller. Three oxen and a mule were all our animals, and the adults must still walk, as they had done on our desert route. But we were comparativel3r happy, for we had plenty of good meat to eat, plent3' of sweet water to drink, and our animals were contented and improving every day; grass and water seemed plenty everywhere. We put our luggage on the oxen and the mule, loaded the children on Old Crump as we had done before, and were ready to move again. Our good friends stood around and smiled good-naturedly at our queer ar- rangements, and we, not knowing how to say what our hearts would prompt us to, shook their hands and said good b3-e in answer to their '''adios amigos" as we moved away, waving hands to each other. The men then detained me a little while to ask me 266 DEATH VAIvLEY. more about the road we had come over, how far it was^ and how bad the Indians were, and other particulars. I told him by signs that we had been twenty-two days on the road, and that the Indi(mos,2iS they called them, had not troubled us, but that there was very little grass or water in all that land. He made a sort of map on the ground and made me understand he would like to go back and try to bring out the wogons we had left behind, and he wanted me to go back with him and help him. I explained to him by the map he had made, and one which I made myself, that I considered it impossible to bring them over. He seemed much disappointed, and with a shrug of his shoulders said ''7nHcho 7!ialo''' {very hs-d) and seemed to abandon the idea of getting a Yankee wagon. They very much admired an American wagon, for their own vehicles were rude afifairs, as I shall bj^e-and-bye describe. We bade each other many adios, and I went on my way, soon catching up with the little party. We had been informed that it was ten leagues, or thirty miles to lyOS Angeles, whither we were now headed. We had now been a whole year on the road between Wisconsin and California, much of the time with the ground for a bed, and though our meals had been sometimes scant}' and long between, very few of us had missed one on account of sickness. Some, less stroug than we, had lain down to perish, and had been left behind, without coffin or grave; bnt we were here, and so far had found food to nourish us in some degree with prospects now of game in the future if nothing better offered. We still talked of going to the gold mines on foot, for with good food and rest our courage had returned, and we wanted to succeed. Our camp this night was io a nice watering place, where dry oak wood was plenty and grass abundant. It was at the foot of the San Fernando Mountain, not I DEATH VALLEY 267 rocky, as we had found our road some time before, but smooth and covered with grass. It was rather steep to climb, but an infant compared with the great mount- ains so rough and barren, we had climbed on our way from Death Valley. Our present condition and state of mind was an anomalous one. We were happy, en- courage^,, grateful and quite contented in the plent}^ which surrounded us, and still there was a sort of puz- zling uncertainty as to our future, the way to which seemed very obscure. In the past we had pushed on our very best and a kind Providence had kept us. This we did now, but still revolved the best plans and the most fortunate possibilities in our minds. We talked of the time when we should be able to show hospitality to our friends, and to strangers who might need our open hand as we had needed the favors which strangers had shown us in the last few days. We ate our supper of good meat, with a dessert of good beans our kind friends had given us, and enjoyed it greatly. As we sat in silence a flock of the prettiest, most graceful birds came ui arching along, and halted as if to get a better view of our party. We admired them so much that we made not a move, but waited, and they fearlessly walked on again. We could see that there were two which were larger than the rest, and from twelve to twenty smaller ones. The little top-knot on the head and their symmetrical forms made them specially attractive, and Mrs. Bennett and the children were much pleased. The beauty of the Cali- fornia quail is especially striking to one who sees them for the first time. In the morning we began to climb the hill, getting along very well indeed, for our raw-hide mocassins were now dry and hard and fitted the foot perfectly. We did not try to make great speed, but kept steadily on, and as we were used to climbing, we reached the 268 DEATH VALLEY. sumiiiu easily. From this elevation we could get a fine view of the big grassy plain that seemed to extend as far as the eye could reach and, not far from us, the buildings and gardens of the San Fernando Mission. If we could shut out the mountains the landscape would remind us of a great Western prairie. We never could get over comparing this country with the deso- late Death Valley, for it seemed as if such strange and striking opposites could hardly exist. We rested here a little while and then wound our way down the hill to the level land. A few miles brought us to the mission houses and the church of San Fernando. There was not much life about them, in fsct they seemed comparatively deserted, for we saw only one man and a few Indians. The man brought some oranges and gave the children one each. After a little rest we moved on over our road which was now quite smooth and gently descending. Night overtook us in a place where there was no water, but we camped and suffered no inconvenience. A stream was passed next day, and a house near by unoccupied. The road now began to enter gently rolling hills covered with big grass and clover, which indicated rich soil, and we never get tired of talking about it. At the top of these hills we had another beautiful view as far south and west as the eye could reach. Small objects, probably horses and cattle, were scat- tered about the plain, grazing in the midst of plenty. Our own animals were given frequent opportunities to eat, and again and again we rejoiced over the beauty. Of course it was not such a surprise and wonder as it was w^hen such a view first burst upon our sight, but it pleased and delighted us ever. On the east was a snow-capped peak, and here we were in the midst of green fields of grass and wild flowers, in the softest cli- mate of an early spring. These strong contrasts beat DEATH VALLEY. 269 anything' we had ever seen. Perhaps the contrast between the great snow mountain and the hot Death Valley was greater in point of temperature, but there the heat brought only barrenness, and of the two the snow seemed the more cheerful. Here the vegetation of all sorts was in full balance with the balmy air, and in comparison the snow seemed a strange neighbor. It was quite a contrast to our cold, windy March in Wisconsin, and we wonder if it is always summea here We were satisfied that even if we could get no further we could live in such a land as this. The broad prairie doubtless belonged to the United States, and we could have our share and own a little piece of it on very easy terms, and raise our own cattle and corn. If the peo- ple were all as kind as those we had met we were sure at least of neighborly treatment. I have endeavored to write this just as it seemed to us then and not clothe the impressions with the cover of later experience. The impressions we then daih^ received and the sights we saw were stranger than the wildest fiction, and if it so strikes you, my friendly reader, do not wonder. As we came over the hills we could see a village near the southern base and it seemed quite near us. It was a new and strange sight to us as we approached. The houses were only one story high and seemed built of mud of a gray color, the roofs flat, and the streets almost deserted. Occasionly a man could be seen, sometimes a dog, and now and then an Indian, sitting with his back to the house. The whole view indicated a thinly populated place, and the entire absence of wagons or animals was a rather strange circumstance to us. It occurred to us at first that if all the emi- grants were gone our reception might be a cool one in this city of mud. One thing was in its favor and that was its buildings were about fire proof for they had earthen floors and flat roofs. 270 DEATH VALLEY. We rested halfanhouror sojust outside, and then ven- tured down the hill into the street- We met an Amer- ican almost the first man, and when we asked about a suitable camping place, he pointed out the way and we marched on. Our strange appearance attracted the attention of the children and they kept coming out of the houses to see the curious little train with Old Crump carrying the children and our poor selves fol- lowing along, dirty and ragged. Mrs, Bennett's dress hardly reached below her knees, and although her skirts were fringed about the bottom it was of a kind that had not been adopted as yet in general circle of fCither Spanish- American or good United States society. "The shortness of the dress made the cuiious raw-hide jnocassins onl}- the more prominent, and the whole ,make-up of the party was a curious sight. We went down the hill a little further to the lower bottom to camp, while the barefooted, bareheaded ur- chins followed after to get a further look at the stran- gers. Before we selected a suitable place, we saw two tents and some wagons which looked like those of overland travelers, and we went toward them. When within fifty yards two men suddenly came to their feet and looked at our little party approaching as if in wonder, but at twenty steps they recognized Bennett and came rushing forward. "My Goci ! It's Bennett" said they, and they clasped hands in silence while one greeted Mrs. Bennett warmly. The meeting was so unexpected they shed tears and quietly led the way back to camp. This was the camp of R.G.Moody and H.C. Skinner, with their families. They had traveled too-ether on the Platte and became well acquainted, the warmest of friends, and knowing that Bennett had taken the cut off, they more than suspected he and his party had been lost, as no sight of them had come to their eves. They had been waiting here six weeks in DEATH VAI.I.EY. 271 order to get some reliable news, and now Mr. Bennet answered for himself. Rogers and I, belonging to another part}-, were of course strangers. Leaving them to compare notes, Rogers and I took charge of Old Crump, the oxen, and the mule, unpack- ed them, and arranged camp under a monstrous wil- low tree. Bennett and his wife were taken into Mr. Moody's tent, and an hour or so later when Mrs. Ben- nett appeared again, she had her face w^ashed clean, her hair combed, and a new clean dress. It was the first time we had found soap, and the improvement in her looks and feelings was surprising. Bennett looked considerably cleaned up too, and appeared bright and fresh. The children had also been taken in hand and appeared in new clothes selected from the wardrobe of the other children, and the old dirty clothes were put in process of washing as soon as possible. Supper came, and it was so inviting. There was real bread and it looked so nice we smiled when it was offered to us. Mrs. Bennett broke pieces for the child- ren and cautioned them not to eat too much. It did seem so good to be among friends we could talk with and be understood. After supper was over and the things cleared away we all sat down in a circle and Bennett told the story of where he had been these many days on the cut off that was to shorten the traik Mr. Moody said he had about given the party up and intended to start up the coast to-morrow. The story was so long that they talked till they were sleepy and then began again after breakfast, keeping it up till they had a good outline of all our travels and tribula- tions. This Mr. R. G. Moody, his wife and daughter, Mrs. Quinby, and son. Charles, all lived in San Jose and are now dead. H. C Skinner was a brother-in- law of Moody and also lived a long time in San Jose, but himself, son and one daughter, are now dead. 272 DEATH VALLEY. Rogers and I now took the pack-saddle we had bor- rowed of Mr. French to use on our trip to Death Val- ley and return, and carried it to the saloon on the east side of the plaza, where we were to place it if we got back safely, and delivered it to the man in charge, with many thanks to Mr. French for his favors to us, and sent him word that we would always remember him and be ready to do him a similar or equal favor if ever we were able. We considered him a good benevolent man, and such he proved to be when he offered us fat oxen, good beans, and an}- other thing we needed. He told tha people in the house who we were, which no doubt influenced them kindly in our favor when we arrived. At the saloon there was a large room with tables in it and gambli!ig going on actively. Money changed hands verj- rapidly, drinks at the bar were frequent, and the whole affair moved forward with the same reg- ularity as any mercantile business. The door stood wide opc;n and any one could come and go at his pleasure. Quite a number of black-eyed, fair looking women circulated among the crowd, and this ,to us, seemed quite out of place, for we had never seen wo- men in saloons before. We watched the game awhile to see some losing and some gaining, the result being quite exciting; but as neither of us had any money, we could not have joined in the game had we been so dis- posed; so we looked on awhile and th^a took a seat on the ground outside of the house. Here we talked o\'er our chances of getting to the mines. All the clothes we had were on our backs and feet and those were the poorest of the poor. We had no money. I had the little black-e3'ed mule, and Rogers had the watch Arcane had given him. Mr. Mood}" had said it was 503 miles to San Francisco, and 150 miles further to the mines, so that after the hard DEATH VALLEY 273 travel of a year we were still a long way off from the place we started for. We could not see an/ wa}- to make a living here. There was no land cultivated, not a fence, nothing to require labor of any kind. The valley vvas rich enough and produced great crops of grass, and the cattle and horses we had seen grazing seemed to be about all the use chey put it to. It looked as if the people must live principally on meat. I thought if we, could manage to get a little provision together, such as flour and beans, that I could pack there on the mule, and I was pretty sure I could find game that would be better meat than we had lived on during the last two months on the desert. We looked around to see if we could find something to do to earn a little for a start, but were not successful. In our walk about this city of mud we saw many things that seemed strange to us There were more women than men, and more children than grown-up people, while the dogs were plenty. At the edge of the town, near the river were some grape vines fenced in with living willows, interlaced in some places with dry vines. The Indians moved very moderately around and no doubt had plenty of beef to eat, with very few wants to provide for. We noticed some few people pa^'ing for small things at the stores with small money. The women all dressed much alike. The dress was of some cheap materia!, sandals on feet, and a kind of long shawl worn over the head and thrown over the shoulder. There seemed to be neither hoops nor cor- sets in their fashions. The men wore trousers of white cotton or linen, with a calico shirt, sandals, and a broad rimmed snuff colored hat. The Indians and their wives went bareheaded. Near the end of the street we came to a boarding house and went in and sat down in the empty room. 274 DEATH VALLEY. Soon a man cama in, better dressed than ourselves, and much to our surprise it was one of the old Death Valley travelers, the Rev. J. W. Brier whom I last saw in his lone camp in the desert, discoursing to his young sons on the benefits of an early education. I know the situation struck me very strangely, with death staring them in the face and he preaching! We had a long talk about the hard journey we had each experienced. As his party had not waited they had come through ahead of us. He said himself and Mr. Granger had started a boarding house when they arrived, and had been doing a good business. He said that as long as the emigrants continued to come he could get along very well. We asked him if there was any chance for ns to work and get money to get some provisions to help us on the way to the mines. He said he could give work to one of us hauling water for the house with oxen and cart, and the one who could manage oxen was the man. I was an ox driver and so told him I would take his team and cart and set out with the work. He said he could pay fifty dollars a month, and I accepted the offer quickly as I saw it was a good chance to build up my exhausted strength and flesh. I turned the little mule out in the hills near by, and began my work. It was net hard, for the boarders were thinning out. The natives did not patronize this hotel very much, but grub disappeared pretty fast at my corner of the table, for my appetite began to be ravenous. There was not much variety to the food and very few luxuries or delicacies, which were hard to obtain on such a bare market, but all seemed satis- fied with the food, and to me it tasted extra good. Rogers went back to the old camp and helped them there, and I often went over after dark, when my work was done. Moody and Skinner had been active in DEATH VALLEY. 275 trying to get Mr. Bennett ready to go up the coast with them. Bennett had sold his repeating rifle and with the proceeds and the help of his friends had got another ox, making two yoke for him. They fixed up a wagon for him, and yokes enough could be found where people had traded off their oxen for horses. Provisions enough had been gathered by Moody and Skinner for them all, and Rogers would go along with the party to help them with the teams. I was left alone after they started, and it w^as my idea to quit when I had worked a month, and if my mule staid with me, to start for the mines even if I went alone. The majority of the male inhabitants of this town had gone to the mines, and this accounted for the unusual proportion of w^omen. We learned that they w^ould return in November, and then the gambling houses would start up in full blast, for these native Californians seemed to have a great natural de- sire to indulge in games of chance, and while playing their favorite game of monte would lay down their last reale (12^ cents) in the hope of winning the money in sight before them on the table. As the boarding house business got dull I was taken over to a vineyard and set to work, in place of hauling water. The entire patch was as green as a meadow with weeds, and I was expected to clean them out. I inquired of Brier how he came to get hold of this :;icc property, and he said that during the war the soldiers had taken possession of this piece of ground, and had their camp here, so he considered it was government land, and tberefore had squatted on it and was going to hold it, and pay for it as regular government land, and that he already considered it his own, for said he, " I am an American, and this is a part of the public domain. " "All right, ' ' said I, "I will kill weeds for you, if you wish, when I have time to spare, and you 276 DEATH VALLEY. don't want the oxen worked at any other work ". I could see every day that I was improving in health and weight and would soon become myself again, able to take the road to the mines. When about two weeks of my time had expired two oldish men came to the house to stop for a few days and reported them- selves as from Sacramento, buying np some horses for that market. Thus far they had purchased only six or eight, as they had found the price too high to buy and then drive so far to a market to sell again. They had about decided to go back with what they had and undertake some other kind of business. I thought this would be a prettj' good chance for me to go, as I would have company, and so went to Brier and Gran- ger and told them what I would like to do, and that with their permission I would quit and go on with them. They readily consented, for their monej- wa.-. coming in rather slow, and they paid me twenty five dollars for half a month's work. This made me feel pretty rich, and I thought this would give me food enough to reach the mines. Having two or three days to get ready in, I began doing the best I could. I found an old saddle tree which had been thrown away, and managed to iix il up so I could use it. I also found an old gun some traveler had left, and with a little work I fitted the breech of that to my own gun which was broken, and had been roughl}^ tied together with strips of raw-hide. I now had a good sound gun if it was not very hand- some. I bought a Spanish blanket, not so wide as ours, but coarse and strong, and having a hole in the center through which to put the head and wear it as a garment in case of storm, or at night. I went to a native store and bought a supply of carne seca (dried beef ) and some crackers, put some salt in my pocket and was now provisioned for another trip. I found DEATH VALLEY. 277 my mule in the hills back of town, not far from where I left her, and the rest and good feed had made her look better and feel better, as well as mj'self. Thedrovers had found two other men who wanted to go with them and help drive the horses for their board. I put my blanket on under the saddle, packed my little sack of meat and crackers on behind, and when I was in the saddle with my gun before me 1 considered I was pretty well fixed and able to make my way against almost anything. I said to myself that the only way now to keep me from getting to the gold mines was to kill me. I felt that there was not a mountain so high I could not climb, and no desert so wide and dry that I conld not cross it. I had walked and starved and choked and lived through it, and nov/ I felt so strong and brave I could do it again — any way to reach the gold mines and get some of the ' 'dust. I had not much idea how the gold from the mines looked. Everybody called it gold dust, and that con- veyed an idea to me that it was fine as flour, but how to catch it I did not know-. I knew other people found a way to get it, and I knew I could learn if any body could. It was a great longing that came to me to see some of the yellow dust in its native state, before it had been through the mint. At the last meal I took at the house there were only a few at the table. Among them was a well dressed Californian who evidently did not greatly fancy Amer- ican cooking, but got along very well till Mrs. Brier brought around the dessert, a sort of duff". This the Californian tasted a few times and then laid down his spoon saying it was no bueno, and some other words \ did not then understand, but afterward learned that they meant "too much grease." The fellow^ left the table not well pleased with what we generally consider the best end of a Yankee dinner, the last plate. 278 DEATH VAIvLEY. While here I had slept in a small store room, where I made my pallet out of old rags and blankets. While I was looking round for material to make mj- bed I came across a bag partly full of sugar, brought from Chili. It was in very coarse crystals, some as large as corn. There were some other treasures end luxur- ies there that perhaps I was expected guard. I how- ever had a sweet tooth and a handful or so of the sweet crystals found their way into my pocket I bade Mr, Brier and the rest good bye and rode away to j oin my company. DEATH VAT.IvEY. 279 CHAPTER XII [Leaving the little party waose wanderings we have followed so closely, safely arrived in Los Angeles, their further history in California will be taken up later on, and this narrative will go back to points when the original party was broken up and trace the little bands in their varied experience. It will be re- membered that the author and his friends, after a perilous voyage down Green River, halted at the camp of the Indian chief, Walker, and there separated, the Author and four companions striking for Salt Lake, while Mc Mahon and Field remained behind, fully determined to go on down the river. The story of these two meu is told b}' Mc Mahon in the following interesting letter. ] Dear Manley: — Yours requesting me to give you a synopsis of the history of incidents, experience, and observations of our mutual friend, Richard Field and my.self, from t-he time you, John Rogers, Alfred Wal- ton, and the Hazelrig brothers left us at the camp of the generous old chief Walker on the west bank of the river near the mouth of the "great seven days caiion" is at hand. You no doubt distinctly, and with pleasure, remem- ber that unbroken friendship which existed among us up to the time of our separation and that we parted warm and tried friends. Well, after you and your companions had left us we set to work to prepare the canvas for the continuation of the voyage down the river. We drilled holes through the sides of thi "Pilot" — you, I have no doubt remember which that was, 5'ours and mine, in 28o DKATH VAIvlvEY. which we took so many fearful risks, and "No. 2," so that we might in case of necessity lash the two to- gether. After a day or two Field lost courage and finally determined to go no further down the river. Walker in the meantime had repeated his friendly warnings appertaining to the great danger in going further down the river. You will remember what he had told us about it before you left us. You know that I was the biggest coward of the whole seven ; but I assumed courage and told Field that I would go down the river alone; and, for a time, I thought I would do so; but after some reflection I concluded that, perhaps, discretion was the better part valor, and reluctantly gave it up. We now decided to follow you, or to take some other unknown route aud trv to make our escape out of this most perilous condition. We then set about, as you had done, to trade with Walker for a pony or two, and after much dickering Field succeeded in getting the, afterwards famous, big, old, sore-backed mule. You may not remember him, but I do; and, notwithstanding his sore back, he made pretty good beef. I, with pins, needles, thread, a pocket-knife, a handkerchief, etc., succeeded in get- ting a very nice, round, three-year-old, iron-gray pony. After making pack-saddles, and getting almost ready to start, we were, through Walker's kindness and persuasiveness, overcome, and consented to go with him, feeling confident that we would not starve to death while with him. We did not now have Manley with his loiig experience, and his old rusty, but always trusty, rifle as a sure defence against possible hunger and starvation. The old chief, and, in fact, the whole tribe, seemed pleased when we consented to go with them. Prepar- DEATH VALLEY. 281 ations were now made , and all except the horses and four head of cattle, was conveyed across the river in the two canoes which were lashed together, while the horses and cattle were forced to swim to the other side where we camped for the night. Next morning the clever old chief had two good horses fitted up in good style for Field and 1, which we rode all of the nine days that we remained with the band, while our own run with the herd. Our baggage was carried on some of the chief's pack-horses. We were, in fact, his hon- ored guests, as will hereafter appear. All were soon mounted and off to the buffalo fields, Walker having informed us that he intendec' going up into the buffalo country on the head-waters of Grand River where he would remain until snow fell, when he would go to Salt Lake City, or vicinity. Leaving the river, we set out across a not entirely barren plain, for there was much sage-brush, and several varieties of cactus. Towards evening we came close up to the foot of a range of rugged, rocky mount- ains, where we found water and camped for the night. I'ield and I usually pitched our little muslin tent so.mewhere near our friends where we could sleep without fear of man or beast, for I think some one of the reds was always on guard. All went well for four or five days, when we all got entirely out of food except a few ounces of flour which we had hidd'en away for a possible emergency. Dur- ing the follov\'ing two days and nights all were entirely without food e xcept the two little children, whom you no doubt remember. We gave their mother a little flour now and thCxU which she mixed with a little milk which one of the cows afforded, for the little ones. These Indians did not seem to suffer for want of food ; even when we were starving, they appeared happy and contented; and onie young fellow would sing all 282 DEATH VAIvI^EY. day long while we were starving. Daring the sec- ond da}' of starv^ation and hard traveling over hot and barren deserts, the Indians killed a wild-cat and two small rabbits. We got nothing. You will remember that all the arms of the seven men were lost in the river when the canoes were sunk, except your rifle and my double barreled shot- gun and revolver, so that Field and I had only the one gun, and neither of us knew anything about hunting. When we camped, one of the boys brought over to our tent a quarter of the cat, which was more than a fair share of the whole supply, as twentj^-two of them had only the two little rabbits and three quarters of the unfortunate cat. we iboiled and boiled and boiled that cat's hind leg, but never got it done. We waited as long as we possibly could, gave up in despair an i pat a little flour into the broth to thicken it, and drank it. It was not good, but much better the meat of the cat. That cat and the rabbits were all the twenty-four of us had to eat, after fasting two days, until late in the evening of the next day. My people were rtligious, and when I was young^ the famil}' was wont to observe fast days, but never did we have any such long fasts as these were. In the afternoon of the next day the old chief left the caxavan and went on ahead of the train toward a cbain of mountains, first giving some directions to the band, and taking one son with him. When we arrived in a small canon in the edge of the momntaiiis we found them with a fine mountain sheep which t'h'^y had killed and brought down to the dim, little-u.sed trail where we camped; and after we had set up/ our little tent as usual, a short distance away from our friends, one of the young men brought to us abo'at one fourth of the sheep, while the twenty-two Indians had the rest. You know that a good-sized m.ountain sheep would DEATH VAIvLEY. 283 make a fair supper tor twenty-four people, even though they had been starving three or four days; but this was a small one, and I think Field and I ate about half of the quarter. The twenty-two Indians soon de- voured the three- fourths and all of the soft viscera, including the stomach and intestines, after which some of the boys came to our tent while we were stuffing our, what had been for several days empty, stomachs. We offered them part of our bounteous supply of mut- ton, having much more than we could eat; but no, they would not touch it until we were filled full, when they accepted what was left, and soon stowed it away. All were now pretty well filled up once more. The next da}^ was spent without food, traveling over rough mouutains. Within a pass, late in the afternoon, we crossed the fresh trail of some other band of roving red-skins, and Walker suspected who they were, end went into camp earlj-. The Indians had killed nothing that day, but I had killed a small rabbit which, unfortunately for it, came in my way during the day. This we offered to the women for themselves and the little children; but they positively refused to accept it, insisting that they did not want it or need it, and that the small supply of milk from the cow was quite sufficient for the little ones, and the others spurned the offer to divide so little a thing, so we had it all to ourselves. It appeared that these people were accustomed to go for long periods without food, and with little apparent inconvenience; but Field and I began to feel as I sup- pose Dr. Tanner felt after a few days' fasting, and be- gan to wish that the old chief would get hungry and kill one of his large, fat steers, but he still held them in reserve. Early the next morning, now nine days from the time we had left the river, the old chief took two of 284 DEATH VALLEY. the young men and left camp, as we afteiwards learned, to go in search of the Indians whose trail we had crossed the evening before. vSome time in the earl}^ part of the night, one of the young men returned and informed us that they had found the wandering tribe, and that we were to go back to their trail and follow it to their camp up in a Southeast direction, Walker and one of the young men having remained with their new-found friends. Field and I both felt greatly disappointed in not being able to proceed north; and in the meantime we had become very tired of the society of these people, notwithstanding the fact that they were exceedingly clever; but we were almost starved to death, and had about come to the conclusion that we would be obliged to make some change. We were still on the east side of, and considerable distance from the river, and prob- ably not more than one hundred, or one hundred and twenty miles from the place where we parted from you. The chief had sent particular instructions for us to go with the tribe; but, after canvassing the whole sit- uation, we decided to part company with our good friends, proceed northward, and try to reach Fort Bridger or some other settlement in the northwest, and so informed them, and requested the boys to bring in our mule and horse, which they did after failing to induce us to go with them. Bright and early the next morning, they all, even the polygamous wives and little children, in apparent sorrow, bade us good-bye, and were off, leaving us alone with our two poor, lonely, four-footed compan- ions, who were very anxious to follow the band of horses. After the rather melancholy parting we ar- ranged our packs, and about ten o'clock started out on what then seemed, and and afterwards proved, to DEATH VALLEY. 285 be a perilous voj'age through deserts, and over rough mountains. To avoid a high range of mountains, our course was for a time northeast but, after passing that range we bore to the northwest. The days were quite warm, but the nights were cold. During the first day we killed and ate one small rab- bit, and this, with a few seed buds gathered from wild rose bushes, constituted two days' rations. On the third we did not have even the rabbit or rose seed buds, but late in the afternoon we found some small red berries, similar in appearance to what I, in my childhood, knew and relished as Solomon's seal berries. I being a natural coward, and fearing that they might poison me, did not eat a.13' of them, but generously allowed my good friend to eat them all. We had now been almost entirely without water for two days and nights. When night came on we pick- eted our animals in a grass plot and lay down near them to see that they did not get tangled in the ropes and hurt, or that some red skin, not having the fear of the Lord in his heart, did not come and take tliem away. About ten o'clock ni}- companion began to complain of pain in his stomach and bowels, and was soon vomiting at a fearful rate; so violenth-, indeed, that I was apprehensive that he might die. If I had had an emetic I would have given it to him to have assisted nature in pumping those devilish little red berries out of him, for I felt quite sure that they were the cause of his illness. Perhaps it was fortunate that there wa= no medecine at hand, for if there had been I might have killed him with it. He suffered most intensely, and s<~'on became verj- thirsty, and, there being no water within many miles of us, he appealed to me to bleed one of the animals and let him drink the blood; I refused: he insisted; I again refused: he commanded; I still refused. He 286 DEATH VALLEY. swore, and called me almost everything except a good Christian; he even expressed the wish that I. his friend, might be sent to a certain place where the heat is most intense, and the fire is never quenched. At about eleven o'clock, when his pains were most severe, a dark cloud, the first we had seen for months, came over us, and a little rain began to fall, when I at once openad our little camp kettle and turned the lid upside down, and into both kettle and lid there fell perhaps two or three teaspoonfuls of pure water, every drop of which I gave to the sufferer, whereupon he expressed thanks for another God-send, and at once; apologized for bestowing unmerited abuse on me. He afterwards often asserted that he believ^ed that the little rain-cloud was sent by God for his special benefit, and that the water caught from that cloud was the sweet- est and best that he had ever tasted. I did not doubt the latter half of thp above statement, but I did have some doubt about the truth of the former half when I called to mind the scene which followed my refusal to bleed the horse. Whether the small quantitj^ of w^ater gave him much relief, or not, I do not know, but I do know that he soon became better and slept some while I watched. He was quite feeble next morning when I put him on the old sore-backed mule, where he rode most of the time for the next four days, while the lit- tle horse carried our baggage, and I led the way as usual, on foot. For four da3'S from the time Field ate the little red berries we did not have a drop of water except the two or three teaspoonfuls which the stingy cloud left to save the life of the "berry-eater." We were still on the desert, or in the mountains east of the river, trav- eling hard during the da}-, and burning up with fever n the night. There was plenty of drying grass in places, but our poor animals could not eat it any longer, I DKATH VALIvEY. 287 for they, too, weie burning up for want of water. Oh, how much I did wish that we had some camels from Arabia, which could have gone so much longer with- out water, and traveled so much faster. On the morning of the third day of starvation, we determined to change our course, and, if possible, reach the river once more. Bearing to the left over a high, barren range of rocky mountains, and down into a plain of sand, sage brush, and cactus. During the afternoon I shot a small rabbit, not much larger than a rat, which we carried until night, then broiled and tried to eat it, not because our apetites craved it, but hoping that it might strengthen and sustain us, at least a little while longer. We were, however, so nearly burned up that there was not a sufficient flow of saliva to moisten the little bits of broiled meat in the mouth. Late that afternoon we fancied that our fast failing brute companions scented water, or that they instinctively knew that it was not far away. They would raise their heads, and extend their noses as if smelling, while their physical force and energy seemed renewed, and they certainly traveled faster. That night we ate the little, as before stated, more as a duty than as a pleasure. There was some green grass round about where we camped, or, more properly speaking, where we lay, for we did not erect our little tent, — but the poor starving animals did not eat a bite of it, but stood over us as if in sympathy with us in our deplorable condition. We rose before the sun, being somewhat rested and refreshed, for the night had been cool, and took up our line of march, I, as usual, in the lead, then came the old mule guided by its precious owner, and lastly, the faithful little horse with the pack on his still quite round back; — on over the still dry and barren plain we went, withotit a Moses, cloud, or pillar of fire to lead us. 288 DEATH VALLEY. About ten o'clock, through the hot glimner of the