&..-
The Booksellers 175^/
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of that is the fame : For tho^ the
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Chapters fometimes^ he did not
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A 2 as
858004
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mendments excepted. And therefore
the Pojfejfors of the former Edition
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^he Author was very defirous of
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A Word more in Relation to the
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r-
k\ THE
9O0 3<O00O03O00O9QQ0 3O00O)C GOO
THE
CONTENTS
O F T H Ert^ rA\\.) .cs .
Firft V O L^f 'm E.'- - '
"fTTTS*
Book I.
CHap. I . Of the State 0/ Athens //// Cecrops Page I
Chap: 2. Of the State of Athtns from Cecrops till
Thefeus 6
Chap. 3. Of the State of Athens from Thefeus to the
Decennkil Archons 10
Chap. 4. Of the State of Athene from the Decennial
Archons to Philip 7/"Macedon 15
Chap. 5 . Of the State of Athens from Philip ofMzct-
don, to its Delivery hy the Romans 20
Chap. 6. Of the State of Athens from its Confederacy
with Rome, to Conftantine the Great 23
Chap. 7. Of the State of Athens from Conftantine the t vv .
Great '27
Chap. 8. Of the City of Athens, anditsPFalls, GateSy
Streets, Buildings, &c. 2^
Chap. 9. Of the Citizens, Tribes, 2?^. <?/ Athens 4J
Chap. 10. O/" z/?^ Sojourners ^^ Servants / Athens 55
Chap. II. Of the Athenian Magiftratcs 72
Chap. 12. Of the Nine Axzhons^ &c. 74
Chap. 13. Qf//^^ Athenian Magiftrates 78
Chap. 14. 0/"/^f Athenian Magiftrates 80
Chap. 15. Of the Aihenhn Magiftrates 83
Chap. 16, Of the Council of the Amphiclyones 89
|wf;.i Chap.
The CONTENTS.
Chap. 17. Of the Athenian Ex-x-Xijo-ja, or PubJick M-
fembly 91
Chap. 18. Of the Senate ef Five-hundred 97
Chap. 19. Of the Senate and Court of Areopagus i o i
Chap. 20. Offome other Courts of Juftice 108
Chap. 2 1 . Offojne other Courts of Juftice, their Ju-
dicial Procefs, &c. 112
Chap. 22. Of the Tgc-(rapctx,ovlot, and ^iolitt^cl] 122
Chap. 23. Of the P\ib\'\ck Judgments, Adlions, ^c. 123
Chap. 24. Of the Private Judgments, Aflions, ^c. 126
Chap. 25. Of the Athenian Punilhments,W Re wards 129
Chap. 26. 0/ ^^^ Athenian Laws 13S
Laws relating to Divine Worfhip, Temples, Feftivals,
and Sports 1 44
Laws concerning them who officiate in holy Rites 147
Laws relating to the Laws 148
Laws referring to Decrees of the Senate, and Commo-
nalty 149
Laws concerning Native, and Enfranchis'd Citizens 1 50
Laws appertaining to Children Legitimate^ SpuriouSy or
Adopted 151
"the Oath to he taken by the Ephebi ibid.
Laws belonging to Sojourners , 152
Laws relating to the Senate of Five-hundred 154
Laws which concern Magiftrates ibid.
'ithe Oath 155
^bs Examination, atid Interrogatory Dlfquifition of the
Archons 156
7^!^ Archon'j O^//^ ibid.
flhe Oath of the :^rpaLl^yos 157
Laws /;z;^(?^/>j^ Orators ibid/
yfn Infpeiiion into the Orators Lives ibid.
Laws treating of Duties and Offices 158
Laws ^<7/ //^<? Refufal 0/ Offices 159
Laws concerning Honours, to be conferred on thofe^ who
have deferved well of the Comrhon-wealth ibid.
Laws referring to the Gymnafia v 160
lji.W5 relating to Phyficians md Philofophers ibid.
Law|
The CONTENTS.
Laws concerning Judges 1 60
Of Laws relating to LaW-fuits ibid
Laws refpeiing Preparatories to Judgments ibid.
A Form of the Oath taken by Judges after Ek^ion ibid.
Laws referring to Judgments 162
Laws concerning Arbitrators ibid,
A Law about Oaths 1 63
Laws treating of Witnefles ibid.
Laws touching Judgments already pajl 164
Laws concerning Punifhments ibid.
Laws referring to Receivers ofpuhlick Revenues, the
Exchequer, and Money for Shows 1 65
Laws about Limits and Land-marks * 166
Laws refpeSling I^nds, Herds, and Flocks 167
Laws relating to Buying and Selling ibid.
Laws appertaining to Ulury and Money ibid.
Laws about Wares to be imported to, or exported from
Athens ^ iSS
Laws refpe^ing Arts ' ibid.
Laws concerning Societies, with their Agreements ibid.
Laws belonging to Marriages ibid.
Laws touching Dowries 171
I^ws r<?/'fmK^ /<5 Divorces ibid.
Laws belonging to Adulteries ibid.
Laws referring to the Love <7/'Boys, Procurers, and
Strumpets ibid.
Laws appointed for the Drawing up of Wills, and right
Conjiitution of Heirs, and Succeflbrs 1 7^
Laws appertaining to Guardianlhip 174
Laws about Sepulchres aiid Funerals 1 75
Laws againji Ruffians and Aflaflins . 1 76
A Law relating to Accufations 1 78
Laws concerning Damages ibid.
Laws belonging to Thefc 1 79
Laws rejiraining Reproaches ' ibid.
Laws cibcut the Management of Affairs 180
Laws referring to Entertainments ibid,
A Law relating to AccuHitions concerning Mines ibid.
A Law
The CON TENTS.
yf Law appertaining to the Action EtVoyfeAj* i8o
Military Laws 18'^
Cy Military PunijBmcnts, and Rewards ibid.
Mifcellany Laws i 8 2,
BOOK ir.
CHap. I. Of the firjl Authors of Religious Worfhip in
Greece 183
Chap. 2. Of their Temples, Altars, Images, and Afyla 185
Chap. 3. Of the Grecian Priejls and their Offices 202
Chap. 4. Of the Grecian Sacrifices 209
Chap. 5. Of the Grecian Prayers and Supplications 237
Chap. 6. Of the Grecian Oaths 246
Chap. 7. Of the Grecian Divination^ and Oracles in ge-
fieral 261
Chap. 8. Of the Oracles of Jup'itcv 265
Chap. 9. Of the Oracles of ApoWo 272
Chap. 10. Of the Oracle of Trophon'm^ 289
Chap. II. Of other Grecian Oracles 293
Chap. 12. 0/Theomancy 298
Chap. 13, Of Divination iy Y)re3.ms 303
Chap. 14. Of Divination ^^ Sacrifices - 314
Chap. 15. Of Divination fy Birds 320
Chap. 16. Of Divination ly hots 332
Chap. 1 7. Of Divination hy ominous /^<jr^i andfhings 336
Chap. 18. 6/" Magick ^;?zi Incantations 348
Chap. 19. Of the Grecian Feflivals in general 359
Chap. 20. Grecian F^^'y^/y 361
Chap. 21. Of the puhlick Games in Greece, and the prin-
cipal Exercifes us'd in them 440
Chap. 22. 0//^^ Olympian G^w^f 445
Chap. 23. Of the Pythian Games 450
Chap. 24. Of the ^cmtm Games 553
Chap. 25. 0///^^ IfthmianG^w^i 455
Chap. 26. Of the Greek Tear 457
Archao^
( T )
Archaolooia Graca,
OR, THE
ANTIQUITIES
O F
G R E E C E.
Book T.
CHAP I.
Of the State of Athens //// Cecrops.
L L Ages have had a great Efteem and Venera-
tion for Antiquity ; and not only of Men, but of
Families, Cities, and Countries, the moft Anci-
ent have always been accounted the moft Ho-
nourable. Hence arofe one of the firft and
moft univerfal Difputes that ever troubled Man-
kind ; almoft every Nation, whofe firft Original
^ was not very manifeft, pretending to have been
of an equal Duration with the Earth itfelf. Thus
the Egyptians, Scythians, and Phrygians phanfied themfelvcs to be the
firft Race of Mankind, and the Arcadians boafted that they were
rr^odkhlwoi, or before the Moon. The want of Letters did not a lit-
tle contribute to thefe Opinions ; for almoft every Colony and Planta-
tion, wanting Means whereby to preferve the Memory of their An-
ceftors, and deliver them down to Fofterity, in a few Generations for-
got their Mother-Nation, and thought they had inhabited their bwa
'^untry from the Beginning of the World.
O'j^
2 Oj the Civil Government of Athens^'
Our Athenians had too their Share in this Vanity, and made as great
and loud Pretenfions to Antiquity, as the belt of their Neighbours ; they
gave out that they were produced at the fame time with the Sun [a), and
affumed to themfelves the honourable Name (for fo they thought it) of
Avl'o'xPovii, which Word fignifies Perfons producM out of the fame
Soil that they inhabit : For it was an old Opinion, and almoft every
where received among the Vulgar, that in the Beginning of the World,
Men, like Plants, were by fome ftrange prolifick Virtue produced
out of the fertile Womb of one common Mother, Earth ; and there-
fore the Ancients generally called themfelves Tnfiv^.i, Sons of the
Earth, as Hejychius informs us {b) ; alluding to the fame Original, the
Athenians fometimes ftil'd themfelves Ter^/fsf , Grajhoppers ; and fome
of them wore Grajhoppers of Gold, binding them in their Hair, as
Badges of Honour, and Marks to diftinguifh them from others of later
Duration, and lefs noble Extradlion, becaufe thofe Infefts were be- '
]ieved to be generated out of the Ground (f) ; Virgil has mention'4
ihis Cullom in his Poem entituled Cirit.
Ergo omnis caro rejidehat cura capilh,
jlurCa folemni comptum quern fibula ritit /
Cecropiee tereti neSiebat dente cicada.
Wherefore fhc did, as was her conftant Care^
With Grajhoppers adorn her comely Hair,
Brac'd with a golden Buckle Attiek wife.
Mr. Jo. AhelU of line. ColJ.
Without doubt the Athenians were a very ancient Nation, and it may
be, the firft that ever inhabited that Country ; for when Thejfaly, and
Feloponnefits, and almoft all the fertile Regions of Greece chang'd their
eld Matters every Year, the Barrennefs of their Soil fecur'd them from
foreign Invafions. Greece at that time had no conftant aftd fettled In-
habitants, but there were continual Removes, the ftronger always dif-
pofleffing the weaker; and therefore they liv*d, as we fay, from Hand
to Mouth, and provided no more than what was neceffary for prefent
Suftenance, expeding every Day when fome powerful Nation {hould
come and difplace them, as they had lately done their Predeceflbrs {d)t
Amidft all thefe Troubles and Tumults, Attica lay fecure and unmo- '
lefted, being protected from foreign Enemies by means of a craggy
and unfruitful Soil, that could not afford Fuel for Contention, and {&-
cur'd from inteftine and civil Broils, by the quiet and peaceable Difpo-'
fitions of its Inhabitants; for in thofe Golden Days no AfFeftation of Su-
premacy, nor any Sparks of Ambition had fired Mens Minds, but every
one liv'd full of Content and Satisfaction in the Enjoyment of an equal
Share of Land, and other Neceflaries, with the reil of his Neighbours.
The ufual Attendance of a long and uninterrupted Peace are Riches
>nd Plenty ; but in thofe Days, when Men lived upon the Produdts of
{a) Menandtr Rhetor, {h) In voce TnyivSiU \c) Tluijdidet lib. I. EuJlatbiH
ad Iliad ^. {d^ Tamjd^ Mi^
Of the Civil Government of Aas.x\%\ ^
their own Soil, and had not found out the Way of fupplying their
Wants by Traffick, the Cafe was quite contrary, and Peace was only
the Mother of Poverty and Scarcenefs, producing a great many new
Mouths to confume, but affording no new Supplies to fatisfy them.
This was foon experienced by the Athenians ; for in a few Ages
,they were increafed to fuch a Number, that their Country being not
only unfruitful, but confined within very narrow Bounds, was no longer
able to furni{h them with neceffary Provifions. This forced them
to contrive fome Means to dilburthen it, and therefore they fent out
Colonies to provide new Habitations, which fpread themfelves in the
feveral Parts of Greece.
This fending forth of Colonies was very frequent in the firft Ages of
the World, and feveral Inftances there are of it in later Times, elpeci-
ally amongft the Gau/s and Scythians, who often left their Native Coun-
tries in vait Bodies, and, like general Inundations, overt urn'd all before
them. Meurfius reckons to the Number of forty Plantations peopled by
Athenians \ but amongft them all, there was none fo remarkable as
that in AJla the Lefs, which they call'd by the Name of their native
Country Ionia. For the primitive Athenians were nam'd lones, and
laones [e) ; and hence it came to pafs, that there was a very near
Affinity between the Attick and old lonick Dialeft, as Eufiathius ob-
ferves (f). And though the Athenians thought fit to lay afide their
ancient Name, yet it was not altogether out of Ufe in 'ihefeus'% Reign,
as appears from the Pillar erefted by him in the Ijlhmus, to ftiew the
Bounds of the Athenians on the one Side, and the PeJoponneJiam on
the other ; on the Eaft-fide of which was this Infcription (g\^
This is not Peloponnefus, hut Ionia.
And on the South-fide this,
Ihis is not Ionia, hut Peloponnefus, '
This Name is thought to have been given them from Janjan, which
bears a near Refcmblance to \eLav ; and much nearer if, as Grammarians
tell us, the ancient Greeks pronounc'd the Letter a. broad like the
Diphthong tu, as in our Englijh Word All, and fo Sir George Wheeler
reports the modern Greeks do at this Day, This Janjan was the fourth
Son QiJapheth,z.nA is faid to have come into Greece after theConfufion of
aiel,znd feated himfelf in Attica; and this Report receiveth no fmall
Confirmation from the divine Writings, where the Name of jfavan is
in feveral Places put for Greece. Two Inftances we have in Daniel {h) ;
And nvhen I am gone'forth, behold the Prince of Grscia. /hall come. And
again (/) Hejhalljiir up all againji the Realm o/^Grscia. Where thoagh
the vulgar Tranflations render it not Ja'van, yet that is the Word in
the Original. And again in Ifaiah, And 1 nxiill fend thofe that efcape of
them to the Nations in the Sea, in Italy, and in Greece. Where the 7i-
(i) Herodot. lib. I. Strah Geogr. lib. IX. ^fchylus Perfis. (fj Iliad. ft
() Piutarsb. Tljefcf, {J>) Cap. X. v. y^ () Cap. XI. v, a.
B Z gurini
jf Of the Civil Government of Athens?
gurine Verfion, with that oi Genenja, retains the Hebrew Words, and
ufeth the Names of Tubal and Jwvan, inftead of Italy and Greece. But
the Grecians themfelves, having no Knowledge of their true Anceftor,
make this Name to be of much later Date, and derive it from Ion, the
Son oi Xuthus. This Xathus (as Paufanias reports) having robb'd his
Father Deucalion of his Treafure, convey'd himfelf, together with his
ill-gotten Wealth into Attica, which was at that Time govern'd by E-
reSiheus, who courteoufly entertain'd him, and gave him his Daughter
in Marriage, by whom he had two Sons, Ion and Achevus ; the former
of which gave his Name to the lonians, the latter to the Achaans, It
is not improbable that Ion himfelf might receive his Name from Ja'
*van ; it being a Cuftom obfervable in the Hiftories of all Times, to
keep up the ancient Name of a Fore-Father, efpecially fuch as had
been eminent in the Times he lived in, by reviving it in fome of th
Principal of his Pofterity.
From the firft peopling o{ Attica till the Time of King Ogyges, we
have no Account of any Thing that pafs'd there ; only Plato {k) reports,
they had a Tradition, that the Athenian Power and Glory were very
great in thofe Days ; that they were excellently flcill'd both in Civil and
Military Affairs, were govern'd by the jufteft and moft equitable Laws,
and lived in far greater Splendor than they had arrived to in his Time.
But of the Tranfadions of thefe, and the following Ages till Thefeus,
or the Trojan War, little or nothing of Certainty mult be expefted ;
part!y,becaufe of the Want ofRecords,inrude and illiterate Ages; partly,
by reafenofthe vaft Diflance of Time, wherein thofe Records they
had (if they had any) were loft and deftroy'd ; and partly, through the
Pride and Vain-glory of the ancient Greeks, who, out of an AfFeftatioa
of being thought to have been defcended from fome divine Original,
induftrioufly conceal'd their Pedigrees, and obfcured their ancient Hifto-
ries with idle Tales, and poetical Fiftions. And to ufe the Words of
Plutarch (/) : " As Hiftorians, in their Geographical Defcriptions of
*' Countries, croud into the fartheft Part of their Maps thofe Things
*' they have no Knowledge of, with fome fuch Remarks in the Margin
' as thefe ; all beyond is nothing but dry and defert Sands, or Scythian
*' Cold, or a frozen Sea ; fo it may very >vell be faid of thofe Things
*' that are fo far removed from our Age j all beyond is nothing but
* monftrous and trjigical Fiftions ; there the Poets, and there the In-
" ventors of Fables dwell ; nor is there to be expei^ed any Thing that
*' deferves Credit, or that carries in it any Appearance of Truth."
However I muft not omit what is reported concerning Ogyges, or
Ogygus, whom fome will have to have been King of Thebes, fome of
j^gypt, fome of Arcadia, but others of Attica, which is faid to have
been called after his Name, Ogygia (m). He is reported to have been a
very potent Prince, and the Founder of feveral Cities, particularly of
FAeufis J and Paufanias tells us farther, that he was Father to the Hero
Eleujis, from whom that Town received its Name. He is faid to hav
(*) Tmeto, (/) Iht^tQ^ () Ste^attus Byjantuji de Urb, is Pop.
beeai
Of the Civil Government of Athens^ 5
been contemporary with the Patriarch Jacob j about the fixty-feventh
Year of whofe Age he is fuppofed to have been born (), others bring
him as low as Mofes (o). His Reign is the utmoft Period the Athenian
Stories'or Traditions ever pretendsd to reach to ; and therefore when
they would exprefs the great Antiquity of any thing, they call it O^yf/-,
of which we have a great many Inftances in feveral of the ancient
Writers, but I (hall only give you one out oi Nicanders TheriacOf
Q.y6li- J^' Sl^A //t/9- vt euC,im<n (po^ti^-
And in Allufion to the great Power he is fuppofed to have been pof-
fefs'd of they call any thing great or potent, Q.yuyiQ-, as two learned
Grammarians inform us. Hefychius, ilftSyia, taKcli^, a.^'Xja.in, y.iyci.K\i
vdiiv. SuiJas, Qyvfiov, 'XAKetiov, w VTsrifUifiBif. And therefore cSyv'
fiA KeuLA are great and infupportable Evils ; and uyv^t- ivh^triA in
Philo, extreme Folly and Stupidity. He reign'd two and thirty Years
(for fo Cedrenus computes them) in full Power and Profperity, and
blefs'd with the Affluenceof all Things that Fortune can beftow upon
her greateft Favourites ; but the Conclufion of his Life was no lefs de-
plorable than the former Part of it had been profperous, for in the raidfl:
of all his Enjoyments he was furpriz'd with a fudden and terrible In-
undation, which overwhelm'd not Attica only, but all Achaia too, in
one common Deftrudion.
There is frequent Mention made in ancient Authors of feveral Kings
that reign'd in Attica, between the Ogygian Flood and Cecrops the Firit.
As of Porphyrion, concerning whom thcAthmonians, a People in Attica^
have a Tradition, that he ereded a Temple to FenusOv^avi a. in their
Borough {p). Alfo ofColainus [q) ; and of Periphas, who is defcrib'd by
Antonius Liberalis (r), to have been a very virtuous Prince, and at lait
metamorphos'd into an Eagle. Ifaac Tzetzes, in his Comment upon
Lycophron, fpeaks of one Draco, out of whofe Teeth he tells us, it was
reported that Cecrops fprung ; and this Reafon fome give for his being
caird A/^iK. Laftly, to mention no more, Paufanias and Stephanus
fpeak of Adaus, or AS^eon, from whom fome will have Attica to
have been call'd Ade\ and this Name frequently occurs. in the Poets,
particularly in Z.^'frc/i^row, aftudious Affefter of antiquated Names, and
obfokte Words :
Ay,TMf /'///Of ^K ynfiv^f o-^nxjap^jctf.
But fmall Credit is to be given to thefe Reports, for we are affured
by Philachorus, an Author of no Jefs Credit than Antiquity, as he is
quoted by Africanus, that Attica was fo much wafted by the Ogygian De-
luge, and its Inhabitants reduced to fo fmall a Number, that they lived
an hundred and ninety Years, from the Time of Oj^^g'ff to Cecrops, with-
out any King at all ; and Eu/ebius concurs with him in this Opinion (/),
(n) Bieronym. Chron. Eufeb. {o) Jujlin Mart, Orat. ad Gentei, {p) Paui
pttiat, [f) Idem. (r) Metamorphof. VI, (/) Chronito.
? i CHAP.:
I
Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens,
C H A P. II.
Of the State ef Athens from Cccrops to Thefcus.
T is agreed almoft on all Hands, that Cecrops was the firft that ga-
ther'd together the poor Peafants that lay difperfed here and there
in Attica, and having united them into one Body, (tho' not into one
City, for that was not effefted till many Ages after) conftituted among
them one Form of Government, and took upon himfelf the Title of Zz^.
Moll Nations at the firft were governed by Kings, who were ufually
Perfons of great Worth and Renown, and for their Courage, Pru-
dence, and other Virtues, promoted to that Dignity by the general
Confent and Eleftion of the People; who yielded them Obedience
outofWillingnefs, rather than Necefhty ; out of Advice, rather than
by Compulfion : And Kings rather chofe to be obey'd out of Love,
and Efteem of their Virtues, and Fitnefs to govern, than by the Force
of their Arms, and out of a flavifli Fear of their Power. They afr
fefted no uncontroulable Dominion, or abfolute Sway, but preferred the
Good of their People, for whofe Proteftion they knew and acknow-
ledged themfelves to have been advanced, before any covetous or am-
bitious Defigns of their ,own. They expefted no bended Knees, nq
proftrate Faces, but would condefcend to converfe familiarly, even
with the meaner fort of their Subjeds, as oft as they ftood in need of
their Ailillance. In fhort, they endeavoured to obferve fuch a juft
Medium in their Behaviour, and all their Aftions, as might neither
expofe their Authority to Contempt, nor render them formidable tq
thofe, whom they chofe rather to win by Kindnefs into a voluntary
Compliance, than to awe by Severity into a forced Subjelion. They
propofed to themfelves no other Advantage, than the Good and Welfare
of their People, and made ufe of their Authority no farther, than as it
was conducive and neceffary to that End. This Dignity and Office
confiiled chiefly in three Things,
Firji, In doing juftice, in hearing Caufes, in compofing the Divi-
iions, and deciding the Differences tluit happen'd among their Subfefts,
in conftituting new Laws, and regulating the old [t), where they had
any ; but the People generally repofed fuch Truft and Confidence in the
jufiice and Equity of their Prince, th*t his fole Will and Pleafure pafs'd
for Law amongft them {).
Secondly, In leading them to the Wars ; where they did not only
affift tliem by their good Condud: and Management of Affairs, but ex-
pofed their own Perfons for the Safety and Honour of their Country;,
prefling forward into the thickeft of their Enemies, and often en-
countering the mod valiant of them in fingle Combat. And this
they thought a principal Part of their Duty, judging it but reafonable,
that they, who exceli'd others in Honour, fhouid lurpafs them too in
(/) TuU, i<i Offic, lib, II, cap. XII, () Ji'^in, Hift, lib, I,
Valour,
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' ^
?i^alour, and they that had the firft Places at all Feafts, and publick
Aflemblies, fhould be the firft alfo in undertaking Dangers, and ex-
pofing themfelves in the Defence of their Country ; and thus-the Her9
in Homer argues the Cafe with one of his Fellow-Princes,
Tkavkz, Tin J^n vco'i rijiy.iiixi^et (jlcLki^a
Ey Ayx/rt, Tajfiii 'j, ^bV t^i, ^<Toftua-i,
KaKov (^vJAKini )C) rtfKfHf Tvpocp'o^oio ;
T&^fi/f T^pn AvKioKri iJATA<:Ffuroi<rtv tovjAf
'E^d/j^y iiJ^i l^d^m KAv^-etpni dvliCoKmAi, (w),
Glaucus, fmce us the Lycian Realms obey .
^ Like Gods, and all united Homage pay.
Since we firft feated have our. Goblets crown'd "y
Enjoy large Farms, near Xanthus Streams, whofe Ground C
Is fertile, and befet with ftiady Trees around ? jy
Ought we not in the Battle's Front t'engage,
And quell our furious Foes with doubled Rage ?
J- ^'
thirdly^ The Performance of the folemn Sacrifices, and the Care of
Divine Worftiip was Part of the Kin^% Builnefs. The Lacedamonian
Kings at their Coronation were conlecrated Pr/^/^j of y^/i/V^r, Oug^,-
r/-, and executed that Office in their own Perfons. No Man can be
ignorant of Virgil's Anius, who was both King and Prieji.
Rex Aniut, ReX idem hominum, 'Phoehiqut facerdos.
We feldom meet with a Sacrifice in Homer, but fome of the Heroes, and
thofe the Chief of all then prefent, are concern'd in the Performance
of the holy Ceremonies ; and fo far was it from being thought an Aft
of Condefcenfion, or any way below their Dignity and Grandeur, that
they thought it an Acceffion to the reft of their Honours ; arid the
inferior Worlhippers were no lefs careful to referve this Piece of Ser-
vice for them, than they were to give them the moft honourable Pla-
ces in the Banquets, which they refreih'd themfelves with, after the
Sacrifices were ended.
Let us now return to Cecropt, whom, as foon as he had eftablifh'd
himfelf in his new rais'd Kingdom, we fliall find employ'd in laying
the Model of a City, which he defign'd for the Seat of his Government,
and Place of his conftant Refidence. And as the moft commodious
Place in his Dominions for this Purpofe, he pitch'd upon a Rock,
flrongly fortify'd by Nature againft any Affaults, and fituated in a large
Plain near the Middle of Attica^ calling both the City, and the Ter-
ritory round it, after his own Name, Cecropia. Afterwards, when the
Athenians increafed in Power and Number, and fill'd the adjacent
Plains with Buildings, this was the Acropolis or Citadel.
Wmm-mmmmmmmmmmm^ i i ii i ^
(v) Iliad. />i'
B 4 Tk9
% Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens?
Then for the better Adminiftration of Juftice, and the Promotioi|
fif mutual Intercourfe among his Subjeds, he divided thena into four
Tribes, the Names of which were,
1. KX.pCT{f.
2. AyTo'j^Siyr.
3. Ax.7*J6S-
4. YlafeLKia..
And finding his Country pretty well ftock'd with Inhabitants, part-
ly by the Coming in of Foreigners, partly by the ConcOurfe of People
from every Corner and Lurking-hole in Attica, where they had before
lain, as it were, buried in Privacy, he inftituted a Poll, caufing every
one of the Men to call a Stone into a Place appointed by him for that
Purpofe, and upon Computation, he found them to be in Nuinber
twenty thoufand, as the Scholiaji upon Pindar reports out of Philo^
f horns [x).
But the Soil being in its own Nature unfruitful, and the People un-
ficiird in tilling and improving it to the beft Advantage, fuch Multi-
tudes could not have fail'd of being reduc'd in a fhort Time to the
greateft Extremities, had not Cecrops taught them the Art of Naviga-
tion, and thereby fupply'd them with Corn from Sicily and Africk(y).
Befides this, he was the Author of many excellent Laws and Con-
llitutions, efpecially touching Marriage, which, according to his Ap-
pointment, was only to be celebrated betwixt one Man and one Wo-
man, whereas before promifcuous Mixtures had been allow'd of a-
jnongft them, as the Poet intimates,
Qi<ruA "ZoKau kyjav]A, }^ hvof^ov ArBiJ^i 'snJx^f
"^pl^vyim AKvToio awjueiJ^a, i'l^vya. K*;tfo4 ().
With curious Art Cadmus did Letters frame.
The Law's Invention from wife Solcn came^
But Cecrops glories in the Maiq^iage Tie
Of the united Pair.
- . . . ,7-^^
Nor did he only prefcribe Rules for the Conduct of their Lives,
V'ith refpeft to one another, but was the firlt that introduced a Form of
Religion, crefted Altars in Honour of the Gods, and inftrufled his
People in what Manner they were to worfhip them.
in^the Reign of Pandiofi, the fifth King of Athens^ 'Iriptolemns is faid
to have taught the Athenians how to few and manure the Ground, and
to have enafted feveral ufeful and necertary Laws, three of which we
^id quoted by P-orphyry out oS Xemc rates (a) ;
1 . Honour your Parents.
2. Make Oblations of your Fruits to the Gods,
3 . Hurt not living Creatures.
. (.?) Olympionic. Od. IX, {y ) "Jobannei Txctzes in Ile/todi Epy. ci, (z)NQn^
Via Diojijfiiac. Jib. XLI. (} De Abftinent, alj Animal, lib. IV,
Cecro^s^
Of the Civil Government <?/" Athens/ 9
Ceeropf, the fecond of that Name, and the feventh King of Athens,
(divided his Dominions into twelve Cities, or large Boroughs, com-
pelling his Subjefts to l.eave their feparate Habitations, and unite to-
gether for the replenifhing of them (^). Their Names were thefe, as
they are deliver'd by Strabo in his Defcription oi Attica [c] : Cecropiu,
Tetrapoiis, Exacria, Deceka, Elujts, Aphidn^, Thoriccus, Brauron, Cy-
tberis, Sphettus, CephiJ/la, and Fhalerus. But Cecropia flill continued
the chief Seat of the Empire, though each of thefe Cities (they are the
Words of Sir George Wheeler, who refers this Divifjon to Cecrops the
Firft, led thereunto by the Authority of Eufebius, and fome others)
had diftinft Courts of Judicature, and Magillrates of their own j and
were fo little fubjeft to their Princes, the SuccefTors of Cecrops, that
they feldpm or never had recourfe to them, fave only in Cafe^ of im-
minent and publick Danger ; and did fp abfolutely order their own
Concerns, that fometimes they waged War againil each other without
the Advice or Confent of their Kings,
In this State continued Attica, till the Reign of Pandion, the fecond
of that Name, and eighth King of the Athenians, who was deprived of
his Kingdom by the Sons of his Uncle Metion ; who themfelves did not
long poffefs what they had thus unjuftly gotten, being driven out of it
by the more powerful Arms of Pandionh four Sons, mz. jEgeus, LycuSf
Pqllas, and t^ifus. Thefe, having expell'd the Metionida:, divide4 the
Kingdom amongft themfelves, as Apollodorus reports. But others are of
Opinion, that Pandion himfelf, being reftored to the quiet PofTeffipn of
Jiis Kingdom by the joint Afiiftance of them all, by his Uft Will and
Tellament divided it into four Parts, bequeathing to each of them his
Proportion. And though it is not agreed amongft ancient Writers,
which Part fell to every Man's Lot ; yet thus much is confented to on
all Hands, that the Sovereignty of Athens was aflignM to uEgeus, for
which he was extremely envy'd by his Brethren ; and fo much the
more, for that, as moft think, he was not the begotten, but only
adopted Son oi Pandion ; and for this Reafon it was (faith Plutarch)
that jEgeus commanded ^thra, the Mother of Thefe^s, to fend her
"Son, when arrived at Man's Eftate, from Tra^zen, the Place where hs
was born, to Athens with all Secrecy, and to enjoin him to conceal,
as much as poffible, his Journey from all Men, becaufe he fear'd ex-
tremely the Pallantida, who, did continually mutiny againft him, and
defpifed hiin for his want of Children, they themfelves being fifty
Brothers, all the Sons of Pallas. However, as the fame Author tells
us, they were with-held from breaking out into open Rebellion, by the
Hopes arid Expedlation of recovering the Kingdom, at leail after
j^geui^s Death, becaufe he was without Iffue ; but as foon as The/ens
appear'd, and was acknowledged rightful SuccelTor to the Crown,
highly refenting, that firft AEgaus, Pandion's Son only by Adoption,
and not at all related to the family of Eridheus, and then The/euSf
pne of another Country, and a perfedl Stranger to their Nation,
ihould obtain the Kingdom of their Anceftors, they broke out into
(^) Et^mofo^j (c) Ccograph, Ub, IX.
f b Of the Qvil Government of Athens.'
open A6ls of Hoflility ; but were foon overcome and difperfed by the
Courage and Conduft of Thefeus.
Thefeus, having deliver'd the Country from inteftine Seditions, pro-
ceeded in the next Place to free it from foreign Slavery. The Athe^
titans having barbaroufly murder'd Androgeut, the Son of Mitios, King
'of Crete, were obliged by his Father to fend a novennial, or fepten-
nial, or, as others, an annual Tribute of feven young Men, and as
many Virgins into Crete, where they were {hut up within the Laby-
rinth, and there wandered about, till finding no poffible Means of ma-
king their Efcape, they perifhed with Hunger, or elfe vvere devour'd
by the Minotaur, a terrible Moi^fter, compounded of the different
Shapes of Man and Bull. The Time of fending this Tribute being
come, ^hefeus put himfelf amongft the Youths that were doom'd to go
to Crete, where having arrived, he received oi Ariadne, the Daughter of
King Minosy who had fallen in Love with him, a Clew of Thread, and
being inftrudted by her in the Ufe of it, which was to conduft him thro*
all theWindingsof theZ,^2^/-//,^, efcap'doutof it, having firll flain the
Minotaur, and fo returr^'d with his Fellow Captives in Triumph to Athens,
In his Return, thro' an Excefs of Joy for the happy Succefs of his
Voyage, he forgot to hang out the white Sail, which fhoald have been
the Token of their Safety to jEgeus, who fat expedling them upon the
Top of a Rock j and as foon as their Ship came in View with a black,
and, as it were, mourning Sail, knowing nothing of their Succefs, he
threw himfelf headlong into the Sea, and fo made way to Thefeus'^ more
early SuccelTion to the Crown, than could otherwife have beenexped-
ed. And to this Time, from the Reign of Cecrops the Firll, the Go-
vernment and State oi Athens continued with little Alteration.
CHAP. m.
Of the State of Athens, from Thefeus to the Decennial
Archons.
THESEUS, being by the fore-mention'd Accident advanced to
the Regal Scepter, foon found the Inconvenience of having his
People difperfed in Villages, and canton'd up and down the CounJry.
*' Therefore for the Remedy of this Evil, he framed in his Mind (faith
" Plutarch) a vaft and wonderful Defign of gathering together all the
' Inhabitants o^ Attica into one Town, and making them one People
<* of one City, that were before difperfed, and very difficult to be af
" fembled upon any Affair, tho' relating to the common Benefit of
' them all. Nay, often fuch Differences and Quarrels happened among
<' them, as occafion'd Blood-lhed and War ; thefe he, by his Per-.
** fuafions, appeafed, and going from People to People, and from
*' Tribe to Tribe, propofed his Defign of a common Agreement be^
** tween them. Thofe of a mor^ private and mean Cpndition readily
<' embracirtg fo good Advice i to thofe of greater Power and Intereft,
*' he
0/ the Civil Government of Athens.' i i
** he promifed a Common-wealth, wherein Monarchy being laid afide,
*' the Power fhould be in the People ; and that, rcferving to himfelf
*' only to be continued the Commander of their Arms, and the Pre-
" ferver of their Laws, there fhould be an equal Diftribution of all
" things elfe among them, and by this Means he brought moft of them
*' over to his Propofal. The reft fearing his Power, which was already
*' grown very formidable, and knowing his Courage and Refolution,
*' chofe rather to be perfuaded, than forced into a Compliance.
" He then diffolved all the diftinft Courts of Juftice, and Councll-
** Halls, and Corporations, and built one common Prytaneum, and
" Council-Hall, where it ftands to this Day. And out of the old and
** new City he made one, which he named Athens, ordaining a com-
* mon Feaft and Sacrifice to be for ever obferved, which he called
*' Panathenaa, or the Sacrifice of all the United Athenians. He inftitu-
** ted alfo another Sacrifice, for the Sake of Strangers that would come
*' to fix at Athens, call'd MiTz'tKiet, which is yet celebrated on the i6th
" Day oi Hecatombaon. Then, as he had promifed, he laid down hi?
** Kingly Power, and fettled a Common-wealth, having entred upon
*' this great Change, not without Advice from the Gods, For fending
* to confult the Delphian Oracle, concerning the Fortune of his new
I* Government and City, he received this Anfwer :
Hear, 7hefeusy Pittheus Daughter's Son,
Hear what Jo've for thee has done.
In the great City thou haft made j
He has, as in a Store-houfe, laid.
The fettled Periods and fix'd Fates >
Of many Cities, mighty States.
Eut know thou neither Fear nor Pain,
Sollicit not thyfelf in vain :
For like a Bladder that does bide
The Fury of the angry Tide,
Thou from high Waves unhurt (hall bound.
Always toft, but never drown'd. (Mr, 2)>?^,|
*' Which Oracle, they fay, one of the Sibyls, a long time after, did in a,
*J manner repeat to the Jthenians in this Verfe,
AffKof ^cfTrjti^tff J^iivou J^i ']ot^iy.liWi.
Thou, like a Bladder, may'ft be wet, but never drown'd.
** Farther yet defigning to enlarge his City, he invited all Stranger*
" to come and enjoy equal Privileges with the Natives ; and fome are
** of Opinion, that the common Form of Proclamation in Athens'^
ff ^iCf |T| 7r<*F7f As> Cffm Hthtr allje People, were the Words that
l\ Ue/eus
Ira Of the Civil Government of Athens]
** Thejeus caufed to be proclaim'd, when he thus fet up a Common^
f* wealth, confifting in a Manner of all Nations,
** For all this, he fufFer'd not his State by the promifcuous Multitude
** that flow'd in, to be turn'd into Confufion and Anarchy, and left
** without any Order or Degrees, but was the firll that divided the
** Common-wealth into three djftinft Ranks, EtJ-ra,7eiJ^At, TecofjLqgoif
** AH/u/fyw, /. e. Noblemen, Husbandmen, and Artificers. To the
** Nobility he committed the Choice of Magiftrates, the Teaching and
*' Difpenfing of the Laws, and the Interpretation of all holy and re-
* ligious Things ; the whole City, as to all other Matters, being as it
" were reduced to an Equality, the Nobles excelling the reft in Ho-
** nour, the Hufbandmen in Profit, and the Artificers in Number.
** And Ihefetis was the firft, who, as Arljiotle fays, out of an Inclinatioa ,
* to popular Government, partedwiththe Regal Power ; which Homer
" alfo feems to intimate in his Catalogue of the Ships, where he gives
*^ the Name of Aw//t(5>-, or People, to the Athenians only.
In this Manner Thefeus fettled the Athenian Government, and it con-
tinued in the fame State till the Death of Codms the feventeenth and
laft King, a Prince more renovvn'd for his Bravery, than Fortune.
For Attica [d] being invaded b-y the Dorians, or Spartans, or Peloponne-
pans, or, as fome will have it, by the Ihracians, the Oracle was con-
fulted about it, and anfvver made, that the Invaders fhould have Suc-
cefs, if they did not kill the Athenian King ; whereupon Codrus, pre-
ferring his Country's Safety before his own Life, difguifed himfelf in
the Habit of a Peafant, and went to a Place not far from the Enemy's
Camp, where picking a Quarrel with fome of them, he obtained the
Death which he fo much defired. The Athenians, being advertifed of
what had happened, fent an Herald to the Enemy to demand the Body
of their King, who were fo much difhearten'd by this unexpefled Ac-
cident, that they immediately broke up their Camp, and left off their
Enterprize without ftriking another Blow.
The Athenians, out of Reverence to Codrus^s Memory, would never
jnore have any Governor by the Name or Title of King, but were
fovern'd by Archontes, whom they allowed indeed to continue in their
)ignity as long as they lived, and when they died, to leave it to their
Children ; and therefore moll Writers reckon them rather amongft the
Kings, than the Archontes that fucceeded them, who were permitted to
rule only, for a certain Time ; yet they difier'd from the Kings in this,
that they were in a manner fubjeft to the People, being obliged to
Tender an y^ccount of their Management, when it Should be demanded.
The firft of thefe was Medon, the eldeft Son of Codrus, from whonv
the thirteen following Archontes were firnam'd Medontidee, as being de-
fcended from him. During their Government the Athenian State fuf-
fer'd no confiderable Alteration, but was carried on with fo great Eafe
and Qujetnefs, that fcarce any Mention is made of any memorable
Aftion done by any of them, and the very Names of fome of them
are almoft quite forgotten.
' ' . , 1 1
{/) 7uU. Tufcul. Quaeft. Jujiin, 1. 11. VeJ, latere, lib. II. Eufebiui.
Thus
Of the Cvil Government of Athens] 13
Thus I have endeavour'd to give you a fhort Account of the Aibe'
vian State, whilft it was govern'd by Kings, who were in all thirty,
and ruled Athens by the Space of feven hundred ninety-four Years , as
the learned Meurjius has computed them ; to which, if you add the two
and thirty Years of Ogyges, and the Interval of an hundred and ninety
Years, in which no Footlteps of any Government are to be found, th
Number will amount to one thoufand and twelve Years.
A Catalogue of the Athenian Kings.
Years.
Ogyges
Interregnum
Cecrops I.
XXXII.
CXC.
L.
Thymoetes
Melanthius
Codrus
Crananus
IX.
Medon
Amphydion
Erilhonius
X.
L.
Acafius
Archipptis
Pandion I.
XL.
Therjippus
EreSlheiis
L.
Phorbas
Cecrops II.
XL.
Megacles
Pandion II,
XXV.
Diognetus
JEgeus
XLVIIL
Pherecles
Thefeus
XXX.
Ariphron
Menejiheus
Demophoon
Oxyntes
Aphidas
XXIIL
xxxin.
XII.
I.
Ihejpicus
Agamejlor
JEfchyluS
Alcmeeon
Years,'
VIIL
XXXVII.
XXI.
XX.
XXXVL
XIX.
XLL
XXX.
XXVIIL
XXV.
XIX.
XX.
xxvir.
XVII.
XXIIf.
II.
CHAP. IV.
Of the State of Athens, from the Decennial Archons ta
Philip of Macedon.
TH E People oi Athens continually got Ground of their Superiors,
gaining fomethingby every Alteration that was made in the State
till at length, by little and little, the whole Government came into the
Hands of the Commonalty. Thefeus and Medon made confiderable
Abatements in their Power, but what remain'dof it, they kept in their
own Hands as long as they lived, and preferved the Succeffion entire
to their Pofterity. But in the firil Year of the feventh Olympiad, both
the Power and Succefiion devolved upon the People ; who, the
better to curb the Pride, and reilrain the Power of their v^rrZi^w, con-
tinued them in their Government only for ten Years ; and the firft
that was created in this Manner, was Charops, the Son of ^fchylus.
But they would not reft contented here, for about feventy Years af-
ter, that the Archons might be wholly dependent on the Citizens Fa-
vour, it was agreed that their Authority (hould laft but for one Year,
at the End of which they were to giv^ an Account of their Admini-
ilration j
J4 QA i^^ Civil Government of Athtnil
ftration ; and the firft of theie was Clean, who entred upon his Chargfl
in the third Year of the twenty-fourth Olympiad [e).
In the thirty-ninth Olympiad Draco was Archon, and was the Au-
thor of many new Laws, in which there is very little worth our No-
tice, only that they were cruel and inhuman, punifhing almoft
every trivial Offence with Death. Infomuch that thofe that were con-
viled of Idlenefs were to die, and thofe that ftole a Cabbage, or an
Apple, to fuffer as the Villains that committed Sacrilege or Murder ;
and therefore Detnades is remark'd for faying, that Draco\ Laws were
not written withrInk but Blood : And he himfelf being afk'd, why he
made Death the Punifhment of moft Offences ? Reply'd, fmall Crimes
deferve that, and I have no higher for the greateft.
But all thefe, that only excepted which concern'd Murder, werere-
peal'd in the third Year of the forty-fixth Olympiad, in which Solon, be-
ing Archon, was intruded with the Power of new-modelling the Com-
mon-wealth, and making Laws for it. They gave him Power over
all their Mag?ftrates, (fays Plutarch) their AfTemblies, Courts, Se-
nates; that he fhould appoint the Number, Times of Meeting, and
what Eflate they (hould have that could be capable of being admitted
to them, and to diffolve or continue any of the prefent Conflitu-
tions, according to his Judgment and Difcretion (f),
Solon finding the People varioufly affefted, fome inclined to a Mo-
narchy, others to an Oligarchy, others to a Democracy, the rich Men
powerful and haughty, the Poor groaning under the Burden of their
Oppreffion, endeavour'd as far as was poffible to compofe all their
Differences, to eafe their Grievances, and give all reafonable Perfons
Satisfaftion. In the Profecution of this Defign he divided the Athe-
ttians into four Ranks, according to every Man's Eflate ; thofe who
were worth five hundred Medimns of liquid and dry Commodities he
placed in the firft Rank, calling them 'TTivjetKotnoiAiS^iiJLVot. The next
were the Horfemen, call'd l-X'xsra.S'A TsAajZ/sf, being fuch as were of
Ability tofurnifh out a Horfe, or were worth three hundred Medimns,
The third Clafs confifted. of thofe that had two hundred Medimns, who
were call'd zAjyiJ). In the lafl he placed all the refl, calling them
i;T5f , and allow'd them not to be capable of bearing any OfEce in the
Government, only gave them Liberty to give their Votes in all publick
AfTemblies ; which, tho' at the f.rfl it appear'd inconfiderable, was af-
terwards found to be a very important Privilege ; for it being permit-
ted any Man after the Determination of the Magiftrates to make an
Appeal to the People affembled in Convocation, hereby it came to pafs,
that Caufes of the greatefl Weight and Moment were brought before
them. And thus he continued the Power and Magiflracy in the
Hands of the rich Men, and yet neither expofed the inferior People to
their Cruelty and Oppreffion, nor wholly deprived them of having a
Share in the Government. And of this Equality he himfelf makes
mention in t^^is Manner,
(<) Clemen: Stromat, I, (fj Plutarch, in Solone,
Of the Civil Govemmmt of Athens.' 15
AMjUW Ati^ jS g/*X.<* 75V0J' H^-']- tffdOV i'TTCt^K^,
Keti Tol( i<p^ct7a.iJi.nv /M.JlcTei' cleiKZi \yjiv.
"What Power was fit, I did on all beftow.
Nor rais'd the Poor too high, nor prefs'd too low ;
The rich that rul'd, and every Office bore,
Confin'd by Laws they could not prefs the Poor :
Both Parties I fecur'd from lawJefs Might,
So none prevaiPd upon another's Right. Mr, Creech^
Not many Years after, the City being divided into Falions, Fifijlratm,
by a Stratagem, feized upon the Government : For havirjg, on fet Pur- .
pofe, wounded himfelf, he was brought into the Market-place in a
Chair, where he expofed his Wounds to the People, uffuring them that
he had been fo dealt with by the adverfe Party for his Aft'edion to
their Government. The unthinking Multitude were eafily drawn by
fo fpecious a Pretence into a Compaffion of his Misfortunes, and Rage
againft his Enemies; and upon the Motion of one Arifion, granted him
fifty Men arm'd with Clubs to guard his Perfon. The Decree being
paft, Fifijlratus lifted the Number of Men that wereallovv'd him, and
befides them as many more as he pleafed, no Man obferving what he
was a doing, till at length, in Requital of the City's Kindnefs and Care
of him, he feized the Citadel, and deprived tliem of their Liberty.
After this Pijijlratus lived thirty Years, fcventeen of which he was in
Poffeflion of the Government of Athens ; but the State continued all
that Time unfettled, and in continual Motions, the City-Party fome-
times prevailing againft him and expelling him, fometimes again being
worfted by him, and forced to let him return in Triumph.
He was fucceeded by his Sons Hipparchus and Hippias, whom Hera-
tVtdei calls Thejfalus ; the former of which was flain by Arijiogiton, and
the latter about three or four Years after compelled by Clifihenes, who
called to his Afliftance the banifli'd Alcmaonidte and the Lacedeevionians^
to relinquiOi his Government, and fecure himfelf by a di(honourabIe
Flight. Being thus banifh'd his Country, he fled into Perfta, where he
lived many Years, perfuading Darius to the Enterprize upon Athens^
which at length, to his eternal Shame and Difhonour he undertook.
For levying a numerous Hoft of Men, he entred the Athenian Terri-
tories, where both he and his whole Army were totally defeated, by
an inconfiderable Number of Men, under the Condudl of Miltiades, in
that famous Battle of Marathon. This Vidtory was obtained twenty
Years after Hippias'% Expulfion. And thus the Athenians recover'd
their Laws and Liberties, about fixty-eight Years after they had been
deprived of them by Pijijlratus, .
After this Succefs, they continued in a flourifliing Condition for
three and thirty Years, but then the Scene changed, and reduced thcai
almoll
1 5 Of the Civil Government of A.t\itr\5l
ainioft to the loweft Ebb of Fortune. Xerxes, in Revenge of his Pre-
deceflbr's Defeat, invaded their Territories with an Army (as fome
fay) of fcventeen hundred thoufand Men, and forced them to quit their
City, and leave it a Prey to the infulting Barbarians, who took it with-
out any confiderable Refinance, and laid it in A{hes ; and in the Year
following his Lieutenant Mardonius, in Imitation of his Matter's Ex-
ample, burn'd it a fecond Time. But thefe Storms were foon blown
over by the Wifdom and Courage oiThemiJlocUs and Arijiides, who to-
tally defeated the Perjtan Fleet ntSalamis, and feconded that Vidory
by another of no lefs Importance over Mardonius at Plataa, whereby
the Barbarians were quite driven out of Greece, and Athens reftored to
her ancient Government, arifing out of her Ruins more bright and
glorious than ever fhe had been before.
But the State fufFer'd fome Alterations, for firfl, Arijiides, a Perfon
(as Plutarch aflures us) of a mean Extraftion, and meaner Fortune,
being, in Confideration of his eminent Virtues, and fignal Services to
the Common-wealth, prefer'd to the Dignity of an Archon, repeal'd.
Solon''s Law, by which the wrgf, or loweft Order of People, were
made incapable of bearing any Office in the Government. And after
him Pericles, having leflen'd the Power of the Areopagites, brought in a
confufed Ochlocracy, whereby the Populace, and bafeft of the Rabble,
obtain'd as great a Share in the Government, as Perfons of the highell
JBirth and Quality.
Notwithitanding thefe Alterations at Home, all Things were carried
on with great Succefs Abroad : The Athenians by the Help of their
Fleet, on which they laid out their whole Strength, when Xerxes forced
them to quit their City, became fole Lordsof the Sea, and made them-
felves Mailers of the greateft Part of the uEgean Iflands : And having
either forced the rell oi the Grecians into Subjeftion, or aw'd them in-
to a Confederacy, wtnt on Conquerors to the Borders of jEgypt, and
had (as Arifiophanes reports) a thoufand Cities under their Dominions.
But afterwards Things fucceeding ill in Sicily, under the Command
of Nicias, and fome other Troubles arifing in the Common-wealth, the
principal Men of Athens, being wearied with the People's Infolency,
took this Opportunity to change the Form of Government, and bring
the Sovereignty into the Hands of a few. To which Purpofe confpiring
with the Captains that were Abroad, they caufed them to fet up an
Arifiocracy in the Towns of their Confederates ; and in the mean time,
fome, that were moft likely to oppofe this Innovation, being flain at
Athens, the Commonalty were fo difmay'd, that none durit open his
Mouth againft the Confpirators, whofe Number they knew not ; but
every Man was afraid of his Neighbour, left he fhould have a hand in
the Plot. In this general Confternation, the Government of Athens
was ufurp'd by four hundred, who, preferving in Shew the ancient
Form of Proceeding, caufed all Matters to be propounded to the Peo-
ple, and concluded upon by the greater Part of the Voices ; but the
Things propounded were only fuch, as had been firft agreed upon
among rhcmfelves ; neither had the Commonalty any other Liberty,
than only that of approving and giving Confent; for whofoever prefu-
med
Of the Civil Government of Athens.^ 1 7
ined io take upon him any farther, was quickly difpatch'd out of the
Way, and no Enquiry made after the Murderers. By thefe Means many
Decrees were made, all tending to the Eftablifliment of this, new Autho-
rity, which neverthelefs endur'd not long ; for the Fleet and Army,
which were then at the Ifle of Samos, altogether detefting thefe ty-
rannical Proceedings of the four hundred Ufurpers, recall'd Alcibiadet
from his Banifhment ; and partly out of Fear of him, partly becaufe
they found the Citizens incenfed againft them, the Tyrants voluntarily
refign'd their Authority, and went into Banifhment.
Yet was not this Alteration of Government a full Reftitutlon of the
Sovereign Command to the People, or whole Body of the City, but
only to five thoufand, whom the four hundred (when their Authority
began) had pretended to take to them as Affiftants in the Government ;
herein feeming to do little or no Wrong to the Commonalty, who fel-
dom affembled in a greater Number ; and therefore no Decrees were
pafs'd in the Name of the four hundred, but all was faid to be done
by the five thoufand j and the Ufurpers were call'd (fays [g) Plato)
^zvTetyj^iKtoi, TiT^a-KQcriot '$ "oi'Ti?, five thoufand, tho' they did not
exceed four hundred. But now, when the Power was come indeed into
the Hands of fo many, it was foon agreed, that Alcibiades and his
Friends (hould be recall'd from Exile by the Citizens, as they had be-
fore been by the Soldiers ; and that the Army at Samos fhould be re-
quefted to undertake the Government, which was forthwith reform'd
according to the Soldiers Defire.
This Ellabliftiment of Affairs at Home was immediately feconded
with good Succefs from Abroad, for by the Help of Aldbiadei they in
a ftiort Time obtain'd feveral very important Victories ; but the giddy
Multitude being foon after incenfed againft him, he was banilh'd a fe-
cond Time {h). His Abfence had always before been fatal to the Athe-
nians, but never fo much as at this Time j for their Navy at AEgos^
Potamos, thro' the Careleffnefs of the Commanders, was betray'd into
the Hands of Lyfander, the Lacedamonian Admiral, who took and funk
almoft the whole Fleet, fo that of two or three hundred Sail of Ships,
there efcaped not above eight.
After this Vi6lory, Lyfander, joining his own Forces with thofe of
Agis znAPaufanias, Kings oi Sparta, march'd dircdtly to Athens, which
was furrender'd to them upon Terms, whereby the Athenians obliged
themfeives to pull down tJic long Walls, by which the City was join'd
to the Pir/teus, or Haven, and deliver up all their Naval Forces, only
ten, or as fome fay, twelve Ships excepted. Nay, there was a Conful-
tation held whether the City fhould be utterly deflroy'd, and the Lands
about it hid wafte ; and Agis had carried it in the Affirmative, had not
Lyfander oppofed him, urgmg, that one of the Eyes oiQreece ought not
to be pluck'd out. However, he forced them to alter their Form of
Government, and change their Democracy into an Oligarchy, a State
ever affefted by the Laceda-monians.
In Compliance therefore with the Commands of their Conquerors,
-^ III IIM 111 I Ml I II I I ! II - I
{) A/citiaJc. ij,) DiQior. Sic. lib. XII. Xtnofbtn. Hift. Grace, lib. 11. jHfiin.lih.V .
C the
1 8 Of the Civil Government of Athens,^
the People of Athens chofe thirty Governors, commonly call' d thirty
Tyrants, the Names of which you may fee in Xenophon. Thefe were
chofen with a Defign to compile a Body of their Laws, and make a Col-
Icdlion of fuch ancient Statutes, as were fitteft to be put in Prafcice in
that Jundure of Affairs, which were call'd kcuvo) vo^jmi, or new Laws.
And to this Charge was annexed the fupreme Authority, and the whole
Government of the City entrufted in their Hands. At firft they
feem'd to proceed with fome Shew of Juflice j and apprehending fuch
troublefome Fellows as were odious to the City, but could not be
taken hold off by the Laws, condemn'd them to Death, But having
afterwards obtained a Guard from the 5/ir/j, to fecure the City,
(as was pretended) to their Obedience, they foon difcover'd what they
had been aiming at, for they fought no rafOre after bafe and detelled
Perfons, but invaded the leading and principal Men of the City, fend-
ing arm'd Men from Houfe to Houfe, to difpatch fuch as were like
to make any Head againft their Government. And to add the greater
Strength to their Party, and Colour to their Proceedings, they lelefted
three thoufand of fuch Citizens, as they thought fitteft for their Pur-
pofe, and gave them fome Part of the publick Authority, difarming all
the reft. Being confirmed with this AcceiTion of Strength, they pro-
ceeded in their bloody Defigns with more Heat and Vigour than Isefore,
putting to Death all that were poflefs'd of Eftates, without any Form
of Juftice, or fo much as any the leaft Pique or Grudge againft them,
only that their Riches might fall into their Hands. Nay, fo far were
they tranfported with Cruelty and Covetoufnefs, that they agreed that
every one of them Ihould name his Man, upon whofe Goods he fhould
feize, by putting the Owner to Death ; and when Theramenes, one of
their own Number, profefs'd his Deteftation of fo horrid a Defign,
they condemn'd him forthwith, and compell'd him to drink Poifon.
This Tberamenes was at the firft a mighty Stickler for the Tyrants Au-
thority, but when they began to abule it by defending fuch outrageous
Praftices, no Man more violently oppofed it than he ; and this got him.
the Nick-name of KoSof;/-, or Jack of both Sides, o y^ k'o9&^u@-
eipuoTJeiV p^ 7Ui 'Tto^h a.ij>.(pojk^ot? S'okS, from Cothurnus, which was
a Kind of a Shoe that fitted both Feet.
At length the Athenians, to the Number of feventy, that had fled to
Thebes, going voluntary into Banifhment to fecure themfelves from
the Tyrants, entred into aConfpiracy againft them, and under the Con-
dul oi Thrafyb II lus kiz&A upon Phyle, a ftrong Caftle in the Territory
of Athe?is, and increafmg their Strength and Numbers, by little and
Jictle, fo far prevail'd againft them, that they were forc'd to retire to
Sparta, and then all their Laws were repeal'd, and the upftart Form of
Government utterly difTolved. And thus the Athenians regain'd their
Liberty, and were re eftablifhed in the peaceable Enjoyment of their
Lands and Fortunes in the fourth Year of the ninety-fourth Ol^mpiadt
And to prevent all future Jealoufies and Quarrels amongft themfelves,
they proclaim'd an Ay,vti?-ict or Aft of Oblivion, whereby all, that had
been concern'd in the Outrages and Barbarities committed during the
Sovereignty of the Tyrants, were admitted to Pardon.
Thra-
Of the Civil Govermteni of Athens'. tg
^hrafyhulm having thus freed his Country from the heavy Yoke of
the Lacedemonians, Conon eilablifli'd it in all its ancient Privileges and
Immunities, by another lignal Vidory at Cni.ius, wherein he gave a
total Defeat to the Lacedaemonian Fleet. And having by this Means re-
gain'd the Sovereignty of the Seas, they began again to take Courage,
and aim'd now at nothing lefs than the Reltauration' of Athens to her
ancient Glory ; and Fortune was not wanting in forae Meafure to fur-
ther their great Defign ; for they not only reduced the Ifle of Lesbosy
Byzantium, Chalcedon, and other Places thereabouts to their former
Obedience, but raifed Athens once more to be the moft potent, and
the principal City in all Greece. '
In this State Ihe continued for fome Years, till the Thehans, who had
been raifed from one of the moft inconfiderable States in Greece to great
Power, by the wife Conduft and great Courage of Epaminondas, put
a Stop to her Grandeur, and difputed the Sovereignty with her ; bat"
this Conteft was foon decided by the hafty Death of Epaminondas, at
the famous Battle of Mantinea, which put an End to the ThebanGrt?.t-
nefs ; which as it was raifed, and maintain'd, fo it likewife perifli'd
with that great Man. So great Alterations are the Wifdom and Cou-
rage of one Man able to efFeft in the Affairs of whole Kingdoms.
The Death of Epaminondas proved no lefs fatal to the Athenians than
the Thehans ; for now there being none whole Virtues they could emu-
late, or whofe Power they could fear, they lorded it without a Rival,
and, being glutted with too much Profperity, gave themfelves over to
Idlenefs and Luxury ; they flighted the Virtue of their Anceftors ;
their hard and thrifty Way of living they laugh'd at ; the publick Re-
venues, which ufed to be employ'd in paying the Fleets and Armies, they
expended upon Games and Sports, and laviihly profufed them in fump-
tuous Preparations for Feftivals j they took greater Pleafure in going to
the Theatre, and hearing the infipid Jells of a Comedian, than in man-
ly Exercifes and Feats of War j preferr'd a Mimick, or a Stage-player,
before the moft valiant and experienced Captain ; nay, they were fo
befotted with their Pleafures, that they made it capital for any Man to
propofe the re-eftablifhing their Army, or converting the publick Re-
venues to the Maintenance of it, as Lihanius obferves {h).
This degenerate Difpofition of theirs, and the reft of the Greeks, who
were alfo drown'd in the fame Security, gave Opportunity and Leifure
to Philip, who had been educated under the Difcipline of Epami-
nondas and Pelopidat, to raife the Macedonians from a mean and ob-
fcure Condition to the Empire of all Greece and Afta ; as Ji/ftin hai'i
obferved (/). And this Defign was projeftcd and begun by Philip, but
atchievcd and perfefted by his Son Alexander the Great.
{h) Argument, ad Olynthiac. I. {) Hiftor. Lib. VI. Cap. IX.
' C 2 CHAP.
so Of the Civil Government of Athens.
CHAP. V.
Of the State of Athens, from Philip of Macedon to its
Delivery by the Romans,
TH E Athenians and the reft of the Greciant made fome Refiftance
againft the viftorious Arms o^ Philip, but were overthrown in a
pitch'd Battle at Ch^eronea, in the third Year of the CXth Olympiad,
This Defeat put an End to the Grecian Glory, and in a great Meafure
to their Liberty, which for fo many Ages, and againft the moftpuiffant
Monarchs, they had preferved entire till that time, but were never
again able to recover it. However Philip, to the end he might be de-
clared Captain-General of Greece againft the Perjians without any far-
ther Trouble, and ftrengthen his Army by the Acceflion of their
Forces, was content to forbear any farther Attempt upon tht Jthe-
nians, and to permit them to enjoy a Shew of Liberty.
No fooner was Philip dead, than they revolted, and endeavour'd
to free themfelves from the Macedonian Yoke, but were eafily brought
into Subjeftion by Alexander, and as eafily obtain'd Pardon of him, be-
ing then very eager of invading Perfia, and unwilling to be diverted
by taking Revenge upon thofe petty States, from a more noble and
glorious Enterprize. And during his Life they continued quiet, not
daring to move fo much as their Tongues againft him. Only towards
the latter End of his Reign, when he was bufied in the Wars with re-
mote Countries, and not at Leifure to take Notice of every little Op-
pofition, they refufed to entertain the banifti'd Perfons, which Alexander
had commanded ftiould be reftored in all the Cities of Greece. How-
ever, they durft not break out into open Rebellion ; but gave fecret
Orders to Leojihenes, one of their Captains, to levy an Army in his own
Name, and be ready whenever they fliould have Occafion for him :
Leojihenes obey'd their Commands, and as foon as certain News was
brought, that Alexander was dead in Perfia^ being join'd by fome
others of the Grecian States, proclaim'd open War againft the Macedo-
nians, in Defence of the Liberty of Greece. But being in the End to.-
^ally defeated by Antipater, they were forced to entertain a Garrifon
in Munychia, and fubmit to what Condition the Conqueror pleafed to
impofe upon them. He therefore changed their Form of Goverimient,
and inftituted an Oligarchy, depriving all thofe that were not worth,
two thoufand Drachms, of the Right of Suffrage ; and the better to
keep them quiet, all mutinous and difafFefted Perfons he tranfplanted
into Thrace% And by this Means the fupreme Power came into the
Hands of about nine thoufand.
About four Years after y^//^^z/^r died, and the City fell into the
Hands of Cajfafider, who fucceeded in the Kingdom oi Macedon. From
him they made many Attempts to free themfelves, and regain their be-
loved Democracy, but were in the End forced to fubmit themfelves, in
the third Year of the hundred and fifteenth Olympiad, and accept of a
Garrifon like to that wYAchAntipater had impofed upon them, to live un-
iler the fame Form of Ggvernment, and obey any Perfoa ;hat the Con-
<^uerc5
Of the Civil Government e/" Athens.' 21
queror ftiould nominate to the fupreme Power in it. The Man ap-
pointed to be their Governor was Demetrius the Phalerean, who, a3
{k) Diogenes Laertius reports, was of the Family of Conon, and ftudied
Philofophy under Theophrajius. He ufed them with all pofllble Kind-
nefs and Moderation, enlarg'd their Revenues, beautified their City with
magnificent Struftures, andreftored it almoft to its former Luftre ; and
they, in Requital of thefe Favours, beftow'd on him all the Honours,
which in fo poor a Condition they were able to give, erefting to him
three hundred Statues, according to the Number of Days in the Attick
Year, moft of which were on Horfeback (/). But all this was the
EffetSl of Flattery and Diffimulation, rather than any real Refpeft to him ;
all his Moderation, all the Benefits he had conferr'd on them could not
beget in them any fincere AfFedion for him j they flill hated him, tho'
they had no other Reafon for it, than that he was fet over them by
Cajfander ; and tho' their Power was gone, yet their Spirits were ftill
too high to brook any thing that favour'd of Tyranny. And this in
a few Years was made manifeft, for when Demetrius Poliorcetes, the Son
of Antigonus, took up Arms, as was pretended, in Defence of the Li-
berty of Greece, they receiv'd him with loud Acclamations, and all pof-
fjble Expreffions of Joy, compell'd the Phalerean to fecure himfelf by
Flight, in his Abfence condemn'd him to die, and lay in Wait to, ap-
prehend him, and bring him to Execution ; and, when they could not
compafs his Perfon, vented their Rage and Malice upon his Statues,
which they pull'd down with the greateft Deteftation and Abhorrence,
breaking fome to Pieces, felling others, and drowning others ; fo that
of three hundred there was none left remaining, except only one in
the Citadel, as the forementioned Author had reported.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, having gotten Pofleffion of the City, reftored to
the Athenians their popular Government, beftow'd upon them fifteen
thoufand Meafures of Wheat, and fuchaQuantity of Timber as would
enable them to build an hundred Gallies for the Defence of their City,
and left them in full Pofleffion of their Liberty, without any Garrifon
to keep them in Obedience. And fo tranfported were the Athenians
with this Deliverance, that, by a wild and extravagant Gratitude, they
beftow'd upon Demetrius &nd Antigonus, not only the Title of Kings ,
tho' that was a Name they had hitherto declin'd, but call'd them their
Tutelar Deities and Deliverers ; they inftituted Priefts to them, enaded
a Law, that the Ambafladors whom they fliould fend to them, fliould
have the fame Stile and Charader with thofe who were accuftom'd
to be fent to Delphi, to confult the Oracle of the Pythian Apollo, or to
Elis to the Olympian Jupiter, to perform the Gracian Solemnities, and
make Oblations for the Safety and Prefervation of their City, whom
they call'd &eapoi. They appointed Lodgings for Demetrius in the
Temple of Miner'va, and confecrated an Altar in the PLice where he firft
alighted from his Chariot, calling it the Altar of Demetrius the Alighter,
and added infinite other Inttances of the moft grofs and fordid Flat-
tery, of which Plutarch [m) and others give us a large Account ; for
(fays a learned mo dern Autho) ''r- /Ithovinns. 'i.vi.o^ f "-gotten how
{k) Dmttrius, (/) Plinii Hift. &c . " (w) Demfrif,
C 3 tfl.
2 Of the Civil Government / Athens.
to employ their Hands, made up that Defedl with their Tongues ; coni
verting to bafe Flattery that Eloquence, which the Virtues of their
Anceilors had fuited unto more manly Arguments.
But afierwards, when Demetriui'i Fortune began to decline, he was
no longer their Gcd, or their Deliverer, but, in Requital of all his former
KindneiTes, they bafely deferted him, denied him Entrance into their
City, and by a popular Edidl made it Death for any Perfon fo much as
to propofe a Treaty or Accommodation with him. Then the City be-
ing embroird in Civil Diflentions, one Lachares feizM the Government,
bur, upon the Approach of Demetrius, was forc'd to quit his new ufurp-t
ed Authority, and preferve himfelf by a timely Flight.
Thus they were a fecond Time in the PofTcffion e^ Demetrius, who,
notwithftanding their former fhameful Ingratitude, received them again
into Favour, beftowM upon them an hundred thoufand Bufhels of
Wheat, and, to ingratiate himfelf the more with them, advanced fuch
Perfons to publick Offices, as he knew to be moft acceptable to the
People. This unexpefted Generofity tranfported them fo far beyond
themfelves, that, at the Motion oi Dromoclides an Orator, it was decreed
by the unanimous Suffrage of the People, that the Haven of Piraeus
and the Caftle of Munychia (hould be put into the Hands of Demetrius,
to difpofe of them as he pleafed. And he, having learn'd by their for-
mer Inconftancy not to repofe too much Truft in fuch humble Servants,
put ftrong Garrifons into thofe two Places, and by his own Authority
placed a third in the Mufeittn, to the End (faith Plutarch) that thofe
People, who had fhew'd fo much Levity in their Difpofitions, might be
kept in Subjelicn, and not by their future Perfidies be able to divert
him from the Profecution of other Enterprizes.
But all this Care was not fufficient to keep a People reftlefs, and im-
patient of any thing that favoui'd of Servitude, in Obedience ; for De-
metrius'i Power being again dimini(h'd by djvers bad Succeffes, they
made another Revolt, expell'd his Garrifon, and proclaim'd Liberty to
all Jtheniatis ; and to do him the greater Difgrace, they difplac'd Di-
fhilius, who was that Year the Prielt of the two Tutelar Deities, that is,
Antigonus and Demetrius, and by an Edift of the, People reftor'd the
Priefthood to its ancient B'orm. Again, Demetrius having recovered
himfelf a little, and being julHy enraged againftthem for their repeat-
ed Perffdies, laid clofe Siege to the City, but by the Perfuafion of
Craterus the Philofopher was wrought upon to quit it, and leave them
once more in Poffeffion of their Freedom.
Some time aker this, Demetrius died, and was fucceeded by Jntigonus
Gonatus, \ih.o again recover'd Athens, put a Garrifon into it, and left it
in the Hands of his Succeflbr : Bat upon the Death oi Demetrius the
Son oi Gonatus, the Athenians made another Attempt to regain their
Liberty, and call'd in Aratus to their Affiftance, who, tho' he had been
fignally affronted by them, arid lain a long time Bed-rid of an Infirmity,
yet, rather than fail the City in a time of Need, was carried thither in
a Litter, and prevail'd with Diogenes the Governor, to deliver up the
Tireecus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the Athenians, in Con-
fideration of an hundred and fifty Talents, whereof Aratus himfelf
gave twenty to the City. Of all thefe Changes and Succeffes we have
large Account in Pajifanla;, Plutarch, and Dio^orus, Not
Of the Civil Government of Athene] '2^
Not long after this Re-eftablifhment, they quarrel'd with Philip,
King of Macedon, who reduc'd them to great Extremities, laid walte
their Country, pull'd down all the Temples in the Villages around wi-
thens, deftroy'd all their ftately Edifices, and caufed his Soldiers to break
in Pieces the very Stones, that they might not be ferviceable in the Re-
paration of them ; all which Loffes, with a great many Aggravations, are
elegantly fet forth in an Oration of the Athenian Ambaffadors to the
Italians, in Li'vy (). But the Romans coming to their Affiftance, Philip
wasforc'd toforfakehisEnterprize, and, being afterwards intirely defeat-
ed, left the Grecians in a full Poffeffion of their Liberty, which, at leaft
fome Shew of it, they enjoy'd many Years, under the Roman'?xQX.tQ\ox\..
CHAP. VI.
Of the State 0/ Athens, from its Confederacy with Rome,
to Conftantine the Great.
TH E Grecians, and others that put themfelves under the Roman
Proteftion, tho' they gilded their Condition with the fpecious
Name of Liberty, yet were no farther free, than it pleafed thofe in
whofe Power they were ; they were govern'd indeed by their own
Laws, and had the Privilege of elefting their own Magiftrates ; yet
their Laws were of fmall Force, if they feem'd any way to oppofe the
Roman Intereft and good Pleafure ; and in the Eledlion of Magiftrates,
and ordering publick Affairs, tho' every Man might give his Voice
which Way he pleafed, yet if he thwarted the Roman Defigns, or was
cold in his Affedion to them, or (which was all one) but warm in the
Defence of the Liberties and Privileges of his Country, he was look'd
upon with a jealous Eye, as a Favourer of Rebellion, and an Enemy
to the Romans.
And for no other Reafon a thoufand of the moft eminent Achfcansj
without any Charge, or fo much as Sufpicion of Treachery, were fent
Prifoners to Rome ; where, notwithftanding all the Teftimonies of tKeir
Innocence, and the Solicitations of their Country, which never ceafed
to importune the Senate for their Liberty, they endured an Imprifon-
ment of feventeen Years ; which being expired, to the Number of
thirty of them were releafed, amongft whom was Polybi:<s, from whofe
impartial Hiftory we have an Account of all thefe Proceedings, which
their own Hiftorians endeavour to palliate, tho' they cannot deny
them ; all the reft either died in Prifon, or, upon attempting to make
their Efcape, fufFer'd as Malefaftors.
And by thefe and fuch-like Means, whilft fome fought by Flattery
and Compliance to infinuate themfelves into the Favour of the Romans,
others out of Fear and Cowardice refolved to fwim with the Stream,
and thofe few, that had Courage and Refolution to appear for their
Country, were little regarded ; every thing was carried on according
(fl) Lib. XXX. cap. XXXI,
C4 ro
24 ^f i^^ ^^'^^^ Government <?/ Athens]"
to the Defire of the Romans \ and if any thing happen'd contrary to It,
their Agents prekntly made an Appeal to the Senate, which referved
to themlelves a Power of receiving fuch-like Complaints, and deter-
rnining as they thought convenient ; and they, that would not fubmit to
this Decifion, were proceeded againll as Enemies, and forc'd by Power
of Arms into Obedience. No War was to be begun, no Peace to be
concluded, nor fcarce their own Country fo be defended without the
Advice and Confent of the Senate j they were obliged to pay what
Tiixes the Senate thought fit to impofe upon them ; nay, the Roinan
Officers fometimes took the Liberty of raifing Contributions of their
own Accord : And tho' in the Macedonian War, upon fevcral juft Com*
plaints made againll them, the Senate was forced to put forth a De-
cree, that no Grecian fhould be obliged to pay any Contribution, be-
fides fuch as was levied by their Order ; yet if any Man re fufed to an-
fwer the Demands of any Roman Officer, he was look'd upon as an
Encourager of Sedition, and in the End fared liuie better than thofe
that broke out into open Rebellion.
In this State flood the Affairs of the Athenians under the Roman Go-
vernment: And whether in Confideration of the Eafmefs of this Yoke,
if compared with that which the Macedonians impofed on them ; or thro*
Meannefs of Spirit contraded by being long accuftom'd to Misfortunes ;
or for want of Power to afTert their Liberty j or for all thefe Reafons,
they patiently fubmitted themfelves, feeming well fatisfied with the
Enjoyment of this flavifh Freedom, which, in a few Ages before, they
would have rejefted with the greateft Indignation, and endeavour'd to
deliver themfelves from it, tho' their Lives and the Remainder of their
Fortunes fhould have been hazarded in the Enterprize.
And from this Time till the War with Mithridates, they continued
without any remarkable Alterations ; but either by the Perfuafions of
Jrijion the Philofopher, or out of Fear of Mithridates'^ Army, they
had the bad Fortune to take his Part, and receive Archefiratus, one of
his Lieutenants, within their Walls j at which Sylla being enraged
laid Siege to the City, took it, and committed fo mercilefs a Slaughter,
that the very Channels in the Streets flow'd with Blood. At this Time
the Piraeus and Munychia were burnt to the Ground, their Walls de-
molilh'd, their ancient Monuments deftroy'd, and the whole City fo
defaced, that it was never able to recover its former Beauty, till the
Time of Adrian (o).
This Storm beingblown over, they lived in Peace till the Time of the
Civil War between defar and Pompey, in which they fided with Pcmpey\
and were clofely befieged by ^ Fufius Calenus, C/efar^ Lieutenant, who
fpoil'd and deftroy'd all the adjacent Country, and feized upon the
Piraeus, being at that Time unfortified, and a Place of little Strength :
But News bemg brought that Pompey was totally routed, they yield-
ed themfelves into the Hands of the Conqueror, who, according to
his wonted Generofity received them into Favour ; and this he did
out of Refped to the Glory and Virtue of their Anceftors, giving
1$) Plutanh, SyH. Sirabe, }, IX, LvciujFIcrusltlUtCtV.AfpianusiaMltbridatico,,
out.
Of the Civil Government ^/Athens. 25
but, that he pardon'd the Living for the Sake of the Dead, as Dion
Cajftus reports {p).
But it feems they ftill retain'd fome Sparks, at leaft, of their old
Love for popular Government ; for v^'hen Cajar was dead, they join'd
themfelves to Brutus and CaJJius his Murderers, and, befides other
Honours done to them, placed their Statues next thofe of Harmodius
and Jrijiogiton, two famous Patriots that defended the Liberty of their
Country againit the Tyranny of Pijijiratiis'i Sons.
Brutus and Cajftus being defeated, they went over io Antony, who be-
haved himfelf very obligingly towards them and the reft of the Greet'
ans, being fond (faith [q) Plutarch) of being ftyl'd a Lover of Greece, but
above all, in being C3\\d a Lover of Athens, to which City he made con-
iiderabie Prefent; ; 3nd, as o-hers tell us, gave tht Athenians the Domi-
nion of the Iilandsoi7V/,^|^/z?, Icus, Cea, Sciathus, and Peparethus.
Augujius, having overcome Antony, handled them a little more fe-
verel) tor their Ingratituae to his Father, and befides fome other Pri-
vileges, IS rhdt of felling the Freedom of the City, took from them the
Ifle of j^gina [r). Towards the latter End of his Reign, they began to
revolt, bui. were eafily reduc'd to their former Obedience ; and not-
withftandiug all the Cruelties, Ravages, and other Misfortunes they
had fuffer'd, Straho, who flourifti'd in the Reign oiTiberius Cajar, tells
us they enjoy'd many Privileges, retain'd their ancient Form of Go-
vernment, and lived in a flourifliing Condition -in his Days (f) And
Cermanicus, the adopted Son o^ Tiberius, making"a Journey that Way,
honour'd them with the Privilege of having a Liior, who was an Offi-
cer that attended upon the chief Magiftrates ztRome, and was account-
ed a Mark of Sovereign Power.
In this Condition they remain'd with little Alteration till the Reign
of Vefpafian, who reduc'd Attica and all Achaia to be a Roman Pro-
vince, exadling Tribute of them, and compelling them to be governed
by the Roman Laws.
Under Nerva fome Shadow, at leafl, of Liberty was rellored them ;
but they were ftill under the Government of a Proconful, and received
nioft of their Laws from the Emperor, who alfo nominated the Profef-
fors in their publick Schools, and appointed them Archons ; and hence
it came to pafs, that Adrian, before his Advancement to the Empire,
was invefted in that Office. In the fame State they continued in Tra-
jan's Time, as appears from an EpifUe of Pliny [t)to Maximus, who was
fent to govern Achaia, wherein he advifed him to ufe his Power with
Moderation, and tells him in particular of the Athenians, that it would
be a barbarous Piece of Inhumanity, to deprive them of that Shadow
and Name of Liberty, which was all that remain'd to them.
But notwithftanding the Peace and Privileges they enjoy'd under
thefe and other Emperors of Rome, they were never able to repair thofe
yaft LolTes they had fuffer'd under Sylla, till the Reign oi Adrian, who,
in the Time of his being Archon, took a particular Affedion to this
City ; and, when he was promoted to be Emperor, granted them
, (f) Lib. XLII. {f)Aat9m, {r) Ditn, Ca^ut, (/) Oeflga.l. IX. {t)PUHt
|i yil. pm. XXIV.
f9tf
26 Of the Civil Government ^t/" Athens.
very large Privileges, gave themjuft and moderate Laws, beftow'd on
them a large Donative of Money, and annual Provifions of Corn, and
the whole Idzndof Cepba/enia ; repair'd their old decay'd Caftles, and
rellored them to their ancient Splendor, and added one whole Region
of new Buildings at his own Charge, which he call'd Mrianopolis ; and
N^-xO Athens, as appears as well from other Records, as alfo from an In-
fcription upon an Aquaduil, begun by this Emperor, and finifh'd by
his Succeffor Antoninus.
IMP. C^SAr! T. ^LIUS. HADRIANUS. ANTONINUS.
AUG. PIUS, COS. III. TRIE. POT. II. P. P.
AQU^DUCTUM. IN NOVIS. ATHENIS. COEPTUM, A
DIVO.
ADRIANO. PATRE. SUQ. CONSUMMAVIT. DEDICA-
VITQUE (a).
The Meaning of which is, that Antoninus had finifh'd the AquaduSl in
l^e'vj Athens, that had been begun by his Father and Predeceflbr
Hadrian. And from another of Gruters Infcriptions,* it appears that
they acknowledged him to be the fecond Founder of their City.
AI A EI2 A0HNAI GHSEQS H nPIN nOAlS
AI A BIS AAPIANOT K OTXI 0H2E2S UOAl'S.i'w).
The Subftance of which is, that Athens was formerly the City oiThefeuSy
but Nenx) Athens belongs to Adrian. Many other Privileges this Emperor
granted them, which were continued and enlarged by his Succeffors M.
Antoninus Pius and M. Antoninus the Philofopher, the latter of which
allowed them Stipends'for the Maintenance of publick Profeffors in all
Arts and Sciences, and was himfelf initiated amongft them.
But Se^erus having received fome Affront from them, when he was
a private Perfon, and ftudied in Athens, wasrefolved to pay them home,
as foon as he was Emperor, and for no other Reafon, as 'tis thought,
deprived them of a great Part of their Privileges [x).
Valerian was more favourable to them, and permitted them to re-
build their City-Walls, which had lain in Rubbifli between three and
four hundred Years, from the Time that Sylla difmantled them (y).
But thefe Fortifications could not protefl them from the Fury of the
Goths, who under GalUenus, as Zojtmus ; or Claudius, as Cedrenus n-
ports, made themfelves Mailers of it ; but were foon driven out of
their new Conqueft by Cleodemus, who having efcaped the Fury of
thqfe Barbarians, and got together a confiderable Number of Men and
Ships, defeated Part of them in a Sea-fight, and forced the reft to quit
the City, and provide for their Safety by an early Flight (x). One
Thing remarkable Cedrenus reports of the Goths, that when they had
plunder'd the City, and heap'd up an infinite Number of Books, with a
(ti)Qruur, 2, J-JJ, {w)Gruter,T^,iyi, {x) Sparlianus. (y) Zefimust
(*) Zoftaras,
\ > Pefign
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 27
Defign to burn them, they defifted from that Purpofe for this Reafon,
<!,/. That the Greeks, by employing their Time upon them, might be
diverted from martial Affairs.
CHAP. VII.
Of the State of Athens from Conftantine the Great.
Towards the Declination of the Roman Greatnefs, the chief Magi-
ftrate oi Athens was call'd by the Name o^'XT^e[\nyoi, i. e. Duke ;
but Conjiariiine the Great, befidcs many other Privileges granted to the
City, hdnour'd him with the Title of Mefrfj STfarn^'Of, or Grand-
Duke [a). Conjiantius, at the Requeft of Proierejtus, enlarged their
Pominions, by a Grant of feveral Iflands in the Archipelago.
Under Arcadius and Honorius, Alarick, King of the Goths, made an
Incurfion into Greece, pillaged and deftroy'd all before him ; but as Zo-
fimus reports, was diverted from his Defign upon Athens, by a Vifion,
wherein the Tutelar Goddefs of that City appear'd to him in Armour,
and in the Form of thofe Statues which are dedicated to Minerva the
ProteSirefs, and Achilles ill the fame JVIanner that Homer reprefents him,
when, being enraged for the Death of Patroclus, he fell with his utmoft
Fury upon the Trojans [b]. But the Writers of thofe Times make no
mention of any fuch thing; on the contrary they tell us, that Athens (uf-
fer'd the common Fate of the rell of Greece ; ai;d fo Claudian reports.
Si tunc his animis acies collatafuijfet
Preditd non tantas 'vidijfet Grscia cladesy
Oppida femoto Pelope'ia Marte 'vigerent ;
Starent Arcadiae, fiarent Laceda;monis arces j
i^on mare Jlagrajfent geminum flagrante Corintho ij
Nee f era Cecropias traxijjent niincula matres (c).
Had thus th' embattel'd Grecians dar'd to oppofe
With Rage and Pow'r Divine their barbarous Foes,
Ne'er had their Land of Strengtli and Help bereft
T'infulting Conquerors a Prey been left.
The Spartan Land had ne'er fuch Havock feen.
Its Splendor ne'er eclips'd, or Pow'r deprefs'd had been.
Orcadian Flocks had graz'd untainted Food,
And free from Plunder Pekps' IJIe had Hood.
Corinth\ proud Struftures ne'er had felt the Flames,
Nor griping Chains enflav'd th' Athenian Dames. J. A.
And Synejius, who lived in the fame Age, tells us, there was nothing
left in it fplendid, or remarkable -, nothing to be admired, befides the
famous Names of ancient Ruins; and that, as in a Sacrifice, when
(a) Julian Orat, I. Niccpborut Crcgorca Hift, Rom, 1, VII, {b) Zofmui 1. V,
if) Claudian, in Rujfinum 1. 11,
the
28 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
the Body is confumed, there remains nothing of the Beaft, but an
empty Skin ; fo it was in Athens, where all the ftately and magnificent
Structures were turn'd into ruinous Heaps, and nothing but old decay 'd,
Ckitfides left remaining {d).
Iheodofius II, is faid to have favour'd the Athenians, upon the Ac-
count of his Queen Eudocia, who was an Athenian by Birth. Jujlinian
alfo is reported to have been very kind to them ; but from his Reign,
for the Space of about feven hundred Years, either for want of Hiito-
rians in Ages fo rude and barbarous, or becaufe they lived in Peace
and Obfcurity, without atchieving, or fufFering any Thing deferving
to be tranfmitted to Pofterity, there is no Account of any I'hing that
paffcd among them, till the thirteenth Century.
At that Time, Nlcetas tells us, Athens was in the Hands oi Bald'Viin,
and was befieged by one of the Generals of Theodorus La/cares, who
was then the Greek Emperor, but he was repulfed with Lofs, and
forced to raife the Siege. Not long after, it was befieged by the Mar-
quefs Bonif actus, who made himfelf Mailer of it (e).
It was afterwards govern'd by one Del'ves, of the Houfe of Arragon,
and after his Death fell into the Hands of Bajazet, Emperor of the
Turks (f). Afterwards it was taken by the Spaniards oi Catalonia, under
the Command oi Andronicus Palaologus the elder [g). And thefe are the
fame that Chalcocondylas calls KsATt^ff,and reports they were difpof-
fefs'd of it by Reinerius Acciaioli, zFlorentine,vjho, having no legitimate
Male IfTue, left it by his laft Will and Teftament to the State oi Venice.
The Venetians were not long Mailers of it, being difpoffefs'd by An-
tony, a natural Son of Reinerius, who had given him the Sovereignty of
Thebes and Baeotia ', and from this Time it continued fome Years un-
der the Government of the Acciaioli: For Antony was fucceeded by one
of his Kinfmen, call'd Berius ; Nerius was difplaced by his Brother An-
tony for his Infufficiency, and Unfitnefs to govern, and after Antony s
Death recover'd it again ; but leaving only one Son, then an Infant,
was fucceeded by his Wife, who for her Folly was ejefted by Mahom
met, upon the Complaint of Francus, the Son of Antony the Second,
who fucceeded her, and, having confined her fome Time in Prifon, put
her to Death, and was upon that Score accufed by her Son to Maho-
met II. who fcnt an Army under the Condudl of Omares to befiege
him ; Francus, upon this, made his Application to the Latins, but
they refufed to grant him any Affiftance, except h? would engage his,
Subjecb in all Things to conform to the Romijh Superftition, and re-
nounce all thofe Articles, wherein the Greek Church differs from them;
which he not being able to do, was forced to furrender it to the Turks,
in the Year of our Lord CIOCCCCLV {h)y and in their Hands it con-
tinues to this Day.
(d) Synejius Ep. CCXXXV. {e) Nieetas Cboniatei in Vita Balduini. (/) Laonie,
tbakocondylai lib. Ill, {g) Niceph, Crtg, lib, VII, {h) Chalcocond, lib. VI. & IX^
C HA P,
Of the Cml Government of Athens. 29
CHAP. VIII.
Of the City <7/" Athens, and its Walls y Gates^ Streets,
Buildings y &c.
TH E City o{ Athens, when it flourifh'd in its greateft Splendor,
was one of the faireft and largelt Cities of all Greece, being,
{aysJrJJiiJes, a Day's Journey in Compafs(/). But according to the moll
exaft Computation, the whole Circuit of it contain'd about CLXXVIII
Stadia, that is, fomething above two and twenty Roman Miles.
But many were the Changes of Government and Fortune which it
underwent, before it arrived to this Pitch of Greatnefs j for at the firft,
that, which was afterwards the Citadel, was the whole City, and
was call'd Cecropia, from its firft Founder Cecrops, who, they fay, was
the firft that invented the Manner of building Cities, and therefore the
Athenians, proud of every little Pretence to Antiquity, ufedto call it by
way of Eminence ^rt/, and ToA/f, as being the firft City [k). Afterwards
it changed its firft Name of Cecropia, and was call'd Athens in Erichibo^
nius\ Reign, for which feveral Reafons are given ; butthemoft common
is, that the Name was taken from Miner'va, whom t\itGreeks call a9w,
becaufe fhe was the Protedlrefs of the City ; indeed almoft all Towers
and Citadels were facred to this Goddefs, who is therefore by Catullus
call'd.
Diva tenens in fummis urhihus arces.
Goddefs that in Citadels doth dwell.
And Eujlathius hath remark'd the fame upon Homer's fixth Iliad,
where he tells us, Miner'va % Temple was in the Trojan Citadel,
Nnoc A0Hj/etif yKdivx.eo'TnS'- cy faoKei ax.^A [t).
Minerva^ Temple in the Citadel.
Cecropia was feated in the Midftof a large and pleafant Plain, upO* the
Top of a high Rock ; for, as the fore-mention'd Author obferves, it
was ufual for the firft Founders of Cities in thofe Ages, to lay the
Foundations of them upon fteep Rocks and high Mountains ; and this
they did, partly for that fuch Places were a good Defence againft In-
vaders, but more efpecially, becaufe they hoped to be fecured by them
from Inundations (w), which the People of thofe Times exceeding!/
dreaded, having heard and experienced the fad Effcds of them under
Ogyges, and Deucalion. Afterwards, when the Number of Inhabitants
was increafed, the whole Plain was fiU'd with Buildings, which were
call'd from their Situation >) -Kclra t^'oKi^, or the lower City, and Cecro-
pia was then nam'd ava t'oKh, or A<.e3uaKti, the upper City.
The Circuit of the Citadel was threefcore Stadia ; it was fenced in
with wooden Pales, or, as fome fay, was fet about with Olive Trees ;
(/) Panatben. {k) Stepbanut V. A^mau. {J) fag. CCCCLXXXIII, Edit.
Bafil. {m) II. J '. P. CCCLXXXIV,
and
50 Of the Civil Goveriment of Athens.
and therefore in -y^-^j'slnvafion, when the Oracle advifed the Athe*
niavs to defend tbemfelves with Walls of Wood, fome were of Opi-
nion, they were commanded to enter into the Acropolis, and there re-
ceive the Enemy, which fome of them did ; but, after a defperate Re-
fiftance, were overpower'd by Numbers, and forced to fuffer the fad
EiFefts of their fond Interpretation ().
It was fortified with a Itrong Wall, one Part of which was built by
Cwwn the Son of Miltiades, out of the Spoils taken in the Ferfian
War, and was calFd Kiy.di'iQy Te^yjii, being on the South-fide of the
Citadel [o).
The North Wall was built many Ages before by Agrolas, fays Pau-
fanias ; or, according to Pliny, by Euryalus and Hyperbius, two Brothers,
who firil taught the Athenians the Art of building Houfes, whereas till
that Time they lived in Caves. They were Tyrrhenians born, and by
that Nation all Sorts of Building are faid to have been firft begun in
Greede, and from them Walls and Callles were call'd Tv^aeti {/>) This
Wall was nam'd YlihctafiKov, or UiKA^fiKov, becaufe the Founders of
it were call'd Pelafgi, from their continual wandering, and removing
from one Country to another, in the Manner of Storks, which the
Greeks call risAetpfoj [q). Thucydidcs tQ]h us, there was an Execration
laid upon any that fhould build Houfes under this Wall, becaufe the
Pelafgi, whilft they dwelt there, entred into a Confpiracy againft the
Athenians [r). And Pollux adds, that it was unlawful to make Ditches,
or few Corn here, and if any Man was taken offending, he was appre-
hended by the Nomothetic, and brought before the Archon, who was to
lay a Fine of three Drachms upon him. (/), It was beautified with,
nine Gates, and therefore is fometimes call'd 'EvviATvKov ; but though
there were many leffer Gates, yet the Citadel had but one great Fore-
Gate, or Entrance, to which they afcended by Steps, cover'd with
white IV'j[firble, and it was built by Pericles, with fuch Magnificence,
tliat t\yt Expences of it amounted to above a thoufand Drachms [t).
TJcic Infide of the Citadel was adorn'd with innumerable Edifices,
Statues and Monuments, wherein all the ancient Stories were defcribed
at large, infomuch that Arijlides tells us, it look'd like one continued
Ornament [u). The Defcription of all thefe would be tedious, and
is already perform'd by Meurfas, who hath with vaft Induftry col-
lided into one Body all the Relicks of Antiquity, which lay difperfed
here and there in ancient Authors. The moll remarkable of them
were thefe :
The Temple of Minerva, call'd Nix.M, or Victory, in which the
Goddefs was reprefented, having a Pomegranate in her right Hand,
and an Helmet in her left, and without Wings, in Memory of Thefeus''s
good Succefs in Crete, the Fame whereof had not reach'd Athens be-
fore his Arrival ; but in other Places, Viflory was ufually reprefented
(n) Syrianin in Hirm, Cornel Nep. (o) Plutarch, in Cimone. (/>) Pbavorin, V.
TvpcK. (^) Strabo lib. IX. Plin. lib. VII. LVI. & Paufamas Atticii. (r) ^hucy-
^iJet ejufque Scheliaji lib. II. (/) Po//;c lib. VIII, c, IX, (/) Plutarchus Pericle.
PauJan.Atticiu Harpocrat. & Suidai Y .TifOTrihctiO.. [u)jirij}ides in Panatbenaica.
wiclx,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 3 x
with Wings [x). It was placed at the right Hand of the Entrance of
the Citadel, and was built with white Marble.
About the Middle of the Citadel was the (lately Temple of Mi-
newa, call'd Farthenion, becaufe that Goddefs preferved her Virginity
pure and inviolate, or becaufe it was dedicated by the Daughters of
EreSiheus, who were peculiarly call'd n*p94io/ (y) Virgins. It was
call'd alfo EKArifXTiJ^ov, becaufe it was an hundred Feet fquare. It
was burnt by the Perjians, but reftored again by Pericles, and enlarged
fifty Feet on each Side (z). Sir George Wheeler reports, that it is two
hundred and feventeen Feet, nine Inches long, and ninety-ight Feet,
fix Inches broad ; that it confifts altogether of admirable white Mar-
ble, and both for Matter and Art is the moll beautiful Piece of Anti-
quity remaining in the World.
The Temple of Ne{)tune firnamed Erechtheus, which was a double
Building, and, befides other Curiofities, contain'd the Salt Spring,
call'd Epg%9'<V, which was feign'd to have burll out of the Earth, fron*
a Stroke of Neptune's Trident, in his Contention with Minera^a. And
this Part was confecrated to Neptune. The other Part of the Temple
belong'd to Minerva, firnam'd YioKiki, i. e. ProteSlrefs of the City ;
and YlaiyJ^^oirQ , from one ofCecrops's Daughters of that Name. Here
was the facred Olive produc'd by Minerva ; and the Goddefs's Image,
which was faid to have fallen from Heaven in Erichthoniius Reign j it
was kept by one or two Dragons, call'd oixKpsi o?e<f , and had a Lamp
always burning with Oil, and an OaI placed before it (). Both of
them remain to this Day ; and the leffer Edifice, which is an Entrance
to the other, is twenty-nine Feet long, and twenty-one Feet three
Irxhes broad ; the bigger is fixty-three Feet and a half long, and
thirty-fix Feet broad. The Roof is fupported by lonick Pillars chan-
nelled, but the Chapiters feem to be a Mixture between that and the
Dorick Order.
On the Backfide of Minerva z Temple was the Publick Treafury,
call'd from its Situation Ot/<&6<^o,uo?, wherein, befides other Publick
Money, a thoufand Talents were laid in Store, againft any very ur-
gent Occafion ; but if any Man expended them upon a trivial Account,
he was to be put to Death. Alfo the Names of all that were indebted
to the Common-wealth, were entred in a RegiAer in this Place, and
therefore fuchPerfons Vv^ere call'd eyf2Jf:///Ji(/'3/ cv th AKjaxtAH, .'is on
the contrary, when they had difcharged their Debt, they were named
^ hKP(^<zt'QKiui i^a.KilMl/./uSiioi. The Tutelar Gods of this Treafury
were Jupiter "S.ujti^, or the Saviour ; and Plultis, the God of Riches,
whom they reprefented with Wings, and (which was unufual in other
Places) feeing (^) . Arijlophanes \\a\\\ taken Notice of the Statues of
both thefeGod.s in the latter End of his Piufits, where he introduces
Carion very bufy in placing that God after the Recovery of his Sight,
next to the Statue of 'Jupiter the Saviour.
[x) Suidas tc Harprirrat. (j' ) Htfychlut, () Paufanias. (j) j4f>o.'!iJor. 1. III.
Plutarch, ^mp. 1. IX (l^Wl. (b)'ytri/l^f>h. Schol. Plut. Etymdagui 'Tbucyd. 1. II.
Pbilojirat, hixsr. I. II. Dmopbin, 5f^/.'0rat, III. \nT:nKcrat,
KAP.
52 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
, ,_ .._., x^dL^a. roivvv Ki^eii*
KAP. IJ^fy(ro//e& ijc avt'dC, awd 'Tnpt/ui^i
Toy Oztt&'oS'o^ov ail <pv\a,T}av -f 0.
Carlo. Come, Courage, on God's Will depends Succefs*
Which I divine will anfvver to our Hopes,
For doth not Jcme our Prefident's Approach
Without Entreaty feem thus to prefage ?
Prieji. Your Words bring Comfort. Car. Therefore let us waiC
For Plutus's Coming, him we'll fubflitute
An Overfeer in the Place of Jove
To keep Miner'va'i Treafury feciire. J. A.
Afterwards this Building was burnt to the Ground by the Treafurerf,
who, having embezzled the Publick Money, fecured themfelves by that
Means, and prevented the City from calling them to Account [c.)
There were alfo feveral other remarkable Edifices in the Citadel, as
the Chapels of yupifer'^C'jjrip, and of Miner'va 1.aTeipa, ('). The Tem-
ple of ^rfl/o/, the Daughter of C^fro/ij, or rather of M/fra;fl, wor-
fliipp'd by that Name in the Front, and lleep Side of the Rock {e). And
to mention only one more, the Temple of Fenus lyr'nroKvTeia,, confe-
crated by Phadra, when fhe was in Love with Hippolytus (f). And
thus much concerning the Citadel.
The lower City containing all the Buildings which furrounded the
Citadel, with the Fort Munychia, and the two Havens, Phalerum and
Piraeus, was encompafs'd with Walls of unequal Strength, being built
at different Times, and by diiFerent Hands. The chief Parts of them
were, the Mi<x.ptVfi;^H, which join'd the Haven oiPlracm to the City,
being about five Miles in Length, and therefore Plutarch calls them,
Ma.Kfa <ry.lKii, long Legs (g), and Propertius long Arms,
Inde ubi Pirsei capient me litera partus,
Scandam ego Thefeae brachia longa 'viis \V\.
When I've arriv'd at the Piraan Port,
And eas'd the (hatter'd Veffelof its Load,
I'll fcale the V/alls of the Thefean Road. J. A.
They confifted of two Sides, one of which lay towards the North, and
was built by Pericles (?), with vaft Expence, containing XL Stadia ;
the other lay to the South, and was call'd Not/oj* t*-, or Tetg ^i-
GiTi'iyw, oxl^oTiov 'Tfct^y. //e(rTti'p^(9-,todiftinguifhit from the South
Wall oi the Citadel j fometimes thX' **AH?/^of, becaufe it took in
the Port Phaleru7n. It v/as built by ^ihemijiocles, of huge fquare Stones,
not cemented together by Mortar, but fallen'd by Iron and Lead. The
Height of it v/as forty Cubits, and yet was but the Half of what The-
{c) Demoflb. ejufque Scbol. Orat. in Timocrat. (</) Lycurg. Orat, in Leocratem.
{t) Herodot. 1. VIII. (/) Euripid, Schol, in liifpolyte. {g) Cimone. {h) Lib. III.
Eleg. [i) Plutarch, PericU,
mijioclet
Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens. 33
tnlfloclcs defign'd ; the Length of it was thirty-five Stadia. Upon both
of" them was ereded a great Number of Turrets, which were turn'd
into Dwelling-houfes when the Athenians became fo numerous, that
the City was not large enough to contain them [k). The M^ivxi-xjov, or
Wall that encorapafs'd the Munychia, and join'd it to the Piraeus, con-
tain'd LX Stadia ; and the exterior Wall on the other Side of the City
was in Length XLIII Stadia ; fo that the whole Circuit of the City
contain'd CLXXVIII 5/<?^//?, which are ^fomething above two and
twenty Roman Miles.
1. The principal Gates of the City were the Ylvhou Qfid(riaj, after-
wards call'd At'Tvhov, becaufe they were larger than any of the reft.
They were plac'd at the Entrance of Ceramia/s, and therefore feem to
have been the fame with the ttvKcu KpA//e<;t, in Philojlratus (/).
2. YivKeu rieipa/xai, leading to the Piraeus ; near which was the
Temple of the Hero Chalcodocn, and the Tombs of thofe that died in
the Defence of their Country, when the Jmazons invaded Attica under
Ihe/cus {m).
3. iTnrcLS'if, near which Hyperides the Orator, and his Family, were
buried ().
4. Vi&Kfjt, where they carried forth dead Perfons to their Graves, fo
caird from ttej-ov, a Grave [o).
5. lepcti, the Gate leading to Eleujis, thro' which they, that celebra-
ted the Feftival of Ceres Eleujinia, made a folemn Proceffion, from which
Cuilom the Gate received its Name, it being ufual to call every Thing
that was any way concern'd in thofe Mylleries, U^v, facred.
6. A'lyiui Tu\eu, the Gate of jEgeus, the Father of 27'(?,/2-w/, whofe
Houfe flood in the Place where afterwards the Delphinium was built,
and therefore the Statue of Mercury at the Eaft End of that Temple
was call'd ?//; s-sr' Alyiuf 'ruKeui, by which it is evident that this
Gate was near the Delphinium (/>).
7. A/op^etf Bf cti/aow, the Gate of Diochares.
8. YltjKeu Ay^et^viKo}, the Gate that look'd towards Acharna, a
Borough in Attica.
9. A/oA.|Me<e, that lay towards the Borough of the Z)/3/OT/flj.
10. llvKau Q^jhiiffJi, the Thracian Gate.
11. Uuhou Iravieu, the Itonian Ga.te, near which was the Pillar
ereded in Memory of the Amazo>is (y).
12. nj^.eu "^KAicu, the Seaman G^te {r).
1 3. AJ^fietv^'TTvAau, the Gate of Adrian, by which they entred into that
Part of the City which that Emperor rebuilt, and call'd Aj^^iAvJzroKn.
As to the Streets in Athens, thus much is faid of them in general,
that they were not very uniform, or beautiful (/) ; and tho'/Zcw^r calls
it iufvifuiay,
iKiTo /' f Mif-fA^coya., )^ iC^vccyviAV AQtivbjj (/).
{k)\Plutarcb. Themiftocl. Appian. in Mithridatico. Thucyd. lib. I, Sc II. (/) Pbiloftra-
tus\n Pbilagro Sophift. lib. II. Xenofbon Hift. Graec. 1. II. Plutarch. Pericle ic Sylh.
() Plutarcb. Thtfeo. () Hefyxhius. (o) Tbeophrajius Characft. Ethic. (/>) Plutarch.
Tbefeo [a) Mfchinei Philofophus in Axhcho. (r) Hilduinus in Vita. Dianyjii ArtO'
fogit. (fj Ditaarcbut in defcriptionc Graci^e, (f) Odyff. VII,
D Vet
34 OJ the Civil Government of Athens.
Yet that fcems only to imply the Pignefs, and not the Beauty of 'em ;
for fo that Poet has ufed the fame Epithet in other Places. The Num-
ber of 'em without Queftion was very great, but moft of their Names
are qiite loft ; and few, if any, befides thofe that follow, are to be
met with in Authors. If^ "S-hKn, or the Way to Eleujis. OJ'li Qnatia,,
betwixt the long Walls, leading to the Piraeus ; which feem.s to be the
fame with that which was call'd H in U&ip^ja. H r -OToAs/y-ifeic, near
the Academy. H r Ff/zofAo^ai'. H r^/S KtCc^oT^oitay. H E^'ia,. H
TeiuoJ^ii, a Way near the Frytaneum, wherein were Places largely
ftock'd with tripods of Brafs curioufly w.'ought; amongft which was
the famous Satsr, call'd by the Greeks UicxC'o){l@-, being one of the
Mafter-pieces of Praxiteles. And concerning thefe Heliodorus is faid
to have written an entire Treatife ().
It remains in the next Place, that I give you an Account of the
Buildings of the lower City ; in doing which I fhall only mention
fuch as were moft remarkable, or had fome Hiftory, or Cuftom de-
pending upon thein, for die reft referring the Reader to Paufanias
and Meurfius\ larger Treatifes.
Uof/.'Trir'-ov, a ftately Edifice, in which were kept the Sacred Utenfils.
made ufe of at Feftivals, and all Things neceffary for the folemn Pro-
ceffions prepared. It was placed at the Entrance of the old City,
which looks towards Phalarum, and adorn'd with many Statues of the
Athenian Heroes. Indeed there was fcarce any Place in the City that
was not fiil'd with fuch like Reprefentations.
The Temple of Vulcan^ or oiVidcein and Minerva, not far from Ce-
ramicus within the City, feems to have been a publick Prifon, fre-
quent Mention being made of Perfons being tortur'd there-
Near this Place was the Temple of the heavenly Vemis, for they had
a two-fold Venus, one of which was call'd OCe^Adi, and the other Wiv
(f^Hfj.-; the former prefided over chafte and pure Love; the latter was
the' Patronefs of Luit and Debauchery. And as their Natures and Cha-
racters were different, fo were alio the Ceremonies ufed in their Wor-
fhip. They, that worAip'd the former, behaved themfelves with all
Modefty and Gravity ; but the latter was pleafed only with Lewdnefs
and Wantonnefs. Whence So/on permitted publick Strumpets to pro-
ftitute themfelves in her Tem.ple. Befides thefe, Fenus had feveral
other Temples, as thofe which were ereded upon the x4ccount of De-
metrius Pcliorcetes, to Feiius Lamia, and La^ena, in Honour of two of
his Miftrefles, call'd by thofe Names, Nay, fo grofs Flattery did the
Jthenians degenerate into, that they enroU'd feveral of hisPr/?/tJ in the
Number oftheirDeities,andhonour'd them withTemples and Al tars (tx;).
The Temple of The fens was erefted by Conon, in the Middle of the
City, near the Place where the Youth perform'd their Wreftlings, and
other Exercifes of Body, and was allow'd the Privilege of being a
Sanduary for Slaves, and all thofe of mean Condition that fled from
the Pcrfecutlon of Men in Power, in Memory that Thefeus, while he
lived, was an A fTifter and Froteftor of the Diftrefled. And a grea t
() Harpccr. V. Q.ii]7C')f. (w) Plutarch, in Demetrio,
many
Tl^
^.
i : -
^
s an
^fe^'
8'^ . 'I?
f
\
4' 'f
Ii.^-'
iik 'i
Of the Civil Government of Athens, 35
many other Temples were confecrated to him in his Life-time, as grate-
ful Acknowledgments of the Benefits he had confer'd upon the City i all
which, four only excepted, he dedicated to Hercules, and changed their
Names from Qwtict, to Hpaf JtAeirt, after he had been refcued by him
from the King of the McloJ/jans, as Plutarch reports out of Philocho-
rus (y). One of thefe was pat to divers other Ufes, for certain Ma-
gidrates were created in it by the 1hef?nothet<e (z). Caufes were alfo
heard there, and it was a publick Prifon (), and therefore a Gaol-
bird is wittily calPd 0<rwTf /X, in ^rtftophanes, fuch an 6ne Plautus^
with no lefs Elegancy, names Colonus Carceris.
The Temple of Tltefem is to be feen at this Day, and is built, as Sir
George Wheeler reports, in all RefpeAs like the Temple oi Miner'va in
the Citadel, as to its Matter, Form, and Order of Architedlure, but
not fo large. It is dedicated to St George, and ftill remains a Malter-
piece of Architedure, not eafy to be parallei'd, much lefs exceeded,
by any other.
AveiKHov, or the Temple of Gfl/?or and PolLx, call'd ApctKif. In
this Place Slavco were expofed to Sale.
OhvfjLTiov, or Ohv(jL'7Tieiov, a Temple erefled in Honour of Jupiter
the Olympian ; it was the mod magnificent Strufture in Athens, being
in Circuit no lefs than four Stadia, which was the Reafon they were
forced to fupport it with Pillars, a Thing unknown in Athens before
that Time [h). The Foundations were laid by Pijtjiratus, and many
fucceeding Governors contributed to the Building of it, but it was
never compleatly finifh'd till Adrian^ Time, which wasfeven hundred
Years after the Tyranny of Pifijiratus.
The Temple of Apollo and Pan, at the Bottom of the Citadel on the
North Side, in a Cave or Grotto, call'd Mtfjcf^i^ cr^Tf!?-/, or K?j'.po'3ritf/
<T4Tf*/, where Apollo was feign'd to have deflower'd Greu/a, the
Dviughter of Erichtheus, we find it mention'd in Euripides :
Olivet KiK^oTricr.f Tir^etf
Tl^offCoppov oMT^ov, eti Met^tftiV KiKhnffKoySfJ ',
Ol-f, hQet na.vo( aS'vIov }^ ^aixoi. T^kKotf (r).
The Temple of I)/<2, firnam'd Av<ril^6>v@-, becaufe in it Women,
after their firft Child, ufed to dedicate their Girdles to her {/).
ndvBiov was a Temple dedicated to all the Gods, who, as they were
united in'one Temple, fo were they honour'd with one common Felli-
val, call'd Qio^iviA. This was a very magnificent Strufture, and fup-
portedbya hundred and twenty marble Pillars ; on the Oatfide were
all the Hiftories of the Gods, curioully engraven, and upon the great
Gate ftood two Horfes, excellently carv'd by Praxiteles. It is to be feen
at this Day, as Theodoras Xymogalas reports, in an Epiftle to Martin
Crucius, written A. D. CIdIcLXXV, wherein he delcribes the then
prefcnt State of Athens.
The Temple of the eight Winds, omitted by Paufanias, but mention'd
and defcrib'd by Sir George Wheeler out of Fitrwuit/s, who reports, that
(y) Idem. Thefeo. (x) MJchin, Orat. in Ctejipbene. {a) Etymahgut, {J>) Pliniut,
XXXVI. cap. vi. (c) lont. (i) Apolhnii Hcbel. lib. I.
D 2 fjch
36 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
fuch, as had made exaft Obfervations about the Winds, divided them
into eight ; as namely, Andronicus Cyrrhajies, who gave this Model to
the Athenians, for he built a Tower of eight Square of Marble,, on every
Side of which he carv'd the Figure of a Wind, according to the Quar-
ter it blew from. On the Top of the To\ver_ he ereded a little Pyra-
tr.id of Marble, on the Point of which was placed a Brazen 'Triton, hold-
ing a Switch in his right Hand, wherewith turning about, he pointed
to the Wind that then blew. All the Winds anfwer'd exaftly to the
Compaff , and were reprefented by Figures anfwerable to their Natures,
above which were written their Names in large Greek Letters, which
are thefe that follow. ETPCS, Euri^s, South-Eaft. AnHAlnTHS,
Si^bfolanus,^^^. KA1KIA2' CVcw, North-Eaft. BOPEAS, J5orfj,
North. 2K.IPON, Corus, North-Weft. ZE^TFOS, Occidens, Welt.
N0T02, Notus, South. AH', libs, Africus, South-Weft. This
Tower remains yet entire, the Weather-cock only excepted.
^7ocu, or Porticoes, they had a great many, but the moft remarkable
\va& that, which was call'd n.&o'ia.vdKTi-, and afterwards no/xiAn.
from the Variety it contain'd of curious Figures, drawn by the greateft
Mafters in Greece, fuch were Po/ygnotus, Micon, and Pandtenus, the
Brother olPkidias. Here it was that 7.eno taught Philofophy, and infti-
tuted that Seft, which received their Names from this Place, being
caird 2To/)te< from rot. And the P(?r//Vo itfelf is ufually put for that
Set of Philofophers, as when Athemsus calls Zeno th; "kroAi xl/rMC,
the Founder of the Stoich (e).
Misaitov was a Fort near the Citadel, fo calPd from the old Foet
Mufaus, the Scholar oi Orpheus, that ufed to repeat his Verfes In this
Place, where alfo he was buried. This Fort was forced by Antigonus to
entertain a Garrifon, and his Son Demetrius, to make it the more fe-
cure, furrounded it with a Wall.
ClJ^^ov was a Mufick The::tre, built by Pericles, and, for the Contri-
vance of it on the Infide, was full of Seats and Ranges of Pillars ; and
on the Outfide, in the Roof or Covering of it, was made from one
Point at the Top with a great many Bendings, all (helving downward ;
and it is reported, (faith Plutarch) that it was fo framed in Imitation
of the King oiPerJias Pavilion (f). Here was alfo a Tribunal, as wc
learn from Ariftothancs.
O) /' hi Q.S'tlcf, S'tKcH^^atT [g).
It was very much beautified by Lycurgus {h), but, being deniolifh'd in
the Mithridatick War {/'), was re-edified by Herodes Atticus, with fuch
Splendor aud Magnificence, that, as P;^/j tells us, it furpafs'dall the
famous Buildings in Greece. It ftood in tiie
Ceramicus, of which Name there were two Places, fo call'd from Cera-
mus t\itSon of Bacchus !iud Ariadne [k] ; or olto th? KZ^.y-triKYii T%Pf,
from the Potter's Art, which was firft invented in one of thefe Places
by Corcebus. One of them was within the City, and contain'd in-
, (e) Deip. 1. VIII. (f) Plutarch, in Perielt. [g) Vejpit. {b) Hyferld, Orat. pr*
tycurgi. (/) Appitn, m Mitbridatice, {k) Paufan, Suidat, Plin, 1. VII. c. 56.
numerable
Volt j,^^.
^cnile ^///f' Hi 9 lit Winds
YoLt' j^.M
UicAivd iff the ^icdlrc op 3accliu5
jyy/'OdciiJii cr MufickXJicati'c
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 3 j^
nttmerable Building?, as Temples, Theatres, Portico's, {ffr . The other
was in the Suburbs, and was a publick Burying-place, and contain'd
the Academy, and many other Edifices.
The Athenian Ayo^], or Fora, were very numerous, but the moft
noted of them were two ; the old Forum, and the new. The new Fo-
rum was in a Place call'd EfSTf/* by Strabo {/). Which it is probable
w^as not far from Zenoh Portico, becaufe, Paufanias tells us, that in his
Time the Forum was near that Place. The old Forum was in the Cera-
micus within the City, call'd dfyjua. Aj'opd. In it were held the pub-
lick Aflemblies of the People ; but the chief Defign of it was for the
Meeting of People to buy and fell, and therefore it was divided into
different Parts, according to the Wares expofed to Sale, for every Trade
had a different Place affign'd to make their Markets in ; and hence we
read of Kvk\o(, where Slaves and VafTals were fold (m) j AhtpQaTuKu
afofrt, \-)^^v'oTuKt( dfoftt, and TvvcuKUct afo^a, where Women's
Clothes and Ornaments were expofed ; and others without Number,
Sometimes they call'd the Fora by the fmgle Names of Things fold in
them, as olvof, the Wine-market, Ekcuqv, the Oil-market, &'c. ().
An Inllance of this we have in thefe Verfes of Eupolis,
TlietriK^ot tJf TO. (TKofoJ^ct, }^ rci k^'ouuvo.,
Kett^oy ?^iCav6)lhv, ;c' gjfly ^^c d^eouafuv,
Kcti 'ZTiei rei y^Ky^
The Time in which Things were expofed to Sale, was call'd /uKn^affct
AJofse, full Market, from the Multitudes of People that affembled at
fuch Times ; and there feems to have been different Hours appointed
for particular Wares, which I fuppofe is the Reafon that Suidas in
fome Places tells us, the full Market was at the third Hour, in others
that it was at the fourth, fifth, and fixth.
And befides thefe Places, the Tradefmen had their Bis\iv}yiei, or
publick Halls, wherein each Company met, and confulted about their
Affairs : For Trades were very much encouraged at Athens ; and if any
Man objedled the living by fuch Gain to another, as a Matter of Re-
proach, the Perfon affronted might have an Adlion of Slander againft
him (0). " Nay, Trades were fb far from being accounted a mean and
*' ignoble Way of living, that Perfons of thegreateft Quality did not
*' difdain to betake themfelves to fuch Employments, and efpecially to
" Merchandize, as Plutarch informs us j Solon (fays he) apply 'd him-
" felf to Merchandize, tho' forae there are that report, that he tra-
' vell'd rather to get Learning and Experience, than to raife an
*' Eftate. In the Time of Hejiod, a Trade was not difhonourable, nor
** did it debafe its Followers ; but Merchandize was a worthy Calling,
" which brought Home the good Things that barbarous Nations en-
*' joy'd, was the Occafion of Friendfhip with their Kings and Mother
*' of Experience. Some Merchants have built great Cities, as the
" Founder of Majplia, that Man fo much efteem'd by the Gauls, that
* lived about the Rhine ; fome alfo report, that Thales and Hippocrates
* the Mathematician traded ; and that Plato defray 'd the Charges of
" his Travels by felling Oi l in JEpyptr Thus Plutarch (p).
{/, Strabo 1. IX. (m) Hejycb. () Fo/lux J. IX. c. 5. (a) Dmoji. Oral, in Eubu/i-
J*m. {f) Plutarttms, Sohae, D j A^ute-
5 8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
AquaduSs were not coirimon ?i\. Athens before the Reman Times ; and
the Want of them was fupply'd by Wells ; fome of which were dug by
private Perfons, others at the publick Expence ; but becaufe the Coun-
try having but few potable Rivers, (for Eridanus, Strabo (q) telleth us
was muddy, and not fit for Ufe) Lakes or large Springs, was but
poorly furnifh'd with Water, which gave Occafion to continual Quar-
rel, amongft the Citizens. 5o/o enafted a Law, that where there was
a p blick Well within an Hippicon, (that is, four Furlongs) all flioald
have the Privilege of drawing at that ; butthofe, that lived at a greater
Diftance, (hould be obliged to provide a private Well ; and if they had
dug ten Fathom deep, and could find no Water, they had Liberty to
fetch ten Gallons a Day from their Neighbours ; for he thought it
prudent (faith my Author) to make Provifionagainft Want, but not to
encourage Lr.zinefs (r). Adrian, befides other magnificent Strudures,
laid tiie Foundations of a ftately Aqu^duii, which was finifli'd by his
Succeffor Antoninus. And one Part of it remains to this Day, fallain'd
by lonick Pillars ; which. Sir George Wheeler is of Opinion, Was the
Frontifpiece of the Repofitory, or Receiver of the Water.
Gymnajia are faid to have been firft in Ufe at Lacedamon, but were af-
terwards very common in all the Parts of Greece, and imitated, very
itiuch augmented, and improved at' Rome. They were not fingle Edifices,
but a Knot of Buildings united, being fo capacious as to hold many
thoufands of People at once, and having Room enough for Philofo-
phers. Rhetoricians, and the ProfefiTors of all other Sciences to read their
Ledlures ; and Wreftlers, Dancers, and all others that would, to exer-
cife at the fame Time without the leaft Difturbance, or Interruption.
They confided of a great many Parts, the chief of which were thefe :
1. 'S.loa.}, the Porticos, which were full of Ifjt/'pst/, and Side Bjild-
ings furnifh'd with Seats, and fit for Study or'Difcourfe ; and here it is
probable the Scholars ufed to meet.
2. Ep7iCa.iov, the Place where the Ephehi, or Youths exercifed ; or as
fome f 'y, where thofe that defign'd to exercife met, and agreed what
Kind of Exercife they (hould contend in, and what fhoald be the
Viftor's Reward .
3. KafuBoj', a-TToJ^vjiipiov, yvixvATii^iov, the UndreiTmg-room.
4. EKetioS'iirtov, aKeiirlh^iov, the Place where thofe that were to
wreftle, or had bathed, were anointed.
5. ^Lovi<rrtftQv, Kovl'^-^A, the Place where the Duft, with which they
befprinkled thofe that had been anointed, was kept.
6. YlctKa.'iT^et, which fometimes is taken for the whole Gymnafium,
in its proper Acceptation fignifies the Place, wherein all the Exercifes
of the n^7*9Aoi', or (fay others) only Wreftling, and the WoX^atiov,
were perform'd ; and left the Combatants (hould flip, or hurt them-
felves by falling, the Bottom of it was cover'd with Duft, or Gravel.
Alfo tliere was another Room in the Gymnajium, fill'd with Gravel,
much deeper than that in the Palajira.
7- ?,?**?':/ 01', a Place appomted for divers Sorts of Exercifes,
but more efp ecially for the Ball.
(j) Lib. iX. (r) Flutanhtts, Solone,
8. The
C3
EI
n
EI
^
B M.
F..iir
1 TA^P^r/ZL^s'
2 TAc pAeAcum
jj%! UnJrc/j-inifJi-CCTri
^ TAt ElxatA^fmm
$ Tfu ccm/hriii/n.
3 TAc fcrifiif/ut/n
p^'i(ih' ptX'ifi't.iatii'i/pu
Of the Civil Government of Athens, 39
8. The Spaces between the Porticos and the Wall, left void to ad-
mit the Light, and the Area oitht risp/rt/A/op, Or P/^xaw, which was
a large Place fquare, or fometimes oblong in the Middle of the Gymna-
jum, defign'd for Walking, and the Performance of thofe Exercifes,
which were not pradlifed in the Falafira, or the deeper Sand, or any
other ?\zcc oi the Gymnajium, fuch were (as foine are of Opinion)
Leaping, and the DiJ'cus.
9. Sv^ot, and sJcet, which were diftinft Places both in Greece, and
Rome. Xyjii were Places cover'd at the Top, defign'd for the Exercife
of Wreftlers, when the Weather did not permit them to contend in
the open Air. Xyjia, fometimes call'd rie<J^fo//<<^<. were Walks
open at the I'op, defign'd for Exercifes, or Recreation in the Heat of
Summer, and milder Seafons of the Winter.
10. The Baths, in which were Waters hot and cold in different De-
grees, and in thefe they refrelhed thenifelves, when they were wearied
with Exercife, and at other Times. Amongft the ancient Greeks, Baths
were not much frequented, being rarely ufed but after the Accomplifli-
inent of fomevery great Work, which required Abundance of Labour
and Toil, as the Ending of a War, or atchieving any great and painful
Enterprize (f) And thus Agamemnon, after the Trojan War, at his Re-
turn Home, went into the Bath, there to walh away the Remembrance
of all his pall Labours, and was flain by the Treachery of his Wife
Clytamnefira (/). In latter Ages they became more common, and
were frequently ufed for Health or Recreation by both Sexes, who at
Sparta wafli'd in one common Bath, but in other Cities had diftinft
Places appointed them.
1 1 . The Stadium was a large Semicircle, in which Exercil^ were
perform'd ; and for the better Convenience of Speftators, which flock
ed thither in vaft Multitudes, was built with Steps one above another,
that the higher Ranks might look over the Heads of thofe that were
placed below them. Several of thefe there were at Athens in their Gym-
najia, and other Places ; but the moft remarkable was that which was
built near the River lliffus by Lycurgus, and afterwards enlarged by He-
rodes Atticus, one of the richeft Citizens Athens ever had ; it was built
of Pentelick Marble, with fo great Magnificence, that, when Paufanias
comes to fpeak of it, he tells his Readers that they would hardly
believe what he was about to tell them, it being a Wonder to all that
beheld it, and of that ftufenduous Bignefs, that one would judge it a
Mountain of white Marble upon the Banks oi Itijfus. Sir George Wheeler
reports, that at this Day there remains fome of the Stone- Work at the
End towards the River, but the reft is only a Stadium of Earth above
Ground. However, its Figure and Bignefs continue, tho' the Degrees
be all taken away. It is a long Place with two parallel Sides, clofed
up circularly to the Eaft End, and open towards the other End ; and is
about one hundred twenty-five Geometrical Paces long, and twenty-
fix or twenty-feven broad, which gave it the Name of a Stadium,
which was a Meafure ordinarily uled among the Greeks, being the
eighth Part of a Roman Mile.
(/) Artemidoritt Onarocrit. lib. I. (;) Lycefhron,
D 4 Athent
4b Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens.
Athens had feveral Gymnajla, of which thefe three are of moft Note,
Lyceum, Acadcmia, and Cynofarges. Auxhw, Lyceum was fituated upon
the Banks of lUJfus, it received its Name from Apollo, AvKovTovoi, or
AvKiof, to whom it was dedicated ; nor was it without Reafon (faith
Plutarch) that this Place was facred to Apollo, but upon a good and ra-
tional Account, fince from the fame Deity that cures our Difeafes, and
reftores our Health, we may reafonably expedl Strength and Ability,
to contend in the Exercifes (/<). The Building of this Strudture is by
fome afcribed to Pijijlratus, by others to Pericles, and by others to Ly-
curgus ; which makes it probable that all of them might contribute
fomething towards it ; and perhaps Pijiftratus laid the F'oundations of
it, Pericles raifed it, Lycurgus enlarged and beautified it.
This was the Place where Arijiotle taught Philofophy, and difcourfed
with fuch as reforted to him for Inllruftions, walking conftantly every
Day til! the Hour of anointing ; for the Greeks ufually anointed before
Meals ; whence he and his Followers were call'd TlitfTretTnTiKo] ut^
T^ 'ZFO.ei'^a.Teiv, Peripateticks, from walking (w). Tho' others report,
that h s walking and difcouriing Philofophy with Alexander was the
Occafion of that Name.
A)t6i/itf(/t was Part of the Ceramicus without the City, from which
it was dilbnt about fix Stadia, fo call'd from Academus an old Hero,
who when Helena was ftolen by Thefeus, and conceal'd at Aphidna, dif-
cover'd her to Cafior and Pollux, for which Reafon he was extremely
honour'd by them during his Life ; and \}a& Lacedaemonians, when in
After-ages they made feveral Incurfions into Attica, and deftroy'd all
the Country round about, always fpared this Place for his Sake. But
Tiicaarchus writes, that there were two Arcadians in the Army oi Ca-
fior and Pollux, the one call'd Echedemus, and the other Marathus ; from
the former, that which was afterwards called the Academy, was then
nam'd Echedemia, and the Borough oi Marathon had its Name from the
latter. Thus Plutarch [x). It was befet with ftiady Woods, and foli-
tary Walks fit for Study and Meditation, as the Poets and others wit-
nefs. This Verfe is cited out of Evpotis (y).
Ej/ iV^KIOlf SfOlXOltTlV AKctJ'riy.il ^i\s.
In Academus'' s fhady Walks.
And Horace fpeaks to the fame Purpofe,
Atjue inter fyl'vas Hecademi quarere verum (a).
In Hecademus^i Groves to fearch for Truth.
At the firft it was a defart Place, and uninhabited by Reafon of the
Fens and Marfhes that were in it, and rendred it very unhealthful ;
but they being drain'd by Cimon, it became pleafant and delightful,
and was much frequented by all Sorts of People, efpecially fuch as ap-
plied themfelves to the Study of Philofophy, for they reforted thither
in great Numbers to Plato" % Ledtures, who read conftantly in this Place ;
whence having contrafted a Diftemper through the Unwholefomnefs
() Plutarch, in Symp. 1. \ III. Q^IV. (w) Suidas, Sec, (x) Tbefit, {y ) In
AffATiVTXf. (, Lib. II. Ep. II.
of
A
Of the Civil Government i?/* Athens. 41
of the Air, which was not yet wholly reftified, and, being advifed by
his Phyficians to remove his School to the Lyceum, made Anfwer, that
he chofe the Academy to keep his Body under, left by too much Health
it ftiould become wanton, and more difficult to be govern'd by the
Diftates of Reafon ; as Men prune Vines, when they fpread too far,
and lop ofF the Branches that grow too luxuriant (^z). I muft not forget
to add, that it was furrounded with a Wall by Hipparchus the Son of
fijifiratus, who, to defray the Charges of it, laid fo heavy a Tax up-
on the People, that ever after any chargeable and expenfive Bufmefs
was call'd Xinras.'X^ rzi)(^toif.
Kvvixra.fj'ii was a Place in the Suburbs near the Lyceum, fo call'd
from a tvbife or/iv/fi Dog, in Greek kvov d^yof, that, when Diomus wzs
facrificing to Hercules, fnatch'd away Part of the ViSiim [t). It was a-
dorn'd with feveral Temples, dedicated to Hebe,Alcmena, and lolaus, all
which borefome Relation to Hercules, the chief Deity of the Place, and
he alfo was here honour'd with a magnificent Temple. But there was
nothing in it fo remarkable as the Gymnafium, in which Strangers, and
thofe that were but of the Half- Blood, or had but one Parent an Athe-
nian, were to perform their Exercifes, beca'ife Hercules, to whom it was
confecrated, was under fome Illegitimacy, and was not one of the
immortal Gods, but had a mortal Woman for his Mother : And there-
fore Themijiocles, being but of the Half-Blood, perfuaded divers of the
young Noblemen to accompany him to anoint and exercife themfelves
at Cynofarges ; in doing which, he feem'd with fome Ingenuity to
take away the Diftindlion between the truly Noble and the Stranger :
And between thofe of the whole, and thofe of the Half Blood oi J'
thens {c). There was alfo a Court of Judicature in this Place, wherein
Caufes about Illegitimacy were heard, and Examination made con-
v^rning Perfons that lay under a Sufpicion of having falfly inferted
tlkir Names among the true born Athenians {d). In this Gymnafium^
Anttfhenes inftituted a Seft of Philofophers call'd ^vviko], Cynicks, from
the Ntme of the Place {e), as fome are of Opinion.
All Tb^'atres were dedicated to Bacchus and Venus (f), the Deities of
Sports and ^leafure ; to the former of which they are faid to owe their
Original (f), ind therefore Plays aded in them were call'd l^iowiia.M.^y
and the Artificvvs that labour'd in the Building of them AiovvjtAK.oif
fiyp^i as belohjing to ^I'ovvaoi, or Bacchus.
A he moll ainclenx. Theatres were temporary, being compofed of no-
thing but Boards plact^ gradually above each other, for the Conveni-
ence of Speftators, and therefore they were call'd Iic^ia, {h). But
thofe flight Buildings had well nigh proved fatal to the Common-
wealth, for almoft the whole City, as well the Magiftracy and Nobi-
lity, as thofe of inferior Ranks, being aflembled, as their Manner
was, to hear Pratinas aft a Tragedy ; the Theatre, too weak to fup-
port the vail Weight of thronging Multitudes, on a fudden tumbled
(a) Bafil. Mag. lib. dc legend. Gentil. librij. (i) Hejycb. aliiquc innumeri.
(f) Pluiarch. ThemiJlocU. {et) Nonnus Monachus in Colleft. Hift. (*) Diog, Laert.
jblifibne. {/) Laaant, 1, VI. (f ) Polydir, Virg, \, III. c. 13. {h) Hefycbiut.
down.
42 Of the Civil (Government of Athens.
down, and wanted not much of burying them in its Ruins (/). This
narrow Elcape made them more cautious, and was the Occafion of
drefting a J/^ffl/rf of Stone, for their better Security. And from this
Time the Athenians, whofe Example the reft of the Grecians follow 'd
not long after, eredled fix'd and durable Theatres of Stone, commonly
of Marble, which by Degrees were encreafed to that Magnitude, that
they exceeded almoft all other Buildings in Greece.
The Figure of Theatres was femicircular, tho' they were not exadl
Semicircles, but contain'd the bigger Half of the Circle, and therefore
Amphitheatres, which were made in the fame Figure, as if two Thea-
tres {hould be join'd together, were not nicely orbicular, but oval.
Tliey confifted of two Parts, S Kluih, Scena, and Kolhoy, Ca'vea. Scena
was a Partition sfiign'd for the Aftors, reaching quite crofs the
Theatre, which at the firft, agreeable to the antient Simplicity, was
drefs'd with Boughs and Leaves, but in rnore expenfive Ages was
adorn'd with rich and coftly Hangings, to hide the Management of
Machines, and other Adlions of the Players from the Spectators. It
was either fo framed as that it might be turn'd round, and then it was
caird Verfatiits, or drawn i p, and then it was 'DuBilts, and this Way
is ufually praftifed in our Theatres, in changing the Profpeft. It had
three principal Gates, one upon the right Hand, another upon the
left, by which were prefented meaner and fmaller Edifices ; and a
third in the Middle, by which more magnificent Strudures, as Tem-
ples of the Gods, or Palaces of Kings, were brought in View ; and
on each Side of the Gate was a leffer Entrance, thro' which the Perfons
either of Gods, or Men, were introduced by various Machines and
Inftruments, the Names whereof you may find explained in Julius
Pollux [k). The whole Scene was divided into feveral Parts, the nioft
remarkable whereof are iliefe :
BpovTilov, a Place underneath the Floor, wherein were kept
brazen Veffels, full of Stones and other Materials, with which they
imitated the Noife of Thunder.
'E'mtffMViov, a Place upon the Top of the Scene, in which all the
Machines, whereby they prefented the various Figures and Profpefts,
were moved.
Tlai^etcsKmioi', tlie Tiring Room, a Place behind the Scenes, wherein
the Aftors drefs'd and adorn'd themfelves.
Upoimriviov, the Stage, a Place before the Scenes, in which the
Players afted. And Ofp^^nrpa was that Part in which the Chorus ufed -
to dance and fing, in the Middle of which was placed the Pulpit, in
Greek Aof^ov, or 0y^Aa.
T'rroaniwiov, a Partition under the Pulpit, appointed for the Mufick.
The KoTaoc, or Ca'vea, was appointed for the Spectators, and con-
fifted of three Parts placed in equal Degrees one above another ; the
loweft of which belonged to Perfons of Quality, and Magiftrates j the
Middle to the Commonalty ; the Uppermolt to the Women.
And becaufe Theatres were open at the Top, they erefted Porticos ^
behind the Cavea, whither they retired for Shelter in rainy Weather.
(} Suidas in U^xflfAi-- {k) Onmafi. 1, IV. c.,19.
Athens
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 43
Athens .: ad three Harbours fcr Ships.
I. Titi^cuiOi, Piraeus, which belong'd to the Tribe oi Hippothoonthf
and was thirty-five or forty Stadia diltant from the City, before the
Buildings of the long Walls, which have been already mention'd. From
which Time the Athenians, by the Direftion of Themtftocles, made this
their chief Harbour. It contain'd three '(i%}j.Qi, or Docks ; the firft call'd
KafSdp-, from an Hero of that Name. The fecond A^po<^i<riov, from
AppocTjTM, or f^enus, who had there two Temples, one of which was
confecrated by fhemijiocles, the other by Conon. The third Zea, from
Bread Corn, which is call'd by theGrecians ^eiu. There were likewife
in this Harbour five Porticos, which, being join'd together, compofed
one very large Portico, which was on that Account commonly term'd
MctKpet Tod. The Piraeus had farther two Forums ; one near the long
Portico, and the Sea ; the other farther diftant from the Sea; and for
that Reafon chiefly frequented by thofe who lived nearell the City. One
of thefe feems to have been call'd I ar'sroj^rt/yftoj', from the Archite<5l
Hippodamus, who built the long Wall, whereby this Harbour was join'd
to the City. Here was a moft celebrated Mart, to which Merchants
reforted from almoft every Part of Greece. Whence came the prover-
bial Saymg, Tiji rieifci/fcct ;tm^>'iti' //.M (pip6iv. That Famine and Emp-
tine/s do not come from Piraeus. This Harbour, tho' once very popu-
lous and well inhabited, was reduced to a very few Houfes in the Time
of Strabo, who flourilh'd under the Emperors Augufius and Tiberius ;
having been burnt by Sylla in the Mithridatick War.
2. MavvyjA, Munychia, which was a Promontory not far diftant
from Piraeus, extended not unlike to a Peninfula, and well fortified
both by Nature, and afterwards, at the Inftance of Thrajybulus, by
Art. The Name was derived from one Munychus, who dedicated in
this Place a Temple to Diana, firnam'd Mwy^^^iet, which yet others
report to have been founded by Embarus.
3. *Apo(', P^fl/erzi^OT, which belong'd to the Tribe ./^//(7f^zV, and
was diftant from the City thirty-five Stadia, according to Thucydides ;
but in Paujanias% Account {/) only twenty. This was the moft ancient
of the three Harbours : And from hence Thefeus is reported to have fet
Sail for Crete ; and afterwards Mnejiheus for Troy.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Citizens, Tribes, ^c. of Athens.
TH E Inhabitants of Jttica were of three Sorts, i . Uom"^, or
Freemen. 2. M4to/*o/. or Sojourners, j- A%\w, or Servants.
The Citizens furpafs'd the others in Dignity and Power, as having
the Government in their Hands, but were far exceeded by the Slave*
in Number, many Slaves being often fubjedt to one Citizen. The
Number of Citizens in Cecrops Time, I have already faid, was twenty
(/} Arca(if, p, 471, Edit, Hamv,
thoufand :
44 ^f ^^^ ^^"^^^ Government of Athens.
thoufand ; in Pericles' & there were not fo many, as appears from, P/a-
tarch (m) ; and when Demetrius the Phalerean was the Governor, they
exceeded their firft Number under Cecrops only by one thoufand ; at
the fame Time Foreigners were ten thoufand, and the Slaves four
hundred thoufand, as appears from a Poll inftituted at the Command
of Demetrius, and mention'd in Athenaus ().
Whence it is evident, that the Increafe of the Athenians themfelves
was very inconfiderable, but thofe growing Numbers of Inhabitants,
that fwell'd the City to that Bignefs, to which it was extended in After-
Ages, were either of Slaves, or Strangers, who for the Advantage of
Study, or Trade, or for other Convcniencies, fettled themfelves at
Athens J and of thefe two Sorts, in the Time of Cecrops, it is probable
there were few or none, becaufe, through the Scarcity of Men. in his
new-form'd Government, for the Encouragement of Foreigners to
fettle there, he was forc'd to allow them the fame Privileges that
were enjoy'd by the Natives. And there is a very ancient Law men-
tion'd by the SchoUaJi of Arifiophanes [p), whereby all Foreigners, who
intended to live at Athens, were obliged, afterafhort Stay in that City,
to be enroll'd amongft the free Citizens.
And for feveral Ages after, it was no difficult Matter to obtain the
Freedom of the City j but when the Athenian Power grew great, and
their glorious Anions rendred them famous thro' all Greece, this Pri-
vilege was accounted a very great Favour, and granted to none but
Menof the greateft Birth, or Reputation, or fuch as had perform'd
fome notable Piece of Service for the Common-wealth. Nor was it
without much Difficulty to be obtain'd even by them ; Menon the ?har-
falian, who had fent the Athenians a Supply of two hundred Horfe, in
the War againft Eon near Amphipolis, defired it, and was rejefted. And
Perdiccas, King oi Macedonia, after having affifted them againft the
Perfians, could obtain no more than a bare dj'i>^e.ct., or Immunity from
Tribute, paid by thofe that fojourned amongft them, but no Right of
Suffrage, or other Privileges common to the Freemen.
And after Mardonius and the Perfians were defeated at Plataa:, it
was decreed by an exprefs Law, that none but Men eminent for Me-
rit (hould be admitted into the Number of Citizens (p).
But this peremptory Stiffhefs, which Succefs and Vidory had put
into them, did not always make them fo obftinate, nor hinder, but
that many Worthies, tho' neither equal in Birth, nor Fortune, to the
former, were enroll'd amongft the Citizens ; fuch were Hippocrates the
Phyfician, Euryfaces the Son of Ajax, with many others, befide the
whole City of the Plat^eans, to which they granted Freedom, for their
fignal Services in the Perfian War. But by thefe Grants, though the
Number of the Citizens may be fa id to have been increafed, yet no-
thing was added to the Number of Inhabitants, which remain'd ftill
the fame, becaufe the Perfons, thus admitted, feldom made Ufe of
their Privilege, and fued for it rather as a Title of Honour, than with
a Defign to be any ways advantaged by it.
(*) Perick, () Diipntf. 1, VI, (o) Raniu {p) AuStr Oradonit in Nearam.
This
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 45
This Privilege could not be conferr'd by any befides the popular
/Jfembly, whence the Citizens thus admitted were call'd C^L^ixo'aoi^oi,
in Oppofition to the Freeborn. Neither was the firil Gift of the Peo-
ple to take EfFeft, unlefs they thought fit to ratify it in a fecond Af-^
fembly, wherein fix thoufand Citizens were required to be prefent. And
for Fear the Authority or Intereft of any Perfon (hould fway them to
comply with fuch Requefts againft their Inclinations, they gave their
Votes privately, by calling little Stones into Urns, placed on Purpofe
in their Affemblies by the Prytanes, who were alfo obliged to provide
a fufficient Number of Stones for the SufFragants ; nay, farther, till all
had done voting, the Strangers that petition'd for Freedom were not
permitted to come into the Place of the Affembly. And after all this,
if any one appear'd to be undeferving of the Honour they had con-
ferred upon him, an Appeal might be made to a certain Court, which
had Power to enquire into the Lives and Conditions of thefe Perfons,
and deprive fuch as they found unworthy, by recalling the Freedom
which had been granted thro' the Ignorance and Inconfideration of
the Multitude j and this Difgrace befel Pytholaus, the Theffalian, and
JpoUonides the Olynthian [q). It was further provided by Solon, that none
Ihould live at Athens as free Citizens, except fuch as were banifh'd from
their own Country, or voluntarily came to refide at Athens with their
whole Families. Whereby he, no doubt, intended to prevent all fuch
from enjoying the Privileges of Athens, who had greater Alliances and
Interefts in other Places (r).
The Manner of Admiflion was by declaring that fuch an one was in-
corporated amongft the Denizons oi Athens, and inverted with all the
Honours, Privileges, and Immunities belonging to them ; and had a
Right to partake of, and affill at the Performance of all their Holy
Rites and Mylleries, except fuch as were appropriated to certain noble
Families, fuch as were the Eumolpida, Ceryces, Cynid^e, which had cer-
tain Priefthoods, and holy Offices peculiar to themfelves ; or (as others
are of Opinion) they were excluded from all the Offices of Priefthood
of whatever Denomination : Which is the more probable, becaufe the
freeborn Athenians were themfelves excluded from thofe Offices which
were appropriated to the facred Families. Except alfo the Offices of
the nine Archons, which none but freeborn Athenians were allow'd to
execute ; that neither the Religion, nor the Management of Publick
Affairs might be entrufted in foreign Hands, Yet this extended not to
the Children of Citizens thus adopted, who were allow'd all the Pri-
vileges of Natives. Laftly, they were admitted into a certain Tribe,
and Hundred, and fo the Ceremony ended (f).
Freeborn Athenians were thofe that had both, or one of their Parents
an Athenian. Arijlotle tells us, that in feveral Common-wealths, at
the firft, thofe were accounted free, that were born of a Free-wo-
man ; but when the Number of Inliabitants increafed, fuch only were
efteem'd free, as were defcended from Parents that were both free [t\.
And fo it came to pafs in Athens ; where it was decreed by Solon, that
(j) Dmofib. Orat. in Nearam. {r) Plutarcbus, Sutr.e. { /) Dtmoflbtn. Oral, ia
Nt^ram, (0 Arijiottl, Pelii, lib, III. c, 5.
non<
a6 Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens.
none begotten out of lawful Marriage, which could then be celebrated
only betyv-een Free-Citizens, fhould have Right to inherit their Father's
Eftate. This appears from the following Words of Arijlophanes :
Epta I) J^M i^^ov S OKcuVOi aot vo(/.OI>'
No9 Q fxvi ^.veti dfyjg-tiAi' (u).
But this Law was afterwards abrogated by the tacit Confent of the
Common-wealth, till the Time of Pericles, who when he fiourifh'd iii
the State, and had Sons lawfully begotten, propofed a Law, that thofe
only (hould be reputed true Citizens of Athens, who were born of
Parents that were both Athenians ; and having prevail'd with the Peo-
ple to give their Confent to it, little lefs than five thoufand were de-
prived of their Freedom, and fold for Slaves j and thofe, who enduring
the Teft, remain'd in the Government, and pad Mufter for true-born
Athenians, were found in the Poll to be fourteen thoufand and forty
Perfons in Number. But Pericles himfelf afterwards, having loll all his
legitimate Sons, fo far perfuaded the Athenians, that they cancel'd
the Law, and granted that he fhould enroll his Ballard Sons in the
Regifterof his own Ward, by bis paternal Name j thinking that by
thofe LofTes he had been fufHciently punifbed for his former Arrogance;
and therefore being of Opinion, that he had been fhrewdly handled
by the Divine Vengeance, of which he had run fo fevere a Gantlope,
and that his Requeft was fuch as became a Man to afk, and Men to
grant. Thus Plutarch {nv). But this Law was again repealed by Ari-
Jiophon the Orator, after the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, EucUdes
being Archon ; at which Time the ancient Law was revived. That all,
whofe Mothers tvere not Citizens, Jhould he nothi^ illegitimate {x). For
legitimate Children, are thofe who are bom of lawful Wives, who muft
be Free-Citizens, others being only reputed Concubines. And thus
Grammarians commonly explain Nothus. 'N'oQQ- o cm. ^kviu, S ttclK-
KciKli^-. Nothus, <3 Bafiard is one born of a Stranger, or an Harlot.
But yvmi-, a legitimate Son, is interpreted by the fame Perfons, o ijt
yvvauKoi arn? ^ yctu.i]l^<;, w hf. vo^i(/.uv ydy.w. One horn of a Citi-
zen, and a Wife, or one born in la^wful Matrimony (y) .
And thofe that were only of the Half-Blood, when they were in-
verted with Freedom, were always reputed inferior, and lefs honour-
able than thofe that were of the whole; and feveral Marks and Cu-
lloms they had to diiUnguifh them from the others, as particularly,
that thofe, who had but one Parent an Athenian, were not allow'd to
exercife themfelves in any of the Gymnafia, that were frequented by
thofe who had both ; but only at the Cynofarges, a Place without the
City ; and that this was efleem'd a Mark of Difgrace, is evident from
the Praftice of Themijloc Its ,w\iO was but of the Half-Blood of Athens,
and to take away, or at leall lefTen this Diftinftion, ufed to engage
the noble Athenians to go and perform their Exercifes with him (z).
In the fame Place there was a Court of Judicature, where Perfons fuf-
pefted of having fraudulently infinuated themfelves into the Number
(k) Avibus p. 602. edit. Amflelod. (w) InPericle. {x) Caryftiut Iccp/xoy -Osiroa-
f^fxajuv. lib III. (_y ) Hower; Scholiaftes in Iliad V. Julius Pollux ]ih. III.
() Plutarch, in 7bemifiocU,
and
Oj the Civil Government of Athens. 47
and Privileges~of Citizens were arraign'd. This was reputed a very
great Offence; infomuch that whoever had cTun -^^sMaj (fo this Aftion
was term'd) prefcrr'd againft him, was immediately made a clofe Pri-
foner, and put in Chains, before he could be brought before the
Judges {a). Neither was it a fufHcient Vindication to have been once
acquitted by his proper Judges. But it was cuiiomary to bring the
Caufc to a fecond Hearing, before the Thefmothctay if there Was any
juft Caufe to fufpeft, that he had been too favourably treated.
And in order to clear the City of pretended and falfe Members, it
was decreed in the fecocd Year of the ninetieth Olyrnpiad, Archiai be-
ing then Archon, that a llrift Inqulfitton (hould be made into Caufes of
this Nature by Men of the fame Borough with the Criminal. This
Inquijition was term'd i^iA-^Yi<pt(Tti, and perform'd in the following Me-
thod {b). When any Perfon was accufed, the Aju.op^-, or Frefeft
of the Borough (Ahu-) to whofe Cuftody was committed the ajt-
^lAfX^iKoi' y^ttfjLiJLctjtiov, or Puhlick Reg^ifter of the Citizens, convened
together the Members of his Borogh (eTaM^To/.) Then the Names
of all the Citizens of that Borough being recited out of the Regifter, the
Criminal was obliged to fignify the particular (f^AT^iA, or Ward, where-
of he pretended himfelf a Member, and to prove his Right of Succefu-
on by fufficient Witnefles. Or in Cafe he claim'd his Freedom from
the G//? of the People, and not by Inheritance, the publick Decree
of the popular AfTembly, whereby his Privilege had been conferr'd,
was to be produced. Then the J^ftixoroj, having firft taken an Oath to
determine according to the Rules of Juftice, and maturely deliberated
upon the Evidence, privately gave their Opinions, in doing which
they commonly ufed Leaves or Beans. If the luhite Beans were found
fuperior in Number, the Frifoner was acquitted : But if the Black ap-
pear'd to be moft numerous, then he was deprived of his Freedom,
and after that call'd a.Tra^.v.'^KTf^Qr, as the Aftion of condemning him
was term'd a.TO'^YKftiffii [c). And this Verdift was to be given in be^
fore Sun-fet ; the Confequence whereof was this, that the Perfon de-
prived of his Freedom fliould be reckon'd amongft the MkroiKoi, So-
journers. But if he would not acqi'iefce in the Determination of his
own Borough, an Appeal was granted to the Thefmothet^, who having
affign'd proper Judges to hear his Appeal, he was either reflored to
his Family ; or, if the former Sentence appear'd to be juft and well
grounded, he was fold for a Slave,
Farther, to prevent all Frauds and Contentions of this Nature, all
Fathers were obliged to enroll their Sons in the Regifter of their par-
ticular fpAT^iA, term'd koivov y^cti/.fA.a}itop.. At which Time they made
Oath, that every Son fo regillered was either born to them in lawful
Matrimony, or lawfully adopted [efj. Notwithftanding which, the
^faTopsf, or Members of that Ward, had the Liberty of rejefting any
Perfon, againft whom fufficient Evidence appear'd, concerning which
they voted by private Suffrages (e). Yet if any Perfon v.as unjullly
(<j) Demojlbenti & Ulbianut in Tmocrat. {b) Harpocration. Olympiad, defcriptor
anonymus. {c) Dtmofibenei'in Eubul. Pollux, lib. VIII, Hejjcb. Suidtu, {d) JJaut
de ApptlUdori fuered, () Dimtfihtnei in Macart,
rejedled
48 Of the Civil Government <?/* Athens.
rejeded by the Men of his own Ward, he was allow'd to appeal to
the Magillrates (f) ; by whom, if he was declared to be lawfully born
or adopted, he was then regifler'd by his own and his Father's Name, in
this orm,QfcliTvKK& A-roAAo/ftfpK, Thrafylus the Son of Jlpollodorm{g),
The Wo/^f^ Sons were regifter'd upon the ^^^wA'Thargelia, in the
Month "Thargtlion ; the natural, upon the third Day of the Fellival Apa-
tufia, call'd KisfiZra, in the Month Pyanepfion. At what Age Chil-
dren were thus regifter'd, is not agreed. Some are of Opinion, that at
every Return of the Jpaturia, it was cuftomary to regifter all the Chil-
dren, who had been born that Year (^). Others affirm, that they were
commonly three or four Years old before they were regifter'd (/). Cne-
mon in Heliodorus {k) is enrolled after he has learn'd the Letters of the
Alphabet. And the Chons, in the Rante of Arijlophanes (/), reilefts up-
on Archedemus, as not having been admitted into the Number of the
^fUTo^ii, till he was i'/j'iTtii, fe'ven Years old.
BAc3-5 ^i\\a. KoirA
Oi i7rji]t]i coy HK i(pv(Ti (p^xjopctf.
Whereby they feem to intimate, that he had fraudulently infinuated
himlelfinto the Number of the Citizens, it being ufual for thofe, who
were freeborn, to be regifter'd before that Age, as we are there inform-
ed by the Greek Scholiaft j tho' the Time of doing it appears from the
foremention'd Inftances to have been unfix'd and arbitrary.
There were two other Seafons when young Athenians were enroU'd
in a pubiick Regifter, which, being by fome learned Men confounded
with the Time of regiftring already mention'd, may not unfitly be ex-
plain'd in this Place. The fecond Time therefore, wherein they were
regifter'd, was when they arrived at the Age of eighteen Years, when
(as we are exprefly told by Julius (w) Pollux) they were admitted into
the Number of the Eipjjfo/. And this Regiftring feems to have been
miftaken for the former, becaufe both were done on the fame D.iy, 'vix.
the third Day of the Feftival Apaturia, which, as fome think, was
call'd KapmTif, ecTi rS neifetv tyiv Koyluj, becaufe they, who were
enroU'd amongft the Ephebi, ufed then X.oJha<ve their Hair, which it
was cuftomary to confecrate to fome of the Gods ; which Ceremony
was never perform'd till a long Time after the Age, at which they were
admitted amongft the (pf^Vcf ;?, and therefore muft belong to the other
Time of Regifiring.
The third Time of regiftring young Athenians, was before the Feftival
Panathenaa (), when thofe who were twenty Years old were intro-
duced at a pubiick Meeting of the cri;//o7a/. Men of the fame[S'r\i/.&) Bo.
rough, and entred in a Regifter call'd h<i^ta.^-)^iKov ypctiJ.iJ.a^Hov, where.
in the Names of all Perfons of that Borough, who were of Age to fuc.
ceed in the Aw^/f, or Inheritance of their Fathers, were enter'd (o),
(/) Idem, in Nearam. (f) If^eus Orat, citat. (h) Etymologici magni Aulor. V.
Atci}. ipiet. (;) Proclui in Platonit Timseum. (It) Lib. I. (/) A&.. I. Seen. VII,
p. 231. Edit, Aurel, Allobrog. () Lib,-yiII. cap. 9. (n) Demojibenet in Leocha-
rem. (0) Poikx loco citato.
This
Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens. 49
This was term'd ^f a.vS'^i kyffii<piiS>at, to be regijlred aniorigjl the
Men ; the Perfons, thus enroll'd, being henceforwards their own Ma-
Icers, and free from the Government of their Guardians. '
Afcer Cecrops had fettled a Form of Government amongll the Athe-
nians-, for tlie better Adminiftratioii of JutHce, and the Prevention of
Deceit, and over-reaching one another in Comnierce, he divided 'em
into four ^t/Ao/, or Tribes ; each Tribe he fubdivided into three Parts,
cail'd Tp/T'iyj , H^v-, or ^faCjda. ; and each of thefe into thirty rii'W,
or Families ; whichi, becauie they confifted of thirty Men, were cail'd
TeidKciS'if, ; rnd they that were Members of thefe were cail'd Ouo-
faXa.Kliit, and Tivvii']ca, not from any Relation to one another, but only
becauie they lived in the fame Borough, and were educated together,
and join'd in one Body or Society ; the fame Perfons were cail'd
Opfiam, becaufe they participated of the fame Sacrifices, and wor-
fhippcd the fame Gods together, from Opyta, which, tho' it properly
fignifies only the Myrteries of Bacchus, yet is often taken for the Ce-
remonies ufed in the Worfhip of any other Deity (/>).
The Names of the Tribes were thefe, i . Kix-^Trii, from Cecrops, for it
was ufual with the Ancients, out of an earneft Defire of contiiiuing their
Memories to Pofterity, to call Cities, or Countries, or any Monu-
ments that feem'd likely to remain to fucceeding Ages, by their own
JNames. 2. Avt'q'^Quv, from a King of that Name, reported by forae
to have reign'd in fome Part of Jttica before Cecrops ; or rather from
the Name of AjTo^^^Qoj/sf, in which the Athenians gloried not a l.ttle.
3. ^KTajLo., ixova. Aaaus, ox ASlaon, another of the Kings before C(?-
crops ', or from axrn, which fignifies a Shore, becaufe a great Part of
Attica, and that in particular, where this Tribe inhabited, lay towards
the Sea : And this was the Reafon why the whole Country was fome-
times cail'd Ade. And the fame Caufe is given for the Name of the
fourth Tribe, which they cail'd Ylei^itKia., from its Nearnefs to the Sea.
In the Reign oiCranaus, new Names were impofed upon them, and
they were cail'd, i . Kf st^'ctiV, from the King's Name. 2. At9;V, from
a young Lady, the Daughter, of Cranaus. 3. Mza-'ofcutt. 4. AictK^i^,
And both thefe, I fuppofe, were nam'd from their Situation; the lat-
ter being feated upon a craggy Shore, and the former in the inland?zxt
of the Country.
Erichthonius, being advanced to the Kingdom, cail'd them after the
f^fimcs of yupiter, Miner'va, Neptune, JiVulFulcan, I. A/rtf. 2. A^L/Ac:^,
3. Uoa-eiS'uvtAi. 4. H'paig-idv (y)
Afterwards, under Erechtheus, they received new Names from the
Sons oi Ion, a Man of great Repute amongft the Athenians, and General
of their Armies, as Herodotui reports (r). The Names were. i.ViKkov]z(.
2. O-xkItcu. 3. A'lyiKo^tii. 4, AfftXiTsf. And bt thefe Names Euripides
is to be underltood, v/hen he introduces Mine?va fpeaking thus of Jon {f),
AftQ^<T& r'ovS't. 'TT.eiS'a.t KiK^TiAP %96y*
' . . . .. ^ .. . ^
{f>) Paiux, lib. III. cap. 4. 1. VIII. cap. 9. (?) ^''/"f, 1. VIII. c 5. (r) UV*
VIIj. fap. 44, .() hn ad finem.
^o Of the Chil Govermnent of Athens.
XletlS'ii yivoitSfJoi 7<i(TadL^ii pi^Vi [xtAi
'EtscovviJ.ot yrii, Kec'TSTK^vhia x^ovot
hciuv iffovrau, ffKCi)'7r6?ibv ot pctiii(r ky-ov-
Here, Nurfe Creiifa, fince this Child by Birth'
Claims the juft Priv'lege o{ Erechtheus' Line.
Take him to Jthens, and proclaim him King,
For he hath juft Pretenfions to the Crown ;
His blooming Courage is a previous Sign,
With how much Prowefs, Policy, and Art
Greece'^ Dominions he will fway, the Gods
Shall blefs him with four Sons, by whom, in Tribes,
High feated Athens fhall divided be.
And bear her fev'ral Names deriv'd from them. J. A^
And Herodotus (/) and Pollux are of the fame Opinion, tho' they are
herein contradifted by others, as we find in Plutarch, who hath like-
wife made fome Alteration in the Names ; his Words are thefe, " Some
* affirm that the Tribes did not take their Names from the Sons of Ion,
" but from the different Sorts of Occupations, which they followed ;
*' the Soldiers were call'd OitK'ncu ; the Craftfmen, E^ydreu i and of
** the remaining three, the Farmers, Tiu^yoi i the Shepherds and
** Grafiers, hiyiKo^du (a).
AfterwardsjVvhen the Number of Inhabitants was increafed,C///?>^f/,
having firft advifed with AfolW^ Oracle, as it was ufual to do in every
Concern of Moment, alter'd the Number of the Tribes, increafmg them
from four to ten, and gave them new Names, taken from certain ancient
Heroes, all born in Attica, except Ajax the Son of Telatnon, to whom
he gave a Place amongfl; the reft, as being a Neighbour, Friend, and
Companion in the Wars (xv ) ; for, as Homer reports, Jjaxh Forces were
join'd to thofe of Menejlheus, the Athenian General,
A'/tf </^' ox. 'S.AKet^lvQ' ayiv J^vox.ct.iJ'zx.et VXiAi,
Twelve Ships from Salamis ftout Ajax brought.
And rank'd his Men, where the Athenians fought.
Mr. CreecB.
And Plutarch repOf ts, that when the Athenians arid Megarenjians both
made Pretenfions to Salamis, and chofe the Spartans to decide the
Controverfy, thefe Lines oi Homer, being produced by Solon, did the
Athenians a confiderable Kindnefs, ferving very much to ftrengthen
'{t) Ul. V. c. 66, {u) Pluterdx Stlojte, (w) Hendit, Si PtHux, loc. Itatis.
their
Of the Civil Government ^/ AthenSi \\ _,^f
their Title to that Ifland. To return, thefe Heroes, from ^titames
they gave to the Tribes, were call'd kizruvvy-oi, and honour'd with Sta-
tues erefted near the Senate -houfe. Their Names, as recorded by Patt^
fanias, are thefe, Erechtheus, Cecropi, JEgeus, Pandion, Acamas, Antior
chus, Leo, Oeneus, Hippothoon, Jjax. And the Names of the Tribes zx6
thefe, Efspi^flni'f , Kexfa-sr;?, A\ynii, YlAvS'm'iiy hKayiAvrhi hvlio-^/^ii
Aiov\U, OJcMij, Itiritro^oaivlli, A\a.v\U-
Afterwards, when Antigonus and 'Demetrius freed the Athenians front
the Macedonian Slavery, they augmented their Tribes, adding two to
their former Number, which, in Honour of thek Deliverers, they call'd
from their Names, AvriyovU, and A^Tf/a^f {x). But the Gratitude
of the Athenians being no longer liv'd, than the good Fortune and Suc-
ceffes of thofe two Princes, the Tribes foon chang'd their firtt Names, for
thofe of ATletKii and nroAf/za/V, the former of which was derived
from Attalus, King of Pergamus ; the latter from Ptolomy, Kingof ^-
gypt, from both of which the Athenians had receiv'd fignal Favours {y).
This was the conftant Number of the Athenian Tribes, which lafted
as long as the City maintained its Liberty and Form of Government.
Each of thefe was at the firft divided into feveral Parts, which have
been already mentioned. And the better to maintain a mutual Cor-
refpondence, and for the Promotion of good Fellowlhip, and Kind-^
nets amongrt them, they had publick Feafts, firft inftituted by Solony
where they all met together, and made merry (2). Thefe Meetings were
nam'd from the Perfons affembled at them ; if the whole Tribe came
together,then they call'd \tS'^'Trvov (pvKZTtKov ; if only one<p?<4Tf<tf j then
it was J^H-arj'oi' (^fstTf /xoc, or of a r/t/-, it was S'^svov <^Y\iAOTiKh.
Thefe ^tiixot were little Boroughs in ^///ca, feveral of which be-
longed to every Tribe, and though they were reckoned together in the
Bufinefs of the Commonwealth, yet had feparate Habitations, diftindl
Rites and Ceremonies in the Performance of Holy Worfhip j nay, and
different Gods too, for each of them ador'd peculiar Deities, and yet all
unanimoufly agreed in woriliipping Mwr-ya, who was the TutelarGo^'
defs of the whole Country, whereas the other Deities had only certain
Parts affign'd them, and in thofe they were inferior to Miner'va, the
fupreme Governefs. And this Difference in Religion was very ancient,
being of no lefs Duration than the Commonwealth itfelf; for when
Thefeus had prevail'd upon them to leave their Country Seats, and unite
-themfelves in one City, they thought it would be impious and un-
pardonable to defert the Gods of their Anceftors, and therefore judg'd
it agreeable to the Refpecl due from them to their Tutelar Deities, to
pay tliem the fame Honours, and frequent the fame Places of Worfhip
they had formerly done (). .'
The greateft Ufe of thefe A/xo/ was in their Forms of Law and'
Coiitradts, whereby fufRcient Provifion was made jigainft all Fraud, Dc-.
c<;ir, and Miftakes. Hence we read of fuch punctual Claufes in their
Writs, as thefe, N. the Son of N. of the Tribe of ^antus, of the Bo-
rough of Rhamnus, Sec.
. (^) Plutarcff. Dmttrio. {y) Sttfhan. V. Ar'JcA/f & Biftvinij'eif, (*) '^'*"'
Dip. I. XV. (a) Liviut, Peufan. Attitit,
E 2 The
.^2 0/ the Civil Gofvernment of Athens.
TheNumber of them was an hundred feventy four {b), fome of which,
having the fame Names, were diftinguifhed by their Situation, being
caird KcL^viTif^zv, and yVefspQej', Upper and Lower. All of them
were divided into Greater and Lefs ; the /xik^oI, or Lefs, were thefe
(c). AUmv.fianSy Zojler, Pro/paltians, Anagyrajtans, Cephale, Prajieis,
Lampreis, Phyleis, Myrrhtnufians , Athmonians, Acharna:, Marathon,
^rauron, Rhanus. The reft were Greater, and may not unfitly be
thus divided according to their Tribes.
K E K P o n I s.
A^fj.ovQV, A^^mcx,
Aha}
ihvei.
E P E X H I 2:.
EuftJj'ViUiise, Evuvvy."
@ny.a.Koi, QriyeLK-
nuyCujcLJ^ax
rigpfaKTW
n A N A I O N I s.
AyyiKri
pet, Oil{
A I r H I 2.
Ahcu ^
A^A<plwUs(, S A^asfUu
BstTW
rrtff)TT3y
Atoyeitt,
EeiKeiet.
Eyej^a.
{i) Sfiitb, II, ^\ Straia, I IX, (0 Pau/an. Jttifis.
KvJ'ttnUM
imycuA
Of the Civil Government of Athens.
?3
AKAMANTIS,
EipiffiJ^oj
Epfj^oi, M Ep^o?
Iritt
Kg(paAM
TIfo<rTet.hTA
A E O N T I X
A}^A\/<w, A}^fit?vi*
UriKtlliiS
A^j/vct
no7eti/.i(
ExatAM
EuVuficTau
r^dfat
"
KmtIo;
^^iAppot
li :.iA
Kfwaiae.
Mct^ad-iSv
AiUKouioy
AKifXHf
rr ' f\ .
Xo\^J^cu.
. Tli
HeuoyiJ^eu
innoeoaNTis.
Al^lw/eS
AuA^eLVTiict
AvuKcua,
Axe^^'^i
Eao/juV, w Ekcuv(
Ehiv(rif
Ohv AiKihetK^y
Oivin tr^f EAJv-S-ifiu^;
Ko<A.
A N T I O X I S.
A\yiht(t, M A\yih-
AhUTTiKri, n AKvTtiKeu
Afji^iTfO'ifti
B3
At*
$4
Of tht Civil Government of Athens.
JS-fiuei,
A'lKKOP.
A I A N T I S,
Oeiet, Oeia
'i'?r'jro<S'AiiaS'cu
hAKia, n AaMiIS'cu
AaffiA
O I N H I S.
TlTi\iA
Axaveu
nrOAOMAlS, 1J ANTirONEl^,
vjyuyUeu
IKoy^vKtl*
ATTAAI2, % AEMETPIA^.
t-A,t
Bcfides thefe, theris were feveral other Boroughs, of which it is uni
certain what Tribes they belong'd to : Such are thefe.
AfiipiiiJ^tl
AjA^.Jaf7n
'^fh
Of the Civil Government of Athens.
S'S
EvVA
Zarwp
Qexuv
TiTteu
Abjjcuoy
A'luveu
ntpctf
^a.piJt.eiKxffou, Sic.
CHAP. X.
Of the Sojourners, and Servants, in AtTiens.
TH E fecond Sort of the Inhabitants of Attica were call'd ML-
ToiKoi, by which Word were fignified Perforis that came from a
foreign Country, and fettled in Attica, being admitted by the Council of
Areopagus, and enter'd in a publick Regifter {d). They difFer'd from the
T[o\'ncu, or Citizens, becaufe they were not free Citizens oi Athens, but
either came from another City themfelves, or were defcended from
Aich as did ; and from the Ekvot, or Strangers, becaufe they took np
their Lodgings only for a fhort Time % whereas the MkrotKot had fix' d
Habitations, and conftantly refided upon the Pkce, whither they had
tranfplanted themfelves.
They were permitted to dwell in the City, and follow their own
Bufmefs without Difturbance, but could not be intrufted with any
publick Office, give their Votes in the Affemblies, or have any Share
in the Government ; being obliged to fit ftill, as Spectators in a The-
atre, without intermeddling, or any Way concerning themfelves with
State Affairs, and patiently fubmit to the Decrees enadled by the Citi-
zens, and obferve all the Laws and Cuftoms of the Country. And
therefore Arifiofhanes in Suidas compares them to ChafF, as being an
unprofitable and ufelefs Part of the Commonwealth.
The Sojourners (if I may fpeak my Rlind)
Are, as it were, the City's Chaff and Scum."
7.4.
They were not allowed to al any Thing, or manage any Bufmefs in
their own Names, but were obliged to chufe out of the Citizens one,
to whofe Care and Protection they would commit themfelves, and
[d] Arijiopbtims Scboliajla in Ave,
E 4
whofe
'56 Of the Civil Goverriment of Athene.
v.hofe Duty it was to defend them from all Violence and Oppreflion^
This is intimated in Terencfs Eunuchus, where TBais puts herfelF into
the Hands of Phadria^s Family,
CH- Turn autem ?hxdiix, . ', -
lUeo fratri, gaudco amorem ejje omnem in tranquillo, una efi- domuSy
Thais patri fe commendavit, in client dam l^ fdem
Nobis dedit fe-, ; {e).
My Brother's good Succefs in his Amour
Doth glad my Soul, for Thais now's his own,
Since the Protedlion of herfelf (he leaves
To ray old Father's Care and Management. "^ J- ^'
The Perfon to whom they committed thcmfelves was call'd Yl^jzATi^t
and was allow'd to demand feveral Services of them, in which, if they
fail'd, or if they negledted to choofe a Patron, an Aiflion was com-
menced againft them before the Polemarchus, call'd A-ar^pracrisj J^'iMU
ivhereupon their Goods were confifcated.
In Confideration of the Privileges allow'd them, the Commonwealth
required them to perform feveral Duties ; for Inftance, in the Panathe-
fitea, a Feftival celebrated in Honour of Miner'va.; the Men were oblig'd
to carry certain Veffels call'd "EKopou, whereby are meant not Spades,
as Meurfius and theTranflator of Harpoerationhsve explain'd thisWord,
but Navifula, little Ships, which were Signs of their foreign Extrac-
tion ; which few have hitherto rightly underftood. Hence they were
term'd o-Ka.<p^,i, or aKci.(pv\(t>'o^i, by the ancient Writers of Comedy. The
Women carried vJ^^icu, VefTels of Water, or o-KiiiJ^eia., Umirel/as, to de-
fend the free Women from the Weather, and are thence nam'd vj'^iet-
(pdes'i ^^'^ ffKict<rt\(po^i. This lall Cuftom was begun after Xerxes and
the Perjtans had been driven out of Greece, when the Athenians, becom-
ing infolent with Succefs, fet a greater Value upon the Freedom of
their City, than they had formerly done (f).
Befide this, the Men paid an annual Tribute of twelve Drachms,
tho' Hefychius mentioneth ten only, and the Women, that had no Sons,
- were liable to be taxed fix } but fuch, as had Sons that paid, were
excaled. This Tribute was call'd Msroi^t/oc, and was exaded not only
of thofe that dwelt in Athens, but of all fuch as fettled themfelves in
any Town of Attica, as appears from the Inftance given us by Lyjias [^)
in Oropusy which was an Athenian Town, fituated upon the Con-
fir.es of BcEOtia. About the Time of Xerxesh Invafion upon Greece, The-^
mijfoc/es ha.vm^, by his eminent Service, raifed himfelf to great Foiver'
in the Commonwealth, prevaii'd fo far upon the Atheiiians, that
"they remitted this Exalion, and continued the Sojourners in the
Enjoyment of their Privileges, without requiring any fuch Ac!:now-
. ledgment from them [h). How long they enjoy'd this Immunity, I
cannot tell ; but it is certain they kept it not long, and probably it
juight be taken from them, and the Aft repeal'd, as foon as Ihemi-
(*) Aa. ult. Seen. ult. ( f) Mlianz yzrat Hjftoriae, Lib. VI. c, \, {) Orat,
Ja Pbihnem- (^) Diodqr, Sicut, I, XI,
JIocUs
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 57
flocks fell into Difgrace. Upon Non-payment of this Iinpofitlon, the
Delinquent was immediately feized by the Tax-maftetr, .nd' carried
away to the Market fet apart for that Purpofe, (cairj by PU tarch
MiT o'lKtov [i], and by Demojlheues [k) llaWniiej-ov ra Mto/^Ki where
they were expofed to Sale by the Ucah^rffj, who Vvere Officers concern'd
in the publick Revenues. And this Fate had the famous Philofopher
Xenacrates undergone, had not Lycurgtis refcued him out of tlie Hands of
the Officers, as Plutarch reports (/) ; Diogenes Laerthis {m) tells u", he
was aftually fold, becaufe he had not wherewithal to pay the Tribute,
but was redeem'd by Demetrius the Phalerean, who, becaufe he would
not violate the Laws of the City, nor yet could endure to fee fo great
and ufeful a Man reduced to fomiferable a Condition, rellored him his
JLiberty, and paid for him what the Tax-mafter demanded.
But tho'. thefe Men were incapable of having any Preferment, or
bearing any Office in the Commonwealth, yet they .weffe not wholly
deftitute of Encouragements to the Praftice of Virtue, and the Un-
dertaking of noble Aftions, and being ferviceable tt) the Publick.
For fuch, as fignalized themfelves by any notable Exploit, werefeldom
gaffed by neglefted, or unrewarded ; but were taken into publick
Confideration, and, by a fpecial Edidl of the People, honour'd with an
Immunity from all Impofitions, Taxes, and other Duties, except fuch
as were required of the freeborn Citizens, and therefore they calPd
this Honour l<:or<iKc-iA, and the Perfons that enjoy'd it IcroTjAeJf, be-
caufe they didI<rA TSAr Toti li^oit, pay only an equal Proportion with
the Citizens. This was a Sort of an Half-freedom, being the fame with
what we fometimes find call'd Arkhe^et, of which I have fpoken alrea-
dy, and was granted to Foreigners that had deferved well of the Pub-
lick, but not merited enough to be enroll'd amongft the true Citizens ;
an Inftance of which we have in PercHccas King of Macedon, and fome-
times in whole Cities and Commonwealths, that had by fome fpecial
Service demonflrated the Kindnefs and good AfFedion they bore to
Athens ; two Examples of this we have in the Thebans and Olyfithians
in Theophraftus, as he is cited by Suidas, to whom, with Harfocration
and Hefychius, we are chiefly obliged for thefe Accounts.
I proceed, in the next Place, to fpeak of the third, and moft nume-
rous Part of the Inhabitants of Attica, I mean the Sernjants, of which
there were two Sorts ; the firft was of thofe, that thro' Poverty were
forced to ferve for Wages, being otherwife freeborn Citizens, but not
having any Suffrage in publick Affairs, by Reafon of their Indigence, it
being forbidden at fome Times (for this Prohibition was not perpetual)
that Perfons, not having fi ch an Eftate as was mentioned in the Law,
fhould have the Privilege of giving their Voices. Thefe were properly
call'd 0i)T2f , and YlikcL^ [n), and were the moft genteel Sort of Servants,
being only in that State during their own PJeafure and Neceffities ; and
having Power either to change their Matters, or (if they became able
to fubfift by themfelves) wholly to relcafe themfelves from Servitude.
(;) Fluminio, (k) Orat. I, iaAriJlogit, (/) Loc. <it. (m) JCiBOCrate. (n) Pollux,
The
58 Of the Chil Government of AthzmJ^
The fecond Sorts oiSernjaizts were fuch as were wholly in the Power,
and at the Difpofal of their Lords, who had as good a Title to them, as
to their Land and Eftates, a confiderable Part of which they were
elleem'd. They were wholly at their Command, to beemploy'd as they
faw convenient, in the worlt and moll wretched Drudgeries ; and to
be ufed at their Difcretion, pinch'd, ftarv'd, beaten, tormented, and
that in moft Places, without any Appeal to fuperior Power, and pu-
nifh'd even with Death itfelf. And, which yet farther enhanfed the
Mifery of their Condition, they had no Hopes of recovering their Free-
dom themfelves, or procuring it for their Pofterity, but were to con-
tinue in the fame Condition as long as they lived, and all the Inheri-
tance they could leave their Children (for their Matters not only allow'd
but encouraged them to marry, that they might increafe in Number)
was the PoffeiTion of their Parents Miferies, and a Condition fcarce
any Way better than that of Beafts.
The Ancients were very fenfible of the hard Ufage SJa'ves met with ;
and the earneft Defire of Liberty, that reign'd in their own Breafts, and
made them always forward to expofe their Lives in the Defence of
it, was a fafficient Caufe to beget in them a Jealoufy of the like in other
Perfons ; Men being generally very apt to fufpedt others of the fame
Paifions and Inclinations, which themfelves have been-guilty of. And
we find them very induftrious to prevent and fupprefs all fuch Motions,
by keeping the Slaves at a very great Diftance from them, by no means
condefcending (I fpeak of the Generality of them) to converfe familiarly
with them ; by inllilling into them a mean Opinion of themfelves ; de-
bafing their Natures, and extinguifliing in them (as much as poffible) all
Sparks of Generofity and Manhood, by an illiberal Education, and ac-
cuftoming them to Blows and Stripes, which they thought were very dif-
agreeable to ingenuous Natures ; and fubduing them with hard Labour
and Want ; and, in Ihort, by ufmg them almoft in the fame Manner, nay
fometimes worfe than we do brute Animals. A fufficlent Proof whereof
{were there no more) we have in the famous Roman Cato, a Man celebra-
ted in all Ages for his exaft Obfervance of the niceft Rules of Juftice ;
nor doth it at all invalidate the Evidence, that this was done by a Roman,
iince both at Rome, and in Greece, and moft other civiliz'd Countries, the
Ufage of 5/'yf/ feems to have been much what the fame, fome few
Alterations excepted. This Cato (Plutarch tells us) when his Servants
grew old and unfit for Labour, notwithftanding they had been very
faithful and ferviceable to him, and had fpent their Youth and Strength
in labouring for him ; for all this. When Years came upon them, - and
iheir Strength faiPd them, would not be at the Charge of maintaining
them, but either turn'd them away, unable to provide for themfelves,
or let them ftarve to Death in his own Family [o). It is true, this
Barbarity was not pradifed in all Places, and my Authpr thinks the
Cenjor blame-worthy for it, imputing it to a favage and unnatural
Temper ; yet hence appears the miferable Condition of S/a'ves,
that were forced to undergo the moft arbitrary and unjuft Impofi-
tions of the cruelleft and moft barbarous Tyrants. Now the better to
la^fc .W ^iMi ^11. I "" * ' I II I i ^B. 1 IM I
(o) Plutarch, Catone,
lhe\y
Of the CM Government of Athens. 59
ftiew you what State they were in, I will give you a Tafte of the con-
ftant Behaviour of their Matters towards them in a few Inftances, which
were not the EfFedsof the Paihon, Pride, or Hamour of private Per-
fons, but the common and general Pradice of the whole Country.
It was accounied an unfufferable Piece of Impudence, for a Servant
to imitate the Freemen in any Thing, or aiFeft to be like them in their
Drefs, or any Part of their Behaviour. In thofe Cities, where they let
their Hair grow long, for a Servant to have long Kair was an unpar-
donable Offence, infomuch that the Comedian, fpeaking it proverbially
of one that does what becomes him not, fays,
E-srtiT* J^MTet rA- foV KoiMW Ix^f {/*)
Then you, difdaining your own State, afFeft
To wear long Hair as Freemen. - y. A.
They had a peculiar Form, after which they cut their Hair, call'd 0f/^
dvS'^itoS'ul'^i, which they laid afide, if ever Fortune was fo propiti-
ous, as TO reftore them their Liberty. And becaufe Slaves were gene-
rally rude and ignorant, therefore iyjuv rai duJ^^efsroj^ciJ^Hi cm th5
4'V^i Tf'/C*^' ^^ proverbially applied to any dull, ftupid Fellow (y).
The Frepmen's Coats were tip.^tyiii7')(a.Kott had two Sleeves ; whereas
thofe of Slaves were in^i/t-aayjiLKoi, had only one Sleeve (r).
At Athens, it was common to be in Love with Boys. Socrates and
Plato's Amours are notorious enough, and Solon himfelf was too weak
to refill this Pafiion, but thought it neither unlawful, nor fcandalous,
J)ut on the contrary hopourable, and well becoming an ingenuous Edu-
cation ; therefore he forbad Slaves the Ufe of this Pleafure, " as it were
." inviting the Worthy to Praftice, when he commanded the Unworthy
.." to forbear, fays Plutiarch (jy. The fame Lawgiver forbad them to
anoint, or perfume themfelves with fweet Odours, allowing thofe Pieces
pf Gentility only to Perfons of better Birth and Quality. Slaves were
neither permitted to plead for themfelves, nor to be Witneffes in any
Caufe. Thus Terence, the Scene of whofe Aftion is laid in Athens^
cxprefly affirms in his Phormio {/).
Servum hominem cahfam orare leges non finimt,
Neque tejlimomi di6iio efi.
Yet it was cuftomary to extort Confefllons from them by Tortures,
vhich, becaufe they were often fo violent as to occafion the Death of
the Slave, or to difable him from being ferviceable to his Mafter ; who-
ever demanded any Slave for this End (which was call'd nr^QKAh^v, and
the Aftion v^Khnan) was obliged to give his Mafter a fufficient Se-
curity to anfwer the Lofs of his Slave (a). The feveral Ways of tortu-
ringS/ai'^/are briefly compriz'd in the foilowingVerfesofy^ri/?(?/i'awj('u;].
{p) Ariftopban. Avibuj. (y) Euftatb. II. rt. p. 59. Edit. Baf. (r) Pollux. Oh.
1. Vn. c. 13. (/) Soione. \t) Aft. II. Seen. I, () Dmoptentt Oiat. adv. Paa-
taenctum. (w) Ranit, Aft. U. Seen. VI.
gANO.
6o Of the Civil Government qf Athens,
SAN0. Bsto-a.vi^i jS 7oy TcuS'a. nsTot'i KdCdv.
AiAK, }Le). rrai ^a(T(ivi<Jco : SAN0. U-Oi/TA r^Wov, IvKhtyiAKt
Atio-fitf, K^ifjidfraf, C^piy^iJ^i {jtet^iyay, J^ifuVf
STfg^Afoc, cmTi rd( p'lVeif o^- iyyjiav,
Slaves were not permitted to communicate at the Worlhip of fome
of the Deities, but were accounted unholy and prophane; and thought
to be offenfive to the Gods, and to pollute the Worfhip by their Pre-
fence ; as for Inftance, at the Worfhip of the Eumenides, or Furies, at
Athens ; and Hercules, at Rome. Of which I (hall have Occafion to
fpealc fomething more hereafter.
Their Education was quite different from that of freeborn Chil-
dren ; thefe were inftrudled in all the liberal Arts, the others only
taught how to obey, and drudge in their Mailer's Bufmefs. And
whereas the common Method was, to win thofe of ingenuous Births,
by gentle Means, into a Performance of their Duty ; the Manner of tu-
toring Slaves was the fame which they ufed to tame wild Beafts, name-
ly. Stripes, and the cruelleft Severity. For all this, there wanted not
iome, whom Nature had bleis'd with a more happy Genius, and a
larger Share of Parts than the reft, and Fortune direfted to kind and
gentle Maflers, that, by their great Improvements in Learning and Wif-
<lom, were a lufHcient Evidence, that Nobility of Soul, and Greatncfs
of Underltanding, are not confin'd to any Rank or Quality, but that
even the meaneit and moil abjeft Perfons may dive into the moll hid-
den Secrets of Nature, and be admitted to the moll intimate Converfe
with the Mufes. To prove this, we need only mention -Mfop, the Au-
thor of the Fables ; Alcman {x) the Poet, and EpiSietus the famous Mo-
ralift, of whofe Poverty and fervile Condition we have Mention in this
Epigram :
AkA- ET<;tTM7- yivoixiiv, )^ <rd[jLATt '7r^f,
Ktti 'TTZVlhu l^f, ^ (p'iKQ- Ad-AVATOl(.
The Gods to me great Favours do difpenfe,
Tho'n Bondage, crippled, and in Indigence. y. A.
They thought it a Prefumption, and a Sort of lelTening the freeborn
Citizens, to call Starves by any Name that was in Ufe amongft them :
But if any Man was fo bold, as to give his Servant the Name of a
Perfon of Qaality, or Honour, it was a fignal Affront. Domitian is
faid to have piinifli'd Metius Pompojiamis, for calling his Slaves by the
illiillrious Names of Hannibal and Mago j and, to come nearer to
. our Purpofe, the Athenians enaftcd a Law, that no Man Ihould pre-
fume to call any of his Servants by the Names of Harmodius and
Arijiogiton, two hvaoni Patriots, that with Courage and Refolution
cppofed the Tyranny of Piftjlratus^s Sons [y). At the fame Place
() Mlian, V. H. {y) Alex, ab Alex. 1. III. c. 20,
there
Of the Civil Government of Aihtm. 6i
there was a Law, whereby they were prohibited to derive the Name
of their Slaves from any of the folemn Games : Whence this Queftion
is propounded by Atkenaus (z). How came it to pafs that Nemea the
Minftrel derived her Name from the Nemean Games ? For the moft
Part, as Strabo reports, they were call'd afcer the Names of their na-
tive Countries, as ^vi'oi, or %vesu if they were born in Lydia or Syria i
or, by the Names which were moft ufed in thofe Nations, as Manes,
or Midas in fhrygia ; lihias in Paphlagonia. Themoft common Names
in Athens were Geta and Da<vus, being taken from the Getes and Daci^
who, as my Author thinks, were formerly call'd Artyo/,or Davi [a).
They feldom confifted of above two Syllables, and therefore Demojihe-
res having objefled to jEfchines, that his Father was a Slanje, tells him
farther, as a Proof of what he affirm'd, that he had falfified his Name,
calliAg him Atrometus, whereas in Truth it was Tromes [b). The Reafr-t
of this feems to have been, that their Names, being fhor^ might be
more eafily and quickly pronounced. Upon the fame Account, Oppan
advifes to give Dogs Ihort Names :
.. Ovyo(/.CtJA (TKVhUX.i(7(Tt
Bcuai rid-ei, -^oei Tctvjci, '^oriv h'ct /Sstf/p A8 {b).
Let Hounds, which are defign'd for Game and Sport,
Have Names impos'd that eafy be, and fliort ;
Left at the Huntfman's Call they trace in vain.
And run with open Cry confus'dly o'er the Plain. jF. A.
Hence it was common for Slaves, who had recovered their Freedom,
to change their fervile Names for others, which had more Syllables.
Thus Stephanus is faid in the Epigram, to have changed that Name for
Fkilofiephanus {c) :
Above all Things, efpecial Care was taken that Slaves fhould not
bear Arms, which (fmce their Number, was almoft twenty Times as
great as that of the Citizens) might have been dangerous to the Pub-
lick. For this Reafon it was not ufual for them to lerve in the Wars ;
and therefore when Virgil fpeaks of a Slave''s affifting in the War of
Troy, he tells us, it was contrary to Law and Cuftom,
Fix unus Helenor,
Et Lycus elapfi, quorum prima^jus Helenor j
Masonio regi qucm ferva Licymnia /urtim
Sufiulerat, vetitifque ad Tro\^m miferat armis [d].
Scarce Lycus and Helenor 'fcap'd away
From the fad Ruins of that difmal Day.
Againft th' cnafted Law for Slaves, in Arms
. Helenor had ftole off to War's Alarms,
() Delpnofopb. lib. Xlir. (<j) Strata, I. Vli'lkXPrtit, -aisi ^ri?if.
it) KvrwytT/Jt. {J) MneJ. LIX. V. 545, - i
For
62 Of the Civil Government of Kthtnz.
For he a fpurious Iflue was brought forth
By a Bond-woman of Plebeian Worth
To the Mtronian King J. A.
Yet fometimes we find the Slwves arm'd in the Defence of their Ma-
ilers and themfelves j but this was never allow'd, except in Cafes of
moft extreme Danger, when all other Means of preferving the Com-
monwealth were taken away. The firft Time it was pradlifed, is faid
to have been when the Perjians nndtr Darius invaded the Athenians, and
received a total Overthrow by them in Marathon [e). The like was
afterwards put in Praftice by other Commonwealths, but not with-
out great Caution j Cleomenes, King of Sparta, being fore prefs'd by
the Macedonians and AcbeanSy and finding himfelf unable to make Head
againft them, arm'd two thoufand of the Helotee, or Lccedamonian
Slaves, that he might make a fit Body to oppofe Antigonus'i Leucafpid/s,
or white Shields ; but ventur'd not to lill any more of them, though
Laconia was at that Time furnifti'd with much greater Numbers [f).
And their Prudence in this Cafe deferves Commendation, for having
exafperated them (o much by their hard Ufage, they h^d no Reafon to
cxpeft any Mercy from them, if ever they ftiould get the upper Hand.
And it is very wonderful, that four hundred thoufand Men fhould
groan under the Oppreffion of twenty or thirty thoufand, (for thofe,
I have told you already, were the Number of the Slaves, Citi'zsns, and
Sojourners in Attica) without ever (fome few Times excepted) attempt-
ing to affert their Liberty ; when, it is evident, they wanted not
Strength to turn the State upfide down j neither could they be defti-
tute of Opportunities, efpecially in Times of War, Sedition, and Tu-
mults, in which this City was continually embroil'd, to accompli{h
fuch a Defign. But this muft be afcribed partly to the watchful Eye
their Mailers and the whole State had upon them i and partly to that
Cowardice and Degeneracy, which ufually debafe the Minds of thofe,
whom Fortune has placed in a fervile Condition, however noble and
daring they are by Nature ; for it is a true Saying of Homer,
Hixtffv y6 T apsTMf aTOAtw^ iv^vo-ZA Zitti
Afi^- tu r' elf i^iv KATci tf'iKiov my.ct^ iKHS't'
Tri'e Valour ne'er can animate that Mind,
Whofe inbred Seeds by Slav'ry are confin'd. J. A.
But neither the Care of the State, nor the great Power, wh"ch OpprefS-
on has to debafe Men's Souls, could always keep them in Subjection ;
but Nature fometimes would exert itfclf, when either a fair Opportu-
nity invited, or fome infufFerable Opprefuon compell'd them to endea-
vour the Recovery of their Liberties, that is, their Lives and Fortunes
into their own Hands. Athenaus report?, that in Attica they once
feized upon the Caftle of Sunium, and committed Ravages throughout
the Country ; and at the fame Time made their fecond Infurreftion in
Sicily, for m that Country they frequently rebell'd, but were at laft
reduced with great Slaughter, no lefs than a Million of them being
(<) Patifan'.at, [/) Plutarcj), CUcmne,
kitfd
Of the Civil Government c/" Athens. 65
kiird [g]- Several other Efforts we find made by them in other Places,
to the great Danger, and almoft utter Subverfion of thofe Countries.
Sometimes in Times of War, the Slaves deferted to the Enemy, the do-
ing which they calPd auTotjioheiV (h), which, excepting Theft, a Crime
almoil peculiar to them, was the moft common Offence they commit-
ted, being, in moft Places, the only Way they had to deliver them-^
felves ; but if they were taken, they were made to pay dearly for their
Defire of Freedom, being bound faft to a Wheel, and unmercifully bea-
ten with Whips, as the Comedian tells us.
If wretched Slanjes, harrafs'd and weary'd out
Under the Thraldom of dire Servitude,
Should but anticipate fweet Freedom's Joys,
And make Revolt to their more gentle Foes,
Fall to a Wheel being bound with Cords, they're whipt. ,
The Tame Punifliment was mflifted on them for Theft, as wa learm
from Horace {k)j
Non furtum feci, nee fugi, Jtmihi die at
Serous, habes pretium, loris non ureris, aio,
Suppofe my Sla've Ihould fay, / neither flj
Norjieal: Well, thou haft thy Reward^ fay I,
*Ihou art not fcour^ d, > Mr. Creech*
Sometimes they were rackM upon the Wheel, (a Cruelty never prac-
tifed upon any freeborn Perfon) to extort a Confeflion from them, when
they were fufpefted to have been acceffory to any villainous Defign, as
Ariftophanes informs us in his firft Comedy, where one fays to a Slave,
E/ortir a 'XitFAv^fynKAf.
We ought to rack you with inceffant Pain,
To force you to reveal your Rogueries. y. A%
The common Way of correfting them for any OiFence, was to fcourge
them with Whips ; whencea Villain, that had been guilty of any Crime
that deferved Punilhment, was faid war/p^c, to ftand in need of, and as
it were itch for a Scourge. Sometimes to prevent their fhrinking, or
running away, they were tied faft to a Pillar j and therefore Hyperides
in Po//* faith, KfiyLciaAf I-/, 7^ Kiov@- , i^i.S'a^iv. For fo I think,
that Place ought to be read, and not A^ziji.cLfTeu iu, t Kiovoi, g^e/a-
f gf (/), as the vulgar Editions have it.
They, who v;cre convifted of any notorious Offence, were con-
demned to grind at the Mill ; a Labour exceeding toilfome in thofe
() AfbefiaatDe'ipn.l.Vl. (i) /frj/Toftft. Equit; tr) Aippb.Pice. (*) Epift.
lib. I. (/} Onomaft. 1. III. c. 8. '
Days,
64. Of the Civil Government of Athene.
Days, ^hen they were forced to beat their Grain into Meal, being un*
acquainted with the eafy Way of grinding, which is ufed amonglLus,
and was the Invention of later Ages. And therefore- when they had a
Mind to exprefs the Gieatnefs of any Labour or Toil, ic was ufual to
compare it to Grinding in a Mill, Tibi //tecum erit, CrafTe, in eodem
pljirino ^i'vendum, hy^l'ully [m), that is. You and I, Cr^^i, muit un-
dergo the fame troubkfome Courfc of Life. But befide the Laboar they
were put to, they were beaten with Rods, or Scourges, fometimes, if
their Offence was very great, to Death, as we learn from Terence, the
Scene of vvhofe Drama is laid in Attica,
Verberihus cafum tein fijlrimim, Dave, dedam ufque adnecem (n).
ril have you flead, you villainous Cur^ to Death. y. A.
Or elfe, as others underftand this Place, they were condemned to that
Punifhment as long as they lived.
Thefe Mills were call'd in general MuAiycjf, which Word, becaufe of
the Cruelty there exercifed upon poor Starves, Pollux tells us was ;t
su?"/^-*? > unlucky, or inaufpicious, and not to be nam'd, and therefore he
calls it '2.i]o'nroUKii otnof. They had feveral Names from the different
Sorts of Grain that was ground in them, as, XovJ^^KO'Ts-ia, or XovS'^tKo*
nFeicc, AAp/1t?rt, ^ci]&ix, Zavj&io,, or i^uuliia, and Zni^^ct, whence
comes the Word ^ctTfjv'ttj', to examine upon the Rack, as was ui'ual
in that Place {0).
It was likewife cuftomary to ftigmatize Sla'ves, which was ufually
done in the Forehead, as being moll vifible ; fometimes other Parts
were thus ufed, it being cuftomary, as Ga/en obferves (/>), to punifli the
Member that had offended : If the Slave was a Glutton, his.ije!ly mufl
fuffer ; if a Tell-tale, his Tongue mult be cut out, and (o of the reft.
The common Way of ftigmatizing was, by burning tlie Member with
a red-hot Iron mark'd with certain Letters, till a fair Imprefiion was
inade, and then pouring Ink into the FurroWs, that the Infcriptiou
might be the more confpicuous : Perfons thus ufed were call'd St/^,-
y.A't'ieu, and ^riyava, faith Pollux ; or Jitag^, becaufe that Bird was
yroiK.ih'o'Tfl^^i, of divers Colours, as Arijiophanes tells us (jr). Pliny
calls them In/cripti \r) ; and others Literati, as Plautus,
Ji hie liter atm me jinat.
And what the fame Author means by Trium literanm homo, no Man
can be ignorant. This Punifhment was feldom or never inflicted upon
any but Slaws, and with them it was fo freq.ent, that the Samians,
when they gave a great Number of Sla'ves their Liberty, and admitted
them to Offices in the State, were branded with the inflimous Name
of Literati,
The Samianyeople (fy for Shame)
' '**For Store of Letters have great Fame. Dr. Littleton.
() DeOrat. () Andria. {0) Polhx, lih. III. 8. c. Hefycbiui^ St/u'daif Etymo-
hg, (/>) Uh. VI. (?) Avibus, (rj Lib. XVIII. c. 5,
. Saith
Of the Civil Government of Athens. ^s,
faith Ai-ijlophanes in Plutarch (f) ; tho' others, and amongft them Plw
tarch himfelf, aflign difFerent Reafons for this Appellation (/). This
was the greateft Mark of Infamy, that could be inflifted on them, and
therefore Phocylides advifes to forbear it, even in Slaves.
Brand not your Sla-ves with Charafters of Infamy.
On the contrary, in Thrace, Herodotus tells us, it was accounted a Badge
of Honour, and Ub'd by none but Perfons of Credit, nor omitted, but
by thoie of the meaneft Rank (w). To /j^ i^'i'x^cu, iVyzvlf KiKeiTcu,
TO 3 a,^iyC\ov a,yivvi.i, to be Jiigmatized, fays he, is reputed a Mark of
iiluality, to ijuant nxhich is a Dijgrace. The fame is affirmed by Claudian
of the Geloni, who inhabited a Part of Scythia [x) :
Membraqtce qui f err o gaudet pinxije Gelonus.
And fome relate, that the ancient Britons tenellis infantihus ttotas cer-
tafque jiguras animalium ar dent i f err o imprimebant : Imprinted upon the
Bodies of their Infants the Figures of Animals, and other Marks, with
hot Irons {y). The fame is likewife affirmed by Tertullian (z), who re-
ports, that the Britons were diftinguifhed by fuch Marks or Stigmata^
in the fame Manner as the Garamantes by their Feathers^ the Barbari-
ans by their Curls, and the Athenians by their Grafhoppers. And
Claudian mentions the fame Cuftom () :
Ferroque notatas
Per legit exjangues Pilo moriente figures.
But it mult not be forgotten in this Place, that Slave's were not only
branded with Stigmata for a Puniflimentof their Offences ; but (which
was the common End of thefe Marks) to diftinguilh them, in Cafe
they fhould defert their Mailers. For which Purpofe, it was common
to brand their Soldiers ; only with this DifFerence, that whereas Slaves
were commonly ftigmatiz'd in their Forehead, and with the Name or
fome peculiar Charader belonging to their Matters : Soldiers were
branded in the Hand, and with the Name or Charafter of their General.
After the fame Manner, it was likewife cuflomary to ftigmatize the
Worfhippers and Votaries of fome of the Gods. Whence, Lucian, fpeak-
ing of the Votaries of the Syrian Goddefs, affirms, They tvere all branded
'with certain Marks, fome in the Palms of their Hands, and others in their
Nicks. Whence it became cujiomary for all the Aflyrians thus tojiigmatize
themfehes. And Theodoret is of Opinion (^), that the Jevjs were forbid-
den to brand themfelves with 5//^/fl//3r,becaufe the Idolaters, by that Ce-
remony, ub'd to confecrate themfelves to their falfe Deities. The Marks
ufed on thefe Occafions were variou?. Sometimes they contained the
Name of the God, fometimes his particular Enjign (7ra.^viyL0v) fuch
were the Thunder-bolt oi Jupiter, the Trident of NeptJtne, the Ivy of Bac-
chus: Whence Pt.lomee Philopater was by fome nick-nam'd Gallus,
^lel 7 ^vhha. Kiaa^ Ktm^i'j^^cfj, becaufe his Body vuas mi.rk*dvuith tht
Figures of Ivy-Leaves [c). Or, laftly, they marked themfelves with
(/) ?trkU. {t\ Erafm. Adag. () V. 212. (w) Lii. V. (j) Lib. i. in Rufinum.
{y) Lucat dt Linda Lefcr. Orbis. () De Vcland, Virgin, (a) De Belle Cttie. {b)
(i^xSt. in Lcvit. XVIII. {c) Efymohg. Magni AuSltr, V. IgU\h&.
h fome
66 Of the Gvil Government of Athens.
fome myfiical Number, whereby the God's Name was defcrib'd :
Thus the Sun, who was fignify'd by the Number DCVIII. is faid to
have been reprefeftted by thefe two Numeral Letters XH {d). Thefe
three Ways of fligmatizing are all exprefs'd by St John, in the Book
ot Re-vela t ion (e) ; andhe caufeth all, both fino.ll and great, rich and poor y
free and bond, to receive a Mark in their right Hand, or in their Fore-
heads : And that no Man might buy or fell, fwoe he that had the Mark,
fir the "Name of the Beaji, or the Number of his Name. Bat to returu
from this DigreiTion.
Slaves were treated with more Humanity ^t Athens than in mod o-
ther Places, for if any of them were grievouily opprefs'd, they were
allow'd to fly for Sanftuary to Thefeus'^ Temple, whence to force them
was an Aft of Sacrilege ^Jl. And thofe, that had been barbaroufly
treated by their Mailers, had the Privilege of commencing a Suit at
Law againil them, which they call'd t ^fS"? ^'i^hu, or A}/Ja? J'ikUu,
the former of which was againft fuch as had made any violent At-
tempts upon the Challity of their Sla-ces ; .the latter againft thofe that
had us'd too much Severity in puntfhing them ; and if it appear'd that
the Complaint was reafonable and juft, the Mafter was oblig'd to fell
hhSlwve. This is plainly prov'd by Julius Pollux [g), out of Ari-
fiopha?2ei*s Hor^e, whence he cites the following Verfes :
E} ^j) K^lirov er/f f t^^ Qt)(r^op
Unlefs it be mofi expedient to fly to the temple (5/"Thefeus, and there re-
main till njae are fold to another Mafler. The fame he obferves out of
Eupolis'^ rioAftf.
A/T(r/j' '
They endure thefe E'vils, and do not demand to be fold. Neither did the
Law fecure them only from their own Matters, but if any other Citi-
zen did them any Injury, they were allow'd to vindicate themfelves
by a Courfe of Law (/6).
Befides their being deliver*d from the injurious Treatment of Tyrants,
the Slanjes at Athens had a great deal the Advantage of their Brethren
in other Places, in many Relpefts ; they might ufe their Tongues with
far greater Freedom, as appears every-where from the Comedies of
Ariflophanes, Plautus, and Terence; and indalge themfelves in the En-
joyment of a great many Pleafures, which in other Places they had not
the fmalleft Tafte of ; infomuch that Demoflhenes tells us, the Condition
of a Sla'ue in Athens was preferable to that of a free Denizon in fome
other Cities (/) ; and Plautus fufficiently teftiiies the Truth of what he
iaitb,
Atque id ne vos miremini, homines fernmUs
Pot are, amare, atque ad ccenam condicere i
Licet hoc Athenis (i)
{d) Conf. Martlanui CapeUa. (f) Cap. XIII. v. i6, 17. (/) Plutarch. Tbefio.
{) Lib, 7. c. a. (A) Atbenaui Dsipnofopb, Lib. VI, (/) Philip. II, (*} Sticbo,
The
Of the Civil Government c/ Athens. ^7
The Laws at Athens don't our Slaves retrain
From Pleafure, Mirth, and Gaiety of Life,
For they may revel, be inflam'd v/ith Love,
And live as much at Eafe, as fome free Denizons. J. A.
Farther, they were permitted to get Eftates for themfelves, paying
only a fmall Tribute to their Mafters e-zery Year cut of them ; and if
they could procure as much as Would pay for their Ranfom, their Ma-
ilers had no Power to hinder them from buying their Liberty, as may
be obferv'd from the fame Author, who introduces a Slwve fpeaking
in this Minner,
^iJiu me 'vero libertate territas ? ^
^odji tu nolis, filiufque etiam tuus,
Vobis inniitis, atque amhorum ingratiisy
Una libella lie er pojfum fieri (/). ^
Pray, Sir, good Words, iince nor you, nor your Son,"
Can me my Liberty deny, although
You pour out Threat'nings with fuch rigorous Awe.
For if I pleafe, one Pound can me releafe.
And purchafe Freedom.
Sometimes, if they had been faithful and diligent in their Mailer*!!
Bufinefs, they difmifs'd them of their own Accord ; and upon the Pur-
formance of any remarkable Service for the Publick, the State ufually
took Care to reward them with Liberty. Such of them as were ad-
mitted to ferve in the Wars, were feldom left in the Condition of
Starves, either for fear the Remembrance of their former Oppreffioa
might move them to revolt to the Enemy, or raife a Sedition at home,
fo fair an Opportunity being put into their Hands ; or to animate them
with greater Courage and Conftancy to oppofe the Invaders, when they
were to receive fo great a Reward for the Dangers they underwent j or
becaufe it was thought unreafonable, that fuch, as hazarded their Live^
in Defence of their Country's Liberty, fhould themfelves gro^n under
the heavy Yoke oi Slavery, and be depriv'd of even the fmalleft Part
of that, which was in a great Meafure owing to their Courage and Loy-
alty ; for one, I fay, or all thefe Reafons, fuch, as upon emergent Oc-
cafiOns took up Arms for the publick Safety, feldom faiPd of having
their Liberty rellor'd to them. An Initance whereof, to mention no
more, we have in the Sla'ves, that behav'd themfelves valiantly in the
Sea- Fight at Arginufa, where the Athenians obtain'd a fignal Viftory
againft CaUicratidas, the Lacedamonian Admiral ; and therelore the
Slanje in Arijiopbanes, being almoil ready to fiiint under an heavy Bur-
then, accufeth his o\Vn Cowardice, that hindred him from lifting him-
lelf amonglt the Marine Forces, and thereby recovering his Liberty,
O"iuoi KAK.oS'aium' Tt ji) kyc^ ^k ivetv^dyjsv {m) j
Pox take this Heart, that durft not meet
In boift'rous Seas the Spartan Fleet.
(/} Cafina, (} Ranis, AfX, I, Sceo, X,
JF a Slaves'^
6t Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Slaves, as long as they were under the Government of a Mafter, were
call'd OiKiTcu, but, after their Freedom was granted tlern, they were
AvKot, not being, like the former, a Part of their Mafter's Eftate, but
only oblig'd to fome grateful Acknowledgments and fmall Services [n),
fuch as were required of the Mirouoi, to whom they were in fome
few Things inferior ; but feldom arrived to the Dignity of Citizens,
clpecially if they had received their Freedom from a private Perfon,
and not upon a publick Account ; for fuch, as were advanc'd for pub-
lick Services, feem to have iiv'd in great Repute, and enjo) 'd a larger
Share of Liberty than others, that had only merited their Freedpm by
the Obligations they had laid upon particular Perfons. Thefe therefore
were fometimes advanc'd to be Citizens, yet not without theOppofi-
tion or Diflike of many :
Ka} )<) efjcryjiv Ir/, Tf yi.lvvctviJ.A'X}iS'v\i fxictv,
Kau n^etTota? zv'd-C? tiVou, y.ctvTi SouKav SicaTOTa.{.
It being dijhonourable to rank thofe, 'who had been in one Engagt ment at!)ea,
nvith the Platxans, that is, to honour them with the Privileges of /Itke-
r.ian Citizens, and from Sla'ves to make them Majlers, as one affirms in
Ariftophanes {o). Whence there was a Law enafted, whereby the pub-
lick Criers were forbid to proclaim the Freedom of a Slwve in the
^Theatre, that being a Place of publick Concourfe, and frequented by
Men of other Cities, who would, on that Account, have lefs Value for
the Privileges of Jthens (/>). Laltly, the *TAstJ^?(f?/, Sla-ves made
free, were term'd v'o^oi, Bajiards ; v'o^oi y6 ouTOt iffp)i ra? >t yiviTve
iMvd'i^Vi ; they being under a Sort of Illegitimacy, if compar' d %vith the
genuine and free-horn Citizens [fi).
A Tribute of twelve Drachms was exacted of the Mi']oiKoi, and the
fame with an Addition of three Oboli was required of the Freemen [r],
Alfo they were obliged to chufe a n^^^dTtii, who was to be no other
than the Mafter, out of whofe Service they had been releas'd j upon
him they attended almoll in the fame Manner with the Roman Liberti,
and Clientes ; but in Cafe they behav'd themfelves ftubbornly, and un-
gratefully towards him, he had Power to arreft them, and carry them
before a Judge, by whom, if they were tound guilty, they were de-
priv'd of their Liberty, and reduced to their former miferable Condi-
tion. But if the Judge acquitted them, they became re^ewf gAjy'd^j^/,
intirehfree from their Mafter. This Aftion was termed aTarrtcriou J^/zw ,
which Name was alfo given to the Complaints made by Ser'vantt and
Freed-men againft their Matters and Patrons, which both of them were
allow'd to prefer, if they were not treated with all the Humanity that
uas due to their refpeftive Conditions : But becaufe all the Freedmen's
publick B..finefs, like that of the M'{]oikoi, was to be managed chiefly
by Proxies ; at their Reftoration to Liberty, both of them had thie
Privilege of chufing an Exirf ott-, or Curator, who, in Cafe his Cliem
receiv'd any Injury from Iiis Patron, was to defend him, to appeal for
him, and plead his Caufe before the Judge?, who, out of Refpeft to the
Patron, were appointed out of his own Tribe (f).
{) Chryjjppui de Concord. 1. II . (o) Ranis A61. VII . Seen. VI. (/>) Mjcbinh Orat. in Cte~
fipbaatm, (f ) Nonnui likNexianzeni SthA/t . {r)lhrpocrat. (f) Suidas, Harpccrat
This
Of the Civil Government of Athens." 69
This was the Condition of Slanies in Athens, which tho' in itfelf
deplorable enough, yet, if compar'd with that of their Fellow Sufferers
in other Cities, feems very eafy, at kaft tolerable, and not to be re-
pin'd at. I might here give you an Account of the various Conditions
of Slaves in the feverai Countries of Greece, fuch as the Fenefta in ^hef-
faly ', the Clarota; and Mnoitee in Crete ; Xhe^Corynephori at S icy en ; the
Gymnit/e at Argcs, and many others ; but I fhall only at prefent lay be-
fore you the State of the Helota in Sfarta, which, becaufe of the fre-
quent Mention made of them in Authors, mull not be omitted ; and from
their Treatment (tho' they were a more genteel Sort of Slwves, and
enjoy'd more Privileges (a) than the reft) will appear the Trth of what
Plutarch tells us was commonly faid of Sparta, Ef ha.KiS'euiiovi t6v
iMv^i^ov {j.cLki^a ihiv^i^v tii'cu, )^ 70V J'Zkov i/Akith S'iKov, that
in Sparta, he that was free, was moll fo ; and he, that was a Slave,
was the greateft Slave in the World [b).
The Helota were fo call'd from Helos, a Laconian Town, conquer'd
by the Spartans, who made all the Inhabitants Prifoners of War, and
reduced them into the Condition of Slaves (c).
The Freemen of Sparta were forbidden the Exercife of any mean or
mechanical Employment, and therefore the whole Care of fuppjying
the City with Neceffaries was devolv'd upon the Helots, the Ground was
till'd, and all Sorts of Trades managed by them ; whilft their Matters,
Gentlemen-like, fpent all their Time in Dancing, and Feafting, in their
Excrcifcs, Hunting-matche?, and the hk<syjUt or Places where good
Company ufed to meet {d).
But the being condemned to fuch Drudgeries, all their Lives, had
been at leaft fupportable, had they not been alfo treated in the moft
barbarous Manner, and often murder'd without committing any Fault,
and without any Shew of Juftice. And of this the Kpu7r7i, or fecret
Law, the Invention whereof fome afcribe to the Ephori, others to Ly-
iurgus, is a fufficient Proof, " It was an Ordinance, (thefe are Pin'
*' tarch''% own Words) by which thofe, who had the Care of the young
" Men, difpatch'd privately fome of the ableft of them into the Coun-
" try from time to time, arm'd only with Daggers, and taking a little
' neceflary Provifion with them ; thefe in the Day-time hid them-
*' felves in the Thickets and Clefts, and there lay clofe ; but in the
*' Night iffued out into the Highways, and murder'd all the Helots they
" could light upon ; fometimes they fet upon them by Day, as they
" were at Work in the Field, and kill'd them in cool Blood, as ^hucy-
' dida reports in hisHiftory of the Peioponnefian War. The fame Au-
thor teiis us (faith Plutarch) that a good Number of them being
" crown'd by Proclamation, which was a Token of their being fet free,
" enfranchis'd for their good Services, and led about to all tlic Temples
" in Token of Honour, difappear'd ofa fiddcn, being about theNum-
' ber of two thoafand, and no M^n eitlier then, or fince, could give any
" account how they came by their deaths, ^///?o/i^ adds, that the f^^^r/",
*' fo foon as they were entred into their Office, ufed to declare War a-
' gainll them, that they might be maffacrcd with a Pretence of Law.
{a) Pollux. 1. III. c. 8. (i) Pltttartb, lycurg, (,) Sfrabi, I. VIll. Harfocrai.
(4 Plutercb, Ljcur^o, F 3 It
70 Of the Civil Govsnment <?/ Athens.
It is confefh'd on all Hands, proceeds my Author, that the Spartans
dealt with them very hardly ; for it was a thing common to force 'em
to drink to Excefs, and to lead them in that Condition into their pub-
lick Halls, that their Children might fee, what a contemptible and heafi-
ly Sight a drunken Man is. They made them to dance uncomely Dan-
ces, and fing ridiculous Songs ; forbidding them exprefly to ufe any
that was ferious and manly, becaufe they 'would not have them prophan d
hy their Mouths. For this Reafon, when the Thebans made an Incur-
fion into Laconia, and took a great Number of the Helots Prifoners, they
could by no Means perfuade them to fmg the Odes of Terpander, Ale-
man, or Spendon, Poets in Repute at Laced<emon, for, faid they, they are
our Majlers''s Songs, nve dare not Jing them [e).
Having given you a Survey of the Ufage Sla'ves generally met with
among the Ancients, it remains that I give you an Account how they
came to fall into this deplorable Condition, from that Liberty, which
all Men are by Nature made Mailers of. And it feems to have happen'd
thefe tliree Ways. Firft, from Poverty, whereby Men being unable to
fubfift of themfelves, and perhaps deeply in Debt, were forc'd to part
with their Freedom, and yield themfelves Slaves to fucii as were able
to maintain them ; or fell their Bodies to their Creditors, and pay them
in Service, what they were not able to do in Money. Secondly, vait
Numbers were reduc'd to Slavery by the Chance of War, by which the
conquer'd became wholly at the Difpofal of the Conquerors. Ihirdlyr
by the Perfidioufnefs of thofe who traded in Slaves, who often Hole Per-
fons of ingenuous Birth and Education, and fold them. Arijlophanes
tells us, the Thejfallans were notorious for this Sort of Villany,
nE. Ho^iv av i^eii ^i^tX'UovlAi ',
XP. Qvm'oiJity dpj'ueiii S'n'Tins. nE. T'a <r' lieu yrpa'Joy o -TraKuv,
Orotv d^yvpiov kakm- tyj ; XP. KifJ^aiyeiv /SkAo^- th
, E/x-uTcp-, ^Kcovlw, QiT\AKia.i 'o-ctg^.'ZFKel^uv dv'^i^'^oS'i^i^v (/)<,
POV. How will you. Sir, get Slaves? CHR. I'll buy with Coin.
POV. But where ? Since all the Merchants leave off Sale,
Having got Wealth enough. CHR. Pll warrant you.
Slave-mongers will come here from Thejfaly,
Driv'n by Hopes x>f getting more.- J. A.
But if any Perfon were convifted of having betray'd a Freeman, he
was fevereiy punifhed by Solo7i's Laws, except it was his Daughter, or
Sifter, whom the Laws permitted them to fell for Slaves, when con-
vifted of Fornication [g).
At Athens, feveral Places in the Forum were appointed for the Sale of
Slaves, of which I have fpoken already; and upon theiirft Day of every
Month the Merchants, call'd AvJ'^ji'aoJ^ox.d.-^n^oi, brought them into
the Market, and expos'd them to Sale (h), the Crier ftanding upon a
Stone erefted for that Purpofe, call'd U^rrip ^i^-, and calling the
(0 Plutar:b. ibidem. (/) Plut. Aft. 11. Sc. V. (^) Plutarcb, Solene. {b) Ari.
ftpb, 2p^, Eauit,
People
0/ t^e Civil Government of Athens. "71
People together (;) whence CW .fro opprobrioufly calls theTriiunes, empto^
de lapide, becaufe they were Tufpeded to have been hir'd to the Ma-
nagement of a certain Affair [k).
At Athens, when a 8lan}e was firft brought Home, there was an En-
tertainment provided to welcome him to his new Service, and certain
Sweet-meats were pour'd upon his Head, which for that Reafon they
cali'd Y^a\(f)(J}<j iJ.eC\tt (/). But I do not find that this Ceremony was prac-
tis'd in other Places, tho', in all Countries, Sla<ves were bought and fold
like other Commodities ; the Thraciam are particularly remarkable for
purchafing them with Salt, and therefore they were cali'd XieQi aiKoi
tifo^<rf/.'iycc ; Enjiathius adds, that A^eovtfjat. J^nhaeiet, figniiied thofe that
were bought at a very low Rate- The Chians are reported to have
been the firll that gave Money for S/a'ves [m), whereas, before, they had
ufually been exchang'd for other Commodities, which was the ancient
Way of trading before the Invention of Money. Homer s Heroes are
often faid to have exchang'd their Captives for Provifions, and paiticu-
larly at the End of the Seventh ///W,
Ei'^sp af oivi^ovlo KetpuKoixoavJif Ayjuol,
AKhOt U.iV KAKKU, etKKoi J^' CU^UVl (TtS'nfa,
Ahhot cTfe pivolf, ^Khol S"' etVTo7<n C'oZfTCrtV,
The Grecian Chiefs, by bart'ring of their Ware,
Their choice Provifions and their Wine prepare ;
Some Brafs exchange, fome Iron, fome Beafts Hides,
Some Slaves of War, fome Cattle J. A.
Whence it appears, that the barbarous Opprelfion and Cruelty, us'd to-
wards Slanjes, was not an EfFeft of the Pride of later Ages, but prac-
tis'd in the moil primitive and fimple Times ; how long it continued is
not certain.
Adrian is faid to have been the firft that took away from Matters the
Power of putting their Slaves to Death, without being cali'd to Account
for it. And in the Reign of Nero, and other cruel Emperors of Rome,
the Matters were forced to give them civil Treatment, . for Fear they
fliould accufe them, as Perfons difaffefted to the Government.
But the'Growth oiChriftianity in the World feems to have put a final
Period to that unlimited Power, that Lords in former Ages claim'd
over their Slaws ; for the Chriflians behav'd themfelves with Abun-
dance of Mildnefs and Gentlenefs towards them ; partly, to encourage
them to embrace the Chrifiian Religion, the propagating of which the/
aim'd at more than the Promotion of their own private Interetts ; and
partly, becaufe they thought it barbarous and unnatural, that Per-
fons endu'd by Nature with the fame Powers and Faculties, the fame
Tempers and Inclinations with themfelves, fliould be treated with no
(/) PqUx. 1. Ill, c. 8. (*) Orat. in Piftnem. {I) Arippb. Plutt, & Ftlk loc,
cit, () Cxi. Rhod. Aati^uiUt. 1. XXV. c 9.
' F ^ aioiv
*]i Of the Civil Government of Athens.
more Kindnct than thofe Creatures, which are without Reafon, and
have no Power to refleft on their own Condition, nor be fenfible of
the JVIiferies they lie under.
CHAP. XI.
Of the Athenian Magiftrates.
TH E Magijirates of Athens are divided by ^/chines () into three
Sorts ; the Ground of which Diftiniflion is taken from the diffe-
rent Methods of their Eleftion and Promotion.
1. Xei^ojovnroi, were fuch as receiv'd their Dignity from the People,
met together in lawful Affembly, which on this Occafion was held in
the P/ijx ; and were fo called from the Manner of their Eledion, in
which the People gave their Votes, by holding up their Hands.
2. KAjjfftJTo/, were tliofe that ow'd their Promotion to Lots, which
were drawn by the Thefmotheta, in Thefens's Temple. But it mull be
obferv'd, that no Perfon was permitted to try his Fortune by the Lots,
unlefs he had been firft approved by the People j who likewife referv'd
to themfelves a Power to appoint whom they pleas'd, without refer-
ring the Decifion to Lots 5 and thus Arijiides was nominated to the Of-
fice of Archon. The Manner of calling Lots was thus ; the Name of
every Candidate, infcribed upon a Table of Brafs, being put into an
Urn, together with Beans, the Choice fell upon thofe Perfons, whofe
Tablets were drawn out with white Beans. If any Man threw more
than one Tablet into the Urn, he fufFer'd capital Punifliment (0).
3. AtpzToi, were extraordinary Officers, appointed by particular
V'rihes or Boroughs, to take Care of any Bufinefs ; fuch were the Survey :-
ors of the publick Works, and fuch like.
According to So/on's Conllitutions, no Man was capable of being a
MagiJIrate, except he was poffelTed of a confiderable filiate ; but, by
Ariftides'i Means, the poorer Sort were admitted to a Share in the Go-
vernment, and every free Denixon render'd capable of appearing for the
higheft Preferments. Yet fuch was the Modelly of the Commons, that
they left the chief Offices, and fuch as the Care of the Commonwealth
depended upon, to Perfons of fuperjor Quality, afpiring no higher than
the Management of petty and trivial Bufineffes (/>). Yet they feem to have
been afterwards made incapable of bearing Offices. Plutarch, in the Life
oi Phocion, mentions fome who were ':^\n^tS!'cVTii to ToKiriv/xctT-
cT/rt 7iiv -mviAv, incapable of the Go'vernment by reafon oftheirPoveriy. Nei-
ther is it improbable, that, as different Faftions and Interells became
prevalent, fometimes the Nobility admitted the Commons to a Participa-
tion of Employments and Offices, and fometimes again excluded them.
But tho' no Man's Quality, or Condition, could exempt him from
bearing publick Offices, yet his Courfe of Life and Behaviour might ;
() Orat. in Ctefipbmt. Ulpian ia Androtlana, (0) DemoJibcr.es Orat, in Bxotum de
ffomine, (^) Xtnophon, de Rep. Aibtn,
fo/
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 73
for if any Man had liv'd a vicious and fcandalous Life, he was thought
unworthy of the meanefl: Office ; it being improbable that a Perfon,
that could not behave himfelf fo as to gain Reputation in a private
Capacity, ftiould be able to demean himlelf prudently and wifely in
a publick Station ; or that he, who had negleded his own Concerns,
or feil'd in the Management of them, fhouldbe capable of undertaking
publick Bufmefs, and providing for the Commonwealth. And there-
fore, before any Man was admitted to a publick Employment, he was
obliged to give an Account of himfelf, and his part Life, before certain
Judges in the Forum, which was the Place appointed for his Examina-
tion, which they call'd ^0KtiJi.cL<Tia. [q). Nor was this alone thought
fufficient, for tho' at this Time they pall the Trial with Credit, yet in
the firft Ordinary (Kvexa) Affembly after their Eleftion, they were a
fecond Time brought to the Teft, when, if any Thing fcandalous was
made out againft them, they were deprived of their Honours (r). And
of the Magiftrates appointed by Lots, whoever had the Misfortune to be
deprived, after his Elelion, was prohibited from coming to the publick
Affembly, and making Orations to the People (/J. But it was a capi-
tal Crime for any Man to enter upon the Magiftracy, whilft unable to
pay his Debts. And Aftions of this Nature were heard by the Th/mo'
theta (/). And when their Offices expired, they were obliged to give
an Account of their Management to the Notaries {y^^.fji.fji.ctj&if) and the
Logijite, which was call'd EySoj'M, and if any Man neglefted to do it, or
had not undergone the former Probation, the People were forbidden,
by an exprefs Law, to prefent him with a Crown, which was the ufual
Reward of fuch as had gain'd themfelves Honour and Reputation, by
the careful and wife Management of publick Employments. Alfo tiU
their Accounts were pafs'd, they were not permitted to fue (a) for any
other Office, or Place of Truft, or to travel into any foreign Coun-
try, or to difpofe of their Ellates, or any Part of them, whether by
Will, or confecrating them to pious Ufes, or any other Way ; but the
Whole was to remain entire, that, in Cafe they fhould be found to have
embezzled the publick Revenues, the City might not lofe by them.
The [Aoyi^eu) Logifta, who examined the Accounts, were ten. If
any Magiitrate neglefted to give in his Accounts, they preferr'd againft
him an Adlion, which was termed ahoyU J'tMi (w). If any Con-
troverfy happened, it was determined by proper Judges. If it was
concerning Money, the Logijla themfelves were impower'd to decide
it. If it concerned Affairs which belonged to the popular Affembly,
they referred thither. If it was about Injuries committed, it was
brought before the Judges, who ufed to have Cognizance of fuch
Caufcs (*). Every Man was permitted to offer his Complaint, Pro-
clamation being ufually made by the publick Crier in this Form, Ti'f
CiKiTcu KoCJAyofeiv ; ^ho nx:illaccufe (y) ? The Time limited for Com-
plaints was thirty Days j which being paft, no MagiHrate could
(f) ^JjA<* Orat. in Evandr, j^febiHes contrz Timarchum, (r) Demojlbtn. in Theocr.
(/) Demoftbenes in Arijiogit, (r) Demoftbenei Lef>:i/iea, tcTimocratea, (a) SuidatfHe-
j^fi/aj, y^cA/n. Orat. de Ement. Legat. ASfibin. inCtifipbont. {w) Hejycbius. [x)Ul-
fiamti in Dmofibtmi Orat. de fallaLegat.i'e//x. (_y) Mjcbinn Orat. adv. Offfbonttm.
have
74 Q/^ th^ Crjil Governmcni of Athens.
have any farther Trouble. If any Perfon, againft whom a Complaint
was preferr'd, refufed to appear at the Time appointed, he was fum-
mon'd to defend himfelf before the Senate oi Jive hundred; where, if
he did not make his Appearance, he was punilh'd with atiiAa, Infamy.
This was the Method of examining into the Behaviour of Magi-
ftrates after the Expiration of their Offices, Neither were they ex-
empted from being brought to Trial during their Magiftracy ; it be-
ing the Cuftom for the nine Archons, in every ordinary and ftated (;tf fi*)
Jjfe?nhly of the People, to propound this Queftion, Whether the Magi-
llrates were faithful in the Difcharge of their feveral Duties ? If upon
that any of them was accufed, the Crier made Proclamation, that fuch,
as thought the Accufation juft, (hould lift up their Hands ; which Adtion
was term'd KATtrxe'^TovidL. This being over, the reft of the AiTembly,
to whom the Magiftrate appear'd innocent, held up their Hands, which
was o,'Tro')(jApj,Tov'i(L {2). Then the Voices being nugiber'd on both
Sides, the Majority carried it.
The Day, in- which the Magijirates entred upon their Offices, was
the fa^oi Hecatotnbaan, the firll iVlonth in the Athenian Kalend;;r ; it was
a folemn Feftiyal, which from the Occafion had the Name of K<(rT?/*,
and was celebrated with all the Expreffions of Mirth and Joy, ufual on
fuch Occafions. Alfo Sacrifices were ofFer'd to the Gods by the Senators,
and moll of the other Magifirates j and Prayers made for the Profperity
of the City, in the Chapel qI Jupiter and Minerva the Counfellors {a).
CHAP. XII.
Of the nine Archons, i^c,
TH E chief Magifirates of Athens were nine in Number, and had
all the common Name of Archontes, or Rulers. They were
eleded by Lots, but were not admitted to their Offices, till they had
undergone a two fold" Trial j one in the Senate-houfe, call'd AvAz^KTHf
and a fecond in the Forum, call'd ^oKtuATiet, The Queftions, which the
Senate propofed to them, were fuch as thefe. Whether they were de-
fended from Anceftors, that had been Citizens of Athens for three
Generations ? Of what Tribes and Hundred they were, and whether
they bore any Relation to Apollo Patrius and Jupiter Herceus ? Whe-
ther they had been dutiful to their Parents, had ferved in the Wars,
and had a competent Eilate [b) ? Laftly, whether they were A-piKe^?,
perfcSi in all the Members of their Bodies ? It being otherwife unlawful
for them to be Archons. And, as fome are of Opmion, the fame Que-
ilions were demanded of all other Magillrates (c). We muft not
omit in this Place, that by the foremention'd Queftion concerning
their Relations to Apollo Patrius and Jupiter Herceus, was enquired,
() Snidas, 'cujut elegam eft bac de re locus, {a) Suidas, Ulfian. in Median, jinti"
fhon. Orat. de Vboreuta. {b) Dmoftb. in Eubulid. Pallux Onam. 1. VIH. c. 9.
{c) Dicaarchui contra Arifiogit,
whether
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 75
whether they were freeborn Citizens of Athens, (they alone being per-
mitted to execute the Office of Archon) for ail the Athenians claim'd a
Sort of Relation to thefe Gods. Hence we are told by the Scholiaji on
Arijiophanes [d) that the Archons ^o<?arV Apollo Patriusaj their Proge-
nitor, nxihen they ivere admitted into their Office ; i;c )^ T /um tiJ^iVeUf
^ivm Avrii ivo[/,il^ov, hecaufe fuch, as had no Acquaintance nuith him^
'Were reputed Foreigners, Whence that Saying of Arijiophanes (i?),
OQic TctT^Soi iTtv.
For they are not Barbarians ivho li've nvith Apollo Patrius. But after-
wards, when the Athenian Glory was in the Dedenfion, not only Men
of the Half-blood of Athens, but even Foreigners, who had been ad-
mitted into the City, were made Archons. Examples whereof are Ha-
drian, before he was advanced to be Emperor of Rome (f) ; and Plu-
tarch, who relates [g], that himfelf was honour'd with the Freedom of
Athens, made a Member of the Tribe Leontis, and afterwards bore the
Office of Archon.
But what was more peculiar to thele Magijlrates, was the Oath re-
quired of them before their Admiffion, in the Portiio, call'd ^etc'iKcioi
^oa, or "sr^^ ra KiQa, at the Stone Tribunalin the Forum, to this EfFeft ;
that they would obferve the Laws, and adminifter Juftice without Par-
tiality, would never be corrupted by Bribes, or, if they were, would
dedicate a Statue of Gold of equal Weight with their own Bodies, to
the Delphian Apollo ; from thence they went into the Citadel, and there
repeated the fame Oith. This Cuftom was inftituted by Solon, as we are
inform'd by Plutarch in his Life of that Lawgiver. He mentions only
the Ihefinotheta ; but that the other Archons took the fame Oath, is evi-
dent from Plato, by whom Phadrus is introduced, promrfing to dedicate
at Delphi a Golden Statue equal to himfelf in Weight, uajsii ol hivitt,
Afxovia, after the Manner of the nine Archons.
This clone, they undertook their Charge, fome Parts of which were
to be executed by^ them feparately, according to their refpeftive Offi-
ces, others equally concern'd them all. They had all the Power of pu-
nifliing Mafefaftors with Death, were all crown'd with Garlands of
Myrtle j they had a joint Commiffion of appointing the i\iKit<; a<u ,
and h^Kob'{\ajt, by Lots, eleting out of every Tribe one ; as alfo of
conftituting the Ytstsa.^'xot, <bvKct^-xpi^ and 'ST^a.rti^ot, of enquiring in-
to the Behaviour and Management of other Magijlrates, and depofmg
fuch as were by the Suffrages of the People declared to be unworthy
of bearing any Office, which had been committed to them {h) . And as
a Recompence of their Services, they were . free from all Taxes and
Contributions exafted of other Citizens for the Building of Ships of
War, which was an Immv.nity never granted to any befides themfelvcs.
If any Perfon had the Infolence to ftrike, or publickly affront any of
(i) Nubibus. i^e) Avibus, p. ^^S.Amflelod. ( /) Xipbilinus Hadriano, Phlegon
Trallianus. {g) Sympofac. Lib. I. Problem. X. Sc Lib. X. Probl. ultimo. (*) Pol-
lux ibid. Idem ubique laudator in bis capitibus,
the
' 76 Of the Civil Government ^Athens,
the Archons, adorn'd with their Crowns, or any other to whom the Citi-
zens had given a Crown, or other Honour or Immunity, he was to be
punifh'd with Infamy, {ai7i[Jiia) as guilty of a Difrefpedt not only to the
Perfon whom he had injur'd, but to the whole Commonwealth (/).
And thus much of the nine Archons in common, I (hall now fpealc
of them feverally ; only firfl begging Leave to tell you, that concerning
the firft Original of their Names nothing certain is recorded ; but Siga-
nim conjeftures, that the Names of Bct(r/A.yV,and Af^tyj/, were in Imita-
tion of the chief Magijirates of former Ages, wherein the City was firft
govern'd by Kings, and then by Archons j and that of noA.s//.?%of , ia
Memory of the General of the Army, an Officer ufually created by the
firll Kings to affift them in Times of War. And the 02(r/wo9i7"> as their
Name imports, feems to have been conftituted in Behalf of the People,
to protefl them in the Fofleffion of their Latvs and Liberties, from the
Ufurpation of the other Archons, whofe Power before Solon i Regulation
of the Commonwealth feems to have been far greater, and more un-
bounded, than afterwards ; for by that Law-giver it was order'd, that
their Offices fliould chiefly confift in thefe Things- which follow.
A^yav, fo call'd by way of Eminence, was Chief of the Nine, and
is fometimes nam'd E'Truuvuof, becaufe the Year took its Denomination
from him. His Jurifdiftion reach'd both Ecclefiaftical and Civil Af-
fairs. It was his Bufmefs to determine all Caufes betwixt Men and
their Wives ; concerning Wives brought to Bed after the Death of their
Husbands ; concerning Wills and Teftaraents, concerning Dowries and
Legacies J to take Care of Orphans, and provide Tutors and Guardians
for them j to hear the Complaints of fuch as had been injur'd by their
Neighbours, and to punifh fuch as were addided to Drunkennefs ; alfo
to take the firft Cognizance of fome publick Adlions, fuch as thofe call'd
'E'ta'ayfthiat, ^a.<rei?, EvJ^ei^ea, Epiiyixytn, of which in their Place. He
kept a Court of Judicature in the Odeum, where Trials about Viftuals,
and other Neceffaries, were brought before him. It was his Duty alfo
to appoint Curators, call'd EnniJ.iKn]cu, to make Provifion for the Ce-
lebration of the Feafts, call'd A/5i/'j!r/<, and Qet^ynKiA, with fome other
Solemnities ; to take Care for the Regulation of Stage-players, and to
provide Singers, Chorifters, and other Neceflaries for them {k). He
was to be punifti'd with Death, if convidled of being overcome with
Drink during the Time of his Office.
Brta-zAgi/V, had a Court of Judicature in the Royal Portico, where he
decided all Difputes which happen'd amongft the Priefts, and the facred
Families, fuch as were the Ceryces, Eteohutada, &c. to whom certain
Offices in the Celebration of Divine Worfhip belong'd by Inheritance.
Such alfo as were accufed of Impiety, or Prophanation of any of the
Myfteries, Temples, or other facred Things, were brought before him.
It was his Bufmefs to affift in the Celebration of the Ekufmian and Le-
ntean Feftivals, and all thofe, in which they ran Races with Torches in
their Hands, 'viz. Fanathenaa, Hephiejlia, and Promethea ; and to offer
publick Sacrifices for the Safety and Profperity of the Common-
(;) Demejlhents in Midiana, {k) Pollux Onomaftic. Lyfiai in Alcihiadem, Demojiber},
in Macar, Suidas, Har^ocrat, & ubique in his capitibus.
wealth.
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 77
wealth. It was required that his Wife, whom they term'd B*(7jA/aj*,
ftiould be a Citizen of the whole Blood of Athens^ and a Virgin :
Which was likewife enjoined by the Je'vjijh Law to the High Prieft,
otherwife neither of them was duly qualified to prefide over the Mylle-
ries and Rices of their feveral Religions (/). Befides this, he had fome
Concernment in fecular Affairs, for Diiputes about inanimate Things
were brought before him ; as alfo Accufations of Murder, which it
was his Bufinefs to take an Account of, and then refer them to the Jre-
opagifes, amongft whom he had a Right of Suffrage, but was obliged
to lay afide his Crown (which was one of the Badges of his Office) du-
ring the Trial (m) .
Ylohky.Af'XJQ- , had under his Care all the Strangers and Sojourners in
Athens, and exercifed the lame Authority over them, which was ufed
by the Archon towards the Citizens. It was his Duty to offer a folemn
Sacrifice to Enyalius, {who is by fome taken for Mars, by others for
one of his Attendants) and another to Diana, firnam'd Ay^^i^, from
one of the Athenian Boroughs ; to celebrate the Exequies of the famous
Patriot Harmodius ; and to take Care that the Children of thofe iVIen,
that had loft their Lives in their Country's Service, Ihould have a com-
petent Maintenance out of the publick Exchequer.
But becaufe thefe three Magi Urates were often, by Reafonof their
Youth, not fo well skill'd in the Laws and Culloms of their Country,
as might have been wi(h'd, that they might not be left wholly to tiiem-
felves, it was cuftomary for each of them to make Choice of two Per-
fons of Age, Gravity, and Reputation to fit with them upon the Bench,
and direft them as there was Occafion. Thefe they call'd TldfiS'^^i,
or Affeffcr?, and obliged them to undergo the fame Probation in the
Senate-houfe, and publick Forum, with the other Magijlrafes ; and like
them too, to give an Account how they had behav'd themfelves in their
refpeftive Trulls, when their Offices expired.
The fix remaining Archons were call'd by one common Name, The/-
molhetee. They received Complaints againll Perfons guilty of falfe Ac-
cufations, of Calumniating, of Bribery, of Impiety, which alfo was
Part of the King% Office, but with this Difference, that the Accufers
did only '^wtny tIv da-ifin, inform againft the Impious, by Word of
Mouth at the King'i Tribunal ; whereas, before the Thefmotheta, they did
y^!f y,deliver their Indiflniciit in Writing, andprofecute the Criminal.
Alfo all Caufes and Difputes between the Citizens, and Strangers, So-
journers or Slaves,and Controverfies about Trade and Merchandize were
brought before them. Appeals to the People were preferr'd, the publick
Examinationof feveral of the Mtf^//?raV; perform'd, and the Suffrages
in publick Affemblies taken by them. They ratified all publick Con-
tfads and Leagues, appointed the Days upon which the Judges were to
fit, and hear Caufes in their fcvcral Courts of Judicature, took Care that
no Laws (hould be eftabliihed, but fuch as conduced to the Safety and
Profperity of the Commonwealth, and profecuted thofe thatemUavoui'd
to feduce the unwary Multitude, and perfuade them to give their Con-
fent to what was contrary to the Intereft of the Commonwealth. .
(/) Demojibcnn in Nueram, (w) Dtmofibena in Lacritum 4 in N<tera>.
78 ' 0/ the Civil Government o/" Athens.
Evd-vvoi, were ten Officers appointed to affift the Archons, to pafs the
Accounts of the Magiftrates, and to fet a Fine upon fuch as they found
to have embezzel'd the publick Treafure, oi-any way injiir'd the Com-
monwealth by their Male-adminiftration. Arifiotle () tells us^they were
fometimescaird E^ijet^cu, and "^vvnyo^i, and others wiil have them
to be the fame with the Aof/ro* ; but thefe are by AriJlotU faid to be
diflinguifli'd from them.
CHAP. xni.
Of the Athenian Magiftrates.
01 \vS'i%Ay the Ele'ven, fo call'd from their Number, wereelefted
out of the Body of the People, each of the ten Tribes fending one ;
to which there was added a Toct/x/jLccJiv^, or Regiiier, to make up the
Number ; fometimes they were call'd 'HoixozijKa.itzi, Keepers of the
Laws ; which Appellation was taken from their Office, being in fome
Things not unlike to that of our Sheriffs ; for they were to fee Male-
faflors put to Execution, and had the Charge of fuch as were commit-
ted to the publick Prifon. They had alfo Power to feize. Thieves,
Kidnappers, and Highwaymen upon Sufpicion j and, if they confefs'd
the Faft, to put them to Death j if not, they were obliged to profecute
them in a judicial Way.
*yA*?5C0'> ^''sre Magiftrates that prefided over the Athenian Tribes^
one of which was allotted to each of them. Afterwards this Name
became peculiar to a military Command, and the Governors oi Tribes
were call'd E'7!rty.i\iflcu (pvhuv. Their Bufmefs was to take Care of
the publick Treafure, which belong'd to each Tribe, to manage all
their Concerns, and call them together to confult as oft as any Thing
happen'd, which required the Prefence of the whole Body.
^vKoQcLiTih^i feem to have had, in moft Things, the fame Office,
with refpedl to particular Tribes, that the BctviK-vi had, with refpeft to
the Commonwealth. They were chofen out of the EvTrctretS^au, or No-
bility, had the Care of publick Sacrifices, and other divine VVorffiip
peculiar to their refpeftive Tribes, and kept their Court in the Portico
call'd Btf(rA.HOi', and fometimes in the BbkoA57oj'.
$atTef(*^p^o/,andTe<TlJi*fy^o/,hadin the feveral$^,Teir,and Ttir-
"Ji/'sf, the fame Power that the (f>i/'Artfp(^of exercifed over tiic whole Tribe.
Any-ei^X'"' ^^'^ '^^ ^^^^ Offices in the Anuoi, took Care of their Re-
venues, out of which they paid all the Duties required of them, affem-
bled the People in the Boroughs under their Jurifdiftion, all whofe
Names they had written in a Regifter, and prefided at the Eledlion of
Senators, and other Magiftrates chofen by Lots. Sometimes we find
them call'd Nrtuxf*^/, and the Boroughs NeivK^cielM, becaufe each
of them was obliged, befides two Horfemen, to furnilh out one Ship
for the publick Service.
(} Pelit. 1. VI, cap. ultimo,
Of the Civil Government cf Athens. 79
AnlIitfXo/, were fix in Chief, but were aMed by thirty 'inferior
Officers, in laying" Fines upon fuch as came not to publick Aflemblies,
and making Scrutiny araongft thofe that were prefent ; fuch alfo, as
were bufy in the Market, they compell'd to leave their Buying and
Selling, and attend on the publick Bufinefs, the which tlicy did by the
Help of the To^'o^, who were certain inferior OScers, or rather Ser-
vants, much like the Roman Liciors, r.nd our Sheriff'' s Li'verytnen, Bai-
liffs, &c. the City oi Athens had a thoufand of them, that liv'd in I'ents,
ereded in the Middle of the Forum^ and were afterwards removed to
the Areopagus. Their Name feems to have been taken from the Arms
they ufualfy carried with them, in the fame Manner that the Life-
guards of Kings are call'd Aofu^sg;/. Sometimes they are call'd Aitr
fjLoffiot Ettot^). a Name which was taken from their Offices ; fometimes
Hdxj-'iyioi, from Veufmusy one of the Primitive Atheniatjs, that either lirft
inftituted this Office, or gave Rules for the ordering of it ; and fome-
times "Zav^cu, from the Country oiScythia ; for generally Men of that
Country were chofen into this Place, as being brawny, fturdy. Fel-
lows ; and therefore one of them is introduced by Arijiophanes, fpeak-
ing in an uncouth and barbarous Manner [o). But to return to the
Lexiarchi. They were the Perfons that had the keeping of A^/,*f;y/-
Kiiv y^fJiy.ctleiov, or KivKuyiet, or publick Regilter of the whole City,
in which were written the Names of all the Citizens, as foon as they
came to be of Age to enter upon their paternal Inheritance, which they
call'd Aji/f.
No/i/toipyAtfxsf, were Officers, whofe Bufinefs it was to fee that nei-
ther the Magifirates, nor common People made any Innovation upon
the I<2wi, and to puniffi the ftubborn and difobedient (/). To this End
in publick Affemblies they had Seats appointed with the n^jJecT^/, that
they might be ready to oppofe any Man that fhould aft contrary to
the Laws, and received Cuftoms, or promoted any Thing againft the
publick Good. As a Token of the honourable Station they were
placed in, they always wore a white Ribband in the folemn Games,
and publick Shews, and had Chairs erefted for them over-agaiall thofe
of the nine Archons.
TSioy-o^iJcu, were a thoufand in Number, who were commonly cho-
fen by Lot out of fuch as had been Judges in the Court Heli/ea : The#
Office was not (as the Name feems to imply)- to enaft new Laius by
their own Authority, for that couid not be done without the Appro-
bation of the Senate, and the People's Ratification, but to infpect the
ojd ; and if they found any of them ufelefs, or prejudicial, as the State
of Affairs then Itood, or contradiftory to others, they caufed them to
be abrogated by an Adt of the People. Befidcs this, they were to take
Care that no Man fhould plough, or dig deep Ditches within the Pelaf-
gian Wall, to apprehend the Offenders, and lend them to the Archon.
(0) Arijlofhayiet ejufque SchoUaji. Acarn. ie. Thefmoph, (/) Cictro de Legib. Jib.
III. QdumUa de Re Ruft. lib. XH. cap. 3.
CHAP.
8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
CHAP. XIV.
Of the Athenian MagiftrateS.
TH E Trtafurers and General Receivers of Athens were of feveraf
Sorts ; but, before I proceed to give an Account of their Offices,
it will be neceffary to premife a Word or two concerning the pubiick
Revenues ; which are by the accurate Sigonius divided into thefe four
following Sorts.
i.TiAMjfignify thofe Revenues that were brought ihby Lands,Mines,
Woods,and other public pofTeffionSjfet apart for the ufe of the Common-
wealth ; and the Tributes paid by the Sojourners, and the Freed-Ser'vantsi
as alfo the Cufloms requii 'd of certain Arts, and Trades, and particular-
ly of Merchants for the Exportation and Importation of their Goods.
2. 4>o;/, were the annual Payments exafted of all their tributary Ci-
ties, which, after Xerxes''^ Overthrow, were firft levied by the Athenians^
as Contributions to enable them to carry on the War, in Cafe, as was
fear'd, the Enemy Ihould make a new Invafion upon them. The firft
Collector of this Tax was Arifiides, who, (as Plutarch reports in his
Life) afTefs'd all particular Perfons, Town by Town, according to every
Man's Ability ; and the Sum raifed by hiiji amounted to four hundred
and fixty Talents. To this Pericles added near a third Part (proceeds
my Author) for Thucydides reports, that, in the Beginning of the Pehpon-
Ttejian War, the Athoiians had, coming in from their Confederates, fix
hundred Talents. After Pericles''s Death, the Orators, and Men pow-
erful amongft the People, proceeded to increnfc it by little and little,
till it amounted to one thoufand and three hundred Talents j and that
not fo much, becaufe of the extraordinary Expenfivenefs of the Wars,
as by exciting the People to LargelTes, Play-houfe Expences, and the
Erefting of Statues and Temples.
3. E]<r<po^c'j, were Taxes laid upon the Citixens, as well as Sojourner! ,
and Freed-Scwants, by the Order of the Afl^embly and Senate, for the
defraying of extraordinary Charges, occafion'd by long and unfuccefs-
ful Wars, or any other Means.
4. T///iijust7<*> were Fines and Amercements, all which were carried
into the Exchequer, except the tenth Part, which was given to Miner'va,
and the fiftieth Part which helong'd to the reft of the Gods, and the
Heroes call'd E'uapvuoi. Having fud thus much of the pubiick Mo-
ney, I (hall now proceed to the Perfons that had the Difpofal and Ma-
nagement of it.
E.3r/ceiTM<, was elefted by Lot out of the Prytanes, and had in his
Cuftody the Keys of the pubiick Exchequer, which Truft was thought
fo great, that no Man was permitted to enjoy it above once. Of the
reft of the Honours and Offices of this Magtfirate I (hall fpeak in ano-
ther Place.
n^'AHToJ, were ten in Number, and, together with thofe that had the
Care of the Money allow'd for Shews, had the Power of letting out
the Tribute Money, and other pubiick Revenues, and felling Ellates
that
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 8f
that were confifcated j all which Bargains were ratified in the Name of
their Prefident. Befides this, it was their Office to convift fuch a$ had
not paid the Tribute, call'd MsTo/^t/or, and fell them by Auftion. Under
thefe were certain inferior Officers, call'd ExAoftiif ,whofe Bufinefs it waa
to colledl the publick Money, for fuch as had Leafes of the City's Re-
venues, whom they call'd Ti^uveu ; thefe were always Perfons of good
Credit themfelves, and, befides their own Bonds, were obliged to give
other Security for the Payment of the Money due according to their
Leafes, in which, if they fail'd any longer than till the ninth Piytanea,
they were under a Forfeiture of twice the Principal, to be paid by them-
felves or their Sureties, upon Negleft of which they were all caft into
Prifon, aiid their filiates confifcated {q). After the Expulfion of the
thirty Tyrants, certain Officers, call'd g i/VsT/xw, were created with
Power to take Cognizance of all Complaints about the Confifcation of
Goods, as appears from an Oration oi Lyjias in Behalf of i\Vaj.
ET/'j'f ape^f, were Officers that rated all thofe of whom Taxes and
Contributions were required according to every Man's Ability, kept the
publick Accounts, and profecuted fuch aswere behind-hand with their
Contributions.
Axo/'i^.^), were ten general Receivers, to whom all the publick Reve-
nues, Contribution-money, and Debts ow'd to the Publick were paid :
Which done, they regillred all their Receptions, and crofs'd out of the
publick Debt-book fuch as had difcharged their Debts in the Prefencc
of the whole Senate. If any Controverfy happen^'d about the Money or
Taxes, they had Power to decide it, except it was a difficult and knot-
ty Point, or of high Concern, for fuch they referred to the Hearing of
fome of the Courts of Judicature.
Avrty^A^ivi rtif (inKtii, was a publick^/flry, appointed at the firft
Inftitution of the Office by Eleflion, and afterwards by Lot, to take
a Counter-part of the Accounts of the A-uroJ^fe^cTcu, for the Prevention
of all Deceit and Miftakes.
KKhl/jJOTAixia/, or Ewtujo'TetiJ.tiuot, had the fame Offices in the tri-
butary Cities that belong'd to the ATCcTix^o* in their own Territories.
npcalopjf, were thofe that receiv'd the Money due to the City from
Fines laid upon Criminals.
Tdtuicu rS QiH, )c^ ^ Oiav, were thofe that received that Part of
the Fines which was due to Minerva, and the reft of the Gods, which
was done before the Senate. They were ten in Number, were chofen
by Lots out of the T\ivraKV(TiyiiS'i^voi, or Nobles, and had Power of
remitting any Man's Fine, if it was made appear to them, that the Ma'
gijlratfi had unjuftly impofed it. Pollux tells us, they were the fame
with thofe they call'd Y^uXAMiTeu, and thefe, a the 5ci'(?/M_/? upon jiri-
ftophanes reports, ufed to receive not only the Money due to the Gods
from Fines, but other Incomes defign'd for Gvil Ufes, and particularly,
the TalCoKet, dillributed amongft the Judges, and therefore call'd
A/;c<*r//.Of iMi&ii. They were fo nam'd (f ) Kuhayfirat, becaufe they
were a kind of Priefts, and ufed to claim as their Due the Relicks of
Sacrifices, amongft which were the Skins and the Ku^ai (r).
{fj SuiJai, Ulfianut\a Dtmojlhtr. tec, (r) Arijio^b, Sdtl, Avibu* VefpU.
G Ztirnlai
g2 Of the Civil Government of Athens. - ^
ZtfjiiTcu, were Officers appointed upon extraordinary Occafions to
enquire after the publick Debts, when, thro' the Negleft of the Re-
cei'vers, or by other Means, they were run up to large bums, and began
to be in Danger of being loft, if not call'd in.
The Diftindion of the Officers, hitherto mention'd, has been taken
chiefly from the different Receptions of the publick Money ; I fhall
proceed mSigoKius*% Method, and give you an Account in the next Place
of thofe that were diftinguiftied by the different Manners of disburfmg
it. And, to this End, you mull know the publick Treafure was divi-
ded into three Sorts, according to the various Ufes to which it was
employ 'd; the firft they called,
1. Xf//a]tt T>7f tT/o/jtHfTSft)?, being fuch as were expended in civil Ufes.
2. 'S.T^ATtuTiKa., thofe that were required to defray the Charges of
the War.
3. QzKtiKO,, fuch as were confecrated to pious Ufes ; in which they
included the Expences at Plays, publick Shews, and Fellivah, becaufe
moft of them were celebrated in Honour of fome of the Gods, or in
Memory of fome deceafed Hero ; and Pollux tells us, the Money given
to the Judges, and the People, that met in the publick Affemblies, was
cali'd by this Name. There is a Law mentioned by Dc7nofthenes (f),
whereby this Money was commanded, when the neceffary Expences of
War could not otherwife be provided for, to be applied to that Ufe.
This Eubulus (to ingratiate himfelf with the Commonalty, who were
generally more concern'd to maintain the publick Shews and Feftivals,
than the moft neceffary War) caufed to be abrogated, and at the fame
Time to be declared a capital Crime for any Man to propound, that
the QicoejKA )(^^y}i/rtJA ftiould be applied for the Service of the War (/).
. Trtjwj*? Tiif Aioi)t{)(rieei, Otherwife cali'd 'E.tsriij.ihm'rii r Kotvwv Tpo-
ff'oS'uv, was the principal Treafurer, being far iuperior to all the reft in
Honour and Power, created by the People, and continued in his Office
for five Years ; after which, if he had behaved himfelf with Honefty
and Integrity, it was an ufual Thing for him to be elefted a fecond and
third Time.
AvTiyfa.<piCi tyu Aioiitn<mo(, feems to have been one that kept a
Counterpart of the chief Trea/urers Accounts to preferve them from
being falfjfied, or corrupted.
Tctuicti r "Zr^ctTiuTiy.kiV, was the "Pay-majlci- General of the Army.
Tct[/.lcti H'' QieoeiKW, or, O cTji ra QzcoeiKCu, had tiie Difpofal of
the 0?&)e/tct 'x^^i^y.ctra., for the Ufes abovemcntioned. But the greateft
and moft troublefome Part of his Office confifted in diftributing them to
the poor Citizens, to buy Seats in the Theatre j which Cuftom was firft
begun and enafted into a Law by Pericles, to ingratiate himfelf with
the Commonalty (v) ; for, as Libanius obferves, in the Primitive Ages
of the Commonwealth, when the Theatres were compofed of Wood,
the People, being eager of getting Places, ufed to quarrel among them-
felves, and fometimes beat and wounded one another ; to prevent which
Inconvenience, it was order'd that every one, before he entered into
(/) Owt, la Nigram, (/} Ulfianui in Oljntbjac, i, (a) Pluiarcb, Ptriclf^
the
Of the Civil Covernmefit of Athens. 8^
the Theatre (hould pay two Oboir, or a Drachm, according to Harpocra-
tion, for Admittance j and, left by this Means the poortr Sort fViOuld be
deprived of the Pleafure of feeing, every Man was allow'd to demand
that Sum of the publick Exchequer (it).
CHAP. XV.
Of the Athenian Magiftrates.
^tlrwca/, were fo call'd from their Office, which was to lay in Corny
jL4 for the Ufe of the City ; and to this End the Ta.{/.ia.i -f J^ioiKa?uet
was to fiirnifli them with as much Money as they had Occafion for.
Athens was feated in a barren and unfruitful Country, which was not
able to furnifh its own Inhabitants with neceffary Provifions, whereby
they were forced to fetch Corn from foreign Nations, and fupply their
own Wants by the Superfluities of others : And this it was, that caufed
them to inftitute this Office.
S/TofoArtJtsj, were fifteen in Number, ten of which officiated in the
City, and five in the Piraeus ; their Bufinefs was to take Care, that Cora
and Meal (hould not be fold at too dear a Price, and to appoint the Size
of Bread. Nearly related to thefe were the2/To//eTfc, or AtsrocTgKTsuo/,
whofe Office was to fee, that the Meafures of Corn were juft and equal.
Ayo^v'oijLoi, fometimes term'd Aof/raJ (*), were ten in Number, five
belonging to the City, and as many to the Piraeus. Others make them
fifteen, ten whereof they give to the City, and five to the Piraeus, which
was reckon'd a third Part of Athens. To thefe Men a certain Toll or
Tribute was paid by all thofe who brought any Thing to fell in the Mar-
ket. Whence Dicaopolis is introduced by Arifiofhanes (y), demanding
an Eeloi 3. Boeotian for the tsA* Tnf ayo^.i, Toll of the Market :
Ayofi^i TfcA- rcw\lw y'tTrts /^ft-Vf i[Jt.ol.
This thou /halt ginje me for Toll of the Market ', for their Bufinefs lay ia
the Market where they had the Care of all Vendibles, except Cornj and
were efpecially obliged to fee that no Man wronged, or any way cir-
cumvented another in Buying or Selling (z).
MiTpioy-ot, were Officers that infpefted all Sorts of Meafures, except
thofe of Corn ; there were five of them in the City, and double that
Number in the Piraeus, in which the greateft Mart m Attica was kept.
0-\.ov'oi/.os, were Officers who took Care of the F//^-Market. They
were two or three in Number, and chofen by the Senate {a). Their
Nam.'; is derived from ^0'\ov, which, tho' originally of a more general
Signification, is many Times appropriated to Fijh. Thus Plutarch {b)
has inform'd us : YloKKuv "ovauv o-\.uv IttviviKtiKiV o /^^t-V ixopov, ud-
hi^a. ys, o4'OvKctK&t<^au. Many other Things being call' ^o -1,0., that Hame
(w) In Olynthiac. (*) Ariflophamt SchoKaft. in Acbarn. (j) Acbametij. Aft. I.
Seen. VI. () Ihtopbraft. de Legibus. (tf) Atbtnaut lib. TI, Euftatbiut ad Iliad A*.
\b) Sympefiac. lib. IV. Problem. IV.
G 2 ^
$4 ^f ^^^^ ^^'^'^"^ Government of Athens.
is nevertkelcfs noiv apply" d only, or cht-:'Jly to f:fh. Whence O'^.Aej.ov h
ufed in that Senle by S;\int "John (c).
E^/Toeiii orn{j.i?^rsu, were Officers that belong'd to the Haven; they
were ten in Number, and the chief Part of their Bufmefs was to take
Care that two I'^rts, at Icalt, of all the Corn which was brought into
the Port, fhould be carried into the City, and no Silver {hould be export-
ed by any private Perfon, except fuch as defign'd to trade in Corn (</).
'Na.vloJ'Uae, or 1 Cex^oS'iKcu, had Cognizance of Con trove rfies that
happen'd between Merchants and Mariners, and examin'd Perfons, that,
being the Children of Strangers both by the Father and Mother's Side,
had by Fraud inferted their Names into the publick Regifter, thereby
claiming the Privileges of freeborn Citizens ; this they did upon the
twenty-fixth of every Month. Not much different from thefe were the
E'ZB-ctO'ft'frtf, according to Sigonius and fav/j/aj's Account of them ; only
they were to hear fuch Caufes in Matters of Trade, as required Dif-
patch, and could not be deferr'd to the monthly Seflions of the 'Na.vjo-
J'lKiU. But Pothx tells u% that, befides thofe Trials, they had Cogni-
zance of Controverfies about Feafts and publick Entertainments.
Aryvoiuo/, were Officers who took Care of the Streets, and feveral
other Things, efpecially fuch as any Way concern 'd the Streets, iT^iei
7? '^ cwKnr/iS'eov, f^ KOTr^oKoyiov, ^ ^p toutuv. Of the Minjireh and
Singers, and Scavengers, and fuch like. Jrifotle, as he is cited by Har-
pocration, makes ten Ajxynomi, five in the City, and as many in the Fi-
riei.s : But Samuel Petilus enlarges their Number, as likewife that of
the Agoranomi, to fifteen ; ten of which he would have to officiate in the
City, and five in the Piraeus, which was never accounted more than a
third Part oi' Athens, and therefore he thinks that the Numbers in Har-
pocration have been by fome Accident or other changed. But as this is
no certain Way of arguing ; fo it is not improbable that the Pirrtevs,
tho' only a third Part oi Athens, yet being a very great and celebrated
Mart, might find Employment for as many Agoranomi and Ajiynomi as
the other t^o Parts; however that be, we are inform'd by Demojihe-
nes [e), that no Man ferved in this Office oftencr than once.
Oj^o'uoioi, v\ ere the Surveyors of the Ways.
Et/?-*]cu "^^ C(Pd']eji', were thofe that took Care of the Aquadifts,
and other Conveyances of Waters. But the Fountains belong*d to other
Officers, caird Kfni'0'ju\;t4f. And the Officers of thefe four are by
./^/-///o//^ comprehended under the Name of Ai^uMOfj.iot.
i^TirtcaTcu Ttav S'niJ.astiuv 'i^fay, were Officers with whom was en-
truUed the Care, Contrivance, arid Management of all publick Edifices,
except the City Walls, for which there were peculiar Curators, call'd
from their Offices Te<pi^oT(7n? whofe Number was ufually the fame
with that of the Tribet, every one of which had the Choice of one
T&tyo'uoi'b;, as often as Occafioji required.
'S.M^^ovi^cu, were in Number ten, and, as their Name imports, took
Care that the young Men behaved themfelves with Sobriety and Modera-
tion (f). For the fame End, the Thefmothetcs ufed to walk about the
(c) Evangeliicap. VI. verf. g. (d) Demojihen.in Lacritum, Harpocrat, (c) Cocf,
i)emoJihenis Proofm. LXIV. {f)MJcbin, in Axigtbo,
City
Of the Civil Government </ Athens." 85
City in the Night-time, and correct fuch as they found committing any
'Di fo rder (g).
O)vo7rjefu, were three Officers, that provided Lights and Torches at
the publick Entertainments, and took Care that every Man drank his
due Proportion (b).
Tvva/.)tov'oixoi, alfo had an Office at publick Feafts, Sacrifices, Mar-
riages, and other Solemnities, and took Care that nothing fliould be
done contrary to Cuftom (i).
TKvcu-Mx.'ofTiJ.ot, v/ere Magljlratcs, whofe Bufinefs it was to regulate
the Women 5 Apparel, according to the Rules of Modefty and Decency ;
and fet a Fine upon fuch as were too nice and phantaftical in their
Dreffes, which they expofed to publick View in the Ceramicus.
Aeijapyoi, were Perfons of confiderable Eftates, who, by their own
Trihe, or the whole People, were ordered to perform fome publick Du-
ty, or fupply the Commonwealth with NecefTaries at their own Ex-
pences. Of thefe there were divers Sorts, all which were elefted out
of twelve hundred of the richeft Citizens, who were appointed by the
People, to undergo, when they fhould be required, all the burdenfome
and chargeable Offices in the Commonwealth, every Tril!e elefting an
hundred and twenty oat of their own Body j tho', as Sigonius has ob-
ferved, this was contrary fo Solons Conftitotion, by which every Man,
of what Quality foever, was obliged to ferve the Publick, according to
his Ability, with this Exception only, that two Offices fhould not be
impofed on the fame Perfon at once, as we are inform'd by Demojihenes,
in his O/ation againfl: Leptines ; where he likewife mentions an ancient
Law, requiring every Man to undergo fome of the A7?}^a< every
fecond Year.
Thefe twelve hundred were divided into two Parts, one of which
confided of fuch as were poflefTed of the greateft Eftates, the other of
Perfons of meaner Abilities. Each of thefe were divided into ten
Companies, called 'Zvuixoei.<u, which were diftinft Bodies, and had
diftinft Governors and Officers of their own. They were a^ain
fubdivided into two Parts, according to the Eftates of the Perfons
that compofed them ; and thus, out of the firft ten "Zviiuoexcu, were
appointed three hundred of the moft wealthy Citizens in Athens, who,
upon all Exigencies, were to furnifh the Commonwealth with necef-
fary Supplies of Money, and, together with the rell of the twelve
hundred, were required to perform all extraordinary Duties in their
Turn-; (k). The Inftitution of thefe 2u,M<jeza/ happened about the
third Year of the hundredth Olympiad, Naiijinicuj being Arr.hon. Before
that Time, fuch, as were unable to bear the Expence of the hfiJH^yiet
affigned to them, had Relief from the d'.^itfoffK, or ExcLnnge of Goods,
which was one of 55/(7's Invention?, and performed in the following
Manner. If any Perfon appointed to undergo one of the ^eijx^yicu, or
Duties, could find another Citizen of better Subftance than himfelf,
who was free from all the Duties, then the Informer was excufed. But
in Cafe the Perfon, thus fubftituted in the other's Place, denied him-
felf to be the richell, then they exchange d Eftates in this Manner :
[g) Ulpian. in Orat, adverf. Mediant, {h) Achenaut. Jib. X. () Idem, lib. VI.
(i) Ulpian. in Olyntbiac. II. & ApbA I. G 3 I'ha
86 Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens.
The Doors of their Houfes were clofe (hut up and feal'd, left any thing
Ihould be carried thence. Then both the Men took the following Oath ;
foii loii dpyveioii, wr* Xj voy.oi ajiKn Ti'sroittK^O't- I nxiill truly and
faithfully dtfco'ver all my ^ubjiance, except that 'which lies in the Silver
Mines, 'which the Laivs ha<ve cxcufed from all Impojis and 'Taxes. Then
within three Days, a full Difcovery was ijiade of their whole E{late?,and
th was term'd dTcxpaffif. Neither was this Cuftom wholly laid afide
upon the Inditution of the forementioned ffvfy./jLoeicfj ; but then, and
afterwards, if any one of the 3C0 Citizens could give Information
of any other Perfon more wealthy than himfelf, who had been paffed
by in the Nomination, the Informer was extufed (/). This wholfe"
Controverfy was termed <f'taJ^ix,as'ict, the Senfe of which Word is fo
much enlat-g'd by fome, as to be equivalent to the general Terms, nelo'tf
and dij.(pi(;^{)']mii {m) ; and by others {) is retrained to the Con-
troverfies happening between the yo^wfo], tho' perhaps thefe may be
taken in general for the Keijis^foi, one remarkable Part being put for
the Whole. This muii be obferved farther, that, if any Controverfy
happened between fuch as were appointed rtii^px.'> ^^ ^^* ^^ ^^
brought before the i-fa]yoi, who had the Care of all warlike Prepara*
tions, and by him to be referr'd to the cuftomary Judges ; the reft of
the J^ictS/Kct^ricu feem to have belonged to other Magillrates.
Of the Duties to be undergone in the foremention'd Manners, fome
" concern'd the Affairs of Peace, others related to thofe of War. The
Duties of Peace were chiefly three, xo^nyia., yv(Jva.(fiafxia,, and |rict
fftf, Thofe of War were two, r?iiietpyja. and e.<yp^-
HoiYiyo], were at the Expence of Players, Singers, Dancers, and Mu-
ficians, as oft as there was Occafion for them at the Celebration of
their publick Feftivals and Solemnities (0) .
Yv^jivctaiA^yj)!, were at the Charge of the Oil, and fuch like Necef.
farier, for the Wreftlers r.nd other Combatants {p).
^^tcc]ofii 'j^tpvxZv, were fuch as, upon publick Feftivals, made an
Entertainment for their whole Tribe [q) Bcfides thofe who were ap-
' pointed by Lots to this OfFice, others voluntarily undertook it to ingra-
tiate themfelvcs (r). It may be further obferved, that the fxiloiKot, So'
journers, had alfo their iiictlccii, by whom they were entertained.
T^i^^-^'Xpi, were obliged to provide all Sorts of Neceffaries for the
Fleet (f), and to build .Ships. To this Office no certain Number of
Men was nomiiiared ; but their Nurnber v.as increafed or diminifhed
according to the Value of their Eftates, and the Exigencies of the Com-
monwealth.
Kia^^ovlci, were required, according to their Abilities, to fupply the
Publick with Money for the Payment of the Army, and other Occa-
fions (t).
Befides thefe, upon extraordinary Occafions, when the ufual Sup-
plies were no.: fufficient, as in Times of long and dangerous Wars, the
rich Citizens ufed generoufly to contribute as much as they were able
(/) Conf. De/noJIihen. in Leptin. & Phcepip. {m) Hefycbius. (n) Suidas. (0) Lyfai
Orat. de Muneribus, Pluiarcbus de Prudentia Athenienfium. [p) U/piams in Leptin.
{q)Demo[ihtn. Mediana 8i Leptiniana, [r) Pollux. (/) P/aWrf 16. loc. citato. ij)Ly'
^3J Orat.ds Muneribus, w
Of the Civil Government of Athtns, ^y
to the publick NecefEties, befide what was required of them, and could
not be avoided. Thefe are by Pollux cdXVd k^j'ij^ovlii omS^'ajtiit eJa"-
fifivliS, iKCvjii, ihKOp]{U, &C.
Others there were,that vverc not properly Magijiratet; yet, becaufethey
were employ'd in pubiick Bufmefs, muft not be omitted in this Place.
Such were the'S.vvS'tKoi, oxOratores, appointed by the People, to plead
in Behalf of any Law, which was to be abrogated, or enafted, of whom
I have fpoken in another Place. Thefe Men, tho' differing from thofe
who are next to be mentioned, were fometimes term'd fijlofa, and
c'jjJi]fo^i, and their Fee to ffvtuiiJ'opiKoi'. Left this Office, which was
created for the Benefit of the Commonwealth, Ihould be abufed, to the
private Advantage of particular Men, there was a Law enafted, where-
by the People were prohibited from conferring it twice upon the
fame Perfon (u). .
Pnlopa, were ten in Number, eleled by Lots, to plead public Cau-
fes in the Senate-houfe or AfTembly, and, for every Caufe wherein they
were retain'd, they receiv'd a Drachm out of the publick Exchequer.
They were fometimes call'd g ujuMfo^/,and their Fee tj (ruuttfo^iKot [nv)
No Man was admitted to this Office under the Age of forty Years (at).
Tho' others think it was lawful to plead both in the Senate-houfe, and
before the publick Affembly, at the Age of thirty. Neither were they
permitted to execute this Office till their Valour in War, Piety to their
Parents, Prudence in the Management of Affairs, Frugality and Tem-
perance had been examined into. The Heads of which Examination
are fet down amongfl the Laws of Athens.
npi3-^<,vvere Amhajfadors chofen by the Senate, or moft commonly
by the Suffrages of the People to treat with foreign States. Some-
times they were fent with full Power to aft according as themfelvea
fhould judge mofl conducive to the Safety and Honour of the Com-
monwealth, and then they were Xl^iaQni iWT0x.^.TOfii, or Plenipoten-
tiaries, and were not obliged, at their Return Home, to render an Ac-
count of their Proceedings ; but their Power was ufually limited, and
they liable to be called in Queftion, if they exceeded their ComraiiTion,
by concluding any Bufmefs befides what they were fent about, or in any
other Manner than what was prefcribed them. During the Time of
their Employment, they receiv'd a Salary out of the Exchequer. Whe-
ther that was always the fame, does not certainly appear jbut it is
more probable that, lilce the Pay of Soldiers, and other Salaries, it was
lirft very fmall, and afterwards, when the Commonwealth flourifh'd
with Trade and Riches, raifed to a greater Value. When Euthymenet
was Archon, they receiv'd every Dzy two Drachms, as we are inform'd
hy^AriJiophanes (y).
Ext/x^stS' /!/.<*? &f ^ct/TlKiA t3(^ (AfttVt
Et' E08v;Jp>si Afy^oyr&.
() Demoftben. in Leptin. ibidemque Ulptan. (w) Arijiepban. ScMiaft, in Veff.
p. 464. Edit. Amftelod, (x) Arijlepbanit Sclnliajiet Nubibut, (/) Acbarncrjibui,
Aa. I. Scea. U.
G 4 ^<
88 Of the Civil Goverdment of Athens.
We <werefent to the Great King o/"Perfia, m:ith an Allonjoance of tiKu
Drachms a Day, Euthymenes being Arckon. Thofe who faithfully dif-
charged their Ambaflies were publickly entertained by the Senate in the
Prytaneum (z) ; thofe, who had been wanting in Care and Diligence,
were fin'd (a). But fuch, as undertook any Ambajfy without the Defig-
nation of the Senate or People, were punilhed with Death (b).
The U^idCtrii were ufually attended by a Kwfy^, or Herald ; and
fometimes the Kpi/;cf were fent upon AmbaJJies by themfelves, as Si-
gonius obferves, eipecially in the Primitive Times, when all AmbaJJies
were performed by thefe Men, who were accounted facred and inviola^
ble, not only as being defcended from Mercury, and employ'd in his Of-
fice, but becaufe they were publick Mediators, without whom all In-
tercourfe and Hopes of Reconciliation between Enemies muft be at an
End. Therefore, as Euftathius obferves (<), whenever Ulyjfes, in his
Travels difpatched his Scouts to difcover what Sort of Country and Peo-
ple the Winds and Seas had brought them to, he always fent a Kf w^
along with them,, whereby they were fecured from receiving any Harnl
in all Parts of the World whither they were driven, except in the
Countries of the Lajlrygones, Cyclopes, and fuch Savages, as were alto-
gether void of Honefly.
T^cc/jifjictjtli, Notaries were of feveral Sorts, and employed by feveral
MagiJIrates i concerning whom this may be obferved in general, that,
for the Prevention of Fraud and Deceit, a Law was enafted, ia\) t/? /;V
V2?Tt;^ft////c{,Try'ii TH fiiuTJ* A^'/J^, That no Man Jhotild fer've the fame
Magiftrate in the S^ality of a Notary above once. Befides thefe, there
were other ypAu.y.ct\^i?jNotaries,vi\vo, hvi^. theCuftody of the Laws and
the publick Records, which it was their Bufinefs to write, and to repeat
to the People and Senate, when fo required. Thefe were three in Num-
ber ; one chofen by the popular Aflembly, whofe Bufinefs was to recite
before the People or Senate ; and two appointed by the Senate ; one
whereof was Keeper of the Laws, another of other publick Records [d).
The Cuflom was for a Notary to be appointed by every Prytanea, who
laid down his Office at the End of thirty Days, and then underwent
the accuftom'd (i;9t;V) Examination {e) It may not be improper to
add in this Place, that at Syracufe the Office of Notaries was very ho-
iiourable,but at Athens reputed gyreAJif u-wspgixi *, a mean Employment (/"),
and executed by thofe who are call'd by iheGreeks ^Vf^'offioi, by the Ro^
man Lawyers, Vulgares, or, as that Word is explain'd, Calones. Thefe
were commonly Starves, who had learned to read and write, that they
might thereby become the more ferriceable to their Matters [g). One
of thefe was that Nicomachus, againft whom Lyjtai wrote his Oration.
Befide the forementioned Magiftrates and Officers, there were feveral
Others, as the Ti^DTclvtrii, YiojiS'^ot, &c. But of thefe, and fuch as had
military Commands, or were employed in the Divine Service, I (hall
give an Account in their own Places.
(a:) Demoftbenii Orat, de falfa Legat. ibique Ulpianus. (a) Tbucydtdis Scboliaftet
lib. VI. {b) Dtmofthenet loco citato, [c) Iliad, a. p. 183. Edit, Bafil. {d) Pollux
lib. VIII. (f) Lyfias in JNicomacbum. (f) Libanius argumento Orat, Demojlhenii de
4lia Legat. (jf) Ul^ianui in Qlyntbiac, ^. -, C ti i\ P.
- Of the Civil Government of Athens. 89
CHAP. XVI.
Of the Council of the Amphid:yones.
BE I N G in the next Place to fpeak of the Athenian Councils, and
Courts of Jaftice, I cannot omit the famous Council oi ihe Am-
fhiclyones ; which tho' it fat not at Athens, nor was peculiar to that
City, yet the Athenians, and almoft all the reft of the Grecians, were
concerned in it.
It is commonly thought to have been firfl inftituted, and received its
Name from Amphictyon, the Son of Deucalion [g) j but Straho is of Opi-
nion, that Acrijius, King of the Argi'ves, was the firft that founded and
gave Laws for the Condud and Management of it {jo) ; and then it muft
have its Name from AfxpKJiovci, becaufe the lahabltants of the Coun-
tries round about met in that Council. [i] ; and Androtion in Paufanias
tells us, that the primitive Name of thofe Senators was Amphictiones,
however of later Ages it hath been changed into Amphictynnes. But the
former Opinion receives Confirmation from what Herodotus reports of
the Place where this Council \v<^s affembled, njiz. that it was a Temple
dedicated to Amphictyon and Ceres Amphictyoneis (i) ; and Strabo alfo
reports, that this Goddefs was worfliipped by the AmphiSiyones.
The Place in which they affembled was call'd Ihcrmopyla:, and fome-
times Pyla, becaufe it was a ftrait narrow Paffage, and, as it were, a Gate
or Inlet into the Country. Hence thefe Counfellors are often called rii/-
AwyapaM, arid the Council riyXoi* (/) : But the Scholiaji upon Sophoclet
tells us, that this Name was given them from Pylades,the Friend of Ore-
fies, who was the firft that was arraign'd in this Court, having aflifted in
the Murder of Clytemneejlra. Sometimes they met at Delphi, where they
were intrufted with the Care of Apollo* % Temple, and the Pythian
Games, which were celebrated in that Place [m], the Situation of which
rendered it very commodious for them to affemble in, for it was feated
in the Midft of Greece, as the Geographers tell us.
The Pcrfons that firft compofed this Affembly, by the Appointment
of Amphictyon, were, according to Paufanias, the Reprefentalives of the
lonians, amongft whom the Athenians were included, Dolopians, theffw
lians, ^nianians, Magnejians, Melians, Phthians, Dorians, Phocians,
and the Locrians, that inhabited near Mount Cnemis, and were call'd
upon that Account Epicnemidii, Strabo reports, that, at their firft In-
iUtution, they were twelve in Number, and were delegated by fo
many Cities. Harpocration alio and Suidas reckon up twelve Nations
of which this Ci?f//confifted, 'viz. lonians, Dorians,Perrhtebians, Baro-
fians, Magnefians, Achaans, Phthians, Melians, Dolopians, jEnianians^
Delphians, Phocians. ^/chines reckons only 1 1 , inftead of the Achaans,
{g) Paujaniat Pbocicis, Suidas, &c. [b) Geogr. 1. IX. (/) Suidas. [k) Lib. VII.
cap. 200. (/) Herodot. Hefychiui, Suidas, Harpocratitn, Strait, Paufaniai Acbaicis.
{m) Paufan, Pbocidt, St Jcbaicis, alii^ue,
jEnianianSt
9 O/ the Civil Government of Athens.
JEnianians, Delphinians, and Dolopians, placing thefe three Only, isiz
Ihfjfalians, Oetecatis, Locrians ().
Afterwards in the Time oi Philip, King of Macedon, and Father of
Alexander the Great, the Fhociam^zs'vxz, ranfack'd and fpoil'd the Del-
phian Temple, were by a Decree of the Amphilyones invaded by the reft
of the Grecians, as a facrilegious and impious Nation, and, after a ten
Years War, depriv'd of the Privilege of fitting amongft them, together
with their Allies the Lacedftmonians, who were one Part of the DorianSf
and, under that Name, had formerly fat in this Aflembly ; and their va-
cant Places were fupplied by the Macedonians, who were admitted, in
Return of their good Services they had done in the Phocian War. But
about 68 Years after, when the Gauls, under the Command of Bren-
nus, made a terrible Invafion upon Greece, ravaging and deftroying all
before them, fparing nothing facredor profane, and, with a barbarous
and facrilegious Fury, robb'd and defpoil'd the Delphian Temple, the
P^af /j behav'd themfelves with fo much Gallantry, fignalizing them-
felves in the Battle above the reft of the Grecians, that they were thought
to have made a fufficient Atonement for their former Offence, and rc-
ftored to their ancient Privilege and Dignity [o].
In the Reign of Augujlus Cafar they fuffer'd another Alteration ; for
that Emperor having worfted Antony in a Sea-iight at ASlirm, and, in
Memory of that Viitory, founded the City Nicopolis, wasdefirous that
its Inhabitants (hould be admitted into this Aflfembly ; and, to make
Way for them, ordered that the Magnejians, Meleans, Pthians, and ^-
Tiianians, who, till that Time, had diftinft Voices, fhoald be number'd
with the 1healians, and fend no Reprefentatives, but fuch as were
common to them all ; and that the Right of Suffrage, which formerly
belonged to thofe Nations, and the Dolopians (a People whofe State
and Name were extinft long before) fhould be given to the Nicopoli'
tans (p).
Straho, who flourifh'd in the Reign of Augujlus and Tiberius, reports,
that this Council, as alfo the general AlTembly of the Acheans, was at
that Time diflblv'd ; but Paufanias, who liv'd many Years after, under
Antoninus Pius, affures U5, that in his Time it remained intire, and that
the Number of the Amphiclyones was then thirty, being delegated by the
following Nations, mz. the Nicopolitans, Macedotiians, TheJJhlians, Boe-
otians, (who, in former Times, were call'd ^olians, and inhabited feme
Parts oiJheJJaly) Phocians, Delphians, Latvians, called OzoLa, with thofe
that lie oppofite to Euhcea, Dorians, Athenians, and Euhceans.
This Aflembly had every Year only two fet Meetings, one in the Be-
ginning of Spring, the other in Autumn (y), except fome extraordinary
Occafion called them together. The iJefign of their Meetings was
to determine publick Quarrels, and decide the Differences that happened
between any of the Cities of Greece, when no other Means were left
to compofe them. Before they entered upon Bufmefs, they jointly
facrificed an Ox cut into fmall Pieces to Delphian Apollo, thereby fig-
() Orat, risp/ Tia.^.'ZSr^iff^, (o) Paufania: Phocicis, (/>) Idem ibid, (f) Strabt
loc. edit,
nifymg
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 9 1
nifying the Union or Agreement of the Cities, which they reprerented.
Their Determinations were always receiv'd with a great deal of Refpeft
and Veneration ; and held inviolable, the Grecians being always ready
to join againft thofe that rejefted them, as common Enemies.
An Affembly of neighbouring Cities, met to coiifult about the com-
mon Good, feems ufually to have been call'd A[j.^iKTioviet ; and, befide
the famous one already fpoken of, Strabo mentions another held in the
Temple oi Neptune at Trazen, at which the Delegates of the feven fol-
lowing States were prefent, ijix.. Hermione, Epdaurus, jEgitia, Athens^
the Verjians, Nauplians, and the Orchomenians of Batatia (r).
CHAP. XVII.
Of the Athenian Ex,x,A>i(t[o{,<. or Publick AiTemblies.
EK K A H S I A, was an AJfemhly of the People met together accord-
ing to Law, to confult about the Good of the Commonwealth.
It confifted of all fuch as were Freemen of Athens, of what Quality fo-
ever, as has been elfewhere mentioned. But fuch as had been puniftied
with Infamy {a7t/ji.itz), Slaves, Foreigners, Women, and Children, were
excluded. In the Reign oiCecrops, Women are faid to have been allow'd
Voices in the popular Affembly : Where Minerva contending with Uep-
tune, which of them two fhould be declared ProteSlor of Athens, and
gaining the Women to her Party, is reported by their Voices, which
were more numerous than thofe of the Men, to have obtain'd the Vic-
*''y (/) ^^ was of two Sorts, the firft of which they call'd Kve/tt,
the other jg vynhnr-.
Kveian, were fo call'd, ^ n Kv^eiv rk '].}i<pi<r(xttla.y becaufe in them
the People confirmed and ratified the Decrees of the Senate ; or rather
becaufe they were held upon YiyiA^cu Kveiau, or ueiff/^au x) vofAi/xoit
Days dated and appointed by Law (/).
They were held four Times in five and thirty Days, which w&s
the Time that each UfujeiVHet, or Company of Pry tanes, prefided in the
Senate. The firft Ajemily was employ'd in approving and rejeding
Magijlrates, in hearing Aftions call'd E\(Ta,yfi\iau, and Propofals con-
cerning the publick Good ; as alfo in hearing the Catalogue of fuch
Poffeffions, as were confifcated for the Service of the Commonwealth,
and feveral other Things. The fecond made Provifions both for the
Community and private Perfonsj and it was permitted every Man
to prefer any Petition, or fpeak his Judgment concerning either of
them. In the third. Audience was given to the Ambaffadors of fo-
reign States. The fourth was wholly taken up with Religion, and Mat-
ters relating to the Divine Worfhip {) At this Time the Prytanes,
who were obliged ^v^v iKcl^oji Komi, every Day to offer Sacrifices for
(r) peogr. lib. VIL (/) Varro apud Sanffum AugufUnum de Civitate De>
i, XVHI. cap. 9. (r) Suidat, Ariftofh. Sibil. Afbarn, {") P*'^""- l..Vin. < ^
92 Of the Civil Gcz'ernnmii ^Athens,
" tbepublUk Safety, feem to have acquainted the Affembly with the Succefs
of their Devotions after this Manner : " It is juft and meet, O Atheiii-
" ans, as has been cuftomary with you, that we (hould take Care that
" the Gods be religioufly worfhipped. We have therefore faithfully dif-
*' charged this Duty for you. We have facrificed to "Jupiter the Savi-
*' our, to Miner^ja, to Vidory ; all which Oblations have been accepted
" for your Safety. We have likewife offered Sacrifices to Perfuafion
*' {Uei^u), to the Mother of Gods, to Apollo, which have met with the
' like good Succefs. Alfo the Sacrifices, offered to the reft of the Gods,
*' have been all fecure, and acceptable, Viwdfalutiferous: Receive there-
" fore the Happinefs,which the Gods have vouchfafed to grant you(it;)'.
The firft Afembly was upon the eleventh Day of the Prytanea ; the fe-
cond, upon the twentieth ; the third, upon the thirtieth ; the fourth,
upon the thirty-third. Some there are, that reckon by the Month, and
tell us, that they had three JJ/emblies every Month, upon the firft, tenth,
and thirtieth Days ; or upon the tenth, twentieth, and thirtieth {x).
But the former Computation feems to be more agreeable to the Cuftom
of the ancient Athenians, amongft whom were ten npv]aueieu, according
to the Number of their Tribes, each of which ruled thirty-five Days,
in which they had four Ajfemblies. Afterwards the Number of the
Tribes being increafed by an Acceffion of two new ones, the n^vlxveiau
were alfo twelve in Number, each of which ruled a Month, and then
perhaps the later Computation might take Place.
"S-iiyKKriJoi ^Ex-K^ntriajt, were fo ca.\\'6,'^'ri avyKAKeiv, becaufe the
People were fummoned together, whereas in the Kve.tou, they met of
their own Accord, without receiving any Notice from the Magiflrates,
as Ulpian obferves {y ). The Perfons that fummoned the People were
commonly the "SiT^etmyoi, the YloKiiJLAtryoi, or the Kn^uKZi in their
Names, becaufe the Occafion of thefe extraordinary AJfemblies was,
for the moft part, the coming on of fomc fudden, unexpeded, and dan-
gerous War ; fometimes the Prytanes, if the Senate fo order'd it, as
they ufuallydid, when any civil Affairs, in which the 2Tf7M>&< were
not concerned, required a quicker Difpatch than could be given them
in Ki e *< The Crier (Kpv^) feems to have fummon'd them twice at
the leaft. Whence, in Arijlophanes, it is faid to be full Time to go to
the Affembly, becaufe the Crier had given the fecond Call ;
H/l/lWJ' <U^<jl'ov\tOV, J^iVTi^V KiKOKKVKiV (z).
KctJiKK\i)<rieu, as Pollux, KctJaK^fxreii, as Ammonitis, or Kcija.KKit-
ffieu, as Hefychiiis calls them, were Affemblies held upon fome very
weighty and momentous Affair, to which they fummoned not only thofe
Citizens that refided in the City, but ail that lived in the Country, or
were in the Ships then at Anchor in the Haven.
The Places, where the'Ex,)t^H(rl(!Uwere affembled,werefeveral ; as ift,
(w) Demoftbenis Prccem . LXIII, (x) Ulpian. in Demofiben. A-iftopb. Scbol. {y) In
l^Orat. de fella Legat, () Car.cionatncibus^ p. 685. Ed. Amjielod,
'A^ogji,
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens.' 03
^Ayog^., or the Market-place ; and there, not the Athenians only, but
moft other Cities, had their publick Meetings, becaufe it was ufually
very capacious. Hence the AJfemhlies themfelves came to be calPd
''Ayo^ajt and to make a Speech, 5/oft/'eif, as Harpcration obferves.
n't)5, was a Place near the Citadel, fo cali'd, ^la. TirreTVKvZSlt to7s,
becaufe it was fill'd with Stones, or Seats fet c/o/^ together, or from the
Crozvds of Men in the AJfettiblies, and therefore tyrf jcHmj is by the Co-
medians taken for the thronging and prefling of a Multitude [a). It was
remarkable for nothing more, than the Meannefs of its Buildings and
Furniture, whereby in Ages that moft affefted Gaiety and Splendor, it
remained a Monument of the ancient Simplicity [b].
The Theatre of Bacchus, in later Times, was the ufual Place, in
which the AJfemhlies were held (c), but even then Vnyx was not wholly
forfakeff, it being againft La\ to decree any Man a Crown, or eleft
any of the Magijlrates in any other Place, as Pollux j or at leaft, the
2Tfa7)>(3i, as Hefychiiii reports.
Thcjiated AJfemhlies were held in the foremention'd Places, but fuch,
as were cali'd upon extraordinary Occafions, were not confined to any
certain Place, beiug fometimes held in the Pyraus, where there was a
Forum cali'd 'iTs-rsoS'etueiCt dyo^dL, in the Munychia, or any other Place
capacious enough to contain the People.
The Magijlrates, that had the Care and Management of thefe AJem-
bites, were the Piytanes, Epijlatai, and Proedri.
The Prytants fometimes cali'd the People together, and always, be-
fore their Meeting, fet M'^^.Xlp^y^a.uij.tL in fame Place of general Con-
courfe.in which were contained the Matters to be confulted upon in the
following AJfembly, to the End that every Man might have Time to
confider of them, before he gave his Judgment (d).
UlpiJ'^t, were fo cali'd from theory? Places, which they had in the
AJfemhlies. Whilll: theTr/^^Jof -i^/i'^/.-jwercnomorethanten, ^tProedri
were nine in Number, being appointed by Lots out of the nine Tribes,
which at that Time were exempted from being Prytanes. Their Bufi-
nefb was to propofe to the People the Things they were to deliberate
upon, and determine in that Meeting (f), at the End of which their Of-
fices expired. For the greater Security of the Laws and Commonwealth
from the Attempts of ambitious and defigning Men,- it was cuftomary
for the Noi/.ojiv?\.HKii in all AJfemhlies crufKA-yi^tivlolf trg^'i^^sn, h'let
J*i<tKCt>Kvopja,( i'viyjri^oloveiV oaet fxri TUfJ-^'^eii tojitivith the Procdxh,
and to hinder the People from decreeing any thing contrary to the public In-
tereji (/). By another Law it was likewife provided, that, in every AJ-
fembly,one of the Tribes (liould beappointed hyLotif-zF^^iJ^^ideiVfio pre-
Jide at the Sug^ejlum, to defend the Commonnvealth {g), viz by preventing
the Orators, and others, from propoi:nding any thing inconfiftent with
the receiv'd Laws, or deftruftiveof the Peace and Welfare of the City,
(d) Anjiofb. Schol. Acharn. Equit. &c, {i) Pollux lib VIII. c. 8, (<) Demoflben.
Mediana. (</) Pollux \\h. VIII. r. 8.. {e) Ulf'ianui ia Timeaet. (f) Pollux lihu
V nil c. 9. {g) Mjcbinei in Timanhum,
5>4 Of the Civil Government (9/" Athens.
Ecjr/retTHf, the Prefident of the JJfembly, was chofen by Lots out of the
Trcedri ; the chiefPart of his Office feems to have confifted, in granting
the People Liberty to give their Voices, which they were not permit-
ted to do, till he had given the Signal (h). .
If the People were remifs in coming to the JJemblies, the Magijlrates
ufed their utmoit Endeavours to compel them ; they fliut up all the
Gates, that only excepted, thro' which they were to pafs to the AJfem-
bly ; they took Care that all Vendibles fhould be carried out of the
Market, that there might be nothing to divert them from appearing;
and if this was not fufHcient, the Logifia (whofe Bufmefs this was)
took a Cord dy'd with Vermilion, with which they detach'd two of
the To^'oTcu into the Market, where one of them Handing on one Side,
and another on that which was oppofite, purfued all ttiey found there,
and mark'd with the Cord as many as they caught ; all which had a
certain Fine fet upon them, as the Scholiaji upon Arijlophanes obferves
at this Verfe, '
To ff)(Otviov fivfaJt TO iJi.iiJt.i}Cla>i^ov {/).
They in the Fonm chat, and up and dowrv
Scamper t' avoid the Cord Vermilion-dy'd. J. A.
Laftly, For an Encouragement to the Commonalty to frequent the
jijfemhliesj it was decreed, at the Inftance oiCalliJiratus, that an Obohs
fhould be given out of the Exchequer to all fuch as came early to the
Place appointed for the Affemhly. This was afterwards increas'd to
three Oboli^ at the Inftance of Agyrrhius. The Expeftation of this
Reward drew many of the poorer Sort, who would otherwife have
abfented themfelves. Whence that Saying oi Arijhphanei {k), where
he fpeaks of Plutus, the God of Money ;
E;cjt^o"it <r' iyj J^iii 7\i7ov yiyvijeu ;
Is not the AKcmh\y frequented for his Sake ? They who came late to
the AJJmbly received nothing ; which is evident from the following
Verfes of the fame Author {/) :
BAE. A7<:<e -aro-S-sr '/trt? STjof J XP. E^ kxAiJiTicf.^
BAE. HJ^H Kiwreu yd ; xP. Nn Ai" l^Qetov i^iv a'f.
TihaV 'TTCL^'iffKiV iiV 'T^^Siy^aUVOV KVH.KU.
BAE. Te/3oAov J^t' iK(i?>ii ;^ xP. } j^ fo?/.or
AAA' i/Vsf- VVV MAdof, <ar' ed<TyJjVoy.cUy
Ma llv a/', bJ^iV eCAAoy M lOV SuKetKOV.
(i)) Harpocration, Demojibetui Aadrotiana, JEjcbirtei in Cteftpbont. (/) Atharn,
{^H] Flutt Mi. I, Seen. 11^ (/) Concior.atricii>us, p. 704. Edit. Amjiikd,
If
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. ^r
If boifterous and tempeftuous Weather, orafudden Storm, which they
call'd A/o(rH/i/M'*(?), or Earthquake happen'd, or any inaufpicious O-
men appeared, the AJfembly was immediately adjourned. But, if all
Things continu'd in their ufual Courfe, they proeeeded in this Manner.
Firlt, the Place, where they were appointed to meet, was purified by
killing young Pigs, which, as was ufual in fuch Lvjirationt, they car-
ried round about the utmoft Bounds of it ; on the Outfide of which no
Man was permitted to ftand, becaufe thofe Places were accounted pro-
phane and unfandtified, and therefore unfit for the tranfafting of Bufi-
nefs of fo great Confequencc, as that in which the Welfare and Safety
of the State was nearly concern'd ; this we learn from Arifiophams, in
whom the publick Crier warns the People to (land on the Infide of the
Kci-^ctfiMt, for fo they call'd the Sacrifices ofFer'd at Expiations,
The Perfon, that officiated in the Luftrationy wris call'd Ka-S-atf Tf, and
nef/5-iap%-, from Uifi^iet, another Name for K*^ ao/^-catra (), and
Ej-jctf^-, according to Pollux.
The Expiatory Rites being ended, the publick C/vVr made a folemn
Prayer for the Profperity of the Commonwealth, and the good Suc-
cefs of their Counfels and Undertakings (5). For, araongft the primitive
Greeks, all Things were carried on with a great Shew of Piety and De-
votion ; and fo great a Share they thought their Gods had in the Ma-
nagement of human Affairs, that they never undertook any Thing of
Weight or Moment, efpecially of publick Bufmefs, without having firft
invoked their Direftion and Affillance.
Then he pronounced a bitter Execration againft fuch as fhould endea-
vour any thing in that AJfenibly to the Prejudice of the Comnionwealtji,
praying, that he and his whole Family might be made remarkable Ex-
amples of the Divine Vengeance [p).
Then the Criers the Proedri giving the Command, repeated tben^-
C^?^d'y.a or Decree of the Senate, upon which the AJfemhly was then to
deliberate. That being done, the Crier proclaimed with a loud Voice,
tU cLyofivtuv^^KiTcu r yVep TivjriKoyJAilt) yi^ov't/Jav ; ixihich oftheMen
abo've 50 Tears old wll make an Oration.? Then the old Men propound-
ed whatever they thought convenient. After which, the C/zVr by a fecond
Proclamation gave them to underftand , hiynv r^ AQlajojiav Toe ^hK'o-
pSiJoViii i^l^itlbat every Athenian might then /peak, 'whom the Lanj^sal'
lo'vj'dfo to do[q). For as they judg'd it unreafonable, that any Man'sQua-*
lity or Age (fo he were not under 30) fhould debar him from uttering
what he had concelv'd for the Good of the Commonwc.ilch ; fo, on the
other Hand, it was thought very indecent and unbecoming for young
Men to give their Opinions, before they had heard the Sentiments of
fuch, as Years and Experience had render'd more fit and able to judge.
(w) A-iftopban. Scbol. ibid. () Ariftopb. Sehol. ibid. & Concionatr. Sec. Suidat,
Harpocration, fracipue Hefycbius v. KcLHAf^l^A. (e) Dtmoflben Timocrat. (/>) Demp-
flhtn ri?pj n*p*Tf;3tlrtf . (f) Arijicpbar.. Acb<mn, Dmcfibtntt ie JEJckinei In
Gte/tlbQKf, .But
C)6 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
But the Wifdom of the Law-giver thought it not expedient to ^^t-
mit every Man, without Diftinftion, to deliver his Opinion ; for fuch
as were convifted of any heinous Crime, of Impiety, Prophanenefs, oi'
Debauchery, had fled from their Colours, or were deeply indebted to
the Commonwealth, he excluded from having any thing to do in fuch
Gonfultation? (r) ; it being fcarce probable that Pcrfons ol wicked Lives,
or defperate Fortunes, fhould endeavour any thing conducive to the
Peace and Profperity of the State, but rather that they fhould defign the
Confufion and Ruin of it, that therafelves might be enrich'd with the
Spoils of honert Men, and be at Liberty to take their full Career in
their unlawful Pleafures, witltout the Reftraint of Laws, and Fear of
Punilhments. Wherefore, if any Man was thought by the Piytanes to
be unfit to make an Oration to the People, they enjoin'd him Silence.
'Ihn$'\nXhcJJfemblyoi'Womtnix\AnJ}ophanes(f),Praxagora,yN\iohthtre
one of the Prytanest commands an impertinent Woman to hold her Peace ;
Go you, and Jit donn,for you are no Body. They who refus'd Obedience
to the Prytanes, weie pulPd down from the Suggcjiu7n by the LiSorj
{ro^olcu), as appears from another Place of the fame Author (/).
When the D ebates were ended, the Crier, by the Command of the
Epijiatai, or Proedri, as others report, aflc'd the People, nxjhether they
twould confent to the Decree? Permitting them to give Voices, and there-
by either eliablilh or rejeft it, the doing which they call'd E-ar/^WfJ-
The Manner of giving their Suffrages, was by holding up their
Hands, and therefore they call'd \ty^(ri^o\oviA, and x*^?''l'-'^<' fignifies
to ordain, or eftablifhany thing; a.To-)(jti[olovtiv, to dilannul by Suffrage.
This was the common Method of voting, but in fome Cafes, as parti-
cularly when they depriv'd Magiflrates of their Offices for Male-admi-
niftration.they gave their Votes in private, left the Power and Greatnefs
of the Perfonsaccus'd fhould lay a Reflraint upon them, and caufe them
to aft contrary to their Judgments and Inclinations. The Manner of
voting privately was by calling Pebbles (^h^sj) into VefTels (xaAf),
which the Prytanes were obliged to place in the Jffembly for this Pur-
pofe. Before the Ufe of Pebbles, they voted with (kvauoi) Beans [u).
As foon as the People had done voting, the Proedri, having carefully
examin'd the Number of the Suffrages, pronounc'd the Decree rztified,
or thrown out, according as the ijiajor Part had approv'd, or rejefted
it. It is obfervable in the laft Place, that it was unlawful for the Pry-
tanes to propofe any thing twice in the fme AJfembly (tu). The Bufi-
nefs being over, the Prytanei difmifs'd the JJfetnbly, as we read in Ari-
Jiophanes [x).
(r) Demoftken. in Ari/}cs:it. Mfchines in Ctefiphont, (/) Ctnnonatr, p, egz, Ed?t.
Axnfehi. {t) Acbamenfibut Aft. I. Sc. II. ibique Fetus Scboliaftu. \u) Suidas,
^w) JVicitf Orat. aj>ud -Jl'Hcyd, Jib, VI. (x) Aebirnenf.
I
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 9 j^
whoever defires to have a more full Account of the popular AJfemblies
at Athens, may confult the Concionatrices of Arifiophanes (y), where
their whole Management is accurately defcribed.
CHAP, xviir.
Of the Senate of the five hundrcdi
BY So/on^s Conftitution, the whole Power and Managertient of Af-
fairs were placed in the People ; it was their Prerogative to receive
Appeals from the Courts of Juftice, to abrogate old Laws, and enadl
new, to make what Alterations in the State they judged convenient j
and, in ftiort, all Matters, whether publick or private, foreign or do-
meflick, civil, military, or religious, were determin'd by them.
But becaufe it was dangerous, that Things of fuch vaft Moment and
Concern fhould be, without any farther Care, committed to the Difpo-
ial and Management of a giddy and unthinking Multitude, who, by elo-
quent Men, would be perfuaded to enaft Things contrary to their own
Interefts, and deftruftive to the Commonwealth j the wife Law-giver,
to prevent fuch pernicious Confequences, judged it abfolutely neceflary
for the Prefervation of the State, to inftitute a great Council, confifting
only of Men of the belt Credit and Reputation in the City, whofe
Bufinefs it (hould be to infpett all Matter* before they were propounded
to the People ; and to take Care that nothing, but what had been dili-
gently examined, fhould be brought before the general Affembly (z). At
the fame Time he inftituted, at leaft regulated another Council, I mean
that of the Areopagites, which, tho' inferior to the former in Order and
Power, yet was fuperior to it in Dignity and Efteem, and therefore
was callVi n Ava BuKii, or, the upper Council ; to this he gave the In-
fpeftion and Cuftody of the Laws, fuppofmg that the Commonwealth
being held by thefe two, as it were by firm Anchors, would be lefs
liable to be toft by Tumults, and made a Prey to fuch as bad Knavery
enough to defign, and Cunning and Eloquence to entice the People to
their own Deftruftion {a).
At the firft Inftitution of the former Council, it confifted only of
four hundred Senators, one hundred oi which were appointed out of each
Tribe, for the Tribes in Solon i Time were only four in Number [b).
They were eledled by Lots, in drawing of which they made Oie of
Beans, and therefore Thucydides calls them ^KKdirdi arr'o Kvay.^, and the
Senate, BaKtiv dTrh y.v<kyi^. The Manner of their Eleflion was thus ;
on a certain Day, before the Beginning of the Month Hecatombevon , the
Preftdent of every Tribe gave in the Names of all the Pcrfons within his
JDillrid, that were capable of this Dignity, and had a Mind to appear
for it ; thefe were engraven upon Tables of Brafs, call'd Uiveiitict (c),
(^) P. 783. Edit, Aorel. AUpbrog. {z) Plutartb,Seieiu, {a)Utm. (*) Idem.
{c) Harfurac,
^S Of the Civil Govertimeftt of Athens.
and c?.ft into a Veffel fet there for that Purpofe ; into another Veflel
were caft the fame Number of Beans, an hundred of which wero white,
and all the reft black. Then the Names of the Candidates, and the
Beans were drawn, one by one, and thofe, whofe Names were drawn
out together with the White Beans, were received into the Senate {e). ,
About eighty-fix Years after Solon s Regulation of the Common-
wealth, the Number of Tribes being increased by Clijihenes from four
to ten ; the Senate alfb received an Addition of one hundred, which,
being added to the former, made it to confift of five hundred, and from
that Time it was call'd BbAw <^/ TZvrAKoaiav.
Afterwards two new Tribes were added to the former in Honour of
Antigonus, and his SonDf/n'aj,from whom they received their Names,
and then the Number of the Senators were augmented by the Acceflion
of another hundred (f) ; for, in both thefe lail Alterations, it was or-
dered, that out of every Tribe fifty fhould be eleled into the Senate. As
to the Manner of Eledion, that continued the fame, excepting only,
that, inftead of an hundred white Beans drawn by each Tribe, they had
now only fifty, according tathe Number of their Senators.
After the Eledlion of Senators, they proceeded in the next Place to
appoint Office] s to prefide in the Senate, and thefe they call'd Tl^vldvei^.
Tiie Manner of their Eleftion was thus ; the Names of the Tribes being
thrown into one Vefiel with nine black Beans, and a white Bean caft
into another, the Tribe, whofe Fortune it was to be drawn out toge-
ther with the white Bean, prefided firft, and the reft in the Order in
which they were drawn out of the VeiTel ; for every Tribe prefided in
its Turn, and therefore, according to the Number o^ Tribes, the Jttick
Year was divided into ten Parts, each of which confided of thirty-five
Days ; only the four firft Parts contained thirty-fix, thereby to make
the Lvnar Year compleat,. which, according to their Computation,
confifted of one hundred and fifty-four D.iys {g\ Others are of Opinion,
that thefe four fupernumcrary Days were employed in the Creation of
Magijirates , zxidi th.2Lt, during that Time, the Athenian shz.^ no Magi-
firates at all {h), and therefore they call'd them hva.^yj)i y\[A^i, and
Apysupiff/o/. Afterwards, when the Tri^w were increafed to twelve,
every one of them prefided a full Month in the Senate, as we learn
from Pollux (i). The Time that every Company of Prytatics continu-
ed in their Office, was termed Yl^v]a,vtiA, daring which they were ex-
cufed from all other publick Duties.
For the avoiding of Confufion, every U^vjctvt^a. was divided into five
Weeks of Days, by which the fifty Prytanes were rank'd into five De-
curiiH, each Decuria being to govern their Week, during which Time
they were call'd U^atS'^i ; out of thefe, one, whom they eleftsd by
Lots, prejided, over the reft, each of the feven Days ; fo that, of the
ten Proedri, three were excluded from prejiding.
(f ) Sigoniui Sc Emmius de Rep. Athen, & ubique in hac parte hujus libri. {/) Ste-
fbaii. Byzant. de Urb. & Populis. {g) ffarfscrat, {i>) Liian, Argumeat. in -A^.
Jrotiatit . (() Lib, VIII, cap, },
The
Of thi Civil Government of Athens. 99
The Frefident of the Proedriyjzs term'd 'E^/raVjtf . To his Cuftody
was committed the publick Seal, and the Keys of the Citadel, and the
publick Exchequer. This therefore being an Office of fo great Truft
and Power, no IVIan was permitted, by the Laws, to continue in it
above one Day, nor to be eledled into it a fecond Time [k).
There are faid to have been nine Proedri diftind from the former, and
chofen by the Epijiata at every Convention oi the Senate, out of all the
Tribes, except that of which the Prytams were Members (/). Both of
thefe were different from the 'E^ar/s'rtTWf , and rTfosJ^g*/, in the popu-
lar Affemblies.
One thing more there is remarkable in the Eleflion tii Senators, that,
befides thofe who were immediately admitted into the Senate, they
chofe Subfidiaries, who, in Cafe any of the Senators were depofed for
Male-Adminiftration, or died before the Expiration of their Offices,
fhould, without any farther Trouble, fupply their Places ; and thefe
they call'd 'ET/Arf%o!'T5f (w).
The Autliority of the Prytanes confided chiefly in affembling the
Senate, which, for the moft Part, was done once every Day (Feltivals
only excepted) and oftener if Occafion required. And that they might
be ready to give Audience to all fuchas had any Thing to propofe, that
concern'd the Commonwealth, they conftantly reforted to a common
Hall, near the Senate-houfe, call'd Prytaneum, in which they ofFer'd Sa-
crifices, and had their Diet together (^).
Every Time the Senate v/as affembled, they ofFer'd Sacrifices to Jupi-
ter, BijArtT@-, &nd Miner'vaTia^a.iet, theCounfellors, who had a Chapel
near the Senate-houfe (o). This they term'd ^ixirrszxit ^vhv {p).
If any Man offer'd any Thing, that deferved to be taken intoConfi-
deration, they engraved it upon Tablets, that all the Senators might be-
forehand be acquainted with what was to be difcufs'd at their next
Meeting, in which, after the Prytanes, or Epijiata, had propounded the
Matter, every Man had Liberty to declare his Opinion, and give his
Reafons either for, or againlVit. This they did Handing, for it is every
where obfervable in ancient Authors, that no Perfon, of what Rank or
Quality foever, prefumed to fpeak fitting ; and therefore, whenever a
poetical Hero makes an Oration, he is always firft faid to rife :
To7cr/ J^' oMi^dfj^- fXiTiqtn tfo^cti eonvi ^hyjKMui,
faith Homer ; and O'vlJ, to trouble you with no more Inllancef, mcn
tiona the fame Cuftom,
Surgit ad has clypei Dominus fgpttmplicis Ajax.
When all had done fpeaking, the Bufmefs, dcfign'd to be pafs'd into
a Decree, was drawn up in Writing by any of the Prytanes, or other
Senators, and repeated openly in the Houfe (y); after which, Leave bcir.g
given by the Epijiata, or Prytanes, the Senators proceeded to vote, which
they did in private, by calling Beans into a Veflcl placed therefor that
{)C) Pollux, lib. Vlir. Ulpianus in jindrotianam. (/) Pollux, Suidat. {m) liar-
fctrat. {n) Paufanias. {o) Antiphon, At Qnreuia, (p)Ulpianui, {^q) Demoftbnt
Orat, in Citjipbont, tt in Ne4tram, .
H 2 PurpofCj
loo Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Purpofe. The Beans were of two Sorts, black and white, and if the
Number of the former was found to be the greateit, the Propofal was
rejefted ; if of the latter, it was enafted into a Decree (?), which they
cail'd "^iipia-ixa,, and Ui^'^iKd/ucc, becaufe it was agreed upon in the
Senate with a Defign to have it afterwards propounded to an Affembly
of the People, that it might receive from them a farther Ratification,
withoi t which it could not be pafs'd into a Law, nor have any Force
or obligatory Power, after the End of that Year, which was the Time
that the Senators, and almott all other Magijlrates, laid down their
Commiffions.
The Power of this Council was very great, almoft the whole Care
of the Commonwealth being devolved upon them ; for the Common-
alty being, by Solon^s Conftitutions, inveited with fupreme Power, and
entrufted vyith the Management of all Affairs, as well publick as pri-
vate, it was the peculiar Charge of the Senate to keep them within due
Bounds, and to take Cognizance of every Thing before it was referr'd to
them, and to be careful that nothing fhould be propounded to them,
but what they, upon mature Deliberation, had found to be conducive
to the publick Good. And befide the Care of the AlTembly, there were
a great many Things that fell under the Cognizance of this Court, as
the Accounts oi Magijirates at the Expiration of their Offices (f), and
the Care of poor Perfons, that were maintain'd by an Allowance out of
the publick Exchequer [t). It was their Bufinefs to appoint Gaolers for
the publick Prifons, and to examine and punifh Perfons accufed of fuch
Crimes as were not forbidden by any pofuive Law [u), to take Care of
the Fleet, and to look after the Building of new Men of War (^y), with
feveral other Things of great Confequence.
Now, becaufe thefe were Places of great Truft, no Man could be ad-
mitted to them till he had undergone a ftrift AoKiiJLct(Tiet, or Probation,
whereby the whole Courfe of his Life was enquired into, and found to
have been managed with Credit and Reputation, elfe he was rejefted(jr).
And to lay the greater Obligation upon them, they were required to
take a folemn Oath, the Subftance whereof was this ; " That they
" would in all their Councils endeavour to promote the publick Good j
, ** and not advife any Thing contrary to the Laws. That they would fit
" as Judges in what Court foever they were elefted to by Lots, (for
feveral of the Courts of Juftice were fupply'd with Judges out of the
Senate.) " That they would never keep an Athenian in Bonds, that
" could give three Sureties of the fame Quality, except fuch as had
" bought or collefted, or been engaged as a Surety for the publick
** Revenues, and did not pay the Commonwealth, and fuch as were
*' guilty of treafonable Praftices againft the Government." But
this (as Demojihenes interprets it) mulT be underllood only of Crimi-
nals before their Condemnation (y), for to put them in Fetters, after
Sentence pafs'd upon them, was no Breach of the Laws. But the
higheft Punifhment, which the Senate was allow'd to inflid upon Cri-
{r)Ulpianus. (f) Pollux, Wh. VIII. cap. 8. (t) Harfocration. (u) Pollux.
(w) Arijioph. Avibus, & Libanius Argument, In Androtianam, (x) ^fchinei'm Ti-
marcb, {y ) Dtmcflbtn, Timtcrat,
minals,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. loi
minals, was a Fine of five hundred Drachmae. When this was thought
not enough, they tianfmitted the Criminal toxhtT hefmothette, by wliom
he was arraign'd in the ufual Method *. It muft not be omitted, that,
after the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, they took an Oath to obferve
rif cHy-vn^iety, the J<f} of Ol>/i'vio, whereby all the Diforders, com-
mitted during the Government of the Tyrants, were remitted.
After the Expiration of their Truft, the Senators gave an Account
of their Management : And therefore, to prevent their being expofed
to the Rage and Malice of the Multitude, they feverely punilh'd what-
ever OfFences were committed by any of their own Members. If any
of the Senators was convifted of breaking his Oath, committing any
Injuftice, or behaving himfelf otherwifc than as became his Order, the
reft of his Brethren expell'd him,and fubftituted one of the*AfT/Atp(^6i'7gf
in his Place. This they calt'd 'EK'pvKho'po^mcu, from the Leaves which
they made Ufe of in giving their Suffrages, in the fame Manner that
the''Orf*K were ufed. by the Commonalty in decreeing the Ojiracifm.
But this Cuflom was not very ancient, being invented upon the kQ--^
count of one Xenotimus, an Officer, that, by changing the Beans (which
till that Time were always made Ufe of) was found to have corrupted
the Suffrages (z) . It was lawful tb? c4>.(pvKKopo^y\^hTAi h> t&) J^/jta-
riei<M Ketla.S'kyi^, to adjnit thofe Men to be Judges, nx:ho had been ex-
peWd out of the Senate. Whence we may conclude, that it was cufto-
mary to deprive Senators of their Office for very fmall OfFences.
On the contrar}', fuch, as had behaved themfelves with Juftice and
Integrity, were rewarded with an Allowance of Money out of the
publick Exchequer (a). Every Senator receiv'd a Drachm by the Day
for his Maintenance. Whence ^bAm; hAy^eiv, to be elelied by Lots into
the Senate, is all one, according to ii/^^r/j'/aj's Explication, with j^pa,')(^(Ai)V
Ttii nfA^Af KAyyiVi to obtain a Drachm e^very Day. And if any Men of
War had been built during their Regency, thePeople, in their publick
Affembly , decreed them the Honour of wearing a Crown ; if not, the
Law prohibited them from fuing for this Privilege, as having been want-
ing to the Commonwealth, whofe Safety and Intereft depended upon
nothing fo much, as the Strength and Number of their Ships {h). This
feems to have been enaded after the Fight nt2i.xSalamis, that being the
firft Occafion that moved the Athenians to think of increafing their Fleet,
T
CHAP. XIX.
Of the Senate and Court of Areopagus.
H E Name of this Senate was taken from the Place in which it was
wont to be affembled, being an Hill not far dillant from the Ci-
tadel (O.cail'd'AptiocTA^of or^AprtG-TTa^-, that is, M<?rj's Hill, from
Demojihenet in Euerg. & Mnejibulum, Pollux, lib. VIII. c. 9. () Pollux, lib.
VIII. c. 5. Harpocration. Etymolog. Suidat. [a) Dmofibtn, Ttmofrat. (t) Idem,
^ipdrttiana, U) HtreJtm, lih. VIU.
H 3 ^"^'t
102 , Of the Civil Government of Kthtm.
M^rs, the God of War and Blood, becaufe all wilful Murders came un--
der the Cognizance of this Court ((/) ; or, as Fables tell us, from the
^Arraignment of M^^r^, who was the firft Criminal that was try'd in
it (f) J or, laflly, becaufe the Jimazons, whom the Poets feign to have
been the Daughters of Mars, when they befieged Athct^s,. pitch'd their
Camps, and offer'd Sacrifices to the God of War in this Place (f).
When this Court was firft inftituted is uncertain. Some make it as
ancient as Cecrcpi, the firll Founder of Athens ; others think it was begun
in the Reign of G^zK^aj ; and, laftly, others bring it down as low as
the Times of Solon. But this Opinion, tho' defended by Authors of no
lefs Credit than Plutarch {g), and Cicero [h), is, in exprefs Terms, con-
tradidled by JrtJiotle{i), and one of Salons Laws cited by Plutarch him-
felf, wherein there is Mention of Judgments made in this Court, before
Solon had reform'd the Commonwealth. What feems moft probable is,
that the Senate oi Areopagus was firft inftituted a long Time before So-
lon, but was continued, regulated, and augmented by him ; was by him
jmade fupewor to the Epheta, another Court inftituted by Draco {k), and
inverted with greater Power, Authority, and larger Privileges, than
ever it had enjoy'd before .
The Number of the Perfons that compofed this venerable Affembly
is not agreed upon ; by fome it is reftrain'd to nine, by others en-
larged to thirty-one, by others to fifty-one, and by fome to no more.
Maximum x.t\h us it coniifted of fifty-one, 'ttKw ^ si/-T7f/J^j' y^ stKH'-
Ta }y ^ia acLipfovi J^/<i^ip'av)av, befides fuch of the Nobility as were emi-
nent for their Virtue and Riches ; by which Words he feems to mean
the nine Archons, who were the conftant Seminary of this great Af-
fejnbly, and, having difcharged their fevenl Offices, pafs'd every Year
into it (/) ; others affirm, that not all the nine Archons, but only the
Ihefinothetee were admitted into the Areopagus (). This was the Reafon
why their Number was not always the fame, but more, or lefs, aC'
cording as thofe Perfons happen'd to continue a greater, or leffer Time
in the Senate. Therefore when Socrates was condemn'd by this Court,
(as the Nature of his Crime makes it evident he was) we find no lefs
than two hundred fourfcore and one giving their Votes againft him,
beiides thofe who voted for his Abfolution : And in an ancient Tnfcrip-
tion upon a Column in the Citadel at Athens, eretted to the Memory
of Kufus Fejlus, Proconjul of Greece, the Senate of Areopagus is faid to
confift of three hundred .
All, that had undergone the Office of an Archon, were not taken in-
to this Seriate, but only fuch of them, as had behaved themfelves well
in the Difcharge of their Truft ; and not they neither, till they had
given an Account of their Adminiftration before the Logifta:, and ob-
tain'd their Approbation, after an Enquiry into their Behaviour, which
was not amere Formality, and a Thing of Courfe, butextremely fevere,
rigorous, and particular (k). This being done, after the Performance
{d) Suidas. (e) Paufan. Arijiidcs Fanathtn. Suidai. (/) Mfihylus Eumenidib.
EtymologiciAuStOT. {g) Solane. (i) De OfBc. 1. I. {i) Polit.l. U. [k) Pollux,
]ib. VIII. cap. 10. (/) Plu'.arcb. Solcne, & Perick, {m) Libanius in Argumento
Andrttiana, (a) Piutarcb. fer'nlt, PolluXfl.yill, c. lo. Dtmofthen,7imocrat.
of
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 10^
of certain Sacrifices at Limme, a Place in Athem dedicated to Bacchus,
they were admitted upon fet Days [o). Thus it was ordered by Solon i
Conllitutions, which were nicely and punctually obferved for many
Ages ; bat towards the Declination of the Athenian Grandeur, together
with many other ufeful and excellent Ordinances, were either wholly
laid afide and abrogated, or, which was all one, negleded and not ob-
ferved. And then not the Archons only, but others, as well thofe of
loofe Lives and mean Fortunes, as Perfons of high Quality, and ftridl
Virtue, nay, and even Foreigners were taken into this Affembly ; as
appears by feveral Inftances produced by the learned Meurfius, and par-
ticularly that of Rufui Fejlus, mentioned ia the aforefaid Infcription, as
a Member of it.
4rifiides tells us, this Court was ^ hi loii E^KtKTi J^iKATneicov riynio-
TetrOi' }y a.yiu]<tTov, the ?noJi /acred and 'venerable Tribunal in allGreece ;
and if we confider the Juftice of their Sentences and judicial Determina-
tions, the Unblameablenefs of their Manners, their wife and prudent
Behaviour, and their high Qiiality and Station in the Commonwealth,
it will ieafily appear that this Charafter was not unreafonable or unde-
ferved. To have been fitting in a Tavern or publick Houfe, was a
fufficient Reafon to deny an Archon''% AdmifSoninto it (/>) ; and^ though
their Dignity was ufually continued to them as long at they liv'd, yet,
if any of the Senators was convifled of any Immorality, he was, with-
out Mercy or Favour, prefently expell'd. Nor was it enough that their
Lives were ftriftly innocent and unblameable, but fomething more was
required of them, their Countenances, Words, Adtions, and all their
Behaviour muft becompofed, ferious, and grave to a Degree beyond
what Avas expedted from other (the moft virtuous) Men. To laugh
in ^heir Affembly was an unpardonable Aft of Levity {q) ; and for any
of them to write a Comedy, was forbidden by a particular Precept of
the Law (r).
Nay, fo great an Awe and Reverence did this folemn Affembly ftrike
into thofe that fat in it, that Ifocrates (J) tells us, that in his Days, when
they were fomewhat degenerated from their primitive Virtue, how-
ever otherwife Men were irregular and exorbitant, yet, once chofen
into this Senate, they prefently ceafed from their vicious Inclinations,
and chofe rather to conform to the Laws and Manners of that Court,
TOLii t/jTuv KAKiaui kfi/jSjutrtp, than to continue in their loofe and debauch' a
Courfe of Life: And fo exaftly upright and impartial were their Pro-
ceedings, that Demoflhenei (t) tells us, that to his Time there had never
been fo much as one of their Determinations, that either Plaintiff or
Defendant had any juft Reafon to complain of. This was fo eminently
rcmarkf.bje in all Parts of Greece, that even foreign States, when any
Controvcrfies happened among them, would voluntarily fubmit to their
Decifion : Paufaniaj (a) reports in particular of the Mcjenians, that, be-
fore their firft Wars with the Spartans, they were very defirous that
their Quarrel fliould be rcferr'd to theAreofagites,ziid both Parties Hand
to their Determination,
(0) Demcffheti. in Nearam. [p] Aibenaus, lib. XIV. (?) /EJchin. \njimar(b.
ri 4
(0) Vemc/tben. in ISettram. {b) /Ubenaus, no. Ai v . ^y; .^;i/". ''- "
{,r)PluUrcb.i^G\QiviAtbenitnJ, {f)Arecpagit. {t) Arijinratta, {u) Mtjtmadi
i4 ^f the Civil Government cf Athtm,
It is reported, that this Court was the firft that fat upon Life and
Death* ; and in later Ages, a great many capital Caufes came under its
Cognizance ; before it were brought all Incendiaries, all fuch as deferted
their Country, againft whom they proceeded with no lefs Severity,
than was ufed to thofe that were convifted of Treafon, both being
punilh'd with Death (nv) ; fuch alfo as had laid wait for any Perfon's Life,
whether their wicked Contrivances were fuccefsful or not ; for the
very defigning to murder a Man was thought to deferve no lefs than
capital Punilbment ; others are of Opinion, that fuch Caufes were try'd
at the Tribunal of the Pa//(2^//^'iw{*'). However that be, it is certain, that
all Wounds given out of Malice, all wilful Murders, and particularly
fuch as were effecled by Poifon, came under the Cognizance of this
Court (j). Some fay that there was no Appeal from the Jreopagites to
the People ; but others, amongft whom is Meurjius, are of a contrary
Opinion, and affure us, that not only their Determinations might be
caird inQueftion,and, if need was, retradted by an Aflemblyof the Peo-
ple (k), but that themfelves too, if they exceeded the due Bounds of Mo-
deration in inflicting PuniQiments, were liable to account for it to the
Logijiie (a). The fame Author tells us afterwards, that this Court had
Power to cancel the Sentence of an Affembly, if the People had acquit-
ted any Criminal that deferved Funifhment {b), and to refcue out of
their Hands fuch innocent Perfons, as were, by Prejudice or Mif-infor-
mation, condemned by them. Perhaps in both thefe Opinions there
is fomething of Truth, if you underftand the former of the Areopagm
in its primitive State ; and the other, when its Power was retrench'd
by Perkles.
' Their Power in the Commonwealth was very great, for, by Solon's
Cbnltitution. the Infpeftion and Cullody of the Laws were conmiitted
to them (c), the publick Fund was difpofed of and managed accord-
ing to their Difcretion [d), the Care of all young Men in the City
belong'd to them, and it was their Bufinefs to appoint them Tutors
and Governors [e), and fee that they were educated fuitably to their
feveral Qualities (/). Nor did they only fuperintend the Youth, but
their Power was extended to Perfons of all Ages and Sexes ; fuch as liv-
ed diforderly, or were guilty of any Impiety, or Immorality, they pu-
nifird according to the Merit of their Offences ; and fuch as wereeminent
for a virtuous Courfe of Life, they had Power to reward. To this
End,' they went about with theGyK^conomi to all publick Meetings, fuch
as were Marriages, and folemn Sacrifices, which were ufually conclu-
ded with a Banquet, to fee that all Things were carried on with Decency
and Sobriety (g). Idlenefs was a Crime that came more efpecially under
their Cognizance, and (which feems to have been an Inftitution peculiar
to Solon) they were obliged to enquire ftriftly after every Man's Courfe of
Life, and to examine by what Means he maintain'dhimfelf in the Sta-
^#) Etyntolog. V. Aceioi ^rcty-. {iu) Lycurgui in Leocratem. [x) H
ia%, ( j) Demjlh. Ariflocrat. Pollux, lib. VIII. c. lo. aliique. () Dine
in Arijiogi ton. {a) Demofthen, m Near am, JEjcbln. in Ctejifbont. [h) De
Harpocr. Sui-
)inarchui Orat*
in Arijiogiton. {a) Demofthen, in Nearam, ^Jchin, in Ctefifbont. [h) Demofthen. pro
(Corona, [c] Plutarch. Solone. [d] Plutarch. Themijiocle. {e) MJcbines Philofophus
Ja Aatiubo, (f) JJocratts Arecpagitit. [g) AtbtitauSf lib, VI.
'.' . . - jJQjj
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 105
tion he was in, that fo there might be no Room for fuch as livM by
unlawful Arts, by Cheating and Couzenage, or Theft or Rapine [h). Be*
fide this, Matters of Religion, Blafphemy againft the Gods, Contempt
of the holy Myfteries, and all Sorts of Impiety, the Confecration alfo
of new Gods, Ereftion of Temples and Altars, and Introdudion of new
Ceremonies into Divine Worftiip, were referr'd to th? Judgment of this
Court ; therefore Plato, having been inftrudled in the Knowledge of one
God in jSgypt, was forc'd to diffemble or conceal his Opinion, for Fear
of being called to an Accoi^nt for it by the Jreopagites {i) ; and St. Paul
was arraigned before them, as a Setter forth offirange Gods, nuhen he
preached unto them Jefus, and ' AfaVrtfT/f , or the Refurrection (i). Thefe
were the chief BufmefTes that this Senate was employed about; for they
feldom intermeddled in the Management of public Affairs, except in
Cafes of great and imminent Danger, and in thefe the Commonwealtji
ufnally had Recourfe to them, as the lafl and fafeft R,efuge (^.
They had three Meetings in the Areopagus every Month, upon the
twenty-feventh, twenty-eighth, and twenty-ninth Days [m). But if any
Bufinefs happened that requir'd Difpatch, it was ufual for them to aC-
femble in the BcKTtKtKn 'S.roa, or Royal Portico, which they encompafs'd
with a Rope, to prevent the Multitude from thronging in upon them
(), as was ufual alfo in other Courts of Juftice.
Two Things are very remarkable in their Judgments : Firft, that they
fat in the open Air (o), a Cuftom praftifed in all the Courts of Juftice,
that had Cognizance of Murder ; partly, becaufe it was unlawful for
the Accufer and Criminal in fuch Cafes to be under the fame Roof; and
partly, that the Judges, whofe Perfons are efteem'd facred, might con-
tradl no Pollution from converfing with Men profane and unhallowed,
for fuch they were accounted, that had been guilty of fo black and
heinous a Crime {p). Secondly, they heard and determined all Caufes at
Kight, and in the Dark, to the End that having neither feen the Plain-
tiff, nor Defendant, they might lie under no Temptation of being by-
alTed or influenced by either of them (^). And of what Confequence
this was, may be learn'd from the Example of the Harlot Phryne, who
being accufed of Impiety for feigning herfelf to be Minerva, the Pro*
tedlrefs of Athens, when Sentence was going to pafs againfl her, fo
changed the Minds of her Judges, by uncovering her Breafts, that Ihe
was immediately acquitted *.
Adlions about Murder were ufher'd into the Areopagus by the Bstd-
KiCi, who was allow'd to fit as Judge amongft them, laying afide the
Crown, which was one of the Ornaments of his Office (r).
The common Method they proceeded in, was this ; the Court being
|net, and the People excluded, they divided themfclvcs into feve-
ral Committees, each of which had their Caufes afTigned to be heard
and determin'd by them feverally, if the Multitude of Bufinefs was fo
(h) Plutarch. Solone, Vakr. Max. lib. II. c. 6. (/) Juftinut Martyr. (*) Aft.
Apojlol. XVIII. i8, 19. (/) Argument, Oral. Andritt. \m) Pollux, lib. VIII. c. 19.
\ti) Demoft. Orat. I. in Ariftogit. (0) Pollux, loc. citat. (/>) Aniiphcn. Orat. de cafde
Uerodh. (y ) Lucian. HermetimQ. * Atbtngui, lib. XIII, 9t jui tumfejuitur Eafit-
fbiui, aliiqut, {f) Fellupf,
great.
joS Of the Civil Goverfimeffi of Athens.
great, that the whole Senate could not take Cognizance of them toge-
ther. Both thefe Defignations were performed by Lots, to the End that,
every Man coming into the Court before it was determined what Cau-
fes would fall to his Share, none of them might lie under any Temp-
tation of having his Honefty corrupted with Bribes (/).
Before the Trial began, the Plaintiff and Defendant took folemn Oaths ,
upon the Tellicles of a Goat, a Ram, and a Bull, by the 'S.ifxvcu d-io),
or Furies. The Plaintiff, in Cafe of Murder, fwore that he was related
to the deceafed Perfon, (for none but near Relations, at the fartheft a
Coufin, were permitted to profecute the Murderer) and that the Pri-
foner was the Caufe of his Death. The Frifoner fwore that he was
innocent of the Crime laid to his Charge. Both of them confirmed
their Oaths with direful Imprecations, wjfhing, that, if they fwore
falfly, themfelves, their Houfes, and their whole Families, might be ut-
terly deftroy'd and extirpated by the Divine Vengeance [t] ; which they
look'd upon to be fo dreadful and certain, that the Law inflided no
Penalty upon thofe that at fuch a Time were guilty of Perjury, remit-
ting them, as it were, to be puniflied by an higher Tribunal.
Then the two Parties were placed upon two filver Stools ; the Accu-
fer was placed upon the Stool oi'^T^eti, or Injury ; the Prifoner upon
the Stool o^'AvaiJ^eiO., or Impudence; or, according to Adrian Junius's
Correftion, of^AvcuTia, ox Imiocetice i thefe were two Goddeffes, to
which Altars, and afterwards Temples, were erefted in the Areopagus [u.)
The Accufer in this Place proposM three Queilions to the Prifoner, cal-
led by JEfchilus T^ia. -rAKcufffj.eO.a. [iv], to each of which he was to give
a diftinft Anfwer. The firft was, e| Kxjatjovcti, Are you guilty of this
Murder? To which he made Anfwer, i^Totict, or, oCk '^ktouo.. Guilty, or
iVb/ Guilty ? Secondly, "Oisaoi KctjiKJovcti, Hoiv did you commit this
Murder? Thirdly, Tiv- &iiKiV[/.a.<n Ka.7i,Klova.i, Who n^jere your
Partners and Accomplices in the Fact ?
In the next Place, the two Parties impleaded each other, and the Pri-
foner was allow'd to make his Defence in two Orations, the firft of
which being ended, he was permitted to fecure himfelf by Flight, and
go into voluntary Banifhjnent, if he fufpeded the Goodnefs of his
Caufe ; which Privilege if he made ufe of, all his Eltate was confif-
cated, and expos'd to Sale by the Tla>K\)7cu{x). In the primitive Times
both Parties fpoke for themfelves (y), but in later Ages they were per-
mitted to have Council to plead for them. But, whoever it was that
fpoke, he was to reprefent the bare and naked Truth, without any Pre-
face or Epilogue, without any Ornament, Figures of Rhetorick, or
other infmuating Means to win the Favour, or move the Affections of
the Judges (x).
Both Parties being heard, if the Prifoner was refolved to ftand the
Trial, they proceeded to give Sentence, which they did with the moft
(/) Lucian. Bis accufato. [t) Demoftben, Ariftocrat. DinarcBus in Demojlhen. Lyfiat
IB neomnefium, Pollux, 1. VIII. c. lo. (a) Paufanlas. Cicero de Legibus, 1. II.
(w) Eumenidibui. [x] Demojiben, in Ariftocrat, Pollux, 1. VIII. {y') Sextui Etnpi-
ricus adv. Mathemat. 1. II, (x) Ariftotelis Rhetoric. 1. I. Luciauui Anacbarfide,
Demofthett. Sluitttilian^ alii^ue inuuoaeH.
pro-
Of the Civil Government c/ Athens. 107
profound Gra^vlty and Silence ; hence 'ApsoxA^jTK ffiWTrnKoTZ^-,
and 'A'fOTA^tT ^iya.vdrz^^ came to be proverbial Sayings ; tho'
feme derive them from the Reiervednefs and fevere Gravity of their
Manners; whence zUo' ApiorttyiTifi is ufually taken for a grave, ma-
jeftick, rigid Perfon ; and others, from the great Care they took to
conceal the Tranfadions of the Senate, of which the Poet fpcaks.
Ergo occulta tcges, id Curia Martis Athenis {a).
The Manner of giving Sentence was thus ; there were plac'd in the
Courts two Urns, one of which was of Brafs, and call'd o kfx'a^^tVt
from the Place it Itood in; xu'2/-, becaufe the Votes caft it into it pro-
nounc'd the Accufation 'valid; and d^avATu, becaufe they decreed the
Death of the Prifoner. The fecond Urn was of Wood, being plac'd
behind the former ; into it they, that acquitted the Prifoner, were to caft
their Suffrages ; for which Reafon it was call'd yVgp", or h'miaeo,
aiCi'^Q-, and sAia {i). Afterwards the 30 Tyrants, having made them-
felves Mailers of the City, order'd them to give their Voices in a Man
ner more publick and open, by cafting their Calculi upon two Tables,
the former of which contain'd the Suffrages which acquitted, the lat-
ter thofe which condemn'd the Prifoner : To the End that it might be
known, which Way every Man gave his Voice, and how he flood
affedted to their Intereft and Proceedings {c).
Befides the Crimes that came peculiarly under their Cognizance,
there were fometimes others brought before them, in which their Sen-
tence was not final or decretory, for there lay an Appeal to the Courts
to which they properly belong'd, as Sigonius obferves.
The Senators of Jreopagus were never rewarded with Crowns for
their Services, being not permitted to wear them [d) j but receiv'd a
Sort of Maintenance from the Publick, which they call'd Kfictf [e) ;
and Meurjitis has obferv'd out oi Lucian (f), that they had the fame
Penfion that was allotted to fome other Judges, v/is. three Oboli for
every Caufe they gave Judgment upon.
Their Authority was preferv'd entire, till the Time of Pertc/es,viho,
becaufe he could not be admitted amongft them, as never having borne
the Office of an ^rc/^(7ff, employ 'd all his Power and Cunning againft
them ; and, having gain'd a great Intereft with the Commonalty, fo
embroil'd and routed their Senate by the Affiftance of Ephialtes, that
moft of the Caufes and Matters, which had been formerly tried there,
were difckarg'd from their Cognizance M. From this Time the Athe-
nians, being, in a great Meafure, freed from the Reftraint that had
been laid upon them, began fenfibly to degenerate from their ancient
Virtue, and in a (hort Time let loofe thc Reins to all Manner of Li-
centioufnefs [h) ; whence they are compar'd by Plutarch to a wild un.
ruly Horfe, that, having flung his Rider, would be govern'd and kept
in no longer. The fame Vices and Excefles, that were praiSlis'd in the
City, crept in by Degrees among the Areopagites themfelves : and
(a) Juvenal, Sat. IX. (*) Ariftophan. Scboh Vefp, Eqult. (f) Lyfiat in Agorat.
[S) Mfcbinet in Ctefipbont. (*) Hejychiut in Kpictf . (/) Bi acculato. (f) i'Ai-
tarcb. Pericle, (A) JJocratet Areopagit,
io8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
therefore Demetrius, one of the Family of the PhaUrean, being cenfur'd
by them as a loofe Liver, told them plainly that, if they defign'd to make
a Reformation in the City, they muft begin at Home, for that even
amongft them there were fcveral Perfons of as bad, and worfe Lives,
than himfelf, and, which was a more unpardonable Crime, than any
that he had been guilty of, feveral, that debauch'd and corrupted other
Mens Wives, and were themfelves corrupted and feduc'd by Bribes *.
CHAP. XX.
Offome other Courts of Juflice.
SOLON intending to make the Athenians a free People, and wifely
confidering that nothing would more conduce to fecure the Com-
monalty from the Oppreflion of the Nobility, than to make them final
Judges of Right and Wrong ; enafted, that the nine Archons, who till
that Time had been the fupreme and laft Judges in moft Caufes, fhould
thence have little farther Power than to examine the Caufes brought
before them, which they were oblig'd to refer to the Determination of
other Judges in the feveral Courts hereafter to be mention'd.
The Judges were chofen out of the Citizens without Diftinflion of
Quality, the very meaneft being by Solon admitted to give their Voices
in the popular AJJembly, and to determine Caufes, provided they were
arriv'd at the Age of thirty Years, and had never been conviSed of
any notorious Crime.
The Courts of Juftice were ten, befide that in Areopagus. Four had
Cognizance g-jiri tSv (fovtKC6V'7r^.fi/.a.Tav,ofABiotfi concerning Blood.Thc
remaining fix gw/ tiuv J^n/JLoTiKuv, ofCi'vil Matters. Thefe ten Courts
were all painted with Colours, from which Names were given them ;
whence we read of Bi*t^%/i', ^oivtauv, and others. And on each of
them was engraven one of the ten following Letters, A, B, F, A,E, 2,
H, 0, I, K : Whence they are likewife call'd Alpha, Beta, &c. Such
thtrtiortoi t\iQ Athenians, as were at Leifure to hear and determine
Caufes delivered in their Names, together with the Names of their
Father and Borough infcrib'd upon a Tablet, to the Ihefmothetee :
who return'd it to them with another Tablet, whereon was infcrib'd
the Letter of one of the Courts, as the Lots had direfted. Thefe
Tablets they carried to the Crier of the feveral Courts, fignify'd by
the Letters, who thereupon gave to every Man a Tablet infcrib'd with
his own Name, and the Name of the Court, which fell to his Lot, and
a StafFor Scepter. Having receiv'd thefe, they were all admitted to
fit in the Court {t\. If any Perfon fat among the Judges, who had
not obtain'd one of the foremention'd Letters, he was fin'd. It may
not be improper to mention in this Place, that (ryjiiPi^ov, the Scepter,
01 Staff, was always the Enfign of Judicial and Sovereign Power:
Atbnaui AfiTj'CO'of . (/) Arifiopbanii SebtUaftet in Pbto,
whence
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 109
whence in Homer it is accounted facred, and the moll folemn Oaths are
fworn by it :
'AxA.' ^x, rot Ifia, :^ am (Ayet,v o^kov ofM/xcu,
No* ixai ToJ^s (TKii'/lfov, 7^ (j.iv irrolz (pvKKtt y^ o^^g
^vo'et, i-TreiJ^ti 'Trpuret TOfxtiv iv opiacri KkKoiTiy,
ripof A/Of iif-JATot [i).
But this I do with folemn Oath declare.
An Oath, which I'll by this fame Scepter fvvear.
Which in the Wood hath left its native Root,
And faplefs ne'er (hall boaft a tender Shoot,
Since from its Sides relentlefs Steel has torn
The Bark, but now by Grecian Chiefs is born.
Chiefs that maintain the Laws of mighty Jfovei,
Committed to their Charge.-
Mr. Hugh Hutchitiy of Line. Coll.
Sonif times we find the Scepters of Kings, and great Perfons adorn'd
with Studs of Silver, or Gold :
Hot) <f*i ff'Kii'TJf^v ^si\i ycLivi
' He call his Scepter on the Ground
Embofs'd with Studs of Gold.-
To return, the Athenian Judges, having heard the Caufes they were ap-
pointed to take Cognizance of, went immediately and deliver'd back
the Scepter to the Prytanes, from whom they receiv'd the Reward due
to them. This was term'd S^iKct^iidv {m), or /t/./cS-of J'ua.Tix.of. Some-
times it was an Obolus for every Caufe they decided ; fometimes three
Oboli, being fometimes raifed higher than at others, by the Inltance of
Men, who endeavour'd by that Means to become popular (n). No
Man was permitted to fit as Judge in two Courts upon the fame Day(<7),
that looking like theEfFeft of Covetoufnefs. And if any of the Judges
was convicted of Bribery, he was fin'd [t).
'Et net.KKAS'ia was a Court of Judicature inftituted in the Reign
of Demophoon, the Son of Thefeus, upon this Account j fome of the
^rf/i; under the Conduft of Diomtdes, or, as others fay, of Aga-
memnon, being driven in the Night upon the Coalls oi Attica, landed
at the Haven oi Phalerus, and, fuppofing it to be an Enemy's Coun-
try, went out to fpoil and plunder it. The Athenians prefcntly took
the Alarm, and having united themfelves into one Body, under the
(^ Iliad, a. V. 233. (/) Iliad, at. v. 245. {m)Htfycbiut, r. (ftKa^/Kov. () Hefji.
biut, ibid. Ariftefhanet Scin/iafiei ex AriftoteU de Repub, (o) DtWiJlbints & Ul^a-
Mut la Timicrat. (/>) Tbueydidi: ScbtHoflts. lib. VI,
Conduft
tJO Of the Civil Governmerii of Athsn^. , "
Conduft oi Demo^hoon, repuls'd die Invaders with great Lofs, killing
a great many of them upon the Place, and forcing the relt to retire
into their Ships ; but, upon the Approach of Day, Jica?nas, the Brorlier
oi DemophooK, finding amongft the dead Bodifs the Palladiwit, or Statue
of Minerva brought from Troy, difcover'd that the Perfons tlicy had
kill'd were their Friends and Allies ; whereupon (having firil advis'd
with an Oracle) they gave them an honourable Burial in the Place where
they were (lain, confecrated the Goddefs's Statue, erefted in a Temple
to her, and inltituted a Couft of Juftice, in which Cognizance was ta-
ken of fuch as were indidled for involuntary Murders. The firft, that
was arraign'd in it, was Demophoon, who, in his Return from the fore-
mention'd Conflift, kill'd one of his own Subjedls by a fudden Turn of
his Korfe. Others report, that Agamemnon being enrag'd at the Lofs of
his Men, and diffatisfied at Demophoons rafn and halty Attempt upon
them, referred the Quarrel to the Decifion of fifty Athenians, and as ma-
ny Argians, whom they call'd ^Epkrcu, J^ia to %tp' a,y.(pojk6)ii i(pid-ni'cu
ttvTUf rcLT^f Kei(TiCi)i, becaufehoxh. Parties committed the Determina-
tion of their Caufe to them. "
Afterwards, the Argians were excluded, and the Numbei- of the
Ephefa reduc'd to fifty one by Drfico, whom feme affirm to have been
the firft Inftitutor of them ; but others, with more Probability, report,
that heregulated andreform'd them, augmented theif Power, honour'd
them with many important Privileges, and made them fuperior to the
Senate of Areopagus. In this State they continu'd till Solon s-Tlme, by
whom their Power was lefTen'd, and their Authority reilrain'd ; the
Caufes, which had formerly been try'd by them, were difchargM from
their Cognizance, and only thofe about Man-flaughter, and Chance-
medley, and, as fome fay, Confpiracies againft the Lives of the Citi-
zens, that were difcover'd before they took Efted, left to them.
Fifty of them v'ere appointed by Eleftion, five being choie out of
every Tribe, but the odd Man was appointed by Lots ; all of them
were Men of good Characters, and virtuous Lives, of fevere Manners,
and a fettled Gravity, and no Perfon under the Age of fifty Years was
admitted into their Number.
Caufes were entered in this Court by the B*^/At>f , and the Proceed-
ings were in fome things agreeable to thofe of the Areopagus, for both
Parties, the Plaintiff and Defendant, were oblig'd to confirm their Al-
legations by folemn Oaths and Curies, and then, the Orators having
performed their Parts, the Judges proceeded to give Sentence [q).
'Et/ AA0jV/m was a Court of Juftice in the Temple oi Apollo Del'
fhitiius, and Diana Delphinia. Under its Cognizance came all Mur-
ders wherein the Prifoner confefs'd the Faft, but pleaded that it was
committed by Permiffion of the Laws, as in the Cafe of Self-preferva-
tion, or Adultery, for it was allow'd any one to kill an Adulterer, if
he caught him in the Aft (r). The firft Perfon, that was try'd in this
Court, was Tbefeus, who, in his Journey to Athens, had flain the Rob~
(f) Paufanias, Harpctration, SuiJas, Pollvx, lib. TIH. cap. lo. {r) Plutarch,
StittUf Behcbius, c. i^/;caS-p/.
b0r3
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 1 1
bers that infefted the Ways between Traszen and that Place ; and after-
wards the Sons o( Pallas, that raifed a Rebellion againft him (fj.
E'Ts'i Y\^v]a.ve.u, was a Court of Judicature, which had Cognizance of
Murders committed by Things^without Life, or Senfe, as Stones, Iron,
Timber, ^c which, if they kill'd a Man by Accident, or by the Di-
redion of an unknown Hand, or of a Perfon that had efcaped, had
Judgment pafs'd upon them in this Place, and were ordered to be caft
out of the Territories oi Athens by the ^uM^AaiKeii. This Court was
as ancient as Erechtheus, and the firft Thing, that was brought to Trial in
it, was an Ax, wherewith one of Jupiters Priefts kill'd an Ox, (an Ani-
mal accounted very facred in thofe Days) that had eaten one of the
confecrated Cakes, and, as foon as they committed the Faft, fecured
himfelf by Flight (/). This Place alfo was the Common-Hall, in which
publick Entertainments were made, and the facred Lamp, that burn'd
with a perpetual Fire, was kept by Widows, who, having paffed the
Years and Defires of Marriage, were devoted to the Mother of the
Gods ; which Lamp, as Plutarch^ in the Life oiNuma, tells us, was ex-
tinft under the Tyranny oi Arifiion ; it was always managed with the
fame Rites and Ceremonies that were ufed at Rome, about the Veflal
Fire, which, he faith, was ordained and inftituted after the Pattern of
this, and another holy Fire of the fame Nature amongft the Delphinians.
'Ev ^piATJoU, El/ $pS(*TT, was feated upon the Sea-(hore in the Pyr^e-
eus, and receiv'd its Name eVo rk opect]-, becaufe it ftood in a P//,
and therefore Pollux calls it Ev ifi^TH, or, as is more probable, from
the Hero Phreatus. The Caufes, heard in this Court, were fuch as con-
cern 'd Perfons that had fled out of their own Country for Murder ;
or thofe that fled for involuntary Murder, and had afterwards com-,
mitted a wilful and deliberate Murder. The firft Perfon that was tried
in this Place, was Teucer, who, as Lycophron, reports, was banifh'd out'of
Salamit by his Father Telamottt upon a groundlefs Sufpicion, that he
had been accefTary to Ajax\ Death. The Criminal was not permitted
to come to Land, or fo much as to caft Anchor, but pleaded his Caufe
in his Bark, and, if found guilty, was committed to the Mercy of the
Wifids and Waves ; or, as fome fay, fufFered there condign Punifli-
ment ; if innocent, was only cleared of the fecond Faft, and (as 'twa
<:uftomary) underwent a Twelve-month's Banifhment for the former ().
And thus much may fufiice concerning the Courts for capital Offen-
ces J it remains that I give you an Account of thofe, which had the
Cognizance of Civil Affairs.
(jT) Pollux loc. cit. Paufaniat, (f) Idem Mlian. V, H. lib. VlII, cap. 3. Harpom
f ration, () Dfm*ftbeB, in Arifi, Barptcrgt, Pollux loc. cit, Htfytbiut,
CHAP.
112 Of the Civil Government of Ai\\ttis.
CHAP. XXI.
Of feme other Courts ^ Juftice, their Judicial Frocck^ ^Ci
nh^li^vrov, was either fo call'd, as being a Court of no great Credit
or Reputation, having Cognizance only of trivial Matters, whofe
Value was not above one Drachm ; or becaufe it was fituate iv a^Avei
Totsra Tf T?oA6>$" in an obfcure Part of the City. Pollux reports, there
were two Courts of this Name, one of which was called Ha.pJ.Cu^ov
l^ei^ov, and the other Tla^d^v^ov {AcroV' The Perfons, that fat as
Judges in the latter of thefe, were the 1 1 Magiftrates, call'd oVEvJ'iKct
(iv). On which Account, it is, by fome, not placed among the ten
Courts, the Commons of Athens being all permitted to judge in them;
and inftead hereof, another Courtis reckon'd into the ten, called Ti
ILduvoVt the ne-w Court, which is mentioned by Jrijlophanes * :
'O J^' avTa Tv/x-Tretm
Teifcivov, was, in all Probability, fo call'd, becaufe it was triangular [x],
Tu k^ri AvK^, received its Name from the Temple of the Hero Lycus,
in which it was eredted. The fame Perfon had a Statue in all the
Courts of Juftice, by which he was reprefented with a Wolf's Face,
and therefore Avms J^iKae^ fignifies Sycophants, and -rS? (S^a)poJ^oyJSv]u.i,
thofe who took Bribes, who, by Tens, that is, in great Numbers, fre-
quented thofe Places fyj.
To MTjp^K, was called from one Metichus, an Architeft, by whom
it was built (z).
The Judges in all thefe Courts were obliged to take a folemn Oath,
by the 'Paternal Apollo, Ceres, and Jupiter the King, that they would
give Sentence uprightly, and according to Law, if the Law had deter-
min'd the Point debated ; or, where the Law was filent, according to
the beft of their Judgments, Which Outh, as alfo that which was taken
by thofe that judged in the Heli/ea, was given in a Place near the River
Jlijfus, called Ardettus, from a Hero of that Name, who, in a publick
Sedition, united the contefting Parties, and engaged them to confirm
their Treaties of Peace by mutual Oaths in this Place, Hence com-
mon and prophane Swearers came to be call'd ^'ApJ^nrjoi {a).
Of all the Judicial Courts that handled Civil Affairs, 'HA/ai^fc was far
the greatell, and mbft frequented, being fo call'd "im VS <*Aj^e^, from
the People's thronging together [i), or rather ^ n 'Hhits, becaufe it
was an open Place, and expofed to the Sun (c).
{iv) Harpoerat. Suidas, Paufanias Aiticis. * Vefpis, p. 430. Edit. Amjlelodam.
() Idem, {y) Arijloph, Schol. Vefp. Zcnobius, Harpoerat. Pollux, Suidas, Sec. (z) Pol-
hfx, &c. {a) Etymolog. Pollux, Suidas, Hefych. Harpoerat. (*) Ulpiait, in Demajf,
(f) Idem. Aripph. Stbsl, Nub. Equit. Vefp. Suidas,
V The
Of the Civil Government of Athens^ i i^
The Judges, that fat in this Court, Were at leaft fifty, but the mord
tifual Number was two or five hundred. When Caufes of great Con-
fequence were to be try'd, it was cuftomary to call in all the Judges of
other Courts. Sometimes a thoufand were call'd in, and then two
Courts are faid to have been join'd : Sometimes fifteen hundred or two
thoufand, and then three or four Courts met together {a) Whence it
appears, that the Judges were fometimes five hundred in other Courts.
They had Cognizance of civil Affairs of the greateft Weight and Im-
portance, and were not permitted to give Judgment till they had taken
a folemn Oath, the Form whereof was this, as we find it in Demofthenes
{b) ; " I will give Sentence according to the Laws, and the Decrees of
*' the People of >4'//?'^/, and the Council of /I've hundred ; I will not
*' confent to place thefuprerae Power in theHandsof afinglePerfonor
** a fewj nor permit any Man to diffolve the Commonwealth, or fO
' much as to give his Vote, or make an Oration in Defence of fuch a
*' Revolution : I will not endeavour to difcharge private Debts, nor to
*' make any Divifion of Lands or Houfes : I will not reftore Perfonsfent
*' into Banilhment, nor pardon thofe that arecortdwig\'dtodie, nor ex-
* pel any Man out of the City, contrary to the Laws and^ Decrees of the
*' People, and Council oiji've hundred, nor permit any other Perfon to
" do it. I will not eleft any Perfon into any publick Employ, and
*' particularly I will not create any Man Archon, Hieromnemon, Ambaf-
*'fador, publick Herald, orSynedrus, nor confent that he ftiall be admitted
* into any of thofe Offices, which are elefted by Lots upon the fame
" Day with the Archons, who has undergone any former Office, and not
** given in his Accounts ; nor that any Perfon (hall bear two Offices, or
" be twice eledled into the fame Office in one Year. I will not receive
*' Gifts myfelf, nor fhall any other for me ; nor will I permit any
** other Perfon to do the like by any Means, whether direft or indi-
* redt, to pervert Juftice in the Court of Heliaa. I am not under thir-
" ty Years of Age. I will hear both the Plaintiff and Defendant with-
* out Partiality, and give Sentence in all the Caufes brought before
" me. I fwear by Jupiter, Neptune, and Ceres, if I violate this Oath,
*' or any Part of it, may I perifh with my whole Family j but, if I reli-
" gioufly obferve it, may we live and profper."
Thefe were the ten publick Courts at Athens. There were others of
lefs Note, where particular Magiftrates, or the AtauTiijeu, or the Tgy-
ffet^Koy]a, took Cognizance of Caufes belonging to their feveral
Offices ; fuch were the Courts at Cynofarges, Odeum, Thefeus'% Temple,
Bucoleum, and fome others.
The Method of judicial Prof-?/} was thus: F'irftofall, the Plaintiff
deliver'd in the Name of the Perfon againft whom he brought his Ac-
tion, together with an Account of his Offence, to the Magiftrate,
whofe Concern it was {tidAynv)) to introduce it into the Court, where
Caufes of that Nature were heard. The Magiftrate then examin'd,
whether the Caufe was one of thofe which belong'd to his Cognizance,
{a) Pollux, lib. VIII, cap. ip, Harpocrat, Stepbar. Byzantin, t, HAI
{I) Orat. in TtmQtrat^ ,
I ^^
114 0/ t^f Civil Government of Athens.
and then a oA-wf ttffrffrfi' %pn' whether it be deferv'd to be try'd in a
Court of Juilice? This Enquiry was term'd cCvaman . Then by the
Magillrates Permiffion, the Plaintiff fummon'd his Adverfary to appear
before the Magiftrate, which was term'd KMniieiV [c). This was fome-
times done by Apparitors or Bailiffs, whonn they call'd K\i)']opni, or
xX7wpsf W) f fometimes by the Plaintiff himfelf, who always carry'd.
with him fufficient Witneffes to atteft the giving of the Summons, and
thefe were alfo term'd K^n'jopa or xAn^npej (c). An Example of this
Method we find in the Fe/p^ of Arijiophanes (f) j
n^(Ticcth^iJt.cutr'' o?-ii ti,
KAH'lwf' {"X^^ffet Xcu^i^uv']x ra\ovi.
J fummon thee, ivhaever thou arty to anjhjoer before the Agoranomi_/or
the Damage done to my Goods ; this Chxrephon is ff^ttKe/s . This therefore
was the Form, in which the Plaintiff himfelf fummon'd his Adverfary :
\ Tiep(rKAKHixaJiruy<f'blva.TiiS'S(!iS'tKfif/.ct},Q''t!-^9i']v Ap-^nvlnvyifKMfiii-
gpt ^%f ^of <^^va.' I fummon Juch a Perfon to ^nfverfor this Injury before
this Magijirate, hwving fuch a one for my Witnefs {). When the Plain-
tiff employ'd an y^/i/)r/Vor, the Form was thus vary'd ; Ka7wj'op 7oi'
cTrtfA T/6, 19 npofl-KstAs^o/ Tb'lor, S'lk rk J^eiv- eii 7>)y Ap-)(^t)u ']i)v-
jTg, I accufe Juch a Perfon of this Injury, and fummon him by Juch an one to
^ anfiver before .this Magif rate. For it was neceffary to mention the
Name of the /.AUTMf in the Summons. Lailly, When a marry 'd Wo-
man was cited to appear before a Magiftrate, her Hufband was alfo
fummon'd in this Form, Twf cT&if t xj lov Ki^iof, Such a Woman and
.* her Lord, &c. becaufe Wives, being under the Government of their Huf-
Jflp l(k.ii hands, were notpermitted to appear in any Court without them. If the
,vir.t*,^Mi4,-Crjminal refus'd to appear before the Magiitrate, he was carried thither
;"'.' .^ : bji force. Whence the following Dialogue in Terence's Phormio (-6).
-' DE. Ilf jus eamus. PH. In jus? hue, ji quid lubet.
DE. uljjequere, ac refine, dum ego hue fer'vos e<voco,
CH. Enijn fotHni nequeo : occurrehuc. ^]rL. Una injuria ej}
, Tecum.. CH. Lege agito ergm VIA, Altera eji tecuTM Chreme,
DE. Ii<:!pe hunc.
Afterwards Demipho fpeaks thef? Words,
Ni fequitur, pugnos in <ventrem ingere,
Vel.oculum exclude "
Sometimes the Criminal was not fummon'd to appear immediately, but
upon a certain Day, which was always mention'd in the Form of his
Citation. This Cuftom is mention'd by Arijiophanes (/).
(c) Vlpianus in Demojlhenii Orat. de Corona. {</) Ariflopbanis Scholiajies ad Aves,
(e)Wpiat!ui ]oco citato. SuiJaSjHarpocration. (/) Pag. $oz. Edit. Amfieltd. {g)
Ulpianvs in Midianam, {h) Adt. V. Seen, VII, (') Avibus, p. 57!&, Edit, Amjlihd.
Of the Civil Govemmtnt of Athens^ 115
^y/ioPifthet2rus to aripwerthe next Month ofM\inyc\\\onfor the /-
jury done me. When the Plaintiff and Defendant were both come before
the Magiftrate, he enquirM of the Plaintiff, whether all his Evidence was
ready, or whether he needed any other Witnefs to be fummon'd ? This
was the fecond dlvaAti(ri?, to which the Plaintiff was oblig'd to offer
himfelf under the Penalty of (*7'/'>iJ^-) Infamy. If any of his WitnelTcs
were not ready, or any other Necelfaries were wanting, he defir'd far-
ther Time to make his Profecation, fwearing, that this Delay was not
on his Part voluntary; to do which was term'd vj3ro/-tVf&^, and the Thing
itfelf "^izsTtiJ-oaia. [k). The fame Excufe was likewife admitted in Behalf
of the Defendant, who had alfo another Plea term'd ttet.^ffdL'i.i), or-sra^-
IxA^TveiA, when he alledg'd by fufHcient Witnejfes, that the Aftion
brought againft )^\xiiV)2t.%TiO\.S'iKntt<ia.y(Lyiu.(^iaCaufe<vijhichcouldthen
iaiKfully be trfd : Which happen'd on feveral Accounts ; When the In-
jury had been committed five Years before the Accufation j for, that
Time being expir'd, the Laws permitted no AQion to be preferr'd.
When theControverfy had beenformerly compos'd before credible Wit-
neffes. For any voluntary Agreement before Witnefles was valid, pro-
vided it was not about Things unlawful. When the Defendant had
been formerly either punifh*d for, or legally try'd and acquitted of the ,
Faft. Laftly, It was a juft Exception, that the Caufe was not one of
thofe, whereof that Magillrate was impower'd to take Cognizance. To
this tsTrtjoaffct^jj, the Plaintiff was oblig'd to give his Anfwer prov'd by
fufficient Evidence : And both the Exception and the Anfwer together,
as fworn by the M'itnejfes, were term'd J'iat.ua.f>Tve(A{i), Butif theDefen-
danti without alledging any Plea or Excufe, was willing to proceed to a
fpeedyTrialjhe was faidu.3-y<r/Kf',an'itheTrial was term'd ^y-S-t/tT/A/rt.* ^^
Then an Oath was requir'd of both Parties, The Plaintiff fwore, tiiat*-* ^
lie would ci?.nd^7i Ki(ii]\o^eivt freferno j^ccu/ation that luds untrue i AfidJ^'^*' *,
the Crime was of a publick Nature, he farther fwore, that he wouldjibt
be prevailed with, feither by Bribes or fromifes, or any Other Tcmpta-
tion, to defift from the Profecution, The Defendant fwore, dwi^naTo-
KoyYj<reiV,that hisAnpwerJhouldbejafi and true:Or'p.i\ d<S^tx,biV,that he had
not injur'' d the Plaintiff. The Plaintiff's Oath was term'd Tsoofio^ict, the
Defendant's civ}aix.o<xiet,and, as fome think,a/jif^A(pri, and both together
S'u>ixo<t'ia. Thefe Oaths, together with thofe of the Witneffes, and all
other Matters relating to the Aftion, being wrote upon Tablets, were
put into aVeffel term'd 6;;(^<V-,and deliver'dafterwards to the Judges(w).
This being done, the iMagiHrate proceeded to the Eledion of Judges,
which was performed by Lots ; and they upon the xt/ei* /!/4ptf , or ap'
pointed Day, came to the Tribunal aad took their Places ; the publick
Crier having before commanded all thofe that had no Bufmefs, to de-
part, in theie Words, M.{ju.^i{]i ^u. Then, to keep the Crowds from .
thronging in upon them, the Court was furrounded with a Rope, by
the Conwnand of the Magiflrate, and Serjeants appointed to keep the
(i) Demoftben. taOlympiad. Ifaus de Philoilemir.e, tcUIpianui in Midiana. (!) Pef.
tux, lib. VlII. cap. 6. Harpocratian v. .T/rt/xctpTl/pU. () PtUuX, Ariftopbani*
Scbaliafitt io Vejpaf, Harpoeration, Suidat,
I ^ Poorsj
i 1 6 Of the Civil Government <?/" Athens.
Doors, which they call'd K/ptA(J^?, being the fame with thofe which
the Romans call'd Cancellata (). Now left any of the Judges (hould be
wanting. Proclamation was made in this Manner, Ej t/j b\)iaj.aiv Ha./*-
rof , ft!rjT, If any Judge be 'luitho-dt Doors, let him enter ; for if any
Man came, after the Caufe began to be difcufs'd, he could not have
Admiffion, as not being capable of giving Sentence, becaufe he had
not heard all that both Parties could lay for themfelves (o).
Then the Magiilrate propofed theCaufe to the Judges.and gave them
Power to determine it; the doing which they call'd ei<roi[triV rnvS'iKlu^
f 7& J^uet^tieiov, the Caufe icfelf Aj^ HjrayayiiJL-, and the Perfon
that enter'd it KKTetyuyivt. For, by the Laws oi Athens, there were
certain Caufes brought before feveral of the Magiftrates, who had no
Power to determine 'em by a final Decifion, but were only to examine
into the Matter, and, if it deferved to be heard in the Court, refer it to
the Cognizance of the Judges appointed for that Purpofe, upon a Day
fix'd by himfelf ; and this is what they call'd Hfiy-ovia. J*/JCrHeif.
Then the Indidment was read by the publick Crier, in which were
contained the Reafons of the Accufation, with an Account of the Inju-
ry faid to be received, the Manner alfo of it, and the Damage fufFer'd
by the Plaintiff; the Heads of which the Judges took in Writing (p).
If the Perfon accus'd did not make his Appearance, Sentence was gi-
ven againft him without any farther Trouble, and this they call'd '$
i.pyi(jLi)i KctTaJ^iKO.^iii'cu and l^yifjiUjj e(p\i<TKihe<v- But if, in the Space
often Days, he came and prefented himfelf, proving, that he had been
detain'd by Sicknefs, or any other extraordinary and unavoidable Ne-
ceffity, the former Sentence was difannuU'd, and therefore this Proceed-
ing they call'd a/xh ixij i<ret. Then the Trial was to be brought on
afrelh within the Space of two Months by the Defendant, and this they
caird Aj'TiAM^/f , and the doing it dvTiAct^Sv tf'iK.li'J ; but if he negleft-
ed to have the Caufe decided in that Time, the former Sentence was to
ftand good, and be put in Execution upon him [q). And hence ap-
pears the Reafon for which they were always obliged to infert the Name
of the Perfon, who was Witnefs to the Citation of the Criminal. But
if any Man falfly pretended that his Adverfary was legally cited, and
could not produce any KKmo^zi, who were prefent at the Citation, he
was profecuted by an Aftion term'd yfA(f>h '^diJ^Q)c?^fiT&ia.i (r).
Before the Trial began, both Parties were obliged to depofit a cer-
tain Sum of Money, which they call'd nv7cive^,<t, into the Hands of the
Magiftrate that enter'' J their Caufe into the Court, who, upon Failure
of the Payment, immediately expunged the Caufe out of the Roll. If
the Caufe in Debate was concerning the Value of an hundred Drachms,
or upwards, to a thoufand, they depofited three Drachms ; if its Value
was more than a thoufand, and not above ten thoufand, they depofited
thirty, which, after the Decifion of the Caufe, were divided among the
Judges, and the Perfon that was caft was obliged, befide the Payment
of other Charges, to reftore the Money to his Adverfary (f).
() Pollux, 1. VIII, c. lo. (o) Ariftopbanes, ejufque 5fi>/Vefp. (/>) Demofiben.
(y) Ulpian. in Demofthen. Pollux, 1. VIII. c. 6. (r] Ulpian, in Dtmoftben. Pollux,
1. VIXI, c. 6, (/) Pollux, Harpferation,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 17
rictpAKciJA^oKYi, w&s a Sum of Money depofited by thofe that fued
the Commonwealth for confifcated Goods, or any others that were
claimed by the publick Exchequer, or by private Perfons for the Inhe-
ritances of Heireffes ; the former depofited the fifth, the latter the tenth
Part of the Eftates contended for ft) .
YlA^i7A(fi^, was a Drachm depofited in Law-fuits about fmall and
private Matters, which were decided by the ^la/jtdeu {u).
E'au^o^.iA, was a Fine laid upon thofe that could not prove the In-
didmcnt they had brought againll their Adverfaries ; fo call'd, becaufe
they were oblig'd to pay the fixth Part of the Value of the Thing they
contended for, from olio\o{, becaufe out of every Drachm, they depofit-
ed one Obolus, which is the nxth Part of a Drachm (ay). Some of thefe
Sums were depofited in all Law-fuits, a very few excepted, before the
Trial could proceed.
Then the Witneffes were prdduc'd, and if any of themrefus'd to make
his Appearance, he was fummon'd by a Serjeant, whom they call'd
KKttJnp, and, if he fcem'd unwilling to be an Evidence, had three
Things propos'd to him, njiz. to fwear the Fad ; to abjure it, or deny
that he was privy to it ; or laftly, to pay a Mull of a thoufand
Drachms. He that was fin'd for refufing the Oath, or that took it out
of Fear, was faid o,A72t/^; he that was only fummon'd, and took
it voluntarily, ATSy's^ {x). The Oath was taken at the Altar with all
the Solemnity imaginable, to which End they erefted Altars in all the
Courts of Judicature.
The Perfons that gave Evidence were to be Men of Credit, free-born,
and difinterefted ; for no Man's Oath was taken in his own Caufe, and
fuch as by their ill Behaviour had forfeited their Privileges, and were
T///o/, ijjfamousy were not thought to deferve Belief; the Slaves were
not permitted to have any Concern in publick Bufinefs, and therefore
could not be Evidences, except they were examin'd upon the Rack, nor
plead in any Court of Juftice (y), Neverthelefs the Tellimony of ih^
yAroiMi and d'TiKiJ'^i^ot, Sojourners and Freed-Men, feems to havje-b^n
receiv'd in all Caufes, except the S'tAfJLo.prve'iA, in the Aftions call'd
ATT^Tctc'tv J^'iKou, es the Grammarians inform us from Hyper ides.
There were two Sorts of Evidences j the firll of which they call'd
Mac^Tveia, when the Perfon that fwore was an Eye-witnefs of the Faft.
The other Eny-A^rvfiA, when the Juror receiv'd what he teftify'd from
another Perfon that had been an Eye-witnefs of it, but was at this Time
either dead, or in a foreign Country, or detained by Sicknefs, or hin-
der'd by fome other unavoidableAccident from making hisAppearance;
for, except in fuch Cafes, the Allegations of abfent Perfons were never
taken for lawful Evidence(). The Witneffes were rcquir'd by the Laws
to deliver their Teftimony in Writing; whereby it became impoffible to
recede from what they ha4 once fworn.and fuch as had borne falfe Wir-
nefs were convided with lefs Difficulty. But the Tablets of thofe Wit-
neffes, who, upon a Citation before given, came from Home with an
Intention to give their Teftimonics, were different from the Tablets of
(0 Idem. (K)Idcin. (w) Idem. (*) Idem, (jr) Vide F;Vw de Leg. ^m-
eit, () Hsrptcrat, Pollux,
I 3 fuejj
i I S Q/" t^^ Civil Government of Athens.
fuch as cafually came into the Court. The latter being only compos'd
of Wax, and order'd in fuch a Manner, as gave the Witnefs Opportur
nity to make fuch Alterations in the Matter of his Evidence, as after-
%V'ards, upon better Confiderations, appear'd to be neceffary (a).
When the Witneffes were fworn, the Plaintiff being plac'd upon the
left Hand of the Tribunal, and the Defendant on the Right [h), both of
them fpoke fet Orations in their own Behalf. Thefe were, for the moft
Part, compos'd by fome of the Orators, which Cuilom was firft introdu-
ced by Jtitiphon, a Rkamnujian (<:). Sometimes, if they defir'dit, the
Judges granted them Si/cn^se^/, or Advocates, to plead for them, thedo-
mg which they cali'd hmy.i<^ui <rvvnyo^&iv, to plead for a Fce{ii). And left
by the Length' of their Orations they ihould weary the Judges Patience,
and hinder them from proceeding to other Bufmefs, they were limited to
acertainTime, cail'd </^/y.aTt'W(V />t4f*(f), which was meafurM by
a K.^'i'^vJ'^ci, or Hour-g/afs, differing from ours in this, that, inftead of
Sand, they made ufe of Water ; and to prevent all Fraud and Deceit,
there was an Officer appointed to diftribute the Water equally to both
Sides, vvhom, from his Bufinefs, they cail'd E^i/'<^e> orEip' vJ^a^. When
the Glafs was run out, they were permitted to fpeak no farther, and
therefore vve find them very careful, not to lofe or mifpend one Drop
of their Water, and whilil the Laws quoted by them were reciting, or
if any other Bufinefs happen'd to intervene, they gave Order that the
Glafs Ihould be llopp'd f/J, Yet if any Perfon had made an End of
fpeaking, before the Time allotted him wasexpir'd, he was permitted to
xefign the remaining P;irt of his Water tb any other that had Occafion,
and this is meant by the Orator, when he faith, -ni vS'urt tu />t Act-
hbiTca, let him [peak till nvhat remains of my IVater be run out.
When both Parties had made an End of fpeaking, the publick Crier,
by the Command of the Magiilrace that prefided in the Court, order'4
the J'-tdges to bring in their Verdift ; and in fuch Cafes as the Laws had
inade Frovifion, an.d appointed Penalties for, (which were cail'd Ayuvc^
^ri(^A{}ot) afiRgle Verdift, wliereby the Perfon was declar'd guilty, or,
iiot guilty, was fufficient ; but in thofe Cafes that the Laws were fi-
lent in, (which they cail'd Ayaya t///))toi) a fecond Sentence was re-
quir'd, if the accus'd Perfon was brought in guilty, to determine what
Punifhment was due to his Offence(^), And here before they proceeded
to give Sentence, the condemn'd Perfon was aik'd, what Damage he
thought his Adyerfdry had receiv'd from him, and what Recompence
he ought in Jultice^o make him ? And the Plaintiff's Account, which,
together witli the Indiftment he had deliver'd in before, was taken in-
to Confideration ; and then the Circumftances on both Sides being duly
weigh'd, the decretory Sentence was given. Sometimes the Judges
limited the Punifhitient in- crimmal, as well as civil Caufes, where the
Laws were filent. This happen'd in the Cafe of Socrates, " who, to
" apply the Words oiCiceroXh), was not only condemn'd by the firilSen-
(tf) Pcllux, Hafpccration. [b) Ariflotel. Problem, (f ) Idem. Rhetor. Jib. I. cap.
33. [i) Cktmns AUxandrin, {e) IJarpacration, {f ) Dcmojlbtn. {g)Harfocration,
Ih) Dw Oratore, lib, I,
** tence
Of the Civil Covernment of Athens. n
' tence of the Judges, which determin'd, whether the Criminal fhould
be condemn'd, or acquitted ; but by that alfo, which the Lawsob-
*' lig'd 'em to pronounce afterwards. For ntJi/jens, when the Crime
" was not capital, the Judges were impower'd to 'value the Offence :
" And it was enquired of the Criminal, to what Falue he thought his
" Offence amounted. Which Queftion being propos'd to Socrates
" he reply'd, that he had merited very great Honours and Regards, and
*' to ha've a daily Maintenance in the Prytaneum j which the Grecians
*' accounted one of the highefl Honours. By which Anfwer the
" Judges were incens'd to fuch a Degree, that they condemn'd that
** mofl innocent Man to Death.
The mofl ancient Way of giving Sentence, was by black and white
Sea-fhells, call'd Xoi^ivcu ; or Pebbles, call'd "^n^ot, Ovid has taken
Notice of this Cuftom,
Mos erat antiquis, ni'veis atrifque LapilUsf
His damnare reos, illis abjol'vere culpa (/).
Black and white Stones were us'd in Ages paft,
Thefe to acquit the Pris'ner,- thof^ to cr.ft. H. H.
After them, caropj^v^oi, which were Pellets (jit Brafe, came into Ufe;
which, when laid afide, Kvct{J'-oi, or Beans, fuc<:ii?^ed ; they were of two
Sorts, White and Black ; the White were whole, and were made ufe
of to abfolve ; the Black were bdr'd through, and were the Inltruments
of Condemnation {k).
Hence it is, that in Arijtophanes (/), Judges that llv'd upon the Gifts
they receiv'd for doing Juf^ice, are call'd Kva.fJLOTfaye{, Eaters of
Beans ; and Ay;t 4"?" '^ a Proverb not much different from i|
^^AUA, or AmalthetE capra, being ufually apply 'd to Things that bring
in large Gains, and are a Maintenance to their Maflers [m).
Thefe Beans the Judges took from the Altar, and two Urns, which
they call'd Y^'l^oi, or KstcTjffxo/, being plac'd, they caft in their Beans
through a little Tunnel cali'd KMof, holding them only with three Fin-
gers, Wz. the Fore finger. Middle, and Thumb, that it might be impof-
fible for them to calt in above one at a Time. The reft of their cuilo-
mary Rites are much what the fame with thofe I have already defcrl-
bed in the Judgments of the Court oi Areopagus, except that in private
Caufes there were four Urns plac'd in the Court, as Sigonius has ob-
fcrv'd out of Demojibenes {).
But this, perhaps, was occafion'dby the Number of the Perfonscon-
cern'd in the Trial ; for if there were more than two Competitors that
laid Claim to an Eftate, each of them had a diftinft Urn, into which
thofe, that pafs'd Sentence on his Side, were to cafl their Beans, and he
tnat had the greateft Number obtaiu'd the Vidlory, which Sigonius
feems not to have obfervec".
(/) Metamorph. lib. XV. {k) Pollux, He/yebius, Harpccration, Arificfb. Scbol.
Ran. N efp. ff. (/) Equit. (m) Utjycbiut, Eufittbiuiy Iliad, y. pag. 284-
Edit. BaftI, (n) Orat. is Macart.
I 4 Whct^
J 2 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
When all had given over Voting, left any Man, out of Favour,
fliould fufpend his Suffrage, the Crier made Proclamation in this Man-
ner, Ej T/f a4'?'5"", avi^aSrco' If there be any that has not
gi^en his Voice, let him noiv arife and give it.
Then the Urns were open'd, and the Suffrages number'd in Prefence
of the Magiftrate, who ftood with a Rod in his Hand, which he laid
over the Beans as they were number'd, left any Perfon fhould, thro'
Treachery or Millake, omit any of them, or count the fame twice. If
the Number of the bl?.ck Beans were greatefl, he pronounc'd the Perfon
guilty ; and, as a Mark to denote his Condemnation, drew a long Line,
whence efcTyrtO"/ t/m2i' yietK^dv, in the Comedian, fignifies to condemn
all ', on the contrary, he drew a fhort Line in Token of Abfolution, if
the white Beans exceeded, or only equall'd the Number of the black{(?) j
for fuch was the Clemency of the Athenian Laws, that, when the Cafe
feem'd equally difputable on both Sides, the fevere and rigorous Com-
mands of J uftice gave Place to the milder Laws of Mercy and Com-
paffion J and this Rule feems to have been conftantly oblerved in all
the Courts of Athens, Euripides, to omit a great many others, has
inention'd this Cuflom in feveral Places :
\ffajL eM (t' oiKTu^istn (jLti ^etvUv <f^lK)f
Elf auTvv o^i<rti, yittri^i p^f^o"*; (fctvav.
Ki roiat hoiToli J^i vof/.@- Tl^hsiTox,
J^iKAf \(Tcui '^i]ifoiffi TGV (piuyovA dei {p).
Courage, Orefies, if the Lots hit right;
If the black Pebbles don't exceed the white.
You're fafe; and, fmce it awful Phcehus was
The Parricide advis'd, your tottering Caufe
He'll on himfelf transfer ; and hence {hall be ^
This Law tranfmitted to Pofterity ; >
That Lots, if equal, Ihall the Pris'ner free, j>
H.H,
And again to the fame Purpofe in another Tragedy,
Tvcii(jLi J'lacda.i 'ivzK t^ia-coffa, <r2,
Kai T^tv y Afeo/f oy TcLyoif -^ritpisi "tirsii
l^eivcta-', Oe'is-et, x^ vouiau' b? rctvvi y%
N;*ic4C, /<rf? oV/f AV 4?f Art'^H [q)
Since you with equal Suffrages I freed.
When Juftice ample Vengeance had decreed.
And once before, when we debating fate
At Areopagus on your dubious Fate,
And there the dooming Sentence muft have pafs'd,
Had I not you with equal Lots releas'd :
On this Account fliall After-Ages fave
Such Criminals, as equal Voices have. H. H,
(e) Arijiofban. ejufque Scbol, Ran, & Vffp. {f) Eltifra v. IZf5. (?) Jfhigtnia
^auricav, 1469, ^
The
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 121
The Plaintiff was call'd ^tuKuv ; the whole Suit Ai<^/f j and the
Defendant iivyuv. The InditSlment, before Conviftion, was named
AjTi* ; after Convidlion''Asfv-;and after Condemnation hH^fjiet.
All the Time the Caufe was in bufpenfe, and undetermin'd, it was ex-
pofed to publick View, being engraved in a Tablet, together with the
Name of the Perfon accufed, and hung up at the Statue of the Heroes,
firnam'd ETruyvy-oi, than which there was not a more publick Place in
the whole City ; this they call'd EKK&t^{r), and it feems to have been
done wjth a DeAgn that all Perfons, who could give any Information
to the Court, having fufficient Notice of the Trial, (hould come and
prefent themfelves.
If the convifted Perfon was guilty of a capital Crime, he was deli-
vered into the Hands of the"Ej'J^ga, to receive the Punifhment due to
his Offence: But if a pecuniary Mulft was laid upon him, the Tet/jicu
7^ stf took Care to lee it paid ; but in Cafe his Eilate was not able to
make Payment, they confin'd him to perpetual Imprifonment^^.
If, on the contrary, the Plaintiff had accufed his Adverfary unjuftly,
and produced falfe Evidence againft him, he was in fome Places obliged
to undergo the Punifhment due by Law to the Crime, of which he had
falfly accufed an innocent Perfon ; bjit at Athens had only a Fine laid
upon him. And both the Villain that had forfworn himfelf, and he
that fuborn'd him, were feverely profecuted j the former by an Action of
"^diJ^ofjLctpTveia., the htter of KaKon^viet. Of thefe, and the Punifh-
ment due to fuch Offenders, I fhall fpeak farther in another Place.
When the Trials were over, the Judges went to Lycus's Temple,
where they return'd their Vi^^oi^Staffs, or Scepters, which were Enfigns
of theirOflice,and receiv'd from certainOfficers, call'd KyArt;tf I '9,a Piece
of Money for their Service, which at the firft was only one Qbolus, after-
wards it was increafedtotwo, then to three, and at length to a Drachm,
which was fix Cfboli, as we have before obferved from the Scholiaft upon
Arijlophanes (/). And tho' thefe Rewards may feem trifling and incon-
fiderable Expences, yet the troublefome Temper of the Athenians, and
their nice Exaftion of every little Duty, or Privilege, occafion'd fo great
a Number of Law-fuits,that the frequent Payment of thefe fmall Sums by
Degrees fo exhaufted the Exchequer, that they became a Burden to the
Commonwealth,andareparticularlyrefleAeduponby-r^r//?o/i^a(),who
takes Occafioneverywhere to ridicule this litigious Humour, which was
then grown to fuch a Height, that every Corner of the Streets was pe-
fter'd with Swarms of turbulent Rafcals, that made it their conftant Bu-
iinefs to pick up Stories, and catch at every Occafion to accufe Perfons
of Credit and Reputation ; thefe they call'd Su^o^aVto/, which Word
fometimes fignifiet/^^i- Witnejfes,hnt is more properly taken forwhat we
call common Barretors,ht\ng derived drro n (rvKOt. (pd.iveiV,from indining
Perfons that exported Figs ; lor amongft the primitive Athenians, when
the Ufe of that Fruit was firft found out, or in the Time of a Dearth,
when all Sorts of Frovifions were exceeding fcarce, it was enad^ed, that
(r) Demofthen. ejufqae Scbol. in Median. (/) Demofthen. Andretian. Cornel. Nep.
Miliiade. {t) Ran, Vefp. Item Suidat, Pollux, Hejycbius. () Ran. pag. s8o. Edit,
/Emtl, Farti. le StbtUaft, ibid.
no
12 2 Of the Civil Government of Athens.'
no Figs fhould be exported ontoi Attica ; and this Law not being aftu-
ally rcpeal'd.when a plentiful Harveft had rendered it ufelefs, by taking
away its Reafon, gave Oceafion to ill-natur'd and malicious Men, to
accufe all Perfons they caught tranfgreffing the Letter of it ; and from
them all bufy Informers have ever fmce been branded with the Name
oi Sycophants (w). Others will have the Stealing oi Figs to have been
prohibited by a particular Law, and that thence Informations grew fo
numerous, that all vexatious Informers were afterwards term'd Sycophants.
CHAP. XXII.
Of the Ti(T(TcL^x.ovTitf and AictJTJjTct).
OI TtaffAf uKOvja, were forty Men, that went their Circuits round
the feveral Boroughs, and had Cognizance of ail Cpntroverfies'
about Money, when the Sum exceeded not ten Drachms ; alfo, as De'
mojihenes reports [pc\ had Adions of Affault and Battery brought to
their Hearing. Pollux tells us, that, at their firft Inftitution, they were
no more than thirty in Number j but Hejychius reports, the Magiftrates
or Judges call'd O/ Tei:ix,ov}et, were thofe that amerced the People for
a]bfenting themfelves from thepublick Affemblies.
^tauTtfjcu, or Arbitrators, were of two Sorts.
I . KKtigcfjol, were forty-four Men in each Tribe, above the Age of
jixty, as Pollux, or fifty, as Suidas reports, drawn by Lots, to determine
Controverfies in their own tribe about Money, when the Sum was
above ten Drachms. Their Sentence was not final, fo that, if either of
the contefting Parties thought himfelf injur'd by it, he might appeal to
the fuperior Court of Juftice (y). P^x. their firll Inftitution, allCaufes
whatfoever that exceeded ten Dr/zfi'/s^werelieardby them, before they
could be received into the other Courts (z). They pafs'd Sentence with*
out obliging themfelves by any Oath, but in other Things afted in the
fame Manner with the rell of the Judges ; they received a Drachm of
the Plaintiff, which was call'd nt?6Vct7/f or <^ta.';jti, and another of
the Defendant when they adminiftred the Oath to him, which was
term'd ecv]coixo<ria.. And in Cafe the Parties did not appear at the ap-
pointed Tim.eand Place, they flaid expefting till the Evening, and then
determin'd the Caufe in Favour of the Party thereprefent. Their Office
continued a whole Year, at the End of which they gave up their Ac-
counts, and if they were proved to have refufcd to give Judgment, or
to have been corrupted (), they were punifh'd with (aV/^i*) Infamy,
Under them were certain Officers call'd JiaAyay^i, whofe Bufmefs it
was, ^aetynvrai i'lKo.i, to receive the Complaints that fell under the
Cognizance of the Atcu^tncu, and enter them into their Court {i).
(w) Suidas, Arijiopb. Scbo!. Pluto, Equit. &C, (x) Orat. In Pantanet. {y ) De.
mc/ibett. Orat. in Jpbobum. {x) Pollux, Ulpian, (a) Dcmofiben, Si Ulpian. Median.
Pan, Mifc. iib. VIII. {i>) Pollu;(,
2, AiahKofr
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 123
Z. AlAhhitiCjneiOl or kaJ' IviT^o-riiv A/rt/rnToJ, or Comprotnijfarii^
were fuch as two Parties chofe to determine any Controverfy betwixt
them ; and thefe the Law perpiitted any Perfon to requeft, but obliged
him to rtand to whatever they determin'd without any farther Appeal;
and therefore, as a greater Obligation to Juftice, they took an Oath,
that they would give Sentence without Partiality {c).
The Determination of the iueurnrdii , was call'd Ajo/to?, and c^-^
7fBT}7, and to refer any Thing to them, J^ieujctv o7r7Tfe4cw [d).
CHAP, xxiir.
Of the Publick Judgments, A6bions, [^c,
TH E Athenian Judgments were of two Sorts, cTwuoT/xfttand }//>-
T/xoj, Publick and fri'vate ; the former were about fuch Crimes
as tended to the Prejudice of the State, and thefe Actions were call'd
'K.ctrn^oeieu ; the latter comprehended all Controverfies that happen'd be-
tween private Perfons, and were call'd iX'ntat {e). Nor did they only dif-
fer as to their Matter, -but in their Procefs and Management, and par-
ticularly in this, that in private Aflions no Man could profecute the Of-,
fender, befide the Party injur'd, orfomeof his near Relations ; whereas
in the Publick, the Laws encouraged all the Citizens to revenge the pub-
lick Wrong, by bringing the Criminal to condign Punilhment (f).
The publick Judgments were thefe.
I . rp?, was an Adion laid upon fuch as had been guiity of any
of the following Crimes [g).
*6p-, Murder.
Tf GMuct hn Tff^vo'iai, a Wound given out of Malice.
Tlv^KA'ia., Firing the City.
^a^uttKov, Poifon.
BAriLcr/f , a Confpiracy againft any Perfon's I^ife ; or the Crime of
the City-Treafurers, that enter'd into the publick Debt-book Perfons
not indebted to the City {h). Wherein it differs from <\,<LJ^iyfptt<prit
whereby the Treafurers charged Men with Debts, which were already
difcharged {/).
hes^v\iA, Sacrilege.
Aa-'iCbia, Impiety.
n^9/ofl-/tf, Treaibn.
"Erod^tKTK, Fornication.
Mor/jHtty Whoredom ; this was punifh'd with a Mulil {k)^
Aydy-iov, Ccelibacy.
ArpetTgi'tf, Refufmg to ferve in the Wars. They, who were convil-
ed of this Crime, were punifli'd with [atiiiia) Infamy,
(f) Dcmojlben. (J) Pollux. (*) Jfocratet, (/) Plutarebm, Sehne. [g) PoUuif,
lib. \ III, cap. 6. Sigoniui ie Rep, j^ltten. (b) Harft(rat, \i) Suidat v. 4^'^*
iy[fA<fri. (A) IbuyJ, Stbeliajici, lib, YI.
1 24 Of the Civil Government of Athens.'
AeiTsoT^Tiov, Defertion of the Army. This drew only a Fine Ott
the Criminal (/).
Ah'wota^iov, Defertion of a Man's Station, as when any Perfon re-
fufed to ferve on Foot, and lifted himfelf amongft the Horfemen, which
by Solon's Laws was efteem'd as great a Crime as a total Defertion of
the Army.
AeihiA, Cowardice. The convifted were puniflied with Infamy,
An'SFOvajjTtov, Defertion of the Fleet. The Punilhment was only
a Fine.
Avtixj[i(jL.yjov, Refufing to ferve in the Fleet. The Punifliraent was
{d^TifMa) Infamy.
To li^cu Tw dcmiJ^ct, Lofing a Man's Shield. This was likewife
puniflied with Infamy.
'^diS'iyfpctipn, 4<^<^o^prt<p, or 4'<^^f '^yf^itipti, was the Crime of
thofe that falfly charged others, and fued them for publick Debts,
which Harpocration calls "^JLJ^oKKifjetA ; but this feems rather to have
been an Adlion for falfe Arrefts, according to Pollux. The Puniftx-
ment was. only a Muld.
"S.VKO'pa.vTta, Barretry or frivolous Accufation. This was punifhed
alfo with a Mula. It difFer'd from '^<i>J'ofxctpTveiA, or falfe Witnefs,
the third Ad whereof was punifh'd with [dTtfjLia.) Infamy.
Au^. or S'a^^J^oyAa,, taking Bribes to marjage any publick Affair, or
pervert Juftice j it was not thought enough to punifh the Receiver,
but the Perfon alfo that offer'd Bribes was profecuted, and the Aftion
againft him call'd AzKcttrixoi. The fame Adtion, in Caufes about Free-
dom of the City, was, by a peculiar Name, term'd Aw^f sf <<*. All,
who had been guilty of receiving Bribes, were fin'd ten Times the Va-
lue of what they had gain'd, and punifh'd with the higheft Degree of
{dTi^tet) Infamy.
''T^f /?, Beating a Freeman, or binding him as they ufed to do Slaves.
hy^en^iov, Erafmg a Name out of the publick Debt-book, before
the Debt was difcharged.
^hy^d^ov y!(\aXKov, Digging a Mine without acquainting the pub-
lick Officers ; for, before any Perfon could dig a Mine, he was obliged
to inform certain Officers appointed, by the People, of his Defign, to
the End that the twenty-fourth Part of the Metal might be referved
for the publick Ufe.
hhjiym, was againft Magiftrates that had neglected to give up their
Accounts.
na.pcty6y.eov ypaip^, againft fuch as, propofing a new Law, afted
contrary to the old and eftablifhed Laws.
Eu'9uVm, was againft Magiftrates, Ambaffadors, or other Officers that
had mif-employ'd the publick Money, or committed any other Offence
in the Difcharge of their feveral Trufts. That againft Ambaffadors
was fometimes, by a peculiar Name, call'd YlctfctTir^iiTCfAA.
(/) Tiucydidis Scbeliaftei loco citato.
Of the Civil Government <?/ Athens.' 125 '
/^iKiy.dL(f\, *was a Probation of the Magiftrates, and Perfons em-
ploy'd in publick Bufmefs.
n;^oAM, was an Adion againft Perfons difaffeSed to the Govern-
ment, and fuch as impofed upon the People ; againft Sycophantic and
fuch as, at the Celebration of any Feftival, had caufed an Uproar, or
committed any Thing undecent and unfuitable to .the Solemnity.
A'o-oyfeijiri, was when any Perfon, being fued for Debts faid to be
due to the Publick, pleaded that they were falfly charged upon him,
withal producing all the Money he was poffefs'd of, and declaring by
what Means it came into his Hands. Suidas adds, that h'ZToy^ct/ivi is
fometimes taken for an Aftion againft fuch as neither paid the Fines
laid upon them, before the ijinth Prytanea following their Sentence,
nor were able to give fufficient Security to the City.
1. A'Si'otpsKni, was fometimes the fame with h'aoy^et^Yi,z% we learn
from Suidas ; but was alfoufually taken for the Accountof Eftates given
at the Exchange of them for the avoiding of publick Employment. For
when any Man would excufe himfelf from any troublefome and charge-
able Truft, by cafting it upon another richer than himfelf, the Perfon
produc'd by him had Power to challenge him to make an Exchange ot
Eftates,and thereby compel him to ferve the Office he had before refus'd.
a. ^i<ni, was commonly taken for the Difcovery of any hidden and
conceal'd Injury, but more peculiarly fignified an Aftion laid againft
fuch as exported Corn out oi Jttica, embezzled the publick Revenues,
and converted them to their own private Ufe, or appropriated to them-
felves any of the Lands, or other Things that of Right belong'd to the
Commonwealth. It is fometiines taken for an Action againft thofe that
were Guardians to Orphans, and either wholly negleftcd to provide
Tenants for their Houfes and Lands, or let them at too eafy a Rate.
3. ''EvS'ei^if, was againft fuch as committed any Aftion, or afFeded
any Place of which they were uncapable by Law ; as, when a Perfon
disfranchifed, or indebted to the Publick, fued for Offices in the State,
r took upon him to determine Controverfies in a judicial Way. Alfo
againft thofe that confefs'd the Crimes laid to their Charge, without
Handing the Tri'al.
4. ATTafayfi, was the carrying a Criminal taken in the FaQj, to the
Magiftrate. If the Accufer was not able to bring him to the Magi-
ftratc, it was ufual to take the Magiftrate along with him to the Houfe
where the Criminal lay conceal'd, or defended himfelf, and this they
caird E^frt<35, and the Aftion E(pfifi;<n(.
5. Avj^^hri'^tov or Aj'</^;Aj'4./et, was an Aftion againft fuch as pro-
tefted Perfons guilty of Murder, by which the Relation^ of the deceafed
were impowered to feize three Men in the City or Houfe, whither the
Malefactor had fled, till he were either furrendered, or SatisfaAion
made fome other Way for the Murder.
6. E)ffctyfiKt(t,v/ns ofthree Sorts ; thefirft was about great and pub-
Kck Offences, whereby the State was brought into Danger ; fuch Ani-
ons were not refer'd to any Courtof Juftice, but immediately brought
before the Senate oijive hundred fix the popular Aflembly,beforc whom
it was introduced by the Thefmothetce at the firft Convention in the
PrjtanfOy
ii^ Of the Civil Government of Aththz,
Prytanea^ where the Delinquent was feverely punifh'd, but the Plamtif?
underwent no Danger, altho* he could not prove his Indidtment, except
he fail'd of having the fifth Part of the Suffrages, and then he was
fin'd a thoufand D7achms-T\it{tcox\^'S>brtoi Kiff ety^iKitt, was an Adioil
oiKaituati, of which 1 fliall fpeak in another Place : it was brought
before the Jrchon, to whom the Plaintiff gave in his Accufation, but
was not liable to have any Fine laid upon him, tho* Sentence was given
againft him. The third was an Aftion againft the i^icfJ]\\Tcu. preferr'd
by Perfons that thought themfelves unjuftly dealt with by them, who
ran the Hazard of being disfranchifed, and forfeiting their Freedom, if
they were not able to make good their Accufation. Indeed in all the
foreniention'd Accufations, the Eja-ctj/^fsAjoU only excepted, this Penal-
ty, together with a Fine cf a thoufand Drachvis, was inflicted upon
the Plaintiff, if he had not the fifth Part of the Suffrages.
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the Private Judgments, Adlions,. ^c.
AA/^/8 J^WM, an Aftion Kena.!^ ht^cc^'^v d^ litivrcov ,agatt7ji fuch as
had done &x\y Sort of Injury [m]. A Fine was laid on the Delin-
quent, which was to be doubled, if not paid within the Prytanea ().
Kitici^foeieii tTut?, was an Adlion of Slander, by which the Criminal
was fin'd five hundred Drachrts.
AtKicti S'im, was an Aftion of Battery, in which Cafe there was no
fet Penalty inflifted by the Laws, but the Judges took an Account of
the Damages fuffer'd by the Plaintiff, and compell'd the Delinquent
to make fufiicient Retribution.
B/oiftjCj or B/a,f /*i;t, was an Action againft fuch as ravilhM Wo-
men, or had ufed Violence towards any Man's Perfon.
BA^f cTi'xM, was an Aftion of Trefpafs, being againft thofe that
had endamaged another Man's Eftate, Lands, Houfes, Cloaths, iJc.
KctKiijicoi /ixw, yfA^n, or tiVi*>fAirf, was an Adlion entered by
Heireffes againft their Hulbands, by Parents againft their Children
and Orphans ajgainlt their Guardians, when they were ill ufed, or in-
jured by them.
A-TOTrofjiTrvi cTj'xH, was an Aflion of Divorce, when the Hufband
had put away his Wife. On the contrary, when the Woman fled
fiom her Hu.'band, the Adion was call'd AiyoAtj'^^^'f ^'it"'
KAoTSff cTi'^n, was againft Thieves. Demojlhenes [o), reports, that if
any Man had ftolen above fifty Drachm in the Day-time, he was to be
indifted at the Tribunal of the Ele'ven. But if any Theft was commit-
ted in the Night, it was lawful to kill the Criminal, if he was caught in
theFaft, or topurfue him,andif he made any Refiftance to wound him,
and fo hale him to the Eleven, and this Adlion was term'd kTralayfi^ He
was not permitted to give Security for Reftitution, but fuffer'd Death*
(w) Etymilogiu Auiior, {^i) Harfocratisfi, () limccratea.
Of the Civil Governmefit of Athens. 127
If any Perfon furreptidoufly convey 'd any Thing of the fmalleft Value
out of the Lyceum, Academy, Cynofarges, or any of the Gymnajia, or out
of Havens above the Value often Drachms, he was adjudg'd to die.
If any Man was convifted of Theft from a private Perfon, he was to
make Retribution to the Perfon he had injur'd, by paying him double
the Value of what he had depriv'd him of; nor was this Punifhment
alone thought fufficient to expiate his Offence, but it lay in the Judges
Power to keep him in Bonds five Days, and as many Nights, and ex-
pofe him in that Condition to the" View of all the People. And we
are farther inform 'd by Autocides {p), that {aCrifjiia.] Infamy was the Pu-
nifhment of this Crime.
Tla.^.KA7A^h.y^i S'lM, was againft fuch as refufed to reflore any
Thing committed to their Charge.
Xf SKJ <r<x, was a Suit betwixt Debtors and Ufurers.
2y/!/8oAai8 cTuw, was an Adion againft thofe that would not ftand
to their Contracts or Bargains. Not much different from this was
'S.iui^nAuv J^iKii, only '^.v^j.^'oKcua are diftiaguifh'd from S uuv(p'Keu in
this, that thefe chiefly imply private Contradls about the Loan of Mo-
ney, Divifion of Inheritances, and References to the Aia/}Tcu, where-
as the other are extended as well to publick Negociations between pub-
lick Bodies, as to Bargains made by private Perfons. Others there
are, that acknowledge no-fuch Difference betwixt them.
E/f J^etlnT^v etififfiv J^'mn, was an Aftion againft fuch Perfons as
would not confent to make a Divifion of Goods or Eftates, wherein
other Men were Sharers with them.
AiAJ^iKcta-iAi cTixw, was an Aftion -arse/ ^^nfjidTesv 5 Tnei KJnfjisiJav
concerning Money or PoJfeJJions, as it is defiu'd by Ulpian{q), and feems to
be a Term of equal Extent with a|(/(p/<r^>)T>j(7"/f, or xeio'/f, which are
general Names for all Law-fuits. But it was fometimcs taken in a more
limited Senfe, for the Controverfies of thofe, who being appointed to
undergo fome of the publick Duties (^Tp> law), excufed themfelvesby
informing againft others more wealthy, as has been elfewhere fhewn,
EuiJ'/KAcria.f <^'ik\d, when Daughters inherited the Eftates of their
Parents, they were obliged by Law to marry their neareft Relation,
This was theOccafion of this Suit, which was commenced by Perfons
of the fame Family, each of which pretended to be more nearly ally'd
to the Heircfs than the reft. The Virgin, about whom the Relations
contefted, was call'd EwiS'tK'. E^-z^Xh? was a Daughter, that
had no Brothers lawfully begotten, and therefore inherited her Father's
whole Eftate. 'ETi-arpo/^c- was one that had Brothers, and fhar'd
|he Eftate with them.
A[j.^i(Tir\7vt<Tti, was a Suit commenced by one that made Pretenfions
to the Eftate of a deceafed Perfon, as being his Son cither by Nature or
Adoption. This Term is fometimes taken in a larger Senfe.
HapAKA7Co\yi, was an Adion cnter'd by the Relations of the de-
ceafed, whereby they claimM a Right to his Eftate, as belonging to
themby reafon of their Confanguinity, or bequeathed by Will. It was fo
call'd droTH 'SA^.KttlACiKK^v, becaufe the Plaintiff dV^/^*/ the tenth'
(/>} Dt Myfienitf (f ) In Timtcrattum,
PaJt
128 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Part of the Inheritance, if the Caufe was private, and the fifth, if i{
was a publick Ellate he contended for i this he was to forfeit if he
could not make his Plea good.
Av7iy^.<pYi, was a Law-fuit atout Kindred, whereby any Perfoa
claim'd a Relation to fuch or fuch a Family, and therefore it feems to
have been of the fame Nature with I\a.^a.Ka.Ta.Cohn.
AiAiJLetpTvelit', was a Proteftation that thedeceafed Perfon had left
an Heir, made to hinder the Relations from entring upon the Eftate.
ErffiffKii^-'i* was an Aftion whereby the A/a.[JLA^TveiA was proved
be falfe and groundlefs.
Evi'ffi(7Kt){jifjict., was when any Perfon claim'd fome Part of another
Man's Goods, which he confifcated, and fold by Auftion.
2Ta S'lKti, when a Husband divorced his Wife, the Law obliged
him to reftore her Portion ; or, in Cafe he refufed that, to pay her for
each Pound nine O^oA" every Month, upon Failure of which, he was
liable to have his Adion enter'd againft him in the Odeum by his
Wife's Emre^'uQ-, or Guardian, whereby he was forced to allow
her a feparate Maintenance.
MiSrugzui o'lKv, &c. r/;tiii, fometimes call'd $tV/f , was an Aftion
againft Guardians that were negligent in the Management of the Af-
fairs of their Pupils, and either let out their Houfes or Eftates at too
fiall a Price, or fufFer'd them to lie void of Tenants. When any
Houfe was vacant, it was cuftomary to fignify fo much by fixing an
Infcrjption upon the Door, or other Part of it, as appears from thefe
Words of Terence,
- Irjcripji illico
^des mercede (r)
Over the Door I wrote,
This Houfe is to be let.
E-zzr/T^fTw? cTi'ifM, was an Aftion againft Guardians that had defrauded
their Pupils. It was to be commenced within five Years after the
Pupil was come to Age, otherwife it was of no Force. ^
E(/o/}t/ cTiKW, when any Man laid Claim to an Houfe, he enter'd an
Aftion againft the Perfon that inhabited it, whereby he demanded the
Rent of the Houfe. If he claim'd an Eftate of Land, the A6tioli was
call'd Kc^fs-K cTtx.*), or X<ei cTijtH, becaufe the Fruits of the Ground
were demanded. If the Plaintiff^ caft his Adverfary in either of the for-
mer Suits, he enter'd afecond Aftion againft him, whereby he laid claim
to the Houfe or Land, as being Part of his Eftate, for which Reafon it
was call'd Ov(riAi J'lKtt. After this, if the Perfon in Poffeflion continu'd
obftinate, and would not deliver up the Eftate to the lawful Owner,
there was a third Alion commenced, which was nam'd E^i\tJi cT/xw,
from s^i\^a,to cjsl; becaufe the Plaintiff^ was \^i\K'cfj5iJ@-, rejeSied, or
hinder'd from entring upon his Eftate. The fame Term was ufed when
any other Thing was unjuftly detain'd from its Owner, 'zsrsei c^CcT^To/jf
3^ TTAvroi, (pmi Tti atjTu inruvau' concerning a Slanje, and every other
Thing luhich my Perfon calls his onvn; as we are inform'd by Suidas,
(r) Heaut. Aft I. Seen. I.
Of ihe Civil Government of Athtns. 129
"Bt^cudiTiuf <f'iKH, was an Adion whereby the Buyer compell'd the
Seller to confirm, or ftand to tl^e Bargains, which he before had given
a Pledge to ratifyt
/f ifx^AvSv K!t\a.<^d.<nv //xH, was defign'd as an Enquiry about
fomething that was conceal'd, as about ilolen Goods.
E?spe(rs<yf cfj;tn, was againil a Freeman that endeavour'd to give
a Slave his Liberty, without his Mailer's Confent.
A-sTj^js-rfiTjiJ /jaw, was an Action againft Sojourners that negkSledxa
choofe a Patron, of which Cullom I have fpoken in another Place.
A'mozdLa'i'i J'lKt}, was an Adiion commenced by a Mailer, or Patron,
againft his Clients, fuch as were the freed Slaves, when they refufed
to perform thofe Services, they were bound to pay to him.
A^of//J!f cTUh, was a SuitaboutMoney put into the Banker's Hands,
which the ancient y^/^^/^?;7j call'd Apojun, and the modern Ei/fln;c. .
Ape(7/f , was when a Ferfon, deeply indebted, defired the People to
remit Part of his Debt, upon Preteace that he was unable to make
Payment.
'^diJ^o(j.a.p1vetav <^iKn, was !Lgzm&/a//e Witnejes.
TLctKo^iiyjiA^v J^'iKH, was againft thofe that fuborn'd falfe Witnefles.'
An'orofxct^Tvei^ J'iitiU was againft fuch as, having promifed to give
Enjidence in a Caufe, difappointed the Perfon that rely'd upon them.
Several other Judgments we meet with in ancient Authors, fomc of
which I have already fpoken of in other Places, and the Names of the
reft are fo well known, that 1 need not give you any Explication of
them ; fuch were BoaIts S'im , A^aei^icti </^u, and fome others (/J,
CHAP. XXV.
Of the Athenian Punifhments and Rewards."
TH E moft common and remarkable Punifhments inflidled at
Athens, on Male.'aftors, were thefe :
ZM/>tic which, tho' fometimes it be ufed, in a large and general
Senfe, for any Punifhments, yet has often a more limitted and reftrain-
cd Signification, being taken for a pecuniary MulSl or Fine, laid upon
the Criminal, according to the Merit of his Offence.
Atiimio., Infamy, or publick Difgrace. Of this there were three De-
grees. I . When the Criminal retain'd his PoffefTions, but wasdeprived
of fome Privilege, which was enjoy'd by other Citizens. Thus, under
the Reigns of tyrants, fome were commanded to depart out of the
City, others forbidden to make an Oration to the People, to fail to Ionia,
or to fome other particular Country. 2. When he was for the prefent
deprived of the Privileges of free Citizens, and bad his Goods confifca-
ted. This happen'd to thofe who were indebted to the publick Exche-
quer, till their Debts were difcharged. 3. When the Criminal, with all
( O' ITejyeliiut, Uarfiocration, Su'idas, Pollux, Ulpianut in Dtmtftktn Slgoriut deRep*
^hcn. Si Riiifaui in Arch, Attie^ Idemque ubi^ue in his capitibai funt coofulendi. _
i^o Of the Civil Cover mwit of Athens.^
his Children and Pofterity, were for ever deprived of all Rights of free
Citizens, bcth facred and civil. This was inflifted on fuch as had been
convifted of Theft, Perjury, or other notorious Villainies (*). Out of
thefe Men, the SchoUaJ} upon Jrijiophanes [t] tells us, they appointed
whom they pleafed to labour at the Oars ; to which Drudgery, Plu-
tarch reports, it was ufual alfo to put their Prifoners of War [u).
^HK&iA, Servitude, was a Piinilhment by which the Criminal was re-
duced into the Condition of a Slave. It was never infiifted on any be-
fides tht''AT///o/, Sojourners and freed Servants, becaufe it was forbid-
den by one of Solon s Laws, that any free-born Citizen (hould be treat-
ed as a Slave.
^TiflxATct, was a Severity feldom exercifed upon any but Slaves, or
fome very notorious Malefedlors, of which I havefpoken more at large
in another Place.
S TnA, was, as the Word imports, a Pillar, wherein was ingraven,
in legible Charafters, an Account of the Offender's Crime. The Per-
fons, thus expofed to the Laughter and Reproaches of the People, were
call'd STWAfTtti- Hence ^r)hn<iiTiKQi KhyQ- is taken for any h'veiSi'vt
or defamatory Oration.
Cii.i7fJibi, was a Punifhment by which the Criminal was condemn'd
to Imprifonment or Fetters. " The Prifon was call'd by a lenitive Name
*' 01tKn/!>t*, or Houfe; for the Athenians ufed to mitigate and take off
** from the Badnefs of Things, by giving them good and innocent Ap-
" pellations ; as, a Whore, they would call a Miilrefs ; Taxes, Rates ;
*' Garrifons, Guards ; and this (faith Plutarch) feem'd at firft to be So-
' /o's Contrivance, who call'd the Releafing of the People from their
*' Debts '^tiffciyi^elct', a Throiving off a Burden {ou J." Plato tells us, the
Athenians had three Sorts of Prifons : the firft was near the Forum, and
was only defign'd to fecure Debtors, or other Perfons from running
away. The fecond was call'd "Zu^^vi^nexov, or a Houfe of Correftiou,
fuch as our Bride^vell. The third was feated in an uninhabited and
lonefome Place, and was defign'd for Malefadlors guilty of capital
Crimes (at). One of their moft remarkable Prifons was call'd No^aoifyAa-
Kiov, and the Gate, thro' which Criminals were led to Execution,
Xctpi'of , from Charon, the infernal Ferryman. At the Prifon Door
was erefted the Image of Mercury, the tutelar Deity of the Plac^
. call'd 2r?o^i*T'> from 2;Tfo?>vV> th^ Hifige of & Door.
Of Fetters ihore were divers Sorts, the moft remarkable are thefe ;
ILvipuv, a Collar ufually madeofWood, fo call'd from xJttIa), becaufe it
conftrain'd the Criminal to boiv down his Head. This Puniftimcnt was
call'd ]!iv(pMKi<7iMi, and hence pernicious Fellows or Things are fome-
times nam'd Kv'jjaysf (y). Hejychius will have it apply'd hm 'Truvjay
cTfo^efaV y^ oAiBeinof to allfhings hurtful and dejtruiiive. Others call
it Khoioi, or aoKotoi, from KK&ia, becaufe the Criminal's Neck wzsjhut
or inclofed within it. Some Grammarians tell us, the Neck, Hands, and
Feet were made faft in it ; and therefore it is probable, it was the fame
with the ^t/'Aoy mv7i<yiti.y\ov, or Fetters with f've Holes, mention'd by
ArJocides de Mijieriis. (f ) Kanis. () Lyjandro. [tv) flvtarcb. Solcne.
{x) Plato de Legib, lib. X. (>) AriJIofban, Schcl, Plutf,
Ptlluft,
Of the Civil Government </ A the n s. i a i
Pollux, and feems to resemble the Punilhment of binding Neck and
Heels, ufed amongft our Soldiers. Arifiophanes calls it ^o'aov rsTpn-
fj^ov, as his Sihcliaji informs us in his Coniment upon thcfe Words in
'EfKetQat.fiix'oaau hACailoLi Tvroyi Tzv aCyjiVAi
Women mull have their ftiff and haughty Necks
With Fetters cramp'd, left they grow infolent.
And us of our Authority diveft.
For fee here, in this Canvas-pourtraiture
By fkilful Micon drawn, how \}i:C Amaxons,
Mounted on prancing Steeds, with burnifh'd Spears efngage.
"* A
TlAuffiicatTH, a round Engine put about the Neck in fuch a Manner,
that the Sufferer could nof lift his Hand to his Head.
XoiviB, fignifies the Fetters, in which the Feet or Legs were made
faft, as we are inform'd by Arlftopbanu in his Plutus^ where, fpeaking
of an infolent Slave, he fiiith, he deferfes to be fee in the Stocks,
eu KV^fiaU J^i (TS ^OC^fflV
You're ripe, you Rogue, for Fetters, the Stocks groan for yon.
Not much unlike this feems to have been the 'sroS'oy.dtxifi 'uoJ^okcIkkh,
or aoS'oTpiCtj, fometimes call'd ^v'^oy, from the Matter it was made
of (z). But Tfoj^oKctKKtl and <z!i:iS"o^^<i^n feem to have difFcr'd in this,
that in ToJ^o^-fuin, the Feet were torturd j whereas in TjJ^oKrtjcxM, they
were only made faft without Pain, or Diftention of Joints. Tho' per-
haps this Diftinftion will not be found conftant jifti perpetual (a).
'S.tvU, was a Piece of Wood to which the Malefaftor was bound faft,
as the fame Poet reports [b),
S'ln7ov ctCriv ^dyuvt
Here, USort bring him in, and bind him to the Radc^
And a little after,
-yvupov etiro^ftcAvJA Ui
KeAdf/5 'sr^pf Tw (TAviJ^i J^^v Tiv TO^irtM*
Order the Executioner to ftrip
Me naked, and to cord me to the Rack* ^. A,
(x) Jriftopban. Sebol. E^ult. (<) Cojrf. tJlfiams la Timcrattam. Htjytbiutt
Su'iJas, ib) TbtfmDphtr, ^ . ,
jV^ ^f ^k^ C'm/ Government of Athens.
Btfide thefe, many others occur in Authors, whkh, barely to mention,
would be both tedious and unnecefuiry.
^vyiu perpetual ^rtw/zX-wfw/, whereby the condemned Perfons were
deprived of their ElJates, which were publickly expofed to Sale, and
coinpell'd to leave their Country without any Poffibtlity of returning,
except they were recall'd (which fometimes happen'^d) by the fame
Power that expeU'd'em ; wherein it difFer'd from OTfanKruo^, which
only commanded a tea Yeais Abfence, at'the End of which, the binifli'd
Perfons were permitted to return, and enjoy their Eilates, which were
all that Time preferv'd entire to 'em(r). And the latter was inftituted not
fo miuch with a ]3efign to punifii the Oitender, as to mitigate and pa-
cify the Fury of the Envious, that delighted to deprefs thofe who were
eminent for their Virtues and glorious Actions, and by fixing this Dif-
graceupon them, to exhalePartofthevenomous Rancour oftheir Minds.
'I'he firll thct underwent this Condemnation was, as Plutarch reports,
mpparchus the Cholargian, a Kinfman to the Tyrant of the fam.e Nam.e.
Ei'fiathius makes it much aricienter, and carries it as high as Thefeus'%
Time,who,heteIlsusoutof'n'f!7^Z'r<7/?ajandP^?/i/^rJ, was thefirft that
fufFer'd \\{d) Hcraclides'wiWh.^ye. it to hare been iirllinftituted by Hip-
pias theTyrciKf, z.%onoi PiJiJ}ratus{e); Photias, by oner1chilles,the Son of
Lyco(f) ; and Ailian, by Clifthenes, who alfo, as he tells us, was thefirft
that underwent it{j). It was never infliled upon any but great Perfons ;
Demeti ius t\zPhalerean (as Pktarch report?) will have it to have happen'd
to none butlVlcn of great Eilates, and therefore, as an Argument to prove
' the plentiful Condition of JrifJdes, (whom he maintains to have been
poffefs'dof a large Fortune, contrary to the Opinion of m.oll other Wri-
fers) he alledg'd, that he was banifli'd by OJtradfm. But my Author is
of another Opinion, and not without Reafon, for all Perfons were liable
to the Ojlracijht, who for Reputation, Quality, Riches, or Eloquence,
were efteem'd above the ccmm.on Level, and expofed to the Envy of the
People, infomuch that even Damon, Pisceptor to Pericles, was baniili'd
thereby, becaufc* hefeem'd a Man of more than ordinary Senfe. Af-
* terward's, when bafe, mean, and villanoasFellows became fubjeft to it,
they quite left it off, Hyperbolus being the lall whom they baniili'd by
Qjlracifm. T\m Hyperbolus was a very rafcally Fellow, who furnilli'd all
the Writers of Comedy in thit Age with Matter for their Satyrical
Invedivcs ; but he was wholly unconcern'd at the worft Things they
could fay, and (being carelefs of Glory, was alfo infenCbleof Shame ; he
vas neither lov'd nor efteem'd by any body, but was a neceffary Tool
to the People, and frequently mace ufe of by them, when they had a
Mind to difgracc or calumniate any Perfon of Authority or Rep'ata-
tion. The Caufe of his Baniihment was this ; Alcibiad'.s, Nicias, and
Phaax,-\\ that rim.-'.were of difFerent Faftions, and each of them, bear-
ing a great Sway in the City, lay open to the Envy of the inferior
Citizens, who, at Uyperhalus' % Pcrfuafion, were very eager to decree
the Baiiifhmeut of feme one of them. -^A/c'/^jd'.j, perceiving the Danger
tJiey were in, confulted with Nicias, or Phaax (for it is not agreed
(c) Ariflopi^. Sd-ol. Equit. c- Vefp. {d) Iliad. I. {e) Lib. de Rep. (/} Ex-
,,^;rpt, cx ttolem. Hetbcefi, 1. VI. (g) Var, Hift. lib XIV, cap. 2^.
w-he-
Of the Civil Government of k.^Di^ lo^"
xvhether) and fo contrived Matters, that, by uniting their ieveral Parties,
the OJiracifm fell upon Hyperbolus, when he expeded nothing of it.
Hereupon the People being offended, as if fome Contempt or Affront
had been put upon the Thing, left off", and quite abolilli'd it. It was
performed, to be ihort, in this Manner ; every one taking an OrfctKor,
or Tyle, carried it to a certain Part of the Miirlcet-place, furrounded
with wooden Rails, for that Purpofe, in which were ten Gates ap-
pointed for the ten Tnba, every one of which enter'd at a diftinSGate.
That being done, the Archons numbered all the Tyles in grofs, for if
there were fewer than fix thoufand, the OJiratifm was void ; then laying
every Name by itfelf, they pronounced him, whofc Name was written
by the major Part, banilVd for ten Years, enjoying his Eftate [h). This
Puniihraent was fometimes call'd Kie^j/.tiKri, (jlosi^. Cromic'i^u-, be-
caufe theOrf K*,by which the People gave their Suffrages, were earthen
Tyles, or Pieces of broken Pots (/). The like was ufed at Argot, Me-
gara, and Miletut [k) ; and the Syra<i(fian Xl(\AKi(T }j.l(; , was inftituted
upon the fame Account, in the third Year of the eighty-fixth OlympiaJ,
but differ'd from it in this, that this Banifliment was but for live Years,
and inftead of Orp)t, the People made Ufe of nijaiha., or Leaws,
ufually thofe of the Olive-tree, in giving their Voices (/).
QaveLrQ-, Death, was inflidled on Malefaftors feveral Ways, the
chief of which were thefe :
S.'i'p^, with which the Criminal was beheaded.
TipyjO- , with which he was cither ftrangled after the Turhifl? Fafliion,
or hang'd in the Manner ufual amongll us ; for that ,this was a very
ancient, but withal a very ignominious Punifhment, appears from Ho-
mer, in whom Ulyjfcs and Telemachus punifh the Men, that took Part
with the young Gentlemen, who made Love to Penelope, only with a
common and ordinary Death ; but the Maid-fervants that had fubmitted
to their Lnft, and behav'd therafelyes with Scorn and Contempt towards
their Mafters, as being guilty of a more notorious Crime, they order'd
to be hang'd ; the Mannerofit the Poethas defcrib'd in thefe Words(m),
J-^ua-^ iTiVTctviiffcti, fxri m tsoth vJ'etf "iKtiTeu.
ils cT' ot' av i\ KiKKcfj Tavva'iTrli^i, m 'Ts'i.f'.tiaut
AuKtv Ifftiff^Jcu, r.t/fpof /' i/VsJ^e|*To koitQ-.
Then young Telemachus a Cable ty'd
HardeA'd with Pitch t'a lofty Pillar's Side,
"'"v''*-^
{b) Plutarch. Ariftide, Akibiade, Uida, Themijloele. (!) Btfyeb. in V. (i) Ari''
fit}b.Schtl,Eimt, {I) Ditdtr. Sic. \ih. ^X. () 0l;ff. ;c'. v. 465.
K. 3 That
f S4 ^^ ^^^ ^^"^'^ Government c/ Athens.
That he might there make Swings above the Floor
For all his nafty Queans, who'd play'd the Whore ;
In heinpen Twifts they all hung in a Row,
Toffing their Legs and moving to and fro.
' So have I feen the warbling Larks befet
With knotty Mazes of the Fowler's Net,
How they do make a Flutter and a Rout
With Wings expanded, tho* they can't go out.
J. A.
<paf{/.etKov, Poifon ; of which there were divers Sorts ; but what they
moft commonly made Ufe of, was the Juice of the Herb, x.cJvhov, Cicu'
fa, not much unlike ^(fw/ofi, which, thro' its extreme Coldnefs, ispoi-
fpnpuE. A Draught of this gave Socrates his Death :
Rem populi traSias, harhatum hoc crede Magijirum
Dicere, forbitio tollit quern dira cicutes.
You who fuftain the Weight of Government,
To thefe prudential Maxims be attent,
^axim}, not mine, but that grave 5;>'s, wh.ofe Fat,e
A Draught oi Hemlock did precipitate. J. A^
iSaJth Perjius, meaning Socrates *.
Kf//fOf, aP;v/>zV,fromwhich theMalefaftor wastumbledheadlong.
'Tu'fJLTra.vet or Tv'ra.vet, were Cudgels of Wood, with which Malefac-
tors were beaten to Death (), being hang'd upon a Pole, which was alfo
call'd Tfjij.TAvot', and therefore TvuTravii^i^ is by Suidas and the Etyr
mologi^ ex^oandedK^i(/.ATeu, ^.ndlTVf^'7^etvl(^y)a^el.v, &K.p//t&(7"iJ' by
Hefychius ', for their Conceit is v^in and ridiculous, that would thence
infer it to have been a Kind of Gallows or Crpfs. No lefs groundlefs is
their Opinion, that imagine it to have been an Inftriument, on which
Criminals were diftended, like the Covering of a Drum, which the
Greeks call'd Tpf/.'sntyov, and to have been of the fame Nature with the
Roman Fidicu/ar, which were little Cords, by which Men wereftretched
upon the Rack, and feem to have refembled the Greek ^ "x/ivot, ufed
in the Panifhment call'd ^)^otvKTy.'oi.
'S.tewpoi, the Cro/s mention'd in Thucydides (a), was ufed in Greece, but
not fo frequently as at Rome. It confided of two Beams, one of which
was placed crofs the other ; the Figure of it was muchwhat the
fame with that of the Letter T, as Lucian tells us (p), differing only
from it, becaufe the tranfverfe Beam was fix'd a little below the Top
pf the Urait one. The Malefaftor was hang'd upon the Beam that was
creft, his Feet being fix'd to it with Nails, and his Hands to each Side
of that which was tranfverfe.
Bao^Q^ov, was a deep Pit belonging to the Tribe Hippothoontisy into
which condemned Perfons were caft headlong. It is fometimes call'd
"Opyf/za, whence the publick Executioner received the Appellation of
* Satjr. IV. V. T. () Arifttpb. SeM. Phto. Suidas, Hefychius, Etymol. Pallux,
t^ uj^ique in hoc captte, (4} Lib. j. (j>) A{/(>i (puf^ivTuy,,
Of the Civil Government cf Athens. 135
O C/77I TM opuf/xAT/. It was a dark, noifome Hole, and had (harp
Spikes at the Top, that no Man might efcape out ; and others at the
Bottom, to pierce and torment fach as were caft in [q). From its Depth
and Capacioufnefs, it came to be ufed proverbially for a covetous Mi-
fer, or voracious Glutton, that is always craving, and can never be fa-
tisfied ; and fuch an one the Latim call'd Barathr$, henceLucrelius[r),
Aufer ahhinc lacrymas, Barathro, ^ compe/ce ^trelas.
Forbear thy Sighs,
Thou Mifer, ceafe Complaints, and dry thine Eyes.
And Horace,
Mendici, mim^r, Barathrones, hoc genus omne (f).
Beggars, Jack-puddings, Rookjlers, and fuch-like.
A Place of the fame Nature was the Lacedamonian YLtua.S'Ai, into
which Ar'tflomenes the McJJeman being caft, made his Efcape after a
wonderful Manner, as Paufanias reports [t) .
Ai&oCoKiA, or Lapidation, was a common Punifhment, and ufually
inflided by the primitive Greeks upon fuch as were taken in Adultery,
as we learn from Homer i third Iliad t where HeSor tells Parij^ he de-
ferves to die this Death :
Aettvov iffO'o '/tlUVA Kctx.coy s'fgx', offlTA \o^Ai'
For all your Villainies you fliall ht Jion'd to Death.
Many other Punilhments there were, which they inflifted for particu-
lar Crimes, fome of which I (hall treat of in their proper Places.
. As the Laws inflidled fevere Penalties upon Offenders, thereby to
deter Men from Vice and Wickednefs, and frombafcdifhonourableDe-
figns; fo again they confer'd ample Rewards upon fuch as merited them,
thereby to incite others to the Praftice of Virtue and Honefty, and the
Performance of good and gloriousAdions ; and upon the juft and equal
Difpenfation of thefe two Things, it was So/on s Opinion, that the
Safety of the Commonwealth chiefly depended (). Now not to men-
tion publick Honours and State Preferments, to which even thofe of
the inferior Sort might not defpair of advancing themfelves in a po-
pular State, if, by their eminent Services, they approved theinfelves
to the People ; befide thefe, I fay, there were feveral publick Re-
wards and Honours confer'd upon fuch as were thought worthy of
them ; the chief of which were thefe ;
ITf orei<, or the Privilege of having the ^rjf Place at all Shows,
Sports, Banquets, and publick Meetings (ic).
ElxfeV, or the Honour of having a PiVlure, or Sta/ue erefted in the
Citadel, Forum, or Other publick Places of the City (a). With fuch
Monuments of Virtue, Athens feems to have abounded more than any
City in the World, as will evidently appear to any, that will be at
the Pains to perufe Pau/anias's accurate Defcription of them.
t
{q) Arijiopb. Pluto, Scbol (r) Lib. III. (/) Lib. I. Sat. II. (t) M^Jeniae.
u ) Ciceron. Epift. ad M. Brutum. {tv) Ariftofb. Equit , fjufijue Sdolupt & Suidat.
) Pmojittn, Ont, de &lia Legat. alii(iue.
K 4 S'*^*'
1^6 Of the Civil G ever mnefji of Athens'.
'^TitittVQlfOxCro'Luns, were conferr'd in the publick AlTembliesby the
Suffrages of" the People, or by the Senators in their Council, or the tribes
to their own Members, or by the Ai(//o3 in their own (/;//-) Borough.
1'he People were not allow'd to prefent Cronvns in any Place befide their
JJfemliy, nor the Senators out of the Senate-houfe ; it being the Law-
giver'slntention, that lh.eAthenians Ihould aiyct.'nrSv ai auT7 ToKei ri-
fJioi/J^Joi "OszTO J^tifx^i' acqttie/ce in the Honours paid them by their oivn Peop/e,
and not court the Favour and Efteem of other Cities. For this Reafon
the Athenians never rewarded any Man with Crowns in the Theatre, and
at the folemn Games, where there was commonly a great Concourfe
of People from all the Parts of Greece: And if any of the Criers there
proclaimM the Croivns, which, any Man's Tir/^f or Borough had prefented
him with, he was punifh'd with {clTif/.ia) Infamy. Neverthelefs ri^pctvoi
^iviKo], Corona hofpitales, werefometimes prefented by foreign Cities to
particular Citizens of Athens. But that could not be done, till the Am-
baffadors of thofe Cities had firll obtain'd Leave from the People of A-
thens, and the Men, for whom that Honour was intended, had under-
gone a publick Examination, wherein their Courfe of Life was cnquir'd
into, Laftly, whereas the Crowns prefented by the Athenians them-
felves, to any of their own Citizens, were kept in the Families of thofe
who had obtain'd them, as Monuments of Honour ; thofe, which were
fent from other Cities, were dedicated to Minerva the Proteftrefs of ^-
thens (yj. But of thefe, becaufe they were, for the moft Part, beftow'd
upon thofe that hadfignalized themfelves by their VaIour,as alfo of other
jniiitary Rewards, I fhall give you a farther Account in another Place.
ArkKeitt, was an Immutiity from all publick Duties, Taxes, and Co-
iributioKs, except fuch as were requir'd for carrying on the Wars, and
building Ship?, which no Man was excufed from, except the nine Ar'
chons. This Honour was very rare, but yet there want not Inftances of
it, as particularly thofe of Hermodius and Arijiogiton's. whole Families,
which enjoy'd it for many Generations ()?;).
'%i'i'iA,'aa.^<xnict,<y'nwii; oflTpyTcti'fciajWasanEntertalnmentallow'd
to fuch as deferved well of the Commonwealth, in paiticular to thofe
who had beenAmbaffadorsin the Common-hall, caWd Prytaneum. Solon
made a Law,that no Man Ihould be entertain'd in thisPlace ofcener than
once((7).But this beingafterwards aboli(h'd,fome were ettl(Xt]oi,co7iJ}ant[y
maintain'' din the Prytaneum[b) . Whence Socrates being afk'd by the
Court, what Punifliment he thought himfelf to deferve ? Reply 'd, ut
ei njidus quotidianiis in Prytaneo publice praheretur ; ih it they fhould al-
low him a conflant Maintenance in the Prytaneum, qi honos apud
Graces maximus habctur, which is reputed one of the greateft Honours
amongft the Grecians, as we are inform'd by Cicero {c). And fome-
times we find the Privilege granted to whole Families for the Ser-
vices of their Anceftors, as particularly to thofe of Hippocrates, Har-
modius, and Arijiogiton. Their common Fare was a Sort of Cakes,
or Puddings, cali'd Ma^ol. Upon Hplidavs they had an Allowance of
(y ) JEfchities in Ctejipbfintem. {x) Denofthen. Orat. in Leptittem. Ejufque Inter*
prct, (a) Plutarcbui in Stlone. {b) Pollux, {c) Lib, I, dc Oiatore.
Bread
0/ the Civil GGvernment of Athens. 1 3 j
Bread (i^ ; which Solon appointed (jliu^/jSjJ- li/'Oixr^^v, in Imitatioa
of Homer, vvhofe Heroes us'd to feaft in that Manner. Hefide other Pro-
vifions, the Tenths of all the Bellies of Animah, ofFcr'd in Sicrifice.werc
always referv'd for them, which, if any Man neglefled to fend, he was
liable to be punifli'd by the Prytanes, as we learn from Ai:Jiophaae:[e),
Keu (Ti (fnvm Tolf TTf v7!'Stf"/J'
^,ii'^Ol^AK0lhiet{.
Your Frauds I'll to the Prytanes difclofe.
Since yoa with facrilegious Stealth keep back
"i'he Tithes of (acred Vidims Bellies.
It muft not be omitted in this Place, that fuch, as had receiv'd any
Honour or Privilege from the City, were under its more p-.rticularCare
and Protection ; and the Injuries, done to them, were reftnted as pub-
lick Aft'ronts to the whole Commonwealth : Infomuch that whoever did
v^eiC^iV, TTctTacaeiv, Kei.x.i ^'T^v, affront, J}rikL\or /peak ill oi zny inch.
Perfon, was by the Law declar'd {ariiJ.-) infamous (f). Moremight be
faid about the Honours conferr'd after Death upon luch, as had been
eminently ferviceable to the Commonwealth, in the Celebration of their
Funerals, and the pious Care of their Memories ; but this I (hall leave to
be fpokcn of in another Place, andlhall only add, that not themfelves
only, but their Pollerity, reap'd the Pruits of their Virtues ; for if any of
their Children were left in a poor Condition, they feldom fail'd of ob-
taining a plentiful Provifion from thePublick: T]\\x% Arijlidcs'% two
Daughters were publickly marry 'd out of the Prytaneum, the City de-
creeing each of them three hundred Drachms for her Portion. Nor is it
to be wonder'd, faith Plutarch, that the People of Athens (hould take
Care of thofe that liv'd in the City, fmce hearing that Jrijlogiton'%
Grand-daughter was in a low Condition in the Ifle of Lemnus, and, by
Means of her Poverty, like to want a Hufband, they fent for her to
Athens, marry'd her to a Perfon of confiderable Quality, and befiow'd
upon her a large Farm, as a Dowry. Of which Bounty and Humani-
ty {faith he) this City oi Athens, even in this Age, hath given divers
Demonllrations ; for which fhe is defervedly had in great Honour and
Admiration (g^).
It will not be improper to add, in the laft Place, that, whilft the an-
cient Virtueand Glory oi the Athenians lafted, it was exceeding difficult
to obtain any of the publick Honours: InfomuCh that when Miltiadet
petition'd for a Crown, after he had deliver'd Greece from the Perjian
Army at Marathon, hereceiv'd this Anfwer from one of the P^o/Zf, that,
Hvhen he conquer d alone, heJJ^ouldbe croixnd alone. But in Arijiophancs'i
Age, Honours were become more common. Thus he complains \h).
(J) Demojlhfn. loc, cit. PoUux, Jib. IX, cap, 5. Athtfueut, lib. IV.fiff. () Eqol-
tibut. (/) Dmojibtnet in Miditna, [g] PlKlareb, Arijiidt. lb) Equitibui, Aft, I.
Sr-O. III.
m Kof.
138 OJ the Civil Government of Athens.
Ko ffTft7>if <^' <* f tif
Twc ^^i>rk anmiv jj'tj??', epo^wV" KAaifToj''
Noi one of the Generals informer Ages defird apublick Maintenance i
but nonx) unlefi the Privilege ofhwving thefirji Seats, and a Maintenance
is given to them, they fay, they'll not fight. In latter Ages, how lavifh
the Athenians grew of their publick Honours, may be eafily known
from the Stories of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Demetrius the Phalere-
an (/), which have been already mention'd in another Place.
CHAP. XXVI.
Of the Athenian Laws.
IT was Tullfs Obfervation, that moft of the Arts and Inventions,
which are neceffary to the iVIanagement of human Life, owe their
firft Original to the Athenians, from whom they were derived into the
other Parts of Greece, and thence carried into foreign Countries, for
the common Benefit of Mankind. Bat of all the Inventions commonly
afcrib'd to them, none has been of greater or more general Ufe to the
World, than that of Law?,, which, as AElian{i), and others report, were
firft eftablifh'd in Athens. Tho'' fome afcribe the firft Invention of Laws
to Zaleucus the Locrian, or to Minos, King of Crete (/). Moft other in-
genious Contrivances refpeft the Conveniences of human Life, but up-
on this depends the very Foundation of all Civil Government, and of
all mutual Society amongft Men ; for by them the Magiftrate is direft-
cd how to govern, and the People how far to obey ; the Magiftrate by
them is fettled in the Poffeffion of his Authority over the People, and
the People too by them are fecur'd from the arbitrary Power, and
unreafonable Demands of the Magiftrate, as well as from the Fraud,
Violence, and Oppreflion of each other.
The Poets tell us, that Ceres was the firft that taught the Athenians
the Ufe of Laws ; in Memory of which Benefit they celebrated the
Feftival call'd 0so-/zo(pof/tf, in which ftie was worlhipp'd by the Name
of -:!r/^0(pof-, which exaftly anfwers to the Latin Name oi Legifera
in Virgil [m):
maBant leSias de more bidentei
Legi ferae Cereri-
To Ceres, who firft (hew'd the Ufe of Laws,
They offer Lambs culPd out of bleating Flocks.
The Occafion of this Opinion feems to have been, their afcribing to
this Goddefs the Invention of Tillage. After which, the Lands being
not as yet divided into equal Portions, Controverfies us'd to be rais'd :
(/) Conf. Plutarcbus, Demetrio. {k) Lib. III. cap, 38. {}) Ckmmt ditxandri--
nui, Strom. I, p. 309, (w) ^neid. IV, v. 57.
For
Of the Civil Government of Athens . 130
For the compofing whereof, Om gave Direftions, which afterwards
were imitated in all other AfFair?. Some of the Laws of her Favourite
^riptolemus are ftill extant, and I have Ipoken of them in another Place.
But to pafs by poetical Fiftions, thus much is certain, cvix.. that the
Atheniam were govern'd by Laws before the DiiToIution of their Mo-
narchy, as may be obferv'd from what Plutarch relaies of T/jf/eus ,'vJz.
That when he diverted himfelf of fovereign Power, and ellablifh'd a
Commonwealth \n Athens, one of the Prerogatives, that he thought fit
ftill to retain, was the Cuftody or Proteftion of the Laws.
The firft that gave Laws to the Athenians, after Thefeus^s Time, was
Draco, who was Archon in the firft Year of the thirty-ninth Olympiad.
His Laws, jElian () tells us, are properly call'd Qu^oi, but arc re
jnarkable for nothing but their unreafonable Severity ; for by them
every little OflFence was punifti'd with Death, and he, that Hole an Ap-
ple, was proceeded againft with no lefs Rigoar, than he that had be-
tray'd his Country. But thefe Extremities could not laft long, the Peo-
ple foon grew weary of them, and therefore, tho' they were not abro-
gated, yet by a tacit Confent they were laid afleep, till
Solon, the next Law-giver, repeal'd them all, except thofe which con-
jccm'd Murder, call'd ioviKoi v'oixoi ; and, having receiv'd from the Peo-
ple Power to niake what Alterations he thoaght neceflary, new-model'd
the Commonwealth, and inftituted a great many ufcful and excellent
Laws, which, to diftinguifh them from Dracoh Qn^p.ol, were call'd
fiifxot. And left, thro' the Connivance of the Migillrates, they fliould
in Time be neglefted, like thofe of his Predeceffor, hecaus'd the Senate
to take a folemnO^th to oblerve them, and every one of the Thefmo-
thet(p vow'd, that, if he violated any of the Statutes, he would dedi-
cate a golden Statue as big as himfelf to the Delphian Apollo ; and the
People he oblig'd to obfcrve them for a hundred Years {o).
But all this Care was not fufficient to preferve his Laws from the In-
novations of lawlefs and ambitious Men : For Ihortly after Pijijlratus fo
far infmuated himfelf into the People's Favour, that the Democracy in-
ftituted by Solon was diflblv'd, and himfelf inverted with fovereign
Power, which, at his Death, he left in the Poffeffion of his Sons, who
maintain'd it for fome Years; andtho^ Pi^Jlratus himfelf, as Plutarch rC'
ports (/i), and his Son.after him, in a great Meafure, govern'd according
to Solon's Diredlions, yet they follow'd them not as Laws, to which
they were oblig'd to conform their Aftions, but rather fecm to have
us'd them as wife and prudent Counfels, and varied from them, when-
ever they found them to interfere with their Intereft or Inclinatio;:s.
Pijijiratut's Family being driven out of Attica, Clijlhenes took upon
him to rertore Solon i Conftitutions, and enaded many new Laws (y),
which continu'd in Force till the Peloponntfian War, in which the Form
of Government was chang'd, firft by x\it four hundred, and then by the
thirty Tyrantf. Thefe Storms being over, the Ancient Laws were again
reftor'd in the Archonjhip of Euclides, and others cftablifli'd at the Inflansc
() Var. Hift. lib. VIII. cap. lo. () Plutarch, SoUne, Diogen. Latrtiut, JEUan.
loc. cit. {p) Solent, (y) Htrodtlui, Plutarch, Pericle, JfccrOt. Artcpag.
of
1 40 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
of Diodes, Artftofhon, and other leading Men of the City. Lafl of all
Demetrius the Phalerean, being intruded with the Government of A'
thevs, by the Macedonians, was the Author of many new, but very be-
neficial and laudable ConlliCutions (r), Thefe feem to have been the
chief Legiflators 6i Athens, before they fubmitted to the Roman Yoke;
two others are mention'd by Suidas, viz. T^hales and jEfchylus.
Befide thefe, the Athenians h.?A a great many other Laws enafted
upon particular Exigencies by the Suffrages of the People : For I fhall
not in this Place fpeak of the "^yxpicixula, -f BukTu, the Decrees enadl-
ed by the Authority of the Senators, whofe Power being only annual,
their Decrees loft all their Force and Obligation, when their Offices
expir'd. The Manner of making a Law was thus: When any Man
had contriv'd any thing, which he thought might conduce to the
Good of the Commonwealth, he firft communicated it to the Prytanet,
who receiv'd all Sorts of Informations of Things that concern'd the
Publick ; the Prytanes then call'd a Meeting of the Senate, in which
thenew Projeft, being proposed, after mature Deliberation was re-
je5led, if it appear'd hurtful or unferviceable ; if not, it was agreed
to, and then call'd Ylpc^iKiviJot. This the Prytanes wrote upon a
Tablet, and thence it was call'd Tl^'cy^a.iJ.yni..
No Law was to be propos'd to the AfTembly, except it had been
written upon a white Tablet, and fix'd up, fome Days before theAfTem-
bly,at the Statues of the Heroescall'd ETaji'y//o/,that fo all the Citizens
might read what was to be propos'd at their next Meeting, and be able
to give a more deliberate Judgment upon it. When the Multitude was
come together, the Decree was read, and every Man had Liberty to
fpeak his Mind about the whole, or any Claufe of it ; and if, after due
Confultation, the AJfembly thought it inconvenient, it was rejefted ; if
they approv'd of it, it pafs'd into a "^n^KTy-O., or Noy.-, which, as we
learn from DemoJihenes,\vere thefame as to their Obligation,butdifFer'J
in this,thatN6/z^ was a general and everIaftingRule,whereas'>FHp/^^c6
refpefted particular Times, Places, and other Circumftances^/^.
No Man, without a great deal of Caution, and a thorough Under-
ftanding of the former Laws and Conftitutions, durft prefume to pro-
pofe a new one, the Danger being very great, if it fuited not with the
Cuftoms and Inclinations of the People; Eudemus, a Cydiathenian, is faid
to have loft his Life on that Account, being made a Sacrifice to the
Rage of the Multitude. Not much unlike this Severity was the Ordi-
nance oiXaleucus, the Locrian Law-giver, by which it was appointed,
that whofoever propos'd the enabling of a new Law, or the Abrogation
of an old one, fhould come into the AfTembly, with an Halter about
his Neck, and in that Habit give hisReafons for what he propos'd, and
if thefe were thought good and fufficient, his Propofal wasembrac'd;
if not, he flraightway pour'd out his Soul under the Hangman's
Hands. But the Athenians were not quite fo rigid, except upon fome
extraordinary Occafions, when the giddy Multitude was hurried on
{r) Plutarch, Ariftide, {J) Demojiben, ejuf^ue enarrator Ulpian in Leptin. Sc alibi,
with
Of the Civil Govermsfit 0/ Athens.' 141
with uniifual Rage and Vehemence, as happen'd in Eudemtti'i Cafe ; yet
if any Man eftablilh'd a Law that was prejudical to the Common-
wealth, he might be call'd in Queflion for it any Time within the Space
of one Year ; but if he was let alone any lonr^er, the Laws took no No-
tice of him. In thefe Cafes efpecially, a Writ for tranfgrejjhg theLaivs,
Cdl\''6.Ua^itvo[Mct<; yfctzYi, might take hold of him; Firil, If he had
not taken care to publiihhis Propofal in due Time. Secondly, If he
proposM it in ambiguous and fallaciousTerms. Thirdly, If he propos*d
any thing contrary to any of the former, and receiv'd Laws ; and there-
fore, if any of the old Laws were found to oppofe what they detign'd
to offer, they always took Care to have them repeal'd before-hand [t).
They who had preferr'd any Law, which was ''i^a.^.voii- , or ttn'Bi\i\-
cTrt-, contrary to the former Lanvs, or the Interejl of the Common-
wealth, were firft arraigned before x.\i&7l:efmotketee, according to Julius
Pollux: Or, as others think, they were fometimes arraigned before the
7hej'mothet^, fometimes before othtrjirchons, according to the different
Nature of their Crimes, every Archon having the Cognizance of diffe-
rent Affairs. The Accufation being heard, the Archon did H7iry^v bV
7B J^izATveioy, introduce the Caufe//(? that Court of Ji^^ ice, 'where fuch
Affairs were examinM. If the Defendant was declar'd guilty, be was
ufually punifh'd with a Fine, according to his Offence, which he was
oblig'd to pay under the Penalty of (tT//>cjA) Infamy: This laft Puniih-
ment was immediately inflifted upon thofe, who had been thrice con-
vifled of this Offence, who were, on that Account, ever after excluded
fiom all publick AfTemblies. Whence that Saying oi Antiphanes,
YlZi )& yii'of]' rtV -
PriTf *?4'i'", v fJi.ri Aha TtU Teto^.vooi.av.
Honvcan an Qratorhefiltnc'' d,unlefs he has been thrice con'viSled'jTtA^v'uiJ.uv)
cf enallingLanus contrary tothofe already in Force? If the Judgesacquitted
the Defendant, then the Plaintiff was amerced a thoufand Drachm<r, as
a Punifhment of his falfe Accufation (). And tho' he, who had been
the Occafion of enadling any unjuft Law, could not be punifh'd after
a whole Year was expir'd, yet it was lawful to cite him before a Ma-
gijirate, and there oblige him to fhew the Defign and Reafon of his
Law, in order to prevent any Damage which might enfue from ir.
But bccaufc, notwithflanding all this Caution, it fometimes happen'd
that new Laws were enabled contrary to the old, it was order'd, that
the Thefmothet<r fhould once every Year carefully peruf'e the Laws ; and
if they found any of them oppofe another, it was to be propoi'd to the
People, who were to proceed about it in the Method tiiat was us'd ia
abrogating other Laws, and fo one of the Laws made void. In other
Cafes, it was unlawful for any Man to endeavour to have any Law re-
peal'd, without preferring a new one in its Place.
And becaufetheChangeofTime.and other Circumftances,m.ikc great
Alterations in Affairs ; and Ordinances, which were formerly ufcful
and neceffary, by the different State of Things, become, unprofitable.
{t) Idem* (} Dmoflbtni Timtcrttta, ibique XJlfumui^
and
142 Of the Civil Governmejtt of Aihtnz.
and perhaps inconvenient and prejudicial ; it was ordain'd by Solon, that
once every Year the Laws Ihould be carefully revised andexamin'd, and
if any of em were found unfuitable to the piefent State of Affairs, it
fiiouldbe repeal'djthis Vi2L%cz\\''dii.-7i')(jf.^o\Qv'ia.TZi'vafJ.uv, from theMan-
ner of giving their Suffrages by holding up x\\t\x Hands. The Method of
doing It was thus ; on the eleventh Day of the Month Hecatombaon, at
which time the Prytanes held their firfty?<3/^i/ Affembly, after the KJiify^
had, according to Cultom, made a folemn Prayer before the Affembly,
the Laws were read over in this Order ; firfl, thofe that concern'd the
Senate ; then thofe that refpefted the People, the nine. 'frr.i'o/,and then
the otherMagiurates in their Order. This being done, it was dertjanded,
whether the Laws then in being were fufficientfor the Commonwealth ?
And if it fcem'd r.eceffary to make any Alteration in 'em, the Confidera-
tion was deferr'd till the fourth of Metagitnion, upon which Day was
the lafty?^/^//Affembly, under the firll Rank of the Prytanesy as the Re-
fei'ition of theLaws had been at the firft. In all this, the 0*0- v.oi,or Laws
concerning fuch Matters, were nicely and punftually obferv'd, and the
Prytanes and Proedri feverely punilh'd, if any thing was omitted. For
this was the Difference between ^isuli and v'oy.Qr, that ^csoM ir/ v'o-
f/.0' Tfof iXti vo/j.odijtiV' ^zafji-oi, is a La-^-v dire^ing hoiu Latjs[vofjLoi)
are to be made {at-). Upon the firll of M^/a^/VW, another Affembly was
cali'd, and the Proedri reported the Matter to tlie People, who did not
proceed to the Determination of it themfelves,.butfubltitutedthe AWo-
ibeta to doit; and appointed five Orators, call'd ^vvS'iKot, to defend
the ancient Laws in the Name of the People. If the Prytanes neglected
to convene the foremention'd Affembly, they were to be fin'd a thou-
fand Drachmae: Bat if the Affembly met, and the Proedri then negled-
ed to propound the Law to the People, they were fin'd only forty
Drachma; ''oTt ^ctpvTi^ov istv oKui ro y.h avveLccu rsf Sn/j.ai' tij zk,-
Xi^no'iAV, 7 //W \astpctWeiv. It being a greater Crime to negleci the Cal'^
iing of the People together, than the propounding of any particular Bujineft
to them. Any Man was permitted to arraign the Prytanes and Proedri
thus offending before the T^heffnotheta, whom the Laws obliged to im-
peach the Criminals in the Court of Heli^a, upon Negleil whereof
jhey were deny'd Admiffxon into the Senate of Areopagus. To return,
the Nomotheta, having heard what the Orators could fay in Defence of
the old Law, gave their Opinions accordingly, and their Sentence was
ratified by the People in the following Affembly {x).
Solan, and, after his Example, the reft of thofe that enadled Laws in
Athens, committed their Laws to Writing, differmg herein from Lycur-
gus, and the Law-givers of other Cities, who thought it better to im-
print them in the Minds of their Citizens, than to ingrave them upon
Tablet?, where it was probable they might lie negleded and un-
regarded, as Plutarch hath informed us in his Life of NumaPompilius:
^' It is reported, faith he, that Numa\ Body, by his particular Com-
' mand, was not burn'd, but that he order'd two Stone CofEns to
*' be made, in one of which he appointed his Body to be laid, and
*' the other to be a ]p.epofitory for his faqred Books and Writings, and
(m) Uhaniui in Argumtnt. htttinta. () Hcxb,
both
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 143
' both of them to be interr'd under the Hill Janiculum ; imitating
" herein the Legiflators of Greece, who having wrote their Laws i.i
" Tablets,which tliey call'd Ku'^au, did fo Icfng inculcate theContents
* of them, whilft they liv'd, iato the Minds and Hearts of their Priell-s
" that their Underftanding became, as it were, living Libraiiesof thofe
* facred Volumes, it being efteem'd a Prophanation of fuch Myfterica
to commit their Secrets unto dead Letters." In fome Places, efpecial-
ly before the Invention of Letters, it was i faal to fmg their Laws, the
better to fix them in their Memories j which Cuftom, Arijiotle tells us,
was us'd in his Days amongft the JgathyrJi,diVeo^\eT\QnrthQScythians ;
and this he fancies was the Reafon, why mufical Rules for keeping
Time were called Nojwo/ *.
But Solon was of a contrary Opinion, cReeming it the fafeft Way to
commit his Laws to Writing, which would remain entire, and impof-
fible-to be corrupted, when the unwritten Traditions of other Law-
givers, thro' the Negligence and Forgetfulnefs of fome, and the Gun-
ning and Knax'ery of others, might either wholly periih in Oblivion, or
by continualForgeries and Alterations be render'd altogether unprofitable
to the Publick, but abundantly ferviceablc to the Defigns and Innovati-
onsof treacherous and ambitious Men. Whence we findanexprefs Law, '
dy^^Jpu vofJi-O Ttff d^yjli [JLti yjiri^ [JLmi'i. rgztiiy'ai. That no Magi-
Jlrate Jhouliin any Cafe make ufe of an unnxiritten Laiu f. The Tablets
in which Jo/owpen'd hisLaws,P//^rf^tellsus, wereofWood, andcali'd
"'A^ovii, and fo fafhion'd, that they might be turn'd round in oblong Ca-
fes ; fome of 'em, he faith, remain'd till his Time, and were to be feen
in the Prytaneum at Athens, being, z.%Arifiotle affirms, the fame with the
KJp^rtf. But others are of Opinion, that thofe were properly call'd Ktlf-
i^m, which contain'd the Laws concerning Sacrifices, and the Rites of
Religion ; and all the reft ''A^(7{'gf. Thus P/utarchfy). Bat ApolloJorust
as he is quoted by the SchoIiaJ}uponAriJiophanes[z), will have KofCtn toi
be of Stone, and to fignify any Tablets, wherein Laws, or publick Edifts
were written, and to havereceiv'd their NameT*<^^ tb x.iKopv(pci^ e5y
v-^of, hecaufe they muere ereiled tip on high ; or from the Corybantes, the
firll Inventers of them, as Theopompus reports in hi? Treatife of Piety.
Arifiotlezd^s, that they were triangular, in his Account of the Repub-
lick of Athens,?in6. is feconded herein by Po/Iux{a), who farther remarks,
that the ''A^orgf were quadrangular, andmadeof Brafs. Ammonius[b), to
trouble you with no more Opinions about them,will have the Diftinftioii
to confift in this, that tht^A^ovti were four-fquare, containing the Laws
that concern'd civil Affairs; whereas the Kv'f^Hf were triangular and con-
tain'd Preceptsabout the Worfhipof the Gods. What Number there was
of 'em, 'tis impoifible to divine, fmce none of the ancient Authors have
given us any Light m this Particular. They were kept in the Citadel, but
afterwards remov'd to the Prytaneum, that all Perfons might have Rc-
courfe to them upon any Occafion (c) ; though fome report, that only
Tranfcriptsofthem were carry'd thither, and that the Original, wric-
Problem. Sedt. XIX, probl. XXXVIII. f AmiiciJtt dt Myjitriit. (>) 5/.
(as) Nubibus & Ayibus. Us Lib. VIII. p. w. [}) Lib. dc Diffccnt. ViiC.
Ic) Pollux, ibid.
tCA
144 Of the Chil Government <?/ Athens.
ten by So/on s own Hand, remain'd dill in the Citadel. Hence, as Polluii
is of Opinion, the Laws c^me to bedillinguifn'd into raj y.tt\<:o^iv, and
iKi aiva^tv >>ou8?,lJ e formerfignifying the Laws that were in the Pry-
taneum, which was in the loixer City ; the latter, thofe that were kept
in the Citadel, or upper Q'\\.y . O. hers are of Opinion, that by oKctja-^iv
j'6/>c(S*' DemoJIhetia, whofe Exprtflion it is, meant no more, than the
/ctu^/- Part of the Tablet: But then, without Difpute, he would havemcn-
tion'd the Number of the Tablets, as in other Places he, and others
ufually do, and not have left us in the dark which of the Tablets he
meant. Again, the t'o~a;cr Part of the Tablet might fometimes happen
to contain the firft Part of the Law, which it is improper to call tc/
x^Tad^iv, becaufe that Word Teems to import fomething beneath the
reft, and towards the latter End ; for one Tablet was not always large
enough to contain a whole Law, as appears from Plutarch*, in whom
tve find, that the eighth Law was engraved in the thirteenth Ta ble.
Petitus will have Dtmoliheues to mean no more by o KctTwd-jj' j'o//-,
than the Law Vi\i\c)^ beneath, or afterguards in the fame Oration, is ci-
ted by him. Others underlland it of the lanver Line, becaufe the Laws
are faid to have been written Cairr^o^iTS'oi', which is, as Paufanias ex-
plains it [d), when the fecond Line is turn'd on the contrary Side, be-
ginning at the End of the former, as the Hufbandmen turn their Oxen
in ploughing, in this Manner,
EK AIGS A p.
V s a lAi y X
It was againft the Law, for any Man to erafe a Decree out of any of
the Tablets, or to make any Alterations in them ; and for their greater
Security, there were certain Perfons call'd,from their Office, Tpaixuet-
Tf, whofe Huhnefs it was to preferve them from being corrupted {e),
and, as their Name imports, to travfcrihe the old, and enter the new ones
into the Tablets J they were elefted by the Senate, and, to render their
Office more creditable, had feveral Marks of Honour confer'd upon
them, of which in their proper Places. Lafily, That no Man might
pretend Ignorance of his Duty, the Laws were all engrav'd on the
Wall in the Bi/ff/X/jni ^oa. Royal Portico, and there exposed to publick
View. But this Cultom was not begun till after the tliirty Tyrants were
cxpell'd (f). Thus much of the Athenian Laws in general : Their
particular Laws, molt of which have been colledled by Samuel Peti'
tus, were thefe which follow :
Attick "LKW S,.
Laws relating to Divine Worfhip, Temples, Feftivals,
and Sports,
LE T Sacrifices be perform'd with the Fruits of the Earth. One of
Triptolemus's Laivs [g). See Book IL Chap. iv.
Let it be a Law among tiie Athenians for ever facred and inviolable,
* Sohnt. {d Eliac. {e)Tolliix, lib. VHI. cap. 8. (/) ArJocidc: de MyfterHu
[g) Pot-pbjrius np/ dvoyui ky.'^vyjUV^
always
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 45
always to pay due Homr.ge in publick towards their God, and native
Heroes, according to the ufual Cuftoms of their Country ; and with all
poffible Sincerity to offer in private Firft-fruits with Anniverfary Cakes.
One of DracoV Laixis {a). It muji be here obfer'vd, that no llrange God
could be ivorfiipp'dat Athens, //// he nuere appronjed by the Areopagite
Senate. See Book I. Chap, xix.
One Drachm fliall be the Price of a Sheep, eighteen of a Medimn.
One oj" Solon' s famptuary Laius (b).
Cattle defign'd for Sacrifice fhall be cuird(f). This La^w provided, that
the bejl of the Cattle fhould be offer'dto the Gods . See Book II. Chap. iv.
It is order'd that the Sacrificer carry Part of this Oblation Home to
his Family [d). See Book II. Chap, iv.'
All the Remains of the Sacrifice are the PrieJF^ Fees {e). See Book
II. Chap. iii.
Whofoever eafeth Nature in Jpollo's Temple, (hall be indifted, and
fentenc'd to DezthffJ. One o/Pififtratus'j La"MS, enaled -when that
Tyrant built Apolio'j Temple in the Pytheum, ivhert the Athenians ufed
to eafe Nature in Contempt of the Tyrant.
All Slaves and Foreigners are permitted to come to the publick
Temples, either out of Curiofity of feeing, or Devotion (g).
They, who furvive the Report of being dead, are prohibited En-
trance into the Furies Temple [h). See Book II. Chap. iv.
Let no Violence be offer'd to any one, who flies to the Temples for
Succour (/). Avery ancient Lanu. See Book II. Chap. ii.
While the Celebration of the New Moon, or other Fellival, con-
tinues at Athens, it is order'd, that no one be defam'd or affronted in
private or publick, and that no Bufinefs be carried on, which is not
pertinentto this Feaft^i^. See for this and the following Laws,
which relate to the Feftivals, Book II. Chap, xix, xx.
All who frequent the Panathemea, are forbid the Wearing of Ap-
parel dyed with Colours ^/^.
It is enadted, that, at the lnQ.it\xiiovioiPanathenaa Majora, Homer's
Rhapfodies be repeated (m) .
Sojourners arc commanded to carry about, at publick Proceffions,
little Veffels fram'd after the Model of a Boat, and their Daughters
Water-pots with Umbrellas (nj. See Book I. Chap. x.
No Foreigner is to be initiated into the Holy Mxjieries (o).
Death fhall be his Penalty, who divulges the Myfleries (p).
The Perfons initiated fhall dedicate the Garments they were initiated
in, at Ceres and Proferpind'^ Temple ^y^.
(<j) Porpbyriui loco citato, {b) Plutarchut Solone. {c) Plutarchut loco citato, {d) A.
rijiopbanii Scholiaftet in Plutum. (e) Idem in Vefpas. (/) Suidat, Hefychiut, Vati-
cana Proverbiorum appen. Cent. I. Prov. LXXXII. {) Demoflbtmt Orat. m Nae.
ram. [b)Hefycbiu:, Pha-vorinut, y. MvTi^'o'T'i'TnQ-, Plutarchut Quaeft. Ro-
man. (/) AriftopbMnit Scholiaftet in Equites. (k) Demofthenes Timocratea. (/) !.-
tiatius Nigrino. (m) Lycurgut in Leocratem, ^lianut Var. Hift. lib. VIII. cap.a.
(a) Harpocration v. (rJt*ip?>opo/. (o) Anfiophanti Scholiaftet in Plutum. [p) St-
faUr in divifione ^uaeftionis. (f) Ariftophanit Scboliafttt in Plutum,
I No
14^ Of ih Ck'il Govmiment of Atheml
No Woman (hall go in her Chariot to Ekufis, and whoever com-
mits Theft, during the Feaft kept at that Place, ftiall be fin'd 6000
Drachms (/ ).
Let no petitionary Addrefs be made at the Myjieria (f).
No Ofie (hall be arretted or apprehended, during their CeIebration(/).
An Affembly of the Senate ftall convene in the Eleufinian Temple,
^he Day following this Fcfii'val. 0^ o/" Solon's Laixis ()
The Feftival call'd 05i7//o(poe6t is to be annual, at which Time there's
to be a Gaol Delivery (zc).
Enjagoras hath caufed it to be enafted, that when there's a Proceflion
in the Pirteeus to the Honour of Bacc-^:/s, and likewife at the Lenaan
Proceffion, Comedies fhall be adled, and that, during the Celebration of
the C^iovvrj'iAKd in the Citadel, young Men (hall dance, and Tragedians
and Comedians aft, and that at thefe Times, and while the (da.^y{\xia.
continue, no Suit of Law, Bailment or Suretilhip fhall be made ; if
Trefpafs be made againft any one of thefe Particulars, let the Perfon
herein offending be profecuted in the ufual Manner, at the popular
Aflembly held in Bacchu^^ Theatre {x).
It is eltablifh'd, that the Prytanes, the Day fubfequent to thefe Ob-
fervances, call s. Senate in the Theatre of Bacchus, upon therictrcTitf,
where the firft Thing in Debate (hall be touching the facred Rites ; af-
ter that, the drawing up all the Indidlments to be executed on the
foremention'd Criminals at the Feafts (y).
No Arrellment fhall be attempted on the ^/crt/V/ct (;).
Execution of condemn'd Pvifoners (hall be deferr'd till the Qia^l
return from De/a (a). See Book II. Chap. ix.
No Oblation of Viflims Ihall be on the A^q^A {i).
He, who comes off Conqueror at the O/yKpick Gafnes, (hall receive
as his Reward 500 Drachms, at the Ijlhmick an 100 [c).
Fifteen Perfons fhall go to the Conllitution of a tragick Chorus [d\.
It is forbid that jEjchylus, Sophocles, and Euripides be brought on the
Stage, wherefore Licenfe is given that the City-Clerk read them pub-
lickly (e). This Latv tvas enaStcd out ofRefpe3 to thefe three Tragedians.
An emulatory Performance, among the Tragedians, is order'd to be
in the Theatre on the Fealt call'd Xi? 7^*, and that he, that ads his
Part bell, fhall be chofen Denifon (f).
No one, under thirty Years of Age, fhall be an Aftor. Others, iti'
fiead of thirty Years, read forty Years (^),
Let woArchon be expos'd , by any malignant Afperfion, in a Comedy (^).
If any Refleftions are deiign'd, let them be palliated under a feigned
Name. This Law nvas enabled to refrain the eld Comedy, ^wherein Men
nvere refe^ied on by Name [i).
(r) Plutarchus Lycnrgc rhetore. (/) ArJocides de Myfteriis, [t] Deir.ofthenes in
Mediant, (a) Andocides de Myfteriit. (w) Theocriti Scholiaftet in Idyll. V. {x) Dc-
tif>ftbenii in Mediam. fy] Ibid. () Ibid. (<i) PJato Phadone. Xenophcn. Aarowr/WOl'.
Jib. IV, {b) Demcfthencs in Neteram. (c) Plutarchus, Solone. (d) Follax, lib. XIV.
cap. 15. {) Plutarchus Lycurgo. (^f) Plutarchus Lycurgo. [g^AriJiopl.anis Scboliajlia
ia. Nuiei, (/) Idem ibidcmi ('} Htrtnogenes de Statihus, '
Let
Of the Civil Government of Athens." 147
Let ail the different Airs and fpecifick Kinds of Mufick be obfervcd,
aftd each of them be made Ule cf .it its peculiar Feftival. This 'was an
ancient Laiv, rw^jerehy they, nvho confounded the fei>eral Kinds of Mufick,
J>eif>gfirji conwded before the Maflers of Mufick, luere liable to btpunifi}'
ed. But this Practice luas afterivatds laid a fide \i).
All Speftators fhall fit with due Attention and Z^ccoraw in the Thea-
tre, and the Archons fhall caufc their Serjeants to turn him out, who
fhall caufe any Noife or Difturbance ; but if any one perfevere in hi
Rudenefs, a Fine fhall be his Punifhment {k). This Lww relates to the
Dionyfia, nvhere the chirfArchon nxjas P/ cfident, the Care of other Games
being connnitted to other Magifirates^ as that of the Lensea, and of the
Anthelteria to the Ba<riKivi.
Sports, exhibited in Honour of Neptune, are to be in the Piraitis^
grac'd with three Pances perform'd in a Ring, where the Reward to
them, who come off beft, fhall be ten ixvcu; to them whofe Performance
is one Degree below, eight j and fix to the third Vigors. This Lata
nvas enaSedby Lycurgus the Orator (/),
One Day yearly there's to be a publick Cock-fighting. 5^^ Book
II. Chap. XX. in Ak^.-vt%v'ovuv dyuv (m).
Sacrifices are required to be at the Beginning of every Month. Stt
Book II. Chap. xx. in Ndi^koid [n).
Laws concerning them who officiate in holy Rites.
TH E BctffiKiCi is to take Care that the Parafites be created out of
the People, whofe Duty 'tis, each of them, to referveoutof his
Allowance an BeEleum of Barley without the leaft Deceit, for the Main-
tenance of the Genuine Citizens Feafl, to be kept in the Temple, ac-
cording to the Cuftom of the Country. The Achamenfian Parafites
sat to lay up an Heileum of their Dole in Apollo' ^, Refervatory, to which
Deity they are to facrifice ; the Bcto-zAeOf alfo for the Time being,
likewife the old Men, and Women who have had but one Hufbaud,
are obliged to join in the Sacrifices. See Book il. Chap. iii.
Out of thofe of fpuriousBirth, or their Ciiiluren, the Far/T/J/^/ fhall
eleft a Prieft, who fhall officiate in the monthly Sacrifices, and againll
him who declines to be a Parafiu^ an Aftion fhall be enter'd (o).
Two of the facred Ceryces mull undergo Parafitefifip, for the Space
of one Year in Apollo\ Temple at Dslos {p).
The third Part of the choicefl of -the Oxen is to be conferrMon the
,Vllor of a Prize, the two remaining fhall be divided between the
Priefts and Parafites {q). This Lanju ivas engraved in the Anaceum.
Let there be given a juft Value of Money to be difburfed by the
Prierts for the Reparation of the Temple, of the Afyy,ov (or Treafury
of the Temple) and the rirtfstfl- jtioc, or Place fet apart for the Parafitt*
executing of their Office (r).
(/) Plato, lib III. de Legibus. (*) Dmc/lbcnes, t]^iC<iue SchoIia/}es laMediana,
IT) Flutarchut Lycurgo rhetorc. {m) jElianui Var. Hift. lit). H. cap. aS. () Atbt-
Wr, lib. VI. () Vide ibid. (/) Idem ibid, (f J Ibid, {r) AtbiMut,h\>. IWn
FqUux, lib. VI. cap. 7.
14? Of tbe Civil Government of Athens,
Out of the nioft vigorous of the old Men, there are to be created
QAKKo^'opoi, i. e. Perlons to carry Sprigs of OfiVein ihePanathen^a, in
Honour oi Mimrva (f). See Book II. Chap. xx. in Yletva^ivaua..
It is hereby appointed, that the Confort of the 'Qit^iKzvi fliall be a
Citizen oi Athens, and never before marry 'd [t]. See Book I. Chap. xii. '
N6t the Priefis only (hall give an Account of their Demeanour
in their Priefthood, but likewife t\it /acred Families (?<}. See Book II.
Chap. iii.
No impurePerfon (hall be elefted \ntot\itVrit^\iOodi[%v).See as before.
Laws relating to the Laws.
As for the Re^ie^iv of the Laws [zrm'XjU^rovict No^wi') 1 hwve purpofely
omitted it, as being fpoken of in the former Part of this Chapter,
The Decree.
Tlfamenus hath eftablifhed, with the Confent and by theAuthority of
the People, that Athens fhall keep her ancient Form of Govern-
xnent, and make Ufe of Solon s Laws, Weights, and Meafures, with
Draco's Sanflions, as hitherto; if new ones, fhall feem requifite, the
Nomotheta, created by the Senate for that Purpofe, (hall engrofs them on
a Tablet, and hang 'em up at the Statues of the Eponymi, that they may
"be expofed to the publick View of all Paffers-by ; the fame Month they
are to be given up to the Magiftrates, after they have pafs'd the Eftima-
tion of the Senate oif've hmidred, and the delegated Nomotheta. Be it
alfo farther enafted, that any private Man may have irzc Accefs to the
Senate, and give in his Sentiments concerning them. After their Pro-
mulgation, the Senate of Areopagtts is required to take Care that the Ma-
giftrates put thefe Laws intoExecution, which, for the Conveniency of
the Citizens, are to be engraved on the Wall, where before they had been
expofed to publick View(Ar). This Lanv ^was enaded after Thrafybulus
had expelld the thirty Tyrants. See the former Part of this Chapter.
He that propounds a Law contrary to the common Good, {hall be
indifted (y). See as before,
ThePropofer ofa Law, after the Year's End, (hall be accufed, if his
Law be pernicious, but yet fhall be liable to no Penalty. See as before.
No Law ihall be repeal'd, before Reference be made of it to the A'i?-
mothette ; which being done, any Athenian may endeavour its Repeal,
fuppofing he fubftitutes a new Law in its Stead. Both thefe the Proe-
V/-/ ihall refer to the Votes of the People; the firft Propofal fhall be
concerning the old Law, whether it be any longer conducible to the
publick Good, then the new one fhall be propofed ; and which of the
T (/) Xenophon Sympojto. (r) Demojihenes in Nearam. () ^fcbinet in Ctefphon-
tem. {w) j^fchiaes ia Timarcbuatt {x) Andoddtt d.% Myjitriis^ {^y) Demopbenei
io Timairatem^
two
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 149
tw6 the Nomotheta fhall judge beft, that (hall be in Force ; yet this Cau-
tion muft be obferv'd, that no Liw fhal! be enafted, which gainfays any
of the reft ; and the Perfon, who (hall give in a Law inconfifter.t with
the former Conftitutions, fliall be dealt with according to the Rigour of
the Aft againft thofe, who promote prejudicial Laws (*). See as before.
He who, to abrogate an old Law, promifeth to make a new one,
and doth not, (hall be fin'd [z).
The T/je/mot/jefo' ihall yearly ?.flemble in the Repofitory of the Laws,
and cautioufly examine whether one Law bears any Contradidion to
another ; whether there be any Law unratified, or Duplicates about the
fame Things ; if any of thefe fliall occur in their Ewminacion, it (half
bewriten on a Tablet, and publifh'd at the Statues of the Eponymi.
Which done, by the Epijlata'% Order, the People fliall vote which of
them fliall be made void, or ratified (a). See as before.
No Man fliall enaft a Law in Behalf of any private Perfon, unlefs
fix thoufand Citizens give Leave by private Votes. 'Jbis vjas one of
Solon'j Laivs (b) .
It fliall be a capital Crime for any Man to cite a fiftitious Law in
any Court of Juftice ('f^.
The Laws fliall be in Force from the Arehonjh'tp of Euclides (d)- f^f*
La'voix'ai enacled after the Expuljtoti of the thirty Tyrants, and inti-
mates, that nvhat had heen done, under their Ufurpation, fhould not
thenceforth be enquird into, an Ail of Amnefty hwving been pafs'd.
Diodes hath enafted, that the Laws enafted during the Freedom of
the Commonwealth, before Euclides was Jrchon, and alfo thofe which
were made inhisArchonJhip, fliall be in full Force henceforward. Thofe,
which have been enaftedfince the Archonjhip of Euclides, or hereafter to
be enafted, Ihall be in Force from the Day, wherein each of them fliall
be enafted, unlefs a particular Time, wherein their Force fliall begin, is
fpecify'd in the Law. Thofe, which are now in Force, fliall be tranfcrib'd.
into the publick Records by the Notary oftheS^-wa/^ within thirty Days.
But the Laws, hereafter to be made, (hall be tranfcribed, and begin to
be in Force from the Day of their being enafted (e). This Lavj gcr-z'e
perpetual Force and Authority to the Lanvs o/" Solon, ivhich ^were atfirjl
enabled only for an hundred Tears, as has been elfeivhere obferved.
Laws referring to Decrees of the Senate, and
Commonalty.
"^^KTiittTA, or Decrees of the Senate, are to be but of one Year's
Continuance (f). See Book I, Chap, xviii.
No Pfephifm Ihall pafs to the Commons, before the Senatii Super-
vifal (g). One o/'SolonV Laivs. See as before.
() Demfibents ibid, & in Ltptin. (as) Ulfianut in Lt^in. {a) MJchinet in Cttji.
fbontem, (i) Andocidet dc Myfteriis, JEntat Gaxaut in Thetphrajium. (<) Dem.
Jlijenis Orat. II. in Ariftogiconem. {d) Andocidet de Myfteriit. {e) Dtmofittnts \n,
Timoirat. {/) Demofibena iaAriJfocratem. {g) F.'urardut Silorr,
L 3 The'
'f^a. Of the Civil Government of Athens.'
The Tablets, on which the Pfephifms are engraved, are by no mean
to be removed (g).
Let no P/ephifm be of greater Authority than the Laws, the Senate^
or the People [h).
No Sophu\i'cation is to be contain'd in a P/ephifm (/).
Laws concerning native and enfranchis'd Citizens. '
AL L Laws are to be alike obligatory towards the whole Body
of the People. One o/'Thefeus'j La^s [k).
All Priefts and Archons are to be elefted out of the Nobility (eu3-(*-
TflcTaf) whofe Duty 'tis to interpret all Laws both Civil and Divine.
Another o/* Thefeus'5 Laius (I). See Book L Chap. iii.
The 0j)Tf, or thofe of cLe meaneft Sort, fhall be capable of no Ma-
giftracy. This and the follonuing Law are Solon'j (). See Book L
Chap. iv.
The nTSf fhall have Right of Suffrage in publick AfTemblies, and
of being elefted Judges.
Let all the Citizens have an equal Share in the Government, and
the /^rc^ow/ be indifferently eledled out of them all. This Law 'was
encSlcd by Ariftides (), See Book I. Chap. xi.
No Perfon?, but fu'ch as have fuffer'd perpetual Banifhment, or thofe
who, with their whcic Families, come to Athens for the Conveniency
of Trade, fhall be enroll'd among the Denijons. One of Solon'j
Lavjs[o). 5^^ Book I. Chap. xi.
Let no Perfon that's a Slave by Birth, be made free of the City [p).
See Book I. Chap. x.
No one fhaiibe admitted Citizen,unlefs a particular Eminency of Vir-
tue entitle him to it ; and if the People do confer a Citizenfhip on any
one for his Merits, he fhall not be ratified before the Athenians, at the
next Meeting of the Affembly, honour him with fix thoufand private
Votes ; the Prytane: likewife fhall give them.before the Entrance of the
Stranger?, the Boxes with the Calculi, and take away the Largeffes.
Now thefe Perfons, after Enfranchifment, fhall be altogether uncapable
of being Jrchsns, or Priefts ; as for their Children, they may officiate,
if born of a free Woman ; if the Perfons made free pref ume the taking
up of any OfHcfe, any free-born Man may bring an Adlion againll
them, as Interlopers on his Privileges {<j). This La-ui was enaSied after
the Victory o'ver Mardonius near Platan. See Book I. Chap. ix.
There fhall be a Difquifition made, whether they, who are inferted
in the Regifler of Citizens, be fo or do ; they who fiiall not be found
Citizens on both Sides, let them be erafed out ; the Determination of
this fhall be by their own Borough, by whom, if they be call, and ac-
quiefce in their Sentence without any farther Appeal to an higher
(f ) Plutarchui Pericle. (b) Demofibenei Timocmtea. (/) JEfchinet in Ctejtpbotttem,
. (*) Plutarcbus Tbejia. (/) Ibidem, (w) Plutarchus Solonc. (n) Fhtarthui Arijiide.
{e) Plutarciai Saio.ia. (j>) Disn.CbryJeJiomus Ozat.XY. {j) Dcmcjltenes Orat. in
Court,
Of the Civil Government (?/^Athensr 1 5 1
Court, they Ihall be rank'd among the Sojournrs j but they that, after
Appeal, ftiall be condemn'd by the higher Court, (hall be fold for
Slaves; or, if acquitted, (hall contihue in their Freedom {/). See as
before. This Lanv ijuas enaded^ Archias being Archon.
It is permitted any Athenian to leave the City, and take his Family
and Goods along with him (f).
Laws appertaining to Children legitimate, fpurlouSy or
adopted.
THEY only fliall be reckon'd Citizens, whofe Parents are both
fo(/). See Book L Chap, iv, This Laiv nuas enaSed at the
Infiance /" Pericles.
He (hall be look'd on as a Baftard, whofe Mother is not free (a).
^his ivas enaSled by Ariftophon the Orator.
Let none of fpurious Birth, whether Male or Female, inherit either in
facred or civil Things, from the Time oi Euclides being Archon (w).
That Inheritance (liall pafs for good, which is given by a Childlefs
Perfon to an adopted Son [x).
Adoption mull be made by Perfons living (y). i. e. Not by their Laji
Tejlament.
No one, except the Perfon, who adopted, ihall have a legitimate
Son, (hall relinqui(h the Family into which he is adopted, to return in-
to his Natural. One o/"Solon's Lanvs |). See Book IV. Chap. xv.
Parents may give their Children what Names they will, or change
thofe they have (brothers (). 5"^^ Book IV. Chap. xiv.
Whenever Parents come to enroll their Children, whether genuine,
or adopted, in the publick Regifter of the fparofSf, they are obliged to
profefs by Oath, that they were lawfully begotten of a free Woman(^).
See Book I. Chap. ix.
Beads, defign'd at this Time for the Altar, are to be of a certain
Weight, a Goat to weigh fifty ^vdi, and two Sheep forty-eight.
The Oath to he taken hy the Ephebi.
I'LL never do any Thing todifgracethis Armour ; I'll never fly from
my Port, or revolt from my General, but I'll fight for my Coun-
try and Religion, in an Army or fmgle Combat ; I'll never be the
Caufe of weakening or endamaging my Country ; and if it be my For*
tune to fail on the Seas, my Country thinking fit to fend me in a Colo-
ny, I'll willingly acquiefce and enjoy that Land which is allotted me.
I'll firmly adhere to the prcfent Conftitution of Affairs, and whatfo-
ever Enaftions the People (hall pleafe to pafs, I'll fee nobody violate or
pervert them, but I'll either fmgly by myfelf, or by joining with
(r)Argumtntum Demojihen. Ont. Tp5< EC^^^tJ'vvWiiTiaf. (/) PlatnCrimt.
{t) Plutarebus Pericle. () Caryfiio W/loric. X.'miLtvtIU. lib. III. (tv) Dcirfo/fkfin
in Macartatum. (x) Demoftbenes in Leocbarem. {y ) Libaniut ArgumentoOrat. Dr-
mtjihenes in Leocbarem. (z) Ifaui do hatred. Fhihnetnonit, Ujrp,cration. {a) Di-
mojibciici Orat. in Beettum dc nomine. (*) (/> de hjcted, A^o'Mori,
L 4 othcn,
1 5 2 Of the Civil Government of Athens .
others, endeavour to revenge them. I'li conform to my Country**
Beligion : I fwear by thefe following Deities, wx. the Jgrauli, Enya-
lius. Mars, "Jupiter, the Earth, and Diana.
If Occifion require, I'll lay. down my l,ife for my native Country.
My Endeavours to extend the Dominions oi Athens fhall never ceafe,
while there are Wheat, Barley, Vineyards, and Olive-trees without its
Limits (f).
Parents fhall have full Right to difinherit their Children [d). See,
Book IV. Chap. XV.
No one fhall fell his Daughter, or Sifler, unlefs he can prove her to
be a Whore [e). One o/Solon'i Lanvs. See Book I. Chap. x.
The firfl: InlHtution of Youth is to be in Swimming, and the Rudi-
ments of Literature ; as for thofe, whofe Abilities in the World are
but mean, let them learn Hifbandry, Manufactures, and Trades ; but
they , who can afford a genteel Eduaition, fhall learn to play on mufi-
cal Inllruments, to ride, fhall liudy philofophy, learn to hunt, and be
inflrufted in the Gymnical Exercifes. One ofioiorCs Laivs.
Let him- be {eirif^') infamous, who beats his Parents, or does not
provide for them (f)^ One of '^loXoxC s Lanus. See Book IV. Chap. xv.
If any Man, being found guilty ofabufing his Parents, frequent prohi-
bited Places, the Eleven fhall fetter him, and bring him to Trial at the
Heliaan Court, where any one, who is impower'd thereto, may accufe
him ; if he's herecaft, the Heliaan Judge (hall inflift upon him what
Puniihment they pleafe, and if they fine him, let him be clapp'd up in
Gaol till he pays the whole [g). Another of Solon'j Lawus. See as before.
No Bailards, or fuch as have been brought up to no Employ, fhall be
obliged to keep their Parents {V). Another of So\q\\'s La^js . See as before.
If any one's Eftate, after hisDeceafe, fhall be called in Queftion, the
Enjoyer of it is obliged to prove the Lawfulnefs of his Parents getting
it, according to that golden Precept, Honour your Parents^ (i).
He, that is undutiful to his Parents, fhall be uncapable of bearing
any Ofiice, and farther be impeach'd before the Magifirate {k). See,
Book IV. Chap. xv.
' If, through the Infirmity of old Age, or Torture of a Difeafe, any
Father be found craz'd and dillemper'd in his Mind, a Son may hence-
forth have an Aftion againft him, wherein, if he be caft, he may keep
him in Bonds.
Laws belonging to Sojourners.
EVERY Sojourner is to choofehis Patron out of the Citizens, who
is to pay his Tribute to the Colle^ors^zni take Care of all his other
Concerns. See Book I. Chap. x. as alfo in the follonving Laivs^
{c) Stehaus, Pollux, Plutarehus Alcihiadt, Ulpianus in Demoflbenis Orat. de felfa
Lgat. [d) Demofthcnis Ot3.t. m Bceotum. (e) Plutarcbus So/one. {/) Diogena
Laertius, ^.fcbines In Tiiiiarchum, [g) Demofihemi, Orat. in Timocratem. (h) Plu-
iartbus Sokne. (/') Demofibena in Caili^Pum, (k) Xtno^bon hwofJ-yny- lib. I.
- ' Let
Of the Civil Government of Aihtn^, 153
Let there be an Adtion againtt them, who don't chufp a Patron^ or
pay Tribute.
In this Adtion no Foreigner fhall appear as a Witnefs.
Let them be call into Prifon before Sentence is pafs'd, without any
Grant of Bailment, on whom the Aftion of ^zvia is laid, but if con-
demned, they Ihall be fold ; whoever is acquitted of this Imputation
may accufe his Adverfary of Bribery (/). See Book I. Chap. xi.
Laws relating to Slaves, and freed Servants. ,
HE that beats another Man's Servant, may have an Aftion of
Battery brought againft him [m). See Book I. Chap. x. and in
federal of the follo%mng Lawos.
No one may fell a Capti've for a Slave, without the Confent of his
former Mailer : If any Capti've hath been fold, he fhall berefcu'd, and let
hisRefcuer put in Sureties for his Appearance before the Polemarchus (a).
If any Slave's Freedom hath been unjullly aflerted by another, the
Affertor fhall be liable to pay half the Price of the Slave (o).
Any Slave, unable to drudge under the Imperioufnefs of his Matter,
may compel him to let him quit his Service for one more mild and
gentle fpj.
Slaves may buy themfelves out of Bondage ("qj.
No Slaves are to have their Liberty given them in the Theatre j the
Crier that proclaims it fhall be (ati(j.-) infamous (r) ).
All emancipated Slaves fhall pay certain Services, and do Homage
to the Maflers who gave them Liberty, chuling them only for their
Patrons f and not be wanting in the Performance of thofe Duties, to
which they are oblig'd by Law (f).
Patrons are permitted to bring an Aflion of A-tfosiiTiov againft fuch.
freed Slaves, s.s are remifs in the foremention'd Duties,and reduce them
to their priltine State of Bondage, if the Charge be prov'd againft
them ; but if the Accufation be groundlefs, they fhall entirely pofTefs
their Freedom (tj.
4ny who have a Mind, whether Citizens, or Strangers, may appear
as Evidences in the abovemention'd Caufe (u).
He that redeems a Prifoner of War, may claim him as his own, un
lefs the Prifoner himfelf be able to pay his own Ranfom f'wj.
Maintenance is by no Means to b.e given to a Slave carelefs in his
Duty (xj.
(/) Hyperides in Arlflagoram. (w) Xenopbon. AcAtben. Repub. () PlutarcbusLf
eurgo rhetore, Mfchinet in Timarchum. (o) Argumtnt. Dtmoft. Orat. in Tbtocrintm.
{p) Pluiarcbut AtSuperJiitione. (y) Dion. Chryfoftomut Orat. XV. (r) Mfchinet \n
Qefipbcntem, {f)Ccinf. Lexicograpbot y. a.'ZiFiKi\)^if&- {t) Conf. eofdem. v,
atso^ATtov. (a) Harpocratitn tx Hyptridt, (w) Dmoftbetttt ia Nicojiratuim
{x) Ulpianut in Medianam,
Law*
154 Of the Civil Govetiimeni of At\itnzl
Laws concerning the Senate of Five hundred, and the Po-
pular AlTembly.
N
O one is to be twice an Epijlaia *. See Book I. Chap, xviii.
The Oath of the Senate Ipafs hy, as lefore treated o/Book I. Ch. xviii.
The Eftablifliment of Phocus runs, that Senators, with the reft of the
Athenians, (hall keep the Feaft call'd A'TntjtieiA, as is ufual by the Cuf-
tom of the Country, and that there fliall be an Adjournment of the Se-
nate, and Vacations of leffer Courts, for five Days, from the Time in
which the Protenth^ebegin to celebrate the Solemnity (yj. See Book II,
Chap. XX. z A7rc{\iexct.
The Crier (hall pray for the good Succefs of Affairs, and encourage
all Men to lay out their Endeavours on that Defign (). See Book f.
Chap. xvii.
The Crier fhall curfe him openly, with his Kindred and Family, who
(hall appear in the Court, and plead, and give his Voice for Lucre [a] .
Let the moft ancient of the Athenians, having decently compos'd
their Bodies, deliver their moft prudent and wife Thoughts to the Peo-
ple ; and after them, let fuch of the reft, as will, do the like, one by
one, according to Seniority {^). One of Solon'i Laius. See Book I.
Chap. xvii. and in the tixjo next Lanjjs.
In every Aflembly, let there be one Tribe elefted to prejide, and to
look after the Laws (<:).
The Prytanes are not to authorize the People to vote twice for the
fame Thing [d).
The Senate of Five hundredmzy fine as far as five hundred Drachms[e),
See Book I. Chap, xviii. and in the tnvo follon.i'ing La^vs,
Let the Senate of Fi~je hundred build new Ships (f).
Such as have not built any, fhall be reifus'd the Donation of Crowns {g).
'^rh.hSenate fhall give an Account of their Adminiftration, and they
who haveexecuted their Offices well, fhall be rewarded with Crowns(/;).
Laws which concern Magiftrates.
NOne fhall be Magiftrafet, but they who have competent Eftates {/}.
One ofSolorCs Laics. See Book I. Chap. xi. and in thefollowng.
The Eledion oi Magijirates fhall be by Beans {k).
* Pollux, lib. VIII. cap. 9. ( y ) Ex Athenao. {x) Dlnarchus in Aripgitonem,
{a) Ibidem, {b) Mfchinei in Ctefiphontem. (c) JEfcbina in Timarcbum. {d) Nicia
Otat. apud Thucyd. lib. VI. (e) Demojihenei in Euerg. & Mnefibal. (/ ) Demoft-
benei tcUlfianu'tin Androtiana, itemque in ejufdem argumento I.:itfniBi. (f) '^^^'
dem. (.) jEfcbinei in Ctefipbontm, Dsmojlhsnsi Si U-'^ianut AndrQtiana, ('} ^^"
tartbus Sohnc, (k) Ladanus^
It
Of the Civil Government of Athens." 15^
It fhall be punifhable with Death, to pafs two Suffrages for the fame
Candidate {a).
The Archons fhall be created by the People. *
No one fhall bear the fame Office twice, or enter on two feveral the
fame Year {h).
AH Magijirates, that are elefled by Suffrager, Surveyors of publick
Works, and they, who have any Authority in the City upwards of thir-
ty Days, with thofe who prefide over the Courts of Judicature, fhall ndt
enter on their refpeftive Offices,till they have undergone the accuftom*d
Examination ; and, after the Expiration of thofe Offices.they fhall giv6
an Account of the Difcharge of their Truft before the Scribe andi^-
^iji^r, as other Magiftrates are oblig'd to do {c).
This fhall be the Manner ; So much I received from the Publiclc,
fo much I laid out, or in the Reverfe {d).
Such as have not made up their Accounts, (hall expend none of their
Money in divine Ufes, nor make Wills ; nor fhall they have Licence
to travel, bear another OfHce, or have the Honour of a Crown con-
ferred on them {e).
It is Death for any one indebted to the publick Exchequer, to be
invefted with a publick Truft (f).
It is ahb Death to ufurp the Government (g).
Let him be out-law'd, who fhall continue in his Magiflracy after the
Diffolution oi democratical GoMcrrvsntTLt ; whereupon, it fhall be lawful
for any one to kill fuch a Perfon, and make Seizure of his Goods [h) .
A Pfephifm.
THIS Decree was made by the Setzate and Athenian State, the
Tribe jEantis being Prytanes, Cleogenes Clerk, Boethiis chief
Prefident, Demophantiis its lagroj/er ; the Date of this Pfephifm is from
the Eleftion of the Senate o{ Finje hundred, and thus it runs : If any one
levels at the Ruin of the Commonwealth, or after its Subverfion bears
any Office, let that Man be cenfur'd as an Enemy to the State, and
difpatch'd out of the Way ; let all his Goods, faving the tenth Part to
be confifcated to Minerva, be expos'd to Sale : He that kills him, with
all his AfTiflants, fhall be blamelefs herein, and free from the Guilt of
his Death ; all Athenians likewife, in their feveral Tribes, are oblig'd
by Oath to attempt the Killing of that Man, who fhall in the leaft
feem to afFeft the Crimes here fet down (}.
'the Oath.
I'LL endeavour, with my own Hands, to kill that Man, who fhall
diffolve the Athenian Republick, or, after its Subverfion, fhall bear
any OfHce, and he fhall be reputed by me wholly free from Guilt, in
Refpeft of the Gods or Damons, who fhall take away his Life, or en-
courage another fo to do ; farther, in the Diflribution of his Goods,
() Demoftbenet in Benotum. (i) Uipiaeut in Tlmocrateam. (f ) /Efibiitet in Ctefi"
fhonttm. (<0 Ibidem. (?) Ibidem, (/) DemoftbtttttLtpiinea, {^) PlutorcbutSt-
itne. ih) Andofidet de Mjjitriii, 0) IbidcflHi
rij
156 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
I'll pafs my Vote that the Slayer fhall have half; and he, that In the
Attempt (hall have the Misfortune to lofe his own Life, fliall, with his
Heirs, have due Refpeft and Honour from me, as Harmodius and
Arijiogiton, with their Pofterity {K).
All Oaths, that Ihall be taken in Time of War, or any other Jundure,
if inconfiftent with the Athenian Conilitution, fhall be null and void.
No OfHce, impos'd by the People, (hall be refus'd by Oath before the
Senate {[).
Whoever cafts fcurrilous Abufes on a Maglftrate, while officiating,
ih^ll be fin'd ().
Itbe Examination, and the interrogatory Difquifttion of the
Archons.
Hether they are Citizens by a lawful Lineage of Progenitors
for three Generations, and from what Family they alTume their
Pedigree; whether they derive their Progeny from Paternal Apollo, and
"Jupiter Herceus[n). See Book I. Chap. xii. and in the folloujing.
^ejl. Heark you. Friend, Who's your Father ?
Anjhj. What, Sir, d'ye mean my Father ? N. or A^
^iefi. What Kindred can you produce to make Evidence ?
An'fw. Sufficient, Sir, firft of all, thefe Coufins, then thefe Perfons who
have Right to the fame Burying-place with us, theie here of the fame
Phratria, and thefe related to Apollo Patriiis, and Jupiter Herceus ; laftly,
thefe Gentlemen of the izsr^e, Borough, who have repos'd the Tiuil and
Management of Offices in me, and honour'd me with their Suffrages.
^ejl. D'ye hear. Friend ? Who is your Mother ?
Anjhu. What, mine, d'ye mean? N. or N.
^eft. What Kindred have you to fhew ?
Anfvj. Thefe firft, thefe fecond Coufins, and thofe of the fame
Phratria and Borough.
Then the Cafe is to (fe put,
r Honour'd their Parents ?
Whether they have -^ Fought for their Country ?
^ PofTeflion of an Eftate, and all their Limbs found ?
The Archon'j Oath,.
I'LL be punftual in the Obfervance of the Laws, and for every De-
fault herein, I'll forfeit a Statue of Gold, of equal Proportion with
myfelf, to the Delphian Apollo (). See at before, and in the follonjoing.
An Archon, that fhall be feen overcharg'd with Wine, fhall fufler
Death (/>).
If any one is contumelioufly piquant, beats any Thefmotheta, or
blafts his Reputation, a crown'd Archons, or any other's, whom the
{k) Lycurgus in Lcocratem. (/) MJchinet de falfa Legat. ' Lifus pro milite.
() Pollux, lib. viii. cap. 9, (0) Plutarcbus Solone, Pollux, lib. VIII. &c. (/>) La-
trtiui Selonft
Cky
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 157
City Privileges with an Office, or confers any Dignity upon, let him
be (*T//^t-) infamous {q).
The Areopagite Senate, when Vacancies fall, fhall yearly be recruited
out of the Archons {>) . See Book I. Chap. xix. and in the follotx:ing.
The Areopagites fhall have Infpedlion into the Deportment and Be-
haviour of the Athenians (f).
Let no Areopagite make a Comedy {t).
The Senate oi Areopagus (hall give an Account of their Management
before the LogjJi^(ji).
Let a ST?tfTW>'Of have Children lawfully begotten, and enjoy an
Eibte within the Confines oi Attica (xu). See Book IIL Chap. v. -
7he Oath of the Xr^nryos.
1' L L twice a Year make an Incurfion into the Megarenjian Terri-
tories [x).
Let fuch of the '2,T^a]yo) be arraign'd, as fhall endamage the
Fleet of their Allies (y).
No one fhall be created Syndick, or AJlynomus, above once (2). See
Book L Chap. XV.
The ^ajiors fhall be chofen by Suffrages of the People {a).
A ^isfiorjhip mud not be kept above five Years {b).
It's Death to go on anEmbafTy without CommifSon from the Senate,
or People (c). See Book I. Chap. xv.
No one fhall be Secretary above once under the fame Magiflrate (d).
See Book I. Chap. xv.
Laws refpe5fing Orators.
NO one under the Age of thirty Years, fhall fpeak an Oration \^
the Senate, or popular Aflembly. See Book L Chap. xv.
An Infpedlion into the Orators Lives.
LE T no one be a publick Orator, who hath flruck his Parents,
denied them Maintenance, or fhut them oat of Doors ; who have
refus'd going into the Army in Cafe of publick NecefTity, or thrown
away his Shield ; who hath committed Whoredom, or given Way to
Effeminacy ; who hath run out his Father's Eftate,orany Inheritance left
him by a Friend ; if, notwithftanding any of thefe Crimes, any one
Ihall dare to deliver a publick Oration, let thofe, who are commif-
fion'd, bring him to the Tefl in open Court (f).
Let an Orator have Children lawfully begotten, and let him be
Mafter of an Ellate within Attica's Borders (/).
{q) Demo/ibtnei m MiJiam. (r) Plutarcbat Solone, (/) Ibidem. (/) Plutarchut
^e gloria Atbtnienjium. ( u) AEfcbinet in Ctejipbontcm. (w) Dinarcbut in Demoftbt^
rem, {x) Plutarcbus in Pericle. [y) Dcmoflbenet T--.C/ Tuv iv '/-p^'- '-TU.
(r) Demoflbenti in Leptinem, Sc Proam. LXIV. (a) Ulpianuf ad Androtianam.
(A) Plutarch Lycurg^o rhetorc. (c) DetMfihen. de falfa Lcgat. (</) Lyfiai in Mf*-
macbum. (*) Coaf, jEJcbmtm in Timarcbum, {/) Diiiarcbuih\ Demojibtntm.
ts^ Of ihe civil Govenwieni of Athens.
If an Orator, either before the Senate, or People, hath not pertinenf"
ly and dillinttly handled the Thing propounded, or hath defcanted
twice on the fame Subjeft, hath been piquantiy cenforious, and hath a-
bufively animadverted upon any one's Beh iviour, hath fpoken of other
Things befidcs thofe propounded by the Proedri, or hath encouraged
any one fo to do, or if he hath abus'd the Epijiata after the Rifing of
the JJfembly, or Senate ; fuch an one's Infolence {hall be punifli'd by
the Proedri with a Mul<Sof fifty Drachms, the Tr^.iijofiif (hall have In-
telligence of his Mifdemeanor?, and if his Penalty fhall feem too light
for his Crimes, befides his Fine, let him be hal'd to the next Conven-
tion of the5^/^, or AJfembly, where, if condemn'd by private Votes,
the Proedri (hall exaft a Fine from him, to be paid to the nr^XKlo^a for
his 'o-a.^voiJt.ict, or Breach of th.e Laivs f/j.
Laws treating cfDutks and Offices.
TH E Jrchons^hdW appoint in theAffembly,by Lots,a certain Num-
ber oiFlute-piaycrs, to be at the ')(opi, or publick Dancings [g).
No Stranger (hall join in a Dance with a Chorus ; if he do, the C/jo-
ragus fhall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms {h).
Let it be lawful to inform againlt a Stranger to the Archon, before
his Entrance into the Theatre to dance [i],
AStranger,if indided by aXo?>'Offor dancing before thcv^rr^ow, fhall
be fin'd 50 Drachms ; and a thoufand, if he perfift after Prohibition (i).
Thofe Dancers, who are {ctriiJ-oi) infamous, are to be drove ofF the
Stage (/).
Sixteen Men are to be chofen out of all the publick Co?npanies, to
contribute equally towards the building a Man of War, which Service
they are to engage in from twenty-five Years to forty [m).
The Qualifications for a Trierarch is, that he be worth ten Talents^
according to which Ellimation he is to be chofen : But if his Eitate is
rated more, let him build Ships equivalent, yet at moft but three,
with a SkifF; they, who are not worth fo much, fhall be join'd toge-
ther, fo many of them, till their Eftates make up the Sum {n).
The Trierarchs, and O'verjeers of the Navy, fhall be commiffion'd to
regifter their Names, who, being of the fame 2 y// />& are indebted
to the Commonwealth for Ship-rigging, for which they fhall fue
them(o). See Book. I. Chap. xv. and in the follo^joing.
He, that owes Rigging, iTiall either give it, or give Security (/>).
All Trierarch: elett fhail betake themfelves to the Ships they are
conftituted over (f ).
All Trierarchs are to render an Account of their Adminifiration (;).
There fliall be a yearly Appointment for the Exchange of Offices,
where he, that fhall be defign'd a Aeijovpyai, fhall be exempted from
ferving, if he can produce any vacant Perfon richer than himfelf, and
(/) ^fchipes in Timarchun:. (g) Demojihencs in Midiatt, {h) Ibidem ibique Utpi-
anus. (/) Ibidem. (*) Ibid. (/) Ibid. [m) Demojlbenis in Corona, () Ibid.
(0) Ibidem in Euergum & Mncfbulvm, (/>) Ibidsm, [3) Idem pxo Poljcli, (r) A^f'
cb'.r.et ia Ctejipbonum,
if
Of the Chil Government of Athcnf. 15^
if the Perfon produc'd confefs he is more wealthy than the other, \\c
fball be pat into the other's Place among the three hundred', butifhe de-
nies itj let them change Eftatef. (f) See as be/ore, and in the foU(nving
His Houfe fhall be leal'd ap,\vho Ihall offer himfelf in the Exchange.
They who do quit their own Eftates for thofe of their Neighbours,
ftiall be oblig'd by Oath to difcover them in this Form.
I'll fairly and honeftly make known the Eftimate of all my PofleC-
fions, except fiich as confift in thofe Silver Mines, which the Laws ex-
aft no Duties from.
Three Days fhall be allow*d for thofe, who are to make Exchange
of their Eltates, to produce them.
No one ihall be compell'd to exhibit his Eflate, which lies in Mines.
Laws about the Refufal of Offices.
NO Man fhall be oblig'd to two Offices at the fame Time (/) .
No Man, except the Archms, fhall be excus'd from tfie
*IrierarchJhip {u). See Book I. Chap. xiv.
No one fhall be exempted from contributing to the Afleflment for
the levying of Soldiers (tu).
Laws concerning Honours to le conferred on thofe, wh$
have deferv^d well of the Commonwealth.
NO Perfon (hall be entertain'd in the Prytaneum oftener thaa
once (x). See Book I. Chap. xxv.
He, who fhall- be invited, and refufe to come, fhall be fin'd fy).
They, who are entertain'd in the Prytaneum, fhall have Maza, and,
on Feflivals, Bread, (z) See as before, and iti thefollo-wing Lanus.
All Crowns, if prefented by the People, fhall be given in the popular
Affembly ; if by the Senators, in the Senate, and in no other Place
ihall they prefent [a) .
None, except the whole Body of the Senate, and popular AfTembly,
with particular Tribes, or Boroughs, fhall be privileg'd to confer
Crowns.
No Tribe* or Borough, may prefume on the Authority of bellowing
Crowns in the Theatre, upon any of their own Members j if they do,
the Crier that proclaims them (ball be (a.TtfJi.&) infamous.
No Citizen fhall have a {^iviKoi ^k(p<tv&) holpital Crown given
him in the Theatre, without the People's Confent ; when given, it fhall
be confecrated to Minernja.
Every One, who is honour'd with an hofpital Crown, ftiall bring
Certificates of a regular and fober Life.
(/) Dtmtjibtn. in Lftin. It in Pbanip. 8c in fequcntibus. (0 Demoflben. pro Pel<clt.
() Idem in Leptin. (w) Ibidem ibique Ulpianut. (*) Plutarcbut Selefie. (y ) Ibid.
(zj Atbcnaus, lib. IV, {a) Conf. j^Jcbtntm in Ctcjipbmtm, Si in fequent.
1 60 Of the Civil Government of Athens.""
No one of the wealthy Ciiizens, except he be of the Kindred of
Harmodius and Arijlogtton, Or an Archon, (hall claim Immunity from
ferving in publick Otfices ; from this Time hereafter the People Ihall
gratify no one with fuch an Exemption j but he, who fupplicates for
it, fhall be (*T//y.-) infumous, together with all his Houfe and Fami-
ly, and fliall be liable to the Action of Y^attpYi and Ei^J^h^/^, by which,
if convided, he Ihall fufFer the fame Fate with thofc, who, tho' in-
debted to the Fublick, officiate as Judges *. This Laiv nvas enacledby
Leptines in the jirjl Tear of the CVIth Olympiad, and abrogated in the
Year follo-iving at the Injlance o/" Demolthenes.
Honours confcrr'd by the People ftiall ftand good ; but with this
Provifo, that if the Ferfons fo dignified prove, after Examination, to
be unworthy of them, they (hall be void |.
Laws relating to the Gymnafia.
^^\ O School Ihall be open'd before Sun-rifing, or kept open after
J_\ Sun-fer.
None, except the School-mafter's Sons, and Nephews, and Daugh-
ter's Hufb. nds, fhall be permitted Entrance into School, if beyond the
cuflomary Age for fending Youth thither, whilft the.Lads are in it } to
the Breach of this Law, the Penalty of Death is annex'd.
No School-mafler fhall give any adult Perfon Leave to go to Mer^
eury's Feftival ; if he tranfgrefs herein, and do not thruft him out of the
School, the Mailer fhall fufFer according to the Law enafted againft
the Corrupters of free-born Children.
Let all Ckoragi, elefted by the People, be aboveforty years ofAge{^).
All thefe La'vjs nxiere defigr^das a Guard to the Boys Chajiiiy. See Book
IL Chap. XX. in E^fAcucc.
No Slave fhall prefume to anoint, or perform Exercifes in the Palte-
Jira (c). See Book I. Chap. x.
Laws relating to Phyficians and Philofophers;
NO Slave, or Woman, (hall fludy, or pradlife Phyjick[d). See eon
cerning this and the next Law, Book IV. Chap. xiv.
All free-born Women have Liberty to learn and pradtife Phyjick.
Let no one tea.chPhilo/ophy(e). This Laav nvas made qvhen the thirty Ty-
rants had the Dominion o/' Athens, and abrogated upon their Expuljion.
No one is to keep a Philofophy School, unlefsby the Senate andPeople's
Approbation; he that doth otherwifefliall be put to Death ^/"J. This ivas
enatJed by Sophocles the Son o/'Amphiclides the Sunian, about the third
Tear of the CXVIIIth 01ympiad,^/c^ in aJhortTime abrogated,andaFine
ofji've Talents nuas impos''d upon Sophocles, at the Infiance o/"Philo.
Demofthenes in Leptin. f Ibid. & iftius Orat. Argumentum. {b) JEfcbinti in
Timarchum. (0 Ibidem. (</) Hyginm Fab. CCLXXIV. () Xertopbon, A'u'oy.Vfil^t.
lib. I. '/) Diogenes Laertiui fheopbrajlo.
Laws
Of the Civil Government of Athens, |^|
Laws concerning Judges.
AFTER a Magiftrate's Determination, Appeal may be made to the
Courts of Jufticef'^). One of SolonV Laxus. See Bock I. Chap.xx.
They, who are degraded from the Senate, may fit as Judges in the
Courts. Another of SolorCs La'U's. See as before.
All the Athenians fl.all be capable of being appointed by Lots to
judge in the feveral Courts of Juftice (b). Another of Solon'j La-M$,
See as before,
The ?rote fiat ion of the Heliafta: lomity as before trtated of Book I.
Cliap, xxi, '
Of Laws relating to- Law-Suits.
LET the Bailiffs or Perfon that arrefls, be regillered ('f^. See
Book I. Chap. xxi.
Whofoever doth not appear, on the Day appointed for the Trial of his
Caufe, (hall fuffer for his Remifnefs by an Aftioncall'd Ai;c fip//J, and
be fin'd a thoufand Drachms; but if ajuftExcufe be broughtfor his flay-
ing away, his Punifhments fliall be redrcfs'd by another Aftion call'd
Mfl Kfl-tf, or the annulling of the former (</}. See Book I. Chap, xxi.
Laws refpe^ing Preparatories to Judgments.
TH E Archons fhall propofe Queftions to both Parties, to which
they (hall anfwer (f). See as before^ and in thefollonving Lavjs^
The PhintifFlhall promife upon Oath, that he will profecute the
Aftion, if he has his Evidences and all Things in Order j but if not,
he Ihall demand Time for providing and preparing them (f).
The Archons Ihall fummon the contefting Parties to make their Ap-
pearance, and introduce them into the Court (g).
Let the Judges be elefted by Lots (^).
No Judge Ihall give Sentence the fame Day in two different
Courts (/).
A Form of the Oath taken by Judges after Election,
I'LL (hew Equity in all Caufes, and my Judgment (hall be agreeable
to the Laws, in thofe Things which are determined by them j in
fhe reft my Sentence fliall, as near as may be, agree with Juftice (k).
(a) Plutarchus Solonc. (*) DemofibenitOnt. I. \nAnjli)git.AriJ}ophanitScboliaJla
5n Plutum. [c) Demojlhenet in Midiam. {d) Ibidem, if) IJceui de haered. PbiUat-
monit. (f) Demoftbenci in Midiam. (jf ) Denoftbtnet in Olympitderum. (A) Idem
Orat. I. in Arifttgit, () Dtmoftbcnet 8e Ulfitnut io TiMtrntta, (*) PiUux, lib,
yill.cap. 10,
: Cz Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Laws referring to judgments.
VERY Judge ihall put down the Heads of thofe Suits, hsr is to
determine, in iiis Table Book (I). See as before, and in the fol'
cixing Laivs.
His Caufe ftiallbe overthrown, who runs away for Fear {m).
Criminals have Liberty of making their own Defence ().
No Slave fnall plead in any Caufe [o).
The Crier fhall pronounce Verdift againfl the Party, into whofeUrn
the greater Number of Pebbles bor'd with Holes are caft j and on his
Side, to whom the vi'hole ones belong [p).
When, on both Sides, there {hall be an equal Share of Votes, the
Frifoner (hall be acquitted {q).
, Let there be a Number of Urns, or Vote-boxes, equal to the Num-
ber of thofe, who hold the Conteft (;).
The Judges Ihall propofe fuch and fuch Penalties, the Defendant alfo
fliall offer to their Confideration fuch a Punilhment, as himfelf fliall
think resfonable ; after which, the whole Matter fhall be committed
to the Judges Determination (f).
'I'he Court fhall not fit afrer Sun-fet [t).
If any one hath brib'd the Heliaan Court, or any other Court of
Judicature among the Athenians, or hath call'd a Senate, or enter'd in-
to Confpiracy, in order to overturn the popular Government ; if any
Lawyer hath been greas'd in the Fill to carry on any publick or private
Caufe, he fhall be liable to be indited before the Thejmotheta by the
A-ftion caird rpctai) ().
All private Bargains, that are ftruck up between Parties before Wit-
nelles, Ihall fland good in Law (xv).
Don't make any Covenant or Bargain contrary to the Laws (a-).
There fliall be no After-wranglings raifed concerning thefe Things,
which-havc been once agreed (y).
Any Man fhall be permitted to non-fult his Adverfary, if the Aftion
laid againft him be not enter'd (x).
They, who receive Damages, may profecutl?" within five Years [a).
There may be AiStions enter'd about Contrafts made out oi Attica ^
or Wares exported out of it to any other Place (b^
Laws concerning Arbitrators.
PEOPLE, that have any Law-fuit about private Matters, may
choofe any Arbitrctcr, but fo, as to liandto his definitive Sen-
tence, whatfoever it is^'ry'.
(/) Htfychiui V. A^rf TAVToi y.pirnf. (m) Demojih. in Olympiadorum. () Plato
Socratis Afslogia. [o) Teremiui Pborm. Aft. I. Sc. II, {/>) ^Jcbir.eshi Timarcbum.
(o) Euripidis EkSira v. 1265. (r) Demofihena in Macart. (f) Ulpianus in 77*-
trac. Cicero lib. I. de Oratore. (/) Stcbaus Ser. I. () Demofihenei Orat I. in Supb.
fle falf. Teft. {tv) Idem in Pbamp, {x) AriJioteUs Rhet. Jib. I. cap. 25. {y) Demof-
thena in Pantanetum. (x) Demijibenes Orat. I. in Stephanum de falf. Teft, \a) Idem
pro Pbormme, [b) Ibidem, (c) Dtmojibenn Midiane,
- Such
Of the Civil Government c/" Athens!^ 1 63J
Such Arbitrators are to fwear before Verdift given (</)i
The Arbitrators are to wait for the PlaintifF's Appearance till Son-'
fet, and then, in Cafe he don't appear, ftiall inflict fuch a Penalty as
fhall be convenient (f).
It is lawful to make Appeal from Arbitrators chofen by Lots, M
other Courts of Juftice (f). See Book I. Chap. rxii.
A Law about Oaths.
OATHS (hall be attefted by three Gods, iKiffi-, or the Suppli-
cant''s Prefident, Ka.-^alp(^iQ-, the Purifer, E^ctXfirne/-, the
Difpeller of Danger, QX Enjtllg). 5(ftf Book IL Chap, vi*
Laws treating of Witnefles,
THEIR Evidence fhall not be taken, who are ArtyLOt {hy.
No Slaves Ihall appear as E'vidences{i). 6'^^Book I. Chap. xi.
No one Ihail be Evidence for himfelf, either in Judicial Aftions, or
in rendering up Accounts [k). See Book I. Chap. xxi. and in fame of the
follonjoing Laws.
Both Plaintiff and Defendant are obliged to anfwer each other's Que-J
Hions, but their Anfwers fhall not pafs for Evidence (*).
There fhall be no Conftraint for Friends and Acquaintance, if con-
trary to their Wills, to bear Witnefs one againft another ().
Let the Penalty of the Aftion call'd '^ivJ^o/jt.ctpTvdlx' be in ForCS
againft thofe who bear, or fuborn falfe Witneffes (*J.
Evidence fhall be declared in Writing (*J.
Witneffes, being once fworn, fhall by no Means draw back front
what they are to atteft. See as before, and in the fotloiuing.
Eyc-witnefies fhall write down what they know, and read it {p).
His Evidence fhall fuffice, that can give his <Iko, or what he heard
from a Perfon deceafed j or cicy-etprveiit, i. e. an Atteftation received
from one gone to travel, fuppofmg the Traveller hath no Poffibility
of returning^^^jr^.
That Witnefs, who declines his Evidence, fhall be fin'd a Drachm (r).
One, cited for a Witnefs, fhall either give in his Evidence, fwear he
knows nothing of it, or incur a Mulft of a thoufand Drachms to be paid
to the publlck Exchequer (/),
Let contefting Parties, if they will, make Ufe of the J^ta(Ji.ctpTvetA{f)*
See as before-
Falfe Witneffes fhall be profecuted with the Aftion call'd aUm 4'"^
ro/<ttffTu6yi'. He that fuborn'd them with Ajx xaJcoTp^i''{). Set
Book I. Chap, xxi V. '
{</) Idem in Callippum. {e) Vlplatius in Midianam. (/) Luciamit AMedtt,
{g) Pollux, lih.VUl. cup. iz. Hefycbiut V. 3t: ' {b) Demoftti. in Nearam*
{) Terentius Phorm. AfX. I, Sc. 11. (k) Demoflhtnet n Stepbanum de faifa Teft. Orat.
II. (*) Ibidem Orat, I. {p) Demofthenet in Stepban. Orat. II. ^f) Ibidem, (r) I-
dem in Timotheum. {/) Ibidem, Suidat, Harder ttiw, [t) Dmofibtnti 'mLeecba-
rem, (u) Idem in Eucrgum tt Mntfibulum,
t^4 ^f ^^^ ^^'^^^ Government of Athens.'
Laws touching Judgments already pajl.
THERE fhal! be no renewing of any Thing difpatch'd by Judges
either in publick or private Matters, or by the People, according
to the Enadions of their Decrees ; there (hall be likevvife no fufFraging
and impeaching any one contrary to the Prefcription of the Laws (au).
All Judgments, or Verdifts whatfoever, delivered by tYi^yueiges in the
popular State, Ihall ftand good, but all Adls and Decrees, that are
made under the thirty Tyrants, fliall be void [x].
Laws concemmg Punifhments.
TH E Judges are not to proceed fo ilriftly, as that corporal and
pecuniary Punipments fliall be inflided at one and the fame
Time (y).
They, who run into Errors unwittingly, (hall not be arraign'd in the
publick Co'-Tt, but fome adhortatory Leflbns of their Duty are to be
privately inculcated (z).
The moft fj(ficient and wealthieft of the -iZ/iim^/a (hall be exiPd by
Ojiracifm for ten Years, lell they fhould rife up and rebel (a). See
Book i. Chap. XXV.
No one is to harbor.r an Exits ; He, that doth, is to participate the
fame Fats with him {!>).
Let both Delinq'ienc and Abettor receive Puni/^me;:ts 3.l\ke (r).
He that profefleth himfelf guilty, before Arraignment, (hall be con-
demned [(i).
Criminals, who have been fin'd, (hall be obliged to pay from the
very Day the Fine was due, whether they are regiftered in the Debt-
Book or no : And he that doth not make Payment, within the ninth
Prjtany, (hall be obliged to pay double [e].
No one indebted to the City ihall enter on any Office f/J.
That Man, who, being indebted to the City, hath been convifted
of making an Oration to the People, (hall be the Etevcn [^.
Debtors to the City, till they have cleared o(F all, (hall be (:iTiy.oi)
infamoits ; but if they die, not having fully difcharged their Debts,
their Heirs (hall be infamous, till they make Satisfadtion {}.\.
After Payment is made, the Debtor's Name (hall be eraied out of the
Debt-book (/).
Three Parts cf the Debtor's Goods, which are forfeited to the Ex-
chequer, (hall fail to any private Perfon that informs againft him [k).
Let thoie, who are Debtors to the Publick, and have not their
Names enroll'd, be fued by the Aftion call'd EvJ'&t^n (/}.
(w) Idem in Timocratem. (x) Ibidem, {y) Idem, (ye) Plato Apologia Socratis.
(fl) Plutarchus in Perkle. {b) JJemcJlbenes in Pdyclem. (c) Andocidei de Mxfteriit,
l^d) Dernofibenei in Titnccratem. (e) Lihamus Argumento Orat. in Arijhgn. St in
^ndi-ot. (f)\Atm AtgwrntnloAndrctiana, (g) Dinarchus'mAriftogit, (b) Liba-
nius Argumento Oiat. in Arijiogit. Ulpianui in 'Timccraie, (ij DemoJiLxnei in The)''
(rinem, ^kj Idem in Nicojiratum, {I) Idem in tbeecnnem,
I'hev,
.4.
Of the Civil Government of Athens." t6'5
, They, who have been unjuflly regillcred as Debtors, fhall be ftruck
out, and their Names, who regiftered them, be put in their Place {a).
If any Debtor fhall be blotted out of the Alhe^ or Regiiler, before he
hath difcharged his Debt, let the Adion, call'd Ay<;a,'pi3y, be brought
againft him in the Court of the Ihejmotheta [h). Sec Book I. Chap,
xxiii.
Whofoever hath been branded with Inf amy, hthrt Soloft's Jrchonjhip^
fhall be repririlegeJ, except thofe whom the Areopagites, Epheta, or
Prytanes have bsnifii'd, by tie Appeal of the ^ctfTtKzvi, for Murther,
Burglary, or Treafon, when , this Law was promulged {c). One of
Solon'j Lanxs.
No Inrerceffion ITiall be made for any disfranchifed Perfon, nor for
any one indebted to the publick Exchequer, or the Gods, towards the in-
verting the former with his Privileges, and erafmg the latter'sName out
of the Debt-book, unlefs t\\c Athenian People, by fix thoufand private
'\'^otes, permit it. If any one puts up an Addrefs to the Stnate, or Peo-
ple for them, whom the Judges, Senate, or People have already caft, or
the Debtor fupplicate for himfelf before Payment be made, let the
Writ call'd EvJ^et^n be iflued out againft him after the Aim.e Manner,
as againft thofe, who, tho' indebted, prefume to aft as Judges j if any
other body, before Reftitution of the Debt be made, intercede for the
Debtor, let all his Goods be expofed to Sale ; and if a Procerus give a
Debtor, or any other Perfon on this Account, leave tx) propofe the
Petition to be voted beforeAccounts be made up, he Ihallbe ATiy.@-{(/).
Laws referring to Receivers of publick Revenues, the
Exchequer, and Money for Shows,
TH E Senate oi five hundred fhall put fuch, as farm the public Rc'
tvenues, and are negligent to pay their Rent, in the Stocks (c).
If the abovemention'd Officers don't bring in their Rents before the-
ninth Prytany, they fhall pay double (f).
If they do not give Security to the Publick, let their Goods be con-
fifcated {g).
They, who are entrufted with Money for the carrying on of religious
Aft'airs, fhall render it up in the Senate ; which, if they neglcft, they
fhall be proceeded againft in the fame Manner as they, who farm the
publick Revenues (h) .
They, whoemploy the publick Stock awhole Year for their own Ufe,
fhall be obliged to reilore double ; and they, whoconiinue thus fquan-
deringanother Year, fhall be dap'd intoGaol until Payment be madr(/).
A thoufand Talents are yearly to be laid by for the defending oiAt-
tica againft foreign Invafions, which Money, if any Perfon propofe to
lay out on any other Defign, he fliall fufFer Deatii {k).
At the Eruption of a fudden War, Soldiers fhall be paid out of the
Remainder of the Money defign'd for Civil Ufes {/).
(a) Idem. Orat. I. in Arijlogit. {b) Idem in Theocrintm. (r ) Plutarchut Solsne.
(d) DemcfiiienetTimocrauj. (t) Andecidet ie Myfteriit. (/) Demoftbtntt in 7imo-
cratem. {g) Demojlbenet Nictftrat. (A) Idem in Timocrattm. (f ) Anonymut rgik-^
in:nto Timscrattie, Ik) Aadocidet de pace Laeed, {I) Demrjtbcna in Aaeram.
M 3 ^ If
iSi Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens.
If any one propofes, that the Soldiers Pay Ihould be taken out of the
Money dd)gu*d for the Exhibition of ShoiJus, he (hall be put to Death (w).
J'his Lawwas enaSled by Eubulus, to ingratiate himfelf txitb the Com-
tnonalty. See Book I. Chap. xiv.
Laws ahoui Limits and Land-marks.
IF there be apublick Well within the Space of an Hippic'um, any one
may make ufe of that; but otherwife, every Perfon rfiall dig one of
Jiis own (). QneofSoXovLS La^jos, to prevent Contention ahout Wa-
ter, nuhich nvas 'very fear ce in Attica.
If any one digs a Well near another Man's Ground, he muft leave
the Space of an O^y^jioL betwixt it and his Neighbour'? Inclofure (o).
Another of Solon'j Laivs.
He that digs a Well ten Ofyviiu deep, and finds no Spring, may draw
(wice a Day out of his Neighbour's fix Veffels of Water call'd Xojf (/>).
Another o/"Solon'j Latvs.
Let him, who digs a Ditch, or makes a Trench nigh another's Land,
leave fo much Diflance from his Neighbour, as the Ditch, or Trench,
is deep {q). Another o/"Solon'i Lanvs.
If any one makes a Hedge near his Neighbour's Ground, let him
not pafs his Neighbour's Land-mark ; if he builds a Wall, he is to leave
pne Foot betwixt him and his Neighbour j if an Houfe, two (r),
IThis nuas alfo enaSied by Solon,
He, that builds an Houfe in a Field, (hall have it a Bow-fhot frora
his Neighbour (f). This nvas alfo enaSied by Solon.
He, who keeps a Hive of Bees, muft place them three hundred Feet
from his Neighbour's (t). Another of Solon'i Laius.
Olive and Fig-trees muft be planted nine Feet from another's Grffa</,
but other Trees, five (u). This 'was liketvife one ofSoXorCs Laivs. l^he
^rees here mention' d are faid to fpread their Roots ivider than others.
If any one plucks up the facred Olive-trees at Athens, befides the
two yearly allow'd to be ufed at the publick Feftivals or Funerals, he
Ihall pay an hundred Drachms for every one unlawfully puU'd up, the
tenth Part of which Fine ftiall be due to Miner'va. The fame Offender
Ihall alfo pay an hundred to any private Perfon, who fhall profecute
liim ; the Adtion fhall be brought before the Archons, where the Profe-
cutor (hall depofit Y\.^vTtiu/bidL. The Fine laid upon the convifted Cri-
minal, the Archons, before whom the Aftion is brought, fhall give an
Account of to the UfditTOoci ; and of that Part, which is to be repo-
fitgd in Miner've^i Treafury, to her ^ajiors, which, if they don't,
themfelves fhall be liable to pay it (iJtj).
r (m) Wpiattut in Olynthiac. () Plutarchui Solone. (a) Gajus lib. IV. ad Leg. Xlf.
Tab. (/>) Pltttarcbus Solone, {q) Plutarcbus & Gajus locis cit. (r) Gajus loc, cit,
(/) Eclogae hctffiKiKuv. {t) Plutarcbui Solone, () Plutarcbus & Gajus ibid,
{w) Dcmofibenet in Macart.
i
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' '^gTJ
Laws refpe5ling Lands, Herds, and Flocks.'
ME N ftiall not be permitted to purchafe as much Land as they
defire {x). One o/" Solon' j La-jus, dtfign'dto prevent Menfnm
gro-ojing too great and poijcerful.
All wild Extravagan^s, and Spend-thrifts, who laviflily run out the
Eflates left them by their Fathers, or others, {hall be At//xo/. Another
ofSoloTis La^s (y).
Any one, who brings an He-Wolf, (hall have five Drachms, and for
a She-Wolf, one (z). One (?/"Solon'j Laius, in njohofe lime Attica inai
infejled -tiith Wolves.
No one {hall kill an Ox which labours at the Plough. An old
La'w{a). 5^^ Book II. Chap, iv.
No Man {hall kill a Lamb of a Year old. No Man {hall kill an Ox.
Thefe La^us luere enabled, ivhen thofe Animals <vjerefcarce in Attica (^b).
Hurt no living Creatures. One of TriptolemusV Lawj (c).
Laws relating to Buying and Selling.
IF any Perfon fues for the Title of Land, he {liall profecute the Pof-
fe{rors with the Aftion call'd // K*px; if of an Houfe, with a
Ai>tM cvouiH [d). See Book I. Chap, xxiv.
There {hall be no Cheating among the Market Folks {e).
That Fijh monger {hall incur Imprilonment, who {hall over-rate his
Tijh, and take lefs than the {ir{l profer'd them for (f).
Fijhmongers {hall not lay their {linking Fijh in Water, thereby to
make it more vendible [g\.
Liaws appertaining to Ufury and Money.
A Banker {hall demand no more Intere{l-Money, than what he
agreed for at {irft {h).
Let Ufurers Intere{l-Money be moderate (/) .
No body, who hath put in Surety for any Thing, may fuc for it,
he or his Heirs (k).
Pledges and Sureties {hall {land but for one Year (/).
No one to clear his Debt {hall make himfelf a Slave [m). One of
Solon'i Lanjjs.
He, who does not pay what has been adjudg'd in due Time, Ihall
have his Houfe rifled (n).
The Fine enfuing theAdion, call'd E^'AH,{hallgo to the Publick('o^.
{x) ArifltteliiPolit. lib. II. cap, 8. (j^ ) DIog. Laertiui, /Efchinet in Timarcbum.
() Plutarcbut Solone. {a) MHanut Var. Hift. lib. I. cap. 14. {b) Athenaut, lib. I.
ft IX. Eujhtbius in Iliad, * (f ) Porphyrius ^ei ctVo)^ Hieronymut in Jovin. lib.
II. (</) Lyfiat in Demoftb. Curet. () Dtmofibenei Leptinea. (/) Alexit Comicus L
bete. {) Xenarcbut-^optiupet.. < b) Lyfiat Orat. I, in tbeomnefium. (i) Uipianus in
Timocrateam extrem. {*) Denuftbtnet in Studiam. {/) Demoflbentt in ApatunuM,
^fi) Plutarcbut Soltnc, {) Ulpianut m Midtanam, () Imtofibtna Midiana. ^ .
M 4 ^ An
\-. Of the Cml Government of Athtn5.
An hundred Drachms (hill go to a |ui'5(*). One of Solon'j LaixJSj
tixiho regulated the Atlienian Wtights and Meafures.
All Coiititerfciters, Dehafers, and Dimini/hers of the current Coin,
fliall lole their Lives (-f). This Lauu obtained in moji Cities.
Let no Athenian, or Sojourner, lend Money to be exported, unlefs for
Corn, or fome fuch Commodity allowable by Law.
He, who fends out Money for other Ufes, (hall be brought before the
Matters of the Cufom-houfe, and profecuted by an Action call'd $izV/f,
after the Manner of them who are caught tranfporting Corn unlaw-
fully ; let fuch an one have no Writ or Warrant permitted him againft
the Perfon to whom he lent Money, neither (hall the Jrchons let him
enter any Trial in the Judicial Courts (p).
Laws about Wares to be imported to, or exported from
Athens.
AL L Oli'ves are exportable, but other Fruits are not ; fo that
the Archon fhall openly curfe the Perfons that exported them,
or elie be amerced an hundred Drachms. This Lanxj ivas enated by
Solon, hyreafonoftheBarrennefsofAx.i\Cdi{q). The Conquerors in the
Games on the Panathcnsean Fejilval 'were excepted (r).
Figs are reftrain'd by Law from Exportation (^/y. See Book I. Ch. xxi.
If any Athenian Faftor, or Merchant, convey Corn any where elfe
than to Athens, the Aftion call'd 4>ctV/f is to be brought againft him,
and the Informer fhall claim Half the Com (/).
He, who impleads a Merchant on flight Grounds, (hall have both
the Adions of E(^J^^/f and fiLyrctyayn brought againft him ().
He fliall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms, and wholly debarr'd from if-
fuingout the Aftion of Tfji^w, ^Atri<;, A-TTctyuyh, and EpriyiiJK, who
Ihall defift from the Profecution of any Merchant accufed by him, or
doth not require the fifth Part of the Suffrages (tu).
Let no Inhabitant of Athens buy more Corn than fifty Phormi will
contain {'*).
No one fhall export Wool, or Pitch (y). Thefe 'were necejfary toiuards
the Building of Ships.
All Controverfies and Compals, made by Bonds between Mariners,
either failing for Athens, or bound elfewhere, fhall be brought under
the Cognizance of the Thefmotheta ; if any Mariners, in any of the
Marts, bound to Athens, or for any other Place, are found guilty of
Injuftice, they (hall be clap'd into Cuftody till the Fine, which (hall be
impofed on them, is paid ; any of them may non-fuit his Adverfary, if
he be legally profecuted [z).
No Watermen and Majiers of Ships fhall carry PafTengers any where
elfe, than they agreed at firft.
{^*)Fhtarcbus Solone. (f) Demoftbenei Leptinea 8c Timacratea. (/>) Demejihenes
5n Lacritum. (y) Plutarcbui Solone. (r) Pindari Scholiafui Nem. Od. x. (/) Ari-
(topbanis Scboliaftes in Plutum. (/) Demojthetttt Timocratea. (a) Idem in T'heoeri-
yitm. fw) Ibidem, (*) Iji/fizj in frumenti emptores. (y) Ari/topba/iit Scbol. in
quite [z] Argumentunj Ora: Demojtkctsts in Xcnnthemn,
Laws
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 169
Laws reffeuling Arts.
AN Y one may accufe another of Idlenefs ( ). This Law is nf-
crihed to Draco, Solon, awd'Pifillratus.
I\o Man fhall have two Trades (f).
No Man (hall fell Perfumes, One o/Solon'j Laivs(x).
Foreigners (hall not be privileged to fell IVares in the Market, or
profefs any Calling ('-,).
Any one may bring an Aftion of Slander againft him, who difpi-
rages, or ridicules any Man or Woman for being of a Trade (2;). Set
Book I. Chap. viii.
He who, by his Profeffion, gets bed Repute, and is reckoned the
moft ingenious in his Way, Ihall have his Diet in the Prytaneum, and
be honour'd with the higheft Seat [a).
That Ferryman (hall be prohibited the Exercife of his Employ, who
overturns his Boat, tho' unwillingly, in wafting over to Salamis {b).
Laws concerning Societies, with their Agreements.
IF Fellonv-Burgejps, thofe of the fame^pstrf <a, thofe who are occu-
pied in the fame Sacerdotal Funftion, njiz. the OpyccHvif, QictaZTajt,
or they who diet together, have equil Claim to the fame Burying-
place, travel together for the Buying of Corn and other Traffick, if
any of thefe Perfons make any 5ar^// not inconfiftent with the Laws,
they (hall ftand good (c).
If any one recede from a Promife made to the Commons, Senate, or
Judges, he fliall be proceeded againft with theAdion cd\Vd.'E\Ta.yyi-
Kia., and, if found guilty, be punidi'd with Death [d).
He, that doth not ftand to an Engagement nude publickly, fhall be
(ctV///-) infamous [e).
He, his Heirs, and all who belong to him fliall be Ati/j-oi, who hath
received Bribes himfelf, tamper'd others with them, or ufcd any other
infmuating Artifice to the Prejudice of the State (fj.
He who, being in a publick Office, receives Bribes, fliall either lofe
his Life, or make Retribution of the Bribes ten-fold (j).
Laws belonging to Marriages.
NO Man fliall have above one VVife(Z'). One <?/ Cecrops'j Laius.
See Book L Chap. ii. and Book IV. Chap. xi.
No Athenian is to marry any other than a Citizen. See Book IV.
Chap. xi. as before.
If an Htirefi is contradled lawfully in full Marriage by a Father, Bro-
ther by Father's Side, or Grand-fire, it is lawful to procreate with her
(*) Flutarcbut. (f ) Demofthenes 8c Wpianut limocratea. (*) AihtnttutXxh. XIII.
& XV. {y) Demofthenet in Eubulidem. (k) Ibidem, (a) Ariflophanit Ranit. i^hj j.f.
chinet in Ctefipbont. (f) Gajus lib IV. ad Ug. XII. Tab. (</) Demofthenet Leptinea.
() Dinarchut in Pbiloclm. (/) Uimojtbentt Midiana, {g) Dinarcbui in Demoftbe-
nem, [b] Atbcneeus, lib. XIII.
free-
170 ^J the Civil Government ^Athens.
freeborn Children j but if (he be not betroth'd, thofe Relations being
dead, and fhe confequently an Orphan, let her marry whom the Law
fhall appoint ; but fuppofing (he is no Heire/s, and but low in the
World, let her choofe whom (he pleafes (* ).
If any one marry a Stronger, as his Kinfwoman, to an Athenian Ci-
tizen, he (hall be Ariix-, his Goods publilh'd to Sale, the Thirds of
which fhall fall to the Impeacher, who fhall make him appear before
the l^hefmothette, after the Manner of thofe, who are profecuted with
the Aftion of S-via. (i).
A Stranger, that fettles with a Citizen-Woman, may be fued by any
one impowered thereto, in the Court of the Ihefmotheta , where, if the
Law goes againft him, he fhall be fold, and the third Part of what he
is fold for, and of his Eflate, be given to the Accufer ; in the fame
Manner foreign Women fhall be dealtwith, who marry irtQ&. Men, and
befide that, a Man fhall forfeit a thoufand Drachms (k).
No Athenian Woman fhall marry herfelf to an exotick Family (I),
Any one may make a Siller, by Father's Side, his Wife (w). See
Book IV. Chap. xi.
No Heirefs mufl viarry out of her Kindred, but fhall refign up her-
felf rfnd Fortune to her neareft Relation {n).
Every Month, except in that call'd 'xx.t'ppopoeikv, the Judges fhall
meet to infpeft into thofe who are defign'd for HeirefTes Hufbands, and
fhall put them by as incapacitated, who cannot give fufHcient Creden-
tials of their Alliance by Blood (0). See Book IV. Chap. xv.
If any one fues another by a Claim to the Heirefs, he mufl depofit
iffet^KATA^oKYi, or the tenth Part of her Portion, and he, who enjoys
her, fhall lay his Cafe open to the Archon ; but in Cafe he makes no
Appeal, his Right of Inheritance (hall be cut off; if the Heirefs's
Hufband, againft whom the Aftion is brought, be dead, the other,
within fuch a Time as the Nature of the Thing doth require, fhall
make an Appeal to the Archon, whofe Bufmefs it is to take Cognizance
of the Aftion (p).
If a Father bury all his Sons, he may entail his Eflate on his mar-
rieJ'Pz'ag^teTs(qJ.
If an Heirefs cannot conceive Children by her Hufband, fhe may
feek Aid amongft the neareft of her Hufbind's Relations (rj. One of
Solon'j Lav:s. See Book IV. Chap. xi.
All Men are obliged to lie with their Wives, if HeirefTes, three
Nights, at leaft, in a Month (f).
He, that ravifhes a Virgin, fhall be obliged to marry her (t).
A Guardian fhall not marry the Mother of thofe Orphans, with whofe
Eflate he is entrufled [u). One oySolonV Laivs. See Book I. Chap. x.
Slaves are allow'd the Familiarity of Women (w).
[*) DemoJihenesmStephanumTt!k. {t)litm\n Nearam. (iJ) Ibidem. (/) Idem,
& Ulfianus Timocratia, (k) Comeliut Nefos Cintone. (n) Ifaus de hasred. Artftarchi.
(0) Demojihcna in Slepbanum Teftem. (p) Idem in Macart. [q) Ifaus de haered.
Fyrrhi. (r) Plutarchus Soiore. [f) Ibidem, {t) Ibidem, Herm^enit Scboliajfeit
(a) Laertius Ss.'om, [w] Plutarchus Amatcric,
When
Of the Civil Government c/ Athens. 171 '
When a new married Woman is brought to her Hufband's Houfe,
fhe mull carry with hera^pu^sTfo:/, in Token of good Houfewifery(*).
OneofSolorCs Laivs. See Book IV. Chap. xi.
Let a Bride, at the firft Bedding with her BriJegrootfij eat a
Quince (f). Another of Solon's Latus. See as before.
Laws touching Dowries.
Bride fhall not carry with her to her Huftand above three Gar-
ments, and Vefftls of fmall Value [x). One of SoIonV Laijos.
See Book IV. Chap. xi. and in the follo^-ing.
They, who are the next in Blood to an Orphan Virgin that hath no
Fortune, (hall marry her themfelves, or fettle a Portion on her according
as they are in Quality } i( of the niyTAK07io[xiJ^ifji.vot, five hundred
Drachms; if of the I-ar-o-Hs?, three hundred ; if of the Zt/j'jTa/, one
hundred and fifty : But if Ihe hath many Kindred equally ally'd, aU
of them feverally (hall put in a Contribution, till they make up their
refpedlive Sum ; if there be many Orphan Virgin?,' their nearell Rela-
tion (hall either give in Marriage, or take one of them to Wife; but if
he doth neither, the Jrchon (hall compel him ; but if the Archon does
connive at the Negleft, he himfelf (hall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms
to be confecrated to Juno. Whoever breaks this Law (hall be indidted
by any Perfon before the Archon (y) .
That Woman, who brings her Husband a Fortune, and lives in the
fame Houfe with her Children, (hall not claim Intereft-Money, but live
upon the common Stock with her Children {z).
An Heirefs's Son, when come to Man's Eftate, fhall enjoy his Mo-
ther's Fortune, and keep her [a).
He, that promifes to fettle a Dowry on a Woman, ("hall not be
forced to ftand to it, if fhe dies without Heirs (b).
Laws referring to Divorces.
HE, who dinjorceth his Wife, muft make Reftitution of her Por-
tion, or pay in Lieu of it nine Qboli every Month ; her Guar-
dian otherwife may profccute him in the Odeum, with the Aftion call'd
0"/t /ixm, for her Maintenance [c).
If a Woman forfake her Hu(band, or he put away his Wife, he,
who gave her in Marriage, (hall exaft the Dowry given with her, and
no more [d).
That Woman, who hath a Mind to leave her Husband, muft give
in a Separation Bill to the Archon, with her own Hand, and not by 4
Proxy {e). See Book IV. Chap. xii.
() Tdlux, lib. I. cap. 12. (f ) Phttarchus Solone. () Plutarebut Soldtie. (y) De-
noflhenet in Macart, () Idem in Phanippum, [a) Idem in Steph, Teftem.
{b) Ifaut de haered, Fyrrbi (c) Demojfbentt ia Niteram, (rf) IJaus ds hred.
Pyrrbis (<) Plutarebut Akibiadc,
Laws
172 Of the Cml Government of Athens,
Laws relating to Adulteries.
HE, tliat deflowers a free Woman by Force, fliall be fin'd an
hundred Drachms i^). Otie of Solon's Laws.
He, who in the fame Manner violates a young Maiden's Chaftity,
ftiall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms {f).
He, that catches an Adulterer in the Faft, may impofe any arbitrary
Punifhment^/). This Lanv nvas enabled by Draco, and after^<xardj
confirmed by Solon, 5^^ Book IV^ Chap. xiv.
If any one is injurioufly clap'd up on Sufpicion of Adultery, he (hall
make his Complaint by Appeal to the Thefmotheta, which, if they find
juftifiable, he Ihall be acquitted, and his Sureties difcharged from their
Bail ; but in Cafe he be brought in guilty, the Judges fliall lay on him.
Death only excepted, what Punifliments they will, and he be forced to
get Friends to pafs their Word for his future Challity (^).
If any one commit a Rape on a Woman, he fliall be amerc'd twice
as much as is ufual otherwife {h).
No Husband fliall have to do with his Wife any more after (he hath
defird his Bed, and her Gallant convifted ; and, if he does not put her
away, he fliall be efteem'd hTty.%- j hereupon fhe is prohibited
coming to publick Temples, where, if flic does but enter, any Man
may inflidl any Penalty, except Death {/).
No Adulterefs fliall be permitted to adorn herfelf ; flie, that doth,
fhall have her Garments cut or torn ofFher Back by any that meets her,
and likewife be beaten, tho' not fo as to be killed, or difabled (-f). One
o/^SoIon'j Lanjos.
No Woman, of innocent Converfation, fliall appear abroad undref-
fed : She, that doth, fiiall forfeit a thoufand Z)rflc^OTi(/). Ihis nx:as
enalled by Philippides.
Women are forbid to travel with above three Gowns, or more Meat
and Drink than they can purchafe for an Okolus, neither fliall they
carry with them above a Hand-basket, or go out any where by Night
but in a Chariot with a Lamp or Torch carry 'd before it (). One of
SolonV ha'vjs.
Laws relating to the Love of Boys, Procurers, and
Strumpets.
NO Slave fhall carefs or be enamour'd wit|^ afreeborn Youth ; he
who is, fliall receive publickly fifty Stripes (). 5^^ Book 1.
Chap. X. Ibis is one of Solon'j Laxvs.
If any one, whether Father, Brother, Uncle, or Guardian, or any
other, who hath Jurifdidtion over a Boy, take Hire for him to be effemi-
nately embraced ; the catamited Boy fhall have no Aftion ifl^ued out
(*) Plutar. Sohne. (f) Hermogini: ScboUaftes. (f) Lyftas AccdeAc Eratojlhetiis,
{g) Demefthems \n Netsram. [b) Lyfiat de cde Eratofihtnis. (i) Demoftbenfs in
Neteram, (a) Mjchinei in Timarcb'um, (/) Harpotration. () Flutarcbus Sotone,
\n) Ibidem, /Bjcbinci m 'Tmanbum,
againfl
Of the Civil Government of Athens." lyij
agalnft him, but the Chapman and Pander only, who are both to be
punifli'd after the fame Manner ; the Child, when grown up to Matu-
rity of Age, fliall not be obliged to keep his Father fo offending ; on-
ly, when dead, he fhall bury him with Decency fuitable to a Parent's
Obfequies * See Book I. Chap. ix.
If any one proftitute a Boy, or Wcman, he (hall be profecuted with
the Action caU'd^payw, and, if convifted, punifh'd with Death+.
Any Athenian, impower'd fo to do, may bring an Aftion againft him
"who hath vitiated ^Boy, Woman, or Man freeborn, or in Service, for
the Determination of which, the Thefmotheta are to create Judges to fit
in the //^//>a, within thirty Days after the Complaint hath been brought
before them, or, fuppofe any publick Concern hinders, as foon as Oc-
cafion will permit ; if the Offender is caft, he fhall immediately undergo
the PuniOiment, whether corporal, or pecuniary, annex'd to his Of^ *
fence ; if he be fentenc'd to die, let him be delivered to the EvJ^>t6,
and fuffer Death the fame Day ; if the vitiated Servant, or Woman, be-
long to the Profecutor, and he let the Adion fall, or doth not get the
fifth Part of the Suffrages, he fhall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms ; if the
Criminal be only fin'd, let him pay within eleven Days at the fartheft,
after Sentence is pafs'd ; if it be a freeborn Perfon he hath vitiated, let
him be kept in Bonds till Payment thereof (o).
He that hath proftitutcd himfelf for a Catamite, fliall not be eleled
an Archon^ Prieft, or Syndick ; fhall execute no Office, either within, or
out of Attica's Boundaries, conferr'd by Lot, or Suffrage ; he (hall not
be fent on an Ambaffy, pafs Verdift, fet Footing within the publick
Temples, be crownM on folemn Days, or enter the Forum's purified
Precinfts ; if anyone isconvifted of the abovemention'd Lafciviouf-
nefs, by offending againft this Law, he fhall fuffer Death (/>).
Perfons who keep Company with common Strumpets, fhall not be ac-
counted Adulterers, for fuch fhall be in common for the fatiating of
Luft {q). See Book IV. Chap. xi. and in the folloiuing Lwws.
Whores fliall wear, as a Badge of Diltindlion, flower'd Garments (r).
Laws appointed for the Drawing up of Wills, and right
Conjiitntion of Heirs and Succefibrs.
THE Right of Inheritance fliall remain in the fame Family^/). An
oldLaiu which nvas abrogated by Solon. See Book L Chap. x.
Boy?, or Women, are not to difpofe hyWi/Ja.hovez.Medimn of Barley(/).
AW genuine Citizens, whofe Eftates were impair'd by litigious Suits
whenSo/fl entered xhtPratorJhip, fliall have Pcrmiffion of leaving their
Eftates to whom they will, admit they have no Male-children alive, or
themfelves be not craz'd thro' the Infirmities of old Age, the Mifery of a
Diftemper, or the Enchantments of Witchcraft ; or if they be not Hen-
peck'd,orforc'dto'tbyfomeunavoidableNeceffity(w). See B. IV.Ch.xv.
Ibidem, X Ibidem, (c) Ibidem. Dtmojlben. in Midiam. {pj AEfcbinet in Ti-
marcbum, (q) Dcmofthtn. in Nearam, Lyfiat in Ibeomntftum Orat. I. (r) Suidas,
ytrrmidorut lib II. cap. 13. ff) Plutarcbui Selene, (t) Ifaut it lixrcd. Ari/larebi.
(uj Dtmojlben. \a Stepbanum Ttjlm, Orat. 11.
Ths
174 ^f ^^^ Civil Government of Athens.
The Wilis offuch as, having Children, yetdifpofe of their Eftates#
fliall (land good, if the Children die before they arrive to Maturity(qy).
Any one, though he hath Daughters alive, may give his Eilate to
another Body on this Pnruifot that the ,Perfon enjoying it Ihall marry
the Daughters (x).
Adopted Perfons (hall make no Will, but, as foon as they have Chil-
dren lawfully begotten, they may return into the Family whence they
were adopted ; or if they continue in it to their Death, then they ftall
return back the Efiates to the Relations of the Perfon that adopted (y).
O/ieo/ Solon's Laws.
All legitimate Sons (hall have an equal Portion of their Father's /-
heritatice (z). See as before.
He that, after he hath adopted a Son, begets legitimate Children,
fhall {hare his EJIate among the legitimate, ai;d adopted (a).
The Eftate of him that dies inteftate, and leaves Daughters, fliall
come to thofe who marry them ; but if there are no Daughters, thefe
fliall enjoy it, i;/s:. his Brothers by the Father's Side, and their, Sons ; if
he hathneither Brothers nor Nepliews, then Males defccnded from them,
tho' very far diftant in Kindred ; but if none of the Grand-children re-
main down to the fecond Coufmsby the Man's Side, the Wife's Rela-
tions fhall put in for the Inheritance ; admit there are none living of
either Side, they, who have the neareft Pretence to Kindred, fhall en-
joy it ; as for Baftards, from EudideshArchonftnp^ they fhall pretend no
Right to Kindred ; if there is a lawfully begotten Daughter, and an
illegitimate Son, the Daughter fhall have Preference in Right to the
Inheritance, both in refped of Divine and Civil Affairs [b).
No Baftard fhall have left him above five ^lvoji (c).
, All the Year round, except in the Month 'SKtj>po(poeiav, Legacifs(ha.]l
be examin'd by Law, fo that no one fhall enjoy any, till it has been
aflign'd by due Courfe of Law (ii).
He that iffues a Writ againftone fettled in an Inheritance, (hall bring
him before the Jrchon, and depofit Ua,^..Ka\ACoKY), as is ufual in other
Aftions, for, unlefs he profecutes the Enjoyer, he ihall have no Title to
the Eftate ; and if the immediate SuccefTor, againfl whom the Aftion
is brought, be dead, the other, within fuch a Time as the Nature of
the Adion doth require, fhall make an Appeal to the Jrchon, whofe
Bufinefs 'tis to take Cognizance of this Adion, as alfo it was of the
former Adion of the Man in PofTefTion of the Eftate [e).
Five Years being expir'd after the Death of the immediate SuccefTor,
the Eftate is to remain fecurc to the deceafed Perfon's Heirs, without
being liable to Law-fuits (f).
Laws appertaining to Guardianfhip.
NO one can be another's Guardian, who is to enjoy the Eftate
after his Death (^). 0f o/" Solon'j LatMs.
" I - i .
(w) Ibidem, (*) Jjaut de liaered. Pyrrbii (,y ) Demojihenet in Leocbarem, [x) Ifa-
us de hasred. PhikSlemcnis. (a) Ibidem, {b) Demojiben, in Macart. {c) Suidas, v,
ItjkAhpo/. (^ Demoftbenei in Stephanum Tcjiem. Oiat. II, (e) Idem in Macartt
[J\ Ififui de h^red, Pyrrhic {g) Laertiut Svione,
Cuardianf
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. hys
Guardians ^2i\\\tt out their Pupi/s Houfes [h). See^ook I. Ch. xxiv.
The Anhon fhall be obliged to take care of Orphans^ Heirefes, de-
cay'd Families, Women that remain in the Houfes of their deceas'd
Husbands, pretending to be with Child ; and to proteft them from
Violence and Abufes : If any one is injurious or contumelious, the
Archon (hall fine him as far as the Limits of his Power extend ; if the
Offender herein tranfgrefs beyond his Commiffion of punilhing, the
Archon, having firft impos'd on him as he thinks fit, Ihall compel hira
at five Days Warning to make Appearance at the Court of Heli/eUf
where, if he beconvidled, that Court Ihall impofe on him arbitrarily
either a pecuniary, or corporal Penalty (/).
No Pupil, after five Years Space, Ihall fue a Guardian for the Mif-
management of his Truft [k).
Laws about Sepulchres and Funerals.
LET the dead be interrd[l\. One o/*CecroFsV Laijos. See B. IV. ch. vi.
No Tomb is to confift of more Work than ten Men can finifh in
three Days ; neither is it to be erected archwife, or adorn'd with Sta-
tues ('ot/ OneofSoloxCs Laivs. <S^^ Book IV. Chap. vi.
No Grave is to have over it, or by it, more than Pillars of three Cu-
bits high, a Table, and Z./z^^//aOT, {oxlittle Fejfel to contain FiSiuals for the
Ghojfs Maintenance[n) . This Laiv luas enailed by Deme tr i us the Phalerean.
He that defaceth a Sepulchre, or lays one of a different Family in
that of another, breaks it, erafeth the Infcription, or beats down the
Pillar, fhall fufFer condign Punifhment (0). One of ^oXorC s La'ws .
No one fhall come near another's Grave, unlefs at the Celebration
of Obfequies (/>). One o/'SolonV Lanus.
The Corps fhall be laid out at the Relations Pleafure, the next Day
following, before Day-light, fliall be the Funeral Vxoct^iow ; the Men
(hall proceed firft, the Women after them j it's unlawful hereby for any
Woman, if under threefcore, and no Relation, to go where the mourn-
ful Solemnity is kept, or after the Burial is folemnized (q). See Book
IV. Chap. iv.
Too great a Concourfe of People is prohibited at Funerals (r).
Let not the Corps be buried with above three Garments (f). One of
SolonV Larjjs.
Let no Women tear their Faces, or make Lamentations, or Dirges,
at Funerals {t). Another of SoiorCs Laws. See'&ook IV. Chap. v.
At every one's Death there fhall be paid to the Prieftefs of Minerva,
who isplac'd in the Citadel, a Chcenix of Barley, tl^ like of Wheat,
and an Oholus (uj. This Law vuas enabled by Hippias.
No Ox fhall be ofFer'd to atone for, or appeafe the Ghofl of the de
ceafed {ac). One o/" Solon' j Laws. See Book IV. Chap* viii.
{h) Demojiben. in Apbobum, (;) Idem in Macartatum. (i) Idem in Naufimacbum.
(/) Cicero lib. II. de Legibus. () Ibidem. () Ibidem. () Ibidem. (/>) Plutarcbui
Solone. [q) Dtmoftherct in Macart. {r) Cicero de Legibuu (/) Plutarekui Solaiti.
{t) Idem Si Cticra, [u) AriJIttcltt Otnmtn, lib. II, (w) Flutartbvi Stient.
Children
176 Of the Civil Government of Athens,
Childicn and Heirs fhall perform the accullom'J Rites of ParenUi-
tton[x).
Slaves, when dead, fhall not be embalm J, or honour'd with a Fiine-
r^i/Banquet ^j). See as before.
Let there be no Panegyricks, unlefsatFi^wfr/j/jpublickly folemniz'd,
and then not fpoken by Kindred, but one appointed by the Publickfor
that Purpofe (z). See as before.
They, who fall in the Field, are to have Ohfequies celebrated at the
publick Charge [a). See Book II [. Chap. xi.
Let the Father have the Privilege of giving that Son a Funeral En-
(omiitn, who dy'd valiantly in the Fight [b).
He Ihall have an annual Harangue i^iioken in his Honour on the Day
he fell, who receives his Death with undaunted Prowcfs in the Battle's
Front [c] .
Let him, who accidentally lights on an unb:er:edCa.rc&{s, cafl; Earth
upon it, and let all Bodies be burie^l Welhvard (dj. See Book IV.
Chap. i. and vi.
Don't fpeak Evil of the Dead, no not though their Children pro-
voke you {e). One of Solon's Laivs. See Book IV. Chap. I.
Laws againji Ruffians and AfTaffins.
TH E Areopagite. Senate (hall fit in Judgment upon Cafes of wil-
ful Murder, of Wounds given wilfully, fetting Houfes on Fire,
or killing by Poifon (/). See Book I. Chap. xix.
The AffaJJiti's Council fhall not make any preliminary Apology, ufe
any Motives for the gaining of CompafTion, or fpeak any thing foreign
to the Caufe {g). See as before.
The Thefmothet/e fhall punifh Murderers with Death [h).
The Affaffm fhall fufFer Death in the wz.vrfl'fr'</Perfon's Country ; and,
being hal'd away to the Thefmothette, according to the Appointment of
the Law, he fhall be liable to no other Violence or ill Ufage, befides
what his capital Punifhment includes ; no body fhall take Money for
his Pardon ; he that doth, fhall pay double the Money he receiv'd of
the Criminal, his Name likewife by any body fliall be carried in to the
Archons, but the Heliafiick Court alone fhall pafs Judgment upon
him [i). One 0/" Solon'/ Laivs.
If any one kills, or afUlls in killing a Murderer that abflains from tl;e
Fcrum, confecrated Places, publick Sports, and the Amphiclionick Fefli-
vals, he (hall undergo the Severity of the Law as much as if he had
killed a Citizen of .^^'/Z'^;//. TlxQEphetae ^xt to take Cognizance of
this Matter (;J). This relates to a Murderer uncondemn'' d.
One accus'd of iWr</(?r ihail have nothing to do with City-privileges(/).
(x) Demojlhenei in Timocraiem, Ifaus de hatred. CUonytnl. (y) Cic. loc. cit. () Idem.
(a) Thucydides lib. z, ( ij Pclerr.!) zTgumento rc^V lfarnet(ii(ov f^'oyav. (c) Cicerndi;
Oratore. {dj Mlianut Var. Hift. lib. V. cap. 14. (e) Plut. Sokne. (f) Demofth.
in Ariftocratem. (g) Pollux lib. VIII. cap. lo, (h) Demojihenes jn -Ariftocratem.
(i^ DtmoJibenttlnAriJiofratem, ^i^ Ibideip- (IJ Antj^ki i^ Chrfuta^
He,
Of the Civil Government of Athens.^ 1 77
He that puts him in Trouble, who was forced to make Flight out of
Attica for Chance-medley, {hall undergo the fame Penalty with him, who
doth the like to any Citizen o^ Athens (a).
He, who commits Chance-medley, ihall fly his Country for a Year,
*till Satisfaction be made to the dead Perfon's Kindred ; then he fliall
return Sacrifice, and be purified (^)- An ancient and celebrated Lanu.
Hefhallnothave anAftion of JWar/i'frbroughtagainft him, who binds
him over to his Appearance before the Magijlrate, thatreturn'dfromBa-
nilhment before his limited Time is completed (r). OneofT>\zco''s Laivfi
If any one hath unadi'ifedly given his Jntagonijl, in xhtExercifesy his
i)eath, or kill'd by Chance a Man lying in Ambulcade, or being in the
Brunt of an Engagement of War, or one debauching his Wife, Mother,
Sifter, Daughter, Mifs, or the Nurfe of his legitimate Children, let
not fuch an one be banifli'd [d). See Book IV. Chap. xii.
It fliall be lawful to kill that Perfon, who fliall make ah AfTauIt on
the Innocent [e).
If any one, being banifhM for Chance-medley, (hall have an Indift-
Dient of wilful Murther, laid to his Charge, before hfc hath made up
the Difference with thofe who banifh'd him, he fliall make his De-
fence before the Court ht ^fiArJoi, in a little VefTel, which Ihall not
be permitted to'come to Shore, but his Judges (hall give Sentence on
the Land ; if he is call, he fliall anfwer Juilice for wilful Murther j
but, if abfolved, fliall only undergo the former Sentence of Banifli-
ment for Chance-^med/e^yf/J. See Book I. Chap. xx.
If any Archon, or Man in private Capacity, is inftramental in the
Depravation, or Repeal of thefe Statutes, let him and his Children be
ar/fjioif and his Goods be fold fgj.
It flidll be lawful to hale a Murderer, if found in any religious Place j
or the Forum, to Gaol ; and, if he prove guilty, to put him to Death ;
but if the Committer of him to Gaol do not procure the fifth Part of
the Votes, he fliall be fin'd athoufand Drachms [h).
If any one comes to an untimely End , his nearell Relations may bring
the Adtion oiAvS'^\f\-\.\a, againft thofe People they fufpeft, either to be
Abettors of the Mar^/^r, or Protedlors of the jFf/o ; and till fuch Time
as thefe make Satisfaftion, or furrender the Delinquent, the murdered
Man's Relations are privileged to feize three Men of their Body.
The Right of the Profecution of Murderers belongs to the Kindred of
the murdered, Kinsfolk's Children, their Sons-in-law, Fathers-in-Law,
Sitter's Children, and thofe of the fame*^Tprt; the Murderers h-ivcLi-
berty granted of imploring the Father of the murder d to be mild and
favourable ; but if he is not alive, then his Brother, or Sons all together
fliall be intreated ; for, without the joint Confent of them all, nothing
fhall prevail : If thefe foremention'd Pcrfons are all dead, and the Death
of the Perfon came by Chance-medley, according to the Determination of
the fifty Ephette, ten of the fame ^gjjTfletmay, if they think fit, con-
{a) Demtflkenet in Ariftocratm. {!>) Ibidem, EuripiJii Scbcl. aJiique plures. (<) Di
rnofthenet \t\ Arijlacratem, (</) Ibidem. (*) Ibidem. (/) Ibjdcm. (g) Ibidem.
{b) Ibidem.
178 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
vine, and delegate one and fifty out of the Nobility to the Epheta *.
AlVthey, vvho were Murderers before the Making of this Law, (hall be
fubjeft to its Obligation. If any one hath been jnurder''d in any of the
Borovghs, and no body removes him, the Dcmarchus (hall give Orders
to his Friends to take him away, bury him, and perform the Duty of
hv.jiration toward the Borough that very Day on which lie was kill'd ;
when a Slave is murder d, he fliall inform the Mailer ; v/hen a Free-
man, the fucceeding Heirs j but if the Perfon murder A was not a mo-
ney'd Man, or had no Pofieffions, the Demarchus fhall acquaint the
Relations ; and fuppofmg they give no Heed, and negleft to take him
aWay, the Demarchus himfelf fhall fee him taken away, and buried,
and take Care tliat the Borough be hjirated, but all this with as little
Charges as may be ; which, if he negledt, he fliall be fin'd a thoufand
Drachms, to be paid to the publicji Exchequer. He fhall take of the
/.WfrV Perfons Debtors double the Money he expended for the Fu-
neral, which, if he negled, he fhall pay it himfelf to thofe of his
Borough (/).
He, who is Felo defe, fhall have the Hand cut ofF, that did the Mur-
der, which fhall be buried in a Place feparate from the Body [k). ,
No Murderer fliall be permitted to be within the City (/].
' Inanipiate Things, which have been inftrumental to People's
Deaths, fhall be call out oi Attica [m). One of T)v acq's Laivs. See
Book I. Chap. XX.
He, who ftrikes the firfl Blow in a Quarrel, fhall be liable to the
Aftion term'd AiMct? S'lKn ().
He, who hath malicioufly hurt another's Body, Head, Face, Hands,
or Feet, fhall be profcribed the City of that Man to whom he ofFer'd
the Detriment, and his Goods be confifcated ; if he return, he fliall
fufFer Death (0).
A
A Law relating to Accufations.
N Y one is permitted to inform againft another, that hath done
an Injury to a third Ferlon (/>). One of ^oXoa a Laix's.
Laws concerning Damages.
HE, who wilfully infers Damage, fliall refund twice as much : He,
who does it involuntarily, an Equivalent [q).
His Eyes fhall be both pluck'd out, who hath blinded an/ onc-ey'd
Perfon (r). One of Colon's Laws.
That Dog fhall be tied up with a Chain four Cubits long, which
hath bit any Body (f). Another of Solans La-ixs.
, {*) Ibid, {i) DemoJiher.es m Macartatum. [k) Mfdines'mCteJipbontem. (/) 5f-
dai y.^io^' (w) ^fchines in Ctejiphontetn. () Demoflhenei Ariflocratea.
() Lyfias pro C^///a, iaGmofiem. [p) PlucarcbusSohne, [q) Demojibenes Mediana.
(r) Laertius Sehne, (y ) Plutjrcbm SohKf,
* Law?
Of the Civil Government of Athcnii; Xf^
Laws belonging to Theft.
HE, ^\oftealsy fliall pay double the Value of the Thing \AfioIe
to the Owner, and as much to the publick Exchequer.
If any Body that had any Thing^oPft from him, and has it reftor'd,
the me/, with the Abettor, (hall pay double the Value ; but in Cafe
the TArV/'doth not make Reftitution ten-fold, and be fet in the Stocks
five Days, and as many Nights, if the Heliajfis fo order it ; this Order
fhall then be made, when they confider what Punifhment to inflift up-
on him (/). Thefe /ivo Laavs ivere enacted hy Solon.
If any one hath filcVd aiuay any Thing by Day, worth above fifty
Drachms, let the Adion call'd A-Tra^uyri be put in Execution againft
him before the Eleven-, but, if in the Night, anyone hath Liberty to
kill him, or, upon his making away to wound him, and to iflue the
fame Aft ion out againft him ; by which, if he be caft, he (hall die
without any Conceffion for Sureties, to put in Bail for the Reftitution
of tYieJloVn Goods. He, farther, that fhall /i/^r out of the Lyceum,
yicademia, Cynofarges, or any oi tYieGymnaJia, any Thing of the leaft
Value, as a Garment, Oil- vial, {s'r. or above ten Drachms out of the
Baths, or Ports, fhall fufFer Death ^aj .
He, that puts a Man in Prifon for Thievery,znd camiot prove it up-
on him, fhall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms fiv).
All Cut-purfes, Burglars, and Kidnappers, if convifted, fhall fuffer
Death (a-).
He, who makes Search' after Thieves in another's Houfe, muft have
only a thin Garment hanging loofe about him (y).
He, that takes anvay any Thing which is not his own, fhall be liable
to die for it (z). One o/"Draco's La'ws. See Book I. Chap. xxvi.
It is a capital Crime to break into a Man's Orchard, and fieal his
Figs (a) . This Lanu nvas abrogated by the follonuing.
They, who/^^?/Figs, fhall be fin'd {b). See Book I. Chap. xxi.
They, whoy?^/ Dung, fhall be punifti'd {c) corporally.
Laws rejiraining Reproaches.
NO one fhall calumniate, or defame any Perfon while alive, in the
Temples, Judicial Courts, Treafuries,or Places where Games are
celebrated : The Delinquent herein ftxall pay three Drachms to the in-
jured Man, and two to the publick Treafury {d). One ofSolonsLaius.
He fl.all be fin'd, viho Jlanders any Man(^). Another of%o\o\Cs Laips.
He fhall incur a Mulft of five hundred Drachms, who fwits any one
with committing fome heinous Offence againft the Laws (/).
{t) A. Gelliut, lib. X. cap. j8. Demojibenes Timocratea. (x) Demoftbn, Ibid,
(w) Suidat. (*) Xenopbon A'zro/j-fr.fy.ov. lib, I. {y) Arifiopbanii Scboliajles Nu'
bibus. (as) Plutarcbut Sohnt, A Gellitti, lib, XI, cap. i8. [a) Fejlut. (A) Suidai.
(f) Ariftobbanit Scholiaft. Equitibut. {d) PlutarcbuiSthnt, {') Lyjiat, Orat. I. in
litmneftum, (/) Ifofraia in Ufbittm.
N 2 N9
i8o Of the Qvil Government of Axhtni.
No one fliall call another Cut-throat, or Murderer (g).
He, that upbraids another for calling away his Buckler, Ihall be
fin'd (h) . See Book III, Chap. xiii.
Laws about the Management 0/ Affairs.
THEY, who have been negligent in carrying on any BuJinefSf
ftiall anfwer for that Negled (?').
No Woman (hall have any farther to do in Affairs, than a Medimn of
Barley will fatisfy for Performance [k).
Laws referring to Entertainments.
NO Entertainment is to confift of above thirty Guejls (I).
All Cooh, hired to drefs up Diihes for Entertainments, are tO
carry in their Names to the Gynaconomi (m) .
None bat mix'd Wine Ihall be drunk at Banquets (n).
LetpiTe and unmixed Wines be referved till afterwards, for a relifh-
ing Taite to the Honour of the good Genius(o). See Book IV. Chap. xx.
The Areopagites (hall take Cognizance of all Drunkards (p).
A Law relating to Accufations concerning Mines.
IF any one hath prohibited another from working in the Mines, or
hath carried Fire into them, carried away another's Utenfils, or
Tools, or if he hath dug beyond his Limits, fuch an one may be
profecuted with the Aftion call'd A/;c>f jJ.%'T<LKKt%\\ (f).
A Law pertaining to the KdCion EiVstyAAfct.
TImocrates hath enafted that whatfoever Athenian is call hy the
AdlionE/fTet^fsAia before x^atSenate, and fhall be fecured by Im-.
priionment before, or after the Indiftment, his Name not being inferted
according to Law by the Scribe of that Fret any in the Accufation-note,
and carried up to the The/mot beta, the Thejmothetce, within 30 Days af-
ter the Receipt of the Bill, unlefs fome great Emergency of State in-
tervene, fhall appoint the Eleven to fit in Judgment over it, before whom
any Athenian may accufe him j if he be convided, the Heliaa ihall inflid^
upon him Punilhment, either corporal or pecuniary ; if the latter, he
(hall be clap'd into Gaol till he pay it (r). See Book I. Chap, jcxiii,
Military Laws.
TH E Time for Military Service fhall be from eighteen Years to
forty.
(g) Lyfiai loco citato. (A) Ibidem. (/) Demojllcnes in Afibcbum. {k) Die Chryfof-
tomusOtat'^s-'.eietTl^lcif. ^/) Lynceus Samus in ^popthegmat. Achenaus, lib. VI.
(w) Mcnander Cecryphah, () Alexis ^fopo. (0) Atbenaus, lib. M. (/>} Wem,
|bi VI, (f ) Demojihsnti in Pan! an f turn, (rj Dtmofibtnct in TimKrattm,
TiiJ
Of the Civil Government of Athens."" 1 8 r
Till twenty. Men (hall remain within Attiea to be ready in Arms ;
after that they fliall ferve in the Army without Attica (f). See Book
IH. Chap. ii.
He fliali be ari(j.^, who offers to ferve in the Morfe before he has
undergone the accuftom'd Probation (/), See Book III. Chap. iii.
The Chivalry fhall be detach'd out of the moft puiffant and wealthy
Athenians [u). ' ,
Soldiers fhall not obferve the Punftilio's of Sprucenefs and Foppery
in their Hair, ^c. (w). This Law nvas ena^ed by Cineas <JiPhrynus.
See Book III. Chap. viii.
^^one fhall pawn their Arms [x).
He fhall fuffer Death, who hath betray'd a Garrifotty Ship, or Army.
All Re^jolter) to the Enemy Ihall undergo the fame Penalty. See Book
III. Chap. xiii.
There Ihall be no Marching before the feventh of the Moni\i(y), See
Book III. Chap. vii.
The Ceremony .^or proclaiming of War ihall be by putting a Lamb
into the Enemf^ Territories (z). See as before.
The Polemarcb fhall lead up the right Wing of the Army [a). See
Book III. Chap. iv.
All publick Revenue-keepers, and Dancers at the A/oyvcr/^Ka, fhall be
exempted from ferving in the Army{b). See Book III- Chap. ii.
Of Military Punijhments and Rewards.
THEY, who have maintain'd their Poll with Courage, fhall be ad-
vanced, and others degraded[c). See Book III. Chap. xiii.
All Refufers to go into the Army, Cowards, and Run-aways, fhall
be expeird the Forum, fhall not be crown'd, or go to the publick Tem-
ples ; he, who offends againfl this Law, fhall be put into Bonds by the
Eleven, and carried before the Heliajlae, where any one impower'd.
may accufe him ; if he is proved guilty, the Heliaftes fhall pronounce
Sentence, and inflift upon him, as the Nature of his Crime requires, a
Mulft, or corporal Penance ; if the former, he fhall lie in Gaol till he
pays it (i^. See as before, and the Laius follovning.
Let him be At///-, who cafts away his Arms {e).
He, who during the tVar by Sea, runs away from his Ship ; and he,
who being prefs'd, doth not go, fhall be ATl(/&(f). See B. IH. Ch. xx.
All difabled and wounded Soldiers fhall bemainfain'd out of the pub-
lick Fame (^). This nvasena^Ied by Pifi&ratus.
Their Parents and Children fliall be taken Care for, thut are cut off
in War; if Parents are kill'd, their Children fhall be put to School at
the publick Charge j and, when come to Maturity of Age, fhall be pre-
fented with a whole Suit of Armour, fettled every one in his refpettive
[f) Ulpiatiut in Olintliac. Ill, {t)Lyfias mAlcibiadem, {u)Xtnopb6nH!pparcbico.
{w) Arijlophanit Scboliajletud Equitcs. (x) Idem ad Piutum. {y) Zenobius, Cent. II.
Prov. LXXIX. (as) Diogenianus Cent. II. Prov. XCVI. (a) Ilcrodotui Erato.
(i) Demoftbenei in Ntaram, 8c in Mediam, (c)Xenopben Hi'pparcbico. (d) Dtmaf'
thenet in Timocraitm, MJcbinei in Ctefipbontem, [t] Lyjiat Orat. I. in ^beomnejlum.,
(/} Plutar(bui Soltne. [g) Laertiut Sohittt
N 3 Calling,
1 8 4 0/ the Civil Government of A thens .
Calling, and honour'd with firl]: Seats iii all publick Places [h). One of
Solon' .f Laixjs,
Mifcellany Laws.
THEY ftiall be profecuted for Ingratitude, who do not retaliate
Kindncffes [i).
The Borough and Name of every one's Father fhall be written down
jn all Deeds, Compads, Suits, and other Concerns {k).
A Difcoverer, who alledges Truth, {hall be fecure ; but, if Falftiood,
Ihall fuifer Death (/).
He fliall be A^ifxl^, who ftands neuter in any publick Sedition [m).
This La^w wuas enaSled by Solon, to oblige emery Athenian to promote the
Welfare of the Commonivealth to his zitmojl.
He lliall die, who leaves the City for Refidence in the Pir<eeus {n).
This Laav nvas etta^ed by Solon to prevent Difcord amongji the Athenians.
He Ihall be fin'd, who is feen to walk the City-llreets with a Sword
by his Side, or having about him other Armour, unlefs in Cafe of Exi-
gency (o). 0f o/Solon'j Laws. See Book III. Chap. iv.
He lliall be denied Burial within Attica, and his Goods expofed to
Sale, who hath been convided of perfidious Behaviour towards the
State, or of Sacrilege (/>), Zee Book I. Chap. iv.
He, that hath betrayed his Country, fhall not enter into ^mVa's Bor-
ders ; if he do, he Ihali expiate his Crime by the fame Law, as they
who, tho' condemn'd by the Areopagites to Banifhment, return [q) .
Thofe Compads fhall Hand good, which have been approved of by
l^t Judges {r).
Ltpt there be an Amnejiy of all former Diffenfions, and no one be lia-
ble to be callM in Queft ion, or reproach'd for any Thing done for-
merly (f), This Laixj rtvas made after the thirty Tyrants Expulfton, to
reconcile all former parrels, and <voas fjoorn to by the Archons, Se-
nate of five hundred, and all the Commonalty of Athens.
When any Perfon isaccuild contrary to this Oath, Ufe may be made
of the-Plea call'd 'srAoa.^^a.^Yi ; the Archons fhall have Cognizance of
this Matter, and he that makes the Plea fhall make his Defence firfl ;
the Party that is caft, fhall have the Fine call'd E-^fti^sAji* impofedupoii
him (/). This Laiv mjas enaSiedby AxchmVi^, as a Security to the fonner.
No Stranger fliall be wrong'd or injur'd [u).
Put the bewilder'd Traveller in his Way, and be hofpitable to Stran-
gers (^wj.
No Seller of Rings fliall keep by him the Signature of a Ring, when
fold (x). One o/" Solon' J Laws.
F (>) Luc'ianus Abdicato, Valerius Maximum, lib. V. cap. 3. (/) Demoftb. in Bcectum,
(*) Andocidii de Myfteriis. (/) Plutarcbus Solane. (w) Sui'das. (n) Lucian Anachat'
fide, (p) Xenophon Ef\?.;u-f^lf , lib, I. (p) Dinarcbus la Demofihen. {q) Demoftbetiis
Bahnes. (r) Cicerc, Pbillp. I. (J) Lyfias in Ctefiphontem. {t) Andocides de Myfteriis^
() Xtnopbon Awo^vni^, lib, II, (w) Cicero de OJic, lib. III. (*) Laertius Solone.
Jrcbaoh'
( i83 )
Arcbaologia Graca :
OR, THE
ANTIQUITIES
O F
G R E E C E.
Book II.
C H A P. I.
Of thefirji Authors of Religious Worfhip in. Greece.
ERO DOTUS, in the fecond Book of his Hiftory, is of
Opinion, that the Gr^^yJi derived their Religion from the
Egyptians : "Qvit Plutarch (who loves to contradidlthat
Author) peremptorily denies it (<a) as being neither men-
tion'd by Homers nor any of the Ancients. Arifiopha-
nes {b) and Euripides [c] fay, that Orpheus was the firft
that inftrufted theGrea'afis in all the Rites andCeremonies of their Wor-
ihip: He wa.s aThracian, and therefore, fays Nonnus[d), Devotion was
eaird 0pH(r;t6iq. Q^cf-Kiet, becaufeit was invented by a Thracian.
Thefe, I think, were neither altogether in the Right, nor yetwholly
miftaken ; for as the exadl Agreement betwixt fomeof theGrman Ce-
remonies, and the religious Worfhip of T^r^ff, makes it probable that
one was derived from the other ; fo, on the other Side, the Conformity
of fome other Parts of the Grecian Religion to that of the Egyptians
doth plainly argue, th^tthey were fetch'd from Egypt ; but, that the
whole Syftem of the Grecian Religion fhould be borrow'd from either
(rf) Dc Htrodot, malevol. (i) Ranit. (f) Rbefo, {d) Sijjja.y. Wif- '^ ^^'^'' '
N 4 ' Thracct
I S4 Of the Religion of Greece.
Thrace, or Egypty or any one Country, is improbable, if not impoflible j
as will evidently appear to every one that confiders the great Variety
of Religions in Greece, where almoll every City had different Gods,
and different Modes of VVorfliip. 'Tismuch more probable, that Greecgf
being inhabited by Colonies from diversNations,did borrow from every
pne of thefe fome Part of their religious Ceremonies : Thus the Thel>as,
being defcended from the PhcsTricians, retain'' d a great Part of their Wor-
(hip, and the Jrgives are thought to have been inllruftedin the Egyptian
Religion by Danaus, and his Followers. Cecropi, the Founder of Athens ^
who was the firft that worfhip'd Jupiter by the Name of v7ret]Q-, the
Supreme(e), a.nd introduced Civility among the barbarous Jthenians, was
likevvife an Egyptian ; whence fome think he had the Title of tP'i^vni,
one with tnvo Natures ; oti A/^J-t]/" civ rdi Xvo yhciaiTeti tfTri^ajOf
lecaufe, leifig u3igyptian, he /poke tivo (that is, the Egyptian and Ather
7iian)Lang:iages.Phoroneus,vihQ is by fome (f) reported to have brought
the Ufe of Temples, Altars, and Sacrifices into Greece, was of the fame
Nation. And fo many of the Egyptian Ceremonies and C.ftoms were
leceiv'd zxJthens, that one of the Comedians upbraids theAthenians,th.2^l
^hey had made their City to be ^gypt injfead of Athens. Add to this,
that the Grecians in general, and the Athenians in p.irticular, were fo
exceffively fuperftitious, that they would not be content to worihip
theif ancient Deities, but frequently confecrated new ones of their own
making ; and, befide thefe, affum'd into the Number of their own the
Gods of all the Nations wifh whom they had any Commerce ; info-
inuch that even in ^^_^(?<i's Time they were xfiV/zve^i?/, thirty thoufand,
AQdn/etjot Ziwoi, i^vhctKii y.z^7rav dyS^fi'mav.
7here are thirty thoufand Gods inhabiting the Earth, n.vha are SubjeSis of
Jupiter, andGuardians of Men[g) ; and tho\ as Ijocrates informs us(A),
the ancient Athenians thought their Religion confined chiefly in the
Dbfervation of the Rites and Ceremonies deliver'd to them by their An-
ceftors, yet there was a Cuftom that obliged them to entertain a great
many ftrange Gods ; whence it was that they religioufly obferved the
so^ey/tf , or Feaft of all the ftrange Gods ; which was alfo celebrated
at Delphos, as Athenaus witneffeth (/). Nay, fo fearful were the Atht"
tiians of omitting any, that, zs Paufanias {k) tells us, they eredted Al-
tars to unknown Godf. It may be objected, that they condemn'd So-
crates for no other Crime than worfl^iping ftrange Gods, for that
this was his Accufaiion Laertim witneffeth in his Life. But to this it
is reply'd, that tho' they were fo defirous of new Deities, y^t none were
worfhip'd, till they had been approved, and admitted by theAreopagites
() Eufebius Chronico, Paufanias Arcadicis. {/ ) Clement Altxandrinus Protrepiico^
Arnobiui, lib. VI. centra Gentes. [g) Ofer, & Dier, lib, I, y, ajo. {h) Oral. Arto-
?** (') ^*'B' ^ ^' c. 3. () Atticii,
as
Of the Religion of Greece? 185
as Harfocration[l) has obferved j and thence was it, that when St. Paul
preach' d among them ]tixxi and the Re/urre^ion,he was fummon'd to ap-
pear before this Council, to give an Account of his new Dodrine.
CHAP. II,
Of the Temples, Altars, Images, Groves, Afyla, and
Sacred Fields.
TH E firft Generations of Men had neither Tejnples, nor Statues,
for their Gods, but worfhip'd towards Heaven in the open Air.
The Perjians, even in Ages, when Temples were common in all other
Countries.oT/ kx a.v^^a<7ro(p\iiAi ho{JH<rAv tV 05f , Kctd-d'Trn^ ol EhKtivW
not thinking the Gods to be of human Shape, as did the Greeks, had no
Teniplef(7) ; which was theReafon, asfome think, why ^rJCtv burn'd
and demolifli'd the Temples of Greece. For the Perjiam thought it ab-
furd to confine the Gods within Walls, quorum hie Mundus omnis Tern*
plum effet ac Domus ; whofe Houfe and Temple was this whole World,
to ufe the Words of Cicero[n). The Greeks, and moft other Nations,
worlhip'd their Gods upon the Tops of high Mountains. Hence, ^a-
piter, in Homer, commends He^or for the many Sacrifices, which he
I ' had ofFer'd upon the Top of Ida (0) ;
Strabo obferves, that the Perjians had neither Images nor JItars, but onlf
/aerified to the Gods iv J-4,A<a r'o'Tsra, upon fame high Place{p) .Thus Cyrus,
in Xenophon[q), facrificeth to Paternal Jupiter, the Son, and the rejl of the
Gods, upon the Summities of Mountains, di( Flif 3"/ d-vajiv, as the Perfians
are ivont to facrifice. The Nations, which liv'd near Judaa, facrific'd
alfo upon the Tops of Mountains. Balak, King of Moab, carry'd Bala-
am to the Top of Bahal, and other Mountains, to facrifice to the Gods,
and curfe I/rael from thence(r). The fame Caftom is attefted in almoft
innumerable Places in the facred Scriptures : But I fhall only add one
vTeftimony more, whence the Antiquity of this Cullom will appear, y^-
braham was commanded by God, to off.r Ifaac his Son for a Burnt-Offe-
ring upon one of the Mountains in the Land of Moriah (f). In the latter
Ages, the Temples were often built upon the Summities of Mountains.
Thus it is obferv'd of the Irojan Temples, in which the foremention'd
Sacrifices are fuppos'd to have been ofFer'd by Heilar. And both at
Athens and Rome, the mort facred Temples flood in the moft eminent
Part of the City. It is farther obfervable, that very high Mountains
(/) V. cTn'Ssraf ^O-.Toi: {m) Hercdotui Euterpe, {n) Lib. II. de Lcgibut. (o) Ili-
ad. / . verf. 70. ip) Geograpb. lib. XV. () CyropeJ. lib. VIII, Conf. Herod*'
m. Lib. I. Cap. II. (,r) Numr.XXlU, {/) Gen. XXll. z.
were
1 86 Of the Religion of Greece.
were commonly held facred to Saturn or Jupiter, and fometimes to
other Gods, particularly to Apollo, as wc are inform'd by Homer, who
thus addreffeth to him :
T'^.vkZv o^'icav (f).
Concerning this Cuftom, I have more copjoufly treated in my Com-
mentary upon Lycophron [t). What was the Occafion and Original of it
may be difputed. However, it appears to have been continued in the
Heathen World ; becaufe the Tops of Mountains approach'd neareft to
the Heavens, the Seat of the Gods. Hence Tacitus, in his Annals,
fpeaks of certain Mountains, which did maxi?ne ccelo appropinquare ,pre-'
cefquemortalium a Deo nufquam proprius audiri, come exceedingly near
to the Heavens, and that there was in no Place a nearer Paffage for the
Prayers of Men to the Gods, than from them. And Lucian exprelly
affirms, that the Priefts chiefly frequented fuch Places, *Ot/ t}! iv'x/^-
hwv df'Xja^iV i'Tscuairiv oi 05o/, becaufe the Gods did thence more ea-
fily hear their Prayers. Who it was that ereded the firll Temple, is
not agreed by ancient Writers. Some afcribe it to Phoronaus, the Egyp-
tian, others to Morops, others, among whom is Varro, to ^acus, the
Son of "Jupiter (u). Some will have Jupiter to have been the firft who
built Temples, and on that Account to be reputed the firft and princi-
pal God. The Egyptians refer the Invention to IJis, the Phrygians to
Ufo. Others rather chufe to derive it from Cecrops, the Founder of ^-
tiiens, or Diony/tut, otherwife call'd Bacchus. Some mention the Arca-
dians, or Phrygians, or Thracians, or Cretans, as the firft Pounders of
Temples. Others name, in particular, Melijfeus, King of Crete. Laft-
ly, That I be not farther tedious, many are of Opinion, that Temples
owe their firft Original to the fuperftitious Reverence and Devotion,
paid by the Ancients to the Memory of their deceafed Friends, Rela-
tions, and Benefaftors (ov) ; and, as moft of the Gods were Men con-
fecrated upon the Account of feme publick Benefit conferr'd on Man-
kind, fo moft of the Heathen Temples are thought to have been, at
rft, only ftately Monuments, erefted in Honour of the Dead. Thus
the Temple oi Pallas, in the Tower of the City LariJJa, was the Se-
pulchre oi Acrijius ; Cecrops was interr'd in the Acropolis of Athens, and
Erichthonius in the Temple of Minerva Polias, to mention no more.
A farther Confirmation of this is, that thofe Words, which, in their
proper Acceptation, fignify no more than a Tomb, or Sepulchre, are
by ancient Writers applied to the Temples of the Gods. Thus'Z;yf5-
phron, a noted Afi-efter of obfolete Words, has usijd (*) Tv'y.^Q- :
'Twas now, when, fatigu'd with the Toil of War,
With eager Halie the Greek did home repair,
(/) Hymn, in ApoUtnem, verf. 144. [t) Ad verf. 42. (a) Arnob. lib. VI. contra
Gentes, (w) Eujebius, LaSiantius, Ckmim AJexandr. protrept. (x) Caff'andr. v. 613.
That
Of the ReUgion of Greece. 187
, That from the treach'rous Fate for him defign'd.
Great Juno^ Temple favM. H. H,
Where he fpeaks of Diomedes, who, at his Return from Troy, was laid
in Wait for by his Wife uEgialea, and forc'd to take Sanftuary in the
Temple oijuno. I will give you but one Inftance more, and that
out of Firgil (a):
Tumulum antiqua Cereris, /edemque facratam
Venimus.
The Temple and the hallow'd Seat
Of ancient Ceres we approach'd.-
Nor is it any Wonder, that Monuments (hould at length be converted
into Temples, when, at every common Sepulchre, it was ufual to offer
Prayers, Sacrifices, and Libations ', of which more hereafter.
Temples were built and adorn'd with all poffible Splendor and Mag-
nificence, no Pains, no Charge was fpar'd upon them, or any Part of
Divine Worfhip. This they did, partly out of the great Refpeft they
had for the Gods, to whom they thought nothing more acceptable than
coftly Ornaments ; and partly, that they might create a Reverence of
the Deities in thofe, who came to pay their Devotions there. The Lw
cedamonians only had a Law amongft them, that every one (hould ferve
the Gods with as little Expence as he could, herein differing from all
other G;mHj; and Lycnrgush^vsx^ alk'd, for what Reafonhe made this
Inilitution, fo difagreeable to the Sentiments of all other Men ; anfwer'd,
Lefiat amtimethe Ser'vice of the Gcdsjhouldhe intermitted \ for he fear'd,
that if Religion fhould be as expenfive, as in the other Parts of Greece^
it might fome Time or other happen, that the Divine Worfhip, out of
the Covetoufnefs of fome, and Poverty of others, would be neglefted ;
And wifely confidered, that magnificent Edifices, and coftly Sacrifices,
were not fo pleafmg to the Gods, as the true Piety, and unfeign'd De-
votion of their Worfhipers. This Opinion of his was confirm'd by the
Oracle bi Hammon (b) ; for the /Athenians being worfled by the Lace-
demonians in many Encounters, both at Land and Sea, fent to Jupiter
Hammon, to enquire what Means they had beft ufe to obtain Vidory
over their Enemies ; and withal to afe him, why the Athenians, who,
faid they, ferve the Gods with more Pomp and Splendor than all the
Grecians befide, fhould undergo fo many Misfortunes, whilfl the Lacc"
damonians, whofe Worfhip is very mean and flovenly, are always
crown'd with Succefs and Vi<^ory ? The Oracle made them no other
Anfvver, than that the honeft, unafFefted Service of the Lacedamoniani
was more acceptable to the Gods, than all the fplendid and coflly De-
votions of other People. The Reader will pardon this Digreffion,
fuice it doth fo fully and clearly fet forth the Temper of two of the
mofl flourifhing States of Greece.
Sometimes the fame Temple was dedicated tofeveral Gods, who were
thence term'd aiwAoi, or ffvvoiK<cT<u, as they, who had the fame Altar
in common, were calPd huo^dj^tot. Thus we find in the Medal men-
tion'd by Saulertus (c), with the following Infcription :
{a} ^neid, II. v, 74a, {b) Plato Jikib, II, {c) Librt de Sacrificiii vcter.
All
1 8 3 0/ the Religion of Greece,'
All HAin
MErAAr>r ^
CAPAnlAl
KAI TOIC CVNNA
QIC 0EOIC.
To "Jtiplttr, the Sun, Great Seraph, and the Gods ivha cohahit in the fame
temple. Thus alio were join'd in one Temple Ifis and Apis. In ano-
ther, Cerest Bacchus, and Phcebus. In another at Romey Jupiter Capi-
iolinus, Juno, and Miner'va. In another, Apollo Palatinus, Latona^
^d Diana. In another, Hercules and the Mu/es. In another, fenus and
Cupid. In another, Cajlor and Pollux, In another, Mfculapius and
Apollo. In another, the Sun and Moon In another, Mars and Venus.
In another, P^aw ahd Oz-^j ; To mention no more Blxamples.
Temples were built after that Manner, which they thought moft
agreeable to the Gods, to whom they defign'd they Ihould be dedicated:
For, as Trees, Birds, and other Animals were thought f,icred to p!ir-
ticular Deities, fo almoft every God had a Form of Building peculiar
to himfelf, and which they thought more acceptable to him, than any
other. For Infiance, the Dorick Pillars were facred to Jupiter, Mars,
and Hercules ; the lonick, to Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana ; the Corin-
thian, to Vejia the Virgin, I deny not, but that fometimes all thefe
were made ufe of in the fame Temple ; but this was either in thofe
Temples which were facred to more Gods than one, or to fome of
thofe Gods, who vvere thought to prefide over feveral Things ; for the
Ancients, believing that the World wasgovern'd by Divine Providence,
afcrib'd the Man^.gement of every particular Affair to this, or that
Deity ; thus Mars was thought to prefide over War, Venus over Love;
ahd to fome of their Gods they aflign'd the Care over divers Things ;
fo Mercury was the God of Merchants, Orators, and Thieves ; Miner'
va was the Goddefs of Warriors, Scholars, and Artificers, ^c. and
therefore, 'tis no Wonder, that in fome of the Temples dedicated to
her, there were three Rows of Pillars, the firft of the Dorick, the fe-
cond of the Corinthian, the third of the lonick Order,
As to the Places of Temples,it being the common Opinion, that fome
of the Gods delight in V/oods, others in Mountains, others in Vallies,
others in Fields, others in Rivers or Fountains; it was cuffomary to de-
dicate the Temples in P.'aces niofl: agreeable to the Temper of the Dei-
ties, who fhould inhabit them. Hence the People hop'd for fruitful Sea-
fonj, and all Sorts of Profperity, wherever the Temples flood. Hence
JJhanus makes heavy Complaints againft the ChriJlians,vi\iQ demolifla'd
the Pagan Temples, whereby, as he imagin'd, the Fields became unfruit-
ful, the Temples beirg the very Life of the Fields ; and the Husbandmen,
nvhofe onlyConfdencefor them felnjcs , their Wi'ves , their Children, theirCorn,
their Cattle, their Plantations,'v:as plac''d inTempleSyivere miferably difap,.
fointedof their Expedations(d). The Temples in the Country were ge-
(</) Libami Orat. pro tcmpUi^
nerally
Of the Religion of Greece. 1 89
nerally furrounded with Groves facred to the tutelar Deity ofthePlace,
where, before the Invention of Temples, the Gods were worfhip'd ;
but when thefe could not be had, as in Cities and large Towns, they
were built amongft, and even adjoining to the common Houfes, only
the lanagraam thought this inconfillent with the Reverence due to
thofe holy Manfions of the Gods, and therefore took Care to have their
Temples founded in Places free from the Noife and Hurry of Bufmefs ;
for which {e) Paufanias commends them. Wherever they flood, if the
Situation of the Place would permit, it was contrived, that,the Windows
being open, they might receive the Rays of the rifing Sun (f). The
Frontifpiece was placed towards the Weft, and theAItars and Statues to-
wards the other End, that fo they, who came to worfhip, might have
their Faces towards them, becaufe it was an ancient Cuftom among th^
Heathens to worfhip with their Faces towards the Eaft, of which hereaf-
ter. This KzfhTTcCdhy Clcmensoi AlexaTidria{g), and Hyginus theFreed-
man oi Augujius Capiat- (h), to have been the mod ancient Situation of
Temples,and that the placing the Front of Temples towards the Eaft was
only a Device of later Ages. Neverthelefs, the Way of buildingTempIes
towards the Eall, fo as the Doors being open'dfhould receive the rifing
Sun, was very ancient(f), and in later Ages almoft univerfal ; Almoji all
the Temples njcere then Jo contrinied, that the Entrance and Statues Jhould
look toin-ards the Eajl, and they, I'jho paid their D equation , tonjuards the
Weji ; as we areexprefly told by Porphyiy[k]. Thus the Eallern Nations
commonly built their'remples,as appears from the Temple of thtSyrian
Goddefs m Lucian, the Temple at Memphis, built by P/ammettichus King
of jEg)'pt in Diodorus the Sicilian, that of Vulcan, ereded by another
JEgyptian King, in the fecond Book of Herodotus , and (to mention no
more) the Temple at y^;/<j/f7(/). Ifthe Temples were built by the Side
of a River, they were to look towards the Banks ofit{;w); if near the High-
way, they were to be fo order'd, that Travellers might have a fair Prof-
peft of them, and pay their Devotions to the God as they pafs'd-by.
Temples were divided into two Parts, the Sacred and Profane ; the
Jatter they call'd tb Vta 'zs-iejtppci.vTrieiMy, the other -n lira. Now thjs
ifiet'ppttv7iiejicv, was a VefTel (ufually of Stone or Brafs) fill'd with holy
Water {n), with which all thofe, that were admitted to the Sacrifices,
V\erp befprinkled, and beyond v;hich it was not lawful for any one that
was ^'i^tf^Q-, or profane, to paf?. Some f.iy it was placed in the En-
trance of the AJ'vrov, which was theinmoftRecefs of the Temple, into
which none enter'd but the Prieft, call'd alfo AvdKTo^iyt faith Pollux ;
whence ^iC\Q-\7x>''uQ- is, by Pha-vorinus, faid to be call'd in Oppofi-
tion^o this Adytum. But Cafauhon {o) tells us, that the 'rs-ietfoAvrntiav
was placed at the Door of the Temple : And this Opinion feems tlic
more probable, becaufe all Perfons that were a.3s/3A(7/, or unpolluted,
were permitted to pafs beyond it, which they could not have done,
had it been placed at the Entrance of the Adytum.
(<) Bcectifit. (/) Vitruv. lib. IV. cap. 5. {g) Strom. VJII. [b] Deagrorum li-
mit, conf. lib. I. (0 Dionyfiut Thrax. (>) l.ihro de antro Nymfhjrum, (/) Conf.
hujus Archaologia edit. Lat. p. X99, 200. () Ibidem. () ^uidat, Pbavtrin,
(ff) la Ibfofb, Chvact,
The
190 Of the Religion of Greece.
The Word SMX-k is varioufly I'fed. Ammonius{p) and Pollux (f) fay^
that it properly fignifies a Temple dedicated to an Hero, or Dcmi-god : -
By Hefychius and Suidas, it is expounded, j sf /"oTSf - tcV- t <e{8,the
inner Part of the Temple, fo that it fhould fecm to have been the fame
with AJ^urop. The Word, in its moll proper Acceptation, is ufed for a
Sheepfold\ and becaufe the Images of the Gods were, according. to molt
ancient Cuftom, placed in the Middle of the Temple, and clofe rail'd
in on every Side, this Place, as fome are of Opinion, from the Likenefs
' it has to a Sheepfold, vvascall'd 2}/,o?, which in Time came to fignify
the whole Temple, the Part being put for the Whole. In the fame Man-
ner was Eri'a, i. e. the Fire-place, or Hearth, ufeii for the whole tloufe.
Furthermore, belonging to Temples there was a Place term'd in Gr^^'/f
Ap'Xj^ov, by fome tT&n^-xnQA fummum templwn, which was a Repofitory
or Treafury both fgr the Service of the Church, and others whodefir'd
to fecure Money or other Things there, as was done by Xenophon, who
committed his Treafure to the Cuftody of the Prieft xii Diana at Ephc
fus. Hence thofe Epithets are given it by Pollux (/), ixiya.^o'tffKiiTov,
'joKvyjvffov, a.^'xau''iirX\i70\<y &c.
The old Scholia uponSopljocltsf/J , andoat of them Phavorinus, thus
defcribes the Temples: Nof, and hph, or the whole Edifice, in which
are contained, B^iJ.ov, the Altar, on which they ofFer'd their Oblations :
U^VAov, the Porch, in which ufually flood an Altar, or Image : And
Tilj'.ivQ; the Place upon which the Image of the chief God was eredled.
As, among the moll ancient Egyptians, d^'oAVot vml riactv, tie Tern'
pies ixere ^without Statues, if Z.a (/) may be credited ; fo alfo the
Greeks worlhip'd their Gods without any vifible Reprefentation till the
Time of Cecrops, the Founder of Athens, who, according to Eufebius'^s
Account, lived about the Age of Mofes. The moft ancient Reprefen-
tationsof the Gods were exceedingly rude and agreeable to the Igno-
rance of thofe Ages. The Scythians worfliip'd a Sort of Sword calPd
dKiVAKYii 5 the Arabians a Stone, the Pei-Jians a River (u).
The Idol was at firll commonly a rude Stock, whence it is call'd S<*-
v)i by St. Clemens oi Alexandria (w). Such an one was thatof y/o 5^-
mia, which was afterwards in the Magiftracy of Procles turn'd into a
Statue. Sometimes it was a Stone. Paufanias [x) tells us, that in Achaia
there were kept very religioufly thirty fquare Stones, on which were
engraven the Names of fo many Gods, but without any Pidure, or
Effigies. In another Place he fpeaks of a very ancient Statue o'iVenuszx
J)elos, which, inftead of Feet, had only a fquare Stone. No Sort of Idol
was more common than that of oblong Stones erefled, and thence
term'd kiovh. Pillars. Several Examples are mention'd by theforemen-
i\o\\'dClemens,zs alfo hyEu/ehius (y). In the Eallern Countries thefe fort of
Reprefentations feemto have been exceedingly frequent. In fome Parts
of JEgypt they were to be feen on each Sideof theHigh'^ays(s). In the
Temple of Heliogabalus, i.e. the Sun, in Syria, there was one pretended
(/>) De Verborum Dift. & Simil. {q) Onom. lib. I. (r) Ibidem. {f)Oedifi,
ITyr. V. 15. (0 Libro AeDtz Syria. (a)Conf. Clemens Akxandrin. Protrept. p. 9
& 30. Strom. I. p. 348, 349. (w) Protrept, {x) Acl/aicii, (ji ) Prp. Evangel,
lib. I. {) Strabo Geograph. lib, XVII.
to
Of the Religion of Greece. 191
to have fall'n down from Heaven [a) . Such a Stone is feign'd by the
Poets to have been fwallow'd by Saturn inljead of his Son Jupiter.
Hence came the Worfhip paid to them. Others rather derive it from
the Appointment of Uranus, the firft God, and Father of Saturn {b).
One Thing is remarkable, both in thefe Stones, and others of different
Figures, as particulatly in the fquare Stone, which reprefented tiie God
Mars at Petra in^>-<3(^/fl,that their Colour was moil commonly black (r),
which feems to have been thought in thofe Times moll folemn and be-
coming Things dedicated to religious Ufes. They were call'd Bauju-
httt or BeujuKoi [d), which Name feems to be derived from the Phtx-
nician Language, wherein Bethel fignifies the Hcufe of God. And fome
are of Opinion, that their trife Original is to be derived from the Pil-
lar of Stone, which the Patriarch Jacob trt&.td at Bethel{e). Moft of
the Barbarous Nations vvorlhip'd Mountains, or rude Stocks of Trees,
or unform'd Stones ^^. Thus TaaVaj affirms^ that in Germaj:y the
limges o( the Gods coufified e fipibus rudibus, tff i impolito roborBf of
rude Trunks, and unpolifh'd Oak (g). Thus Lucan alfo defcribes the
Godi oi Mojplia:
Simulacraq', mijla Deorum
j^rte carenty ceeji/q; extant informia truncis. -
And Themipius [h] hath told us, that all the Grecian Images till Dada^
lus'i Time were unform'd j he it was that firft made two feparate Peer,
whereas before they were but one Piece ; whence it was reported (faith
Palaphatus) that Dadalus forra'd moving and walking Statues. At the
firft therefore they were only call'd (?) Hoeii/a, ^ik tb ato^ eJc3-, be-
caufe they vittefl^aven ; and this Word properly denotes an Idol, that
is, i^iafJiivov, or J&a^jd oat of Wood, or Stone, fays Hefychius{k). In
After-ages, when the Art of Graving and Carving was invented, they
changed the rude Lumps into Figures refembling living Creatures, ge-
nerally Men, and then an Image was call'd Bfirai, J^id li C^tu \oi-
Kivcu, becaufe it was like a Man (/). Neverthelefs, in more refin'd Ages,
fuch of the unform'd Images, as wferepreferv'd, were reverenc'd for their
Antiquity, and preferr'd to the moft curious Pieces of modern Art [m).
The Matter of which Statues were made was, amongft the ancient
Greeks, generally Wood, as Plutarch and P aufanias'mf orm us; the latter
of which reports, that heobferv'd thefe Trees, for the moft Part, to be
made Ufe of for this Purpofe, 'viz. the Eben, Cyprefs, Cedar, Oak,
Yew, andBox-trees. To thefe 7'/6ro^^r^aj() adds the Root of the Olive-
tree, of which, he fays, theleffcr Images were ufually compofed. It is
alfo obferv'd.that thofe Trees, which were facred to any God, vverp
generally thoBght moft acceptable to him, and therefore y/^^Z/fr '3 Statue
() Herodianut, lib. 5. cap. 5. (3) Sancboniatbon a'pui Eufei. Femonftra. Evangel,
lib. I. cap. 10. (c) Strata loc. cit. SuiJatwocc 0?6f Ao<. (</) Eufebius loc.cit. He-
fycbiut. {e) Genef. XXVIII. 18, 19. (/) S. Cbryfofl. Serm, XII. [g) Libro do
Moribus Germanorum (h) Orat. XV. () Clemens Protrept. (k)Voce ^'oavoy. {!)CU-
mm loco cit. {m) Porphyrim de Abftinnt. lib. II, S'M, XVIII. (r} Lib. dc Plant.
wa
192 Of the RsUgion of Greece;
Statue was made of Oak, Venus' a oi Myrtle, Hercules'^s of Poplar, M'-
Ktrvat, of the Olive-tree, l^c'. Thefe Obfervations are (I think) for the
moll Part true, but not fo univerfally, as that they fliould never fail;
Sometimes they were made of Stone, and not only of common, but
alfo of precious Stones ; fomctimes of black Stone, whereby was fig-
Kified the Invifibility of the Gods. Marble and Ivory were frequently
jnade Ufe of, and fometimes alfo Clay and Chalk, and lalt of all, Gold,'
Silver, Brafs, and all other Metals were put to this Ufe. The Forms
and Poftures of the Statues are uncertain, being commonly made in
Imitation of the poetical Defcriptionsof the Gods, efpecially thole in
Homer, whofe Authority was molt lacred.
The Place of the Images was in the Middle of the Temple, where
they Hood on Pedeftals raifed above the Height of the Altar, and were
inclofed with Rails ; whence this Place was call'd 'S.iuli. And that the
Images were placed thus, Firgi/hep.rs me Witneis, when he faith,
luviforibui Di'v^e, media tcHudine templi.
Then at the Chancel Door, where Juno ftands.
Where, by the /o res Div^, is to beunderfteod the Entrance of theB^ao>-
And another of the Poets, where he talks of erefting a Temple, faith,
J>i medio mihi Casfar erit
I'll Cafar^ Statue in the midft erecfl.
More Inllances might be produced, were not this Cullom too ' Well
known, to Hand in need of any farther Confirmation.
E<y/y.o-, among the Greeks, is a Word of larger Extent than Altnre
among the Latins ; for this, in its proper Signification, only denotes the
Place, on which they facrificed to the CeleliialGods, being raifed up
high from the Ground, and therefore call'd Altare, ab altiiudine, from its
Height ; but '2>eoyl'; is ufed to fignify not only this high Altar, but thofe
lo-Mer ones call'd in Latin, Ane. Thefe Altars difFer'd according to the
Diverfity of the Gods to whom they were confecrated, for the 0jo/
ifjMioi, or CelcJiialGods, had their Altars raifed up a greatHeight from
the Ground, infomuch that PaufarJas[o] tells us, the Altar of Olympian
jfupiter Was z\n\oi\ twenty-two JFeet high, Por^php-y makes no Diitinc-
tion betwixt thefe and theAltarsofthe0jo< yyovtoi,or Terrejlial Gods,
But though they are both fignified by the fame Word, yet they feem
not to Ivave been of equal Height. To the Heroes they facrificed upon
Altars clofe to the Ground , which the Greeks call'd Ejt;*^?!/, beingonly
one Step high (/). The fubterranean, or infernal Gods, call'd T^oyj-
^oj'/o/, had, inllead of Altars, little Ditches or Trenches digged or
ploughed up for that Pmpofe ; thefe the Greeks call'd i\*.%iL<ii, and Bo-
^l}i. Pi7r/'Zy;;>. adds a fifth, telling us, that the Nymphs, and fuch-
like Deities, infteadof Altars, had AvTfct, or Caves, where religious
Worfhip was paid to them : //ct ra iv cLvr^oti KCLTAKtrt^'ot'S/Jit vJ'c/.ta;
uV ai Nrt.jarf /nr^ff^tiKAat Nj/t/Saw, iy reafon of the Waters, nvhicb
are dijlili^d into the Caverns, and ivhereof the Nymphs caWd Naiades
ere Pref dents.
(e) Eliac. '. {p) Eurip, Scbs.'. in Piieeiif.
The
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 193
The Altars were always lower than the Statues of the Gods, They
were made commonly of" Earth heap'd together, fometimes of Afties^
as was that of Olympian Jupiter beforementioned, which, Paufanias(a)
faith, was made of the Afties of burnt Sacrifices. Another of Afhes was
dedicated at Thebes to Apollo, who had hence the Name of 2'3-o</^/(^,as
we learn from the fame Author. Laftly, any other durable Materials,
As Horn in the famous Altar at Telos ; Brick in one mention'd by Pau'
fanias [b) ; but chiefly and mod commonly Stones. Before Temples
were in \jiQy Altars were fometimes erefted in Groves, fometimes in
other Places ; and Eujlathius{c], upon the fecond Iliad, tells us, that
they were often erefted In the Highways, for the Convenience of Tra-
vellers. The Terreftrial Gods had their Altars in low Haces, but the
Celefiial were worfliipp'd on the Tops of Mountains, And as for want
of Temples they built their Altars in the open Air ; fo for want of
Altars they anciently ufed to facrifice upon the (d) bare Ground, and
fometimes upon a Turf of green Earth ; which is call'd cefpes njivus, a
living Turf, by Horace. And the Sacrifices, ofFer'd without Altars,
were term'd dToCa^iiot -^vffieu, as we are inform'd by Htfychxus and
Pha'vorinus.
The Form of Altars was not always the fame. Paufaniat [e) in one
Place mentions an oblong {h/mfJL{^K^i) Altar dedicated to the Parcte : In
another^yy, a fquare Altar upon the Top of Mount Citheron. And from
ancient Medals it appears, that other Altars were of a round Figure.
The moft ancient Altars were adorn'd with Horns. Nonnus {g) intro-
duces Agai'e offering a Sheep by the Direftion of Cadmns ivKipaa
faAca. CtafjLU, upon an Altar beautifed nvith Horns. The Figures of Ro-
man Altars upon Medals are never without Horns(^) ; and the Altars
which remain in the Ruins of old Rome have the fame Ornament (/).
And Mofes was commanded to ereft an Altar with four Hornj(^). Thefc
Horns ferv'd for various Ufes. The ViAims were faflen'd to them.
Suppliants, who fled to the Altar for Refuge, caughthold of the Horns.
Yet it is not certain they were chiefly and originally intended for thefe
Purpofes. Some derive them from a Praftice of the firft Age, wherein
Horns were an Enfign and Mark of Power and Dignity. Hence the
Pidlures of the moft ancient Gods and Heroes, as alfo thofe of Rivers,
were commonly adorn'd with Horns, The fame are often found upon
the Medals of Serapis, Ifa, Jupiter Hammon, and Bacchus ; as alfo upon
the Coins of the Perjian Kings, and oi Alexander and his Succeffors.
We are inform'd by Clemens of Alexandria {/), that Alexander fome-
times wore Horns, as a Token of his Divine Extraftion. And the
Phanician Accounts relate, that Ajlartt, one of the moft ancient Phee-
nician Queens, ufed to wear upon her Head Bulls Horns, ii>i fixffi^etAf
'TTct^^ia^ot/, as an Enfign of Royalty [m).
() Eliae. i. [b) Lib. VI. U) Pag. 171. Edit. Safl. (</) Lil. Girald. de Dil
ntagmaXVII. (*) Eliaci$. (/) Bteotidt. {g) Dioryfiac. lib. XLIV. ver. 96.
) SanSliut Comment, in Reg. (;) Fortunatui Scacchiut Kfyrorbec. lib. II. cap. 65.
} Exed. u. 7. [I) PrttrepiUe, [m) Eujtbtui Erftp, Evtngtl, lib. I. op. ult,
O U
194 0/ '^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 2J
It was cuflomary to engrave upon Altars the Name or proper En-
figii or Charaftcr of the Deity, to whom they belong'd. This we find
done to the Athenian Altar, upon which St. P^jw/obferv'd this Infcrip-
tion, Ayva'^^Qia, To the unkntnvn God. Sometimes the Occafion of
the Dedication, with other Circumftances, was exprefs'd. Thus in th
Roman Altar, upon which was found this Infcription,
C. JULIUS ANICETUS
SOLI DIVINO SUSCEPTO VOTO
AN IMO LUBE NS DD.
Caius Julius Anicetus loiUingly dedicates this Altar to the Divine Sun in
Performance of a Vonv.
Some Altars were i(jt.7ru^ty defign'd for Sacrifices made by Firt.
Others ayrv^i,ivithout Fire, anduvcufxAKTOt, nuithout Blood : Upon
which neither Fire nor Blood co\AA lawfully be placed, but only Cakes,
Fruits of the Earth, and inanimate Things. An Example of thefe
Altars we find in the following Verfe of Orpheus [n) :
npTa fjSp Iv ctxszut^ovTsti, avauixcL\i.7dLV cmCcoyLuv-
Another, near the Altar of Horn at Delos, facred to Apollo Genitor^
upon which Pythagoras, who thought it unlawful to put Animals to
Death, ufed to facrifice, is mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (o). Ano-
ther dedicated to Jupiter vTretr-, the Supreme, in the Time and by
the Order oiCecrofs, King oi Athens, we find in Paufanias[p). Laftly,
To forbear the Mention of any more Examples, Paphian Venus had
an Altar, which was dvcfuixAKi- , free from Blood, it being unlawful
to offer Animals upon it : But not siVt/f-, void of Fire ; for the God-
defs was worfhip'd /o/// precibus ^ igne puro, only with Prayers^ and
pure Fire, as Tacitus affirms (^).
The Manner of confecrating Altars and Images was the fame, and
is thus defcribed by the Scholiaji upon Arijlophanes (r) ; a Woman,
drefs'd in a Garment of divers Colours, brought upon her Head a Pot
of fodden Pulfe, as Beans, Peafe, or the like, which they gratefully
oiferM to the Gods, in Reinembnmce of their ancient Diet. But this
Cuftora feems to have been more efpecially pradtifed in the Confecra-
tion of the Ff/wcu, or Statues oi Mercury, and then only by the poorer
Sort, as the Comedian intimates, when he fpeaks of the Confecratioa
of another Image in his Play entitled, Peace (f):
Xa. A>g /)) rivuiv Ivrm^iv] '^ann'iav ;
Tf. T </^'<*aAo^', J) Ttfj^THf P(^t/7fa/f //pyrer
Tp. Tj cPcu i'oKei i CiKi^z Kot-zivu ^oi ;
CH. What other Expedient ftill requires Difpatch ?
TR. Nought, but that you confecrate with thefe Pots
The Goddak Peace:
{n) De Lapidlhus. {o) Pythagora. (p) Arcadicis p. 456, 457. Edit. Uanav,
(j) Wfi, Ub. II. (r) Pluti Aft V. Seen. lU. (/) Pag. 660. Edit. Amjiekd.
CH.
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece." l^^
CH. How, with thefe Pots ? What like
Thofe Pygmy Statues of God Mercury ?
1R. What if this Goddefs we {hould confecrate
With a fat Ox ? H. H.
Where the Scholiaji obferves, that fometimes their Confecrations were
more expenfive, being perform'd with more fumptuous Offerings, and
Ceremonies. But thefe, like the other Parts of Divine Worihip, were
varied according to the Condition of the Worftiipers, and the Nature
or Humour of the Deities. To give one Inftance ; Jthenaus, in the
IXth Book of his Deipnofophijis, tells us, that Jupiter Ctejiash Statue was
confecrated in this Manner : They took a new VefTel with two Ears,
upon each of which they bound a Chaplet of white Wool, and another
of yellow upon the fore Part of it, and cover'd the VefTel ; then they
pour'd out before it a Libation call'd Ambrojia, which was a Mixture
of Water, Honey, and all Sorts of Fruit. The Truth of the Matter is
this ; The primitive Greeks, according to their ufual Frugality, confe-
crated the Statues of the Gods with very little Expence. Afterwards
when they increafed in Wealth, and fell into a more fumptuous Way of
living, more pompous and coftly Ceremonies were, by Degrees, intro-
duc'd in their religious Worfhip. Only the poorer Sort, outof Neceffi-
ty, flill adher'd to the ancient Cufloms : Efpecially when the meaner
Sort of Statues, fuch as were thofe of Mercury, which flood in the pub-
lick Streets, were to be dedicated. In former Ages, even the Images
and Altars of Jupiter were confecrated in the fame Manner with the
Mercuries. This is plain from the Verfes cited by the Scholiaft of
Arifiophanes [f], out of the Danaides of that Poet :
n<tf ' out ^ufxof T- i(f^({jh-H -aroTi*
riofjyfsTf J^i )y troiKiKots tlAATioii
But the moft ufual Manner of Confccration tz&s perform'd by putting a
Crown upon them, anointing them with Oil, and then offering Prayers
and Oblations to them. Sometimes they added an Execration againft all
that fhould prefume to prophane them, and infcribed upon them the
Name of the Deity, and the Caufe of their Dedication. In this Manner
the Spartan Virgins, in Theocritush eighteenth Ltyllium, promife to con-
fecrate a Tree to Helena ; for it was cuflomary to dedicate Trees, or
Plants, after the fame Manner with Altars and Statues :
Tlp^.TOA 701 Trupavov XaTu yjAiieu ^jj^ofjJiVoio
H^Tou /' apyvp'eitf i^ oA-a-//- Cy^v aKetitet^
AeLffJ^'ofJiiVCU, 7X^iV{/.i( V5TO ffAlipAV '^KATAVITOV,
T^dfJliATA <f O) tphoia yiypei^iTcu [at 'Tra.etfiy 7i(
Ar/coiw) ^p/r, Ssjjsv//'. EKiya.ipvTivilfA.i.
It) In Flut, loc, cit.
O 2 Ws'U
196 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2.
We'll fearch the Meads where humble Lotiu grows.
Then Chaplets weave, and twine them on the Bows ;
On chequer'd Grafs beneath the ftiady Bower,
From coftli'ft Vials fweeteft Oils we'll pour ;
And then in fpreading Letters this indite,
Vm HelenV Plant, andWorJhip is my Right. H. ff.
Ovid likewile, in the eighth Book of his MttamorphofHf fpeaks of
adornii)g them with Ribbands,
Stabat in his ingens annofo rohore quercus
Una nemus ; 'vittes mediam, memorefqiie tabella^
Sertaque cingebant, <voti argumenta potentis.
In thefe a well-grown Oak majeftick ftood,
Whofe fpreading Arms alone compos'd a Wood,
With Ribbons grac'd, and Crowns th' undoubted Proof
Of Vowsobtain'd. H. H,
The Al of Confecration chiefly confifted in the Unftion, which was
a Ceremony derived from "the moil primitive Antiquity. The facred
Tabernacle, with all the Veffels and Utenfils, as alfo the Altar and the
Priefls themfelves were confecrated in this Manner by Mofes at the Di-
vine Commands (k). It is well known, that the Jenjcijh Kings and Pro-
phets were admitted to their feveral Offices by Undtion. The Patriarch
Jacob, by the fame Rite, confecrated the Altars which he made Ufe
of (at) ; in doing which it is more probable, that he follow'd the Tradi-
tion of his Forefathers, than that he was the Authorofthis Cuflom. The
fame, or fomething like, was alfo continued down to the Times of Chri-
llianicy. Wefind that in T/?vo^o;-^/'s Time, fuperftitious Women anointed
the BaliIler5()(/;^x,Ajcrf) of the Churches, and the Repofitories of Mar-
tyrE(jr). And in the primitive Ages of the Church, Oil was ufed upon
fome other Occafion?, which do not belong to this Place (y).
At the Time of Confecration it was cuftomary to offer great Num-
bers of Sacrifices, and to make fumptuous Entertainments. Thus the
.^fy/i/?i confecrated their God ^//, which was an Ox ^2^. In the
fame Maner we find the Temple of Solomon dedicated. At the Confe-
cration of Mc/''fj's Tabernacle, an Oblation was prefented by all theyfac-
ijh Princes (a). And when the golden Calf, and the Altar erefted be-
fore it, were to be confecrated, Aaron made Proclamation and /aid. To-
morrow is a Feaft of the Lord. And they rofe up early on the Morronv,
and off er"" d Burnt-offerings, andhrought Peace offerings ', and the People
fat doivn to eat and drink, and rofe up to play [b).
The Confecration of fingle Trees hath been already mention'd. It
may here be farther obferv'd, that Altars were often eredled under the
Shade of Trees. Thus we find the Altar of Jupiter Herceat placed
within the Court of Priamus King of Troy.
(a)Exod.XI.9,io. Num. VII. i. (w) Gen. XXVIJI. 18. XXXV. 14. (*)Qu2ft'.
LXXIV.iaCen, 'y)Jacb. {}Suidas. (<i}Num. VII, (i) E.xod.XXXII. 5, 6-
uiidilfitl
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece. i^y
j^dibus in mediis, nudoque fub ietherh axe
Ingens arafuit, juxtaque 'veterrima laurus
Intumbens artgf atque umbra complex a Penates (c).
But where Groves of Trees could be had, they were preferred before
any other Place. It was lb common to ereft Altars and Temples in
Groves, and to dedicate them to religious Ufes, that etAa-jj kaakj/ t^
igga? 'TrJ.'/la., al/jacred Places, even thofe nuhere no Trees nvere to be feen,
nvere ca/Pd Groves ; as we learn from Strabo (d). And, it feems to have
been a general Cullom, which prevailed not only in Europe, but over
all the Eaftern Countries, to attribute a Sort of Religion to Groves.
Hence, among other Precepts whereby the yevjs were kept from the
Imitation of the Pagan Religion, this was one ; Tbou fialt not plant
thee a Grove of any Trees near unto the Altar of the Lord thy G5(/(e).This
Praftice is thought to have been introduced into Greece from Phcenicia
by Cadmus. And fome are of Opinion, that hence Jfcra, a Village in
Baeotia, where HeJiod'Wis born, received its Name : For in the Scrip-
ture niSi^K is the Name of a Grove ; and rt(f ;ta is, by Hefychius, in-
terpreted J^fof ctK.a.fr<Qh, a barren Oak. Several Caufes are affign'd
why Groves came into fo general Requeft.
As, firft, the Pleafantnefs of fuch Places was apt to allure the People,
and to beget in them a Love for the religious Worftiip, which was paid
there ; efpecially in hot Countries, where nothing is more delightful and
refrelbing than cool Shades. For which Caufe the facred Groves con-
fided of tall and beautiful Trees, rather than fuch as yield Fruit. Hence
Cyw/ does exprefly diftingui(h7D(iA0"<y/5f ^t/Ao!', theTrceft for Groves,
from 7^^KtfTO?iO(f,?t', that^jch'ich bears Fruit, it being the Cujiom to plant
Groves, not ivith fines or Fig-trees, or others vjhich produce Fruit ; bat
onh vi'ith Tt AKO.^'^if. ^t'A, Trees nvhich afford no Fruit for liuman Ufe,
ri^^iuf yitiv, msre\y for the Sake of Pleafiire(f). Thus one of the
Temples of Diana is defcribed by Herodotus{g) to ftand within a Grove
S''iV<i'{iuv (/.zyi^av, of the largeftTreis. And the Way to Mercurf^Vtm-
plewasfet on both Sides with /^efcTfSi* H(^.i'o;xnKza,, Trees reaching up to
Heaven, as we are told by the fame Hiftorian. The fame is farther con-
firm'd by theDefcription of Groves, which remain in the ancient Poets.
Secondly, The Solitudeof Groves was thought very fit to create a
religious Awe and Reverence in the Minds of the People. Thus we
are told by Pliny, that in Groves, ipfafilentia adoramus, the very Si-
lence of the Place becomes the Objeft of our Adoration {h). Seneca
alfo obferves, that when we come into fuch Places, illaprocerilasfylva,
^ fecretum loci, Cff admiratio umbra, fidcin Numinisfacit: The Height
of the Trees, the Solitude and Secrecy of the Place, and the Horror
which the Shade ilrikes into us, does poflefs us with an Opinion that
fome Deity inhabits there (/). It may not be impertinent to add one
Teftimony more from Ovid, who fpeaks thvis [k] :
{c) Virg. Mtitxi. lib. 11. ver. 512. {d) Geograph. lib. IX. (<) Deuteron. XVI.
ei. (/) Cyrlllut Homll. in Terem. [g] Euttrb. cap. I38. {b) Nat. Hift. lib. XIJ.
cap, X. () Lib. V. Epift, 4. cap. 4. (*) Fj/r. Lib. III.
O 3 Lucut
i^t Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2.
Lucus A<oentino fuberat niger ilicis itmhray
^0 pojjis tvijo dtcere, Humeri inefi.
Thirdly, Some are of Opinion that Groves derived their Religion
from the primitive Ages of Men, who lived in fuch Places before the
Building of Houfes. Thus Tacitus [l] reports of the ancient GerTnans,xk?it
they had no other Defence for their Infants againft wild Beails, or the
Weather, than what was afforded ramorum nexu, by Boughs of J'rees
compadled together. All other Nations lived at firit in the fame Man-
ner ; which was derived from Paradife, the Seat of the firfi Parents of
Mankind. And it is not unworthy Obfervation, that mofl of the Cere-
monies ufed in Religion were at firft taken from the Cuiioms of hu-
man Life. Afterwards the Manners and Cuflon:s of Men chmged, but
the fame Rites ftill were preferved in religio. s Worfhip, which it was
thought a Sort of Irreverence to alter. Thus, from the Hoiifes of Men,
were derived the Temples and Habitationsof the Gods ; which were not
built in the moltprimitire Ages, as hath been before obferv'd, Men hav-
ing not then invented the Art of making Houfes. The Altsrs ferv'd
inuead of Tables, and the Sacrifices were the Entertainments of ihe
Gods. And it is farther obfervable, that the fewral Sorts of Things of-
fer'd in Sacrifice were taken from their Ufe in hum:n Food. The Ani-
jnals moft commonly eaten by Men were made Vidiims to the Gods :
And thofe Ages, which were reported to have lived only on the Fruits
of the Earth, are likewife faid to have refrain'd from facrificing Ani-
mals; which will farther appear in the fourth Chapterof this Book [m).
In latter Ages, when Cities began to be fiU'd with People, and Men
to delight in magnificent Edifices and coftly Ornaments more than the
Country and primitive Way of Living, Groves by Degrees came into
Difufe. Yet fuch of the Groves as remain'd from former Times were
ftill held in great Veneration, and reverenc'd the more for the Sake of
their Antiquity. As in the early Times it was accounted an Adl of Sa-
crilege to cut down any of the confecrated Trees, which appears from
the Punifhment inflifted by Ceres upon Ei i3konius for this Crime, where-
of there is a prolix Relation in Callimachus [n] ; fo in latter Ages, the
flime was thought a moft grievous Wickednefs j whereof it will be fuf-
iicient to mention this one Example, where Zt-fl fpeaks ofCr/ar's
Servants, in AUufion to the Fable of Lycurgus, who, endeavouring to
deftroy the Vines of Bacchus, cut off his own Legi
Sed fortes iremuere manus, motique vertnda
Majejiate loci, fi rohora faera ferirent.
In fua credebattt redituras membra fecwes.
The Temples, Statues, and Altars were accounted fo facred, that to
many of them the Privilege of protefting Offenders was granted; fo
that, if any Malefaftor fled to them, it was accounted an A61 of Sacri-
(J) Iibro de Moribus Germancrwn. (mj Conf. Clu-veriut ubi de Gtrmanorum Morlbus
jgit, Medus noftras Diflert, ^e Sanftit, lUlat, Sfenctrut de Legibus Btkr^erum.
{0) HyiDDO in Ccrerrn.
lege
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 19^
lege to force him thence, and they thought his Blood would be upon
them that fliould do it ; infomuch that thofe who kill'd the Followers
of Cylony who had plunder'd the Temple of Miner'va, becaufe they exe-
cuted them hanging on the Altars, were ever after call'd Ahirrietot, pro-
phane and impious (*). And in JE/a/ia, when LaoJamia, who had fled
for Protedlion to Diana'i Altar, was kill'd in a Tumult of the People,
there enfued a dreadful Famine, with civil and foreign Wars, till the
whole jEtelian Nation was quite deltroy'd. Milo, who kill'd Lao^amia,
fell into Diftradtion and Madnefs, and, having torn out his own Bowels
with his Teeth, died on the twelfth Day after the Faft was commit-
ted (9). Hence, and from other Examples of the like Nature, it came
to pafs, that the Privileges of the Jfyla were preferved inviolable ;
whence Tacitus complains, that the Grfecian Temples were fill'd with
the worft of Slaves, with infolvent Debtors, and Criminals who fled
from Juftice ; and that no Authority was fafficient to force them
thence {p). And that this was a very ancient Caufe of Complaint, may
Jbc learn'd from the following Words of Ion in Euripides [q):
Ediusf 0sof , ow/*' d-TTQ yvii>i/.Y)i aopnf,
Tf /u^ y6 dS'iKVi Cafxii ov^ 'i^etv 'lyjvv,
Aa\' t^iKojovnv orjS'i yb -^Autiv kakw
Ka? iiYi Vi TouTo tovt' Vqvt' 'i'XjHv ^iffov.
Toy t' i^Kov 0V7CI, Toy Ti fji.ti, Qiuy Tstgjt."
How infinitely more wifely were the Jeijjijh Afyla^ or Cities of Refuge,
orderM.in which they, who had been guilty of Manflaughter, werepro-
teded only till their Caufe was brought to a fair Hearing, and then, if
they appear'd to deferve Punifliment, deliver'd up to Juftice ? When
Paufanias King of Sparta, who had held a Correfpondence with the
King of Perjia, and confpired againft his native Country, fled to the
Temple of Minerva Chaicia^cuj, the LacedtemoKiajis, unwilling both to
offend the Goddefs, and to let the Criminal cfcape, permitted him to
remain in the Temple, but uncovcr'd it, and fo left him to perifli with
Cold and Hunger. But how unufual this Way of Proceeding was, may
appear from Paufanias [r), who informs us, (j.'cvov auTop iKi7iv<ravTuy
rriv XetKKioiKOV A^et^Teiv dJ^eiAi' that of all nvho hadjledfor Protec-
tion to the Goddefs Chalcicecus, heivas the only Per/on ivho/aiPd of it.
Neverthelefs, there are Inftances in other Places, where the Doors of
the Temples were fliut, and the Roof uncover'd, in order to fl:arve
Criminals, who had taken Sanfluary there. Sometimes they were
forced away by Fire, as hath been obferved by the Scholiafi of Euripi-
(J Conf. Plutarcbui Sohnt, Paufaniat Atticit, It AUicit. () Jujlinvt Hiftor.
lib. XXVIII. cap, 3. (/) Annal. lib. III. cap. 60. (f; Jm, mf. 13 . /.ft. IV.
fine, (r) Latenifif p. 19^ Edit. Hantv.
. U 4 des^
200 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2.
ieSi where Hermione threatens Andromache, who had fled for Refuge to
Thetis to drive her away by that Means (f) :
In the fame Manner Lycus treats the Relations of Hercules (/) ;
Ay^ 0} f^ Ekikuv^, Eol cTe Tlrst.pvctffov rrlvyjii
Tfc//ff iLvu'/p' iK^ovrdLi; vM^yif J^fva?
'Ey.t!ri'a-ccT' &IJTUV, ;^ tw^^uts o"^at*.
In Imitation, and as an Improvement of this Paffage, Lycus is intro-
duced by Seueca, commanding not only the Family oi Hercules, but the
very Temples to be burnt. Which is an Exaggeration very agreeable
to the Genius of that Poet, but quite contrary to the Manners of the
Times he defcribes. His Words are thefe {*) :
Congerite filvas j tepipla fupplicihus fuis
InjeSia Jlagvent ', conjttgem hs toiam gregem
Confumat unus igne fubje&o rogus.
There are feveral Examples of the fame Cuftom in Plauius, Whea
Cranio, the Slave of Theuropides, had fled to a Sanftuary, his Mailer
threatens him thus (),
Jamjubebaigneml^farmenta, carntfex, ctrcumdari.
Jn another Place of that Author, Labrdx, in the fame Manner, befpeaks
his DamfeIs,who had betaken themfelves to the Protection oiVenusi^):
Vulcanum adducam, 4s Veneris ejl adnjer/arius.
And it being a direft Aft of Sacrilege to take away Suppliants from the
{?antuary, whither they had fled for Proteftion, this Method was ufed
to conftrain them to leave it, as it were, of themfelves, and by their
own Confent. Neverthelefs, this Evaiion of the facred Privileges was
not thought free from Impiety. Whence the foremention'd Words of
Hermionfsxt thus anfwer'dby Andromache {x) in Euripides ',
Burn me then, for the Gods rxill fee it.
From the frequent Mention of Suppliants fecuring themfelves in the
Temples, and at the Altars and Images of the Gods, it may be thought
that all of them were Afyla, according to the general Expreflion of
Euripides (y) :
(f Andromacb.vzT. z'^6. {t) Euripides Hercul. Furent. ver. 240. (*) Hercul,
fur. ver, 106. (). Mojiel. At. V. Sc. I. (w) Rudfttt, AO. III. St. IV. (*) Ex-
rif, Andnm, V. ^57. \j) Suppl, ver, ^^^*
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 201
The iviU Beafi isfecuredby the Rocks, and Slaves by the Altars of the Gods.
Neverthelefs, it is moft certain, to ufe the Words of Ser-vius [a), nonfu-
i{fe afylum in unnibus Templis, niji quibus confecrationis lege concejum eft :
That all Temples were not Sanftuaries, but only lach as receiv'd that
Privilege from the Manner of their Confecration. Whence, at the De-
dication of fuch Places, particular Mention is often made by Authors,
that they were appointed to be Sanftuaries ; which would have been
reedlefs, if all Temples had been invefted with that Privilege. The fame
farther appears from this, that fome of the Afyla were free for all Men,
others appropriated to certain Perfons, or Crimes. Tims the Temple of
Diana, at Ephefus,yiz^ a Refuge for Debtors ; the Tomb, or Temple of
Ihefeus, was a Sanftuary for Slaves, and all thofe of mean Condition,
that fled from the Severities and hard Ufage of their Mafters, and Men
in Power; in Memory that Thefeus was an Aflifter and Proteftor of the
diftreffed, and never rejeded the Petitions of the afflifted, that fled to
iiim for Succour and Defence, as Plutarch [b) reports. Nor was this
Honour only granted to the Gods, but alfo to the Statues or Monu-
ments of Princes, and other great Perfons [c). So the Sepulchre of
Achilles, on the Sigean Shore, was, in after Ages, made an Afylum ; and
Ajax had the like Honour paid his Tomb on the Rhcetean.
The firft Afylum, fome fay, was built at Athens by the Heradida; and
was a Refuge for thofe, that fled from the Oppreflion of their Fathers ;
Others will have this to be aSanftuary for all Sorts of Suppliants(^. O-
thers afiirm, that the firft was erefted at the building of Thebes by Cad-
mus, where the Privilege of Sandluary was granted to all Sorts of Crimi-
nals ; and in Imitation of thefe, they fay, theAj^lum at ^ow^ wasopen'd
by Romulus (e). This is certain, that Sanftuaries were common in the
heroical Times. Hence, Troy being taken, Priamus fled for Proteftion
to the Altar of Jupiter Herceus, as we are inform'd by Paufanias (f) :
VirgiUjg) adds farther, that he was accompanied by his Wife Hecuba,
and his Children. And Polyxena, who was to be facrific'd to appeafe
Achillei\ Ghoft, is thus advis'd by one in Euripides {h) :
A^\' li'-S-/ Tpof vetii, t^t TTpOf /2*'i"V*
Go to the Temples, go to the Altars.
The Sacrednefs of thefe Places was held entire till the Reign of Tiberius
C/efar, who, upon Confideration of the many Inconveniencies, which
muft necefl"arily be the EfFedt of tolerating fo many Villains, as were
always harbour'd in them, diflblv'd them all, prcferving only to Juno
Samia and one of uEfculapius''& Temples their ancient Privileges, Sue-
tor.ius indeed reportr, that he did abolerejus moremque afylorum, qua uf-
quam erant, abolifli the Privileges and Culloms of Afylu in all Parts of ,
(<2) Comment, in Mneid. lib. II. (*) Tbejeo. (<) Straho. lib. III. (</) Conf. Statiui
Theb. lib. XII. ejufqj vetus Jnterpres. Item Servius in y^neid. lib. VIII. () Alex.
2b Alex. lib. III. cap. 20. Paufaniai, lib. VII. Epigram. Grac. Antbolog, lib. IV.
{/) Conntbiacit, (^] /Encid, lA, lit ver, $12, (*) Uttuba, ver. 146,
the
202 Of the Religisn of Greece. Chap, ^r
the World (/). But from Tacitus, who has more exally reported this
Matter, wc learn, that the Privileges of Sanftuaries were not then
wholly taken away, but only regulated and reform'd {i).
Before the Conclufion of this Chapter, it will not be improper to men-
tion the F/> A// dedicated to religious Ufes. Thefe were call'd Te[xivn-
Te/utst'- is interpreted by the Scholiaji upon Homer (/) to be 'U^ov yja-
eioi', <l'^o?i<T[ii\/ov Qi net} A TlfJLm, M ilfr a facred Portion ofLandfet
apart in Honour of fame God or Hero. Several of thefe Places are men-
tion'd by Homer, Paufanias, and other Authors. Sometimes their Pro-
duft was carefully gather'd in, and referv'd for the Maintenance of the
Priefts, or other religious Purpofes(). For, as has been already ob-
ferv'd, it was cilftomary to pay the fame Offices to the Gods, which
Men ftand in Need of. The Temples were their Houfes, Sacrifices their
Food, Altars their Tables, Images reprefented their Perfons, and Por-
tions of Land were alfo fet apart for the Maintenance of their Families.
The fame Refpeft was paid to Kings, and Men who had done eminent
Service for their Country. Thus Tarquinim Superbus had a Portion of
Ground in the Campus Martius at Rome. King Latinus\ Field is men-
tion'd by Virgil () ;
Injuper id campi, quod Rex habet ipfe Latinus.
This was alfo call'd Te/wV^* which Word, according to Hefychius^
fignifies whatever is fet a-part s* w CaathH' for a God or a King.
Thus, the Lycians affign'd Ti/u^jQ-, a Portion of Land, for the private
Ufe of Bellerophon (o). The fame was promis'd by the jEtolians to
Meleager {p) ; and in Lycia enjoy'd by the two Kings Sarpedon and
Glaucus, the former of which thus fpeaks to the latter in Homer [q] ;
KaKoV ^vlAKltli }^ dfi^m '^TVfoffQ^lo.
CHAP. III.
Of the Grecian Priejts, and their Offices.
IT has been the Cuftom of all Nations to pay a peculiar Honour to
their Priefts ; which was partly done out of Refpeft to the Gods,
whom they reprefented j and partly (as Plutarch in his Morals tells us)
becaufe they did not pray for a Blefling on themfelves, their own Fami-
lies and Friends only, but on whole Communities, on the whole State
of Mankind. They were accounted Mediators between Gods and Men,
being obligM to offer the Sacrifices and Prayers of the People to their
Gods, as will farther appear in the following Chapter ; and on the other
Side, ipixifvivjcu rtci^ d-iv AvB^oitiroiC deputed by the Geds to be their
Interpreters to Men, to inftrud them how to pray for themfelves, what
(ij Tiberli, cap. 37. {\) Annal. lib. III. 60, 61,62, 63. {I) Iliad 3 ver. 696.
() Flato, lib. 6. de Legibus. (n) Mneii, lib, IX, ver. Z74. (0) Iliad, V. ver, J94.
{f) Iliad. IX. ver. 574, (?) Iliad, ^', ver. 313.
it
Chap. 3. Of tU Religion of Greece, 203
it was moft expedient to afk, what Sacrifices, what Vows, what Gifts
would be raort acceptable to the Gods ; and, in ftiort, to teach them
all the Ceremonies ufed in the divine Worlhip, as ?lato informs us(r).
On this Account, the Priells were honour'd with the next Places to their
Kings and chief Magiltrates, and in many Places wore the fame Habit.
In moft of the Grecian Cities, and particularly at Athens, as we are in-
form'd by Flato (f), and feveral others, the Care of divine Worlhip
was committed to the chief Magiftrates : And thefe were often confe-
crated to the Priefihood. Thus Anius in Firpil was King of Delos,
and Prieft of Apollo [t) :
Rex Anius, Rex idem homimim, Rhcehique Sacerdos.
In ^gypt the Kings were all Priefts ; and if any one, who was not of
the Royal Family, ufurp'd the Kingdom, he was oblig'd to be confecra-
ted to the Priellhood, before he was permitted to govern (a) . In fome
Places of Greece, av7if)po'!rov nv il Tf 'lifuavvtif A^iafAcc 'S-paf to Tf
Cet<n^e%Ai' the Dignity of Priejls ivas equal to that of Kings, as we arc
affrred by Plutarch (ay). At Sparta, the Kings, immediately after their
Promotion, took upon them the two Priefthoodsof theHi?i^f;/^, and the
Lacedamonian Jupiter (at), which was rather efteemed an Acceffion to
their Honour, than any Diminution of it. And all the publick Sacrifi-
ces, for the Safety of the Commonwealth, were ofFer'd by them only ;
it being the common Opinion, that the Gods were more ready to hear
the Prayers of them than other Men. Neither was this a Privilege pe-
culiar to Royal Priefts, but common to all others, even in the moft an-
cient Times ; they being all accounted the immediate Minifters of the
Gods, and by them commiffion'd to difpenfe their Favours to Man-
kind. Hence, tho' at other Times it was not unlawful for other Men
to offer Sacrifices, yet when any publick Calamity was to be averted,
or any great and uncommon Bleffing to be obtain'd, they had Re-
courfe to fome of thofe, who were confecrated to the Office of Prieft-
hood. Thus the Peftilence could not be removed from the Grecian
Army by any Prayers or Sacrifices, till they did
-dyeiv^iipriViKctjouCnv
ITpof XfuVnt' (yj-
tarry afacred Hecatomb to Chryfes, the Prieft of Apollo. At Other times,
and in the Abfence of Prielh, it was cuftomary for others to offer
Prayers and Sacrifices. Thus Eumaus is faid to have done in Homer %
Odyjfeis, and the fame is frequently done in other Places by the Heroes,
Princes, or Mafters of the Family : It being cuftomary for the moft ho-
nourable Perfon in the- Company, to perform the religious Rites,
The fame Method was obferv'd by the Patriarchs in the holy Scriptures,
where we find Oblation made by Cain, Abel, Noah, Abraham, Job, Ja~
(r) Politico, pag. ^50. Edit. Franc. Conf. idem Convlvit pag. IT9+' (T^l-oc. citato.
(r)yC/J, III. V. 80. () P/afa loco citato. {<w) iiluafi. Roman, fubfntm. (x) Alex,
ah Alexandre Gen. Di*r, Jib. III,c3p. 7. iV;V. Cragiut dc Rep. Lictd, lib. 11. cap. .
i/y) Iliad tt. v. 99.
cob.
204 0/ the Religion of Greece. Chap. ^',
cob, and others till the Time oi Jarons Confecration to the Priefthood,
after which it was reputed an Aft of Sacrilege for private Perfons to
intermeddle with any of the facred Rites.
Some of the Prieft^ obtain'd their Office and Dignity by Inheritance.
This was the conllant Method in ^gypt{a), amongll the Jeius, the fa-
cred Families at y^//f rax, and in many other Places. Some were ap-
pointed by Lots, others by the Defignation of the Princes, and others
by popular Eleftions. And that this laft Method was very ancient, ap-
pears from Homer {b), where he fpeaks of Thsano's being appointed
Prieftefs ofMiner'va by the Trojans :
Triv f^ Tpuii i^nKnv A^^metim Upeiav.
Her the Trojans appointed to be Priejlej's ofMinernja. Where Etijiathiusoh-
fervesjthat (he wasars KKmu]v\,^TilAuy<i,v>ii,iTi ivoi '^rxpfi, dw' tiv,a(
rTAKcuo't (pctat, TXi '5rA.9- iiKijo. Neither appointed by Lots, nor by Right
of Inheritance, nor ky the Dejignation of a Jingle Per/on, but, as the Ancients
fay, eleded by the^ People. By which Words he defcribes the feveral
Ways of appointing Prieits, which were us'd by the ancient Greeks.
It was required, that whoever was admitted to this Office, fhould be
found andperfeft in all his Members, it being thought a Diflionour to
the Gods to be ferv'd by any one that was lame, maim'd, or any other.
Way imperfeft ; and therefore, at Athens, before their Confecration, it
was examin'd, whether they were <;psAeij;^ that is, perfeft and entire,
neither having any Defeft, nor any thing fuperflaous (f). In the fame
Manner it was commanded by one of the Je^ijh Laws, which in many
things agree with thofe of Athens, that no Man that had a Blemijh of the
Seed o/" Aaron, Jhall come nigh unto the Altar (d) .
Nor ought they to be perfeft in Body only, but upright in Mind ;
Nothing ought to approach the Gods, but what is pure and uncorrupt ;
therefore the Prieits liv'd temperately and challly, abftaining even from
thofe Pleafures which were allowable to other Men ; infomuch that a-
ripides tells us, that in Crete the Prophets of Jupiter did not only deny
themfelves the Ufe of Flefli-meat, but forbore to eat any thing that was
boiled. Some were fo rigid Obfervers of the Rules of Chaftity, that,
like the Priefts of the Mother of tiie Gods at Samos, they difmember'd
themfelves. The Hierophanta zx Athens, after their Admiffion, enfeebled
themfelves by a Draught of the Juice of Hemlock : In (hort, 'twas very
cuftomary for thofe, that attended on the more facred and myfterious
Rites, by ufmg certain Herbs and Medicaments, to unman themfelves,
that they might worfliip the Gods with greater Chaftity and Purity.
They alfo generally retir'd from the World, to the End, that,being free
fromBufinefs and Cares, they might have the more Leifureto attend on
the Service of the Gods, and wholly devote themfelves to Piety, and the
Exercife of Religion.. One of the Herbs, commonly made ufe of by
them, was th^Agnus-caJiuSy mGreekhvyoi, or ci\voi, fo call'd from be-
(tf) Herodotui Euterpe, {b) II. Z. v. 300, (c) Htjycbtui Etymohgici Aa3or r.
AipSAJIf. ^d)Levit,XXl,zt,2l.
ing
Chap. 3. Of the Religion of Greece.' 20^
ing eiyovoi, an Enemy to Generation ; this they were wont to flrew under
the Bed-cloaths, believing it had a certain natural Vertue, whereby it was
able to preferve their Chaftity, as Eujiathius (f), befides many others,
hath obferv'd. But tho* moftof them were oblig'd to ftridl Chaftity
and Temperance, and fome to praftife thefe Severities uponthemfelves,
yet were others allovv'd to marry ; and Eujiathius{g) tells us, that it was
but an Inftitution of latter Ages, that the Prieftelfes ^ould be Virgins ;
to confirm which. Homer gives us an Inftance in Theano, who was
Prieftefs of Minerva, and Wife of Antenor the Trojan^
T|y yd^ Tpwgf l^riKttv AQlujccitis li^eixv {^)
Beauteous Theano,
Daughter to Ciffeus, but Antenor'^ Bride,
Antenor skill'd the wanton Steed to guide.
For Trojans her had made with joint Confent
Minerva^ Prieftefs.-^ H. H,
In Homer'' s firft JliaJ, Mention is made of Chryfeh, the Daughter of
Chryjes, Apollo^ Prieft. And to omit many other Examples, in the
fifth Iliad, Dares, the Prieft of Vulcan, is faid to.have two Sons. Ne-
verthelefs, fecond Marriages were not reputed creditable. Hence Dido
in Virgil, fpeaking of being marry'd to jEneas, after the Death of
a former Hufband, calls it Culpam, a Fault (i) :
Huic uni for/an potui fuccumbere Qtlp/e.
Where Servius has made this Remark, ^od antiqui aSacerdotio refelU"
bant bis nuptas : That the Ancients us'd to exclude thofe,who had been
twice marry'd, from the Pricfthood. By which Words it is imply'd,
that in the latter Ages, fuch Perfons were admitted to this Office. And
in fome Places, to have feveral Huftjands, or feveral Lovers, was a ne-
ceffary Qualification for the Prieftefs. Aliafacra coronat unimra, alia
tnulti'vira, Cif magna religione conquiritur qua plura pojjit adulteria nutne-
rare, faith Minutius Felix (k). This we find reported concerning the
Priefteffes in Lydia by Herodotus (/), and ihoiein Armenia by Strabo[m).
At Athens, all the Priefts and Priefteffes, with the facred Families,
and all others, who were entrufted with the Care of Religion, were
oblig'd to give Account before certain Officers, how they had dif-
charged their feveral Fundions ().
In fmall Cities, all the facred Offices were commonly executed by
one Perfon, who both ofFer'd Sacrifices, had the Care of the 7'emplc,
coUeded the Revenues belonging to it, and had the Management of
other Things, which any way related to the Worftiip of the Gods. But
where the Worftiipers were numerous, and by Confequcnce, the reli-
- (/) n. ^. p. 768. Edit. Bajil. {g) Ibidem, p. 503. (i) II. ^ v. 298. () w-
netd. IV. V. 19. (k)Oaa'vii, p. 236, Edit, Baf. (/) Lib, I. (} Lib. XII. () ^f-
chinti in Ctefphnttm, p, i8< diC Oxn,
gious
2o5 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 3.'
gious Services too burthenfome for one Prieft, feveral Priefts were ap-
pointed, and other Officers Ki')(up(j'yXvoi rJiif 'tifuauvY\i, diJiinSl from
the Friejihood, as *Igf jto/o*, v&oi^iJKtLMi, TctfJiicu t^ hpeuv "Xj^f^uetlcoV
Saertficers, Keepers of the Temple, Treafurersof the facredRcnenuei^p),
and others.
Of the difFerent Orders of Priefts nothing exaft can be deliver'd ; for
not only every God had a different Order of Priefts confecrated to him,
but even the Priefts of the fame Gods were very different, according
to the Diverfity of Place, and other Circumftances. I ftiall not there-
fore trouble the Reader with an Account of the particular Priefts be-
longing to every Deity in the many Cities of Greece, which would be
both unpleafant, and not very ufeful, but only briefly mention the ge-
neral Orders, and Offices of them. Firft, in every Place they feem to
have had an Ap^/gp&'iroi'Hf, orHigh-Prieft, whofe Office it was tofuper-
intend over the reft, and execute the more facred Rites and Myfteries
of Religion. Amongft the Opuntians (p) there were two Chief-Priefts,
one of which belong'd to the chief and celeftial Gods, the other to the
/lcu'fji6Vi(, or Demi-gods. At Athens they had a great many, every God
almoft having a Chief-Prieft that prefided over the reft ; as the Dadou-
chus over the Priefts of Hercules, and the Stephanophoriis over thofe of
Pallas. The Delphians had five Chief-Priefts, who help'd to perform
the holy Rites with the Prophets, and had the chief Management of all
Parts of divine Worfhip ; thefe were cali'd Ocrioi, i. e. Holy, and the
chief of them that prefided at Sacrifices, 0(3-/6>]p, i. e. Purifier, one
that makes holy ; and another that had the Care of the Oracle, cali'd
A(pn7f, which is a Sirname of Apollo, given him by Homer, and figni-
fies one that gi'ves Oracles.
Another holy Order was that of the Parajlti [q), which Word, faith
Clearchus the Solenthian, one of ArifotWs Scholars, in its firft Accepta-
tion fignified rlv i]oi^ov, a Man quick and expeditious, but was af-
terwards taken fot z. Table Companion', iho' Polemon is of Opinion,
that this was its ancient Signification, and that they were fo cali'd, be-
caufe they were allow'd Part of the Sacrifices, together with the
prieft, as is evident from an Infcription on a Pillar in the Anaceum :
TOIN aE BOOIN TOIN HfEMONOIN TOIN
EhAIPOtMENOIN to men TPITON MEP02 EIS
TON ArfiNA TA aE ATO MEPH TO MEN ETEPON
TO lEPEI TO aE TOI SllAPASITOls.
That cf the Oxen one Partjhould he refers'' d for the Games ; and of the
other tivo, one fhould he gi'ven to the Priefis, another to theYzxi&Xx. It was
at the firft an Office of great Honour j for, by the ancient Law, the Pa-
rafiti were reckoned among the Chief Magiftrates. Their Office was
to gather of the Hufi)andmen the Corn allotted for publick Sacrifices,
which they call rifotrotTei* y.iyihA, the great Income, and is by {A
Ariftophanes put for the great Sacrifices, which, as the Scholiafi teils
(9) Arijioteles .Polit. lib. VI. cap. 8. p. 506. Tom. 3. Edit. Pdris. (/>) ^tx. ah
Alex Gen. Lierum lib. II. cap. 8. (?) Athtnaus Deipnofoph, lib. VI, p, 235.
Folluxt lib. VI. cap. 7. Hefychiui, (r) Avibus,
US,
Chap. 3. Of the Religion of Greece.' 207
us, were fo call'd, becaufe their Charges were defray'd by thefe public
Revenues. The public Store-houfe, where they kept thefe Firft -fruits,
were call'd natf<ta-iT/oj'(^). Diodorust\itSinopenJian mAthetttrus tells us,
that in every Village of the Athenians, they maintain'd at the publick
Charge certain Parafiti in Honour of Hercules , but afterwards, to eafe
the Commonwealth of this Burden, the Magiftrates oblig'd fome of the
wealthier Sort to take them to their own Tables, and entertain then*,
at their own Coft ; whence this Word feems in later Ages to have fig-
nified a Trencher friend, a Flatterer, or one, that, for the Sake of a
Dinner, conforms himfelf to every Man's Humour. Thus indeed Ca-
faubon interprets that Paffage, but the Meaning of it feems rather to be
this : That whereas in former Times Hercules had his Parajiti, the rich-
Men of later Ages, in Imitation of that Hero, chofejlikewife their Pa-
rafiti, tho' not -xAfii^eilot, fuch as Hercules us'dtohave, tbV KoKcLKiveiV
S^vVCL/jSpaC. fuch as iiuould flatter them mojl.
The Kwfuxs? alfo, or publick Criers, affifted at Sacrifices, andfeemto
)lave had the fame Office with the Pop^e and Vi2imarii among the La-
tins ; for in Athenaus (c), one Clidemnus tells us, they were inftead of
fxelyetpoi and (i^i^^vrcu. Cooks and Butchers ; and adds, that a long time
the Crier s Office was to kill the Offering, prepare things neceffary for
the Sacrifices, and to ferve inftead of a Cup-bearer at the Feaft ; he alfo
tells us, that the miniftring at Sacrifices did of old belong to the Criers,
The fame is alfo confirm'd by Eujlachius on this Verfe oi Homer (d)^
KwfUKJf /^' aVA ATV ^iav ISpWl' tKATOlJL^nV
Hyov.
Along the Streets the facred Hecatomb
The Criers dragg'd.
Phavorinus and Caelitis Rhodiginus give this Reafon for their being call*d
A/Of 5'fsAw by Homer, viz. becaufe they affifted at the Sacrifices of the
Gods, and (as the former adds) rdi io^reif ^? S'Sfcr riy[t\ov, ganjepub-
lick Notice of the Times wherein the Fefii-vals were to be celebrated. To
this Purpofe I might bring many Inftances out of the ancient Poets,
and efpccially Homer. Thefe Ktt^vMi, indeed, were a kind of publick
Servants employ'd on all Occafioas ; they were inftead of Ambaffadors,
Cooks, and Criers ; and, in (hort, there was fcarce any Office, except
fuch as were fervile and bafe, they were not put to j but their Name
was given them irra n k^zitIovQ-, faith Athenaus, from the beft and
moft proper Part of their Office, which was to xnft/rrtJ', to proclaim,
which they did as well in Time of Divine Service, as in Civil Af-
fairs ; for, at the Beginning of the holy Rites, they commanded Silence
and Attention in thefe, or fuch like Words, Eyip/<tT2 ^rtyri T<*f ?{
Melf when the religious Myfteries were ended, they difmifs'd the Con-
gregation with thefe Words, AaZv a.'pzffn, of which more afterwards.
At Athens there was a Family nam'd Kjjpi/;tj, from KMff^, t.heSon of
Mercury and Pandrofta, which was accounted facred, whence Suidas
calls them yivQ- 'tifiv xj ^i<i(piKov, a holy Family, beloved by the Gods ;
(*) In Eir/xA.np. (f) Lib, X. & XIV. (^0 Odjff, w. * Evy.oyriJ'e'j.
fuch
2o8 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. ^\
fuch alfo were the Eumolpida, who enjoy'd a Priellhootl at Athens by
Inheritance, being either defcended from King Eumolpus, or inllituted
in Memory of him. The Ceryces, as Anthemio the Comedian in Athe-
naus \e) tells us, were the firft that taught Men to boil their Viftuals, as
the Flefh of Sheep and Oxen, which before they devour'd raw. They
were had in great Honour at Athens, infomuch that Athenttus endea-
vours to prove that the Trade of a Cook was a creditable Calling, from
the Refpel paid to thefe Ceryces, who were Cooks at Sacrifices, and
likewife feem to have perform'd thofe other holy Offices, which be-
long'd to the Knf yJdSf in other Places. Diodorus Siculus (/) refembles
them to the Egyptian Pajlophori, and thinks they had their Original
from them ; indeed fome Parts of their Office were much alike, for
both of them kill'd the Viftim, and attended on their Sacrificers.
Nk6.5/, call'd by Nicahder Za.Kipi{g), fo nam'dfromxopeJr, which
fignifies to ieep neat and clean, Qt to adorn j for it was their Duty to adorn
the Temples, and look after the Furniture of them ; but they fubmitted
not to fuch mean Offices, as the fweeping of them, as Suidas {h) would
have it ; but herein he contradidls Euripides (/), who brings in Ion, the
Nxoe?f,or uSdituus oi Apollo, telling Mercury, thathefvveptthe Tem-
ple with a Beefom of Laurel. There were alfo ^ctotpiiKAKH, whofe
Charge it was to take Care of the holy Utenfils, and fee that Nothing
was wanting, and to repair what went to Decay, faith Arifiotle (k) .
Sometimes the Parafiti are faid to have been entrufted at Athens, that
whatever they expended this Way fliould be repaid them.
There were alfo other Priells, one of which AriJiophanes{l) callslTIpo-
'XoKoi, which is a general Name for any Ser-vant, and therefore to re-
ftrain it he adds ^sb, calling him /jE-po-s-oAof ^s. Thefe were Priefts
waiting always on tlie Gods, whofe Prayers the People defired at Sacri-
fices, at which thefe feem to have perform'd fome other Rites dillinft
from tiiofe which belonged to the Ceryces ; their Share in the Sacrifice*
was the Skin and Feet; the Tongues were the Fees of the Ceryces. In-
deed, all that ferv'd the Gods were maintain'd by the Sacrifices, and
other holy OiFerings. To which there is an Ailufion in AriJiophanes{m),
where Carlo thus fpeaks to the Prieft :
Why don^tycu take the Part allotted you by Lanv .?" Where the Scholiaji ob-
ferves, there was aLaw,Tct J'aroA.ri'sro/^*?*?? ^tj<x\iti']QV li^iAhctii^aydiv.
*Ihat the Remains of Sacrifices Jl^ould belong to the Priejls, and that thefe
were (f'i^uctja j^ KioKet, the Skins and Feet. Which he has repeated in
another F]ace{;7). Thus likewife Apollo in Homer [o) promifes the Cre-
tians, whom he had chofen to be his Prielb, that they {hould have a
Maintenance out of the Sacrifices. Hereby, together with other Ad-
vantages, the Priefts in the primitive Times leem generally to have
() Lib. XIV, (/) Lib. I. {g) Alexipharm. {h) In voce N<:;too-. (/) In
loney.izi. (A) In Politic. (/; P//o Ad. IIL Seen. II. (w> ?/; Aft. V.
Seen. II. () la Vefpaf. {o) Uymno AfoUinis, y. 535,
grown
Chap. 4." Of the Religion of Greece. 209
grown rich : Whence Chryfes, in Hcmer{a), offers for the Redemption
of his Daughter c4V;pfc4<?}ctVo/f at, an infinite Price; and Dares, thePriefl
oi Vulcan, is, by the fame Poet [b), faid to have been a wealthy Man :
\{v tTer/f sf Tfwso"^/ Aee.'ff, A'^VHoi, eiy.C(JLUv,
liCi Hipcu^oio
Thefe are the moft general Orders of Priefts ; others were appropria-
ted to certain Gods, and fometimes certain Fealls, of which I ftiall have
Occafion to fpeak hereafter, as likewife of thofe that attended the Ora-
cles, and thofe who were any way conceru'd in the Art of Divination.
CHAP. IV.
Of the Grecian Sacrifices, f acred Prefents, and Tythes.
DIDTMUS, in his Annotations upon Pintfar (r), reports, that one
Melijfus, a King of Crete ^ was the firlt that offer'd Sacrifice to
the Gods, and invented Religious Rites and Ceremonies, and that A"
mallhea and Melijfa, who nurs'd Jupiter, and fed him with Goats-milk
and Honey, were his Daughters. Others relate, that Phroneus, fome
that Merops was the firft who erefted Altars and Temples, and ofFer'd
Sacrifices(d^, Andothers will have the Ufe of(t\apcu ^ufflcu] propitiato-
ry Sacrifices to have firft begun by Chiron the Centaur (?). But pafTtng
by thefe and the like fabulous Narrations, I (hall endeavour to defcribe
the Cuftoms in Ufe amongft the ancient Greeks at their folemn Sacri-
fices. In doing which, I Ihall firft treat of the Occafion and End of
them. 2. Of their Matter. 3. Of the Preparations requir'd before them,
with all the Ornaments both of the Sacrifices, Viftims, and Altars.
4. Of the facred Rites ufed at and after their Celebration.
As to the Caufes and Occafions of them, they feem to have been
chiefly four. For Sacrifices were,
I. EvKreuA, or Xaft^npiet, Vows, or fir ee-^ivi /I Offerings ; fachwere
thofe promifed to the Gods before, and paid after a Viftory : As alfo
the Firft-fruits ofFer'd by Husbandmen after Harvefl, being grateful Ac-
knowledgments to the Gods, by whofe BlefUng they had receiv'd a
plentiful Reward for their Labour and Toil in tilling the Ground. Thefe
are, by Suidas (fi), caii'd Qva'ieu S'ufjtpo^iKajl, becaufe they were Free-
gifts ; and AroTT^iKiKcu, becaufe thereby they fiu/fiWd fome Vow made
to the Godsj both whichjbeingEfFefts of Gratitude, I have reduced un-
der one Head. It may not be improper here to correft the Miftake of
Saubertui[g), who takes iVKJauec for culnTtKei, petitionary Sacrifices:
Whereas the proper Meaning odCTiUoi/ is, according to Hefiychius, li
y.(tl' iC^riv ehroJ't<f''o[X'iVOV, that 'Vjhich is paid to difcharge a Vviu.
[a) Iliad. A. 13. (i) Iliad. 4- v. 9. (r) C<t\. Rhod. lib. XII. cap. i. [d) Cle-
ntns AJex. Protrept. p. 8, () Idem. Strow, I. p. 306, (/) In voce QvffieC.
{} Libr de SacrificUj,
P 2. IA*-
21 Of the Religion ef Greece. Chap. 4.
2. iKA'Tty.ei, or S'tA?^Ka.KTtKcii, propitiatory Off4rings, to avert the
Anger of fomc offended Deity. Such were all the Sacrifices ufed in
Expiations.
3. A(TT/x<^, petitionary Sacrifcesy for Succefs in any Enterprize.
So religious were the Heathens, that they would not undertake any
Thing of Moment, without having firft afk'd the Advice, and ina-
plored the Affillance of the Gods by Sacrifices and Prefents.
4. Ti* ATTo [XAvleiAi, iuch as were impofed and commanded by an
Oracle or Prophet. Some others have been added, which I have pur-
pofely omitted, as reducible to fomeof thefe four,
I come now in the fecond Place to treat of the Matter of their Ob-
lations. In the moft ancient Sacrifices there were neither living Crea-
tures, nor any Thing coftly or magnificent; no Myrrh, or Frankincenfe,
or other Perfumes were made Ufe of; but inftead of them all [h) Herbs
and Plants, phick'd up by the Roots, were burnt whole with their
Leaves and Fruit before the Gods ; and this was thought a very ac-
ceptable Oblation. The like Cuftoms prevailed in moft other Nations,
and particularly amongft the primitive Italians, of whofe Sacrifice*
Ovid has left us the following Defcription (/') ;
Ante, Deos komini quod conciliare 'valeret.
Far erat, iff furi lucida micafalis.
l^ondbm pertulerat lacrymatas cortice myrrhas
Asia per epquoreas hofpita navis aquas.
Thura nee Euphrates, nee miferat India coJJum :
Nee fuerant rubri eognita fila eroci.
Ara dabat fwnos herbis content a Sabinis,
Et non exiguo laurus adujla Jono.
Siquis erat, faSlis prati dcjiore coronis
^jiii fojfet 'violas adder e, dives erat.
Some report, that Cecrops introduced the Cuftomof facrificing Oxen(i) ;
but Pau/'anias (/) making a Comparifon between Cecrops and his Con-
temporary Lycaov, King o^ Arcadia, affirms, that whereas the latter of
thefe facrificed a Child to Jupiter Lycteus, and polluted the holy Altar
with human Blood ; the former never facrificed any Thing endued with
Life, but only the Cakes ufed in his own Country, and there call'd
mihttvot. Some Ages after, the Athenians were commanded, by one
oifriptolentHs's: Laws, to abftain from living Creatures (w). And even
to Dracd'% Time the ^///V/J Oblations confilled of nothing elfe but the
Earth's Beneficence. This Frugality and Simplicity had in other
I'l.jcesbeen laid afide before his Time, and here not long after ; for no
fc>oner did they leave their ancient Diet of Herbs and Roots, and be-
gin to ufe living Creatures for Food (which the Ancients are faid to
have thought altogether unlawful) but they alfo began to change their
Sacrifices ; it being always ufual for their own Feafts, , and the Feafts
(i) Cal. Rhod. Kb. XH. cap. i. C'J Fajfor. lib. I. fk) Eujebitu Chron. pag.
3<i. (/J Arcedicis. (w) Ptrfhyr, de Abftinent. ab Animal,
of
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece. 211
of the Gods (fuch they thought the Sacrifices) to confiA of the fame
Materials.
The foIemaSacrifices confifted of thefe threeThings,Sxo^ J^,0o^i<t|i/.st,
and Jjprtoy. This HeJiod{n) feems to intimate in the following Verfes :
H y.iV OT iVVdiC^il, Xj OTAV (^iOi <%psy 2A.9m.
OfFer to Jove with an untainted Mind,
Offer the beft, if you'd have him prove kind :
Let lulling Sleep ne'er feai your drowzy Eyes,
Nor purple Morn gild o'er the Eaftern Skies,
Till you accoft the Gods with Sacrifice. H. H.
Where it may be obferved, that tho' the more folemn Sacrifices confifted
of all thefe three Parts, yet it was lawful to ufe fome of them by them-
felves. Whence Euftathit(S'{o) tells us, it was not only ufual to offer
Drink-offerings of Wine at Sacrifices, but alfo at the Beginning of a
Journey by Land, or Sea, before they went to fleep, when they enter-
tain'd a Stranger, and at any other Time. In fhort, in all the fmaller
Affairs of Life, they fcem to have defired the Proteftion and Favour of
the Gods, by Oblations of Incenfe, or Drink-offerings ; whereas the
more folemn Sacrifices were only ufed upon fet Times, and weighty
Occafions, both becaufe of the Expc^nfivenefs and Trouble of them.
The Cafe feei^s to have been this : The Oblations of the Gods, as
hath been before obferved, were furnifhed after the fame Mannerwith
the Entertainments of Men. Hence, as Men delight in different Sorts
of Diet, fo the Gods were thought to be pleafed with feveral Sorts of
Sacrifices, Some with human Victims, others with Beails of various
Kinds, others with Herbs only, and the Fruits of the Earth. All re-
quired Salt and Drink; whence there was fcarce any Sacrifice without
Salt, and an Oblation of Drink, And the latter of thefe was frequently
offer'd without Vidims, tho' Viftims were rarely, if ever, facrificed
without Oblations of Drink ; it being theCuftom of Men to drink with-
out eating, but very feldom to eat a Meal without drinking.
S'S-iCfTrtc, and het^ttv, amongft the Greeks, have the fame Signifi-
cation as Hefychius and Phavorinus have obferv'd, and imply no more
than to pour forth, which is alfo the proper Senfeof the La/in Word li-
bare, faith Ifidorus[p) ; but becaufe of their conftant Ufe at the Drink-
offerings of the Gods, they came at length to be appropriated to them.
The fame may be obferv'd of their Derivatives carovfi), Ao/3h, and //-
hatio, which Words differ not at all from one another. The Matter
in the aarovS'eu was generally Wine. Of Wine there were two Sorts,
the onehooTovJ^ov, the other icarovJ'ov ; the former wasfocall'd, becaufe
it wzi/awfu/, the latter, becaufe it was unlanuful to make Ufe of it
() Epy y^ Huif . V. 334. CiCh.h W U. . p. > Sdit, Bafil, (^) Origin.
i.VI.c.19.
F 2 la
212 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4^ "
in thefe Lihatians ; fuch they accounted all Wine mix'd with Water j
whence uk^clJov, i. e. pure and untnix'd Wine, is fo often made Men-
tion of by ancient Writers. And tho' fometimes mix'd Wine is men-
tipn'd at Sacrifices, yet, if we may believe Eujlathius, this Mixture was
not made of Wine and Water, but of different Sorts of Wine. Plivy{q)
alfo tells us, that it was unlawful to make an Oblation of Wine, prefs'd
from Grapes cut, par'd round, or polluted with a Fall on the Ground ;
or fuch as came out of a Wine-prefs trodden with bloody and wound-
ed Feet, or from a Vine unpruned, blafted, or that had a Man hang'd
upon it. He fpeaks alfo of a certain Grape call'd Jfperdia (/), whofe
Wine it was unlawful to offer upon the Altars. But tho' thefe Liba-
tions generally confifted of Wine, yet they were fometimes made of
other Ingredients, and call'd NiijitA/o/ ^va'iii, dirl t-h vnoeiv, frombe-
ingfoher. Such as thefe were offer'd to the Eumenides ; for which Sui-
das(f) gives this Reafon, i>/!s. that divine Juitice ought always to be
vigilant. Ke likewife adds, that at Athens fuch Oblations were made
to the Nymphs, to Venus Urania, Mnemofyns, the Mort:in^, the Moon,
and the 5i.; and there feems to have been a particular Rcafon, why
every one of thefe were honour'd with fuch Oblations. For Inftance,
B-ufiathius (/) tells us, that Honey was offer'd to the Sun, but Wine
was never ufed upon any Altar dedicated to him ; becaufe he, by whom
all Things areencompaffed, and held together, ought to be temperate.
Plutarch {u) fays, that thefe vVKpaKioi dva-'icu were often performed to
Bacchus, for no other Reafon than that Men might not be always
accuftomed to ftrong and unmixed Wines. Faufanias affirms, that the
Eleans never offer'd Wine to the Aitmoiveu, i. e. Ceres and Proferpina,
nor at the Altar dedicated to all the Gods. To Pluto, inftead of Wine,
Oil was offer'd, as ^zV^// ^if ^ witnefTeth ; and Homer (x) brings in
Ulyjfes telling Alcinous, that he had made an Oblation to the infernal
Gods, in which he pour'd forth, firft. Wine mixed with Honey, then
pure Wine, and, after all. Water. His Words are thefe j
Ajwip' civra 3 x**^^ :)^soji/Iw T(rt viAViS'tnu,
To j^'iTov ax) 6' xJiu-ii' hm r' ahtpfla, hdi^ot 'adthvvov :
Straight from my Side I drew my fharpen'd Blade,
A Trench, a Cubit every way I made.
Then thefe Libations pour'd around the Bripi,
To th'Ghofis that fhoot along the Stygian Stream j
Firfl Wine with Honey mix'd, then Wine alone,
\ Next Water, prefently, when this was done, '
^ With finell Flour befprinkl'd all around. H. H.
(g) Nat, Hift. lib. XIV. cap. 19. (.O Nat, Hift. lib. XIV. %%. {J) Voce NpA.
^U!;<. W Odyff. K. f) Cc fanitate. H fin. VI, v. 154. (*) Odjff, XI. v. %$>
But
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece* 213
But concerning the Oblations of the infernal Gods, I {hall difcourfe
in another Place.
There were alfo other Gods, to whom, in certain Places, they facrl-
ficed without Wine ; fuch was Jupiter vtta}-, the Supreme, upon whofe
Altar t\ie Athenians never ofFer'd Wine, or living Creatures. The vr\-
^.KiA \z^.,foher Socrijices, are divided into four Sorts, i . ra. vS^^tmov-
J^a., Libations of Water. 2. rd i/.zKimovS'it, Libations of Honey. 3, ret
yctKAK\'ocajOvS"a.y Libations of Milk. ^. TaiKau'ocnovi'a., Libations of
Oil. Which Liquors were fometimes mix'd with one another. If
Porphyry (y) may be credited, moft of the Libations in the primitive
Times, were vnpctMoi. And of thefe Water was firft ufed, then Ho-
ney which is eafilv to be had, afterwards Oil, and in latter Ages
Wine came to be offer'd. It is very probable, whether this Order was
obferved, or not, that the moft primitive Oblations, like the Way of
living in thofe Ages, were exceeding fimple, and'conlifted of fuch Ma-
terials as were moft eafily to be provided.
Laftly, it muft be further obferved, that Libations wer always ofFer'd
in Cups full to the Brim, it being a Sort of Irreverence to the Gods
to prefent any Thing, which was not rkKetov ;^ oKop, ivhole and per-
fect. Thus to fill the Cup was term'd cm^<cipHv K^.Tn^, to cro^jvn it ;
and the Cup fofiU'd, cTnrs^nf o'lvoio, cro'wn'd ixiith Wine, xiroi \ss i^^
^iri\n( -TTOteiTcu u^i S'lo. T -zsToTS \^i<f)AviSK^' the Liquor appearing above
the Cup in the Form of a Croiun, according to Athenaus (z) . The Poets
often exprefs this Cuftom. Hence the following Verfe of Homer ^
Ka^/ "5 XfHTJitff iTrtrk-^AVTO tsoroio.
And that Allufion of another Poet cited by JthenteuSf
Ah^eL QiOi i^o^^hv Wi<rt ^itpa-
And Fina coronare, to crown the Wine, is an Expreflion ufed by Virgil,
The fecond Thing to be confider'd in the Sacrifices is the Suffitus, ia
Greek called 0y'-, which Word doth not originally fignify the Viftim,
but Trf^o/ra, i. e. broken Fruits, Leaves, or Acorns, the only Sacri*
fices of the Ancients ; whence, in Suidas T<fc ^vy\ are expounded d-viMi-
afxetja., or Incenfe. In like Manner the verb ^Je<f is never ufed by Ho*
mer to fignify the Offering of the Vidlira (for in this Senfe he has made
Ufe oi f'i^eiv and /pity) but only of thefe 4i=ws"^. ^>'S Athenaus (a) ;
which Signification was afterwards changed, and almoft appropriated
to Animaib (b). \i Aldronjandus [c) may be credited, there were no Sa-
crifices in the primitive Times, ;yz//^ajar^6r^/, eartmque partes, partem
baud exigua/njibi non vendicabant ', whereof Trees, or fome Parts of
them, were not made a confiderable Part of the Oblation. Thefe were
chiefly odoriferous Trees, fome Parts whereof -s-o^Affi 1^ vvv zTt -SvW/,
many do e'ven in this Age offer, faith Porphyry [d). But the moft prirai'
tivc Offerings were only y^Kuau, green Herbs, as we are inform'd by the
fame Author. In latter Ages they commonly made Ufe of Frankin-
(y) D AbftiMnt. lib. II. faj) l,ib. I- p. U- Item. lik. XV. cip. 5. (a) !>/,
lib. XIV. (h) P,rpb, iib,n, <Jc Abftlnent, {() D$ndrt,l,g. lib, I. C<^/ Libro cluto,
P ^ ""^a
214 Q/^ ^^^ Religion ef Greece, Cha^. 4I
cenfc, or fome Perfume. But it was a long Time before Frankincenfe
came to be in Ufe. In the Times of the Trojan War it was unknown,
but inflead thereof they offerM Cedar and Citron, faith Pliny (^); and
the Grecian Fables tell us, that Frankincenfe was firft ufed after the
Change of a devout Youth, call'd Libanus, into that Tree, which has ta-
ken its Name from him. It may be farther obferved, that fome Sorts
of Trees were ofFer'd with Libations of Wine, others only wita vjt^ct-
A/A ls(f$?, which are thence caird j/n!pc4A/A |u'/tt. Thefe, according
to Siidas's Account, were to, fjinr' (siuT'i\iva,,(jL>ma'ijx.ivct, [xfiniJ.v^o^i-
va., allbefuie the Vine, Figy and Myrrh, ivhich, being offered with PVine
only, were term'd oWoa^ovti^ct. Hither alfo may be refer'd the i\oyv
TOJt, iha)., or molajalfa, which were Cakes of Salt and Barley, uj; iiri'
yj.ov Toii CufAoii -upyrvti Iz^v^yiAi' ivhich they pour d diywn upon the Al
tar, before the ViSiim ivas facrijiced. At firft the Barley was ofFer'd
whole and unbroken, till the Inventionof Mills and Grinding, whence
they were call'd sAa/q. %Kcu, (aith Eujiaihiut (fj. To offer thefe was
term'd BAo9vTf , and of this Cuftom there is frequent Mention in Ho-
mer. Of this Kind alfo were the Trd'TretvUy. being round, broad, and
thin Gakes ; and another Sort call'd Tiketvoi, of which there were fe-
veral Kinds, and thofe three, reckon'd by PhaivorinuSf which he calls
G'ktioi, dvag-ATot, and ay-tpt^uvm. Another Sort of Cakes was caird
"S-iKiivM from the Figure, being broad, and horn'd in Imitation of th
New Moon. There was another Sort of Cakes with Horns, call'd alfo
from their Figure Boa, and ufually ofFer'd to Apollo , Diana, Hecatt,
and the Moon. In Sacrifices to the Moon they ufed,. after fix of the
"^iMwoi, to offer one of thefe, which, for that Reafon, was term'd BSv
SsJ^oiw-. The fame was fometimes ofFer'd after a Sacrifice of fi)i
Animals, faith Suidas ; and hence Bsf J^J^s//-, as being a Lump
without Life, is proverbially ufed for a ftupid and fenfelefs Perfon.
There were alfo other Offerings, of this Sort,, peculiar to certain Gods,
as the Obeliophori to Bacchus, theMsixiTJ^'JoutoTrgphonius,Vjith. others,
which, for Brevity's Sake, I omit. It may here be obferved that noOb-
lation was thought acceptable to the Gods without a Mixture of Salt.
Nulla (facra) conficiuntur fine mola falfa. No. Sacrifice is made without
Meal mixed with Salt, faith Fliny (g). There is continual Mentioa
hereof in the Poets. Thus in Virgil (h) :
" < -m Mihi facra par art
Et fruges falfa
And ia Of/Vdefcribing the primitive Oblations (/) :
Ante Deos homini quod conciliare nialebat.
Far erat, l puri lucida mica fait s.
This Cuftom wag certainly very ancient and univerfal. To forbar the
Mention of other Teftimonies, we find this Precept given to Mofet [k) j
Every Oblation of thy Meat-offering fhalt thoufeafon nvith Salt ; neither
/halt thou fuffer the Salt of the Ccvenant of thy God to be lacking fromthy
(,) Nat. Hift. lib. XIII. cap. j. (J) In II. '. p. 99. Edit. Bafil. (g) Nat. Hift.
Kb. XXXI. cap. 7. (i.) /Eneid. lib. II, ver. 13 1. (/) FaStr, lib. HI. Ttr. 337.
{i) Levit. II. 13.
Chap. 4".' Of the Religion of Greece 215
Meat-offerings; nvith all thy Offerings thoujhab offer Salt. The Ground
of this Cuftom is by fomc affirm'd to be, that Salt was a Token of
Friendfhip and Holpitality. It, being alfo conftantly ufed in all the
Victuals of Men, was thought neceffary to the Entertainments and Sa-
-crifices of the Gods, as was before obferved. For the fame Reafoa
there was fcarce any Sacrifice without Bread-Corn or Bread. Particu-
larly Barley was offer'd more than any other Grain, that being the firft
Sort of Corn, which thcGreeks ufed after their primitive Diet of Acorns ;
ivhence icetSw is by fome derived from Kelveiv. to difcern. Men being
firft, by that Sort of Food.diftingullh'd from other Animals, with whom
they had before lived upon Acorns (k). On the fame Account the
Jithenians ofFer'd only fuch Barley as grew in the Field Rharium; in
Memory of its having firil been fown there^/). And inftead of th.tGreek
xe/9w, the Romans ufed another Sort call'd Z6t, which was the Sort of
Corn firil ufed by them. This Pradice remain'd in the Time of Dio'
nyfius the HalicarnaJJian {m) .
The third and chief Part of the Sacrifice was Ipof , the ViSiim ; con-
cerning which it may be obferved, in the firft Place, that it was required
to be whole, perfeft, and found in all its Members, without Spot or
Blemilh ; otherwife it was unacceptable to the Gods, who muft be
ferved with the very beft of all the Flocks and Herds ; to which End
Solon, in his Laws, commanded the Athenians to offer E**e/T* UfeteCt
chofen znd/eletS Sacrifices ; and it was an ancient Cuftom to cull out
of the Flocks the goodlieft of all the Cattle, and put certain Marks
upon them, whereby they might be dillinguiflied from the reft. ift>-
^iV ^^ tells us, their Hciids were divided into three Parts, one of
which they defign'd for Propagation, another for Sacrifice, and the
third for Labour j his Words are thefe,
Poji partum cura in vitulos traducitur omnis,
Continuoque notas, l^ nomina gtntis inurunt :
Et qttos aut pecori malint /ubmittere habendo,
jiut arts fer'vare facros, aut /cinder e terram.
As foon as e'er brought forth, great Care's enjoin'd
To brand each one for what he is defign'd :
Whether for Breeding this be fet apart.
For th' Altar that, a third for Plough or Cart. IL H,
The fame is affirm'd by Apollonius Rhodius, in the fecond Book of his
Argonauticks (o).
Notwithftanding all this Care in the Choice of Viftims, yet it wa
thought unlawful to offer them, till thePriells had, by divers Experi-
ments, made Trial of them, of which I ftiall fpeak hereafter. The Sa-
crifice, if it was approved by thePrieft, was call'd TsAeiet ^ya I t, whence
comes the frequent Mention ofraC^i eSyzf, Con 7i\c-iot (p). If not.
(*) Euftathiu, loco citato conf. ArchaEolQe hujuJ lib. VI. ubi de convivii materia
agitur. (/) PauJniatAtticiif3g. 71. ^.iit.Han. () Lib. II.pag.95. Edit. Ui;>f.
() CtOT, III. T. 157. () V. 355. ff) Conf. Homeri H '. ibique vetus Scholiane*.
p A another
2i6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.^
another wasbroughtto the Trial, till one every Way perfeft was found.
The Spartans, whofe Cuftom was to ferve the Gods, with as little Ex-
pence as was poffibie, did very often dvai'snt^. S-v&iv, facrifice maim'd
and defeftive Animals (j) ; out of an Opinion, that fo long as their
Minds were pure and well pleafing to their Gods, their external Wor-
Ihip, in whatever Manner perform'd, could not fail of being accepted.
As to the Kinds of Animals ofFer'd in Sacrifice, they difFer'd accord-
ing to the Variety of the Gods to whom, and the Perfons by whom
they were ofFer'd. A Shepherd would facrifice a Sheep, a Neatherd
an Ox, a Goatherd a Goat, and a Fifher, after a plentiful Draught,
would offer a Tunny, faith Athen<us, to Neptune ; and fo the reft ac-
cording to every Man's Employment. They difFer'd alfo according to
the Diverfity of the Gods, for to the infernal and evil Gods they of-
fer'd black Vidims ; to the Good, white ; to the Barren, barren ones ;
to the Fruitful, pregnant ones ; laflly, to the mafculine Gods, Males ;
to the Feminine, Females were commonly thought acceptable. Almoft
every God had fome of the Animals confecrated to him, and out of
thefe. Sacrifices were often chofen ; for Inftance, to Hecate they facri-
ficed a Dog ; to Venus, a Dove or Pigeon. Choice was alfo made of
Animals, according to the Difpofitions of the Gods, to whom they
were to be ofFer'd. Mars was thought to be pleafed with fuch Crea-
tures as were furious and warlike, as the Bull. The Sow was facrificed.
to Ceres, as being apt to root up the Seed-Corn, and, on that Account,
an Enemy to her. Many Authors affirm, that this Animal was, for
that Reaibn, firft kill'd, when before it was held unlawful to put living
Creatures to Death : and that it was firft of all others eaten by Men,
and facrificed to the Gods. Hence its Greek Name <Tui, term'd in Latin
alfo Bus, is thought to have been fo call'd by changing -3- into (x, from
^veiv to kill or Jacrifce[r). The fame Animal is alfo allow'd, by
Porphyry (/) to have been ofFer'd in Sacrifice before any other, tho'
upon a different Account ; for he derives it from a Command oi Apollo i
who, to excufe Clymene's killing a Sow, order'd, that in Times to
come that Animal' ftiould be offer'd in Sacrifice. Next to the Sow,
the Goat came to be facrificed, which happen'd by Reafon of its
brovvzing upon the Vines, and thence becoming an Enemy to Bacchus.
Thus we find in Oiid(t) :
Et prima putatur
Hojiia Sus tneruijje necem, quia femina panda
Eruerat rojlro, Jpemque interceperat anni.
Vite caper morfa Bacchi mailatus ad aras
Ducitiir uJtoris : tiocuit fua culpa duobus.
The Animals moft commonly facrificed were, befide the two fore
mention'd, the Bull, Ox, Cow, Sheep, Lamb, ^c. and amongft the
Birds, the Cock, Hen, ^c. Some were more acceptable at one Age
than another. For Example, an Heifer a Year old, which had never
- -
(y) Flato Alcib. II, pag. 458. Edit. Frencofurt, (r) Atheti. lib. II. Clemens A!ex-
^dlr/. Stromat. II. p. 401. ^-vrrs de Re R.ft. lib. II. cap. 4. (J) Lib. II.de
; Abftincnt, (0 Mttam, lib. XV.
been
Chap. 4^ Of the Religion of Greece^ 217
been put to the Yoke, was moft grateful to the Gods. SucK an oivc
is promifed to Minerva by Dtomedes in Homer [uy:
2/ </^' ly^ ah pi^aJliiiv wtv iv^vuiraTov,
AJ^y.firlu!j, iiv I'zsa varo C,vyov riyayiv ctviif.
Another is elfewhere promifed by Ne^or (w). The fame may alfo be
obferved in other Poets. And the yeavs were commanded to facrifice
an Heifer, ^without Spot, ivherein is no Blemijh, and upon imhich newer
came Take {x) j fuch as had been employ'd in the Service of Men, be-
ing unworthy to be made Vidims to God.
Athenam (y) tells us OMt. oi Agatharchides, that the Boeotians were
wont to facrifice certain Eels of an unufual Bignefs, taken in Copais, a
Lake of that Country, and about thefe they perform'd all the Ceremo-
nies ufual at other Sacrifices. It will be difficult to gucfs the Reafon of
this Cuftom, for my () Author tells us, that when a Stranger once hap-
pen'd to be prefentat thefe Sacrifices, and enquir'd what might be the
Caufe of them, the Boeotians imide him no other Anfwer, than that they
were oblig'd to obferve the Cuftoms of their Anceftors, but thought
themfelves not bound to give Foi;eigners any Reafon for them. The
only Animal, almoft unlawful to be facrificed, was the ploughing and
labouring Ox, and from him the Athenians abftained, becaufe he aflifted
them in tilling the Ground, and was, as it were, Man's Fellow-labourer,
faith Mlian (a). Nor did the Athenians only, but almoft all other
Nations, think it a very great Crime to kill this Creature, infomuch
that the Offender was thought to deferve Death, faith Varro[b): jEIiatt,
{c) in particular, witneffeth as much of the Phrygians; and Pliny [d), in
his Natural Hiftory, mentions a Perfon banifhed Rome on that Account.
But in latter Times, as Plutarch [e) tells us, they were ufedat Feafts, and
then 'twas no Wonder if they were alfo facrificed to the Gods ; and that
they were fo, Lucian (f) aflures us. Nay, to eat and facrifice Oxen
came at length to be fo common, that Cad'vj&iu was ufed as a general
Term in the Place of -^vtiV, maSare. Thus in Arijlophanes (g) :
Tv, }y Tfciyov, )^ Kdov intpetvuixivQ:
The Perfon, who firft adventur'd to kill a labouring Ox, was Cecrops,
according to Eufebius, as was obferved in the Beginning of this Chapter,
Aratus charges it upon the Men of the brazen Age (h) ;
I .. ij-fuToiyl i^oZv i'7rel<raT^ JpoTtipuv.
But Tbeon, in his Commentarj' upon that Paffage, affirms the killing of
(a) Iliad. Jt'. v, 292. (w) O^yf. y. v. 281. (*) Numtr. XIX. 2. (j) Deipn, \\h.
VII. () Athenaui loc. cit. {a) Var. Hift. lib. V. cap. 14. (*) De Re Ruftic. lib.
II. {c) De Animal, lib. XII. cap. 14. {d) Lib. VIII. cap. 45. (?) De Elu Animal.
Ub. II. (f) Dialog, de Sacrific. [g] PlyfiACt. IV. Seen. I. {b} Pag, 19. Ed. Oxon.
labour-
a iB .0/" ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 4?
labouring Oxen, to have been held unlawful in the Time of theTrojan
War, and that the Company of L//)j^/, who are reported by /fow^r to
have fufFer'd very much for their Impiety in killing the facred Oxen of
tlie Sun, were only guilty of killing the ploughing and labouring Oxen,
by whofe Afliftance we are nouri(h'd, and Jee tie Sun. He further adds,
that the Jthenians were the firft, who fed upon the Flelh of fuch Oxen.
Neither was it lawful to facrifice Oxen only, but alfo Men. Ex-
amples of this Sort of Inhumanity were very common in moll of the
barbarous Nations. Concerning thofe who border'd upon the Je-v.s,
as alfo concerning the Jevjs themfelves, when they began to imitate
their Neighbours, we find feveral Tellimonies in the facred Scriptures.
Cafar witneffeth the fame of the Gauls ; Lucan in particular of that Part
of Gallia, where MaJJilia ftands ; Tacitus of the Germans and Britons.
And the firit Chrijlian Writers do in many Places charge it upon the
Heathens in general. Neverthelefs, it was not fo common in Greecezr\d.
ot her civiliz'd Nations, as in thofe which were barbarous. Among the
primitive Grecians, it was accounted an A(5l of fo uncommon Cruelty and
Impiety, that Lycaon, King of Arcadia, was feign'd by the Poets to
have been turn'd into a Wolf, becaufe he offer'd an human Sacrifice
to Jupiter (/). In latter Ages it was undoubtedly more common and
faaiiliari Arijiomenes the MeJJenian facrific'd three hundred Men,
among whom was Theopompus, one of the Kings oi Sparta, to Jupiter
of Jthome. Themifiocles, in order to procure the Afliftance of the Gods
againft the Perfians, facrific'd fome Captives of that Nation, as we find
it related in Plutarch {k). Bacchus had an Altar in Arcadia, upon which
young Damfels were beaten to Death with Bundles of Rods ; fome-
thiug like to which was praftis'd by the Lacedamonians, who fcourg'd
the Children (fometimes to Death) in Honour of Diana Orthia. To
the Manes and infernal Gods fuch Sacrifices were very often offer'd :
Hence we read of Polyxena^ being facrific'd to Achilles ; and Homer
relates how that Hero butcher'd twelve Trojan Captives at the Fune-
ral of Patroclus. jEneas, whom Virgil celebrates for his Piety,, is an
Example of the fame Practice (/) :
I Sulmont creates
^atuor hie juvenes, totidem quos educat Ufens^
Vi'ventes rapit, inferias quos immolet umbris,
Captivoque rogi perfundat /anguine fiammas ,
Whoever defires to fee more Inftances of human facrifices, may con-
inlt Clemens oi Alexandria {m), La^antiut (?i), Minutius Felix [o), Cyril
oi Alexandria (/>), Eufebius {q), and other Chrijlian Apologifts.
It may here be obferv'd that Sacrifices were to be anfwerable to the
Condition and Quality of the Perfon, by whom they were offer'd. As
it was thought a Contempt of the Godsfor a rich Man to bring a poor
fordid Offering ; fo on the other Hand, from a poor Man the fmalleil
{i)Paufamas Arcadicit, 9.457. Edit. Hanov. {ij PlutarcbinTbemiJt. (l)Aneid'
lib. X. ver. 517. (m) Protrept. p. 27. () De falfa Relig. cap. i. & de Juftitia, lib*
V. cap . 10. () Pag. 99. Edit. 0;(ov. MDCXXXVI. (;.) Adv. Julianua, Jib. iV.
. izS. EdJt, Pari/, {^) Prjepara:,-Evan|el. lib, IV, cap, 16,
Obia-'
Chap. 4 Of the Religion of Gvctcc', 219
Oblations were acceptable. If his Eftate was not able to reach the
i'rice of a living Ox, inftead thereof, it was lawful for him to facrifice
One made of Bread-corn, faith Suidas*. And on other Accounts when
they were not able to provide the accuftom'd Sacrifices, they had Li-
berty to offer what the Place, or Time would afford. Hence the G-
xicenianst being clofely befieged, and unable to procure a black Ox,
which they were oblig'd to offer upon a certain anniverfary Feftival,
made one of Corn, and fo performed, the ufual Ceremonies. VlyJJes*s
Companions in Homer, for Want of Barley, made ufe of Oak -leaves ;
and inftead of Wine, offer'd a Libation of Water. But from thofe that
were able to procure them, more coftly Offerings were requir'd. Men
of Wealth, efpecially when they had receiv'd, or defir'd any great Fa-
vour of the Gods, offered great Numbers of Animals at once. Whence
there is frequent Mention of Hecatombs, which conflfted of an hundred
living Creatures, and oiChiliombs, in which were iacrific'd a thouiand.
An Hecatomb, faith Eujlathius [a], properly fignifies a Sacrifice of an hun-
dred Oxen, and fuch a one was offer'd by Clijihenes in Herodotus ; but it
is generally taken for fuch Sacrifices, as confifl of an hundred Animals
of any Sort ; only the Ox being the principal and mofl valuable of
all the living Creatures us'd at Sacrifices, it has its Name from containing
iKA-nv ^f , an hundred Oxen. Others derive it, faith my Author, from,
iK<t\ov 8ct'<rf jJjTO/ tsr'oS'oi, i. e. an hundred Feet, and then it mull have
confilled only of twenty-five Animals. Others think a finite Number
is here put for an indefinite, by a Figure very ufual among the Poets ;
and then an Hecatomb amounts to no more than a Sacrifice confifling of
many Animals. Others will have this Name derived not from the Number
of Creatures offer'd, but of the Perfons prefent at the Sacrifice. Laftly,
it may be ohieTv''d fiomyu/iujCapitoIinus{l>), ths.t!in Hecatombwas fomcr
times offer'd after this Manner : They ereded an hundred Altars of
Turf, and then kill'd an hundred Sows, or Sheep, ^c. Suidas (c) men-
tions another Sacrifice, which confifted of feven Offerings, 'viz. a
Sheep, Sow, Goat, Ox, Hen, Goofe, and, after all, an Ox of Meal,
whence fome derive the Proverb Cb< 'i^J^oixQ; of which before. Ano-
ther Sacrifice, in which were offer'd only three Animals, was call'd
TfiTJvf, orTf/rJufit. Thisconfifted,faith{d')/?fl/-?'/j, of two Sheep,
and an Ox, according to Epicharmut ; fomctimes of an Ox, Goat, and
Sheep ; fometimes ofa Boar, Ram, and Bull ; and at other times of a
Sow, He-goat, and Ram, for fuch an one is mention'd \iy Arijlophanes.
Sometimes the Sacrifice confifted of twelve Animals, and then, faith
my \f) Author, it was call'd <tu,tiKeu{ ^vaiai,, and the reft in like Man-
ner. Thus much concerning the Matter of Sacrifices.
The next Things to be confider'd are the preparatory Rites required
before, and the Ornaments ufed in the Time of Sacrifice. No Man was
admitted to fome of the folemn Sacrifices, who had not purifed him-
fclf certain Days before, in which he was to abftain from all carnal
Pleafures. To this Purpofe Tibul/us (f) :
* InTOC3^<< (d) Iliad, a. p. 36. Edited/, {i) In Maximo tc Balbino. {c) la
voce^tff- (</) Odyir, a', p. 413. Edit. Btijil. [*) ibidem, (f) Lib. II. Eleel.
220 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4,'
' ' Difcedite ab at is,
S^eis tulit hefierna gaudia node Venus.
You, who to Femis paid Devoir laft Night,
Pleafing with luftful Heats your Appetite,
From the chafte Altars of the Gods abfent. J. A.
They were {o rigid in obferving this Cuftom at fome of their Solem-
nities, that the Priell and PrieltelTes were forced to take an Oith that
they were duly purified. Such an one was impofed upon the Prieftefles
, Xj) iO^StK'Xiriet yi^CU^U) T /XiOVXKTOi) K.(tjU. TetTTctT^IO., ^
xctJ'maa't y_%i^voii, lam pure ^ undejiled, and free from all Sorts of Pollu-
tion, and particularly that, nvhich is contraSled by lying iioith a Man ; and
do celebrate the Fejfi'val o/"Bacchus at the ufual Time, and according to the
recei^jedCuJiom of my Country. This feems to be meant not only of A-
diiltery and Fornication, but alfo of the lawful Pleafures of theMarriage-
bed; for at the Celebration of divine Solemnities, they thought more than
ordinary Purity and Sanftity was required of them, and therefore abllain-
ed from Delights, which at other Times they might lawfully enjoy. Yet
by fome of them this Sort of Purification was thought unneceffary, for
'Theano, an Athenian Prieftefs, being aflt'd, when it might be lawful for
a Woman to go from the Company of a Man to the divine Myfteries :
anfwered. From her o^wn at any Time, from a Stranger never.
At leaft every Perfon, who came to the folemn Sacrifices, was puri.
lied by Water, to which End, at the Entrance of the Temples, there
was commonly plac'd a Veffel full of holy Water. This Water was
confecrated by putting into it a burning Torch taken from the Altar.
The fame Torch was fonietimes made ufe of to befprinkle thofe who
enter'd into the Temp.'e {h). Thus we find in Euripides (i) :
yii}^Km S'i. ^a.Kcv yj^i <Pi^ta. p'i^e.v,
Ei'f yj<^vili' ft'; jidL'-^w, AKKyJu'Ui t'okO'^
. Alfo in //r//?o/p/'/'/ (*} i
Where the SchoUaJl obferves, that ^his^Torch was us'd, becaufe of the
Quality of Fire, which is thought to purify all Things. Inftead of the
Torches, they fometimes usM a Branch of Laurel, as we find in Pliny (/).
Thus Sozometi{^tn), where he fpeaks o{Val:ntzan following Jupiter into
a Pagan Temple, relates, that, when they. were about to enter, a Prieft
^AK^6iTH'ef.i J^tac^piyji KA%X'''"'> ^'"y-" EKht\i/{Ki^ -TTiexippcuyi, holding
(g) Demofl. Orat. in T^ear. {b) A.henaus Ijb. IX. p. 469. Edit. Lugd. (i) Hinul.
Furent. ver. 2:8, {k) Pace pag. 696. Edit, Aurel. AUohrog. (/) Nat. Hift. lib- V.
cap. 30. (w) Hiftor. flwlef. lib, Vi, cap, 6. p. ()\^. E4it, Pttrif,
certain
Chap. 4.' Of the Religion of Greece, 221
certain green Bo: gh dropping Water, hefprinkhd them after the Grecian
Mar.ner. Inftead of Laurel, Oiive was fometimes us'd. Thus we Had
in Firgil (nj :
Idem ter focios pura circumculit unda,
Spargetis rare levi ^ ramo felicis oli'vrs.
This Cuftom oifurrounding, here exprefs'd, was fo conftant in purifying,
that moll of the Terms, which relate to any Sort of Purification, are
compounded with Tsrset, around. Thus Tsfjppa/Vv, TipsiJ.<ZTJi<^au, Ts-
^td-mv, Tsp/rtffi^tiv, &c. The Vefiel which contain'd the Water of Pu-
rification,was term'd Ti^ippeLvJfipiov.And the Latin Word /ay?ra,'r, which
fignifies to purify, or expiate, came hence to be a general Word focau/
Sort oi furrounding, ox encompafjing. Thus it is us'd by Virgil {o) ; j
dum montibus umhr<r
Lujlrabunt convexa
Spondavus tells us, that before the Sacrifices of the celeftial Gods, the
Worlhipers had their whole Bodies wafh'd, or, if that could not be,
at leaft, their Hands ; but for thofe that perform'd the facred Rites to
the infernal Gods, a fmall Sprinkling was fufficient. Sometimes the
Feet were wafh'd, as well as Hands; whence come the Proverbs, o-i /-
rfloii Xr^^'lVt and avi'/joK 'zto^lv, in Latin, illotis manib^s. Si illotis te-
dibus, which arc ufually applied to Men, who undertake any thing
without due Care and Preparation. Porphyry [p) tells us, there was a
Programma fix'd up, that no Man fhould go beyond the Ux^if-pAifjiifiov,
till he had walli'd his Hands ; and fo great a Crime was it accounted
to omit this Ceremony, that Timarchides (y) hath rel:\ted a Story of one
Jferiuj, who was ftruck dead with Thunder, becai.fe he had approach-
ed the Altar of Jupiter with unwalh'd Hands. Nor was this Cuftom
only ufed at fokmn Sacrifices, but alfo at the fmalleft Parts of their
Worfliip. Hedor tells us, he was afraid to make fo much as a Libi-
{ion to Jupiter before he had waGi'd ;
X^f^ri cT' etvi^loia-iv A/i' hdCeai ai^o^x oiiov
Ai^ofxau (r).
I dread with unwafti'd Hands to bring
My inccns'd Wine to Jonje an Offering. J. A.
And ^tkmachui is faid, in Homers Odyffes, to have waflt'd his Hands, be-
fore he adventur'd to pray to the Gods. This they did, out of a Con-
ceit, that thereby they were purified from their Sins ; and withal fig-
nifying, that nothing impure ought to approach the Deities. On the
fame Account they lometimes wafh'd their Cloaths, as Homer re-
lates of Penelope, before fhc ofFer'd Prayers to the Gods. The Water
ufed in Purifications was required to be clear, and without Mud, and
all other Impurities. It was commonly fetch'd from Fountains and Ri-
vers. The Water of Lakes, or Handing Ponds, was unfit for this Pur-
i' () /Eneid. lib. VI. ver. 219. (o) /Encid. lib, I, VW. 6ll, (;) Dc Viaim.
(^) Libro de Coronis. (r) Iliad, ^. ver. 206,
pOlC,
222 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.'
pofe. So was alfo the pureft Stream , if it had been a confiderable
Time feparated from its Source. Hence recens aqua, frcfh Water, is
apply'd to this Ufe in Virgil (c) :
Occupat j^neas aditwriy corpufque recenti
Spargit aqua
The fame Cuftom prevail'd in other Countries. The Je'voijh Effenes
made ufe of Ketd-etpujifaif 7^ '?s-^( ttyveatv CJ^ajuV the purer fort of Wa-
ters for cleanfing, as we are inform'd by Porphyry {d). The Apoftle feems
to allude to the fame Praftice in the following Words : Let m dravj
near ha-ving our Hearts fprinkled from an e'vil Confeience, and our Bo-
dies ivaJPdnvith pure Water {e) . The Prophet Ezekie/, in like Manner :
Then 1 ^llfprinkle clean Water upon you, and ye fhall he clean from all
ycur Filthinefs, and from all your Idols ^vill I cleanfeyou ^f) . But if the
Sea-waters could be procur'd, they were preferred before all others, be-
caufe by reafon of their Saltnefs, (pv<Tei ni SJ^uf -^ d'ct^aijtti KetttetfTinov
r/, the marine Waters are naturally cathartick, as we are inform'd by
the Schaliafi upon Homer [g). Hence Arifieas reports concerning fome of
the Jenxs, who liv'd near the Sea, that every Day before Mattins they
us'd l'7rovi'\(tS!eu ^A.Ka.<Say\ rdi %eif*f to 'wafh their Hands in the Sea.
The Argonauts in Apollonius are faid to find Circe wafhing her Head
in the Sea (^} :
-YJx^mv
ToToi/ y6 wxjoifftv ovei^(riv iyrjoitfjo'
And that Saying,of Euripides ;
All human Ills are wafh'd away by the Sea ;
is apply'd to fuperftitious Men, Ol ^ctxiiT^vi tfietAA^edffiv\ai,'who pu-
rified themfel'ues in theSea, according to Stobaus. When the Sea-water
could not eafily be procur'd, they fometimes mixed the Water with
Salt, and to that they frequently added Brimfione, which was alfo
thought to be endu'd with z. purifying Quality, whence t^iti^iuv fig-
nifies to purify. In Theocritus anHoufe is thus purify'd (/),
aet^A^S J^l TV^d<rci.7i J^Z[XA ^t'la
TI^'}ov, ''iTff&Qa.i''' a.Kicr(rnii^il(Ji'i,vov, ai vivofxi^ou,
0cA.Aft> i';rippaivetv grg/z/zifoc C\et^ii uJ^<af.
The fame Cuftom is alfo mention'd by Jwvenal (k)^
Cuperent luflrari, fiqua darentur
Sulphur a cum tadis, l^fifo7-et humida laums.
(O^neid. lib. VI. ver. 635.Conf. iEneid. lib. IV. ver. 63 ^. & lib. II. -. 71.
(</; De Abftiaent. lib. IV. cap. 12. [e) Heb. X. 22. (/) Ezek, XXXVI. %^.
{g\ Iliad A. ver. 3,4. (i) Argonaut, lib. IV. ver. 662. () Myft. XXIV. ver. 94.
(*J Sat. II. ver. 157.
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece. 12?
It may be farther obferv'd, that the purify'd Perfon was thrice be-
fprinkled, the Number three being commonly obferv'd in the Perfor-
mance of religious Ceremonies. Thus in Ovid, {/},
Jerque ftnem fiammaj' ter aqua, ter/ulphure lujlrat.
There are two Ways oi purifying mention'd in the Moral Charailer
of T^heophrajius, which differ from thofe aheady defcrib'd. The firft, by-
drawing round the Perfon purified a Squill, or Sea-onion ; of which
Rite Lucian hath alfo taken Notice(/). The fecond, call'd -arseto'KuA.tf-
Kl<Ty.U, from cruvKct^t a Whelp, which was dranjon about the purify'd
Perfon, This Method was us'd by almoft the whole Greek Nations, as
we are inform'd by Plutarch {). Grangaus, in his Commentary on the
foremention'd Paffage oijwvenal, mentions another Way of purifying,
hy fanning in the Air.
Whoever had committed any notorious Crime, as Murder, Inceft,
or Adultery, was forbidden to be prefent at the holy Rites, till he had
been duly purified. Paufanias (o) mentions a Temple dedicated by
Orefes to the Eumenides, into which, if any fuch Perfon en ter'd, tho'
with a Defign only to take a View of it, he was immediately feiz'd by
the Furies, and loft the Ufe of his Reafon. Nay, even one, who had
returned from a Vidtory over his lawful Enemies, was not permitted to
facrifice, or pray to the Gods, before Purification ; whence He^or, in
the Place before cited, adds.
-u'/e -STM Wi Ki^ffJH^u K^ov lavi
'Tis impious, while I'm thus befmear'd with Gore,
To pay my Vows, and mighty Jove adore. J. A.
The Perfons allow'd to be prefent, were call'd A^4^A.i?/, oo'/o/, &c. the
reft ^i^iiKoi, oiKtTgot, akoAa^toi, ivctfeif, eTuiraJrtf , iJ,i(iipi,TctfjLijt.iet.goi,
a.vo(Tiot, i^eipyo/u^'oi, &c. Such were Servants at fome Places, Captives,
unmarried Women, and at Athens all Baftards [p), except in the Temple
of Hercules at Cynofarges, where they were permitted to be prefent, bc-
czu(c Hercules himfelf was under fome Illegitimacy, being not one of
the great immortal Gods, but having a mortal Woman for his Mother.
It was alfo unlawful for the Agy7s?'0'oJ/('iw,orTr6po'?3-o7/iw/,to enter int9
theTempleof the Eumenides, faith Hejychius[q),&nd ciherhimPha'vorinuti
that is, fuch, who had been thought dead, and, after the Celebration
of their Funeral Rites, unexpededly recovered ; or, thofe, who, after a
long Abfence in foreign Countries, where it was believed they were
dead, returned fafe home. Such Perfons at Athens were purified by being
Jet thro' the Lap of a Woman's Gown, that fo they might feera to be
iiew-born,and then admitted to the holy Rites. In like manner, at Rome,
L. (/) Metam. lib. VIL cap. 2. (w) In E'5r/tf'K0T>'TSf (n) Quaeft. RomM. {0} A-
'(budt, {f) J/kuu (<?) Vote ^iVTifavoliAOf, item Flutard, Quaeft, Rom.
fuch
224 Q/" f^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 4^
fuchas hrdbeen thought dead in Battle, and afterwards unexpeftedly
dcaped from their Enemies, and returned Home, were not permitted
to enter at the Door of their own Houfe, but were receiv'd at a Paf-
fage open'd in the Roof. It would be needlefs to mention all thofe who
were accounted profane at particular Sacrifices, or Places ; I (hall only
therefore in general add, that, before the Ceremonies were begun, the
KHft/0, or fome times the Prieft, with a loud Voice commanded them
all to be gone, as in Callimachus ()
exaf, Ixctf, "o7H aX/Tfof .
Which Saying Virgil (h) hath thus imitated.
procul, procul ejie, profaniy
Conclamat Vates, totoque abjifiite luco.
Diftance, away, cries out the Prieft aloud.
Ye profane Mifcreants, and unhallow'd Crowd,
Set not one Foot within this facred Grove. J, j.
In Allufion \o this Cuftom, Orpheus commands the Doors to be fhut,
before he explains the myfterious Parts of Philofophy ;
llAffiv oyLui."
ril facred Oracles to them proclaim.
Whom Virtue doth with quick'ning Heat inflame.
But the Profane, let them be all fliut out. y. J.
Sometimes the interior Part of the Temple was divided from the other by
a Cord, beyond which the ^iCn^ot were not permitted to pafs. This Cord
is call'd in Greek 'S^oivioy, whence Men excluded from the holy Rites,
are call'd hyDetnoJihenei{c] ATSp^^tf/y/tr/usco/, feparated by a Cord.
The Ornaments, ufed in the Time of Sacrifice were fuch as follow ;
the Priefts were richly attir*d, their Garments being ufually the lame, at
Jeaft not much differing from, Royal Robes. At Athens they fometimes
ufed the coftly and magnificent Garment invented by jEfchylns for the
Tragedians, as we learn from Athen^us[d). At Sparta their Garments
were fuitable to the other Parts of their Worftiip, being neither coftly
nor fplendid, and they always pray'd and facrific'd with their Feet bare.
In all holy Worihip, their Cloaths were to be without Spots, or
Stains, loofe, and unbound. If they had been touch'd by a dead Body,
or ftruck by Thunder, or any other Way polluted, it was unlawful for
the Prieft to officiate in them. The Purity of the facerdotal Robes is
frequently infifted on in the Poets. Thus ;
{a) Hymn, in ApoUin^ (i) ^n, VI, v. 358, (f) Ojat, laAripgit. (d) A-
thtu, lib. I, cap. 1%,
Chap. 4i Of the Religion of Greece* 225
Tura cum 'vejie Sacerdos.
And again,
Cajta placent fuperis, pur a cum veJle venito.
Various. Habits alfo were ufed, according to the Diverfity of the
Gods, in whofe Honour the Solemnities were celebrated. They who fa-
cri^ced to the celellial Gods, were cloathed with Purple ; to the infernal
Gods they facrificed in Black, to Ceres in white Garments. They had
alfo Crowns upon their Heads, which were generally compofed of the
Leaves of the Tree, which was accounted facred to the God to whom
they paid their Devotions. Thus, in the Sacrifices oi Apollo, {a) they
were crowr.'d with Laurel; in thofe oi Hercules with Poplar; and af-
ter the fame Manner in the reft. Crowns and Garlands were thought
fo neceffary to recommend Men to the Gods, and were fo anciently
iifed, that fome have derived the Cuftom of putting them on at Feafts,
from the primitive Entertainments, at which the Gods were thought to
be prefent [b). But of this there will be Occafion to fpeak more fully,
when the Grecian Entertainments come to be defcribed.
Befide this Crown, the Priefl fometimes wore upon his Head a fa-
fcred Infula, or Mitre, from which, on each Side, hung a Ribband, as we
learn from Virgil [c). Inful^e were commonly made of Wool, and were
not only worn by the Prieft, bat were put upon the Horns of the
Viftim, and upon the Temple and Altar ; in like Manner alfo were the
Crowns ufed by them all. But the Covering their Head with a Mitre
was rather a Roman than a Grecian Cuftom, and firft introduced into Italy
by JBneas, who cover'd his Head and Face, left any ill-boding Omen,
appearing to him, fhould difturb the religious Rites, as we are inform'd
by Virgtl {d). Neverthelefs, fome of the Roman Sacrifices were offer'd
after the Grecian Fafliion, chra^aKctKuTrjo tcipet-hyi, ivitb their Heads un^
covered, as particularly thofe of Saturn mention'd by Plutarch [e], the
Rites whereof were firft brought from Greece, according to Macrohi-
Us (/). The fame is affirm'd by Dionyjius the HalicarnaJ/ian [g] concern-
ing the Sacrifices offer'd on the great Altar oi Hercules, which were firft
inftituted by E'vander the Arcadian. The Viftims had the Infula, and
the Ribbands tied to their Horns, the Crowns and Garlands upon their
Necks. Whether this Order was perpetual, is not certain. However,
that Vidlims were adorn'd with Garlands, is attefted by innumerable
Examples, whereof I (hall only at prefent mention that of Polyxena,
who, being to be facrificed, is call'd, by Lycophron, re^tf^og*? ^f, be-
caufe iri^Avau sy oiv-^zaiv WatJov lii ^vof^isi, they adorn diuith Gar-
lands, and bejlre^xi^d ivith Flowers them who 'were to be facrificed ; as
the Scholiaft there obferves. Upon folemn Occafious, as the Recep-
tion and Petition of any Signril Benefit, they overlaid the Vidlims Horns
with Gold. Thus Diomedes, in Homer {h), promifes Minerva,
(a) j4f>oU. Rbod. Arg. 2.159. (^) Aihenaus, lib. XV, cap. 5. p. 674. (c ) JEa. X.
V. 53S. (</) JEneid. lib. III. () Quaeft. Roman. (/) Saturn, lib. I. cap. 10. cent",
ejufdem libri cap. 8. Aureliui Vtaar, Scrviut in Mncid, III. {g) Lib. I. Antiq. Run.
(i&.) Qajfandra v, 347.
Q Tn>
226 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
This Cow, whofe Horns, o'er-tipt with Gold, look bright,
You fhall have offer'd, Pallas, as your Right. J. A.
Alluding to this Cuftom, Porphyry calls the Oven, defign'd for Sacrifice,
Xf ucro;tefaf. Pliny [k) hath obferved, that the larger Sacrifices only, fuch
as Oxen, were thus adorn'd ; but the contrary appears out of a De-
cree of the Roman Senate, cited by Macrobius (/}, in which the Decem-
'viri are commanded to facrifice to Apollo, after the Grecian Manner, an
Ox and two She-goats with gilded Horns ; unlefs, as fome think.
Goats were alfo numbered amongft the hoJii, majores, or greater Vic-
tims ; as the Sheep were counted maxima:, or the greateft, not for their
Bignefs, but their Value and Acceptablenefs to the Gods.
The Altars were deck'd with facred Herbs, called by the Romans
Verbena ; which is a general Name for all the Herbs ufed at Sa-
crifices ; and here, as at other Times, every God had his peculiar
Herb in which he was thought to delight.
The folemn Times of Sacrificing were varied according to the Tem-
per of the Gods. '' To the celeftial Gods they facrificed -vW tmc sai
M/ATiKKovr'^ T8 Ai, in the Morning about the Time of the Sun's Rijing,
or at leaft in open Day. To the Manes and fubterraneous Gods, who
were thought to hate the Light, and to frequent the Earth by Night
only, they ofFer'd their Devotions Tsrgp/ kajb J^u<7iJ.a.i, about Sun-fet (m),
and very often at Midnight ; at which Time the magical Rites, where-
of ^irfa/f was Prefident, were celebrated.
All Things being prepared, the Mola falj'a, with the Knife, or
other Inftrument to kill the Viftims, and the Crowns, were brought
in a Bafket call'd Kai'S'i' ; whence the Athenian Virgins, whofe Office
it was to carry this Bafket at ^he Panathenaa, and fome other Solem-
nities, were call'd Kavnp'o^i.
The Viftim, if it was a Sheep, or any of the fmaller Animals, was
driven loofe to the Altar ; but the larger Sacrifices often were brought
by the Horns, as appears from the Words of Homer, where he de-
fcribes the Sacrifices of NeJIor,
B*v <r' dyWluu Kipduv ^T^esTiQ- y^ /;'- E^itppav,
Stratius and Echephron dragg'd by the Horns
An Ox .
Sometimes, as Juvenal {) witnefles, the Vi(Elims were led by a
Rope ; but then it was a long one, and not too clofe or ftrait, left the
Viftim fhould feem to be brought by Force to the Altar : Thus that
Poet's Words intimate :
Sed procul extenfam petulans quatit hojiiafunem
larpejo fer-vata Jovi, front emque corufcat.
(/)I1. K. (*)Lib. XXXIII. cap. 3. (/)5jrrtf/,lib, I, (m) APtllmi Set:
iitpsialib,l,ArOM. ()Sat, XII. '^
And
Chap. 4. bf the Religion of Greece. \ij
And left the Viftim fhould feem to be facrificed unwillingly, and by
Conitraint, the Cords were commonly loofed. Thus we find done ia
Virgil {a);
Ires Eryci vitulos, ^ Tempejiatibus agnam
Cadere deinde jiibet, /olvique ex ordine funes.
In one of Arijlotle^ Epigrams, an old Woman leads a Bull to the
Altar by his Ear, to fhew his Compliance ;
T^Tsc y^aJji Tii'Xjii^ct iJ.'oin y.oroy ]- sAx
Tor/' k'TTi Cu^ov, % S'\ ui {XATiet Tt7f, sT^Tfit^
Sometimes thtre were certain Perfons appointed to ffetch the Sacrifice
with mufical Inftruments, and other Solemnities ; but this was feldom
pradlifed, except at the larger Sacrifices, fuch as Hecatombs.
After this, they flood about the Altar, and (b) the Prieft, turning
towards the right Hand, went round it, and fprinkled it with Meal
and holy Water ; he befprinkled alfo thofe who were prefent, taking
a Torch from the Altar, or a Branch of Laurel.. This Water was
caird Xipvi-l, being the fame they wafh'd their Hands with at I*urifi'
cation. On both which Accounts the Poets ufe '^(jipvi'T^^eu, inflead
of isgjt p'i^eiv to cfFer Sacrifice. The VefTels alfo they purified with
Onions, Water, Brimftone, Eggs, and the like.
This done, the Crier proclaim'd with a loud Voice j Tt< .th A ?
PTbo is here? To which the People replied, WoKKoi niyct^o]. Many
and good. After this they pray'd, the Prieft having firfl exhorted them
to join with him, faying, Et/p^&'ust&A, Let us pray. An Example of
this we find in Arijiophanes ( c ) ;
TP. AaV \\jyann^A.
Tjf TSi<rg -o-B tot' Wi J 0E. rioXAo/ jidyetZoi.
Their Requefts were generally, that the Gods would vouchfafe to ac-
cept their Oblations, and fend them Health and Happinefs ; they added
at their euTHTiKiiy petitionary Sacrifice, a Requeft for whatever partictdar
Favour they then defined. They feem to have had a general. Form of
Prayer ufed on all fuch Occafions, tho' fometimes varied as to the Words.
One of thefe remains in Arijiophanes {d), another in Athenaus{e) out of
Menander% Flatterer. At this Time alio the Crier commanded Silence
in thefe or the like Words, EJowuhts' aiyA, tnyat. tS? Ir Kicvf. The
fame Cuftom was obferved by the Romans in their Sacrifices, where
they proclaim'd, Favete Unguis, which Words anfwer to the Greek
ivpufA&ire, by which the People feem not to have been commanded to
remain in a deep and uninterrupted Silence, but rather to abftain from
all Speeches and ominous Words. Thus Horace has interpreted it,
male otainatis
Par cite 'verbis.
Let no ill-boding Words your Lips prophanc.
{a) Mntri. lib. V. veir. ^72. (i) Anfiopb. cjufque Stbtl. in Pace, {c) Pag.
6it. Edit. AmfttUJ. (i^}LocociUto. (*) Diipn. lib.XtV,
0^2 * Prayer
22 8 0/ the Religion of Greece. Chap. -4.
Prayer being ended, the Prieft having before examin'd all the Members
of the Viftim, to fee if it had any Blemifh, or other Defedl, proceeded
now to examine (unlefs this alfo had been done before) whether it was
found within. To this End Meat was fet before it, as Barley-meal be-
fore Bulls, andVetches before Goats ; which, if they refufed to eat, they
were judged unfound. They fome times befprinkled it with cold Water,
which, if it endured, without fhrinking, it was thought to be fome Way ^
indifpofed ; thus {/) Plutarch. This being done, they made Trial whe-
ther the Viftim was willing to be facrificed to the Gods, by drawing a
Knife from its Forehead to th^e Tail, as Sern;ius hath obferved [g), at
which, if the Vidlim ftruggled, it was rejected, as not acceptable to the
Gods; but if it flood quiet at the Altar, then they thought the Gods
were pleafed with it ; yet a bare Non-Refiilance was not thought fuf-
ficient, except it alfo gave its Confent, as it were, by a gracious Nod,
which was the ancient Manner of granting or approving (whence the
Word iTTiViVHV among the Greeks, and annuere among the Romans,
fignifies to give Affent to any Thing) and to this End they pour'd Wa-
ter into its Ear, and fometimes Barley, which they call'd Yl^yyvra.?,
according to the SchoUaJi upon Apollonius Rhodius [h).
After this they pray'd again ; which being done, the Prieft took a
Cup of Wine, and, having tafted it himfelf, caufed the Company to do
the like, and then pour'd forth the Remainder between the Horns of
the Vidim, as we learn from 0'y;</(/),
dum 'vota facerdos
Concipit,. ^ fund it pur um inter cornua rvinum.
While the muttering Prieji prays at the hallow' d Shrine,
And pours between the Horns the unmix'd Wine. H. H.
The fame Cuflom is every where mention'd in Authors ; but it will
be fufficient to obferve this one Example in that remarkable Epigram
of furius E'venusy wherein the Vine thus befpeaks the Goat :
O<j'0'cv i^Krt^eia'cit aot, 7eiyi, ^vofjLiva.
Tho', leaph'rous Goat, you on my Cyons browze.
And tear the fwelling Clutters off my Boughs,
Luxuriant Sprouts ftioot out with frefti Supplies,
To pour betwixt your Horns at your own Sacrifice. H. H.
After this, Frankincenfe, or other Incenfe was ftrevv'd upon the Altar,
and as fome fay, upon the Forehead of the Viftim, being taken out of
the Cenfer, call'd in Greek y/w/ct/xctTweioy, with three Fingers, as
0'vid{k) hath inform'd us.
(/) Libro de Defeft. Orac. {g) In MnM. XII. v. I73, (i) Argon, lib. V.
4S. (i)Me(m, iib. VIII. v. 593. ( k ) Fuji, JUb. II.
Chap. 4' Of thi Rdigion of Qsxtzzt. 229
Et digitis tria thura iribiis fub limine panit.
Thrice Frankincenfe beneath the Threfhold laid.
Which thither, with three Fingers, (he convey'd. H. H,
Whence it is, that the Pyihia in Porphyry faith, that the whole Heca-
tombs of the TheJJalians were not more acceptable to the Gods than
the -vj-it/ra, which a certain Hermionian ofFer'd with hi^ three Fingers.
Then they pour'd forth Part of the O Jai on the Back of the Viftim,
which was, upon that Account, bedew'd with a fmall Sprinkling of
Water. This being done, they pray'd again, and then ofFer'd the
Remainder of the OvKdci upon the Altar; all thefe they call'd rifo^S-y-
lia-Tdi, as being offer d before the Vidlim.
Then the Prielt, or the K.npv^, or fometimes the moft honourable Per-
fon in the Company, where no Prieft was prefent, kill'd the Beaft, by
ilriking him down, or cutting his Throat. Sometimes the Perfon who
kill'd and prepar'd the Vidlim, which was accounted a more ignoble
Office, was different from him who ofFer'd it upon the Altar. If the
Sacrifice was in Honour of the celeftial Gods, the Throat was bended up
towards Heaven ; and this Homer calls tt\i ipvtty, or in one Word du-
i^vHv : But if the Sacrifice was made to the Heroes or infernal Gods,
it was kill'd with its Throat towards the Ground, faith Eitjlathius {a),
Tii, by any Chance, the Beaft efcap'd the Stroke, leap'd up after it,
bellow'd, did not fall prdne upon the Ground, after the Fall kick'd and
ftamp'd, was reftlefs as tho' it expired with Pain and Difficulty, did
not bleed freely, and was a long Time a dying, it was thought unac-
ceptable to the Gods ; all thefe being unlucky Omens, as their Con-
traries were Tokens of Divine Favour and good Will. The Kfi/;t2f
did then help to flay the Beaft, light the Wood, and do other inferior
Offices, while the Prieft or Soothfayer, with a long Knife, turn'd over
the Bowels to obferve, and make Predidlions from them (it being un-
lawful to touch them with his Hands,) The Blood was referved in a
VefTel call'd S^aT'HO!', h^vm, or, according to Lycophron, ITo/ftctf-
J^p/ct, and ofFer'd on the Altar to the celeftial Gods : If the Sacrifice
bclong'd to the Gods of the Sea, it was pour'd into Salt Water ; but
if they were by the Sea-fide, they flew not the Vidim over the 2(^-
yiiov, but over the Water, into which they fometimes threw the Vic-
tim, whereof this Inftance occurs m Apollonius Rhodius {^b),
HKi KATo, '^e^uvnt ^
Then, praying to the blue-ey'd Deity,
O'er the curl'd Surface ftabb'd the Sacrifice,
And caft it over Deck. H. H.
In the Sacrifices of the infernal Gods, the Beaft was either (lain over
a Ditch, or the Blood pour'd out of the 'S.'^Ayeiov into it. This done.
( ) II. <'. ( 4 ) yirgtn, IV. V. j6oi,
0.3 they
230 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
they pour'd Wine, together with Frankincenfe, into the Fire, to in-
creafe the Flame ; then they laid the Sacrifice upon the Altar, which, in
the primitive Times, was burn'd whole to the Gods, and thence call'd
OA.ofityrot', or l\tiKa.vTa\xa.. Prometheus,z.% the Poets feign, was the firft
that laid afide this Cultom ; for confidering that the poorer Sort had not
wherewith to defray the Expences of a whole Burnt-OfFering, he ob-
tain'd Leave from Jupiter, that one Part only might be ofFer'd to the
Gods, and the Remainder referv'd for themfelves. The Parts belonging
to the Gods were the M^/, thefe they cover'd with Fat, call'd in Greek
Kpiffff^ii, to the End they might confume all together in a Flame ; for
except all was burn'd, they thought they did not KA\^iielv, or Utare^
i. e. that their Sacrifice was not accepted by the Gods. Upon the
Mm;/ were call fmall Pieces of Flefli cut from every Part of the Beaft,
as the h'tsa.^yju, Firji-fruits of the Whole ; the doing this they call'd
fo/xod-iTeiv, either becaufe they firft cut the Shoulder, which is in Greek
call'd QiA&; or becaufe they did fi//.* Ti^iScu, put thefe raiv Pieces
pf Flefli upon the other Parts. Thus we find done in Homer [c)
The Mjjg;;, Thighs, were appropriated to the Gods, becaufe of the
Honour due to thefe Parts, //<* li Au^/T?A(rfC 'Pcii <^b,oti M ^I^kj'w Tf
^ yiViClV, becauje of their Sernjice to Animals in nvalking and genera-
ting (d). And hereby they commended, in the myftical Senfeof this
Rite, both themfelves and all their Ailions and Enterprizes to the Di-
vine Proteftion (<?). Thus Eujiathius {/) ; but Cafaubon [g) tells us,
they fometimes ofFer'd the Entrails, herein contradifting Eujiathius,
who informs us that thefe were divided among the Perfons prefent at
the Sacrifice ; and Homer, in the Defcriptions of his Sacrifices, ufually
tells us, that they feafted upon them, atsKa.yyy'' iTa.ja.vTo. By the
Word cmKaryxyct, tho' it properly fignifies the Boive/s, are to be un-
tderftood, faith my Author (>?'), the Spleen, Liver, and Heart ; and
that it is fometimes taken for the Heart, will appear by the Significa-
tion of its Compounds: For hy a,a3TKciy)(yQ- di'h?, is meanta/i,v-
fillanimous Man ; as, on the contrary, ivcarAoiy^vQ- denotes a Man
pf Courage, faith the Scholiaji [i) upon Sophocles. Yet, in fome Places,
the Entrails were burn'd upon the Altar. Thus j^neas does in Firgil{k]i
Turn Stygio Regi noiffurnas inchoat aras,
Et folida imponit taurornm vifcera fiammis.
And another Perfon in 0-vid''s Metantorphofts ;
Vifcera jam tauri fiammis adolenda dedi^^t.
But Dionyjius {ixeHalicarnaJJian, comparing theGr^rf^zwand HomanKitCi
of Sacrifice, affirms, that only the d-TSA^y^cu of the Entrails, as hath been
(c ) Iliad, u. ver. 459, { d ) Eujiathius in Iliad, d. (e) Txetzes in Hefiodi Oper.
^ Diet. lib. 335, (/) II. d, (^J InTbtopbraft. (.} In II. *. ( ') In ^''Ct.
<[>*) ^z.</. Ub, VI, ^. 5^.
pbferved
Chap. 4, Of the Religion of Greece. 231
obferved concerning the other Members, were facrificed. " Having
' wafti'd their Hands (faith he) and purify'd the Viftims with clear
" Water, and beftrew'd their Heads with the Fruits of Ceres, they
' pray to the Gods, and then command the Officers to kill the Vic-
' tims : Some of thefe do thereupon knock down the Vidtim, others
" cut its Throat when fallen to the Ground, others flay off its Hids,
*' divide the Body into its feveral Members, and cut off the Firft-fruits
" {dlTTtt^X'^^) ^'^^^ every Entrail, and other Members ; which, being
" fprinicled with Barley-meal, are prefented upon Canifters to the Per-
" fons who offer the Sacrifice, by whom they are laid upon the Altar to
" be burnt, and, whilft they areconfumingin the Fire, Wineispour'd.
upon them. All which is perform'd according to the Grecian Rites
" of Sacrifice, as will eafily appear from the Poems of Homer (/]." He
then proceeds to confirm this Defcription of the Sacrifices by feveral
Tertimonies out of Homer, which, being to the fame Farpofe with^
others already cited out of that Poet, (hal! be omitted,
Whilft the Sacrifice was burning, the Prieft, and the Perfon who gave
the Viftim, jointly made their Prayers to the God, with their Hands
upon the Altar, which was the ufual Pofture in praying, as will be
ftiewn hereafter. Sometimes they play'd upon mufical luftruments in
the Time of Sacrifice, thinking hereby to charm the God into a propi-
tious Humour, as appears by a Story related in Plutarch [m), of Ifme'
nias, who, playing upon a Pipe at a Sacrifice, when no lucky Omens
appear'd, the Man, by whom he was hired, fnatch'd the Pipe, and
play'd very ridiculoufly himfelf; and when all the Company found Fault
with him, he faid. To play fatisfalorily is the Gift ofHea'ven. IJhteniaSt
with a Smile, reply'd, Whilfi I played, the Gods nvere/o ravijh' d njoith
the Mujick, that they luere carelefs of the Sacrifice^ hut to be rid of thy
Noife, they prefently accepted it. This Cuftom was moft in Ufc at the
Sacrifices of Aerial Deities, who were thought to delight in mufical
Inftrunients, and harmonious Songs.
It was alfo cuftomary, on fome Occafions, to dance round the Altars,
whilft they fung the facred Hymns, which confifted of three Stanzas,
or Parts ; the firft of which, call'd Strophe, was fung in turning from
Eaft to Weft ; the other, named Antiflrophe, in returning from Weft to
Eaft ; then they ftood before the Altar, and fung the Epode, which was
the lart Part of the Song. Thefe Hymns were generally compofed in
Honour of the Gods, containing an Account of their famous Aftions,
their Clemency, and Liberality, and the Benefits conferr'd by them upon
Mankind ; and concluded with a Petition for the Continuation of their
Favours. They were call'd by a general Name UctiM/if, but there w^s
alfo a particular Name belonging to the Hymns of almoft every Gd,
faith Pollux. For Inftance, the Hymn of Fenus was call'd TTriyf-,
that of Jpollo was peculiarly nam'd Uandy, and both of them were ftil'd
Tifoffu^icL ; the Hymns of Bacchus were call'd Ai-S-(j(>AfiC6i, &c. Of all
mufical {nftruments, the Flute ieems to have been moft ufed at Sacrifices,
(/) Dionyfiut HaUcarnaJf, Antifuit. Roman, rap, 47 J, /^^^, Edit, i'^fi/". () Sym-
pofuc. lib, II, 9^ I. ^
(^ ^ whence
$32 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
whence comes the Proverb AtAMT? Ciov ^Jtf, applied to thofe that live
upon other Men's Charges, becaufe AjjAnrcti, Hute-players, iifed to at-
tend on Sacrifices, and to partake of them, and fo lived on free Coll,
^s Suidas [a) informs us. At fome of the Je^jjljh Sacrifices, the Priefts
founded Trumpets whilft the Victims were burning upon the Altar {b).
And moft of the Heathen Nations were poffefs'd with a Belief that the
Gods were afFedted with the Charms of Mufick in the fame Manner as
Men. On which Account they were ridicul'd by the Chrijiian Apo-
logias {c). But, as hath been feveral Times obferved, the Fealls or
Sacrifices of the Gods being managed in the fame Manner with the En-
tertainments of Men, it is no Wonder that mufical Inilruments, fo
much ufed by all Nations at their Feafts and merry P'Ieetings, ftiOJld
be admitted at the Fcftivals and Sacrifices of the Gods.
The Sacrifice being ended, the Prieft had his Share,' of which an
Account is given in the preceding Chapter. A tenth Part was alfo due
to the Magiftrates call'd H^vldvea, at Athens, A: Sparta the Kings
had the firft Share in all publick Sacrifices, and the Skin of the Vidim.
It was ufual alfo to carry home fome Part of the Offering, for good
Luck's Sake. This was term'd Tyieia., as conducing to their Health
and Welfare (^. The Athenians were commanded, by a Law, to ob-.
ferve this Cufiom ; and covetous Men fometimes fold what remain'd,
and made a Gain of their Devotion. Sometimes the remaining Parts
of the Sacrifice were fent to abfent Friends ; to whi^h Cullom {e) Theo-
critus thus alludes i
T^ctii 'biviJ^(pcti{^ M'o^cravi kaKop Kpietf avTinet 'ziy.'^oi^.
Go, Swain, go offer to the tuneful Nine,
And fend a Part to Mor/on. H. H^
For the moft Part, efpecially if they had received any particular
Mark of Divine Favdur, the Sacrifice being ended, they made a Feaft j
for which Purpofe there were Tables provided in all the Temples.
Athenaus (f) tells us, that, amongft the Ancients, they never indulged
themfelves with any Dainties, nor drank any Quantity of Wine, but
at fuch Times ; and thence an Entertainment is calPd Qo'ivn, becaufe
they thought they were obliged j^ia. 3-kV oh^Stcu, to be drunk in Ho-
nour of the Gods ; and to be drunk was termed yA^xieiv, becaufe they
did it /!>tSTa to d'uW, after Sacrificing. Hence epulari, comedere, and^he
like Words, which exprefs Eating or Feafiing, are fometimes put for
Sacrificing. Thus we find in Virgil {g) ;
Jupiter omnipotens, cut nunc Maurufia fiSis
Gens epulata toris, Leneeum libat honorem.
Hence alfo the Gods were faid to feaft with Men. Thus Akinous
ipeaks in Homer (h) :
{a) Voce Avhfirov. (*) Numer. X. lo. (e) Conf. Arfiobius contiz Gen. Jib,
VII. {d) Atbenaus lib. III. Hefychiui v. vyieiA. (e) Idyl. V. v. 130. ff) Deipn.
lib. III. c. 3. conf. quas poftea in IV. hujus Archteol, lib. dicentfir dc Conviv.
(^) ^neid, lib, IV, vcr, 206, {h) Odyff, /}. vcr, ao2,
AI
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece? 23 j
A/2J y6 rovrd^- yi Qioi (pn'tvovTcu ivapyeii ij-j*-
H|wTi', Ev d^ipJ^dj/u^ dyctzKctra^ i.K<fn.i^(ict('
Aaivvvtai ts Trtj' etuy.1, KAd-rit'-jSfJoi h^et, irjf i'(JLeti f
On the fame Account Jupiter^ and the reft of the Gods, are faid to go
to a Feaft in Ethiopia, which is only a poetical Defcription of a Fdf*
tival-time in that CountiV j
.... --'-i-
From thefeand the like Inftances in other Authors, it appears to have
been a Cuilom very ancient in Greece. The fame was alfo generally ob-
ferv'din other Countries. Hence they?/y? Man in Ezekielfa), is faid to be
one, who hath not eaten upon the Mountains, neither hath lift up his Eyes to
the Idols. And in Exodus, when God had commanded Mofes to require
Leave of Pharaoh for the Jenjjs, to go into the Wildernefs tofacrifice to the
Lord {h) i he thus befpeaks Pharaoh in a different Form of Words, but
iipporting the fame Senfe [c) : 7hus faith the Lord God of Ifrael, Letvrf
People go that they may hold a Feaft to me in the Wildernefs. Hence
Balaam and the Princes with him are entertain'd by Balac, King of
Moab, with the Flefti of facrific'd Viftims [d) : And the Moabites en-
tic'd the Ifraelites to be prefent at the Feafts of their Gods(f). Hence
alfo, to mention no more Examples, the Ifraelites are commanded to
deftroy the Idolatry of the Nations, who liv'd about them, left thou dt
facrifice to their Gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his Sacrifice (f).
All the Time the Feaft lafted, they continued finging the Praifes of the
God. Thus we find, after the Sacrifice ofFcr'd by Chryfes and the
Q redans to Apollo in Homer,
0\ 3 a-i'//4e<o/ />toAT>t ^ilv ]Ka(r>covjo,
KetKov atiS'oy]is Tcuriovet KOi'^i Ay^ouSiy,
Mk\TOVTi{ EKOi^yov. {g)
All Day in moving Sounds the Grecians fing, "^
And ecchoing Woods with lo Paans ring, >-
To win the Gods t'accept their Offering. H. H. 3
When they facrific'd to Fefta, it was ufual to eat up whatfoever was left,
and to fend any Part of it abroad was thought a Crime ; whence the Pro-
verb Erj* ^ve.VyZnA among the Romans, Lari facrificare, is applied to
Gluttons, who eat up all that is fet before them. To this Goddefs alfo
they ofFer'd the firft Part of their Libations, at leaft of all thofe which
were paid to the Houfhold Gods, whence comes the Proverb ?^' Eri*f
rtf;3^ec3^ to begin at home. This Cuftom the Scholiaft uipon Jriftophanes{h)
tells us, was founded upon a Grant of Jupiter to refta. After he had
(a) XVIII. 6. (A) Exod, iii. i?. {c) Exod. v. x. (</) Num. xvii. () Num.
wv. (/) Exod. xxxiv, 15. {g) Iliad, d. v, 473. (i) In 2pn^J. p. 49' ^^'^
ulurel, jilhbrtgum^
fupprcfs'd
^34 Q/" ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
fupprefs'd the Sons of Titan, he promifed Fejla to grant whatever ftie
would requeft j whereupon flie firft defired that (he might enjoy a per-
petual Virginity; and, in the next Place, that fhe might have the firft
Part in all Sacrifices. The laft Part alfo, as well as the firft, was offer'd
to f^ejla, fhe being the fame with the Earth, to which the firft and laft
Parts belong ; all Things are produc'd out of that Element, and again re-
folved into it. Or becaufe Fe/a, who prefides over ar^g & foci, the Al-
tars and Hearths of Houfes, is cujlos rerum intimarum. Keeper of the
moft fecret Things, and on that Account to be honoured above all other
Deities. Which Reafon is affign'd by Cicero (/). To return, the Feaft
in fome Places was to be ended before Sun-fet, as Athen^eus {H) informs
us, and was not to exceed an appointed Time in any Place. After the
Feaft, they fometimes play'd at Dice, as Sauhertus hath obferved out of
Plato. And whence was this Cuftom deriv'd ? No doubt, from the
poramon Pradlice of recreating themfelves with all Sorts of Plays and
Diverfions after Meals. Neither were Dice only, but any other Sort
of Game ufed after the Feafts upon Sacrifices. Hence of the Jetvs, who
had facrificed to the Golden Calf, it is faid, that they fate don.vn to eat,
find rofe up to -play. But of this Cuftom, a more particular Account will
be given, when the Grecian Entertainments ftiali be defcrib'd. The En-
tertainment and Recreation being ended, they returned to the Altar,
and eiFered a Libation to Jupiter tsAh-, the per/e^. The primitive
Greeks were wqnt to offer the Tongues, together with a Libation of
Wine, to Mercury, as Jthen^uj (/) reports. The fame Cuftom is alfo
}emion'd by Jpollonius [m] :
Ot//'' iisiS'Yiv (j.il'i'ueildL KZ^a.vak(j%joi /^w Kot^ag
H/ ^iuii i^i, Tiui cm Ti yKuff^ffyici yjiovlo
J^l^Of^iicui' '^va Q' eT/st KVi.<piti i[Avaoyjo.
Then, as the Cuftom of their Country was,
Gn th' burning Tongues the mix'd Libation flows ;
This done, they hafte unto their foft Repofe. H. H.
The Tongues they ofFer'd this Time, either with a Defign to make an
Expiation for any indecent Language which had been Ipoken ; or in
Token that they committed to the Gods, as WitnefTes, what Difcourfe
had pafs'd at the Table ; or to fignify, that what had been fpoken
there ought not to be remember'd afterwards, or divulg'd. They were
offer'd to Mercury, the God of Eloquence, as taking a particular Care
of that Member {).
After all they return 'd Thanks to the God for the Honour and Ad.r
vantage of fharing with him in the Vidim, and then were difmifs'd by
the Kiipv^ in this or the like Form, ?<Ao'iia.piirti (o).
" Thus much concerning the Grecian Sacrifices. There were alfo other
Sorts of Pr^/j offer'd to the Gods, evenfrom the earlieft Times, either
.^1) De X^at. Dear. lib. II. (Ji) D*ipn. |. JV. ij^oi. xxxii. to. (/) Deipn. lib. I.
iSlp. 14. () Argon, lib. I. v. 517. () Conf. Archaeolog. hujqs lib. IV, ubi d*
ContlYiis agitur. () Apukjut Mctamorpb, Jib. uh. & ibi Beroaldut,
to
Chap. 4.* Of the Religion of Greece. 235
to pacify them when angry, or to obtain feme future Benefit, or as a
grateful Acknowledgment of fome paft Fayour. They confifted of
Crowns and Garlands, Garments, Cups of Gold, or other valuable Me-
tals, and any other Thing, which conduced to the Ornanjent, or the En-
riching of the Temples : They were commonly term'd etva^tifxetja, and
fometimes d,vAyi.4.fSpdt., from their being repojited'm the Temples, where
they fometimes were laid on the Floor, fometimes hung upon the Walls,
Doors, Pillars, or the Roof, or any Qther confpicuous Place. Thus we
^nd in Horace, '
Me tabula facer
' Votiwa pariet indicat wvida
Sufpendijjfe potenti
Veji intent a maris Deo (p)-
^nd in Virgil (q), to mention only this Example more,
Si qua ipfe meis venatibus auxi,
Sufpendi've tholo, autfacra adfajligiafixi.
Sometimes the Occafion of the Dedication was infcribed either upon
the Thing itfelf, or, when the Matter of that could notbeiaran Infcrip-
tion, upon a Tablet hung up with it. This appears from the forc-
nientioned PafTage of H5r<2f^, and (to mention this one Inftance more)
/rom the following Diftich oilibullus (r) :
Nunc, Dea, nunc fucturre mihi : nam pojfe mederi
Pida docet Templis multa tabtlla tuis, '
I fliall only add this one Obfervation, that when any Pcrfon left his
Employnient, or Way of Life, it was cuftomary to dedicate the In-
ftruments belonging to it, as a grateful Commemoration of the divine
favour and Prote^ron. Thus in the following Epigram (f), a. Fifticr-r
fnan makes a Prefent of his Nets to the Nymphs of the Sea j
Shepherds hung up their Pipes to Pan, or fome of the Coflntry Deities
This we find done by one in Tibullus (t) :
Pendebatque vagi pajloris in arbor e votum,
Rujlica ftl'vejiri fijlula facra Deo.
Hence Lais, decay'd with Age, dedicates her Mirror to Venut (u) &
H <ro%ef^h ytKaffffctaa, k9' Eaac^/- m 3S i^tivrtovt
{pj Carm. Bb. I. Od, v. [q) Mntid. 1. IX. v. A07. (r) Lib. I. Eleg. ill. ff)Antbcl*g.
ji>. VI. cap. 3. Epjgr, TI, (/) Ub. II. flea. V. (u) jhfbihg. Ub. Vl. "p. 8. Epigr. I,
2,
2^6 Of tht Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
Whoever is willing to be farther inform'd concerning the Nature and
Kinds of thefe Frefents, may confult Pnufanias (iv), who has left us a
very particular Defcription of thofe in the Delphian Temple, which
was the richeft of any in Greece,
Before the Conclufion of this Chapter, it will be neceffary to obferve
farther, that, by a very ancient and univerfal Prefcription, the Tenths
of many Things v;ere claim'd by the Gods, Hence the Grecians, ha-
ving driven the Perjuins out of Greece, prefented a Golden Tripod to
Delphian Jpollo out of the Tenths of the Spoils taken in the War, as we
are informed by Diodorus the Sicilian (x). Another Example is the
golden Buckler dedicated to Jupiter, after the Taking of Tanagra,
with this Infcription, as we find it in Paufanias (y):
Nsio? [j.lv iptaKAv p^pycectc %, lit '^Tuvay^cf.i
AS^v d'73'' Ay^f^uv, }^ ASbjuaim, ^ Imcov,
TaLv SiKXTAV v'lKcti ^VZKCt TW 'TFOKilJ.a.
Lucian mentions the Tenths of Spoils dedicated to Mars (z). Herodo-
tus (a) fpeaks of a golden Chariot and Horfes confecrated to Pallas by
the Athenians, with this Infcription :
^. ^ , TietiS'ii A^mAiuviffiJiAtrivkvTsoKifj.'ii,
". ' t^i(T[/.b^ hi ct'XKvQZVTi (TiS^nfzov\<;^Z(rctv v^exv'
We find in Xenophon (b), that the /fw//?' Part of the Produft of a certain
Field, confecrated to Diana, was facrificed every Year. And in Paufa-
nias (f), that the Siphnians conflantly prefented a /^/;&Partof theirgold
Mines to Apollo. It was alfo cuftomary for Kings to receive a tenth Por-
tion of the fe vera! Revenues of their Subjedis. This was paid by the
Athenians to Pijijlratus, the receiving whereof that Tyrant excufes in his
Epiftle to Soion (d), as being not expended in his own private Service, but
laid out upon Sacrifices, and for other publick Ufes. The fame Cultom
prevailed in other Countries ; whence ^^w^i^f/defcribes fome of the Incon-
veniences, which the ye<zvs were bringing upon themfelves-by defiring
a King, in the following Words [e) ; He iv ill take the Tenth of your Seed,
and of your Vineyards, and gi^ce them to his Officers and to his Servants, He
will take the Tenth of y bur Sheep, andyejhallhe hisSer'vants. So conftant
and univerfal was the Cullom of paying Tenths to the Gods and Kings,
l\iZX J'lKAlAflau, and</^g;ctTaAoJ'!3/, ColleBors of Tenths,ZTe generA Names
(w) Phockis, p. 624. Edit. Hanov. [x) Bibliothec. Hift. lib. XI. fy) EI!ac.'
(a) Dialog, de Saltation?. {a) Lib. V. cap.' 77. {b) De Expedit. Cyri, lib, V'
(c) fbocicis, p. 6z8. ~ tjl) k^^xi Diogenm Laertium, . () j Sam. VJIL 15, 17.
for
Chap. 5. Of the Religion of Greece. 237
foe TiKuveu, Publicans, or CoUedors of Taxes; and (f^eKOiJ iueiV is equi-
valent to Kit-S^npS^cti, Ka(pv^jyay^v, or TiKuvev which Words fig-
nify to confecrate, or to gather 'Tributes, and/aj Taxes (f). And that
the fame was derived frorn the mofl early Times, appears from the
well-known Example of Abraham, who gwve Tithes of all to Melchi-
fedecky King of Salem, andPrieflofthemoJihighGod[g).
CHAP. V.
Of the Grecian Prtf_)'^r J, Supplications^ and Imprecations.
TH E Piety of the ancient Grecians, and the honourable Opinion
they had conceived of their Deities, doth in Nothing more ma-
niteftly appear, than in the continual Prayers and Supplications they
made to them ; for no Man amongft them, that was endued with the
fmalleft Prudence, faith Plato (^),would undertake any Thing of greater
or leffer Moment, without having firft afked the Advice and Affiftance
of the Gods ; for this they thought the furefl Means to have all their
Enterprizes crown'd with Succefs. And that this was pradlifed by the
whole Nation of the Greeks ^ as well as by their Philofophers, and that ip
the moft primitive Times, is fully witnefled by their Poets, and other
ancient Writers. Thus in Homer s, ninth Iliad, Nejlor is introduc'dpray-
ing for Succefs to the Ambaffadors, whom the Grecian Chiefs were fend-
ing to Achilles. In the tenth Iliad, UlyJjTes enters upon his Expedition
into the Trojan Camp in the fame Manner. In the laft Iliad, Priamus
entreats the Affiftance of the Gods, before he durft adventure himfelf
into the Tent of Achilles to redeem }ie8or% Body, And to forbear
other Inftances, the Heroes feldom engage with their Enemies, till
they have firft implored the divine Protection and Favour.
It feems to have been the univerfal Praftice of all Nations, whether
civil or barbarous, to recommend themfelves to their feveral Deities
every Morning and Evening, Whence we are inform'd by Plato (/),
" That at the Riling both of the Sun and Moon, one might every
" where behold the Greeks and Barbarians, thofe in Profperity, as
" well as thofe under Calamities and AfHiftions, proftrating themfelves,
" and hear their Supplications." And to this Cuftom Horace feems to
allude in the following Words [k),
Longas utinam, dux bone, ferias
Prtejles, dicimus integro
Sicci mane die, dicimus wvidi
Cum Sol Oceanofubeft.
(/) Etymologic! AuAor, Harfocratian, IIefychiut,Said, {g) Gei. XIV. i8, 20.
{b) Tttruet, (0 De Legibus, lib. 10. (*; Lib. IV. Od. V. v. 37.
That
^2 Of the Religion of Gxttzt. Chap. i
That is, WeprayfortheProfperityoflisXy, both in the Morning, and
in the Evening.
The Lacedemonians had a peculiar Form of Prayer, for they never
ufed, either in their publick or private Devotions, to make any other
Requeft, than that the Gods would grant what was honourable arid good
for them, as Plato (/) witneffeth \ but Plutarch {ni) tells us, they added
one Petition more, i;/z. That they might be able to fufFer Injuries.
The Athenians {ri) ufed, in their publick Prayers, to defire Profperity
for themfelves and the Chians ; and at the Panathenrea, a Solemnity
which was celebrated once in five Years, the public Crier ufed to im-
plore the Blefling of the Gods upon the Athenians and Plateeans.
But pafling by the Subjeft-Matter of their Prayers, it is my principal
Defign in this Place, to defcribe their Manner of fupplicating the Gods ;
and becaufe they made their Supplication to Men, for the moft Part,
with the fame Ceremonies, I fhall treat of them both together. Peti-
tioners both to the Gods and Men us'd to fupplicate with green Boughs
in their Hands, and Crowns upon their Heads, or Garlands upon their
Necks, which they did with a Defign to beget Refpeft in thofe to
whom they made their Supplications, as Triclinius (o), in hisCoramentary
upon Sophocles, teacheth us. Thefe Boughs arecall'd by feveral Names,
as -S-aAKoi, or kKoJ^oi iKijneioi, tpvKKo.S'ii iKzltifif, and iKiTtieieu.
They were commonly of Laurel, or Olive ; whence Statius {p).
Mite nemus circa, >
Vittat<e Laurus, l^ fupplicis arhor Oli'vte.
About this Grove the peaceful Olive grows
And fprightly Laurel, on whofe verdant Boughs
Wreath'd Garlands hung : //. H,
Which Trees were chiefly made ufe of, either becaufe they were clriSA'
Ae*f , always green andjlourijhingy whence Euripides (y) gives the latter
the Epithet of dKHg^lO", ne-ver fading : Or, becaufe the Laurel was a
Sign of Viftory, Succefs, and Joy ; th Olive of Peace and Good-will.
In thefe Boughs they put Wool, which was not tied to them, but
wrapped about them ; for which Reafon the Tragedian (r) feems to have
calPd it As^^ocaJ^sf^-oi/ (puAArt/(^, the T'ieuuithout a Knot. And,
from their being wrapped round, fome think that they were called
by the Romans, Vitta, or Infula ; whence Virgil (f),
' Ne temne quod ultra
Praferimus manibus niittas, ac 'verba precantum.
Let not the King defpife us, 'caufe we bear
This Wreath, the Badge of Suppliants. H. IL
(/) Akib. II. (m) Inftitut. Laanic. (n)AIcon. ihAtex, Gen. Dier. lib. V. cap.
47. (c) Oed. Tyr. v. 3. (/.) Tbcb. lib. XII. (f) In hne, v. HJ^. [^) In
l.iiTi'i'' V. 31. (/) ^ne;d VII. v. 236.
And
Chap. 5. Of the Religion of Greece.' 23^
And by the Greeks they were term'd r4///ut](f in which Senfe Homer
is by fome thought to have ufed this Word (/) ;
For according to the old Scholia upon Sophocles (a), ^lyiyLA is to be inter-
preted r\ "TT^OTeiKr^fjSpov %^iov TJfi -D-tfAAfc" certain Wool^wrapfd about a
green Bough. With thefe Boughs, and fometimes with their Hands, if
they were doubtful whether they (hould prevail or not, it was ufual to
touch the Knees of the Statue, or Man, to whom they addrefs'd them-
felves ; if they had Hopes, they touch'd his Right Hand, but never the
Left, that being thought unlucky j if they were confident of Succefs,
they rofe as high as his Chin, or Cheeks. It was cuftomary to touch
the Head, becaufe that is the principal and moft honourable Member in
a Man's Body, as Eufiathius (w) thinks ; or becaufe they defired the
Perfon (hould give his Confent to their Petitions, annuendo, by a Nod,
for this was the Manner of granting Requefts ; whence ^upiter^ infl*-
mer (at), having granted y/^^/rj's Petition, adds,
Ei /', AyiToi x.i<petK'^ Kct].viv(rofxa,i, otf^^'TTivoi^^f,
Taro ;S s l/y.i'S-sj' yiviT' cCd-etvaToio-i fxiyiTov
TiKfJiup, 8 y6 iuov TetKivayfilov, 8J^' d'Tsra.TnKoyt
OOJ"' ATiKiifrmivy', o o'^rt xtipaA? >t.ctjctviv(ru.
But left you doubt, if you can doubt a God,
I'll clear all Scruples by a folefnn Nod :
For that's with me a never-failing Sign,
And does Performance to my Vows enjoin. H. H.
The Hand they touch'd fy) as being the Inftrument of Aftion. The
Knees, becaufe they defired the Soul of the Perfon fhould bend, as it
were, and incline to their Requefts, for that the Joints in that Place are
more flexible than in any other Part ; or becaufe the Knees are the In-
ftruments of Motion, as if they requefted the Perfon to beftir himfelf,
and walk about to efFedl their Defires. Whence, to ufe the Words of
Pliny (z), hominis genibus quadam religio inejt, obfervatione gentium :
htec fupplices at tin gun t ; hac, ut aras, adorant j fortajfe quia ipjts inejl
'vitalitas. By all Nations a Sort of religious Veneration is paid to the
Knee* of Men : Thefe the Suppliants endeavour to touch : Thefe they
adore in the fame Manner as they do the Altars of the Gods ; perhaps
becaufe there is a Sort of lively Vigour in them. Sometimes they
touched the Knees with one Hand, and the Head, or Hands, with the
Other. Thus did Jhetis by Jupiter :
KetxM cT' ccvk^fi (Ayetv Hf'jr.vhvt ovKvyL-rov t,
hKejlOfTA KOfv^'^ yroKvJ^iigid'Q- i^vy-TQio.
(t) Iliad. . V. 14. (f) In verf. 3. Ofryp. Tyr. (w) In II. .p. 97. Edit. Jtaftl,
(*) Il.se. V. 514. (j ) Ei{Patb, ibidem. (} Nat. Hift. lib. XI. cp. 45,
^40 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 5,
Juft had the blu(hing Goddefs heav'd her Head,
From ofFthe Pillow of her Saffron Bed,
When azure 7hehs Heav'n-vvard wingM her Flight,
And on the fteep Olympus did alight ;
Where fhe all-feeing Jove found feated highj
Remote from each inferior Deity ;
Straight at his Feet herfelf file proftrate call, "^
And with her Right Hand feiz d, with eager Hafte, >
His briftly Beard ; her Left his Knee embrac'd. H. H. j
Sometimes they kifs'd the Hands and Knees. Priamis, in Homers
isintroduc'd touching the Knees oi Achilles ^ and kijjing his Hands {a).
And Ulyjfes reports, that himfelf, when a Suppliant to the King of
uEgyptf touch'' d, and ii/s''d his Knees (^) ;
K*i KuV* yiva.^" \Km'y 5 cT' If uVctJo, j^ yH Aeffgf.
If the Petitioners were very fearful, and the Perfons, to whom they
addrefs'd themfelves, of very great Quality, they kifs'd their Feet. This
Kifs the Romans call'd Labratum^ and the old Glofs renders it i^iAjiu*
^AcriKiKop, If aeojATiKcv ^ctcriKiaf, a Ki/s of a King. Sometimes they
kifs'd their own Hands, and with them touch'd the Perfon. Another
Sort of Salutation there was, whereby they did Homage to the Gods,
m%. by putting the Fore-finger over the Thumb (perhaps upon the
middle Joint, which they us'd in counting the Number Ten) and then
giving^ Turn on their Right Hand, as it is in Plautus (c) ;
Ph. ^odji non affert, quo me vortam nefcio.
Pa. Si Decs falutas, dextro vorfiim cenfeo.
Ph. But if he fail me, I know n't which Way to turn.
Pa. Turn / ^why you muft turn to th' Right Hand, I conceive^
If yoa would reverence the Gods. ' H. H.
Sometimes they proftrated themfelves at the Entrance of the Temples^
and ki/s^dtht facred Threjhcld. To which Cuftom Tibullus thus alludes {d)^
Non ego, Ji merui, dubitem procutnbere Templis,
Et dare facratis ofcula liminibus.
So generally was this Cuftom of KiJJing praftis'd by Supplicants, that
Euftathius (f) thinks the Word 'm^<TK\)VHVi to adore, was deriv'd from
n,x)HV, which fignifies to kifs.
(<j) Iliad, to. V. 478. {b)OdyJi:^.y,z'j(j. (f ) Curcul. Aft. I. Seen. I. {d)U\i.
I. Eleg. V. (0 Ad Odyff. 9.
Anothei^
Ghap. $. Of the Rdigion of Greece. 241
Another manner they had of Supplicating, by pulling their Hairs off
their Head, and offering them to the Perfon, to whom they pray'd.
After this manner did Agamemnon prefent himfelf before Jutitevt when
HeSor had given tke Grecians an Overthrow *,
Ir^afi' toM-r Aiir'
But the Celeftial Jove prefents with Hairs,
Which from his mangled Head with eager Force he tears,
H. H.
They often clothed themfelves with Rags, or put on the Habit of
Mourners, to move Pity and Compaifion.
The Poftures they us'd were different. Sometimes they pray'd ^fl/-
ing, fometimes (tttingy but generally kneeling^ becaufe that feems to bear
the greateft Shew of Humility ; whence the Words y<iV(Ujk^, yovvrijtlv,
and fuch like, fignify to pray, or make Supplication. Profiration was al-
inoil as frequent as Kneeling. The Poets furnifli us with innumerable
Examples of Projiration before the Images, Altars, and fometimes the
Threfliolds of the Temples. Thus in Ovid f ;
Vt templi tetigere gradiis, procumhit uterqui
Pronus humi, gelidoque pwvens dedit ofcula Jaxo.
Which Prafticc is ridicul'd by Lucretius , who lays, that // is no a5l of
Piety,
procumbere humi projlratum, 6f pander e palmas
Ante Deum deluhra.
The Greek Schotiaft upon Pindar tells us, they were wont to turn their
Face towards the Eall, when they pray'd to the Gods ; and to the
Weft, when to the Heroes, or Demigods. Others fay, they always
kept their Faces towards the Sun j that in the Morning they turn'd
themfelves to the Eaft, at Noon to the South, and in the Evening to the
Weft.
The fafeft Place for a Petitioner, either to Gods or Men, (next to
the Temples and Altars) was the Hearth, or Fire-place, whither it was
ufual to betake themfelves when they came to any ftrange Place in Tra-
vel or Banifhment, as being the Altar of Vefta, and the Houftiold Gods.
Whence Vlyjfes, being a Suppliant in the Court of Alcinous King of
Phaacia, is thus introduc'd by Homer ' .
When they had once feated themfelves there, in the Aflies, in a mourn-
ful Pofture, and with a dejefted Countenance, they needed not to open
their Mouths, neither was it the Cuilom fo to do ; for thofe Aftions
(poke loud enough, and told the Calamity of the Supplicant more mov-
ingly than a thoufand Orations. This we learn from Apollonius Rhodius *,
1 1 ^^
* Iliad, i. f Mttamorpb. lib. i. ' Lib. v. ^ Caliui Rbod, lib. Xii. c. 2.
* Odyjf. ii, V. 153. * Argmeut. lib. iv.
R T?
442 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 5,
TdJ'' ina, yj a.vttvJ'oi ip W'f aifitVTif
As foon as o'er the Threfliold they can get.
At Vejlas Shrine in humbleft fort they fit ;
For there they're fafe, and of Want nothing know.
Such Privilege our Laws the Poor allow. H. //.
The Molojftans had a peculiar manner of Supplicating, different from
that of all other Countries ; which was praftis'd by Themijlocles, when
he was purfued by the Athenians and Lacedemonians, and forc'd to call
himfelf on the Proteftion of Jdmetus, King of that Country ; he held
the young Prince (who was then a Child) in his Arms, and in that
Pofture proftrated himfelf before the King's Houlhold Gods ; this be-
ing the moft facred manner of Supplication among the MoloJJtans, and
which was not to be rejefted, as Plutarch reports ^
They that fled to the Gods for Refuge, or Help, us'd firft to crown
the Altars with Garlands, and then to make known their Defires to the
Deity.
And when with Myrtle Garlands he had crown'd
Each Altar in Admetm Houfe, he pray'd,
H. n,
Saith Euripides ', It was ufual alfo to take hold of the Altars, as Virgil^
Witneffeth,
lalihus orahat di^is, arafque tenehat.
Laying his Hands on th' Altar., thus he pray'd.
Whence Varro is of Opinion that Altars were call'd ara, q. anfre, which
Word is us'd to fignify any thing that may be taken hold of. It was
alfo an ufual Gefture in praying, t lift up their Hands towards Heaven.
Tlduvni ttv^xtdmt dva.Tirivau.iv to? y/i^i f t i^vov oij^i "miisfj^ot.
We do all lift up our Hands to Heaven, ixjhen 'we pray, {3.ith. Ari^otle^.
The fame is affirm'd by Helena in her Prayer to Juno ',
op&itc riXiVAt wpof jJfavoV
We our extended Arms, great Goddefs, heav'd
Tow'rd thy Pavilion deck'd with AJlerifms. H. H.
* In Tbemiftcch. ' In Alceftide. 8 ^neid. IV. v. 219. J" Lib. VI, De
Mundo, ' Euripid. Hel. v. iioo, " '
Whence
Chap. 5. Of the Religion of Greece. 243
Whence it appears, that the Reafon of lifting up their Hands, was, that
they might hold them towards the Gods, whole Habitation is in Hea-
ven. Homer every where mentions this Pofture, always adding \{i^Ai
dvatvuv, when he fpeaks of any one that pray'd to the Gods. And
this Cuftom was fo univerfally receiv'd, that the Holding up of Hands
is Xometimes us'd to fignify Prayingy as in Horace :
Ccelo fupinai Jt tuleris manus.
If to the Gods your Hands have been lift up.
On the contrary, becaufe the infernal Gods were fuppos'd to have their
Habitation beneath the Earth, it was ufual to pray to them with Hands
pointed downwards. Sometimes the better to excite the Attention of
thefe Gods, they ftamp'd the Ground with their Feet. This is faid to
have been done by the Aftors, when they pronounc'd thofe Words of
Hecuba, wherein Ihe invokes the Affiftance of the infernal Gods to fave
her Son Polydorus .
Whence Cleanthew, cumtede terram percujjjjfet, nierfum ex EttgonU dixijfe
ferunt: 'Tis reported of Cleanthes, that having firll ftamp'a the" Ground
with his Foot, he recited the following Verfe out of the Epigoni :
Audifne hac, Amphiarae, fub terram abdite ''.
When they lay proftrate or kneel'd upon the Earth, it was cuftomary
to beat it with their Hands. Thus the Mother of Meleag^r is iHtro-
duc'd by Homer ' :
Laftly, They who pray'd to the Deities of the Sea, expanded their
Hands towards the Sea. This we find done by Jchilles in Homer when,
he invokes Thetis ^ ; As likewife by CUanthus in FirgiP :
Ni pa/mas ponto tendeni utrafque Cloanthus,
Tudijfetque preces, Di<vofque in -vota vocajjfet :
Dii, quibus imperium pelagiy Sec.
Thefe Cuftoms are briefly explain'd by the Scholiaji on the foremention'd
Verfes of Homer s nvath Iliad: hvyjtviat 'q ei n^aif rolf ftij' i^yUif
^oift ivu -mi,
Xtlfctt a.m7xim( fAiya. tux^riKiTi ixttg-o',
Tbe Heroes pray to the Celejiial Godsy lifting up their Hands to He:aven, as
in the Verfe there cited. Tc<< |J ^hitopmi, To the Gods of the Sea,
they pray'd thus :
e Euripides Uuuba v. 79. * Cictro lujculan. Q^seft. Jib. II. ' Jliad. /. v. 564,
Jliad . ?. 350. iEneid. V. 233.
R 2 UoKh
244 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 5.
Tlpli ^KAosojf AfAoyo77" Extending his Hands tonuards the Sea. To7f Jt47-
X^yi^K 0' y~o:^ov'n< r ywi toi ai^-h <tin(n- But to the fubterraneousGods,
they pray' d beating the Earth, as is here done by MeleagerV Mother. Prayer
being ended, they lifted up their Hand to their Mouth, and kifs'd 'it ;
which Cuftom was alfo praftis'd by the Romans, whenever they pafs'd.
by a Temple, and was accounted a fort of Veneration, as Alexander ab
Alexandra informs us ' ; and Lilius Gyraldus ^ tells us, he hath obferved
the fame in Homer, and others. Whence Lucian in his Encomium of
Demojlhenes has thefe Words : Kai r y^iie^ '^ soua-n isffoa.ya.yovr'*
iSiv AhJiO J) 3T^j-;6w;c iKctfj-Cavov. His Hand being lift up to his Mouthy
1 did not fufpeSl that he tvas doing any thing but praying. And again in
his Traft concerning Sacrifices : o q Tivtit iKdmL-n <r :^3j/, tpthhcn-i y.ovov
9 sum J^^iAV The poor Man obtains the Favour of the Gods, by kifpng
his right Hand only. Whence it appears that the right Hand, rather than
the /(?//, was kifs'd on this Occafion. Neither was the Palm, or inward
Part, but 7^^ "o-m^ivA^y the Back and outward Part of the Hand thus ho-
mour'd. For, to ufe the Words of Fliny % Ineft iS aliis partibus quadam
religio : Sicut dextera ofculis a'verfa appetitur. There is a fort of Religion
in other Members : As we find by the Cuftom of killing the Back of
the Hand.
It will not be improper to obferve in the laft Place, that mf Iaj^(
'x/Lio\oyv7iv 01 AV^fcoTni cTuwrtTWT^aj Vt) BApCdfCi) <puv!>i Xt-^pfABVOi' It ivas a
tommon Opinion, that their Prayers nuere more prevalent and fuccefsful,
nuhen offered in a barbarous and unknoivn Language : And the Reafon af-
fign'd for it was, that ed tsf^-ni ;^ yivtKcd Sia\ik\oi, 0AfCitf>Qi ptAv, (pj^ret
^ Tti ovotjutirt. 'i^nTiv The firfi and native Language of Mankind, tho*
barbarous and uncouth, yet confijied of Words and Na?nes more agreeable to
Stature ^. Whence it was cultomary for Magicians, and thofe who pre-
tended to have a more intimate Familiarity with the Gods than other Men,
to make their Petitions in barbarous and unknown Sounds.
Sometimes, if they obtain'd their Requeft, and it was a Matter of
Confequence, they prefented to the God fome rich Gift, or ofFer'd a
Sacrifice in Thankfulnefs for the Benefit they had receiv'd ; fometimes
they related it to the Prieft of the Temple, that it might be regiftred,
as a Teftimony of the Goodnefs of the Gods, and their Readinefs to
hear the Petitions of Mortals, and fend them Relief; and for an En-
couragement to Men to make known their Wants and Delires to the
Deities, and to exped Afliftance from them : On which Account, as Eu-
ftathius has obferv'd, all Prayers in Homer, the Petitions of which are
juft and reafonable, are rewarded with a full and fatisfaftory Anfwer.
From the Grecian Prayers let us pafs to their Imprecations. Thefe
were extremely terrible, being thought fo powerful, when duly pro-
nounc'd, as to occafion the Deftruftion not only of fingle Perfons, but
of whole Families and Cities. The Miferies which befel Atreus, Aga-
memnon, and others of that Family, were thought to proceed from
* Oen.Dicr. lib. iv. cap. i6. '' Syntagm- de Diis Gentium. * Aa^ Hift. lib.
Xi. cap. 45, * CUmem AUxandrinus btiQin* 'P-339*
the
Chap. 5. Of the Religion of Greece. 245
the Imprecations of Myrtilus upon Pelops their Anccftor, by whom he
was thrown into the Sea. Thus Lycophron ':
fbifttn/jiiit tS^-^t NxfiEtfc ti^at.
The fame Imprecations are likewife mention'd in the EUSra of SopBo-
clety and the Orejles of Euripides. Tho' by others the Calamities of that
Family are afcrib'd to the Curfes of Thyejiest Atreui"^ Brother j whence
Thyeftete prutt are us'd proverbially for any dreadful Imprecations : As ia
Horace t>,
Mljit Thyejleas preces.
But the moil dreadful Imprecations were thofe pronounc'd by Parents,
PHefts, Kings, Prophets, or other facred Perfons. Examples whereof
may be fijand in Homer's ninth Iliad, where Phoenix relates, that the
Gods would not permit him to have Children by reafon of his Father's
Imprecations <= : And afterwards that Meleager was deftroy'd by the Curfes
f his Mother ^ :
' noX>.' a^cjmg-' ffJtTO xaa-iyviiToio fsyo/c* j
K()cXM7xx0'' AiJ'mi K) 't7ra.mv nienp6ma.*t
npo'xvt/ ^Ka&i^ofcf/fc* if'ujovro 'j iTaxfye-/ icihfrci "^
ExXt/lv ^ Eptfwj-f , ai'-iyi'/ov WT'j^ fxmrx'
Hence it was cuftomary for Men condemn'd for any notorious Crime,
to be publickly curs'd by the Priefls. This befel J/ciiiades, againft
whom, befide Banilhment and Confifcation, the Athenians 'in ;(^7Hp<aiJ
^ff*n-\.tll'l<nv'n mv'mf /eff K) ttotiOi' decreed, that he fl>ould he cursed by
all the Priefts and Prieftejfes. Which Decree was obey'd by all, who then
held that Office, except Theano, who profefs'd herfelf Im'^^v k tieL-m^uv
lifHiuf yiyfvwax' to be by her Office of Priejihood appointed to Blefs and not to
Curfe.
There is likewife frequent mention of Imprecations in the Roman
Affairs and Authors. Thus when Craffus undertook that fatal Expedi-
tion againft the Parthians, wherein he perifti'd, d Atj}/- <tso^^^i^^i
< TniKluJ, 'i^/AV t^'iJk. ){g.ityLivinv , xj n K-pc^ajK ^i-o^icK jfgtT avtivp
^bu/usav )^ 3(^7uan'i Jiou, dc^t iTn^ai-n S^nvdi y.iv'etirm i^ (petnaJ^HC
Ate]as running to the Gate of the City, placed there a Veel full of burnint
Coals, upon luhich he offer d Odours and Libations, and pronounced moft dread-
ful Curfes againft Craffus, as he pafs''dby '. And we are inform'd by /*//-
ny^, that diris deprecationibus defigi, nemo non metuit. All Men are afraid
tf Imprecations. There being no way to avoid or expiate their direful
Eifeas, according to Horace 8.
Caffandra v. 164. Epod. V. Ver. 86. Ver. 455. * Ver. 56*. Ap-
fianut in Partbieo, Conf. Cuero de Divi/i, lib. i. ' Nat. Hift. lib. xxviil.
cap, 1. Epod, V. ver. 89.
R 3 Difit
2^6 Of the Religion of Greece. ' Chap. 6.
Din's agam vos : dira detejiatio
Nulla expiatur 'vilimd.
And that the fame Praftice was us'd in other Parts of the World, ap-
pears from the facred Writings : 'SR\\s,xyn. Jonathan, after he had gain'd
a glorious Viftory over the Enemies of his Country, is reported to
have been reduc'd to the laft Extremity by the Imprecations of Sauly
his Father and King ^. And Jojhua is laid to have pronounc'd a folemn
Curfe upon the Perfon, who fhould rebuild Jericho ' ; Which was fulfill'd
upon hiel many Ages after ''. Balaam the Magician was fent for by
Balak King of Moab, to curfe his Enemies the Ifraelites '. The Patri-
arch Jacob is introduc'd diftributing his Bleffings to fome of his Chil-
dren (which was a Cuftom no lefs ancient than the other) and his Curfes
to Reuben, Simeon, and Len^i ". Noah, the Father of the new World,
pronounc'd an Imprecation upon his Grand-fon Canaan ", which had its
effeft a long time after. And the Praftice feems to have been deriv'd
from the Curfes pronounc'd by God upon Adam, and afterwards upon
Min.
C H A P. VI.
Of the Grecian Oaths.
HAVING defcrib'd the manner of offering Sacrifices and Prayers
to the Gods, I fhall proceed in the next Place to fpeak of the
Honour paid to them, by ufmg their Names in folemn Contrafts, Pro-
mifes, and Affeverations j and calling them to witnefs Men's Truth and
Honelly, or to punifh their Falftiood and Treachery. This was reputed
a fort of religious Adoration, being an Acknowledgment of the Omni-
potence, and Omniprefence, and by Confequence, of the Divinity of
the Perfon thus invok'd. W'hence the Poets defcribe Men's Reception
into the Number of the Gods by their being invok'd in Oaths. Thus
Horace fpeaks of Cafar :
Jurandafque tuum per fiomen ponlmus aras.
And Lucan of the Roman Heroes, who facrific'd their Lives in the civil
.>Vars P :
Bella pares fuperis facient civilia Divos :
Fulmintbus manes, radiifque oniabit, ^ afiris }
Inque Deum templisjurahit Roma per umbras.
'Adrafus in Statius i compliments the Ghoft of Archemoriis in the fame
manner :
eaptivis etiam jurahere Thebis.
* I Sam. xir. 24. ' Jofli. iv. 2^. * 1 Reg. xvi. 34. 'Number, xxii. 5, 6,
*c. "' Genef. xlix 3, 4. " Ibid. ix. 25, 26, 27, Lib. II. Epift. ! ver.
9, f l,ib, vii. V. 457, ? Jhebaid, vii. 10%.
And
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 247
And the infpir'd Writers for the fame reafon forbid to fv(^ear by the
Pagan Deities, and command to fwear by the true God. Thus in Deute-
ronomy ' : T^houjhaltfear the Lord thy God, and ferve him, afidjhalt fwear .
by his Name. And in Jeremy '' : How Jhall 1 pardon thee for this ? Thy
Children have forfaken me, and fivorn by them that are no Gods. And to
forbear other Inftances, the Worfhipers of the true God are by David "=
defcrib'd hy fwearing by him.
OpK-, the God of Oaths, is by Hefiod^ faid to be the Son of Eris,
or Contention ; and Fables tell us, that in the golden Age, when Men
were ftrift Obfervers of the Laws of Truth and Juftice, there was no
Occafion for Oaths, nor any Ufe made of them : But when they began
to degenerate from their primitive Simplicity, when Truth and Jultice
were banifh'd out of the Earth, when every one began to make Ad-
vantage of his Neighbour by Cozenage and Deceit, and there was no
Trull to be plac'd in any Man's Word, it was high time to think of
fome Expedient, whereby they might fecure themfelves from the Fraud
and Falfhood of one another. Hence had Oaths their Original. We
are told indeed by Clemens of Alexandria *, that Chiron firft invented
Oaths ; but the Meaning of that feems only to be this, that he firft re-
duc'd fome of the barbarous Nations to a Senfe of Religion and Virtue :
Whence it is added in the fame Place that he taught them J^iKetioffvvtfV,
jy ^vff'.cti iha.fa.i' Juftice and propitiatory Sacrifices. However that be, it
is probable, that at firft Oaths were only us'd upon weighty and mo-
mentous Occafions, yet in Procefs of Time they came to be applied to
every trivial Matter, and in common Difcourfe ; which has given Occa-
fion to the Diftinftion of Oaths into that, which was call'd O ixiyeti, and
us'd only on folemn and iveighty Accounts ; and that which they term'd
O fA/K^oi, which was taken in things of the fmalleft Moment, and was
fometimes us'd merely as an expletive to fill up a Sentence, and make a
round and emphatical Period. Some there are that tell us, the yiiycLi
%^KQf was that, wherein the Gods, /w/xpsf, that wherein Creatures were
ciaird to witnefs ; but the Frailty of this Diftinftion doth evidently ap-
pear by a great many Inftances, whereof I fhall only mention one, wai,
that of the Arcadians, amongft whom the moft facred and inviolable
Oath was taken by the Water of a Fountain call'd Styx, near Nonacris,
a City, as Herodotus *, or, according to others, a Mountain in Arcadia .
upon which Account it was that Cleomenes the Lacedaemonian, to fecure
the Fidelity of the Arcadians, had a Defign to carry the principal Men
among them to Nonacris, and there to make them fwear by this Foun-
tain, tho' they had taken another Oath before, as my Author hath re-
lated. It will not be wholly impertinent in this Place to mention the
great Oath of the Gods by the Stygian Lake j for Jupiter t as Hefiod^ re-
ports,
Ordain'd this Laie a folemn Oath Ihould be
To all the Gods.
vi. 15. b V. 7. Pfalm Jxiii. v. 2. * necgotit v, jl Stnm,
i. pag 306. ' Eratt. Loc. citato. *> Thtotuiia,
R 4 Whick
448 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 6.
Which is the Reafon why fome derive the Word op^-, an Oatb, from
Orcus, Hell. This Oath was invented by Jupiter, and prefcribed by him
to the reft of the Gods in Honour of Styx ; becaufe fhe, with her Sons,
came the firft of all the Gods to his Affiftance in the War againft the
Giants ; or, for that her Daughter ViSloria was favourable to him, faith
JJeJiod i or, becaufe he had quench'd his Thirft with her Waters in the
Fight. If any God fwore falfly by thefe Waters, he was debarr'd the
Ufe ofNeilar, and depriv'd of his Divinity for an hundred Years ; thefe
Others reduce to nine, but Servius, out of Orpheus, enlarged them ta
nine thoufand.
The God that was thought more efpecially to prefide over Oaths was
Jupiter ; tho' all the Gods feem to have been concerned in them, for
it was ufual to fwear by them all, or any of them ; and of any perjur'd
Perfon they fpoke in general, that he had offended the Gods, of which
there are innumerable Inftances ; But they were thought chiefly and
anore peculiarly to belong to Jupiter^ Care j and tho' perhaps this may
not appear (as fome think it doth) from the Word Jus-jurandum, which
they will have to be fo call'd q. jo'visjurandum, yet it will fufficiently bo
prov'd by the plain Teftimony of the Poet, that faith *,
Zey S-', Of ofKui
And Jove, that over human Oaths prefidcs.
The Gods, by whom Soloa commanded the Athenians chiefly to fwear
in publick Caufes, were three '', viz. IitsV/!^, Ka-&(4pc-/(^, and'E^<>tgs-a-
f<(^, or rather one Jupiter Of /-, by three Names, tho' fome make
them to be three diftindl Gods, Plato in his Euthydemus mentions Apollo^
MinernjUy and Jupiter. Demofthenes alfo in his Oration againft Midias
fwears by the fame three Deities : But in another againft Timocrates he
takes an Oath by Jupiter, Neptune, and Ceres, And the Athenians very
often fwore by other Gods : Sometimes by all the Gods in general, fome-
times by the twelve great Gods, as ft.* T8f S^coj^itta. ^sf .* The Spartans
ufually, w* 7w 2/<y\ by Cajlor and Pollux, the Women's Oaths were
commonly by Juno, Diana, or Venus, or vii to ^u, i. e. by Ceres and
Proferpina, which were appropriated to the Female Sex, according to
Phan)orinus , and never ufed by Men, except in Imitation of the Women,
Not that thefe were the only Oaths ufed by Women,* for the contrary
doth abundantly appear, but they were the moft ufual ones, tho' they
often fwore by other GoddeiTes, and fometimes by the Gods, as appears
from Arijiophanes .
Men generally fwore by the God to whom the Bufmefs they had in
Hand, or the Place they were in did belong ; in the Market they ufually
fwore by Ep^yjj^ \y>faV'^,ox Mercury ; Plough-men by Ceres; thofe that
delighted in Horfes,~by Neptune. The Athenians ^ alone of al! the Greeks
us'd to fwear by Ifis, and the Thebans commonly by Ojiris.
Euripid. Midtg. V. 170. *" Pollux lib. viii. cap. ii, Jjj voce N(i ,
* AUx, ab Alex. lib. v. cap. lo. Gen> Dler.
60-
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 249
Sometimes either out of Hafte, or Affurance of their being in the
Right, or fome of the like Reafons, they fwore indefinitely by any of
the Gods, in this manner, ^Ofxvvfju p: tjva r ^uv which Form we
find ufed in Plato's Fheedrus, and in Arijianetus'% Epiftle of Euxitheus to
Pytheas. Others, thinking it unlawful to ufe the Name of God upon
every flight Occafion, faid no more than Ntt" (jut t, or. By, iffc. by a
xeligious Ellifjis, omitting the Name ; thus Phwvorinus *. Suidas alfo
mentions the fame Cuftom, which (faith he) ct^V's" f** ovjiCnuv inures
Men to a pious Regard for the Name of Godt>. Ifocrates in Stobaus
forbids to Iwear by any of the Gods in any Suit of Law about Money,
and only allows it on two Accounts : traunv at 104 eu^^< ajTmKvav, J
<(ilh.Hi C4C tjuiyaXccv XA >fw}^<v tfnttmi^uv' either to 'vindicate yourfelf from thi^
Imputation of fome Wickednefs, or to deliver your Friends from fome great
Danger. To which Sjmplicius in his Commentary upon Epi^etus adds 2
third, <vix. To obtain fome conjiderable Beneft for your Country. Pythagoras,
as Jiierocles informs us, was very cautious in this Matter, for he rarely
fwore by the Gods himfelf, or allow'd his Scholars to do fo : Inftead of
the Gods, he advifed them to fwear by Twc ti^akIw, or, the Number four,
faith Plutarch \ as thinking the Perfedion of the Soul conflfted in this
Number, there being in every Soul a Mind, Science, Opinion, and
Senfe. And 'tis reported of Clinias the Pythagorean, that when he might
have clear'd himfelf from a Fine of three Talents, he rather chofe to pay
that Sum than to take an Oath. Socrates told his Scholars, that Rha-
damanthus, the jufteft Man that ever liv'd, had exprefly forbidden Men
to fwear by the Gods, but inftead of them allow'd the Ufe of a Dog,
Goofe, Ram, or fuch like Creatures ; and in Conformity to this Rule,
that Philofopher was wont to fwear vv^ r %\iutt, xiwa.., or rAci-ntvov, by a
Dog, Goofe, or Plane-tree. Z^o, the Father of the 5fo/V,fi, ufu ally fwore
vh ^ )(etvxaejiv, i. e. ^ a Shrub that bears Capers. In Ananius, one
fwears by Crambe, i. e. Coleiuort, faith Ceeliut '. The fame Oath oc-
curs in Teleclides, Epicharmus, and Eupolis ; and it feems to have been ufed
more efpecially amongft the lonians. By which Inftances it appears, that
tho' the Cuftopi of (wearing upon light and frivolous Occafions was
very common amongft the Greeks, as may be feen in their Comedies
and other interlocutory Difcourfes, yet the more wife and confiderate
fort entertained a moft religious Regard for Oaths. Sometimes they
feem entirely to forbid all forts of Oaths, whether juft or unjuft. To
which Purpofe is that Saying of Menandtrt
And another of CheeriluSf
And, to mention no more Examples, the Scholiaft upon Homer informs
us, that the ancient Greeks did not se^TrtTWf y^ r 0iy o^ivvvat, dyitC
Voce Ma. k N /j.a. to. In Pythag. Aur. Carm. T, %, * Libro
jde Fiacit, Philofoph. * Antiq. LtCt, lib. xxvii. cap. aS
KATi
250 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 6.
x*T* ? ttf^^l/y^voVTUV' rajhly^ and in common Difcourfe, pwear by the Gods,
hut made Ufe of other things. The fame Words occur alfo in Suidas f.
Sometimes they fworeby the Ground they flood upon, as Hippolytus'm
Euripides ^ :
And by the folid Ground I fwear.
Sometimes by Rivers, Fountains, Floods, the Elements, Sun, Moon,
and Stars, all which they accounted very facred Oaths * Sometimes
they fwore by any thing they made Ufe of j as a Fiflier by his Nets, a
Soldier by his Spear ; and this laft was a very great Oath, if that be true
vfhich' yuji in hath, reported, i;/!s. That the Ancients paid Divine Wor-
ihip to this Weapon ; in Memory of which in later Ages it was ufual
for the Statues of the Gods to hold a Spear : And EuJIathius * writes,
that Caneus ereded a Spear, and commanded that it (hould be worfhip'd.
as a God. Kings and Princes ufually fwore by their Scepters, as we
find every where in Homer j and this alfo was thought a folemn Oath,
becaufe the Scepter is a Badge and Enfign of regal and judicial Power.
They fwore alfo by Men ; fometimes by the Dead, of which Demoji-
henes is a famous Inftance, who in an Oration to the People of Athens
fwore by Tf \v W<x}a.^uvi., thofe that valiantly loft their Lives in the
Battle at Marathon ; fometimes by the Living, and this was done either
by their 2<uTpie, Health and Safety; or''A.hyia, their Misfortunes ; or
their Names ; or fome of their Members, as their Eyes, right Hand,
efpecially their Hpad, which was accounted a very folemn Oath :
raTfO; xi^xynt fJt'.ynf otKoy ox^fjiai.
5y tny good Father's Head, to me moft dear.
This binding Oath I folemnly do fwear.
Mr. Ediv. Dechair of Line. Cqll.
faith one in Homer j and Helena, fwearing to Menelavs, calls it kyvh ofKov,
a facred Oath :
AXX* iyw ofun a-cv xa'p suLTAfAafftt,
Let your vow'd Head this facred Oath confirm/
The Reafon of this was, becaufe the Head was accounted the principal
and moft noble Part of Man ; or, as Hanfenius ' thinks, becaufe it was
the Hieroglyphick of Health.
Sometimes they fwore by thofe who were deareft to them, as Parents,
Children, or thofe they had an high Efteem for ; fo the Pythagoreans ufed
to fwear by their Mafter Pythagoras ; nor did they this, as thinking him
a God, or Hero, but becaufe he was a Perfon whofe Memory they thought
deferv'd a great Veneration, and whofe Merits had exalted him to a near
Affinity with the Divine Nature.
* Voce Nsti (M. TO. 6 Verf. 1025. '' Alex, ab Alex. Gen, Dier. lib. v, cap. 10.
.' Lib. xiiit * Id I1< <i% ' Libvo de Jurameat. Yeterum.
> .The
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 251
The Maimer of taking Oaths was fometimes by lifting up their Hands
to Heaven ; whence Jpol/o, in the Poet, bids Lachefis :^i^ii dvcL-riiveu.
Tho' Hanfenius is of Opinion that this Cuttom was of a later Original!
Sometimes in the myi-i of /,-, or great and folemn Oath, they laid their
Hands upon the Altar, as appears from that Saying of Pmf/f J ^^o be-
ing defired by a Friend to take a falfe Oath upon his Account, rep'ly'd
That he ivas his Friend to the Altars, and no farther ; as likewife from the
Story reported by Diosenes Laertius of Xenocrates, who, being a Man emi-
nent for a ftrift and virtuous Life, was fummoned as a Witnefs in a
certain Caufc, where having fpoken what he knew of the Matter he
went to the Altar to confirm his Evidence by Oath ; but the Judges, well
knowing the Integrity of the Man, with unanimous Confent bid him
forbear, and gave Credit to him upon his bare Word. Laftly, to pafs
by other Examples, the fame Rite is obferv'd in Virgil at the celebrated
League between Latinus and jEneas * ;
Tango aras, medio/que rgnes ^ numlna tejlor ;
'NuUa dies pacem banc Italis l^ feeder a rumpet.
Inftead of the Altar, faith Pfeifer >, fometimes they made ufe of a Stone ;
for this he is beholden to Suidas, who hath taken it out oiAriJlotle, and
Philochorus, and for a farther Confirmation of it ha,th cited thefe Words
out of the Oration oi Demojlheties againft Conon, IcSv ts ir^phlov xet9' iva,
vu^v zrwff) 'o-fof ^ \'t^ov Ayo/:i( )^ %^PX*''''^-'^ ' ' ^' And bringing all us
ixiho ijoere prefent, one by one to the Stone, and there adminijlring the Oath to
us. What is meant by this Stone, which Pfeifer feems not to have un-
derftood, the Scholiaji upon Arijlophanes ' hath inform'd us in his Com-
jnent upon this Verfe :
toy^ofi^ont 5 j.))^ 1-5 >./9 Vfotrig'etfjtiv.
m< we, the' deprefs'd with Age,
With Mutt'rings near Tribunals ftill approach. E. D.
Where he tells us, that by Ai9- is meant the;??!^^, or Tribunal, in Pnyx,
a publick Place where the Athenian Affemblies ufed to meet. And the
Reafon why it is fo called, he gives in another Place, where the Come-
dian calls it UiTfa, a Stone, becaufe it flood upon a Rock ; whence a/9-
(/.irtii are thofe that took or impofed an Oath, in Pnyx. Inflead of the
Altar, in private Contrafts the Perfon fwearing, according to the Roman
Fafhion, laid his Hand upon the Hand of the Party to whom he fwore :
This Ceremony Menelaus in Euripides demands of Helena ** *
T'unite our Hearts, our Hands let's friendly join.
In all Compafts or Agreements it was ufual to take each other by the
Hand, that being the Manner of plighting Faith ; and this was done,
* i^ncid. xii. v, aol, * AaX,v\. GneCi lib,U,Cp. 7. * In Acbarntnjibut,
* Helen, v, 834,
cithcf
252 Of the Religion <?/ Greece. Chap. 6.
either out of the Refpeft they had to the Number ten, as fome fay>
there being ten Fingers on the two Hands : Or becaufe fuch a Con-
jundlion was a Token of Amity and Concord ; whence at all friendly
Meetings they join'd Hands, as a Defign of the Union of their Souls,
And the right Hand feems to have been ufed rather than the left, be-
caufe it was more honourable, as being the Inftrument by which Superi-
ors give Commands to fhofe below them ; whence Crinagoras in an Epi-
gram faith, 'Twas impoflible that all ithp Enemies in the World Ihould
ever prevail againft Rome;
^^id crtifXcivinKMirafi ^a/iyaXM*
While God-like Cafar (hall a right Hand have
Fit for Command E. D,
Befide this, in all folemn Leagues and Covenants they facrificed to the
Gods by whom they fwore, of^ring for the moft part either a Boar,
Ram, or Goat j fometimes all three, fometimes Bulls or Lambs inllead
of any of them. Sometimes they cut out the Stones of the Viftim, and
took the Oath {landing upon them. A Ram or Boar they ufed is pro-
perly called To,aiaf. The Ceremonies were thus, they firft cut fome of
the Hair off the Viftim's Head, and gave Part of jt to all prefent, that
all might fhare in the Oath c ;
Next from the Vidlim's Head he cut fome Hair,
Which to the ruling Chiefs the Criers bear. E. D.
The Reafon of this Cuftom Eujiathiut explains from the following Verfes
of Sophocles:
AvTcet tTTut vtf Toy tT' iyd rt/xite 7r>.cKiVi
Curfes attend you, if e'er falfe you prove.
Your Days in bitter Sorrows may you live.
And when Fate calls (but may that lingring come)
May your dead Corps no fit Interment find :
Yet now I Favours wifii: May your whole Race
Plagues heap'd on Plagues vex, and at laft cut off.
As I thefe Locks cut from the facred Head. E. D.
After this they invok'd the Gods to be Witneffes of their Agreement, and
to puniOi the Perfon that fliould firft violate his Oath. This done, they
kill'd the Vidlims by cutting their Throats j
II. >*. Airh
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 253
Then with his piercing Sword their Throats he ftabb'd.
For To/Mtx'^t originally fignify'd a Throat, as Eujiathius obferves upon
that Place. Hence comes the Phrafe ofxia Te/i/vwi/, in Latin, ferire fcedus^
\. e. to make a Covenant. This done, they repeated the Form of Words,
which both Perfons were to confirm with mutual Oaths, as appears from
Homer s Defcription of the Truce made between the Grecians and Trojans.
After this, they made a Libation of Wine, which was at this time
mix'd, to fignify the Conjundion and Concord between the Parties ;
then praying again to the Gods, they pour'd it fourth, requefting that
whoever fhould firft break his Oath, might have his Blood or Brains
pour'd out in the fame manner ; as Homer * reports.
Ziii xvJ'ig-ty ftiyiTh >y A&ayTO/ dioi ai^^s/,
Owirixrspo* Bfi'nfot vvfp ofKta, Trtijuimmy,
fiiTs ?/ syspoXcf ;i^/^ur;f jiss;, 'c o'(fs owe, ^
ACtu*, )^ TiKtcty, cihe^oi J'' iM.ota-t /^.lyiiu,
r-
Others to Heav'n fend up their fervent Prayen,
And to th' immortal Beings, who th' Affairs
Of Mankind rule, an awful Worfhip pay.
While Streams of pour'd out Wine dye all the Way.
Thus they addrefs the Gods :
<jreat, mighty yo've, and all ye Pow'rs divine,
Whofe Juftice fuffers no unpunifti'd Sin,
Bear Witnefs to the folemn Vows we make.
And grant, the Party which fhall firft them break.
Whoe'er it be, as now the Ground Wine ftains.
May fo o'erfpread it with their da(h'd out Brains.
This light on them, and their Pofterity,
And may their Wives to all Men common be. E. D,
It was very ufual, to add a folemn Imprecation to their Oaths ;
which was done, cither for the Satisfadlion of the Perfon, by whom
the Oath was impos'd ; as in that of Demojihenes ; E< uiv e^vopma, 'my^d
fMi * )<a3a ykvoiTo- kmoffcS, a'^dhnf "iTwhoii/.lw Ifv:hat Ijhuear be true,
may I enjoy much Happinefs ; if not, may Iperijh utterly. Or, to lay a more
inviolable Obligation upon themfelves, left they Ihould at any time
repent of their Purpofe, and take contrary Meafures to what they then
refolv'd upon. Upon which account it was, that the Photenjians *>,
who afterwards built the City Majftlia in Gallia Narbonenjis, oblig'd
* Iliad, citat. ^ Heradot, Jib. i. & Strata lib. ir.
themfelves
254. Q/* ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 6.
themfelves by an Oath, backed with terrible Imprecations, never to .
think of returning home ; whence came the Proverb ^uKiuv tp, applied
to Men under the Obligation of a ftridt Oath.
To return, the Flelh on which they feafted at other Sacrifices, was in *
this thought unlawful to be eaten ; and therefore, faith Eujlathius , if
the Perfon concern' d was at home, it was buried ; for fo Priam feems
to have done with his Viftims in the Sacrifice before mentioned ; but
if the Party was a Stranger, they drew it into the Sea, as Tahhybius did
by the Sow, which was facrific'd at one of Jgamemnon's Oaths, or
difpos'd of it fome other way. Here it may be obferv'd, that if any-
unlucky or ominous Accident happened at the Time of Sacrifice, they
ufually deferred, or wholly refus'd to take the Oath, of which we have
an Inftance in Plutarch *, who reports that when Pyrrhus, Lyfimachus,
Sixid CaJanJer hzd concluded a Peace, and met to confirm it by folemn
Oath and Sacrifice ; a Goat, Bull, and Ram, being brought out, the
Ram on a fudden fell down dead ; which fome only laugh'd at, but Tho-
dotus the Prieft forbad Pyrrhus to fwear, declaring, that Heaven by that
Omen portended the Death of one of the three Kings, whereupon he
refus'd to ratify the Peace.
Alexander ab Alexandra <= hath given us another manner of Swearing,
which was thus ; They took hold of their Garments, and, pointing a
Sword towards their Throats, invok'd the Heavens, Earth, Sun, and
Furies to bear witnefs to what they were about to do ; then they facri-
fic'd a Boar-pig, which they call into the Sea, and, this being done, took
the Oath.
The folemn Way of taking an Oath amongfl: the Molojfians was, by
cutting an Ox into fmall pieces, and then fwearing ; whence any thing
divided into fmall Parcels, was proverbially cali'd Boyf o WuKqituv, as
Suidas f, and Zenodotus report. Erafmus '', inftead of Bos Molottorum,
Vf^rites Bos Homolottorunty reading in the foremention'd Authors /Sow/
O/zcAoTTae inftead of Boui 5 MoAoTTar.
Another manner of Swearing was that defcrib'd by Plutarch ', who
reports that when the Grecians had overthrown, and utterly routed all
the Forces of Xerxes, being flufli'd with Viftory, they enter'd upon a
JDefign of making a common Invafion upon Perjia ; whereupon, to keep
them firm to their Refolutions, Ariftides made them all fwear to keep
the League, and himfelf took the Oath in the Name of the Athe-
titans.f and after Curfes pronounc'd againft him, that fhould break the
Vow, threw Wedges or red hot Iron into the Sea ; by which was fig-
nified, that the Oath fhould remain inviolable, as long as the Irons fhouki
abide in the Sea without fwimming ; which Cuftom is alfo mention'd
by Callimachus, who, as he is cited by the Scboliaji upon Sophocles ^,
fpeaks thus of the Phocenjians :
While thefe plung'd Irons the Sea's fure Bottom keep.
There is alfo another manner of fwearing mention'd by Plutarch in
* 11. y. " Viu Pyrrbi. Lib. v. cap. lo. f Voce iSou:. S In Proverb- in
^9U{. ^ In Adagiis, Viu ArijUdii^ * Antigen, v. 370.
the
Chap. 6. VJ the Religion of Greece. 255
the Life oi Dion, which Dions Wife and Sifter impos'd upon Calippus the
Athenian, being mov'd thereto by a Sufpicion that he was privy to a
Confpiracy againft Dions Life. It was thus ; the Juror went into the
Temple of Ceres and Proferpina, or, as fome fay, of Ceres The/rnopho'
rus, the Lanu-giver, where, after the Performance of certain Ceremonies,
he was clothed in the purple Veftment of the Goddefs, and holding a
lighted Torch in his Hand, as being in the Prefence of the Deity, took
the Oath by all the Gods in the World ; this the Syracufians accounted
the moft folemn and facred Oath that could be.
Another Teft the Sicilians generally made ufe of at Palice, a City rf
Sicily, where was a Fountain named Acadinus, to which the Jurors
came, and, having written the Oath in a Tablet, threw it into the Wa-
ter, wherein, if it could fwim, the Perfon accus'd was believ'd honeft ;
but if it funk, he was to be call into the Flames immediately, which iffu'd
from the Fountain :. Thus Arifiotle ' and Stephanus the Byxantian ".
Other ways alfo they had of clearing themfelves from the Imputation
of Crimes. As when the Perfon accusM crept upon his Hands thro' the
Fire ; or held in his Hands a red hot Iron, call'd in Greek Mj/<^f , as
the Scholiaji upon Sophocles reports ; which was done by the Innocent with-
out any Senfe of Pain. Thus one in Sophocles " tells Creon, that all the
Guards were ready to take upon Oath, that they neither buried Polynices
themfelves, nor knew who had done it j
V/jSjj r' irsifAai fxvS'ftit eu'pttf X'f""
Ktti frZ^ J'tfruty xai S'fsf ofKajunTtTy,
To /uji'-ri J'fi(rai, (Uh'ti t vuyu^iitu
}
There, Sir, we ftood ready for all Commands,
Either hot Bars to take up with our Hands,
Or pafs thro' Fires, or by the Gods to fwear.
That neither we the Body did interr.
Nor privy to the wicked Aftion were.
E. D.
A Cuftom not much differing from thefe, was praftis'd in this Ifland
by our Saxon Anceftors upon the fame Account, and was therefore call'd
the Fire-Ordeal, for Ordeal in Saxon fignifies Purgation. The manner of
undergoing this Teft was thui : The Perfon accus'd pafs'd blindfold,
with bare Feet, over certain Plough-ftiares made red hot, and plac'd at
an unequal Diftance from one another ; this Ordalium EdivarS the G>-
JeJTor foTffd his Mother Emma to undergo, to vindicate her Honour from
the Scandal of Incontinency with Alivyn, Bilhop of Winchefier j and by
this Trial Ihe gave a fufficient Demonftration of her Innocence j for hav-
ing pafs'd over the Irons before (he was aware of if, fhe cry'd out. When
fiiall I come to the Place of my Purgation ? And Kunigund the Wife of the
Emperor Henry the Second, upon the like Imputation, held a red hot
Iron in her Hand, and receiv'd no Harm thereby.
* Ltb, de Mirabilibus. " In HxiJitii, " Ai:ti^onc, v. 270.
Jihall
256 Of the Relipon of Greece. Chap. 6,
I Ihall dcfirC the Reader's Leave to mention but one fort more of thefe
purgation- Oaths, which is defcribed by Achilles Tatius in his eighth Book,
Of the Loves of Clitophou and Leucippe. It is this : When a Woman was
accufed of Incontinency, iit was to dear herfelf from this Charge by
Oath, which was written in a Tablet, and hung about her Neck j then
ftie went into the Water up to the Mid-leg ; where, if fhe was inno-
cent, all things remained in the fame manner as they were before } but
if guilty, the very Water, faith he, fwell'd as it were with Rage, mount-
ed up as high as her Neck, and cover'd the Tablet, left fo horrid and
deteftable a Sight, as a falfe Oath, fhould be expofed to the View of the
Sun, and the World. Some other forts of Oaths there were, of which
a larger Account might be given, had I not already trefpafs'd too far
upon the Reader's Patience : I fhall therefore only add fomething con-
cerning their religious Obfervance of Oaths, and fo conclude this Chapter.
What a religious Regard they had for Oaths doth appear from this,
that ivo^K&y or one thzx keeps his Oaths, is commonly ufed fotivatCnoi,
a pious Per/ot as in Hejiad :
Ot/i T/f \uSfKH X'^F'l '^^0' ^'''' ''"'"'!<
Nor juft, nor pious Souls fhall Favour have*
jlrijidphanes ^ alfo has taken it in the fame Senfe :
If you're with Juftice pleas'd^
On the contrary, when they would exprefs a \Vicked, forlorn Wretch,
they call'd him k'jio^Kov, perjurious, which was the worft and moft infa-
mous Title they could fix upon him ; whence Arijiophanes ^ fpeaking of
jfupiteri Lightning and Thunder-bolts, which, as fome thought, were
chiefly levell'd againft the Wicked, faith, Ei'^cp 0ai^n rii ^ofKuf,
If perjured Villains are indeed fo liable to the Stroke, honu comes it topafs
that Cleonymus tfW Theodorus (?/ffl/if fo luell; or that the poor Oak is ft
often Jhatterd to Pieces, i 3^ cTfo'j Sho^KU, fince it can never be perjured?
Such as were common and cuftomary Swearers, the Athenians branded
with the Name of Ardetti, from 'ApJ'jjr'J^j, (faith Hefychins, and out of
him Pha'vorinus) the Name of the Place wherein Oaths were required of
them before their Admiflion to publick Offices, as hath been oblerv'd in
another Place.
Falfe Swearers were in fome Places punifh'd with Death ; in others,
fufFer'd the fame Punilhment that was due to the Crime with which they
charged any innocent Perfon ; in others, only a pecuniary Mulft. But
though they fometimes efcaped human Punilhment, yet it was thought
the divine Vengeance would not fail to overtake them, and the Damons
always pretended an utter Abhorrence of fuch enormous Crimes, of
which there is a remarkable Inftance related by Herodotus "^ : There
was at Sparta a Man named Glamcus, famed over all Greece for his Juf-
tice and Integrity ; into his Hands a certain Mileftan, fearing fome
" Pluto, f Nubibus, Erato.
Danger
}
Chap. 6. ' Of the Religion of Greece. 257
Danger at Home, and being encouraged by the Charafter of the Man,
depofited a large Sum of Money ; after fome time, the Sons of this
Milefian came to Sparta, and fhewing Glaucus the Bill, demanded the
Money ; Glaucus pretended he was wholly ignorant of the Matter,
yet promis'd to recolleft with himfelf, and if he found any thing due
to them, to pay it : To do this, he took four Months time, and having
gain'd this Delay, immediately took a Journey to Delphi, on purpofe
to ask Apollo\ Opinion, whether it was lawful to perjure himfelf, there-
by to fave the Money ? The God, mov'd with Indignation at the Im-
pudence of the Man, return'd him this Anfwer ;
AKK Opy-n 7rx7( Wii drtliv/uic, /' itti ^ific>
No, Glaucus, no, I think you need not fear
To bilk your eafy Creditor, and fwear
He lent you no fuch Sum ; you'll gain thereby.
And this confider'd, you may Death defy.
Death of the Juft alike an Enemy.
But know, that Orcus has a Monfter Son
Ghattly of Shape, who ever haftens on
To o'ertake Perjuries j he'll ne'er forget
Your hainous Crime, but with revengeful Hate
Send Loffes, racking Pangs, deftruftive Woe,
Till he yourfelf with your whole Race undo. E. D.
This Prcdiftion was fully accomplifli'd in Glaucus, notwithftanding he
afterwards reftor'd the Money ; for his whole Family was in a few
Generations utterly extindl, and fo became a iiiemorable Example of
Divine Vengeance. But tho' all the other Gods took upon them lome-
times to punifh this Crime, yet it was thought in a more peculiar
manner to be the Care of Jupiter, firnam'd O^xiQ)- : Paufanias re-
ports, that in the BnA^uTHf/of or Council- Hall, at Olympia, there was a
Statue of Jupiter with a Thunder-bolt in each Hand, and a plate of Brafs
at his Feet, on which were engraven certain Elegiacal Verfes, com-
pos'd on purpofe to terrify Men from invoking that God to witnefs
any Untruth. Befide this, the perjur'd Perfons were thought to be haunt-
ed and diftrafted by the Furies, who every fifth Day in the Month
made a Vifitation, and walk'd their Rounds for that purpofe, according
to Hejiod,
OfKOT Tinvy.kya!, tw f.fit Txt ^iff*' i^/ofxo/f .
iif*ifXK V. 43.
258 Of the Religion of Greece. Cliap. 6.
All other Days the Furies quiet reft,
Only on Fifths the Peijur'd they moleft.
Revenging Orctis, Orcus the fure Bane
Of all that dare his Deity profane. E. D,
Whence Agamemnon fwearing that he had never known Brijeis call'd the
Furies to bear witnefs.
Th' Infernal furies 1 to witnefs call,
By whofe Diftraftions perjur'd Villains fall. E. 2>.
Tho' the Punifhment here meant by Homer feems to have been inflift-
ed after Death, becaufe he faith i/Vo ycua.v df-^S'^'Tnsi' &c. or, the Men
under the Earth ; and that this is the meaning of that Place doth appear
from another Oath in Homer, where the infernal Gods are invoke after
this manner, '
'.y ei i/VfV))Sf9 xa^s'vTst?
-witnefs, ye Infernal Powers
Who Souls below torment for Breach of Oaths. E. D.
Yet fome in that Place read Kufxaurtf, and then the meaning of ic
will be. That the Souls of deceased Perfons are ejnploy''d in torturing per-
jurd Villains. \
In fome Places, even infenfible Creatures were thought to take Re-
venge for this Crime ; for it was generally believ'd in Arcadia, that "
no Man could forfwear himfelf by the Waters of Styx, without under-
going fome fevere and remarkable Punilhment : And it is reported of
the fubterranean Cavern, facred to Pal^mon at Corinth, that no perjur'd
Perfon could fo much as enter into it, without being made a memo-
rable Example of Divine Juftice. In Sicily, at the Temple of the Pa-
lici, in the City Palice, there were certain Crateres, Fonts, or Lakes,
(for fo fometimes they are calPd) named Delli, out of which there
continually iffued Flames, and Balls of Fire, with boiling and llinking
Water ; and thither People us'd to refort from all Qiiarters for the de-
ciding of Controverfies : If any one fwore falfely near thefe Fonts, he
was prefently flruck either Blind, Lame, or Dead in the Place ; or was
fwallow'd up, and drowned in the Lakes, But of thefe, mention has
been made before ''.
Notwithftanding thefe, and other Inftaiices of the Dixine Difpleafure
at this Crime, and the Scandal and Infamy of it, yet was it fo much
praftis'd by the Grecians, that they could never avoid the Imputation
^ Cent", praster Arifioulem Sc Stephanum fiipra Uudatos, Diidorui Siculus, Jib. xi.
Mltcrobiai Satmrnal, lib. v, cap. xik',
of
Cliap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 259
of Treachery and Perfidioufnefs j infomuch that Gr^ca Fides came to
be proverbially applied to Men, that were wavering, inconftant, and
unfit to be truikd, or relied upon ; Plautus, in his Play call'd AJmariay
by Grteca fide mercari, means to buy ivith ready Money, as tho' without
that a Grecian was not to be meddled with ; his Words are thefe.
Diem, aquam, Selem, Lunam, no8em, hac argento nojt emo,
Ctttera, qua volumus uti, Graeca mercamur fide.
I buy not Day, nor Water, nor the Night,
Nor will my Gold the Sun or Moon procure ;
All other things, yet firft I pay it down,
Right Grecian \\Ve, for Money I can have. E. D^
7uUy likewife, in his Oration for Flaccus, fpeaks after the fame manner,
" That Nation (fays he) never made any cohfcience of obferving their
*' Oaths. And their own Country-man Euripides affirms no lefs :
ri/s-TcV Ex?.ac Ciiii n't,'
No Sparks of Honefty Greece ever had.
And Polybius yet more fully in the fixth Book of his Hiftory, '* Amongft
" the Greeks, (fays he) if you lend only one Talent, and for fecurity
" have Ten Bonds, with as many Seals, and double the number of
" Witnefles, yet all thefe Obligation^ can fcarce force them to be lio-
*' neft." Yet Aufonius had a better Opinion of them, unlefs his Worda
were Irony and Ridicule, when he faid to Paulusy
Nabifcum invenies KctriviTKut, fi libet uti.
NoH Poena, fed Grjeca fide.
At my Houfe too, promife you'll honeft be,
A wanton Mufe\ Trifles you may fee. E. D,
The TheJ/alians in particular were infamous for this Vice ; whence, a*
Zen<jdotus hath inform'd us, by QifftretKiHv voiJ.i(ry.ai, is meant Fraud and
Deceit ; and the other Proverb, viz. QiTlaheSv ooipiffixa, feems to have
had its rife from the treacherous and double Dealing of the TheJJalians
with their Confederates ; a memorable Inftance of which we have in the
Peloponnefian War, where in the midft of a Battle they turn'd Sides,
and deferting the Athenians, went over to the Lacedamonians : which
reafon feems more probable than that mention'd by Zenodotus, viz.
Their folemn Vow of an Hecatomb, of Men, made every Year to Apollo,
without any Defign of ever paying it; which they, did in imitatioa
of their Fore-father Thejfalus, who made fuch a Vow to Apollo, but,
confidering how impious and unpleafing to the God it was like to be,
negledled the Performance of it. The Locrians were no lefs infamous on
the fame account, whence thofe proverbial Sayings, AoKpoi ret< <ruyBn-
Kctf, and AoKfav a-vi>9iiua, do ufually denote fraudulent Perfons and
Praftices, as we learn from Zenodotus. And the Lacedaemonians, as they
were the moll renown'd of all the Greciam fiar their Valour,* Tempe-
S 3 ranee.
i6o Of the Relipcn of Greece. Chap. 6.
ranee, and other Virtues, fo were the moft fcandalous for their Trea-
chery, and Contempt of Oaths ; whence they are by Lycophron
Caird Piif^vho:, which the Scholiaji upon that Place expounds, -^udrctt
Kat J^oKtoi, i. e. /iars and deceitful ; and by Euripides \
Spartans, fam'd ever for bafe Treacheries.
Arijiophanes fpeaks yet more fully, when he tells u, they neither ac-
counted Altars, Promifes, nor Oaths facred. His words are thefe.
Who neither Altars, Oaths, nor Truft revere.
'And t!\at this was no Calumny may farther appear from the Jphorifm
of Lyfander, one of their moft eminent Generals, E^ct-jrATXp ;^p^a7J af
fd.ivd^fftyoLXoKf'TroMfJLtHf J^i ofKo/<, Boys, f&id he,are to be deceived ivith
Dice, but Enemies ijoith Oaths. Tho' others will have this to be the
Saying of Dionyfius the Tyrant ', However that be, 'tis certain the
Lacedaemonians, tho' perhaps more juft and pundlual in private Affairs,
had very fmall regard for Oaths in publick Bufinefs. Their great Age-
filaus feems to have thought it but a weak Obligation, whenever it
flood in competition with the Publick Good, that great Mark, to which
they thought all their Adions were to be direfted, infomuch that, as
Tlutarch ' affirms, to ferve their Country was the Principle and Spring
of all their Aftions ; nor did they account any thing juft or unjuft, by
any Meafures but that.
The Athenians feem to have had a greater regard for Honefly, as may
appear from the Story of Themijiocles in Plutarch ; for he telling the
People had form'd a Defign, which, if accomplifti'd, would be very
advantageous to the Common-wealth, but migh: not, at this time, be
communicated to the whole Affembly ; they order'd him to impart it
to Arifiides in private ; who, having heard the Matter, came and re-
ported to the People, that it was indeed a very beneficial Contrivance,
but withal the moft unjuft in the World ; whereupon they immedi-
ately commanded Themijiocles to dcfft from his Intention. Diogenian,
in his Book of Colledions, tells us, that Arji^tci fia.f>Tv< was taken for a
fmcere and uncorrupt Witnefs ; as alfo ArjtKh -TriirrK for a true, honeft,
and untainted Faith : And, tho' fome would have this Proverb taken
from the Goddefs Fides, who had a Temple at Athens, mention'd by
Plautus 8 ; and others, not from the Manners of the People, but the
Nature of their Soil, which was fo unfruitful that it brought forth juft
as much as was fown, and no more ; whence Attica fides is applied
to any Man that reftores all that he was entrufted with ; yet Velleius
Faterculus - affures us, it was taken from their Faithfulnefs, and un-
fliaken Loyalty to the Romans ; whence Attica fides is by Flaccus
call'd eerta ; by Horace " impelluta ; and by Silius * Pura. Not-
withftandjng this, their Honefty was not fo firm, but that it might
Cajfandr, v. 1124. * Aniromach. v, 445. Alex, ah A /ex. lib. v. cap. x,
* Vita Agejilai. 6 In Aulul. " Hiftor. lib, i. Argin, lib. iv. J^ lib. iii.
Oi. xn. ' Bell. Funic, lib. xiii.
fome<
Chap. 7. Of the Religion of Greece. i6t
fometimes be fliaken by the alluring and Jpecious Temptation of the
Publick Good. I will conclude this Chapter with an Inft:ince of this,
taken out of Plutarch , which is the more remarkable, and more
clearly evidences the Difpolition and Temper of that State, becaufe it
was approvM by the Confent of the People, and put in Execution by
Arijl'idest a Man of greater renown for Juftice and upright Dealing,
than any that City ever brought forth. He, when the Grecians (after
they had utterly routed all the Remainders of Xerxes's numerous Army)
defign'd a common rnvafioo upon Perfia, took a folemn Oath in the
Name of the Athenians^ to obferve the League j but afterwards, when
things where brought to fuch a pafs, as conftrain'd them to govern
with a ftronger Hand than was confiftent with it, advis'd diem to
throw the Perjury upon him, and manage Affairs, as their Convenience
required. Upon the whole Matter, Theophraftus tells us (faith Plutarch)
that this Perlon was in his own private Affairs, and thofe of his Pel-
low-Citizens, nicely juft, but in publick Matters did many things ac-
cording to the State and Condition of his Country, for whofe fake
he frequently committed Aits of Injuftice. Then he adds, that it was
reported of him, that to one who was in debate. Whether he fhould
convey a certain Treafure from Delos to Athens, contrary to the League,
at the Perfuafion of the Samians, he fhould fay, That the }hing luas not
jujiy hut expedient.
CHAP. VIL
Of the Grecian "Divination^ and Oracles in general.
IT was a received Opinion in all Ages, that the Gods were wont to
converfe familiarly with fome Men, whom they endow'd with ex-
traordinary Powers, and admitted to the Knowledge of their Counfels
and Defigns. Thefe are by the Greeks call'd (jlccvth^, and ^eivTiKVl is a
general Name for all forts of Dimination, and fignifies the k.iowledge
of Things obfcure, or future, which cannot be atuin'd by any ordina-
ry or natural Means. It is divided by Plato ", (who is foilow'd here-
in by Ariftotle, Plutarch and Cicero) into two Species, one of which is
call'd Ari-)^v-f et^t/ettT-, and naturalis, i. e. unartificial, or na-
tural Divination, as not being attain'd by any Rules, Precepts, or Ob-
iervations, but infpir'd into the Diviner, without his taking any farther
Care about it, than to purify and prepare himfelf to receive the Divine
Afflatus. With this fort were all thofe endued, who deliver'd Oracles,
and foretold future Events by Lifpiration, without obfcrvring ex-
ternal Signs or Accidents : Such were the Sibyls, and other En-
thufiafls. Some there are that reduce Divination by Dreams under
this Species, becaufe in them Revelations were made without any
Pains or Art of the Dreamers ; but herein lies the miflake of this
Argument, that not the Dreamers, but the Interpreters of Dreams
" Vit. Arifttdii, Fbxdo.
S 2 wcro
26 z Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 7.
were the Diviners ; and that their Skill was the EfFeft of Art and Ob-
fervation, is evident from the many Books written upon that Subject,
and the various Signs deliver'd in them to make Conjedlures by ; in
like manner, it was not fo much the Bufmefs of an Augur to fee the.
Birds of Divination, which might cafually happen to any rude and
unskilful Perfon ; but after he had feen them, to interpret what was
portended by them.
Thefe, therefore, with others of the like Nature, are to be referrM to
the fecond Species of Divination, call'd Tc'^^vikyi, or Artificial, becaufe
it was not obtain'd by immediate Infpiration, but was the EfFed of
Experience and Obfervation ; as Sooth-faying : Or depended chiefly up-
on human Art, Invention, or Impolition j which neverthelei's was not
fuppos'd to be altogether deftitute of Divine Diredion and Concurrence ;
liich was Divination by Lots.
I fliall begin with the firft fort of Divination, as having a more im-
mediate Dependance on the Gods ; and firft, with the nobleil part of it,
I mean Oracles, which are call'd in Greek "x^fm^j-o), xv^t^V'^i^* Xf'"^'
fjioSn^jAlA, (j.etV7i\jutt\(t,^io'7rf'j'?ria.,] ^i(mi(T(j.eS,a., -j'ii5a7e,&c.The Inter-
preters, or Revealers of Oracles, 'xS'y\<HJ.ohiyQi, Sec. The Confulters,
<^io7rp<)^ot. Sec. The Places, in which they were deliver'd, yjt\(j7\)<>t<t
fjftvTiiA, &c. Some of which Names were alfo applied to other forts of
Divination.
Of all the forts of Divination Oracles had always the greateft Re^
pute, as being thought to proceed in a more immediate manner from
the Gods ; whereas others were deliver'd by Men, and had a greater
Dependance on them, who might either out of Ignorance, Miftake, or
out of Fear, Hopes, or other unlawful and bafe Ends, conceal, or be-
tray the Truth ; whereas they thought the Gods, who were neither
obnoxious to the Anger, nor flood in need of the Rewards, nor car'd
for the Promifes of Mortals, could not be prevail'd upon to do either
of them. Upon this Account, Oracles obtain'd fo great Credit and
Efteem, that in all Doubts and Difputes their Determinations were
held facred and inviolable : Whence Strabo " reports, vail numbers
flock'd to them, to be refolv'd^ in all manner of Doubts, and ask Coun-
fel about the management of 'their Affairs ; infomuch, that no Bufinefs
of great Confequence and Moment was undertaken, fcarce any Peace
concluded, any War wag'd, any new Form of Government inftituted, or
new Laws enafted, without the Advice and Approbation of an Oracle :
Crccfus P before he durft venture to declare War againft the Perjians,
coniulted not only all the moil famous Oracles in Grif^'r^, but fent Am-
bafl'adors as far as Libya to ask Advice of Jupiter Hammon. Minos 1
the Grecitin Law-giver, convers'd with Jupiter, and receiv'd In-
ftruftions from him, how he might new model his Government. Ly-
curgus alfo jnade frequent Vifits to the Delphian Apollo, and receiv'd
from him that Platform, which afterwards he communicated to the
Lacedemonians. Nor does it matter whether thefe things were really
true or not, fmce 'tis certain they were believed to be fo ; for hence
appears what great Efteem Oracles v/ere in, at leaft among the Vulgar
fort, when Lawgivers, and Men of the greateft Authority were forc'd
lib. xvi. ' Hendoc, lib> i, ^ Sir aba loc. cit.
to
L,hap. 7. VJ we Keiigion oj Oreece. 26^
to makeufe of thefe Methods to win them into Compliance. My Au*
thor goes yet higher, and tells us, that infpired Perfons were thought
worthy of the greateft Honour and Trufts ; infomuch that fometimes
we nd them advanc'd to the Throne, and invefted with Reo^al Power ;
for that being admitted to the Counfels of the Gods, they were bell able
to provide for the Safety and Welfare of Mankind.
This Reputation flood the Priefts (who had their Dependance on the
Oracles) in no fmall ftead ; for finding their Credit thus thoroughly
4eilablifh'd, they allow'd no Man to confult their Gods, before he had
iter'd coftly Sacrifices, and made rich Prefents to them : Whereby
it came to pafs, that few befide great and wealthy Men were admitted
to afk their Advice, the relt being unable to defray the Charges re-
quired on that account j which contributed very much to raile the
Efteem of Oracles among the common People ; Men generally being
apt to admire the things they are kept at fome diftance from ; and, on
the other hand, to condemn what they are familiarly acquainted with.
Wherefore to keep up their Elleem with the better fort, even they
were only admitted upon a few ftated Days ; at other times neither
the greateft Prince could purchafe, nor Perfons of the greateft Quality
any ways obtain an Anfwer. Jlexander himfelf was peremptorily de-
jiied by the Pythia, till fhe was by downright Force compeird to aC-
cend the Tripus, when finding herfelf unable to refift any longer, Ihe
cry'd out Avirf}@- h, Thou art invincible ; which Words were thought a
very lucky Omen, and accepted inftead of a farther Oracle.
As to the Caufes of Oraches, it has been difputed whether they were
the Revelations of Daemons, or only the Delufions of crafty Priefts. P^aa
Dale has wrote a large Treatife in Defence of the latter Opinion ; but
his Arguments are not of fuch force but that they might without Dif-
ficulty be refuted, if either my Defign required, or Time permitted
me to anfwer them. However that be, it was the common Opinion,
that Jupiter was the firft Caufe of this and all other forts of Divination ;
'twas He that had the Books of Fate, and out of them reveal'd either
jnore or lefs, as he pleas'd, to inferior Dtcmom ; for which reafon he
was firnam'd n^J'o/^^ai- as Eujlathius tells us in his Comment upon
this verfe of Homer \
then at the holy F.lne
To mighty Jove was the glad Vilim flain.
To Jove from whom all Divination comes.
And infpir'd Oracles unriddle future Dooms. H. H.
Of the other Gods Jpollo was reputed to have the greateft fkfll in mak-
ing Prediftions, and therefore it was one of his Offices to prefide over,
and infpire all forts of Prophets, and Diviners j but this was only in
fubordination to Jupiter, and by Converfe with, and Participation from
him, as JEfchylus " gives us to underftand, when he faith,
' Iliad. S' 250. Saccrdotibus.
S 4 Sr^XAi/y
264 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Chap. 7.
Send, quickly fend, for fo my yove infplr'd
PhcBbus commands. . H. H.
On the fame account, in another place ', when he brings in Apollo,
commanding Men to reverence his own Oracles, He adds. They mull
alfo pay due refpedl to thofe of Jupiter, without mentioning any of the
Other Prophetick Deities ; His words are thefe.
To mine, and Jove's moft facred Oracles
Pay due Obeifance. r
Others report, that Jpollo receiv'd the Art of Divination from Pan "
others will have him inftrudled by Thtmis ", others by Glaucus '''
Laftly, Some were of Opinion, 7hv A^foJ^ijnu Ov^faviav Tc/ (j.nTi^A
A6iv, '7ra!'< f/'UVTiieK )o 'Tpoyveio'eccf ivpirm' That the hea'venly Venus
nuas the Mother of the Uni'ver/e, aud the Inve}itor of Di'vination and
^Trognofiication,
The manner of delivering Oracles was not in all Places, nor at all
Times the fame : in fome Places the Gods reveal'd them by Interpre-
ters, as did Apollo at Delphi; in others more immediately, giving
anfwers themfslves, which they either pronounc'd 'vi'va 'voce, or re-
turn 'd by Dreams, or Lots, (the former of which were fuppos'd to be
infpir'd, and the latter direfted by the Gods) or fome other Way.
The Oracles which the Gods themfelves pronounc'd, were term'd
p^pmrfioi AxiTothtivoi, thofe which were deliver'd by Interpreters, yj^-^s(xoi
v!OT(ftT/>to" At fome places, feveral ways were us'd ; for Inftance, they
who confulted Trophonius, after having proposed their Queftions, firll
receiv'd an anfwer in a Dream ; and, if that was obfciire, and hard to
be underftood, had the meaning of it interpreted by Men kept for
that purpofe, and inftrufted in that Art by the Deity : Several other
ways alfo this God us'd to give anfwers to Enquirers, as Faufanias re-
ports in his Defcription of Bceotia ; and in another place *, the fame
Author mentions thefe Heroick Verfes, as fpoken by Irophoniui :
ITpJf (Tcpi avy^uXiiti i/QpcTi, r>''"aS's TfoVa/ov
Aa-viJx KOT/uxo'aiV'ri! iy.tit, ihi iiirxro turn
hiiiui i'ucfj. fjtitmv ^^isrci rfaTOv a.s'TiK^xu^'
Let not the bloody Enfigns be difplay'd.
Nor leaft Attack upon your Foes be made.
' lumenidibus. " A[>ollonius Argon. Jib. iii. * Orpkeui byrano in Themidem
ver. 9. ^ /ithanaui lib. vii. * Mejfenic,
Before
Chap. 8. Of the Religion of Greece. 265
Before an ample Trophy you eredl.
And to my hallow'd Shield pay due Refpeft,
Which in the Temple to my growing Praife
The valiant Arifiomenes did raife :
Thus when you've done, you may expeft that I -
Will crown thefe Toils of War with joyful Viftory. H. H.
Which Anfwer was given to the Thebanj before the Battle of LeuSlra,
wherein, by the Conduft of Epamtnondas, they gave the Lacedamonians
and their Confederates a notable Overthrow.
Thus much of Oracles in general. I (hall in the next place endeavour
to give a particular Defcription of them, efpecially fuch as were of any
Note, together with a fhort Account of the Ceremonies required of thole
that confulted them, tiie Manner of returning Anfwers, with other
things remarkable in each of them. And becaufe Jupiter was reputed
to be the firll Author of Oracles, I ftiall begin with thofe which were
thought to be more immediately deliver'd by him.
CHAP. viir.
Of the Oracles of Jupiter. '
DODO NJ a is by fome thought to have been a City of Thejfaly ;
by others it was placed in Epirus ; and others, to reconcile thefe
two Opinions, will have two Dodonas, one in Theffaly, and another in
Epirus. They that place it in Epirus (and that is generally believ'd to
have been the Seat of the Oracle, whether there was another Dodona in
The/falyy or not) are no lefs divided in their Opinions about it ; for fome
of them will have it in Thefprotia, others in Chaonia, or MoloJJia ; but
Euf^athius b has undertaken to decide the Controverfy, telling us, that it
did indeed once belong to the Thefprotians, but afterwards fell into the
Hands of the Mnlojftans ; and he is herein confirm'd by Strabo c.
It was firft built by Deucalion, who in that univerfal Deluge, where-
in the greatell part of Greece perifhed, retreated to this Place, which by
reafon of its Height fecurcd him from the Waters. Hither reforted to
him all that had efcaped from the Inundation, with whom he peopled
his new-built City, calling it Dodpna, either from a Sea-nymph of that
Name, or Dodon the Son, or Dodone the Daughter of Jupiter and Eu-
ropa ; or from the River Dodon, or Don, for fo it is call'd by Stephanus ;
or, as fome fay, from Dodonim, the Son of Javan, who was Captain of
a Colony ftnt to inhabit thofe Parts of Epirus. At the fame Time,
Deucalion is faid to have founded a Temple, which he confecrated to
Jupiter, who is thence call'd Dodotiaus. This was the firlt Temple in
Greece, but the Oracle feems to have been a confiderable Time before
it ; for Herodotus in the fecond Book of his Hillory reports, that it
a Eujldtb. Iliad. j p, 254. & Iliad, v p, 1074. dit. Bafd, Stepbanui Byzant.
b Odyfl'. ^'. p. 534 c Gcogr. lib, X.
was
266 Of the Religion of Creece. Chap. 8. ,
was the moft ancient of all Oracles in Greece, which would be falfe, had
it not been before Deucalion s Time ; for j he, as the Poets tell us, having
cfcaped the Deluge, confulted the Oracle of Themis on Mount Pamaffusy
what Means he fhould ufe to replenifiithe Country with People j and the .
fame Oracle isfaid to have been joinily poffefs'd by the Earth and Nep-
tune, before it belong'd to Themis.
The Original of it, though, like all other things of fuch Antiquity,
wrapp'd up in Fables, I will repeat to you out of the foremention'd Place
of Herodotus, where he hath given us two Accounts of it, the firft of
which, he tells us, he received from the Priells of Jupiter at Thebes in
jEgypt, which was this : That the Phoenicians had carry'd away two
Priefteffes from that Place, one of which they fold into Lyhia, the other
into Greece ; that each of thefe had ereded the firft Oracle in thofe Na-
tions, the one of Jupiter Hammon, the other of Jupiter Dodonaus. The
other Account was given him by the Priefteffes at Dodona, and confirm'd
by all thofe that miniftred in the Temple, vix. That two black Pigeons
taking their Flight from Thebes in jEgypt, one of them came to Libya,
where fhe commanded that an Oracle fhould be eredled to Hammon ; the
other to Dodona, wher fhe fat upon an Oak-Tree, and fpeaking with
an human Voice, order'd, that there fhould be in that Place an Oracle
to Jupiter. Afterwards Herodotus delivers his own Opinion about the
Matter, which was this : That if the Phoenicians did really carry two
Women from Thebes, and fell one of them in Libya, and the other in
Greece, it might be probable, that fhe that Avas tranfported into Greece
was fold to the Thefprotians in that Country, which in his Time wascall'd
Hellas, but formerly nam'd Pelafgia, where fhe inftituted the Oracle to
Jupiter, and gave Inflruftions after what Manner he was to be worfhip'd.
To confirm this Conjefture, he adds, that thofe two Oracles have a near
Refemblance to each other. Moreover he tells us, the two Women were
faid to be black, becaufe they came from jEgypt ; and werecall'd Doves,
becaufe their Language was barbarous, and as unintelligible as that of
Birds ; afterwards, when they had learn'd the Greek Tongue, they were
faid to fpeak with an human Voice. Eujiathius * gives two Reafons
more for this Appellation : the firfl is, that they were calPd Yl^hna./, or
Doves, q.n-A.0A4i''Jf> becaufe they made their Predidions by the Ob-
fervation -of thofe Birds ; as they, who made ufe of Crows in Divination
were nam'd KopaKOfxavjUi. The other Reafon is, that in the Molofftan
Language old Women were call'd Uihitui, and old MenFIiAs/o/ ; and that
thofe Propheteffes being old Women, either by a Miftake of the Word,
or a Poetical Equivocation, were call'd Doves : And why aged Perfons
fhould be thus term'd, the old Scholiaji upon Sophocles e informs us ; for,
faith he, the three old Propheteffes were call'd UiMici q. UiToXicopu-vai,
becaufe of their gray Hairs. Servius gives another Reafon in his Com-
ment upon Virgirsmv.xh. Eclogue \ viz. That in the Theffalian Tongue
the Word rieXsistf is ufed to Signify aProphetefs, as well as a Dove ; and
it feems no unufual thing amongil the ancient Greeks, for Propheteffes to
have the Name of Doves, whence the Jinigmatical Poet calls CaJJandra
by tljat Name twice in one Sentence * :
d Odyff. f p. 54.4, 54J. Edit. ifayiV. -irac/w;?. v. 176. f.Vcr.83. ^ Caj-
fandr. v. 357. t"
T)i|"Of ^<a/wf ^a.<r<T<t TTpit Tctyx /tX**
Chap. 8. Of the Religion of Greece. 267
As when a ra^f^nous Vulture firft efpies
A trembling Pigeon, ftraitway foufing flies
Thro' liquid Air, to bear the wifh'd-for Prize
To his jetherial Neft : fo I, forlorn.
Shall, as a weak and tim'rous Dove, be born
B' infulting Jjax to a foreign Bed. JJ. H.
Laftly, others give this Account : That in the Hieroglyphkal Way of
Writing,according to Horapollo, TwaIka yii^Av\'7niJ.i\v'i(Tcv tUxft ^avat^
^i\ovTii7(jL^vcti, lai^i^i^ctv fjii^aivav {w^facSa-/* They Jtgnify a Widoiv,
Kvho remains unmarried till Death, by a black Pigeon. Which very well
agrees with the forementien'd Relation of Herodotus. Others fay, that
this Oracle was founded by the Pelafgians, who were the moft ancient of
all the Nations that inhabited Greece. Of this Opinion is Strabo^, being
led hereunto by the Tellimony of Homer, who calls the fame Jupiter by
the two Names of Dodonaus and Pelafgicus, in this Verfe ' :
Ziij, ayn AuS'uyan, IliXayy/x:-
Telafgian Jome, that far from Greece refides
In cold Dodona.
Hejlod, whofe Teftimony alfo Strabo makes ufe of, is ftill more exprefs J
^a/a'nir, pr^SiT%Ih\aay!ii%S'fvi<i<i%Kn,
He to Dodona came, and th' hallow'd Oak,
The Seat of the Pelafgi ,
And this feems fomewhat more probable ; efpecially if what is commonly
reported of Dfi^f//o deferves any Credit, 'vix. That he fav'd himfelf
from the Deluge, not on the Top of the Mountain at Dodona, but on
Parnajfus, where was the Oracle of Themis, confulted by him after his
Deliverance. Strabo relates another fabulous Opinion concerning the
Foundation of this Oracle, out of Suidas'% Thejfalica, who (faith my Au-
thor) out of a Defign to gratify the Thejfaliar.s with a new-invented Fa-
ble, hath reported, that the Oracle oi Dodona was tranflated into Epirut
out of Pelafgia, a Country of Thejfaly, being accompanied by a great
Number of Women, from whence the Prophetefles in After-Ages were
defcended ; and that Jupiter received from them the AppeUation of
Pelafgicus.
The Perfons that deliver'd the Oracles were at the firft Men, as Straho
and Eujlathius ' have obferv'd out of Homer, who calls them in the Maf-
culine Gender T7roipjjTtf, and "^AKK^i ^ :
** Geogr, lib. vii. ' Iliad. Tt v, 235* \ Loc. dt. ' LoCi cltat "> Loc. dtat. ,
f 6S Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 8.
Parent of Gods and Men, Pelafglan Jo've,
King of Dodona and its hallow'd Grove ;
King of Dodona, whofe intemp'rate Coaft
Bleak Winds infeft, and Winter's chilling Froft,
Round thy Abode thy Priefts with unwafh'd Feet
Lie on the naked Earth.. H. H.
Where fome, as we are there inform'd by Euflathitis, read ct'^ei /I a
Eaac/, making thofe Priefts to be call'd Helli ; but the former Leftion,
he tells us, is generally receiv'd. The Se/Ii are fo call'd from SelJip, a
Town in Epirus ; or, according to Euftathius, from the River call'd by
Homer "" Selleis :
Whom he from Ephyra and Selleis brought.
But herein he contradifts Straho, who afRrms, that the River doth
not belong to Ephyra in Thefprotia j for that neither there, nor yet in Mo-
lojjia was ever any River of that Name, but to another Ephyra, which
is a City of Elis in Peloponnefus. The fame were call'd Elli, or Helli,
from Ellus the Iheffalian, from whom Ellopia, a Country about Dodona,
receiv'd its Name : And Philochorusva. 5/ra^o is of Opinion, that thefe
Priefts were named Elli from this Region ; but Pliny will have the
Selli and the Inhabitants of Ellopia to have been a different People.
Afollodorm in Strabo thinks they were call'd Eaao/, ctVo tuv iht^v, from
the Fens and Marjhes near the Temple of Z)o//(;. We are inform'd
by Jrijiotle, that the Country of the Selli was inhabited by the Graci,
who were vvv Eaa.w.<, in his Time caW d Hellenes. And Hefychius re-
ports, that A/Of li^QV iv AwcTftJi'K, Jupiter'' s Temple in Dodona was call'd.
EK?^eL. Whence it is probable, .that thefe Men were firft call'd Helli,
and not Selli. The fame is farther prov'd by the Scholiaji upon Homer "
from Pindar, who derives the Name from one Hellus, tk vfui^ Kojct-
J^ii^Av]- Tc' (J.UII7HCV, nisho firft difconjer^ d the Oracle. Afterwards, either
by a Confufion of the Words a' Eaaoi in Homer, which might eafily
happen, when it was cuftomary to write continuo dulu, without Di-
llinftion of Words or Sentences ; or by changing the Afpiration into
the Letter o", which Grammarians have obfcrv'd to be a common Va-
riation, they were call'd Selli. However that be, from the two Epi-
thets of dvi'TrlorToJ'i.i, and ^a./jiee.iivvetif given them by Homer, Strata
concludes they were barbarous and unciviliz'd ; EuJIathius tells us,
they were named yauaHiTven, becaufe they flept upon the Ground in
Skins, and in thatPofture expefted prophetical Dreams from ya/i//^r .
" liiad, c. V. J31. iliad. n'. ver. Z34. llud. 57 . p. 1074.. Edit. Ba/l.
Others,
Chap. 8. Of the Religion of Greece. ' 269
Others, he tells us, would have them call'd x'^y.a.itvvAi, becaufe they
did not lie in Beds, but upon the bare Ground ; and dviTJi'TroJ'ii, be-
caufe they never went out of the Temple, and therefore had no occa-
fion to wafli their Feet ; whence Euripides in his Erechtheus p faith of
them,
Tlyiyalfi t/J' u'x vypsuynirt iroifaf
Nor bath'd their Feet in any purling Stream.
Laftly, others will have thefe Names to be underftood In a fymbolictl
and figurative Senfe, thus : XaixanS'vcin /ug , ct^i'jrToToJ'ii q TTer/ ^ayuLi
fiiv ivya^'olJL^vcl, eiu'7r]tiyt.ivn tTe 70V ka'tu retif S^ictvoitm, J)a, .54 \y
fiAVTeiAif ^iKoToilttv. i. e. Their Bodies indeed did lie upon the Ground^ but
their Minds, by the AJJifiance of p'-ophetical Philofophy, mounting higher ^
Joard above thefe lower Regions. The fame, with other Accounts of thefe
Tides, are alfo given by the old Scholiaft upon that Paffage of Homer.
There is a Report grounded upon the Teftimony of Pherecydes, that
before the Time of the Sells the Temple oi Dodona was inhabited by the
feven Daughters oi Atlas, that were the Nurfes oi Bacchus, and from this
Temple call'd Dodonides. Their Names were thefe ; Ambrofa, Eudora^
Pafithoe, Coronis, Plexature, Pytho, and Tyche, or Tythe. However that
be, 'tis certain, that in later Ages the Oracles were pronounced by three
old Women ; and Strabo tells us, this Change was made, thax. Jupiter ad-
mitted Dione to cohabit with him, and receive Divine Honours in this
Temple : Nor was it ftrange or unufual that the fame Temple ftiould
belong to two Deities ; for Apollo and Bacchus were worlhip'd in the
Temple at Delphi j Apollo and Branchus, or, as Stephanus ^ affirms, Jupiter
and Apollo at Miletus.
Strabo in his Defcription of Bceotia reports, that of the People who
confulted this Oracle, all others receiv'd Anfwers from Women, but th
Boeotians receiv'd theirs from Men ; and the Reafon of this Cuftom wc
have in the fame Place, which was thk : In a War between the Bceotiant
and Pelafgians, the Boeotians coming to Dodona to enquire of Jupiter tht
Event of the War, receiv'd Anfwer, That their Enterprize Ihould have
Succefs, if they would att wickedly. Upon this the Boeotians fufpefting
that the Prophetefs fpake in favour of the Pelafgians, (they being the
firft Founders of that Oracle) feiz'd her, and call her into the Fire,
juftifying the Lawfulnefs of the Faft. On the other hand, they that
miniftred in the Temple thinking it impious to put to Death (efpecially
in fo facred a Place) Perfons uncondemn'd, would have had them refer
the Matter to the two furviving Propheteffes ; but the Boeotians alledging,
that no Laws in the World permitted Women to do Judgment, it was
agreed that two Men Ihould be in joint Commiflion with them. When
the Time to pafs Sentence was come, they were condemn'd by the
Women, and abfolv'd by the Men j" whereupon (as was ufual when the
Number of Voices was equal on both fides) the Boeotians were acquitted
and difmifs'd. Ever after it was eftabliih'd, that Men only fhould give
Anfwers to the Boeotians.
* Ver, jzj. s VoceAirfi//<. ' Geogr. lib, ix.
Tht
270 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 8.
The Prophets of this Temple were commonly call'd Tomuri, the Pro-
pheteffes Tomute, from Tomurus, a Mountain in Thefprotia, at the Foot of
which flood the Temple. So commonly was this word made ufe of
that it came at laft to be a general Name for any Prophet ; for fo Hefy-
thius expounds it, and Lycophron ' in this Senfe applies it to Prylis the Son
of Mercury.
The beft of Prophets, and the trueft too.
Some are of Opinion, that all the Oracles were here' delivered by Wo-
men ; and that the Se/Ii were only Inhabitants of the neighbouring
Country, who had fome Employment in the Temple, and publifli'd the
Oracles receiv'd from the ProphetelTes to other Men. Hence they will
have them to be call'd by Homer, not iirsoz^reif, but -Ccmxptnati' -Garopn-
yifi'of/^ctf oVo ray U^suv kKti'>ovTa.(, That Name fignifying Men iv/jif
livd in the Temple, and puhlijh' d the An/aver made by the Prjejis.
Near the Temple there was a facred Grove full of Oaks or Beeches,
in which the DryadeSj Fauni, and Satyri were thought to inhabit, and
were frequently feen dancing under the Shades of the Trees. Before
Sowing was invented, when Men liv'd upon Acorns, thofe of this Wood
were very much efteemed j infomuch that Virgil hath mention' d theia
hy way of Eminence * :
Liher, ^ alma Ceres, njejlro fi munere tellui
Chaonia pingui glandem mutavit arifta.
Bacchus and Ceres, taught by you, the Field
Doth Grain for old Chaonian Acorns yield.
And Wine for Water.
And again in the fame Book ^ :
Prima Qtxt% ferro mortales 'vertere terram
Jnflituit ', cumjamglandesatquearbutafacra
Deficerent fil'va, fs* 'viSum Dodona negaret.
Acorns and Wildings when the Woods deny'd.
Nor old Dodona longer Food fupply'd.
Then Ceres taught to till the pregnant Earth. H. H. ,
Thefe Oaks or Beeches were endued with an human Voice and Prophe-
tical Spirit, for which Reafon they were call'd neo(7t7'ofo/, and (xuvriKeti
J^fVif, i. e. /peaking and prophefying Oaks. And Jrgo, the Ship of the Ar-
gonauts, being built with the Trees of this Wood, was endued with
the fame Power of fpeaking ; whence Lycophron ^ calls it Ktihn^^ov
Kicnrav, a chattering Magpye. The Reafon of which Fiftion fome think
was this : The Prophets, when they gave Anfwers, placed themfelves
* Cafiandr, V. 223. I Georg. v. 27. I Verf. 146. ; Caffandr. v. 1319.
in
Chap. S. Of the Religion of Greece. 2y
in one of theCe Trees, (for fome will only allow this vocal Faculty to
one of them) and fo the Oracle was thought to be utter'd by the Oak,
which was only pronounced out of its hollow Stock, or from amongit
its Branches. And fome are of Opinion, that the Oracles were deliver'd
from the Branches of the Tree, becaufe the prophetical Pigeon is by
Herodotus reported tI (pn-yiT VCi^> to have fat upon the Tree : And the
Scholiaji upon Sophocles ^ aifirms, thatuVfaV T8~(xctVT Si)0 riffetv 'TnhHa.i,
above the Oracle there nvere tavo Pigeons. But others rather think, that
Oracles were pronounced from the hollow Stock, both becaufe the Pro-
phetefs could beft be conceal'd there, and becaufe it is exprefs'd and af-
rm'd in the following Fragment of Jiejioifs Eoa :
Tm* Zivt tiuinv, Xj til yfr>rfw tiv*t
I mull ftot omit the Brazen Kettles of this Place, which fome affirm,
and others -again deny to have been ufed in delivering Oracles. How-
ever that be. Demon in Suidas reports, they were fo artificially placed
about the Temple, that by ftriking one of them the Sound was commu-
nicated to all the reft. But Ariftotle, cited by the fame Author, ot Ari-
fiidest as he is call'd by Stephanus the Byxantian, defcribes the matter
thus: That there were two Pillars, on one of which was placed a Kettle,
upon the other a Boy holding in his Hand a Whip with Lafhes of Brafs,
which, being by the Violence of the Wind ftruck againft the Kettle,
caus'd a continued Sound j whence came the Proverb, Aw/wfttTo^ VAKKCtaVt
vnX Tuj ^/.lY.^oKay'ivluv , or rather e-r/ luv uAK^oK^yivlwv , for it was ap-
plied to talkative Perfons. Another Saying we have not much different
from the former, o/Za:. Ksj xopaiw;/ fwtV/^, which (as fome are of Opinion)
was taken from this Whip, which, together with the Boy and Kettle, were
all dedicated by the Corcyreans '>'. About what Time, or upon what
Account this Oracle came toceafe, is uncertain; but Strabo ' , whoflou-
rilh'd under Augujlus Cafar, faith, that in his Time the Gods had in a
manner deferted that and moft other Oracles.
The fame Author % in his Defcription of Elis, makes mention of an
Oracle of Olympian yupiter, which was once famous, but did not continue
long in Repute ; yet the Temple in which it flood ftill preferv'd its
ancient Splendor, and was adorn'd with magnificent Struftures, and en-
riched with Prefents from every part of Greece. Pindar alfo hath taken
notice of an Altar dedicated to Jupiter at Pifa, where Anfwers were
given by the Pofterity of Janus .
There was another very ancient Oracle of Jupiter in Cretet mention'd
by Strabo, from which Minos is faid to have rcceivM a Platform of the
Laws afterwards enaded by him ; whence Homer faith of him.
Traclim. ver. 174. r Epitom. Sirab, \\\^ vii. Lib. vii, ' Lib. viii.
k Olymp. initio. Dd, vi,
Minos,
272 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9.
Minos, that Counfels dar'd with yovc to mix.
Nine Years Crete's Scepter fway'd. . .
That IS, (as Plato in Strabo expounds it) He defcended into the facred
Cave of Jupiter (for this Oracle was under Ground) and receiv'd from
hira thofe Precepts, which he afterwards made publick for the common
Benefit of Mankind. The Will of the Gods was reveal'd in this Place
by Dreams, in which the Gods came and convers'd familiarly with the
Enquirers ; as we learn from the Story of Epimenides '^, who lay afleep in
this Place many Years. Pythagoras alfo defcended into this Cave to con-
fult the Gods, as Diogenes Laertius hath related in the Life of that Phi-
lofopher. There was a Temple in the fame Place dedicated to Jupiter^
from which to the City Cnojfus ' there was a high Road, very pleafant.
It flood upon Mount Ida ; and tho' Maximus Tyrius, in the foremention'd
Place, callsit A/Kxais A<if cUvrpov, yet in his twenty-fecond Diflertation
he faith, it was placed on Ida ; to which Diogenes Laertiut and others
agree. It was fometimes call'd A^kbij-iov, from the Word afKiffat, which
fignifies to he/p or defend ; becaufe the Sons of Titan, being vanquifh'd
by Saturn, fled into this Cave, and there efcaped the Fury of their pur-
fuing Conqueror *.
C H A P. IX.
Of the Oracles of Apollo.
I Come in the next place to fpeak of the Oracles of Apollo, who was
thought more peculiarly to prefide over Prophets, and infpire into
them the Knowledge of future Events ; whence the .Enigmatical Poet
calls him K.;f/fc)@-, ox Gainful, from XEp/-, Gain, became of the Profit
which Mankind receiv'd by his Predidlions, faith Tzetxet ^upon that Place.
The Oracles of Apollo were not only the moft numerous, but of the
greateft Repute ; and amongfl; them the Delphian challeng'd the firft
Place, as well for its Antiquity, (wherein it contended even with that of
Dodona) as for the Truth and Perfpicuity of its Anfwers, the Magnifi-
cence of its Structures, the Number aijd Richnefs of the facred aVatSw-
f/ee"]*, or Prefents, dedicated to the God, and the Multitudes which from
all Parts reforted thither for Counfel ; in which refpeft it furpafs'd not
only all the Oracles of other Gods, but even thofe facred to Apollo himfelf.
The Place in which the Oracles were deliver'd was call'd Pythium^
the Prieftefs Pythia. The Sports alfo inflituted in Honour of Apolh
were nam'd Pythian, and ApoUo himfelf Pythius ; either from Python, a
Serpent, or a Man for his Cruelty fo call'd, who poffefs'd this Place,
and was overcome by Apollo ; or, et^o t~ -tsv^ihv^ i. e. to putrify j becaufe
the Carcafe oiPytho was fuffer'd to lie there and putrify ; which Reafon
_s given us by Homer 8 j or, a'-ro tsT Tt/Gid^, i. e. to enquire ; becaufe
i
Maximus Tyrius Diff. xxvii. * Plato de Leg. lib, i, * Etymolog. Auftor.
* CaJJ'tindr, V. acH. Hymn, in Apillimm, r. 372,
the
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 27^
the Oracle was there confulted and enquir'd of, and this is ^trabo^s
Opinion : or from Pytho, another name of Delphi, the place of this Ora-
cle, given it from Pythis, the Son of Delphus, the Son of Apollo.
The City Delphi (as Straho '^ reports) was by fome thought to be
plac'd in the middle of the World ; and the Poets feign that Jupiter,
being defirous to know the middle part of the Earth, fent forth two
Eagles, (or Crows, as Pindar, or Swans, as others relate) one from
the Eaft, the other from the Weft, and that they met in this Place.
However that be, Strabo telleth us, it was plac'd in the middle of
Greece; whence it is by the Poets commonly call'd C/i/t ctA ' , which,
word fignifieth the iVflo;^/, becaufe that is the middle part of Man's Body;
and therefore Sophocles calls this Oracle uiff(;/jLj>eiiKov yetineiiiv : and in
allufion to that Name Strabo and Paufanias fay, there was to be feen
in the Temple the figure of a Navel, made of white Stone, with a
Ribband hanging from it, inftead of the Navel-ftring, and upon it
were plac'd two Eagles, in Memory of the Eagles fent forth by Jupiter,
But LaSlantius and Phurnutus are of Opinion, that this Name was not
deriv'd from the Situation of the Place, but from the Divine Anfwers
given there, which are in Greek cali'd 0^.?6(, and Varro herein agrees
with them.
Concerning the Original of this Oracle there arfe various Reports :
Diodorus the Sicilian * tells us, it firft belong'd to Earth, by whom
Daphne, one of the Mountain Nymphs, was conftituted Prieftefs ; the
fame Author afterwards faith, that m a Greek Poem cali'd Eumolpia,
it is reported to have been facred both to Earth and Neptune j and
that Earth gave Anfwers herfelf, but Neptune had an Interpreter nam'd
Pyrco, and that afterwards Neptune refign'd his part to Earth. This
Goddefs was fucceeded by Themis, who gave Oracles about the time of
Deucalion s Deluge, and was confulted by him, as it is very well known
from Ovid's Metamorphojis. Some there are that will have Themis tOt
have poffefs'd this Oracle from the beginning : Which is the lefs to be
wonder'd at, fmce Themis and the Earth were comnwnly reputed the
fame Goddefs under different Names, tok^uv ovouatuv //o(ifH /[/i,
according to Mfchylus * : Whence Themis is cali'd by Arijiides %
Qi(i\iiroi(T^\,Ta.'ii\,tbeoldeJioftheGods. Yet jE/chylus in another place
" reports, that this Oracle was firft poffefs'd by the Earth, then by
Themis, Daughter of the Earth; who refign'd it to her Sifter Phcebe^
by whom it was at length given to Apollo. Pindar, and from him the
Scholiajl upon jEfchylas tells us, that, Apollo having feiz'd this Oracle
by force, the Earth endeavour'd to precipitate that God into the
Infernal Regions. Aijd ' Euripides reports, that Atollo, having ex-
pell'd Themis, was himfelf expell'd by the Earth j but recover'd the
Oracle by the Affiftance of Jupiter. Agreeable to which Relation is
that of Apollodorus, that Apollo, having learn'd the Art of Divination
from Pan, came to Delphi, where Oracles were then given by Themis,
and having kill'd Python the Serpent, which guarded the Mouth of the
facred Cavern, feiz'd the Oracle. It muft not be omitted, that when
Geogr. lib. ix. '' Lib. ix. * Lib. xvi. cap. xvi. & Ptufaniat Photiels.
' Prometh. v. 208. 6 Oral, de concordia ad Rhudion. umcn;dotn initio.
' IfthigenJz V. 1259.
T this
274 Q/* ^^^ Religion of Greece, Chap, g,
this Oracle was poffefs'd by the Earthy (he returnM Anfwers by Dreams,
Thus Euripides,
XflftJl' T8XV&jVT0 ?aV^T* '.
The Earth brought forth noSlurnal SpeSres. And afterwards Apotlo, being
depriv'd of the Oracle, prays Jupiter ^^
Ttii6ien J^/jtuf
X9ov/y itjeXwy
sac fJihtY, vu^ia! t evowa'f*
Ti? f^-^f / />&f Earth ivith her noSlurnal Oracles, from the Pythian Temples-,
And this Goddefs was reputed the Author of Dreams in other Places,
as will appear in the Chapter concerning that fort of Divination. O-
thers will have the Delphian Oracle to have belong'd to Saturn ', and
that the Grecians received the celebrated 'Anfwer, St/ ttJ 'f'ritci'ra 'iru
TO If'icv TO HTveri, That Troy fiiould he taken by them in the tenth
Tear : From this God we are inform'd by the Scholiaf upon the follow-
ing Verfe of Lycophron '", which likewife relates to this purpofe :
However that be, at length it came into the Hands of Jpollo ; nor did
he long enjoy it alone, for in the War againll the Sons of Titan, Bac-
chus, being mangled and torn in pieces by them, was afterwards re-
ftor'd to his Brother Apollo, who receiv'd him into his Temple, and
order'd that Divine Honours Ihould be paid him there. This Fable is
related out of Callimachus and Euphorion, by Ifaac Tzetzes, in his Com-
ment upon Lycrophon ", where Agamemnon is brought in facriiicing to
Bacchus in the Temple of Delphian Jpollo. Hence fome fay, the City
Delphi was fo calPd, q. AZ-Aija/, which word fignifieth Brethren, becaufe
Apollo and Bacchus were both Sons of Jupiter.
We find it related by Diodorus the Sicilian **, that this Oracle was
firft difcover'd by Goats, 'in Memory whereof, t\iQ Delphians, when they
afk'd Counfel of the God, for the moft part ofFer'd a Goat. The
manner of the Difcovery was thus : Upon Mount ParnaJJus, where
Goats were wont to feed, there was a deep Cavern, with a fmall,
narrow Mouth, to which when any of the Goats approach'd, they be-
gan immediately to leap after an unufual and antick manner, uttering
ftrange and unheard of Sounds ; the Goat-herd (Plutarch calls him Coretas)
obferving this, and wondering what fliould be the Caufe of it, went
himfelf to view the Cavern, whereupon he was alfo feiz'd with a
like Fit of Madnefs, leaping and dancing, and foretelling things to
come. This being nois'd abroad, vaft multitudes of People flock'd to
the Place, where as many as look'd in, were infpir'd after the fame man-
ner. At length, when many were poffefs'd with fuch a degree of
' Lccrj citato. " Ibid, V/ 1271. * Ccelius Rbodiginus Left. Antiq. lib. xvi.
Cafandr4e, v. 202. Verf. 209. " Biblioth. Hift. lib- xvi.
Divine
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. '^'j^
Divine Phrenzy, as to throw themfelves headlong into the Forago i
there was an Edift pat out, whereby it was made unlawful for any
Man to approach it; and a Tripus was plac'd upon the Mouth of it,
upon which a Virgin was appointed to fit, and t]iere deliver tlie An-
fwers of the God, This is the nioft common Account of the Original
of the Oracle : Paufanias hath given fome others, which J fhall foroear
to mention. Thus much however is certain (if any thing at fuch a
diftance may be call'd fo,) wz. That 'this Oracle was very ancient, and
flouriih'd above an hundred Years before the Trojan War.
Concerning the Tripus plac'd upon the mouth of the Cavern, there
are different Opinions : Ibme fay, it was a Pot fiU'd with Duft, thro*
which the /Afflatus pafs'd into the Virgin's Belly, and thence proceeded
out of the Mouth. The Scholiaji upon Artflophanes '^ faith, it was
a wide-mouth'd Brafs'd-Pot fill'd with -J-M^'i' ov Pebbles, by the leaping
of which the Prophetefs made her Conjedlures. Others are of Opinion,
that it was a large Veffel fupported by three Feet, into which the Pro-
phetefs plung'd herfelf, when fhe expedfd an Infpiration. But, accord-
ing to the more common Opinion, Caelius ' hath prov'd at large,
that it was not a Veffel but a Table, or Seat, on which the Pythia
lean'd or fat. The Cover of the Tripus, or, as fome fay, the Tripus it-
felf, they call'd OAfxi^"^, which word properly denotes a Mortar, or
round Stone, according to ilefychius ; whence Apollo is call'd in So-
phocles, EvcKu'i' , and his Prophetefs, Ev^hfj-H. And this, as fome are
of Opinion, gave occafion to the Proverb, "Ev oa^.-^j ivjdcreo, which is
applied to thofe that fpeak prophetically j but others derive it from a
certain Diviner, call'd Holmus ; and others (amongft whom is Arijia-
f banes the Grammarian in Zenodotus) refer it to the old fuperlli'tious
Cullom of fleeping in thefe oKy.'n, when they defired a Prophetical
Dream. Phumutus will have the Tripus to have been facred to Apollo,
either becaufe of the Perfeftion of the Number Three ; or in^ allufion
to the three Celeftial Circles, two of which the Sun toucheth, and
paffeth over the third in his Annual Circuit. And the Scholiaji upon
Arijiophanes '' will have the three Legs of the Tripus to fignify the
Knowledge of the God, as diftinguilh'd by the three Parts of Time,
i/Zz. Prefent, Paft, and Future,
0< T* j)"<r/ T* t' icjT*, TO. t' 'ttr<Tofxiiia., Wpo T ihrx'
Who knew things paft, and prefent, and to come.
The fame Tripus was not always us'd j the firft was plac'd there by
the Inhabitants of the neighbouring Country ; aftervvards, when Pelops
marry'd Hippodamia the Daughter of Oenomaus, King of the Eleans,
he prefented to Apollo a Tripus, wrought by Vulcan, which feems to
have been that made of Brafs, fo famous amongft the Poets. There
was alfo another Tripus of Gold, as .the Scholiaji upon Arijiophanes ' re-
ports, dedicated to Apollo on this Account: Certain Fiflier men at Mi-
letus, having fold their next Draught to fome Perfons that Hood by,
caft their Net into the Water, and drew up a Golden Tripus j where.
1* L^jijirate. ^ Lcct. Antiq. lib. viij- Cap. xv. ' initio Piutt, ' Lcc. citat.
T 2 upon
276 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9.
upon there arofe a very hot Contention between the Fiftier-men and
their Chap-men ; the Fifher-men alledging, that they fold nothing but
the Fifli they were to take, and that therefore the Tripus belong'd to
them ; the Buyers, on the other hand, replied, that they had bought the
whole Draught, and therefore laid a juft Claim to whatever came to
the Net. At length, when neither fide would yield, they agreed to
fubmit the Matter to Jpollo's Determination ; whereupon they came ta
Delphi y and there receiv'd this Anfwer,
Enyon MiXiiTK, TfiVoeTsc W4j ^toi^ov igrarS.\ j
Oc vo^U vrgyTtty TT^ivTOf, tirm TfiTt-cS'it J'U,
Art thou, a Native of Miletus, come
T' enquire what muft be with the Tripod done ?
Give it to Him, whofe Wifdom claims a Right
Above all others. H. H.
This Oracle was given at the time when the feven Wife-Men flourifli'd
in Greece ; the Tripus therefore was prefcnted to one of them, (which
that was, is not agreed on by ancient Writers ;) he modeftly refufmg
it, they ofFer'd it to another, and fo on to the reft, till it had been re-
fus'd by them all ; whereupon it was determin'd to confecrate it to
j^pol/o himfelf, as being the Fountain of all Wifdom. The Tripus was
caird by the Latins, Cortina, of which Appellation there are feveral
Reafons affign'd, for which I refer you to the Grammarians. Others
fay Cortina was only the Cover of the Tripus, and therefore derive it
from the word corium, i. e. a Skin, becaufe it was made, as they fay,
of Python's Skin. Laftly, Others more probably think it fignified the
Tent within which was kept the facred Tripus, and that becaufe of
its Figure, which was, like that of a Cauldron, round ; upon the fame
Account Cortina was us'd to fignify the Tiring-room in the Theatre,
or the Curtains, or Hangings, out of which the Players us'd to be
ulher'd on to the Stage ; whence alfo the celeftial Hemifphere is by
Ennius call'd Coeli cortina ; and the Tholus or round Compafs at the
top of a Theatre, is by another nam'd cortina Theatri.
The Perfon that delivered the Oracles of the God was a Woman,
whom they call'd Pythia, Pythonijfa, and Phcehas : The mott celebrated
of thefe, faith Pau/anias ', Phcemonoe, who is remarkable, not only
as being the iirft Pricftefs of that Oracle, but more efpecially becaufe
(he was the firft (as moft fay) that cloth'd the Oracles with Heroic
"Verfe. But Baio, a Delphian Lady, in one of her Hymns, reports, that
Olen, with the Hyperboreans, firft inftituted this Oracle, and return'd
Anfwers in Heroick Verfe, of which he was the firft Inventor : Her
y/ciAt we find in Paujanias to be thus,
n?<f!f Ta-tf^cfsoiv, Tia.ya.13nc, xj S'lCi Aj.[//J{, &e.
Pbccici:,
' ' . Where
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 277
Where Hyperboreans to thy lafting Praife
Eternal Oracles did confecrate.
Then ftie proceeds to enumerate fotne others of the Hyperhoreatis, and
in the End of the Hymn adds,
flXir 6' C 7HT0 WCffllTOC *Olfo/0 VfCp/lTAtf
No Grecian yet warm'd with Poetick Fire
Cou'd fit th' unpolifli'd Language to the Lyre,
'Till the firft Prieft of Pheehus Olen rofe.
And chang'd, for fraoother Verfe, their ftunr^ing Profe.
H. n.
But herein She contradifts (faith my Author) the common Opinion,
which is grounded on the Teftimony of ancient Writers, who unani-
moufly agree in this, that never any but Women were the Interpreters
of this God. Yet feveral Prophets axe fpoken of by uS/ian \ There
is mention in Herodotus " of a certain cTpo(pTn<, Prophet, in this place,
whofe Name was Aceratus. And Apollo is faid in Homer to choofe
the Men of Crete to publifli his Oracles y :
Kf^TSC xrnKvuraS Mncciv, 'iipx r' itvctxri
Xfa* J* JdpiiK 5-t/tX*y Cvi riapitfl-olt*
But perhaps thefe Men are to be accounted Priefts, and J-ra^wTrf/ wh
publifti'd to others the Anfwers firft by them received from the Pythia,
lather than infpir'd Perfons, and Prophets ftrilly fo call'd.
Fenerius " is of Opinion that there were more than one Pythia at
the fame time; which he proves out of Herod/tus, who in the fixth
Book of his Hiftory reports, that Cleomenes corrupted with Bribes the
Prophetefs Perialla, who was vaticinantium mulierum antifies, the Pre-
ftdent of the Prophetejfes : But tho' thefe Words are in the Latin Verfion,
yet no fuch thing is faid, or can be inferr'd from the Greek, where
Perialla is only call'd 'TrfOfxetvTii, which Word (however it may feem
to fignify a Prophet fuperior to the reft) according to its common Ac-
ceptation implies no more than ndvTic Thus Euripides ^ hath us'd it
when he faith, Tf-'Uxviit naKuv, i. e. one that foretelleth E-vils to come :
In which fenfe Herodotus himfelf in another place iiath us'd the Verb
irfoy KTvVrt]c : More Inflances would be needlefs.
Thefe Women were, at the firft, Virgins, till one of them was de-
fiower'd by Echecrates a Thefalian j after which Time, choice was
made of Women above fifty Years of Age ; that fo they might either
be fecur'd from the Attempts of Luft, or if they fhould be at any
time forc'd to the Violation of their Chaftity, having pafs'd the time of
* De Animal, lib. X. cap. xxvi. ^ Lib. viii, cap. xxxvii. < Hymn, iit
/i'oUincm, V. 393. * De Divinatioo. & Oiat. Antiq. HtUna.
T 3 Child.
278 Of the Religion of Greece. v Chap. 9.
Child-bearing they might remain undifcovered, and not bring the Ora-
cles, or Religion into Contempt : Neverthelefs they wore the Habit of
Virgins, thereby to fignify their Purity and virginal Modefty ''. They
were obliged to obferve the ftridteft Laws of Temperance and Cha-
ftity ; not bging allow'd to wear rich and coftly Apparel, or ufe
phantaftical Drefies ; and Plutarch ' hath told us, they neither anoint-
ed themfelves, nor wore Purple Garments. The Pythia, before the a-
fcended the Tripus, us'd to walh her whole Body, efpecially her Hair, in
CaJIalis, a Fountain at the Foot of Pamajfas, where the Poets, Men in-
fpir'd by the fame Deity, us'd to walh and drink. At her firft fitting"
down upon the Tripus, fhe us'd to fhake the Laurel-tree that grew by
it, and fometimes to eat the Leaves. Herfelf alfo, and the Tripus were
crown'd with Garlands of the fame Plant, as we learn from the Scho'
liafi upon Arijlophanes ^ at this Verfe, where one afketh.
What from the Oracle with Garlands trimm'd
Has Phcebus utter'd ?
Nor did the Pythia only make ufe of Laurel in this manner, but other
Prophets alfo, it being thought to conduce to Infpiration ; whence it
was peculiarly call'd y.a.vtii'Jiv pnhy, the prophetick Plant. The Pythia,
being plac'd upon the Tripus, receiv'd' the Divine Afflatus in her Belly;
whence fhe is call'd g^fitrpl/y.oS", or rgf pom^j-t-/?- She was no fooner
infpired, but Ihe began immediately to fwell and foam at the IVIouth,
tearing her Hair, cutting her Flefh, and in all her other Behaviour ap-
pearing like one phrenetick and diftradled. But fhe was not always
afFefted in the fame manner ; for, if the Spirit was in a kind and gentle
Humour, her Rage was not very violent ; but, if fullen and malignant,
fhe was thrown into extreme Fury ; infomuch that Plutarch " fpeaks
of one enrag'd to fuch a degree, that fhe affrighted^ not only thofe
that confulted the Oracle, but the Priefts themfelves, who ran away
and left her ; and fo violent was the Paroxyfm, that in a little time
after ihe died. Some fay, that under the Tripus fometimes appear'd a
Dragon that return'd Anfwers, and that the Pythia ivas once kill'd by
him. And Eufebius reports, J^paiKo-.r-Jt. iikzitx^Ai Ttpt to<' TpJTo/rt, that
a Serpent rolled himfelf about the Tripod.
The time of confulting the Oracle, was only one Month in a Year,
This Mouth, Plutarch ^ tells us, was call'd BuVi-, which, as many
are of Opinion, was fo nam'd, y. <fo7/i- from ^tiuv, i.e. to fpring
up, becaufe it vvas in the beginning of Spring, when all things flouriih
and put forth Buds: But this, (faith he) is not the true Reafon, for
the Delphians do not ufe B for 4> (as the Macedonians, who for ^ia/tt-,
^ttKa.)L^o<, and ^i^'n'lna, fay Bi^/TT^^*, BctAO-K^if, and BtpA'tx.u) butin-
ftcad of n ; for they ufually fay 5ci76ii', for 'wa.rziv, and .5<.f3i',for T/;tpoy :
V>v<Tt<& therefore is put for riy'?/', fo call'd S'to, rrtv 'tt 'iriv, becaufe
in that Month they were allow'd to enquire of Apollo''^ Oracle, and this
> Dtodorus Siculus, lib. xvi. c Lib, De Orac. In Fluto. ' De De-
fect. Orac. f Quaeft. Crac. ix.
is
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 279
is their genuine and Country-way of Speaking. The feventh Day of
the Month they call'd Apollo's Birth-day, naming it Ylo\60o@-, (not
rioAu'^Soj'-, as fome read it) not becaufe they balcM a fort of Cakes
call'd ^Q'^/f, but becaufe the God did then return a great many Anfvvers ;
and at the firfl: the Pythia gave Anfwers only on this Day, as Callif-
thenes and Anaxandridas report. Thus Plutarch. And even in latter
Ages, Oracles us'd only to be given once every Month.
Whoever went to confult the Oracle was required to make large
Prefents to the God, whereby it came to pafs, that this Temple in
Riches, Splendor, and Magnificence, was fuperior almoft to all others
in the World. And Aphetoriee opes (fo call'd from AjHTof, a Name
of Apollo, given him, as fome fay, from fending forth Oracles) have
been proverbially us'd for abundance of Wealth. Another thing requir'd.
of thofe that defir'd Anfwers was, that they fliould propound theit
Queftions in as few words as might be, as we are inform'd by Philo-
firatus 8, in the Life of Apollonius. It was the Cuftom alfo, to offer
Sacrifices to Apollo, in which, except the Omens were favourable, the
Prophetefs would not give any Anfwer. At thefe Sacrifices there were
ve Priefts, faith Plutarch ^, nam'd Orioi, i. e. Holy, that affifted the
Prophets, and perform'd many other Offices with them, being fuppos'd
to be defcended from Deucalion : There was one alfo who prefided
^ver thefe call'd, 0r/ft)Te, or Purifier ; tho' Plutarch faith, that the Sa-
crifice flain, when any of the Oj/o/ were declar'd, was call'd by that
Name ; unlefs inftead of t^ 3-uo^,S^oi' iiiuov, or the Sacrifice kill'd, we
might be allow'd to read rhv ^uif^-rop hf<jov, or the Perfon kill'd
the Sacrifice. There was another Prieft alfo, that affifted the Prophe-
tefs in managing the Oracle, whom they call'd AipHTof , upon the fame
account that Apollo was fo named.
The Anfwer was always return'd in Greek, as appears from Cicero ',
who, fpeaking of the Oracle, reported by Ennius to be given to Pyrrhus
the Epirote, by Apollo, viz.
}
Aio te, .iEacida, Roraanos fvincere pojfe.
Go, Pyrrhusy go, engage with Warlike Rome^
Fate has decreed th' irrevocable Doom,
And You the valiant Romans {hall o'ercomc.
n. H.
(Concludes it was not genuine, becaufe the Pythia never us'd to fpeak
in Latin; and, in Pyrrhus's time, had left off giving Anfwers in
Verfe, which had been the Cuftom in all former Ages, from the firft
foundation of the Oracle, deriving (as hath been faid already) its Ori-
ginal from Phcemonoe the firft Pythia. The ancient Greeks deliver'd
their Laws in Verfe, whence it came to pafs, as Arifiotle witnefleth,
that vj^t.-, which properly fignifies a Law, is often us'd to fignify
Verfes or Songs. The firft Philofophers, as oft as they thought fit to
communicate their Myfteries to the World, cloathed them in Verfe ;
and the primitive Ages fcarcc feem to have written any thing Curious
or Excellent, nor any thing of Weight or Moment, but in Verfe*
Lib, vi, cap. V. ^ Loccit, ^ Lib, iu Je Divinatititt,
T4 The
28o Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9,
The Verfes of the Pythia were, for the moft part, faith Plutarch *,
rude and unpolilh'd, and not comparable to thofe of Homer, or Hcfiod^
yet, faith he, this is no refleftion upon Apollo, the Patron of Poets,
becaufe he only communicated the Knowledge to the Pythia, which
Ihe deliver'd in what Drefs fhe pleas'd ; the Senfe thereof was his,
the Words her own. In the fame Book he tells us, that fome were
of Opinion, that there were Poets maintain'd in the Temple, to catch
the Oracles as they were given, and wrap them up in Verfe. The Ver-
fes were for the moft part Hexameter, infomuch that this Oracle was
thought to be none of Apollo'^, becaufe it was not Heroick i
To Wifdom Sophocles makes juft Pretence,
Yet does to fage Euripides give Place,
As he and all Men muft to Socrates. H. H.
In later Ages, when Oracles began to grow into difrepute, this Cuftom
of verfifying was left off, the Reafon whereof hath been copioufly
difputed by Plutarch, in a Treatife on that Subjett, to which I refer
the Reader. I fhall only add one thing more to be obferv'd. That as
the Cuftom of giving Anfwers in Verfe never appeared fo univerfally,
but that fometimes they were deliver'd in Pro/e, as Plutarch hath
pi^ov'd by a great many Jnftances j fo neither was it ever fo wholly
left off, but that Oracles were pronounc'd in Verfe ; an Inftance where-
of he giveth in his own Time. The Oracle concerning the Birth of
our Saviour Chriji, which was deliver'd in Heroick Verfe to the Empe-
ror Augujius, is mention'd by Eufebius, Zonaras, and others. And ano-
ther, which was return'd in the fame fort of Verfe to Julian the Apo-
Jiate, fhall be repeated hereafter.
The Delphian Oracles, if compar'd with fome others, might juftly
be call'd plain and perfpicuous ; and as Hormeas, the Philofopher, tells
us, it was ufual for thofe that had receiv'd an obfcure Arifwer at Do-
dona, to defire Apollo at Delphi to explain the meaning of it : He adds
alfo, that /Apollo had interpreted a great many of them. Neverthelefs,
they were g. nerally very obfcure, and ambiguous ; infomuch that Apollo^
as fome fay, was call'd AiEicf;, becaufe his Anfwers were Aor-i" Kai
ffxoA/*, i. e. eroded, and hard to be underftood. And Heraclitus in
Plutarch, fpcaking of Apollo-, faith, ^ti hiyn, vn Kpv^a, '/aa* ffri-
fjut'ivH, i. e. He doth not /peak the Truth plainly, nor yet wholly con"
ceal it, but only gives fmall Hints of it ; fo that if the Event hSp-
pen'd contrary to any Man's Expectation, he might rather find fault with
his own Interpretation of the Oracles, than call in queftion either the
Knowledge or Veracity of /Apollo. The reafon of this affeded Obfcu-
rity, is l*aid to have been this, viz.. Ov j(^3ap j^a^w^s 4j<i-.?i<d^ i
5^?Bi', &c. That impure Perjons ought not to be admitted to facred things
1 : it being a Profanation of the Myfterics, and other things relating
to Religion, to communicate them to the Vulgar and Ignorant.
* Libi de Pjtbia Orac. ' Ckmtm Akxandi inui Strom V, ...
The
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 281
The Veracity of this Oracle was fo famous, that Ta tn, Tf tToJ^-, 1. e.
*rhg Refponfes ginjen from the Tripus, came to be ufed proverbially for
certain and infallible Truths : and, as Cicero rightly argues, it is im-
poflible the Delphian Oracle fhould ever have gain'd fo much Repute
in the World, or have been enrich'd with fuch vaft Prefents from al-
moft all Kings and Nations, had not the Truth of its Prediftions been
attefted by the Experience of all Ages. But in later Times tiie Cafe
was alter'd ; and fo Cicero tells us, it was a long time before his Days.
Vemojihenes, who flourifh'd three hundred Years before him, complain' d.
the Pythia did "t/AiT-ri^g^r, or fpeak as Philip the Macedonian would have
her. Before that time fhe was faid to receive a Bribe of Clifihenes, ta
perfuade the Lacedaemonians to free the Athenians from the Tyrants that
were impofed on them. Perialla the Pythia was depriv'd of her Office
for being corrupted by one of Cleomenes's Agents, to fay that Demaratus,
Cleomenes\ Collegue, was not the true Son of Arifto, King of Sparta, to
the end it might be thought he was not his lawful SuccefTor, and upoa
that Account be dethron'd.
At what Time, or upon what Account this Oracle came to ceafe, is
uncertain ; Strabo ' ham told us, that in his Time it had loft its ancient
Reputation. Dio will have it to have been extinft from the time that
it was polluted by Nero, who kill'd Men c rh 9o(i/iov ij k Upov to 'avivfj.eb
dvijei' in theCaniern s Mouth, out of luhich the f acred Infpiration afcended.
In JwvenaFs ^ time the Gods had quite forfaken it, if any Credit may
be given to the following Words :
Delphis Oracula cejfant.
The Delphian Oracles are now no more.
Minutius Felix reports, that cautum illud ^ amhiguum defecit oraculum^
cum y politiores homines iff minus creduli ee ceeperunt^ : This cautious and
ambiguous Oracle gave over fpeaking, when Men began to be more
polite and lefs credulous. Lucan " telleth us, that it had ceas'd i. long
time before the Battle at Pharfalia :
Non ullo fecula dono
Nojtra carent majore Deum, quam DeIphicay^<?V/
^uod Jii'uit.
No greater Gift can bounteous Heav'n beftow.
Nor does our Age a greater Bleffing want ^
Than filenc'd Delphi. H, U.
But this muft not be underftood of a total Defeft, or perpetual Si-
lence ; for this Oracle, as Van Dale ' hath abundantly prov'd, did
feveral times lofe its prophetick Faculty, and aeain recover it. Lucian
reports , That Anfwers were given in his Time, which was about
the Reigns of Marcus Aureiius and his Son Commodus. But he is at
a lofs, whether thofe Oracles were indeed Apollo^s, or only fup*
pofititious. And farther, 'tis certain that this, and thofe at Delos and
Lib. ix. " Sat. vi. v. 554. Odtavii p. 142, dit, Lugd. Bat, Lib. t.
I pk&rt, de Orac. Altxandro Picudosuat.
Dodoua,
2S2 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9.
Dodona, with fome others, continued till the Reign of Ju/iaa the
Jpofiate, and were confulted, faith Theodoret, by him. And he is faid
to have received from Apollo Delphkus the following Anfwer :
EJVstTSTM /SatfTAm, X"^/^"^' '"'^"'^ fa/<rXoc aJxa,
Ouitirt $o/Cec ix*' i-if/.uCxy, i uttitii'a. J'd'fwi,
By which it appears, this Oracle was then in a very low and declining
Condition ; but at what time it was finally extindl is uncertain : Who-
ever defireth to be more particularly inform'd may confult Fan Dale's
Treatlfe on that Subjeft.
When the God forfook Delphi, he betook himfelf to the Hyperborean
Scythians, as we learn from Claudian :
fulcher Apollo
Lujlrat Hyperboreas Delphis cejjantihus arat.
Ah ! abjeft Delphi, fee thy God refides ^
In diftant Hyperborean Climates. .- ". />.
And in former times he was thought to be a Lover of that Nation,
and at certain Seafons to remove thither out of Greece. Abaris, one of"
that Country, the Priefl of Apollo, who travell'd into Greece about the
Time of Pythagoras, is faid to have written a Book concerning Apolo'&
Oracles, ^ a(pt^iv h( TT--^Cipm, and Remo'val to the Hyperboreans p. And
the Athenians, at a time when the Plague raged over all Greece, re-
ceiv'd an Oracle from thence, commanding them to make Vows and
Prayers in behalf of the reft ; and they continued to fend Gifts and
Offerings thither, as they had formerly done to Delphi.
I might enlarge about the Magnificence and Splendor of the Delphian
Temple, but I fear I have already trefpafs'd too far upon the Reader's
Patience ; if any one therefore have Curiofity and Leifure, he may have
a large and exaft Defcription of all the magnificent Struftures, rich Pre-
fents, curious Pieces of Art, and other Rarities belonging to that Place,
in Paufanias. There was another of Apollo^ Oracles at Cirrha, a Sea-
port belonging to Delphi, from which it was diftant about LX Stadia.
This is mention'd in Statius's Thebais q .'
Tunc (sf ApoUine<e tacuere oracula Cirrha. ,
Where Lutatius obferves,that in Cirrha tantum profpera Deorutn dabantur
tracula : nam cui exitium imminebat, taciturnitate templi penitus damnatur :
At Cirrha none but profperous Oracles were pronounced ; and if any
Calamity was to befal them who came for Advice, that was declar'd
by the God's Silence. Several others have mention'd this Oracle, tho'
neither taken notice of by Strabo nor Paufanias, the latter of which
hath left us a particular Account of the Temple, facred Field of Apollo,
and other remarkable things in Cirrha. Some fpeak of this Oracle in
fuch a manner as doth make it probable, that it was the fame with
F Suidcu v,^Qiift(, Diodorui Siculus, aliique, ^ t-ib, viii v,4ii.
the
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 283
the Oracle at Delbhi : Thus Seneca will have it become Jpollo's, by his
Victory over Python, whereby he is known to have obtain'd the Delphian ^ :
Cirrhaa Paan templa, tf atheriam domum
Serpeute cafo meruit.
And a Prophetefs is reported by the fame Author lo have deliver'd
Oracles at Cirrha, as was done in the Delphian Temple ' :
Et ipfe noftris vocibus tejlis vent
Fatidica 'vatis. ora Cirrhaa movens.
Laflly, there was a Cavern at Cirrha^ as in the other Place. This ap-
pears from Statius ' :
Non Cirrha promt fer it anno
Certius, aut frondes lucis, quas fama MoloJJis
Chaonia fonuijje tibi.
Next to this Oracle may juftly follow that at Delos, the moft cele-
brated of all the Cjclades, which were a Knot of Iflands in the JEgean
Sea. It is famous among the Poets for having been the Birth-place of
Jpollo and Diana, and was therefore accounted fo facrcd and inviolable,
that the Perjians, when they pillag'd or deftroy'd almoft all the other
Grecian Temples, durft not attempt any thing upon the Temple in this
Ifland ; which was feated on the Sea-ftiore, looking towards Eubaia, itt
the very Place where Apollo was feigned to be born. He had an Image
erefted in this Place, in the Shape of a Dragon ; and gave Anfwers,
for their Certainty and Perfpicuity, not only not inferior to thofe at
Delphi, but, as fome report ", far exceeding them, and all other Ora-
cles of Apollo, being deliver'd in clear plain Terms, without any Am-
biguity or Obfcurity. But thefe Anfwers were not to be expefted all
the Year ; Apollo only kept his Summer's Refidence in this Place, and in
Winter retir'd to Patara, a City of Lycia, as Servius hath obfcrv'd in
his Comment upon thefe Words of Virgil :
^alis uhi hybemam Lyciam, XanthiquC^w^w/a
Deferit, ac Delum maternam invijit Apollo w.
Such Pomp and Splendor God Apollo grace.
When he his Winter Lycia, or that Place
Which Xanthus' Silver Streams wafh kindly, leaves.
And Deloi vifits, whence he Anfwers gives
In Summer Scafons.
One of the Altars was by fome reckon'd amongft the feven Wonders
of the World. It was erefted by Apollo at the Age of four Years, and
compos'd of the Horns of Goats kilf'd by Diana upon Mount Cynthus,
which were compafted together in a wonderful Manner, without any
vifible Tye or Cement j whence Ovid faith of it * :
" Hercul. Oet. vcr. 92. Ocdip . ver, 269. ' fhtbaid. Jib. iii. ver. 474. " Altx.
ab /Ilex. /Eneid. iv. v. 143. * Epiftola Cydippea ad Accent. Conf. ctiam P'u-
tarcb. de Solert. Aimalium, CalUmachi bymo. in Apollinem, vcr. 58. PolJtiani Mif-
(cliaaea; cap. Iii.
Mtr9r
284 Oj- the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9.
Mir or Iff innumeris JlruSiam de cornibus aram.
-'tis ftrange to fee
How each in other twin'd the Goat-horns lie.
And make an Altar bound with ne'er a Tie. . D.
To facrifice any living Creature upoij this Altar was held unlawful,
and a Profanation of the Place, which it was the God's Will to have
preferv'd pure from Blood, and all manner of Pollution. Thucydides v
reports, that no Dogs were permitted to enter into this Ifland ; and
it was unlawful for any Perfon to die, or be born in it; and therefore,
when the Jthenians were by the Oracle commanded to purify it, they
dug up the dead Bodies out of their Graves, and wafted them over the
Sea, to be interred in one of the adjacent Iflands; this done, the bet-
ter to preferve it from Pollution, they put forth an Edidt, command-
ing, that whoever lay fick of any mortal or dangerous Difeafe, and all
Women great with Child, Ihould be carried over to the little Ille call'd
Jtbena.
I muft not omit in this place the annual Proceffion made by the
Athenians to this Place. The Author of this Cuftom was Thefeus, who,
being fent with the reft of the Athenian Youths inco Crete, to be de-
vour'd by the Minotaur, made a Vow to Apollo, that if he would grant
them a fafe Return, they would make a folemn Voyage to his Temple
at P^/w every Year, This was call'd Awfi^f, the Perfons employ'd in
it 0po/ and Anhtet^ai, from the Name of the Ifland j the Chief of
them Af5(^/d4yf ^, and the Ship in which they went idiufU or A/fKiaif,
which was the very fame that carried Thefeus and his Companions to
Crete ; being (faith Plutarch) preferv'd by the Jthenians till Demetrius
the Phalereans Time, they reftoring always what was decay'd, and
changing the old and rotten Planks for thofe that were new and entire,
infomuch that it furnifh'd the Philofophers with Matter of Difpute,
whether after fo many Reparations and Alterations it might ftill be
call'd the fame individual Ship ; and ferv'd as an Inftance to illuftrate
the Opinion of thofe that held the Body ftill remain'd the fame nume-
rical Subftance, notwithftanding the continual Decay of old Parts, and
Acquifition of new ones, through the feveral Ages of Life ; for which
Reafon CalUmachus ^ calls its Tackle e^uer-living, [*e/^j}'7ct] :
To great Apollo'^ Temple every Year,
The fturdy Theoris th' Athenians fend ;
Yet, fpite of envious Time and angry Seas,
The Veffel ever whole will be.
The Beginning of the Voyage was computed from the Time that
' Lib, hr. Hyrano in Belum,
Apollo's
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 285
Jpollo's Pricft firft adorn'd the Stern of the Ship with Garlands, faith
Plato J and from that time they began to cleanfe and luftrate the
City ; and it was held unlawful to put any Malefaftor to death till its
Return, which was the Reafon that Socrates was repriev'd thirty Days
after hi^ Condemnation, as we learn from the fame Author, and from
Xenophon ". The Theori wore Garlands of Laurel upon their Heads,
and were accompanied by two- of the Family of the Kiipvuff, who were
appointed to be nct^-tffiioi at Delos for that Year. Before them went
certain Men with Axes in their Hands, in ftiew as if they defign'd to
clear the Ways of Robbers ; in memory that Thefeus, in his Journey
from Traezen to Athens, freed the Country from all the Robbers that in-
fefted thofe Parts. To this Cuftom jEfchylus ^ feems to allude, when
he faith,
KsAjt/'doTo/oi <j8-*i/5f HtpaWfiy ;)^^o-;a,
Mov'd with the Senfe of Piety,
To him th' Athenians do repair.
Still as they on their Journey go.
Whatever Parts infefted be
With Robbers cruel Outrages,
Setting 'em free, . i).
When they went thither, they were faid di'dCdiv^r, to afcend; when
they return'd j(^']<tCrtiv4/i', to defcend. When they arriv'd, they offer'd
Sacrifice, and celebrated a Feftival in Honour of Apollo: This done, they
repair'd to their Ship, and failed homewards. At their Return, all the
People ran forth to meet them, opening their Doors, and making
Obeifance as they pafs'd by ; the Negledl of whick Refpeft makes Ibc
feus complain in Euripides ^ '.
Ok* yi> 7ii jw' tu( Qiufiv d^iol /o/aI^
I]v'\a,( dvo'i^Ai cAJp^OVXi <Bi^9'(iVVi'7rHV-
My fcornful Citizens, I find, neglcdl
Rufhing to crowd about the open'd Doors,
And pay me that Refpeft which is decreed
For one that from the Embaffy returns. E. /)
The next Oracle I Ihall fpeak of is that of Apollo Didymaus, (a
named '^ from the double Light imparted by him to Mankind, the one
diredlly and immediately from his own Body, and the other by Re-
flexion from the Moon. The Place of it was alfo call'd Didyma, and
belong'd to the Milejians, whence Apollo is call'd Milefius. It was alfo
cftU'd the Oracle of the Branchidte ; and Apollo hirafelf was call'd
In Pbadone. h Memorab. lib. iv. * EumeriJ. initio. * Hipfoljto.
* Macroi. l.b. i. op. xvii.
Brancbidet
286 Of the Religion of Qxttzt, Chap. 9.
Branchides from Brancbus^ who was reputed the Son of Macareus, but
begotten by Apollo ; for it was no unufual thing for the ancient Heroes
to be caird the Sons of two Fathers, the bne Mortal, who was always
their Mother's Husband ; the other fomc lafcivious Deity, that had
fallen in Love with her : So Hercules was reputed the Son of JuUter
and Amphitryon ; HeSlor of Priamits and Apollo, with many others. The
Original of this Oracle is thus defcribed by Varro, where fpeaking of
Branchus''s Mother, he reports, " That, being with Child, fhe dream'd
*' the Sun entered into her Mouth, and pafs'd thro' her Belly : Whence
** her Child was named Branchus from Bf .-yp^i^, the Throat, thro' which
" the God had penetrated into the Womb. The Boy afterwards hav-
*' ing kifs'd Apollo in the Woods, and receiv'd from him a Crown and
*' Scepter, began to prophefy, and prefently after difappear'd. Where-
** upon a magnificent Temple was dedicated to him and Apollo Philejtus,
*' fo call'd from (piAe/c, to kifs, -whence Statius faith he was
patrioque eeqnalis honori.
In Honour equal to his Father Vhcebus.
Others derive the Name from Branchus, a Thejalian Youth, belov'd
by Apollo, who receiv'd him into his own Temple, and commanded
that Divine Honours fhould be paid him after Death. But Stephanas
the Byzantian * telleth us, that this Oracle was facred to Jupiter and
Apollo, and perhaps it might belong to all three. However that be,
we are afTur'd by Herodotus, that this Oracle was ik 'ad^a.ii //p-f/./ysc,
T^ YuvHTi TTtti'JiJ )^ AlAoee; i%co^att.v p^pft^' 'very ancient, and frequented
hy all the lonians and iEolians : And are farther told by Conon in Phii-
tius'^ Bihliotheca, that it was accounted ^n^n^iuv E>XnvtKuv ufjd z^gA? Bf
Kfoiv^oy' the hejl of all Grechn Oracles, except the Deliphian.
In the time of the Perfian War s this Temple was fpoil'd and burn'd,
being betray'd into the Hands of the Barbarians, by the Branchidcs, or
Priefts, who had the Care of it ; but they, confcious of their own Wick-
cdnefs, and fearing left they fhould meet with condign Punifhment,
defired of Xerxes, that, as a Requital of their Service, he would grant
them a Habitation in fome remote Part of Afia, whence they might
never return into Greece, but live fecure, being placed beyond the Reach
of Juftice. Xerxes granted their Requeft ; whereupon, notv/ithftanding
a great many unlucky Omens appear'd to them, they founded a City,
and call'd it, after their ancient Name, Branchid^e. But for all this,
they could not efcape Divine Vengeance, which was inflifted on their
Q\{\\Artn\iy Alexander the Great, who, having conquer'd Dar/aj, and
poffefs'd himfelf of Afia, utterly demolifti'd their City, and put all its
Inhabitants to the Sword, as detefting the very Pofterity of fuch impious
Wretches.
The Perfians being vanquifh'd, and Peace reftor'd to Greece ^, the
Temple was rebuilt by the Milefians, with fuch Magnificence, that it
furpafs'd almoft all the other Grecian Temples in Bignefs, being rais'd
* Voce A/<ri/.. e Strabo lib. xiv. & Suidai in Voce Bfuyx'^cti. h Strata loc. cit.
" to
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 287
to fuch a Bulk, that they were forc'd to let it remain nncover'd ; for
the Compafs of it was no lefs than that of a Village, and contained at
leaft four or five 5/a^/a.
Another of Apollo's Oracles we read of in Jbte^ a .City of Phocit,
mention'd by Herodotui ', and Stephanus the Byzantian ^ ; by the latter
of whom we are told, it was more ancient than the Delphian. Sopho-
ties ' alfo hath taken Notice of it :
OJjT' eij hCctiji VAor.
Hence all Religion, now I will no more
Trouble that hallow'd Fane, which equally
Parts the divided Earth, no Journies make
To Ji^ for the Anfwers of a God ;
In vain 'tis be good. , 2>,
The Scholtafts on this Place are of Opinion, that Ah^g was a City in
Lycia, but are fufficiently refuted by the Teftimonies already cited. We
are told by Paufanias ">, that the Temple of this Oracle was burn'd by
Xerxes.
At Claros, a City of Ionian not far from Colophon, there was another
Oracle facred to Apollo^ firft inftituted by Manto, the Daughter of 7irc-
Jiasy who fled thither in the fecond Theban War, when the Epigoni,
i. e. the Sons of thofe that were flain in the former War, invaded
Thebesy under the Condudt of Alcmteon, in Revenge of their Fathers
Deaths. The Perfon that deliver'd Anfwers was a Man generally chofen
out of fome certain Families, and for the moft part out of Miletus " :
He was ufually unlearned, and very ignorant, yet return'd the Oracles
in Verfes wonderfully fatisfaclory, and adapted to the Intention of the
Enquirers ; and this by the Virtue of a little Well, feign'd to have
fprung out of the Tears of Manto when (he bewail'd the Defolation of
her Country : . Into this he defcended when any Man came to confult
him ; but paid dear for his Knowledge, Water being very prejudicial
to his Health ; and, as Pliny " hath told us, a Means to fhorten his
Life. By this Oracle the untimely Death of Germanicus was foretold,
as we are inform'd by Tacitus p, by whom alfo the foremention'd Ac-
count of Pliny is confirmed.
At LariJJa, a Fort of the Argives, there was an Oracle of Apollo,
firnam'd AnpiiietTiff, from Diras, a Region belonging to A-gos. The
Anfwers in this Place were return'd by a Woman, who was forbidden
the Company of Men : Every Month flie facrific'd a Lamb in the Nigh^
and, then having tailed the Blood of the Viftim, was immediately feiz'd
with a Divine Fury h.
Lib. i. cap. xlvi. * Voce ACsi, item Hejycbius Be Pbavorinut, 'Oedip. Tyr.
T. 908. PhocicJs. " Car/. RboJ. Ant. Lect. lib. xxvii. cap. v, Nat. Hift.
lib. ii. cap. ciii, Anaal. lib. ii. cap. liv, ' Faufanias Corintbiacii.
Apollo
2 88 Of the Religion of Qxttzt, Chap. 9,
'Apollo had another famous Oracle at Eutrejts, a Village in Bceotia *,
feated in the Way between the thefpians and the Plat a am.
Oropeean Apollo deliver'd Oracles at Orope, a City of Euhcea, as we
are inform'd by Stephanus.
At Oroha in Eubcea there was *4,sWcrirt7o<' uavi^iov, a moji infallible
Oracle of Apollo Sellinuntius ', as we find in the Beginning of Strabo^i
tenth Book.
Another Oracle of Corypeean Apollo^ at Corype in Thejfaly, is mention'd
in Nicanderi Theriaca :
'Tis reported by Athenaus % that the Carians on a certain time con-
fulted Apollo's Oracle at Hybla ; which Cafaubon would have to be read
Abie, but for no better Reafon, than that he finds no Mention of the
Hyblaan Oracle in any other Author.
There was an Oracle of Apollo Icbnaus at Ichna in Macedonia '.
At tegyrtSy a City in Besotia, there was an Oracle facred to Tegyraan
Apollo, which was frequented till the Perjian War, bat after that re-
mained for ever filcnt ".
Not lefs famous was Ptous, a Mountain in Baiotia, for the Oracles
given by Apollo, fimam'd Ptous from that Place, where was a Temple
dedicated to him. This Oracle ceas'd when Thebes was demolifh'd by
Alexander ^'.
Apollo, fimam'd Let^veu- from Daphne his beloved Miftrefs, or the
Laurel, into which fhe was transform'd, had an Oracle near the Cajia-
Jian Fountain, the Waters of which were alfo endued with a prophetick
Virtue ^.
Apollo was caird Ifmenius, from I/menus, a River and Mountain in
Bceotia, in which he had a Temple, and gave Anfwers to thofe that
came to enquire of him.
Paufanias y hath told us of another Place in Baeotia where Apollo re-
turn'd Anfwers, viz. a Stone call'd Swipepr/rMf, upon which he had an
Altar, erefted out of the Afhes of Viftims oiFer'd to him ; whence he
was call'd Spodius from gToJ^oj i. e. Afies ; whence for '^ttovSi- in
Paufanias mvL&.htrtz.dt.'S.'TroS'i-. He did not here, as in other Places,
fignify his Will by infpir'd Prophets, but by ahviSon^, ominous Sounds,
in the Obfervation of which he inftrufted Perfons appointed for that
purpofe ; for this Way of Divination was in ufc amongft the Grecians,
efpecially at Smyrna, faith my Author, where was a Temple built on
the Out-fide of the City-Wall for that Purpofe. Thus much of the
Oracles of Apollo.
' Stephanus in voce Et/rpo-/). * lib. xv. cap; iv, ' Hejyckius, v. lyyxm,
Plut, Ftlopida. w Paufaut Betftids, Clement Protrept. ' Paufan. ibidem.
CHAP.
Chap. lo. Of the Religion of Greece. 289
C H A P. X.
Of the Oracle of Trophonius.
TRophonius, the Son of Erejinus, and Brother of Agamedes, a be-
ing poflefs'd with an immoderate Thirll of Glory, built himfelf
a Manflon under Ground, at Lebadea a City of Bceotia, into which,
when he enter'd, he pretended to be infpired with an extraordinary
Knowledge of future Events j but at length, either out of Defign to
faife in Men an Opinion, that he was tranllated to the Gods, or being
fome way neceffitated thereto, perifh'd in his Hole '', Cicero "^ glveth
us a very different account of his Death, when he tells us, that Tra-
fhonius and Agamedes, having built Apollo's Temple at Delphi, re-
quefted of the God, that, as a Recompcnce for their Labour, he would
give them the beft Thing that could happen to Man j Apollo granted
their Petition, and promised them, that it fhould be effefted the third
Day after ; accordingly, on that Day in the Morning they were found
dead. Several other Fables concerning him, and the manner of his
Death, are related in the Scholiaji upon the Clouds of Arijlophanes.
However that be, Trophotiius had Divine Honours paid him after
Death, and was worfhip'd by the name of Jupiter Trophonius <*. Nor
was it a thing unufual for Men deified to be honour'd with the name
of a God, feveral Inftances whereof might be produc'd, but one ftiall
fufRce for all, 'viz. that of Agamemnon, who was worfhip'd at Sparta by
the name of Jupiter Agamemnon, as Lycophron witnelTeth *.
ZlUC iTrxfTICLTUIt ail(A.C>.'.H KKn^y)7.TJ.l,
Then fhall my Husband, whom a Captive Bride
I now obey as my fuperior Lord,
By fubtle crafty Spartans Jove be call'd.
And worfhip fo, from their Poilerity
Receiving greatell: Honours, . E. D.
Which words Cajfandra fpeaks of Agamemnon, whofe Captive an4
Concubine fhe was after the Dellruftion of Troy.
This Oracle came firfl into repute on this Account : On a time, when
for the Sjpace of two Years there had been no Rain in Bceotia, all the
Cities of that Country, with a joint Confent, appointed chofen Per-
fons to go to Delphi, there to pay their Devotions .to Apollo, in the
Name of their Country, and defire his Advice and AfTiflance: The God
accepted their Piety, but return'd them no other Anfwer, than that
they fhould go home, and confult Trophonius at Lebadea. The Am-
baftadors immediately obey'd, and rcpair'd to Lebadea, flill re-
Suidai voce T^cpmioc. > Pbavorin, I'uJ:, Qusft, lib. I. ? Strabo
lib. ix, Caffandr. r. 11%^.
U inaining
290 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 10.
maining as much in the dark, as at firft ; there being not the leaft Sign
or Foot-ftep of any Oracle in that Place : At length, when they had
fearch'd a long time to no purpofe, and began to defpair of Succefs,
one Saon, an Jcrephian^ the Senior of all the Ambaffadors, efpy'd a
Swarm of Bees, and immediately took up a Refolution to follow them ;
by this means he came to a Cave, into which he had no fooner en-
ter'd, but by fome evident Tokens perceiv'd, that in that Place was the
Oracle, Jpol/o had commanded them to enquire of. Upon this he pay'd
his Devotion to Trophonius, and receiv'd from him a welcome and fa-
tisfaftory Anfwer, together with Inftruftions, in what Manner, and
with what Rites and Ceremonies he would have thofe that Ihould come
for Advice, to approach him ^.
The Place of this Oracle was under the Surface of the Earth, and
therefore it was commonly call'd K<xleiCa.<noi', and Perfons that con-
fulted it KstlACetivovTif, becau(e the way to it was a De/cent. Con-
cerning it there are innumerable Fables, which it would not be worth
the while to mention in this Place ; I (hall therefore pr.fs them by, only
giving you the Accounts Pau/anias and Flutarch have left of it j the
former of which confulted it in Perfon, and thereby had opportunity
of being an Eye-witnefs of what he reports. His Words are thus,
tranflated by Mr. Abel :
" Whofoe'er's Exigencies oblige him to go Into the Cave, muft in
** the firft Place make his abode for fome fet-time in the Chapel of
*' Gooii Genius and Gooii Fortune ; during his ftay here he abftains from
** hot Baths, and employs himfelf in performing other forts of Atonc-
** ment for paft Offences ; he is not wholly debarrM bathing, but then
** it muft be only in the River Hercynna, having a fufficient Suftenance
** from the Leavings of the Sacrifices. At his gomg down, he facrificeth
** to Trophonius and his Sons, to Apollo, Saturn, and Jupiter, (who
*' hath the Title of King) to Juno Heniocha, and Ceres, call'd Europa,
< reported to be 7'ro^iio/j's Nurfe. There's a Prieft ftands confulting
< the Bowels of every Sacrifice, who, according to the Viftim's Afpefts,
t( prophefies v.'hether the Deity will give an aufpicious and fatis factory
' <c Anfwer. The Entrails of all the Sacrifices confer but little towards
ti the revealing of Trophonius'' i, Anfwer, unlefs a Ram, which they
*< offer in a Ditch, ' to Agamedes, with iupplication for Succefs, that
Night on which they defcend, prefents the fame Omens with
the former ; on this depends the Ratification of all the reft, and
< without it their former Oblations are of none Effeft : If fo be this
Ram doth agree with the former, tv&ry one forthwith defcends,
back'd with the eagernefs of good Hopes ; and thus is the Manner :
* Immediately they go that Night along with the Priefts to the River
<t Hercynna, where they are anointed with Oil, and wafti'd by two Citi-
*c zen's Boys, aged about Thirteen Years, whom they call Ep^otf , i. e.
Mercuries : Thefe are they that are employ'd in waihing whoever
t hath a mind to confult j neither are they i-emifs in their Duty, but,
*t as much as can be expefted from Boys, carefully perform all things
<i neceffary. Having been wafh'd, they are not ftraightway condufted
.by the Priefts to the Oracle, but are brought to the River's Rifes,
<f which are adjacent to one another : Here they muft drink a Dofe
Fa'-tj'aniiS Bxcticn^
of
chap. lo. Of the Religion of Greece. 291
*' of the Water of it, call'd Lethe, or Obli'vion, to deluge with oyivioa
" all thofe things, which fo lately were the greateft part of their con-
* cerns. After that, they take the Water of Mnemofyne, viz. Remem-
" brance, to retain the remembrance of thofe :hings, that fliajl be
** exhibited to tham in tiicir Defcent ; amongft which is exposed a Sta-
" tue", adorn'd with that admirable carving, that it's fet up by the
*' People for D^dalui\ workmanlhip ; whereupon they never exhibit,
** it, unjefs to Defcendants : to this therefore, after fome venerable
** bbeifance, having mutter'd over a Prayer or two, in a linen Habit,
*' fet off v/ith Ribbands, and wearing Pantofles, agreeable with die
** fafhion of the Country, they approach the Oracle, which is fituattd
*' within a^Iountain near .a Grove, the Foundation of which is built
' fpherical-wife, of white Stone, about the fize, in circumfererence,
** of a very frnall Threlhing-floor, but in height fcarce two Cubits,
*' fupporting brazen Obelisks, encompafs' d round with Ligaments of
** Brafs, between which there are Doors that guide their Paffage into .
'* the midft of the Floor, where there's a fort of a Cave, not the
*' produtl of rude Nature, but built with the niceft accuracy of Me-
** chanifm and Proportion ; the Figure of this Workmanlhip is like an
" Oven, its breadth diametrically (as nigh- as can be gueft) about nine
" Cubits, its depth eight, or thereabouts ; for the Guidance to which
*' there are no Stairs, wherefore 'tis requir'd that all Comers brmg a
*' narrow and light Ladder with them, by which when they are come
" down to the bottom, there's a Cave between the Roof and the Pave-
*' meet, being in breadth about two (jrtt^ouAi, and in height not
*' above one ; at the mouth of this, the Defcendant, having brought
** with him Cakes dipt in Honey, lies along on the Ground and
** Ihoves himfelf Feet foremoft into the Cave ; then he thrufls in his
" Knees, after which the reft of his Body is roU'd along, by a Force
*' not unlike that of a great and rapid River, which over-powering a
*' Man with its Vortex, tumbles him over Head and Ears. All that
*' come within the Approach of the Oracle, have not their Anfwcrs
" reveal'd the fame Way : Some gather their Refolves from outward
*' Appearances, others by word of Mouth ; they all return the fame
** way back, with their Feet foremoft. Among all that have defcend-
*' ed, 'twas never known that any was loft, except one of the Life-
" guard Q^ Demetrius', and befides, 'tis credible the Reafon procecd-
" ed from the Negleft of the Rituals in his Defcent, and his ill Def;gn,
*' for he went not out of neceffity to confult, but out of an avarici-
" ous Humour, for the facrilegious Conveyance back of thi^ Gold and
** Silver, which was there religioufly beitow'd j wherefore 'tis faid;
* .that his Carcafe was thrown out fome other way, and not at the
** Entrance of the facred Shrine. Among the various Reports that fly
* abroad concerning this Man, I've dclivcr'd to J*bfterity the molt
' remarkable. The Priefts, as foon as the Confultant is return'd,
" place h'm on Mnemofyne''^ Throne, v/hich is not vfry far from
" the Shrine j here they enquire of him, what he had feen Dr heard ;
" which when he hath related, they deliver him to oiher^, who
, " (as appointed for that Office) carry him llupify'd with Amazement,
" and forgetful of himlelf, and thofe about him, to the Chapel
" of Qaod Genius and Good Fortune, where he had made his former
V z * ity
292 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 10.
' flay at his going down j here, after feme time, he's reftor'd to his
** former Senfes, and the chearfulnefs of his Vifage returns again. What
** I here relate, was not receiv'd at fecond-hand, but either as by ocular
** Demonftration I have perceiv'd in others ; or what I've prov'd true
*' by my own Experience ; for all Confultants are oblig'd to hang up,
* engraven on a Tablet, what they have feen or heard.
Thus far Paufanias. Plutarch's Relation concerns the Appearances
exhibited to Confultants ; which tho' they were various, and feldom the
fame, being it is a remarkable Story, I will give it you, as it is tranfla-
ted by the fame Hand :
*' limarchus, being a Youth of Liberal Education, and juft initi-
*' ated in the Rudiments of Philofophy, was greatly defirous of know-
*' ing the Nature and Efficacy of Socrates\ Damon ; wherefore commu-
*' nicating his Projeft to no Mortal Body but Me and Cebes, after the
" Performance of all the Rituals requifite for Confultation, He de-
" fcended T^rophonius'% Cave ; where having ftay'd two Nights and one
" Day, his return was wholly defpair'd of^ infomuch that his Friends
*' bewail'd Him as dead : In the Morning He came up very brisk, and
" in the firft Place paid fome venerable Acknowledgments to the God ;
** after that having efcap'd the flaring Rout, He laid open to us a
** prodigious Relation of what he had feen or heard, to this Pur-
*' pofe : In his Defcent, he was befet with a caliginous Mill, upon
*' which he pray'd, lying proflrate for a long time, and not having Senfe
** enough to know whether he was awake or in a Dream, He fur-
" mifes, that he receiv'd a Blow on his Head, with fuch an ecchoing
** Violence, as diffever'd the Sutures of his Skull, thro' which his Soul
* migrated ; and being difunited from the Body, and mixt with bright
*' and refin'd Air, with a feeming Contentment, began to breathe
*' for a long time, and being dilated like a full Sail, was wider than
** before. After this, having heard a fmall Noife, whiilling in
** his Ears a delightfome found ; he look'd up, but faw not a Spot of
*' Earth, only Iflands reflefting a glimmering Flame, interchangeably
** receiving different Colours, according to the various Degrees of
" Light. They feem'd to be of an infinite Number, and of a llupendous
*' fize, not bearing an equal Parity betwixt one another in this, tho'
" they were all alike, i/Zk. Globular : it may be conjeftur'd, that the
" Circumrotation of thefe mov'd the ^ther. which occafion'd that
" Whiffling, the gentle Pleafantnefs of which bore an adequate A-
** greement with their well-tim'd Motion. Between thefe there was
*' a Sea, or Lake, which fpread out a Surface glittering with many
*' Colours, intermixt with an azure ; fome of the Iflands floated in its
*' Stream, by which they were driv^en on the other fide of the Tor-
*' rent ; many others were carried to and fro, fo that they were well-
" nigh funk. *FUiis Sea, for the moll part, was very fhallow and ford-
**i.able, except towards the South, where 'twas of a great Depth; it
*' very often ebb'd and ffow'd, but not with a high Tide ; fome part
" of it had a natural Sea-colour, untainted with any other, as miry
** and muddy as any Lake : The Rapidnefs of the Torrent carry'd
** back thofe Iflands from whence they had grounded, not fituating
*' them in the fame Place as at firfl, or bringing them about with a
" Circum-
Chap. II. Of the Religion of Gieecc. 293
*' Circumference ; but in the gentle turning of them, the Water makes
*' one riiing Roll : Betwixt thefe, the Sea feem'd to bend inwards a-
" bout (as near as he cou'd guefs) eight parts of the whole. This Sea
" had two Mouths, which were Inlets to boifterous Rivers, calling out
*' fiery Foam, the flaming Brightnefs of which cover'd the beft part
*' of its natural Azure, He was very much pleas'd at this Sight, until he
** look'd down, and faw an immenfe Hiatus, refembling a hollow'd
** Sphere, of an amazing and dreadful Profundity : It had Darknefs to a
** Miracle ; not thin, but thicken'd, and agitated : Here he was feiz'd
" with no fmall Fright, by the aftonifliing Hubbubs, and Noifes of all
** Kinds, that feem'd to arifeout of this Hollow, from an unfathomable
** Bottom, 'viz. He heard an Infinity of Yells and Howlings of Beafts,
** Cries and Bawlings of Children, confus'd with the Groans and Out-
** rages of Men and Women. Not long after, he heard a Voice mvi-
" fibly pronounce thefe Words."
What follows is nothing but a prolix and tedious Harangue upon vari-
ous Subjefts. One thing there is more efpecially remarkable in this Ac-
count, viz. That he makes Timarchus to return from Confutation with
a brisk and chearful Countenance, whereas 'tis commonly reported, that
all the Confultants of this Oracle became penfive and melancholy ; that
their Tempers were four'd, and their Countenances, however gay and
pleafant before, render'd dull and heavy; whence, of any Perfondejeded,
melancholy, or too ferious, it was generally faid, %}? Tpcawja ui/MtvTti-
mtf i. e. He has been confulting the Oracle of Trophonius. But this is
only to be underftood of the Time immediately enfuing Confultation ;
for, as we learn from Paufanias, all Enquirers recover'd their former
Chearfulnefs in the Temple of Good Genius and Good Fortune.
CHAP. XL
Of other Grecian Oracles.
AMphiaraus was the Son of Oicleusy and married Eripbyle the Sifter of
Adrajlus, King of Argos ; he was an excellent Sootch-fayer, and by
his Skill forefaw, that it would prove fatal to him, if he engag'd
himfelf in the Theban War. Wherefore, to avoid inevitable Deftruftion,
he hid himfelf, but was difcover'd by his Wife, Eriphyle, whom Polynices
had corrupted with a Prefent of a golden Chain. Being difcover'd, he
was oblig'd by Adraflus, to accompany the Army to Thebes, where, as
he had foretold, together with his Chariot and Horfes, he was fwallow'd
up by theartb, whence Ovid faith of him,
Notus bumo merfis Amphiaraus equis.
Some fay this Accident happen'd in the Way betwixt Thebes and Chal-
eis, and for that Reafon the Place is call'd Ap/xa, i. e. a Chariot, to this
X)ay, faith Paufanias a.
Alticii,
U 3 After
294 Of the Religion of Gxzzct. Chap. li.
After his Death, he was honour'd with Divine Worfhip ; firfl by
the Oropians, and afterwards by all the ot|?er Grecia>is : And a ftately
Temple, with a Statue of white Marble, was eredled to him in the
Place where he was fwallow'd up, faith my Author, being about XII
Stadia diftant from Oropus, a City in the Confines of Attica and Bceotiay
which, for that Reafon, is fometimes attributed to both Countries.
There was alfo a remarkable Altar, dedicated to him in the fame Place j
it was divided into five Parts ; the firft of which was facred to Hercu-
les, Jupiter, and Paonian Apollo : The fecond, to the Heroes aad their
Wives : The third, to Vef.a, Mercury, Amphiaraus, and the Sons of
Amphikchus (for A!c}r<son, the Son of Amphiaraus, was not allow'd
to partake of any of the Honours paid to Amphi'.ochus, or Amphiaraus^
becaufe he flew his Mother Eriphyle : ) The fourth to Venus, Panacea^
jfa/.ti, Hygia, and Pesonian Miner'va. The fifth Part to the Nymphs^
Pan, and the Rivers Ache'.ous and Cephifus.
Anf'.vers were deliver'd in Dreams : Jophon the Gnofian, who pub-
lifh'd the ancient Oracles, in Heroick Verfes, reports. That Amphiaraus
return'd an Anfwer to the Argi-ves in Verfe j but my Author h;:rein
contradi6lcth him, and reports farther, that it was the general Opini-
on, tliat only thofe, who were infpir'd by Apol'o, gave Anfwer. after
that manner ; whereas all the reft made Prediftions either by Dreams,
or the Flight of Birds, or the Entrails of Beafts. He adds, for a Con-
firmation of what he had faid before, <viz. That thefe Anfwers were
given in Dreams. That Amphiaraus was excellently skill'd in the Inter-
pretation of Dreainf, and canoniz'd for the Invention of that Art.
They that came to confult this Oracle were firll to be purify 'd by
offering Sacrifice to Amphiaraus^ and all the other Gods, whofe Names
Were infcrib'd on the Altar : " Philojiratus adds, they were to faft
24 Hours, and abftain three Days from Wine. After all, they offer'd a
Ram in Sacrifice to Amphiaraus, then went to Sleep, lying upon a
Vidtim's Skin, and in that Pofture expefled a Revelation by Dream.
In the fame manner did the People of Apulia Daunia expeft Anfwers
from Poda'irius, who died there, and return'd prophetick Dreams to
thofe that came to enquire of him. Whoever confulted him was to
jleep upon a Sheep's Skin at his Altar, as we learn from thefe Words of
J^ycophron c.
They, whofe afpiring Minds curious to pry
Into the myftick Records of Events,
Ask Aid of Poda'irius, muft fleep
Proftrate on Sheep-Skins at his hallow'd Fane,
And thus receive the true prophetick Dreams. H. H.
*fo return : All Perfons were admitted to this Oracle, the Thehean*
Only excepted, who were to enjoy no Benefit from Amphiaraus in this
way : For, as Herodotus reporteth ^, He gave them their Option of
> Vita Jp'jlhnii Tyahei, lib. ii. * Caffundra^y. 1050. '' Lib. viii. cap.
exzxiv.
two
Chap. II. Of the Religion of Greece. 295
two Things, vix. His Counfel and Advice, to direct them in time of
NecefTity, or his Help and Protedion, to defend them in time of gan-
ger ; telling them they muft not expeft both : Whereupon they chofe
the latter, thinking they had a greater need of Defence, than Counfel, ,
which they could be fufficiently furnifh'd with by Delphian Apollo.
This Oracle was had in a very great Efteem : Herodotus " reckons
it amongft the five principal ones of Greece^ confulted by Crcefus, be-
fore his Expedition againft Cyrus, 'viz, the Delphian, Dodonaan, Amphia-
raus's, Trophonius^s, and the Didymrvan j and Valerius Maximus ^ faith,
it was not inferior either to the two firft of thofe already mention'd,
or that oi Jupiter Hamtnon.
Near the Temple was the Fountain, out of which Amphiaraus a-
fcended into Heaven, when he was receiv'd into the number of the
Gods, which for that Reafon was call'd by his Isfame : It was held fo ,
facred, that it was a Capital Crime to employ the Waters of it to any
ordinary Ufe, as wafliing the Hands, or Purification ; nay, it was un-
lawful to offer Sacrifice before it, as was ufual at other Fountains : The
chief Jfe it was employ'd in was this, vix,. They that by the Advice
of the Oracle had recover'd out of any Difeafe were to call a piece of
coin'd Gold or Silver into it ; aud this b Pau/anias tells us, was an ancient
Cuftom, and deriv'd from the Ptimitive Ages.
At Phara, a City of Achaia, Anfwers were given by Mercurius Ayp'
f^j^, fo nam'd from dyip^, i. e. the Market-flace, where was a
Statue of Stone erected to him, having a Beard, which feems to have '
been a thing unufual in his Statues ; before it was plac'd a low Stone
Altar, upon which ijtood brazen Bafons foldered with Lead. They that
came for Advice firft ofFer'd Frankincenfe upon the Altar, then lighted
the Lamps, pouring Oil into them ; after that, they offer'd upon the
rlght-fide of the Altar a piece of Money, flamp'd with their own Coun-
try Impreflion, and call'd XaKkvi, then proposM the Queftions they
defir'd to be refolv'd in, placing their Ear clofe to the Statue, and after
all, departed, flopping both their Ears with their Hands, till they had
pafsM quite through the Market-place ; then they pluck'd away their
Hands, and receiv'd the firll Voice that prefented itfeif, as a Divine
Oracle. The fame Ceremonies were pralis'd in Egypt, at the Oracle of
Serapis, as ' Pau/anias reports.
' At Bur a in Achaia there was an Oracle of Hercules, call'd from
that City Baraicus ; the Place of it was a Cave, wherein was Hercules^s
Statue: Prediftions were made by throwing Dice. They that con-
fulted the God firfl addrefs'd themfelves to him by Prayer ; then taking
four Dice out of a great Heap that lay ready there, they threw tlictn
upon the Table : All the Dice had on them certain peculiar Marks, all
which were interpreted in a Book kept for that purpofe ; as foon there-
fore as they had call the Dice, *they went to the Book, and there every
Man found his Doom.
At Patra ^ a City on the Sea-coafl of Achaia, not far from the
fecrcd Grove of Apollo, there was a Temple dedicated to Ceres, ia
Lib. i. cap xlvi. * Lib. vui. ci'. xv. *^ Atlicis. " Acbakit. ' Ibid em.
* Paujar.iae ibidcmt
U 4 which
2^6 Of the Religion 0/ -Greece. Chap. 11,
which were erefted three Statues, two to Ceres and Proferpina, ftand-
ing ; the third to Earth, fitting upon a Throne. Before the Temple
there was a Fountain, in which were deliver'd Oracles, very famous
for the Truth of their Predidlions. Thefe were not given upon every
Account, but concern'd only the Events of Difeafes. The manner of
confulting was this ; They let down a Looking-glafs by a fmall Cord
into the Fountain, fo low that the bottom of it might juft touch the
furface of the Water, but not to be cover'd by it : This done, they oiFer'd
Incenfe and Prayers to the Goddefs, then look'd upon the Glafs, and,
from the various Figures and Images reprefented in it, made conjec-
tures concerning tlie Patient.
' At Trcczen, a City of Peloponnefus, there was an old Altar dedi-
cated to the Mufes and Slee^, by Ardalus, one of Vulcan\ Sons ; who
was the firft Inventor of the Flute, and a great Favourite of the Mujes,
who from him were call'd Ardalides. They that came for Advice were
obligM to abftain certain Days from Wine. Afterwards they lay down
by the Altar to fleep, where, by the fecret infpiration of the Mufes,
proper Remedies for their Diftempers were reveal'd to them.
'" At Epidaurus, a City of Peloponnefus, there was a Temple of
^/cu'apius, fam'd for curing Difeafes ; the Remedies of which were
reveal'd in Dreams. When the Cure was perfedled, the Names of the
difeafed Perfons, together with the manner of their Recovery, were
regifter'd in the Temple. This God was afterwards tranflated to Romcy
by the Command of Delphian Jpol'o, who told them, that was the only
way to be freed from the Plague, which at that time rag'd exceedingly
amongft them : Whereupon they fent Ambafladors to Epidaurus, to
defire the God of them : But the Epidaurians being unwilling to part
with fo beneficial a Gueft : JEfailapius of his own accord, in the fhape of
a great Serpent, went ftrait to the Roman Ship, where he repos'd him-
felf, and wr.s with great Veneration convey'd to Rome, where he was
receiv'd with great Joy ; and having deliver'd them from the Diftrefs
they lay under, was honour'd with a Temple in the little Ifland, en-
compafs'd by the River Tiber, and worihip'd in the fame Form he had
affum'd. This Story is related by Pliny ", and Ovid'^ .
At Atiiphiclea, call'd by Herodotus, Ophitea, by Stephanus Amphiceea,
there was a Temple facred to Bacchus, but no Image, at leaft, none
expos'd to publick View. To this God, faith Paufanias ^, the Jvi-
pkicleans afcribe both the Cure of their Difeafes, and the Foretelling of
future Events : The former he effedled by revealing proper Reme-
dies in Dreams j the latter, by infpiring into his PrielTs Divine Know-
ledge.
iitrabo, in his Defcription of Corinth, telleth us, Jitno, had an Oracle
in the Corinthian Territories, in the way between Lechaum and Pag/e.
There was alfo in Laconia a Pool iacred to Juno, by v.'hich Pre-
difiions were made after this manner ; They caft into it Cakes m.ade of
Bread-corn ; if thefe funk down. Good i if not, fomething Dreadful
wafi portended.
Paujaniat. Idem. Corintbiac. " Lib, xv, Met. xv. p Phench.
Calius
Chap. II. Of the Religion of Gretce. 297
- Gsiius Rhodiginus "^ telleth us out of Philojiratus, that Orpheus's Head
at Lejbos gave Oracles to all Enquirers, but more efpecially to the
Grecians, and told them, that Troy could not be taken without Herculei's
Arrows : He adds, that the Kings of Perfia and Babylon often fent Am-
baffadors to confult this Oracle, and particularly Cyrus, who, being de-
firous to know by what Death he was to die, receiv'd this Anhver,
T'l ifjt.cl, a Ky? e, to ca.' My Fate, O Cyrus, // decreed you. Whereby
it was meant he fhould be beheaded ; for Orpheus fufFer'd that Death in
Thrace, by the Fury of the Women, becaufe he profefled an Hatred
and Averfion to the whole Sex : His Head being thrown into the Sea,
was caft upon Lejbos, where it return'd Anfwers in a Cavern of the
Earth. There were alfo Perfons initiated into Orpheus\ Myfteries,
call'd 0?ii'yTA.rtf/, who affur'd all thofe that Ihould be admitted into
their Society of certain Felicity after Death : Which when Philip, one
of that Order, but miferably poor and indigent, boafted of, Leotychidas
the Spartan reply'd. Why do you not die then, you Fool, and put an End to
your Misfortunes together ^joith your Life. At their Initiation little elfc
was requir'd of them befides an Oath of Secrecy.
An Oracle of the Earth is faid to have been in the Country of
Elis 1.
An Oracle of Pan, which was confulted by the Inhabitants of Pifoy
U-tm.% to be meant in the following Words of Statins ' :
licet aridus Ammon
Invideat, Lyciaque parent contendere fortes,
J^iliacumque pecus, patrioque aqualis honor i
Branchus, tf undofe qui rujiicus accola Pifte
Pana Lycaonia nofturnum exaudit in umbra,
Seneca Speaks of an Oracle at Myccnte ' ;
Hinc orantibus
Refponfa dantur certa, cum ingenti fono
Laxantur adyta fatay ^ immugit fpecus
Vac em Dgofolvente.
An Oracle of the Night is mentionM by Paufamas '.
In Laconia in the v/ay betwixt Oebylus and Thalamia, Paufanias "
faith, there was a Temple and Oracle of Ino, who gave Anfwers by
Dreams to thofe that enquir'd of her.
Plutarch " maketh mention of another famous Oracle in Laconia^
at the City Thalamic y which was facred to Pajtphae, who, as fome fay,
was one of the Daughters of Atlas, and had by Jupittr a Son call'd
Ammon. Others are of Opinion, it was Cajfandra the Daughter of
Xing Priamus, who dying in this Place, was called Pafiphae, Ka.^di to
vuffi ztdvitv Tu nMtviHa, from revealing Oracles to all Men. Others will
have it, that this was Daphne the Daughter of Amyclas, who flying
from Apollo, was transform'd into a Laurel, and honoured by that
"Anuquitat. lil>, xv. cap. ix. "i Faufamas Elizc, d. ' Thebaid. iii. v. 476.
* Thyefte, v. 677. 'Attitis, p. 7/. Edit. JIartov. ^ Lacenicis, Agidr.
God
298 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 12.
God with the Gift of Prophecy. This Oracle, when Jgis King of
Sparta endeavour'd to reduce the Spartans to their ancient \'Ianner of
Living, and put in force Ljcurgus''s old Laws, very much countenanced
and encouraged his Undertaking, commanding the People to return to
the former State of Equality. Again, when Cleomenei made the like
Attempt, it gave the fame Advice, in this Manner, as my Author re-
lates the Story': " About that Time, faith he, one of the Ephori
*' fleeping in Pajiphais Temple dream'd a very furprizing Dream ; for
** he thought he faw the four Chairs remov'd, where the Ethori ufed.
*' to fit and hear Caufes, and only one placed there ; and whilft he
** wonder'd, he heard a Voice out of the Temple, faying. This is the
*' bejifor Sparta.
Upon the Top of Citheeron, a Mountain in Bceotia, was a Cave call'd
Spragidium, where many of the Inhabitants of that Country were in-
fpir'd by the Nymphs call'd Sphragitides, and thence nam'd NujUipo-
Amt7o/ ', i. e. infpird by the Nymphs.
Ulyjfes had an Oracle among the Eurytanes, a Nation of JEtolla, as
Ariftotle * is faid to report by Tscetzes in his Comment upon Lycophron^
who hath thefe Words concerning Ulyjfes :
JEtolian People the dead Prophet crown.
Several other Oracles we read of in Authors, as that of Tirejias and
JEgeus, with others of iefs Repute, which for that Reafon I fhall for-
bear to mention.
CHAP. XII.
Of Theomancy.
HAVING given you an Account of the moft celebrated Oracles
in Greece, which make the firft and nobleft Species of Natural
Divination, I come how to the fecond, call'd in Greek 8(7(t/<ti/Te,
which is a compound Word, confifting of two Parts, by which it is
diftinguifh'd from all other forts of Divination by the former Uviz. -Sgo^)
it is diftinguilhed from Artificial Divination, which, tho' it may be faid
to be given by the Gods, yet does not immediately proceed from them
being the EfFedl of Experience and Obfervation. By the latter Ivix.
liAVTc'ia) it is oppos'd to Oracular Divination; for tho' Matri'tA be a
general Name, and fometimes fignifies any fort of Divination j yet it
is alfo ufed in a more ftridt and limited Senfe, to denote thofe Pre-
diftions that are made by Men ; and in this Acceptation it is oppos'd to
Xp<ry.Q(, as the Schaliaji upon Sophocles has obferv'd '^.
Cleomerte, Paujanai Besttic. * Iilacer. Poiitck. *> Ver 7QQ. In
Oedif.Tyt, '^^
Thas
Chap. 12. Of the Religion of Gretce. 299
Thus much for the Name. As to the Thing, it is diftinguifliM from
Oracular Divination (I mean, that which was deliver'd by Interpreters,
as the Delphi, for in others the Difference is more evident) becaufe
tliat was confin'd ufualiy to a fixed and ftated Time, and always to a
certain Place ; for the Pythia could not be infpir'd in any other Place
but Apollo's Temple, and upon the facred Triput; whereas the f^-o^idvlfK
were free and unconfin'd, being able (after the offering of Sacrifices,
and the Performance of the other ufual Rites) to prophefy at any Time,
or in any Part of the World.
As to the Manner of receiving the Divine Infpiration, that was not
always different ; for not only the Pythia, but the Sibyls alfo, with many
others, were poffefs'd with Divine Fury, fwelling with Rage like Per-
fons diftrafted, and befide themfelves. '' Firgil delcribes the Sibyl in
this hideous Pofture :
Cut talia fatiti
^ntt fores fubito non vnltus, non color nnus,
Non comtte manfere coma, fed feSus anheluniy
Et rabie fera corda tument ; major que 'videri^
Nee mortah fonans : affiata eft numine quando
Jam propiore Dei ^-
Thus at the Entrance fpake the facred Maid ;
And now no fettl'd Air or Feature flaid
Thro' the whole Symmetry of her alter'd Face,.
For fleeting Colours feiz'd each other's Place.
But when the head-ftrong God, not yet appeas'd.
With holy Phrenzy had the Sibyl feiz'd.
Terror froze up her grifly Hair ; her Breall
Throbbing with holy Fury, flill expreft
A greater Horror, and fhe bigger feems
Swol'n with th' Afflatus, whilit in holy Screams
Sh' unfolds the hidden Myfleries of Fate. H. H.
Few that pretend to Infpiration, but raged after this manner, foaming
and making a ftrange terrible Noife, gnafhing with their Teeth, fhi-
vering and trembling, with other antick Motions : And therefore fome
will have their Name {nsiic. fjuiv}ti} to be deriv'd lunv" rv {Aaiiritri-tu, i. c.
from being mad.
Other CJufloms there were common to them with the Pythia ; I fhall
only mention thoie about the Laurel, which was facred to Apollot the
God of Divination, being fprung from his beloved Dabhne, and thought
to conduce very much to Infpiration, and therefore call'd (Myvxaif jc/TW,
jhe Prophet ick Plant : Whence Claudian faith of it,
Venturi prafcia Laurus.
The Laurel fkill'd in Events.
With this they us'd to crown their Heads. Thus Caffandra is defcrib'd
by "Euripides . And Mfchylus '^ fpeaks thus of her :
* /i^a, Ub. VI, v> 47. ,c dndrmuKbi, ' ^gamemnontf v, i73.
^oo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 12.
Her Hand a Laurel Scepter grafp'd, her Neck
The fame prophetick Plant with Garlands grac'd.
Where by ffKn'^tov he means a Staff of Laurel, which Prophets ufually
carried in their Hands ; it was called in Greek \^vnexov, as we learn
from Hefychius. It was alfo ufual to eat the Leaves of this Tree ;
whence Lycophron ' faith of Cajandra,
The Mouth with Laurel Morfels often blefs'd.
In myftick Words unriddl'd future Truths.
And the Siiyl in 7ibullus fpeaks of it, as one of her greateft Privileges,
placing it in the fame Rank with that of Virginity, a Thing held by
her very facred, tho' not always obferv'd by other Prophets ; for CaJ~
fandra was Agamemnon's Concubine ; and tho' the Condition of a Captive
might lay fome Force upon her, yet 'tis agreed by all, that Helenus
married Andromache ; and that blind Tirejias was led up and down by
his Daughter Manto. But to return to the Sibyl, whofe Words in Ti-
httllus are thefe :
< Sic ufque facras innoxia laurus
Vefcar, 3 aternum fit mihi 'virginitas.
With holy Laurel may I e'er be fed.
And live and die an unpolluted Maid.
It was alfo cuftomary for Diviners to feed upon the xv^tarcija. fzoeitt
^eiuv (MiVTiKtSv, principal Parts of the prophetical Beajis ; fuch were the
Hearts of Crows, Vultures, and Moles ; thinking that by thefe they be-
came Partakers of the Souls of thofe Animals, which by a natural At'
traHion follow'd the Bodies, and by Confequence receiv'd the Influence
of the God, who us'd to accompany the Souls. Thus we are inform'd
by Porphyry ^.
Thus much of thefe Prophets in general ; I fhall only add, that they,
as alfo other Diviners, were maintain' d at Athens at the publick Charge,
having their Diet allow'd in the Yl^vranHovt or Common Hall, as the
Scholiafi upon Arifiophanes obferves.
Of the ()/,<i'^j there were three forts among the Grecians, diftin-
guifli'd by three dillinft manners of receiving the Divine Afflatus.
One fort were pofTefs'd with prophefying Damons, which lodged
within them, and dictated what they fliould anfwer to thofe that en-
quired of them, of fpoke out of the Bellies or Breafts of the poflefied
Perfons, they all the while remaining fpeechlefs, and not fo much as
moving their Tongues or Lips ; or pronounced the Anfwer themfelves,
making ufe of the Members of the Damoniac. Thefe were call'd Act/-
fuvoxn'^loi, i. e. poJfefs''d with Damons ; and becaufe the Spirits either
lodg'd or fpoke within their Bodies, they were alfo nam'd Eyf^i-fifxuSoi,
t Cajandr, v. 6. * Lib, II. de Abftinentia ab Animal.
(which
Chap. 12. Of the Religion of Greece. 301
(which Name was alfo attributed to the Damons) ^y[et^et{Muntif, SrEpfe-
(MivrM, EyfAi^etTtu, Sec. This way of Prophefying was praftis'd alfo in
other Countries, and particularly amongft the Jeivs, as alfo Necromancy :
For the Prophet I/aiab denounced God's Judgments upon thofe that
made ufe of either of them. 8 His Words, as they are tranilated by the
Seventy, run thus : Kai \a.v iiynan as^i V(M<,^mnm.Ti v} 6>f*retf/t.8<,
3^ -/tFij anti i ytif (puu'ivras, tsvJ yjivohydyreti, ot Ik i Mthiat ^luv^nv
'iQv' ifoi ^^^ ftim oK^nTitrvTj ; v wt^ir?!" fe/ r ^^wrcov -tsv) rexp^f ;
jind if they fay unto you. Seek unto them nuhofe Speech is in their Belly,
and thofe that fpeak out of the Earth, thofe that utter 'vain Words, that
fpeak out of their Belly : Shall not a Nation feek unto their God? Why da
they enquire of the Dead concerning the Living ? Thefe Diviners were
alfo nam'd ^xi^xjy.hni, andEw'pfJt'^-wTa/, from Eurycles, the firft thatprac-
tifed this Art at Athens, as the Scboliaji upon Arifiophanes hath inform'd
us, at thefe Words,
Like that fantaftick Divination,
Which Eurycles of old did firft invent.
To enter Bellies, and from thence pronounce
Ridic'lous Whims H. H.
They were alfo call'd Hu^v^i, and flySs'J'/Koi, from Xlj^v, a prophefy-
ing .Damon, as Hefythius and Suidas have told us. The fame is mentioned,
in the ASs of the Apoftles' : E^ifsro '^ Tny&^y.t-vasv i\i^ tis t^f'tdt^f,
Tcu<f'i(TKbjj Tjva, tyjiouv wiiifjuo. nu'Siy'* dvzfrurcu rj/iv. Our Tranfla-
tors have rendred it thus : And it came to pafs, as ive luent to Prayer, a
certain Damfel poffefs' d ivith a Spirit of Divination met us. But the Mar-
gin reads Python, inftead of Divination, which is' a general Name, and
may be us'd in that Place, as more intelligible by the common People.
Plutarch, in his Treatife concerning the Ceffation of Oracles, faith, thefe
familiar Spirits were anciently call'd EoVi/x^Aeij, and only Viv'^vi^ in latter
Ages : " It is abfurd (faith he) and childiHi to fuppole, that God him-
" felf, like the E^fjirei'-'t"^/. which were formerly call'd Et/pwicAHf, but
** are now named W-j^va, fhould enter into the Bodies of Prophets,
** and make ufe of their Mouths and Voices, in pronouncing their
** Anfwcrs.
As to the Original of this Name (Python) there are various Con-
jeftures ; the molt probable of which feems to be, that it was taken
from Apollo Pythius, who was thought to prelide over all forts of Di-
vination, and afterwards appropriated by Cuftom to this Species ; for
fo we find a great many Words of a general Signification, in time, made
peculiar to fome one Part of what they fignified before. To give one
Inftance : Tv^.vv<^, by the ancient Greeks was apply'd to all Kings,
as well the juft and merciful, as the cruel, and whom we now call fy-
raunicali but in more modem Ages was appropriated to that latter
f Cap. vjii. V. 19. '' Vefp!, ' Cap. xvi. y. li.
fort.
302 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 12.
fort, and became a Name of the greatell Ignominy and Deteftation. On
the contrary. Words of a narrow and limited Senfe have fometimes
paffed their Bounds, and taken upon them a more general and uncon-
fined one : fo Mavnict, which at firft fignified only that fort of Prophe-
fying which was infpired with Rage and Fury ; being derived (as P/ato
and others after him will have it) tf,Vo t 5 (xa.ii'sSK,, from being mad; and
by Homer " in that Senfe oppos'd to fome other Ways of Divination, as
that by Dreams and Entrails came at length to be a general Name for all
forts of Divination.
The fecond fort of 0?of^V re/f v/erecallM Ep^ssmotcai, Ei/^jtf?7io/, and
&iV]rv^'^i, being fuch as pretended to what we alfo call Enthufiafm ;
and different from the former, who contain'd within them the Deity
himfelf } whereas thefe were only gov"ern'd, afted, or infpir'd by him,
and inftruded in the Knowledge of what was to happen. Of this fort
were Orpheus, Amphioity Muf^eus, and feveral of the Sibyls.
A third fort were the E/.^a^/x^o/, or thgfe that were call into Trances
or Ecjlajies, in which they lay like Men dead, or afleep, depriv'd of all
Senfe or Motion, but after fome Time (it may be Days, or Months, or
Years, for Epimenides the Cretan is reported to have lain in this Pofture
LXXV Years) returning to themfelves, gave ftrange Relations of what
they had feen and heard. For it was a vulgar Opinion, that Man's Soul
might leave the Body, wander up and down the World, vifit the Place
of the Deceafed, and the heavenly Regions, and, by converfmg with
the Gods and Heroes, be inftrufted in things neceflary for the Conduft
of human Life. Plato, in the tenth Book of his Politicks, fpeaks of one
Famphilus, a Pharean, that lay ten Days amongft the Carcaflcs of flain
Men, and afterwards being taken up, and placed upon the Funeral
Pile to be burn'd, returned to Life, and related what Places he had feen
in Heaven, Earth and Hell, and what was done there, to the Aftonilh-
ment of all that heard him. And Plutarch, in his Difcourfe concern-
ing Socrates^ Damon, faith, it was reported of the Soul of Hermodorus
the Clazomenia7i, that for feveral Nights and Days it would leave his
Body, travel over many Countries, and return after it had view'd
Things, and difcours'd with Perfons at a great Diftance ; till at laft,
by the Treachery of a Woman, his Body was deliver'd to his Enemies,
who burn'd the Houfe while the Inhabitant was abroad. Several other
Stories of the fame Nature are recorded in Hiftory ; which whether
true or falfe, it matters not much, fince they were believ'd, and re-
ceived as fuch.
Hither may alfo be reducM another fort of Divination. It was com-
monly believ'd, that the Souls of dying Men, being then in a manner
Joos'd from the Body, could forefee future Events. Whence HeSior is
introduc'd by Homer \ foretelling to AchVles the Authors and Place of
his Death. In Imitation of whom f7rg// brings in Or odes foretelling the
Death of Mezentius m. I will only mention one Example more, which
is related by Cicero ", concerning Calanus the Indian Philofopher,
-who being afk'd by Alexander, whether he had a mind to fpeak any
thing before his Death, reply'd, Optime, propediem te videbo : Yes I
I Iljad. , i Iliad, x.v. 355. " .<9Eoqid,x.739. > DedivJnat. lib. ii.
fhall
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 303
ftiall fee you fliortly, ^od ita contigit : Which accordingly (faith Cz-
ttro) came to pafs.
Thus much for Natural Divination. I come, in the next Place, to
{peak fomethingof that which is call'd Artificial', in doing which, be-
caufe Divination, or Prediftion by Dreams, feems to bear a more near
Affinity to the Natural than the reft, and is by fome reckon'd amongft
the Species of it ; I (hall therefore in the iirft place give you an AC'
count of the Cuftoms pralis*d in it.
CHAP. XIII.
Of 'Divination by Dreams,
I SHALL not in this Place trouble you with the various Divifions of
Dreams, which do not concern my prefent Defign, which is only ta
fpeak of thofe by which Predidlions were made, commonly call'd Di'
*vine ; and of thefe there were three Sorts.
The firft was X^nua.rtjfM';, when the Gods and Spirits in their own
or under any alTumed Form <coovers'd with Men in their Sleep : Suck
an one was Jgamemnon'i Dream, at the Beginning of the fecond Iliad i
where the God of Dreams, in the Form of Nejior, advifeth him to give
the Trojans Battle, and encourageth him thereto with the Promi^ of
certain Succefs and Vidory. Such an ooe alfo was the Dream of Pin-
dar^ in which (as Paufaniai ' reports) Proferpina appear'd to him, and
complained he dealt unkindly by her, for that he had compos'd Hymns
in Honour of all the other Gods, and fhe alone was neglefted by
him : She added, that when he came into her Dominions, he fhould.
celebrate her Praifes alfo. Not many Days after the Poet died, and in
a fliort time appear'd to an old Woman, a Relation of his, that us'd to
employ a great part of her Time in reading and finging his Verfes,
and repeated to her an Hymn made by him upon Proferpina.
The fecond is O^^ua , wherein the Images of Things which are to
happen are plainly reprefented in their own Shape and Likenefs ; and
this is by fome call'd 0?<HpMatt77)to?. Such an one was that of Alexan-
der the Great, mention'd by Valerius Maximus ", when he dream'd that
he was^ to be murder'd by Cajfander : And that of Crafus, King of
Lydia, when he dream'd that his Son Atyj, whom he defigned to fuc.
ceed him in his Empire, fhoald be flain by an Iron Spear, as Herodotus
relateth.
The third Species, call'd OvHfi^tt is that in which future Events are
revealed by Types and Figures ; whence it is named A'AH;pe<xif, an
Allegory, being, according to Heraclides "^ of Pontus, a Figure by nvhich one
Thing is exprefs'd, and another fignif yd. Of this fort was Hecuba\, when
fhe dream'd fhe had conceiv'd a Firebrand ; and Cafar\y when he
dream'd he lay with his Mother j whereby was fignified he fhould
Bacotkiu > Lib, i. cap, vii. Lib. i. cp. xxxiv. * Dc Allcgor. Uomtric'n,
enjoy
304 Of the Religion of Grc&ce, Chap. 15.
enjoy the Empire of the Earth, the common Mother of all living Crea-
tures. From this Species, thofe, whofe Profeffion it was to interpret
Dreams, have defumed their Names, being call'd in Greek OvH^Kpi-mi,
Ovetf^'mv Ccsrot.ejt'Tai, from Judging of Dreams j Ovei^tT'f.o-Koi ; from
Prying and Looking into them ; and Ovaenmo^oi, becaufe they were eon-
'verfant about them. To one of thefe three Sorts may all Prophetical
Dreams be reduc'd j but the Diftinftion of their Names is not always cri-
tically obferv'd.
The firft Author of all Dreams, as well as other Divinations, was Ju' '
fiter, as I have already intimated,
}^ yap t" ovstp in Aioc ir'V.
For Dreams too come from Jo've.
faith * Homer. But this muft not be underftood, as if Dreams were
thought immediately to proceed from Jupiter : It was below his Dig-
nity to defcend to fuch mean Offices, which were thought more fit for
inferior Deities.
To omit therefore the Apparitions of the Gods, or Spirits in Dreams,
upon particular Occafions, fuch as was that of ^ Patroc/us^s Ghoft to
Achilles, to defire his Body might be interr'd ; The Earth was thought
to be the caufe of Dreams, faith Euripides b ;
u TTcrvia. X&wv,
Hail, reverend Earth, from whofe prolifick Womb
Sable wing'd Dreams derive their Birth.
Where the Scholiaji gives this Reafon for it, vix. That the Earth, by
obftruding the Paffage of the Light of the Sun, caufeth the Night,
in which Dreams prefent themfelves, which are upon this account im-
puted to the Earth as their Mother. Or, that out of the Earth pro-
ceeds Meat, Meat caufeth Sleep (Sleep being nothing but the Liga-
tion of the exterior Senfes, caus'd by humid Vapours afcending from
the Stomach to the Brain, and there obftrufting the Motion of the
Animal Spirits, which arc the Inftruments of Senfation, and all other
Animal Operations) and from Sleep come Dreams ; But thefe were
efteem'd meer Cheats and Delufions, as Eujiathius telleth us, in his
Comment upon the nineteenth Book of Homer s Odyjfes, not far from
the end ; and fuch as thefe he faith the Poet fpeaks of, when he makes
Dreams to inhabit near the Ocean, the great Receptacle of the humid
Element,
n^ cT' ^a-av nxsavow Tt f eV, ^ A.'.vtia.S'a. wiTf )'
Near to that Place, where with impetuous 8 Force,
The rolling Ocean takes his rapid Courfe,
Iliad. ', I Iliad. 4' g Htfut, v. 70.
Near
Chap. r^. Of the Religion of Greece. 305
Near Phcehus's glitt'ring Gates, and that dark Cell,
Which Dreams inhabit. H. H,
Others were afcrib'd to Infernal Gh/s. Thas Firgil at the end of his
fixth jEneiJ :
Sedfalfa ad cesium mittunt infomnia Manes.
By this th' Infernal Deities convey
Into the upper World phantaftick. Dreams.
Hence Sophocles brings in EleSira faying, that Agamemnon, out of a
concern for Orefies and his Defigns, haunted Cljtamnejlra with fearful
Dreams,
For He, folicitous of thofe Affairs,
In frightful Dreams doth Clytamneftra haunt.
Others were imputed to Hecate, and to the Moon, who were God-
deffes of the Night, and fometimes taken for the fame Perfon ; they
were alfo fuppos'd to have a particular Influence, and to prefide over
all the Accidents of the Night, and therefore invoked at Incantations,
and other Night-myfteries, as (hall be fhewn afterwards.
But the chief Caufe of all was the God of Sleep, whofe Habitation,
as ' O'vid defcribes it, was among the Cimmerii, in a Den dark as
Hell, and in the Way to it ; around hinj lay whole Swarms of Dreams
of all forts and fizes, which he fent forth when, and whither, he pleaf-
ed ; but Virgil affigns to the falfe and deluding Dreams another place,
upon an Elm at the; Entrance of Hell :
In medio ramos annofaque hrachia pandit
Ulmus opaca, ingens : quam fedem /omnia i/a 'go
Vana tenereferunt, foUifqui fub omnibus ha rent ^,
V th' midft an' ancient fpreading Elm doth grow,
Whofe clafping Arms diiFufe a fhade below ;
And here, if Fables don't the World deceive.
To ev'ry Branch, to ev'ry trembling Leaf
Clings a phantaftick Dream. .._ H H,
It may be, he fuppofes this to have been the Receptacle of fome part
of them, and the reft to accompany the God oi Sleep. Ov;W tells us, He
had three Attendants more ingenious than the reit, which could tranf-
form themfelves into any Form ; their Names were Morpheus, fhohetor^
or Icelos, and Phantafus : The Employment of the firft was to coun-
terfeit the Forms of Men, the fecond imitated the Likenefs of Brutes,
, and the laft that of inanimate Creatures;
* Eleiira, y, 480, ' Mttam. Jib. x\. Fjb. x. * ^acid. vi. v. 283.
X ' ExcitMt
^t>6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap, i j,
' Excttat artifcem, fimulat or emque figure
Moiphea ; non illo jujfusfolertior alter
Exprimit incejfus, 'vultumque, fonumque loquendi ;
jidjicit dS" vejies, ^ conJuetiJ[Jlma cuique
' Verba, fed hicfolos homines imitatur. At alter
Fitfera, jit 'volucris. Jit longo corpore ferpens,
Hunc Icelon fuperi, mortale Phobetoria 'vu'gus
Nominat. EJi etiam di'verfa tertius artis
Phantafos ; ille in humum, faxumque, undamque, trabemque,
^aque vacant animd fee licit er omnia tranjit^
He rous'd the Antick Fiend; than whom none can
More fubtly, or more lively mimick Man,
The Beaux, the Cloivn, he'll in their Garbs exprefs.
And fet his Tongue to each Man's proper Phrafe.
Their Looks, tho' ne'er fo dilFrent, he can ape >
But He's oblig'd t' affame an Human Shape.
The difPrent Shapes of Fealis a fecond bears.
And now in fnaky Wreathings he appears
A hifiing Serpent ; row again he feems
A tim'rous Bird, thus mixes all extremes.
Him Icelos th' Immortal Beings calf.
But Men Phobetor.
Thantajui next, but He, diflinft from thefe,
Ufurps the uncouth Shapes of wither'd Trees,
Of Stones, or other lifelefs Subftances. H.
]
In Virgil, the God of Sleep defcended from Heaven upon Palinurus ?
which is not to be underftood, as if Heaven was his proper Seat ; but
that he was fent thence, by fome of the Ethereal Gods, by whom He
had been call'd thither : Or elfe He is to be fuppos'd to rove up and
down through the Heavens, or Air, to difperfe his Dreams among Men, >
as He fees convenient : The Poet's Words are thefe " :
-le'vis (Sthereis delapfus Somnus ab afiris
A'e'ra dimo--vit tenebro/uw, iff difpulit umbras ;
Te, Palinure, petens, Tibi trijiia Somnia portans.
When nimble Sleep glides through the liquid Air, "^
Difpeils the Clouds, and makes the Skies more clear, f
Laden with fearful Dreams, which he doth bear ^
For thee, unhappy P/i//arw - H. H.J
There was another Deity alfo, to whom the care of Dreams was
committed, call'd Brizo, from the old Greek word Cpi^nv, to Jleep :
Cailius '^ faith fhe was worfhip'd in the Lland Delos, and that Boats full
of all forts of Things were ofFerM to her, except J^ifh. But fhe was
thought rather to a0ift at the Interpretation of Dreams, than to be
the efficient Caufe of them, and is therefore by Hejychius call'd B=i^i[^eti'Vi'
* Ovid, Loc, citit. " ^neld. v, ,v. 838. " Antiq. Left, lib, xxvH. c X.
^ This
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 307
This Account Ccelius hath taken out of the eighth Book of Athetianu,
who adds farther, that they ufed to pray to her for the Publick Safety
and Profperity ; but more particu^rly, that fhe would vouchfafe to pro-
teft and preferve their Ships. ,
Laftly, 'Twas believed that Hawks or Vultures (if*xg<) when they
were dead, did < i/Tsy'so-^/, k o-.iifff.TO. imniu-miv' prophejy and fend
Dreams ; being then divefted of their Bodies, and become yi^/. al 4,uvi,
naked Souls .
Having treated of the reputed Authors of Dreams, I fhall in the
next Place defcribe the Ways by which they were fuppos'd ufually to
come. Thefe were two, one for delufive Dreams, which pafs'd thro*
a Gate of Ivory ; another for the true, which pafs'd through a Gate
of Horn. Defcriptions of thefe two Gates occur both in the Greek and
Latin Poets, one of which I ftiall give you in each Tongue : The firft
fhall be that of p Homers where fpeaking of Dreams, he faith.
Tail lil lS{j K l>.^ci><ri Sta. ?rp/?- 'X^^^vto?,
0< i''^ ^sr&v xspotav 'itSsuci ^vpa^i,
Oi p iruy.x Kfciivita-i ^(otuv on *iv tij 'iS'inni' .
The fecond fliall be that of ^ Virgil, imitated from the former : :
Sunt gemiftte Sovan'i porf^, quarum altera fertur
Cornea, qua. 'veris facilis datur exitus Umbris :
yiltera candenti perfeiia nitens elephanto,
Sedfalfa ad Caelum mittunt infomnia Manes.
Vain and phantaftick are the Dreams that fly
Thro' the great Gate of polifti'd Ivory,
With fenfelefs Whims thefe to our Heads repair,
G-uU us with golden Mountains in the Air ;
But v/hen i' th' Morn we wake our drowzy Eyes,
Big with th' expedlance of the lovely Prize,
With eager hafte the giddy Phantafm flies.
But no fuch Whims infeft our eafy Pate,
When Sleep conveighs our Dreams thro' th' other Gate,
Compos'd of polifli'd Horn. For thofe from hence
Are true prophetick Dreams, and full of folid Senfe. H. H.
In allufion to thefe Gates, we are told by Philojlratusy that it was
cuftomary to reprefent any Dream in a white Garment, wrap'd over a.
black one, with a Horn in his Hand. And Eujlathius, in his Comment
upon the fore-mention'd Paflage of Homer, hath made feveral Con-
jedtures concerning it, moft of which are, fo frivolous, that to mention
them would be loft Labour. Such as defire farther fatisfalion may
confult the Author.
JElianui de Animal, lib. xi, cap. xxxix. ' OdjflT. xix. v. 562.
' iEnciJ. vi. V. 891.
X 2 The
}
jo8 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap, i j.
The Time in which true Dreams were expefted, was Nujct^^j dUaK-'
yof, and therefore Homer telleth us, that Penelope, having an aufpicious
Dream concerning her Son Te/emachus, who was travelling in fearch of
his Father U/j^es, rejoiced the more, becauie it appeared to her at that
time,
- cT" is t/fl-vK etrifzn
But when Penetope awak'd, her Breaft
With greater Joy ana Gladnefs was pofleft,
Becaufe at Break of Day the Dream appear'd. H. H/
What Time that was Grammarians do not agree : Some derive it (faith,
Eufiathius) from the privative Particle and /xoIsa', to 'wa/i, or fMyiv,
to Icbour and toil, as tho' it were auok^, or eiaa'y -, and by ^pen-
theji'j d^t-hyli, as tho' it fhould fignify the dead of the Night, in which
People neither labour nor 'zx:alk abroad. Others alio think it may iigni-
fy the middle or depth of the Night, but for a different reafon ; for
dfJuKy- (fay they) is the fame with ti/ic: of, i. e. thick or chje compaSled^
and HeJiodh3X\i us'd the word in this fenfe, when he faith,
Ma'^i4 t' ei/uoXyxin i
That is, as Athenaus expounds it, -miuAViKfi dyfJudtUd, e thick Cake, {nth:
as the Shepherds, and Labouring Men eat. Others allovy it the fame
Signification, but for a third reafon: i\uoh-)fii, (fay they) according ta
to the GloJJfographers, amongft the Achaans, is the fame with akum,
which fignifies the midji, or height of any thing, as dv-uA -Siosf, that
part of Summer, when the Heat is moft violent, Midfummer ; and
Men are faid to be h' akim, when they are in their fiill Strength ; and
therefore diMt^-^t, or ei:<f/j vv)nif, mufl be the </i?/i/'/6, or mid/t of the
Night. But this Signification concerns not our prefent Purpofe, for I
no where read, that Dreams had more Credit, becaufe they came in
the dead of the Night. It muft therefore be obferv'd, that a.(/.o?^^(
was us'd in another Senfe, for the time in which they us'd to milk
Cattle, being derived from dfjUKyui, to milk ; and then duAhya vuKnt
muft fignify the Morning, in oppofition to YiiAAf^.i di/jaK'jp'i, or the
'E'vening milking-time . That it was us'd in this Senfe is evident from
"Homers twenty-fecond Iliad, where he faith the Dog-ftar (which rifeth
a little before the Sun) appears \v vvKTOf dfCoKyt^' His words are thefe,
Tla.f/.^a.ivi>yQ' u^' dg-'tf iviffffVLS/JOv Ttiiioio, ,
OC pet T OTTcifMC iiriVy 13(^I|A0< J'i c! cu/'ycu
9a.nomuvo\>,o'(<ri fJivr XTfttrt vvATii e'f*i\ya>,
Fine Odyff. iv. U, ^ y. a6,
I Rulhin^
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 309
1 , Rufliing he (hone,
As when th* Autumnal Dog-Jiar haft'ning on
To fet himfelf 'fore Morning in the Sky,
Darts down his fiery blazing Beams from high ; ^
A dazzling Luftre all around is feen,
It burns the brighteft in the heavenly Plain. jp. />.
And that this was the time, in which Dreams were thought to defervt
the greateft regard * Horace affures us,
Aji ego quum Graecos facerem natus mare citra
Verjlculos, vetuit me tali voce Quirinus,
Foji mediam no3em 'vifusy quum /omnia ifera.
m Now being a Roman bom.
And Grecian Numbers once refolv'd to try,
^irinus kindly did my Wifh deny ;
Methought the Night near fpent, when Dreams are true,
*Twas at the Dawn of Day he came unto my View,
And fpoke fuch Words as thefe. . E, D\
Ovid appears of the fame Opinion from the following Words :
fJamque fuh Auroram jam dormitante lucerna,
tempore quo cerni fomnia verafolent.
Near Morn, when Lamps are dwindling out their Light, ^
And feem to nod for fleep, that part of Night, >
When Dreams are truelt ofFer'd to our Sight. E^ D.J
Theocritus alfo agrees with them.
Ayyu^i Jl'iiat,
And now Aurora's juft about t'appcar.
When fiireft Dreams do moft excufe our Fear. E. D.
The reafon of which Opinion was this, viz. They thought all the
remainders of the Meat upon their Stomachs might by that time be
pretty well digefled, and gone ; for till then. Dreams were believ'd
rather to proceed from the Fumes of the laft Night's Supper, than any-
Divine or Supernatural Caufe : And therefore Pliny tells us, a Dream is
never true prefently after Eating or Drinking : And Artemidorus farther
obferves, that fmall Credit is to be given to a Morning Dream, if yoa
have eaten too plentifully the Night before i becaufe all the Crudities
cannot then be carried off.
For that Reafon, they who defired a prophetick Dream, us'd to take
a fpecial Care of their Diet, fo as to eat nothing hard of Digeftion, as
' i. Sat, X. 3'.
X 3 pMUr
3IO Of the Religion 0f Greece. Chap. 13.
particular Beans, or raw Fruit. Some, that they might be fure to be
free from Fumes, failed one Day before, and abllain'd from Wine for
three. Fifli is not foon, or eafily digefted, and therefore ('tis probable)
was thought to obllrudt true Dreams, which feems to have been the
Reafon why, fuch Quantities of other things being ofFer'd in Sacrifice
to the Goddefs Brizo, Fifh only were excepted, as appears from the
fore-mentioned Paffage of Athen/eus ". Plutarch obferves, that the
Falypuis Head was prejudicial to thofe who defir'd prophetical Dreams j
XlaXiTfofoi xs^axi) h y-h x.<tx.h, h 'j Kj toS^5'v
r th' Pphpus's Head
Something of 111, fomething of Good is bred.
Becaufe it is fweet and pleafant to the Tafte, but difquieteth Men in
their Sleep, and maketh them reftlefs, caufing troublefome and anxious
Dreams ; and therefore he compares Poetry to it, which containeth
many things, both profitable and pleafant, to thofe that make a right
Ufe of it; but to others is very prejudicial, filling their Heads with
vain, if not impious Notions and Opinions. In fhort all things apt to
burden the Stomach, to put the Blood into a Ferment, and the Spirits
into too violent a Motion ; all things apt to create ftrange Imagina-
tions, to difturb Men's Refl:, or any way hinder the free and ordinary
Operations of the Soul, were to be avoided ; that fo the Mind and Phan-
tafy being pure, and without any unnatural, or external Impreffions,
might be the fitter to receive Divine Infinuations. 5ome Choice there
was alfo in the colour of their Clothes : Suidas hath told us, it was
moft proper to fleep in a white Garment, which was thought to make
the Dreams and Vifions the clearer.
Befides all this, (to omit thofe that expefted Dreams from Amfhia-
raus or other Deities in an Oracular way, of which I have fpoken in
another Place) before they went to Bed, they us'd to facrifice to Mer-
ewy. The Calajiris in Heliodorus, after he had pray'd to all the reft of,
the Gods, calls upon Mercury to gwQ him iv oyiipcov iv)t\a, i. e. a Night
of good Dreams. Mercury was thought to be t>VMf i'ari^, the giver of
Sleep, as Eujiathtus telleth us; and therefore they ufually carved his
Image upon the Bed's-feet, which were for that Reafon call'd gp/Jc??,
which word Homer hath made ufe of, when he faith that Vulcan caught
Mars in Bed with Venus :
Ay.fl J'ap' iffM(nv J(, Jie-yctra, nCKXit a ffstvra ,
Great maffy Chains on ev'ry Bed poij round.
With reftlefs Force God Vulcan bound.
Again, in the twenty-third Book of his Odyjfa,
.1 I Xtf hit ^a^uhxi rfluMt
' Initio Libelli dc Audiendis Poetis. Odyff. 2-. v. 278. " Ver. iqS.
Then
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 3 1 1
Then having with the Rule iirft fhap'd it out,
H' a polifh'd Bed-poll made.
Others will have IpfJui to be deriv'd from ep.u, i. e, a Prop, or Sup-
fort, becaufe by it the Bed was upheld or fupported. However that be,
certain it is, that one of Mercury's Employments was to prefide over
Sleep and Dreams, and the Night alfo, with all things which belong to
it. Thus we are inform'd by Homer, in his Hymn upon this God,
wJiereia he calls him,
Atii's-yf, fAiTjfpot /Soojy, ijircp oiS'Pav.
A thieving God, a Cattle-ftealer, one
Whofe Care are Dreams and Noifes in the Night.
After all this Preparation, they went to Sleep, expedling to difcover
whatever they were folicitous about, before the Morning : But if
their Fate was reveal'd in obfcure, or allegorical Terms, fo that them-
felves could not dive into their meaning ; then an Interpreter was
confulted. The firft of this Kind, as Pliny * reports, was AmphiSiyon,
Deucalion's Son : Paufanias (as hath been mention'd before) would have
it to be Amphiaraus, who had divine Honours paid him, for the Inven-
tion of that Art. Others afcribe it to the Inhabitants of Telmijfus > .
But whoever was the Author of it, it is certain, thar, amongft the anci-
ent Grecians, it had very great Credit, as appears from the number of
Books written concerning it : Geminus Pyrius compos'd three Books
upon this Subjed ; Artemon the Milejian two and twenty ; befide Pany-
ajis the Halicarnajfean ; Alexander the Myndian ; Phoebus ths Antiochian,
Demetrius the Phalertan ; Nicojiratus the Ephejian j Antipho the Athe-
rian ; Artemidorus ; AJlramfychus ; Philo Judaus ', Achines the Son of
Scyrimus, Nicephorus, &c. Yet it was never in fo great requeft, as the
other Species of Divination, The many falfe and frivolous Dreams,
which happen to every Man, caft a Sufpicion upon all the reft ; and thofe,
which were nothing but Delufions, made the truly JioTniiTrer, Prophe-
tical, to be caird in Queftion ; and therefore, when the Hero in ' Ho-
mer advifeth the Grecians to enquire of fome Prophet, what Means they
ihould ufe to appeafe the Anger of the Gods, he fpeaks boldly, and
without hditation, of (xdvvf, or the infpired Prophet ; and Upiv't, or
him that confulted tlte Entrails of Viftims ofFer'd in Sacrifice (for fo J-pst.V
muft fignify in that Place) but when he comes to oce/e^ToA,-, or the
Interpreter of Dreams, he's forc'd to make a fort of an Apology, in this
manner :
Axx' ayt J'li Tiya /uoLvriv ifiiofJin <ip:c>
' But come, let's call fome Prophet here or Prieft,
Or Dream-Interpreter, for fure, at leaft.
Some Dreams are fent from yove. E. D,
> Ver. 14. * Lib. vii. cap. v. ^ Clemtnt Aitx0MlnKiit Sttota, i, f*g- lo6,
.X4 Where-
312 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Chap. jg.
Whereby he anticipates a Queftion, which he forefaw might be pro-
pos'd to him thus : Why Ihould we afk Counfei of one, whofe Bufi-
nefs is only to expound thefe Delufions ? Why fhoald we truft the
Safety of the whole Army in the Hands of a cunning Impoftor ! To
this he anf'.vers. That indeed there were many falfe and deceitful Dreams ;
yet fome alfo were true, and came from Jupiter, the common Father
of all Propheticd Prediftion?, and therefore might be depended upon.
After this Manner Eujiathius has paraphrased the Poet's Words. In later
Ages Dreams came to be little regarded, except by old doating Women,
who were very fuperftitious in obferving them, as ^ Propertius intimates
in the following Verfe :
^(S mea non decles /omnia verfat anus ?
A hundred times old Women have I told
My frightful Dreams.
In more remote Ages, the People who lived near the Gades, and Bory-
Jlhenes, and the Inhabitants of Telmijfus, and Hyhla Gereatis, a City be-
longing to the Cataneans, in Sicily, were famed for their Skill in this
Art. The Signs by which they made Conjeftures would be too te-
dious to mention in this Place ; and whoever has leifure may confult
Artemidorus.
When any frightful or obfcure Dream appear'd, the Dreamer us'd to
difclofe his Fears to fome of the Gods, offering Incenfe, or fome o-
ther Oblation ; and praying, that, if Good was portended, it might be
brought to pafs : If the contrary, that the Gods would avert it. This
telling of Dreams was not appropriated to any particular Deity. Some
difcover'd them to Hercules, others to Jupiter, as one doth in Plautus ;
however, becaufe the Houfhold-Gods were neareft at hand, and thought
to have a particular Concern and Care for the Family, in which they
were worfliip'd, it was moft ufeful to declare Dreams to them, and
particularly to Vefta, as appears from * Propertius ;
Vadit y hinc cafi^e narratum Somnia Veftae,
^ueejibiy queeque mihi non nocitura forent.
Chafte Vefla too my Dreams fhe went to tell.
Such Dreams, as both for You and Me were well. ", J).
Jpol'o alfo had a peculiar Title to this Worfhip, under the Name of
E^rtf Hgi-, oi'Trol ^orrctiV , or Averruncus ; fo called from adverting
Evils, andT^rfitTe/-, becaufe he prejided owcr, and protected Houfes j
and therefore, as the old Scholiajl upon Sophocles informs us, had Images
creeled to him in the Porches. Whence, in Sophocles\ EleSray Clytam*
vefira, having feen a terrible Dream, calls upon her Woman thus.
f Lib. ii. El. iv,' * Lib. i. EI. xxix. * Ver, 635.
Hcr,
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 515
Here, bring the Incenfe, Maid, for I intend
To Phcebus ftraight t'addrefs myfelf in Prayer,
That he would free me from thofe aking Fears,
Which pain my troubled Breaft... E. D.
And then fhe begins her Prayer :
A yeig vfoaiiS'tii fuxT/ tJicTs f.da-fjiet'Ta.
i^ta-a-wif oviipait Tovrd fjioi, Avmi Avx^,
El fJih -xitmy io-^Xa., J'it TAt-i^:'p**
El </[ f^^f *> ''*'' 'X^f'*""' /"^*X'v fttS'ff*
Great God JpoUo, you who from all Harms
Our Houfes guard, attend my humble Prayer :
The Vifions which were to my Fancy brought
Laft Night in Dreams, if Good they do portend,"
Let me enjoy the fame : If otherwife.
My Enemies may they the 111 receive, E. D,
But before that fhe had difcover'd her Fears to the Sun, whence
Chryfothemis learn'd the Dream from one that overheard her :
AiUuffi Ttitug, txAwor i^trytifxinn.
This was told by one that prefent was.
When to the Sun her Dream fhe did rehearfe. E. D.
Both the SchoHafts upon that Place tell us, that it was done conformably
to the ancient Cuflom of relating Dreams to the Sun j and TricHnius
giveth his Reafon for it, 'vix,. That the Sun, being contrary to the
rJight, did avert or expel all the Evils which proceeded from it. The
fame we find done by Iphigen'ia in Euripides ^ with this Difference, that
fte difdofes her Thoughts to the Heavens, whereas Clytamnejlra had
done it to the Sun alone : Her Words are thefe :
But what new Dreams this prefent Night affords.
To th' Sky I'U tell, if that will benefit.
The doing this they caird ttm-mfjt.mdt,, a'TjDcT/oTip/MTn/K^, andjiBT{i'9n5^
But before they were permitted to approach the Divine Altars, they
f Ibid. T, 427. * Taur, t. 43*
were
314 -^f the Religion of Greece. Chap. 14.
were obHg*d to purify themfelves from all the Pollutions of the Night ;
whence in jEfchylus ' one faith.
As firft I rofe, I to the Rivers went,
And wafli'd away thofe foul Impurities,
Which had my Body ftain'd j this being done,
I approach'd the holy Fanes, and ofFer'd up
A Sacrifice to the deliv'ring Gods. jF. />,
^naas in Virgil is purify'd after the fame manner, taking Water
out of the River in his Hands " :
rite cavis undam de flumine palmis
Sujlulit.
But Silius has introduced one walhing his whole Body ' :
" fub lueem ut vifa fecundent
Oro ccelicolas ^ 'vinio purgor in amne.
I cleanfe myfelf in running Streams, and pray
My Dreams may lucky prove.
It appears from Perfius , that it was ufual amongft the Romans to dip
their Heads five times in Water before Morning Prayer :
HiC janSie ut fofcas Tiberino in gurgite mergis.
Mane caput his terque, Sff noSem flumine pur gas.
And left your Pray'r ftiould fpeak a fmful Mind,
You puree away the Filthinefs you find
Procur'd Dy Night j you to the Tiber go,
And down into the Tide you flouncing bow
Five times your Head.
CHAP. XIV.
0/ Divination by Sacrifices.
DIVINATION by Sacrifices, call'd lifoyntVTiia., or hpoTKOTiia^
was divided into different Kinds, according to the Diverfity of the
Materials offer'd to the Gods. They firft made Conjcdures from the
external Parts and Motions of the Vidlim ; then from his Entrails,
} Ftrfii, /Eaeid, lib, viii, ver. 67. \ Lib. viii. " Sat. ii. v. j6.
from
Chap. 14. Of the Religion of Greece. 315
from the FJame in which it was confum'd, from the Cakfes and Flour,
from the Wine and Water, with feveral other Things, of which in their
their Order.
The Art, which made Obfervations in killing, and cutting up the
Viflim, was call'd fiur/Kn'. Unlucky Omens were, when the Beaft was
drawn by Force to the Altar, when it efcap'd by the Way, and avoided
the fatal Blow, did not fall down quietly and without Reluftancy, but
kick'd, leap'd up, or bellow'd, bled not freely, was .long a dying,
iliew'd any Tokens of great Pain, beat upon the Ground, expired with
Convulfions, or did any thing contrary to what ufually happens at the
Slaughter of Beafts ; efpecially if the Beaft prevented the Knife, and
dy'd fuddenly. Whence Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, being about to make a
League with two other Kings, 'theodotus forbad him to proceed, and
withal foretold the fpeedy Death of one of the Kings, when one of
the three Viftims, which was brought to the Altar, fuddenly fell down
dead*. But on the contrary, the Gods were judg'd to be propitious,
and kindly to receive the Devotions paid to them, when every thing
was carried on with Eafe : When the Viftim went voluntarily and
without Compulfion to the Slaughter, endur'd the Blow patiently, fell
down quietly, bled fj-eely, and expir'd without groaning, then the Vic-
tim feem'd willingly to fubmit to Death : Any Sign of this was a molt
fprtunate Omen. Such an one is that mention'd by Seneca > ,
Stat ecce ad aras hofiia^ expeSiat manum
Cer'vice frond.
Hence it was cuftomary to pour Water into its Ear, '< l'7nnv tuis
'TiK^'^^li, that it might by a Nod confent to he facrificed . Somewhat
alfo was obferv'd in the Wagging of the Tail j whence the Poet faith.
Ki'fx- Tre/H y^Kui.
The Viftim kindly wags his Tail.
On this Account it was ufual to draw a Knife from the Viflira's Head
to its Tail. Other Predidions were made from the Tail, when caft into
the Fire : When it was cr.rl'd by the Flame, it portended Misfortunes ;
when it was extended out in length and hung downwards, it was an
Omen of fome Overthrow to be (uffer'd ; but when erefted, it iignify'd
Viftory ^.
After this, the Viftim being cut open, they made Obfervations from
its Entrails ; thefe were term'd '^jwrt/pa, from the Fire, wherein they
were burn'd. The Omens are call'd by Plato, t* 'iiJ-inif^ nyiAla, and
the Divination was diftinguilh'd l^y the Name of // if/7Tvpcav uavrcHtt..
By fome it was feign'd to have been firft occafion'd, or very much
improv'd by the Death of the Delphian Sibyl, whofe Body being re-
duced to Earth, imparted firft to the Herbs, and by their Means to the
Beafts, which fed on them, a Power of Divining : As alfo thofe otlier
Parts of her, which, mix'd with the Air, are faid to have occafion'd
Plutarchut Pyrrbo. > In llcnule Furcnte, Mptitui lib. i. LtiLLirum.
* Euripidii Schoiuftae Pbeenijftt,
tlie
3i6 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. 14.
the Divination by ominous Words ''. If the Entrails were whole and
found, had their natural Place, Colour, and Proportion, then all was
well ; but if any Part was decay 'd, or wanting, if any thing was out
of Order, or not according to Nature, Evil was portejided. Hereof
Seneca hath furnifh'd the Example c :
Mutatus ordo ejl, fede nil propria jacet :
Sed aSia retro cunSia. Non anima caPax
In parte dextrd fuhno fanguineut jacet ^
Non Java cordis regio.
The palpitation of the Ertrails was a very unfortunate Omen, as ap-
pears from the fame Author f, who there enumerates feveral other dire-
ful Paffages ;
non le-vi motu, ut folentf
Agitata trepidant exta, fed tolas manus
^atiunt.
The firft and principal Part to be obferv'd was the Liver : If this
was corrupted, they thought that both the Blood, and by Confequence
all the Body muft be fo too ; and therefore, if it was found very bad,
they defifted immediately, not caring what the other Parts might pro-
mife : Thefe Signs was call'd d/iMvbv., as hindering them irom going
any farther -'. This obfervingthe Liver was call'd HT/off- o-ritf, which
alfo became a gener.il Name for Divination by Entrails, being the
chief Part of it. If the Liver had a pleafing and natural Rednefs,
if it was found, without Spot or Blemilh, if its Head was large, if it
had two Heads, or there were two Livers ; if its Lappets were turned
inwards, then Profperity and Succefs was expefted. On the other
hand, nothing but Dangers, Difappointments, and Misfortunes were to
be lock'd for, if there was Ji-tct^, too nvada. Drinefs, or Jiu/xo t zTie
between the Parts, efpecially if it was a\oC@-, without a Lappet, or
the Liver itfelf was altogether wanting. Pythagoras the Soothfayer,
foretold Alexanders Death, l-n S-KrXov oi rh nmft nv U<ii<i' becaufe his
ViElims Liver had no Lobos. And his Friend Hephajiions Death was
prognofticated by the fame Omen ^. Bad Signs alfo were accounted
fuch as thefe : If there appear'd upon it any Blifters, Wheals, or Ulcers ;
if it was parch'd thin, hard, or of an ugly, blackifh Colour ; had any
corrupt and vitiated Humours, was any way difplaced ; or, laftly, if
ia boiling it did not confpicuoufly appear among the reil of the En-
trails, was polluted with any nafty corrupt Matter, became very foft,
and as it were melted into a Jelly. The concavous part of the
Liver was call'd k^tdi i. e. belonging xo the Family, becaufe the
Signs obferv'd there concern'd thenile'ves and their Friends ; the gib-
bous fide \-mC3Xn; or cbp]i<A7i<, becaufe the Tokens in it concern'd
their Enemies : If either of thefe Parts was fhrivelled, corrupted, or
any way changed for the worfe, it boded Ruin to the Perfon concern'd
in it ; but if large and found, or bigger than ufual, it was a profperous
* dement Alex. Strom, i. p, 304. ' Otiiip. ver. 36;. [ Ibidem ver. 353.
* Hifycbiusn * ^riianus de Exped, AUxand, lib.vii.
^ OmerL
Chap. 14. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 317
Omen. To this Seneca alludes, when he introduces MantOy the Daugh-
ter of Ttrefias, thus defcribing the Liver's Heads ' :
"Et capita paribus bina confurgunt toris^
Sed ntrumque cafum tenuis ahjcondit caput ' f
Membrana, latebram rebus : ecu his negans.
Hojiile 'valido robore infurgit latus, ,
Septemque venat tendit.
And that the R$mns alfo ufed this Method appears from Lucan, who
tells us, that dejar^ Viftory over Pompey was foretold this way : Hi
Words are thefe :
^uodque nefas nullis impune apparurt extis,
Ecce njidet capiti Jibra-um increfcere mo'em,
Alterius capiti pars agra is marcida pendet,
Tars micat^f iff celeri venas movent improba pulfu^
Another ill-prefaging Sign was feen ;
For of the Liver's Heads was one overgrown.
And as 'twere fqueez'd was by the other down,
Sickifh, and withered one fide quiet lay.
The other leap'd, and fportfully did play. Jp. J},
The Place, or Seat where all the Parts of the Liver lay, was call'd
ii^ii and Jh'/ji- The Place between the Parts in the middle was term'd
TTxjKtaa.t and tv^v-^a^'iA ^ i by Hejychius oJ^ci, or tKTfOTTcu i by Euripidet
TPjKAt ^ J^0X*i 'SihAi
This was an unfortunate Omen, wlien found comprefs'd or closed ;
whence Dio ' relates, that the Soothfayers warn'd Caracalla to take Care
of himfelf, or/ a.\ t n'trct]^ Wa/ xiAffy]*/, becaufe the Gates of
the Liver nuere closed.
The next thing to be taken notice of was the Heart, which, if ic
was very little, palpitated much, leaped, was (hrivel'd, or wrinkled,
or had no Fat at all, portended bad Fortune ; if there was no Heart to
be found, it was a moll deadly Omen.
Next to the Heart they obferv'd the Gall, the Spleen, the Lungs,
and the Membranes in which the Bowels were inclos'd. If there
were two Galls, if the Gall was large, and ready to burll out of its
Skin ; then ftiarp and bloody, but yet profperous Fights were expeft-
ed. If the Spleen lay in its own Place, was clear and lounc!, of its
natural Colour, without Wheals, Hardnefs, or Wrinkles, it boded no-
thing but Succcfs i as the contrary Signs prefaged Misfortunes : So did
alfo the Entrails, if they chanced to flip out of the Hands of him
that offered the Sacrifice ; if they were bcfmear'd with Blood, of a
i Oedif, Tcr. 363. f Dmefibtnit laterpret, in Orat, dt CoroKo, [Caracalla.
, livid
3i8 Of the Religion of Grtccc. Chap. 14.
livid Colour, or fpotted ; were full of Blifters, or Pimples, iili'd with
corrupt or fait Matter, broken or torn in Pieces, or flunk like putrified
Bodies ; laitly, if Serpents crawling, or any thing elfe terrible and un-
"ufual was found in them. If the Lungs were cloven, the Bufinefs in
hand was to be defer'd ; if whole and entire, it was to be proceeded in
with all poffible Speed and Vigour.
Other Parts of the Viftim did fometimes prefage Things to come,
efpecially if any thing had happen'd extraordinary, and contrary to the
common Courle of Nature. Forlnftance, on the Day that King Pjrr/aj
was flain a.tJrgos, his Death was foretold by the Heads T)f the Sacrifices,
which being cut off, lay licking their own Blood, as P/iny "^ reports.
Another unlucky Omen happen'd to CimoN, the Athenian General, a
litde before his Death ; for when the Prielt had flain the Sacrifice ac-
cording to Cullom, the Blood that ran down, and congeal'd upon the
Ground, was by a great many Pifmires carried to Cimon, and placed all
together at his great Toe : They were a long Time in doing this before
any Man perceiv'd them ; but Cimon had no fooner efpy'd them out,
but the Augur brought him Word that the Liver had no Head ; and in
a very fliort time after that famous Captain died.
Hither are to be reduced fome other Ways of Divination, by things
made ufe of at Sacrifices; as firll, IJ^o^yTeitf, Divination by the Fire
of the Sacrifice. Good Signs were fuch as thefe ; If the Flames im-
mediately took hold of and confum'd the Victim, feizing at once all
the Parts of it ; on which account they ufually prepar'd ta ^^u'yava,
dry Sticks, which would eafily take fire. Alfo if the Flame was bright,
and pure, and without Noife or Smoke ; if the Sparks tended upward
in the Form of a Pyramid; if the Fire went not out till all was reduc'd
to Alhes. Contrary Signs were, when it was kindled with difiiculty,
when the Flame was divided, when it did not immediately fpread itfelf
over all the Parts of the Vidlim, but, creeping along, confumed them
by little and little; when, inltead ofafcending in a ftraight Line, it
whirled round, turned fideways, or downwards, and was extinguifh'd
by Winds, Showers, or any other unlucky Accident ; when it crackled
more than ordinary, was black, calling forth Smoke, or Sparks, or
died before all the Viftim was confum'd. All thefe, and fuch like
Omens, fignified the Difpleafure of the Gods. Some of thefe Signs
^irefias fpeaks of in Sophocles ", as very fatal and pernicious :
-6X. 3 ^[/.drav
Mjp/ )(0.Kw^-ni i^iK^vjo wz/tAsAnf.
At the Sacrifice
No fparkling Flames up from the Firft flew.
But a black Smoke, with cloudy Vapours mixt.
f Lib. xi, cap, xxxvii, Antigon, ver. iizz.
Chap. 14. Of the Religion of Greece. 3-1^
That roird about, and fmother'd all the Place ;
Scatter'd abroad the mangl'd Entrails lay.
And Thighs defil'd without their wonted Fat. E. D.
Sometimes, when the Entrails foretold nothing certain "by Diffeftion,
the Prieft made Obfervations from them in the Fire. In order hereto,
he took the Bladder, and binding the Neck of it with Wooll [for which
Reafon Sophocles calls the Bladders </tfAA</75/? yjj'^iti)Tpnt it into the Fire,
to obferve in what Place it would break, and which Way it would dart
the Urine ". Sometimes they took Pitch of the Torches, and threw it
into the Fire ; whence if there arofe but one entire Flame, it was taken
for a good Omen. In matters of War, or Enmity, they took notice of
the k^. ArtUTetV, or uppermoj} part in the Flames, and the Gall : rrfx^^i
><> X^^'> ^^'^-f being ^///fr like Gall.
Yia.'7r\io(Jutv\ii*, Di'vination by the Smoke of Sacrifices, in which they
obferv'd what Windings and Turnings it made, how high it afcended,
and whether in a direft or oblique Line, or in Wreaths ; alfo how it
fmeird, whether of the Flefh that was burned, or any thing elfe.
AtCavoiMtvTcict, Dmination by Frankincenfey vjhich. ifitprei'entlycatched
Fire, and fent forth a grateful Odour, was efteem'd an happy Omen ;'
but if the Fire would not touch it, or any nafty Smell contrary to the
Nature of Frankincenfe proceeded from it, it boded 111.
OhofjMvrnet, and yS'^f.utHiict, Di'uination by Wine and by Water,
when Conjectures were made from the Colour, Motion, Noife, and
other Accidents of the Wine, of the Libations ; or the Water in which
the Viftims were wafhed, and fome Parts of them boiled, f^irgil p ha.tii
made mention of them both in the Story of Dido :
Vidit, thuricremis cum dona imponeret arts,
Horrendum diiu ! latices nigrefcere facros,
Fufaqut in obfccenumfe <vertere vina cruorem.
OfTring before the Altar, as fhe flood,
(Amazing Sight I) lo, into putrid Blood
The Wine is chang'd, the Water, clear before,
A fudden, muddy Blacknefs covers o're. E. D.
Kei^t^ctvJHet, and Axiii^fJuttvltiA, Di'vinations by which Predidlions
were made from the Flour with which the Vidlira was befprinkled.
Hither alfo may be referr'd l-)(^^jofj.av]Ha., Di'vination by the Entrails
of Fijhes, for which Tirejias and Polydamas are faid to have been fa-
mous : As alfo SioffKoTrlct, which made Predidtions by Eggs, and feveral
others.
Who was the firft Inventor of this Divination is uncertain. By fome
it is attributed to Prometheus, the great Father of mod Arts. Clemens
of Alexandria ^ z.{cTih2s It to the Hetrurians : And Tages, one of that
Nation, whom they feign'd to have fprung out of a Farrow in the Tar-
quinian Fields, was commonly thought by the Italians to have been the
r/^/(/ SchoIUftae PbeemtTn, f ^ncid. iv. 453, s Strom, i. p. 306. _
firft
320 Of the Religion of Grttct, Chap. 15.
firft who communicated this Diwnation to Mankind, as appears from
Cicero ^. The fame is mention'd by Lucan
Etjihrisjit nulla fides, fed conditor artii
Finxerit ijla lages.
it was certainly very ancient, and obtain'd {q great Credit amongft the
Grecians, that they would defift from the greatelt and feemingly moft
advantageous Undertakings, and attempt things moft hazardous and
unlikely to be attain'd, if the Entrails of Viftims diffuaded them from
the former, or encouraged them to the latter. Whereof we have this
remarkable Inftance in Plutarch's Life of Arifiides : *' When Mardonius
*' the Perfian made an Affault upon the Grecians yP aufanias the Lace-
*' damonian, at that time General of all the Grecian Forces, ofFer'd Sa-
** crifice, and, finding it not acceptable to the Gods, commanded the
** Lacedamonians, laying down their Shields at their Feet, to abide
*' quietly, and attend his Direftions, making no Reiiftance to any of
*' their Enemies. Then offering a fecond time (for if the firft Vidlim
** afforded not aufpicious Omens, it was ufual to offer on, till they
** obtained what they defired) as the Horfe charged, one of the Lace-
** dcemonians was wounded: At this Time alfo Callicrates, who by
** report was the moft comely proper Man in the Army, being fhot
* with an Arrow, and upon the point of expiring, faid. That he la-
mented not his Death (for he came from home to lay down his
' Life in the Defence of Greece) but that he had died without Aftion.
*' The Caufe was heard, and wonderful was the Forbearance of the
** Men ; for they repelled not the Enemy that charged them, but ex-
** pedting their Opportunity from the Gods, and their General, fuffer-
*' ed themfelves to be wounded and flain in their Rank ; and fo ob-
*' ftinate they continued in this Refolution, that tho' the Priefts offer'd
** one Viftim after another without any Succefs, and the Enemy ftill
" preffed upon them, they moved not a Foot, till the Sacrifices proved
** propitious, and the Soothfayers foretold tlie Viftory.
CHAP. XV.
Of Divination hy Birds.
IC O M E in the next place to fpeak of Dinjination by Birds ; the
Invention of which is by fome afcribed to Prometheus, or Melampus
the Son of Amythaon and Dorippe. Pliny ^ reports that Car, from
whom Caria receiv'd its Name, was the firft that made Predidtions by
Birds J and Orpheus by other Animals. Paujanias " telleth uS, That
Pamajfus, after whofe Name the Mountain Parnajfus was called, firft
obferved the Flight of Birds. The fame Clemens of Alexandria " re-
^ Lib. ii. de DivinatJoae. * i.ib, % \ Lib. vii. c. 1?. " 1 bocicis.
\ Stroro. i. p. 306.
ports
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece. 521
ports concerning the Phrygians. This Art was very much improved by
Calchai, who, as Homer tells us, was
-:(trsTcAaif o% sf TOC
Of Augurs far the beft.
At length it arriv'd at fuch Perfeftion, and gained fo much Credit
in the World, that feldom any thing of moment was undertaken,
cither in Time of War or Peace, feldom any Honours conferred,
any Magiftrates created, without the Approbation of Birds : Nay,
other Divinations were fometimes paffed by unregarded, if not con-
firmed by them. At Lacedcemon, the King and Senate had always an
Augur attending upon them, to advife with ; and CoeUus ^ reports, that
Kings themfelves ufed to ftudy the Art. The Birds, becaufe they
were continually flying about, were thought to obferve and pry into
Men's moft fecret Aftions, and to be acquainted with all Accidents j
whence that Verfe of Arijiophanes %
OCJ'ik ilii Tcy ^vo-Aufiii Tor J/Mor, VKttv emc ifOf^H'
None, but perhaps fome Bird, knows any thing
About my Treafure.
And the Scholiaft quotes fuch another Saying out of him ;
None fee me, but the Bird that flieth by.
There is a Proverb alfo much to the fame Purpofe ; for when they
thought themfelves fecure from the Knowledge of all Perfons, they
ufed to fay, OOJ'iU iU'i ri uui\tTat, ^rhiw yi urn opytf None is
confcious to ivhat 1 ha've been connterjing about except perchance fome Bird ,
Arijiophanes ' hath intioduced the Birds themfelves, telling what reli-
gious Obfervance was paid them.
For we to you inftead of Hammon are,
Inftead of Delphi^ and Dodona% Oak,
Inftead of P>^(2r^aj ; for our Oracles
You firft confult, then profecute Defigns.
The Omens given by Birds were by the Greeks called o^mu
ippioa-KoTti^g., aisifjLXt e]uyo$, o'trnto-fMCTa, Sec. And the Obfervers of
them, o^Vioffx.i'Troif ofti'^ouei'/JHif h^vi^ocitotroi, c'tavifcti, olmpod-iTat,
wmfz'jriKoi, ice. But, afterwards, thefc Names were promifcuoufly
ifcd for almoft all the Species of Artificial Divination ; as Aruf-
ficium and Augurium were among the Latins. The Scholiaji
iff Arijiophanes hath obferved, that o'luvuf ^^o^/ j^ 'j^ fy,ti opviA
they called Omens, which are not made by Birds, by the name
* Antiq. VtfX. Libi viii. cap. i, * Avibus. ' Loc. citat,
. Y of
%12 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 15.
of oirof. And the fame Author affirms, that vav av{iCoKov '^k-
^iVKTiKhVy H TfOTpiTrliKov Kiyi-ntt o?J'/< *. Every Ometif nuhich either en-
courages to, or dijfuades from any thing, nuas termed of r/f Plato is of
Opinion that ciir/r/x was originally a general Name, and written with
an Micron, c/ji/zg/KW, fignifying any thing, i'\ v oio/i*3* m f/sMoi'Ttt,
by luhich ive make ConjeSiures of ivhat is to come ; but now (faith Jrijiides)
they write it with a Mega re a enyvwiTif, to give the better Grace to it.
The Grecian Augurs were not, as the Latin, clothed in Purple, or
Scarlet, but in White, having a Crown of Gold upon their Heads
when they made Obfervations, as 8 Alexander ah Alexandra informs
us. They had alfo o\uvi^i\{iov, i. e. a Place, or Seat appointed for that
purpofe, called fometimes by the general Names of 5*k@-, and ^kQ
as in Sophocles^ ^ Antigone, where Tirejias fpeaks thus :
For fitting in my wonted hallowM Place,
Whither all Birds of Divination flock.
And the Scholiaji upon that Place telleth us, this Seat was peculiarly
named y2K&, and that lirefias had Power to alFemble the Birds from
all Quarters, when he had Occafion for them. They us'd alfo to carry
with them writing Tables, as the Scholiaji upon Euripides reports, in
which they wrote the Names and Flights of the Birds, with other
things belonging thereto, left any Circumftance Ihould flip out of their
Memory.
The Omens that appeared towards the Eaft were accounted for-
tunate by the Grecians, Romans^ and all other Nations ; becaufe the
great Principle of all Light and Heat, Motion and Life, difFufes its
firft Influences from that Part of the World, On the contrary, the
Weftern Omens were unlucky, becaufe the Sun declines in that
Quarter.
The Grecian Augurs, when they made Obfervations, kept their Faces
towards the North, the Eaft being upon their Right-hand, and
the Weft upon their Left : That they did fo, appears from Homer,
who brings in Heilor, telling Polydamas, that he regarded not the
Birds,
JJETt MjfiJ^i totct Vfc( ia r' Huov rt.
Eh' ' a'ft^fai Toi yt ^oti l^ifcy iiifcirta.
Whether o'th' Right Hand, tow'rds the gilded Eaft,
Or on the Left, towards the dufky Weft,
They take their Flight.
The Reafon of this, as it is deliver'd by Plutarch from Plato and
Arijiotle, was, that a'f > T^i KivnTitoi, the Beginning of the Celeftial Mo-
tions, was in the Oriental Parts of the World, and that therefore thefe
were accounted c/V^/* tk xotijlh, the right Mq of the World; and the
> Gta, Dier. xv. cap. x * Ver. inc. '" liiad. u-. v. 239.
Weft,
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece, 325
Weft, where the Motion terminates, tifiTipet, the /ef. Hence the
Signs that were prefented to them on the Right-hand, were accounted
fortunate ; and thofe on the left unlucky. On the contrary, the Ro-
miins, making Obfervations with their Faces towards the South, had
the Eaft upon their Left-hand, and the Weft upon the Right: Of which
there are innumerable Proofs, which, for Brfevity's fake, I {hall pafs ;
by remitting fuch as defire farther Satisfaftion, to Varro and other
Latin Authors. For this Reafon, whatever was fortunate, the Gre-
tians called )\^tot; the Romans, Sinijirum, on what Hand foever it
appeared. And tho' the Raman Poets do fometimes call Things un-
lucky, Sinijira ; yet then they fpeak Graco more : and fo doth ^ f^irgil,
ivhen he faith,
Stepe finljlra cava pradixit ab ilice cornix.
Oft has th' ill-boding Crow from hollow Oaks
Thefe Miferies prefag'd.
On the contrary, Statius, tho' the Bufinefs in hand concerned the
Grecians, fpeaks more Romano, when he faith in his Thebais,
Signaferas, lavumque tones.
Hence it came to pafs, that things aukward and foolifli were called
^imftra or Lava, in which fenfe ' Virgil has ufcd this latter Word,
Sape malum hoc nobis (fi mens non lava fuijfet)
De ccelo facias memini pradicere quercus ;
That is. My Misfortunes were often prefaged by the Oaks torn in
pieces by Thunder, if I had but had Wit, or Forefight enough to have
underftood the Divine Prodigies. In " Sophocles the Word f<rf o> has
the fame Signification,
He means, that if y(;'ax had been in his right Wits, he would never
have committed Actions fo foolijh and ridiculous ; and the old Scholiaji
. upon that Place tells us in e.xprefs Terms, that the Right-hand fignified
Prudence, and the Left Folly ; ctp/regji (faith he) oi na.ha.til tw (mh^.
Birds were fortunate, or unfortunate, either by their own Nature,
or by the Place and Manner of their Appearance : for the fame Birds
at different Times have boded different and contrary Events. The un-
lucky Birds were called i^uKettiMi, pernicious ; dm^/Moi, hated, or -
grateful ; d,6iK''.Kioi, troublefome, ab a. priv. and elyju cedo, q, non Sinijira i
1. e. non finentes, becaufe they would not permit a Man to proceed in
his Undertakings j fo Sinijira (if we may believe Fejlus) is rather de-
rived a Jinendo, than a finijird manu. For the lame Reafon they
were alio named xxoKmya), and tifKvmh becaufe they rejirained Men
! from what they had defign'd. Thofe that appear'd out of their
* Eclog. i. V. iS, \ ib. ver. i6. ' " y>j-tct, v. i8+.
Y 2 wonted
3^4 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. 15.
wonted Place, or in any unlucky Place, were called lU^^oi, and iS=^?o/
which Words are peculiar to the Soothfayers, though they be fome-
times applied to other Things that are difplaced ; as when Euripides
faith, 'iz,i^ioi pf^Soi/o?, i, e. Perfons banijhed, and that had left their
own Country i and 'l^e/f^ (p^ivm, a Man diftrafted and out of his
Wits. In Hippolytus " the fame Phrafe fignifies a Thing done contrary
to right Reafon :
-JxWXKS'O'/e-* fii
On the contrary, lucky Birds are called aiffioi, aitujni, Ivctitiuot, oJioi,
and avv'iS'pBi. I fhall give a brief Account of fome of both forts, and
the Omens fignified by them ; only give me Leave firli to add, that
there were two forts of ominous Birds : The mvo'Trlifvyif, or /Elites,
whofe F/ight was obferv'd by the Augurs : And the ^liKAt, or 0/cines,
which gave Omens by their Foices and Singing.
Firft then, if a Flock of all Sorts of Birds came flying about any
Man, it was an excellent Omen, and portended fome extraordinary
Felicity, or unexpefted Succefs ; fuch as Diodorus Siculus obferves hap-
pened to Gordius, who, from a poor Country Farm, was exalted to a
Kingdom.
The Eagle, If fhe appeared brifk, clapping her Wings, fporting
about in the Air, and flying from the Right-hand to the Left, was
one of the beft Omens the Gods could give ; as Niphus telleth us
out of ^ppion. King Priamus, defigning to go to the Grecian Fleet to
redeem HeSior, begs of Jupiter, that he would give him Affurance of
his Protection, by fending his beloved Bird, the EagUy
<tl'XT4T0C OlUXUiy,, iif i K^TK i^l /u'iyiVTiy,
Ta mruvH ivi \mi 'ioi AeLisuiy ra'/iiTtu^.teii. '
Command, great Jove, the Eagle your Delight,
And Queen of Birds, to take her lucky Flight.
Let her upon my Right-hand ftraight appear.
And move with noify Flutt'rings thro' the Air :
This happy Sight fome chearful Hopes will give.
That from the Greeks my Son I Ihall receive. E. t>.
jiriftander, obferving an Eagle to fly from Alexander s Camp to the
Enemies, foretold, that Alexander ftiould obtain the Viftory. Obfer-
vations alfo were made from the Manner of taking their Prey : For
Inftance, p when Telemachus was at Sparta in Search of UlyJJes, an
Eagle came flying upon his Right-hand, bearing in her Talons a tame
Goofe, which flie had caught in her Roofl : From which Omen Hele-
na then foretold, that Vlyjfss would return, furprize all Penelope^s
Ver. 934. De Auguriis, lib. i, c. ix. ' Homer Odjjf. u\ v, l6o-
Courtier
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece. 325
Courriers in his Houfe, and inflift upon them the Punifliment they
deferved. And Penelope is faid to have made the fame Conjedure, from
an Eagle that feiz'd upon twenty Geefe whilft they were feeding in
her Houfe. When an Eagle dragg'd a Fawn by the Feet, and caft it
flown upon Jupiter Panomphaus^s, Altar, the Grecians^ tho' before quite
dilheartened, took fuch Courage, that they gave the Trojans a Signal
Defeat, On the contrary, when HeFi^r attempted to bum the Grecian
Fleet, an Eagle appear'd towards the Left-hand, carrying in her Ta-
lons a Serpent, which made fuch Refiilance, that fhe, not able to
convey it to her Neft, was forc'd to let it fall ; whereupon Polydamas
prefently foretold that Hector would be conftrain'd to defifl: from his
Enterprize. When Penelope\ Suitors way-laid Telemachus, there ap-
pear'd an Eagle on the Lett, with a Dove in her Talons j and Amphi-
tiomas concluded from that Omen, that their Defign would not fuc-
ceed. When two Eagles appear'd, tearing each other with their Ta-
lons, and hovering over the Affembly wherein the Suitors were : Hali-
therfes foretold that they fhould be all flain by Uly/fes. Laftly, to
mention but one Inflance more, an Eagle which fnatch'd a Javelin out
of the Hand of a Soldier of Dionyfms the Syracujian, and caft it into
the Deep, portended the Downfal and Miferies that Tyrant was to
fufFer 1.
The Flight of Vultures was very much obferv'd, becaufe (as fome
fay) they do but feldom appear, and their Nefts are rarely or never
found j wherefore a Sight fo unufual was thought to portend fomething
extraordinary : ox, (according to Herodotus of Pontus) becaufe Vultures
feed only upon Carcaffes, not meddling with living Creatures ; and
therefore he tells us, Hercules was always well pleas'd when a Vulture
appear'd to him at the Undertaking of any Enterprize j becaufe he
efteem'd it the moft juft of all the Birds of Prey '. But Arijlotle
and Pliny reckon them among the unlucky Birds j and add, that they
were ufually feen two or three Days before any great Slaughter j and
it was the common Opinion, that Vultures, Eagles, Kites, and other
Birds of Prey, if they foUow'd an Array, or continued for a confi-
derable Time in any Place, were certain Signs of Death, and Blood-
flied.
The Haivk is a ravenous Bird, and an unlucky Omen, portending
Death (faith Niphus) if fhe appeared feizing of her Prey ; out if the
Prey flipped from her, or made its Efcape, thereby was fignified De-
liverance from Dangers. The Buzzard, called in Greek, Te<opviK, be-
caufe he has three Stones^ was accounted by Pheemonoe a Very ominous
Bird. The Fautcon-baiJuk, in Greek Ki? (^, as Pliny ' reports, was very
lucky to People that were about Marriage, or any Money-bufinefs.
This Bird was facred to Jpolh, as Homer ' tells us ; and, when Tele-
machus was folicitous in Mind about his Mother's Suitors, appear'd
in this manner,
^ Plutarcbiu Dion. ' Pktartbui Rmult, pag. 23,- Edit. Prf^^ii. Lib. X<
bp. xiii. ' OdyiT. !. V. 525.
Y 3 Ti'xw
326 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap, 15.
-This faid, a Faulcon-ha'vuk
(Apollo fent it) o'th' Right-hand between
The Ship and young Telemachus was feen ;
Tow'ring he flies, and bears a Dove away,
Clinch'd in his Talons for his dainty Prey ;
Pluck'd from the Roots her Feathers all around
Fly fcatter'd in the Air, down to the Ground. E. D.
By which Theoclymenus foretold, that Telemachus fhould prevail over his
Enemies.
Swallows flying about, or refting upon a Place, were an unlucky
Omen. In Dariu^s Expedition againft Scythia, the Appearance of
them prcfaged the total Defeat of his Army by the Scythians. The
fame Birds fitting upon Pyrrhus\ Tent, and Antony ?, Ship, are faid to
have fignified the Overthrow of the Armies of both thofe Generals.
Owls were for the moft part looked upon to be unlucky Birds, but
at Athens were Omens of Viftory and Succefs, being facred to Miner-
va, the ProtecElrefs of that City ; and therefore the Proverb iKau^
"fTnetTAi, was ufually applyM to Perfons, whofe Undertakings met with
Succefs. * Plutarch reports, that when Themijiocles was consulting with
the other Officers, upon the uppermoft Deck of the Ship, and moft of
them oppofed him, being unwilling to hazard a Battle, an Owl coming
upon the Right-fide of the Ship, and lighting upon the Maft, fo ani-
mated them, that they unanimoufly concurred with him, and prepared
themfelves for the Fight. But in other places, as we are told by
^lian ", Owls were unlucky Omens, when they appeared to Men going
about any ferious Bufinefs : an Inftance of which we have in King
Pyrrhusy whofe inglorious Death at Argos was portended by an Owl,
which came and lat upon the top of his Spear, as he held it in his
Hand. And for this Reafon, when Diomedes and Ulyjfes went as
Spies to the Trojan Camp, though it was Night, the moft proper Time
for Owls to appear in, yet ^ Homer reports that Minerva gave them i)
lucky Omen, by fending an efwcOef, or Hernt
As they were marching on, a lucky Hern
Minerva fent.
Where Eujiathius faith, that this Bird was a Token of Succefs to Men
that lay in Ambufti, or were engag'd in any fuch fecret Defigns. Yet
Owls were not at all times efteem'd inaufpicious, as appears from
Hieron, at whofe firft Admiflion into Military Service, an Eagle came
and fat upon upon his Shield, and an Owl upon his Spear ; by which was
T:btmifiul*. HJftor. Anim. lib. xv, c. lix. ^ Iliad, x'.
figniiied.
Chap. 15. Of the Religm of Greece. 327
lignified, that he (hould be Valiant in War, and Wife in Counfel, and
at length arrive to the Dignity of a King. This Story you may find
in Juftirt, at the End of his third Book.
The Dove in Homer is a lucky Bird. So alfo was the Swan, efpedally
to Mariners, being an Omen of Fair Weather, for which we have a
Reafon in ^milius, as he is cited by Niphut :
Cygnus in aufpiciis femper leetijjimus ales :
liunc optant Naut<r, quia nunquam mergit in undis%
The Mariner, when toft by angry Seas,
Straight for a Swan, the luckiell Omen, prays ;
For &e herfelf i'th' Waters ne'er doth drown.
Ravens are very much obferv'd, being thought to' receive a Power of
portending future Events from Apollo, to whom they were h^i }^
duoKud-er Sacred and Companions ". When they appear'd about an Ar-
my, they were dangerous Omens : If they came croaking upon the
Right-hand, it was a tolerable good Omen : If on the Left, a very bad
one ; as alio the Chattering of Magpies feems to have been. When
Alexander entered into Babylon, and Cicero fled from Antony, their Deaths
were foretold by the Noife of Ravens : and thefe Birds alone were
thought to underftand their own Prediftions, becaufe (as Pliny affirms ' )
the worft Omens were given by them, when they made a harlh fort of a
Noife, rattling in their Throats, as if they werechoak'd.
Cocks were alfo accounted prophetical, efpecially in Matters of War,
for they were facred to Mars, and therefore are called by AriJIophanes
Af- rgoTio/, and were ufually ofFer'd in Sacrifice to him, and pi(ftured
with him. The Crowing of Cocks was an aufpicious Omen, and
prefaged Themijiocles's Viftory over the Perfians ; in Memory whereof he
inftituted an Annual Feaft call'd A.KiKrpv^'vav dyav, which was obferv'd
by fighting Cocks in the Theatre. And that fignal Vidory, wherein
the Beeotia/is overthrew the Lacedaemonians, was foretold by the Crow-
ing of Cocks fome whole Nights before, which was interpreted to be
an Omen of Succefs ; becaufe the Cock, when he is overcome, fits fi-
lent and melancholy j but, when he obtains the Viftory, ftruts and
crows, and as it were triumphs over his vanquifh'd Enemy. On the
contrary, if a Hen was heard to crow, they thought fome dreadful
Judgment was hanging over their Heads.
Thus I have given you a Ihort Account of the principal Birds that
were efteem'd ominous. There were feveral others, by which they
made Prediftions, and feveral other Ways of foretelling from thofe I
have already mention'd ; but what I have faid is, I think, fufficient ;
and therefore fliall not be much farther tedious to you. Only I mull
not forget to add, That fome pretended to underftand the Language of
Birds, and thereby to be privy to the* moft fecret Tranfaftions ; fuch
an One was the famous Magician Apollonius the Tyanean, of whom it is
reported, that, as he was fitting in a Parlour with his Friends, there
came a Sparrow, and chattered to a Flock of Birds that were before the
Window ; Apollonius, having heard the Noife, faid. She invited them
* yhliunu, de Animai. lib, !, cap. xlv:ii- ' Lib. X. cap. xii,
Y 4 to
328 Of the Religion of GretCG. Chap. 15.
to a Feaft, to fuch a certain Place, where a Mule loaded with Corn,
had let his Burden fall : The Company, defirous to know the truth
of the Bufinefs rofe up immediately, went to the Place, and found it
as he had told them. Democritus alio was a Pretender to this Art, and
gave out, that he could teach others the Method of attaining it ;
which he did by telling them the Names of certain Birds, out of a
Mixture of whofe Blood a Serpent would proceed ; which, being eaten,
would, without any farther Trouble, infpire into them this Knowledge '.
It is alfo feign'd, that Melampus arrived at this Art by having his
Ears licked by Dragons, Such another Story Eujiathius relates of He-
lenus, and Caffandra, the Children of Priatnus, the Trojan King, 'viz.
That being left in Apollo % Temple, Serpents came to them, and, round-
ing themlclves about their Ears, made them fo quick of Hearing,
that they could difcover the Counfels and Defigns of the Gods. I
muft add one thing more out of Jpuleius, viz. That when any un-
lucky Night Birds, as Owls, Swallows, Bats, ^c. got into a Houfe ;
to avert the bad Omen, they took efpecial care to catch them, and
hang them before their Doors, that fo the Birds themfelves might un-
dergo, or atone for thofe Evils, which they had threatened to the Fa-
mily.
Thus much for Birds. It will be convenient, in the next place, to
fpeak fomething concerning the Predidlions made by Infeds, Beafts,
and Signs in the Heavens. Firft then, Ants were made ufe of in Di-
vination, as may appear from the Inftance given in the laft Chapter,
where, I told you, Cimoas Death was prefag'd by them. Another In-
ftance we have in Midas, the Phrygian King ; for when he was a Boy,
and faftafleep. Ants came, and dropt Grains of Wheat into his Mouth ;
whereupon the Soothfayers being confulted, foretold, that he would be
the richeft Man in the World.
Bees were efteemed an Omen of future Eloquence, as appears from
Xhe Story of Plato ; for as he lay in the Cradle, Bees are faid to have
come and fat upon his Lips j whereupon the Augurs foretold, that
he fnould be famous for Sweetnefs of Language, and delightful Elo-
quence. And Pindar is faid to have been expofed, and nourifhed by
Bees with Honey inftead of Milk. Other things alfo were foretold by
them : But the Romans efteem'd them an unlucky and very dreadful
Omen, as may be found in Plutarch^ Life of Brutus. Before Pompefs
Defeat, (lihiffffav iTfiot Wi Toli Ccf^olf 6x.a9/(7t" a /warm of Bees fat
up6n the Altar, as we are told by Appian *.
There was a Locuft green, and flow in Motion, call'd Mr77<, which
was obferv'd in Soothfaying, as Suidas taketh Notice. Toads were ac-
counted lucky Omens. Snakes alfo, and Serpents were ominous ; as
appears by the Serpent, that in Homer % fecond Iliad devour'd eight
young Sparrows with their Dam ; which was by Calchas interpreted
to fignify, that the Siege of Troy ihould continue nine whole Years.
Boars were unlucky Omens, boading an unhappy Event to all the De-
figns of Perfons that met them. I fliall mention but one more, t'/z.
the Hare, a moft timorous Animal ; and therefore appearing in time
- tliniiit Nat. Kifl-. lib. ix. cap. xlix. Lib. ii. Bell. Civil.
. of
Chap. 15. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 329
of War, it fignified Vanquiflunent and Running away. When Xerxes
had prepared a vaft Army to invade Greece, it happen'd that a Mare
brought forth a Hare ; which Prodigy was a Prefage of Xerxes'a bafc
and cowardly Flight, after his Fleet was deftroy'd by Ihemijiocks.
I come in the laft place to Omens from the Heavens. I do not mean
thofe by which Philofophers and Aftrologers made their Prediftions,
but fuch as were ufually obferved by the common People : fuch were
Comets, which were always thought to portend fomething dreadful.
Such alfo were Eclipfes of the Sun or Moon, with which feveral
Armies have been fo terrified, that they durft not engage their Ene-
mies, tho' upon never fo great Advantages. Plutarch in his Treatife
of Superftition reports, that Nicias the Athenian General, being fur-
rounded on every fide by his Enemies, was ftruck into fuch a Confter-
nation by an Eclipfe of the Moon, that he' commanded his Soldiers to
lay down their Arms, and fo, together with a numerous Army, tamely
yielded up himfelf to the Slaughter. For the true Caufe of them being
unknown, they were imputed to the immediate Operation of the Gods,
that were thought thereby to give notice of fome fignal and imminent
Calamity ; and fo ftrongly were the Vulgar poffefs'd with this Opinion,
that Anaxagoras brought himfelf into no fmall Danger, by pretending
to alfign the natural Reafon for them.
Lightnings alfo were obferved ; and, if they appeared on the Right
Hand, accounted good Omens j but if on the Left, unlucky, as Eujia'
thius hath obferv'd in his Comment upon the fecond Iliad ; where Nejlor
tells the Grecians, earneftly defiring to return into their own Country,
that Jupiter had made a Promife that they fhould take Troy, and con-
firm'd it by Lightning : ^
By ominous Lightning gave the lucky Sign.
Other Meteors alfo were obferved by the Soothfayers, as the Ignis
Lambent, which was an excellent Omen, prefaging future Felicity';
as appears from Servius Tullius, whofe Promotion to the Kingdom of
Rome was foretold by it. The Argonauts, in their Expedition to Col-
chos, were overtaken by a dangerous Tempeft near the Sigean Promon-
tory J whereupon Orpheus made Supplication to the Gods for their De-
liverance ; a little after there appear'd two lambent Flames about the
Heads of Cajior and Pollux, and upon this enfued a gentle Gale, the
Storm ceafmg, and the Sea becoming calm and ftill : This fudden Al-
teration begot in the Company a Belief, that the two Brethren had
fome Divine Power and Efficacy, by which they were able to ftill the
Raging of the Sea ; infomucb that it became a Cuftom for Mariners,
whenever they were in any dangerous Storms, to invoke their Affiftance.
If the two Flames (which from this Story are call'd by the Names of
the two Heroes) appear'd together, they were ever after efteem'd an
excellent Omen, foreboding good Weather ; and therefore Theocritus,
in his Hymn upon the Dio/curi, praifeth them for delivering poor
Seamen ready to be iwallow'd up by the Deep :
Am'
330 Of the Religion of Gtztct, Chap. 15.
Ax>i' ifxrrtit v,ut7(Ti ty e /St'9" (Xxm victt
Aurii<rtv vairaitriv iief/SfJoii S'a.rjis'S-*/.
Ai-^a. <f( MoXiytn a'V-^o;, y.iva^i ^ yefhdvx
Ex e/^' *'f*TM t' sp^'vutf-ar, iv&'v t' e'ya jui^nv itf/.cu/fk
4Ti cmfijutunte-tt to. psj 9rxo eviT/x wdrnt.
And when the gaping Deep would fain devour
The tatter'd Ship, you hinder't with your Power.
The ftormy Winds, that vex the troubl'd Seas,
At your Command their roaring Blufters ceafe ;
The pil'd-up Waves are ftill'd, and quiet lain.
An even Calmnefs makes a watry Plain.
The Clouds, that had before obfcur'd the Sky,
Vanifh away, and quick difperfed fly.
The Bears, and other lucky Stars appear.
And bid the Seamen Safety not to fear. E. D.
Horace fpeaketh to the fame Purpofe, calling thefe two Meteors Stella
or Stars,
Dicam & Akiden, fuerofque Ledae ;
Hunc equiSf ilium fuperare pugnis
Hobilem j quorum fimul alba nautis
Stella refulfit,
Defiuit /axis agitatui humor,
Concidunt fventi, fugiuntque nuhes,
t minax (qtiodjic 'voluere) ponto
Unda recumbit ''.
4lc'ides next my Mufe mull write.
And Leda's Sons ; one fam'd for Horfe,
And one in clofe and handy Fight,
Of haughty Brav'ry, and of noble Force :
When both their Stars at once appear.
The Winds are huftit, they rage no more,
(It is their Will) the Skies are clear.
And Waves roll foftly by the quiet Shore. Mr Creech.
If one Flame appear'd fingle, it was call'd Helena, and was a very
dangerous Omen, portending nothing but Storms and Shipwracks ;
efpecially if it foUow'd Caftor and Pollux by the Heels, and as it were
drove them away. Tho' Euripides in his Orejies makes them all pra-
iperous and defirabfe Signs, where fpeaking of Helena, he faith,
^ Carm. lib. i.
For
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece, 331
For being fprung from yove, file needs muft be
Immortal too ; and with her Brethren fhare
The heav'nly Regions, where her glorious Beams
Will Ihine alike, to help the Mariner. . />.
Earthquakes were unfortunate Omens. Hence Seneca, among other
direful Prefages, mentions an Earthquake ' :
Lucus tremifcit, tota fuccujfofolo
Nutavit aula, duhia qua pondus daret,
Arftifiuny,*; Jim;!;, ,
Earthquakes were commonly thought to be caus'd by Neptune, who is
hence term'd ffoCT>a/- and kvoaix^^v by the Poets ; and therefore it
was ufual to Jing Paans, and to offer Sacrifices on fuch Occafions, to
avert his Anger. This we find to have been done by the Lacedemonians
jn Xenophon^. A Gulf being open at Rome, Car/ /aj leap' d into it to
appeafe the angry Gods. And the fame Occafion happening at Celiena,
a City of Phrygia, King Midas caft many things of great Value, and at
length his own Son into the Gulph, by the Command of an Oracle*.
The Winds alfo were thought to contain in them fomething pro-
phetical, and were taken notice of in Soothfaying j as appears from
otatius^, when he faith,
^ fentis, aut alite vt/a,
Bellorum proferre diem.
And, as the Birds or boding Winds prefage^
Defer the fatal Day of Battle.
Many others might be added, but I fhall only mention one more,
w/z. the Thunder, the nobleft and moft obferved of all the heavenly
Omens. It was good, or bad, like other Signs, according to its diffe-
rent Pofition ; for on the Right Hand it was lucky, on the Left unfor-
tunate. Thunder in a clear and ferene Sky was a happy Sign, and
given by Jupiter, in Homer e, as a Confirmation that he granted the Pe-
titions made to him. The Poet's Words are thefe, where he fpeaks of
Vlyjfes, who had pray'd to the Gods for fome Sign to encourage him in
his Enterprize againft Penelope\ Courtiers :
Cli ipa.r tij)(pfjLm.i' tS J' Xt fxtnkrci Z(v{,]
Thus pray'd the Sire : And all-wife Jupiter
Forthwith, propitious to his cameft Prayer,
A Clap of well-prefaging Thunder fent
From bright Olympus'' cryftal Firmament,
Which glads his Soul. H. H.
c 7f^ejii$, vei. 693. * Grac. Hift. lib. iv. Conf. 5fe*ew Serin, i.
fTbtbatd.iu, *Odyff. , y, lOlt -
232 Of the Religion of Grttcc. Chap, 1 6.
It was an unfortunate Omen to have any thing Thunder-ftruck. The
Shepherd in Virgii ^ relates, that all his Misfortunes were thus foretold :
Sape malum hoc nobis ^ Ji mens non Iteva fuijfety
De ccelo taiias memini pradicere quercus.
There is a parallel Paflage in Ovid's Letter to Livia :
Jupiter ante dedit fati mala figna futurt,
Flammifera petiit cum tria temp/a manu.
To avert unlucky Omens given by Thunder it was ufed to make
a Libation of Wine, pouring it forth in Cups. And they flood in fo
much Fear of Lightning, that they adored it, as Pliny ' obferves. They
endeavour'd to avert its malignant Influences, by hifling and whiftling
at it ; which they call'd ts^'mmiHitt as appears from Arijlophanes ^y when
he faith, 'aojh dvct.^^a,4-t^, if I caji forth Lightning, jstotttvtuot, they'' II
hifs ; where the Scholiajl obierves, that it was ufual rctii dTQcfTreui 'uo'Tr-
'Tiv^uv, to hifs at the Lightning. In Places which had fuffer'd by Thun-
der Altars were erefted, and Oblations made to avert the Anger of the
Gods ; and after that no Man adventur'd to touch or approach them.
Hence Art^midorus * obferves, that by the Thunder ohfcure Places were
made igimfxeif remai-kable, by reafon of the Altars and Sacrifices which
were there prefented to the Gods ; and that on the contrary. Places
which had been frequented became i^y)(M. ly dCaret, defert and felitary ;
K<^f >c) c* exjToii <tta.7f'iCHV 'in ^Kli' hecaufe no Man '^ould, after that
Accident, jlay there. At Rome, Places afFefted by Thunder were in-
clos'd by a publick Officer, and the Fragments of the Thunder-bolt,
if any fuch could be found, were carefully bury'd, left any Perfon
Ihould be polluted by touching them. And it was farther cuftomary to
atone for any thing which was Thunder-ftruck, by facriiicing a Sheep,
which being call'd Bidens, the Thing affefted by Thunder came to be
term'd Bidental, as the old Scholiaji obferves from the following Paffage
of Perfius " :
An quia non fihris avium, Ergennaque jubente,
^riftejaces lucis, e'vitandumque bidental?
CHAP. XVL
Of Divination by Lots.
OF Lots there were four Sorts, viz. Political, Military, Luforious,
and Divinatory : the three firft do not at all concern my prefent
Purpofe, however treated of by fome in this Place . Of the Prophetical
there were diverfe Sorts, two of which were moft in ufe, viz. 2.v^'
fjtapTiiitt and KKnficf^.cumi<t.
'' Eclog. i. ver. 16. ' Lib. xxviii, cap. ii, ' Vefpes. * Oneirocrit. lib. ii.
*" Satir. ii. ver, z6.
Chap, 1 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 333
'S.v^tMLV'niA was a fort of Divination by Verfes, wherein 'twas ufual
to take fatidical Verfes, and, having wrote them upon little Pieces of
Paper, to put them into a Veffel, and fo draw them out, expefting to
read their Fate in the firft Draught. This was often praftis'd upon
the Sibylline Oracles, which were difpers'd up and down in Greece^ Italy y
and all the Roman Empire ; whence there is frequent Mention in Au-
thors of the fortes SibylUna. Sometimes they took a Poet, and, open-
ing in one or more Places, accepted the firft Verfe they met with for a
Prediftion. This was alfo called Pa^wc/i^cT^itf, from the Rhap/odies
of Homer y and, as fome are of Opinion, proceeded at the firft from the
Efteem which Poets had amongft the Ancients, by whom they were
reputed Divine and Infpired Perfons. Bat as Homer had of all the
Poets the greateft Name, fo alfo the Sortes Homerica of all others were
in the moft Credit : Yet Euripides and other Poets were not wholly
neglefted. Virgil alfo and the Latin Poets were made ufe of in this
Way, as appears as well from other Inftances as that remarkable one of
Sfverus in Lampridius, whofe Promotion to the Roman Empire was fore-
told by opening at this Verfe,
Tu regere imperio poputosy Romane, memento.
Remember, Roman, with Imperial Sway
To rule the People.
The Chnjlians alfo praftis'd the like on the Bible, according to that
of Nicephorus Gregoras *. Avoi^eiv 'iKpivi ^hv cv \a,K-ne^n <zit(^hn^ t
o'lMuv anrcextov, i. e. He judg'd it neceflTary to dip into the Pfalter, that
there he might find a Support or Defence againft the Diftrefs he la-
boured under. And Heraclius is reported by Cedrenus to have afked
Counfel of the New Teftament, ^ iC^eiv ^'^'iTnvni o AA^rti/iat r^^^n-
ytja.m.1, and to have been thereby perfuaded to winter in Albania. And
Saint Augujiin himfelf, tho' he difallows this Practice in fecular Affairs,
yet feems to approve of it in fpiritual Matters, as appears from iiis
Epiftle to Januarius ^.
KAn^fy.ai/T\iei was a fort of Divination, wherein they made Con-
jeftures by throwing vjfu )i/^tip>s(. Lots ; where you may obferve, that
Lots were call'd in the plural Number xX^i, and by the Latins fortes y
to diftinguifh them from /.i?f, and fors, which in the fmgular Num-
ber ufually fignificd the Hint or Occafion given to Diviners to make
their Conjtflures by, as the Scholiajl upon Euripides reports. Thefe
Kh'iic?' were ufually black and white Beans ; amongft the Ancients lit'
tie Clods of Earth ; Pebbles alfo. Dice, or fuch like Things, diftin-
guifhed by certain Charafters : Hence this Divination was term'd by
feveral Names, as '^(l)o^^eu^'ni^^, et^faytKo/jt-cUfTiiay KuCouaVTHa, w^wi-
ftcuTsitf, &c. They caft the Lots into a Vefiel, and, having made Suppli-
cation to the Gods to direfl them, drew them out, and according to the
Characters conjeftur'd what Ihould happen to them. All Lots were facred,
to Mercury, whom they thought to prefiJe over this Divination ; and
therefore the Ancients, as Eujiathius ' obferves, iMif/ioi htyj., i. e. /or
1 ' I ! I M ill M il.
Lib.viii. * Epia, cxix# f Iliad, it, p. 548. Edit. Baji/.
Good-
334 Of the Religion of Grttce, Chap. i^.
Cood Luck's Saie, and that Mercury might be propitious to them, ufed,
with the reft of their Lots, to put in one which they call'd Efju? KKYt^Vt
Mercury s Lot, which was an Olive- Leaf, and was drawn out before the
reft. Sometimes the Lots Were not caft into Veflels, but upon Tables
confecrated for that purpofe '. This Divination was either invented,
or at Icaft fo much praftis'd by the 7^r/>, who v/ere three Nymphs
that nurfed Apollo, that at length the Word (dtK<u came to be a fynony-
i^pus Term with KA^e^r whence the Proverb,
Crowds of your Lot-Diviners ev'ry-where.
But few true Prophets.
To this Species of Divination we may reduce VaCJ^ixeu/nia, or Pro-
phefying by Rods, mention'd alfo in the Holy Writings, wherein
Ho/ea ', amongft other abominable Wickednefles committed by the
Jjraelites, reckons this as none of the fmalleft, Ef aiitj.Qohoti i'mfUTuvy
a^ c# paCJou cu/jQ ATtiylH/^ov 'eunv* wiiiua.Tj vrofviioi 'irKetvri^^, J^ e^fi-
ifd^vAj^ Iwn T 3 auTwv. Our Tranflation renders it thus : My People
ask Counfel of their Stocks, and their Staff declareth unto them ; for the
Spirit of Whoredom hath caufed them to err, and they have gone a ^whoring
from under their God. This Divination, as it is defcribed by St. Cyril
of Alexandria and TheophylaSi ^, was thus perform'd : Having erefted
two Sticks, they murmur'd forth a certain Charm, and then according
as the Sticks fell, backwards or forwards, towards the Right or Left,
they gave Advice in any Affair. Not much different was BtKofJux-VTiiet.,
in which Divination was made by Arrows, fhaken together in a Quiver.
Others are of Opinion, that the Arrows were caft into the Air, and
the Man was to fleer his Courfe the fame Way that the Arrow inclined
in its Defcent. This feems to be the Divination us'd by Nebuchadnezzar
in Ezechiel, where he deliberates about invading the Ifraelites, and the
Ammonites : The Words are thefe, as they are rendered by our Tranfla-
tors : Appoint a IVay, that the Snvord may come to Rabbah of the
Ammonites, and to Juda in Jerufalem the defenced. For the King of
^ahy\on food at the Parting of the Way, at the Head of fwo Ways, to
life Divination : he made his Arronu bright, (the Septuagint Tranflation
Ipeaks not of /3U<^-, but cetCJ^-) he confulted ivith Images, he looked
into the Liver. At his Right-hand nuas hii Divination for Jerufalem, to
appoint Captains, to open the Mouth in the Slaughter, to lift up the Voice
ivith Shouting, to appoint Battering-Rams againjl the Gates, to cajl a
Mount, and to build a Fort. But becaufe the Prophet fpeaks of making
his Arrows bright, fome are of Opinion, that he divined by looking
upon the Iron Heads of the Arrows, and obferving the various Appear-
ances in them ; in the fame manner, as fome in our Days pretend
.to tell Fortunes, by looking upon their Nails, faith Clarius upon that
Place. Another Method of Divination by Rods was us'd by the Scy-
thians, and is defcribed in Herodotus ^. From the Scythians it was de-
rived, with fome Alteration, to the Germans, and is defcribed by
P;Wjr/ SchoHaft. in Pjfi"'. Od. iv. ver. 338. Cap. iv, v, 12. f I"
citatum //o/><r locum. \ Cap.'xxi, ver. zo, *> Lib, iv.
Tacitus.
Chap. 1 6. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 335
Tacitus "'. Others alfo you may read of in Sfraho ^, Athenaus ', and
Ammianits Marcellinus ; but thefe and feme others I fhall pafs by, as
-not pertinent to my prefent Defign.
Another Way of Divination by Lots was ufed in Greece and Rome,
in this manner : The Perfon that was defirous to learn his Fortune car-
ried with him a certain Number of Lots, diftinguifh'd by feveral Cha-
rafters or Infcriptions, and walking to and fro in the publick Ways,
defired the firft Boy that met him, to draw j and if that which came
forth agreed with what he had conceiv'd in his Mind, it was taken for
an infallible Prophecy. This Divination is by Plutarch, in his Treatife
about Ifis and Ofiris, faid to be derived from the ^Egyptians, by whom
the Aftions and Words of Boys were carefully obferved, as containing;
in them fomething Divine and Prophetical ; and that for a Reafon no
lefs abfurd than the Pradice itfelf j all the Ground they had for it
being only this, fvix. That IJis, having wander'd up and down in a
fruitlefs Search af^ter OjiriSf happen'd at lafl: upon a Company of Boya
at Play, and was by them inform' d about what flie had fo long fought
for in vain. To this Cullom of Divining by Boys, as forae think,
*ribuJlus " alludes, when he faith.
Ilia facras pueri fortes ter fuJluUt, ilU
Rettulit e triniiis omnia certa puer.
Thrice in the Streets the facred Lots Ihe threw.
And thence the Boy did certain Omens (hew.
But I am rather of Opinion, that the Poet fpcaks of a different Kind
of Lots, which was this : In the Market, High-ways, and other Places
of Concourfe, it was ufual for a Boy, or a Man, whom the Greeks call'd
Ay^fTjjf, to ftand with a little Tablet call'd in Greek ttUa^ A-}V(VKh(, or
' dyj^TJKh mvi<, upon which were written certain fatidical Verfes,
which, according as the Dice light upon them, told the Confultants
what Fortune they were to expeft. Sometimes, inftead of Tablets,
they had Pots or Urns, into which the Lots or fatidical Verfes were
thrown, and thence drawn by the Boys ; and I am the rather inclined
to think the Poet's Words to be underftood in this Senfe, becaufe he
(kith, the Woman herfejf that had a mind to be inftrufted what was
to befall her, took up the Lots ; which can never be meant of the
Boy's drawing Lots out of the Woman's Hand. JrtemiJorus, in his
Preface, fpeaks of r ^^f* f^vrtuv, i. e. Diviners in the Market-
Place ; and the Sortes viales were very common at Rome : The Circui
was thronged with thofe, and a great many other Diviners, which
the poor lilly Women ufed to confult, as Juvenal " witnefleth ; His
Words are thefe :
Si mediocris erit, fpatium luflrabit utrumque
Met arum, i^ fortes ducet : front emque, manumque
, Prahtbit vati crebrum poppyfma roganti.
Divitibus refponfa dabit Phryx augur, i^ inde
' Lib. dc Morib. GrM)i. ' Lib. xv. ^ Lib* X4i< "Lib. xxix.
^ Lib. i. EUg.uj. ; St ri. . 581*
Condudus,
}
2^6 Of tbe Religion of Greece. Chap. 17.
ConduSius, dabit afirorum, mundique peritus ;
At que aliquis fenior qui publica fulgura condit.
Plebeium in Circo pojitum eji, isf in agger e fatum j
^ua nudis longum ofiendit cervicibus aurum,
Conjulit ante Phalas, Delphinorumque columnas.
An faga 'vendenti nubat caupone reliSlo.
The middle fort, who have not much to fpare.
Into the crowded Circus ftraight repair,
And from the cheaper Lots their Fortunes hear.
Or elfe to cunning Chiromancers go.
Who clap the pretty Palm, and thence their Fortunes know.
But the rich Matron, who has more to give.
Her Anfwers from the Brachtnan will receive.
Skill'd in the Globe and Sphere, he gravely ftands.
And with his Compafs meafures Seas and Lands.
The pooreft of the Sex have ftill an Itch
To know their Fortunes, equal to the Rich :
The Dairy-maid enquires if fhe may take
The trufty Taylor, and the Cook forfake.
Whereby it appears, that Lots had very fmall Credit in Juvenars Days,
being confulted only by the meaner Sort, and fuch as were not able to
be at the Charge of more reputable Divination. Didymus tells us, this
was brought to pafs by Jupiter, who, being defirous that Apollo Ihould
prefide in chief over Divination, brought Lots, which are laid to have
been invented by Minerva, into Difrepute.
CHAP. xvir.
Of Divination hy ominous Words and Things,
ANOTHER fort of Divination there was, very different from all
thofe I have hitherto fpoken of, which foretold things to come,
not by certain Accidents and cafual Occurrences, that were thought
to contain in them Prefages of Good or Evil. Of thefe there were
three Sorts : The firft of Things Internal, by which I mean thofe that
afFefted the Perfons themfelves. The fecond, of Things External, that
only appeared to Men, but did not make any Impreffion upon them.
The third were Ominous Words. Of thefe in their Order.
Firft, Of thofe Omens that Men receiv'd from themfelves, which are
diftinguifli'd into four Kinds ; i . Marks upon the Body, as 'iK-jjot,,
Spots like Oil. Secondly, fudden Perturbations feizing upon the
Mind ; fuch were the Panici Terrores, Panic Fears, which were fudden
Confternations that feized upon Men without any vifible Caufe, and
therefore were imputed to the Operation of Damons, efpecially Pan,
upon Men's Fancies. Of thefe there is frequent Mention in Hiftory j
as when Brennus the Gallick General had been defeated by the Greeks,
the Night following he and the Remainder of his Troops were
feized with fuch Terrors and Diftraftions, that, ignorant of what
they
Chap. 17- 0/ tbf Religion of Greece. g^y
they were doing, they fell to wounding and killing one andther ; till
they were all utterly deftroy'd. Such another Fright gave the Ji/je-
nians a great Advantage againft the Perjians, infomuch that Pan had
a Statue ereded for that piece of Service ; as appears from one of Si-
monideii Epigrams,
111 T^yiTTKi ifA Tlciiit, toy KATetMiiJ'ur,
lor jutr ASLujuiat fi\9a.ro M/XT/acTrf
Grateful MUtiades rais'd this Monument,
That Me Arcadian Pan doth reprefent j
Becaufe I aided him, and warlike Greece
Againft the powerful Medes., , ,
The Reafon why thefe Terrors were attributed to Pan r/as, becaufe,
when OJiris was bound by Typho, Pan and the Satyrs appearing call
him into a Fright. Or, becaufe he affrighted the Giants , that waged
War againft Jupiter. There is alfo a third Reafon afllgned by Mytho-
logifisy which will be explain'd in the following Book . In thefe
Terrors, whereof there was either no apparent Caufe, or at leaft none
anfwerable to the Greatnefs of the fudden Confternation, it was a
good Remedy to do fomething quite contrary to what the Danger would
have required, had it been fuch as Men vainly imagin'd. Thus Alexan-
der caufed his Soldiers to difarm themfelves, when they were on a
fudden in a great Fear of they knew not what.
All fudden and extraordinary Emotions and Perturbations, in Body
or Mind, were look'd upon as evil Omens ; fuch was that of PeneIope''s
Courtiers defcribed by Homer, and faid to have been caufed by Mi^
nernja, their implacable Enemy ;
.ufti^'Upri ij na>.Xac Adht
A7*ig-ty y'i'i.oy a(fi, v<tf'i'7i>.oL-^if 5 ViMjuei,
0< J' y,i' yvaSfjccirt yiXdur dht.ar^ioia-iv
Ai fAi^i fvx-rd SI S'ii itpix ivb'i6\. ora-i S" ifa. vfiOtv
AaxpJojo ?r/ju^XaVTO. yocr J' uh'to ^ufxiu
The Courtiers ftraight offended Paflas feiz'd
With profufe Laughter, not to be appeas'd.
And raving frantick Thoughts ; they now appear
O'erwhelm'd with Laughter, not what firft they were :
Their Eyes with briny Tears o'erflow'd, their Food,
Amazing Sight ! feem'd chang'd to putrid Blood.
Nothing their anxious Thoughts doth entertain, '
But lamentable Grief.
An Augur then prefent was affrighted at this dreadful Omen, and
prefently broke out into this Exclamation,
Ah wretched Men \ what Fate is this you bear ?
* Lib. iii. cap. ix. pag. 84. > OdylT. i. . 34S>
Z The
238 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 17.
The third fort of internal Omen* were the T[etK[j.a}, or TVaX^ika
t\uv'{irua.'Ttty fo call'd aVo 7 'Trsih.Ktiv, from Palpitating. Such were the
Palpitations of the Heart, the Eye,, or any of the Mufcles, called in
Latin Sa/tationes, and B6^C@-, or a Ringing .in the Ears ; which in
the Right Ear \^^as a lucky Omen ; fo alfo was the Palpitation of th
Right Eye, as Theocritus telleth us.
My Right-Eye twinkles.
Niphus hath enumerated all the Parts of the Body, with all the
Omens to be gathered from the Palpitations of each of them ; whom
you may confult at leifure. Melampus, the famous Fortune-teller, de-
dicated a Book upon this Subjeft to Ptolomy Philadelphus : Another to
the fame Purpofe was compos'd by Pofidoniusy as Suidas reports j th
Title of which was V\dLh/juyAi> advia-yM..
The fourth fort of internal Omens were the Ti-nt^iJ.o'l, or Sneezings^
which were fo fuperftitioufly obferv'd, that Divine Worlhip was thought
due to them ; tho' fome fay this Adoration was only an Expiation of the
Omen : Others are of Opinion, as '' Cafaubon obferves, that Sneez-
ing was a Difeafe, or at leaft a Symptom of fome Infirmity ; and
therefore when any Man fneez'd, it was ufual to fay, Zn^, May you
live ; or, Ziij aujov, GOD blefs you. To this Cuftom Ammian alludes
in an Epigram upon one who had a long Nofe, which he faith was at
fo great diftance from his Ears, that he could not hear hixnfelf fnceze.
His long-bcak'd Snout at fuch a diftance lies
From his dull Ears, that he ne'er hears it fneeze ;
And therefore never does he fay, GOD blefs.
Where you may obferve. That it was not only ufual for Perfons that
flood by to cry, ZjiT acomv, but alfo for Men when themfelves fneezed.
However it be, it is certain, that Sneezing was accounted facred, as
appears from e Athenaus, who proves that the Head was efteemed
holy, becaufe it was cuftomary to fwear by it, and adore as holy the
Sneezes that proceeded from it : And Arijlotle tells us in exprefs Term*
f. That Sneezing was accounted a Deity, To:/ ll-rap/MV ^ov hyQu^.^.
Cafaubon has alfo proved the fame out of ^ Xenophon ; who reports, that
the Soldiers with one accord worfhiped it as a God, But it is fcarce to
be fuppofed, they could be fo ignorant, as to think every Aft of Sneez-
ing a Deity ; nor do Arifotle^ words neceffarily imply they did ; for
no more need be underftood by them, than that there was a God of
Sneezing, called nraf/wf and Xenophon may be expounded the fame
way, i;/25. That, when the Soldiers heard a Sneeze, they worfhiped the
^ God, i. e. the God of Sneezing : Or, it may be, no more is meant, than
that they worfhiped God perhaps in the ufual Form of Zsy <ms^-^'
e De Augur. 1. i. c. ix. * \n AthenaumX.n. c. xxv. c Loc. dtat.
/ Problem. Sed. xxxiii. cap. vil. S De xpedit. Cyr/ lib. iii.
or
Chap. 17. Of the Religion o/" Greece.'' 339
or by calling up fome other fhort Ejaculation to any of the Gods, to
avert the Omen.
However, it is certain, that great regard was given to Sneezing, in-
fomuch that if a Man fneezed at certain Times, or on any certain fide,
it was enough to perfuade them to, or difcourage them from any Bu-
fmefs of the greateft Moment. When Themijiocles was offering Sacri-
fice, it happen'd, that three beautiful Captives were brought to him,
and at the fame time the Fire burn'd clear and bright, and a Sneeze
happen'd on the Right-hand : Hereupon Euphrantides the Soothfayer,
embracing him, predicted the memorable Vidlory, which was after-
wards obtain'd by him ''. Such a Sneeze happening, whilft Xeno-
phon was making a Speech, was thought a fufficient Reafon to conlti-
tute him General. And Socrates himfelf, though a great Defpifer of
Heathen Superftitions, judged it not unreafonable to make a, Sneeze
ferve as an Admonition from the D<^on, which always tended him.
And that the Obfervation of Sneezing was very ancient appears from
the Virgins in Theocritus ', who thus congratulate Menelaus upon his
, Marriage with Helena :
OxCii ydiu^fi' ciyn^it rit iTrtTrritfiv pX*A''''? *'9'
There is alfo mention of this Cuftom in Homer, who has introduced
Penelope rejoicing at a Sneeze of her Son Telemachus ^ ;
Oly^ opst'ac /ue/ f/sc iTTivrcifn j
Sneezing was not always a lucky Omen, but varied according to the
alteration of Circumftances : t^v 7!r]cfucov ol fjuiv eioi" ? /*/>t.ii ; d j^i
fb^oiCigfii' Some Sneexes are profitable, others prejudicial, according to the
Scholiajl upon the following Paffiige of Theocritus, where he makes the
Sneezing of the Cupids to have been an unfortunate Omen to a cer-
tain Lover * :
lifAr/fiSii. (Ml ifum iTriTTTafov.
When Xenophon was perfuading his Soldiers to encounter the Enemy,
a Sneeze was accounted fo dangerous an Omen, -that they were forced
to appoint publick Prayers to expiate it. If any Perfon fneezed, artti
(jUovov vuk\wv a/^ iJATvii iifjU^.(, het-iucen Midnight and the following t^oan-'
tide, it was fortunate: But turn f^iTut iifttvf <i'x,?i ummyv v<^/.tcov, front-
Noontide till Midnight, it was unfortunate : The "Reafons of which dif-
ference Ariflotle has endeavoUr'd to account for '". If a Man fneezed
at the Table, while they were taking away ; or if another happen'd to
fneeze upon his Left-hand, it was unlucky; if on the Right-hand,
fortunate. If in the undertaking any Bufinefs, two, or four Sneezes
happen'd, 'twas a lucky Omen, and gave Encouragement to proceed ;
if more than four, the Omen was neither good nor bad ; if one, or
three, it was unlucky, and dehorted them from proceeding in what
they had defigned. If two Men were deliberating about any Bufinefs,
fc Plutarcbui Ibemijlode. Idyll. x\iii. -ver. 16. " Odjjf, viji. ' Idyll.
Tii. ver. 96. " Problem, Seft. xxxiii. cap. xi.
Z 2 and
340 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 17?
and both of them chanced to fneeze together, it was a profperou*
Omen, as " Niphas relates in his Book of Auguries, where he has enu-
merated a great many other Circumftances in Sneezing, and the Omens
thought to be given by them.
I come in the next place to fpeak fomething concerning the Omens
which appear'd to Men, but were not contain'd in their own Bodies ;
of which there were feveral forts : As firft. The Beginnings of Things
were look'd upon to contain fomething ominous j as Ovid has obfer-
ved ,
Rerum prtncipiis omnia inejfe folent ;
Jd primam 'vocetn timidas ad-vertimus aures^
Et primum vijam confulit Augur avem.
A fudden and unufual Splendor in any Houfe, or other place, was a
very fortunate Prefage, as, on the contrary, Darknefs was an Omen of ,|
Infelicity ; the former being thought to accompany the Celeftial Gods,
whereas Darknefs intimated the Prefence of fome of the Infernal Deities,
which was thought to be commonly pernicious. Thus Telemachus m
Homer defcribes a Prodigy appearing before the Victory, . which IJlyJfts
obtain'd againft the Courtiers of his Wife Penelope,
'El'hd.tiva.i T'c doxei, k, ttiavic C-^iar' i')(BSTiz,
It was thought a direful Prefage, when any thing unufual befel the
Temples, Altars, or Statues of the Gods. Such a one was that which
Paufanias '^ relates concerning the brazen Statue of Diana, which
OTipH)u THC AO'TriJk, let the Shield fall out of her Hand, Before the
Lacedaemonians were vanquifli'd at Leu^ra, the two Golden Stars, confe-
crated by them at Delphi to Ca/lor and Pollux, fell down, and could
never be found again ^. Hither mull alfo be reduc'd the fweating, or
falling down of Images, the Doors of Temples opening of themfelves,
and other Accidents whereof no account could be affign'd.
To this place like wife do belong all monftrous and frightful Births,
fudden and unufual Deluges, the unexpefted withering and decaying,
or flourifhing of Trees or Fruits, the Noife of Beafts, or any thing
happening to Men, or other Creatures, ' contrary to the common Courfi
of Nature, the Inverfion of which was thought a certain Argument of
the Divine Difpleafure. Many of thefe are contain'd together in tht
following Paffage of Virgil :
^Tempore quanquam tllo tellus quoque, ^ aquora ponti,
Gbfccenique canes importunaque volucres
Signa dabant. ^oties Cyclop u?n effewere in agros
Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus jEtnam,
" Do. Auguriis cap. vi!i. Faftor, lib. i. ^ Ody[f. '. ver. 36. ' Mef-
.feniacis, ' Cicero de Divinat, lib. i. * Georgic. lib. i. ver, 469.
Flammo'
Chap. 17. Of the Religion cf Greece. 341
Flammarumque glohos, itquefaBaque 'vo'l'vere faxa ?
Armorum fonitum toto Germania ccela
Audiit, infolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes :
Vox quoque per lucos niulgo exaudita ftlentes
Ingens, iff Jimulacra modis pallentia miris
Vifa fub obfcurum noilis : pecudefque locut/Sy
Jnfandum ! ftjlunt amnes, terraque dehifcunt :
Et maejium illacrymat templis ebur, araque fudant :
Proluit infano contorquens vertice fyl'vas
Flwuiorum rex Eridartusj c^mpofque per omnes
Cum fiabulis armenta tulit : nee tempore eodem
Trijiibus aut extis fibra apparere minaces^
Aut puteis manare cruor ceffavit ; y a//^
Per noilem refonare lupis ululantibus urbes.
Not! alias ccelo ceciderunt plura fereno
Fulgura, nee dirt toties arfere comet<e.'
Ergo inter fefe paribus concurrere telis
Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi.
Hither alfo are to be referr'd ,'EtoiiA avij.BoXa, Omens offering them-
felves in the Way, of which Polis and Hippocrates (i^ot the Phyfician)
are faid to have written Books.
Such as thefe were, the meeting of an Eunuch, a Black, an Ape, a
Bitch with Whelps, a Vixen with Cubs j a Snake lying fo in the Way,
as to part the Company ; a Hare croffing the Way. A Woman work-
ing at her Spindle, or carrying it uncovered, was thought to be very
prejudicial to any Defign, and to blaft whatever Hopes they had con-
ceiv'd, efpecially about the Fruits of the Ground. A Weezle croffing
the Way, was a fufficient Reafon to defer a publick Affembly for that
JDay ; it was called j<xx, and Artemidorus gives the Reafon, why its
junning by was fo much taken Notice of; 'viz. Becaufe it is i7o4i?i"
to S'iA.), i that is, the Letters in each word fignify the fame Number,
fviz. 42. All thefe were Jhaavrtijaf J)jtjzi{duTa, and tcTKr^omtiA ^et,(4ztja,
.i. e. unlucky and abominable Sights.
Another fort of external Omens were thofe that happen'd at Homgf
and the Divination that obferv'd them was call'd To HMTnomth' ,
concerning which Xenocrates is faid to have wrote a Treatife. Such
as thefe were, the coming of a black Dog, a Moufe eating a Bag of
Salt, the appearing of a Snake or Weezle upon the Houfe-top.
This fort of Divining by Beafts is reported by Suida! to have been
invented by Telegonus. Such alfo were the throwing down of Salt, the
fpilling of Water, Honey, or Wine, taking the Wine- away while any
Perfon was drinking, a fudden Silence, and ten thoufand other Acci-
. dents. In putting on their Clothes, the Right-fide was ferved firft ;
and therefore, if a Servant gave his Mailer the left Shoe firft, it was
no fmall Fault. This ,Omen was particularly obferv'd by Augujlus Cxfary
as we are told by Suetonius ' ; and PHny reports, that on a cer-
tain Day wherein that Emperor had like to have been deftroy'd in a Mu-
xiny of fome of his Soldiers, his left Shoe was put on before his Righf.
* Augvfto cap, xcii. " Nat. Hifl-. lib. vii. cap> vU.
Z 3 It
342 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Ghap. 17.
It was a direful Omen, when the Crown fell from any Man's 'Head :
On which Account it is mention'd among other unfortunate Prefages ia
Seneca s Thyejies:
Regium capiti decus
Bis terque lapfum ejl.
Hither alfo may be referred the variotis Alions, which were thought
to contain good or .bad Fortune. For Inftance, At Feafts it was ac-
counted lucky to crown the Cup with a Garland. This we find don
in Virgil w :
Turn pater Anchifes magnum cratera corona
Induity implevitque -^r-^
And again in the fame Poet " :
Crater as magnos Jlatuunt, 13 vtnacoronant.
This Pradlice was taken from Horner''^ Heroes, who ufed to drink out
of Cups that were tT/ it^.i oir.-5 the Reafon of which (faith a/?<a!-
ihim, out of Jthen^us) was this, 'viz. Becaufe a Garland reprefents a Cir-
cle, which is the moft capacious and complete of all Figures. It was
ufual alio to carry home the Fragments left at Sacrifices, for good
Luck's fake, as hath been obferv'd in another Place ; and thefe were
call'd v}iei''.f as contributing to the prefervation of Health >', ^c.
Thus much concerning ominous Adlions and Accidents, whereof I
have only mention'd the moft remarkable j for it would be an endlefs
Undertaking to enumerate all of them, every Day's Reading being able
to furnilh almoft infinite Numbers.
In tiie laft Place I come to ominous Words, which, as they were
good or bad, were believed to prefage accordingly. Such Words were
call'd oTJcti, / ><4) </J); <; , or zyiij.oi, a/rri tk ^sLvu/, as the Latin Omen is
fo call'd, q. Oremen, quia Jit ab ore j i. e. becaufe it proceeds from the
Mouth, faith Fejius : They may be interpreted Voices, for Tully hath
call'd them by the Names of Voces '. The Pythagoreans (faith he) ufed
to obferve the Voices of Men as nuell as of the Gods. Hence, as the fame
Author there obferves, the old Romans before the beginning of any
Aftion us'd this Preface, ^od honiim, faujiiim, felix fortunatumque fit :
Wifhing that their Enterprize might fucceed 'well, happily, profperoufly
and fortunately. In Divine Service, he adds, that Proclamation was
made, ut faverent Unguis, that all there prefent might govern their
Tongues. In bidding Feftivals and Holidays, the People were com-
manded Litibus iff jurgiis abfinere, to beware of Brawls and Quarrels.
At publick Lullrations, the Perfons who brought the Viftims were re-
quired to have Bona nomina, fortunate Names. The fame, he there
tells us, was alfo obferv'd by the Confuls in the choice of the firft Sol-
dier. This fort of Divination was moft in ufe at S7nyrna (as Paufanias
reports) where they had kKaSovcov hfbv, a Temple in which Anfwers
were return'd this way j and Jpollo Spodius gave Oracles in Thebes,
* ^r.e d. lib. lii, ver. 525. jSneid, lib. i. ver. 728. / hejycbiui,
Lib. i. Diviaat.
after
Chap. 17. Of the Religion of Greece. 343
after the fame manner, as hath been already obferved : But the firft In-
vention of it is attributed to Ceres by Hefychius. Serapion in Clemens
of Alexandria ' relates, that the Delphian Sibyl was endued with a
Power of divining after her Death, and that the grofs Parts of her Body
being converted firft into Earth, and then chang'd into Herbs, commu-
nicated the fame Faculty to the Entrails of Beafts, which fed on them,
whence proceeded the way of divining by Entrails ^ but that her finer
Parts, mixing with the Air, prefag'd future Events by thefe Kh^S^ivif^
ominous Voices, concerning which we are now treating.
Words that boded 111 were call'd k^k^] orjeti, or Jbir^tt^iAr and he
that fpoke them was faid (ihct^znuii:', ifi^ey f^ffdcti ^Xacznunv, as
Euripides terms it ; where he fpeaks of certain ominous Words let fall
by a Servant at a Feaft, as one of the Company was going to drink.
Unlucky Words one of the Servants (poke.
Plautus calleth it ohfcaenare, or as fome read obfaevare -; for fc/icoa fig-
nifieth Luck^ either good or bad ; and the Words Horace calleth Mali
tminata Verba,
: male ominatis
Parcite verbis.
Ill-boding Words forbear to name.
Such Words as thefe they were always careful to avoid ; infomuch
that inftead of A<ri^&:rAf/ov, i. e. a Prijbn, they put often ctittifxa, i. e.
an Hou/e, ^Atht inftead of o^*, y^vneia., inftead of X'^Ki), o-)(iroi for
^C^Sof^, jyiAAJflti for -erifluK-, <pt?.ctrYii for KKinr\Y)(, <ty<& for ^o(r-,
yctyoi for ify.iQ-, ^iixytti ^tct/ or EvutviJH for Epivvvzt. Which way
of fpeaking chiefly obtain'd at Athens ^. In time of Divine Wor-
fliip, as I have obferv'd before, nothing was more ftridily commanded,
than that they fliould iC<p[j-Hv, or avoid all ominous Expreffions ; which,
if fpoken by a Friend or near Relation, they accounted them fo much
the worfe, Mr. Dryden hath excellently expreffed this Cuftom in his
Oedipus, where, after that Hero has been thundering moft dreadful Im-
precations upon the Murderers of Laius, Jocafa is introduced fpeaking-
thus,
Jocafta. At your De'voiions ? Hcanjen fucceed your Wijhes ,
And bring th"" eje5l of thefe your pious Prayers
On You, on Me, on All.
Prieft. A'vert this Omen, Hea'ven /
Oedipus. O fatal Sound! Unfortunate joc2ifia. \
What hajl thou faid ? an ill Hour haft thou chofen
Tor theje fore-boding Words ; wohy, ive nvere curjing .*
Jocafta. Then may that Curje fall only 'where you laid it.
Oedipus. Speak no more !
For all thou fay^ft is ominous : We are curfing.
And that dire Imprecation haft thou f aft en' d
On Thebes, on Thee, and Me, and A. I of us.
Strom, i, p, 304. * Flutarebui Solon*, Htlladius apud Pbotium Biblio-
thec. p. 74.
Z 4 - Jocafta.
344 Of the Religion of Grttct. Chap. ly.
Jocafta. ^re then my Blefftngs turti'd into a Curfe ?
O unkind Oedipus ! My former Lord
Thought Me his BleJ/ing ! be thou like my Laius.
Oedipus. What yet agaht ! the third time hafi thou curi'd Me *
This Imprecation ivas for Laius'j Death,
And thou hafi njoijlid me like Him. Mr. Dryden.
Whicli Verfes I have here tranfcrib'd, becaufe they fully reprefent the
ancient Cuftom of catching ominous, Expreffions. There are other re-
markable Examples in Cicero '.
Some Words and Proper Names imported Succefs, anfwerably to
their natural Signification : Leotychides, being defir'd by a Samian to
wage War againlt the Ferfians, enquir'd his Name ; the Samian reply'd,
that it was H j nojvfa/ijjr, i. e. the Leader of an Army. Then Leoty-
rZ'.'V/\f anf'.ver'd, Wyii^T.^^^ >& ii<^ijM.i tov qiuxov, I embrace the Omen
of Hcgejifiratus d ; /i tr^tu c\a.ov, amongft the Greeks importing the
ianie with arripere Omen among the Latins, which fignifies the accept-
ing of an Omen, and applying it to the Bufinefs in hand : For it was
thought to lie very much in the Power of the Hearer, whether he
would receive the Omen or not. Ojientorum vires in eorum erant po -
t eft ate quibus ofiendebantur, faith Pliny : The Force and Efficacy of
Omens depended upon the Perfons to whom they appear'd. For if the
Omen was immediately taken by the Hearer, or llruck upon his Ima-
gination, it was efficacious ; but if neglefted, or not taken notice of,
it was of no Force. Hence it is obferved, that Julius C<efar, who
paid no Deference to thofe Prediftions, was never deterr'd by them from
any Undertaking, whereas Augufius frequently delifted from his De-
signs on this Account =. Virgil introduces .^neas catching Afcanius'i
Words from his Mouth ; for the Harpyes, and Anchifes alfo, having fore-
told that the Trojans fhould be forc'd to gnaw their very Tables for
want of other Provifions,
f Sed non ante datam cingetis mcenibus Urbem,
^uam 'vos dira fames, nofiraque injuria cadis,
Ambefas fubigat malis abfumere menfas.
With Walls the City Ihall not bulwark'd be,
*Ere Famine fhall revenge our Injury ;
Sad Famine, when the once luxurious Lord,
Inftead of Food, fhall gnaw his faplefs Board. H. H^
After this they landed in Italy ; and happening to dine upon the Grafs,
inftead of Tables or Trenchers, which their prefent Circumftances did
not afford, they laid their Meat upon pieces of Bread, which after-
wards they eat ; whereupon . '
8 Heus ! etiam menfas confumimus, inquit liilus.
Ljb. i. de Divinat. "^ Herodotus EuierfeSf cap. xc. Conf, Sai/sbe-
ritrtjis, Lib. ii. cap, i, * iEneid. iii, v. 255. S JEatli, viit v, 116.
See,
Chap. 1 7. Of the Religion of Greece. 345
See, fays liilus, we our Tables eat.
JEneas prefently caught the Omen, as the Poet fubjolns :
-ea vox audita lahorum
Prima tulitfinem ; frimamque loquentis ah ore
Eripuit fatert ac ftufefaSlus numine frejjit.
The lucky Sound no fooner reach'd their Ears,
Bufftraight they quite difmifs'd their former Cares;
His good old Sire with Admiration ftruck.
The boding Sentence, when yet falling, took.
And often roll'd it in his filent Breaft. H.li.
This Cuflom of catching Omens was very ancient, and deriv'd from
the Eaftern Countries : That it was pradtis'd by the Je^s is by fome
jnferr'd from the Story of y(?a/>6flw, the Son of King 5aa/, who, going
to encounter a Fhilifiine Garrifon, thus fpoke to his Armour-bearer ^ :
Jf they fay unto us. Tarry until ijue come unto you ; then ^Me ivill Jland ftill
in our Place, and will not go up unto them. But if they fay thus. Come up
unto us ; then ixe ivill go up : for the Lord hath deli'verd them into our
Jland, and thisfhallhe a Sign unto us.
For good Luck's fake, whenever they apply'd themfelves to any fe-
rious Bufmefs, they began with fuch a Preface as this, 0ga<, 0sof, or
ET TTU^uiv, or *'saM {jiv iv, "trcu (Ji.ii ciyQy\ 71^^, like to Perjius''s Hoc
ten e ft ; and that Saying of the Pomans, ^odhonum, fcelix, fortunatum-
gueft. And all their Works and Speeches were begun in the Name
of fome God j whence Aratus,
Let us with Jove begin.
Which Theocritus has borrowed from him in his feventeenth Eclogue,
and Virgil in his Third. Xenophon ' gives the Reafon of this Practice,
iviz. That Things undertaken in the Name of the Gods were like to
have the moft profpcrous Events.
It will not be improper to add in this Place, that certain Times alijj
were bminous, fome Days being accounted fortunate, and Caufes of
Succefs ; others unfortunate, and Caufes of the Mifcarriage of Things
, undertaken upon them, as tiefiod in his Days obferves :
AXXeTi fxr.Tfviii Tr'iXtt i/uifa, ccXXon juittif.
Some Days, like Step- Dames, adverfe prove.
Thwart our Intentions, crofs whate'er we love ;
Others more fortunate and lucky fliine.
And, as a tender Mother, blefs what we defign. H. H.
0m mil I I II I .MMiliaii 11
* 1 iisf, xiT. 9, 10. Lib. dc Ration, redit.
Some
34^ ^f ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 1 7.
Some Days were proper for one Buiinefs, others for another, anJfome
for none at all, as that Author relates in the foremention'd Poem ;
where he runs through all the Days of the Month, declaring the Vir-
tue and Efficacy of them. Thus to obferve Days was term'd oIt^Sk^
luf i'^i^.i. This Praftice was common in other Nations, and parti-
cularly at Rome. Auguftus Caifar neiier nuent abroad upon the Day fol-
lo'^wtng the Nundina.% nor began any ferious Undertaking on the Nonae ; and
ibis he did on no other Account, as he affirm'' d in one of his Letters to Ti-
berius, than to avoid J)jff(pri^ieiv Ominis, the unlucky Omen, which at-
tended Things begun on thpfe Days, as we fitid in Suetonius^. And it
was a general Opinion among the Romans, the next Days after the Nonee,
Jdus, or Kalend^^, were unfortunate, as appears both from the ancient
Grammarians-, and from Li'vy, O'vid, and Plutarch. The like Obferva-
tion of Days was pradlis'd by many Chrijiians, when they had lately
been converted from Heathenifm, and hath been remarked by St. Jm-
hrofe in his Comment on that Paffage of St. Raul, where he reproves
the Galatians for olferving Days, and Months^ and Times, and Tears '-
The Way to avert an Omen was either to throw a Stone at the
Thing, or to kill il: out-right, if it was an ominous Animal, that fo the
Evil portended by it might fall upon its own Head ; If it was an
unlujcicy Speech, to retort it upon the Speaker with an eii KA'sahiiv
csl, Tibi in caput redeat, i. e. Let it fall upon thy own Head : Which
perhaps is an Expreflion borrow'd from the \i<;oayulsmi, who, when they
efpy'd any thing in the Viftim that feem'd to portend any Misfortune
to themfelves or their Country, ufed to pray, that it might '? yjeiahYiv
Tavrtw ri'iTri'icu, be turned upon the FiSiitns Head. The like Expreffions
are fometimes made ufe of in Holy Scripture, as in the fifteenth Verfe
of 0^^z^/i''s Prophecy, To eL'Anrr^Jbjj.A ctb d'flA-7n><fbd-mf,au Hi >C63AJ5/
avt : Or, as our Englijh Tranflators have render'd it. Thy Renvard fcall
return upon thine owon Head. And again, in the third Chapter of Kings " ;
^ dv!a.7Te4hjyji Kt/ei", r vs-xnv an el' yji(Ra^nv <r, in Englijh thus :
jind the Lard hath returned thy Wickednejs upon thine o'wn Head Hero-
dotus " reports, that it was an Egyptian Cuftom, from which it's pro-
bable the Grecians derived theirs : " They curfe (faith he) the Head
*' of the Viaim in this manner, that if any Misfortune impended over
" themfelves, or the Country of JEgypt, it might be turned upon that
" Head." Inftead of thefe Imprecations, fometimes they ufed to fiy,
Tc\4 ei-i<L^v UMt, or Mw yivoiro, Dii meliora, i. e. God forbid. It was
cuftoraary to fpit three times into their Bofoms at the fight of a Mad-
man, or one troubled with an Epilepfy j of which Cuftom Theocritus
hath taken Notice *> :
Into his Bofom thrice he fpit.
This they did in Defiance, as it were, of the Omen ; for Spitting was
a Sign of the greateft Contempt and Averfation : Whence 'mTuav, i. e.
* Jugujli^ cap. xcii. ' Galat, iv. lo. " Lib. iii. vtr. 44-. " Euterpe,^
mjf.xixvt., fdyl]. XX, ver. ii.
Chap. 17. Of the Religion of Greece. 347
to /pit, is put for x^TU(p^vtiv, c iJi'i Ao-vi^^K, i. e. to contemn^ as the
Scholiaji oi Sophocles obferves upon thefe Words in Antigone p ;
Spit on him as an Enemy.
Sometimes they pray'd, that the ominous Thing might In ultimas ter-
ras deportari, be carry'd away to the fartheft Part of the World j or in
mare deferri, be call into the Sea. This laft was done to certain mon-
ilrous Births, "particularly Hermaphrodites^ which were accounted Prodigia.
Hence that Saying of TibulhiSt
Prodigia indomitis merge fub aquorihut.
Sometimes the Thing was burned with ligna infeliaa, that is, fuch Sort
of Wood as was in tutela inferum Deorum, anjertentiumque, facred to the
Gods of Hell, and thofe which averted evil Omens j being chiefly
Thorns, and fuch other Trees which were fit for no other Ufe than to be
burn'd. Sometimes the Prodigy, when burnt, was call 'into the Water,
and particularly into the Sea, if it was not too far diftant. The feveral
Circumllances of this Cuftom Theocritus has thus defcribed \ where he
fpeaks of the Serpents which aflaulted Hercules in his Cradle :
A>iXa, yiitti, wjp fx'n rot vro a-vcJ'o^ lunxo7 i<ru,
'Ka.fKa.iei <f( eia'7tu>a^u ^6>' rr o i /uitt.<ra.T' ti Trat/X/sfft),
H /2aTa, isln/jt-u /s/cA^svsv etCor a,'x*f^o^'
Kois 3 Tu <r' ayfiwii '6^^I!^>;ti J^gxnorn
tiiiKTi fJti-xct, oKx Vaii'a. itsdrhv Tiil 0Xev clCtci,
Hf< 3 fft/XXsi^aa-^t niitv Trvfot a/<?/TcXV Ttt,
'Pi'\'XTU iu ^a'xa ffatyav u'Tit TroTct/xolo ffpj-e,
PctyiiS'At i{ vyTfiKy^Ciria ipiot' 4 3 v^9''**
Laftly, upon the meeting an unlucky Omen, they often defifted from
what they were doing, and began it afrelh, as appears from Euripides^
in whom a Perfon, upon the hearing of an ominous Word, immediately
4hrew his Cup upon the Ground, and call'd for another ' :
Oiuior iS'K-o, KeuuXtt/v' axxey nor
' Verf. 666. Macroiiut Sdturnal, lib, ui, cap. 20< f Jdyll. zxiv, verf. 8-6.
f Jon. V. 1 191..
CHAP.
348 Of the Religion of Grttcc, Chap. iJJ
CHAP. XVIII.
Of Magick and Incantations.
BESIDES the Methods of foretelling future Events already men-
tioned, and that Divination v/hich is commonly called Phfjical, be-
caule it makes Prediftions without any Supernatural Afliftance, by the
mere Knowledge of Phyfical or Natural Caufes ; there are feveral
others, moft of which are comprehended under the Names of Mctyiaj,
and Ett^J^oi, i. e. Magick and Incantations j between which, though
fome make a nice Dillindion, yet they bear a near Relation to each
other, and therefore I fhall treat of them conjunftly in this Place.
And though fome of the Species of thefe Divinations might be invented
in later Ages, and never pradlis'd in old Greece, whofe Cuftoms alone
it is my chief Defign to defcribe, not meddling with thofe Innovations
that were introduced in later Times, after the Grecians were fubjefted.
to the Roman Empire j yet iince it is very difficult to determine ex-
aftly of all, which were truly ancient, and which were truly modern ;
fmce alfo there is frequent Mention of them in Writers of the middle
Ages, efpecially thofe that lived towards the Declination of the Roman
Greatnefs, I fhall beg the Reader's Leaye to give a brief Account of the
moft remarkable of them : For to enumerate all would be an endlefs as
well as unreafonable Undertakings and a great many of them (fuch as
thofe wherein the Incubi and Succubi were concern'd) contain in them
too much of Profanenefs and Horror' to be entertained by any civilized
Ear.
Magical Arts are faid by the Grecians to have been invented in Perjta,
where at the firft they were had in great Honour and Reputation ;
for the. Vitfpt were thofe that apply'd themfelves to the Study of Phi-
lofophy, and the ftrift Search after the moll curious Works and Myfteries
of Nature : They were ufually chofen to fuperintend the divine Wor-
fliip, and all religious Rites and Ceremonies ; they continually attend-
ed upon the Kings, to advife them in all Affairs of Moment, and
were preferred to the higheft Honours, and Places of the greateft Truft.
But afterwards the Cafe was alter'd j for when they left off the Contem-
plation of Nature, and betook themfelves to the Invocation of Da-
mans and other mean Arts, their former Credit and Efteem was very
much diminifhed.
This Art is faid to have been introduced among the Grecians by Oetha^
lies, who came into Greece with Xerxes, and difperfed the Rudiments of
it where-ever he had Opportunity. It was afterwards much Improved,
and brought to fome Perfeftion by Democritus, who is faid to have
learned it out of the Writings of certain Phoenicians. But I fhall not
trouble you with any more Stories concerning its Original or Progiefs, it
being more pertinent to my Defign to give you a fhort Account of the
various Species thereof.
Firft then, Ns^-es/^tcWT^iaJ was a Divination, in which Anfwers were
given by deceafed Perfons. It was fometimes performed by the Magical
life of a Bone, or Vein of a dead Body, efpecially by the Thejfali-
a/is :
Chap. i8. Of the Religion of Greece, 34^
mns : Or by pouring warm Blood into a Carcafs, as it were to renew
Life in it, as Eri^ho doth in Lucian ; or by fome other Inchantments, to
xeftore dead Men, to Life ; with which the Poet was very well acquaint-
ed, when he faid,
. Dum 'vocem defunBo in corpore quarity
Protinus adjlriftus caluit cruor, atraque fovit /
Vulnera.
While he feeks Anfwers from the lifelefs Load,
The congeal'd Gore grows warm with reeking Bloody
And chears each ghaftly Wound. .
Sometimes they ufed to raife the Ghoft of deceafed Perfons by various
Invocations and Ceremonies : Ulvffes, in the Ninth Book of Homers,
OdyJJeis, having facrificed black Sheep in a Ditch, and pour'd forth cer-
tain Libations, invites the Ghofts, particularly that of Tirejias, to drink
of the Blood, after which they become willing to anfwer his Queftions.
The like is done by Tirejias in Statius, by jEfon in Vdlerius flaccus, by
l^ero in Pliny. Gregory Nazianzen fpeaks alfo t eLvATiy-VoiJ.ivuv raf^<i-
yav Ti Kf natibiv ^ -^j^yayidL' of Firgins and Boys Jlaughtered at the
Evocation of Ghofts. The moft ufual Ceremonies ufed on thefe Occafi-
ons are thus defcrib'd by Seneca, who has introduced Tirefias confulting
the Ghofts in a dark and gloomy Grove \
Hinc ut facerdos intulit fenior gradum.
Hand eft moratus : praftitit noilem locus..
*Iunc foffa tellus, l^ fuper rapti rogis
Jaciuntur ignes. Ipfe funefto integit
Fates amiSu corpus ^ (j fondem quatit :
Lugubris imos palla perfundit pedes :
Squalente cultu mceftus ingreditur fenex :
Mortifera canam taxus adftringit comant,
Nigro hidentes vellere, atque atres ho'ves
Retro trahuntur : ftamma pradatur dapeSf
Vin'umque trepidat igne ferali pecus.
Vocat inde manes, Teque qui manes regis,
Et ohfidentem clauftra lethalis lacus :
Carmenque magicum 'volvit, fS* rapido minax
Decantat ore quicquid aut placat leves,
Jiut cogit umbras. Irrigat fanguis focos,
Solidafque pecudes urit, isf multo fecum
Saturat cruore ; libat ^ niveum infuper
Eailis liquor em, fundit ^ Bacchum manu
Lte<va, canitque rurfus, i^f terram intuent
Graviore manes 'voce, iff attonita ciet.
Latra<vit Hecates turba, is'c
Some other Ceremonies alfo were praftifed, which differ'd not much
from thofe ufed in Parentations, of which I Ihall give a more particular
Account in the following Books.
"W I I I I III I
' OfdiD. vcjf. ^47.
This
^^o 0/ ihs Religion of Greece, Chap. iJ,
This Divination, if the Dead appear'd only in airy Forms, like
Shades, was call'd 2.xjouaMTiist. and "^v^/uavniit- It might, I fuppofe,
be perform'd in any Place ; but fome Places were appropriated to this
Ufe, and called 'HauJciJiajfiMct, feveral of which are mentioned by the
ancient Poets ; but two of them were moft remarkable : The firft in
^be/protia, where Orpheus is faid to have reftorcd to Life his Wife Eury-
dice ; and Periander, the Tyrant of Corinth, was affrighted by the Ap-
parition of his Wife Melijfa,, whom he had murder'd : The other in
Campania, at the Lake A'uernus, celebrated by Homer and Firgil, in their
Stories of Vljjfes and jEneas.
ySjpofj.ajfTiiA, or Di'vination by Water, fometimes called T[nypyi.aMnit,
when it was done by Fountain-Water : In this they obferved the various
Impreffions, Changes, Fluxes, Refluxes, Swellings, Diminutions, Co-
lours, Images, ^c. in the Water. Sometimes they dipp'd a Looking-
glafs into the Water, when they delir'd to know what would become of
a fick Perfon ; for, as he look'd well or ill in the Glafs, accordingly they
prefum'd of his future Condition. Sometimes they fiU'd a Bowl with
Water, and let down into it a Ring equally poifed on each fide, and
hanging by a Thread tied to one of their Fingers ; then in a Form of
Prayer requefted of the Gods to declare, or confirm the Queftion in
difpute J whereupon, if the Thing propofed was true, the Ring of its
own accord would ftrike againft the Side of the Bowl a fet Number of
Times. Sometimes they threw three Stones into the Water, and ob-
ferved the Turns they made in finking. Inftead of Water, fometimes
they made ufe of Oi/ and Wine, and then the Liquor was call'd -^JTha.'
and inftead of Stones, they fometimes ufed Wedges of Gold or Sil-
ver. This Divination was fometimes performed in a Ba/on, and thence
caU'd
Aii(^vofj.aM7^ia, which alfo was fometimes praftifed in a different
manner, thus : They diftinguifh'd the Stones or Wedges with certain
Characters, and then, having invoked the Damon in a fet Form, pro-
pofed the Queftion they had a mind to be fatisfied about j to which an
Anfwer was return'd in a fmall Voice, not unlike an Hifs, proceeding
out of the Water. The Scholiaft upon Lycophron is of Opinion, that this
Method of Divination was as ancient as the Trojan War, and pradis'd
by UlyJJes ; which he thinks gave Occafion for all the Poetical Fiftions
of his Defcent into the infernal Regions, to confult 'Tirejias\ Ghoft .
Sometimes Divination by Water was performed with a Looking-GlafSf
and called
KaTTiT^f jUtPT5i<. Sometimes alfo GlaJJes were ufed, and the Images
of what fhould happen reprefented without Water. Sometimes it was
perform'd in a VefTel of Water, the middle Part of which was called
yas^t, and thence the Divination was termed
Tet^esy-tUTiXA, the Manner of which was thus : They filled certain
round Glaffes with fair Water, about which they placed light Torches ;
then invok'd a Damon, praying in a low, murmuring Voice, and pro-
pos'd the Queftion to be folved : A chafte and unpolluted Boy, or a
Woman big with Child, was appointed to obferve, with greateft Car
Hmdetuf terpf.cbtret AUxandr, t. 813. p. 84. Edit, noftrse,
and
Chap. 1 8. Of the Religion of Greece. ^^i
and Exaftnefs, all the Alterations in the Glafles ; at the feme time defi-
ring, befeeching, and alfo commanding an Anfwer, which at length the
Damon ufed to return by Images in the Glaffes, which, by Refledioa
from the Water, reprefented what fhould come to pafs.
TLtfXj^n^o^Kwn'i'j. was perfomi'd by poliftied and enchanted Cryjlals, in
which future Events were fignified by certain Marks and Figures.
^eiK7iihofj.aji/Wtct was a Divination by Rings enchanted, or made ac-
cording to fome Pofition of the Celeftial Bodies. A Ring of this fort
Gyges the King oi Lydia had, v'hich when he turned to the Palm of his
Hand, he became invifible to others, but could fee every body ; and by
the Help of this he enjoy'd his Miftrefs the Queen, a;:5d flew his Matter
Candaules, whom afterward he fucceeded. Some afcribe the Invention
of this Divination to Helena the Wife of Menelaus, who in Fhotius%
Bibliotheca is faid to have found out r /)** /kjc7UAl' KXii^v, the Lots
nuhich cevjijied of Rings, and with thefe to have conquer'd Alexander,
But this is rather to be underllood concerning the Game of Lots, than
any fort of Divination.
Ovv^fj-ewr^icL was perform'd by the Nails of an unpolluted Boy, co-
ver'd with Oil and Soot, which they turn'd to the Sun, the Reflexion of
whofe Rays was believed to reprefent by certain Images the Things they
had a mind to be fatisfied about.
AsfCjucU'T^Jct foretold future Events from certain Spedres or other Ap-
pearances in the Air : and fometimes thus ; They folded their Heads in
a Napkin, and, having placed a Bowl full of Water in the open Air,
propofed their Queftion in a fmall whifpering Voice ; at which time if
the Water boiled or fermented, they thought what they had fpoken was
approved of and confirmed.
At^t/jiaM'nlx was fometimes perform'd by a precious Stone, call'd Sidg"
rites, which they wafli'd in Spring- Water in the Night by Candle-light :
the Perfon that confulted it was to be purify'd from all manner of Pollu-
tion, and to have his Face cover'd : this done, he repeated divers Pray-
ers and placed certain Charadlers in an appointed Order ; and then the
Stone moved of itfelf, and in a foft, gentle Murmur, or (as fome fay) ia
a Voice like that of a Child, return'd an Anfwer. By a Stone of this
nature Helena is reported to have foretold the Deftruftion of Troy.
Theocritus '^ has given us an Account of two forts of Divination pra-.
ftis'd by a Country Swain, to try what Share he had in his Miilrefs'i
Affeftions : His Words are thefe :
Errarr T^r, w* /juv (Mfjtmtf^x u phiuf /jtt,
E/T J9 Aj,^5/TA9i, Ki<rxii6fM.'nitt
A 9rp TnioXoytZuci, -Tta.f'JuZeLTK^ itm iyu/St
Tn '6xotifitti(jixi. fd q jX>.o-^n vJ'it* -roir.
All this I knew, when I defign'd to prove
Whether I fliou'd be happy in my Love ;
* Idyll, iii. t, 28.
I prefs'd
352 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. i8.
I prefb'd the Long-li've, but in vain did prefs.
It gave no lucky Sound 6f good Succefs :
To Jgrio too I made the fame Demand,
A cunning Woman fhe, I crofs'd her Hand j
She turn'd the Sieve and Sheers, and told me true,
That I ihou'd love, but not be lov'd by you.
Mr. Creech.
Where the Shepherd complains he had found his Suit was rejefted thefe
two Ways : Firft, by the Herb Telephiluni, which being crufhed in his
Hand, or apon his Arm, returned no Sound ; for it was ufual to ftrike
that, or fome other Herb againft their Arms, and if they crackled in
breaking, Good j if not, it was unlucky Omen. Not much unlike this
was the Divination by Laurel-leaves, which they threw into the Fire,
and obferv'd how they crackled in burning ; from which Noife, fome
fay. Laurel was call'd jyipu^, q. oW 0iipii. The other Way of Divining,
mention'd by Theocritus, was by a Sienje, which an old Gypjte ufed in
telling filly People their Fortunes. This they call'd )^osxjvoijl{)M7U'^ ; it
was generally praftifed to difcover Thieves, or others fufpefted of any
Crime, in this manner : They tied a Thread to the Sieue, by which it
was upheld, or elfe placed a Pair of Sheers, which they held up by two
Fingers ; then prayed to the Gods to direft and affift them ; after that,
they repeated the Names of the Perfons under Sufpicion, and he, at
"whofe Name the Sieve whirled round, or moved, was thought to have
committed the Fadl. Another fort of Divination was commonly pradli-
fed upon the fame Account, which was called
A^/i'CjWcyTEJtf, from hi'ivn, i. e. an Ax or Hatchet, which they fixed
fo exadlly upon a round Stake, that neither End might out-poife, or weigh
down the other j then they pray'd, and repeated the Names of thofe
they fufpefted ; and the Perfon, at whofe Name the Hatchet made any
the leaft Motion, was found guilty.
Ki(()aKovo(MLvieia. was by the Head of an Afs (as the Name imports)
which they broil'd on Coals^; and, after having mutter'd a few Prayers,
they repeated the Perfons Names as before ; or the Crime, in cafe one
was only fufpefted j at which, if the Jaws made any Motion, and the
Teeth qhatter'd againft one another, they thought the Villain fufficiently
difcover'd.
^KiK^iofjLOjtfTHct. was a very myfterious Divination, in which they
made uie of a Cock in difcovering fecret and unknown Tranfadions,
or future Events. It was efFefted after this Manner : Having wrote in
the Duft the twenty-four Letters of the Alphabet, and laid a Grain of
Wheat or Barley upon every one of them, a Cock magically prepared
was let loofe amongft them, and thofe Letters, out of which he picked
the Corns, being join'd together, were thought to declare whatever
they were defirous to be certified of. This Divination the famous Ma-
gician Jamblichus, Proclus^s Mafter, is faid to have made ufe of with
a Defign to find out the Perfon who was to fucceed Valens C^far in
the Empire : but the Cock picking up only four of the Grain, viz.
thofe that lay upon the Letters o, s, o, J', left uncertain, whether
Theodojius, Theodotus, Theodorus, or Theodeiies, was the Perfon defign'd
by the fates to be Emperpr. Hgwever, VaUm being informed of the
Matter,
chap. 1 8. Of the Religion of Gvtcce. ^53
Matter, was enraged at it, put to Death feveral Perfons for no other
Reafon, than that their Names began with thofe Letters ; and made a
diligent Search after the Magicians themfelves ; whereupon Jambli-
chus, to prevent the Emperor's Cruelty, ended his Life by a Draught of
Poifon.
'S.iJ'i^^iuutfT^iet was perform'd by red-hot Iron, upon which they laid
an odd Number of Straws, and obferved what Figures, Bendings,
Sparklings, iSc. they made in burning.
h.U\iCJbiMiP7^ec was by obferving the Motions, Figures, i^c. of
melted Lead. The three following Methods of Di'vination are by
fome reckon'd amongft the various Sorts of Incantations.
Ti^^of^VTc-lst, or Diyination by v^^j ; vvhich was perform'd in this
Manner : They wrote the Things they had a mind to be refolved
about in J/^es upon a Plank, or any fuch thing ; this they expofed
to the open Air, where it was to continue for fome Time ; and thofe
Letters that remain'd whole, and no ways defac'd by the Winds or
other Accidents, were thought to contain in them a Solution of the
Queftion.
B.-mvccuti'THct, or Divination by Harhs, efpecially EAAiT^rf)'.-, or
Salvia ; or by Fig-lea'ves, and thence call'd 2i^>wmai'tV, was praclifed
thus : The Perfon thus confulted wrote their own Names, and their
Queflions upon Leaves, which they expofed to the Wind, and as
many of the Letters as remained in their own Places were taken up,
and being joined together contained an Anfwer to the Queftion
K?rA'^iTa, or Divination by Wax, which they melted over a
VeiTcl of Water, letting it drop witliin three definite Spaces, and ob-
ferved the Figure, Situation, Diftance, and Concretion of the Drops.
Befides thefe, there were infiqite other Sorts of Divination ; as Xfo-
fAoLiTeiot. ^uaicyvufua, which was pradlifed in Socrates' s Time, i'vo^mz'
{/.ttneitt, AejbucfxuvTeief, T i eiy.au 7 eiet, i^xj'/ji^jfVT^t, mention'd withi
feveral others, by Aratus in his Prognofticks, and P//y in his
Natural Hiflory ; but thefe I Ihall pafs by, and only trouble you
with one more, which is fo remarkable, that it muft not be omit-
ted, <vi%.
4>fuc<xrt, which was ufually performed by certain medicated and
inchanted Compofitions of Herbs, Minerals, i^c. which they called
^KjjjUii^. By thefe ftrange and wonderful things were effedtcd : Some
of them, taken inwardly, caufed Blindnefs, Madnefs, Love, isc. fuch
were the Medicaments by which Circe transform'd Ulyjfes's Soldiers.
Others infected by a Touch j fuch was the Garment which Medea fent
to Creiifa. Others fpread their Venom afar oft, and operated upon
Perfons at a great Diftance. There were alfo <ba.,;^.ntt uurvfia., which
were Amulets againft the former ; fuch were the Herb Moly, which
preferv'd Ulyjfes from Circe''s Inchantments ; the Laurel, the Swallow-
tree, the Rhamn or Chrift-thorn, Flea-bane, tlie Jafper-ftone, and
innumerable others mentioned by Albemis Magnus, and Orpheus in his
Book De Lapillis ; likewife certain Rings, which Arijiophanes, in his
Plutus, calls Act''Tc-/if tA^fjuLxjTvi. For this Art the Theffalians were
moft famous of all the Grecians ; Democritus and Pythagoras are alfo
liaid to have been Ikilkd in it. Every Story is full of Uie prodigious
A a Ope-
354 Q/" ^^^ Religion cf Greece. Chap* i?.
Operations wrought by it, fome of which I Ihall give you from the
Inchantrefs's own Mouth in Ovid ' j
-Cum voluiy ripis mirantihuSj amnei
Jn f antes rediere fuos ; concuffaque fijlo.
Stantia concutio cantu freta ; nuhila pello *
Nubilaque tnduco : 'ventos abigoque vocoque y
Viper eas rumpo werbis ^ carmine fauces :
Vi'vaque Jaxa, fudcon'vuljaquerobora terra, . '
Etfyl'vas mo'veo ; jubeoque tremifcere mantes ;
te quoque, Luna, traho.
Whene'er I pleafe, the wond'rous Banks behold
Their Waters backwards to the Fountains roU'd j
The Seas, if rough, and in vaft Ridges rife.
As tho' their angry Waves wou'd dafh the Skies,
. I give the Word, and they no longer roam.
But break, and glide away in filent Foam.
If plain, and calm, the Oceans Surface lie.
Smooth, like fome well-fpread azure Canopy,
I rouze the unruly Waves with hid'ous Roar,
And bid their fwelling Heaps infult the Shore ;
Then ftraight the watry Mountains heave their Heads, ,
O'erleap their Bounds, and drown th' enamell'd Meads*
Clouds me obey, and at my Summons fent,
Infeft, or quit th' ethereal Firmament.
Winds too on downy Wings attend my Will.
And, as I bid, or boift'rous are, or ftill.
I burft the Vipers by my magick Verfe,
And from their Bafis rend both Rocks and Trees.
The thronging Woods I move ; at my Command
The Moon fhrinks back, and Mountains trembling ftand.
H. H.
Where you may obferve the laft Verfe, wherein fhe boafts, that fhe
was able to draw the Moon from her Orb ; for the Ancients really be-
liev'd, that Incantations had Power to xharm the Moon from Heaven i
according to that Saying of Virgil :
Carmina <vel ccelo pojfunt deducere Lunam *.
The Moon my Verfes from her Orb can draw.
And whenever the Moon was eclij)fed, they thought it was done by
the Power of Magick ; for which Reafon it was ufual to beat Drums
and Kettles, to found Trumpets and Haut-boys, to drown, if it was
poffible, the Voices of the Magicians, that their Charms might not
reach her. The Moon alfo was thought to prefide over this Art, and
therefore was invoked together with Hecate, to whom the Invention
of it was afcribed j whence Medea in Earipides faith, that, of all the
Gods, fhe paid the greateft Veneration to Hecate ^ :
e Met. Lib. vii. Fab. 2. * Eclog, viii, 6 Euripidis Medea, v. 395.
1 - - Oa*
Chap. 1 8. Of the Religion of GrQtce. ^55
Ma?i/s- TfiiiToiii -Aj Qunpyiv (iKi/xm,
ExstTV*
For by the Goddefs, whom I moft adore,
Infernal Hecate, whom now I choofe
Co-partner of my black Defigns.
Some of the Rites ufed at the Invocation of this Goddefs are given
lis by h Jpollonius in thefe Words j
Ai) Ta Tf (Asra-m vuhtu J'ta/uftoipiiJ^ti ^u\x^a.C'
Out a.Mv t' aXXar cti ifAfifi xvxnoia-i i
BoBftv cpC^a^ TTifitiyict, Tm cTl ht 9it>vt/
Apyiiit afa^ilv, ) a'cfa/sTsy U'/xc^iTMoLit
ManyiYn c/l' Ekxthh lU(<ri^x f/.iKiinroiOf
Aii'Cuv CK i'iTra.'Tc! ai/uC>^>iia. ipyx f/.iKicrTcoV
Evva a 'imnx S'eav (Us^vjt^tioc h.a.rc-r\M.
A-]f i-no 7rvpxai)i( dva^a^io, y.mi'i ai J'i'Ttot
Hi TTui'm a^ana-i fjiiTXTpiSiiva.t o^itrtne.
Hi Kt/tuv uXaxii, /AMTrui fa, jxar* xoXsirat/.
When lab' ring Night has half her Journey run,
Wafh'd in fome purling Stream, repair alone.
Clad in a dufky Robe, and dig a Pit,
Round let it be, and raife a Pile in it.
Then kill a tender Ewe ; when this is done,
O'th' new-rais'd Pile, unquarter'd lay her on.
And if you Perjes' Daughter wou'd appeafe.
Pour a Libation, which the painful Bees
Have firft wrought up within their waxen Hives.
Next pray the Goddefs wou'd propitious prove.
Then backwards from the flaming Altar move ;
But let no Yells of Dogs, or feeming Noife
Of Feet behind, turn back thy fteady Eyes,
And fruitrate all thy former Sacrifice.
}
}
n. H.
To this Sort of Divination are to Irfffeferred Charms and Amulets a-
gainft Poifon, Venom, and Difeafes. Suidas reports, that the curing
of Diftempers by Sacrifices, and the Repetition of certain Words, was
pradis'd ever fince the Time of Minos King of Crete ; and ' Homer re-
lates, how Butolycus^s Sons ftanched lJlyJJ'es'% Blood, flowing from a
Wound he received in hunting a wild Boar, by a Charm j
* Argon, iii, v. ioz8, ^^Sff- ' v. 456.
356 Of the Religion of Greece^ Chap. 18.
nT?iXit ff^ OfTva-MOC dfA\j[Ji.^toi avrt^kii
With niceft Care, the Ccilful Artifts bound
The brave, divine Ulyjfes's ghaftly Wound ;
And th' Incantations ftanch'd the guftiing Blood.
The fame is obferv'd by Pliny >-', who adds farther, that Sic Thea-
phrafius ifchidiacos fanari, Cato prodidit luxatis membris carmen auxiUarzy
Marcus Varro podagris : It was reported by Theophrajius, that the Hip-
Gout was cured in the fame Manner ; by Cato, that a Charnri would
relieve any Member out of Joint j and by Marcus Varroy that it would
cure the Gout in the Feet. Chiron in Pindar is faid to ufe the fam
Remedy in fome Diftempers, but not in all ' :
-\C<rxti aXXcr aV
Ewao/eTaic ajUfSTrav. , , ,
And it is probable, that the Ufe of thefe Incantations gave Occafioti
to the Invention of that Fable, whereby Orpheus is faid to have recover'd
his Wife Eurydice from the Dead by the Force of his Mufick ; for we
are told by Paufanias ", that Orpheus was fkill'd in the Art of Magick ;
and by Euripides^, that he publilh'd a Book concerning the Remedies
of Diftempers :
liypcv" k'/s Tt ?a'p/-taJM
&pjaa-ajs Qixhi rds
Opfti* xttriyfu-l^i
Hither are alfo to be reduc'd inchanted Girdles, and other Things
worn about Men's Bodies, to excite Love or any other Paffion, in
thofe with whom they converfed : Such was the Keroi' in Homers Iliads,
given by Venus to "Juno, for the Allurement of Jupiter to her Love, as
Euftathius obferves, upon the afore-mention'd Verfes in the OdyJJeis.
But, concerning thefe Praftices, I Ihall have Occafion to add fomething
more, when I come to treat of Love-AfFairs .
Lailly, To this Place doth alfo belong Ba.a)(g.via., fafcination, fo call'd,
as Grammarians inform us, Tia^a ro 9*577 r^'neiv, from killing ivith the
Eyes ; whence alfo the Latin Word fa/ciaus is faid to have been deriv'd.
For it was believ'd that fome malignant Influence darted from the Eyes
of envious and angry Perfons, infefted the ambient Air, and by that
Means penetrated and corrupted the Bodies of Animals and other
* Nat. Hift. lib. xxxviii. cap. ii. ' Pytb.Od.iu. ver. S9. " EUac. ii.
pag. 383. Edit^ HatKv, * j^LtJJ. ver. 965. ** ArchaeologiK, lib. iv. cap. x.
things
Chap. 1 8. O/" the Religion of Greece. ^S7
things P. The younger Animals, as being moft tender, were thought
inoft eafily to receive this fort of Imprelfion. Hence the Shepherd in
Virgil 1 complains that his Lambs fufFer'd by Fafcination :
Nefcio quis teneros oculis mihi fafcinat agno's.
Plutarch mentions ' certain Men, whofe Eyes were deftruftive to In-
fants and Children, by Reafon of the weak and tender Conftitution
of their Bodies, but had not fo much Power over Men, whofe Bodies
were confirm'd and compafted by Age. Yet he adds in the fame Place,
that the Ihebans about Pontus could not only dejlroy Infants, but Men of
rife Age. Pliny affirms the fame concerning the Triballi and Illyrians,
whofe Eyes had commonly two Pupill^, which were thought extremely
conducive to Fafcination ; whence the fame Author obferves farther from
Cicero, foeminas omnes ubiqi nocere, qu< duplices pupillas habent, that in all
Places all the Women, who had double Eye-balls, had Power to hurt
others on whom they would fix their Eyes ', Thefe Influences were
thought chiefly to proceed from thofe, whofe Spirits were moved by.
the Paffions of Anger and Envy. Hence the fore-mention'd Triballi
and Illyrians are reported to have injured thofe whom they look'd upoa
iratis oculis, with angry Eyes '. And fuch Men as were blefs'd
with any Angular and uncommon Happinefs, were chiefly liable to
Fafcination : Hence the following Saying of Horace concerning his
Country-feat " :
Non if hie obliquo ocujo mihi commoia qulfquam
Limat.
For the fame Reafon, they who had been extravagantly commended by
others, and more efpecially by themfelves, were in .Danger of having
their Profperity blafled ". And the Goddefs Nernefs was thought
to have fome Concern in this Matter. Pliny fpeaks of whole Families in
.Africa, quorum laudalione inter eant probata, ardefcant arbor es, emorian-
tur infantes : Whofe Praifes were dcftrudtive to Things which they com-
mended, dry'd up Trees, and kill'd Infants, Hence, when the Ro-
mans praifed any Thing or Perfon, they ufed to add praffcini, or pra-
ffcine dixerim, to avert any Fafcination which might enfue ; or to in-
timate that their Commendations were fmcerely fpoken, and not with
any malicious Defign lo prejudice what they commended. Plautus
-jeprefents the fame Cultom Tit Athens f :
Praffcini hoc nunc dixerim : nemo etiam me accufavit
Merito meo : neq; me Athenis ef alter hodie quifquam,
Cui credi reSle aque putent.-
Some crown'd thofe, whom they thought to be in Danger, with Gar-
lands of the Herb Baccharis, which had a fovereign Power againll Faf
cinations : Hence the following Vcrfes in Virgil * ;
P Hilkdor. Mtl icp. Jib. iii. ^ Eclog. iii. ver. 103. " Sympoi. lib. v.
quseft. vii. P/;, Nat. Hift. lib. vil. cap. iJ. Idem loco citato. " Loco
citato. Tertullian, libio de Virgin, vclaad. 1 Afm, Adl. ii. Sc. iv. ver. 84.
Eclog. vii. ver. 27.
A a 3 Aut
35 5 Of the Religion o/", Greece, Chap. 18.
, , Aut Ji ultra placitum laudarit, bacchare frontem
Cingite, ne noceat 'vati mala lingua futuro.
Some made ufe of certain Bracelets or Necklaces compos'd of Shells,
Corals and precious Stones, and others apply'd certain Herbs prepar'd
with Incantations and Magical Rites to this IJfe : Thefe alfo being
eileemed excellent Remedies according to Gratius :
Nam Jic affeSlus oculiq; 'venena tnaligni
Vicit tutela pax im^etrata Deorum.
Sometimes the Figure of a Man's Privities was hung about the Necks
of Children ", which was alfo thought a very powerful Amulet
againit Fafcinations, and for that Reafon was call'd Fafcinum. Thefe or
the like Reprefentations, were thought to avert the Eyes of malicious
Perfons S,d ci aVcrirtj' rSifr o-\.t& , by the Oddnefs of the Sight, from fix-
ing too ftcdfaftly on the Perfon or Thing, to which they were affixed ".
Hence they were fometimes hung upon the Doors of Houfes and Gar-
dens, as we are inform'd by Pliny " : and Pollux p affirms, that Smiths
commonly plac'd them before their Forges. The fame Author ob-
ferves from Arifiophanes, that their Name was Sacndi^vta,, they are called
by Plutarch i 'Trpo^Sa.cry^vta, in the old Glojfary '7rposCc:.<THcti'iov anfwers
the Latin Word Mlitinum. But we are inform'd by Phanjorinus, that
$ eta Kaiy fov Ksyaffii' 01 dp^hi, the Ancients us''d the Word liu,<Tt(^vicv, the
'M.QAcrns' <:s ^oCaa-KtiLvtov . It may farther be obferv'd that thefe Figures
were Images of Priapus, who was believ'd to puniffi fuch Perfons, as
did Saffy^'itHf 7/ Tr' yj.h(!^v, prejudice goad Things by Fafcination, as we
are informed by Diodorus the Sicilian ' . The Romans had feveral other
Deities, who averted Fafcinations. The God Fafcinus is mention'd as one
of thefe by Pliyty = ; and Cunina is faid by La&antius ' to be wor-
ftiiped, becaufe fhe Aid Infantes in cunis tueri, ^ fafcinum fuhmo^ ere \
protedl Children in their Cradles, and avert Fafcination ; it was be-
fore obferv'd, that fome Omens were averted by /pitting at them,
which is an Adion of Deteftation and Abhorrence. Hence fome,
chiefiy old Women, averted Fafcinations by fpitting into their Bo-
foms. Hence the following Verfe of CaWmachus, which is cited by
the SchoUafi upon Theocritus, who farther affirms that the fame Cuf-
tom was praftis'd in his Time :
A/,6;v, 10/ xoXTTciaiv iTriTrriJiih jyva/xsj*
It may be farther obferved, that this was done thrice, three being a
facred Number, as hath been elfewhere fliewn. Hence Damcetas, who
is introduc'd by Theocritus, reprefenting the Behaviour of Polyphemus,
having praifd himfelf, adds, that by the Advice of old Cotyttaris he -
had thrice fpit into his Bofom to prevent Fafcinations " ;
" yarro, lib. vi. " Flutarchus Sym^oi.Wh. v. qua?ft. vii, " Nat. Hift.
lib. x?x. cap. iv. P Onomaft. Lib. vii, cap. xxiv. a Lcco citato. ' Lib.
iv. ' Nat, Hifl-. lib. xxiv. cap. iv. ' Lib. i. cap. x. " Tbeocriti Idyll,
vi. vcr. 39.
Chap. 19* Of the' Religion cf Greece, 359
flc fjirt ^ajry-Ai^S J'i, Tp ik iy.lv i-rtva-a. Mi^inu
Hence it was ufual to reprove arrogant Perfons, when they affum'd
more than their Due, bidding them eif Koh-TTKi w7Jc, /pit into their
Bofoms, an Example whereof we find in Lucian ^. Another Method of
averting Fafcinations from Infants was this : They tied a Thread of
divers Colours about the Neck of the Infant, then fpit upon the
Ground, and, taking up the Spittle mix'd with Dirt upon their Finger,
put it upon the Infant's forehead and Lips. There is an AlluTion to
ihis Cuftom in Perjius ' : '
Ecce avia, aut metuens Divum matertera, cunis *
Exemit puerum : front emq; atq; uda labella ,
Infami digito, l^ lujrralibus ante fali'vis
Expiate urentes oculos inhibere perita.
CHAP. XIX.
Of the Grecian Fejiivah in General.
FESTIVALS were inftituted upon four Accounts : Firft, in Ho-
nour of the Gods, to whom, befides the Worfliip every Day paid"
them, fome more folemn Times were fet apart. Efpecially if they
had conferred any fignal Favour upon the Publick, or upon private
Perfons, had aflifted them in defending their Country, had given them
Victory over their Enemies, had delivered them out of any apparent
Danger, or blefled them with Succefs in any Undertaking, it was
thought but reafonable to fet apart fome Time for offering Sacrifices
and Praifes to them, as grateful Acknowledgments for the Benefits
receiv'd at their Hands.
Secondly, In order to procure fome fpecial Favour of the Gods .;
for (as you may learn from the following Chapters) feveral of the
Feftivals were inftituted with a Defign to render the Gods propitious,
and willing to grant fome particular Bleflings, as Health, Children,
and fuch like. And in I'imes of Famine, Pettilence, or other publiclc
Calamities, the Oracles ufually advifed their Confultants to inftitute
folemn Feftivals, as the beft Method to appeafe the angry Gods, and
obtain of them Deliverance from the Evils they laboured under.
Thirdly, In Memory of deceafed Friends, of thofe that had done any
remarkable Service for their Country, or died valiantly in the Defence
of it. This was no fmall Encouragement of generous and noble Dif-
Eofitions to enter upon honourable Defigns, when they faw that the
rave Actions of the virtuous did not perifh with them, but their Me-
mories were ever held facred by fucceeding Generations.
Fourthly, Feftivals were inftituted, as Times of Eafe and Reft to
' T\)rAtfiii.Jyi^(, [ Sat. u. vcr. 31. Ubi. conf- Interprstes,
A a 4 Labourers,
360 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 19.
Labourers ; that amidft all their Toil and Sorrow, and as it were a
Recompence thereof, fome Days of Refrefhmcnt might be allowed
them. For fome one or more of thefe Ends, moft Fellivals feem to
. have been firft inftituted.
Arifiotle reports, that amongft the Ancients they had few, or
no Fellivals, befides thofe after Harveft or Vintage ; for then they
ufed to meet and make merry with the Fruits they had gathered, Eat-
ing and Drinking plentifully ; which they efteem'd a fort of Offering
their Firil-fruits to the Gods, whom they thought honour'd by fo do-
ing ; and therefore Feafts were called (c)o'tvai, q. ^koivai, on J /* t<
^.8$ |j'7^< lieiv vvtAO.yCa.vov, i.e. becaufe they thought they ivere
obliged, in Duty to the Gods, to be drunk. And Seleucus, in the fame Au-
thor tells us, That the Words ^Kxa. and ^i^ were derived from the
fame Original, Ti}/ t* tivoy 'i-^i 'ttK^qv, )y rnif aKhnv eA>7w5*f ^av'
/<* 'yrf>o}<p.ft<r^i, J'lo K) ^oivAi, )^ :^hia.i, )^ {J.'i5a< uvouaa^tivat.
i. e. Banquets luere called ^iveti, dtchiAi, and /y.k^i, from 0ro<, or
God ; becaufe it 'was ufual at thofe 'Times to con fume great Quantities of
Wine, and other Pro'vijions in Honour of the Gods.
In later Ages, when the Gods were increafed almoft to the Number
of Men, and the old frugal Way of living was laid afide, the Number
of Fellivals were enlarged, and the Manner of them quite altered : For
whereas formerly the Solemnities confifted in little or nothing, befides
offering a Sacrifice to the Gods, and after that making merry them-
felves J now a great many Games, Proceflions, and innumerable Cere-
monies, in Imitation of the fabulous Aftions of the Gods, were intro-
duced and praftifed, to the vaft Charge of the Publick.
The Athenians, as they exceeded all other People in the Number of
their Gods, fo they out-did them in the Number of their Fellivals ;
which, as > Xenophon reports, were twice as many, as any other City
obfcrved ; Nor did the Number and Frequency of them abate any
- thing of the Solemnity, Splendor, and Charges at their Obferva-
tion. The Shops and Courts of Judicature were Ihut up on moft of
thofe Days j the Labourers relied from their Works, the Tradefmen
from their Employments, the Mourners intermitted their Sorrows ;
and nothing but Eafe and Pleafure, Mirth and Jollity were to be found
amongft them. Indeed iunov tbto it) tcSv E^Kri'.'av y^ rav (^a^Capav ss"/,
this nvas' common both to Greeks and Barbarians, as we are informed by
Strabo, to celebrate their religious Solemnities with Mirth and Rcmif-
Jion of their Labours.
? Moll of them were celebrated at the publick Charge ; and, left their
Treafury Ihould be exhauftcd by fo frequent Evacuations, feveral Means
were contrived to fupply and replenilh them. For Inftance, after
Thrafjbulus had depoled the Tyrants, their Eftates were confifcated
for this Ufe, as Hojpocration obferves out of Philacorus : And when
the State was reduc'd to its old Democracy, if any of the Citizens,
though too much Wealth, became formidable to the poorer Sort, and
Objedls of their Envy, it was cuftomary to compel them to contribute
towards the defraying of the Expences at publick Feftivals ; and fo by
"' Ethic, ad Nicomacb, Jib. vii. c. ix. " De Repub. AtbenienJ.
con-
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 361
conferring upon them a great (tho' chargeable and dear-bought) Ho-
nour, at once fweeten the Impofition (if not alfo oblige thofe oa
whom it was impofed) and rid themfelves of thofe Fears and Jealoufies,
which the immoderate Opulency of private Perfons might reafonably
give to a popular State.
Thus much of Feftivals in general : As to the Particulars, I have
omitted very little that is material in the Trafts of Meurfius and Cajlel-
lanus upon this Subjeft ; and fome things not taken notice of by either
of them, and perhaps not unworthy your Obfervation, I have added.
' Yet do I not pretend, that this is a complete or entire Colledlion of the
Grecian Feftivals ; for that would be endlefs (feeing almoft every Man
of Repute, and that had done any notable Service for the Publick, had
his anniverfary Day) and impoffible, fmce Hundreds of them (efpeci-
ally thofe that were obferv'd by the lefs confiderable Cities) are not fo
much as mention'd in any Author at this Day extant ; or but barely
mention'd, without any Account of the Perfons to whom they belonged,
or the Ceremonies ufed at their Celebration : However, as much as is
' neceffary to the Underftanding of the ancient Greek Writers, the fol-
lowing Chapters will furnifli.
CHAP. XX.
Grecian Fefiivals,
AFHTOPETON and ATHTOPIA,
MEntioned by He/ychius, without any Notice of the Deity, in whofe
Honour they were obferved. It is not improbable they might
belong to Apollo, and be (at leaft the latter of them) the fame with the
Lacedamonian Xstf i/e7at. This Conjefture is grounded upon the Words of
Hefychiu}, who tells us, that A>j)t< was the Name of the Perfon con-
fccrated to the God at the Kstffftef and that the Feftival itfelf was
tenn'd AymieiA, which Name feems to have been deriv'd from Ayu,
that Feftival being obferv'd in Imitation of T^c/nnitKn, ctyuyii, or, the
military Way of Living, as Athenaus * and Euflathius *> have obferv'd.
It is not unlikely the former might belong to Fenus, whofe Prieft (as
Grammarians inform us) was call'd A^mtwj in Cyprus.
A r P A N I A
Was celebrated at Argos ' in memory of one of Proetush Daughters j
being in all Probability the fame wirfi
AFPIANIA,
Which (as the fame Author tells us) was obferv'd at Argos in me-
mory of a deceas'd Perfon. It was alfo celebrated at Thebes with fo-
lemn Sports.
-
Lib. iv, * Iliad, ', Htjycbius,
A r p A-
362 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
AFPATAIA,
At Athens, in Honour of Agraulus, or Aglaurm, the Daughter of
Cecrops, and the Nymph Aglauris, and the Prieftefs of Miner'va, to
whom Ihe gave the Sirname of Aglaurus, and was worfliip'd in a Tem-
ple dedicated to her. The Cyprians alfo (as Pompey ^ reports) honour'd
her by the Celebration of an annual Feftival in the Month Aphrodifiusy
at which they ofFer'd human Viftims j and this Cuilom is {aid to have
continued till the Time oi Diomedes.
ATPiriNIA,
In Honour of Bacchus, firnamed Ayfidvi- for his Cruelty, as Plu-
tarch ' is of Opinion ; or becaufe he convers'd with, and was attended
by Lions, Tigers, and other favage Animals, which procur'd him the
other Name of fla;KH<, which properly denotes an Eater of raw Flefli.
This Solemnity was obferv'd in the Night after this Manner : The
Women ' being afiembled made a ftricl Search after Bacchus, as if he
hftd fled from them ; but after fome time, finding their Labour to be
in vain, faid, that he had retir'd to the Mu/es, and conceal'd himfelf
amongft them. This being done, and the Ceremony ended, they re-
galed themfelves with an Entertainment ; after which, the Time was
pafb'd away in propofing Riddles and cramp Queftions. Large Quan-
tities of Ivy were us'd at this Time s, becaufe that Plant was accounted
facred to Bacchus ; and fo great Excefles were fometimes committed,
that once the Daughters of Minya, in a furious Ecftafy of Devotion,
flaughter'd ////>/<zyj, the Son of Leucippe, and ferv'd him up to the
Table : In Memory of which Murder their whole Family was ever after
excluded from this Feftival upon Pain of Death ; which, as Plutarch '
reports, was inflifted upon one of them, that had furreptitioufly con-
vey'd herfelf in among the reft of the Worlhipers, by Zoilus a Chtt-
roncan Prieft.
ArPOTEPAS eTSIA,
An anniverfary Sacrifice of five hundred Goats, ofFer'd at Athens to
Minernia, firnam'd hyo-iri^cf., from Agra va. Attica. The Occafion of
it was this : When Darius the Emperor of Perjia made an Invafion upon
Attica, Callimachus, who was at that Time in the Office of a Polemarchy
made a folemn Vow to Miner'va, that if fhe would grant them Vidlory
over their Enemies, they would facrifice to her as many He goats as
faould equal the Number of the Slain on their Enemy's lide : Miner'va
granted his Requeft, but the Number of the Perfians that fell in the
Battle being fo great, that all the He-goats they could procure did not
come near it ; inftead of them they offerd all the She-goats they could
find ; and thefe alfo falling infinitely fhort of the Number, they made
a Decree, that five hundred Goats ihould be ofFer'd eyey Year^ till it
ihould be completed.
* De Abftinentia, Kb. ii. * Antonio. ^ Plutarch, Sympof. lib. viii. Q^*ft. i.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. . ^6^
ArpTnNi2.
A nolurnal Feftival, ^ celebrated in Honour of Bacchus at Jrhela, a
Place in Sicily ; and fo call'd, becaufe the Worlhipers did d'^u'Trvttv, or
watch all Night.
A A n N I A, A A fl N E I A,
Was celebrated in moft of the Cities of Greece, in Honour of Venus,
and in Memory of her belov'd Adonis. The Solemnity continued two
Days ; upon the firft of which certain Images or Fiftures of Adonis and
Venus were brought forth with all the Pomp and Ceremonies pradtis'd at
Funerals ; the Women tore their Hair, beat their Breafts, and co^mter-
feited all other Pollures and Aftions ufual in lamenting the Dead. This
Lamentation was term'd a.aMia.T[Mi ', or eiJiovia, whence etJhi/itut Aynv
is interpreted by Suidas AJhviv KhaJeiv, to nveep for Adonis. The Songs
on this Occafion were call'd eiA)viJ)a. ". There were alfo carry'd along
with them Shells fill'd with with Earth, in which grew feveral Sorts of
Herbs, efpecially Lettices, in Memory that Adonis was laid out by Venus
upon a Bed of Lettices. Thefe were call'd Kwttc/, Gardens; whence
Ai^vtS^Qt Knmi are proverbially apply'd to things unfruitful or fading ;
becaufe thofe Herbs were only fown fo long before the Feftival, as to
fprout forth and be green at that Time, and then were prefently caft out
into the Water. The Flutes us'd upon this Day were call'd Ttyfeieu,
from TtyffYK, which was the Phoenician Name of Adonis. Hence to
play on this Inftrument was term'd -yy^piv, or -^-ly^^.iveiv, the Miifick
yyf^r/Mi, and the Songs jtyf^ff.vm. The Sacrifice was term'd KaSi/pa.,
becaufe (I fuppofe) the Days of Mourning us'd to be call'd by that
Name. The following Day was fpent in all poffible Expreflions of Mirth
and Joy ; in Memory, that, by the Favour of Pro/erpina, Venus obtain'd
that Adonis Ihould return to Life, and dwell with her one Half of every
Year. All this vain Pomp and ferious Folly ferv'd only to expofe the
Heathenifh Superftition, and gave birth to the Proverb uCJiv hph^ by
which. feem to be meant things that bear a Show of fomething great or
facred, but are in Reality nothing but forry and ridiculous Trifles.
A H N A I A.
Two Feftivals obferv'd at Athens in Honour of Minerva ; one of them
was call'd Uajia^veuety the other Kei?<K^a, and both fhall be treated of
in their proper Places.
AIAKEIA, /
Sports at uEgina in Honour of j^acus, who had a Temple in that
Ifland ; wherein, after the End of the Solemnity, the Victors us'd to
prefent a Garland of Flowers ".
* Hefycb'u:. ' Etymolog'ci Auftor. " Prtclui in Chreftomathia.
Finda, us tjufqijc S(bclia,1(t Mnu6n, Od, VI.
A I A K-
3^4 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
A I A N T E I A,
To Ajax in the Ifle of Salamis ". Alfo in Attica, where, in Memory
of the Valour of that Hero, a Bier upon fet Days was adorn'd with a
complete Suit of Armour ; and fuch a pious Care the Athenians took of
his Memory, that his Name was continued to Pollerity in that of one of
their Tribes, which was from him call'd A'lmfTU-
AiriNHTHN EOPTH
Was a Feftival at JEgina obferv'd in Honour of Neptune fixteen Days
together ; all which we're employ 'd in Mirth and Jollity, and offering Sa-
crifices to the Gods. And this was done only by free Denifons of that
Jfland, without the Affiftance of Servants, who were for that Reafoa
call'd Wovozdyii, which Word fignifies Perfons that eat by them/elves. Af-
ter all, the Solemnity was ended with offering a Sacrifice to Venus. The
Occafion and Original of thefe Obfervances are accounted for by Plutanb
in his Greek Queitions.
AIMAKOTPIA,
A Peloponmfian Feftival, wherein Boys ( Kv^t ) were whipt at the Se-
pulchre of Pelops, till Blood (cMfwt) was drawn, whence this Solemnity
deriv'd its Name.
AinPA, EnPA, ETAEinNOS, or AAHTJ2,
A Feftival P and folemn Sacrifice celebrated by the Athenians with Vo-
cal Mufick in Honour of Erigone, fometimes call'd Aletis, the Daughter
of Icarius ; who, out of an Excefs of Grief for the Misfortunes of her
Father, hang" d hcr^eli : Whence the Solemnity had the Name of Aia^c!.
At her Death ftie requefted the Gods, that if the Athenians did not re-
venge Icarius^ Murder, their Virgins might end their Lives in the fame
Manner that flie did. Her Petition was granted, and a great many of
them, without any apparent Caufe of Difcontent, became their own Exe-
"cutioners ; whereupon, to appeafe Erigoncy they inftituted this Feftival
/ by the Advice of -(i^o//i?. Others report \ that it was obferv^d in Ho-
nour of King Temahus ; or of jEgiJihus and Clytamnefira. And fome are
of Opinion % that it was firft obferv'd by Command of an Oracle, in
Memory of the Daughter of jEgiJlhus and Clyttemnejira, who in Compa-
ny of her Grandfather Tyndarus took a Journey to Athens^ where ftie pro-
fecuted Orejies in the Court oi Areopagus s and, lofmg her Caufe, hang'd
herfelf for Grief.
A K T I A,
A triennial Feftival folemniz'd at ABium in Epirus, with Wreftling,
Horfe-racing, and a Fight or Race of Ships in Honour of Apollo, who
had the Sirname of ASiius from that Place *.
Hefychius. " Hyginus Aftronom, lib. ii. ^ ibfychius. " Etj-molog. Magnum.
Stepbanui Byxaniiti. Cieir.ens Prstrept.^lian. Hift- Anlm. lib. x'u cap. !S.
A A A I A,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion- of Greece. 365
AAAIA, orAAEAIA,
To Minerva, fimam'd Jlea, at Tegea in Arcadia, where that Goddefs
was honoured with a Temple of great Antiquity ^
AAEKTPTONnNArnN,
A yearly Cock-fight at Athens, in Memory of the Cocks, from whofe
crowing Tbmijlocles receiv'd an Omen of his Succefs againft the Perji-
A A I A,
Solemn Games * celebrated at Rhodes, upon the twenty-fourth Day of
the Month Yo^'meuet, which anfwers to the Athenian ^oi\Sfo(juov, in Ho-
nour of the Sun, who is call'd in Greek HKi^ and A^.'#-, and is faid to
have been born in the Ifland of Rhodes ; the Inhabitants of which were
reputed his Pofterity, and therefore call'd Heliades, as we learn from
Strabo ". The Combatants in thefe Games were not only Men, but
Boys ; and the Vigors were rewarded with a Crown of Poplar.
A A K A e o I A,
\ At Megara^ , in Memory o^ Akathous the Son of Pelops, who, lying
under a Sufpicion of having murder'd his Brother Chry/tppus, fled to Me-
gara ; where having overcome a terrible Lion that wafted the Country,
and had flain, befide many others. King Megareus^ own Son, he fo far
ingratiated iiimfelf, that he had in Marriage the King's Daughter, and
was declar'd his SucceiTor.
A A n A,
At Athens, in the Month Pofideon, in Honour of Ceres and Bacchus, by
whofe Bleffing the Hufbandmen receiv'd the Recompence of their Toil
and Labour ; and therefore ^ their Oblations confifted of nothing but the
Fruits of the Earth. Others fay, this Feftival was inftituted as a Com-
jnemoration of the primitive Greeks, who liv'd kv 'mli a\atn, i. e. in
' Vine-yards and Corn-jields '. Hence Ceres was call'd AAece;, A^uU, and
A A n T I A,
To Minerva by the Arcadians, in Memory of a Viftory, wherein
they took a great many of the Lacedamonians Prifoners, which the Greeks
call'd ihui^i ^,
AMAPTNeiA, or AMAPT2IA,
A Feftival celebrated with Games in Honour of Diana, fimam'd
Paufania$ Arcadie. Mliatmt, lib. ii. cap, a8. Pindsri Scholiaji. Olymp.
Od. viii. * Lib. xlv. ' Pindari Scholiaji. Nan. y. Dtmfibcnts in Ntaram.
' iiarpocratittt, Eujiatb, Iliad, (i, Paufati, /ircadici$, ,
jdma-
^66 Of the Religion of GrttCQ, Chap. 20.
Amarynthia and Amaryfia, from a Town in Eulcea. It was obferv'd by
the Eubceans, Erttreans, CaryJiianSy and Athmonians, who were Inhabit
tants of a Borough in Attica.
aiAbposia,
To Bacchus ^ the God of Wine, in the Month of Lenaon^ in moft of
the Cities of Greece.
A M M A A fl,
A Feftival, of which nothing more is recorded, than that it belong'd
to Jupiter ^
A M M fl N,
An Athenian Feftiv^ ''.
AMIAPAIA,
At Oropus, in Honour of Amphiaraus e j of whom I have given a fuffi*
cient Account in another Place.
AM*IAPOMIA,
A Feftival obferv'd by private Families in Athens, upon the fifth Day
after the Birth of every Child. It was fo call'd ^ t diJ-ipiSpaLfim, i. e.
from Running round ; becaufe it was cullomary to run round the Fire with
the Infant in their Arms. Qi this more hereafter.
AN A r fi r I A,
Solemn Sacrifices f to Venus at Eryx in Sicily, where fhe was honour'd
with a magnificent Temple. The Name of this Solemnity was deriv'd
&ir TO tt'm>4t&^. \.t. from returning; becaufe the Goddefs was faid to
leave Sicily, and return to Africk at that Time.
A N A K E I A,
An Athenian Feftival, in Honour of the Diofcuri, who were call'd
Arajuf, and honour'd with a Temple call'd ^vdaeiov. The Sacrifices of-
fer'd at that Time were nam'd Sivu/uxnt, becaufe thofe Deities were ^sro/,
or Strangers s ; and confifted of three Offerings >, which were call'd
Teniiiu. Athenaus * alfo makes mention of Plays afted in Honour of
theie Deities.
ANAKAHTHPIA,
Solemnities obferv'd at the dvAKhnmi, or Proclamation, of Kings and
Princes, when they became of Age to take the Government into their
own Hands *.
" Hefiodi Scboliaft. Oper. & Dier. lib, ii. Hejycbius. < Idem. * Pindari Scbol,
Olymf.vVi. f ^//<2nJ Var. Hift. lib. i. cap. 15. 6 Pindari Scbol. Olymp. ill.
I" Paufanias, i>ipm, lib. ii. ^ Fs/ybii Hift. xvui. & Legat. Edog. Ixxxvui.
ANA-
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. ^Sy
ANAKTnN nAIAHN,
A Feftival ' at Amphyffa^ the capital City of Locris, in Honour either
of the Diofcurif or Cure tes^ or Caliri ; for Authors are not agreed in this
Matter.
anasaTopeia,
Anaxagoras dying at Lampfacus, the Magiftrates of that City afecd,
/Whether he defir'd any thing to be done for him : He reply'd,. that on
the Anniverfary of his Death the Boys Ihould have Leave to play. This
Coftom was obferv'd in the Tim^ of Diogenes Laertius ".
ANAPOTEfiNlA, or Kymm i/V Ej^t/j.'))
Annual Games celebrated in the Ceramicus at Athens, by the Com-
mand of Minos King of Crete, in Memory of his Son ArJrogeos, Other-
wife call'd Eurygyas, who was barbaroufly murder'd by fome of the A-
tbenians and Megarenfians .
AN0E2THPIA,
An Athenian Feftival, obferv'd in Honour of Bacchus upon the ele-
venth, twelfth, and thirteenth Days of the Month Anthefierion.
The firft Day was nam'd Wt^iyia., ami rk 'ni^m c'lyetv, i, e. becaufe
they then tapp'd their Barrels. The fame Day was by the Charoneans
caird hya.Ki'i /aj,aoj'-, i. e. the Day of Good Genius ; becaufe it was
cuftomary to make merry upon it.
The fecond Day was call'd Xos<, from the Meafure ^d, becaufe every
Man drunk out of his own Veffel ; in Memory of an Accident that hap-
pen'd in the Reign oi Pandion, or (as others fay) of Demophoon, under
whom Oreftes, having flain his Mother, fled to Athens, before he ' had
undergone the cuftomary Purification for Murder. The Athenians were
at that time bufy in celebrating the Feftival of Bacchus, firnam'd Le-
naus, becaufe he had the Care of Wine-preffes, which are in Greek call'd
Avco/ce- However, he was kindly receiv'd by Demophoon, who, to pre-
vent the Contamination which might adhere to the Company by drinking
with a polluted Perfon, and that Oreftes might not take it unkindly to be
forced to drink alone, order'd that every Man fliould have a diftind;
Veffel of Wine, and drink out of his own Cup. On the foregoing Day
they only open'd their Veffels,' and tafted the Wine ; but now it was
cuftomary to drink plentifully, and the longeft Li'ver, in Token of Vi-
ftory, was rew^ded with a Crown of Leaves, or, as fome report, p a
Crown of Gold and a Veffel of Wine. It was ufual alfo to ride in Cha-
riots, out of which they jeijed upon all that pafs'd by. The Profeffors
of Sopbifiry feafted at home with their Friends upon this Day, and had
Prefents fent them from all Hands : To which Cuftom E-ubulides alludes
in thefe Verfes :
' Paufaniat Phccieit. ?" Laertius fine Anaxagora- Conf. Plutarcbus de Prascept.
Reipub. gerend. p. 820. Edit. Parif, " Hejycliut, ' Plutarch. Jlefeo. ' ^lianut
Var. Hift; lib. ii. cap. xli.
368 * Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Ah ! fubtle Knave, you now the Sophift plajr.
And wifti that bounteous Xocd may approach,
Whofe Prefents fill your Belly and your Purfe. ,
From this Day it was that Bacchus had the Sirname of KeoTont^
The third Day was call'd )^'^oi, from ;)(0T^, i. e. a Pot, which Was
brought forth full of all Sorts of Seeds, which they accounted facred to
Mercurius %9cV/-, the Infernal^ and therefore abftain'd from them.
Upon this Day the Comedians ufed to aft ; and at Sparta Lycurgus or-
der'd, that fuch of them as obtain'd the Viftory Ihould be enroU'd amongft
the free Denifons.
During thefe Days the Slaves were allow'd to make merry, drink, and
revel ; and therefore, at the End of the Feftival, it was ufual to make
Proclamation in this Manner : Gv^Ci Kctpej, >t er' Aj-^fjjexcc* i. e. Be
gene, you Carian Slaves, the Anthejieria are ended.
ANeE2*OPIA,
A Sicilian Feftival p, fo nam'd hm rH (fi^HV AVbict^ i. e. /rom carrying
Tlonvers ; becaufe it was inftituted in Honour of Proferpin'a, whom Pluto
is faid to have ftolen, as Ihe was gathering Flowers.
Another Solemnity of this Name feems to have been obferv'd at Argos
in Honour of Juno, to whom a Temple was dedicated in that Place under
the Name of ^v^ia- '^.
ANTirONEIA,
Sacrifices in Honour of Antigonus '.
ANTINOEIA,
Annual Sacrifices and Quinquennial Games in Memory of Antinous
the Bithynian : They were inftituted at the Command of Adrian the Ro-
man Emperor, at Mantinea in Arcadia ', where Antinous was honour'd
with a Temple and divine Worftiip.
AHATOTPIA,
A Feftival ' firft inftituted at Athens, and from thence deriv'd to
the reft of the lonians, except thofe of Ephefus and Colophon. It re-
ceiv'd its Name from dndTn, which fignifies Deceit ; becaufe it was
iirft inftituted in Memory of a Stratagem, by which Melanthius the
Athenian King overcame Xanthus King of Beeotia. For a Controverfy
happening between the Athenians and Boeotians, about a Piece of
Ground fituated upon the Confines of Attica and Beeotia j Xanthus
' Pollux Onom. lib. i. cap. i. 9 Paufanias Corinthiacis, * Plutarch. Agld. &
Chonten. ' Paufan. Arcad, Arljiophan, Scboliaft. Achran, Befych. Harpocradon,
Suid, Etymolo^ici Auctori Idenj Auftores ubiqua luat ia hoc toto capite citati.
made
Chap. 20." Of the Religion of Greece. ^6<)
made a Propofal, that himfelf and the Athenian King IhoulJ end the
Quarrel by a fingle Combat. Thymcetes reign'd at that time in Athens,
but declining the Fight, was depos'd : His Succeffor was Melanthius a
Mejfenian, Son of Neleus and Periclymene, who, having accepted the
Challenge, met his Enemy at the appointed Place ; where, as they were
jiift going to begin the Fight, Melanthius thinking or pretending that he
faw, at Xanthius's Back, a Perfon habited in a black Goat-fkin, cry'd out,
that the Articles were violated ; upon this, Xanthius looking back was
treacheroufly flain by Melanthius. In Memory of this Succefs, Jupiter
was firnam'd Am.7rivap, i.e. Deceiver; and Bacchus, MrAU'a<><<, i.e.
cloathed in a black Goat-Jkin, and was farther honour'd with a new
Temple, and the Inftitution of this Feftival. Others are of Opinion,
that A;raTKp/ct are fo called, q. dimrotxay i. e. ouoTruroejici, becaufe up-
on this Feftival, Children accompanied their Fathers, to have their Names
enter'd into the publick Regiller : After the fame manner a.Koy& is
equivalent to ofAoKix'^^ and kjdiv( to ofxoyuin-. Others will have
ATm.T\s^ia. to be fo nam'd, becaufe the Children were till that.Time *7a-
TTpsf, i. e. fwithout Fathers, in a Civil Senfe ; for that it was not till then
publickly recorded, whofe they were. For a like Reafon, Me Ichifedec is
by fome thought to be call'd atotw?, d/JifiTa^ ", i. e. nvithout Father,
Kuithout Mother ; 'viz. becaufe his Parentage was omitted in the facred.
Genealogies. To return : This Feftival was celebrated in the Month
Fyanepfion, and lafted three Days.
The firft Day was call'd AofWtf, from c/^ipT-, i. e. a Supper ; be-
caufe on that Day at Evening, each Tribe had a feparate Meeting,
whereat a fumptuous Entertainment was provided.
The fecond Day was nam'd Avdppua-ti, iiro to aveo eft;i', becaufe on
this Day Viftims were ofFer'd to Jupiter ?^^<-, and ATrmttJJup, and
to Minerva, in whofe Sacrifices (as in all that were ofFer'd to Celeftial
Gods) it was ufual diu ipjeiv TaV yji^A^df, i. e. to turn the Head of the
Viftims upwards towards Heaven. At this Sacrifice the Children enrolPd
amongft the Citizens were plac'd clofe to the Altar. It was ufual alfo for
Perfons richly apparell'd, to take lighted Torches out of the Fire, and
to run about, finging Hymns in Praife of Fulcan, who was the firft that
taught Men the Ufe of that Element : Which Cuftorti is by Meurfius re-
fcrr'd to this Day, tho' Harpocration, to whom we are indebted for the
Mention of it, has left us in the Dark as to its Time.
The third Day was nam'd KapsaTTf , from ;tf-, i. e. a Toutb ; or
XMP^., i. e. Shaving ; becaufe the young Men, who till that Time re-
main'd unftiaved, had their Hair cut off, before they were prefcnted to
be regiftered. Their Fathers at this Time were oblig'd to fwear, that
both themfelves, and the Mothers of the young Men, were Free-born
Athenians. It was alfo ufual to offer two Ewes and a She-goat in Sacri-
fice to Diana, which they call'd ^zvav (p^f^'idM' the She-goat was term'd
ai^ i^eef'}i&-, and the Ewe oiV (pf^riiP **. It was to be of a certain
Weight ; and becaufe it once happen'd, that the Standers-by cry'd out
in jell, Mho:/, (ahop, i. c. Too little, too little, it was ever after call'd
M9r, and the Perfon* that offer'd it, MH-^yj>^i.
Epiftola ad Heirao:. "" ro.','.,x,
B b To
^jo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
To thefe Hefychius adds a fourth Day, which he tells us was call'd
Etti^JV* ; but that Name is not peculiar to this Feftival, but generally
apply'd to any Day, celebrated after the End of another Solemnity ; be-
ing deriv'd ar^ th ^Cauvetu, i. e. from follovjtng j becaufe it was a fort
of Appendage to the great Feftival.
This Feftival was obferv'd five Days by the Protentha, who began it
a Day fooner than others. There was alfo a Decree made when Cephtfi-
dorus was chief Jrchon, whereby the Senate was forbidden to meet for
five Days, during the time of this Solemnity ^.
A n A T A I A.
The fecond Day in Marriages, of which I Ihall have Opportunity td
fpeak in another place.
AnOAAnNIA.
To Apollo, at JEgialea, upon this Account : Apollo, having obtain'd
a Viftory over Python, went to JEgialea, accompanied with his Sifter
Diana ; but being frighted from thence, fled into Crete, After this, the
JEgialeans were infefted with an Epidemical Diftemper ; and being ad-
vifed by the Prophets to appeafe the two offended Deities, fent feven
Boys and as many Virgins to entreat them to return. Apollo and Diana
accepted their Piety, and came with them to the Citadel of JEgialea ; in
Memory of which, a Temple was dedicated to ?ytho, the Goddefs of
Perfuafion j and it became a Cuftom to appoint chofen Boys and Virgins,
to make a folemn Proceffion, in ftiew as if they defign'd to bring back
Apollo and Diana ; which Solemnity was continued till Paufaniai^ Time '.
AnonoMnAioi,
Certain Days *, in which Sacrifices were ofFer'd to the Gods call'd
rio/ixTaio/. Who thefe were is doubtful. Certain it is, that mfj-nrtuOr
denotes any Perfon that conduBs another in his Way ; and therefore was
apply'd to Mercury, who was believ'd to be Pluto's Gentleman-uftier,
and to conduft the Souls of the deceafed Perfons to the Shades below :
Whence Ajax, in Sophocles, before he ftabb'd himfelf, pray'd thus :
-Infernal Mercury I call
Safe to conduct me to the Shades below.
But I am rather inclined to think, thefe Days belong'd to the Gods call'd
A-Tm-ntfj.vraioi, i. e. ian^omi, (for &b77b//w is by Pha'vorinus expounded
^^owjj) otherwife nam'd AuV/o/, dh^^'Df^yuai, Inn^omtloi, (pv^tei, and
averrunci, becaufe they were thought to avert Evils ; fuch were Jupiter,
AtbeBauilih.'vf. Paufattias Cari/tthiacis, ' Hfjycbius,
Hercules,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 371
Hercules, and others : and therefore for mfjLweuois, in Hefychius, I would
read ^ntinreuoif, except they may be usM as fynonymous lerms.
A n A T E I A,
A Feftival at Sicyon a, upon the Birth-day of Jraf us, whom they ho-
noured with a Priett ; who, for Diftiftftion's fake, wore a Ribband be-
fpangl'd with white and purple Spots. It was celebrated with Mafick ;
and the Chorifters of Bacchus affifted in the Solemnity with Harps.
There was alfo a folemn ProcefTion, in which the Publick School-mafter,*
accompanied with his Scholars, went firft, and the Senators adorn'd with
Garlands, with as many of the other Citizens as had a mind, foUow'd.
AP rEinNEOPTAl,
Feftivals at yirgos, the Names of which are *Ioft. One we find, men-
tion'd in Parthenius b, upon which he tells us, there was a Publick En-
tainment.
Another is taken notice of in Plutarch % upon which the Boys call'd
one another in Jeft ^A>},A^AJki, i. e. ^eo^ovms d;i4;^ctJct(, by which
Words are fignified Perfons that threw luild Figs. Which Cuftom per-
haps was inflituted in Memory of their ancient Diet in Inachus's Time,
when they liv'd upon wild Figs.
A third we read of in JEneas \ in which great Numbers of the Ci-
tizens made a folemn Proceffion out of the City in Armour.
APIAANEIA,
Two Feftivals at Naxos, in Honour of two Women, who had one
common Name of Ariadne. The former of them was thought to be of a
gay and pleafant Temper, and therefore her Feftival was obferv'd with
Mufick, and many other Expreffions of Joy and Mirth.
The latter being the fame that was expos'd big with Child upon that
Coaft by Thefeus, was fuppos'd to be of a melancholy Difpofition, and
therefore the Solemnity dedicated to her had a Shew of Sorrow and
Mourning ; and in Memory of her being left hy Thefeus near the Time
of Child-birth, it was ufual for a young Man to lie down, and counter-
feit all the Agonies of Women in Labour. This Feftival is faid to have
been firft inftituted by Thefeus, as a Rccompence of his Ingratitude to
her.
APPHOOPIA,
At Athens f, in the Month Scirrophorion, in Honour of Minerva
and Erfa, one of Cecrops's Daughters, upon which Account it is fome-
times call'd E^tn^oeAa., or Ep.(56g^</. But the former Name is deriv'd
eu7n n cifipnra. (pipf, i, e. becaufe of certain myjlerious Things,vvhich were
carry'd by four feleft noble Virgins, not under feven, nor above eleven
*Tlutar:but Ara'.o, Erotic, xsii. Crirr. Qnaeft. "" Poliorcet. cap. xvii.
e Plutarcbui TbiUc, f Uarpocrat. Suidai, Etvmlig.
B b 2 ' Years
372 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Years of Age, and hence called A ppMjog^/. Their Apparel was white,
and fet ofF with Ornaments of Gold : whence dpptxpopHV is interpreted
^iffvv iSrUnt ?opi/ ;t) ^vfftct 8. They had a particular Sort of Bread,
which was term'd vetgi'; ", and Cakes called dvetgaTni '. There was a
certain cnpaieioieiov Ball-Court appropriated for their Ufe in the AcropoliSf
wherein flood a brazen Statue of Ifocrates on Horfe-back ^. Out of
thefe were chofen two, to weave (as the Cuftom was) z.Yli'Trh.-, or
Garment, for Miner'va ; which Work they began upon the thirtieth of
Pyanepjion.
A P T E M I 2 I A,
A Feftival, in Honour of Ap7?jtf, or Diana. It Was celebrated in
feveral Places of Greece, particularly at Delphi, where they offered a
Mullet to the Goddefs, as being thought to bear fome fort of Relation to
her ; becaufe ' it is faid to hunt, and kiH the Sea-hare. The Bread of-
fered to the Goddefs was termed xoyiA "" ; and the Women, who per-
formed the facred Rites, were called h6fj.Ciu ".
Another Solemnity of this Name was obferved three Days together,
with Banquets and Sports, at Sjracufe .
ASKAHnEIA,
A Feftival of Efculapius, obferved in feveral Parts of Greece ; but no
where with fo much Solemnity, as by the Epidaurians p, whom this
God honoured with his more immediate Prefence, giving Anfwers to
them in an Oracular Way : Wherefore it was called MiyaKa.7Khi)'!rHa.,
i. e. The great Feftival of ^fculapius i. One great Part of the Solem-
nity confifted of a Mufical Entertainment, wherein the Poets and Mufici-
ans contended for Vidlory, and therefore was called U^i dyiv, the Sa-
cred Contention.
A 2 K n A I A,
A Feftival celebrated by the Athenian Huftjandmen, in Honour of
Bacchus ', to whom they facrificed a He-goat ; becaufe that Animal de-
ftroys the Vines, and therefore was fuppofed to be hated by Bacchus.
Out of the Viftim's Skin it was cuftomary to make a Bottle, which being
' filled with Oil and Wine, they endeavoured to leap upon it with one
Foot, and he that firft fixed himfelf upon it, was declared Viftor, and
received the Bottle as a Reward. ' The doing this they called eLayuahnir
^i', i5>^ 7T) S^ T <t<rKov a?iAc&^, i. e. from Leaping upon a Bottle,
whence this Feftival has its Name.
A*POAI2lA,
Feftivals in 'Honour of Atpfta^'n, or Fenus ; feveral of which were
obferved in divers Parts of Greece: The moft remarkable of them
I Etymologic! Auftor. ** ^tbenaus lib. iii. ' Suidas, k Plutarchus Jfocrate.
* Atbeiaui lib. vii. " Hejychius. " Idem. I.imus lib. xxiii. Hejycbius.
* Plato lone. 9 Jnfcript. vet. ' Pburnutui de Baccbo, Arijio^kan, Sdiiiaji.
Pluto, Hejycbius,
was
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 573
was that at Cyprus ' firft inftituted by Cinyras ; out of whofe Family-
certain Priefts of Venus were eleded, and for that Reafon nam'd K/-
vv^ffki. At this Solemnity feveral myfterious Rites were praftis'd ;
all that were initiated into them oifer'd a Piece of Money to f^enus, as
an Harlot, and receiv'd, as a Token of the Goddefs's Favour, a Mea-
fure of Salt and a ^atAAoj : The former, becaufe Salt is a Concretion of
Sea-water, to which Fenus was thought to owe her Birth : The latter,
becaufe (he was the Goddefs of Wantonnefs.
At j^matkus, a City of Cyprus, folemn Sacrifices were ofFer'd to Venus,
and call'd K.f^ftV{ ' ; which Word is deriv'd from t^f^rirh, i. e. Fruit i
perhaps becaufe this Goddefs prefided over Generation.
At both the Paphi Venus'^ Feftival was obferv'd, not only by the In-
habitants of thofe Places, but multitudes that throng'd to it out of other
Cities ".
At Corinth it was celebrated by Harlots ^.
AXIAAEIA.
An Anniverfary Feftival at ^parta^ in Honour of 4(hillti f.
B
B A K X E I A.
To Bacchus ', See Aiovdcna.
B A A A H T r S.
At Eleujis in Attica, to Demophoont the Son of CeUus .
B A P A T P O N.
Solemn Games in Thejhrotia, wherein the ftrongeft obtaln'd the
Viftory ".
B A 2 I A E I A,
A Feftival at tthaJea, in Boeotia ,
BENAIAEIA.
A Thracian Feftival ^, in Honour of Diana, who was by the Thro-
<x call'd Bei'-r>t. From Thrace it was carry 'd to Athens, where it
was celebrated in the Pireaus, upon the nineteenth or twentieth of Ihar-
gelion.
Clement Protrept. ArnMui lib. v. Hefychiui, Pindari Scholiaftes. ' Hejycbius.
Strabo, lib. xiv. Athenteus, lib.'xiii. Paufaniai Lacenldt. Ile-
fycbiui, Athtraus lib. ix. Hejycbius. * Hefycbius. t Pindari Scboliaftet
i)ljmf,\u * Strait lib. U. Frtclui inTimaum^ Ht^cbiuu
B b 3 BO.
374 ^f ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
BOHAPOMI,
An Athenian Feftival ^, fo called ^tb t? SonJ^^ofAHi', i. e. from eontr
ing to help ; becaufe it was inftituted in Memory of Ion, the Son of Xu-
thus, who came to the Afliftance of the Athenians, in the Reign of King
EreSiheusi, when they were invaded by Eumolpus, the Son of Neptune.
But Plutarch * reports, that it was obferv'd in Memory of a Viftory ob-
tain'd by Ihe/eus againll tlie Jmazons, in the Month Boedromion.
BOPEA2MOI,
Another Athenian Feftival f in Honour of Boreas ; who had an Altar
in Attica, and was thought to bear fome Relation to the Athenians, hav-
ing married Qrithyia, the Daughter of Ereilheus ; for which Reafon,
when in a Sea-fight a great many of their Enemies Ships were deftroy'd,
by a North-wind, the Athenians imputed it to the Kindnefs Boreas had
for his Wife's native Country, as Paufanias reports 8.
We are informed by the lame Author that folemn Sacrifices were ofr
fer'd to Boreas at Megalopolis in Arcadia, where he had a Temple and
divine Honours.
BOTTIAinNEOPTH,
The Bottiaans were an Athenian Colony ; wherefore in Memory of
their Original, they obfervM this Solemnity, in which the Virgins us'd
to fay \9Dy.%v eif Aijma.(, i. e. Let us go to Athens K
BPA2IAEIA,
An anniverfary Solemnity at Sparta, in Memory of Brajidas, a Lacer
datnonian Captain, famous for his Atchievements at Methone, Pylos, and
Amphipolis. It was celebrated with Sacrifices and Games, wherein none
were permitted to contend, but Free-born Spartans ". Whoever negr
lefted to be prefent at the Solemnity was fin'd '.
BPATPaNIA,
To Diana, firnam'd Brauronia, from the Place in which this Feftir
val was obferv'd, 'vix. Brauron, an Athenian Borough, in which the far
mous Statue of this Goddefs, brought from Scythia Taurica by Iphigenia,
-remain'd till the fecond Perfian War, in which Xerxes took it awaiy "'.
It was celebrated once in five Years, being manag'd by ten Men, call'd
from their OiRce, Ii^To/o/. The Viftim offer'd in Sacrifice was a Goat j
and it was cuftomary for certain Men to fing one of Homer''s Iliads.
The moft remarkable Perfons at this Solemnity were young Virgins
habited in yellow Gowns, and confecrated to Diana. Thefe were ufu-
^ Harfocration, Suidas. e Thefeo. f Plato in Pkadro, Hefychius, ^ At-
ticis, " Arcadicis, ' Plutarchui 'Thefeo, 8c Quft. Graec. * Paufanias Laco'
tia'i, Tbucydid. lib. v. Svidas. ' Inteipres Gracus in Arijiotelii Ethic, ad Nicomach,
lib. V. cap. vii. ) Paujanias A-tticis^ & Arcadic, Pollux, lib. viii< cap. ix. Har-
feeration, SuidaS,
ally
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 375
ally about ten Years of Age, (it being unlawful for any of them to be
above Ten, or under Five) and therefore to confecrate them was call'd
Aj(^7?uy, from <^4j(^, i. e. ?> : It was alfo call'd aiif^TiVHVi and the
Virgins themfelves were nam'd A^icto/, i. e. Bears, upon this Account :
Amongft the Phlauida, Inhabitants of a Borough in Attica, there was
a Bear, which was fo far divefted of its natural Fiercenefs, and become
tame and tradable, that they ufually admitted it to eat, and to play
with them, and received no harm thereby : But a young Maid once un-
luckily happening to be too familiar with it, the Beaft tore her to pieces,
and was afterwards kill'd by the Virgin's Brethren : Upon this en-
fu'd a dreadful Peftilence, which prov'd very fatal to many of the Inha-
bitants of Attica J as a Remedy of which, they were advis'd by an Ora-
cle to appeafe the Anger of Diana for the Bear by confecrating Virgins
to her in Memory of it. The Athenians punftually executed the divine
Command, and enafted a Law, that no Virgin ftiould be marry'd till
flic had undergone this Ceremony.
r
r A A A E I A.
A Feftival in which they boil'd tw ^\^^iav, L e. a mixture of
Barley-Pulfe and Milk \ Meurfius is of Opinion that it belong'd to
Apollo t who, from a Place in Boeotia^ was firnam'd Galaxius ".
TAAlNeiAAIA,
A folemn Sacrifice at ^hbes, ofFer'd to Galinthiaj, one of Prcetus^i
Daughters, before the Feftival of Herculesy by whofe Order it was firft
jnftituted.
rAMHAlA, TENEOAIA, FENESIA,
Three private Solemnities, the firft whereof was obferv'd at Mar-
riages ; the fecond in Memory of the Birth ; the laft of the Death of
any Perfon, But of all thefe J fhall give you a more full Account ia
one of the following Books.
FENETTAAiy,
This Solemnity was celebrated by Women, in Honour of Genetyllii
the Goddefs of that Sex *, to whom they ofFer'd Dogs. This Genc^
tjllis was Venus, h ?oj- im y^viinai, the Prefident of Generation p.
r E P A 2 T I A.
In Honour of Neptune, at Gerajlus, a Village of Euhaea, where he
was honour'd with a Temple 1.
*" Hefythiut, Proclus Chreftomath. ' Hejychiut. P Arijio^bam inter-
pretcs ad A'^i. J Utt^banut, Pindah ScboI.O/ymp.xiil,
Bb4 r
376 0/ the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
rEPONGPAinN EOPTH,
An Anniverfary Feftival in Honour of Mars, at Geronthr/e, where
there was a Temple dedicated to him. He had alfo a Grove in the
fame Place, into which it was unlawful for any Woman to enter, during
the time of this Solemnity ".
A Solemnity mention'd by Elian = ; and perhaps the fame with the
y^^uft<x^^.o^ at the Feftival of Qr^j Eleujinia, of which afterwards.
FHS EOPTH,
At Athens, in Honour of Mother Earth, to whom a Temple was
dedicated in the Citadel of that Place '. Solemn Games alfo were ce-
lebrated to her, as we learn from Pindar ",
E 0>vfA7rt!sai rt,' Kj ^^vxiXTnt
Ta.( g'tSAcK.
At the Olympick Games and facred Sports
Of the capacious Earth.
r r M N o n A I A I A, or r r M N o n A I A E I A,
A folemn Dance *, performed by Spartan Boys.
A A I A I S.
A Solemnity, which lafted three Days, during all which Time,
Torches, (call'd in Greek J'fAi) were burnt, which gave Occafion to the
Name ''.
Upon the firft Day they commemorated Latona^s Labour, and JpoUo's
Birth.
The fecond was in Memory of Glycori's, and the God's Nativity.
The third of the Marriage of Podaliriusy and the Mother of Alex-
ander.
A A I A A A A,
Two Feftlvals in Baotia % one of which was obferv'd by the Pla'
taans at Alalcomenos, where was the largeft Grove of any in Bfeotia ;
jn this they affembled, and expofmg to the open Air pieces of fodden
Flefli, carefully obferv'd whither the Crows, that came to prey upoji
them, direfted their Flight ; and then hew'd down all thofe Trees,
' Paufaniai Laeonlcis. ^ Hiftor. An- lib. iv. cap. xliii. "Thucyild.
Jib. ii. Pythion, lib. ix. Jt P/aWrfi', Apophthegm. '' Lucienus
Pfcudomant" Paujan. Beeotic,
upon
Chap. 20. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 377
upon which any of them alighted, and form'd them into Statues, which
were by the ancient Greeks call'd ^ai/aA*, from the ingenious Artificer
Dadalus.
The other Solemnity was by far the greateft and moft remarkable, be-
ing celebrated not only by Plataa, but all the Cities of Baeotia, once in
fixty Years j in Memory, and, as it were, in Recompence for the Inter-
termiflion of the lefier Feftival the fame Number of Years, during which
time the Plataans had liv'd in Exile. In order to this Solemnity, there
were always prepar'd fourteen AttiJiiKei at the other Feftivals, to be di-
ftributed by Lots amongft the Plataans, Coroneans, The/pians, T^anagra-
ans, Charoneans, Orchomenians, LebadeanSy and Thebans ; becaufe they
promoted a Reconciliation with the Plataans, and were defirous to have
them recall'd from Banilhment, and contributed Offerings towards- the
Celebration of the Fellival, about the time that Thebes was reftor'd by
Cajfander the Son of Antipater. Nor did the fore-mention'd Cities only,
but other Cities of leffer Note, join in this Solemnity j the Manner of
which was thus :
A Statue being adorn'd in Woman's Apparel upon the Banks oi Afo-
phusy a Woman' in the Habit of a Bride-maid was appointed to accom-
pany it, being foUow'd by a long Train of Boeotians, who had Places
affign'd them by Lots, to the Top of Mount Citharon ; upon which an
Altar of fquare pieces of Timber, cemented together in the manner of
Stones, was ereaed. Upon this large Quantities of combuflible Matter
being laid, each of the Cities, and fuch Men as were poffefsM of plenti-
ful Eftates, ofFer'd a Bull to Jupiter, and an Ox, or Hejfer, to yuno,
with Plenty of Wine and Incenfe : The poorer fort, and fuch as were
not of Ability to purchafe more coftly Oblations, contributed fmall Sheep,
all which, together with the Aoi/aAai, being thrown into one common
Heap were fet on fire, and not extinguilh'd, till the whole Fabrick, of
which the Altar itfelf made a Part, was confum'd to Afties. The firft
Occafion of thcfe Cuftoms was this : On a time it happen'd that yuna
had a Quarrel with Jupiter, whereby the Goddefs was exafperated to
fuch a degree, that (he departed from him, and retir'd into Eubcea :
The God was very much troubled at this Defertion, and endeavour'd by
all the Arts -of Perfuafion to engage her to return j but, finding her ob-
llinate in her Refolution, went to advife with Cith>eron, who rcign'd at
that time over the Platevans, and had the greateft Reputation for Wif-
dom of any Man in that Age : The Expedient he advis'd to was this j
that Jupiter ftiould drefs a btatue in Woman's Apparel, and place it in
a Chariot, giving out that it was Plataa, the Daughter of Ajophus, and
that (he was contrafted to him in Marriage : The God approv'd his
Counfel, and put it in Praftice : And the Report had no fooner reach'd
Juno, but (he pofted with all hafte to meet the Chariot ; where having
dil'cover'd the Cheat, Ihe was wonderfully taken with the Contrivance,
and return'd into Favour with her Hufband.
An entire Treatife was compos'd by Plutarch upon this Feflival, fome
Fragments of which are ftill preferv'd in Eufebius ^, and confirm the
* Dc Prjepaf. Evaogel. lilh iiU
Subilance
^yS Of ibe Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Subftance of the Relation now given out of Pau/anias ; from whom
they differ only in this, that in them Cith<sran is call'd Alalcomenes ;
and Plataa, Dadala.
A A P O N,
A Feftival of which nothing remains befides the Name, which is pre-
ferv'd by Hefychius. If the Conjefture of Meurjius deferves any Credit,
it will not be improbable that it belong'd to one Darron, who, as the
fame Grammarian informs us, was worfliipp'd by the Macedonians, and
thought to reftore Health to fick Perfons.
A A T A I 2,
A Solemnity at Argos, in which was reprefented the Combat of PriX'
tus and Acrijizis.
AA*NH$OPIA,
A Novennial Feftival *, celebrated by the Boeotians^ in Honour of
Apollo. The chief Solemnity was thus : They adorn'd an Olive-bough
with Garlands of Laurel and various forts of Flowers : Upon the top
of it was plac'd a Globe of Brafs, from which hung other leffer Globes :
About the Middle were fix'd to it purple Crowns and a Globe of fmaller
Size than that at the Top : The Bottom was cover'd with a Garment of
a Saffron-colour. The uppermoft Globe was an Emblem of the Sun, by
whom they meant Apollo. That plac'd diametrically under it fignify'd
the Moon ; the leffer Globes reprefented the Stars ; and the Crowns, be-
ing fixty-five in Number, were Types of the Sun's annual Revolution,
which is compleated in about the fame Number of Days. The Bough,
thus adorn'd, was carry'd in Proceflion ; the chief in which was a Boy
of a beautiful Countenance, and good Parentage, whofe Father and Mo-
ther were both living : He was apparell'd in a fumptuous Garment,
reaching down to his Ancles : His Hair hung loofe and difhevell'd ; on
his Head was a Crown of Gold ; and upon his Feet Shoes call'd Iphicra-
tiday from Iphicrates an Athenian, the firft Inventor of them. It was
his Duty to execute at that time the Prieft's Office, and he was honour'd
with the Title of Aajcnjiof*:-, i.e. Laurel-bearer. Before him went
one of his-neareft Relations, bearing a Rod adorn'd with Garlands:
After the Boy follow'd a Choir of Virgins with Branches in their Hands :
And in this Order they proceeded as far as the Temple of Apollo, fir-
nam'd Ifmenius and Galaxius, where they fung fupplicatory Hymns to the
God. Thefe Ceremonies were firft praftis'd upon this Account : The
kalians that inhabited Arm, and the adjacent Territory, being advis'd
by an Oracle to .relinquiili their old Seats, and to feek their Fortunes,
made an Invafion upon the Thehans, who at the fame time were beiieg'd
by the Pelafgiam : It happened to be near the time of Apollo''^ Feftival,
which was religioufly obferv'd by both Nations j wherefore a Ceffati-
? Paufamas JSttdtieU, J'miu'Qhax&omntlMi,
on
Chap. 20, Of the Religion of Greece. 379
on of Arms being granted on both fides, one Party cut down Laurel-
boughs in Helicon, the other near the River Melas ; and, as the Cuftotn
was, carry'd them in their Hands, in Honour of Apollo. On the fame
Day there appear'd in a Dream to Polematas, General of the Bceotian
Forces, a young Man, who prefented him with a compleat Suit of Ar-
mour, and commanded that every ninth Year the Bceotians Ihould make
folemn Prayers to Apollo, with Laurel in their Hands : About three Days
after this Vifion, he made a Sally on the Befiegers with fuch Succefs, that
they were forc'd to quit their Enterprife : Whereupon he caus'd this
Feftival to be inllituted.
AEA*INIA,
A Fellival at jEgina ^ in Honour of Delphinian Apollo.
A H A I A,
A Quinquennial Feftival in the Ifle of Delos '^ inftituted by Thefeus, at
his Return from Crete, in Honour of Venus, whofe Statue, given to him
by Ariadne, he erefted in that Place, having by her Afliftance met with
Succefs in his Expedition. The chief Ceremonies were thefe : They
crown'd the Goddefs's Statue with Garlands, appointed a Choir of Mu-
lick; and Horfe-races ; and perform'd a remarkable Dance, call'd TJg^-
v^ , i. e. the Crane ; wherein they imitated by their Motions the vari-
ous Windings of the Cretan Labyrinth, out of which Tbe/eus, who was
the Inventor of the Dance, made his Efcape.
Another Solemnity was every Year celebrated in this Ifland, in Ho-
liour of Apollo, by the Athenians ; but of this I have already given you
an Account in one of the foregoing Chapters,
ahmhtpia,
A Solemnity in Honour of Ceres, call'd by the Greeks Am/umw? ^, in
which it was cuftomary for the Worfhippers to lafli themfelves with
Whips, made of the Bark of Trees, and call'd yLvcs'^^'-
Another Feftival of this Name was obferved by the Athenians e, in
Jlonour of Demetrius Polipcrates, being the fame with that which was
before call'd Dionyjia, and celebrated upon the thirteenth of Munychion,
whofe Name was chang'd into Demetrion ; as alfo the Day of this So-
lemnity was nam'd Demetrias.
AiAMASTirnsis,
A Solemnity at Sparta *, in Honour of Diana Orthia, fo nam'd ar/ri
n ua-giyh, i. e. from luhipping, becaufe it was ufual to whip Boys
upon the Goddefs's Altar. Thefe Boys were, at firft. Free-born
Spartans ; but, in more delicate Ages, of meaner Birth, being frequent-
Pindari Scbol, Olymp. viii. * Thueydidet lib. iii. Calltmacbus Hymn, in De!um^
Plutarch, Tbtjeo. * Pollux Onom. lib. i. cap. i. Hejychiut. e Plutarch.
Demetrio, Diodor, Si'cul. Vxb, xv'm. Euflathiusll. t. f Plutarch, Lacon. Inftit. Se
jirj/iide, Paufaniat Lactnicit, Tbcmijiiut Orat, C/'ra 7ujcul, Quaeil, ii Hyginut fab.
vcixi.
380 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
\y the OfF-fpring of Slaves : They were call'd Ba/uoPHKeUf from the Ex-
ercife they underwent at the Altar, and which was very fevere and
cruel ; and left the Officer Ihould out of Compaffion remit any thing j
of the Rigour of it, Dianas Prieftefs flood by all the time, holding in |
her Hand the Goddefs's Image, which of itfelf was very light and eafy
to be born^, but if the Boys were fpar'd, became fo ponderous, that the
Prieftefs was fcarce able to fupport its Weight. And left the Boys
ftiould faint under Correftion, or do any thing unworthy of Laconian
Education, their Parents were ufually prefent, to exhort them to bear
whatever was inflifted upon them with Patience and Conftancy. And fo
great was the Bravery and Refolution of the Boys, that though they
were lafti'd till the Blood gufti'd out, and fometimes to Death, yet a
Cry or Groan was feldom or never heard to proceed from any of them.
Thofe of them that dyM by this Means were buried with Garknds up-
on their Heads, in token of Joy or Viftory, and had the Honour of a
publick Funeral.
Whence this Cuftom had its Origin is not agreed by ancient Writers.
By fome it is faid to have been one of Lycurgus\ Inftitutions, and de-
iign'd for no other End, than to accuftom the Youth to endure Pain,
thereby to render them fearlefs and infenfible of Wounds. Others will
have it done as a Mitigation of an Oracle, whereby it was commanded
that human Blood fhould be ftied upon Dianas Altar. By fome it is re- ^
ported to have been as ancient as Orejles, who (they fay) tranfplanted I
out of Scythia into Laconia the Image of Diana Taurica, to whom th^ "'
Scythians us'd to offer human Viftims : This barbarous fort of Worfhip
the Lacedaemonians detefled ; but withal, fearing the Anger of the God-
defs, made an Order, that every Year a Boy ihould be whipped upon hey
Altar till the Blood gullied out ; and fo, if nothing could fatisfy her but
human Blood, fhe might not be altogether deftitute of it. Laftly, Some
affign this Caufe for it ; Paufanias, the Spartan General, as he was of-
fering Sacrifices and Prayers before the Fight with Mardoniusy was fct
upon by a Company of Lydians, who plunder'd and fcatter'd abroad the
Sacrifice ; but were at length repell'd with Whips and Staves, which
were the only Arms the Lacedamonians were at that time furnifhed with :
In, Memory of this Vidory, the Whipping of Boys at the Altar of Spar-
ta, and after that, the Lydian Proceffion, Plutarch tells us, was perform'4
till his Day.
A "l A N T I N I A,
A Feftival at Sparta.
A I A 2 I A,
At Athens^, in Honour oi Jupiter, firnam'd M^Aj^-, i. e. the
Propitious. It was fo call'd ajm t A/o<, ;^ ? affjjj, i. e. from Jupiter
and Misfortune j becaufe by making Supplications to Jupiter, they ob-
tained Proteftion, and Deliverance from Dangers and Evils. It was ce-
lebrated about the latter End of Anthejierion, without the City, where
* Thucydides lib. i. Arijiophanis Scboliafi. ^Nub. Suidas.
was
Chap. 20. 0/ the Religion of Greece. 381
was a great Concourfe of all the Athenians, feafting and offering Sacri-
fices ; at the fame time there is faid to have been a publick Mart, in
which all forts of Vendibles were expos'd to Sale ; whence Strepftades ia
Jrijlophanes ^ faith, he bought his Son Phidippides a little Chariot at this
Feftival :
fffwrsv oCsXcv sXaCcv Hx/rovj
Thiarch ' maketh mention of another Feftival that belonged to Jupittr,
wherein a folemn Proceffion was made by Men on Horfeback.
AIinOAEIA,
An Athenian Feftival k celebrated upon the fourteenth of Scirrophorion ;
fo nam'd, becaufe it was facred rcS A/i ricA/ft, i. e. to Jupiter firnam'd
Polieuj, or Proteftor of the City. Sometimes it was call'd Butoiftu, from
killing an Ox : For it was cuftomary upon this Day to place certain Cakes,
of the fame fort with thofe us'd at Sacrifices, upon a. Table of Brafs ;
round this they drove a feleft Number of Oxen, of which he that eat any
of t'he Cakes was prefently flaughter'd. The Perfon that Jiiird the Ox
was caird ^ivif, or ^K^of-. Porphyry reports, that no lefs than three
Families were employ'd in this Ceremony, and receivM different Names
from their Offices therein : The Family, whofe Duty it was to drive the
Oxen, were call'd Kn'^idftu, from Kiv'^oi', i. e. a Spur : Thofe that
knoclid him do^jun, B7t>7re/, being defcended from Thaulon : Thofe that
llaughter'd and cat him up, C^cu^oi, Butchers or Cooks. The Original
of the Cuftom was thus : On one of Jupiter^ Feftivals it happen'd, that
a hungry Ox eat one of the confecrated Cakes ; whereupon the Prieft
( fome call him Thaulon, others Diotnus, or Sopater) mov'd with a pious
Zeal, kill'd the profane Beaft. In thofe Days it was look'd upon as a
capital Crime to Kill an Ox ; wherefore the guilty Prieft was forced to fe-
cure himfelf by a timely Flight, and the Athenians in his ftead took the
bloody Ax, arraign'd it, and, according to Paujanias, brought it in not
guilty. But jElian is of another Opinion, and reports, that the Prieft
and People prefent at the Solemnity ( for they alfo were accufed, as being
acceffory to the Faft) were acquitted, but the Ax condemn'd, which
feems to be moft probable. In Memory of thefe Aftions, it became eve*
^ after cuftomary for the Prieft to fly, and Judgment to be given about the
Slaughter of the Ox.
AIKTTNNIA,
A Spartan Feftival ^ in Honour of Diana, flrnam'd DiSlynna, from a
City of Crete ; or from a Cretan Nymph, one of her Companions in
Hunting, who was call'd Difiynna, from her Invention of Hunting-nets,
which are in Greek call'd AiATwa.
" Nubibug. ' Phocione, * Paufaniai,j4tiidi, ./S/wai Var. Hift. lib. viii.
cap. y P-rohyriut de Abftinenr. ab Animal. H'Jycbius, Suidas. * Paujaniat La'
A I O-
382 Of the Religion of Gk^cq, Chap. 20.
AIOKAEIA,
In the Spring at Megara, in Memory of the Athenian Hero Diodes ",
who dy'd in the Defence of a certain Youth whom he lov'd. Whence
there was a Contention at his Tomb, wherein a Garland was given to
the Youth who gave the fweeteft Kifs. The Solemnity is thus defcrib'd
by Iheocr'itiis " ;
N/s^aw/ Msj/tffWf, cLftg't'JOVrK ffir/udii ^
OxSioi olxeitnt, toy ArliKiv ( wefi aXXuv
A'lu at TTifi tv{jt,Qoy a'oXXiec tUft 7rfeirc
Kxpoi ijiiS'fjt.xiiiia-i ^iXtifiArac ixfA fifsa^xi. ,
Of cTg xs w/:o(r/*a^i y^MKifcirifx )(iiXia-i X^l>.ti,
A I O M E I A,
In Honour of Jupiter Diomeus ; or of Diomus ", an Athenian Hero,
the Son of Colyttus, from whom the Inhabitants of one of the Athenian
Burroughs were nam'd Aiofieli'
AIONTSIA,
Solemnities in Honour of AtopvffQ; or Bacchus, fometimes called by
the general Name of Opytet, which Word, though fometimes apply'd to
the Myfteries of other Gods, does more peculiarly belong to thofe of
Bacchus. The Feftivals of this God are faid to hare been inftituted in
jEgyptj and afterwards taught the Grecians by one Melampus P ; and by
Plutarch '^ we are inform'd, that the Egyptian IJis was the fame with
Ceres, and Ofiris with Bacchus ; and that the Gracian Dionyjia were the
fame with the Egyptian Pamylia.
They were obferv'd at Athens with greater Splendor, and more cere-
monious Superftition, than in any other Part of Greece ; for the Years
were number'd by them , the chief Archon had a Part in the Manage-
Inent of them *, and the Priefts that officiated therein, were honour'd
with the firft Seats at publick Shews ^ But at firft they " were without
Splendor and Ornaments, being Days fet apart for publick Mirth, and
obferv'd only with thefe Ceremonies : Firft a Veflel of Wine, adorned
with a Vine-branch, was brought forth, after that follow'd a Goat, then
was carry'd a Baflcet of Figs, and, after all, the Phalli.
At fome of them it was ufual for the Worlhippers, in their Gar-
ments and Adtions, to imitate the poetical Fictions concerning Bac
F'tndar. Scbol. Pytbion. Od. xiii. Idyl. xii. verf. 27. " Etymohg.
Eufratb. //. <r. P Herodotus lib. ii. ' D* Ifide & Ofiride. ' Suidas, * Pollux
Jib, viiJ, Arifttpban, itbol. Ran, ^ Plutarcbus Uifi fiXSTAevT.
thus:
Chap. 20. 0/ the Religion of Greece. 383
chus : They put Oh Fawn-fkins, fine Linen, and Mitres ; carry'd Tl;yr/t,
Drums, Pipes, Flutes, and Rattles ; and crown'd themielves with Gar-
lands of Trees facred to Bacchus, fuch were the Ivy, Vine, Fir, ^c.
Some imitated SiUnus, Pan, and the Satyrs, expofing themfelves in co-
mical Dreffes and an tick Motions j fome rode upon Afles, others drove
Goats to the Slaughter. In this manner Perfons of both Sexes ran about
the Hills, Deferts, and other Places, wagging their Heads, dancing la
ridiculous Pollures, filling the Air with hideous Noifes and Yelling, per-
fonating Men diftradled, and cr}ang aloud, i;'o7 aaot Eo'o/ B*;c;w, or J
BatK^, or llCetK^, or lu Bda^-
Such were the Rites us'd in moll of Bacchus's Feftivals throughout
Greece, and particularly at Athens, where this frantick Rout was, upon
one of the Solemnities of this God, follow'd by Perfons carrying certain
(acred VefTels ; the firfl of which was fill'd with Water ; after thefe went
a feleft Number of honourable Virgins, call'd Kavmo^^t, becaufe they
carry'd little Bajkets of Gold lill'd with all forts of Fruit : In thefe con-
iifted the moft myfterious Part of the Solemnity ; and therefore to amufe
the common People, Serpents were put into them, which, fometimes
crawling out of their Places, allonilh'd the Beholders. Next was the
n6&<7M<a, being a Company of Men carrying tsxJ ^ Mk?, which were
Poles, to the Ends of which were fix'd things in the Form of a Man's
Privities : Thefe Perfons were crown'd with Violets and Ivy, and had
their Faces cover'd with other Herbs j they were call'd *a^^o!^6^/, and
the Songs repeated by them, ia>^j}(a a.aua'm. After thefe follow'd the
I.^ipaMo/ in Women's Apparel, with Garments llrip'd with White, and
reaching to their Ancles, Garlands on their Heads, Gloves compos'd of
Flowers on their Hands, and in their Gellures imitating drunken Men.
There were alfo certain Perfons call'd Antvtto^i, whofe Office it was to
carry the tiWvov, or myftical Fan of Bacchus ; a thing fo effential to
this, and other Solemnities and Sacrifices of this God, that few of them
could be duly celebrated without it ; whence he is fometimes call'd A/x-
v'nnt- At this Time alfo publick Shews, Plays, and Sports were frequent-
ed, and the whole City was fill'd with Revelling and Licentioufnefs.
The Feftivals of Bacchus were almoft innumerable ; the Names of
fome of the moft remarkable of them are as follow.
AiotVJ)(t. (L^'xaiU'n^. *, celebrated upon the Twelfth of Anthejierion^
at Limn/e in Attica, where was a Temple of Bacchus. The chief Per-
fons that officiated were fourteen Women, appointed by the B^^AdCV,
who was one of the Archons,'znd provided NecefTaries for the Solemni-
ty : They were call'd Tifjftfjti, i. e. Fenerable, and could not enter up-
on their Office, till they had taken an Oath in Prefence of the ^ntnKicm,
or the Wife of the 'Bstnhdii, that they were free from all manner of
Pollution.
^iov\jci(t viUTic^., are mention'd by ThucyJides^t but perhaps arc not
diftin(ft from fome of the following,
C^tovvma. pu,ye^ct ', or the Greater, fometimes call'd Agj^ei, or to kclV-
a^v, as being celebrated within the City, in the Month ElapheboHon ;
Tbucydid, lib. ii. He^cbius, Demcjiben. Orat. in Niaram, Pillux lib. viii. ' Loc,
citat. Dcmoftbfn. Orat. in Letiin,
It
384 Of the Religion of Greece.' Chap. 20.
It is fometimes by way of Eraiftence call'd A/oct/w*, witliout any diftin-
guiftiing Epithet, becaufe it was the moft celebrated of all Bacchus^ Fe-
ftivals at Athens. And it feems to be the fame with the ^/ovoffJec d^yju-
oTie?^, and the following to be the fame with Aiovvaict vico-n^-
\iovvtnci fjJKP^., or the Lefs, fometimes call'd ra xgT aj^K<, becaufe
it was obferv'd in the Country. It was a fort of Preparation to the former
and Greater Feftival, and was celebrated in Autumn : Some place it in
the Month Tofideon, others in Gamelion ; others will have it to be the
fame with Atovtitna hlwauety fo nam'd from Aiu;of, i.e. a f^'ine-pre/s ;
and agreeably to this Opinion Hefychius telleth us, it was celebrated in the
Month Lenaon.
Aiovva-iA B^cwpdviet ^, obferved at Brauron, a Borough of Attica,
where the Votaries gave themfelves over to all manner of Excefs and
Lewdnefs.
AtaviiaiA ^vK7n\ta, % Myfteries unlawful to be reveal'd, and obferv'd
by the Athenians in Honour of Bacchus NySelius, to whom alfo they
erefted a Temple.
0ioiv'eti to Bacchus, firnam'd io/f-, i. e. the God of Wine.
QjuapAjta., to Bacchus, firnam'd Sluo(tAy& and QfMTiii, becaufe hu-
man Sacrifices were offer'd to him at that Time "^ ; or from Eating raiv
Flelh, which Aftion the Priefts ufed to imitate upon this Solemnity : It
was alfo cuftomary for them to put Serpents in their Hair, and in all
their Behaviour to counterfeit Madnefs and Diftraftion.
Aiovvojo, h^y^J^vJ, was an anniverfary Day in Arcadia, where the Chil-
dren having been inftrufled in the Mufick of Philoxenus and Timotheus,
were brought yearly to the Theatre, where they celebrated the Feaft of
Bacchus with Songs, Dances, and Games ^.
Several other Feftivals were obferv'd in Honour of this God, as the
triennial Solemnity, call'd from the Time of its Celebration Aiavvant
7-e*'"*C"(4 f> which is faid to have been firft inftituted by Bacchus himfelf,
in Memory of his Expedition into India, in which he fpent three Years.
Another alfo is mention'dhy the Scholiaj} of AriJIophanes ^, and faid to
be obferv'd every fifth Year. And befide thefe we find frequent Mention
of Bacchus^s Feftivals in moft of the ancient Authors, fome of which are
defcrib'd in other Places.
AioSKorpiA,
In Honour of A/oV;tf/, or Cajior and Pollux, who were reputed to
be the Sons of Jupiter. It was obferv'd by the Cyrenaans '', but more
efpecially by the Spartans ', whofe Country was honour'd by the Birth
of thefe Heroes. The Solemnity was full of Mirth, being a Time
wherein they fhar'd plentifully of the Gifts of Bacchus, and diverted
ihemfelves with Sports, of which Wreftling-matches always made a
Part.
Ar'tftopanh Schollafi-. Acharti. > Idem in Pace. Paufamas Atticis. ^ Plu-
tarchusThtmifiocle. Po/yi/MJ lib. iv. ^ l^irgil. M.nt\^,\s . S \nPaCi, " Pinduii
Sthol, Pytbion, Od. r ' Paujanias Mejinids, Sidoniui Carm. ix.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Grttcc, 385
A I o 2 B o T 5,
A Meleftan Feftival, wherein an Ox was offer'd to Jupiter *, as thf
J<Iame imports.
APTonEIA,
An Anniverfary Day obferv'd in Memory of Dryops, one of Apollo's
Sons at ^Jine, which was a Maritime Town of Argos^ and inhabited by
the Dryopians^.
A n A E K A T H,
A Feftival fo call'd, becaufe it was celebrated upon the Tvielfth Day
til Anthejlerion^. Sefe A^dtDie/et.
E
E B A O M H,
On the Seventh Day " of every Lunar Month, in Honour of Apollo^ to
whom all Seventh Days were facred ; becaufe one of them was his Birth-
day, whence he was fometimes call'd EC/ofM.'^nf . The Story wo
have in Hejiod'^.
yij fC/o'yUH, /'jpoy ^ifML^^
Ty -^ ATri'K'Kavx ^fua-xofa yiiyxro AnTci'
The Seventh Day is facred.
'Caufe Phoebus then was oi Latona born.
At this Solemnity the Athenians fung Hymns to Apollo, and carry'd
in their Hands Branches of Laurel, with which alfo they adorn'd their
Difties.
Another Feftival there was of this Name, which private Families ob-
ferv'd upon the Se'venth Day after the Birth of a Child j but of this I
fliall give an Account in its own Place.
E I 2 H T H P I A,
The Day in which the Magiftrates at Athens entered upon their Offi-
ces ^ ; upon which it was cuftomary for them to offer a folemn Sacrifice,
praying for the Prefervation and Profperity of the Commonwealth, in
the Temple or Hall oi Jupiter '&\ihai& , and Minerva BsAeuat, i. e, the
Coun/ellors '.
EKAAH2IA,
To Jupiter, fimam'd Hecalus, or Hecalejtus, from. Hecale, one of
* Hefychius. ^ Paufanias Mejfenicit. " Ilefychius. " Suidat, Proclus in
JJefiodi Diet. Plutarch. Sympof. lib. viii. Quasft. I. P Ditbuu < Suidas,
alii^ue Lexicogrnphi. ' yf;^/bs, Orat. pro Choreut,
C c the
386 Of the Religion cf Greece. Chap. 20.
the Borough -Towns of the Lcontian Tribe in Attica ' ; or from an old
Woman callM Hecale, by whom he had a Statue eredled. This Hecale,
(as Plutarch ' reports) when Tbefeui was upon his Expedition againft the
Marathonian Bui], entertain'd him with all poffible Expreffions of Kind-
nefs and Refped, making Prayers and Vows to the Gods for his fafe Re-
turn. Tbefeus came ofF with Viftory and Honour ; but at his Return,
finding old Hecale dead, and being thereby prevented from expreffing hia
Thankfulnefs to her, he ordcr'd that her Memory fhould be held fa-
cred, and honoured at this Solemnity, in which fhe was call'd, by a Di-
minution of her Name, Hecalene ; becaufe fhe had accofted Thefeus
after that Manner, calling him (r)7^t/)oi/, which is a very ufual Mode of
Speech, when aged Perfons defign to exprefs their Love. and Tendernefs
to the younger Sort : So Strtpfiades in Jrijiophdnes " calls his Son Phidi^
fides t by the diminutive Name of */<^yis')6y.
E K A T H 2 I A.
An Anniverfary Solemnity obferv'd in Honour of Hecate t by the
Stratonicen/ians, who were wont to aflemble at this Time in great
Numbers \
The Athenians alfo had a great Veneration for this Goddefs, believing
that fhe was the Overfeer of their Families, and protefted their Chil-
dren ; whence it was cultoraary to ereft Statues to her before the Doors
of their Houfes, which from the Goddefs's Name were call'd T^np.-m'ict y.
Every New Moon there was a publick { AI'ttvov ) Supper provided at th
Charge of the richer Sort, which was no fooner brought to the accu-
ftomed Place, but the poor People carry 'd all off, giving out that He-
cate had devoured it ^ ; whence it was call'd Exefjint JX'tTvov, or Heca-
te''s Supper. This was done in a Place where three Ways met, becaufo
this Goddefs was fuppofed to have a threefold Nature, or three Offices,
in AUufion to which fhe was known by 2An;'i, or the Moon ; and upon
Earth, A^TifM(, or Diana : Whence it is, that we find a great many
Names attributed to her, deriv'd from the Number Three, or bearing
fome Relation to it; as Teiyii>7-, TetyfilwQ-, Te<>A^'tf, Te'oJ'in,
Trivia, Tergemina, Tritonia, with feveral others. The Reafon why He-
cate was plac'd in the publick Ways, rather than other Deities, was 07>
tin r JC^-Sttf^T&'c )C) ^uet(T(jut'mv Snoi, becaufe Jhe preftded over piacular
Pollutions, as we learn from the Scholiaji on Theocritus : And the above-
mention'd Sacrifices or Suppers {h'tirva.) iCTBTf^attjaf >U r^Srt^<T'tm Wi-
yj* fxiHfp!, were expiatory Offerings to move this Goddefs to avert
any Evils, which might impend by reafon of Piacular Crimes committe4
in the High-ways, as we are inform'd by Plutarch.
EKATOMBGIA,
A Feflival ^ celebrated in Honour of Juno, by the Arpansy and
* Stephan. Byzantin. 1'befco. Nubibut. Straho, lib. xiv. " -^ri-
fiophan.t]\ii(\\\& Scholiafl.'inPej't}, Idem in jP/^, Idyli, ii. ' Pindari
^(boliiji. Olymp. vii, viii.
Chap. 20, Of ihe Religion of Greece. 387
JEginenfians, who were a Colony from Argos. It was fo call'd from
\ji(g.TdyiQn, which fignifies a Sacrifice confifting of an hundred Oxen ; it
being ufual upon the firft Day of this Solemnity to offer fo many to Ju-
mo, the Reliques of all which were diftributed amongft the Citizens.
There were alfo at his Time publick Sports, firft inftituted by Archi-
Hus, one of the Kings of Argos : The Prize was a Brazen Shield and a
Crown of Myrtle.
There was alfo an Anniverfary Sacrifice call'd by this Name in La-
tonia, and ofFer'd for the Prefervation of the hundred Cities which flou.-
iiHi'd at one tiihe in that Country *.
EK.ATOM*ONIA,
A folemn Sacrifice to Jupiter, ofFer'd by the Mejfenians, when any of
ihem kili'd an hundred Enemies '.
E K A T 2 I A.
A Feflival obferv'd by the Phajiians, in Honour of Latona, upon this
Account, as it is deliver'd by Antoninus Liberalis ^ : Galatea, the Daugh-
ter of Eurytius, was married to Lamprus, the Son of Pandion, a Citizeii
of Pheejius in Crete ; who being of an honourable Family, but wanting an
Eftate anfwerable to his Birth, and being unable to provide competent
Fortunes for his Daughters, had commanded his Wife, that if (he was
brought to-bed of a Daughter, fhe fhould immediately put her to Death.
This done, he went to look after his Flock, and, before his Return, Ga-
latea was deliver'd of a Daughter, but being overcome by Maternal Af-
fcftion, refoiv'd to difobey her Hufband's Cruel Command ; wherefore
to fecure the Infant fhe call'd it Leucippus, telling her Hufband it was a
Boy : At length, being no longer able to conceal the Artifice, fhe fled
for Succour to Latona^s Temple, where with abundance of Earncflnefs
(he entreated the Goddefs, that, if it was pofCble, her Virgin might be
transform'd into a Boy ; Latona, mov'd with Compaffion, granted her
Requcft, and was thence by the Phtejiians call'd ^vvet, J)a. tb ^vhv />t-
WW r>) itofit, i. e. becaufe the Maid chang'd her Sex ; and ^kJ^jo'ioi, tfi
^ TcdJbt, IfMsiv T "Tri-HKov, i. e. becaufe fhe put off her Woman's Appa-
rel.
EAA*HBOAIA,
In Honour of Diana, firnam'd EAotjwf o^-, i. e. the Huntrefs, for
which Reafon a Cake made in the Form of a Deer, and upon that Ac-
count call'd \Xc/.'i@-, was ofFer'd to her'. This Feftival was inftitu-
ted upon this Occafion : The Phocenlians being reduc'd to the lall
Extremity by the Thejfaliaas, and diftlaining to fubmit to them, Da'i-
phantus propos'd that a vaft Pile of combuftible Matter fliould be
crcfled, upon which they fhould place their Wive?, Children, and their
whole Subflance ; and, in cafe they were defeated, Tet all on fire toge-
ther, that nothing might come into the Hands of their Enemies. But
* Euflatb. Iliad. /2'. Paujanias M.-Jftmdi. * Mttnjnorph, xvii.
* Aibtna'-ti AM^r^t^. lib. zlv.
C C Z it
388 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
it being judg'd by no means reafonable fo to difpofe of the Women
without their Confent, they" fummon'd them to the publick Affembly ;
where being met in a full Body, the Propofal was no fooner ofFer'd to
them, than with unanimous Confent they gave their Approbation of it,
applauding Da'iphantus, and decreeing him a Crown, in Reward of fo ge-
nerous and noble a Contrivance ; the Boys alfo are iaid to have met, and
confented to it. Things being in this Pofture, they went to meet their
Enemies, whom they engag'd with fuch Fury and Refolution, that thofe,
by whom they had jufl: before been reduc'd to extreme Defpair, were en-
tirely defeated by diem ^. In Memory of which Viftory, this Feftival
was inftituted, and obfervM with more Solemnity, and frequented by
greater Numbers of Worlhippers, than any other in that Country. Here
you may take notice of the Proverb ^coKifcv tmmvcta, i. e. Fhocenfian De-
fpair, which is apply'd to Perfons loft beyond all Hopes of Recovery,
and is faid to have taken its Original from this Story.
E A E NT I A,
A Feftival inftituted by the Laconians, in Memory of Helena *, to
whom they gave the Honour of a Temple, and Divine Worftiip. It was
celebrated by Virgins riding upon Mules, or in certain Chariots com-
posed of Heeds or Bull-ruflies, and call'd Ka^ a^^jc/.
EAEYGEPIA,
At Plateeig^f to Jupiter Eleutherius, or the Aflertor of Lilerty, hf
Delegates from almoft all the Cities of Greece. It was inftituted upon
this Account : Mardonius, the Perjlan General, being defeated in the
Territories of PAz/<'<', by the Grecians under the Condai of Pau/anias
the Spartan, the Plataans erefted an Altar, and a Statue of white Mar-
ble to Jupiter Eleutherius, by whofe Affiftance they fuppos'd the Greci-
ans had aflerted the Liberties of Greece, againft the Force of the Bar-
iarians : And a general Affembly being lummon'd from all Parts of
Greece, Arijndes the Athenian proposed, that Deputies might be fent
every fifth Year from the Cities of Greece, to celebrate '^hJbbi.ejBi, i. c.
the Games oi Liberty; which was agreed upon, and great Prizes ap-
pointed to be contended for.
The Platteans alfo kept an Anniverfaiy Solemnity, in Memory of
thofe that had valiantly loft their Lives in Defence of their Country's
Liberty, of which the Manner was thus : On the fixteenth of the
Month MamaSerion, which with the Bceotians is Alalcomenius, a Pro-
ceflion was made, beginning about Break of Day ; it was led by a
Trumpeter founding a Point of War ; then foUow'd certain Chariots
loadcn with Myrrh, Garlands, and a black Bull ; after thefe came
young Men Free-born, it not being permitted any People of fervile
Condition tohffift at any Part of this Solemnity, becaufe the Men, in
whofe Memory it was inftituted, dy'd in Defence of the Liberty of
* Pbtarchus At Virtutc Mulierum. * Heffcbiia, ^ Paujanias Boeoticis,
Wlittarcb. Arijiidt,
Greece i
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. '389
Greece ; thefe carried Libations of Wine and Milk, in large two-ear*d
Veflels and Jars of Oil and precious Ointments : Laft of all came the
chief Magiftrate, for whom though it was unlawful at other Times to
- touch any Thing of Iron, or wear Garments of any Colour but white,
yet he was then clad in a Purple Robe, and taking a Water-pot out of
the City-Chamber, proceeded with a Sword in his Hand through the
Middle of the Town to the Sepulchres : Then he drew Water out of a
neighbouring Spring, and wafli'd, and anointed the Monuments ; then
facrificcd the Bull upon a Pile of Wood, making Supplication to Ivfernat
Mercury, and Jufit'er, and invited the Souls of thole valiant Heroes that
!oft their Lives in Defence of their Country, to the Entertainment ;
then filling a Bowl with Wine, faid, / drink to thofe that loji their
Lives for the Liberty of Greece. Thefe Solemnities, Plutarch telleth
us, were obferv'd till his Days.
Another Feftival of this Name was obferv'd by the Samians, in Ho-
nour of the God of Love '.
It was alfo cuftomary for Slaves to keep a Holy-day call'd by this
Name, when they obtain'd Liberty. To which Cuftom there is an Al-
lulion in Plautus \ who introduces a Slave nam'd Toxilus, rejoicing that
his Mafter was gone from Home, and promifmg himfelf as much Plea-
sure as if he had obtain'd his Freedom ; whence he makes him to fay.
Bajilice agito Eleutheria-
EAETSI'NIA.
This Solemnity was obfcrved by the Celeans and Phlia/ians every
fourth Year ; by the Pheneatee alfo, the Lacedaemonians, Parrhafians
and Cretans j but more efpecially by the Athenians every fifth Year,
at Eleufis a Borough-Town in Attica, from whence it was tranflated
to Rome by Adrian the Emperor, and never totally abolifh'd till the
Keign of the Elder Theodojius. It was the moft celebrated and my-
fterious Solemnity of any in Greece, whence it is often call'd, by way
f Eminence, Mu^n^i^, i. e. the Myjieries, without any other Note of
Diliinftion ; and fo fuperftitioufly careful were they to conceal the
facred Rites, that if any Perfon divulg'd any Part of them, he was
thought to have call'd down fome divine Judgment upon his Head,
and it was accounted unfafe to abide in the fame Houfe with him ;
wherefore he was apprehended as a publick OiFender, and fufFered
Death. Every Thing contain'd a Myitery ; Ceres herfelf (to whom
with her Daughter Pmferpina this Solemnity was facred) was not
call'd by her own Name, but by the unufual Title of Ay .>, which
feems to be deriv'd from a.^^ft , i.e. Grief or Heavinefs, becaufe of
her Sorrow for the Lois of her Daughter, when (he was llolen by Pluto.
This Secrecy was ftriftly enjoin'd, not only in Attica, but in all other
Places of Greece where this Feftival was obferv'd, except Crete ; in-
fomuch that'if any Perfon, that was not lawTully initiated, did but
through Ignorance or MiUake chance to be prcfent at the myllerious
' Afkenaui ^tfrvivci. lib, iij. * Perf. A&. i. Seen. i.
Cc 3 , Rite?,
390 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Kites, he was put to Death. It is faid by fome to have been firft infti-
tuted by Ceres herfelf, when fhe had fupply'd the Athenians with Corn
in a Time of Famine. Others attribute both thofe Fafts to King
Mredheus: Some will have it to have been inftituted by Mufaus, the
Father of Eumoipus ; others by Eumolpus himfelf.
Perfons of both Sexes and all Ages were initiated at this Solemnity.
Nor was it a thing indifftirent whether they would be fo or not, for
the Negled of it was looked upon as a Crime of a very heinous Na-
ture ; infomuch that it was one Part of the Accufation, for which So~
crates was condemn'd to Death. All Perfons initiated were thought
to live in a State of greater Happinefs and Security than other Men,
being under the more immediate Care and Proteftion of the Goddefies :
Nor did the Benefit of it extend only to this Life, but after Death too
they enjoy'd (as was believ'd) far greater Degrees of Felicity than
others, and were honoured with the firft Places in the Elyfian Shades j
whereas others were forc'd to wallow in perpetual Dirt, Stink, and
Naftinefs.
But fmce the Benefits of Initiation were fo vaftly great, no Wonder
if they were very cautious what Perfons they admitted to it : There-
fore fuch as were convifted of Witchcraft, or any other heinous
Crime, or had committed Murder, though againft their Wills, were de-
barred from thefe Myfteries ; and though in latter Ages all Perfons, Bar-
barians excepted, were admitted to them, yet in the primitive Times
the Athenians excluded all Strangers, that is, all that were not Mem-
bel-s of their own Commonwealth. Hence when Hercules^ Cafior and
Tallux defirM to be initiated, they were firft made Citizens or Athens^
as we learn from Plutarch '. Nor were they admitted to the Myrv-f.-* ua-
yiha, or Greater Myfteries, but only to the (MXfd, or Lefs, which are
facred to Proferpina, and firft inftituted on this Account : On a Time
when the Athenians were celebrating the accuftom'd Solemnity, Hercules^
happening to go that Way, defir'd he might be initiated ; but it being
unlawful for any Stranger to enjoy that Privilege, and yet Hercules being
a Perfon, who, by reafon of his great Power, and the extraordinary Ser-
vices he had done for them, could not be deny'd j Eumolpus thought of
an Expedient, whereby to fatisfy the Hero's Requeft, without violating
the Laws j which he did, by inftituting another Solemnity, which was
call'd Uiiud i^ii s-neitf, or the LeJjTer Myfteries ; which were afterwards
folemnly obferv'd in the Month Antbefterion, at Agr^e, a Place near the
River Ilijfus ; whereas the Greater were celebrated in the Month Boedro'
mion at Eleufis, an Attick Borough, from which Ceres was call'd Eleufinia,
In latter Times the Lejfer Feftival was us'd as a Preparative to the Great-
er ; for no Perfons were initiated in the Greater, unlefs they had been
purified at the Lejfer ; the Manner of which Purification was thus : Ha-
ying kept therafelves chafte and unpolluted nine Days, they came and of-
fer'd Sacrifices and Prayers, wearing Crowns and Garlands of Flowers,
which were call'd lyvm^rf, or \'m^ j they had alfo under their Feet Aiof
)l/^J)ev, i. e. Jupiter % Skin, which was the Skin of a Viftim offer'd to that
' r ' t " 1 . 1 I I ipn ^ i>ii ^ I i n wi^ >
- "'^- God.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 391
God. The Perfon that aflifted them herein, was call'd Tj^^.vi<, from
TJiuf, i. e. Wattry which was ufed at moft Purifications : Themfelves
lyere nam'd Mt/co/, i. e. Perfons initiated.
About a Year after, having facrificed a Sow to Ceres, they were
jldmitted to the greater Myileries, the fecret Rites of which (fome
few excepted, to which none but Priefts were confcious) were frank-
ly reveal'd to them; whence they were call'd <e<ps^/, and i^r.-riau, i. e.
JnfpeSort. The Manner of Initiation was thus : The Candidates, be-
ing crown'd with Myrtle, had Admittance hy Night into a Place call'd
JMurixof o^iKOfy i. e. the Myjiical Temple, which was an Edifice fo vaft
and capacious, that the molt ample Pheatre did fcarce exceed it. At
their Entrance, they purify 'd themfelves by wafhing their Hands in Ho-
ly-water, and at the fame Time were admoni(hed, to prefent them-
ielves with Minds pure and undefiled, without which the external
Cleannefs of the Body would by no Means be accepted. After this
the Holy Myfteries were read to them out of a Book, call'd iiiifcofjut,
which Word is deriv'd from nrir^o, i. e. a Stone, becaufe the Book was
nothing elfe but two Stones fitly cemented together. Then the Prieft
that initiated them, call'd lif;9a,/Ti:f, propos'd certain Queftions, as,
Whether they were failing, i^e. to which they retum'd Anfwers in
a fet Form, as may be feen in Meurfimi Treatife on this Fellival, to
which I refer the Reader. This done, ftrange and amazing Objefts
prefented themfelves j fometimes the Place they were in fcem'd to
|hake round them, fometimes appear'd -bright and refplendent with
Light and radiant Fire, and then again cover'd with black Darknefs
and Horror ; fometimes Thunder and Lightning, fometimes fright-
ful Noifes and Bellowings, fometimes terrible Apparitions aftonilhed
the trembling Speftators : The being prefent at thefe Sights was call'd
A'j'7o4<rt, i.e. Intuition. After this, they were difmifs'd in thefe Words,
Ko>^, OjUTtf^. The Garments in which they were initiated were ac-
counted facrcd, and of no lefs Efficacy to avert Evils than Charms
and Incantations : And .therefore were never call off, till they were
torn and tatter'd ; cor was it then ufual to throw them away, but they
made Swadling-clothes of them for their Children, or confecrated them
to Ceres and Proferfina.
The fame Perfon that attended at the Initiation was call'd heft^iv
Wf, i. e. a Repealer of Holy Things : He was a Citizen of Athens^
and held his Office during Life (tho' amongft the Ce'eans and Phli'
nfians it was neceffary for him to refign his Place every fourth Year,
which was the Time of this Feftival) he was farther obliged to devote
hijnfelf wholly to Divine Service, and to live a chufte and Angle Life X
to which End, it was ufual for him to anoint himfelf with the Juice of
Hemlock, which by its extreme Coldncfs is faid to extingailh, in a
great Meafure, the natural Heat. The Hierophantes had three AlTif-
tants, the firft of which was call'd from his Office i--. iJiv "^ ^- ^- "^orch-
^earer, and to him it was permitted to marry. The (econd was called
Kfi/f , of whofe Office I have already given an Account. The tiiird
minillred at the Altar, and was for that Reafon nam'd o i-ri Bufjeo. Hi-
tropbantes is faid to have been a Type of the great Creator of all
Things J Aqt/'J^^* of the Sun ; Kwf w^, kA Mercury ; and O \Tt\ jif ^ui/tp,
of the Moon.
C c 4 There
39^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
There were alfo certain publick Officers, whofe Bufinefs it was to
take care that all Things were perform'd according to Cuftom. Firft,
Bi7/A,r !. f, i. e. the Ki)2g, who was one of the Archons, and was oblig'd
at this Solemnity to offer Prayers and Sacrifices, to fee that no Inde-
cency or Irregularity was committed, and the Day following the Myf-
teries, to affenible the Senate to take Cognizance of all Offenders ia
that Kind, Befide the King, there were four E-rrf/sAHTci, i. e. Curators,
elefted by the People ; one of them was appointed out of the facred.
Family of the EumolAdiSy another out of Ceryces, and the remaining two
out of the other Citizens. There were alio ten Perfons that affiiled at
this, and fome other Solemnities, who were called Izp^jnutt becaufe it
was their Bufinefs to offer Sacrifices.
This Feftival was celebrated in the Month Boedromion, and continu'd
nine Days, beginning upon the fifteenth, and ending upon the twenty-
third Day of that Month j during which Time, it was unlawful to ar-
reft any Man, or prefent any Petition ; and fuch as were found guilty of
thefe Praftices were fin'd a thoufand Drachms, or (as others report)
put to Death. It was alfo unlawful for thofe that were initiated to fit
upon the Covering of a Well, or to eat Beans, Mullets, or Weazles.
If any Woman rode in a Chariot to Eleufis, fhe was by an Edil of
Jjycurgus oblig'd to pay fix thoufand Drachms, The Defign of which
Order was to prevent the richer Women from diftinguilhing themfelves
from thofe which were poor.
1. The firft Day was call'd kyj^[i.li, i. e. zxi Affemhly ; becaufe, it
jnay be, then the Worftiippers firft met together.
2. The fecond was nam'd AA<i 3 Mtifew, i.e. to the Sea, you that
are initiated ; becaufe (I fuppofe) they were commanded to purify them-
felves by wafhing in the Sea.
3. Upon the third they offer'd Sacrifices, which confifted chiefly of
an Oxonian Mullet, in Greek Te.yKyi, and Barley out of Rharium, a
Field of Eleufis, in which that fort of Corn was firft fown. Thefe
Oblations were call'd 0otf, and accounted fo facred, that the Priefts
themfelves were not (as was ufual in other Offerings) allow'd to par-
take of them.
4. Upon the fourth they made a folemn Proceffion, whejrein the K^Aa-
3toy, or holy Bajket of Ceres^ was carr)''d in a confecrated Cart ; Crowds
of People Ihouting, as they went along, Xcufft Ah/uhtsc, i. e. Hail to
Ceres. After thefe follow'd certain Women call'd KiroipsVs/, who (as
the Name implies) carry'' d cevtzm Bajket s: In thefe were contain'd Sefa-
jnin, carded Wool, fome Grains of Salt, a Serpent, Pomegranates,
Keeds, Ivy-boughs, a Sort of Cakes call'd tphoii. Poppies, lc.
5. The fifth was call'd H tuv Kitui^xhw fiyAPa, i. e. the Torch-day j
becaufe the Night following it, the Men and Women ran about with
Torches in their Hands. It was alfo cuftomary to dedicate Torches to
Ceres, and to contend v.'ho fhould prefent the biggeft ; which was done
in Memory of Ceres'' s Journey, wherein flie fought Proferpina, being
conduced by the Light of a Torch, kindled in the Flames of jEtna.
6. The fixth was call'd I*Kp^- from laccbus, the Son oi Jupiter
and Cera, who accompanied the Goddefs in her Search after Proferpi'
pa, with a Torch in his Rand; whence it is, that his Statue held a
Torch. This Statue w&s carry'd fronj the Cgratnicus to Eleufis in a for
lemn
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 393
lemn Proceffion, call'd, after the Hero's Name, Iakx^- The Statue
and the Perfons that accompanied it had their Heads crovvn'd with
Myrtle: Thefe were nam'd luK^yuyoi, and all the Way dan cM and
fung, and beat brazen Kettles. The Way by which they iffu'd out
of tiie City, was call'd Uf^a. cJSf, i. e. the Sacred Way : The Relling-
place ii J. TUKYi, from a Fig-tree, which grew there, and was (like ail
other Things concern'd in this Solemnity) accounted Sacred. It was
alfo cuitomary to reft upon a Bridge built over the River Cephljfus,
where they made themfelves' merry by jefting on thofe that pafs'd by ;
whence ;-(f(. i^ii' being deriv'd from ^t^t/pa, i. e. z. Bridge, '\%\>y Sui-
Jas expounded /Ki-et^^uVi '\. c. mocking or jeering i and ytp-fisau are
by Hefychius interpreted txtaTr^au, i. e. Scoffers. Havingpafs'd this Bridge,
they went to Eleujis, the Way into which was call'd Mu^i/A 8j(7Bd -, i. e.
the Myftical Entrance.
7. Upon the feventh Day were Sports, in which the Vidors were
rewarded with a Meafure of Barley, that Grain being firft fown in
Eleujis.
8. The eighth was call'd E-r/c/^typffijy ^y.i^, becaufe it once happen'd
that uEfculapius, coming from Epidaurus to Athens, and defiring to be
initiated, had the Zf^r Myfteries repeated : Whence it became cuftomary
to celebrate .them a fecond Time upon this Day, and admit to Initiation
fuch Perfons as had not before enjoy'd that Privilege.
g. The ninth and laft Day of the Feftival was call'd XlKv^iayiaA, i. e.
Earthen Veffels : Becaufe it was ufual to fill two fuch Veffels with Wine,
one of which being plac'd towards the Eaft, ^d the other towards the
Weft, after the Repetition of certain myftical Words, they were both
thrown down, and the Wine, being fpilt upon the Ground, was offer'd
as a Libation.
EAENO*OPIA,
An Athenian Feftival , fo call'd from ^Kiviu, i. e. Veffels made of
Bull-rufhes, with Ears of Willow, in which certain myfterious Things
were carry'd upon this Day.
E A A n T I A,
Two Feftivals ^, one of which was celebrated in Crete, in Honour
of Eurofa, call'd Ey^uria, which was either a. Pharnician Name, or de-
riv'd irr T 6A4&^ axjrii ' vtto txi/^v, i. e. from Kuropa's Ravijhment
by 'Jupiter in the Form of a Bull. At this Time Europa'i Bones were
carry'd in Proceffion, with a Myrtle Garland call'd EAAwTif, or EMTf,
which was no lefs than twenty Cubits in Circumference.
The other Feftival was celebrated by the Corinthians with folcmn
Games and Races, wherein young Men contended, running with light-
ed Torches in their Hands. It was inftituted in Honour of Mineriut,
firnamed Em^t/s isn li 'i^ M^fct^duyt 'ihe<, i. c. from a certain Pond in
Marathon, where one of her Statues was creded : Or, ^ t i\f^v tcv
" Pbllux Onom. lib. x, cap. Ijii. tiejyctiut. f tiejycbius, Etym.hg.ci Auiior^
^btnaui ^^uviwif. Lib. xv. Pixdan ScUUaJltt Olympian, Od. xiii.
394 Q^ ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
iTTOf rov Uttytavv, i. c. becaufe by her Aflillance Bellerophon caught Pe-
fafusj the wing'd Horfe, and brought him under Command, which fomc
take to be the firft Reafon of the Celebration of this Feftival. Others
are of Opinion, that this Name was given to the Goddefs from one
Helloiis, a Corinthian Woman j the Story runs thus : The Dorians, be-
ing affifted by the Pofterity of Hercules, made an Invafion upon Pelo-
fonnefus, where they topic and burned Corinth ; moft of the Women
took care to fecure themfelves by an early Flight, only fome kvf, amongft
whom were Hellotis and Eurytione, betook themfelves to Minerva'i
Temple, hoping that the Sanftity of the Place would be a fujficient
Proteftion for them. No fooner had this reach'd the Dorians Ears,
but they fet Fire to the Temple, and all the reft making a Shift to
efcape, Hellotis and Eurytione pcrifli*d in the Flames. Upon this enfu'd
a dreadful Plague, which prov'd very fatal to the Dorians ; and the Re-
medy prefcrib'd by the Goddefs, was to appeafc the Ghofts of the two
deceas'd Sifters ; whereupon they inftituted this Feftival in Memory of
them, and erefted a Temple to Minerva^ firnam'd, from one of themj
Jlellotis.
E A n P I A,
Games in Siciljt near the River Helorut '.
EMHAOKIA,
At Jtbm %
^ N H A I A S I 2,
Or rather (according to Meurfius''^ Conjefture) "Epvuxia^K, was 3
Feftival in Honour of Eny alius , whom fome will have to be the fam^
with Mars ; others, only one of his Minilters.
E E I T H P I A,
Oblations or Prayers to any of the Gods i/Vef rnt sf o/, for profpe-
Tous Egrefs. Thefe were offer'd by Generals before they nuent out to the
Wars, by Men who were going from Home, and fuch as we were about ta
, make their Exit out of the World by Death ^
E H A X H 2,
To Ceres namM ^"/^ha ", from a;c6-, i. e. Grief in Memory of
Iter Sorrow, when ihe had loft her Daughter Praferpina,
E n I A H M I A,
Private Feftivals, and Times of rejoicing when a Friend or Relation
had returned from a Journey ".
EniAHMIA AnOAAnNOS
A Delphian Feftival, in Memory of a Journey of Jpollo y.
5 Hefychius. ' Idem. Jdem. Suidas, Etymologici Audor.
Plutarch, de IJide & Ofiride. > ffimtritu in Preempt. Flavian. Procopiui in
If iflok ad ZacJbariaat.
E n I-
Chap. 2Q. ' Of the Religion of Greece. 30^
EniQPIKAAIA, 1
In Honour of Apollo ^.
E n I K A E I A I A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of Ceret a.
EniKPHNIA,
Another of Ceres' s Feftivals obferv'd by the Laconians K
EniNlKiA, EniNIXloS EOPTH,
A Day of Rejoicing after Viilory. Ziciv'im* ^nr, fignifics to facrifci
for a ViHory obtain'd.
Eni2KA*lA,
A Rhodian Fellival .
E n I 2 K H N A,
A Spartan Feftival *.
EniSKIPA, EniSKlPflSIS,
At Bcira in Attica^ in Honour of Ceres and Proferpina %
EPnxiAlA,
By the Tbefpians, in Honour of Efwf, i. e. C//W the God of Love *".
E P n T I A,
This Feftival feems to be the fame with the former, for if was ob-
ferv'd by the Thefpians in Honour of Cupid s ; being celebrated every
fifth Year with Sports and Games, wherein Muficians and others con-
tended. If any Quarrels had happen'd amongft the People, it wai
ufual at this Time to offer Sacrifices and Prayers to the God, that he
would put an End to them.
E P r A T I A,
A Laconian Feftival in Honour of Hercules ^ ; being (I fuppofe) in-
ftituted in Memory of the Labours, for Labour is by the Greeks call'd Efyi^,
E P K H N I A,
I would rather call it Epxj^vvia, for this Feftival belong'd to Ce-
* Hefycbiut. Idem. ' Idem. Idem. ' Idem, c StraioGeogr.
Jib. ix, Sttpban-js v. 2x)fOf. f Eujiatbiut fob finem Iliad, a. Plutarchus Eret.
^ " res.
^gS Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
tts ', whom we find firnara'd Hercynna in Lycopbron ^ ; which Title was
given her from Hercynna, the Daughter of trophonius, and Playfellow
of Proferpina '.
E P M A I A,
A Feftival obferv'd in Honour of Epj!/<, i. e. Mercury, by the Phenc
iita in Arcadia m, and the Cyllenians in Elis ".
Another we find obferv'd by the Tanagraans in Baotia ", where
Mercury was call'd Kp/o^of-, i. e. the Ram-bearer, and reprefented with
a Ram upon his Shoulder, becaufe he is faid in a Time of Plague to
have walk'd . about the City in that Poflure, and cur'd the Sick ; in
Memory of which Alion, it was cuftomary for one of the moft beautiful
Youths in the City to walk round the City Walls with a Lamb or Bam
upon his Shoulders.
A Feftival of the fame Name was alfo obfervM in Crete, where it
was ufual for the Servants to fit down to the Table, while their Ma-
ilers flood by and waited p ; which Cuftom was alfo pradis'd at th&
Roman Saturnalia.
Another of Mercury''s Feftivals was obferv'd by Boys in the School*
of Exercife at Jthens '^ ; at which no adult Perfons were allow'd to
be prefent, befide the Gymnajiarch : who, if convided of having admit-
ted any, underwent the fame Punilhment with thofe that corrupted
free-born Youth : The Occafion of this Law feems to have been the
foul and not to be nam'd Luft and Wantonnefs, which were praSis'd i
former Times at this Solemnity.
' E 2 T I A I A,
Solemn Sacrifices to Vejia % call'd in Greek E-; id., of which it u^s
unlawful to carry away, or communicate any Part to any befide the
Worlhippers ; whence Eri^t ^etv, i. e. to facrifice to VeJia, is proverbi-
ally apply'd to fuch as do any thing in private without Speftators ' ;
or rather to covetous Mifers, that will not part with any thing they
are once poflTefs'd of ^
ETMENIAEIA, or 2EMNftNEOPTH,
To the Furies , who were by the Athenians call'd ^lyLVaH ^ai,
1. e. Venerable Goddejfes ; by the Sicyonians and others, Ei/f^csct f\i, i. e.
Favourable or Propitious; out of an Opinion that their true Names
were unlucky Omens. This Feftival was obferv'd once every Year
with Sacrifices, wherein pregnant Ewes, Cakes made by the moft emi-
, nent of the young Men, and a Libation of Honey and Wine were of-
fer'd to the Goddefi!es, the Worlhippers being deck'd with Flowers. At
Athens none had Admifllon to thefe Solemnities but Free-bom Deni-
zens J and of them, thofe only that were of known Virtue and Inte-
grity, for fuch alone could be acceptable to thefe Deities, whofe peculiar
Office it was to revenge and punifti all Sorts of Wickednefs.
Idem. "^ CaJJandra, v. 153. ' Paufartias Baeoticis. '' lism Arcadicis.
" Idem ElL-icis. Idem Boeoticit, f Athenaui ,i;vTv=j-tp. xiv. ^ yE/
chives in Timor ckum. " Hejycbiui, * Diogenianui, * larrbaus. Pbila,
Faujjaijs Exoticis.
E T P r-
Chap. 20. . Of the Religion of Greece. 597
ETPTeiQNiON,
To Cires .
ETPTKAEIA,
A Spartan Feftival, mention'd in an old Infcriptlon.
ETPTNOMEIA,
An Amiiverfary Solemnity obferv'd by the Phigaleans in Arcadia ",
who offer'd Sacrifices both in Publick and Private, to Eurynome, who
had in this Place a Temple, which was never open'd but upon this Day.
This Eurynome was (as fome are of Opinion) the fame with Diana ;
or (according to others) one of Oceanus'^ Daughters, mention'd ia
Horner^ where fhe is laid to have aiMed in entertaining Vulcan.
E * I n n o 2,
Horfe-races in Laconia ''.
H
HAAKATAIA^
A Laconian Feftival in Honour oi" Hehcatui "f^ who was a "Roy be*
lov'd by HercuUs.
H P A I A,
A Feilival at Argos, in Honour of Juno, who was the Protoflrefi
of that City, and call'd in Greek Hfn. The fame was kept by the Co-
lonies from Argos, which inhabited the Iflands ^gina and Samos.
There were two Proceffions to the Goddefs's Temple without the City :
One by the Men in Armour : Another, in which Juno'& Prieftefs,
who was always a patron of the firft Quality, was drawn in a Chariot
by white Oxen : From her Priefthood the Argians accounted their
Years, as the Athenians did by the Government of their Archons. Be-
ing arriv'd at the Temple, they ofFer'd an Hecatomb of Oxen, whence
this Feftival is named Trj:f.v>f^.Coia. ; that Sacrifice is alfo fometimes
called Ae;^fj'*' which Name may, perhaps, be derived from ^i^'*
i. e. a Bed, becaufe it was Juno's Care to prefide over Marriages, Births,
tfr. There 'were alfo certain Games, wherein the ViAory coniiited in
pulling down a Shield, that was ftronglv fix'd upon the Theatre : The
Reward was a Crown of Myrtle, and a brazen Shield ; whence the
Game wai fometimes call'd Xa^*^ dyoit i. e. the Brazen Contention.
See KifflTBvC /'.
Another Feftival of this Name we find celebrated every fifth Year ia
///, where fix teen Matrons were appointed to weave a Garment for
the Goddels. There were Games alio, which are faid to have been
rft inltituted by tiippodamia in Honour of Juno, by whofe Afllftance
I - ' "- ' ^ ^
' Utj^ibiui. Paujaniat jircadicit. * Htijdiks, & Piavm'.ui, ' Hefychiut.
^9^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20, 1
flie was marry 'd to Pelops. The Prefidents were fixteen Matrons, every
one of which was attended by a Maid : The Contenders were Virgins,
who being diftinguifh'd into feveral Claffes, according to their Ages, j
ran Races in their Order, beginning from the youngeft. The Habit of
all was the fame ; their Hair was diflievell'd, their Right Shoulders
bare to their Breafts, and their Coats reached no lower than their
Knees. They had a fecond Race in the Olympic Stadium, which was
at that Time fhorten'd about a fixth Part. Such as obtain'd a V idory
were rewarded with Crowns of Olive, a Share of the Ox that was of-
fer'd in Sacrifice, and were permitted to dedicate their own Piftures to the
Goddefs. _ 1
This Name was alfo given to a folemn Day of Mourning at Corinth ^^
for Medea i Children, who were buried in the Temple of Juno Acreea
in that Place, and, as fome fay, flain by the Corinthians, who, to re-
move the Scandal of fo barbarous a Murder from themfelves, are faid
to have given Euripides a large Sum to invent the Fable, wherein it
is attributed to Medea, which before that Time no Man ever dreamed
of^
Another Feftival of this Name was celebrated by the Pellen^ans with
tGames, wherein the Vidlor was rewarded with a rich Garment, call'd
from the Place's Name T\<ihhui^v> -/KAiva..
HPAKAEIA,
An Athenian Feftival, celebrated every fifth Year in Honoar of
Hercules V
The Thifiians alfo, and Thebans in Bexotia, obferv'd a folemn Fefti-
val in Honour oi Hercules, firnam'd \AnKuv, becaufe to y-ii^a, i. e. Apples,
were offer'd to him : The Original of which Cuftom was thus : It
being ufual in former Times to offer a Sheep at this Solemnity, it hap-
pen'd once that the River A/opus had fo far overflow'd its Banks, that
it could not be forded, whereby the Coming of the Viflim was hin-
dered : The Word f/JjAoi' is ambiguous in Greek, fignifying fometimes a
Sheep, fometimes an Apple ; which fome of the Boys being aware of,
for want of other Employment, performed the holy Rites in Sport,
offering inftead of the Ram an Apple, which they fupported with four
Sticks, in Imitation of Feet, placmg two more upon the Top of it, to
branch out like Horns : Hercules was mightily taken with the Jeft, and
the Cuftom was continu'd from that Time to my Author's Age, who
flouriftx'd under Commodus the Roman Emperor.
And Sicyon Hercules was honour'd with a Feftival, which lafted two
Days, the former of which was call'd Ojouei-mt, the latter H^c^Awtf.
At Lindus there was a Solemnity in Honour of Hercules, at which no-
tliing was heard but Execrations, and ill-boding Words j infomuch that
if any Perfon happen'd to let fall a lucky Speech, he was thought to
have profan'd the holy Rites j the Original of which Cuftom is account-
ed for by LaSiantius.
There was another Feftival of Hercules at Coos, wherein the Prieft
officiated with a Mitre on his Head, and in Woman's Apparel.
' Lycopbron, Scboliajl, Pollux, lib. TJii, cap. ix, ^ Idem, lib- i. cap. i.
H P O-
Chap. 20. Cf the Religion of Greece. ^95r
HPOSAKGCIA,
A PeltponnefisH Feftival, wherein the Women met together, and
gathered Flowers ', as the Name reports, being deriv'd from gttf* i. i
the Springs and iv^Qrt i- e. a F/owtr.
H P O X I A,
A Feftival mention'd. by Hejychius.
H P n I 2,<
A Feftival celebrated every ninth Year by th DtlphUm, in Ho*-
nour of fome Htroim, as may be learn'd from the Name. We are
told by Plutarch **, that there were in it a great many myfterioui
Rites, wherein was a Rcprcfentation of fomething like Se^u/t's ReAv-
redion.
HAI2TE1A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of Hair-, i. e. FuUan. At thw
Time there was a Race with Torches, called kytiv Atf/u^ra/i;^-, in the
Academy ; the Manner of which was thus : The Antagoniiis were
three young Men, one of which, being appointed by Lots to take his
Turn firft, took a lighted Torch in his Hand, and began his Courfe $
he deliver'd it to the i'econd, and he in like Manner to the third : The
Viftory was his, that carry* d the 1*rch lighted to the Race's End, who
was caird f\.afi.mJ\i<p6^Q-, or Tv^ayt^o^^ : But if none could perform
that, the ViAory was not adjudg'd to any of them. If any of the Con-
tenders, for fear of extinguilhing the Torch by too violent a Motion,
flacken'd his Courfe, the Spectators us'd to ftrike him with the Palms
of their Hands ; for which Reafon thofe Blows were call'd Uxnyid
m\<Ltii<jj, broad Stripes ; as alfo \^iefiJ.ei)(g.t, becaufe they were inflifted
in the Ceramicus % of which the Academy was a Part. To the fuc-
ceflive Delivering of the Torches from one to another, there are fre-
quent AUufions in Authors, who ufually compare it to the Turns and
ViciiTitudes of human Aftairs, and the various Changes and SuccefEonc
that happen in the World ; of which I will only meution one Inftance
' out of Lucretius 6.
luque brevi fpatio mutantur fecla animantum,
Et quafi Curfores <vitai Lampada tradant.
So Things by Turns increafe, by Turns deciy.
Like Racers, bear the Lamp of Life, and live :
And, their Race done, their Lamps to others give.
Mr. Creech.
Hrjycb. * siytej). Gr*c. * PM^anim, Ptrjii ?ct"l Sddiaftet, Hejjfcbius.
* Arijiipbgn. ejuf(iiie Stbtimft. in Rsnii. t Lib. ii. e 8 A
400 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
e A A T 2 I A,
A Sacrifice offer'd to the Hulbandmen after Harveft vVlp rwf lt/X?*f
Tr ^(''Jtuv, i. e. in Gratitude to the Gods, by whofe Bleffing they en-
joy'd the Fruits of the Ground. The whole Feftival was call'd kKtoa^
of which in another Place, as alfo T,u[i(j>iJ.i^fioia., ami ry< Qvpruifj.ij'nf ru>v
j(,f"T*^i', i. e. from the Gathering cf Fruits. Some will have it to' be
obferv'd in Honour of Ceres and Bacchus \ they being the two Deities,
who had a peculiar Care of the Fruits of the Earth. But Eufiathius
telleth us, that there was alfo a folemn Procefiion at this Time in
Honour of Neptune ; and addeth farther, that all the Gods had a Share
in the Offerings at this Feftival ; as appears alfo from Homer s own
Words, who tells us, that Dianas Anger againft Oeneus was caus'd by
his Negledl of facrificing to her at this Feftival wherein all the reft of
the Gods had been feafted by him ;
Keti jS rcTa-t xaxov ^p!/!ro9povs{ Af.rtfAit oipn
OhvJf fi^\ i>^>^oij^u$ J'aJvvtd'iKo.rofjiCsiu
Diana, much incens'd, that Oeneus had
To all the other Gods Oblations made.
And not to her his grateful Firft-fruits paid.
Sent down this Evil to revenge his Crime.
Hence comes ethvfft- a.f]Q-, fometimes call'd 0'p7/X(^ *, which
was the firft Bread made of the new Com. Some there are, that will
have bahvaia. to be a general Name for all the Feftivals, wherein they
carry 'd tkj fiMf, i. e. green Boughs.
eAPTHAlA,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of the 5, and his Attendants the
Hours ; or, as others think, of Delian Apollo, and Diana. It was ce-
lebrated upon the fixth and feventh Days of Thargelion ; and receiv'd
its Name from 5*p>iU/tf, which is a general Word for all the Fruits of
the Earth , becaufe one of the chief Ceremonies was the carrying about
their Firft-fruits in Pots call'd .3f^iAo/, which Name was alfo apply'd
to the Eif s(r/r<, which were carry'd about the City at this Time, and
fhall be defcrib'd in the Feftival call'd UvAvi-^ict. The chief Solemnity-
was upon the latter Day, the former being wholly taken up in making
Preparations for it ; at which Time it was cuftomary to luftrate the
City, which was done by two Perfons, call'd by the general Name of
^(tofjutKfii, which is apply'd to all that purify'd Cities j or the more pe-
* Mtn^nder. Rhetor, cap. mfiJ^^yuii, { Uia<L i, Jtbenaus, lib. iil
cidisur
}
Chap. 2 o. Of the Religion of Greece. 401
culiar one of ^iyiCniL^i. They were both Men; or, according to
others, a Man and Woman ; one of which reprefented the Male, the
other the Female Sex, and ofFer'd a Sacrifice for each of them : It was
ufual for the Man to carry about his Neck Figs, call'd i7;(<t/t(, of a
blackifh Colour j and the Woman white. The ordinary Rites in purify-
ing Cities are thus defcrib'd by John Tzetzes ' j
O faP|Maof, TO xd^aitfjiet, to/Jtov i to Trdh&f
Ar !!'U,UfCfct KSL'TiKxCi 'TTO'KlV ^iOJUmi:t,
EiTBy hctfAit^ t?Te X///OC) sm y^ QxdSot aXXa
F./'f Ku^et^/UCt Kj pXffJUUciv TTOXiWC T))t VO!risVl?>
E/{ TOWCt J T0 rpOO-f CpOV S'lis'iVTSC Tltr ^Vc'lAf,
Tvfov Ti iTi/'vTtf tS ;i^s;p/, ^ /wo^av, 19 ia-X'iJ'ai, ,
ElTTStWC J9 p'aTTfVotVTfC e8<va Mf TO TOTS
2lxj'xxa<c, ffUKAK dyfluit Ti, kj dh>oi! tv dytiuY,
TtXoc >T^p; KstrixMJoy or ^Jxoif to?? dyfion,
Kai Tcv a-'TToJ'cY ti( ^sLkatIav 'ifpxirei (i( xnfjLut,
hit *9t(Mov t!!? arbXKt'fj uif ?pi/> Tiif fcffso-iic*
Thus was in ancient Times Luftration made :
When any City groan'd beneath the Weight
Of Famine, Plague, or worfe Calamity,
Forthwith a grateful Vi&im is prepar'd,
Which at the holy Altar when they've plac'd.
They caft upon the Pile, Cheefe, Cakes and Figs ;
Then ftrikine feven times its Privities
With Sea-leeks, and Wild Figs, and other Fruits,
Rude Nature's Produft without Help of Art,
Burn it with Wood cut from unplanted Trees,
Then tow'rds the Wind the fportive Alhes caft
Upon the Sea : Thus they the dreadful Ills,
With which the City labour'd, drive away.
H. H,
Poetical Fidions tell us, that the (tap/xAMi was fo call'd from one
Pharmacus, that ftole fome of the confecrated Veffels of Apollo, and be-
ing apprehended in the Faft by Achilles'^ Soldiers, fuifer'd Death ; of
which Crime and Punifliment the Athenians had always a Reprefenta-
tion at this Feftival. The (tiaeMtxct vvas call'd K^^J\<crnv(, from a fort
of Figj, call'd K^Jcu, and us'd in Luftrations ; whence alfo v^-hi v'o-
fjL^ was a Tune upon the Flute, which was play'd as he went to perform
his Office. It was farther cuftomary for a Choir of Singing-men to
contend for Viftory, and the Conqueror to dedicate a Tripus in the
Pytheum, a Termple o( Apollo, bm\t hy Pijijiratuj. At this Feftival the
Athenians enroU'd their adopted Sons in the publick Regifter, as tiiey
did their Natural at Apaturia. During the Solemnity, it was un-
* CJiiliad, Hiftor. v. cap xxiii,
D d lawful
402 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
lawful to give or receive Pledges, and Offenders in this kind were ar-
raign'd at an Affembly held in Bacchus' % Theatre.
The Milefians had a Feftival of the fame Name, which they celebrated
with many Ex^reffions of Mirth and Jollity, feafting and entertaining
one another.
eEOrAMiA,
i. e. The Marriage of the Gods. It was a Sicilian Feftival, in Ho-
nour oi Prof erf ina ; and feems to have been inftituted in Memory of
her Marriage with Pluto ; the chief Part of the Solemnity being nothing
elfe but an Imitation of nuptial Rites.
G E O I N I A,
See AiovCma,
e E O H A N I A,
A Feftival common to all the Gods ", and celebrated in many Cities
of Greece, but efpecially at Athens.
The Pellenaans inftituted folemn Games, call'd by this Name, in Ho-
nour of ^/o//?, fc)o^4r;(!^, i.e. x}s\t God of Hofpitalityy according to Pa-
fanias ; or, as the Scholiaji upon Pindar reports P of Apollo and Mer-
cury : The Viftors according to Paufanias were rewarded with a piece of ;
Plate ; according to the foremention'd Scholiaji^ with a Garment call'd
The fame 5fj^o/rfi/? *! reports, that the D/o/rarr inftituted a Feftival of
this Name, in Memory of an Honour the Gods did them, by coming to
one of their Entertainments.
eEO*ANAIA, or eEO*ANIA,
i. e. The Appearance of God. It was a Feftival obfenred by the Det-
ph'ians ', upon the Day whereon Apollo firft manifefted himfelf to them.
eEPAnNATIAIA,
A Laconiau Feftival .
eEPMIHN EOPTH,
A publick Feftival, Mart, and Aflembly of the jEtoHans, held at a
Town in that Country called Thermi *.
0EPTHPIA,
A Feftival mention'd by Hefyehius.
^ Pil'jx iib i. cap. 1. " Hejjchius, " Acba'icis^ * Olympion.jii. * 0-
lytuf. iii. ' HeruLtus lib. i. SuiJ. * Hejjcb^ * Polyb. lib. v.
e E 2 M Oo
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 403
eE2MO*OPlA,
A Feftival in Honour o^ Ceres, fimam'd Qia-uotto^Q-, i. e. Lea-fera^,
the Laiugiver, becaufe Ihe was the firft that taught Mankind the Ufc of
Laws. The firft Inftitution of it is by fome attributed to Triptolemus, '.
by others to Orpheus, and by others to the Daughters of Danaiis. It was
celebrated in many of the Grecian Cities ; by the Spartans and Milefians,
amongft whom the Solemnity lailed three Days : By the Drymeans in
Phocis, the Thebans in Bceotia, the Megarians : By the Syracufiansy
where, towards the End of the Solemnity, they carried in Proceffion the
Secrets of a Woman, compofed of Jalinin and Honey, and called in Sicily
IJvXKot : By the Eretrians in Eubcea, where it was cuftomary on this Oc-
cafion to roaft their Meat by the Heat of the Sun : By the Delians, who
ufed to bake Loaves of a large Size, called KyjuvMy which they ufher'd
in with great Solemnity, the Bearers of them crying,
hyaivlw yE*T- t/xT^iev Tgjsjpy.
Hence the Feftival is fbmetimes called MiyaKet^vi.
But the Athenians obferved this Feftival with the greateft Shew of De-
votion : The Worihippers were free-born Women, (it being unlawful for
any of fervile Condition to be prefent) whofe Hulbands were wont to de-
fray the Charges of the Solemnity ; and were obliged to do fo, if their
Wives Portion amounted to three Talents. Thefe Women were aflifted
by a Prieft, called 27?jai'o<pop-, becaufe his Head was adorned with a
Cro'wn, whilft he executed his Office ; as alfo by certain Virgins, who
were ftridly confined, and kept under fevere Difcipline, being main-
tained at the publick Charge, in a Place called QiffucoofHov. The Wo-
men were clad in white Apparel, to intimate their fpotlefs Innocence,
and were obliged to the Itridleft Chaftity for five or tliree Days before,
and during the whole Time of the Solemnity, which lafted four Days :
For which End they ufed to ftrew upon their Beds fuch Herbs, as were
thought to deftroy all Appetite to Venereal Pleafures : fuch were Agnus-
<afiusy flea-bane, and (which were made ufe of by the Milejian Women)
Vine-branches, l^c. It was held unlawful to eat the Kernels of Pome-
granates, or to adorn themfelves with Garlands ; every thing being
carry'd on with the greateft Appearance of Serioufnefs and Gravity, and
nothing tolerated, that bore the leaft Shew of Wantonnefs and Immo-
dcfty, or even of Mirth and Jollity, the Cuftom of jefting upon one
another excepted, which was conftantly done in Memory of lamhe, that
by a taunting feft extorted a Smile from Ceres, when ftie was in a penfive
and melancholy Humour. Three Days, at leaft, were fpent in making
Preparations for the Feftival : Upon the eleventh of Pyanepjion, the
Women carrying Books upon their Heads, wherein the Laws were con-
tain'd in Memory of Ceres''s Invention, went to Eleujis, where the So-
lemnity was kept ; whence this Day was call'd Ako^ .'> , i. e. the Afcent.
Upon the fourteenth the Feftival began, and lafted till the feventcenth :
" Firgiliut Mitid. iv.
D d 2 t ypon
404 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Upon the fixteenth they kept a Fall, fitting upon the Ground, in token
of Humiliation ; whence the Day was call'd Niifttee, i. e. a Faji. It
was ufual at this Solemnity to pray to Ceres, Proferpina, Pluto, and Cal-
ligenia : This Calligenia fome will have to have been Ceres's Nurfe,
Others her Prieftefs, others her Waiting-maid ; and fome there are who
make her the fame with Ceres ; but thefe feem to be fufficiently refuted
' by the Teftimony of Arijlophanes, who mentions her as diftin(^ from that
Goddefs * ;
To the two LegiJIators make your Prayers,
To Ceres, and to Goddefs Proferpine j
To Pluto too, and Calligenia. , '
And this Cuftom was omitted by the Eretriant alone of all the Grecians.
There was likewife a myfterious Sacrifice, call'd Aia[na, or A7?ttA<yf/
eW w ^ctyjiSK, wtw^f 78\j eLvJpcti, i. e. becaufe all Men were excluded,
a.nd ianij^'il from it ; or, ofTn' t Jhix^hota fii\j 7n)A5/*f, i. e. becaufe
in a dangerous War, the Women's Prayers were fo prevalent with the
" Gods, that their Enemies were defeated, and put to Flight as far as Chal-
cis ; whence it is fometimes call'd Xc<A;a'/)xii' J)uf/ua. There was another
Sacrifice call'd Zn(/.iet, i. e. a Mulii, which was ofFer'd as an Expiation
of any Irregularities which happen'd during the Solemnity. At the Be-
ginning of all this Feftival, Prifoners committed to Gaol for fmaller
Faults, that is, fuch as did make them incapable of communicating in the
Sacrifices, and other Parts of Divine Worfhip, were rcleas'd y,
H 2 E I A,
An Athenian Feftival in Memory of Thefeus : It was celebrated upon
the eighth Day of every Month, becaufe he was the reputed Son of Nep-
tune, to whom thofe Days were held facred ; or becaufe in his firft Jour-
ney from Tmzen, he arriv'd at Athens upon the eighth of Hecatombaon j
or in Memory of his fafe Return from Crete ', which happen'd upon the
eighth of Pyanepfion, for which reafon the Feftival was obferv'd with
greater Solemnity upon that Day, than at any other Times. Some alfo
there are, that will have it to have been firft inftituted in Memory of
lhefeus'% uniting the Athenians into one Body, who before lay difpers'd
in little Hamlets up and down in Attica, It was celebrated with Sports
and Games, with Mirth and Banquets, and fuch as were poor and unable
to contribute to them were entertain'd upon free Coft at the publick Ta-
bles, as we learn from Arijlophanes '. The Sacrifices were call'd O^cTo-
J)a., from Of:/J)-, i. e. the Eighth, as being offer'd upon the eighth
Day of the Month >>.
^' Tbefmophor. t 5o/>jrff Dc divilioncquarftionis. * Plutarcims Tbefee,
Anjlophams iicboliafies Pluto. Fiuto, * Hejycbius,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 405
e p I n,
A Feftival in Honour of Jpollo ^. The Name feems to be deriv'd
from Apollo^ three Nurfes, who were call'd Ihria.
r I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Bacchus **, obferv'd by the Eleans, in a Place
diftant about eight Stadia from Elis, where it was confidently reported,
that the God himfelf was prefent in Perfon ; the Ground of which Sto-
ry was this : There was a certain Chapel, into which the Priefts convey'd
three empty Veflels in Prefence of the whole Affembly, which confifted
as well of Foreigners as Natives ; this done, they retir'd, and the Doorg
being ihut, themfelves, and as many others as pleas'd, feal'd them with
their own Signets : On the Morrow the Company return'd, and after
every Man had look'd upon his own Seal, and feen that it was unbroken,
the Doors being open'd, the Veflels were found full of Wine.
In Honour of Venus '.
r A A 4,
r N N A I A,
A Sacrifice fo call'd from eai'i/-, i. e. a Tuttny^ which Fifliermen of-
fer'd to Neptune after a plentiful Draught ^.
IEP02;rAM0 2,
i.e. The Sacred Marriage. It was a Feftival in Honour of yup iter
and Juno 8, being ( I fuppofe) a Commemoration of the Marriage of thofe
two Deities.
I n M A I A,
A Feftival wherein Muficians contended : It was celebrated in Honour
of Jupiter * firnam'd I^/unr.<, from Ithome, a City in TheJJaly or Me/-'
fene'^, where that God is faid to have'been nurs'd by the two Nymphs
Ithome and Ueda who gave Names, the former to a Town, the latter to
a River.
I N A X I A,
One of Lucothed's Feftivals in Crete, being deriv'd from Inachus, ac^
cording to Hefychius ; or rather from Ino, who is the fame with Leu-
Idem. < Paufaniat Eliac. 0. * Htjychiut. f Athenaut lib. vii.
K Ufjyihius, 1 htfbams Byzantimn. Paufaniat Meffcnicit,
D d 3 cotbca
4o6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
cothea znidLX&y ^' ** ^'"'V^' being perhaps a Commemoration of /o's
Misfortunes.
I N T N I A,
A Feftival in Lemnos.
I n A,
Feftivals in Memory of Ino, one of which was celebrated every Year
with Sports and Sacrifices at Corinth, being inftituted by King Sify-
phus ^.
An Anniverfary Sacrifice was ofFer'd to Ino by the Megarians, where
ihe was firft cali'd Leucothea, being caft upon the Coaft by the Waves,
and interr'd by Clefo and Tauropolii '.
Ino had another Feftival in Laconia, where there was a Pond confecra-
ted to her : Into this it was ufual at this Solemnity to caft Cakes of
Flour, which, if they funk, were Prefages of Profperity ; but if they
ftay'd upon the Surface of the Water, were ill boding Omens '".
lOBAKXEIA,
In Honour of Bacchus firnamed lobacchus, from the Exclamations
us'd in fome of his Feftivals, where they cry'd la Becn.^, &c. See
Aiovv(net.
I O A A I A.
A Thehan Feftival, the \'ery fame with H<7/aa". It was inftituted
in Honour of Hercules, and liis Companion lolails, who aififted him a-
gainft Hydra. It lafted feveral Days, on the firft of which were ofFer'd
folemn Sacrifices : On the next Day Horfe-races, and the Exercifes of the
'mvra.^?^%- were perform'd : The following Day was fet apart for
Wreftling. The Vi6\ors were crown'd with Garlands of Myrtle, which
were us'd as Funeral Solemnities, of which fort this Feftival was one.
They were alfo fometimes rewarded with Tripods of Brafs. The Place
of thefe Exercifes was cali'd loXttnov from lolaiis. In the fame Place
ftood the Sepulchre of Amphitryon, and the Cenotaphium, or honorary
Monument of lolaiis, who was buried in Sardinia : Both thefe at this
Solemnity were beftrew'd with Garlands and Flowers ".
I 2 E I A,
A Solemnity obferv'd by feveral Cities in Honour of Ifis p, who is
faid by fome to have been the firft, that taught Men the Uie of Corn j
in Memory of which Benefit, it was cuftomary at fome Places, for the
Worfliippers at this Feftival, to carry Veftels full of Wheat and Barley.
5^ TKctx-ei in Lycophranem. ' Paufan. A'tich. " Paujan. Laconic.
Piiidari Scholiaji. Olymp, vii. Piitdari Scbollajl, In IJlhm. 8c Nemeonic.
D'iidor, Sicul. lib. i.
I2XE-
Ghap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 407
I 2 X E N I A,
Annirerfajy Sports celebrated at Olympia in Memory of I/chenus, the
Grandfon of Mercury and Hierea ; who in a time of Famine devoted
himfelf to be a Sacrifice for his Country, and was honour'd with a Mo-
nument near the Olympian Stadium '^.
K
K A B E I P I A,
Myfterious Obfervances at Thebes and Lemnos, but more efpecially at
Imbrus and Samothrace, which Iflands were confecrated to the Cabiri,
whom fome will have to be Phcenician Deities ; others the Sons of Vulcan ;
others are of a different Opinion from both ; for nothing can be certain-
ly determin'd concerning the Original, Names, or Number of them :
Such as defire farther Satisfaftion may confult Ccelius Rhodiginus, Lilius
Gyraldus, and other Mythologies. All that were initiated into thcfe My-
fteries were thought effedlually fecur'd from Storms at Sea, and all other
Dangers '. The chief Ceremony was thus : The Perfon that ofFer'd
himfelf being crown'd with Olive-branches, and girded about his Loins
with a Purple Ribband, was plac'd upon a Throne, around which the
Priefts and Perfons before initiated danced and fported : This was call'd
3'^j'J7f, or ^^via\jMi i- e. Enthronization '.
' K A A A O I A I A,
Solemn Sports celebrated by the Laconians, in Honour of Diana '.
KAAAI2TEIA.
i. e. Beautfs Rewards. It was a Lejhian Feftival, wherein the Wo-
men prefented themfelvcs in Juno's Tempi?, and the Prize was affign'd
to the Faireft '.
Another of thefe Contentions there was at the Feftival of Ceres Eleu-
finia amongft the Parrhajians, firft inftituted by Cypfelus, whofe Wife
Herodice was honour'd with the firft Prize .
Another of the fame Nature we find amongft the Eleans ^, where the
moft beautiful Man was prefented with a complete Suit of Armour, which
he confecrated to Minewa, to whofe Temple he walked in Proccfhoii,
being accompanied with his Friends, who adorn'd him with Ribbands,
and crown'd him with a Garland of Myrtl.
KAAATNTHPIA,
An Athenian Feftival.
* Jjitciui Tzetxet in Lyophronit Cajfandr. v. 42. f Diodor. Siiul. Bibi, iib. v.
FUto Euchydtmo, Hefychms. ' Homeri Scboliafl. Iliad. {, " Atbtnuut Axa -
6-:. lib. xii. * Idem. ibid. F.tym'jlog, Kyx&S>x.
D d 4 K A p.
4o8 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
K A P N E I A,
A Feftival ohferv'd in moft of the Cities of Greece ; but efpecially at
Sparta, where it was firft inftituted about the Time of the XXVIth
Olympiad, in Honour, not oi Jupiter, as fome are of Opinion, but of
Jlpollo, firnam'd Carneus, either from one Carneus a Trojan * j or from a
beautiful Youth call'd Carnus, who was the Son of "Jupiter and Europa^y
and belov'd by Apollo ' : Or from Carnus an Acarnanian, who was in-
ftrudlcd by this God in the Art of Divination, but afterwards murder'd
by the Dorians : This Faft Apollo reveng'd upon them by a dreadful
Plague ; to avert which, they inftituted this Feftival, as Paufanias re-
ports ; ofTn ^ nfjiveiOi, i. e. from the Cornell-Tree, by tranfpofmg the
jLetter f , as the fame Author intimates : For 'tis reported by fome, that
the Feftival was inftituted by the Gnecians, who had incurr'd Afiollo''s
Difpleafure by cutting down a Number of Cornel-Trees in a Grove con-
fecrated to him upon Mount Ida, which they ufed in building the Wooden-
horfe : Or, &rB <rb nfcuvav, i. e. from accomplijhing the Requeft of Mene-
laus ^, who, when he undertook his Expedition againft Troy, made a
Vow to Apollo, wherein he promis'd to pay him fome fignal Honour, if
his Undertaking met with Succefs. This Feftival lafted nine Days, be-
ginning upon the thirteenth of the Month Carneus, which anfwer'd to
the Athenian Metagitnion ^ : It was an Imitation of the Method of living,
jand Difcipline us'd in, Camps; for nine aKiA-f\<;, i. e. Tents, were ereft-
ed, in every one of which nine Men of three different Tribes, three be-
ing chofen out of a Tribt, .liy'd for the fpace of nine Days, during which
Time they were obedient to a publick Cryer, and did nothing without
cxprefs Order from him f. He/ychius tells us, that the Prieft, whofe
Offtcp it was to attend at. this Solemnity, was nam'd A-ynT^?, and adds
in another Place, that out of every Tribe five other Minifters were eleft-
ed, and calFd Ketfy-etTa/, and obliged to continue in their Fundlion four
Years, during which Time they remain'd Batchelors. At this Feftiv^
the Mufical Numbers, call'd Kivviioi v'om>, were fung by Muiicjans,
fvho <:ontfnded fpr Victory. The firft Prize was won by Terpander.
KAPYA, or KAPTATIS,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana 8, firnamed Caryathis, from Caryum
in Laconia, where this Solemnity was kept. It was ufual for Virgins to
meet at the Celebration, and join in a certain Dance, faid to be invented
by Cafior and Pollux, which they call'd jiapi^cni^av '\ In the Time of
Xerxes''^ Ipvafion, when the Laconians durft not fhew their Heads for
fear of the Enemy, left the Goddefs's Anger fliould be incurr'd by the
Intermiffion of this Solemnity, the neighbouring Swains affembled in the
accuftom'd Place, and fung Paftorals, which were call'd fijw> /y.oc/, from
$\t/.oK^ , i, e. a Neat-herd. Hence fome arc of Opinion that Bucolicis
came firft to be in Ufe.
Aloman, f> Hejyrhius. ' Tbtocriti ScholiaJ}. Demetrius. Plu-
ferck. Nida, * ,itbctaui lib. iv. Callinachi H^ nan. in Apoll, Pindar ui Pythion.
t ^tuMfif l.!t(6!si(i(, *> Luci^nut Ut^i hTri^tuf,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 409
K1220T0M01,
A Feftival in Honour oi Hehe, the Goddefs of Toutb J.
KAAAETTHPIA, orBl2BAIA,
This Feftival is mention'd by Hefychius, and feems to have been fo-
lemniz'd at the time when Vines were prun'd ; for ;tAfitc^oTeioi', and
flisCn, fignify Pruning-books.
KNAKAAHSIA,
An Anniverfary Solemnity celebrated upon Mount Cnacaloi^ Sy the
Cafhyata, in Honour of Diana, who had from that Place the Sirnamc
oiCnacalefia ''.
KONNIaEIA,
A Solemnity upon the Day before Thefeui'i Feftival, in w^ich a Ram
was facrilic'd to Connidas, lhefeus'% Tutor '.
K O P E I A,
In Honour of Proferpina, nam'd Koj , which in the MoloJ/iau Dia-
led iigniiies a beautiful Woman.
KOPTBANTIKA,
A Feftival held at Cnojfus in Crete, in Memory of the Coryhantes, who
educated Jupiter, when he was conceal'd in that Ifland, from his Father
Saturn, who intended to devour him.
KOTTTTIA, or KOTTTTI2,
A Nofturnal Feftival in Honour of Cotys, or Cotytto, the Goddefs of
Wantonnefs " : It was obferv'd by the Athenians, Corinthians, Chians,
Ihracians, with others, and celebrated with fuch Rites as were moft
acceptable to the Goddefs, who was thought to be delighted with no-
thing fo much, as Lewdnefs and Debauchery. Her Priefts were calPd
B<*T|ai, which Name we find in Jwvenal ; it feems to have been de-
riv'd ism T ><ij^\tiv, i. e. from Dying or Painting themfelves ; for they
%vere wont to pradtife all forts of effeminate and meretricious Arts ;
whence Kotj/- ^xcuTn<, i. e, the Votary of Cotys, is proverbially ap-
ply 'd to Men that fpend their Time in Dreffing and Perfuming them-
leives.
Another Feftival of this Name was celebrated in Sicily, where
the Worftiippers carryM Boughs hung about with Cakes and Fruit,
which it was lawful for any Perfon to pluck off ; in Memory (as Gy-
Paufatiiat Corintbiacis. * Idem Arcadicis. Plutanh. ''Ihefto, " //-
hiut. " Syrujiui ia E;>con)ie calvitci, SuidaSj Juvtnatii Satir. ii. * Plutarch,
raldus
^lo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
raldus was of Opinion) of Pro/erpinas Raviihment, who is by fomc
thought to have been the fame with Cotytto.
K P O N I A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour qf Saturn, who is call'd in Greek
K^ctf- p. It was celebrated in the Month Hecatombaon, which was
formerly called Cronius.
Another of Saturn s Feftivals was celebrated 'J upon the fixteenth
of Metagitnion at Rhodes ; where they oiFer'd in Sacrifice a condemned
Criminal.
KTBEPNH2IA,
A Feftival inftituted by Ihefem, in Memory of Naujitheus and PhteaXy
who were his KJu^iftlHreu, i. e. Pilots in his Voyage to Crete \
KrNO*ONTI2,
A Feftival obferv'd in Dog-days at Argos % and fo call'd >Jn 7
WvAi (fovHV, i. e. from killing Dogs ; becaufe it was ufual upon this
Day to kill all the Dogs they met with.
AAKEAAIMONIfIN EOPTAI,
Some Feftivals there were at Lacedamon, the Names whereof are for-
gotten : One of thefe is mention'd by Plutarch in his Lo've-Stories, at
which the Marry'd Women, Maidens, Children, and Servant?, feafted
all together promifcuoufly ; only the Ladies, whofe Huftjands were Ma-
giftrates, watch'd all Night in a large Room by themfelves.
Another we find in Athenaus ' at which the Women took all the
old Batchelors, and dragg'd them round an Altar, beating them all the
time with their Fifts ; to the End, that if no other Motives would in-
duce them to marry, the Shame and Ignominy they were expos'd to at
thefe Times might compel them to it.
A A M n T H P I A,
A Feftival at Pellene " in Achaia, in Honour of Bacchus, firnam'd
T^af^TTrrip, from ?\dfy.'7rHi , i. e. to Jhine ; for this Solemnity being in the
Night, the Worfhippers went to Bacchus^ Temple with lighted Torches
in their Hands. It was cuftomary at this time to place VeiTcls full of
Wine in feveral Parts of every Street of the City.
AAPI22AI-aN EORTH,
Games at Larijfa ", wherein the Combatants perform'd their Ex-
P Arijlophartii SchoUaft, Nubibus, Hefychius. 9 Porpbyrius apud Theodoretum,
lib. vii. Grac, affefl. ' Plutarchus Thefeo. * Arhemeus lib. iii. ' A;!rvs!rv?>.
lib. xiii. " Paufamas Acbakis. f A^oilonii Scholiaji, hb. iv.
ercifes
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 4ti
ercifes fingly, before the JliyTttflA^, or Combat confifting Oi^Jive Exer-
cifes, was invented.
A A P T 2 I A,
A Feftival of Bacchus, celebrated at Laryfium^ a Mountain in Laconia,
about the beginning of the Spring '.
A A * P I A,
An Anniverfary Feftival at Patr<e in Achaia, in Honour of D'tana "
lirnam'd Laphria, either >Jnr rdv htniavfuv, i. e. from Spoils, which fhe
took from Wild Beafts, becaufe Ihe was the Goddefs of Hunting, and
her Statue, which was compos'd of Gold and Ivory, reprefented her in
an hunting Pofture : Or becaufe fhe defifted from her Anger, and be-
came every Year iha.0orir'if:t-, i. e. more fa'vourahle and propitiaus to
Oeneus, King of the Calydonians : Or, from one Laphrius a Fhocenfian,
by whom her Statue was erefted in Calydonia j for this Title was firft
given to Diana in Calydonia, and thence, together with her Statue,
tranllated to Patreg. The Cuftoms at this Feftival are thus defcribed by
Pau/anias : At the Approach of the Feftival, they made an Afcent to the
Altar, heaping up foft Earth in the manner of Stairs ; round the Altar
they plac'd in order Pieces of green Wood, every one of which was in
length fixteen Cubits j upon it was laid the drieft Wood they could
get. The Solemnity lafted two Days ; on the former of which there
was a folemn Proceffion followed by Diana^s Prieftefs, who was a Vir-
gin, and rode in a Chariot drawn by Bucks. Ou the Day following
they affembled to offer Sacrifices, which confifted of Birds, Bears, Bucks,
Lions, Wolves, with all forts of Animals, and Garden-Fruits, which
were caft upon the Altar, in part by private Perfons, and partly at the
publick Charge j then the Fire being kindled, it fometimes happen'd,
that the Wild Beafts, having their Fetters loofed by the Flames, leaped
off the Altar, which fell out when my Author was prefent, yet neither
then, nor at any time before, did any Perfon receive the leaft Harm
thereby ,
A E O N I A E I A,
An Anniverfary Day at Sparta ^, in Memory of Leonidas King of
that City, who with a fmall Number of Men put a Stop to the whole
Army of Xerxes at Thermopylte, and maintain'd the Paffage of thofe
Straights two whole Days together. Upon this there was an Oration
pronounc'd on that Hero, and Sports, in which none were allow'd to
contend, but Free-born Spartans.
A E O N T I K A,
Who was the Author, what the Occafion of this Feftival, is not
known : Thus much however we find of it in Porphyry y ; That all that
Paufatiiat Lactnicii. Paufan, Acbaidst * Idem Laconicit. ' De
Afitro Nyropharujn.
were
412 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
were admitted to it, walhM their Hands with Honey, which was pour'd
upon them inftead of Water, in token that they were pure from all
things hurtful and malicious.
A E P N A I A,
A Feftival at Lerna, inftituted by Philammon <= in Honour of Bac-
chus, Proferpina and Ceres. In the primitive Times the Arginies us'd to
carry Fire to this Solemnity from a Temple upon Mount Crathisy dedi-
cated to Diana, firnam'd (perhaps from TTVf, i- e. Fire) LifaviA.
A H N A I A,
A Feftival of Bacchus ^ firnam'd Leneeus, from Kwoi, i. e. Wine-frefs.
It was celebrated in the Month Lenaon with feveral Ceremonies ufed at
other Feftivals of this God ; but what more efpecially recommended it,
was the poetical Contention, wherein Poets ftrove for Viftory, and the
Tragedies afted at this Time.
A I B O A I A,
i. e. Lapldation. This Feilival was celebrated by the Trazenians in
Memory of Lamia and Auxejia, who were two Virgins, that, coming
from Crete to Traszen in a time of Tumult and Sedition, became a Sa-
crifice to the Fury of the People, by whom they were ftoned to
Death '.
A I M N A T I A I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana ', firnam'd Limnatis from Limne, a
School of Exercife at Troezen, in which fhe was worfhipp'd ; or, ac-
cording to Artemidorus, from K\y.vajiy i. e. Ponds, becaufe ihc had the
Care of Fifhermen.
A I N E I A,
A Feftival in Memory of Linus, an old Poet, who had a Statue in
Mount Helicon, to which vji^a. tr- ly^s-ov Tug rni ^^ioi rav tAnaav
ivayl^vai. Yearly Parentations ivere made before they Jacrificed to the
Mufes B.
A T K A I A,
An Arcadian Feftival refembling the Roman Lupercalia : It
was celebrated with Games, in which the Conqueror was rewarded with
a fuit of Brazen Armour. An human Sacrifice was offer'd at this Time.
It was firft cbferv'd by Lycaon, in Honour of Jupiter, firnam'd Lycaus,
either from Lycaon's ov/n Name, or the Arcadian Mountain Lycteus,
which the Arcadians pretend is the true Olympus, whence they call it
e Paufan. Corinthiac. Arcad. Infcriptio Vctus. "* Arijlopban. Seboliaji. Equi-
libut, Diogeaei Laertius Platone. * Paufan. Corinthiac. * Idem Achaic. ^ Pau-
fan. Boeotic, pag, 584. Edit, Hancv, > Plutarcb, Cafare, Paufan, Arcadic, Por-
fhyriut liifi ATnyjn iy--^X Hyg<"i Fab, clxxUi.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 411?"
ijii/ M^v^ivv, i.e. the Sacred Hill, becaufe ya/;/^r was feign'd to have
had his Education there ; in Memory of which there was an Altar,
wherein a certain myfterious Worfhip was paid to that God, and a Plot of
Ground confecrated to him, upon which it was unlawful for any Perfon
to fet his Foot.
A T K E I A,
A Feftival held at Jrgos to Jpol/o ^vkhQ-. This Name, as alfo that
other AvxAKTDv , was deriv'd from his delivering the Jrgi'ves from
Wol'ves (Ayxo/) which wafted their Country, In Memory of which Be-
nefit they dedicated a Temple to Apollo Lycaus, and call'd one of their
publick Fora, dy>e9 Au/, , the Lycean Forujn. Several other Reafona
are affign'd, why the foremention'd Names were given to Apollo : As
that he defended the Flock of Admetus King of Thejfaly from Wohes :
or that he was born in Lycia, whence he is call'd l^Mmyivh by Homer
to mention no more '.
ATKOrPTEIA,
A Feflival celebrated by the Spartans in Memory of Lyeurgus their
Law-giver '*, whom they honour'd with a Temple, and an anniverfary
Sacrice.
AT2ANAPIA,
A Samian Feftival celebrated ' with Sacrifices and Games in Honour
of Lyfander the Lacedeemonian Admiral. It was anciently call'd U^jo-t
which Name was abolifh'd by a Decree of the Samians.
M
M A I,M E K T H P I A.
Solemn Sacrifices offer' d by the Athenians in MamaSierion, which was
a Winter- month, to Jupiter MeufjuiKThi, to induce him to fend jnild
and temperate Weather, becaufe he was ufually taken for the Air or
Heavens, and therefore thought to prefjde over the Seafons. There are
various Reafons affign'd for his Sirname, for fjLoifJui.'f.'nii is by Harpocra-
tion expounded \y\iti7,u4''M ^ -mf^LKVMi, i. e. outrageous, and furious t
being deriv'd from uafjuLv'Jtf, which is, according to Suidas, Khtvii&aji^
yjLuMLj'ioSv., i- t. to trouble, or raife Commotions. But //^^f^'aj afExech
a quite different Signification to it, for, according to him, (xaif/aKiis is
the fame with mw'^-'X"^' ^' ^- f^'vourable and propitious ; and herein
Plutarch agrees with him, who tells us ", " That 'twas his Opinion,
' that by the Name of MaAt>tTf, which was given by the Athenians
" to the King of the Gods, was meant (/ha.i^/(& ." Neither of thefe Sig-
nifications are at all difagreeable to the Defign of this Feftival ; for,
iince it was to procure good Weather, it might cither be infUtuted as
' Pir.dari SchoriaJlft\n Pythion, Sophoclii \iUxf\] Scbdiajlts in\t\o EUElra. * Plu-
tarch. Lycurgo. Strata lib. viii, ' Plutanh'H Lyjandrt, Hefyihius, Libr#
a Meai;9
414 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
a Means to appeafe the Deity, who was thought to caufe Storms and
intemperate Scafons j or to entreat the fame Perfon, as being of a mild
and gentle Difpofition, and willing to grant the Requefts of his Vota-
ries.
MEFAAAPTIA,
See Qiffiorpofiel'
M E N E A A E I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Menelaus ", at Therapti/e in Laconia, where a
Temple was confecrated to him, in which he was worfhip'd together
with nelena, not as an Hero, or inferior Deity, but as one of the fu-
preme Gods.
ME202TP0*NIAI HMEPAI,
Certain Days upon which the Lejbians ofFer'd publick Sacrifices .
METATEITNIA,
A Feftival in the Month Metagitnion p, in Honour of Jpollo M7-
"jAiTviQ-, being celebrated by the Inhabitants of Melite, that left their
Habitations, and fettled among the Diomeans in Attica ; whence thefe
Names feem to have been deriv'd, for they import a Removal from' one
Neighbourhood to another.
MIATIAAEIA,
Sacrifices with Horfe-races and other Games, celebrated by the Cher'
fonefians in Memory of Miltiades, the Athenian General "i.
M I N r E I A,
A Feftival celebrated by the Orchomenians ' who were call'd Minytey
and the River, upon which the City was founded, Minya, from Minyas,
King of that Place, in Memory of whom this Solemnity feems to have
been inftituted.
MITTAHNAinN EOPTH,
A Feftival celebrated by all the Inhabitants of Mitylene, in a Place
without the City, in Honour of Apollo MaKf^oi % which Sirname we
find mention'd alfo in Hefychim.
M O r N T X I A,
An Anniverfary Solemnity at Athens % upon the fixteenth of Muny-
chion, in Honour of Diana, fimam'd Munychia, from King Munychus, the
r " Ij'ocrates in Heleia Encomio, Paujaniai Laconicis, " Hejycbius. P Plutarcbui
de Exilio. Harpccration, Suidas. 5 Herodotui lib. vi. ' Pindari Scbtliaftti
Ijikm. Od. i. * Tburydidet initio lib. iii. * Flutarcb, de Gloria AthemenJ.
iisrfocratiin, Etjmilogici Auftor. Suid, Eufiatbius u, U
Son
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 415
Son of Pentacleus ; or from a Part of the Piraeus, call'd Munychia, where
this Goddefs had a Temple, to which the Athenians allow'd the Privi-
lege of being a Sandluary to fuch as fled to it for Refuge. At this So-
lemnity they offer'd cer^in Cakes call'd 6tV9/^^1^<, which Name is de-
rived im TO d.u<ttza.(iVy i. e. from Jhining on every Jide, either becaufe
lighted Torches hung round them when they were carry'd into the Tem-
ple ; or becaufe they were offer'd at full Moon, that being the time of
this Feftival ; for it was inflituted in Honour of Diana, who was re-
puted to be the fame with the Moon, becaufe it was full Moon, when
^hemijiocles overthrew the Perfian Fleet at Salamis.
M O T 2 E I A,
Feftivals " in Honour of the Mufes, at feveral Places of Gretee, efpe-
cially amongft the Thefpians, where folemn Games were celebrated every
fifth Year.
The Macedonians had alfo a Feftival in Honour of Jupiter and the
Mufes, which being firft inflituted by King Achelaus, was celebrated with
Stage-Plays, and Games, and lafted nine Days, according to the Num-
ber of the Mufes.
M T 2 I A,
A Feftival ^ in Honour of Ceres, fimam'd Myfia, from Myfius an
jfrgian, who dedicated a Temple to her, in a Place about X Stadia dif-
tant from Pellene in Achaia : or according to Phwnutus, from }jv<nvj
i. e. to cloy, to fatisfy, or to be "joell fed, becaufe Ceres was the firft
that taught Men how to ufe Corn. The Feftival continu'd feven Days,
upon the third of which all the Men and Dogs being fhut out of the
Temple, the Women, together with the Bitches, remain'd within, and
having that Night perform'd the accuftom'd Rites, on the Day follow-
ing retum'd to the Men, with whom they pafs'd away their time in jett-
ing and laughing at one another.
M n A E I A,
An Arcadian ^ Feftival, fo nam'd from M<'a-, i. e. a Fight ; being
inftituted in Memory of a Battle, wherein Lycurgus flew Ereuthalion.
N
N E K T 2 I A,
In Memory of deceafed Perfons. Of this and the following Solemni-
ties I fhall give a more full Account, when I come to treat of the Ho-
ours paid to the Dead.
NEME2IA, orNEMEZIA,
A Solemnity in Memory of deceas'd Perfons ; fo call'd from the God-
Pollux lib. i. cap. i. Efcbinet in Ttmarcbum, Paujuniat Batcticis, Diodorus Sic.
lib. xvii. Plutarch, 'Erotico. " Paufan, hne AcbfiUiruvt. Apollonii Rbodii
Sfbatiafi. lib. i. v. 164.
deffi
41 6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
defs Nemejis, who was thought to defend the Relicks and Memoirs of th
Dead from Injuries. Hence in Sophocles ', when Clyt<^mnejlra infults
over the Afhes of her Son Orefiesy EUSra thus invokes Nemejis :
N E O I N I A,
A Feftival celebrated to Bacchus % when the ne'w Wine was firft
tailed, as the Name fignifies.
NEOnTOAEMElA,
A Feftival celebrated by the Delphians ^ with much Pomp and Splen-
dor, in Memory of Neoptolemus, the Son of Achilles, who was flain in an
Attempt to facie Apollo's Temple, which he undertook in Revenge of his
Father's Death, to which that God was acceffory.
N H A H I A I A,
A Milejian Feftival ^ in Honour of Diana, fimam'd Nele'isy from
HeleuSf an Inhabitant of Miletus ^.
NIKH H EN MAPAGnNI,
An anniverfary Solemnity obferv'd by the Athenians upon the fixth
of Boedromion, in Memory of that famous Viftory, which Miltiades >
obtained againft the Perjtans at Marathon '. |
s
NIKHTHPIA AG. HNAS.
An Athenian Solemnity in Memory of Miner'va's Viftory over Nep-
tune, when they contended which of them fliould have the Honour ef .
giving a Name to the City afterwards call'd Athens ^
NOTMHNIA, or NEOMHNIA,
A Feftival obferv'd at the beginning of every Lunar Month ', which
was (as the Name imports) upon the Nem Moon, in honour of all the
'Gods, but efpecially Apollo, who was call'd N^fcu/m//-, becaufe the Sun
is the firft Author of all Light, and whatever Diftinftion of Times and
Seafons may be taken from other Planets, yet they are all owing to
him, as the Original and Fountain of all thofe borrow'd Rays, which
the reft have only by Participation from him. To obfcrve this Feftival
was called wiitivA^HV, certain Cakes ofFer'd therein vaunvioi, and the
Worftxippers vai^nvtctTcti. It was obferv'd with Games and publick En-
* EhEira ver, 793. Conf. ibi IricUriius, item Demofthenes Orat. adr. Spudiam
pag. 650. Suidasv. Ni/xsm/a. Hefycbius. Heliodorus ^thiopic. initio lib. iii.
Plutarchui de Virtut. Mulierum. * Lyccphron. Caffandra. Plutarchus d
GloriA Athenienjium. f Proclui in Timaum Commeni. I. ^ Homeri Scholiajies Od.
ii. Eu/fachitts Od, u. tc ?'. Demojlhenes in Arijiogk. Theopbrajius Ethic. Charaft. Etyrw
ffgici Auftor, Hrfycbius, Herodotus, lib. viii. & Vit. Hmeri.
tertaioments.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece, 417
tertainments, which were made by the richer Sort, to whofe Tables the
Poor flock'd in great Numbers. The Athenians at thefe Times offer'd.
folemn Prayers and Sacrifices for the Profperity of their Commonwealth
the enfuing Month, in Erechtheus's, Temple in the Citadel, which was
kept by a Dragon, to which they gave (as was ufual alfo in Trophonius'i
Cave) a Honey-cake call'd uihiviTn. Neither were the Gods only wor-
ihipp'd at this Solemnity, but alfo the Demi-Gods and Heroes : Plu-
tarch '' relates that the Greeks on their Ne'w Moons firft worfhipp'd (;j)
the Gods, afterwards ( Hpwdf )^ i^a.ifioya{) the Heroes and Damons,
Thefe Sacrifices, becaufe they were offer'd e'very Month, were call'd
ifAfxlwet hfiy., or ^{Alwia, and thofe that performed them ihiAluiioi, as
S
Z A N e I K A,
A Macedonian Feftival !, fo call'd becaufe it Was obferv'd in the MontK
Xanthus, which, as Suidas tells us, was the fame with April. At this
Time the Army was purify'd by a folemn Luftration, the Manner o
which was thus : They divided a Bitch into two Halves, one of which,
together with the Entrails, was plac'd upon the Right-hand, the other
upon the Left ; between thefe the Army march'd in this Order : After
the Arms of the Macedonian Kings, came the firft Part of the Army, con-
fifting (I fuppofe) of Horfe ; thefe were followed by the King and his
Children, after whom went the Life-guards ; then follow'd the reft of
the Army : This done, the Army was divided into two Parts, one of
which being fet in Array againft the other, then follow'd a (hort Encoua-
fer in Imitation of a Fight.
ZTNOIK'IA, or METOIKIA,
An Anniverfary Day obferv'd by the Athenians ^ to Mintrva ; upon
the fixteenth of Hecatomb<eon, in Memory that by the Perfuafion of
Thefeus they left their Country-feats in which they lay difpers'd here and
there in Attica^ and united together in one Body.
O
o r X H 2 T I A,
A Bafotian Feftival ' in Honour of Neptune, firnam'd Or.chejiius from
t)nche/lus, a Town in Baeotia.
o A T M n 1 A,
A Feftival celebrated in Honour of Olympian Jupiter, by the Athenians,
^myrnaans, Macedonians, but efpecially by the Eltans, of whofc Solem-
nity I ftiall give an Account afterwards.
Grttc. Qj^atft. ' JItfycbius, Liviui xl. Curtiut, lib. X. *' rbucydldcs,
lib. ii. Pluiardut Tbffu, ' Paufaniat Bmiticis,
I O M O-
4i8 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
O M O A i2 I A.
A Thehan Feftival in Honour oi Jupiter Homoloius, or Ceres Homolo'ia "",
who were fo call'd from Homole in Bceotia, or the Prophetefs Hmoloiat
or from l^oh&, which in the JSoiian Dialeft {igniUcsfeacealf/e.
O2X0*OPIA, ornSXO^OPIA,
An Athenian Feftival, fo caU'd asm "tS (p4pi' lui o^<> i- c from
carrying Boughs hung with Grapes, which were term'd o^^/ ". The
Inflitution and Manner of it are defcrib'd at large by Plutarch in the Life
oi Thefcus. His Words run thus :" y^^y^Kj at his Return from Crete
** forgot to hang out the white Sail, which fhould have been the Token
" of their Safety to jEgeus, who, knowing nothing of their Succefs, for
*' Grief threw himfelf headlong from a Rock, and perilh'd in the Sea.
" But Thefeus, being arriv'd at the Port Phalerus, paid there the Sacrifi-
*' ces which he had vow'd to the Gods at his fetting out to Sea, and fent
" a Herald to the City to carry the News of his fafe Return. At his
*' Entrance into the City, the Herald found the People for the moft part
*' full of Grief for the Lofs of their King ; others, as may be well be-
*' lievM, as full of Joy for the Meflage that he had brought, and wholly
*' bent to make much of him, and crown him with Garlands for fo ac-
" ceptable News ; thefe indeed he accepted of, but hung them upon his
** Herald's Staff, and thus returning to the Sea-fide, before Thefeus had
*' finifh'd his Libation to the Gods, ftay'd without for fear of difturbing
" the holy Rites ; but as foon as the Sacrifice was ended, he entered and
*' related the whole Story of the King's Death ; upon the hearing of
" which, with great Lamentations, and a confus'd Tumult of Grief,
** they run with all Hafte to the City : Whence, they fay, it comes that
*' at this Feaft Ofchophoria, not the Herald, but his Staff is crown'd ;
" and that the People then prefent flill break out at the Sacrifice into
*' this Shout, sAgA<5t', J, ia, of which confus'd Sounds the iirft was
" wont to be us'd by Men in Hafte, or at Triumph ; the others are pro-
*' per to Men in any Trouble or Confternation." It is probable that
thefe are the o<^toetKd /-^s^". which are mention'd by Proclus *'.
A little after my Author proceeds thus : " The Feftival call'd Ofcho-
" phoria, which to this Day the Athenians celebrate, was then lirft infti-
" tuted by Thefeus ', for he took not with him the full Number of Vir-
" gins, which were chofen by Lots to be carried away, but felefted
** two Youths, with whom he had an intimate Familiarity, of fair and
" womanifh Faces, but of manly and courageous Spirits, and having
* by frequent Bathings, and avoiding the Heat and Scorching of the
" Sun, with a conftant Ufe of the Ointments, Wafhes and DrefTes,
*' that ferve to adorn the Head, fmooth the Skin, or improve the
" Complexion,' chang'd them, in a manner, from what they were be-
Tbeocriti Scboliaftest Idyll, viii. lUrpocration, Hefycbiut. Chrefto-
mathia.
fore ;'j
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 419
** fore ; and having taught them farther to counterfeit the very Voice,
* Gefture, and Gait of Virgins, fo that there could not be the leaft
" DiiFerence perceiv'd ; he, undifcover'd by any, put them into the
** Number of the Athenian Maids defign'd (or Crete. At his Return, he
" and thefe two Youths led up a folemn Proceffion with Boughs^ and
** Vine-branches in their Hands, in the fame Habit that is now worn at
** the Celebration of the Oyc/^o/i^or/rt .' Thefe Branches they carry'd in
" Honour of Bacchus and Ariadne, in Memory of the Fable related of
*' them ; or rather, becaufe they happen'd to return in Autumn, the
*' Time of gathering Grapes. The Women call'd AeiTrv-j^opai, i. e.
* Supper-Carriers, were taken into thefe Ceremonies, and affifted at the
** Sacrifice in Remembrance and Imitation of the Mothers of the young
** Men and Virgins, upon whom the Lot fell ; for thus bufily did they
** run about, bringing Banquets and Refrefhments to their Childten ;
** And becaufe the good Women then told their Sons and Daughters a
*' great many fine Tales and Stories, to comfort and encourage them un-
" Her the Danger they were going upon, it has therefore ftill continu'd
" a Cuftom, that at this Feflival old Tales and Fables (hould be the chief
*' Difcourfe. For all thefe Particularities we are beholden to the Hifto-
" ry of Demony Befides the Rites already defcribed out of Plutarch,
there was always a Race at this Feftival " ; the Contenders were young
Men elefted out of every Tribe, whofe Parents were both living ; they
ran from Bacchus'^ Temple to that of Minernja Sciras in the Pha/eriaa
Haven ; the Place where the Race ended was called Qa^ioeiov, from
the 0^1, Boughs, which the Runners carried in their Hands, and depo-
fited there. 7"he Conqueror's Reward was a Cup call'd ll<iv-m.rrhoa, or
De;'7WTAJii, i. e. Fi've-fold, becaufe it contain'd a Mixture of five things,
wiz. Wine, Honey, Cheefe, Meal, and a little Oil.
n
nAFKAAAlA,
A Feftival fo call'd attd -rnvrnv K^eiJ^v, i. e. from // Sorts o Boughs :
It was celebrated by the Rhodians, when they prun'd their Vines "*.
n A M B O I n T I A,
A Feftival celebrated (as the Name imports) by all the Boeotians %
who affcmbled near Coronea, at the Temple of Miner^yja, firnam'd Itonia,
from Itonius, the Son oi Amphydion.
nANAeHNAIA,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of Mincwa, the Protcftrefs of A-
thens. It was firft inftituted by Erichthonius or Orpheus, and called
A:ha/a, but afterwards renew'd and amplify'd by Thefeus, when h
had united into one City the whole Athenian Nation, and call'd ncn-et-
' Paufanias /ittUii, ^ikentgus, lib. xj. Hijycbiut, Nicandri Hcb'ji, Ale/iiptiatmacif,
^ Befyciiius, * Strabo, lib. ix. I'aujaniai BetDttsis,
K e 2 '^iaAlt.
42 o Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20..
iSifcaiof. Some are of Opinion, that it was much the fame with the
Roman Sluinquatria, whence it is ufual to call it by that Name in Latin.
At the firll it continued only one Day, but afterwards was prolong'd fe-
veral Days, and celebrated with greater Preparations, and Magnificence
than was ufual in the primitive Times.
There were two Solemnities of tliis Name, one of which was call'd
Mf^Aa Tio.vah'VcLct, i. e. the great Paiiathenaa, and was celebrated
once in five Years, beginning upon the XXIld of He'catombteo?!. The
other was call'd M/x^a [lajfo-^moAa, i. e. the leffer Panathenaa, and was
kept every third Year j or rather, as fome think, every Year, beginning
upon the XXIft, or XXth of Thargelion. In the latter of thefe there
were three Games manag'd by ten Prefidents, elefted out of all the
ten Tribes of Athens, who continu'd in Office four Years. On the
firft Day at Even, there was a Race with Torches, wherein firll Foot-
men, and afterwards Horfemen contended : The fame Cuftom was
likewife obferv'd in the greater Feftival. The fecond Contention
was iiM'Sfix; eiyiVf i. e. a Gymnical Exercife, fo call'd becaufe the
Combatants therein gave a Proof of their Strength, or Manhood. The
Place of thefe Games was near the River, and call'd from this Fe-
ftival m.va^veu'tov : The Stadium being decay'd by Time, was rebuilt
of white Pentelkk Marble by Herodes, a Native of Athens, with fuch
Splendor and Magnificence, that the moft llately Theatres could not
compare with it. The laft was a Mufical Contention, firft inftituted
by Pericles : In the Songs us'd at this Time, they rehears'd the gene-
rous Undertakings of Harmodius and Arijlogiton, who oppos'd the Ty-
ranny of Pifijlratus\ Sons ; as of Thra/ybulus alfo, who deliver'd the
Athenians from the thirty Tyrants, impofed on them by the Lacedaemo-
nians. The firft that obtained the Viftory, by playing upon the Harp,
was PhryKis z. Mitylen^ean : Other mufical Inftruments were alfo made
ufe of, efpecially Flutes, on which they play'd in Concert : There was
alio a Dance perform'd by a Circular Chorus, of which hereafter : And
the Poets contended in four Plays, the laft whereof was a Satyr, and
all together were nam'd from their Number n^a.Kny'iet. Befide thefe,
there was a Contention at Swiium, in Imitation of a Sea-fight : Th
Conqueror in any of thefe Games was rewarded with a Veflel of Oil,
which he was permitted to difpofe of, how, and where he pleas'd,
whereas it was unlawful for any other to tranfport that Gominodity :
Farther he received a Crown of thofe Olives which grew in the Aca"
demy, and were facred to Minewa, and call'd Mop.atv, from ^6c(&-, i. e.
Death, in Remembrance of the Misfortune of Halirrothius, the Son of
Neptune, who, in a Rage at his Father's Defeat by Miner'va, in their
Contention about the Name of Athens, offering to cut down the Olive-
tree, by the Produftion of which Minerva obtain'd the Viclory, mifs'd
his Aim, and gave himfelf a fatal Blow : Others derive the Name from
(/%?, i. e, a Part, becaufe, according to fome, thefe Olives were given
by Contribution, all Perfons that poffefs'd Olive-trees being oblig'd to
contribute their Proportions towards the Celebration of this Feftival.
Befide thefe, there was a certain Dance call'd Pyrrhichia, perform'd by
young Boys in Armour, in Imitation of Minerva^ who, in Triumph
ever the vanquilh'd Sons of Titans danc'd ia that Manner. It was
ufuai
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 42 1
ufual alfo, when Athens was brought under the Dominion of the Romans^
for Gladiators to contend after the Roman Fafhion. No Man was per-
mitted to be prefent at any of thefe Games in dy'd Garments, and the
Punifliment of fuch Offenders was left to the Difcretion of the AJ<^5-
id7<, or Prefident of the Gatne. Laftly, they ofFer'd a fumptuous Sa-
crifice, towards which every one of the Athenian Boroughs contributed an
Ox J and of the Flelh that remain'd, a publick Entertainment was made
for the whole Affembly.
In the greater Feftival raoft of the fame Rites and Ceremonies were
pradis'd, but were (I fuppofe) perform'd with greater Splendor and
Magnificence, and the Addition of fome others, not obierv'd in the Lef-
fer, as particularly the ProcefTion in which M/w^ro/^'s facred t^ta-, or
Garment, was carry'd : This tsVa- was woven by a feleft Number of
Virgins call'd Epyt^naj, from i^v, i.e. U^ork ; thele were fuperin-
tended by two of the Appnjic^i, (of whom I have fpoken before) and
cnter'd upon their Employment at the Feftival Xol^khj, which was upon
the thirtieth Day oi Pyanepfion : It was of a white Colour without Sleeves,
and embroider'd with Gold : Upon it were defcrib'd the Atchievements
oi Minerva, efpecially thofe againft the Giants; Jupiter alfo, and the
Heroes, with all fuch as were famous for valiant and noble Exploits, had
their Effigies in it ; whence Men of true Courage and Bravery are faid to
be ^m TirrAK, i. e. worthy to be pourtray'd in Minerva s, facred Gar'
tffent, as in Arijiophanes ' :
E
We will our Fathers treat with high Efteem,
Whofe brave Exploits are worthy Attica,
Fit to be pourtray'd in Minerva''^ Veft.
With this rrtTTK'Q- they made a folemn Proceffion, the Ceremonies of
which were thus : In the Ceramicus without the City, there was an En-
gine built in the Form of a Ship, on purpofe for this Solemnity ; upon
this the TiTA(Q- was hung in the Manner of a Sail, and the whole was
convey'd, not by the Beafts, as fome have imagin'd, but by fubterraneous
Machines, to the Temple of Ceres Eleujinia, and from thence to the Ci-
tadel, where the Tn'jK- was put upon Miner'va''s Statue, which fgems
to have been laid upon a Bed ftrew'd with, or rather compos*d of Flow-
ers, and call'd TrKeauu This Proceffion vv'as made by Pcrfons of all
Ages, Sexes, and Qualities : It was led up by old Men together (as fome
fay) with old Women, carrying Olive-branches in their Hands ; whence
they are call'd ^yo^ozojoi, i. e. Bearers of Green Boughs: After thefe
came the Men of full Age with Shields and Spears, being attended by
the M;t7;/xx/, or Sojourners, who frtrr>''</ little Boats as a Token of their
being Foreigners, and wei3 upon that Account call'd 'S.yj).t\)<p''foi, i. e.
Boat-bearers : Then follow'd the Women, attended by the Sojourners
Wives, who were nam'd TS'fiazojoi, from bearing Water-pots: Thefe
Equitibus.
E e 3 were
422 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
were follow'd by young Men Tinging Hymns to the Goddefs ; they' were
crovvn'd with Millet : Next to theie came feledl Virgins of the firft
Quality, caird Kai^/iofoz, i. e. Bajket-hearen, becaufe they carry'd cer-
tain Bafkets which contain'd fome Neceflaries for the Celebration of the
holy Rites, which (as alfo other Utenfils requir'd at the Solemnity) were
in the Cuftody of one, who, becaufe he was f /?>/<?/" Manager of the pub-
lick Pomps, Proceffions, or Embaffies to the Gods, was call'd ki^yi^iu-
p-, and were diflributed by him as Occafion requir'd ; thefe Virgins
were attended by the Sojourners Daughters, who carry'd Umbrellas and
little Seats, whence they were call'd A/^pHo^j/, i. e. Seat-carriers :
Laftly, it is probable that the Boys bore up the Rear } they walk'd in a
fort of Coats worn at Proceffions, and call'd TloMcfkfMKoi. The Neceffa-
ries for this, as for all other Proceffions, were prepar'd in a publick Hall
eredled for that Ufe between the Piraan Gate and Ceres's Temple ; and
the Management and Care of the whole Bufmefs belong'd to the No^ju-
hAYjri, which Name denotes Officers appointed to fee that the Laws, an-
cient Rites, and Cufioms be ohfernid. It was farther ufual at this Solem-
nity to make a Gaol-delivery, to prefent golden Crowns to fuch as had
done any remarkable Service for the Commonwealth, and to appoint
Men to fmg fome of Homer % Poems, which Cuftom was firft introduc'd
by Hipparchus, the Son of Pijijlratus. Laftly, in the Sacrifices at this,
and other Quinquennial Solemnities, it was cuftomary to pray for the
Profperity of the Plataans, on Account of the Service they had done
the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, wherein they behav'd them-
felves with extraordinary Courage and Refolution.
In Honour of Panact
n A N A K E I A,
n A N A H M O N,
The fame with the h^veuei, and XaXx*itf> and fo called from the
great Concourfe oi People that us'd to meet at the Solemnity ".
n A N A I A,
An Athenian Feftival " fo called from Pandion, by whom It was firft
inftituted ; or becaufe it was celebrated in Honour o^Jupiter^ who does
ivL mv-Tzt <f}p<iiHv, i. e. move and turn all things which Way he pleafeth.
Others are of Opinion, that it belong'd to the Moon, anci received its
Name, becaufe fhe does tklvtoti iiveu, i. e. move incejfantly, for that the
Moon appears both in the Night and Day ; whereas the ^un Ihews him-
felf by Day only, and was fuppos'd to reft all Night. It was celebrated
after the A/os'i/OTtf, or Feftival of Bacchus, becaufe that God is fome-
times put for the Sun, or Apollo, and was by I'ome reputed to be the Bro-
ther, by others the Son of the Moon.
fbeodo'etus vii. Tbirep. " S:i!das. * tymolo^td Auflor. Suidas.
HAN-
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 423
nANAP020 2,
An Athenian ^ Feftival in Memory of Pandrofusy the Daughter of
King Cecrops.
HANATSIA,
Publick Rejoicings ''-, when the Seafon through its Coldnefs and In-
temperance forc'd the Mariners to ftay at Home.
nANEAAHNiA,
A publick Feftival celebrated (as the Name imports) by an Affembly
of People from all Parts of Greece a.
n A N I n N I A,
A Feftival celebrated (as the Name fignifies) by a Concourfe of Peo^
pie from ail the Cities of Ionia b. The Place or Temple in which it
was kept, was call'd Ylxvioviov. It was inftituted in Honour of Nep-
tune, firnam'd Heliconius, from Helice a City of Acbaia, which after-
wards perifta'd by an Earthquake. One thing there was remarkable in
this Feftival, mix. That, if the Bull ofFcr'd in Sacrifice happen'd to bel-
low, it was accounted an Omen of divine Favour, becaufe that Sound
was thought to be acceptable to Neptune ; To this Homer is thought to
allude in thefe Verfes c.
AuTa'f i 5t/jU ei'ia-S'i Kj h^vyir, u( otJ rttifot
Dying he roar'd, as when a Bull is drawn
About the King of facred He/ice.
nAN02 EOPTH,
An anniverfary Solemnity ^ in Honour of Pan at Athens, where he
had a Temple near the Acropolis, the Dedication of which and the
Inftitution of this Feftival were upon this Account : When Darius the
Perfian invaded Attica, one Phidippides was difpatch'd on an Embafly to
the Spartans, to defire their Afllftance ; and, as he was in his Journey
about Mount Parihenius near Tegea, Pan met him, and calling him by
his Name, bid him to aflc the Athenians, What was the Rcafon why
they had no Regard of him, who was their Friend, and had often been
ferviceable to them, and ftiould continue fo to be ? Phidippides, at his Re-
turn to Athens, related this Vifion, which obtain'd fo great Credit with
the Athenians, that they made a Decree that divine Honours (hould be
paid to that God alfo.
' Jlchenagoras in Apologia, tfejychiut. /Enta\ TaFikui Poiiorcet. cap- xvii.
Prcclui in lie/iiJ, E;>, 0. Euflathius Iliad. (, . ^ tirr'diiut, Jib. i. Strait,
Ilk. V, Euftathiut Iliad. C, Iliad, xx. * Hercdttus, lib. vi. cap. cvi.
E c 4. Pan-
424 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Pan had likewife a Feftival in Arcadia c, the Country he was be-
liev'd moft to frequent and delight in, at which they uled to beat his
Statue with StiMoy, i. e. Sea-onions : The fame was done when they
ftiifs'd of their Prey in Hunting, in Anger (as ihould feem) at the God,
whom they reputed to be Prefident of that Sport j to which Cuflom
Theocritus feems to allude in thefe Verfes,
Kai h T3.VT' ifJ'oi;, u riav <f'(hi, yM ti^ ft Trtt.'iS'ii
Kind Pan, if you propitious to my Prayer
Grant thefe my Wifhes, you no more Ihall fear
The rig'rous Ufage of Jrcadian Boys,
When difappointed of their lovely Prize. H. H.
Farther, it was cuftomary to offer a fcanty Sacrifice, the Reliques of
which were not.fufficient to entertain thofe that were prefent ; becaufe,
perhaps, they thought the God had fruftrated their Hopes of Prey in
Hunting ; on the contrary, when they had good Succefs, they wer
more liberal in paying Honours to him.
n A N O Y I A,
See TlvAv't-int.
n A P A A I A,
A Commemoration-day in Honour of an ancient Hero, whofe Nanr
was Paralus K
nAT2ANEIA,
A Feftival in which were folemn Games, wherein free-born Spartans
only contended : Alfo an Oration in Praife of Paufanias, the Spartan
General, under whofe Conduft the Grecians overcame Mardonius in th
famous Battle at Plateeet g.
' n E A o n E I A,
A Feftival held by the Eleans to Pelops, whom that Nation honour'd
more than any other Hero. It was kept in Imitation of Hercules, who
facrific'd to Pelops in a Trench, as was ufually done to the Manes and
Internal Gods. We are inform'd by Paufanias h, that the Magiftrates
of the Eleans facrific'd every Year a Ram in the fame Manner ; and
that the Prieft had no Share in the Vidim, nor any of the Eleans, or
other Worftiippers were permitted to eat any Fart of it ; v/hoever ad-
ventur'd to tranfgrefs this Rule was excluded from Jupiter s Temple ;
only the Neck was allotted to one of Jupiter's Officers, who was call'd
e Theocrili Scboliajtes, Idyll, vij, ^ Eujiathius Qdyjf, B Paufanias Laccnicis.
* ljac. lifc. J. pa. 407t EJit. L'pj. 310. Edit. Hanov.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 425
^wAu< from his Office, which was to provide the cuftomary Wood for
. Sacrifices, it being held unlawful in that Country to employ any other
Tree, befide the {Mvutt) White Poplar^ to that Ufe.
n E A n P I A,
A Thejfalian Feftival, not unlike the Roman Saturnalia. It is thus
defcrib'd by Jthenaus - : Baton, the Sinopenjian Rhetorician, in his
Defcription of Thejfaly and Heemonia, declares that the Saturnalia are
a Grecian Feftival, and call'd by the TheJ/alians Peloria ; his Words
are thefe : " On a Time when the Pela/gians were offering publick
Sacrifices, one Pelorus came in, and told one of them. That the
Mountains of Tetnpe in Hamonia were torn afunder by an Earthquake,
and the Lake, which had before cover'd the adjacent Valley, making
its Way thro' the Breach, and falling into the Stream of Peneas, had
left behind a vafl, but moft pleafant and delightful Plain : The Pelaf-
gians hugg'd Pelorus for his News, and invited him to an Entertain-
ment, where he was treated with all Sorts of Dainties : The refl of
the Pela/gians alfo brought the beft Provifions they had, and prefented
them to him ; and his Landlord, with others of the beft Quality,
waited on him by Turns : In Memory of this, when the Pela/gians
had feated themfelves in the new difcover'd Country, they inftituted a
Feftival, wherein they offer'd Sacrifices to Jupiter, firnam'd Pelor, and
made fumptuous Entertainments, whereto they invited not only all the
Foreigners amongft them, but Prifoners alfo, whom they releas'd from
Bonds and Confinement, and Slaves, all whom they permitted to fit
down, and waited upon them : This Feftival is to this Day obferv'd
with great Solemnity by the 'The/falians, and call'd flsAwf *<*."
nEPinETEiA,
A Macedonian Solemnity '.
nEPI*AAAlA,
The fame with ^^\e(^>/c(, being deriv'd from ^aXAof, of which fee
more in C^iovvna..
niTANATnN EOPTH,
Gymnical Exercifes at Pitana k.
JIATNTHPIA,
A Feftival in Honour of Jolaurus, King Cecrops'i Daughter; or ra-
ther of Minerva, who had, from that Lady, the Name of Aglaurut ',
At this Time they undrefs'd Minerva % Statue, and wafh'd it, whence
the Solemnity was call'd TAi/fTitei*, from itKvv^v, which fignifies to
iva/h. It was accounted an unfortunate or inaufpicious Day, and
* Lib. xiv. Hejycbiut. * Idem. * Hejycbius, Ptutarclus jiUiiiade,
Atbtraut, iibi iii. FtlluK, Jib, viii. cap. xii.
tliere-
426 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
therefore the Temples (as upon all fuch Days) were furrounded with
Ropes, fo that no Man could have Admiflion : The Reafon of which
Cuftom, with a farther Account of this Solemnity, we have in Plutarch^
Alcibiades ; " The Feftival (faith he) of the Goddefs Minerva, call'd
" YlKwrhtt-tt, was celebrated on the tvventy-iixth of Thargelion, with
*' certain myfterious Obfervances unlawful to be reveal'd, which were
*' performed by Perfons call'd flifjt^/if'Vic/ic/, who divefted the Goddefs's
** Image of all its Ornaments, and kept it clofe cover'd : Whence it is,
** that the Athenians efteem this Day mofl inaufpicious, and never go
*' about any thing of Importance upon it : And therefore, it falling
*' out that Alcibiades'^ Return from Exile happening upon this Day, ma-
" ny were much concern'd at it, looking upon the Time of his Arrival
* to be a dangerous Omen, and imagining that the Goddefs did not
** gracioufly receive him, but, in Token of Difpleafure, hid her Face
** from him : But, for all this. Things went on profperoufly and fuc-
** ceeded according to his Wifh." Farther, it was cuftomary at this Fef-
tival, to bear in ProcelTion a duller of Figs, which was call'd H>Te-
(ia or H-yiiTf /<*, from M^o,aa/, which fignifies to lead the Way, becaufe
rigs were ny.uova 7 yj.^ap'i /S{, i. e. Leaders to Humanity, and a civil
Courfe of Life : For when Men left off their ancient and barbarous Diet
of Acorns, the next Thing they us'd for Food was Figs.
n o A I E I A,
A Solemnity at 1-hehes " in Honour of Apollo, firnam'd no\/o<, i. e.
Gray, becaufe he was reprefented in this City (contrary to the Prac-
tice of all other Places) with grey Hairs. The Viftim was a Bull,
but it once happening that no Bulls could be procur'd, an Ox was taken
from the Cart and facrificed ; whence the Cuftom of killing labouring
Oxen, which till that Time was looked on as a capital Crime, iirft
commenc'd.
nOMHEnN AAIMONO2 EOPTH,
A Feftival mention'd by Heffchius. There was an Image at this So-*
lemnity, call'd by a peculiar Name 2,Ti[xf/.a7i<uov.
n02EIAIA, ornoSElAfiNIA,
In Honour of HixrH-f'uv, i. e. Neptune, to whom alfo they offer'd a
folemn Sacrifice call'd OniKttv ".
nPIAHEIA,
A Feftival in Honour of Priapus.
nP0HP02IA, or npHPOSiA,
Sacrifices " offer'd ^rfJ i d^oaiuf, i. e. before Seed-time, to Ceres,
" P au jamas Bceoticis. lle'ycbius. Hefychhs, Suidas, Arilhpbanes Hcbol.
Equitibu*. " iJ > i J r
wh
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 427
who was hence firaam'd Upnef<^iet.. They were call'd by the common
People n^etySjiiejuty from aV/ij, which fometimes fignifies the fame
with ff IT-, i.e. Bread Corn; whence comes Aju7sp- aV^h, i.e.
Ceres's Corn in Homer p. The firft Inftitution of thefe Sacrifices was by
the Command of one jiuthias a Prophet, who gave out that this was
the only Method to appeafe the incens'd Goddefs, who had at that
Time afflifted not Athens only, where this Solemnity was obferv'd, but
all the other Parts of Greece, with a grievous Famine.
npoAoriA,
A Feflival celebrated by the Inhabitants of Laconia, hefore they ga- '
therd their Fruits ''.
nPOMAXIA,
A Feftival, in which the Lacedaemonians crown 'd themfelves with
Reeds '.
nPOMEeEiA,
An Athenian Solemnity celebrated in Honour of Prometheus , with
Torch-races, in Remembrance that it was the firft that taught Men the
Ufe of Fire.
nP02XAIPHTHPlA,
A Day of Rejoicing, when a new married Wife went to cohabit ivith
her Hufband ^
HPOTEAEIA,
A Solemnity before Marriage, of which afterwards.
npoTPrrEiA,
A Feftival in Honour of Neptune and of Bacchus ", firnam'd ITg;-
TfVynf, or n^TfuyalQ-, iai t Tft>>of, i. e. /rom neiu Wine.
nPO*0A2lA,
A Feftival fo call'd attI 7v t^pp^m/hv, from pre'venting, or coming be-
fore. It was obferv'd by the C/azomenians, in RenremDrance that they
made themfelves Mafters of Leuca, by coming to the Celebration of a
Sacrifice before the Cumaans '.
npOXAPI2THPIA,
A folemn Sacrifice which the Athenian Magiftrates yearly offer 'd to
Minerva, when the Spring began firft to appear T.
' Vide Annotationes noftras in Fluiarcbum Dc Audiendis Poetis. 9 Hefyciius,
f Athenaui, lib, XV. ' Anfiopbanit Scbtliufi. Ranis- * Harfxxration, Suid,
* iitrfcbius, . * Diodttt Stent, lb, xv, ' Suidat,
n p ft-
448 Of the Religion of Gtqccc. Chap. 20'.
npaXESIAAElA,
A Feftival celebrated by the Cherfonejians and Theffaliam '^y in Me.
jnory of Protejilaus, who was the firft Grecian flain by Heffor.
n T A N E Y I A,
An Athenian a Feftival,' fometimes call'd vnixvo^-iet, or mtvo4-it>
977 ttoVths elJ^oi' ;j^pTf T*^a4, i- e. becaufe Thefeus and his Companions
were entertain'd with // Manner of Fruits ; the former and more ufual
Name is deriv'd aVo t ^1.HC yrvAva, i. e. from boiling 'Pulfe, as was
ufual upon that Day ; the Reafon of which Cuftom, with a farther Ac-
count of this Solemnity, I will give you in the Words of Plutarch :
*' Thefeus, after the Funeral of his Father, pay'd his Vows to Jpollo up-
'* on the feventh of Pyanepfton ; for, on that Day, the Youths that re-
*' turn'd with him fafe from Crete, made their Entry into the City.
** They fay alfo, that the Cuftom of boiling Pulfe was deriv'd from
** hence, becaufe the young Men that efcap'd, put all that was left of
** their Provifion together, and boiling it in one common Pot, feafted
** themfelves with it, and with great Rejoicing did eat all together.
** Hence alfo they carry about an Olive-tranch bound about with Wool
" (fuch as they then made ufe of in their Supplications) which was
*' call'd E'tfijjcovtt, (from ^f-, i. e. ff^oo/) and crown'd with all Sorts'
** of Firft-fruits, to fignify that Scarcity and Barrennefs were ceas'd;
" finging in their Proceffion this Song :
Kai W/'Xix.' giI'^*|>5V, ui a,v f/.i^unvtt xaSsi/Zi'C*
Eirefione, Figs produce.
And wholfome Bread, and chearful Oil,
And Honey, labouring Bees fweet Toil,
But above all Wine's noble Juice ;
Then Cares thou in the Cup Ihalt fteep.
And full of Joy receive foft Sleep. Mr. Dukt.
^' Tho' fome are of Opinion, that this Cuftom is retain'd in Memory
" of the Heraclida, who were thus entertain'd, and brought up by the
** Athenians: But the former Account is more generally receiv'd." It
may be added farther, that the Eig^jwyr, when it was carried about in
Honour of Jpollo, was of Laurel ; when of Minerva, of Olive ; becaufe
'thofe Trees were believ'd to be moft acceptable to thefe Deities : When
the Solemnity was ended, it was cuftomary for them to ered it before
their Houfe-doors, thinking it an Amulet, whereby Scarcity and Want
were prevented.
Pindari SchoUaJln Jiihm, Od. i, Lucianus, Deor. Concil. * i:a<*>ocra:k!',
Iflutarchm Ibefea, Hefycbiut,
n r.
Chap.. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 429
n T A A I A,
A Feftival at Pyl^ ', otherwife call'd ^hermopyla, in Honour of Cgres^
.fimam'd from that Place PyUa.
nrPsnN eopth,
i. c. The Fefti'val of Torches : It was obferv'd at Argos, and inllltuted
in Memory of the Torches lighted by Lynceus and Hypermnejlra, to fig-
tiify to each other, that they had both efcap'd out of Danger '^.
p
PABAOT, ANAAH*I2,
i. e. The Reception or Elevation of the Rod. It was an anniver-
fary Day in the Ifland of Ccj, at which the Priefts carry'd a Cyprefs-
tree e.
PA*^nAinN EOPTH,
A Part of the ^uvvma, or Feftival of Bacchus, at which they re-
peated Scraps of Songs or Poems, as they walk'd by the God's Statue ',
i A B A Z I A,
No<ElurnaI Myfteries in Honour of Jupiter Sahaxius b, into which all
that were initiated, had a golden Serpent put in at their Breafts, and
taken out at the lower Parts of their Garments ; in Memory of Jupiter i
ravifhing Proferpina, in the Form of a Serpent. Others > are of Opi-
nion, that this Solemnity was in Honour of Bacchus fimam'd Sabaxius,
from the Sab-e, who were a People of Thrace ; and 'tis probable this
Feftival was not firil inftituted by the Grecians, but deriv'd to them from
the Barbarians (fuch were the Thracians reputed) amongft whom, Sui-
Jas tells us, cuCoj^m was the fame with i^et^^v, i. e. to fhout, nJot, a*.
was ufual in the Feftival of Bacchus : Add to this, that Baccbus\ Priefts^
were by the Thracians call'd "ZuCoi.
2 A P n N I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana ' firnam'd Saronia., from Sara, the
third K'mgofTrazen, by whom a Temple was ercfted, and this Feftival
inftituted to her. *
Strabo, lib. ix, ' * Paufanias Corintliadt. t Hippocratit Epiftola ad S, P. Q^
Atderitan. * j^tbtnaut init. lib. vH. * CUmmi Protrept. Amobius, lib. v.
* Diotiorut Siiulus, lib. iv. Arijlipbanit SMiapif J^efpis U<irpnratis,ii. * Paufa-
liis (^enntiiadt,
2 E I"
^j0 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
SEISAXeEIA,
i. e. A Shaking of the Burthen. It was a publlck Sacrifice at Athens,
in Memory of Solon s Ordinance, whereby the Debts of poor People
were either entirely remitted ; or at leaft the Intereft due upon them
leffen'd, and Creditors hinder'd from feizing upon the Perfons of their
Debtors, as had been cuftomary before that Time '.
2 E M E A H,
A Feftival mention'd by Hefychius ; and obferv'd, it may be, in Me-
mory of Semek, Bacchus's Mother.
SEHTHPION,
A Delphian Feftival, celebrated every ninth Year, in Memory of
jipollo's Viftory over Python. The chief Part of the Solemnity was a
-Reprefentation of Python purfu'd by jipoUo ".
2 e E N I A,
At Argos ". It might perhaps be celebrated in Honour of Minervot
who wasfirnam'd %hivia.i, hovciff^'iv-, i. e. Strength.
SKEIPA. or SKIP A, or 2;KlPO*OPIA,
An anniverfary Solemnity at Athens , upon the twelfth Day of
^cirrophorion, in Honour of Minerva, or, as fome fay, of Ceres and Pro-
ferpina. The Name is derived from Sciras, a Borough between Athens
and Eleujis, where there was a Temple dedicated to Miner-va, fir-
nam'd Sciras, from that Place : Or from one Scirus, an Inhabitant of
Eleujis ; or from Sciron of Salamis ; or from (TKI^-, i. e. Chalk, or
white Plaifter, of which the Statue dedicated to Miner'va by ^ he feus,
when he return'd from Crete, was compos'd : Or from C''ipjv, i. e. an
Umbrella, which was at this Time carry'd in Proceffion by EreBheus'i
Prieil, or fome of the facred Family of Butas, who, to diftinguifh
them from others that made falfe Pretenfions to that Kindred, were
caird ETSc^a-TttJ^eM, i.e. the genuine Off-fpring of Butas : Thofe that or-
der'd this Proceffion were wont to make ule of A/es x.eaJ'ia, i.e. the
Skins of Beafts facrific'd to Jupiter, firnam'd ^nhiy^i-, and Ktw7/^,
of which Titles I have fpoken before. Farther, there was at this
Feftival a Race call'd Oayjt'poej.ei, becaufe the young Men that contended
therein, did ^ijwr -mi o<7^<ti, i. e. carry in their Hands Vine-branches full
of Grapes.
2KIEPIA, or XKIEPA,
At Alea in Arcadia p, ia Honour of Bacchus, whofe Image wa
expos'd uVi 7"^ iKKtJ), i. e. under an U7nbrella, whence it is probable
Plutarch. Solone. i' Plutarch. Grac. Qnasft. Hefychius. " Ari-
fttipban. Scboliaft. Concionat. Harpocration, Suidas. * Paufanias Arcadicis, Pol-
lux, lib, Tiii. cap xxxXii.
the
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 431
the Name of this Feftival was deriv'd. At this Time the Women wer
beaten with Scourges, in the fame Manner with the Spartan Boys at the
Altar of Diana Orthia, which they underwent in Obedience to a Com-
mand of the Delphian Oracle.
2KIAAr2N EOPTH,
i. c. The Tejii'val of Sea-onions. It was obferv'd in Sicily ; the chief
Part of it wias a Combat, wherein Youths beat one another with Sea-
onions : He that obtained the Viftory was rewarded by the Gymnafi-
arch with a Bull q.
2 n o p T I A,
Mention'd by Hejychius.
2 T H N I A,
An Athenian Solemnity , wherein the Women made Jefts and Lam-
poons upon one another ; whence ^mi^<feu fignifies to ahu/f, riJicule,
er/peak Evil of one another.
2; T O * E I A,
At Eretria in Honour of Diana Stophea '.
2TrM*AAlA,
At Stymphalius in Arcadia, in Honour of Diana, namM from that
Place Stympbalia ^
,2 r r K O M I 2 T H P I A>
See 8aXi^V/<.
2 r N O I K I A,
See Sivoiaiet.
2rPAKOT2inN EOPTAI,
Syracufian Feftivals, one of which Plata " mentions ; it continuM
ten Days, during which Time the Women were employ'd in offering
Sacrifices.
Another we read of in Tully '', which was celebrated every Year by
vaft Numbers of Men and Women, at the Lake near Syracuft^ through
which Plut9 was faid to have defccnded with Proferpina.
2 T P M A I A,
Games Tit Sparta^, the Prize of which was <wma.\a, i.e. jl Mixture
-of Fat and Honey. '.'<: a
-~' ^- - . -. . .
S Tbeacrtri Hcboltaji. Idyl. vii. ' Hfjjcbius, Suidat, ' Aihoneus lib. vi.
Paufaniat Ariadids, Epiftola ad Vimt propinqucs. * Oiat. in t^etnm vi.
' Helydiut,
2 n-
432 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
2 n T H P I A,
Sacrifices and Thankfglvings for Deliverances out of Dangers. One
of thefe Feftivals was kept at Skyon on the fifth of Anthejierion to y/r-
ter'S.uThp, the S amour ; that City having been on that Day deliver'd
by Aratus from the Macedonian Tyranny ^.
T
TAINAPIA,
In Honour of 'Neptune firnam'd T<enarius from Tanarus, a Promon-
tory in Laconia, where there was a Temple dedicated to him. The Wor-
fluppers were call'd TtuvAtiirTaui a.
TAAAIAITH2,
Gymnical Exercifes in Honour o( Jupiter TctKeuoj, as Meurjius conjee*
tures from the Words of Hefychius.
T A T p E I A,
In Honour of Neptune, as He/ychius reports : Perhaps it was the fame
with that mention'd by Athenaus '', and celebrated at Ephe/us, whereiK
the Cup-bearers were young Men, and call'd Taw /> si.
TATPOnOAEtA,
In Honour of Diana Tetvpo'TroKQ- % , of which Sirname there are
various Accounts ; the moft probable is that which derives it from Scy^^
tbia Taurica, where this Goddefs was worlhipped.
TATPOXOAIA,
At Cyzicus ^.
TE22APAKONTON,
The Fortieth Day after Child-birth, upon which the Women went to
the Temples, and paid fome grateful Acknowledgments for their fafe
Delivery ; of which Cuftom I fhall give a farther Account in one of the
following Books.
TIGHNIAIA,
A Spartan Feflival e, in which the Ti^nveu, or Nur/es, convey'd
the Male-Infants committed to their Charge to the Temple of Diana
Corythallia, which was at fome Diftance from the City, being fcated
not far from that Part of the River Tiajfa, which was near Cleta ; here
they ofFer'd young Pigs in Sacrifice, during the Time of which fome of
Plutarchus Aroto, Palybius lib. ii. Cicero de Offie. lib. iii. * Idem. '' Lib. x.
<t Bi(ycbiv!> * Idea*, Atbenam lib, vr. U&fytbtuh
tbca
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Grttce, 4^3
them danc'd, and were call'd Kopy5aM.is-eia< ; others exposed themfelvea
in antick and ridiculous Poftures, and were nam'd Y^vexiioi. They had
likewife a publick Entertainment at this, and fome other Times, which
was caird kstk, and to partake of it Komif^^v : The Manner of it was
thus : Tents being eredled near the Temple, and Beds furiiifh'd therein,
and cover'd with Tapeftry, all the Guefls, as well Foreigners as Natives
of Laconia, were invited to Supper, where every Man had his Portion al-
lotted, which was diltributed to him together with a fmall Loaf of Bread
call'd (iiU(fiyju}^& ; farther alfo, each of them receiv'd a Piece of new
Cheefe, Part of the Belly and Tripes, and (inftead of Sweet-meats) Figs,
Beans, and green Vetches.
T I T A N I A,
In Memory of the Titanes 5.
TAHnOAEMElA,
Games celebrated ^ at Rhodes, in Memory of Tlepolemm, upon th
twenty-fourth Day of the Month Gorpiaus, wherein not Men only, but
Boys were permitted to contend, and the Viftors were crown'd with
Poplar,
T O N E I A,
The Inftitution and Manner of this Solemnity are defcrib'd in Atht-
n/eus , who tells us it was kept at Samoi : The chief Ceremony confifted
in carrying Juno'^ Image to the Sea-lhore, and offering Cakes to it, and
then reftoring it to its forriler Place j which was done in Memory of its
being ftolen by the Tyrrhenians, and (when their Ships were ftay'd in the
Haven by an invifible Force, which hinder'd them from making away )
expos'd upon the Shore. The Name of this Feftival is deriv'd ami t
fft/vrivui ti^ei/Kt^i^^lJjcu to /SffcTflf, i- e. from the Image's being /ajl
hound by thofe that firfl: found it, becaufe they imagin'd it was going tQ
leave them.
TOHAPIAIA,
At Athens ^, in Memory oF 7oxaris, a Scythian Hero, who died thtre,
and went under the Name of :;!>- ict'^ii, i. e. the foreign Phyjician.
TPTKAAPIA,
. An Anniverfary Feftival ' celebrated by the loniant that inhabited
Aroe, Authea, and Mefatis, in Honour of Diana Trie/aria, to appeafe
whole Anger for the Adultery committed in her Temple by Menalippus
and Comeetho the Prieftefs, they were commanded by the Delphian Oracle
to facrifice a Boy and a Virgin, which inhuman Cuilom continu'd till af-
ter the Tiojan War.
Mofchofulut Coilea. Dit. Attica. ^ Pindari ScMiaJiti Olymp. Od. vii.
Lib, XV, * Lucianui Scytta. . ' Paufaniat Achat cii.
F f T P I-
434 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap* 2e^,
T p I o n I A,
Solemn Games dedicated to Jpol/o Trhpim. The Prizes were Tripods
f Brafs, which the Viftors were oblig'd to confecrate to Jpollo ".
TPITonATOPEIA,
A Solemnity, in which it was ufual to pray for Children to the loi
'f/ji%kioi, or Gods of Generation, who were fometimes call'd TeiTimtTc^fi
Of thefe I Ihall have occafion to fpeak afterwards.
TPinONHTAI,
A Feftival mention'd by Hefychiui.
T p o * n N I A,
Solemn Games celebrated every Year at Lthadeat in Honoa? of ff a-
pbonittj p.
T Y n A J,
Mentioned in Hejjchiu:.
T T p B H,
Celebrated by the Achaans, in Honour of Bacchus '.
T
TAKIN0IA,
An Anniverfary Solemnity " at Amycla in Laeonia, in the Montfr
Hecatombteonf in Memory of the beautiful Youth Hyacinthus, with
Games in Honour of -^/lo//!;. It is thus defcrib'd by Atheneeus* : " Po-
" ly crates reports in his Laconicks, That the Laconians celebrate a Fe-
" Itival caird Hyacinthia, three Days together ; during which time
** their Grief for the Death of Hyacinthus is fo exceiTive, that they nei-
" ther adorn themfelves with Crowns ai their Entertainments, nor eat
** Bread, but Sweet-meats only, and fuch like things ; nor fing Peeant
** in Honour of the God, nor praftife any of the Cuftoms that are
* ufual at other Sacrifices ; but having fupp'd with Gravity, and an
* orderly Compofednefs, depart. Upon the fecond Day there is Vari-
** ety of Spe^cles, frequented by a vaft Concourfe of People ; th*
** Boys, having their Coats girt about them, play fometimes upon the
*' Harp, fometimes upon the Flute, fometimes ftrike at once upon all
* their Strings, and fmg Hymns in Honour of the God [Apollo) in A-
" Herodotus lib, i, cap. xlir. Etymologic! Auftor. ' Pindari Schaliaft,
Olymp. Od. vii. < Faufauias Corintbiacis* * Idem Latcrucis, Hefyclius.
Lib. iv.
" nap<gj{ici
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 435
" naptejiick Numbers^ and ftjrill, acute Sounds. Others pafs over the
** Theatre upon Horfes richly accoutred ; at the fame time enter Choirs
" of young Men fmging fome of their own Country Songs, and a-
** mongft them, Perfons appointed to dance according to the ancient
** Form, to the Flute and Vocal Mufick. Of the Virgins fome are
** ufher'd in riding in Chariots made of Wood, cover'd at the Top, an4
** magnificently adorn'd ; others in Race-Chariots. The whole City is
** fiU'd with Joy at this Time, they offer multitudes of Viftims, and
*' entertain all their Acquaintance and Slaves ; and fo eager are they to
* be prefent at the Games, that no Mao ftays at Home, but the Citjr is
-" left empty and defolate."
TBPIITIKA,
At jirgos ^ upon the fixteenth, or rather upon the New Moon of th
Month call'd by the Argi'ves Hermeas. The chief Ceremony was, that
the Men and Women exchanged Habits, in Memory of the generous
Atchievement of Teiejilla, who, when Argos was befieg'd by Cleomenes,
having lifted a fufRcient Number of Women, made a brave and vigorous
Defence againft the whole Spartan Army.
rAPO*OPlA,
A Solemnity fo call'd hm <n tpifetv i7fty/j, i. e. /ram hearing Water :
and kept at Athens in Memory of thofe that perilh'd in the Deluge ".
Another Feftival was celebrated at ^gina to Apollo^ in the Montk
Delphiniut ".
T M N I A,
At Orcbomeaosj and Mantisea, in Honour of Diana Hjmnia-
r 1 T H P I A,
A Feftival at Argos, in Honour of f^enus "f. The Name is derir'4
from 2 f, i. e. a Sow, becaufe Sows were facrific'd to this Goddefs.
* A r H 2 I A,
^rt^MT/rt, or ibAynTig., or ^Aywmda'tcf , or ^Aywffjrofutt was a
val fo call'd from ipat-vHc, and tUhv, i. e. to eat and drink, beca
.Fefti-
becaufe it
was a Time of good Living '-. It was obferv'd during the Dionyjia, and
bclong'd to Bacchus.
A r n N,
A Feftival mention'd by Eufiathius *, and (as the Name imports) of
the fame Nature with the former.
' /'/ttM'-fi'. Virt. Mulier. f/y<fair,b. viii. " Etymolj^id ^utor. * Pifi-
dari S:6olia/}es Ncmem, Od. v. ' ^thtr.aut, lib. lii. * IJem. lib. vii.
Odjjf. t. "
F f a AM-
436 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2a
* A M M A 2 Tf^l* i A,
MentionM by He/ychius.
* E A A O 2,
A Feftival of Bacchus >, being a Preparative to the Aiovvn^ ^.
^EPE^ATTIA,
A Feftival at Cyzicum, wherein a black Heifer was facrific'd to Piif
replMitta, or Proferpina ''.
O P I A,
In Honour of Phofphorm or Lucifer '.
X
X A A K E I A,
So call'd from XaA;oj<, i- - Bra/s, becaufe it was celebrated in Me-
mory of the firft Invention of working that Metal, which is owing to
Athens '. It was call'd ndv^fXbV, becaufe 6 rr< <f'tify.&, i. e. the
ivhole Athenian Nation, affembled to celebrate it. Sometimes alfo this
Feftival was call'd A^wAta., becaufe it was kept in Honour of A^jii'w,
or Minerva, who was the Goddefs of all Sorts of Arts and Inventions,
and upon that Account nam'd E?ya,vn, from Sfjpp, i. e. fFori. After-
wards it was only kept by Mechanicks and Handy-crafts-men, efpeci-
ally thofe concem'd in Brafs-work, and that in Honour of Vulcan who
was the God of Smiths, and the firft that taught the Athenians the Ufc
of Brafs.
X A A K I O I K I A,
An anniverfary Day at Sparta^ on which the young Men affembled
in Arms to celebrate a Sacrifice in the Temple of Miner'va, firnam'd
'^^a.Kx.ioiK-, from her Temple which was made oi Brafs. The Ephori
were always prefent to give Direftions for the due Performance of the
Solemnity 6.
X A O N I A,
A Feftival celebrated by the Chaonians in Epirus '".
X A P I A A,
A Feftival obfcrv'd once in nine Years by the Delphians, whereof wft
* Suidas. Ariftopbanh SchoHafi. Nubibus. '' Plutarch. Luculh. e P/a-
tarch. in Calotem, Htfycbius. ' Euftath. Iliad. ;S'. Suidas, Harpocration, Etymohgici
Auftor. ^ Polybius, lib. iv. Paujan. Fbecicis, pag. 6i8. & Laconicis, pag. 193.
* Partbeniui Erot. xxxiit
have
C^ap. 2a. Of the Religion of Greece. 437
have this Account in Plutarch i : "A great Drought having brought a
" Famine upon the Delphians, they went with their Wives and Children
*' as Supplicants to the King's Gate, who diftributed Meal and Pulfe to
** the more noted of them, not having enough to fupply the Neceflities
" of all : But a little Orphan Girl coming and importuning him, he
** beat her with his Shoe, and threw it in her Face ; fhe indeed was a
** poor vagrant Beggar, but of a Difpofition no ways mean or ignoble ;
" wherefore unable to bear the Affront, (he withdrew, and untying her
" Girdle, hang'd herfelf therewith. The Famine hereupon increafing,
** and many Difeafes accompanying it, the Pythia was confulted by the
** King, and anfwer'd, that the Death of the V^irgin Charila, who flew
*' herfelf, muft be expiated : The Delphians, after a long Search, dif-
** cover'd at length, that the Maid, who had been beaten with the
** Shoe, was call'd by that Name, and inftituted certain Sacrifices mixt
** with expiatory Rites, which are religioufly obferv'd every ninth Year
** to this Day : The King prefides at them, and diftributes Meal and
** Pulfe to all Perfons, as well Strangers as Citizens : And Charila's Ef-
** figies being brought in, when all have receiv'd their Dole, the King
*' fmites it with his Shoe , then the Governefs of the Thyades conveys it
** to fome lonefome and defolate Place, where a Halter being put about
** its Neck, they bury it in the fame fpot of Ground where Charila was
* interr'd."
X A P I 2 I A,
A Feftival celebrated in Honour of the Charites, or Graces, with
Dances, which continu'd all Night ; he that was awake the longeft, was
rewarded with a Cake calPd Xiu^yxi.
XAPIJTHPIA EAETGEPIA2,
A Thani/gi<vhg-Day\ at Athens k upon the twelfth of BoedromioHy
which was the Day whereon Thrafybulm expell'd the thirty Tyrants, and
reftor'd the Athenians their Liberty.
XAPMOSTNA,
At Athens \.
XEIPOnOJffiA,
h Feftival celebrated by the XttfoTo'vo/, or Handy-crafts-men m.
KEAIAONIA,
A Feftival at Rhodes " in the Month Boedromion, wherein the Boys
went from Door to Door begging, and finging a certain Song, the doing
which was call'd ^\iJhvi^Hv, and the Song itfelf was nam'd Xi\i/6yi(rua,
becaufe it was begun with an Invocation of the \iKtiov, or Sivalloiu :
It is fet down at large in o Athenaus, and begins thus :
' Gritc. Qiiaft. ' Eiiftarbius OdyJJf. <t\ Plutarch, dc Q)x>m Atben'ittij.
H<^(hiut, Idem. ? Athoaui, lib. viii.
F f 3 HaO',
43^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chjip. 20.
It's fald to have been compos'd by Cleohulus tlK Lindian, as an Artif.ce
to get Money in a Time of publick Calamity. In like manner, to fing
the Song wherein a Raven, in Greek K.o^'Cj'it, was iflvok''<i, they called
rffomCfiy- And it feems to have been cuftomary for Beggars to go
about and fing for Wages j fo Homer is faid to have done, earning his
Living by fenging a Song call'd t\fiffiaiyt/l-
X O N I A.
An anniverfary Day kept by the Hermionians, in Honour of Cerei,
firnam'd Chthonia, either becaufe flie was Goddefs of the Earth, which
is call'd in Greek Xdr;', or from a Damfel of that Name, whom Cerei
carryM from Argolis to Hermione, where fhe dedicated a Temple to the
Goddefs. The manner of this Feftival is thus defcribed by Paufanias '" ;
" Ceres herfelf is nam'd Cthonia, and under that Title is honour'^d with
" a Feftival, celebrated every Summer in this Method : A Procefiion
*' is led up by the Priefts of the Gods, and the Magiftrates that Year in
' Office, who are follow'd by a Crowd of Men and Women ; the Boj^
*' alfo ipake a folemn Procefllon in Honour of the Goddefs, being in
** white Apparel, and having upon their Heads Crowns compos'd of a
** Flower, which is by them call'd Y^oiMov&vePaK-^ but feems to be the
** fame with Hyacinth, as appears as well by the Bignefs and Colour, as
*' from the Letters infcrib'd upon it in Memory of the untimely Death
" of Hyacinthus. This Procefiion is follow'd by Perfons that drag an
" Heifer untam'd, and newly taken from the Herd, faft bound to the
** Temple, where they let her loofe j which being done, the Door-
" keepers, who till then had kept the Temple-gates open, make all faft,
" and four old Women being left within, and arm'd with Scithes, they
** purfue the Heifer and difpatch her, as foon as they are able, by cut-
** ting her Throat. Then the Doors being open'd, certain appointed
" Perfons put a fecond Heifer into the Temple, afterwards a third, and
" then a fourth, all which the old Women kill in the fore-mentioa'd
*' manner j and, 'tjs obfervable, that all fall on the fame Side."
X I T P. N I A,
In Honour of Diann, firnam'd Chitonta, from Chitone, a Borough in
Jitiica, where this Feftival was celebrated .
Another Feftival of this Name was celebrated at Syracufe, with Songs
nd Dances proper to the Day <>;
X A O E I A,
A Feftival celebrated at Athens Upon the fixth of Thargelion p with
" Co-intliacis. " Callimachi S(holiaJi. Hymn, in Dian. Atbtnaus, lib. xiv,
^u^iiaH. Byaantit, y, Xnuiw. t Hejyckius Et'fiutb, II, i, PauJan.Atticis. ,
Sports
Chap. 40. Df the Religion of Greece. 439
Sports and Mirth, facrificing a Ram to Ceresy worftiipp'd in a Tempk
tn or near the Acropolis of Athens, under the Title of Xhh, which
Name, tho' Paufanias thought to bear a hidden and myftical Senfe, un-
derftood by none but the Priefts themfelves, yet perhaps it may be de-
rived from Xaojj, i. e. Grafs, becaufe Ceres was Goddefs of the Earth,
*nd all the Fruits thereof ; and is the fame with the Epithet of Ei-
^Ao-, or fertile, which is apply ""d to her by Sephocltj "J.
Vhcre this Conjcfture feems to be approv'd by the SchoJiaft, who tells
OS, that Ceres, fimam'd ^uyKo-, was worfhipp'd in a Temple near th
Acropolis, which can be no other than that already mention'd. Add to
this, that Gjraldus is of Opinion that Ceres is call'd Xhon amongft the
Oreeks, for the fame Reafon that amongft the Latins Ihe is nam'd Flava,
the Caufe of which Tide is too well known to be accounted for in this
Place.
See A^H^ntJLA.
In Honour of Bacchus *.
See Ai'S<rMf/#e.
X o E 2,
X O A A 2,
X T T p o r,
ii M O A r I A,
A Feftival ' inHonomof Bacchus, ilus^aiy', i.e. Eater o/raw Tlejh,
of which I have fpoken in the former part of this Chapter. This
Solemnity was celebrated in the fame manner with the other Fcftivals of
Bacchus, wherein they counterfeited Phrenzy and Madnefs ; what was
peculiar to it was, that the Worfhippers us'd to eat the Entrails of Goats
raw and bloody, which was done in Imitation of the God, to whom the
Sirname by which he was ador'd at this Solemnity was given for the lik
A^ons.
o P A I A,
Solemn Sacrifices ', confifting of Fruits, and offer'd in Spring,
Summer, Autumn, and Winter, that Heaven might grant mild and
temperate Weather. Thefe, according to Mairfius, were offer'd to th
' Otii^, CflfM, * HeJ^sbiut. * Clemm Protrept. Amobiui lib. t. Htjif'
tbius.
F f 4 GtiU
440 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2 1 .
GoddefTcs call'd Dfoi, i. e. Hours, who were three in Number, at-
tended upon the Sun, prefided over the four Seafons of the Year, and
were honour'd with Divine Worihip at Athens ".
CHAP. XXI.
Of the PuUick Games in Greece, and the Principal Exer-
cifes ufed in thcfn,
IC O M E in the next place to the four publick and folemn Game?,
which were peculiarly term'd U^), i. e. facred ; partly from the
Efteem they had all over Greece, from every part of which vaft Multi-
tudes of Spedators flock'd to theni ; and partly becaufe they were in-
ftituted in Honour of the Gods or deify'd Heroes, and always begun
with facrificing to them, and concluded in the fame religious man-
ner.
Their Names, together with the Perfons to whom they were dedi-
cated, and the Prizes in each of them, are elegantly compriz'd by Archias
in the two following Diftichs,
Oi <hjo pt S^tmuy oi J'uo J' a.6x.vitra>v,
ASxx 3 KOTnoSf f/S.}^a., rlx/va, Tfirvt,
Such as obtain'd Viftories in any of thefe Games, efpecially the 0/m-
pick ", were univerfally honour'd, nay, almoft ador'd : At their Re-
turn home they rode in a triumphal Chariot into the City, the Walls
being broken down to give them Entrance j which was done (as Plu-
tarch is of Opinion) to fignify, that Walls are of fmall Ufe to a City
that is inhabited by Men of Courage and Ability to defend it. At
Sparta they had an honourable Poll in the Army, being plac'd near
the King's Perfon. At fome Places they had Prefents made to them
by their native City, were honour'd with iirft Places at all Shews and
Games, and ever after maintain'd at the publick Charge y. Cicero
reports, that a Viftory in the Olympick Games was not much lefs
honourable than a Triumph at Rome. Happy was that Man thought,
that could but obtain a fingle Viftory : If any Perfon merited repeated
Rewards, he was thought to have attain'd to the utmoft Felicity that
human Nature is capable of: But if he came off Conqueror in all the
Exercifes, he was elevated above the Condition of Men, and his Afti-
ons ftyled nvonderful Viiories a. Nor did their Honours terminate in
themfelves, but were extended to all about them ; the City that gave
them Birth and Education was efteem'd more honourable and au-
Athenteus, Ijb. xiT. * Pluttjrcb. SynopC. Jib. ii. Quaeft. vi. fitru-viusP.rxfit.
in Architeft. lib. ix. * Xenofbon Coh^bonius in Epigram. ** Oiat. ^xo Flaao,
. * PLtarcbus Luculk,
gull;
Chap. 21. Of the Religion of Grctce. 441
guft ; happy were their Relations, and thrice happy their Parents. It is
a remarkable Story, which Plutarch > relates of a Spartan, who meet-
ing Diagoras, that had himfelf been crown'd in the Olympian Games, and
feen his Sons and Grand-children Viftors, embrac'd him and faid, Die,
Diagoras, for thou canjl not he a God. By the Laws of Solon a hundred
Drachms were allow'd from the publick Treafury to every Athenian,
who obtain'd a Prize in the Jfihmian Games ; and five-hundred Drachms
to fuch as were Viftors in the Olympian '^. Afterwards the latter of thefe
had their Maintenance in the Prytaneum, or publick Hall of Athens.
At the fame Place it was forbidden by the Laws to give Slaves or Har-
lots their Names from any of thefe Games, which was accounted a Dif-
honour to the Solemnities, as hath been elfewhere obferv'd ^. Hence
there is a Difpute in Athenaus % how it came to pafs, that Nemea the
Minftrel was fo call'd from the Nemean Games.
There were certain Perfons appointed to take care that all things
were perform'd according to Cuftom, to decide Controverlies that hap-
pcn'd amongft the Antagonifts, and adjudge the Prizes to thofe that
merited them : Thefe were call'd a\7vyi.vvr<u, Bf&.CJjTa.i, et-^aveip^oUf
a^wo/i'^co/, ei-)avo1iTeu, A^Ko^tTifj, though betwixt thefe two F/^^o'or;-
nus makes a Dillinftion, ior d^Ko^ncu, he tells us, was peculiar to Gym^
nical Exercifes ; whereas the former was fometimes apply'd to Mufical
Contentions. They were likewife call'd pa.CJ'vyjt, and paCJ^ov^i^-oi, from
fdCJ^'Q-, i. e. a Rod, or Scepter, which thefe Judges, and, in general,
all Kings and great Magiftrates, carry'd in their Hands.
After the Judges had pafs'd Sentence, a publick Herald proclaim'd
the Name of the Viftor, whence -/.nf-vcraetv in Greek, and prt^dicare in
Latin, fignify to commend or proclaim any Man's Praifes. The Token,
f Viftory was in moft Places a Palm-branch', which was prefented to
the Conquerors, and carry'd by them in their Hands ; which Cuflom
was firft introduc'd by Thefeus, at the Inftitution of the Delian Games \
tho' others will have it to be much antienter : Hence palmam dare,
to yield the Viftory ; and plurimum falmarum homo, in lully, a Man
that has won a great many Prizes.
Before I proceed to give a particular Defcription of the Grecian
Games, it will be neceflary to prefent you with a brief Account of the
principal Exercifes us'd in them, which were as follow :
Vi^vTd^Kov, or ^inquertium, which confiiled of the f.ve Exercifes
contain'd in this Verfe.
AKfxet, m-ftoK^imv, JiJKov, etwavla, miXinv.
I. c. Leaping, Running, Throwing, Darting, and Wreftling. Inftead
of Darting, fome mention Boxing, and others may fpeak of other Exer-
cifes different from thofe, which have been mention'd. Eor rri'TC'-dKiU
feems to have been a common Name for any Fi've Sorts of Exercife per-
form'd at the fame time. In all of tiiem there were fome Culloms that
deferve our Obfervation. *
A,V<^ , or the Exercife of Running, was in great Eftcem amnngll
Pelopida, * PIuti.rch. Solcne, * Lib. i. cap. x. Lib. iv. e.ip. xil.
Lib. Xiij. ' Flat arch. Thejto,
tho
44'2 Of the Religion of Gxtzzt'. Chap^ 21.
the ancient Greciansi infomuch, that fuch as prepar'd themfelves for it
thought it worth their while to ufe Means to burn or parch their Spleen,
becaule it was believ'd to be an Hindrance to them, and retard them in
their Courfe. Homer tells us, that Swiftnefs is one of the moft excel-
lent Endowments a Man can be blefs'd withal s.
No greater Honour has e'er been attain'd,
Than what ftrong Hands, or nimble Feet have gain' J.
Indeed, all thofe Exercifes, that conduc'd to fit Men for War, were
more efpecially valued : Now Swiftnefs was look'd upon as an excellent
Qualification in a Warrior, both becaufe it ferves for a fudden Affaulc
and Onfet, and likewife for a nimble Retreat i and therefore it is not
to be wonder'd that the conftant Character which Homer gives of
Achilles, is, that he was Tre/aj ju^f , or fwift of Foot : And in the holy
Scripture, David, in his poetical Lamentation over thcfe two great
Captains, Saul and Jonathan, takes particular Notice of this warlike
Quality of theirs ; They ivere (fays he) fwifter than Eagles, Jirongtr than.
Lions. To return ', the Courfe was cafi'd ri^tAoy, being of the fame.
Extent with the Meafure of that Name, which contains CXXV Paces,
whence the Runners were term'd ^AJ)oi'66ubi. Sometimes the length
of it was enlarg'd, and then it was nam'd i^A/%-, and the Contenders
Jhhi^J^fioiui, whence comes the Proverb Mn {t h r*//^ cTo^i-
yi:, i. e. Search not for a greater thing in a lefs. Suidas afllgns twenty-*
four Stadia to the io^^f^^-, and others only twelve. But the Meafure
of it feems not to have been fix'd or determinate, but variable at Plea-
fure. Sohietimes they ran back again to the Place whence they had firft
fet out, and then the Courfe was call'd S'ia.v\(^, and the Runners
J')0jjKi)cP)>iuoi, for MiKoi was the old Term for Stadium. Sometimes they
ran in Armour, and were term'd hTrxirtSfQ/Mt.
Ah.ua, or the Exercife of Leaping, they fometimes perform'd witli
Weights upon their Heads or Shoulders, fometimes carrying them ia
their Hands ; thefe were call'd AhTn^a, which, tho' now and then of
different Figures, yet, as Paufanias reports, were ufually of an oval
Form, and made with Holes, or elfe cover'd with Thongs, thro' which
the Contenders put their Fingers. A^Te^y were alfo fometimes ufed in
throwing. The Place from which they leap'd was call'd SetTwp ^ ; that
Co which they leap'd, t<* i7i(^(ji/xsva., becaufe it was mark'd by digging
p the Earth ; whence TnS'iv Jts? nji idKetuyLivci is apply'd to Perfons
that over-leap, or exceed their Bounds. The Mark on the Exercift of
throwing Quoits was alfo, fometimes, for the fame Reafon term'd
P(v{,i<, or the Exercife of Throwing or Darting, was perform'd fe-
veral Ways j fometimes with a Javelin, Rod, or other Inilrument of a
large Size, which they threw out of their naked Hands, or by the Help
of a Thong tied about the Middle of it ; the doing of it was term'd
S Odyff, 3' ver. 147. * Ptllux.
Chap. 2 1. Of the Religion of Greece. 443
a-fMTKTfJM ; fometimes with an Arrow, or little Javelin, which was ei-
ther {hot out of a Bow, or call out of a Sling ; and the Art of doing this
was caird 7c|/x,ji.
Aiax.-, was a Quoit of Stone, Brafs, or Iron, which they threw
by the Help of a Thong put through a Hole in the Middle of it ', but
in a manner quite different from that of throwing Darts ; for there
the Hands were lifted up, and extended, whereas the Dijcus was hurl'd
in the manner of a Bowl. It was of different Figures and Sizes, being
fometimes fourfquare, but ufually broad and like a Lentil, whence that
Herb is, by Diofcorides, call'd cTi^-Jt-. The fame Exercife was fome-
times perform'd with an Inflrument call'd "ZiK^ , which fome will
have to be diftinguifti'd from /ia-^-, becaufe that was of Iron, this of
.Stone : But otlxers with more Reafon report, that the Difference con-
fiftcd in this, 'vix.. That ff'o\@- was of a fpherical Figure, whereas /ij--
X- was broad.
UvyfjuKvi, or the Exercife of Boxing, was fometimes perform'd by
Combatants having in their Hands Balls of Stone or Lead, call'd
o^lqtu, and then it was term'd ^jzat^iut'/jLe.. At firft their Hands and
Arms were naked and unguarded, but afterwards furrounded with Thongs
of Leather call'd Cejlu$, which at the firft were fhort, reaching no higher
than the Wrifts, but were afterwards enlarg'd, and carry'd up to the
Elbow, and fometimes as high as the Shoulder ; and, in time they
came to be us'd not only as defenfive Arms, but to annoy the Enemy,
being fill'd with Plummets of Lead and Iron to add Force to the Blows.
The Cejlus was very ancient, being invented by Amycus King of the
Babylonians, who was contemporary with the Argonauts, as we are in-
{orm' 6. hy Clemens of Alexandria^. Thofe, that prepar'd themfelvet
for this Exercife, us'd all the Means they could contrive to render thcm-
fclves fat and fleihy, that fo they might be better able to endure Blows,,
whence corpulent Men or Women were ufually call'd pugiles, according
to Terence ' :
Siqua ejl habitior paullo, pugilem effe aiunt.
n*A, or the Exercife of WrefUing, was fometimes call'd KaraCMnKi,
becaufe the Combatants endeavour'd to thronv each other doivn, to do
which they call'd pH^ou. At firft they contended onlv with Strength of
Body, but Thefeus invented the Art of Wreftling, whereby Men were
enabled to throw down thofe, who were far fuperior to them ia
Strength . In later Ages they never encountered till all their
Joints and Members had been foundly rubb'd, fomented and fuppled
with Oil, whereby all Strains were prevented. The Viftory was ad-
judg'd to him that gave his Antagonift three Falls ; whence ve/Ajoi
and ATtTf/i^rQ^u fignify to conquer j Tftx'/^^rtveu, or diroi^tety^^ri'.aj, tQ
be conquered,' and by arpiaySl ei-m. in Aifchylus is meant an infiipe-
rable Evil ; others make the proper Signification of thefe Words to be-
long only to Vidlors, in all the Exercifcs of the fliJ'Ttt^A- " ; how-
ever, the fore-mentioned Cuftom ii fufficiently attefted by the Epir
' Eufiathiui Odyff. 4'. * Strom, i. pag. 307. ' E<inch' Al. ii. Sc. lit.
Paufaniat Attuii. * PJius Onomal), i. hb. iii. cap. x-.
rgfam
444 Pa ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 21.
gram upon Milo, who having challeng'd the whole Affembly, and find-
ing none that durft encounter him, claim'd the Crown, but, as he was
going to receive it, unfortunately fell down ; whereat the People cry'd
out, that he had forfeited the Prize j then Mib <*
Arofe, and Handing in the midft, thus cry'd,'
One fingle Fall cannot the Prize decide.
And who is here can throw me th' other two ?
But of Wreftling there were two Sorts, <viz. one call'd Op^&j* wbAm,
and OpSoOTtA), which is that already defcrib'd ; and another call'd
AvetKKii'omK<i, becaufe the Combatants us'd voluntarily to throw them-
felves down, and continue the Fight upon the Ground, by pinching,
biting, fcratching, and all manner of Ways annoying their Adverfary ;
whereby it often came to pafs, that the weaker Combatant, and who
would never have been able to throw his Antagonift, obtain'd the Vic-
tory, and forc'd him to yield ; for, in this Exercife, as in Boxing alfo,
the Viftory was never adjudg'd till one Party had fairly yielded ; this
was fometimes done by Words, and often by lifting up a Finger,
whence J^uhtvKcv dvetinva^^at fignifies to yield the Viftory ; for which
Reafon we are told by Plutarch, that the Lacedeemonians would not
permit any of thofe Exercifes to be praAis'd in their City wherein thofe
that were conquer'd did JkitrijKov dvctie^va,<j:5ai, i. e. confels themfelves.
overcome by nolding up their Finger, becaufe they thought it would
derogate from the Temper and Spirit of the Spartans, to have any of
them tamely yield to any Adverfary ; though that Place has been hi-
therto miftaicen by moft Interpreters. Martial hath taken notice of thi
Exercife :
Uunc amo, qui ftKcif, fed qui fuccumhere nwit,
Et Melius didicit tUu dvAHMVOTnKtiV'
It is the very fame with what is more commonly call'd n^ptprt r/sp,
which confiUs of the two Exercifes of Wreftling and Boxing ; from
the former it borrows the Cuftom of throwing down ; from the latter,
that of beating Adverlaries ; for Wreftlers never ftruck, nor did Boxers
ever attempt to throw down one another ; but the TlAfKf^.TJxcai
were permitted to do both ; and it was cuftomary for the weaker Party,
when he found himfelf fore prefs'd by his Adverfary, to fall down, and
fight rolling on the Ground, whence thefe Combatants were called jco-
/.<57W/, which gave Occafion to the Miiiake of Hieronymus Mercarialis,
who fancy'd there were two Pancratia, one in which the Combatants]
flood eredl ; the other, in which they roll'd in the Gravel. This Exer-
cife is fometimes callM ' na.jxfy.a.'^o;', and the Combatants na{x[y.ef.p^t p,
Antholog. lib. ii. cap. i. Ipigram. xi. Pollux, Suidas, Iljginut, &c.
Horfc.
J
Chap. 22. Of the Religion of Greece;. 445
Horfe-races were either perform'd by fingle Horfes, which were
caird uhiiTii, or ujava.u'ovKii ' Or by two Horfes, on one of which
they perform'd the Race, and leap'd upon the other at the Goal ; thefe
Men were call'd duaCAreu, and if it was a Mare they leap'd upon, flie
was nam'd y.a.^'m : Or by Horfes coupled together in Chariots, which
were fometimcs drawn by two, three, four, ^c. Horfes ; whence we
read of cA/9/c, n^eirrTo/, j{l^aioit, &c. "How great foever the num-
ber of Horfes might be, they were all plac'd not as now, but in one
Front, being coupled together by Pairs : Afterwards Clijlhenes the Sicyo-
n'lan brought up a Cultom of coupling the two middle Horfes only,
which are for that Reafon call'd ^u>>/, and governing the relt by
Reins, whence they are ufually term'd an^a^^at, cet^^Mi, <^^7ei^ot,
^^o^i, doifiYifi'i , &c. Sometimes we find Mules us'd inftead of
Horfes, and the Chariots drawn by them call'd ct-TrnvM. The principal
Part of the Charioteer's Art and Skill confifted in avoiding the vviJ^aut
or Goals, in which if he fail'd the over-turning of his Chariot, which
was a neceflary Confequence of it, bronght him into great Danger, as
well as Difgrace.
Befide the Exercifes already defcribcd there were others of a quite
different Nature : Such were thofe wherein Muiicians, Poets, and
other Artifts contended for Viftory. Thus in the XCIfl Olympiad, Eu-
ripides and Xenocles contended, who ftiould be accounted the bell Tra-
gedian '^. Another time Cleomenes recommended himfelf by repeating
lome Colleftions of Emtedocles^ Verfes, which he had compil'd '.
Another time Gorgias of Leontium, who was the firft that invented the
Art of difcourfmg on any Subjeft without Premeditation, as we learn
from PhiloJ}ratus, made a publick Offer to all the Greeks, who were
prefent at the Solemnity, to difcourfe Extempore upon whatever Argu-
ment any of them fhould propound. Laltly, to mention only one Ex-
ample more, Herodotus is faid to have gained very great Applaufe, and to
havefir'd young Thucydides with an early Emulation of him, hy repeating
his Hiftory at the Olympian Games .
CHAT. XXII,
Of the Olympian Games.
TH E Olympian Games were (0 call'd from Olympian Jupiter, to
whom they were dedicated, or from Olympia, a City in the Ter-
ritory of the Pifaans ; or, according to Stephanus, the fame with Pifa.
The firll Inftitution of them is by fome referr'd to Jupiter, after his Vic-
tory over the Sons of Titan ' ; at which time Mars is faid to have been
crown'd for Boxing, and Apo/lo to have been fuperior to Mercury at Run-
ning. Phlegon the Author of the Olympiades reports, they were firft
inftituted by Pifus, from whom the City Pifa was nam'd.
\ MlianutV^r. Hift. lib. ii, cap. viii. ' Athinaui. lit. xiii. Suida:, Uc
jlrift*pban, ejuf^ue ^cb^Uafi,
Others
44^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 22.
Others will have the firft Author of them to be one of the DaSiylii
nam'd Hercules, not the Son of Jlcmena, but another of far greater
Antiquity, that with his four Brethren, P^oneus, Ida, Jafus, and Epi-
medes, left their ancient Seat in Ida, a Mountain of Crete, and fettled
in Elis, where he inftituted this Solemnity ; the Original of which was
only a Race, wherein the four younger Brothers contending for Diver-
fion, the Vidtor was crown'd by Hercules with an Olive- garland, which
was not compos'd of the common Olive-branches, nor the natural Pro-
dudl of that Country ", but brought by Hercules (fo Fables will have
it) from the Hyperborean Scythians, and planted in the Pantheum near
Olympia, where it flourifh'd, though not after the manner of other
Olirue-trees, but fpreading out its Boughs more like a Myrtle ; it was
caird }(ii>^..^ioau>&, i. e. fit for Crowns, and Garlands given to Vic-
tors in thefe Games, were always compos'd of it, and it was forbid-
den under a great Penalty to cut it for any other Ufe : Thefe DaSiyli
were five in Number, whence it is that the 0/y7/i/^ Games were ce-
lebrated once in five Years, though others make them to be folem-
niz'd once in four j wherefore, according to the former, an Olympiad
muft confift of five ; according to the latter of, of four Years : But neither
of thefe Accounts are exadt, for this Solemnity was held indeed every
fifth Year, yet not after the Term of five Years was quite paft, but
every fiftieth Month, which is the fecond Month after the Completioa
of four Years * : And, as thefe Games were celebrated every fifth Year,
fo they lafted five Days, for they begun upon the eleventh, and ended
upon the fifteenth Day of the Lunar Month, when the Moon was at th
Full.
Others (if we may believe Julius Scali^er) report, that thefe Games
were inftituted by Pelops to the Honour of Neptune, by whofe Afliftance
he had vanquifhM Oenomaits, and marry 'd his Daughter Hippodamia.
Others fay, they were firft celebrated by Hercules, the Son of Jlc-
tuena, to the Honour of Pelops, from whom he was defcended by the
Mother's Side y ; but, being after that difcontinu'd for fome Time,
they were reviv'd by Iphitus or Iphiclus, one of Hercules'" ^ Sons.
The moft common Opinion is, that the Olympian Games were firft
inftituted by this Hercules, to the Honour of Olympian Jupiter, out of
the Spoils taken from Auges King of Elis, whom he had dethron'd
and plunder'd, being defrauded of the Reward he had promis'd him
for cleanfing his Stables, as Pindar reports * : Diodorus the Sicilian
gives the fame Relation, and adds, that Hercules propos'd no other Re-
ward to the Vidtors, but a Crown, in Memory of his own Labours,
all which he accomplifh'd for the Benefir of Mankind, without de-
iigning any Reward to himfelf, befide the Praife of doing well : At
this Inftitution, it is reported, that Hercules himfelf came off Conqueror
in all the Exercifes except Wreftling, to which when he had chal-
leng'd all the Field, and could find no Man that durft grapple with
him, at length Jupiter, having aifum'd an human Shape, enter'd th
Arijiofeks, & ex eo Ariflapbanii Scboliaft. * Ifaaciui Txetxei in Lyccpbro-
netn, Sc Johannes txitmes Chiliad, t Hiftor. xxi. '^ Solinus Polyhift. & Statius
Thtjb, vi, * Oljmpiea, initio Odi ij^ BibliatheCi Hiftor. Ub. iv.
Lifts}
Chap. 2 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 447
Lifts ; and when the Contention had remained doubtful for a confide-
jable Time, neither Party having the Advantage, or being willing to
fubmit, the God difcovered himfelf to his Son, and from this Adion
got the Sirname of liaheum or Wreftler, by which he is known in
'Lycophron ".
All thefe Stories are rejected by 'Strabo, in his Defcription of EliSf
where he reports, than an jEtolian Colony, together with fome of
Hercules^s Pofterity, fubdued a great many of the Pif<ran Towns, and
amoiigii; them Olympia, where they firft inftitiited, or, at leaft, revived,
enlarged, and augmented thefe Games, which (as my Author thinks)
could not have been omitted by Homer, who takes every Opportunity to
adorn his Poems with Defcriptions of fuch Solemnities, had they been
of any Note before the Trojan War. Whatever becomes of the firll
Author of the Olympian Games, it is certain, they were either wholly
laid afide, or very little frequented till the Time of Iphitus, who was
contemporary with Lycurgus the Spartan Lawgiver ^. He re-inftituted
this Solemnity about four hundred and eight Years after the Trojan War,
from which Time, according to Solinus, the Number of the Olympiads
SLTC reckoned"*. After this Time they were again neglelted till the Time
of Chorcehus, who, according to Phlegons Computation, lived in the
twenty-eighth Olympiad after Iphitus, and then inftituted again the Olym-
pian Games, which after this Time were conllantly celebrated. And this
really fell out in the CCCCVIIIth Year after the Deltruaion of Troy ;
or two Years fooner by Eufebius'% Account, who reckons four hundred
and fix Years from the taking of Troy to the firft Olympiad. By t\iejirj{
Olympiad meaning that which was firft in the common Computation of
Olympiads, which was begun at this Time.
The Care and Management of thefe Games belong'd fometimes to
die Pifaans, but for the moft part to the Eleans, by whom the Pifaans
were deftroy'd, and their very Name extinguiftied. Polybius in the
fourth Book of his Hiftory reports, that the Eleans by the General
Confent of the Greeks, enjoy'd their Poffeflions without any Moleftati-
on, or fear of Want, or Violence, in ccnfidcration of the Olympian
'Games, which were there celebrated. And this he aftigns as a Reafon,
why they chiefly delighted in a Countrv Life, and did not flock toge-
ther into Towns like other States or Greece. Neverthelefs we find^
that the CIVth Olympiad ^sa celebrated by Order of the Arcadians, by
whom the Eleans were at that Time reduced to a very low Condition i
tut this, and all tliofe managed bv the Inhabitants of Pifa, the Eleans.
call'd A.^oMj(ji7ndfcL, i. e. unlawful Olympiads, and left them out of their
Annals, wherein the Names of the Viftors, and all Occurrences at
thefe Games were recorded. Till the fiftieth Olympiad, a fingle PeHon
fuperin tended, but then two were appointed to perform that Office.
In the Cllld Olympiad that Number was increafed to twelve, according
to the Number of the E/ean Tribes, out of every one of which one
Proifidcnt was clefted : But in the following Olympiad, the Eleans, ha-
* CaffunJra, v. 41. ' jlriJluttUi'iA Pktflrcbi LycurgCp Paufanitt. * Solini
Ting
448 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 22.
ving fuffer'd great Lofles by War with the Arcadians, and being reduc'd
to eight Tribes, the Prefidents were alfo reduc'd to that Number : In the
CVth Olympiad they were increas'd by the Addition of one more j and
in the CVIth another was join'd to them, whereby they were made Ten j
which Number continued till the Reign o^ Adrian, the Roman Emperor.
Thefe Perfons were called Eh)\lijijoiixcu, and aflembled together in a
Place nam'd E^^lwoJixgje , in the E/ean Forum, where they were obli-
ged to refide ten Months before the Celebration of the Games, to take
care that fuch as ofFer'd themfelves to contend perform'd their -yjfo^//-
vet7txa.ra, or preparatory Exercifes, and to be inftruded in all the Laws
of the Games, by certain Men call'd ^auo^uKa-vjci, i. e. Keepers of the
Laws : Farther, to prevent all unjuft Pradtices, they were oblig'd to
take an Oath, that they would aft impartially, would take no Bribes,
nor difcover the Reafon, for which they diflik'd or approv'd of any of
the Contenders : At the Solemnity they fat naked, having before them
tlie Viftoral Crown till the Exercifes were finiftied, and then it was pre-
fented to whomfoever they adjudged it. Neverthelefs there lay an Ap-
peal from the Hellanodica to the Olympian Senate. Thus, when two of
the Hellanodica adjudged the Prize to Eupolemus the Elean, and the
third (they being then only three in Number) to Leon the Ambracian, the
latter of thefe appealed to the Olympian Senate, who condemned the two
Judges to pay a confiderable Fine '.
To preferve Peace and good Order,, there were certain Officers ap-
pointed to correft fuch as were unruly. Thefe were by the Eleans term'd
dKiiieu, which Word fignifies the fame Perfon with thofe, who by the
reft of the Greeks were called paCJhpo^^t, or lua^^^ket, and LiJIores by
the Roiiians. Over thefe there was a Prefident, to whom the rell were
fubjeft, call'd iKvm'r'^i ^ .
Women were not allow'd to be prefent at thefe Games ; nay, fo fe-
verely were the Elean Laws, that if any Woman was found fo much as
to have paffed the River Alplteus during the time of the Solemnity, ftie
was to be tumbled headlong from a Rock s : But it is reported, that
none was ever taken thus offending, except Callipatera, whom others call
Pherenice, who ventur'd to ulher her Son Pifiderus, call'd by fome Eii-
cleus, into the Exercifes, and being difcover'd, was apprehended, and
brought before the Prefidents, who, notwithftanding the Severity of the
Laws, acquitted her, out of Refpeft to her Father, Brethren, and Son,
who had all won Prizes in the Olympian Games. But my Author re-
ports in another Place ^, that Cynifca, the Daughter of Archidamus, with
manly Courage and Bravery contended in the Olympian Games, and was
the firft of her Sex that kept Horfee, and won a Prize there ; and
that afterwards feveral others, efpecially forae of the Macedonian Wo-
men imitated her Example, and were crown'd at Olympia. Perhaps nei-
ther of thefe Reports may be altogether groundlefs, f:nce innumerable
Alterations were made in thefe Games, according to the Exigencies of
Times and Change of Circumftances, all which are fet down at large in
Pau/anias, Natalis Comes, and other Mythologifis.
' Paufania% B'.iac, ('. p. 457, 4.5?. Edit, Liff, f Etymplogici Auflof.
i I'ajfiinjai, * Latmds,
Chap. 22. Of the Religion of Greece. 449
All fuch as defign'd to contend were oblig'd to repair to the pub-
lick Gymnafium, at Elis, ten Months before the Solemnity, where they
prepar'd themfelves by continual Exercifes ; we are told indeed by Pka-
'vorinus, that the Preparatory Exercifes were only perform'd thirty
Days before the Games ; but this mull be underftood of the Perfor-
mance of the whole and entire Exercifes in the fame manner they were
pradlis'd at the Games, which feems to have been only enjoin'd in the
laft Month, whereas the nine antecedent Months were fpent in more
light and eafy Preparations. No Man, that had omitted to prefent him-
Tclf in this manner, was allow'd to put in for any of the Prizes j nor
were the accuftom'd Rewards of Viftory given to fuch Pcrfons, if by
any Means they infmuated themfelves, and overcame their Antagonifts :
Nor would any Apology, tho' feemingly ever fo reafonable, ferve to
excufe their Abfence. In the CCVIIIth Olympiad Apollonius was re-
jefted, and not fufFer'd to contend, becaufe he had not prefented him-
felf in due time, tho' he was detain'd by contrary Winds in the Iflands
caird Cyclades ; and the Crown was given to Heraclides without per-
forming any Exercife, becaufe no juft and duly qualify'd Adverfary ap-
pear'd to oppofe him. No Perfon that was himfelf a notorious Cri-
minal, or nearly related to any fuch, was permitted to contend. Far-
ther, to prevent underhand Dealings, if any Perfon was convifted of
bribing his Adverfary, a fevere Fine was laid upon him : Nor was this
alone thought a fufficient Guard againft evil and dilhonourable Con-
trafts and unjuft Pradlices, but the Contenders were oblig'd to fwear,
they had fpent ten whole Months in preparatory Exercifes : And farther
yet, both they, their Father and Brethren took a folemn Oath, that
they would not, by anyfinifter or unlawful Means, endeavour to flop the
fair and juft Proceedings of all Games.
The Order of Wreftlers was appointed by Lots, in this manner : A
Silver Urn, call'd vcp^mi;, being plac'd, into it were put little Pellets,
in fize about the Bignefs of Beans, upon every one of which was in-
fcrib'd a Letter, and the fame Letter belong'd to every Pair : Now thofe,
whofe Fortune it was to have the fame Letters, wreftled together ;
if the Number of the Wreftlers was not even, he that happen'd to
light upon the odd Pellet wreftled laft of all with him that had the
Maftery ; wherefore he was call'd ^iviS'^^t as coming after the reft :
This was accounted the moft fortunate Chance that could be, becaufe
the Perfon that obtain'd it was to encounter one already wearied, and
fcent with conquering his former Antagonift, himfelf being frefh, and in
full Strength i.
The moft fuccefsful in his Undertakings, and magnificent in his Ex-
pences, of all that ever contended in thefe Games, was Alcibiades the
Athenian, as Plutarch reports in his Life ; " His Expences (faith he)
** in Horfcs kept for the publick Games, and in the Number of his Cha-
** riots, were very magnificent ; for never any one befide, either pri-
* vate Perfon or King, fent feven Chariots to the Olympian Games.
** He obtain'd, at one Solemnity, the firft, fecond, and fourth Prizes,
Caliux Rhodiginus Antlq. Left, iib- xxJ. cap. xvi'. Almand, mb /Utxarjra Genial.
Dicr. lib, v. cap, viii.
G g " a$
450 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2j.
" as Thucydldes, or third, as Euripides reports j wherein he furpafs'd all
* that ever pretended in that Kind."
CHAP. XXIIl.
Of the Pythian Games.
TH E Pythian Games were celebrated near Delphi, and are by fome
thought to have been firfl inftituted by AmphiSiyon, the Son of
Deucalion, or by the Council of Amphidyones. Others refer the firft
Inftitution of them to Agamemnon " ; Paufanias ' to Diomedes, the
Son of lydeus, who, having efcap'd a dangerous Tempeft as he return-
ed from Troy, dedicated a Temple at Trazen to Apollo firnam'd Et/^-
TiieiQ-, and inftituted the Pythian Games to his Honour : But the moft
common Opinion is, that /ipollo himfelf was the firft Author of them,
when he had overcome Python, a Serpent, or cruel Tyrant : Thus
Ovid ",
Neve operis famam pojjit delere vetajlat,
Injiituit facros celebri certamine ludos,
Pythia perdomita Serpentis nomine didos.
Then to preferve the Fame of fuch a Deed,
For Python ilain, he Pythian Games decreed.
Mr. Dryden.
At their firft Inftitution, they were only celebrated once in nine Years,
but afterwards every fifth Year, according to the Number of the Par-
najjian Nymphs, that came to congratulate Apollo, and brought him Pre-
fents after his Viftory.
The Rewards were certain Apples confecrated to Apollo, according to
JJier ", and the fore-cited Epigram of Archias, in which he thus enu-
merates the Prizes in this, and the other three facred Games :
A6x 3 ^ KOTtK!, fAMhst, ffiXiyet, TTITUi.
Where Brodaus will have ukKa to fignifv the Delphian Laurel, which,
he tells us, brought forth Berries ftreak'd with red and green, and al-
moft as large as Apples ; but this Interpretation is by no means genuine
or natural, fmce the Word yiviKct is never us'd in that Senfe : How-
ever that be, 'tis certain the Viflors were rewarded with Garlands of
Laurel, as appears from the exprefs Words of Pindar, who tells us,
thzt Arijiomenes was crown'd with 7n)i6,npca<ritfi, or Laurel that flou-
rifh'd upon Mount Parnajfus : Whence fome imagine that the Re-
ward was double, confifting both of the facred Apples, and Gar-
lands of Laurel. But, at the firft Inftitution of thefe Games, the Vic-
" Etymtlogici Auftor, Pba-voritius. ' Corintbiacis. Metam. i. " L\hta{
it Coicnis. * Pytbion. Od, viii. v. 28.
torsi
Chap. 2 2. Of the Religion of Gr^Qce. 451
tors were crown'd with Garlands of Palm, or (according to fome) of
Beech leaves, as Ovid reports, who immediately after the Verfes before-
cited adds,
'* .
His jwvenum quiciinque, manu, pedihufvey rotavt
Vicerat, efculea capiebat frondis honor em,
Nondum Laurus trat>
Here noble Youths for Mafterlhip did ftrive
To Box, to Run, and Steeds and Chariots drive.
The Prize was Fame ; in witnefs of Renown,
A Beechen Garland did the Vidlor crown.
The Laurel was not yet for Triumph born.
}
Others p report, that in the firft Pythian Solemnity the Gods con-
tended ; Cafior obtain'd the Viftory by Race-horfes, Pollux at Boxing,
Calais at Running, Zetes at Fighting in Armour, Peleus at throwing
the Difcus, Telamon at Wreftling, Hercules in the Pancratium ; and that
all of them were honour'd hy Apollo with Crowns of Laurel. But others
again are of a different Opinion 1, and tell us, that at the firft there was
nothing but a mufical Contention, wherein he, that fung beft thri Praifes
oi Apollo, obtain'd the Prize, which at firft was either Silver or Gold,
or fomething of Value, but afterwards chang'd into a Garland. Here
may be obferv'd the different Names given to Games from the Diver-
fity of the Prizes ; for where the Prize was Money, the Games were
call'd dySvit dfyj^'iTcu ; where only a Garland dyavii 9zpstv'neu,
p ?^;'u. &c. The firft that obtain'd ' the Viftory by Singing, was
Chryfothemis a Cretan, by whom Apollo was purify'd, after he had kill'd
Python : The next Prize was won by Philamon ; the next after that, by
his Son Thamyris. Orpheus having raifed himfelf to a Pitch of Honour
almoft equal to the Gods, by inftrudling the profane and ignorant World
in all the Myfteries of Religion, and Ceremonies of divine Worfhip,
and Mufaus, who took Orpheus for his Example, thought it too great a
Condefcenfion and inconfiftent with the high Characters they bore, to
enter into the Contention. Elcutherus is reported to have gain'd a Vic-
tory purely upon the Account of his Voice, his Song being the Compo-
fition of another Perfon : Hejiod was repuls'd, becaufe he could not play
upon the Harp, which all the Candidates were oblig'd to do.
There was likewife another Song, call'd ri'-.&i/.of i-o/x- j to which
a Dance was perform'd : It confilled of thefe five Parts, wherein the
Fight of Apollo and Python was reprefented ; i. Avxitf7-<fi which con-
tain'd the Preparation to the Field. 2. Efju-zHpjr, or the firft Eflay to-
wards it. 3 . kxroyji?K<di7iy.h<, which was the Aflion itfelf, and the God's
Exhortation to himfelf to ftand out with Courage. 4. Ia.uCo/ y^
JkKTuM/, or the infulting Sarcafms of Apollo over vancjuifh'd Python.
5. Si.eie^. which was an Imitation of the Serpent's Hiding, when he
,'J Natalit Csmts Mythol. lib, V . cap. ii. ' Strabo lib. x'u Paufan. Phociciu
G g 2 ended
452 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 2^.
ended his Life. Others make this Song to confifl; of the fix following
Parts: i. Uitp^., or the Preparation. 2. IaixC-, wherein Jpollo
dar'd Python to engage him by Reproaches, for 'n(j.C'i'^Hv fignifies to
iJ^/>-o<2f/&, 7a2^/r/fVerfes being the common Form of Inveftives. 3. ISda-
Ti/Avf?" , which was fung to the Honour of Bacchus, to whom thofe
Numbers were thought nioft acceptable : This part belonged to him, be-
caufe he had (as fome fay) a Share in the Delphian Grade, or poffefs'd.
it before ^/)5//(7. 4. Kp77jco?, to the Honour of ya/^Z/^r, becaufe he was
JpoUo'% Father, and thought to delight moft in fuch Feet, as being edu-
cated in Crete, where they were us'd. 5. M>;Tp<?of, to the Honour of
Mother Earth, becaufe the Delphian Oracle belong'd to her, before it
came into jlpollo'% Hands. 6. Suf/'V^oj, or the Serpent's Hiffing.
But by others it is thus defcrib'd ' ; rieTf^y, an Imitation of Apolloy
preparing himfelf for the Fight with all the Circumfpelion of a pru-
dent and cautious Warrior. 2. KoCict)u^<^iT[jLo<, a Challenge given to
the Enemy. 3. Isif^Ctuhi, a Representation of the Fight, during which
the Trumpets founded a Point of War : It was fo call'd from lam-
hick Verfes, which are the moft proper to exprefs Paffion and Rage.
4. Stu^J^hC^, fo call'd from the Feet of that Name, or from j-TrivJ'HVf
i. e. to offer a Libation, becaufe it was the Celebration of Viftory ;
after which, it was always cuftomary to return Thanks to the Gods,
and offer Sacrifices. 5. Kx]cf^o^i^(fi{, a Reprefentation of Apollo''s
Dancing after his Viftory '.
Afterwards, in the third Year of the XLVIIIth Olympiad, the Jm-
phiclyones, who were Prelidents of thefe Games, introduc'd Flutes,
which till that time had not been us'd at this Solemnity ; the firft that
won the Prize was Sacadas of Jrgos : But becaufe they were more
proper for Funeral Songs and Lamentations, than the merry and jocund
Airs at.Feftivals, they were in a Ihort time laid afide. They added like-
wife all the Gymnical Exercifes us'd in the Olympian Games, and made
a Law, that lione fhould contend in Running but Boys. At, or near the
fame Time, they chang'd the Frizes, which had before been of Value,
into Crowns or Garlands j and gave thefe Games the Name of Pythia,
from Pythian Apollo, whereas till that time (as fome fay) they had either
another Name, or no peculiar Name at all. Horfe-races alfo, or Cha-
riot-races, were introduc'd about the Time of Clijihenes, King of Jrgos,
who obtain'd the lirft Vidlory in them, riding in a Chariot drawn by four
Horfes ; and feveral other Changes were by degrees made in thefe
Games, which I Ihall not trouble you with.
' Julius ScaligcT Poetices lib. i, cap. xxiii. Julius Pollux Onomaft. lib.
iv. cap. X.
CHAP.
Chap. 24. Of the Religion of Qxttzt, 453
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the Nemean Games.
TH E Nemean Games ' were fo call'd from Nemea, a Village and
Grove between the Cities Cleans and Phlius, where they were ce-
lebrated every third Year, upon the twelfth of the Corinthian Month
Tlct;'?/!^-, call'd fometimes Ueefj.nvia., which is the fame with the Jthe-
Tiian Boedromion. The Exercifes were Chariot-races, and all the Parts
of the Pentatblum. The Prefidents were elefted out of Corinth, ^rgos,
and Cleorne, and apparePd in black Cloaths, the Habit of Mourners, be-
caufe thefe Games were a Funeral Solemnity inftituted in Memory of
Opheltes, otherwife call'd Archemorus, from d^yji, i. e. a beginning, and
/M^Q- , i. e. Fate or Death, becaufe Amphiaraus foretold his Death
foon after he began to live : Or, according to Siatius ", becaufe that
Misfortune was a Prelude to all the bad Succefs that befel the Theban
Champions ; for Archemorus was the Son of Euphetes and Creufa, or
hycurgui, a King oi Nemea or Thrace, and Eurydice, and nurs'd by Hyp-
fipyle, who leaving the Child in a Meadow, whilfl: ftie went to {hew the
3efiegers of Thebes a Fountain, at her return found him dead, and a
Serpent folded about his Neck ; whence the Fountain before call'd
Langia, was nam'd Archemorus ; and the Captains to comfort Hypjipyh
for her Lofs, inftituted thefe Games ",
Una tamen tacitas, fed jujffu Numinis, undas ^
Hac quoque fecreta nutrit Langia yi^ umbra,
Nondum illi raptus dederat lacrymabile nomen
Archemorus, nee fama Dea ; tamen avia fervat
Et nemus, iff Jluvium ; manet ingens gloria Nympbam^
Cum trijlem Hypfipylem ducibus fudatus Achaeis
Ludus, if/ atra facrum recolit Trieteris Ophelten.
Langia alone, and flie fecurely hid,
Lurk'd in a dark, and unfrequented fhade.
Her lilent Streams, by fome Divine Command,
To feed the circumjacent Pools retain'd.
Before Hypfipyle was known to Fame,
Before the Serpent had Archem\us llain,
And to the Spring bequeath'd'his dreadful Name j
Yet in the loncfome Defcrt tho' it lies,
A Grove, and Riv'Iet it alone fupplies ;
Whiltt endlefs Glory on the Nymph (hall wait,
And Gracian Chiefs (hall eternize her Fate,
' Straho, Lib. viij. Paujanijs Corinth. Eliac. /2'. Pindari Scbol, Nemton,
'Ibtbaid. lib. v. * Slatun Ihtbaid, lib. iv.
S 3
When
4^4 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 24.
When they ihall fad Triennial Games ordain
To after Ages to tranfmit her Name,
And difmal Story of Opheltes flain.
H. H
}
Others are of Opinion, that thefe Games were inflituted by Hercules
after his Vidtory over the Nemean Lion y, in Honour of Jupiter, who,
as Paufanias tells us, had a magnificent Temple at Ne?nea, where he
was honour'd with folemn Games, in which Men ran Races in Armour ;
but perhaps thefe might be dillinft from the Solemnity I am now
fpeaking of. Laftly, ochers grant indeed, they were firft inflituted in
Memory of Archemorus, but will have them to have been intermitted
and reviv'd by Hercules, and confecrated to "Jupiter.
The Viftors were crovvn'd with Parfly, which was an Herb us'd at
Funerals, and feign'd to have fprung out of Archemorus''^ Blood : Con-
cerning it Plutarch relates a remarkable Story z, with which it will
not be improper to conclude this Chapter ; '* As limoleon (faith he)
" was marching up an Afcent, from the Top of which they might take
" a View of the Army and Strength of the Carthaginians, there met
" him by chance a Company of Mules loaden with Parfly, which his
*' Soldiers conceived to be an ill-boding Omen, becaufe this is the very
" Herb wherewith we adorn the Sepulchres of the Dead, which Cuftom
" gave Birth to that defpairing Proverb, when we pronounce of one
*' that is dangeroufly lick, that he does JXl^eu mMvn, i. e. want no-
*' thing but Parfly, which is in efFeft to fay, he is a dead Man, juft
" dropping into the Grave : Now, that Timoleon might eafe their
*' Minds, and free them from thofe fuperftitious Thoughts, and fuch
" a fearful Expeftation, he put a Stop to his March, and, having al-
" ledg'd many other things in a Difcourfe fuitable to the Occafion, he
" concluded it by faying, that a Garland of Triumph had luckily fallen
" into their Hands of its own Accord, as an anticipation of Viftory, in-
" afmuch as the Corinthians do crown thofe that get the better in their
** Ifihnian Games with Chaplets of Parfly, accounting it a facred
** Wreath, and proper to their Country ; for Parfly was ever the con-
" quering Ornament of the IJihmian Sports, as it is now alfo of the Ne-
*' mean ; it is not very long jince Branches of the Pine-tree came to fuc-
" ceed, and to be made ufe of for that purpofe ; Timoleon therefore,
" having thus befpoke his Soldiers, took part of the Parfly, wherewith
*' he firlt made himfelf a Chaplet, and then his Captains with their
" Companies did all crown themfelves with it in Itnitation of their
*' General."
Pindari Schol. Timokinte,
CHAP.
Chap. 25. Of the Religion <?/ Greece. 455
CHAP. XXV.
Of the Ifthmian Games.
TH E Jjihrnian Games were fo call'd from the Place where they
were celebrated, viz. the Corinthian Ijihmus, a Neck of Land by
wiiich Peloponne/us is join'd to the Continent : They were inftituted
in Honour of Palamon, or Melicertes, the Son of Athamus King of
Thebes, and Ino, who, for fear of her Hufband (who had killed her other
Son Learchus in a Fit of Madfiefs) call herfelf with Melicertes in her
Arms into the Sea, where they were receiv'd by Neptune into the Num-
ber of the Divinities of his Train, out of a Compliment to Bacchus -
nurs'd by Ino. At the change of their Condition, they alter'd their
Names ; Ino was call'd Leucothea, and her Son Pala^mon ; however Pa-
lamont Divinity could not preferve his Body from being tofs'd about the
Sea, till at length it was taken up by a Dolphin, and carried to the Co-
rinthian Shore, where it was found by Sifyphus at that time King of
Corinth, who gave it an honourable Interment, and inftituted thefe fu-
neral Games to his Memory ; thus Paufanias *. Others report, that
Melicertes'' i Body was caft upon the Ijihmus, and lay there fome time
tinburied, whereupon a grievous Peftilence began to rage in thofe Parts,
and the Oracles gave out, that the only Remedy for it was to inter
the Body with the ufual Solemnities, and celebrate Games in Memory of
the Body ; upon the Performance of thefe Commands the Diftem-
per ceas'd ; but afterwards, when the Games were negledled, broke
out again, and the Oracles, being confulted, gave Anfwer, that they
muft pay perpetual Honours to Melicertes^ Memory, which they did
accordingly, creeling an Altar to him, and enading a Law for the per-
petual Celebration of thefe Games.
Others report, that they were inftituted by Thefeus in Honour of
Neptune ; others are of Opinion, that there were two diftindl Solemni-
ties obferv'd in the Ijihmus, one to Melicertes, and another to Neptune ;
which Report is grounded upon the Authority of Mufaus, who wrote
a Treatife about the IJlhinian Games. Pha'vorinus reports, that thefe
Games were firft inftituted in Honour of Neptune, and afterwards cele-
brated in Memory of Pali mon. Plutarch on the contrary tells us, that
the firft Inftitution of them was in Honour of Melicertes., but after-
wards they were alter'd, enlarg'd, and re-inftituted to Neptune by The-
feus: He gives alfo fevcral other Opinions concerning the Original of
them : His Words are thefe in the Life of Thefeus ; " Thefeus infti-
** tuted Games in Emulation of Hercules, being ambitious, that as the
*' Greeks, by that Hero's Appointment, celebrated the Olympian Games
** to the Honour of yw/i/Vifr, fo by his Inftitution jhey ftiould celebrate
*' the IJlhmian Games to the Honour of Neptune ; for thofe that
" were before dedicated to Melicertes were celebrated privately in the
Initio Corinthiac.
G g 4 " Night.
45^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 25.
*' Night, andconfifted rather of religious Ceremonies, than of any open
*' Speftacle, or publick Feftival. But fome there are, who fay that
*' the llihmian Games were firft inftituted in Memory of Sciron, at the
** Expiation which T^hefeus made for his Murther, upon the Account
*' of the nearnefs of Kindred between them, Sciron being the Son of
*' Canethus zndi Heniocha, the Daughter of Pittheus, tho' others write
** that Sinnis, and not Sciron, was their Son, and that to his Honour,
** and not to Sciron s, thefe Games were orduin'd by Thefeus. Hella-
*' nicus and Andro of Halicarnajfus write, that at the fame time he
*' made an Agreement with the Coritithians, that they fhould allow
** them, that came from Athens to the Celebration of the Ifihmian
*' Games, as much Space to behold the Spetacle in, as the Sail of the
** Ship that brought them thither ftretch*d to its full Extent could cover,
** and that in the firil and moft honourable Place : " Thus Plutarch.
The Eleans were the only Nation of Greece, that abfented themfelves
from this Solemnity, which they did for this Reafon, Paujanias "
relates ; the Corinti?ians having appointed the Ifihmian Games, the Sons
oi Acior came to the Celebration of them, but were furpriz'd and flain
by Hercules, near the City Cleona : The Author of the IVIurder was at
the firft unknown, but being at length difcover'd by the Induftry of
Molione the Wife of Alor, the Eleans went to Argos and demanded Sa-
tisfadion, becaufe Hercules at that time dwelt at Tiryns, a Village in the
-(^r^/^ Territories. Being repuls'd zt Argos, they apply 'd themfelves to
the Corinthians, defiring of them that all the Inhabitants and Subjeds of
Argos might be forbidden the Ijlhrnian Games, as Difturbers of the pub-
lick Peace ; but meeting with no better Succefs in this Place, than they
had done at Argos, Molione forbad them to go to the JJihnian Games, and
denounc'd a dreadful Execration againft any of the Eleans that Ihould
ever be prefent at the Celebration of them ; which Command was fo
re!igioufiy obferv'd, that none of the Eleans dare venture to go the
ljih?r.ian Games to this Day, (faith my Author) for fear Molione\
Cur'es fhould fall heavy upon them.
Thefe Games '^ were obferv'd every third, or rather every fifth
Year, and held fo facred and inviolable, that when they had been in-
termitted for fome time, through the Opprefhon and Tyranny of Cyp'
fe'as. King of Corinth ; after the Tyrant's Death the Corinthians, to
renew the Memory of them, which was almoft decay'd, employ'd the
utmoft Power and Induflry they were able in reviving them, and ce-
lebrated them with fuch Splendor and Magnificence as was never prac-
tis'd in former Ages. When Corinth w^s fack'd and totally demolifh'd by
Mufnmius the Reman General, thefe Games were not difcontinu'd, but
the Care of them was committed to the Sicxonians till the rebuilding of
Corinth, and then reftor'd to the Inhabitants of that City, as Paufaniai
reports '*.
The Viftors were rewarded with Garlands of Pine-leaves ; after-
wards Parfly was given them, which was alfo the Reward of the 'Ne-
* Eliae. -it Akx, gh Alcxandn Gep. Dier, Jib. v. cap. viii. * Initio
pjristhiac.
' mean
Chap. 26. Of the Religion of Greece. 457
mean Conquerors, but with this difference, that there it was frefh and
green, whereas in the IJlhmian Games it was dry and wither'd. After-
wards the ufe of Parfly was left off, and the Pine-tree came again into
j-equeft, which Alterations Plutarch has accounted for in the fifth Book
of his Sympojiacks e.
CHAP. XXVI.
Of the Greek Tear.
TH E Writers of antient Fables report, that 0(jeevh<, whom the
Latins call Car/us, King of the j^t/antick lUsinds, was reputed the
Father of all the Gods, and gave his Name to the Heaojens, which from
him were by the Greeks term'd $* Jf, and by the Latins, Caelum, be-
caufe he invented Aftrology, which was unknown till his Time f.
Others afcribe the Invention both of Aftrology, and the whole hoy@-
ffjuf/xo5, Science of the Celejlial Bodies, to j^tlas : From him thefe Dif-
coveries were communicated to Hercules, who firft imparted them to
the Greeks. Whence the Authors of Fables took occafion to report,
that both thefe Heroes fupported the Heavens with their Shoulders s.
The Cretans pretended that Hyperion firft obferv'd the Motions of the
Sun, Moon, and Stars ^. He was Son to the primitive God Uranus,
and, from his Knowledge of the Celeftial Motions, is fometimes
taken by the Poets and other fabulous Authors for the Father of the
Sun, fometimes for the Sun himfelf The Arcadians reported, that
their Countryman Endymion firft difcover'd the Motion of the Moon i :
Which gave occafion to thofe early Ages to feign, that he was belov'd
by that Goddefs. Laftly, others reported that /i^is, by fome call'd
ABaus, who flourifh'd in the Ifle of Rhodes about the time of Cecrops
King of Athens, invented the Science of Aftrology, which he commu-
nicated to the Egyptians *.
But to pafs from fabulous to more authentick Hiftories, the firft im-
provement and ftady of Aftronomy is generally afcrib'd to the Grecian
Colonies, which inhabited Afia. And it is thought to have been firft
learnt from the Babylonians or Egyptians, and communicated to the
Grecians either by Thales of Miletus, Pythagoras of Samos, Anaximan-
der of Miletus, Anaximenes the Scholar and Fellow-Citizen of Anaxi-
tnander, Cleofiratus of Tenedos, Oenopidas of Chios, or Anaxagoras of
Clazomen't, the Mafter of Pericles, who was the firft that taught
the lonick Philofophy at Athens, where he open'd his School in the
feme Year that Xerxes invaded Greece. Eveiy one of thefe feems to
Q^iatft. iii. ' Dicdorut Si.ulut, lib. iii. p. 131. tc Scriptoreg Myrholopkj.
t DioJoru% Siculus, lib. iii. pag, 135. lib. iv, pag. 163. Clemms Alexiindrinut Strom. 1,
P. 306. Plir.iut, lib. vii. cap. Ivi. '' Dl'.dorus Siculus, lib. v. pag. 231. ' Lu-
f/<3ni inccmtncnt, de Aitrologia, A/>olUnii Sfiioiiitftes ialib.iv, * Dtodorui Siiu/us,
lib. V. pig. 24.7.
have
45? Of ihe Religion of Greece. Chap. 26.
have cultivated and improved this Science, and on that Account by dif-
ferent Men to have been reputed the Inventor, or firft Mafter of it in
Greece ^ Before the time of thefe Philofophers, it is certain that the
Greeks were entirely ignorant of the Motions of the heavenly Bodies j
infomuch that Thales firft obferv'd a folar Eclipfe in the fourth Year
of the forty-eighth Olympiad. A long time after that, in the fourth
Year of the ninetieth Olympiad, an Eclipfe of the Moon prov'd fatal to
"I^icias the Athenian General, and the Army under his Command,
chiefly becaufe the reafon of it was not underllood "'. And Herodotus
feems to have been wholly unacquainted with this part of Learning ;
whence he defcribes tlic Solar Eclipfes after the Poetical Manner, by the
Difappearance of the Sun, and his leaving his accufiomd Seat in the Hea-
ven , never mentioning the Moon's Interpofition.
From the fore-mention'd Inftances it appears, that the Greeks had no
Knowledge of Aftronomy, and by confequence no certain Meafure of
Time, till they began to converfe with the Babylonians, .Mgyptians,
Perjlans, or other Eaftern Nations. For tho' it be eafy from the re-
turns of the feveral Seafons of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter,
to difcover that a Year is already paft j yet to determine the exat
Number of Days, wherein thefe Viciflitudes happen, and again, to di-
vide them into Months, anfwering the Motion of the Moon, requires
much Study and Obfervation. Hence, in the heroical Ages, the Years
were numbered by the return of Seed-time and Harveft, and the feve-
ral Seafons of labouring and refting. The Day itfelf was not then
diftinguifh'd into certain and equal Portions, but meafur'd t%j' to w/u
M<yf ATTKii^i^ov KivYiTH, Tudcly and unaccurately by the Accefs and Re-
cefs of the Sun, as Euflathius has obferv'd in his Comment upon thofe
Verfes of Homer, wherein that Poet defcribes the time of a certain Bat-
tle agreeably to the way of reckoning, which was us'd in the antient
Times " :
HfjtciS 3 J'fvto/AO! nip tti'iip fflVx/WaTO J'ofTrav
Ti//ViS)V J'iiJ'ai^t |Uaxpa, aiToc Ts fAtt 'imro d'Kf^er,
2iT n yXiiKifoh mpi t-fivxi 'iy-'fO( ajfi:'
In another Place p Jchilles is introduc'd dividing the Day, not into
Hours, which were the Invention of more poliih'd Ages, but into the
more obvious Parts of Morning, Noon, and Afternoon :
^ Sttiiias, Diofrftres Laertius in Vitis Philofopfcomm. Plinius, lib. ii. cap. Ixxvi.
I Pliitaichus Nicia. > Lib. i. cap. Ixxiv. lib. vii. cap. xxxvii. lib. ix. cap. x.
Iliad. /.. ver, 84. pag. 765. ' Viad. %' . ver. iii.
Chap. 26. Of the Religion of Greece. 459
Neither were they more accurate in difiinguifliing the feveral Parts of
Time, till, FIoAoy, xj yvw^iovoL, ty -m S\iu4\ng. /^ipsA <? ni^ipm -z^^"
"Btr.Cv^eo'/luv %(j.a^t', they learnt the life of the Sun-Dial, and the Pole,
and the fjuelve Parts of the Day from the Babylonians, as we are inform'd
by Herodotus ".
Yet in Homer % time Lunar Months feem to have been in ufe, as alfo
a certain Form of Years comprehending feveral Months : Which appears
from the following Verfes, wherein it is foretold that U/yJ/es fhould re-
turn to Ithaca in one of the Months of the then prefent Year ^ :
But that the Grecians had then no fettled form of Years and Months,
wherein the So/ar and Lunar Revolutions were regularly fitted to eack
other, appears from what is reported concerning Thales the Mikjian.
That having fpent a confiderable Time in the Obfervation of the Ce-
lellial Bodies, and obferving that the Lunar Revolutions never exceed-
ed thirty Days, he appointed twelve Months of thirty Days each,
whereby the Year was made to confift of CCCLX Days. Then, in
order to reduce thefe Months to an Agreement with the Revolution
of the Sun, he intercalated thirty Days at the End of every two Years,
of the abovefaid Months. Whence id tempus rpurr^itfht, appellabant,
quod tertio quoque anno intercalabatur, quam<vis hiennii circuitus, iff re-
vera cT/sTJij/f ejfet : That fpace of Time was term'd a Period of Three,
becaufe the Intercalation was not made till after the Expiration of full
two Years, tho' really it was only a Period of tnuo Years ; as we are in-
form'd by Cenforinus '. So that this Period of two Years contain'd,
no lefs than DCCL Days, and exceeded the fame Number of Years as
meafur'd by the true Motion of the Sun, twenty Days, which difference
is fo very great, that Scaliger was of Opinion this Cycle was never re-
ceiv'd in any Town of Greece.
Afterwards Solon obferving that the Courfe of the Moon was not
.finifh'd in thirty Days, as Thales had computed it, but in twenty-
nine Days and half a Day ; he appointed that the Months fhould in their
Turns confift of twenty-nine and of thirty Days, fo that a Month of
twenty-nine Days fhould conftantly fucceed one of thirty Days j
whereby an entire Year of twelve Months was reduc'd to CCCLIV
Days, which fell fhort of the Solar Year, that is the Time of the Sun\
Revolution, Eleven Days, and one fourth Part of a Day, or there-
abouts. In order therefore to reconcile this Difference, Tt'l^-iTin^ii, that
' Lib, ii. cap. cix. ' Odyff.^'. ver. i6i. * Libro dc die ratali c?p.
xviii. Conf. tlerodoiut, lib. i. cap. xxxii. U lib. ii. cap. iv. Ctminus, cap, vi.
460 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 26.
is, a Cycle o? four Tears, was invented. Herein after the firft two
Tears, they feem to have added an intercalated Month of twenty-two
Days : And again, after the Expiration of two Tears more, another
Month was intercalated, which confifled of twenty-three Days, the
fourth Part of one Day in every Tear arifing to a whole Day in a Pe-
riod of four Tears. And thus So/on prevented the Lunar Tears from
exceeding thofe which are meafur'd by the Revolution of the Sun, and
fo avoided the Miftake fo manifeft in the Cycle of Thales.
But afterwards it was confider'd, that the forty-five Days added by
Solon to his Period of four Tears, and containing a (taj f <) full Lu-
ar Month and an half, would occafion this Cycle to end in the Midft
of a Lunar Month; to remedy which Inconvenience, oKTOi-:it^ii, a
Term of eight Tears, was inftituted inftead of the former Cycle of
four Tears, to which three entire Lunar Months were added at feveral
Times ^
After the Cycle of eight Tears, no change was made in the Kalendar
till the Time of Melon, who, having obferv'd that the Motions of the
Sun and Moon fell fhort of one another .by fome Hours, which Difa-
freement, tho' at firft fcarce perceivable, would quite invert the
eafons in the Compafs of a few Ages, invented the Cycle of nineteen
Tears, term'd kvvi'-x.Kem^v^'-a.THfii, in which Term the Sun having fi-
nifli'd XIX Periods, and the Moon CCXXXV, both return'd to the
fame Place of the Heavens, in which they had been nineteen Tears
before.
Afterwards it was obferv'd, that in the Revolution of every Cycle
the Moon out-went the Sun about feven Hours; to prevent this In-
convenience, Calippus contriv'd a new Cycle, which contaiin'd four
of Mefon's, that is, LXX VI Tears. And upon the Obfervation of fome
fmall Difagreement between the Sun and Moon at the End of this Term.
Hipparchus devis'd another Cycle, which contain'd four of thofe infti-
tuted by Calippus. According to other 4ccounts, one of Meton^s Cy-
cles contain'd eight h'Viuy^iXir^{]i]c.iS'ii, i. e. CLII Tears. This
was afterwards divided into two equal Parts, and from each Part one
Day, which was found to be fuperfluous in Metons Cycle, was taken
away ".
From the Grecian Tears let us now proceed to their Months. In the
Computation of thefe, they feem neither to have agreed with other
Nations, nor amongft themfelves. In the Authors of thofe Times, we
find difterent' Months often fet againft, and made to anfwer one ano-
ther : And learn'd Men have hitherto in vain attempted to reconcile
thefe Contradiftions. Plutarch in his Life of Romulus owns, that no
Agreement was to be found between the Grecian and Roman New
Moons. And in the Life of Jrijlides, difcourfmg of the Day upon
which the Perjians were vanquifh'd at Plataa, he profefteth, that even
in his own Time, when the Celeftial Motions were far better under-
ftood than they had been in former Ages, the Beginnings of their
* Conf. Certjorims, " Coaf. Hc/ir. Dodwclli librum de anno veteri da-
etruoi.
Months
Chap. 26. Of the Religion of Greece. 461
Months could not be adjufted. Thefe Difagreements feem to have been
occafion'd by fome of thefe, or the like Caufes :
1 . That the fears of different Nations were not begun at the fame
time. The Reman "January^ which was their firft Month, fell in the
Depth of Winter. The Arabians and others began their Year in the
Spring *. The Macedonians reckon'd Dius their firft Month, from the
Autumnal j^quinox. The antient Athenian Year began after the Win-
ter Solftice ; the more modern Athenians computed their Tears from the
firft Ne=w Moon after the Summer Solftice. Hence thofe Men will be
exceedingly miftaken, who make the Roman January to anfwer the Jt-
iick Gamelion, or the Macedonian Dius, which are the firft Months of
thofe Nations ; or that meafure the primitive At tick Tear by that,
which was usM after the Time of Meton.
2. That the Number of Months was not the fame in all Places. The
Romans had at firft only ten Months, the laft of which was for that
Reafon term'd December. Afterwards they were increas'd to twelve
hy Numa Pompilius. The ^Egyptians had at firft only one Month, which
was afterwards divided into four, according to the Seafons of the Year :
Some of the barbarous Nations divided their Tear into three Months.
The fame Number of Months was receiv'd by the antient Arcadians.
Afterwards the Arcadians parted their Tear into four Months ; the Acar'
nanians reckon'd fix Months to their Tear ; but moft of the Greeks of
later Ages, when the Science of Ajironomy had been brought to fome
Perfeftion, gave twelve Months to every Tear, befides thofe which were
intercalated to adjuft the Solar and Lunar Periods.
3. That the Months were not conftantly of the fame length. Some
contained thirty Days, others a different Number. Some Nations com-
puted their Months by the Lunar Motions, others by the Motion of the
Sun. The Athenians and 'TrhU^rai tH-v vvv Ei^.tiyi Jhv 'TtiMAV, moji of the
prefent Grecian Cities (faith Galen) make ufe of Lunar Months : But the
Macedonians, and all the d^'/jtioiy antient Greeks, or as fome rather
choofe to read, Ar.apoi, the Afiaticks, with many other Nations, mea-
fure their Months by the Motion of the Sun ''.
4. That the Months of the fame Nations, partly through their Igno-
rance of the Celeftial Motions, and partly by reaibn of the intercalated
Days, Weeks, and Months, did not conftantly maintain the fame Places,
but happen'd at very different Seafons of the Year.
However that be, the Athenians, whofe Year is chiefly foUow'd by the
antient Authors, after their Kalendar was reform'd by Meton, began
their Year upon the firft Neiu Moon after the Summer Solftice ". Hence
the following Verfes of Fejius A-vienus :
Sed primava Meton exordia fumfit ab anno,
Torreret rutilo Phoebus cum Jidere Cancrum.
* Conf. Simpliciut in lib. v. Phyfica Arijiottlit. i Galenut Primo ad i. Epidcmio-
/um Hippocrutti Jibium commcntario. Conf. Plato initio Jib. vi, de Le-ibus.
timpli^iut in lib. v. PhyGcK AnjiottUt,
Their
462 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 26.
Their Tear was divided into twelve Months, which contain'd thirty
and twenty-nine Days alternately ; fo as the Months of tiiirty Days al-
ways went before thofe of twenty-nine. The Motiths which contain'd
thirty Days were term'd TAwot^, ///, and J\nff.9^foi, as ending upon
the tenth Day : Thofe which confifted of twenty-nine Days were
caird wHhai, holloiUy and from their concluding upon the ninth Day
Every Month was divided into 7yi AyJi/jL".^, three Decads of Days :
The firll was (amvo* etp^j^y-ivis, or l^a^iya. The fecond, t/Mvoi i^.iaivTQ-'
The third, uMvoi ip^four-, Taxjafj-evis, or ^yi^pyr- b.
I. The frjf Day of the firft Decad y^SLS term'd vzouiiAct, as falling
upon the Neiv Moon. The fecond, JiVT-^ l^ijina' The third Tf'nn
isBjueyu- and fo forward to the J^i{c(.t Igauivti-
II. The frj} Day of the fecond Decad, which was the eleventh Day
of the Month, was call'd /s^th (nrvvrQ-, or ^arg^rii g-r/ J'iig.' The
fecond, J'iuTi^qi (j.i'jiv]&, or rp'ntf l-^i c/e<gf and fo forward to the
(5/;(^?) twentieth, which was the laft of the fecond Decad.
III. The frjl Day of the third Decad was term'd crparw \v eiiiti<^t'
The fecond, J'tVTi^. W eiy^^fi. The third x? Jrn W eivet-h' and fo
forward. Sometimes they inverted the Numbers in this manner: The
firft of the laft Decad was (pHivovl- S'iKOLrn. The fecond (f>^ivov\^
ivvdrn. The third <f,Qiifovl@- oyJ'on' and fo forward to the laft Day of
the Month, which was term'd AiUijfi^i/, from Demetrius Poliocertes \
Before the time of Demetrius it was call'd, by Solon^ Order, hti ;^ i,
the Old and Neiu ; becaufe the Neiv Moon fell out on fome part of that
Day ; whereby it came to pafs that the former Part belong'd to the Old
Moon, the latter to the Nenv < The fame was alfo nam'drf/ity^f, the
thirtieth : and that not only in the Months which confifted of thirty
Days ; but in the reft of twenty-nine : For, in thefe, according to fome
Accounts, the twenty-fecond Day was omitted ; according to others,
the twenty-ninth '. But which Day foever was omitted in the Com-
putation, the thirtieth was conftantly retain'd. Hence, according to
*I hales" ^ firft Scheme, all the Months were call'd Months of thirty Days,
tho' by Solon s Regulation half of them contain'd only twenty-nine -
And the Lunar Tear of Athens was call'd a Tear of CCCLX Days ;
tho' really, after the Time of Solon, it confifted of no more than
CCCLIV Days. Whence the Athenians erefted three Hundred and
Sixty of Demetrius the Phalereans Statues, defigning for every Day in'
the Year one, as we are inform'd by Pliny f, and the following Verfe*
cited by Nnius from Farrows Hebdomades :
Hie Demetrius eeneis tot aptus efl,
Sluos luces hahet annus abfolutus.
The Names and Order of the Athenian Months were thefe which follow ;
Conf. Gahnus, lib. ill. cap. iv. de diebu.s decret. Item Grammatici. " Conf.
Juhus PoUux. ' Plutarch. Demetiio. * Plutarch. Solone, Arijljph. Scholiafi. ad
T^u/et. Su'das voc. Hvk kj no.' PrMus Txetxes, Mofcbs^ul, in Htfi'idi Dies, ver. z.
* Nat, mSt. lib. ](xxiv. c?.p, vi.
I. EjBii.
Chap. 26. Of the Religion of Greece. 463
I, E)(^Tn(j.Cauav, which was -rAiijHf, or J^yjf,<i:Snvoi, z Month of thirty
Days. It began upon the firft new Moon after the Summer Solftice, and
fo anfwer'd the latter Part of^the Roman June ^ and the iirft Part of July.
The Name was deriv'd :ira rk vthH^ai iy^rc^.Cai Sks^ tJ iumvi tkt^",
from the greater Number of Hecatombs, nvhich 'were ufually facrific d in
this Month. B u the ancient Name was K^^f/- or K^vidv, which
was deriv'd from Kf-oyta, the Feftival of Cronus or Saturn, which was
kept in this Month. The Days of this Month, which may ferve as a
Pattern for the reft, were thus computed :
1. l^vixlwia, IgafJLiiHii, or d^^i/Xva i^uifi.
3. Jptuivv Ts'mi.
4. Isaf-ttyB 7?7p7Jf.
5. I^iAva 'jifA'^Yi, fometimes term'd 7nv7W{.
6. I?WfXil'K S^tTO, or SJtTUf.
8. IsaiWftfB oyJ'Qti.
10. Isaf/tey c/\;(^7W.
H. ripaw ^' t^6Kt or ttf^TM fuovvT-.
12. A<iT^^- ^* ^OKCT-, or ^; t/^&;(^.
13. TeiTTt ^fl-KKT-, &c.
14. TsTHfTW jlM<'^yT-.
18. O^J^on (L(yfT'.
ig. Evvdn f^av:r@:
10. E/;j5t^, or )wsu.
21. 4>flifoj'T-, Tflu/fljwti'?, or Awj/JCT- </V;(5t7W* fometimes term'd
ta^vi ct' $i)(g.J), or <T'<<^/a, or ^447' HKOfluo.
22. ^diVeyr- viivATH, &c.
23. *;&i'6fT(&- hyS'on.
24. *SlI'oyT- iCS'ofMi.
25. *St|/o'T- i>CTH. , "
26. ^Sico^T" 'Triy.T^^'
2y. ^^VOVtQ- 7l7tt?T.
28. 4>3'ii'oy7^ Tfirn.
30. Ey xj cea, fometimes call'd 7fi<t)(^f, and J^uu/I^taif'
2. MiTK-
464 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 26.
2. Mi-myHTviav, a Month of twenty-nine Days, fo call'd from Mefa-
gitnia, which was one of Apollo'^ Feftivals, and celebrated in this Seafon.
3. Bitttfpofnuy, a Month of thirty Days, fo nam'd from the Feftival
^oedromia.
4. meuiMLK-nexav^ a Month of twenty-nine Days, fo term'd from the
Feftival Meemaaeria.
$. Wy^tui'^tm , a Month oi thirty Days, in which the Pyanepjta were
celebrated.
6. Ar5trHe/r, a Mi?/^ of twenty-nine Days, fo nam'd from the Fe-
ftival Anthejleria.
7. YXoTfiAuv, a Month of thirty Days, in which the Feftival Pofidonia
was obferv'd.
8. Tat/MKiuv, a Month of twenty-nine Days, which was held facred to
Juno )a.\f.{\Ki- , the Goddefs of il^/jrr/^i'f .
9. EAa(p6'oA/V, a ilfo/i of thirty Days, fo term'd from the Feftival
Elaphebolia.
10. Mayuvar, z Month of twenty-nine Days, wherein the Munychia
were kept.
11. &c/^yn\iuv, a. Month of thirty DAys, fo call'd from the Feftival
^harge/ia.
12. SKtpponoeicSvy a M(7/A of twenty-nine-Days, fo term'd from the
Feaft Scirrhophoria.
Explicit Vohmen Primum,
Mm
I N D E X
To the First Volume.
Axfitfrn)
A.
Be^dXo* 189, 22 2
Axcc^ni^'iCi 4^
Axjt*aTif, tribus
Athenienfis 51
a>iSapToi 222
oi.KiMv^x(ni[ji,tTa^ 1 6
Achxi unde diU 4
403
129
54
33
373
Achilles cur ab Homtro toties di
Axpa^
Ay^iia. Ceres
axctTt;
a,Koi\icrfA.u, aauv
Ax^o9rwXf *
axparoi' vinum
AxT*i Attica
AxTaJa, tribus Athenienfis
difta 49. cur poftca Mroy*Xa
iiiii. deinde n.o<rn^un<; ibid.
Alyix&pHf ibid.
xT*! Aj)(:A}Ttf' 427
Axriat 264
anvf^ yjci^ I o 7
ft^^axT^ ^uTtxq 26 1
a^*xt ^x>) 126
ioiKr,[JUc 121
442
53
389> 394
190
369
443
29
" 398
318
212
unde
Attai'io, ibid.
A^uyiS^ yyivm^ ibid.
A^pivS Ttvhai 35
Ad(?<*a9roX; 26
a^vTov 189
aix%o aves infelicea 325
oi.Hfo[jt.avlei 3^1
aitaHoi 136
Aya9a Jat^ov' ip'fc* 367
Ayx^idv 122
Ay%i?cr/x^ 54
oty^rvji; 361, 408
Ay^Twg facerdos Veneris 361
AyijTopi* ibid.
AyriToctiav
AyytXT)
UyiOV OBKOIf
otyv^
AyvS^
Ayvufu Sis;
ibid.
52
250
204
53
194
399. uXsiOfu-
326, 365
441
ayj aTi/xjjIot, 1 88. Tj/xrj]"*, /^/</.
ijpoi 440. ett' I.vfvyvn 367. ap-
yvpiTflu, &C. 451
uycdvo^tKUh 44 f
aywyoStTat z^zV.
aywyoSiTJjs 42 1, 44 1
ayofa. 37. 43. 93- fX*'>- 37- !-
9rodu,et 43, 93. aXfpiToWwXtf*
?p/V. tj^6i;o7r?iK >^ yvnenKiiot, ib.
oi', xj tAaioi', /^. 5rA^9ca, z^.
ayofaXvKiiOi 4I 3
Vp^ 3> 93
ayofaKfjiot 9^
H h ayepcuiiv
Ayofufi^ Mercurius
Ay^ocvia
"Ay^ct
Ayqotvhn
dy^a^is y^a^ij
dy^dcpa /xsraMa y^'a^ij ieid.
AygKyVt- Bacchus 362
Ay^ori^a Minerva il''^-
Ay^avXtct ibid.
Agraulus Minerva, 32, 263, 425
Ay^idnct 3^'
Ay^iunot 3^^
Ay^oTega Diana 77
Ay^vTnrJS 3^3
AyfgiM,? 392
OyvgTfl J ^33 5
yf frxos Trira^ ibia.
Aiaxiix 5^3
Aldilnct, 364
Aams tribus Athcnieniis 51,
364
axt?5tJo} ^6, 126
Alysui wu'^flU 3 3
Aiyxogat _ 5
AJytxogEi? tribus Athenienfis 49
Afyj^ta Ay?i* S3
Ajyjwwc iopTij 3^+
AlyrV? tribus Athenienfis 5 1
eeiftaxaga ^^ 3^4
Kf*vAoi Lacedasmonii 260
Aiwga 304
at^sTot magiftratus 72
a?(7tfA 32i> 324
w-ioi aves fortunatae 324
(7iB<79a Ta? ^'ftfgaj 346
U>i(J'V(M1i'T0H 44'
aiTttltmt Svijiat 209, 210
AtSa^t^(( 5 3
iTt I 2 1
ftjla^aviaiig. ^gargt* 369
Al^mn 5 2
AXa^s MvVai 392
AAat 52
AAetriK g6c
AAxa.&oas j^/W.
A>Aa.m
INDEX.
93 XEXTt;oju.ar7i 332
343 Afkixr^vovm yaf 326, 365
248, 295 aX7rIjjgo 3.8
361 AXflTjj 364
54 dXiv^ofjuavrilx 319
52 aXcliXixxot Dii 3JO
124 Axia 365
AXt/xBf 5 3
a^T99gio 199
aAtlgo* 2 22
dyo^riyo^ixeii fomnlum 302
aX/Aa 44 *> 442
A^iwas 365
AXwaj, AAw*5 Ceses r^/V.
a?ioCo jecur, malum omen 316
oihox^ 3 69
aXoyfu Slxvi 73, 124
AAw7rxj, AAniTTExaJ ^J
AAi/rta 36c
AA^tToTTfe'^tj ayogas 37
Xt>5JJ 442'
Amalthea: capra 1 1 ^
altaria 192
}\VTa$ 448
Aff.ot^a,\mTx, r-i
A{Jkx^viBioc 365
A(t,x^v(Ttix. ibid.
Ambrofia, qualis libatio 195
AfAQ^iaiot, fellum 366'
A(ju^>M 369
"Afjbj^uv 266
aj*oXyo{ tvZTo^ 308
rtjiAv^jrta quid 18, 10 1
aftvioy 229
oi(i/Bu^x 45 r
Af^ipixSn 54. Amphiarai oraculum
293, 294
Aft^ja'gaws 366
Afji/pntlioniX 9-1
AfiUpiXTioiiii 89
Amphidyonum concilium 89, 90,-
91
Aft^id^ofwat 366
df/k(pifMtiTX,\oi j^tTtfifj 59
dy^KT^vi'irmrii; 86, 127
eeft^t^ft/yjej 21 4, 315
AlA-tpil^OTTlii 5 J
r^/V. *^Ta* 4.4 :;
INDEX.
Aa,>ccci
366
AvxKnoe.
53
eivaXEtfA,ivx
235
Atccxt'tof
35.
366
avccy>.r,(ri<;
366
AtxKMiTr,^ix
ibid.
ccvuxXmovd^y)
444
uvxx^icti
74.
144
d'JXK^acru;
^1'
avxxlo^ov
189
AvccKTuv -z^al^w* logT^
367
Avxyv^Si
52
ai/aif*axio pw/xot
194
Avxyuyix
366
*;va^a? XiSj
106
dvKtriug X't^i^
Hid.
Avd(pXvT&'
53
ftVa^^ot Tj^i^xi
98
Avd^^vern
369
elvgirxa-ii;
105
etyxrxlot
214,
372
avccvjAoc-^ly y^x^fi
124
A>a|yogi
367
elvxBvi/,ofix
235
'd^a'BTo^ox7r>)Xo
70
si<; xvS^xi iyy^d^iff^oct
49
AvS^oyiuJiU
367
;S
aviTrloK "Troirty, >cj %Eg5-
221
Umfioirohi
268,
269
inmiere
228,
239
ij aVw ByXn
97
7 aji4( ToXif
29
dto^v^t/aicihi
447
euoffioi
222
"AvSwa Juno
368
o5'S'
403
^l>6;^il> |I6/A0(
144
AKStC-^ofka
368
ASsri!fia
367
ftnTtaoff-if
85
A>SEr?fa5li
464
Amyivnx
368
AntyovU, tribus Athenienfis 51^
cur poftea ArlaXlf nuncupata, ii>.
T7fa(p>) IK, 128
ainy^xtpivi t?j BaX^j 8 1 . ta j Jo-
x;Vi<i;j 8 2
vTtXa;)^o>Ttf 101
antiqui yriyiviTt dill 5
Afiiy'juoe. 3^^
A]jo%K tribus Athen* 5 1
Antiftrophe 231
aT/ic.O!rt I 10, 122
.'Tgc6 Nympharum, S;c. altaria
192
aogTflj iWffoJ 445
WTCxyuy^ 12^
d,ito^-Xjx\ ^ 230, 231
a,irx(7i Tj^ai/ ftaxii 1 20
A'lrxrwa^ Jupiter 369
avoiro^et; liberi ibia.
A'craTagtflj 368
Awat;X(a 37 1
Am>isvBi^oi, libertl 117
Aw)at 445
awe<r;^ono-jM.Evo 224.
a^* Eriaj j;i^0-S( 235
a,(pt>^cTf 204
df^Tu^ facerdos & cognomen A-
poliinis 206, 279
Aphetorias opes 279
AfiSvei 5 3;
dpo^fAii, idem quod Grseci recen-
tiores IvByik^ vocanc 129
aipo^f*^? SiXT) Hid,
Atp^o^KXix 372
A^^o^iT)?, I'smohvTEHl( 32
Af^oSio'ior 43;
<ti7o^XTarai S3
dvjollKTXt 8 1
dvoSiuyiAX 464
dtao^vyri^iot 38
aOTotw'ixioi 9fo-ta ^9?
d'Koho'os'iyu'jriTffhxi %-^i$ 3 1
dvoy^u^ri jzr
aOToX\|/s<yf 5tx)) 1 26
Apollo AifjjTft;^ 206, 279. Ke^-
^J' 272. I'ythius /^V. Del-
phinius no, 274. Ei-oA/*' 275
Ac|ia{ 280. DidymjEus, 2 8 J.
Branchides 286. Oropaeus 288.
Selinuntius, ib. Corypajus, ibi
0o|m(9^ 402. Carneus, 408.
A\)xu'^, A\iKr,yi]iri<i, 413. Mi-
H h 2 Tyj{Tx
INDEX.
rauytlTnoi; 414. MMoiK ibid.
Triopius 434. AtipaS'twr*)? 287.
Tegyrasus 288. Ptous ihiJ.
Aa^vciiii ibid. Ifmenius ibid.
Spodius ibid. IloXia? 426. Nt-
oju,inoj 417- ETTt^aT^p'o?? 45'
E|ay.i,-rfof 312. AirolpoTTot.io^,
ibid. Averruncus ibid, ripora-
T-iifio? ri^/</. Galaxies 375. eQ-
^ajjiccyEtyii 385. AwxojtTovoj 40
Patrius 74
A7ro>^uni7i % 54
d-Koiri^irta^cci ivvv)(oy o^'W 3 ' 3
d'lroTrhyij-iy.xl Bvfflxt 2O9
Aw TTofi wra 37
AffoTTo/ATrarci Dii 7w"</.
A7ro7roj.7raro? Ep;x?{ ZwV.
ecTroTTo^TDj? ^'x>j 1 20
airo'^-^V^KTu; 47
uTTorccaUi ^iXT) 1 29, 68
d.'Tro^viA.M, aves minus feliccs 323
d^olfix^cti 443
uTroT^oTraia ^ioc^/lmx 34'
aTroTpcTTEcrSaj oil/t* 3^3
AwoTfowao* 3I2> 370
dmoifo'mxtficr^xi tu riXiw t^/V o4'*'' 3^3
aVoIf oTrao-tB ^n 1 17? 55 129
Arae 192, 242
ApTE - 371
Arcades -BrpoaiXrji'oi i
(XTrapoi ^UjjLoi 1 94
Afoi^Vy Afx(^nit(; 02
p;^ai ayofx 37
AfscsVjon 272
ap^p<rot yifi.ifui 98
eofytit,* 190. iJitya,y\i'Jt'K\i\ov, roXy-
j^pyffoi', uf^xiovrXiilo* ibid,
Archemori fatum 453
a.pp^elfat/H]{ 206
A?%^sa 54
uf^i^iu^ ^ 284, 422
A^xwi- y-ax' i^oyjtf, & aliijuando
Archontes,
76
74 75> ^^-
tif/.TVt\v
ApjcToi, Virgines Dian^e
a'p^)Tlo 112
375
TtgOf^
107
Apuowayof
lOI
Afio'TrayWn^
107
Apsoj pot]o, i. e. galli
326
Apya^sj tribus Athen.
49
Apyiiwv lOfTa*
371
Apta^nEta
451
371
's-ep 322, 323
a^t6fj.o^ltix 353
Ap/* 293
ApjroytkTwvo? nomen non hnpofi -
turn vernis 60
arripere omen. 344
Ag'^jj^opta 371
Ag'^ipopo virgines 372
ApifAaix ibid.
aoTcga 1 97
xa-f^tM; ypaipv 12.3
TO Tijy aWi^i* ^l-^ttt 1 24
AtrxXjjTTtia 372
Axrx.x\i ibid,
xo-KuXici^uv ibid.
ao^Xa/p^vof ayjjj 23O
aa-imovaoi; oi>0(; Zll
ar^ayaXajjixciluae^: 333
ralt5 7pa<p^ 1 23
ry 29
ArfwaAoM* rj.
art>yc/Aka 84
drvvo^jLOi ibid.
afyla 199, 200, 201.
AtcOMrrn 54
driXua 44, 57, 136
aTt;^>'05 ju.aIxj) 26 1
Ariw, A-njw* 54
AO^rata 363> 43^
A9jK, tribus Athcn. 49
ASjjm) Ntxi) 30. Ha^^tnoi; ibid.
TloXiXi 3 1 nay^poao;, /^;^.
"ZuTfipa 32
A6^>}, X^inatf, 430. p^aAxioixof
436
Athenienfes, laones, & lones di-
&i 3 avrox^Boni 2. rtrliyti; ibid.
cur cicadas in crinibus gefta-
bant ibid.
u^Xo^irxi 7 c, 441
A^jACfot, A6jt*g*. ^ 52
At$<V . ' 49
Ti/*5)Toi ayutti ^'8
aTiui
INDEX.
T.^f 129, 130
clrqiocKi'^ XT 443
attagae ' 64
Arlaixti, trib. Athen. 51
Attica diifla Ogygia 4. Afte 5
At7jxij TTirij 260
Arlixof f^d^rvi ibid.
Atticas cum lonica dialefto affi-
nltas 3
Averruncus 3 1 2
aves fortunatae, alVtot, oJot, dex-
trae, a-vtH^oi, male ominata?,
finillras, *w?j/tx, tJ^*]*at 323
324
avXvrS 0iov ^v 2^1
MVXO^ 442
avrof^oXuf 63
Jto;^Soi5 2
m.vro-^ix 39^
AJropcQiuc. tribus Athen. 8, 49
a^iot KtirXa qui 241
|o; 143. quomodo difFerunt a
Kv^tan tbid.
A^md 53
B.
Sa'xXua ^ 373
Bacchus AyfM' 362. H/iwjrrf
/i;V/. 384. Lenaeus 361, 412
XooffoTJjf 368. Maca*atyj 369.
Aixvirrji; 383. Qmv^ 3^4- ^
(iofciy^ 384, 432, pro Sole
42 2 . rif oTf i'yj)?,npoTpt;yar(^ 4 2 7.
Sabazius 429. ejus lacerdotcs
difti craCo* ;^/</,
Bacchus AajjiTrr^p 410
^tTt;Xo(, &a,nvhi 1 91
$oi>MX^o<; 278
BaXXai;^pa^i{ g 7 1
BaMvrt/'5 ^ 373
^efxflat 409
^50goy 134. o^vyfia 135. Cur
baratbronem Latini homincm
voracem appellant 135
BafoIgoK 373
^eta-xctnec, 3^6
^ncxainet 358
^flKTtXEtOr
Bao-tXt*' foa
BawjAiJj
Ba<riXcraos
BaTJj
Bolga^ty*
BiXtivij
Bsv^iotta
Bi'y^tj
Bf^fvcjti^a*
BijVca
Bf^ovtxtx
BtAiwtffi'
BifTfeaias, $lixQrj
^otg mazae vocatx
/?a>/xo; 1 90
Bovo^ofjuu*
Bo^eolaf^o]
0olstvoyLXiTtix
BoTiiaiiuv
PUKoXiTor
s! aft> BX^ 97 cfTo T
Tw "JttvlatKoariuf ibid.
omdyv
BeXiVTYi^icc
&nXiVTx) etiro Kvecpui
BaXetix Minerva
BuXxi^' Jupiter
0UKoXio-f/.oi
pti(f)0lX
605 M.a'Ko'rluf
Qar^o^'^Sof Icnbere
Hh 3
192, 195
9^1)
573
78
, 75
76, 77
77
278
52
442
108
129
189
54
223
334
373
U/d.
.,54
ibid.
278
4 2$
278
409
120
343'
374
214
129
338
39
464
374
192
353
374
.78
xveifiAi ibid,
tif J'eq. Afu-
101, i^Jeq.
37
97
385
ibid.
loi
408
123
381
219
254
144
381
BttTSKT,
99.
ai4
1 N D
Bsfrna, BuTci^ni
54
0ii^v']ih
217
Branchides Apollq
286
B^atv^wv
54
BurvTToi
381
^^xQivroct
441
Uranchidffi
385, 286
B^xa-iStii*
374
JB^at/^wvjfls
ibid.
BTf
IQl
B^iXy><7a^
H
B^Ei
306
B^i^ofMinti
ibid.
Brizo
ibid.
^?o%^
133
iS^oiroK
43
Buraici Herculis oraculuin 295
^tfVt' menfis 378
c.
%.xBu^iit 4.07
Cabiri ibid,
vcuxx] orlxh i. e. 5y<r<p5)/xka5 1 43
waxJiyog/aj 5*xi) 1 26
ax<u<7ws 5ix], y^a.ip'n, 'vel daxy-
axoT%vjw J*iim 121, 129
icaSoi, xxSia-KOi 1 19
aa^as Lacedasmonjenfis 135
xaXatSjor 392
X.x\xotic6 407
xoLh^Mii 343
a^Xir<pav^ 446
a^^t^v 230
KaXXtrt** 407
atX7rj 445
%a^ir(; 449
*aii6^6 338
atai-jj^ogoi 536, 383, 422
a>s 326
iCaSaJ 43
vwsyofjLxvlt iCS^ 319
KagvsaTi 408
Kagyatt ?o/*of &'//.
Carneus Apollq ibid.
atagwa 3ix)j 128
ICacTTwOfj; 373
^^"*> ?^<5*'ViJ 408
E x;
Caryatis Diana ibid.
Caftalis 275
Caftor Si Pollux avxxii ' 3 S
xxlx^n^olotix 74
KxlxKi>>vtT[/>o(; 45'' 452
xaJap^o^Eftrt; 4^^
xaslaj^yV/iAaTa 7 ^
xxlxxxXi^a-ixi, 'vel xulaxMaixk, -vtl
xxixxT^mni 9 2
;da]jjyo^iat 123
xxBx^fASi 95
;ica.&a^<7' Jupiter 248
*aSa^}; 95
xxUl^xi facrificiura 363
} *aTiu sro'Xjf 29
xotloTrr^o(A,xi\i[tt 3 S '^
xaT&;Se ofto I 44
cavea 42
a Cecrope ad Thefeum regum
dignitas & officium 6, ^f.
Cecropia ubi 7> 29
K.txPQir'iXi iriT^xi 3?
Kex^ottk, ^!^>.v) Tn; ArJjXJi'f 8, ^ i
Cecrops unde ortus 5. quare o*-
^fijjdidlus ibid. 154
xtXriTii 44 !j
KATk?>jg; qui 2S
xf(.o? 1 1 9
xtmr^iuSxf 381
Kf^aXjj 53. ?? X^X} 348
XE^aXoiio^avTsJa 3f2
Xi^o[x.xvTeix 3C2
Ks|!*tx>9 ;Aar|, Oftradfmus 133
K^a/it,xa wA'/jya< 399
Ki^xfAiixS TTt/Aast 2 3
Kff j(Axo? |a> WoAews c c
KffiJwi^ Apollo 272
Ceramicus 36, 37
Kb^XV^xIuv fJLXrii 271
Ceres, Myfia 415
Ceres Amphiftyonis 8. ivfiop^
388, 403. Europa 290. Ho-
molo'ia 418. U^on^oaix, 427.
Pylaea 426. XBovix, 438. XXs'n
Ew%Xo', 339. A'fAHTi7^, 379.
Hercynna 396. AX^aj, EvxXtti-
cix, 365. UpcOsU, 389, 394.
Legifera 138, 405
K^at c 2
.i^vKi<i 207, Asfj ^V'/tAo* *^/V.
famili^
INDEX.
familia Athen. ihid.
yi^ /^&
%oo9roTi)j Bacchua
36
J^ ^t'j^i\0V
ibid.
;)(;oi'5oxo'nrer(
64
t(ffi^ia-aut
411
Xofiiyla
86
^?w|
88, 398
%f?7o*
ibid.
xirk
356
Xu^'m ^ix.>) 128, xx^irS
ibid.
cert us
443
Cornua
195
KijtIo*
53
cortina
276
XAxe~
436
X^^l^eclct rni Jtont'<rW{, rTMi;T(x<i,
XXx' aywi'
397
J&jwtxa
8z
Xa^xt^ixcv SluyfjLX
404
%f/xaT(rfto{
302
XaMiotxi*
436
;?'? ^^'?
127
XaXxiotx- Minerva
ihid.
;^j5jo-/*o*!Vai
262
X>Jf^f^
295
X^riayiu^^xi
ibid.
p(^l!Cl4,[AHVIIXt
a63, 269
Xi^o-H-ol ^
ibid.
Xatonet.
436
X^ria-fA.oX6yot
ibid.
Xx^Xx.
iUd.
%gr!r)?
ibid.
Charilae fatum
ibid.
X^vaom^oi, boves ad
facrificium
XU^iffKX,
437
defignaii
222
X*?***"'?'"' 209. 5tJ(7ia ^wgo^ogt-
X^mce,
438
Kxi, d'croTi'Kvir^'cscl
ibid.
X^ona., Cereris epitheton ibid.
Xa^trri^isc E^sySegias
437
XSorto* ^loi
192
X!%ff('Ocr:;)'ce
ibid.
X^on'^ Mercurius
368
Xci^uvt7ov
130
Xvr^oi
368, 439
^!tgo|xai'Ti
353
X''iT\C(,
350
;^faj d.ioi.a'xjav
243
Ki0cJ]o7roiur oSoq
31
Xii^0v6vi
437
xtyx>SSii
m6.
^n^oTovrjTi,) afX'
72
KiKnia. ,
55.
^;goTo>ta, x,^i^oro>iTi,
& awt;;<;i-
Kifjiunov riTx^
30
^oTotiTt
96
Kivv^acSxt
375
XtXiootiet
437
xiong
190
^thiioinTf^x
ibid
x'i^x^
325
;^s^(Joi/i^j'
ibid.
Kt<TcroTo[jioi
409
;iCg*^
227
xiro(pQ^(n
392
^i^iima5cu, i. e. Ig
t^iy, /^;V.
KAa^u1'tfl6 vel Bi<rj9yflfi 409
jgti7ti' awVl&ij
221
xT^Sot txTq^i&i
238
X'T*-;!"?
54
x\r)S6n^
34*
;C4Tfc{ TogSafuKol
422
xXjidovut ii^of
ibid.
XlTUHttC.
43
x^s^l^vS^x qualis Athenicnfium 1 1 S
Chiconia Diana
ibid.
*A>}'fo
335
civitate donandi mos
44. 45
XXyi^OfAXtTiix
332, 335
j^Xaiia
402
x\ri^uTot
72, 112
XAscia
438
xMTn^
i4 M7
XAo), Cereris cognomen 439
xxnrcvut
114
Xoi;
439. 3f'7
xT^yinvta^xi
117
;)(;dr.|
131
XXrtTo^ii
114, 116
j(;og/a
119
xXoJoj
130
Xt-^aeyEK, ;to?uj{^;, yl-Kix^y^ 5 3
xXyar>}f SIkv
126
X'Xa?
439
Cnacalefia Diana
409
%oAsr^a
'(3
K.xxxMffix
ibid.
XoX^^
ihid.
Knffvr)
230
cpinproniilTarii arbitri
22
.
Hh 4
XuliX
INDEX.
xahx Aioi
4^0
K^uTTiec
n
xoyi ofAmci^
39
Kgirij/lja, lex
69
xoiy^ti '
42
K^tirM3f*aTEi
35
XOX(^ ft)l
462
KtjJitj-, Jovis epith.
430
YLt>(M
53
xJct/xs(
119
xomi y^aii[AeirtTot
47
xvee.(i,or^uyii
ibid.
xomi
343
Kwp^)V
410
Colonus (farceris
35
t;Co/xyTii
333
xmT'MX^ireci
?I.
121
xo'jcA'
37
x^vTla<, avcs minus
fortunatae
Kt;o9))ira{iu
52
323
Kwdavri^at
53
KoXurlvi
52
xysic
240
xoXot'og
130
XVhtJ-Mo\
444
corned ere
232
Yivnxoi
41
Xo^off-ftv^dcX'^
438
C'.nina Dea
358
xovirx^^o*, 'vel xon'r^x
38
Kvw^oi^if
410
Kot^v\*)
54
Kvyoa-x^t^
4
>. 55
xov!n;
433
xv(put
150
xovi^tiv
ibU
XV^UVti
?^/V.
KaniSuet
409
XV(puviff(Mi
iM.
xo^ecxofjtarrui
266
xv^^oci
'^^.
Ks^j) hoierpini
;t??
XVq$ll<;
ibid.
Ko^not
iiU.
xv^iot, x^5ffl^
9*
xuqtxttov
38
xvei^on ^(aX^m, vel u^ifffiivxi, fQ
xo^uyy)
438
vofjt,iyi,ot
9'^
H5
xo^uvi^ny
j"^///.
xv^i(^, maritus
114
Ko^i'jSavTx
409
' 5 *t5f' xciS'
107
K-JgudaMoj
53
xvSiriot
433
Corythaiha, Dianse
epitheton
ci-rfu; exercitium
44
'
432.
. 4^9
K-v^TiaSxi
55
05uSMir*.
433
Kt^Sn^ov
5'
X0<7X>0fAavTt
352
KoSt^xZ-Ja*
55
D.
xo^v^]i<^
18
KoTv-rlix, vel iCoTt^TjIf
509
Daftyli Id^i
446
KoTt}(^ ^ICtaUTiJi
Hid.
^axTv'Xiot (pa^f/Lxxirai
353
Jta^EWTIf
48.
, 409
Sa'xTvXot
45'
452
X*^)7f VO^*
401
Sa.xrv>^oiA.civ}ti
35
XjaJriffiTJjj, (pcc^fUMX' 1
diflus
ibiJ:
iuxrvXoii ctvxrtTtat
444
xgaTiif lwirip''J
213
oocob^* 306,
391
, 301
??
107
Ax'iSuXae,
376
377
fijpo?
134
Ax^SaT^Sat.
52
X^ritofvXecxei
84
AxSk
376
Kf)TJXO?
462
Sxif4,ovn
206
Kf.oipog- Mercurius
396
oa/*ooX3wIo
300
K^tw
54
Sxil^ol
381
x^^cfiarrtia
127
OX^SY)
352
215
39
ox^vntpccy^
Ax(pvyi(f>o^ice.
300
378
K|oi>i(
41c,
463
Ax^oy
ibid.
K^oi(^, K^enu
463
Duvi fervi difti
61
AfA;c
I N D
5eKx^Bivoi [ih 4 2
OlttXtT-fJkOi 124
mxctTsvlal, ^exaT>.oyot 2^6, 237 -
Sixxriviif 273, 375
oip^caSui oluvlf ' 344
decimae 236, 237
iaxjjXon, vel /3gTaf, COT imago
fiitla 177, 33
ojj^ta; y 0X0*1 I 24
oiKjrmii ^f^fTixoK 51. ^fol^ixon zwV.
Afia&5 53
Afi^a^iftiVu? Apollo 287
AXt 379
Anxta; 284
An^ayat 285
Ddii 258
Delos 283, &c.
Delphi 273. Ofji^ct^lt ibid, fuiroft.-
(pciXoy f/.a,i\tlov ibid.
Aih^ina 379
Ai>i^m' Apollo no, 274
Delphinia Diana 110,
im ^i'Kp\nw tribunal ibid.
$vi*^X^ 7^- Naux^at^oi, Oppida
NafXffia ibid.
A^jjiiTTt^' axTJ) 427
AjjfcjjTfja 379
Arif4,ril^Kii 51, 464
^rj/xjSfyo* 1 2
Jn/*o 51, 52, ^f. tJwmgSsy *a-
Sowrg^t ibid, horum tabula pro
tribubus ibid.
5fl/*^ 12, 47
3rtfji.ia-toi 88
/*oro i-rroialai 79
Sv/MTat 47
iiwojjxo). iiiWoy 5 1
T orij/,oa-im t^uy {atfciTeu 83
or.fjkOTixoh Six at 123
oio-jXiir 5crfA4 ^i/XXa^* 238
^'/^o? 130, 316
At<rwonat, i. c. Ceres & Proier-
pina 212
itv^hi waV T^w, praconii for-
mula 12
^yli^wolfw*, W i?f {owol^o 223
E X.
Sf^ta profpera dicebantur 322, 32 j
^|k ^ _ 317
AiuK^lq, tribus Athenienfis 49
ciec^iXa(cii Sixri 86, I 27
JjT>}I 12 2. SiCCilcCt 123
ChCtiTCiy {TTlT^EiJ/a* 2^/.
ojaWuMtltJMt* SfcTiat 210
^ajW,agTv^j 11^, 128
Aftaryw<rf 379
Diana AygoTf^a 77. Bm^k 373
Brauroma 374. Orthia 379,
Diftynna 378. Delphinia 1 10.
Caryatis 408. Laphria 411.
Limnatis4i2. Munychia 414.
wftnix 412. Stophia 431.
Stymphalia ibid. Ao;njaf 372.
EXa^jj^oA' 387. Tav^ovoKQ-
432. IViclaria 433. Hymnia
435. XiT<y 4.58. CorythaU
lia 409- Avcri&jy' ar
AiOMTivtx 379
^taij") (?"? 47
Aj, tribus Athenienfis 49
Aiacria 579
SictvXoS^ofAOt 442
5lxai variae 73, 4.7^ 66
3j*arxo, 5xar*os, pa^- 109
Sixri ^^<rayuy^u.&^ nc, 1 16
CiXn (Af) aa-oc ] 1 5
A*]ia Aoj oirr^ov 272
Diftynna Diana 373
Anclvunoi ibid.
^iioixi intxii^oToniay Tw 3)f* 96
Didyma ' 28c
Didymaeus ApoUo ibiJ.
bl"^'^ 459
ontfjo aves 324
Dii meliora 346
Am7oA(i 3gi
o%a'fc ww'Xa* 3 5
TiK <Jo*i)Vi? xffntuCid 82. Ta/Ms;,
dfliyQoc^tvi ibid
Ai(>xA{t 382
Atuyiia. ^ 404
huK)t Siti^tt lit
INDEX.
fmoybucc 3^
^lOjtAEtoe. 33' 5^
Aiofttr? 3 " ^
Aei'o-t 382, 383, 38 J . oayia ?A/V.
cia, Q.it.o<pxyioi, ibid. T^tiin^ixoi
ihid.
AiowiTtaK, ludi fcenici
Zkof dyyiT^ot, xm^vxij
Aoj xaJ^tov 430. Cj
Diofcuri Wes difti 3 5,
Si^v^'; Cecrops di^us 5,
diici exercltium
AuSixocTV)
Dodona
73, 74>
41
ibid.
207
38;
366
95
422
184
33
3j6
443
Hid.
231
317
125
2ig
385
265
Aw^Jwfaroi' j^a^ro I'm ruv (/.ix^o
^oynnm, vel 7ui (notx^o^ioyijv-
ruf 271
Dodonides Nymphse 269
3oXj;(;of 442
56?u;(;o^^of*of Hid.
iu^o^^ixul ^va-lai 209
124
SuTv'ioe. in quos infiigitur
SSTwi 43. qui fervi ita diti
Draconis leges 5t(7[Lo} diftae
2^0(1^ 441
SvaaysT;
hffeiitvt* ^iunufii
369
79
130
68
J39
442
279
38s
445
233"
341
Sva-onovriT SsaftaT* 34'
^ycripn|xl< 345
E.
E^SofLxyini Apollo 385
E^oi^r) ibid,
Exa'Aij 5 3
Exa?wVi 3 "5
EKUTXiOt 3^
ExaT)? ^ErTTV'SV tOtdi
Exar^a-iot ibid.
IxxTofA^v) 219> 387
ExTop,S&; 4^3
ExxTojjuQoiet ^S6, 397
Exaro[AViao 3 '
ExarojM^&vjas 387
CXXEr<7^(%t 121
lxxA}aa xt'gia 91. C'v/i^ijl' 91,
92
tXK^irx U^tioc 21 'y
Exko'iac. i-.atona 387
'ExSva-ix ibid.
i.x(^^^t ' 55
t^ti^ 1 1 5
ixXoycTi; 8 r
IxfMX^TVPiX 117
lx<pv>J^ofo^r)jatii 131
E;i(;?' ^ 5?
IxrxTixot 2)'^2
iXT^OtSxl 3 ' 7
^Vfj"'*"'''* Ji*:r}g 116
Hyjjo-ii-^a]- 344
^y>jro^ra 426
vtynT^ix. ibid,
iyyAri^l^ctvlni 501
lyyarf'ftfSpt 278, 30I
tyyxr^Trxi 301
iyyiyqxfji.^t,im h rn Ax^ovvT^i 3 1
sixov' honor 135
il^Tixx], aves infelices 323
ii^taiuvn 428
Eg)o-5at 53
K ^rnruv aj'^tjfl'iv 5x 127. fK
i{AXpxvu Kxrxrciffiv Stx^ I2Q.
S Xfga^ijV 346. >f ecyx^c*
I N D
tig y-oT^TTW; 'aflvuD 359
tlffuyiiv r-^n ^'xri* 1I3> no, 122
fleruyi^i^i 12 2
tlcayuyivi I '6
Eltmrv^icc 74, 385
tlffriTV^iCC Bviiv 99
eiff(f)o^ui So, So
<r^foTf 86, 87
HXaxTta 397
l^aia 336. xa^Airsfaii* 446
(At(%i p,opia,i 420
IXajoSfVto)', uKtiTrlri^ov 3^
iXuiiaiffwai 2 1 3
E^ao, forum 37
EXaf, EXauu; 53
E^a(pi??o^ 387
EXaiprjCo^'^ Diana z^?'^.
EAa^^jfoXiwv 404
?i>;)jf- 1 2 1
lAsvat 393
EXsna 388
EXscotpo^** 393
c IXs xoi^^ 107
EXfo-ivt 289, 390, ^ feq.
EXsLcTj? 5 3
EXit-SfV** 388
H^iocix H2, 1 13
XX):>(/(xa( 44^
EMv;K>okxrii /^/</.
'Eyo,r,olaijLlt 8 1
'E'fO\r,toia.(/i.icuoi ibid,
Elli, i;/V^ Helli.
lAXwTf, vel t^Xi/TJ)? 393
EX>,a>T tbid.
I.>^u>Tt Minerva i6U.
EA 394
^ f*o yi, 115
Ht-f^rtta. li^oi, vel fOTfMjia 4I7
Eju,7rXix 394
ifA-iro^la (9r/*iX!laJ 84
i ii^Tr^offBtv xctS^ IO7
empti de lapide 71
tfjuw^cc ayifA.iioc 3 1 5
if^VTV^oi /3wfA0* 1 94
9 j i(4/!rv^uf fAafiiln 3 i 5
E X.
Ev oX[/.u iitxJii) 277
E 55
EiiyAia|f 394
ivotyiTq 223
tix((7ifji(H aves 3^4
oj ErJsxa 7^
WsIIk 125
sv7rt<7xr)ftft! 128
lnj xj 4^ 4^4
EnjAa|? 394
EwEaWfXoK 3*^
EvtoiTvyec,il<; 33*
ifoSkot a-vfji-hoTiM 34*
Iroixiy iJixJ? 1 28
Epoa-ix^uv Neptunus 331
E|ioA/*K 275
Eohi^<^ Apollo ;^/y.
i'!7'7roK5- oiy' Zll
lSsr'*o* 302
lSi)x) 1 29
h^UffidTcck 30Z
Enyalius 77
<<;^(% 364
E-waxp^SiJf 394
Ewaywyirf 84
nTrxToaxoTTiOi 316
H^uifiicc 390
H^ajr**? 49
E(prtQentiv 38
tptnQoi 48
i'piS^i^ 44g
E^ryErcrSa* 1 2 ;
ifp^ynan ibid.
Ephetre 1 02, no
I'ipS^O. 3g,
\(^vlu^. vel lip* ir'Jft;^ I I g
"Ti (aic-Bm ffvnyo^tl'$ ibid,
T IlaXAa^iw 109. A{X^(iv 1 ro.
n^yjawlw III. EtSiQa-iTi^i'^
Apollinis epitheton 4^0
IWli^^lJf >!/X^ 370
twtfcoXif 3 [ 6
Ewixsr^a* C2
E9r*xr,^((ri<* C4
la-jpijEif oTOMa Tr m'^wi I v. 2
INDEX.
395
393
394
ibid.
127
87
81
99
I'srvjjLi^.VTeu^ 76, 392. {rftiX>jTa
'TUV ((Ivhm 7
|yjrt7viW; ruv xoimt ftgoffoluv 82.
I^ogis 85
228
39?
256
127
r'4"''P't"'^ '^ i|/)}f ifffMs 96
Iwio-xa^KK 395
Ea-ttrxijuoK 42
i'to"X)\}/! 128
EWMTXI^* 395
'EisierxvyC' '^'^
rstfctTtt* Tuv vdctxav 84
KnTctTOii rav oiifioaian t^en ibid.
irnvroiTinii i^O, 95, 99
rr*^' xf aTjjga 213
iw*rt^f oi'tioK) 213, 342
Evt9fx5< 395
iariT^oW 113. xar iVil^ovryiv oiou-
rKir^ovfii I'inn 128
firir^o'Tr' 68, 228
IwoGsAia 117
i-naScii 348
cpode 231
iTT^'w/xoi keroes ^ i , 121
iviirlcci 391
ivvrnleci 5fAocrto 79
cpulari 232
equi quo modo in curribus jungi
folebant 445
HK 397
HaxXa 35, 359, 406
igxrina 39^
Erechthei filial wat^^e^ot xar* t|-
X^v difta 3 1
E?sxVk 3I 51
E;)j$l* ,52
i^nft-rt* o^Xiaxdtn vcl l| l^)/*j;
xailxSixoi(7$^>h 116
'E^il^itx. ctyo^oc 37
Efyanj, Mmervae cpith. 436
i^arwa* 42 1
l^dreti 50
Eg7Ta6 395
Hfiat irvXxt 33
E^j*r 194
Ef/xr 39^
Ef/xa? 290
E^/xr^j Iv Alyiuf wAaif 33
E^fAoyXu/puv oooi 34
E^/ot, Ej!*o{ 53
Ef/a xA^got 3 54
H^6xi 399
EojiJa 5 3
H^^K 399
H^oa-dv^siX ibid.
EfJrja 395
Ef<wT^*a jp/V.
'E^oritpi^ia 371
Ef<T)^O^l /</.
i<7Xoe.fi,(jka, rd iffKUfifMvx wt^-
mifi^xv 442
l<T;^ai, Inferorutn altaria 192
Erai /* ayaS^^ t'%jj 345
Era* o i^/V.
Era %' 233, 396
Era* 396
Iriagx^ 95
sraf 3 1 6
Eri oiJof 34
a^ Eriaf rtp%o-5aM 232
er<yj; 86
rTo^sf tJv ^v^m* ibid.
iTXi^iva-iuq y^a^Ti 123
Erjo^tfTa^ai 430
STc^o^'<r;^aXot 59
EJ wa9ot/A 545
EJaXwcrta Ceres 365
It^av^^iaf aya;ji 42 I
TLvx^"^ Ceres 439
t;x?r
INDEX.
'EvicluTa
ivt^l^icci iytK
Eumenides
Eumolpidae
'Evuii'Jjji.nt Evuvi/,'^
EvvTv^iScii
Euro p. I EMwTtie
cv^voiyvioi Athenae
'Ev^vt6ft,ei
iv^vStxi
209
364
333
396
343^ 395
208
256
iz
227
/ 343
53
393
33
3'7
397
301
Hid.
397
230
ibid.
iv%yn 73y 224
ffSwoi 7 8
t| Ax^o'ai'Xiui; t^x'Ky>>Afifi.ain 3 I
*? 'flf*"! xccTahxBnf0Uy I^Jjf*i
o^Ato-xavtiy I 1 6
i^eit^io-eui Slxtt I2Q
E|x*r!f' Jupiter 248, Apollo
312
tlto^ot ;[^Sono?, (p^mu* 324
i^i*^y6fji.eyot 2 2 2
exercitus luftrandi forma apud
Macedones 4 1 6
t|iTar 78
i|<w?kafto aves qus 323
i^o^XbtTti T^H TO* Ai3c 2 5 I
F.
Fafclnus 378. Fafcinum. /i/V.
taqjete lingtdj 227, 342
ficus vcterum diata 426. apud
Athenas pretio habits 121. in
divinatione adhibitx 353
Fora^ 37, 43
Furisquibusnominibusdiftje 106^
396. vox ominofk Uid.
Tx^MXToffirovSa 213
ra^| 375 ^
yA)j 34*
r^(i.9ia.^ 37^
Tajjivi^iKu ibid,
Tat(^ri^nj 364
ra^ijrlof 5 Z
yaV^'j 350
yar^oy,xvrt\x ibid.
ytyiviTi antiqui didi z
TiXiovrtq tribus Athenienils 49
Ttwtoc. 37 J
FEvidAiot ^ttX 43^
rfTfM{ 37r
ysKjj 4^
yew^Tct* 3/y.
ytw/xayra* 355
Tiu^ot eg
Tt<pv^KriAoi 393'
yt(pv^i^ut, i. e. xMvd^uv ibid.
yipv^irui ibid.
yi^tx.t<^, chorea 379
rgir 375
Ti^o)iB^a.iu io^n 37^
Ttif to^T',? ibid,
79r' 41}
(j//^ fervi difti 61
rjyygav, ytyy^eiUnf, yiyy^acrftof
36J
yr7?. fidulae pifta; ii</.
PAotol r7r1T4 Proverb. 326
yotUTriitTv 241
Ora;ca fides 259
y^cipu, 7 7
7g?jj, qualis aftio, & in quos
aftligitur 123, 124
y^^l^lA-XUI^V >.ri^JU^^tXOt 47. XDf
yqaix-nnTiii 8?, 144
gymuafia
I N D
38
86
ibid.
38
376
ihid.
37
85
ibid.
H.
Harmodii nomen non imponen^
dum vernis 66
Hecalus, Hecalefius Jupiter 385
Hecate, Zs^tjuj, Agrep;, Tptyw-
TgtoJtTi) 386
hecatombe 219
Heliconius Neptunus 423
Helli 268
Hellotis 393
Hellotis, Minervas cognomen ibid.
Helotje 69
Herceus Jupiter 74
Hercules JMn'Xwir 398
Hercules Buraicus 295
Hercynna Ceres 326
Homoloius Juj^iter, Homolo'ia
Ceres 418
Horas Dese 440
hojlia major es, maxima 226
Hymnia Diana 43 5
I.
Icelos
Ixim^ Jupiter
xi theatra djfta
ixTri^ti, IxT^^m ihtiht
iSmiTtxeil Sixxt
451
i'>
393
392
453
452
52
305
248
310
37
41
238
123
393
3^?
. ^^
ibidi
3'i
440
314
453
190
39'
206, 374
372
314
405
. 123
329
210
221
-4?>
246
40 q
3+7
22J
406
le^ie oao(;
*ro2i5. 'fxxej\oi
n^ot ocyumi;
ijo; wycdv
It^oa-xo'Ojioc
I^o{ ycifA^
n^oervT^'iCtg ypx(piii
ignis lambens
i^atrtxccl ^vaiati
illotis manibu?, i-^/pedibus
imprecandi ntus
hxx*x
injeiicia ligna
Tnfuls
inquilini Athenis quomodo tSc-
tantUr rr rA r-,
Iwna, ^q5
lobacclius, cognomen Bacchi ibid.
lohdiiK ibid.
Jones unde didi 3, j.
lonica vetus dialeftus Attics a'fli-
nis
Tundat
Iphicratidje calcei
ItoTTaoa TeXavTif
lirirodxfAiiici ccyo^d
'JTu^xa-et^oiy Tra^ao^ot, ao^T^^sf^
xeXiolii;, (/.ovcti^TTlxsi 445
IwTroXuTsja Venus 32
IwaroSo4;iiT*5, tribus Athenicnfis 5 1
ta-xet^ii 40 1
Icx^na 407
Icor* 4.06
3
53
H
33
41
54
93
I
N D
*O011E^Sfl6
,57
IffOTiMTi
ibid.
lTa
53
lSw/*i
40 s
]Sa;/*>)Ti)f, Jovis cognomen 7^/^.
i^r.il^ipKV 300
Ithuphalli 383
Juno, A>&i 368. Samla 2c 1.
Jupiter, Ovfdn^ 7, Xwrijp 31,
32, Herceus 7J, (yTra]^ 213.
TsXst^, 234. Of>:i(^, lxeai<^,
Kafia'pcrt-, ElaxeriifK^, 248.
Jft^Trp 432- tpaTft', 369. Ba-
Piar- 99, 385. Didaeus 272.
Trophonius z8g. Hecalelius
385. Eleutherius 388. Icho-
metes 405. Ila,vo^<f)otXi%^ 263.
. Pelafgicus 267. AirxTmuf 369.
M^i%i<^ 38^. Polieus 381.
Diomeus 382. Olympius 35,
417. Homol)! IS 418. Saba-
zius 429. MfjXl^jO' 430. Ktj-
0-1^, /'^/V. TaXt6?, 432. IlaiXat-
r9? 447. Mf*axlr,; 413
Jurandi ritus 246 & 247, & feq.
Labratum 249
Jkx 192
Laceda^monii reges confecrati Jo-
vis Ov^uf'.n faterdotes 7. i^ce-
difragi 260
Aaxia, Aa^taoaf 54
^ttKtScx.t[A,o]iiu iocrl 410
Auf^'aa.orjtpoff'i)' 339
H Twv ?.a/x7rl4,v t/Atpsfr 392
lampadum cojiiciuju 399
Att.(A,7r^.x r 2
Aci(4.'n:V,f, Bacchi cognomen 410
Axf^.'alvifee, ibid.
Aei,(fificc 411, Laplifia Dkna i^/V.
PVaiy- ^iTwc 1 3 5
Aaw> ap.-s-jf 207, 294
lapidacioiiis pcciu 135
Lari facrificare 233
Aafiffffa'.u} iciri 4Ii
E X,
Aa^vaix uda*
Latona, *i;Tt, E3t/o-U 387
Aaspto* 55
laurus cur asiQaXiJ^, & dxvpati>
difta 2^8. fAttnixof ^vrof 299,
3C0. HapxaM ito^x didta 450
AiXXVOfACififioi 3S^
XiXffvoc 390
legilera Ceres 138, 405
?iUjrovxvT'ni ypcc^ri 1 24
legum inventio 138. Solonis le-
ges vsfcot, Draconis Btr^iuai dic-
t i39
^k<e(r 21 C
?i.eTapytat 85
A7ro/XpT'jp(tf 5iX5^ 1 20
^iT8^>oi Sc
AijiiarGK r 5
Arivonot 41 2
Lenaeus Bacchus ibid,
AtonSnoi 41 1
AiovTJxa* tbi^t,
Aeot; trib. Athen. 51
Aifvacta A.12
^erxat 6'g
AevK-n 4'??' proverbs 1 1 9
AfcxoTTupa 54
A|p;)(^x&ir yfa[A^aliTo 47, 79
AsvxoviQV ^^
>j,Qvof/,ci^tiOi 319
libatio 2iit
Xixwr 38 J-
AxjTJ!f Bacchus 8^/V.
ligna infelicia 347
AUtix 412
XiXy(i(p6^ot 38)
Aixxoy 54
Limn^ 5J
AlfAtUTiSiX 412
lidiores 79
I.imnatis, Dianas cognomea i^//.
literati 64
^i^oSo^'a 13 J, 413
>^^of/t,xv\tix 351
^tSftz/xaTa* 251
^6-, i, e. /?5!/* 7?. =51
Locioi'um
2 59
ibid,
ibid.
ZII
352
42
78, 8^, 73
352
54
280
41Z
40
Locrorum perfidia
Aoxgy_^0-u9ijf*a PrOV.
Aso'iac.
Ao^itt^ Apollo
AvKcltet
TwKiTot
AvKOKTot^ Apollo iiid.
Luci Deoium 197, 198
3tiJx;>e[Aetili'ia 3 ^ 3
AvHtiat 413. AJxe*' ctyo^oi ibid.
Avftit^, At,x)yJ55 ApoilO /Y'iV.
To Eiffi Avxn 1 1 2
At/xa ^xa? i*roverb. z^/V.
Avxti'p'Etft 413
lu&ai exercitium 443
>,v5li 6 1
AveitvS^tiet 4^3
AuVtoi Dii 370
Ayff-t^fuv- Diana 3 5
lujirare 221
luftrationum genera i^/</.
Juftrandi urbes inos 401
luftrandi exercitus forma apud
Macedones 417
Lyceum ubi fitum, & hujus nomi-
nis ratio 40
Lycseus, Jovis cognomen 412
M.
;
Macedones quomodo exercitum
luftrabant 417
futx^cc root 43
ftax^oi Tsipijj) 34. [*MX^u axiXti
ibid.
MaXf * toir^on 3 5
mngica ars 348
uayt^^ ibid.
magi ibid.
magiftratus Athenienfes 72, 73,
74 ^>f
ajflXT!gt 4 1 3
INDEX.
M/*xI)? Ji-piter
MaifAaxT>)Kyi
l4,x.iSsT0t *tiri;
MaWwEK Apollo
fUCvliiOt
T aWo fjuavTuoti
fjiamviMcrct
fjLamxccia S^vi;
ftMVTtx-n 261. ejus fpecies
464
3'9
414
61
302
262
210
262
279
ibid.
/xam? 261, 299
Mx^ixBu 5 3
fcagTvgia 1 1 7
/xartytaj" 03
p,r*yo^ofot 448
/xa^a ^ 136
M15 ^!Ti In raJiV Jo^^xol' 442
Msya^a'^Ti* 4--'' 4' 4
Mfya^acrxXwEta, 1//^^ AaxXfl'-nrHtat
Mj^%i^, Jovh epitheton
347'
MfXai-aj^K Bacchus
fJUiXiTlnTOli
MriJMf Hercules
Mercurius ^in^
Mercurius Ayo^aX^
123.
dorr,^ 3 1
97
251
450
380,
430
369
54
369
213
343
54
417
214
398
462
414
368
295, 248.
M<royai
fAic-6[ji^a?^ov (/.ccvTsTov
Mia-or^o(puyiXi ^ni^e^xi
MeTxytWvix
MeTxyiWyi^ Apollo
MsTayi^Tnut
396
230
49
273
414
ibid,
ibid.
464
360
f4E$V(
INDEX.
232
112
II, 417
56, 81
^c.
81
223
247
61
414
irdS foj^ 31.
43 55>
To MiiTtxjti 5t*arj}fo
ft8Toxo tributum
fUTotxtor forum
MfToixo
Midas
Minerva Nxj 30
croXtaj /^/V. BuWta 99. 3^5*
Ayforifo, 362. Alea 365. E7Xw-
TK 393. Aglaurus 62, 362, 425.
I^anj 436. hujus <a^W^'' 421.
fi-io-Boi; StKariXot
MttrBua-iui; oiiui 5x>, <pdi(H<;
MTvXyiiaw Io^t^
mols lalla:
fAotdiJi/avKSi JWa-o*
Morpheus
|*o5ot7o
Mu9cTor
fkuXuy, irofjM UK lu^jjfioii 64. O-JTO
TroiVxo; otx^
MvfiAiiKuu oSoi
Muia Ardalides difl*
Mv5*))^i 389. {jLtyaTM, fiixfa 390
Myfia Ceres
yacvToSlxan, Vel J(re5*
Nfx^apa
ViXfofiotiliioe,
VCKVOfJiCiiltTx
Nexo(ya
veuxofoi, ^axofot ibid.
NcoTrlo^/ixEiac
Neptunus Oncheftius
414
109
120
414
123
214
4'5
353
445
364
420
43
417-
Erechtheui c
206
190
78
84
7-8
348
350
416
, 415
208
416
ibid.
214
212
. V,
nanus 432
NjxjjTif^ja A^af 416
N/xj, epithtton Minervaj 30
Nx>j >} It, Ma^aOJy* 4 1 6
No|xo$Ta 7 a
N<>/*o^fAaxf -78, 79, 422
'Noft.c.fvXdxtor 130
o/A. quomodo differat a Se<r-
^*<'f 139, 142
*o/i(,- quomodo difFert a -J^^fiv
N.
iMiuir'n
305
/xa
140
379
yo/x^ cur muiicam,
fignificat 143,
5 55
219
464
nof/koBsTai
70
4H
fod^
46
33
Not* Of Tt?;^'
32
415
NoTtOK <CTaga pf0- tsI^;^'
i^/y.
36
N&ft>;i>ia(, <z;/ Nce|[t)
i>i
416
o-jto-
ilxritn,K^enf
ibid.
/^;V.
tH(d.riirou
ibid.
34
tvxToi afioAyec
508
52
nvfi^QMitloy
290
296
nvffaac.
443
415
391
390
'
391
45
ItOh ^Uf/M
S9
JlPt TW ^lUflXU
82
i-nx* T oyjy^r*
35
Oct), or<
5
249
On, orq
54
11
pbcU'
I N D E X.
bbellophori facrificia Bacchi 214
oxtTtf 343
vSuov 3^
v$txxl aves 324
cSm, aves felices iiiJ.
Oocmoioi 04
e^o{ )j(7^t 34; aliae jSoJ Athena-
rum ilfid. oJot ^TTol^ 3 * 7
Oik 52
Oyx^tnet 417
OjSo^.a 404
(Jyvyiov, quicquid vetus vocabant
antiqui 5
Jyt/'yt' lyjj'Sfjat ibid.
Ogyges , 4
0?>j Ofl 54
c"*?)/** career diftus 130, 343
clxira) qui fervi difli 68
Ixs^ol o^iii 3*
0i/) ET^o? EAu9i^ai5 53
OiCEjj W^e? MagaSwK* 54
0v>!K, trib. Athen. 5 1
otyojjuavleiOi 3^9
okvoTrli/t 84
Oil'', forum 37
O7oy Kt^ajxitxor 5 3
O?oy AEXe^{ixev J^/W.
oimi<TfJLxrot 32 1
cJwvov Sexj^crBcu 344
w? ^gaTtj^ 369
Iv o>ifi,id ivvcio'U 375
cAfA- tripos diftus /i/V.
oXsxat;Ta;f<ix
Olympius Jupiter 35^ 317
OAvfcaricy 35
otnen arripere 344
JJjtt!r>i? Bacchus 362
o^oyaAToi 49. idem difti ogys-
230
Of*opy 439
fl/*o^ay' Bacchi epith. z^t/.
^'/lAoOtiirv 230
ofAtpa.) 273
Onchellius Neptunus 417
OVX0K .4'^^
ovtfaT<yi' Jwoxftlai- 3^3
g<^ 302
ovti^Q(TKo'aot 303
Ovofjkdrcti 598
oyofAaroiAXiliico 353
woo-xowj* 5 1 9
OWKTtf XCiS* 107
Owo-5o^o|X4 3 1
Ojr^TTej, tribus Athenienfis 49^
o-XiTo^o|Xot 442
0-^d^iov 84
^f. 313
V^^' 83, 84
O-^OtofKH 83
*2ga Dese 440
nea 439
^$/* 302
f>tia TBjjLytif 253
p^x*' Jupiter 248, 257
cf*- 247. 5 (*,iy;, fiut^k ibid.
25 X
ordah'um 25 5
OfftOt 4J
ofOCT'xoffxflJ 321
?'cio-*ro'Ero /^/</,
Of5o<7XO5r0f ?^/^.
0^4;/Crof f r
cg^Ia OT-oAn 444
Orthia, Dianas cognomen 397
f^^y/** 1,34
^;c* 419. 4i-
r N D E Xv
Oax,^(p6^ix ibid.
Sla^ofo^iov 41 Q
Oaiot 206, 223, 279
Oo-ioiTjjf Hi J.
cr^a.Kx 106* 153
i'T^a.XK7(Mi; 132, 133
OtiSii is^ov proverb. 363
oves cur Vidimas maXime haben-
tur 226
vfiO^vTcci, Xau 214
aXoSt/TEti ibid.
Ov^xvi^ Jupiter " 7
Ov^eina Venus 34
OtJfaKOi Bi<ii 192
Ovata; ^(1(19 128
XlayxXciSKic. 419
srayxfatTiarct* 444
froctay 23 1
9raa 52
?roi^ 53
^ayxgaTjoy 38, 444
n^aj->)? Jovis epith. 443
VccXaclr^et ' 38
OTaX)) og6 444
7raM)!)j 54
palmam dare 441
palmarum plurium homo iiid.
'JruT^ix.a. cjWHO-ftaTa " ^38
n:a,KyLo\ ibid.
naf*cniTtcc 4 1 9
vafA^ocxo^i ihid.
7raj*jiAi$8 223
IIctyaXEta 422
Panathneaea 419, 420
sratiixOriiraVxcv 420
9r*i^afr*o ;jtT*)'>? 422
IltivSyii^ov 422, 436
9rvJ>)f*'^ Venus 34
rtav^tdc 422
TiettStovU, trib. Athen. 5 1
IlaevS^Off^ 423, 31
TlavivfXia, 423
ttoi^tf/J^ 453
ITaKM)}ri0e 423
Panici terrores 336
'/>
ITavo'vJ/ia 4^4
!rSc'oi/
coy
"cragaAia 49.
vaotvoi4,ia,i y^a.^^^ 1 24,
parafiti
wafao-jTta Iv irqvrxnM
vx^xa-'iTiov
vx^urxffi^ 1 1 ''j
llx^vxa'ix vroix difta laurus
nap9eft;V templum Minervas
E*aTOjM,7reJoK cur didlum
9raf6/o, hrechthei filiae jeitr'
Paliphae unde
Poftophori
Patrius Apollo
Ilxf^^xviix
vxviTixx'mr)
<mu^x .
vti^a'iKx) wt/Xa<
f 1; mt^xTx o|o;
WEjfajftJj 43. irei^xitvi xivxyyiav
a f /ft* ;^;^.
vnyofAXylitx 3 ro
Utia-iayxxTt^ rod 36
weAavoj 214
tliTixtrytKlf, ve/ llefM^yixov riT^^
30
Pelafgi, iinde Grseci difti ;^/</.
ri?weTa fervi quales 57
-rX)XS ^3
fX(i> 266
J i 3 B-^Aa-
423
428
423
263
35
i-el ftt-
ibid.
127
127
424
141
445
124
445
42
207
136
207
122
77
450
55
3'-
ibid.
Ho-
31
297
208
74
55
424
131
452
33
34
index:
fri%imtnc
424
(pec^jjietxot
401
UiT^nnKn x;^
393
(pei^lAxxor
134
IlETuJjia
425
<px(Jiig
125
el nVTxi(r%i^io
17
(pYiyccix
52' 53
nE>TaXO(7O^5ft0t
H
<pyiya<;
5f
WiiiTaTrXfl, TTtnTaw^oflS
419
^StOlTT'TrillOV
386
5rvT6Ao
38,
411,
, 441
(piTO^of
436
WVTA)) 54
"nrtVx' Minervac 421
5r6gayi/i^E 221
nt^tfojjT' ffclrv^*^ 34
W^/xaTTo-5a 221
n|!49raT)}Txot 40
nt9rT;a 425
7r^if'a>T5j5to i8g, 221
'jrtfi^^cimv 221
VB^t<pu?Atcc 383, 485
Wgtcrxt,7iax<rfto5 223
TTE^trtas 95
Wgria^j^4 , ^/^.
ve^trvXtev 39
Viffo^ccvlUx 333
W^i^or(Jat 54
WftSi^ 221, 222
TTiTaXflj 133
wsTaAi^^jj Syracuf. quomodo dif-
fert ab oftracifmo ^ 3 3
vtT^a., tribunal 251
'atr^uft.x 391
-fo-ot ^ 79
**yV* 435
^ccyn<Tiet ibid.
^ccyyia-tTroeriec ibid,
^ot-yija-iTraa-m ibid,
f^dyuv ibid.
<{>a7\yifntlv 'rt7^(<^ 3 2
^xXrj^ov 43' 54
<ia>>MyayiOt. 425
<[>aXAxa oia-(JLtt,rot 303
^ufifAMrqiO, 436
Phancalos 305
^u^yixKot. viarii^iat 353
(pu^lAaxitx ibid,
(pccgjMtxH y^ccipr) 123
4)gf aria difta Profcrpina 7^/V.
4>fE^aTlfl6 43^
(ptvyu* 121
^A(^a( 53
^iXaV))? , 343
^t;v7r7r^ei 281
^Xua 5 2
Phobeter 305
4>ft;xt(i;y aVovoiflc 3 8 1 . g<6 254
^otvtxtuv 108
(pom y^xfn 123
(po^fMvtoi 54
^ogo 80
^ogwv 5 5
<bocr^o^iec. 43^
^gT^Ja%o 78
^fargU 49
^^ar^tay Si/ejh 369
<Pr^txcv SiTmot 5 1
^gar^j^ Jupiter 369
(p^iai^^ot 5 2
6 fp^ioirln, h (p^iKrioVf mel Iv (p^i-
Tt tribunal 1 1 1
(p^iyyiff^on ^7^ciir(pri(*,iSiV 343
?'6o<i 392
^^7)) quoinodo ab oftracifmo dif-
fert ^ 123
^t'^^af^o* 73
^vA)J 54
^t;Aa Athenienfes 49, 50, CfrV.
(pfAsTixov Su'mi/ot 5 t
(pvhhxh.q ixT^gEf 238
9t^?kXiat 45 1
^fXwv ETrtfAeXuTat 78
(pv^wv iriaTogEj 86
^t)Ao?a,y,;^Er5 78
(pvcrixvTA^ 433
<pv<Tioy)!UfMX 353
^Tta Latona 387
^tJ|o* Dii 370
7r(a*a 97
INDEX.
pillrinum
HiTuva,Tu to^n
335
63
325
52
367
421
399
ii>U.
363
462
53
425
plurium palmarum homo 441
f lutus alatus 31
fnvxirrii quid 93
a6ai axvq 442
w&^cx<>Mc>} I 3 1
taoloT^aJcri - ibid,
Tloiocyo-^iot 42 S
VOKiht) foei 36
vrohift.K^X'^ ' 77
vroXifAiHi)!) oaof 34
vuXtiraii 80, 57
weXia; Minerva 3 1
ncxtci 426
Polieus Jupiter 381
PoXic;, Apollinis epith. 426
voXti, Cecropia xar l^^x^v dida
woXiTat 43, 5 ^
wcAJ^Sc' 279
Tloft/xnXot Saifjiorif 370
no/xTTar^- iVlercurius /^/V/.
5ro(*Wcroii 34
TlofA.'rriut 5ai(xo' to^j 426
vio'JToivoc 214
woTTTw^im Tarj aVgawarj 332
portus Athenienfes 43
UoauSiat 426
noo-iJJ Erechtteus 31. Onche-
Itius 417. Heliconius 423. Tje-
narius 432. E>o<rtx!^UTi, Ey*o<r-
ya** 331
HocttSumeii, tribus Achenienfss
Iloffuavfta 426
7ro<r*airlej proy. 221
9roTf** 5 3
prjeconii formula 12
prajdicare 441
praefifcini, prasfifcinc dixerim
35?
nXTO? 8 1
Wf|sylat 426
Precandi ntus 237, 238, ^ /ef.
nfvjgocTja 426
n^oaxrufia, 427
vr^oQaca-xacncti 3 eg
7r07aXi9' r^
Tr^o^KAsv/xa loc, I40
TT^OXAjJOTis ^^-/^
Tfo^Jra* 228
rf<wo<rj yga^^ 1 25
^^oiS^ot 93. 99
n^on^oa-U, Cereris epitheton 427
n^cn^ocritx, 426
-nr^oyviMuaiAMlx 448
IlpoXoyta ^27
v^o(.xi\ivti 277
n^ojjLiiBciit 427
ir^otp^aiaix 427
tr^o'jToT'J^ Si w^oTToX. S.-a 208
srp9!77raXT( r
nfo<7-;)i;;aj^9T9gaf 427
v^oa-xvuov . jj 2
ir^o<TxvniV aq
ir^oa-vyo^oi S^vi^ 270
v^oa-t7\fioi Arcades r
Profcrpma, ^E^t^xrU difta 436
v^oa-oSioc, fjuiyaXa 206
v^offudiot 230
wforaTjjgj- Apollo 312
n^oTiAttat 427
'fpoTia-ihdttx 428
index:
91
epitheta
WgUTaV*t-
iv ir?vra.yi\iJ tribunal
Prytanes
Prytaneum
4^'^<7foa ^ w|x< differunt
229
427
Bacchi
116
92
III
136
99
99, II
2
54
140
100
119
333
124
ffloAjftaJ?, trib. Athen.
?rlt/', i. e. fltla^|or
Fugil
Pugllatus exercitium
vvhcct Athenarum
33-
Pylsea Ceres
w'hriyi^a.i
nrv^wvio^ Diana
n-vSft'ywot 301, w^uvii;
Pythia 272
Pythium
124
129
35
55
338
ibid.
54
5
359
' 346
428
464
443
ibid,
ibid.
317
89. 317
, 429
ibid
89
437
123
318
412
399
429
ibid.
372
Python
Pythius Apollo
Quinquertium
Quinquatria
PQrf
PufJiVHi
121,
zyz
441
426
441
334
441
448
429
44'
54
333
429
regum veterum dignitas & offici-
um
6
gsiTopsf 87. cvtvyofot, Sc ftipen-
dittum
ibid.
dium
TO ffVtriyofiZOD
PJfH7 TfitJJ
443
213
124
442
34
S.
Zafar'^st* 4^9
Sabazius Jupiter ^ /^/V/.
<raSoj, Bacchi facerdotes ikid.
facerdotes 202, 203, {ffc.
facrificia 209, z\o, 2\\,li5' fej.
faltandi exercitium 442
o-aw? 131
a-om^ dyvfrm^ 335
^ecfuvix 438
Sacurnalia 42 c
'Zxatx) wvhxi 33
crxcifAfMt 442
^Klll/SuViSl 5 3
IN D
o-x(p>5!popoj, vel rxa^jK 56,421
rxW 42. verfatilis, & duflilis
fceptra^ qui geftabant 108, 109,
441
<rx?ir?po 108, 109, 300
tr^oTtoi '34
a-^omtrfU'Og iota.
trxKx.Si)(po(oi, ibid.
erxiciSti 4
Zx.'tpa 430
SxjXXJv f ofTij 43 ^
VXiO(ll.X\u<X, 35
rx.'pa 430
trxipor ?]^'*'''
2xpo^op w/a.
Zxg|o^opi?l 4^4
oxJp. 43*^
2*w'Sa 79
o->}ic 190, 192
o-Eparct I?rwo 445
(rtifct(p6fot Hnnrti tbid.
l-nffdx^noi I3'^ 43
triXriyxi mazx qusedatn didlx ^14
2iMo* 267, 268
'r,(Axx,(ixt , 54
Zs/ittA)} 430
r|M.i $ia 106, 396
X/*Jir lopTJj 396
Servi 57, fcff.
2f7rI)po 43
ert^jjpcjopiti!]"* 353
I.'fOK 55
Siniftra 322, 323
oitiat, irxfrnffixta, airrio'ti if Hpw-
ruviiij 131
CiTOfjiirfxi, five Awoiixlarot 80
ffthiuat 83
*T ilxfl 128
Solonis leges vo^ot diftae 1 39
#X^ 443
cu^fonrx) 84
<ri^poMrj Xi6^ 288
tof f^ij-fl'^oa 1 30
E X,
fcrtes Homerlcse
, 33^
viales
' 334
ZwTnV Jiipiter
31, 32
XwTt'pa Minerva
32
ZwTljf'*
432
S^tfftoy
53
tTTTEH^Sty
211
o^aywro*
229
c^xT^xi
. 443
c^xifiryifiof
38
o^a*]po/x%
445
2<PtIo?
,^^
2^r5aAJ
Hid.
Sphragidium
298
Sphragitides Nymphas
Hid.
CTrXosyX"*
230
<r7roo)
2t I
er^ovSuo
452
avrovSvy^ok
119
STTopylX*
55
27ropTia
431
fec^io*
44?
faJtoJpo/tAO*
ibid.
Itadium
39, 442
ftatuae Deorufh
190, ^r.
TXVfoq
134
2T{tjJ
' 52
rijXt}
130
r!XiTiii
ibid.^
riXiTst/TJXoj Xoy*
Hid.
rii*p.xlx
39
ftf/uyiMTix'iit
426
T/rii)vtx
431
frtftuo'Xh
'ibid.
rf^o
136
ri^ao 4^6tx&>
ibid.
rc^etrkTOSt
45 ^
Stephanophorus
206, 403
278, 300
430
r$i\ Minerva -
ibtd.
rx<'f*'"
332, 333
ry/*a]*
64, 65
ryf*aT(a, vel fiyunt, cur diiti
attaga, infcripti, U litterati 64
roatJ 36, 38
o roa? XTifflV 5O
twVo /^/</.
s-ifMiXf^ 253
btopnea, Dianx epithcton 4;? i
INDEX
431
ibid.
82
231
130
ibid.
TfATyiyoi 27. i^syxi
Tf7oIxa ;^pK)f*la
Itrophe
TTfo(pe.7^ Mercurius
i:.TV(4,(pf\.i 43 1
Styx * 48, 258
d'fxOfAaylsias 353
iTVXQ<pa,iloci 121
iues iacrificabantur 216, 435
foetus 2 1 3
^v^KOf^n-^ftct 400, 431
o-tSyxXiiTot ExxXEff^iai 91, 92
0V(ji-Qa7\a, itodux ' 34^
Grv(/..QtiiXcx,'ni oixri I 27
rooxot 81, 87
avviS^oi, aves fortunatai 324
cf I'E'yofs'i' E'S''' Tw ftia^w 118
TO ffMijyepixai', rhetoris ftipendium
87
cvfnya^ct "/By 87, 118
ovvvctoi Bioi 187
o-tiyotxcrat Ssot z^;Vi
l^vvo'iztee. 43 "
^tK^oiXwv o*j 127
2t;7raXnTJo5 52
2^uf o(x0-ti' I ag'r(^ 43 1
a-'jffACcix
cue
45'
452
431
/^/^.
61
216
T.
Tsnarius Neptunus 432
Tages 319, 320
Ttafia 432
TaAajoj, Jovis epith. i^iV.
jau-iuq Tr,<; $eu x^ twv Seui) 8l.
TJJ? OiOiXy^lTtft;? 82. TW) KOmUII
r2 Bto^ixii) ibid^
retWTifefvyi!; aves qus 324
Taypta 432
Tau^oi dili Oivop^oot ibia,
Tavco'jzoXenc, 43^
TaypoiroM^, Dianas cognomen
ibid,
T;cnxj jAailmvi 202
TEt^offOK)* 84
T^el5^ 215
TsXei* Jupiter 234
TeXn 80
TtTiiKt Sf srJa 215
TE^- T?f ayopaj 8 J
TE^tfrat 8 1
riftit)^ , 190, 202
templa 287, .288, t^ feq.
rt(pfofMiprtiec 353
01 Teaa-u^itKovra. 12 2
T<rra(3xoroi' 43^
T/flf ITTW- 44 5
TETpa^oyia 420
TETpaETljptS 4S9> 460
TETpawgot 445
TSTliyBi Athenienfes difti, cur hos
in comis geftabant ' 2
Sax-, SiBuK^ 322
SaAtat 360
SaMo* 238
$a>^o^opot 421
0aXyrB 4.OO
Bahvcn^ apT* i/V/
Bdytti* 133
o Bxtaira xa J* 1 07
apyijA** 400
^apyjiA 464
Sa'pysiAo* 400
SapyjjM^ i/W.
Qsoyoc[A.i 40 Z
Theatra 41,. 42
B/xax' 5 2
QfoiviX 40Z
SfoyatvTiia 298, 299, 300^
301
Ototpdmott vel Qto^unet 402.
Biomevrat ^OZ
-eowporta
262
INDEX
StOTTfOWOt
262
Siufrii^xTizli wn^-
302
Ssofix
284
Sso^iXa Xf^iMtloc
82
SfoufU
284
Oiu^o)
21, 284
Qcog Bso(;
345
lol/n- Apollo
402
GlO^iViOC 3 J,
184, 402
GifocnrfXTiSix
4C2
Qiff/iuv iopTi}
ibid.
i^>j'pa
ihid.
ccra o(5o{
34
GruriTat
35' 404
>J<7t(501>
386
0t<7toTp>J/, colonus carceris 35
Sec-|XO*
138
0C/XO^OflErO
403
Oia-f^o^ofK*. 138,
146, 403
0{e-/*offlop- Ceres
4^3, 138
C-;xo^tTa
77
SeV^aJa
262
$Ecr5rer/xaI
Hid.
QcO'traKuv a-C^tvi*.a
259
STf
14, 57
StO'tOt
214
^oiV(
232, 360
o^a*
54-
OpXOf
53
pX(a( 7ry^
33
fiaVtai TryXaw
ibid.
fkft;
54 405
f^'*".
55
Vf| dv^fXTToSuSm
59
^fVff^XltX
183
BftoSoXot
334
CpoMo-*?. "^f^ SfCic-ft9i;
407
Sw'as
392
Sv'iii' ffarixf
Z^9
&via
405
SvM
ibid.
Sw/xiAu
42
St^/*fAT*;poi>
228
t;j*oT^a
53
vma
405
St/'w-
Hid.
^t/'.
213
evfu^i, Kapif, x iV
A0ir)p*
3S6
ypywvidflU 54
St;cri<x( Sopo^ofixxl, I'ide tvxluTa.
SvtT-iuv elon 20^, 210
^1}TX1J 315
1'ibias 6 1
Tt/x55//.a?a , * 80
Tnazi^Bii 54
TTai 43 J
Ti9'a* 43*
TiivAhci - ibid.
TPf? ^ 53
T7\i!'W0}JlAltX 433
Tj!*'!To uyutii; 118
TO/Aiaj 2C2
Tofts^oi, TomiuJB 270
ToE^ 433
Toxaris quis /^:^. |t^ faTfosditus
ilid^
To|xj) 443
To|oTa 79
rfV[Ji>Oi](^ etc vpuvoiXi yfx^ri I23
Tptoi ira^xio'fji-ulcii, 106
Tficcxxoef 49
TfiaxflW* 44g
rpioi^at ibidt
o rfiuxovliK 122
tribunalia Athenarum io8, 109,
no, ^y^jr.
tribus Athenienfis, 49, qo, ^r.
Tp;ija? e^eif raj dySfoiwoSuStii im
TpxXapa 435
Tnclaria Diana jW.
Tf *opy9i' 5 4
Tpujpatjipijo* 86
Tpjpa^X:a r^V.
TpiT)jp< 459
Tpyi7j]^, TflyXr.va-, Tgj.XaSf)'n
Hecate 386
Tf tn/HK 5 2
Tpoi.'Ti Hecate 386
Tptdivts 4.34
Iriopius ibid.
TfivoSti, via 34
*f'f;>(;'J^ 325
TpfRToyiiTst 434
K k
Tripus
INDEX
Tripus Delphicus iyS
TpTOTTaTopei* 434
TeiToTTaTopej ^fo iPzW-
TptTluas 3^"
Tfirluj, tertia pars tribus 49
Tpirit);, faciificium quale 219
'Lr turn liter arum homo 64
T^otpai/ias 434
Ek TpoipWDitt [Li[ii.dvxiv\xi 293
Trcplionius 289. Jupiter 2/?'/(^.
hujus oraciilum y.a.ta&ot.iTiot dic-
tum, & xaraSctivovlEj COnfuien-
tes Z90
vv(jJS^ templum 1 86
Tf/iWC-avi^Elai idem quod jr/xafT
134
tumulcus
TyTrat
TUpVkJ
Typ?*)
TvffAtScn
'lyndaridas Amicti
U
187
434
il:id.
434
54
ft' 34. OJpvi /^i</. ai/ViP Ar
(ppo5tT>}.
Venus, Gsnetyllis 37>
\'erbene 226
vy-ttee, . I 252
vy'inon 342
vici Athenienfes 33
YfA'sriiot 54
Y/y.via 43?
Ypj, Dianae cognorpen //^V.
vWI^ Jupiter 213
vBnyyt^ 231
titoy^o'nf.i $604 , 192
vntu\iioa\ot, 115
virotpnToit ZJO, 276
fTToo-zi'ftov 4^
J? 216, 435
T(7to( 5 5
vrs^^ xxS^ 107
Yr5pa 435
rpo7roTfooi 223
vulgares 88
YiaxS*a
Ybotda*
itpEiyj Ti/S-
Ybprx
vo^x-jat;
Y<J^op,a*isia
Yd^o(po^a
Veneri lacrificantur fues
Venus I'Kr7ro?vT; 32.
421
434
55
66
106
43?
84
ii3
56
391
56
Sccv5ixec
Sivixn eSo^
iinxoi r((pxvoi,
Sevot
?a' tarpof
loai/a Deorum cfteies ol
^vXov 7rsvTE<rt)pjyyoy
Svvoixix ijel MsTOJXJiX
SfTDJTJJ
|vra 3S, vi^iqfoiilasi
43>
54
213
417
47
34
136
366
5?
433
US
m didtas
191
ni
Z14
13a
41.7
?2
jiia.
z.
z.
Zeno
INDEX.
()r*5Ta
^,^S.
Zj^yn-at
?o8
ZtfV T-''^'? Jupiter
64
Zcw a-U(T(,i
129, 386
^UVTHK
43. 215
Zvrrip
. %6
^uTCi at.
64
^vyioi
33S
H
33S
64
55
64
FINIS.
j^
^
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