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r-
k\ THE
9O0 3j^ Orators ibid/
yfn Infpeiiion into the Orators Lives ibid.
Laws treating of Duties and Offices 158
Laws ^<7/ //^nd Plenty ; but in thofe Days, when Men lived upon the Produdts of
{a) Menandtr Rhetor, {h) In voce TnyivSiU \c) Tluijdidet lib. I. EuJlatbiH
ad Iliad ^. {d^ Tamjd^ Mi^
Of the Civil Government of Aas.x\%\ ^
their own Soil, and had not found out the Way of fupplying their
Wants by Traffick, the Cafe was quite contrary, and Peace was only
the Mother of Poverty and Scarcenefs, producing a great many new
Mouths to confume, but affording no new Supplies to fatisfy them.
This was foon experienced by the Athenians ; for in a few Ages
,they were increafed to fuch a Number, that their Country being not
only unfruitful, but confined within very narrow Bounds, was no longer
able to furni{h them with neceffary Provifions. This forced them
to contrive fome Means to dilburthen it, and therefore they fent out
Colonies to provide new Habitations, which fpread themfelves in the
feveral Parts of Greece.
This fending forth of Colonies was very frequent in the firft Ages of
the World, and feveral Inftances there are of it in later Times, elpeci-
ally amongft the Gau/s and Scythians, who often left their Native Coun-
tries in vait Bodies, and, like general Inundations, overt urn'd all before
them. Meurfius reckons to the Number of forty Plantations peopled by
Athenians \ but amongft them all, there was none fo remarkable as
that in AJla the Lefs, which they call'd by the Name of their native
Country Ionia. For the primitive Athenians were nam'd lones, and
laones [e) ; and hence it came to pafs, that there was a very near
Affinity between the Attick and old lonick Dialeft, as Eufiathius ob-
ferves (f). And though the Athenians thought fit to lay afide their
ancient Name, yet it was not altogether out of Ufe in 'ihefeus'% Reign,
as appears from the Pillar erefted by him in the Ijlhmus, to ftiew the
Bounds of the Athenians on the one Side, and the PeJoponneJiam on
the other ; on the Eaft-fide of which was this Infcription (g\^
This is not Peloponnefus, hut Ionia.
And on the South-fide this,
Ihis is not Ionia, hut Peloponnefus, '
This Name is thought to have been given them from Janjan, which
bears a near Refcmblance to \eLav ; and much nearer if, as Grammarians
tell us, the ancient Greeks pronounc'd the Letter a. broad like the
Diphthong tu, as in our Englijh Word All, and fo Sir George Wheeler
reports the modern Greeks do at this Day, This Janjan was the fourth
Son QiJapheth,z.nA is faid to have come into Greece after theConfufion of
aiel,znd feated himfelf in Attica; and this Report receiveth no fmall
Confirmation from the divine Writings, where the Name of jfavan is
in feveral Places put for Greece. Two Inftances we have in Daniel {h) ;
And nvhen I am gone'forth, behold the Prince of Grscia. /hall come. And
again (/) Hejhalljiir up all againji the Realm o/^Grscia. Where thoagh
the vulgar Tranflations render it not Ja'van, yet that is the Word in
the Original. And again in Ifaiah, And 1 nxiill fend thofe that efcape of
them to the Nations in the Sea, in Italy, and in Greece. Where the 7i-
(i) Herodot. lib. I. Strah Geogr. lib. IX. ^fchylus Perfis. (fj Iliad. ft
() Piutarsb. Tljefcf, {J>) Cap. X. v. y^ () Cap. XI. v, a.
B Z gurini
jf Of the Civil Government of Athens?
gurine Verfion, with that oi Genenja, retains the Hebrew Words, and
ufeth the Names of Tubal and Jwvan, inftead of Italy and Greece. But
the Grecians themfelves, having no Knowledge of their true Anceftor,
make this Name to be of much later Date, and derive it from Ion, the
Son oi Xuthus. This Xathus (as Paufanias reports) having robb'd his
Father Deucalion of his Treafure, convey'd himfelf, together with his
ill-gotten Wealth into Attica, which was at that Time govern'd by E-
reSiheus, who courteoufly entertain'd him, and gave him his Daughter
in Marriage, by whom he had two Sons, Ion and Achevus ; the former
of which gave his Name to the lonians, the latter to the Achaans, It
is not improbable that Ion himfelf might receive his Name from Ja'
*van ; it being a Cuftom obfervable in the Hiftories of all Times, to
keep up the ancient Name of a Fore-Father, efpecially fuch as had
been eminent in the Times he lived in, by reviving it in fome of th
Principal of his Pofterity.
From the firft peopling o{ Attica till the Time of King Ogyges, we
have no Account of any Thing that pafs'd there ; only Plato {k) reports,
they had a Tradition, that the Athenian Power and Glory were very
great in thofe Days ; that they were excellently flcill'd both in Civil and
Military Affairs, were govern'd by the jufteft and moft equitable Laws,
and lived in far greater Splendor than they had arrived to in his Time.
But of the Tranfadions of thefe, and the following Ages till Thefeus,
or the Trojan War, little or nothing of Certainty mult be expefted ;
part!y,becaufe of the Want ofRecords,inrude and illiterate Ages; partly,
by reafenofthe vaft Diflance of Time, wherein thofe Records they
had (if they had any) were loft and deftroy'd ; and partly, through the
Pride and Vain-glory of the ancient Greeks, who, out of an AfFeftatioa
of being thought to have been defcended from fome divine Original,
induftrioufly conceal'd their Pedigrees, and obfcured their ancient Hifto-
ries with idle Tales, and poetical Fiftions. And to ufe the Words of
Plutarch (/) : " As Hiftorians, in their Geographical Defcriptions of
*' Countries, croud into the fartheft Part of their Maps thofe Things
*' they have no Knowledge of, with fome fuch Remarks in the Margin
' as thefe ; all beyond is nothing but dry and defert Sands, or Scythian
*' Cold, or a frozen Sea ; fo it may very >vell be faid of thofe Things
*' that are fo far removed from our Age j all beyond is nothing but
* monftrous and trjigical Fiftions ; there the Poets, and there the In-
" ventors of Fables dwell ; nor is there to be expei^ed any Thing that
*' deferves Credit, or that carries in it any Appearance of Truth."
However I muft not omit what is reported concerning Ogyges, or
Ogygus, whom fome will have to have been King of Thebes, fome of
j^gypt, fome of Arcadia, but others of Attica, which is faid to have
been called after his Name, Ogygia (m). He is reported to have been a
very potent Prince, and the Founder of feveral Cities, particularly of
FAeufis J and Paufanias tells us farther, that he was Father to the Hero
Eleujis, from whom that Town received its Name. He is faid to hav
(*) Tmeto, (/) Iht^tQ^ () Ste^attus Byjantuji de Urb, is Pop.
beeai
Of the Civil Government of Athens^ 5
been contemporary with the Patriarch Jacob j about the fixty-feventh
Year of whofe Age he is fuppofed to have been born (), others bring
him as low as Mofes (o). His Reign is the utmoft Period the Athenian
Stories'or Traditions ever pretendsd to reach to ; and therefore when
they would exprefs the great Antiquity of any thing, they call it O^yf/-,
of which we have a great many Inftances in feveral of the ancient
Writers, but I (hall only give you one out oi Nicanders TheriacOf
Q.y6li- J^' Sl^A //t/9- vt euC,imi'
B 4 Tk9
% Of the Civil Government
Of many Cities, mighty States.
Eut know thou neither Fear nor Pain,
Sollicit not thyfelf in vain :
For like a Bladder that does bide
The Fury of the angry Tide,
Thou from high Waves unhurt (hall bound.
Always toft, but never drown'd. (Mr, 2)>?^,|
*' Which Oracle, they fay, one of the Sibyls, a long time after, did in a,
*J manner repeat to the Jthenians in this Verfe,
AffKof ^cfTrjti^tff J^iivou J^i ']ot^iy.liWi.
Thou, like a Bladder, may'ft be wet, but never drown'd.
** Farther yet defigning to enlarge his City, he invited all Stranger*
" to come and enjoy equal Privileges with the Natives ; and fome are
** of Opinion, that the common Form of Proclamation in Athens'^
ff ^iCf |T| 7r<*F7f As> Cffm Hthtr allje People, were the Words that
l\ Ue/eus
Ira Of the Civil Government of Athens]
** Thejeus caufed to be proclaim'd, when he thus fet up a Common^
f* wealth, confifting in a Manner of all Nations,
** For all this, he fufFer'd not his State by the promifcuous Multitude
** that flow'd in, to be turn'd into Confufion and Anarchy, and left
** without any Order or Degrees, but was the firll that divided the
** Common-wealth into three djftinft Ranks, EtJ-ra,7eiJ^At, TecofjLqgoif
** AH/u/fyw, /. e. Noblemen, Husbandmen, and Artificers. To the
** Nobility he committed the Choice of Magiftrates, the Teaching and
*' Difpenfing of the Laws, and the Interpretation of all holy and re-
* ligious Things ; the whole City, as to all other Matters, being as it
" were reduced to an Equality, the Nobles excelling the reft in Ho-
** nour, the Hufbandmen in Profit, and the Artificers in Number.
** And Ihefetis was the firft, who, as Arljiotle fays, out of an Inclinatioa ,
* to popular Government, partedwiththe Regal Power ; which Homer
" alfo feems to intimate in his Catalogue of the Ships, where he gives
*^ the Name of Aw//t(5>-, or People, to the Athenians only.
In this Manner Thefeus fettled the Athenian Government, and it con-
tinued in the fame State till the Death of Codms the feventeenth and
laft King, a Prince more renovvn'd for his Bravery, than Fortune.
For Attica [d] being invaded b-y the Dorians, or Spartans, or Peloponne-
pans, or, as fome will have it, by the Ihracians, the Oracle was con-
fulted about it, and anfvver made, that the Invaders fhould have Suc-
cefs, if they did not kill the Athenian King ; whereupon Codrus, pre-
ferring his Country's Safety before his own Life, difguifed himfelf in
the Habit of a Peafant, and went to a Place not far from the Enemy's
Camp, where picking a Quarrel with fome of them, he obtained the
Death which he fo much defired. The Athenians, being advertifed of
what had happened, fent an Herald to the Enemy to demand the Body
of their King, who were fo much difhearten'd by this unexpefled Ac-
cident, that they immediately broke up their Camp, and left off their
Enterprize without ftriking another Blow.
The Athenians, out of Reverence to Codrus^s Memory, would never
jnore have any Governor by the Name or Title of King, but were
fovern'd by Archontes, whom they allowed indeed to continue in their
)ignity as long as they lived, and when they died, to leave it to their
Children ; and therefore moll Writers reckon them rather amongft the
Kings, than the Archontes that fucceeded them, who were permitted to
rule only, for a certain Time ; yet they difier'd from the Kings in this,
that they were in a manner fubjeft to the People, being obliged to
Tender an y^ccount of their Management, when it Should be demanded.
The firft of thefe was Medon, the eldeft Son of Codrus, from whonv
the thirteen following Archontes were firnam'd Medontidee, as being de-
fcended from him. During their Government the Athenian State fuf-
fer'd no confiderable Alteration, but was carried on with fo great Eafe
and Qujetnefs, that fcarce any Mention is made of any memorable
Aftion done by any of them, and the very Names of fome of them
are almoft quite forgotten.
' ' . , 1 1
{/) 7uU. Tufcul. Quaeft. Jujiin, 1. 11. VeJ, latere, lib. II. Eufebiui.
Thus
Of the Cvil Government of Athens] 13
Thus I have endeavour'd to give you a fhort Account of the Aibe'
vian State, whilft it was govern'd by Kings, who were in all thirty,
and ruled Athens by the Space of feven hundred ninety-four Years , as
the learned Meurjius has computed them ; to which, if you add the two
and thirty Years of Ogyges, and the Interval of an hundred and ninety
Years, in which no Footlteps of any Government are to be found, th
Number will amount to one thoufand and twelve Years.
A Catalogue of the Athenian Kings.
Years.
Ogyges
Interregnum
Cecrops I.
XXXII.
CXC.
L.
Thymoetes
Melanthius
Codrus
Crananus
IX.
Medon
Amphydion
Erilhonius
X.
L.
Acafius
Archipptis
Pandion I.
XL.
Therjippus
EreSlheiis
L.
Phorbas
Cecrops II.
XL.
Megacles
Pandion II,
XXV.
Diognetus
JEgeus
XLVIIL
Pherecles
Thefeus
XXX.
Ariphron
Menejiheus
Demophoon
Oxyntes
Aphidas
XXIIL
xxxin.
XII.
I.
Ihejpicus
Agamejlor
JEfchyluS
Alcmeeon
Years,'
VIIL
XXXVII.
XXI.
XX.
XXXVL
XIX.
XLL
XXX.
XXVIIL
XXV.
XIX.
XX.
xxvir.
XVII.
XXIIf.
II.
CHAP. IV.
Of the State of Athens, from the Decennial Archons ta
Philip of Macedon.
TH E People oi Athens continually got Ground of their Superiors,
gaining fomethingby every Alteration that was made in the State
till at length, by little and little, the whole Government came into the
Hands of the Commonalty. Thefeus and Medon made confiderable
Abatements in their Power, but what remain'dof it, they kept in their
own Hands as long as they lived, and preferved the Succeffion entire
to their Pofterity. But in the firil Year of the feventh Olympiad, both
the Power and Succefiion devolved upon the People ; who, the
better to curb the Pride, and reilrain the Power of their v^rrZi^w, con-
tinued them in their Government only for ten Years ; and the firft
that was created in this Manner, was Charops, the Son of ^fchylus.
But they would not reft contented here, for about feventy Years af-
ter, that the Archons might be wholly dependent on the Citizens Fa-
vour, it was agreed that their Authority (hould laft but for one Year,
at the End of which they were to giv^ an Account of their Admini-
ilration j
J4 QA i^^ Civil Government of Athtnil
ftration ; and the firft of theie was Clean, who entred upon his Chargfl
in the third Year of the twenty-fourth Olympiad [e).
In the thirty-ninth Olympiad Draco was Archon, and was the Au-
thor of many new Laws, in which there is very little worth our No-
tice, only that they were cruel and inhuman, punifhing almoft
every trivial Offence with Death. Infomuch that thofe that were con-
viled of Idlenefs were to die, and thofe that ftole a Cabbage, or an
Apple, to fuffer as the Villains that committed Sacrilege or Murder ;
and therefore Detnades is remark'd for faying, that Draco\ Laws were
not written withrInk but Blood : And he himfelf being afk'd, why he
made Death the Punifhment of moft Offences ? Reply'd, fmall Crimes
deferve that, and I have no higher for the greateft.
But all thefe, that only excepted which concern'd Murder, werere-
peal'd in the third Year of the forty-fixth Olympiad, in which Solon, be-
ing Archon, was intruded with the Power of new-modelling the Com-
mon-wealth, and making Laws for it. They gave him Power over
all their Mag?ftrates, (fays Plutarch) their AfTemblies, Courts, Se-
nates; that he fhould appoint the Number, Times of Meeting, and
what Eflate they (hould have that could be capable of being admitted
to them, and to diffolve or continue any of the prefent Conflitu-
tions, according to his Judgment and Difcretion (f),
Solon finding the People varioufly affefted, fome inclined to a Mo-
narchy, others to an Oligarchy, others to a Democracy, the rich Men
powerful and haughty, the Poor groaning under the Burden of their
Oppreffion, endeavour'd as far as was poffible to compofe all their
Differences, to eafe their Grievances, and give all reafonable Perfons
Satisfaftion. In the Profecution of this Defign he divided the Athe-
ttians into four Ranks, according to every Man's Eflate ; thofe who
were worth five hundred Medimns of liquid and dry Commodities he
placed in the firft Rank, calling them 'TTivjetKotnoiAiS^iiJLVot. The next
were the Horfemen, call'd l-X'xsra.S'A TsAajZ/sf, being fuch as were of
Ability tofurnifh out a Horfe, or were worth three hundred Medimns,
The third Clafs confifted. of thofe that had two hundred Medimns, who
were call'd zAjyiJ). In the lafl he placed all the refl, calling them
i;T5f , and allow'd them not to be capable of bearing any OfEce in the
Government, only gave them Liberty to give their Votes in all publick
AfTemblies ; which, tho' at the f.rfl it appear'd inconfiderable, was af-
terwards found to be a very important Privilege ; for it being permit-
ted any Man after the Determination of the Magiftrates to make an
Appeal to the People affembled in Convocation, hereby it came to pafs,
that Caufes of the greatefl Weight and Moment were brought before
them. And thus he continued the Power and Magiflracy in the
Hands of the rich Men, and yet neither expofed the inferior People to
their Cruelty and Oppreffion, nor wholly deprived them of having a
Share in the Government. And of this Equality he himfelf makes
mention in t^^is Manner,
(<) Clemen: Stromat, I, (fj Plutarch, in Solone,
Of the Civil Govemmmt of Athens.' 15
AMjUW Ati^ jS g/*X.<* 75V0J' H^-']- tffdOV i'TTCt^K^,
Keti Tol( i.(pojk^ot? S'okS, from Cothurnus, which was
a Kind of a Shoe that fitted both Feet.
At length the Athenians, to the Number of feventy, that had fled to
Thebes, going voluntary into Banifhment to fecure themfelves from
the Tyrants, entred into aConfpiracy againft them, and under the Con-
dul oi Thrafyb II lus kiz&A upon Phyle, a ftrong Caftle in the Territory
of Athe?is, and increafmg their Strength and Numbers, by little and
Jictle, fo far prevail'd againft them, that they were forc'd to retire to
Sparta, and then all their Laws were repeal'd, and the upftart Form of
Government utterly difTolved. And thus the Athenians regain'd their
Liberty, and were re eftablifhed in the peaceable Enjoyment of their
Lands and Fortunes in the fourth Year of the ninety-fourth Ol^mpiadt
And to prevent all future Jealoufies and Quarrels amongft themfelves,
they proclaim'd an Ay,vti?-ict or Aft of Oblivion, whereby all, that had
been concern'd in the Outrages and Barbarities committed during the
Sovereignty of the Tyrants, were admitted to Pardon.
Thra-
Of the Civil Govermteni of Athens'. tg
^hrafyhulm having thus freed his Country from the heavy Yoke of
the Lacedemonians, Conon eilablifli'd it in all its ancient Privileges and
Immunities, by another lignal Vidory at Cni.ius, wherein he gave a
total Defeat to the Lacedaemonian Fleet. And having by this Means re-
gain'd the Sovereignty of the Seas, they began again to take Courage,
and aim'd now at nothing lefs than the Reltauration' of Athens to her
ancient Glory ; and Fortune was not wanting in forae Meafure to fur-
ther their great Defign ; for they not only reduced the Ifle of Lesbosy
Byzantium, Chalcedon, and other Places thereabouts to their former
Obedience, but raifed Athens once more to be the moft potent, and
the principal City in all Greece. '
In this State Ihe continued for fome Years, till the Thehans, who had
been raifed from one of the moft inconfiderable States in Greece to great
Power, by the wife Conduft and great Courage of Epaminondas, put
a Stop to her Grandeur, and difputed the Sovereignty with her ; bat"
this Conteft was foon decided by the hafty Death of Epaminondas, at
the famous Battle of Mantinea, which put an End to the ThebanGrt?.t-
nefs ; which as it was raifed, and maintain'd, fo it likewife perifli'd
with that great Man. So great Alterations are the Wifdom and Cou-
rage of one Man able to efFeft in the Affairs of whole Kingdoms.
The Death of Epaminondas proved no lefs fatal to the Athenians than
the Thehans ; for now there being none whole Virtues they could emu-
late, or whofe Power they could fear, they lorded it without a Rival,
and, being glutted with too much Profperity, gave themfelves over to
Idlenefs and Luxury ; they flighted the Virtue of their Anceftors ;
their hard and thrifty Way of living they laugh'd at ; the publick Re-
venues, which ufed to be employ'd in paying the Fleets and Armies, they
expended upon Games and Sports, and laviihly profufed them in fump-
tuous Preparations for Feftivals j they took greater Pleafure in going to
the Theatre, and hearing the infipid Jells of a Comedian, than in man-
ly Exercifes and Feats of War j preferr'd a Mimick, or a Stage-player,
before the moft valiant and experienced Captain ; nay, they were fo
befotted with their Pleafures, that they made it capital for any Man to
propofe the re-eftablifhing their Army, or converting the publick Re-
venues to the Maintenance of it, as Lihanius obferves {h).
This degenerate Difpofition of theirs, and the reft of the Greeks, who
were alfo drown'd in the fame Security, gave Opportunity and Leifure
to Philip, who had been educated under the Difcipline of Epami-
nondas and Pelopidat, to raife the Macedonians from a mean and ob-
fcure Condition to the Empire of all Greece and Afta ; as Ji/ftin hai'i
obferved (/). And this Defign was projeftcd and begun by Philip, but
atchievcd and perfefted by his Son Alexander the Great.
{h) Argument, ad Olynthiac. I. {) Hiftor. Lib. VI. Cap. IX.
' C 2 CHAP.
so Of the Civil Government of Athens.
CHAP. V.
Of the State of Athens, from Philip of Macedon to its
Delivery by the Romans,
TH E Athenians and the reft of the Greciant made fome Refiftance
againft the viftorious Arms o^ Philip, but were overthrown in a
pitch'd Battle at Ch^eronea, in the third Year of the CXth Olympiad,
This Defeat put an End to the Grecian Glory, and in a great Meafure
to their Liberty, which for fo many Ages, and againft the moftpuiffant
Monarchs, they had preferved entire till that time, but were never
again able to recover it. However Philip, to the end he might be de-
clared Captain-General of Greece againft the Perjians without any far-
ther Trouble, and ftrengthen his Army by the Acceflion of their
Forces, was content to forbear any farther Attempt upon tht Jthe-
nians, and to permit them to enjoy a Shew of Liberty.
No fooner was Philip dead, than they revolted, and endeavour'd
to free themfelves from the Macedonian Yoke, but were eafily brought
into Subjeftion by Alexander, and as eafily obtain'd Pardon of him, be-
ing then very eager of invading Perfia, and unwilling to be diverted
by taking Revenge upon thofe petty States, from a more noble and
glorious Enterprize. And during his Life they continued quiet, not
daring to move fo much as their Tongues againft him. Only towards
the latter End of his Reign, when he was bufied in the Wars with re-
mote Countries, and not at Leifure to take Notice of every little Op-
pofition, they refufed to entertain the banifti'd Perfons, which Alexander
had commanded ftiould be reftored in all the Cities of Greece. How-
ever, they durft not break out into open Rebellion ; but gave fecret
Orders to Leojihenes, one of their Captains, to levy an Army in his own
Name, and be ready whenever they fliould have Occafion for him :
Leojihenes obey'd their Commands, and as foon as certain News was
brought, that Alexander was dead in Perfia^ being join'd by fome
others of the Grecian States, proclaim'd open War againft the Macedo-
nians, in Defence of the Liberty of Greece. But being in the End to.-
^ally defeated by Antipater, they were forced to entertain a Garrifon
in Munychia, and fubmit to what Condition the Conqueror pleafed to
impofe upon them. He therefore changed their Form of Goverimient,
and inftituted an Oligarchy, depriving all thofe that were not worth,
two thoufand Drachms, of the Right of Suffrage ; and the better to
keep them quiet, all mutinous and difafFefted Perfons he tranfplanted
into Thrace% And by this Means the fupreme Power came into the
Hands of about nine thoufand.
About four Years after y^//^^z/^r died, and the City fell into the
Hands of Cajfafider, who fucceeded in the Kingdom oi Macedon. From
him they made many Attempts to free themfelves, and regain their be-
loved Democracy, but were in the End forced to fubmit themfelves, in
the third Year of the hundred and fifteenth Olympiad, and accept of a
Garrifon like to that wYAchAntipater had impofed upon them, to live un-
iler the fame Form of Ggvernment, and obey any Perfoa ;hat the Con-
<^uerc5
Of the Civil Government e/" Athens.' 21
queror ftiould nominate to the fupreme Power in it. The Man ap-
pointed to be their Governor was Demetrius the Phalerean, who, a3
{k) Diogenes Laertius reports, was of the Family of Conon, and ftudied
Philofophy under Theophrajius. He ufed them with all pofllble Kind-
nefs and Moderation, enlarg'd their Revenues, beautified their City with
magnificent Struftures, andreftored it almoft to its former Luftre ; and
they, in Requital of thefe Favours, beftow'd on him all the Honours,
which in fo poor a Condition they were able to give, erefting to him
three hundred Statues, according to the Number of Days in the Attick
Year, moft of which were on Horfeback (/). But all this was the
EffetSl of Flattery and Diffimulation, rather than any real Refpeft to him ;
all his Moderation, all the Benefits he had conferr'd on them could not
beget in them any fincere AfFedion for him j they flill hated him, tho'
they had no other Reafon for it, than that he was fet over them by
Cajfander ; and tho' their Power was gone, yet their Spirits were ftill
too high to brook any thing that favour'd of Tyranny. And this in
a few Years was made manifeft, for when Demetrius Poliorcetes, the Son
of Antigonus, took up Arms, as was pretended, in Defence of the Li-
berty of Greece, they receiv'd him with loud Acclamations, and all pof-
fjble Expreffions of Joy, compell'd the Phalerean to fecure himfelf by
Flight, in his Abfence condemn'd him to die, and lay in Wait to, ap-
prehend him, and bring him to Execution ; and, when they could not
compafs his Perfon, vented their Rage and Malice upon his Statues,
which they pull'd down with the greateft Deteftation and Abhorrence,
breaking fome to Pieces, felling others, and drowning others ; fo that
of three hundred there was none left remaining, except only one in
the Citadel, as the forementioned Author had reported.
Demetrius Poliorcetes, having gotten Pofleffion of the City, reftored to
the Athenians their popular Government, beftow'd upon them fifteen
thoufand Meafures of Wheat, and fuchaQuantity of Timber as would
enable them to build an hundred Gallies for the Defence of their City,
and left them in full Pofleffion of their Liberty, without any Garrifon
to keep them in Obedience. And fo tranfported were the Athenians
with this Deliverance, that, by a wild and extravagant Gratitude, they
beftow'd upon Demetrius &nd Antigonus, not only the Title of Kings ,
tho' that was a Name they had hitherto declin'd, but call'd them their
Tutelar Deities and Deliverers ; they inftituted Priefts to them, enaded
a Law, that the Ambafladors whom they fliould fend to them, fliould
have the fame Stile and Charader with thofe who were accuftom'd
to be fent to Delphi, to confult the Oracle of the Pythian Apollo, or to
Elis to the Olympian Jupiter, to perform the Gracian Solemnities, and
make Oblations for the Safety and Prefervation of their City, whom
they call'd &eapoi. They appointed Lodgings for Demetrius in the
Temple of Miner'va, and confecrated an Altar in the PLice where he firft
alighted from his Chariot, calling it the Altar of Demetrius the Alighter,
and added infinite other Inttances of the moft grofs and fordid Flat-
tery, of which Plutarch [m) and others give us a large Account ; for
(fays a learned mo dern Autho) ''r- /Ithovinns. 'i.vi.o^ f "-gotten how
{k) Dmttrius, (/) Plinii Hift. &c . " (w) Demfrif,
C 3 tfl.
2 Of the Civil Government / Athens.
to employ their Hands, made up that Defedl with their Tongues ; coni
verting to bafe Flattery that Eloquence, which the Virtues of their
Anceilors had fuited unto more manly Arguments.
But afierwards, when Demetriui'i Fortune began to decline, he was
no longer their Gcd, or their Deliverer, but, in Requital of all his former
KindneiTes, they bafely deferted him, denied him Entrance into their
City, and by a popular Edidl made it Death for any Perfon fo much as
to propofe a Treaty or Accommodation with him. Then the City be-
ing embroird in Civil Diflentions, one Lachares feizM the Government,
bur, upon the Approach of Demetrius, was forc'd to quit his new ufurp-t
ed Authority, and preferve himfelf by a timely Flight.
Thus they were a fecond Time in the PofTcffion e^ Demetrius, who,
notwithftanding their former fhameful Ingratitude, received them again
into Favour, beftowM upon them an hundred thoufand Bufhels of
Wheat, and, to ingratiate himfelf the more with them, advanced fuch
Perfons to publick Offices, as he knew to be moft acceptable to the
People. This unexpefted Generofity tranfported them fo far beyond
themfelves, that, at the Motion oi Dromoclides an Orator, it was decreed
by the unanimous Suffrage of the People, that the Haven of Piraeus
and the Caftle of Munychia (hould be put into the Hands of Demetrius,
to difpofe of them as he pleafed. And he, having learn'd by their for-
mer Inconftancy not to repofe too much Truft in fuch humble Servants,
put ftrong Garrifons into thofe two Places, and by his own Authority
placed a third in the Mufeittn, to the End (faith Plutarch) that thofe
People, who had fhew'd fo much Levity in their Difpofitions, might be
kept in Subjelicn, and not by their future Perfidies be able to divert
him from the Profecution of other Enterprizes.
But all this Care was not fufficient to keep a People reftlefs, and im-
patient of any thing that favoui'd of Servitude, in Obedience ; for De-
metrius'i Power being again dimini(h'd by djvers bad Succeffes, they
made another Revolt, expell'd his Garrifon, and proclaim'd Liberty to
all Jtheniatis ; and to do him the greater Difgrace, they difplac'd Di-
fhilius, who was that Year the Prielt of the two Tutelar Deities, that is,
Antigonus and Demetrius, and by an Edift of the, People reftor'd the
Priefthood to its ancient B'orm. Again, Demetrius having recovered
himfelf a little, and being julHy enraged againftthem for their repeat-
ed Perffdies, laid clofe Siege to the City, but by the Perfuafion of
Craterus the Philofopher was wrought upon to quit it, and leave them
once more in Poffeffion of their Freedom.
Some time aker this, Demetrius died, and was fucceeded by Jntigonus
Gonatus, \ih.o again recover'd Athens, put a Garrifon into it, and left it
in the Hands of his Succeflbr : Bat upon the Death oi Demetrius the
Son oi Gonatus, the Athenians made another Attempt to regain their
Liberty, and call'd in Aratus to their Affiftance, who, tho' he had been
fignally affronted by them, arid lain a long time Bed-rid of an Infirmity,
yet, rather than fail the City in a time of Need, was carried thither in
a Litter, and prevail'd with Diogenes the Governor, to deliver up the
Tireecus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium to the Athenians, in Con-
fideration of an hundred and fifty Talents, whereof Aratus himfelf
gave twenty to the City. Of all thefe Changes and Succeffes we have
large Account in Pajifanla;, Plutarch, and Dio^orus, Not
Of the Civil Government of Athene] '2^
Not long after this Re-eftablifhment, they quarrel'd with Philip,
King of Macedon, who reduc'd them to great Extremities, laid walte
their Country, pull'd down all the Temples in the Villages around wi-
thens, deftroy'd all their ftately Edifices, and caufed his Soldiers to break
in Pieces the very Stones, that they might not be ferviceable in the Re-
paration of them ; all which Loffes, with a great many Aggravations, are
elegantly fet forth in an Oration of the Athenian Ambaffadors to the
Italians, in Li'vy (). But the Romans coming to their Affiftance, Philip
wasforc'd toforfakehisEnterprize, and, being afterwards intirely defeat-
ed, left the Grecians in a full Poffeffion of their Liberty, which, at leaft
fome Shew of it, they enjoy'd many Years, under the Roman'?xQX.tQ\ox\..
CHAP. VI.
Of the State 0/ Athens, from its Confederacy with Rome,
to Conftantine the Great.
TH E Grecians, and others that put themfelves under the Roman
Proteftion, tho' they gilded their Condition with the fpecious
Name of Liberty, yet were no farther free, than it pleafed thofe in
whofe Power they were ; they were govern'd indeed by their own
Laws, and had the Privilege of elefting their own Magiftrates ; yet
their Laws were of fmall Force, if they feem'd any way to oppofe the
Roman Intereft and good Pleafure ; and in the Eledlion of Magiftrates,
and ordering publick Affairs, tho' every Man might give his Voice
which Way he pleafed, yet if he thwarted the Roman Defigns, or was
cold in his Affedion to them, or (which was all one) but warm in the
Defence of the Liberties and Privileges of his Country, he was look'd
upon with a jealous Eye, as a Favourer of Rebellion, and an Enemy
to the Romans.
And for no other Reafon a thoufand of the moft eminent Achfcansj
without any Charge, or fo much as Sufpicion of Treachery, were fent
Prifoners to Rome ; where, notwithftanding all the Teftimonies of tKeir
Innocence, and the Solicitations of their Country, which never ceafed
to importune the Senate for their Liberty, they endured an Imprifon-
ment of feventeen Years ; which being expired, to the Number of
thirty of them were releafed, amongft whom was Polybi: Pefign
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 27
Defign to burn them, they defifted from that Purpofe for this Reafon,
) -Kclra t^'oKi^, or the lower City, and Cecro-
pia was then nam'd ava t'oKh, or A<.e3uaKti, the upper City.
The Circuit of the Citadel was threefcore Stadia ; it was fenced in
with wooden Pales, or, as fome fay, was fet about with Olive Trees ;
(/) Panatben. {k) Stepbanut V. A^mau. {J) fag. CCCCLXXXIII, Edit.
Bafil. {m) II. J '. P. CCCLXXXIV,
and
50 Of the Civil Goveriment of Athens.
and therefore in -y^-^j'slnvafion, when the Oracle advifed the Athe*
niavs to defend tbemfelves with Walls of Wood, fome were of Opi-
nion, they were commanded to enter into the Acropolis, and there re-
ceive the Enemy, which fome of them did ; but, after a defperate Re-
fiftance, were overpower'd by Numbers, and forced to fuffer the fad
EiFefts of their fond Interpretation ().
It was fortified with a Itrong Wall, one Part of which was built by
Cwwn the Son of Miltiades, out of the Spoils taken in the Ferfian
War, and was calFd Kiy.di'iQy Te^yjii, being on the South-fide of the
Citadel [o).
The North Wall was built many Ages before by Agrolas, fays Pau-
fanias ; or, according to Pliny, by Euryalus and Hyperbius, two Brothers,
who firil taught the Athenians the Art of building Houfes, whereas till
that Time they lived in Caves. They were Tyrrhenians born, and by
that Nation all Sorts of Building are faid to have been firft begun in
Greede, and from them Walls and Callles were call'd Tv^aeti {/>) This
Wall was nam'd YlihctafiKov, or UiKA^fiKov, becaufe the Founders of
it were call'd Pelafgi, from their continual wandering, and removing
from one Country to another, in the Manner of Storks, which the
Greeks call risAetpfoj [q). Thucydidcs tQ]h us, there was an Execration
laid upon any that fhould build Houfes under this Wall, becaufe the
Pelafgi, whilft they dwelt there, entred into a Confpiracy againft the
Athenians [r). And Pollux adds, that it was unlawful to make Ditches,
or few Corn here, and if any Man was taken offending, he was appre-
hended by the Nomothetic, and brought before the Archon, who was to
lay a Fine of three Drachms upon him. (/), It was beautified with,
nine Gates, and therefore is fometimes call'd 'EvviATvKov ; but though
there were many leffer Gates, yet the Citadel had but one great Fore-
Gate, or Entrance, to which they afcended by Steps, cover'd with
white IV'j[firble, and it was built by Pericles, with fuch Magnificence,
tliat t\yt Expences of it amounted to above a thoufand Drachms [t).
TJcic Infide of the Citadel was adorn'd with innumerable Edifices,
Statues and Monuments, wherein all the ancient Stories were defcribed
at large, infomuch that Arijlides tells us, it look'd like one continued
Ornament [u). The Defcription of all thefe would be tedious, and
is already perform'd by Meurfas, who hath with vaft Induftry col-
lided into one Body all the Relicks of Antiquity, which lay difperfed
here and there in ancient Authors. The moll remarkable of them
were thefe :
The Temple of Minerva, call'd Nix.M, or Victory, in which the
Goddefs was reprefented, having a Pomegranate in her right Hand,
and an Helmet in her left, and without Wings, in Memory of Thefeus''s
good Succefs in Crete, the Fame whereof had not reach'd Athens be-
fore his Arrival ; but in other Places, Viflory was ufually reprefented
(n) Syrianin in Hirm, Cornel Nep. (o) Plutarch, in Cimone. (/>) Pbavorin, V.
TvpcK. (^) Strabo lib. IX. Plin. lib. VII. LVI. & Paufamas Atticii. (r) ^hucy-
^iJet ejufque Scheliaji lib. II. (/) Po//;c lib. VIII, c, IX, (/) Plutarchus Pericle.
PauJan.Atticiu Harpocrat. & Suidai Y .TifOTrihctiO.. [u)jirij}ides in Panatbenaica.
wiclx,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 3 x
with Wings [x). It was placed at the right Hand of the Entrance of
the Citadel, and was built with white Marble.
About the Middle of the Citadel was the (lately Temple of Mi-
newa, call'd Farthenion, becaufe that Goddefs preferved her Virginity
pure and inviolate, or becaufe it was dedicated by the Daughters of
EreSiheus, who were peculiarly call'd n*p94io/ (y) Virgins. It was
call'd alfo EKArifXTiJ^ov, becaufe it was an hundred Feet fquare. It
was burnt by the Perjians, but reftored again by Pericles, and enlarged
fifty Feet on each Side (z). Sir George Wheeler reports, that it is two
hundred and feventeen Feet, nine Inches long, and ninety-ight Feet,
fix Inches broad ; that it confifts altogether of admirable white Mar-
ble, and both for Matter and Art is the moll beautiful Piece of Anti-
quity remaining in the World.
The Temple of Ne{)tune firnamed Erechtheus, which was a double
Building, and, befides other Curiofities, contain'd the Salt Spring,
call'd Epg%9'o.'!iJor. 1. III.
Plutarch, ^mp. 1. IX (l^Wl. (b)'ytri/l^f>h. Schol. Plut. Etymdagui 'Tbucyd. 1. II.
Pbilojirat, hixsr. I. II. Dmopbin, 5f^/.'0rat, III. \nT:nKcrat,
KAP.
52 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
, ,_ .._., x^dL^a. roivvv Ki^eii*
KAP. IJ^fy(ro//e& ijc avt'dC, awd 'Tnpt/ui^i
Toy Oztt&'oS'o^ov ail ).
7. A/op^etf Bf cti/aow, the Gate of Diochares.
8. YltjKeu Ay^et^viKo}, the Gate that look'd towards Acharna, a
Borough in Attica.
9. A/oA.|Meis (y).
12. nj^.eu "^KAicu, the Seaman G^te {r).
1 3. AJ^fietv^'TTvAau, the Gate of Adrian, by which they entred into that
Part of the City which that Emperor rebuilt, and call'd Aj^^iAvJzroKn.
As to the Streets in Athens, thus much is faid of them in general,
that they were not very uniform, or beautiful (/) ; and tho'/Zcw^r calls
it iufvifuiay,
iKiTo /' f Mif-fA^coya., )^ iC^vccyviAV AQtivbjj (/).
{k)\Plutarcb. Themiftocl. Appian. in Mithridatico. Thucyd. lib. I, Sc II. (/) Pbiloftra-
tus\n Pbilagro Sophift. lib. II. Xenofbon Hift. Graec. 1. II. Plutarch. Pericle ic Sylh.
() Plutarcb. Thtfeo. () Hefyxhius. (o) Tbeophrajius Characft. Ethic. (/>) Plutarch.
Tbefeo [a) Mfchinei Philofophus in Axhcho. (r) Hilduinus in Vita. Dianyjii ArtO'
fogit. (fj Ditaarcbut in defcriptionc Graci^e, (f) Odyff. VII,
D Vet
34 OJ the Civil Government of Athens.
Yet that fcems only to imply the Pignefs, and not the Beauty of 'em ;
for fo that Poet has ufed the fame Epithet in other Places. The Num-
ber of 'em without Queftion was very great, but moft of their Names
are qiite loft ; and few, if any, befides thofe that follow, are to be
met with in Authors. If^ "S-hKn, or the Way to Eleujis. OJ'li Qnatia,,
betwixt the long Walls, leading to the Piraeus ; which feem.s to be the
fame with that which was call'd H in U&ip^ja. H r -OToAs/y-ifeic, near
the Academy. H r Ff/zofAo^ai'. H r^/S KtCc^oT^oitay. H E^'ia,. H
TeiuoJ^ii, a Way near the Frytaneum, wherein were Places largely
ftock'd with tripods of Brafs curioufly w.'ought; amongft which was
the famous Satsr, call'd by the Greeks UicxC'o){l@-, being one of the
Mafter-pieces of Praxiteles. And concerning thefe Heliodorus is faid
to have written an entire Treatife ().
It remains in the next Place, that I give you an Account of the
Buildings of the lower City ; in doing which I fhall only mention
fuch as were moft remarkable, or had fome Hiftory, or Cuftom de-
pending upon thein, for die reft referring the Reader to Paufanias
and Meurfius\ larger Treatifes.
Uof/.'Trir'-ov, a ftately Edifice, in which were kept the Sacred Utenfils.
made ufe of at Feftivals, and all Things neceffary for the folemn Pro-
ceffions prepared. It was placed at the Entrance of the old City,
which looks towards Phalarum, and adorn'd with many Statues of the
Athenian Heroes. Indeed there was fcarce any Place in the City that
was not fiil'd with fuch like Reprefentations.
The Temple of Vulcan^ or oiVidcein and Minerva, not far from Ce-
ramicus within the City, feems to have been a publick Prifon, fre-
quent Mention being made of Perfons being tortur'd there-
Near this Place was the Temple of the heavenly Vemis, for they had
a two-fold Venus, one of which was call'd OCe^Adi, and the other Wiv
(f^Hfj.-; the former prefided over chafte and pure Love; the latter was
the' Patronefs of Luit and Debauchery. And as their Natures and Cha-
racters were different, fo were alio the Ceremonies ufed in their Wor-
fhip. They, that worAip'd the former, behaved themfelves with all
Modefty and Gravity ; but the latter was pleafed only with Lewdnefs
and Wantonnefs. Whence So/on permitted publick Strumpets to pro-
ftitute themfelves in her Tem.ple. Befides thefe, Fenus had feveral
other Temples, as thofe which were ereded upon the x4ccount of De-
metrius Pcliorcetes, to Feiius Lamia, and La^ena, in Honour of two of
his Miftrefles, call'd by thofe Names, Nay, fo grofs Flattery did the
Jthenians degenerate into, that they enroU'd feveral of hisPr/?/tJ in the
Number oftheirDeities,andhonour'd them withTemples and Al tars (tx;).
The Temple of The fens was erefted by Conon, in the Middle of the
City, near the Place where the Youth perform'd their Wreftlings, and
other Exercifes of Body, and was allow'd the Privilege of being a
Sanduary for Slaves, and all thofe of mean Condition that fled from
the Pcrfecutlon of Men in Power, in Memory that Thefeus, while he
lived, was an A fTifter and Froteftor of the Diftrefled. And a grea t
() Harpccr. V. Q.ii]7C')f. (w) Plutarch, in Demetrio,
many
Tl^
^.
i : -
^
s an
^fe^'
8'^ . 'I?
f
\
4' 'f
Ii.^-'
iik 'i
Of the Civil Government of Athens, 35
many other Temples were confecrated to him in his Life-time, as grate-
ful Acknowledgments of the Benefits he had confer'd upon the City i all
which, four only excepted, he dedicated to Hercules, and changed their
Names from Qwtict, to Hpaf JtAeirt, after he had been refcued by him
from the King of the McloJ/jans, as Plutarch reports out of Philocho-
rus (y). One of thefe was pat to divers other Ufes, for certain Ma-
gidrates were created in it by the 1hef?nothetv@-, becaufe in it Women,
after their firft Child, ufed to dedicate their Girdles to her {/).
ndvBiov was a Temple dedicated to all the Gods, who, as they were
united in'one Temple, fo were they honour'd with one common Felli-
val, call'd Qio^iviA. This was a very magnificent Strufture, and fup-
portedbya hundred and twenty marble Pillars ; on the Oatfide were
all the Hiftories of the Gods, curioully engraven, and upon the great
Gate ftood two Horfes, excellently carv'd by Praxiteles. It is to be feen
at this Day, as Theodoras Xymogalas reports, in an Epiftle to Martin
Crucius, written A. D. CIdIcLXXV, wherein he delcribes the then
prefcnt State of Athens.
The Temple of the eight Winds, omitted by Paufanias, but mention'd
and defcrib'd by Sir George Wheeler out of Fitrwuit/s, who reports, that
(y) Idem. Thefeo. (x) MJchin, Orat. in Ctejipbene. {a) Etymahgut, {J>) Pliniut,
XXXVI. cap. vi. (c) lont. (i) Apolhnii Hcbel. lib. I.
D 2 fjch
36 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
fuch, as had made exaft Obfervations about the Winds, divided them
into eight ; as namely, Andronicus Cyrrhajies, who gave this Model to
the Athenians, for he built a Tower of eight Square of Marble,, on every
Side of which he carv'd the Figure of a Wind, according to the Quar-
ter it blew from. On the Top of the To\ver_ he ereded a little Pyra-
tr.id of Marble, on the Point of which was placed a Brazen 'Triton, hold-
ing a Switch in his right Hand, wherewith turning about, he pointed
to the Wind that then blew. All the Winds anfwer'd exaftly to the
Compaff , and were reprefented by Figures anfwerable to their Natures,
above which were written their Names in large Greek Letters, which
are thefe that follow. ETPCS, Euri^s, South-Eaft. AnHAlnTHS,
Si^bfolanus,^^^. KA1KIA2' CVcw, North-Eaft. BOPEAS, J5orfj,
North. 2K.IPON, Corus, North-Weft. ZE^TFOS, Occidens, Welt.
N0T02, Notus, South. AH', libs, Africus, South-Weft. This
Tower remains yet entire, the Weather-cock only excepted.
^7ocu, or Porticoes, they had a great many, but the moft remarkable
\va& that, which was call'd n.&o'ia.vdKTi-, and afterwards no/xiAn.
from the Variety it contain'd of curious Figures, drawn by the greateft
Mafters in Greece, fuch were Po/ygnotus, Micon, and Pandtenus, the
Brother olPkidias. Here it was that 7.eno taught Philofophy, and infti-
tuted that Seft, which received their Names from this Place, being
caird 2To/)te< from rot. And the P(?r//Vo itfelf is ufually put for that
Set of Philofophers, as when Athemsus calls Zeno th; "kroAi xl/rMC,
the Founder of the Stoich (e).
Misaitov was a Fort near the Citadel, fo calPd from the old Foet
Mufaus, the Scholar oi Orpheus, that ufed to repeat his Verfes In this
Place, where alfo he was buried. This Fort was forced by Antigonus to
entertain a Garrifon, and his Son Demetrius, to make it the more fe-
cure, furrounded it with a Wall.
ClJ^^ov was a Mufick The::tre, built by Pericles, and, for the Contri-
vance of it on the Infide, was full of Seats and Ranges of Pillars ; and
on the Outfide, in the Roof or Covering of it, was made from one
Point at the Top with a great many Bendings, all (helving downward ;
and it is reported, (faith Plutarch) that it was fo framed in Imitation
of the King oiPerJias Pavilion (f). Here was alfo a Tribunal, as wc
learn from Ariftothancs.
O) /' hi Q.S'tlcf, S'tKcH^^atT [g).
It was very much beautified by Lycurgus {h), but, being deniolifh'd in
the Mithridatick War {/'), was re-edified by Herodes Atticus, with fuch
Splendor aud Magnificence, that, as P;^/j tells us, it furpafs'dall the
famous Buildings in Greece. It ftood in tiie
Ceramicus, of which Name there were two Places, fo call'd from Cera-
mus t\itSon of Bacchus !iud Ariadne [k] ; or olto th? KZ^.y-triKYii T%Pf,
from the Potter's Art, which was firft invented in one of thefe Places
by Corcebus. One of them was within the City, and contain'd in-
, (e) Deip. 1. VIII. (f) Plutarch, in Perielt. [g) Vejpit. {b) Hyferld, Orat. pr*
tycurgi. (/) Appitn, m Mitbridatice, {k) Paufan, Suidat, Plin, 1. VII. c. 56.
numerable
Volt j,^^.
^cnile ^///f' Hi 9 lit Winds
YoLt' j^.M
UicAivd iff the ^icdlrc op 3accliu5
jyy/'OdciiJii cr MufickXJicati'c
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 3 j^
nttmerable Building?, as Temples, Theatres, Portico's, {ffr . The other
was in the Suburbs, and was a publick Burying-place, and contain'd
the Academy, and many other Edifices.
The Athenian Ayo^], or Fora, were very numerous, but the moft
noted of them were two ; the old Forum, and the new. The new Fo-
rum was in a Place call'd EfSTf/* by Strabo {/). Which it is probable
w^as not far from Zenoh Portico, becaufe, Paufanias tells us, that in his
Time the Forum was near that Place. The old Forum was in the Cera-
micus within the City, call'd dfyjua. Aj'opd. In it were held the pub-
lick Aflemblies of the People ; but the chief Defign of it was for the
Meeting of People to buy and fell, and therefore it was divided into
different Parts, according to the Wares expofed to Sale, for every Trade
had a different Place affign'd to make their Markets in ; and hence we
read of Kvk\o(, where Slaves and VafTals were fold (m) j AhtpQaTuKu
afofrt, \-)^^v'oTuKt( dfoftt, and TvvcuKUct afo^a, where Women's
Clothes and Ornaments were expofed ; and others without Number,
Sometimes they call'd the Fora by the fmgle Names of Things fold in
them, as olvof, the Wine-market, Ekcuqv, the Oil-market, &'c. ().
An Inllance of this we have in thefe Verfes of Eupolis,
TlietriK^ot tJf TO. (TKofoJ^ct, }^ rci k^'ouuvo.,
Kett^oy ?^iCav6)lhv, ;c' gjfly ^^c d^eouafuv,
Kcti 'ZTiei rei y^Ky^
The Time in which Things were expofed to Sale, was call'd /uKn^affct
AJofse, full Market, from the Multitudes of People that affembled at
fuch Times ; and there feems to have been different Hours appointed
for particular Wares, which I fuppofe is the Reafon that Suidas in
fome Places tells us, the full Market was at the third Hour, in others
that it was at the fourth, fifth, and fixth.
And befides thefe Places, the Tradefmen had their Bis\iv}yiei, or
publick Halls, wherein each Company met, and confulted about their
Affairs : For Trades were very much encouraged at Athens ; and if any
Man objedled the living by fuch Gain to another, as a Matter of Re-
proach, the Perfon affronted might have an Adlion of Slander againft
him (0). " Nay, Trades were fb far from being accounted a mean and
*' ignoble Way of living, that Perfons of thegreateft Quality did not
*' difdain to betake themfelves to fuch Employments, and efpecially to
" Merchandize, as Plutarch informs us j Solon (fays he) apply 'd him-
" felf to Merchandize, tho' forae there are that report, that he tra-
' vell'd rather to get Learning and Experience, than to raife an
*' Eftate. In the Time of Hejiod, a Trade was not difhonourable, nor
** did it debafe its Followers ; but Merchandize was a worthy Calling,
" which brought Home the good Things that barbarous Nations en-
*' joy'd, was the Occafion of Friendfhip with their Kings and Mother
*' of Experience. Some Merchants have built great Cities, as the
" Founder of Majplia, that Man fo much efteem'd by the Gauls, that
* lived about the Rhine ; fome alfo report, that Thales and Hippocrates
* the Mathematician traded ; and that Plato defray 'd the Charges of
" his Travels by felling Oi l in JEpyptr Thus Plutarch (p).
{/, Strabo 1. IX. (m) Hejycb. () Fo/lux J. IX. c. 5. (a) Dmoji. Oral, in Eubu/i-
J*m. {f) Plutarttms, Sohae, D j A^ute-
5 8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
AquaduSs were not coirimon ?i\. Athens before the Reman Times ; and
the Want of them was fupply'd by Wells ; fome of which were dug by
private Perfons, others at the publick Expence ; but becaufe the Coun-
try having but few potable Rivers, (for Eridanus, Strabo (q) telleth us
was muddy, and not fit for Ufe) Lakes or large Springs, was but
poorly furnifh'd with Water, which gave Occafion to continual Quar-
rel, amongft the Citizens. 5o/o enafted a Law, that where there was
a p blick Well within an Hippicon, (that is, four Furlongs) all flioald
have the Privilege of drawing at that ; butthofe, that lived at a greater
Diftance, (hould be obliged to provide a private Well ; and if they had
dug ten Fathom deep, and could find no Water, they had Liberty to
fetch ten Gallons a Day from their Neighbours ; for he thought it
prudent (faith my Author) to make Provifionagainft Want, but not to
encourage Lr.zinefs (r). Adrian, befides other magnificent Strudures,
laid tiie Foundations of a ftately Aqu^duii, which was finifli'd by his
Succeffor Antoninus. And one Part of it remains to this Day, fallain'd
by lonick Pillars ; which. Sir George Wheeler is of Opinion, Was the
Frontifpiece of the Repofitory, or Receiver of the Water.
Gymnajia are faid to have been firft in Ufe at Lacedamon, but were af-
terwards very common in all the Parts of Greece, and imitated, very
itiuch augmented, and improved at' Rome. They were not fingle Edifices,
but a Knot of Buildings united, being fo capacious as to hold many
thoufands of People at once, and having Room enough for Philofo-
phers. Rhetoricians, and the ProfefiTors of all other Sciences to read their
Ledlures ; and Wreftlers, Dancers, and all others that would, to exer-
cife at the fame Time without the leaft Difturbance, or Interruption.
They confided of a great many Parts, the chief of which were thefe :
1. 'S.loa.}, the Porticos, which were full of Ifjt/'pst/, and Side Bjild-
ings furnifh'd with Seats, and fit for Study or'Difcourfe ; and here it is
probable the Scholars ufed to meet.
2. Ep7iCa.iov, the Place where the Ephehi, or Youths exercifed ; or as
fome f 'y, where thofe that defign'd to exercife met, and agreed what
Kind of Exercife they (hould contend in, and what fhoald be the
Viftor's Reward .
3. KafuBoj', a-TToJ^vjiipiov, yvixvATii^iov, the UndreiTmg-room.
4. EKetioS'iirtov, aKeiirlh^iov, the Place where thofe that were to
wreftle, or had bathed, were anointed.
5. ^Lovi'iti' //.M (pip6iv. That Famine and Emp-
tine/s do not come from Piraeus. This Harbour, tho' once very popu-
lous and well inhabited, was reduced to a very few Houfes in the Time
of Strabo, who flourilh'd under the Emperors Augufius and Tiberius ;
having been burnt by Sylla in the Mithridatick War.
2. MavvyjA, Munychia, which was a Promontory not far diftant
from Piraeus, extended not unlike to a Peninfula, and well fortified
both by Nature, and afterwards, at the Inftance of Thrajybulus, by
Art. The Name was derived from one Munychus, who dedicated in
this Place a Temple to Diana, firnam'd Mwy^^^iet, which yet others
report to have been founded by Embarus.
3. *Apo(', P^fl/erzi^OT, which belong'd to the Tribe ./^//(7f^zV, and
was diftant from the City thirty-five Stadia, according to Thucydides ;
but in Paujanias% Account {/) only twenty. This was the moft ancient
of the three Harbours : And from hence Thefeus is reported to have fet
Sail for Crete ; and afterwards Mnejiheus for Troy.
CHAP. IX.
Of the Citizens, Tribes, ^c. of Athens.
TH E Inhabitants of Jttica were of three Sorts, i . Uom"^, or
Freemen. 2. M4to/*o/. or Sojourners, j- A%\w, or Servants.
The Citizens furpafs'd the others in Dignity and Power, as having
the Government in their Hands, but were far exceeded by the Slave*
in Number, many Slaves being often fubjedt to one Citizen. The
Number of Citizens in Cecrops Time, I have already faid, was twenty
(/} Arca(if, p, 471, Edit, Hamv,
thoufand :
44 ^f ^^^ ^^"^^^ Government of Athens.
thoufand ; in Pericles' & there were not fo many, as appears from, P/a-
tarch (m) ; and when Demetrius the Phalerean was the Governor, they
exceeded their firft Number under Cecrops only by one thoufand ; at
the fame Time Foreigners were ten thoufand, and the Slaves four
hundred thoufand, as appears from a Poll inftituted at the Command
of Demetrius, and mention'd in Athenaus ().
Whence it is evident, that the Increafe of the Athenians themfelves
was very inconfiderable, but thofe growing Numbers of Inhabitants,
that fwell'd the City to that Bignefs, to which it was extended in After-
Ages, were either of Slaves, or Strangers, who for the Advantage of
Study, or Trade, or for other Convcniencies, fettled themfelves at
Athens J and of thefe two Sorts, in the Time of Cecrops, it is probable
there were few or none, becaufe, through the Scarcity of Men. in his
new-form'd Government, for the Encouragement of Foreigners to
fettle there, he was forc'd to allow them the fame Privileges that
were enjoy'd by the Natives. And there is a very ancient Law men-
tion'd by the SchoUaJi of Arifiophanes [p), whereby all Foreigners, who
intended to live at Athens, were obliged, afterafhort Stay in that City,
to be enroll'd amongft the free Citizens.
And for feveral Ages after, it was no difficult Matter to obtain the
Freedom of the City j but when the Athenian Power grew great, and
their glorious Anions rendred them famous thro' all Greece, this Pri-
vilege was accounted a very great Favour, and granted to none but
Menof the greateft Birth, or Reputation, or fuch as had perform'd
fome notable Piece of Service for the Common-wealth. Nor was it
without much Difficulty to be obtain'd even by them ; Menon the ?har-
falian, who had fent the Athenians a Supply of two hundred Horfe, in
the War againft Eon near Amphipolis, defired it, and was rejefted. And
Perdiccas, King oi Macedonia, after having affifted them againft the
Perfians, could obtain no more than a bare dj'i>^e.ct., or Immunity from
Tribute, paid by thofe that fojourned amongft them, but no Right of
Suffrage, or other Privileges common to the Freemen.
And after Mardonius and the Perfians were defeated at Plataa:, it
was decreed by an exprefs Law, that none but Men eminent for Me-
rit (hould be admitted into the Number of Citizens (p).
But this peremptory Stiffhefs, which Succefs and Vidory had put
into them, did not always make them fo obftinate, nor hinder, but
that many Worthies, tho' neither equal in Birth, nor Fortune, to the
former, were enroll'd amongft the Citizens ; fuch were Hippocrates the
Phyfician, Euryfaces the Son of Ajax, with many others, befide the
whole City of the Plat^eans, to which they granted Freedom, for their
fignal Services in the Perfian War. But by thefe Grants, though the
Number of the Citizens may be fa id to have been increafed, yet no-
thing was added to the Number of Inhabitants, which remain'd ftill
the fame, becaufe the Perfons, thus admitted, feldom made Ufe of
their Privilege, and fued for it rather as a Title of Honour, than with
a Defign to be any ways advantaged by it.
(*) Perick, () Diipntf. 1, VI, (o) Raniu {p) AuStr Oradonit in Nearam.
This
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 45
This Privilege could not be conferr'd by any befides the popular
/Jfembly, whence the Citizens thus admitted were call'd C^L^ixo'aoi^oi,
in Oppofition to the Freeborn. Neither was the firil Gift of the Peo-
ple to take EfFeft, unlefs they thought fit to ratify it in a fecond Af-^
fembly, wherein fix thoufand Citizens were required to be prefent. And
for Fear the Authority or Intereft of any Perfon (hould fway them to
comply with fuch Requefts againft their Inclinations, they gave their
Votes privately, by calling little Stones into Urns, placed on Purpofe
in their Affemblies by the Prytanes, who were alfo obliged to provide
a fufficient Number of Stones for the SufFragants ; nay, farther, till all
had done voting, the Strangers that petition'd for Freedom were not
permitted to come into the Place of the Affembly. And after all this,
if any one appear'd to be undeferving of the Honour they had con-
ferred upon him, an Appeal might be made to a certain Court, which
had Power to enquire into the Lives and Conditions of thefe Perfons,
and deprive fuch as they found unworthy, by recalling the Freedom
which had been granted thro' the Ignorance and Inconfideration of
the Multitude j and this Difgrace befel Pytholaus, the Theffalian, and
JpoUonides the Olynthian [q). It was further provided by Solon, that none
Ihould live at Athens as free Citizens, except fuch as were banifh'd from
their own Country, or voluntarily came to refide at Athens with their
whole Families. Whereby he, no doubt, intended to prevent all fuch
from enjoying the Privileges of Athens, who had greater Alliances and
Interefts in other Places (r).
The Manner of Admiflion was by declaring that fuch an one was in-
corporated amongft the Denizons oi Athens, and inverted with all the
Honours, Privileges, and Immunities belonging to them ; and had a
Right to partake of, and affill at the Performance of all their Holy
Rites and Mylleries, except fuch as were appropriated to certain noble
Families, fuch as were the Eumolpida, Ceryces, Cynid^e, which had cer-
tain Priefthoods, and holy Offices peculiar to themfelves ; or (as others
are of Opinion) they were excluded from all the Offices of Priefthood
of whatever Denomination : Which is the more probable, becaufe the
freeborn Athenians were themfelves excluded from thofe Offices which
were appropriated to the facred Families. Except alfo the Offices of
the nine Archons, which none but freeborn Athenians were allow'd to
execute ; that neither the Religion, nor the Management of Publick
Affairs might be entrufted in foreign Hands, Yet this extended not to
the Children of Citizens thus adopted, who were allow'd all the Pri-
vileges of Natives. Laftly, they were admitted into a certain Tribe,
and Hundred, and fo the Ceremony ended (f).
Freeborn Athenians were thofe that had both, or one of their Parents
an Athenian. Arijlotle tells us, that in feveral Common-wealths, at
the firft, thofe were accounted free, that were born of a Free-wo-
man ; but when the Number of Inliabitants increafed, fuch only were
efteem'd free, as were defcended from Parents that were both free [t\.
And fo it came to pafs in Athens ; where it was decreed by Solon, that
(j) Dmofib. Orat. in Nearam. {r) Plutarcbus, Sutr.e. { /) Dtmoflbtn. Oral, ia
Nt^ram, (0 Arijiottl, Pelii, lib, III. c, 5.
non<
a6 Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens.
none begotten out of lawful Marriage, which could then be celebrated
only betyv-een Free-Citizens, fhould have Right to inherit their Father's
Eftate. This appears from the following Words of Arijlophanes :
Epta I) J^M i^^ov S OKcuVOi aot vo(/.OI>'
No9 Q fxvi ^.veti dfyjg-tiAi' (u).
But this Law was afterwards abrogated by the tacit Confent of the
Common-wealth, till the Time of Pericles, who when he fiourifh'd iii
the State, and had Sons lawfully begotten, propofed a Law, that thofe
only (hould be reputed true Citizens of Athens, who were born of
Parents that were both Athenians ; and having prevail'd with the Peo-
ple to give their Confent to it, little lefs than five thoufand were de-
prived of their Freedom, and fold for Slaves j and thofe, who enduring
the Teft, remain'd in the Government, and pad Mufter for true-born
Athenians, were found in the Poll to be fourteen thoufand and forty
Perfons in Number. But Pericles himfelf afterwards, having loll all his
legitimate Sons, fo far perfuaded the Athenians, that they cancel'd
the Law, and granted that he fhould enroll his Ballard Sons in the
Regifterof his own Ward, by bis paternal Name j thinking that by
thofe LofTes he had been fufHciently punifbed for his former Arrogance;
and therefore being of Opinion, that he had been fhrewdly handled
by the Divine Vengeance, of which he had run fo fevere a Gantlope,
and that his Requeft was fuch as became a Man to afk, and Men to
grant. Thus Plutarch {nv). But this Law was again repealed by Ari-
Jiophon the Orator, after the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, EucUdes
being Archon ; at which Time the ancient Law was revived. That all,
whofe Mothers tvere not Citizens, Jhould he nothi^ illegitimate {x). For
legitimate Children, are thofe who are bom of lawful Wives, who muft
be Free-Citizens, others being only reputed Concubines. And thus
Grammarians commonly explain Nothus. 'N'oQQ- o cm. ^kviu, S ttclK-
KciKli^-. Nothus, <3 Bafiard is one born of a Stranger, or an Harlot.
But yvmi-, a legitimate Son, is interpreted by the fame Perfons, o ijt
yvvauKoi arn? ^ yctu.i]l^<;, w hf. vo^i(/.uv ydy.w. One horn of a Citi-
zen, and a Wife, or one born in la^wful Matrimony (y) .
And thofe that were only of the Half-Blood, when they were in-
verted with Freedom, were always reputed inferior, and lefs honour-
able than thofe that were of the whole; and feveral Marks and Cu-
lloms they had to diiUnguifh them from the others, as particularly,
that thofe, who had but one Parent an Athenian, were not allow'd to
exercife themfelves in any of the Gymnafia, that were frequented by
thofe who had both ; but only at the Cynofarges, a Place without the
City ; and that this was efleem'd a Mark of Difgrace, is evident from
the Praftice of Themijloc Its ,w\iO was but of the Half-Blood of Athens,
and to take away, or at leall lefTen this Diftinftion, ufed to engage
the noble Athenians to go and perform their Exercifes with him (z).
In the fame Place there was a Court of Judicature, where Perfons fuf-
pefted of having fraudulently infinuated themfelves into the Number
(k) Avibus p. 602. edit. Amflelod. (w) InPericle. {x) Caryftiut Iccp/xoy -Osiroa-
f^fxajuv. lib III. (_y ) Hower; Scholiaftes in Iliad V. Julius Pollux ]ih. III.
() Plutarch, in 7bemifiocU,
and
Oj the Civil Government of Athens. 47
and Privileges~of Citizens were arraign'd. This was reputed a very
great Offence; infomuch that whoever had cTun -^^sMaj (fo this Aftion
was term'd) prefcrr'd againft him, was immediately made a clofe Pri-
foner, and put in Chains, before he could be brought before the
Judges {a). Neither was it a fufHcient Vindication to have been once
acquitted by his proper Judges. But it was cuiiomary to bring the
Caufc to a fecond Hearing, before the Thefmothctay if there Was any
juft Caufe to fufpeft, that he had been too favourably treated.
And in order to clear the City of pretended and falfe Members, it
was decreed in the fecocd Year of the ninetieth Olyrnpiad, Archiai be-
ing then Archon, that a llrift Inqulfitton (hould be made into Caufes of
this Nature by Men of the fame Borough with the Criminal. This
Inquijition was term'd i^iA-^Yiat, to be regijlred aniorigjl the
Men ; the Perfons, thus enroll'd, being henceforwards their own Ma-
Icers, and free from the Government of their Guardians. '
Afcer Cecrops had fettled a Form of Government amongll the Athe-
nians-, for tlie better Adminiftratioii of JutHce, and the Prevention of
Deceit, and over-reaching one another in Comnierce, he divided 'em
into four ^t/Ao/, or Tribes ; each Tribe he fubdivided into three Parts,
cail'd Tp/T'iyj , H^v-, or ^faCjda. ; and each of thefe into thirty rii'W,
or Families ; whichi, becauie they confifted of thirty Men, were cail'd
TeidKciS'if, ; rnd they that were Members of thefe were cail'd Ouo-
faXa.Kliit, and Tivvii']ca, not from any Relation to one another, but only
becauie they lived in the fame Borough, and were educated together,
and join'd in one Body or Society ; the fame Perfons were cail'd
Opfiam, becaufe they participated of the fame Sacrifices, and wor-
fhippcd the fame Gods together, from Opyta, which, tho' it properly
fignifies only the Myrteries of Bacchus, yet is often taken for the Ce-
remonies ufed in the Worfhip of any other Deity (/>).
The Names of the Tribes were thefe, i . Kix-^Trii, from Cecrops, for it
was ufual with the Ancients, out of an earneft Defire of contiiiuing their
Memories to Pofterity, to call Cities, or Countries, or any Monu-
ments that feem'd likely to remain to fucceeding Ages, by their own
JNames. 2. Avt'q'^Quv, from a King of that Name, reported by forae
to have reign'd in fome Part of Jttica before Cecrops ; or rather from
the Name of AjTo^^^Qoj/sf, in which the Athenians gloried not a l.ttle.
3. ^KTajLo., ixova. Aaaus, ox ASlaon, another of the Kings before C(?-
crops ', or from axrn, which fignifies a Shore, becaufe a great Part of
Attica, and that in particular, where this Tribe inhabited, lay towards
the Sea : And this was the Reafon why the whole Country was fome-
times cail'd Ade. And the fame Caufe is given for the Name of the
fourth Tribe, which they cail'd Ylei^itKia., from its Nearnefs to the Sea.
In the Reign oiCranaus, new Names were impofed upon them, and
they were cail'd, i . Kf st^'ctiV, from the King's Name. 2. At9;V, from
a young Lady, the Daughter, of Cranaus. 3. Mza-'ofcutt. 4. AictK^i^,
And both thefe, I fuppofe, were nam'd from their Situation; the lat-
ter being feated upon a craggy Shore, and the former in the inland?zxt
of the Country.
Erichthonius, being advanced to the Kingdom, cail'd them after the
f^fimcs of yupiter, Miner'va, Neptune, JiVulFulcan, I. A/rtf. 2. A^L/Ac:^,
3. Uoa-eiS'uvtAi. 4. H'paig-idv (y)
Afterwards, under Erechtheus, they received new Names from the
Sons oi Ion, a Man of great Repute amongft the Athenians, and General
of their Armies, as Herodotui reports (r). The Names were. i.ViKkov]z(.
2. O-xkItcu. 3. A'lyiKo^tii. 4, AfftXiTsf. And bt thefe Names Euripides
is to be underltood, v/hen he introduces Mine?va fpeaking thus of Jon {f),
AftQ^) Paiux, lib. III. cap. 4. 1. VIII. cap. 9. (?) ^''/"f, 1. VIII. c 5. (r) UV*
VIIj. fap. 44, .() hn ad finem.
^o Of the Chil Govermnent of Athens.
XletlS'ii yivoitSfJoi 7^f/,
having firft advifed with AfolW^ Oracle, as it was ufual to do in every
Concern of Moment, alter'd the Number of the Tribes, increafmg them
from four to ten, and gave them new Names, taken from certain ancient
Heroes, all born in Attica, except Ajax the Son of Telatnon, to whom
he gave a Place amongfl; the reft, as being a Neighbour, Friend, and
Companion in the Wars (xv ) ; for, as Homer reports, Jjaxh Forces were
join'd to thofe of Menejlheus, the Athenian General,
A'/tf 'o^i, by the ancient Writers of Comedy. The
Women carried vJ^^icu, VefTels of Water, or o-KiiiJ^eia., Umirel/as, to de-
fend the free Women from the Weather, and are thence nam'd vj'^iet-
(pdes'i ^^'^ ffKict Mr. Creech*
Sometimes they were rackM upon the Wheel, (a Cruelty never prac-
tifed upon any freeborn Perfon) to extort a Confeflion from them, when
they were fufpefted to have been acceffory to any villainous Defign, as
Ariftophanes informs us in his firft Comedy, where one fays to a Slave,
E/ortir a 'XitFAv^fynKAf.
We ought to rack you with inceffant Pain,
To force you to reveal your Rogueries. y. A%
The common Way of correfting them for any OiFence, was to fcourge
them with Whips ; whencea Villain, that had been guilty of any Crime
that deferved Punilhment, was faid war/p^c, to ftand in need of, and as
it were itch for a Scourge. Sometimes to prevent their fhrinking, or
running away, they were tied faft to a Pillar j and therefore Hyperides
in Po//* faith, KfiyLciaAf I-/, 7^ Kiov@- , i^i.S'a^iv. For fo I think,
that Place ought to be read, and not A^ziji.cLfTeu iu, t Kiovoi, g^e/a-
f gf (/), as the vulgar Editions have it.
They, who v;cre convifted of any notorious Offence, were con-
demned to grind at the Mill ; a Labour exceeding toilfome in thofe
() AfbefiaatDe'ipn.l.Vl. (i) /frj/Toftft. Equit; tr) Aippb.Pice. (*) Epift.
lib. I. (/} Onomaft. 1. III. c. 8. '
Days,
64. Of the Civil Government of Athene.
Days, ^hen they were forced to beat their Grain into Meal, being un*
acquainted with the eafy Way of grinding, which is ufed amonglLus,
and was the Invention of later Ages. And therefore- when they had a
Mind to exprefs the Gieatnefs of any Labour or Toil, ic was ufual to
compare it to Grinding in a Mill, Tibi //tecum erit, CrafTe, in eodem
pljirino ^i'vendum, hy^l'ully [m), that is. You and I, Cr^^i, muit un-
dergo the fame troubkfome Courfc of Life. But befide the Laboar they
were put to, they were beaten with Rods, or Scourges, fometimes, if
their Offence was very great, to Death, as we learn from Terence, the
Scene of vvhofe Drama is laid in Attica,
Verberihus cafum tein fijlrimim, Dave, dedam ufque adnecem (n).
ril have you flead, you villainous Cur^ to Death. y. A.
Or elfe, as others underftand this Place, they were condemned to that
Punifhment as long as they lived.
Thefe Mills were call'd in general MuAiycjf, which Word, becaufe of
the Cruelty there exercifed upon poor Starves, Pollux tells us was ;t
su?"/^-*? > unlucky, or inaufpicious, and not to be nam'd, and therefore he
calls it '2.i]o'nroUKii otnof. They had feveral Names from the different
Sorts of Grain that was ground in them, as, XovJ^^KO'Ts-ia, or XovS'^tKo*
nFeicc, AAp/1t?rt, ^ci]&ix, Zavj&io,, or i^uuliia, and Zni^^ct, whence
comes the Word ^ctTfjv'ttj', to examine upon the Rack, as was ui'ual
in that Place {0).
It was likewife cuftomary to ftigmatize Sla'ves, which was ufually
done in the Forehead, as being moll vifible ; fometimes other Parts
were thus ufed, it being cuftomary, as Ga/en obferves (/>), to punifli the
Member that had offended : If the Slave was a Glutton, his.ije!ly mufl
fuffer ; if a Tell-tale, his Tongue mult be cut out, and (o of the reft.
The common Way of ftigmatizing was, by burning tlie Member with
a red-hot Iron mark'd with certain Letters, till a fair Imprefiion was
inade, and then pouring Ink into the FurroWs, that the Infcriptiou
might be the more confpicuous : Perfons thus ufed were call'd St/^,-
y.A't'ieu, and ^riyava, faith Pollux ; or Jitag^, becaufe that Bird was
yroiK.ih'o'Tfl^^i, of divers Colours, as Arijiophanes tells us (jr). Pliny
calls them In/cripti \r) ; and others Literati, as Plautus,
Ji hie liter atm me jinat.
And what the fame Author means by Trium literanm homo, no Man
can be ignorant. This Punifhment was feldom or never inflicted upon
any but Slaws, and with them it was fo freq.ent, that the Samians,
when they gave a great Number of Sla'ves their Liberty, and admitted
them to Offices in the State, were branded with the inflimous Name
of Literati,
The Samianyeople (fy for Shame)
' '**For Store of Letters have great Fame. Dr. Littleton.
() DeOrat. () Andria. {0) Polhx, lih. III. 8. c. Hefycbiui^ St/u'daif Etymo-
hg, (/>) Uh. VI. (?) Avibus, (rj Lib. XVIII. c. 5,
. Saith
Of the Civil Government of Athens. ^s,
faith Ai-ijlophanes in Plutarch (f) ; tho' others, and amongft them Plw
tarch himfelf, aflign difFerent Reafons for this Appellation (/). This
was the greateft Mark of Infamy, that could be inflifted on them, and
therefore Phocylides advifes to forbear it, even in Slaves.
Brand not your Sla-ves with Charafters of Infamy.
On the contrary, in Thrace, Herodotus tells us, it was accounted a Badge
of Honour, and Ub'd by none but Perfons of Credit, nor omitted, but
by thoie of the meaneft Rank (w). To /j^ i^'i'x^cu, iVyzvlf KiKeiTcu,
TO 3 a,^iyC\ov a,yivvi.i, to be Jiigmatized, fays he, is reputed a Mark of
iiluality, to ijuant nxhich is a Dijgrace. The fame is affirmed by Claudian
of the Geloni, who inhabited a Part of Scythia [x) :
Membraqtce qui f err o gaudet pinxije Gelonus.
And fome relate, that the ancient Britons tenellis infantihus ttotas cer-
tafque jiguras animalium ar dent i f err o imprimebant : Imprinted upon the
Bodies of their Infants the Figures of Animals, and other Marks, with
hot Irons {y). The fame is likewife affirmed by Tertullian (z), who re-
ports, that the Britons were diftinguifhed by fuch Marks or Stigmata^
in the fame Manner as the Garamantes by their Feathers^ the Barbari-
ans by their Curls, and the Athenians by their Grafhoppers. And
Claudian mentions the fame Cuftom () :
Ferroque notatas
Per legit exjangues Pilo moriente figures.
But it mult not be forgotten in this Place, that Slave's were not only
branded with Stigmata for a Puniflimentof their Offences ; but (which
was the common End of thefe Marks) to diftinguilh them, in Cafe
they fhould defert their Mailers. For which Purpofe, it was common
to brand their Soldiers ; only with this DifFerence, that whereas Slaves
were commonly ftigmatiz'd in their Forehead, and with the Name or
fome peculiar Charader belonging to their Matters : Soldiers were
branded in the Hand, and with the Name or Charafter of their General.
After the fame Manner, it was likewife cuflomary to ftigmatize the
Worfhippers and Votaries of fome of the Gods. Whence, Lucian, fpeak-
ing of the Votaries of the Syrian Goddefs, affirms, They tvere all branded
'with certain Marks, fome in the Palms of their Hands, and others in their
Nicks. Whence it became cujiomary for all the Aflyrians thus tojiigmatize
themfehes. And Theodoret is of Opinion (^), that the Jevjs were forbid-
den to brand themfelves with 5//^/fl//3r,becaufe the Idolaters, by that Ce-
remony, ub'd to confecrate themfelves to their falfe Deities. The Marks
ufed on thefe Occafions were variou?. Sometimes they contained the
Name of the God, fometimes his particular Enjign (7ra.^viyL0v) fuch
were the Thunder-bolt oi Jupiter, the Trident of NeptJtne, the Ivy of Bac-
chus: Whence Pt.lomee Philopater was by fome nick-nam'd Gallus,
^lel 7 ^vhha. Kiaa^ Ktm^i'j^^cfj, becaufe his Body vuas mi.rk*dvuith tht
Figures of Ivy-Leaves [c). Or, laftly, they marked themfelves with
(/) ?trkU. {t\ Erafm. Adag. () V. 212. (w) Lii. V. (j) Lib. i. in Rufinum.
{y) Lucat dt Linda Lefcr. Orbis. () De Vcland, Virgin, (a) De Belle Cttie. {b)
(i^xSt. in Lcvit. XVIII. {c) Efymohg. Magni AuSltr, V. IgU\h&.
h fome
66 Of the Gvil Government of Athens.
fome myfiical Number, whereby the God's Name was defcrib'd :
Thus the Sun, who was fignify'd by the Number DCVIII. is faid to
have been reprefeftted by thefe two Numeral Letters XH {d). Thefe
three Ways of fligmatizing are all exprefs'd by St John, in the Book
ot Re-vela t ion (e) ; andhe caufeth all, both fino.ll and great, rich and poor y
free and bond, to receive a Mark in their right Hand, or in their Fore-
heads : And that no Man might buy or fell, fwoe he that had the Mark,
fir the "Name of the Beaji, or the Number of his Name. Bat to returu
from this DigreiTion.
Slaves were treated with more Humanity ^t Athens than in mod o-
ther Places, for if any of them were grievouily opprefs'd, they were
allow'd to fly for Sanftuary to Thefeus'^ Temple, whence to force them
was an Aft of Sacrilege ^Jl. And thofe, that had been barbaroufly
treated by their Mailers, had the Privilege of commencing a Suit at
Law againil them, which they call'd t ^fS"? ^'i^hu, or A}/Ja? J'ikUu,
the former of which was againft fuch as had made any violent At-
tempts upon the Challity of their Sla-ces ; .the latter againft thofe that
had us'd too much Severity in puntfhing them ; and if it appear'd that
the Complaint was reafonable and juft, the Mafter was oblig'd to fell
hhSlwve. This is plainly prov'd by Julius Pollux [g), out of Ari-
fiopha?2ei*s Hor^e, whence he cites the following Verfes :
E} ^j) K^lirov er/f f t^^ Qt)(r^op
Unlefs it be mofi expedient to fly to the temple (5/"Thefeus, and there re-
main till njae are fold to another Mafler. The fame he obferves out of
Eupolis'^ rioAftf.
A/T(r/j' '
They endure thefe E'vils, and do not demand to be fold. Neither did the
Law fecure them only from their own Matters, but if any other Citi-
zen did them any Injury, they were allow'd to vindicate themfelves
by a Courfe of Law (/6).
Befides their being deliver*d from the injurious Treatment of Tyrants,
the Slanjes at Athens had a great deal the Advantage of their Brethren
in other Places, in many Relpefts ; they might ufe their Tongues with
far greater Freedom, as appears every-where from the Comedies of
Ariflophanes, Plautus, and Terence; and indalge themfelves in the En-
joyment of a great many Pleafures, which in other Places they had not
the fmalleft Tafte of ; infomuch that Demoflhenes tells us, the Condition
of a Sla'ue in Athens was preferable to that of a free Denizon in fome
other Cities (/) ; and Plautus fufficiently teftiiies the Truth of what he
iaitb,
Atque id ne vos miremini, homines fernmUs
Pot are, amare, atque ad ccenam condicere i
Licet hoc Athenis (i)
{d) Conf. Martlanui CapeUa. (f) Cap. XIII. v. i6, 17. (/) Plutarch. Tbefio.
{) Lib, 7. c. a. (A) Atbenaui Dsipnofopb, Lib. VI, (/) Philip. II, (*} Sticbo,
The
Of the Civil Government c/ Athens. ^7
The Laws at Athens don't our Slaves retrain
From Pleafure, Mirth, and Gaiety of Life,
For they may revel, be inflam'd v/ith Love,
And live as much at Eafe, as fome free Denizons. J. A.
Farther, they were permitted to get Eftates for themfelves, paying
only a fmall Tribute to their Mafters e-zery Year cut of them ; and if
they could procure as much as Would pay for their Ranfom, their Ma-
ilers had no Power to hinder them from buying their Liberty, as may
be obferv'd from the fame Author, who introduces a Slwve fpeaking
in this Minner,
^iJiu me 'vero libertate territas ? ^
^odji tu nolis, filiufque etiam tuus,
Vobis inniitis, atque amhorum ingratiisy
Una libella lie er pojfum fieri (/). ^
Pray, Sir, good Words, iince nor you, nor your Son,"
Can me my Liberty deny, although
You pour out Threat'nings with fuch rigorous Awe.
For if I pleafe, one Pound can me releafe.
And purchafe Freedom.
Sometimes, if they had been faithful and diligent in their Mailer*!!
Bufinefs, they difmifs'd them of their own Accord ; and upon the Pur-
formance of any remarkable Service for the Publick, the State ufually
took Care to reward them with Liberty. Such of them as were ad-
mitted to ferve in the Wars, were feldom left in the Condition of
Starves, either for fear the Remembrance of their former Oppreffioa
might move them to revolt to the Enemy, or raife a Sedition at home,
fo fair an Opportunity being put into their Hands ; or to animate them
with greater Courage and Conftancy to oppofe the Invaders, when they
were to receive fo great a Reward for the Dangers they underwent j or
becaufe it was thought unreafonable, that fuch, as hazarded their Live^
in Defence of their Country's Liberty, fhould themfelves gro^n under
the heavy Yoke oi Slavery, and be depriv'd of even the fmalleft Part
of that, which was in a great Meafure owing to their Courage and Loy-
alty ; for one, I fay, or all thefe Reafons, fuch, as upon emergent Oc-
cafiOns took up Arms for the publick Safety, feldom faiPd of having
their Liberty rellor'd to them. An Initance whereof, to mention no
more, we have in the Sla'ves, that behav'd themfelves valiantly in the
Sea- Fight at Arginufa, where the Athenians obtain'd a fignal Viftory
againft CaUicratidas, the Lacedamonian Admiral ; and therelore the
Slanje in Arijiopbanes, being almoil ready to fiiint under an heavy Bur-
then, accufeth his o\Vn Cowardice, that hindred him from lifting him-
lelf amonglt the Marine Forces, and thereby recovering his Liberty,
O"iuoi KAK.oS'aium' Tt ji) kyc^ ^k ivetv^dyjsv {m) j
Pox take this Heart, that durft not meet
In boift'rous Seas the Spartan Fleet.
(/} Cafina, (} Ranis, AfX, I, Sceo, X,
JF a Slaves'^
6t Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Slaves, as long as they were under the Government of a Mafter, were
call'd OiKiTcu, but, after their Freedom was granted tlern, they were
AvKot, not being, like the former, a Part of their Mafter's Eftate, but
only oblig'd to fome grateful Acknowledgments and fmall Services [n),
fuch as were required of the Mirouoi, to whom they were in fome
few Things inferior ; but feldom arrived to the Dignity of Citizens,
clpecially if they had received their Freedom from a private Perfon,
and not upon a publick Account ; for fuch, as were advanc'd for pub-
lick Services, feem to have iiv'd in great Repute, and enjo) 'd a larger
Share of Liberty than others, that had only merited their Freedpm by
the Obligations they had laid upon particular Perfons. Thefe therefore
were fometimes advanc'd to be Citizens, yet not without theOppofi-
tion or Diflike of many :
Ka} )<) efjcryjiv Ir/, Tf yi.lvvctviJ.A'X}iS'v\i fxictv,
Kau n^etTota? zv'd-C? tiVou, y.ctvTi SouKav SicaTOTa.{.
It being dijhonourable to rank thofe, 'who had been in one Engagt ment at!)ea,
nvith the Platxans, that is, to honour them with the Privileges of /Itke-
r.ian Citizens, and from Sla'ves to make them Majlers, as one affirms in
Ariftophanes {o). Whence there was a Law enafted, whereby the pub-
lick Criers were forbid to proclaim the Freedom of a Slwve in the
^Theatre, that being a Place of publick Concourfe, and frequented by
Men of other Cities, who would, on that Account, have lefs Value for
the Privileges of Jthens (/>). Laltly, the *TAstJ^?(f?/, Sla-ves made
free, were term'd v'o^oi, Bajiards ; v'o^oi y6 ouTOt iffp)i ra? >t yiviTve
iMvd'i^Vi ; they being under a Sort of Illegitimacy, if compar' d %vith the
genuine and free-horn Citizens [fi).
A Tribute of twelve Drachms was exacted of the Mi']oiKoi, and the
fame with an Addition of three Oboli was required of the Freemen [r],
Alfo they were obliged to chufe a n^^^dTtii, who was to be no other
than the Mafter, out of whofe Service they had been releas'd j upon
him they attended almoll in the fame Manner with the Roman Liberti,
and Clientes ; but in Cafe they behav'd themfelves ftubbornly, and un-
gratefully towards him, he had Power to arreft them, and carry them
before a Judge, by whom, if they were tound guilty, they were de-
priv'd of their Liberty, and reduced to their former miferable Condi-
tion. But if the Judge acquitted them, they became re^ewf gAjy'd^j^/,
intirehfree from their Mafter. This Aftion was termed aTarrtcriou J^/zw ,
which Name was alfo given to the Complaints made by Ser'vantt and
Freed-men againft their Matters and Patrons, which both of them were
allow'd to prefer, if they were not treated with all the Humanity that
uas due to their refpeftive Conditions : But becaufe all the Freedmen's
publick B..finefs, like that of the M'{]oikoi, was to be managed chiefly
by Proxies ; at their Reftoration to Liberty, both of them had thie
Privilege of chufing an Exirf ott-, or Curator, who, in Cafe his Cliem
receiv'd any Injury from Iiis Patron, was to defend him, to appeal for
him, and plead his Caufe before the Judge?, who, out of Refpeft to the
Patron, were appointed out of his own Tribe (f).
{) Chryjjppui de Concord. 1. II . (o) Ranis A61. VII . Seen. VI. (/>) Mjcbinh Orat. in Cte~
fipbaatm, (f ) Nonnui likNexianzeni SthA/t . {r)lhrpocrat. (f) Suidas, Harpccrat
This
Of the Civil Government of Athens." 69
This was the Condition of Slanies in Athens, which tho' in itfelf
deplorable enough, yet, if compar'd with that of their Fellow Sufferers
in other Cities, feems very eafy, at kaft tolerable, and not to be re-
pin'd at. I might here give you an Account of the various Conditions
of Slaves in the feverai Countries of Greece, fuch as the Fenefta in ^hef-
faly ', the Clarota; and Mnoitee in Crete ; Xhe^Corynephori at S icy en ; the
Gymnit/e at Argcs, and many others ; but I fhall only at prefent lay be-
fore you the State of the Helota in Sfarta, which, becaufe of the fre-
quent Mention made of them in Authors, mull not be omitted ; and from
their Treatment (tho' they were a more genteel Sort of Slwves, and
enjoy'd more Privileges (a) than the reft) will appear the Trth of what
Plutarch tells us was commonly faid of Sparta, Ef ha.KiS'euiiovi t6v
iMv^i^ov {j.cLki^a ihiv^i^v tii'cu, )^ 70V J'Zkov i/Akith S'iKov, that
in Sparta, he that was free, was moll fo ; and he, that was a Slave,
was the greateft Slave in the World [b).
The Helota were fo call'd from Helos, a Laconian Town, conquer'd
by the Spartans, who made all the Inhabitants Prifoners of War, and
reduced them into the Condition of Slaves (c).
The Freemen of Sparta were forbidden the Exercife of any mean or
mechanical Employment, and therefore the whole Care of fuppjying
the City with Neceffaries was devolv'd upon the Helots, the Ground was
till'd, and all Sorts of Trades managed by them ; whilft their Matters,
Gentlemen-like, fpent all their Time in Dancing, and Feafting, in their
Excrcifcs, Hunting-matche?, and the hkf getting more.- J. A.
But if any Perfon were convifted of having betray'd a Freeman, he
was fevereiy punifhed by Solo7i's Laws, except it was his Daughter, or
Sifter, whom the Laws permitted them to fell for Slaves, when con-
vifted of Fornication [g).
At Athens, feveral Places in the Forum were appointed for the Sale of
Slaves, of which I have fpoken already; and upon theiirft Day of every
Month the Merchants, call'd AvJ'^ji'aoJ^ox.d.-^n^oi, brought them into
the Market, and expos'd them to Sale (h), the Crier ftanding upon a
Stone erefted for that Purpofe, call'd U^rrip ^i^-, and calling the
(0 Plutar:b. ibidem. (/) Plut. Aft. 11. Sc. V. (^) Plutarcb, Solene. {b) Ari.
ftpb, 2p^, Eauit,
People
0/ t^e Civil Government of Athens. "71
People together (;) whence CW .fro opprobrioufly calls theTriiunes, empto^
de lapide, becaufe they were Tufpeded to have been hir'd to the Ma-
nagement of a certain Affair [k).
At Athens, when a 8lan}e was firft brought Home, there was an En-
tertainment provided to welcome him to his new Service, and certain
Sweet-meats were pour'd upon his Head, which for that Reafon they
cali'd Y^a\(f)(J}). Yet they feem to have
been afterwards made incapable of bearing Offices. Plutarch, in the Life
oi Phocion, mentions fome who were ':^\n^tS!'cVTii to ToKiriv/xctT-
cT/rt 7iiv -mviAv, incapable of the Go'vernment by reafon oftheirPoveriy. Nei-
ther is it improbable, that, as different Faftions and Interells became
prevalent, fometimes the Nobility admitted the Commons to a Participa-
tion of Employments and Offices, and fometimes again excluded them.
But tho' no Man's Quality, or Condition, could exempt him from
bearing publick Offices, yet his Courfe of Life and Behaviour might ;
() Orat. in Ctefipbmt. Ulpian ia Androtlana, (0) DemoJibcr.es Orat, in Bxotum de
ffomine, (^) Xtnophon, de Rep. Aibtn,
fo/
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 73
for if any Man had liv'd a vicious and fcandalous Life, he was thought
unworthy of the meanefl: Office ; it being improbable that a Perfon,
that could not behave himfelf fo as to gain Reputation in a private
Capacity, ftiould be able to demean himlelf prudently and wifely in
a publick Station ; or that he, who had negleded his own Concerns,
or feil'd in the Management of them, fhouldbe capable of undertaking
publick Bufmefs, and providing for the Commonwealth. And there-
fore, before any Man was admitted to a publick Employment, he was
obliged to give an Account of himfelf, and his part Life, before certain
Judges in the Forum, which was the Place appointed for his Examina-
tion, which they call'd ^0KtiJi.cL:i/iea, tcTimocratea, (a) SuidatfHe-
j^fi/aj, y^cA/n. Orat. de Ement. Legat. ASfibin. inCtifipbont. {w) Hejycbius. [x)Ul-
fiamti in Dmofibtmi Orat. de fallaLegat.i'e//x. (_y) Mjcbinn Orat. adv. Offfbonttm.
have
74 Q/^ th^ Crjil Governmcni of Athens.
have any farther Trouble. If any Perfon, againft whom a Complaint
was preferr'd, refufed to appear at the Time appointed, he was fum-
mon'd to defend himfelf before the Senate oi Jive hundred; where, if
he did not make his Appearance, he was punilh'd with atiiAa, Infamy.
This was the Method of examining into the Behaviour of Magi-
ftrates after the Expiration of their Offices, Neither were they ex-
empted from being brought to Trial during their Magiftracy ; it be-
ing the Cuftom for the nine Archons, in every ordinary and ftated (;tf fi*)
Jjfe?nhly of the People, to propound this Queftion, Whether the Magi-
llrates were faithful in the Difcharge of their feveral Duties ? If upon
that any of them was accufed, the Crier made Proclamation, that fuch,
as thought the Accufation juft, (hould lift up their Hands ; which Adtion
was term'd KATtrxe'^TovidL. This being over, the reft of the AiTembly,
to whom the Magiftrate appear'd innocent, held up their Hands, which
was o,'Tro')(jApj,Tov'i(L {2). Then the Voices being nugiber'd on both
Sides, the Majority carried it.
The Day, in- which the Magijirates entred upon their Offices, was
the fa^oi Hecatotnbaan, the firll iVlonth in the Athenian Kalend;;r ; it was
a folemn Feftiyal, which from the Occafion had the Name of K<(rT?/*,
and was celebrated with all the Expreffions of Mirth and Joy, ufual on
fuch Occafions. Alfo Sacrifices were ofFer'd to the Gods by the Senators,
and moll of the other Magifirates j and Prayers made for the Profperity
of the City, in the Chapel qI Jupiter and Minerva the Counfellors {a).
CHAP. XII.
Of the nine Archons, i^c,
TH E chief Magifirates of Athens were nine in Number, and had
all the common Name of Archontes, or Rulers. They were
eleded by Lots, but were not admitted to their Offices, till they had
undergone a two fold" Trial j one in the Senate-houfe, call'd AvAz^KTHf
and a fecond in the Forum, call'd ^oKtuATiet, The Queftions, which the
Senate propofed to them, were fuch as thefe. Whether they were de-
fended from Anceftors, that had been Citizens of Athens for three
Generations ? Of what Tribes and Hundred they were, and whether
they bore any Relation to Apollo Patrius and Jupiter Herceus ? Whe-
ther they had been dutiful to their Parents, had ferved in the Wars,
and had a competent Eilate [b) ? Laftly, whether they were A-piKe^?,
perfcSi in all the Members of their Bodies ? It being otherwife unlawful
for them to be Archons. And, as fome are of Opmion, the fame Que-
ilions were demanded of all other Magillrates (c). We muft not
omit in this Place, that by the foremention'd Queftion concerning
their Relations to Apollo Patrius and Jupiter Herceus, was enquired,
() Snidas, 'cujut elegam eft bac de re locus, {a) Suidas, Ulfian. in Median, jinti"
fhon. Orat. de Vboreuta. {b) Dmoftb. in Eubulid. Pallux Onam. 1. VIH. c. 9.
{c) Dicaarchui contra Arifiogit,
whether
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 75
whether they were freeborn Citizens of Athens, (they alone being per-
mitted to execute the Office of Archon) for ail the Athenians claim'd a
Sort of Relation to thefe Gods. Hence we are told by the Scholiaji on
Arijiophanes [d) that the Archons ^o as their
Name imports, feems to have been conftituted in Behalf of the People,
to protefl them in the Fofleffion of their Latvs and Liberties, from the
Ufurpation of the other Archons, whofe Power before Solon i Regulation
of the Commonwealth feems to have been far greater, and more un-
bounded, than afterwards ; for by that Law-giver it was order'd, that
their Offices fliould chiefly confift in thefe Things- which follow.
A^yav, fo call'd by way of Eminence, was Chief of the Nine, and
is fometimes nam'd E'Truuvuof, becaufe the Year took its Denomination
from him. His Jurifdiftion reach'd both Ecclefiaftical and Civil Af-
fairs. It was his Bufmefs to determine all Caufes betwixt Men and
their Wives ; concerning Wives brought to Bed after the Death of their
Husbands ; concerning Wills and Teftaraents, concerning Dowries and
Legacies J to take Care of Orphans, and provide Tutors and Guardians
for them j to hear the Complaints of fuch as had been injur'd by their
Neighbours, and to punifh fuch as were addided to Drunkennefs ; alfo
to take the firft Cognizance of fome publick Adlions, fuch as thofe call'd
'E'ta'ayfthiat, ^a..
78 ' 0/ the Civil Government o/" Athens.
Evd-vvoi, were ten Officers appointed to affift the Archons, to pafs the
Accounts of the Magiftrates, and to fet a Fine upon fuch as they found
to have embezzel'd the publick Treafure, oi-any way injiir'd the Com-
monwealth by their Male-adminiftration. Arifiotle () tells us^they were
fometimescaird E^ijet^cu, and "^vvnyo^i, and others wiil have them
to be the fame with the Aof/ro* ; but thefe are by AriJlotU faid to be
diflinguifli'd from them.
CHAP. xni.
Of the Athenian Magiftrates.
01 \vS'i%Ay the Ele'ven, fo call'd from their Number, wereelefted
out of the Body of the People, each of the ten Tribes fending one ;
to which there was added a Toct/x/jLccJiv^, or Regiiier, to make up the
Number ; fometimes they were call'd 'HoixozijKa.itzi, Keepers of the
Laws ; which Appellation was taken from their Office, being in fome
Things not unlike to that of our Sheriffs ; for they were to fee Male-
faflors put to Execution, and had the Charge of fuch as were commit-
ted to the publick Prifon. They had alfo Power to feize. Thieves,
Kidnappers, and Highwaymen upon Sufpicion j and, if they confefs'd
the Faft, to put them to Death j if not, they were obliged to profecute
them in a judicial Way.
*yA*?5C0'> ^''sre Magiftrates that prefided over the Athenian Tribes^
one of which was allotted to each of them. Afterwards this Name
became peculiar to a military Command, and the Governors oi Tribes
were call'd E'7!rty.i\iflcu (pvhuv. Their Bufmefs was to take Care of
the publick Treafure, which belong'd to each Tribe, to manage all
their Concerns, and call them together to confult as oft as any Thing
happen'd, which required the Prefence of the whole Body.
^vKoQcLiTih^i feem to have had, in moft Things, the fame Office,
with refpedl to particular Tribes, that the BctviK-vi had, with refpeft to
the Commonwealth. They were chofen out of the EvTrctretS^au, or No-
bility, had the Care of publick Sacrifices, and other divine VVorffiip
peculiar to their refpeftive Tribes, and kept their Court in the Portico
call'd Btf(rA.HOi', and fometimes in the BbkoA57oj'.
$atTef(*^p^o/,andTei/'Artfp(^of exercifed over tiic whole Tribe.
Any-ei^X'"' ^^'^ '^^ ^^^^ Offices in the Anuoi, took Care of their Re-
venues, out of which they paid all the Duties required of them, affem-
bled the People in the Boroughs under their Jurifdiftion, all whofe
Names they had written in a Regifter, and prefided at the Eledlion of
Senators, and other Magiftrates chofen by Lots. Sometimes we find
them call'd Nrtuxf*^/, and the Boroughs NeivK^cielM, becaufe each
of them was obliged, befides two Horfemen, to furnilh out one Ship
for the publick Service.
(} Pelit. 1. VI, cap. ultimo,
Of the Civil Government cf Athens. 79
AnlIitfXo/, were fix in Chief, but were aMed by thirty 'inferior
Officers, in laying" Fines upon fuch as came not to publick Aflemblies,
and making Scrutiny araongft thofe that were prefent ; fuch alfo, as
were bufy in the Market, they compell'd to leave their Buying and
Selling, and attend on the publick Bufinefs, the which tlicy did by the
Help of the To^'o^, who were certain inferior OScers, or rather Ser-
vants, much like the Roman Liciors, r.nd our Sheriff'' s Li'verytnen, Bai-
liffs, &c. the City oi Athens had a thoufand of them, that liv'd in I'ents,
ereded in the Middle of the Forum^ and were afterwards removed to
the Areopagus. Their Name feems to have been taken from the Arms
they ufualfy carried with them, in the fame Manner that the Life-
guards of Kings are call'd Aofu^sg;/. Sometimes they are call'd Aitr
fjLoffiot Ettot^). a Name which was taken from their Offices ; fometimes
Hdxj-'iyioi, from Veufmusy one of the Primitive Atheniatjs, that either lirft
inftituted this Office, or gave Rules for the ordering of it ; and fome-
times "Zav^cu, from the Country oiScythia ; for generally Men of that
Country were chofen into this Place, as being brawny, fturdy. Fel-
lows ; and therefore one of them is introduced by Arijiophanes, fpeak-
ing in an uncouth and barbarous Manner [o). But to return to the
Lexiarchi. They were the Perfons that had the keeping of A^/,*f;y/-
Kiiv y^fJiy.ctleiov, or KivKuyiet, or publick Regilter of the whole City,
in which were written the Names of all the Citizens, as foon as they
came to be of Age to enter upon their paternal Inheritance, which they
call'd Aji/f.
No/i/toipyAtfxsf, were Officers, whofe Bufinefs it was to fee that nei-
ther the Magifirates, nor common People made any Innovation upon
the I<2wi, and to puniffi the ftubborn and difobedient (/). To this End
in publick Affemblies they had Seats appointed with the n^jJecT^/, that
they might be ready to oppofe any Man that fhould aft contrary to
the Laws, and received Cuftoms, or promoted any Thing againft the
publick Good. As a Token of the honourable Station they were
placed in, they always wore a white Ribband in the folemn Games,
and publick Shews, and had Chairs erefted for them over-agaiall thofe
of the nine Archons.
TSioy-o^iJcu, were a thoufand in Number, who were commonly cho-
fen by Lot out of fuch as had been Judges in the Court Heli/ea : The#
Office was not (as the Name feems to imply)- to enaft new Laius by
their own Authority, for that couid not be done without the Appro-
bation of the Senate, and the People's Ratification, but to infpect the
ojd ; and if they found any of them ufelefs, or prejudicial, as the State
of Affairs then Itood, or contradiftory to others, they caufed them to
be abrogated by an Adt of the People. Befidcs this, they were to take
Care that no Man fhould plough, or dig deep Ditches within the Pelaf-
gian Wall, to apprehend the Offenders, and lend them to the Archon.
(0) Arijlofhayiet ejufque SchoUaji. Acarn. ie. Thefmoph, (/) Cictro de Legib. Jib.
III. QdumUa de Re Ruft. lib. XH. cap. 3.
CHAP.
8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
CHAP. XIV.
Of the Athenian MagiftrateS.
TH E Trtafurers and General Receivers of Athens were of feveraf
Sorts ; but, before I proceed to give an Account of their Offices,
it will be neceffary to premife a Word or two concerning the pubiick
Revenues ; which are by the accurate Sigonius divided into thefe four
following Sorts.
i.TiAMjfignify thofe Revenues that were brought ihby Lands,Mines,
Woods,and other public pofTeffionSjfet apart for the ufe of the Common-
wealth ; and the Tributes paid by the Sojourners, and the Freed-Ser'vantsi
as alfo the Cufloms requii 'd of certain Arts, and Trades, and particular-
ly of Merchants for the Exportation and Importation of their Goods.
2. 4>o;/, were the annual Payments exafted of all their tributary Ci-
ties, which, after Xerxes''^ Overthrow, were firft levied by the Athenians^
as Contributions to enable them to carry on the War, in Cafe, as was
fear'd, the Enemy Ihould make a new Invafion upon them. The firft
Collector of this Tax was Arifiides, who, (as Plutarch reports in his
Life) afTefs'd all particular Perfons, Town by Town, according to every
Man's Ability ; and the Sum raifed by hiiji amounted to four hundred
and fixty Talents. To this Pericles added near a third Part (proceeds
my Author) for Thucydides reports, that, in the Beginning of the Pehpon-
Ttejian War, the Athoiians had, coming in from their Confederates, fix
hundred Talents. After Pericles''s Death, the Orators, and Men pow-
erful amongft the People, proceeded to increnfc it by little and little,
till it amounted to one thoufand and three hundred Talents j and that
not fo much, becaufe of the extraordinary Expenfivenefs of the Wars,
as by exciting the People to LargelTes, Play-houfe Expences, and the
Erefting of Statues and Temples.
3. E] were Fines and Amercements, all which were carried
into the Exchequer, except the tenth Part, which was given to Miner'va,
and the fiftieth Part which helong'd to the reft of the Gods, and the
Heroes call'd E'uapvuoi. Having fud thus much of the pubiick Mo-
ney, I (hall now proceed to the Perfons that had the Difpofal and Ma-
nagement of it.
E.3r/ceiTM<, was elefted by Lot out of the Prytanes, and had in his
Cuftody the Keys of the pubiick Exchequer, which Truft was thought
fo great, that no Man was permitted to enjoy it above once. Of the
reft of the Honours and Offices of this Magtfirate I (hall fpeak in ano-
ther Place.
n^'AHToJ, were ten in Number, and, together with thofe that had the
Care of the Money allow'd for Shews, had the Power of letting out
the Tribute Money, and other pubiick Revenues, and felling Ellates
that
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 8f
that were confifcated j all which Bargains were ratified in the Name of
their Prefident. Befides this, it was their Office to convift fuch a$ had
not paid the Tribute, call'd MsTo/^t/or, and fell them by Auftion. Under
thefe were certain inferior Officers, call'd ExAoftiif ,whofe Bufinefs it waa
to colledl the publick Money, for fuch as had Leafes of the City's Re-
venues, whom they call'd Ti^uveu ; thefe were always Perfons of good
Credit themfelves, and, befides their own Bonds, were obliged to give
other Security for the Payment of the Money due according to their
Leafes, in which, if they fail'd any longer than till the ninth Piytanea,
they were under a Forfeiture of twice the Principal, to be paid by them-
felves or their Sureties, upon Negleft of which they were all caft into
Prifon, aiid their filiates confifcated {q). After the Expulfion of the
thirty Tyrants, certain Officers, call'd g i/VsT/xw, were created with
Power to take Cognizance of all Complaints about the Confifcation of
Goods, as appears from an Oration oi Lyjias in Behalf of i\Vaj.
ET/'j'f ape^f, were Officers that rated all thofe of whom Taxes and
Contributions were required according to every Man's Ability, kept the
publick Accounts, and profecuted fuch aswere behind-hand with their
Contributions.
Axo/'i^.^), were ten general Receivers, to whom all the publick Reve-
nues, Contribution-money, and Debts ow'd to the Publick were paid :
Which done, they regillred all their Receptions, and crofs'd out of the
publick Debt-book fuch as had difcharged their Debts in the Prefencc
of the whole Senate. If any Controverfy happen^'d about the Money or
Taxes, they had Power to decide it, except it was a difficult and knot-
ty Point, or of high Concern, for fuch they referred to the Hearing of
fome of the Courts of Judicature.
Avrty^A^ivi rtif (inKtii, was a publick^/flry, appointed at the firft
Inftitution of the Office by Eleflion, and afterwards by Lot, to take
a Counter-part of the Accounts of the A-uroJ^fe^cTcu, for the Prevention
of all Deceit and Miftakes.
KKhl/jJOTAixia/, or Ewtujo'TetiJ.tiuot, had the fame Offices in the tri-
butary Cities that belong'd to the ATCcTix^o* in their own Territories.
npcalopjf, were thofe that receiv'd the Money due to the City from
Fines laid upon Criminals.
Tdtuicu rS QiH, )c^ ^ Oiav, were thofe that received that Part of
the Fines which was due to Minerva, and the reft of the Gods, which
was done before the Senate. They were ten in Number, were chofen
by Lots out of the T\ivraKV(TiyiiS'i^voi, or Nobles, and had Power of
remitting any Man's Fine, if it was made appear to them, that the Ma'
gijlratfi had unjuftly impofed it. Pollux tells us, they were the fame
with thofe they call'd Y^uXAMiTeu, and thefe, a the 5ci'(?/M_/? upon jiri-
ftophanes reports, ufed to receive not only the Money due to the Gods
from Fines, but other Incomes defign'd for Gvil Ufes, and particularly,
the TalCoKet, dillributed amongft the Judges, and therefore call'd
A/;c<*r//.Of iMi&ii. They were fo nam'd (f ) Kuhayfirat, becaufe they
were a kind of Priefts, and ufed to claim as their Due the Relicks of
Sacrifices, amongft which were the Skins and the Ku^ai (r).
{fj SuiJai, Ulfianut\a Dtmojlhtr. tec, (r) Arijio^b, Sdtl, Avibu* VefpU.
G Ztirnlai
g2 Of the Civil Government of Athens. - ^
ZtfjiiTcu, were Officers appointed upon extraordinary Occafions to
enquire after the publick Debts, when, thro' the Negleft of the Re-
cei'vers, or by other Means, they were run up to large bums, and began
to be in Danger of being loft, if not call'd in.
The Diftindion of the Officers, hitherto mention'd, has been taken
chiefly from the different Receptions of the publick Money ; I fhall
proceed mSigoKius*% Method, and give you an Account in the next Place
of thofe that were diftinguiftied by the different Manners of disburfmg
it. And, to this End, you mull know the publick Treafure was divi-
ded into three Sorts, according to the various Ufes to which it was
employ 'd; the firft they called,
1. Xf//a]tt T>7f tT/o/jtHfTSft)?, being fuch as were expended in civil Ufes.
2. 'S.T^ATtuTiKa., thofe that were required to defray the Charges of
the War.
3. QzKtiKO,, fuch as were confecrated to pious Ufes ; in which they
included the Expences at Plays, publick Shews, and Fellivah, becaufe
moft of them were celebrated in Honour of fome of the Gods, or in
Memory of fome deceafed Hero ; and Pollux tells us, the Money given
to the Judges, and the People, that met in the publick Affemblies, was
cali'd by this Name. There is a Law mentioned by Dc7nofthenes (f),
whereby this Money was commanded, when the neceffary Expences of
War could not otherwife be provided for, to be applied to that Ufe.
This Eubulus (to ingratiate himfelf with the Commonalty, who were
generally more concern'd to maintain the publick Shews and Feftivals,
than the moft neceffary War) caufed to be abrogated, and at the fame
Time to be declared a capital Crime for any Man to propound, that
the QicoejKA )(^^y}i/rtJA ftiould be applied for the Service of the War (/).
. Trtjwj*? Tiif Aioi)t{)(rieei, Otherwife cali'd 'E.tsriij.ihm'rii r Kotvwv Tpo-
ff'oS'uv, was the principal Treafurer, being far iuperior to all the reft in
Honour and Power, created by the People, and continued in his Office
for five Years ; after which, if he had behaved himfelf with Honefty
and Integrity, it was an ufual Thing for him to be elefted a fecond and
third Time.
AvTiyfa. ^^ ^^* ^^ ^^
brought before the i-fa]yoi, who had the Care of all warlike Prepara*
tions, and by him to be referr'd to the cuftomary Judges ; the reft of
the J^ictS/Kct^ricu feem to have belonged to other Magillrates.
Of the Duties to be undergone in the foremention'd Manners, fome
" concern'd the Affairs of Peace, others related to thofe of War. The
Duties of Peace were chiefly three, xo^nyia., yv(Jva.(fiafxia,, and |rict
fftf, Thofe of War were two, r?iiietpyja. and e.si Afy^oyr&.
() Demoftben. in Leptin. ibidemque Ulptan. (w) Arijiepban. ScMiaft, in Veff.
p. 464. Edit. Amftelod, (x) Arijlepbanit Sclnliajiet Nubibut, (/) Acbarncrjibui,
Aa. I. Scea. U.
G 4 ^<
88 Of the Civil Goverdment of Athens.
We ) Idem ibid, (f) Strabt
loc. edit,
nifymg
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 9 1
nifying the Union or Agreement of the Cities, which they reprerented.
Their Determinations were always receiv'd with a great deal of Refpeft
and Veneration ; and held inviolable, the Grecians being always ready
to join againft thofe that rejefted them, as common Enemies.
An Affembly of neighbouring Cities, met to coiifult about the com-
mon Good, feems ufually to have been call'd A[j.^iKTioviet ; and, befide
the famous one already fpoken of, Strabo mentions another held in the
Temple oi Neptune at Trazen, at which the Delegates of the feven fol-
lowing States were prefent, ijix.. Hermione, Epdaurus, jEgitia, Athens^
the Verjians, Nauplians, and the Orchomenians of Batatia (r).
CHAP. XVII.
Of the Athenian Ex,x,A>i(t[o{,<. or Publick AiTemblies.
EK K A H S I A, was an AJfemhly of the People met together accord-
ing to Law, to confult about the Good of the Commonwealth.
It confifted of all fuch as were Freemen of Athens, of what Quality fo-
ever, as has been elfewhere mentioned. But fuch as had been puniftied
with Infamy {a7t/ji.itz), Slaves, Foreigners, Women, and Children, were
excluded. In the Reign oiCecrops, Women are faid to have been allow'd
Voices in the popular Affembly : Where Minerva contending with Uep-
tune, which of them two fhould be declared ProteSlor of Athens, and
gaining the Women to her Party, is reported by their Voices, which
were more numerous than thofe of the Men, to have obtain'd the Vic-
*''y (/) ^^ was of two Sorts, the firft of which they call'd Kve/tt,
the other jg vynhnr-.
Kveian, were fo call'd, ^ n Kv^eiv rk '].}i
i, XVHI. cap. 9. (r) Suidat, Ariftofh. Sibil. Afbarn, {") P*'^""- l..Vin. < ^
92 Of the Civil Gcz'ernnmii ^Athens,
" tbepublUk Safety, feem to have acquainted the Affembly with the Succefs
of their Devotions after this Manner : " It is juft and meet, O Atheiii-
" ans, as has been cuftomary with you, that we (hould take Care that
" the Gods be religioufly worfhipped. We have therefore faithfully dif-
*' charged this Duty for you. We have facrificed to "Jupiter the Savi-
*' our, to Miner^ja, to Vidory ; all which Oblations have been accepted
" for your Safety. We have likewife offered Sacrifices to Perfuafion
*' {Uei^u), to the Mother of Gods, to Apollo, which have met with the
' like good Succefs. Alfo the Sacrifices, offered to the reft of the Gods,
*' have been all fecure, and acceptable, Viwdfalutiferous: Receive there-
" fore the Happinefs,which the Gods have vouchfafed to grant you(it;)'.
The firft Afembly was upon the eleventh Day of the Prytanea ; the fe-
cond, upon the twentieth ; the third, upon the thirtieth ; the fourth,
upon the thirty-third. Some there are, that reckon by the Month, and
tell us, that they had three JJ/emblies every Month, upon the firft, tenth,
and thirtieth Days ; or upon the tenth, twentieth, and thirtieth {x).
But the former Computation feems to be more agreeable to the Cuftom
of the ancient Athenians, amongft whom were ten npv]aueieu, according
to the Number of their Tribes, each of which ruled thirty-five Days,
in which they had four Ajfemblies. Afterwards the Number of the
Tribes being increafed by an Acceffion of two new ones, the n^vlxveiau
were alfo twelve in Number, each of which ruled a Month, and then
perhaps the later Computation might take Place.
"S-iiyKKriJoi ^Ex-K^ntriajt, were fo ca.\\'6,'^'ri avyKAKeiv, becaufe the
People were fummoned together, whereas in the Kve.tou, they met of
their own Accord, without receiving any Notice from the Magiflrates,
as Ulpian obferves {y ). The Perfons that fummoned the People were
commonly the "SiT^etmyoi, the YloKiiJLAtryoi, or the Kn^uKZi in their
Names, becaufe the Occafion of thefe extraordinary AJfemblies was,
for the moft part, the coming on of fomc fudden, unexpeded, and dan-
gerous War ; fometimes the Prytanes, if the Senate fo order'd it, as
they ufuallydid, when any civil Affairs, in which the 2Tf7M>&< were
not concerned, required a quicker Difpatch than could be given them
in Ki e *< The Crier (Kpv^) feems to have fummon'd them twice at
the leaft. Whence, in Arijlophanes, it is faid to be full Time to go to
the Affembly, becaufe the Crier had given the fecond Call ;
H/l/lWJ' (3i, as Hefychiiii reports.
Thcjiated AJfemhlies were held in the foremention'd Places, but fuch,
as were cali'd upon extraordinary Occafions, were not confined to any
certain Place, beiug fometimes held in the Pyraus, where there was a
Forum cali'd 'iTs-rsoS'etueiCt dyo^dL, in the Munychia, or any other Place
capacious enough to contain the People.
The Magijlrates, that had the Care and Management of thefe AJem-
bites, were the Piytanes, Epijlatai, and Proedri.
The Prytants fometimes cali'd the People together, and always, be-
fore their Meeting, fet M'^^.Xlp^y^a.uij.tL in fame Place of general Con-
courfe.in which were contained the Matters to be confulted upon in the
following AJfembly, to the End that every Man might have Time to
confider of them, before he gave his Judgment (d).
UlpiJ'^t, were fo cali'd from theory? Places, which they had in the
AJfemhlies. Whilll: theTr/^^Jof -i^/i'^/.-jwercnomorethanten, ^tProedri
were nine in Number, being appointed by Lots out of the nine Tribes,
which at that Time were exempted from being Prytanes. Their Bufi-
nefb was to propofe to the People the Things they were to deliberate
upon, and determine in that Meeting (f), at the End of which their Of-
fices expired. For the greater Security of the Laws and Commonwealth
from the Attempts of ambitious and defigning Men,- it was cuftomary
for the Noi/.ojiv?\.HKii in all AJfemhlies crufKA-yi^tivlolf trg^'i^^sn, h'let
J*iKvopja,( i'viyjri^oloveiV oaet fxri TUfJ-^'^eii tojitivith the Procdxh,
and to hinder the People from decreeing any thing contrary to the public In-
tereji (/). By another Law it was likewife provided, that, in every AJ-
fembly,one of the Tribes (liould beappointed hyLotif-zF^^iJ^^ideiVfio pre-
Jide at the Sug^ejlum, to defend the Commonnvealth {g), viz by preventing
the Orators, and others, from propoi:nding any thing inconfiftent with
the receiv'd Laws, or deftruftiveof the Peace and Welfare of the City,
(d) Anjiofb. Schol. Acharn. Equit. &c, {i) Pollux lib VIII. c. 8, (<) Demoflben.
Mediana. (4 Of the Civil Government (9/" Athens.
Ecjr/retTHf, the Prefident of the JJfembly, was chofen by Lots out of the
Trcedri ; the chiefPart of his Office feems to have confifted, in granting
the People Liberty to give their Voices, which they were not permit-
ted to do, till he had given the Signal (h). .
If the People were remifs in coming to the JJemblies, the Magijlrates
ufed their utmoit Endeavours to compel them ; they fliut up all the
Gates, that only excepted, thro' which they were to pafs to the AJfem-
bly ; they took Care that all Vendibles fhould be carried out of the
Market, that there might be nothing to divert them from appearing;
and if this was not fufHcient, the Logifia (whofe Bufmefs this was)
took a Cord dy'd with Vermilion, with which they detach'd two of
the To^'oTcu into the Market, where one of them Handing on one Side,
and another on that which was oppofite, purfued all ttiey found there,
and mark'd with the Cord as many as they caught ; all which had a
certain Fine fet upon them, as the Scholiaji upon Arijlophanes obferves
at this Verfe, '
To ff)(Otviov fivfaJt TO iJi.iiJt.i}Cla>i^ov {/).
They in the Fonm chat, and up and dowrv
Scamper t' avoid the Cord Vermilion-dy'd. J. A.
Laftly, For an Encouragement to the Commonalty to frequent the
jijfemhliesj it was decreed, at the Inftance oiCalliJiratus, that an Obohs
fhould be given out of the Exchequer to all fuch as came early to the
Place appointed for the Affemhly. This was afterwards increas'd to
three Oboli^ at the Inftance of Agyrrhius. The Expeftation of this
Reward drew many of the poorer Sort, who would otherwife have
abfented themfelves. Whence that Saying oi Arijhphanei {k), where
he fpeaks of Plutus, the God of Money ;
E;cjt^o"it ii ;^ xP. } j^ fo?/.or
AAA' i/Vsf- VVV MAdof, us, p. 704. Edit. Amjiikd,
If
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. ^r
If boifterous and tempeftuous Weather, orafudden Storm, which they
call'd A/o(rH/i/M'*(?), or Earthquake happen'd, or any inaufpicious O-
men appeared, the AJfembly was immediately adjourned. But, if all
Things continu'd in their ufual Courfe, they proeeeded in this Manner.
Firlt, the Place, where they were appointed to meet, was purified by
killing young Pigs, which, as was ufual in fuch Lvjirationt, they car-
ried round about the utmoft Bounds of it ; on the Outfide of which no
Man was permitted to ftand, becaufe thofe Places were accounted pro-
phane and unfandtified, and therefore unfit for the tranfafting of Bufi-
nefs of fo great Confequencc, as that in which the Welfare and Safety
of the State was nearly concern'd ; this we learn from Arifiophams, in
whom the publick Crier warns the People to (land on the Infide of the
Kci-^ctfiMt, for fo they call'd the Sacrifices ofFer'd at Expiations,
The Perfon, that officiated in the Luftrationy wris call'd Ka-S-atf Tf, and
nef/5-iap%-, from Uifi^iet, another Name for K*^ ao/^-catra (), and
Ej-jctf^-, according to Pollux.
The Expiatory Rites being ended, the publick C/vVr made a folemn
Prayer for the Profperity of the Commonwealth, and the good Suc-
cefs of their Counfels and Undertakings (5). For, araongft the primitive
Greeks, all Things were carried on with a great Shew of Piety and De-
votion ; and fo great a Share they thought their Gods had in the Ma-
nagement of human Affairs, that they never undertook any Thing of
Weight or Moment, efpecially of publick Bufmefs, without having firft
invoked their Direftion and Affillance.
Then he pronounced a bitter Execration againft fuch as fhould endea-
vour any thing in that AJfenibly to the Prejudice of the Comnionwealtji,
praying, that he and his whole Family might be made remarkable Ex-
amples of the Divine Vengeance [p).
Then the Criers the Proedri giving the Command, repeated tben^-
C^?^d'y.a or Decree of the Senate, upon which the AJfemhly was then to
deliberate. That being done, the Crier proclaimed with a loud Voice,
tU cLyofivtuv^^KiTcu r yVep TivjriKoyJAilt) yi^ov't/Jav ; ixihich oftheMen
abo've 50 Tears old wll make an Oration.? Then the old Men propound-
ed whatever they thought convenient. After which, the C/zVr by a fecond
Proclamation gave them to underftand , hiynv r^ AQlajojiav Toe ^hK'o-
pSiJoViii i^l^itlbat every Athenian might then /peak, 'whom the Lanj^sal'
lo'vj'dfo to do[q). For as they judg'd it unreafonable, that any Man'sQua-*
lity or Age (fo he were not under 30) fhould debar him from uttering
what he had concelv'd for the Good of the Commonwc.ilch ; fo, on the
other Hand, it was thought very indecent and unbecoming for young
Men to give their Opinions, before they had heard the Sentiments of
fuch, as Years and Experience had render'd more fit and able to judge.
(w) A-iftopban. Scbol. ibid. () Ariftopb. Sehol. ibid. & Concionatr. Sec. Suidat,
Harpocration, fracipue Hefycbius v. KcLHAf^l^A. (e) Dtmoflben Timocrat. (/>) Demp-
flhtn ri?pj n*p*Tf;3tlrtf . (f) Arijicpbar.. Acbud -Jl'Hcyd, Jib, VI. (x) Aebirnenf.
I
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 9 j^
whoever defires to have a more full Account of the popular AJfemblies
at Athens, may confult the Concionatrices of Arifiophanes (y), where
their whole Management is accurately defcribed.
CHAP, xviir.
Of the Senate of the five hundrcdi
BY So/on^s Conftitution, the whole Power and Managertient of Af-
fairs were placed in the People ; it was their Prerogative to receive
Appeals from the Courts of Juftice, to abrogate old Laws, and enadl
new, to make what Alterations in the State they judged convenient j
and, in ftiort, all Matters, whether publick or private, foreign or do-
meflick, civil, military, or religious, were determin'd by them.
But becaufe it was dangerous, that Things of fuch vaft Moment and
Concern fhould be, without any farther Care, committed to the Difpo-
ial and Management of a giddy and unthinking Multitude, who, by elo-
quent Men, would be perfuaded to enaft Things contrary to their own
Interefts, and deftruftive to the Commonwealth j the wife Law-giver,
to prevent fuch pernicious Confequences, judged it abfolutely neceflary
for the Prefervation of the State, to inftitute a great Council, confifting
only of Men of the belt Credit and Reputation in the City, whofe
Bufinefs it (hould be to infpett all Matter* before they were propounded
to the People ; and to take Care that nothing, but what had been dili-
gently examined, fhould be brought before the general Affembly (z). At
the fame Time he inftituted, at leaft regulated another Council, I mean
that of the Areopagites, which, tho' inferior to the former in Order and
Power, yet was fuperior to it in Dignity and Efteem, and therefore
was callVi n Ava BuKii, or, the upper Council ; to this he gave the In-
fpeftion and Cuftody of the Laws, fuppofmg that the Commonwealth
being held by thefe two, as it were by firm Anchors, would be lefs
liable to be toft by Tumults, and made a Prey to fuch as bad Knavery
enough to defign, and Cunning and Eloquence to entice the People to
their own Deftruftion {a).
At the firft Inftitution of the former Council, it confifted only of
four hundred Senators, one hundred oi which were appointed out of each
Tribe, for the Tribes in Solon i Time were only four in Number [b).
They were eledled by Lots, in drawing of which they made Oie of
Beans, and therefore Thucydides calls them ^KKdirdi arr'o Kvay.^, and the
Senate, BaKtiv dTrh y.v) Liian, Argumeat. in -A^.
Jrotiatit . (() Lib, VIII, cap, },
The
Of thi Civil Government of Athens. 99
The Frefident of the Proedriyjzs term'd 'E^/raVjtf . To his Cuftody
was committed the publick Seal, and the Keys of the Citadel, and the
publick Exchequer. This therefore being an Office of fo great Truft
and Power, no IVIan was permitted, by the Laws, to continue in it
above one Day, nor to be eledled into it a fecond Time [k).
There are faid to have been nine Proedri diftind from the former, and
chofen by the Epijiata at every Convention oi the Senate, out of all the
Tribes, except that of which the Prytams were Members (/). Both of
thefe were different from the 'E^ar/s'rtTWf , and rTfosJ^g*/, in the popu-
lar Affemblies.
One thing more there is remarkable in the Eleflion tii Senators, that,
befides thofe who were immediately admitted into the Senate, they
chofe Subfidiaries, who, in Cafe any of the Senators were depofed for
Male-Adminiftration, or died before the Expiration of their Offices,
fhould, without any farther Trouble, fupply their Places ; and thefe
they call'd 'ET/Arf%o!'T5f (w).
The Autliority of the Prytanes confided chiefly in affembling the
Senate, which, for the moft Part, was done once every Day (Feltivals
only excepted) and oftener if Occafion required. And that they might
be ready to give Audience to all fuchas had any Thing to propofe, that
concern'd the Commonwealth, they conftantly reforted to a common
Hall, near the Senate-houfe, call'd Prytaneum, in which they ofFer'd Sa-
crifices, and had their Diet together (^).
Every Time the Senate v/as affembled, they ofFer'd Sacrifices to Jupi-
ter, BijArtT@-, &nd Miner'vaTia^a.iet, theCounfellors, who had a Chapel
near the Senate-houfe (o). This they term'd ^ixirrszxit ^vhv {p).
If any Man offer'd any Thing, that deferved to be taken intoConfi-
deration, they engraved it upon Tablets, that all the Senators might be-
forehand be acquainted with what was to be difcufs'd at their next
Meeting, in which, after the Prytanes, or Epijiata, had propounded the
Matter, every Man had Liberty to declare his Opinion, and give his
Reafons either for, or againlVit. This they did Handing, for it is every
where obfervable in ancient Authors, that no Perfon, of what Rank or
Quality foever, prefumed to fpeak fitting ; and therefore, whenever a
poetical Hero makes an Oration, he is always firft faid to rife :
To7cr/ J^' oMi^dfj^- fXiTiqtn tfo^cti eonvi ^hyjKMui,
faith Homer ; and O'vlJ, to trouble you with no more Inllancef, mcn
tiona the fame Cuftom,
Surgit ad has clypei Dominus fgpttmplicis Ajax.
When all had done fpeaking, the Bufmefs, dcfign'd to be pafs'd into
a Decree, was drawn up in Writing by any of the Prytanes, or other
Senators, and repeated openly in the Houfe (y); after which, Leave bcir.g
given by the Epijiata, or Prytanes, the Senators proceeded to vote, which
they did in private, by calling Beans into a Veflcl placed therefor that
{)C) Pollux, lib. Vlir. Ulpianus in jindrotianam. (/) Pollux, Suidat. {m) liar-
fctrat. {n) Paufanias. {o) Antiphon, At Qnreuia, (p)Ulpianui, {^q) Demoftbnt
Orat, in Citjipbont, tt in Ne4tram, .
H 2 PurpofCj
loo Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Purpofe. The Beans were of two Sorts, black and white, and if the
Number of the former was found to be the greateit, the Propofal was
rejefted ; if of the latter, it was enafted into a Decree (?), which they
cail'd "^iipia-ixa,, and Ui^'^iKd/ucc, becaufe it was agreed upon in the
Senate with a Defign to have it afterwards propounded to an Affembly
of the People, that it might receive from them a farther Ratification,
withoi t which it could not be pafs'd into a Law, nor have any Force
or obligatory Power, after the End of that Year, which was the Time
that the Senators, and almott all other Magijlrates, laid down their
Commiffions.
The Power of this Council was very great, almoft the whole Care
of the Commonwealth being devolved upon them ; for the Common-
alty being, by Solon^s Conftitutions, inveited with fupreme Power, and
entrufted vyith the Management of all Affairs, as well publick as pri-
vate, it was the peculiar Charge of the Senate to keep them within due
Bounds, and to take Cognizance of every Thing before it was referr'd to
them, and to be careful that nothing fhould be propounded to them,
but what they, upon mature Deliberation, had found to be conducive
to the publick Good. And befide the Care of the AlTembly, there were
a great many Things that fell under the Cognizance of this Court, as
the Accounts oi Magijirates at the Expiration of their Offices (f), and
the Care of poor Perfons, that were maintain'd by an Allowance out of
the publick Exchequer [t). It was their Bufinefs to appoint Gaolers for
the publick Prifons, and to examine and punifh Perfons accufed of fuch
Crimes as were not forbidden by any pofuive Law [u), to take Care of
the Fleet, and to look after the Building of new Men of War (^y), with
feveral other Things of great Confequence.
Now, becaufe thefe were Places of great Truft, no Man could be ad-
mitted to them till he had undergone a ftrift AoKiiJLct(Tiet, or Probation,
whereby the whole Courfe of his Life was enquired into, and found to
have been managed with Credit and Reputation, elfe he was rejefted(jr).
And to lay the greater Obligation upon them, they were required to
take a folemn Oath, the Subftance whereof was this ; " That they
" would in all their Councils endeavour to promote the publick Good j
, ** and not advife any Thing contrary to the Laws. That they would fit
" as Judges in what Court foever they were elefted to by Lots, (for
feveral of the Courts of Juftice were fupply'd with Judges out of the
Senate.) " That they would never keep an Athenian in Bonds, that
" could give three Sureties of the fame Quality, except fuch as had
" bought or collefted, or been engaged as a Surety for the publick
** Revenues, and did not pay the Commonwealth, and fuch as were
*' guilty of treafonable Praftices againft the Government." But
this (as Demojihenes interprets it) mulT be underllood only of Crimi-
nals before their Condemnation (y), for to put them in Fetters, after
Sentence pafs'd upon them, was no Breach of the Laws. But the
higheft Punifhment, which the Senate was allow'd to inflid upon Cri-
{r)Ulpianus. (f) Pollux, Wh. VIII. cap. 8. (t) Harfocration. (u) Pollux.
(w) Arijioph. Avibus, & Libanius Argument, In Androtianam, (x) ^fchinei'm Ti-
marcb, {y ) Dtmcflbtn, Timtcrat,
minals,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. loi
minals, was a Fine of five hundred Drachmae. When this was thought
not enough, they tianfmitted the Criminal toxhtT hefmothette, by wliom
he was arraign'd in the ufual Method *. It muft not be omitted, that,
after the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, they took an Oath to obferve
rif cHy-vn^iety, the J/i'vio, whereby all the Diforders, com-
mitted during the Government of the Tyrants, were remitted.
After the Expiration of their Truft, the Senators gave an Account
of their Management : And therefore, to prevent their being expofed
to the Rage and Malice of the Multitude, they feverely punilh'd what-
ever OfFences were committed by any of their own Members. If any
of the Senators was convifted of breaking his Oath, committing any
Injuftice, or behaving himfelf otherwifc than as became his Order, the
reft of his Brethren expell'd him,and fubftituted one of the*AfT/Atp(^6i'7gf
in his Place. This they calt'd 'EK'pvKho'po^mcu, from the Leaves which
they made Ufe of in giving their Suffrages, in the fame Manner that
the''Orf*K were ufed. by the Commonalty in decreeing the Ojiracifm.
But this Cuflom was not very ancient, being invented upon the kQ--^
count of one Xenotimus, an Officer, that, by changing the Beans (which
till that Time were always made Ufe of) was found to have corrupted
the Suffrages (z) . It was lawful tb? c4>.(pvKKopo^y\^hTAi h> t&) J^/jta-
riei) ; and^ though
their Dignity was ufually continued to them as long at they liv'd, yet,
if any of the Senators was convifled of any Immorality, he was, with-
out Mercy or Favour, prefently expell'd. Nor was it enough that their
Lives were ftriftly innocent and unblameable, but fomething more was
required of them, their Countenances, Words, Adtions, and all their
Behaviour muft becompofed, ferious, and grave to a Degree beyond
what Avas expedted from other (the moft virtuous) Men. To laugh
in ^heir Affembly was an unpardonable Aft of Levity {q) ; and for any
of them to write a Comedy, was forbidden by a particular Precept of
the Law (r).
Nay, fo great an Awe and Reverence did this folemn Affembly ftrike
into thofe that fat in it, that Ifocrates (J) tells us, that in his Days, when
they were fomewhat degenerated from their primitive Virtue, how-
ever otherwife Men were irregular and exorbitant, yet, once chofen
into this Senate, they prefently ceafed from their vicious Inclinations,
and chofe rather to conform to the Laws and Manners of that Court,
TOLii t/jTuv KAKiaui kfi/jSjutrtp, than to continue in their loofe and debauch' a
Courfe of Life: And fo exaftly upright and impartial were their Pro-
ceedings, that Demoflhenei (t) tells us, that to his Time there had never
been fo much as one of their Determinations, that either Plaintiff or
Defendant had any juft Reafon to complain of. This was fo eminently
rcmarkf.bje in all Parts of Greece, that even foreign States, when any
Controvcrfies happened among them, would voluntarily fubmit to their
Decifion : Paufaniaj (a) reports in particular of the Mcjenians, that, be-
fore their firft Wars with the Spartans, they were very defirous that
their Quarrel fliould be rcferr'd to theAreofagites,ziid both Parties Hand
to their Determination,
(0) Demcffheti. in Nearam. [p] Aibenaus, lib. XIV. (?) /EJchin. \njimar(b.
ri 4
(0) Vemc/tben. in ISettram. {b) /Ubenaus, no. Ai v . ^y; .^;i/". ''- "
{,r)PluUrcb.i^G\QiviAtbenitnJ, {f)Arecpagit. {t) Arijinratta, {u) Mtjtmadi
i4 ^f the Civil Government cf Athtm,
It is reported, that this Court was the firft that fat upon Life and
Death* ; and in later Ages, a great many capital Caufes came under its
Cognizance ; before it were brought all Incendiaries, all fuch as deferted
their Country, againft whom they proceeded with no lefs Severity,
than was ufed to thofe that were convifted of Treafon, both being
punilh'd with Death (nv) ; fuch alfo as had laid wait for any Perfon's Life,
whether their wicked Contrivances were fuccefsful or not ; for the
very defigning to murder a Man was thought to deferve no lefs than
capital Punilbment ; others are of Opinion, that fuch Caufes were try'd
at the Tribunal of the Pa//(2^//^'iw{*'). However that be, it is certain, that
all Wounds given out of Malice, all wilful Murders, and particularly
fuch as were effecled by Poifon, came under the Cognizance of this
Court (j). Some fay that there was no Appeal from the Jreopagites to
the People ; but others, amongft whom is Meurjius, are of a contrary
Opinion, and affure us, that not only their Determinations might be
caird inQueftion,and, if need was, retradted by an Aflemblyof the Peo-
ple (k), but that themfelves too, if they exceeded the due Bounds of Mo-
deration in inflicting PuniQiments, were liable to account for it to the
Logijiie (a). The fame Author tells us afterwards, that this Court had
Power to cancel the Sentence of an Affembly, if the People had acquit-
ted any Criminal that deferved Funifhment {b), and to refcue out of
their Hands fuch innocent Perfons, as were, by Prejudice or Mif-infor-
mation, condemned by them. Perhaps in both thefe Opinions there
is fomething of Truth, if you underftand the former of the Areopagm
in its primitive State ; and the other, when its Power was retrench'd
by Perkles.
' Their Power in the Commonwealth was very great, for, by Solon's
Cbnltitution. the Infpeftion and Cullody of the Laws were conmiitted
to them (c), the publick Fund was difpofed of and managed accord-
ing to their Difcretion [d), the Care of all young Men in the City
belong'd to them, and it was their Bufinefs to appoint them Tutors
and Governors [e), and fee that they were educated fuitably to their
feveral Qualities (/). Nor did they only fuperintend the Youth, but
their Power was extended to Perfons of all Ages and Sexes ; fuch as liv-
ed diforderly, or were guilty of any Impiety, or Immorality, they pu-
nifird according to the Merit of their Offences ; and fuch as wereeminent
for a virtuous Courfe of Life, they had Power to reward. To this
End,' they went about with theGyK^conomi to all publick Meetings, fuch
as were Marriages, and folemn Sacrifices, which were ufually conclu-
ded with a Banquet, to fee that all Things were carried on with Decency
and Sobriety (g). Idlenefs was a Crime that came more efpecially under
their Cognizance, and (which feems to have been an Inftitution peculiar
to Solon) they were obliged to enquire ftriftly after every Man's Courfe of
Life, and to examine by what Means he maintain'dhimfelf in the Sta-
^#) Etyntolog. V. Aceioi ^rcty-. {iu) Lycurgui in Leocratem. [x) H
ia%, ( j) Demjlh. Ariflocrat. Pollux, lib. VIII. c. lo. aliique. () Dine
in Arijiogi ton. {a) Demofthen, m Near am, JEjcbln. in Ctejifbont. [h) De
Harpocr. Sui-
)inarchui Orat*
in Arijiogiton. {a) Demofthen, in Nearam, ^Jchin, in Ctefifbont. [h) Demofthen. pro
(Corona, [c] Plutarch. Solone. [d] Plutarch. Themijiocle. {e) MJcbines Philofophus
Ja Aatiubo, (f) JJocratts Arecpagitit. [g) AtbtitauSf lib, VI.
'.' . . - jJQjj
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 105
tion he was in, that fo there might be no Room for fuch as livM by
unlawful Arts, by Cheating and Couzenage, or Theft or Rapine [h). Be*
fide this, Matters of Religion, Blafphemy againft the Gods, Contempt
of the holy Myfteries, and all Sorts of Impiety, the Confecration alfo
of new Gods, Ereftion of Temples and Altars, and Introdudion of new
Ceremonies into Divine Worftiip, were referr'd to th? Judgment of this
Court ; therefore Plato, having been inftrudled in the Knowledge of one
God in jSgypt, was forc'd to diffemble or conceal his Opinion, for Fear
of being called to an Accoi^nt for it by the Jreopagites {i) ; and St. Paul
was arraigned before them, as a Setter forth offirange Gods, nuhen he
preached unto them Jefus, and ' AfaVrtfT/f , or the Refurrection (i). Thefe
were the chief BufmefTes that this Senate was employed about; for they
feldom intermeddled in the Management of public Affairs, except in
Cafes of great and imminent Danger, and in thefe the Commonwealtji
ufnally had Recourfe to them, as the lafl and fafeft R,efuge (^.
They had three Meetings in the Areopagus every Month, upon the
twenty-feventh, twenty-eighth, and twenty-ninth Days [m). But if any
Bufinefs happened that requir'd Difpatch, it was ufual for them to aC-
femble in the BcKTtKtKn 'S.roa, or Royal Portico, which they encompafs'd
with a Rope, to prevent the Multitude from thronging in upon them
(), as was ufual alfo in other Courts of Juftice.
Two Things are very remarkable in their Judgments : Firft, that they
fat in the open Air (o), a Cuftom praftifed in all the Courts of Juftice,
that had Cognizance of Murder ; partly, becaufe it was unlawful for
the Accufer and Criminal in fuch Cafes to be under the fame Roof; and
partly, that the Judges, whofe Perfons are efteem'd facred, might con-
tradl no Pollution from converfing with Men profane and unhallowed,
for fuch they were accounted, that had been guilty of fo black and
heinous a Crime {p). Secondly, they heard and determined all Caufes at
Kight, and in the Dark, to the End that having neither feen the Plain-
tiff, nor Defendant, they might lie under no Temptation of being by-
alTed or influenced by either of them (^). And of what Confequence
this was, may be learn'd from the Example of the Harlot Phryne, who
being accufed of Impiety for feigning herfelf to be Minerva, the Pro*
tedlrefs of Athens, when Sentence was going to pafs againfl her, fo
changed the Minds of her Judges, by uncovering her Breafts, that Ihe
was immediately acquitted *.
Adlions about Murder were ufher'd into the Areopagus by the Bstd-
KiCi, who was allow'd to fit as Judge amongft them, laying afide the
Crown, which was one of the Ornaments of his Office (r).
The common Method they proceeded in, was this ; the Court being
|net, and the People excluded, they divided themfclvcs into feve-
ral Committees, each of which had their Caufes afTigned to be heard
and determin'd by them feverally, if the Multitude of Bufinefs was fo
(h) Plutarch. Solone, Vakr. Max. lib. II. c. 6. (/) Juftinut Martyr. (*) Aft.
Apojlol. XVIII. i8, 19. (/) Argument, Oral. Andritt. \m) Pollux, lib. VIII. c. 19.
\ti) Demoft. Orat. I. in Ariftogit. (0) Pollux, loc. citat. (/>) Aniiphcn. Orat. de cafde
Uerodh. (y ) Lucian. HermetimQ. * Atbtngui, lib. XIII, 9t jui tumfejuitur Eafit-
fbiui, aliiqut, {f) Fellupf,
great.
joS Of the Civil Goverfimeffi of Athens.
great, that the whole Senate could not take Cognizance of them toge-
ther. Both thefe Defignations were performed by Lots, to the End that,
every Man coming into the Court before it was determined what Cau-
fes would fall to his Share, none of them might lie under any Temp-
tation of having his Honefty corrupted with Bribes (/).
Before the Trial began, the Plaintiff and Defendant took folemn Oaths ,
upon the Tellicles of a Goat, a Ram, and a Bull, by the 'S.ifxvcu d-io),
or Furies. The Plaintiff, in Cafe of Murder, fwore that he was related
to the deceafed Perfon, (for none but near Relations, at the fartheft a
Coufin, were permitted to profecute the Murderer) and that the Pri-
foner was the Caufe of his Death. The Frifoner fwore that he was
innocent of the Crime laid to his Charge. Both of them confirmed
their Oaths with direful Imprecations, wjfhing, that, if they fwore
falfly, themfelves, their Houfes, and their whole Families, might be ut-
terly deftroy'd and extirpated by the Divine Vengeance [t] ; which they
look'd upon to be fo dreadful and certain, that the Law inflided no
Penalty upon thofe that at fuch a Time were guilty of Perjury, remit-
ting them, as it were, to be puniflied by an higher Tribunal.
Then the two Parties were placed upon two filver Stools ; the Accu-
fer was placed upon the Stool oi'^T^eti, or Injury ; the Prifoner upon
the Stool o^'AvaiJ^eiO., or Impudence; or, according to Adrian Junius's
Correftion, of^AvcuTia, ox Imiocetice i thefe were two Goddeffes, to
which Altars, and afterwards Temples, were erefted in the Areopagus [u.)
The Accufer in this Place proposM three Queilions to the Prifoner, cal-
led by JEfchilus T^ia. -rAKcufffj.eO.a. [iv], to each of which he was to give
a diftinft Anfwer. The firft was, e| Kxjatjovcti, Are you guilty of this
Murder? To which he made Anfwer, i^Totict, or, oCk '^ktouo.. Guilty, or
iVb/ Guilty ? Secondly, "Oisaoi KctjiKJovcti, Hoiv did you commit this
Murder? Thirdly, Tiv- &iiKiV[/.a.K\)7cu{x). In the primitive Times
both Parties fpoke for themfelves (y), but in later Ages they were per-
mitted to have Council to plead for them. But, whoever it was that
fpoke, he was to reprefent the bare and naked Truth, without any Pre-
face or Epilogue, without any Ornament, Figures of Rhetorick, or
other infmuating Means to win the Favour, or move the Affections of
the Judges (x).
Both Parties being heard, if the Prifoner was refolved to ftand the
Trial, they proceeded to give Sentence, which they did with the moft
(/) Lucian. Bis accufato. [t) Demoftben, Ariftocrat. DinarcBus in Demojlhen. Lyfiat
IB neomnefium, Pollux, 1. VIII. c. lo. (a) Paufanlas. Cicero de Legibus, 1. II.
(w) Eumenidibui. [x] Demojiben, in Ariftocrat, Pollux, 1. VIII. {y') Sextui Etnpi-
ricus adv. Mathemat. 1. II, (x) Ariftotelis Rhetoric. 1. I. Luciauui Anacbarfide,
Demofthett. Sluitttilian^ alii^ue inuuoaeH.
pro-
Of the Civil Government c/ Athens. 107
profound Gra^vlty and Silence ; hence 'ApsoxA^jTK ffiWTrnKoTZ^-,
and 'A'fOTA^tT ^iya.vdrz^^ came to be proverbial Sayings ; tho'
feme derive them from the Reiervednefs and fevere Gravity of their
Manners; whence zUo' ApiorttyiTifi is ufually taken for a grave, ma-
jeftick, rigid Perfon ; and others, from the great Care they took to
conceal the Tranfadions of the Senate, of which the Poet fpcaks.
Ergo occulta tcges, id Curia Martis Athenis {a).
The Manner of giving Sentence was thus ; there were plac'd in the
Courts two Urns, one of which was of Brafs, and call'd o kfx'a^^tVt
from the Place it Itood in; xu'2/-, becaufe the Votes caft it into it pro-
nounc'd the Accufation 'valid; and d^avATu, becaufe they decreed the
Death of the Prifoner. The fecond Urn was of Wood, being plac'd
behind the former ; into it they, that acquitted the Prifoner, were to caft
their Suffrages ; for which Reafon it was call'd yVgp", or h'miaeo,
aiCi'^Q-, and sAia {i). Afterwards the 30 Tyrants, having made them-
felves Mailers of the City, order'd them to give their Voices in a Man
ner more publick and open, by cafting their Calculi upon two Tables,
the former of which contain'd the Suffrages which acquitted, the lat-
ter thofe which condemn'd the Prifoner : To the End that it might be
known, which Way every Man gave his Voice, and how he flood
affedted to their Intereft and Proceedings {c).
Befides the Crimes that came peculiarly under their Cognizance,
there were fometimes others brought before them, in which their Sen-
tence was not final or decretory, for there lay an Appeal to the Courts
to which they properly belong'd, as Sigonius obferves.
The Senators of Jreopagus were never rewarded with Crowns for
their Services, being not permitted to wear them [d) j but receiv'd a
Sort of Maintenance from the Publick, which they call'd Kfictf [e) ;
and Meurjitis has obferv'd out oi Lucian (f), that they had the fame
Penfion that was allotted to fome other Judges, v/is. three Oboli for
every Caufe they gave Judgment upon.
Their Authority was preferv'd entire, till the Time of Pertc/es,viho,
becaufe he could not be admitted amongft them, as never having borne
the Office of an ^rc/^(7ff, employ 'd all his Power and Cunning againft
them ; and, having gain'd a great Intereft with the Commonalty, fo
embroil'd and routed their Senate by the Affiftance of Ephialtes, that
moft of the Caufes and Matters, which had been formerly tried there,
were difckarg'd from their Cognizance M. From this Time the Athe-
nians, being, in a great Meafure, freed from the Reftraint that had
been laid upon them, began fenfibly to degenerate from their ancient
Virtue, and in a (hort Time let loofe thc Reins to all Manner of Li-
centioufnefs [h) ; whence they are compar'd by Plutarch to a wild un.
ruly Horfe, that, having flung his Rider, would be govern'd and kept
in no longer. The fame Vices and Excefles, that were praiSlis'd in the
City, crept in by Degrees among the Areopagites themfelves : and
(a) Juvenal, Sat. IX. (*) Ariftophan. Scboh Vefp, Eqult. (f) Lyfiat in Agorat.
[S) Mfcbinet in Ctefipbont. (*) Hejychiut in Kpictf . (/) Bi acculato. (f) i'Ai-
tarcb. Pericle, (A) JJocratet Areopagit,
io8 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
therefore Demetrius, one of the Family of the PhaUrean, being cenfur'd
by them as a loofe Liver, told them plainly that, if they defign'd to make
a Reformation in the City, they muft begin at Home, for that even
amongft them there were fcveral Perfons of as bad, and worfe Lives,
than himfelf, and, which was a more unpardonable Crime, than any
that he had been guilty of, feveral, that debauch'd and corrupted other
Mens Wives, and were themfelves corrupted and feduc'd by Bribes *.
CHAP. XX.
Offome other Courts of Juflice.
SOLON intending to make the Athenians a free People, and wifely
confidering that nothing would more conduce to fecure the Com-
monalty from the Oppreflion of the Nobility, than to make them final
Judges of Right and Wrong ; enafted, that the nine Archons, who till
that Time had been the fupreme and laft Judges in moft Caufes, fhould
thence have little farther Power than to examine the Caufes brought
before them, which they were oblig'd to refer to the Determination of
other Judges in the feveral Courts hereafter to be mention'd.
The Judges were chofen out of the Citizens without Diftinflion of
Quality, the very meaneft being by Solon admitted to give their Voices
in the popular AJJembly, and to determine Caufes, provided they were
arriv'd at the Age of thirty Years, and had never been conviSed of
any notorious Crime.
The Courts of Juftice were ten, befide that in Areopagus. Four had
Cognizance g-jiri tSv (fovtKC6V'7r^.fi/.a.Tav,ofABiotfi concerning Blood.Thc
remaining fix gw/ tiuv J^n/JLoTiKuv, ofCi'vil Matters. Thefe ten Courts
were all painted with Colours, from which Names were given them ;
whence we read of Bi*t^%/i', ^oivtauv, and others. And on each of
them was engraven one of the ten following Letters, A, B, F, A,E, 2,
H, 0, I, K : Whence they are likewife call'd Alpha, Beta, &c. Such
thtrtiortoi t\iQ Athenians, as were at Leifure to hear and determine
Caufes delivered in their Names, together with the Names of their
Father and Borough infcrib'd upon a Tablet, to the Ihefmothetee :
who return'd it to them with another Tablet, whereon was infcrib'd
the Letter of one of the Courts, as the Lots had direfted. Thefe
Tablets they carried to the Crier of the feveral Courts, fignify'd by
the Letters, who thereupon gave to every Man a Tablet infcrib'd with
his own Name, and the Name of the Court, which fell to his Lot, and
a StafFor Scepter. Having receiv'd thefe, they were all admitted to
fit in the Court {t\. If any Perfon fat among the Judges, who had
not obtain'd one of the foremention'd Letters, he was fin'd. It may
not be improper to mention in this Place, that (ryjiiPi^ov, the Scepter,
01 Staff, was always the Enfign of Judicial and Sovereign Power:
Atbnaui AfiTj'CO'of . (/) Arifiopbanii SebtUaftet in Pbto,
whence
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 109
whence in Homer it is accounted facred, and the moll folemn Oaths are
fworn by it :
'AxA.' ^x, rot Ifia, :^ am (Ayet,v o^kov ofM/xcu,
No* ixai ToJ^s (TKii'/lfov, 7^ (j.iv irrolz (pvKKtt y^ o^^g
^vo'et, i-TreiJ^ti 'Trpuret TOfxtiv iv opiacri KkKoiTiy,
ripof A/Of iif-JATot [i).
But this I do with folemn Oath declare.
An Oath, which I'll by this fame Scepter fvvear.
Which in the Wood hath left its native Root,
And faplefs ne'er (hall boaft a tender Shoot,
Since from its Sides relentlefs Steel has torn
The Bark, but now by Grecian Chiefs is born.
Chiefs that maintain the Laws of mighty Jfovei,
Committed to their Charge.-
Mr. Hugh Hutchitiy of Line. Coll.
Sonif times we find the Scepters of Kings, and great Perfons adorn'd
with Studs of Silver, or Gold :
Hot) ) Tbueydidi: ScbtHoflts. lib. VI,
Conduft
tJO Of the Civil Governmerii of Athsn^. , "
Conduft oi Demo^hoon, repuls'd die Invaders with great Lofs, killing
a great many of them upon the Place, and forcing the relt to retire
into their Ships ; but, upon the Approach of Day, Jica?nas, the Brorlier
oi DemophooK, finding amongft the dead Bodifs the Palladiwit, or Statue
of Minerva brought from Troy, difcover'd that the Perfons tlicy had
kill'd were their Friends and Allies ; whereupon (having firil advis'd
with an Oracle) they gave them an honourable Burial in the Place where
they were (lain, confecrated the Goddefs's Statue, erefted in a Temple
to her, and inltituted a Couft of Juftice, in which Cognizance was ta-
ken of fuch as were indidled for involuntary Murders. The firft, that
was arraign'd in it, was Demophoon, who, in his Return from the fore-
mention'd Conflift, kill'd one of his own Subjedls by a fudden Turn of
his Korfe. Others report, that Agamemnon being enrag'd at the Lofs of
his Men, and diffatisfied at Demophoons rafn and halty Attempt upon
them, referred the Quarrel to the Decifion of fifty Athenians, and as ma-
ny Argians, whom they call'd ^Epkrcu, J^ia to %tp' a,y.(pojk6)ii i(pid-ni'cu
ttvTUf rcLT^f Kei(TiCi)i, becaufehoxh. Parties committed the Determina-
tion of their Caufe to them. "
Afterwards, the Argians were excluded, and the Numbei- of the
Ephefa reduc'd to fifty one by Drfico, whom feme affirm to have been
the firft Inftitutor of them ; but others, with more Probability, report,
that heregulated andreform'd them, augmented theif Power, honour'd
them with many important Privileges, and made them fuperior to the
Senate of Areopagus. In this State they continu'd till Solon s-Tlme, by
whom their Power was lefTen'd, and their Authority reilrain'd ; the
Caufes, which had formerly been try'd by them, were difchargM from
their Cognizance, and only thofe about Man-flaughter, and Chance-
medley, and, as fome fay, Confpiracies againft the Lives of the Citi-
zens, that were difcover'd before they took Efted, left to them.
Fifty of them v'ere appointed by Eleftion, five being choie out of
every Tribe, but the odd Man was appointed by Lots ; all of them
were Men of good Characters, and virtuous Lives, of fevere Manners,
and a fettled Gravity, and no Perfon under the Age of fifty Years was
admitted into their Number.
Caufes were entered in this Court by the B*^/At>f , and the Proceed-
ings were in fome things agreeable to thofe of the Areopagus, for both
Parties, the Plaintiff and Defendant, were oblig'd to confirm their Al-
legations by folemn Oaths and Curies, and then, the Orators having
performed their Parts, the Judges proceeded to give Sentence [q).
'Et/ AA0jV/m was a Court of Juftice in the Temple oi Apollo Del'
fhitiius, and Diana Delphinia. Under its Cognizance came all Mur-
ders wherein the Prifoner confefs'd the Faft, but pleaded that it was
committed by Permiffion of the Laws, as in the Cafe of Self-preferva-
tion, or Adultery, for it was allow'd any one to kill an Adulterer, if
he caught him in the Aft (r). The firft Perfon, that was try'd in this
Court, was Tbefeus, who, in his Journey to Athens, had flain the Rob~
(f) Paufanias, Harpctration, SuiJas, Pollvx, lib. TIH. cap. lo. {r) Plutarch,
StittUf Behcbius, c. i^/;caS-p/.
b0r3
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 1 1
bers that infefted the Ways between Traszen and that Place ; and after-
wards the Sons o( Pallas, that raifed a Rebellion againft him (fj.
E'Ts'i Y\^v]a.ve.u, was a Court of Judicature, which had Cognizance of
Murders committed by Things^without Life, or Senfe, as Stones, Iron,
Timber, ^c which, if they kill'd a Man by Accident, or by the Di-
redion of an unknown Hand, or of a Perfon that had efcaped, had
Judgment pafs'd upon them in this Place, and were ordered to be caft
out of the Territories oi Athens by the ^uM^AaiKeii. This Court was
as ancient as Erechtheus, and the firft Thing, that was brought to Trial in
it, was an Ax, wherewith one of Jupiters Priefts kill'd an Ox, (an Ani-
mal accounted very facred in thofe Days) that had eaten one of the
confecrated Cakes, and, as foon as they committed the Faft, fecured
himfelf by Flight (/). This Place alfo was the Common-Hall, in which
publick Entertainments were made, and the facred Lamp, that burn'd
with a perpetual Fire, was kept by Widows, who, having paffed the
Years and Defires of Marriage, were devoted to the Mother of the
Gods ; which Lamp, as Plutarch^ in the Life oiNuma, tells us, was ex-
tinft under the Tyranny oi Arifiion ; it was always managed with the
fame Rites and Ceremonies that were ufed at Rome, about the Veflal
Fire, which, he faith, was ordained and inftituted after the Pattern of
this, and another holy Fire of the fame Nature amongft the Delphinians.
'Ev ^piATJoU, El/ $pS(*TT, was feated upon the Sea-(hore in the Pyr^e-
eus, and receiv'd its Name eVo rk opect]-, becaufe it ftood in a P//,
and therefore Pollux calls it Ev ifi^TH, or, as is more probable, from
the Hero Phreatus. The Caufes, heard in this Court, were fuch as con-
cern 'd Perfons that had fled out of their own Country for Murder ;
or thofe that fled for involuntary Murder, and had afterwards com-,
mitted a wilful and deliberate Murder. The firft Perfon that was tried
in this Place, was Teucer, who, as Lycophron, reports, was banifh'd out'of
Salamit by his Father Telamottt upon a groundlefs Sufpicion, that he
had been accefTary to Ajax\ Death. The Criminal was not permitted
to come to Land, or fo much as to caft Anchor, but pleaded his Caufe
in his Bark, and, if found guilty, was committed to the Mercy of the
Wifids and Waves ; or, as fome fay, fufFered there condign Punifli-
ment ; if innocent, was only cleared of the fecond Faft, and (as 'twa
<:uftomary) underwent a Twelve-month's Banifhment for the former ().
And thus much may fufiice concerning the Courts for capital Offen-
ces J it remains that I give you an Account of thofe, which had the
Cognizance of Civil Affairs.
(jT) Pollux loc. cit. Paufaniat, (f) Idem Mlian. V, H. lib. VlII, cap. 3. Harpom
f ration, () Dfm*ftbeB, in Arifi, Barptcrgt, Pollux loc. cit, Htfytbiut,
CHAP.
112 Of the Civil Government of Ai\\ttis.
CHAP. XXI.
Of feme other Courts ^ Juftice, their Judicial Frocck^ ^Ci
nh^li^vrov, was either fo call'd, as being a Court of no great Credit
or Reputation, having Cognizance only of trivial Matters, whofe
Value was not above one Drachm ; or becaufe it was fituate iv a^Avei
Totsra Tf T?oA6>$" in an obfcure Part of the City. Pollux reports, there
were two Courts of this Name, one of which was called Ha.pJ.Cu^ov
l^ei^ov, and the other Tla^d^v^ov {AcroV' The Perfons, that fat as
Judges in the latter of thefe, were the 1 1 Magiftrates, call'd oVEvJ'iKct
(iv). On which Account, it is, by fome, not placed among the ten
Courts, the Commons of Athens being all permitted to judge in them;
and inftead hereof, another Courtis reckon'd into the ten, called Ti
ILduvoVt the ne-w Court, which is mentioned by Jrijlophanes * :
'O J^' avTa Tv/x-Tretm
Teifcivov, was, in all Probability, fo call'd, becaufe it was triangular [x],
Tu k^ri AvK^, received its Name from the Temple of the Hero Lycus,
in which it was eredted. The fame Perfon had a Statue in all the
Courts of Juftice, by which he was reprefented with a Wolf's Face,
and therefore Avms J^iKae^ fignifies Sycophants, and -rS? (S^a)poJ^oyJSv]u.i,
thofe who took Bribes, who, by Tens, that is, in great Numbers, fre-
quented thofe Places fyj.
To MTjp^K, was called from one Metichus, an Architeft, by whom
it was built (z).
The Judges in all thefe Courts were obliged to take a folemn Oath,
by the 'Paternal Apollo, Ceres, and Jupiter the King, that they would
give Sentence uprightly, and according to Law, if the Law had deter-
min'd the Point debated ; or, where the Law was filent, according to
the beft of their Judgments, Which Outh, as alfo that which was taken
by thofe that judged in the Heli/ea, was given in a Place near the River
Jlijfus, called Ardettus, from a Hero of that Name, who, in a publick
Sedition, united the contefting Parties, and engaged them to confirm
their Treaties of Peace by mutual Oaths in this Place, Hence com-
mon and prophane Swearers came to be call'd ^'ApJ^nrjoi {a).
Of all the Judicial Courts that handled Civil Affairs, 'HA/ai^fc was far
the greatell, and mbft frequented, being fo call'd "im VS <*Aj^e^, from
the People's thronging together [i), or rather ^ n 'Hhits, becaufe it
was an open Place, and expofed to the Sun (c).
{iv) Harpoerat. Suidas, Paufanias Aiticis. * Vefpis, p. 430. Edit. Amjlelodam.
() Idem, {y) Arijloph, Schol. Vefp. Zcnobius, Harpoerat. Pollux, Suidas, Sec. (z) Pol-
hfx, &c. {a) Etymolog. Pollux, Suidas, Hefych. Harpoerat. (*) Ulpiait, in Demajf,
(f) Idem. Aripph. Stbsl, Nub. Equit. Vefp. Suidas,
V The
Of the Civil Government of Athens^ i i^
The Judges, that fat in this Court, Were at leaft fifty, but the mord
tifual Number was two or five hundred. When Caufes of great Con-
fequence were to be try'd, it was cuftomary to call in all the Judges of
other Courts. Sometimes a thoufand were call'd in, and then two
Courts are faid to have been join'd : Sometimes fifteen hundred or two
thoufand, and then three or four Courts met together {a) Whence it
appears, that the Judges were fometimes five hundred in other Courts.
They had Cognizance of civil Affairs of the greateft Weight and Im-
portance, and were not permitted to give Judgment till they had taken
a folemn Oath, the Form whereof was this, as we find it in Demofthenes
{b) ; " I will give Sentence according to the Laws, and the Decrees of
*' the People of >4'//?'^/, and the Council of /I've hundred ; I will not
*' confent to place thefuprerae Power in theHandsof afinglePerfonor
** a fewj nor permit any Man to diffolve the Commonwealth, or fO
' much as to give his Vote, or make an Oration in Defence of fuch a
*' Revolution : I will not endeavour to difcharge private Debts, nor to
*' make any Divifion of Lands or Houfes : I will not reftore Perfonsfent
*' into Banilhment, nor pardon thofe that arecortdwig\'dtodie, nor ex-
* pel any Man out of the City, contrary to the Laws and^ Decrees of the
*' People, and Council oiji've hundred, nor permit any other Perfon to
" do it. I will not eleft any Perfon into any publick Employ, and
*' particularly I will not create any Man Archon, Hieromnemon, Ambaf-
*'fador, publick Herald, orSynedrus, nor confent that he ftiall be admitted
* into any of thofe Offices, which are elefted by Lots upon the fame
" Day with the Archons, who has undergone any former Office, and not
** given in his Accounts ; nor that any Perfon (hall bear two Offices, or
" be twice eledled into the fame Office in one Year. I will not receive
*' Gifts myfelf, nor fhall any other for me ; nor will I permit any
** other Perfon to do the like by any Means, whether direft or indi-
* redt, to pervert Juftice in the Court of Heliaa. I am not under thir-
" ty Years of Age. I will hear both the Plaintiff and Defendant with-
* out Partiality, and give Sentence in all the Caufes brought before
" me. I fwear by Jupiter, Neptune, and Ceres, if I violate this Oath,
*' or any Part of it, may I perifh with my whole Family j but, if I reli-
" gioufly obferve it, may we live and profper."
Thefe were the ten publick Courts at Athens. There were others of
lefs Note, where particular Magiftrates, or the AtauTiijeu, or the Tgy-
ffet^Koy]a, took Cognizance of Caufes belonging to their feveral
Offices ; fuch were the Courts at Cynofarges, Odeum, Thefeus'% Temple,
Bucoleum, and fome others.
The Method of judicial Prof-?/} was thus: F'irftofall, the Plaintiff
deliver'd in the Name of the Perfon againft whom he brought his Ac-
tion, together with an Account of his Offence, to the Magiftrate,
whofe Concern it was {tidAynv)) to introduce it into the Court, where
Caufes of that Nature were heard. The Magiftrate then examin'd,
whether the Caufe was one of thofe which belong'd to his Cognizance,
{a) Pollux, lib. VIII, cap. ip, Harpocrat, Stepbar. Byzantin, t, HAI
{I) Orat. in TtmQtrat^ ,
I ^^
114 0/ t^f Civil Government of Athens.
and then a oA-wf ttffrffrfi' %pn' whether it be deferv'd to be try'd in a
Court of Juilice? This Enquiry was term'd cCvaman . Then by the
Magillrates Permiffion, the Plaintiff fummon'd his Adverfary to appear
before the Magiftrate, which was term'd KMniieiV [c). This was fome-
times done by Apparitors or Bailiffs, whonn they call'd K\i)']opni, or
xX7wpsf W) f fometimes by the Plaintiff himfelf, who always carry'd.
with him fufficient Witneffes to atteft the giving of the Summons, and
thefe were alfo term'd K^n'jopa or xAn^npej (c). An Example of this
Method we find in the Fe/p^ of Arijiophanes (f) j
n^(Ticcth^iJt.cutr'' o?-ii ti,
KAH'lwf' {"X^^ffet Xcu^i^uv']x ra\ovi.
J fummon thee, ivhaever thou arty to anjhjoer before the Agoranomi_/or
the Damage done to my Goods ; this Chxrephon is ff^ttKe/s . This therefore
was the Form, in which the Plaintiff himfelf fummon'd his Adverfary :
\ Tiep(rKAKHixaJiruy)y Ap-)(^t)u ']i)v-
jTg, I accufe Juch a Perfon of this Injury, and fummon him by Juch an one to
^ anfiver before .this Magif rate. For it was neceffary to mention the
Name of the /.AUTMf in the Summons. Lailly, When a marry 'd Wo-
man was cited to appear before a Magiftrate, her Hufband was alfo
fummon'd in this Form, Twf cT&if t xj lov Ki^iof, Such a Woman and
.* her Lord, &c. becaufe Wives, being under the Government of their Huf-
Jflp l(k.ii hands, were notpermitted to appear in any Court without them. If the
,vir.t*,^Mi4,-Crjminal refus'd to appear before the Magiitrate, he was carried thither
;"'.' .^ : bji force. Whence the following Dialogue in Terence's Phormio (-6).
-' DE. Ilf jus eamus. PH. In jus? hue, ji quid lubet.
DE. uljjequere, ac refine, dum ego hue fer'vos eiJ^-) Infamy. If any of his WitnelTcs
were not ready, or any other Necelfaries were wanting, he defir'd far-
ther Time to make his Profecation, fwearing, that this Delay was not
on his Part voluntary; to do which was term'd vj3ro/-tVf&^, and the Thing
itfelf "^izsTtiJ-oaia. [k). The fame Excufe was likewife admitted in Behalf
of the Defendant, who had alfo another Plea term'd ttet.^ffdL'i.i), or-sra^-
IxA^TveiA, when he alledg'd by fufHcient Witnejfes, that the Aftion
brought againft )^\xiiV)2t.%TiO\.S'iKnttTve(A{i), Butif theDefen-
danti without alledging any Plea or Excufe, was willing to proceed to a
fpeedyTrialjhe was faidu.3-yixoh '^diJ^Q)c?^fiT&ia.i (r).
Before the Trial began, both Parties were obliged to depofit a cer-
tain Sum of Money, which they call'd nv7cive^,/Vefp. (/>) Demofiben.
(y) Ulpian. in Demofthen. Pollux, 1. VIII. c. 6. (r] Ulpian, in Dtmoftben. Pollux,
1. VIXI, c. 6, (/) Pollux, Harpferation,
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 17
rictpAKciJA^oKYi, w&s a Sum of Money depofited by thofe that fued
the Commonwealth for confifcated Goods, or any others that were
claimed by the publick Exchequer, or by private Perfons for the Inhe-
ritances of Heireffes ; the former depofited the fifth, the latter the tenth
Part of the Eftates contended for ft) .
YlA^i7A(fi^, was a Drachm depofited in Law-fuits about fmall and
private Matters, which were decided by the ^la/jtdeu {u).
E'au^o^.iA, was a Fine laid upon thofe that could not prove the In-
didmcnt they had brought againll their Adverfaries ; fo call'd, becaufe
they were oblig'd to pay the fixth Part of the Value of the Thing they
contended for, from olio\o{, becaufe out of every Drachm, they depofit-
ed one Obolus, which is the nxth Part of a Drachm (ay). Some of thefe
Sums were depofited in all Law-fuits, a very few excepted, before the
Trial could proceed.
Then the Witneffes were prdduc'd, and if any of themrefus'd to make
his Appearance, he was fummon'd by a Serjeant, whom they call'd
KKttJnp, and, if he fcem'd unwilling to be an Evidence, had three
Things propos'd to him, njiz. to fwear the Fad ; to abjure it, or deny
that he was privy to it ; or laftly, to pay a Mull of a thoufand
Drachms. He that was fin'd for refufing the Oath, or that took it out
of Fear, was faid o,A72t/^; he that was only fummon'd, and took
it voluntarily, ATSy's^ {x). The Oath was taken at the Altar with all
the Solemnity imaginable, to which End they erefted Altars in all the
Courts of Judicature.
The Perfons that gave Evidence were to be Men of Credit, free-born,
and difinterefted ; for no Man's Oath was taken in his own Caufe, and
fuch as by their ill Behaviour had forfeited their Privileges, and were
T///o/, ijjfamousy were not thought to deferve Belief; the Slaves were
not permitted to have any Concern in publick Bufinefs, and therefore
could not be Evidences, except they were examin'd upon the Rack, nor
plead in any Court of Juftice (y), Neverthelefs the Tellimony of ih^
yAroiMi and d'TiKiJ'^i^ot, Sojourners and Freed-Men, feems to havje-b^n
receiv'd in all Caufes, except the S'tAfJLo.prve'iA, in the Aftions call'd
ATT^Tctc'tv J^'iKou, es the Grammarians inform us from Hyper ides.
There were two Sorts of Evidences j the firll of which they call'd
Mac^Tveia, when the Perfon that fwore was an Eye-witnefs of the Faft.
The other Eny-A^rvfiA, when the Juror receiv'd what he teftify'd from
another Perfon that had been an Eye-witnefs of it, but was at this Time
either dead, or in a foreign Country, or detained by Sicknefs, or hin-
der'd by fome other unavoidableAccident from making hisAppearance;
for, except in fuch Cafes, the Allegations of abfent Perfons were never
taken for lawful Evidence(). The Witneffes were rcquir'd by the Laws
to deliver their Teftimony in Writing; whereby it became impoffible to
recede from what they ha4 once fworn.and fuch as had borne falfe Wir-
nefs were convided with lefs Difficulty. But the Tablets of thofe Wit-
neffes, who, upon a Citation before given, came from Home with an
Intention to give their Teftimonics, were different from the Tablets of
(0 Idem. (K)Idcin. (w) Idem. (*) Idem, (jr) Vide F;Vw de Leg. ^m-
eit, () Hsrptcrat, Pollux,
I 3 fuejj
i I S Q/" t^^ Civil Government of Athens.
fuch as cafually came into the Court. The latter being only compos'd
of Wax, and order'd in fuch a Manner, as gave the Witnefs Opportur
nity to make fuch Alterations in the Matter of his Evidence, as after-
%V'ards, upon better Confiderations, appear'd to be neceffary (a).
When the Witneffes were fworn, the Plaintiff being plac'd upon the
left Hand of the Tribunal, and the Defendant on the Right [h), both of
them fpoke fet Orations in their own Behalf. Thefe were, for the moft
Part, compos'd by fome of the Orators, which Cuilom was firft introdu-
ced by Jtitiphon, a Rkamnujian (<:). Sometimes, if they defir'dit, the
Judges granted them Si/cn^se^/, or Advocates, to plead for them, thedo-
mg which they cali'd hmy.i<^ui t4f*(f), which was meafurM by
a K.^'i'^vJ'^ci, or Hour-g/afs, differing from ours in this, that, inftead of
Sand, they made ufe of Water ; and to prevent all Fraud and Deceit,
there was an Officer appointed to diftribute the Water equally to both
Sides, vvhom, from his Bufinefs, they cail'd E^i/'<^e> orEip' vJ^a^. When
the Glafs was run out, they were permitted to fpeak no farther, and
therefore vve find them very careful, not to lofe or mifpend one Drop
of their Water, and whilil the Laws quoted by them were reciting, or
if any other Bufinefs happen'd to intervene, they gave Order that the
Glafs Ihould be llopp'd f/J, Yet if any Perfon had made an End of
fpeaking, before the Time allotted him wasexpir'd, he was permitted to
xefign the remaining P;irt of his Water tb any other that had Occafion,
and this is meant by the Orator, when he faith, -ni vS'urt tu />t Act-
hbiTca, let him [peak till nvhat remains of my IVater be run out.
When both Parties had made an End of fpeaking, the publick Crier,
by the Command of the Magiilrace that prefided in the Court, order'4
the J'-tdges to bring in their Verdift ; and in fuch Cafes as the Laws had
inade Frovifion, an.d appointed Penalties for, (which were cail'd Ayuvc^
^ri(^A{}ot) afiRgle Verdift, wliereby the Perfon was declar'd guilty, or,
iiot guilty, was fufficient ; but in thofe Cafes that the Laws were fi-
lent in, (which they cail'd Ayaya t///))toi) a fecond Sentence was re-
quir'd, if the accus'd Perfon was brought in guilty, to determine what
Punifhment was due to his Offence(^), And here before they proceeded
to give Sentence, the condemn'd Perfon was aik'd, what Damage he
thought his Adyerfdry had receiv'd from him, and what Recompence
he ought in Jultice^o make him ? And the Plaintiff's Account, which,
together witli the Indiftment he had deliver'd in before, was taken in-
to Confideration ; and then the Circumftances on both Sides being duly
weigh'd, the decretory Sentence was given. Sometimes the Judges
limited the Punifhitient in- crimmal, as well as civil Caufes, where the
Laws were filent. This happen'd in the Cafe of Socrates, " who, to
" apply the Words oiCiceroXh), was not only condemn'd by the firilSen-
(tf) Pcllux, Hafpccration. [b) Ariflotel. Problem, (f ) Idem. Rhetor. Jib. I. cap.
33. [i) Cktmns AUxandrin, {e) IJarpacration, {f ) Dcmojlbtn. {g)Harfocration,
Ih) Dw Oratore, lib, I,
** tence
Of the Civil Covernment of Athens. n
' tence of the Judges, which determin'd, whether the Criminal fhould
be condemn'd, or acquitted ; but by that alfo, which the Lawsob-
*' lig'd 'em to pronounce afterwards. For ntJi/jens, when the Crime
" was not capital, the Judges were impower'd to 'value the Offence :
" And it was enquired of the Criminal, to what Falue he thought his
" Offence amounted. Which Queftion being propos'd to Socrates
" he reply'd, that he had merited very great Honours and Regards, and
*' to ha've a daily Maintenance in the Prytaneum j which the Grecians
*' accounted one of the highefl Honours. By which Anfwer the
" Judges were incens'd to fuch a Degree, that they condemn'd that
** mofl innocent Man to Death.
The mofl ancient Way of giving Sentence, was by black and white
Sea-fhells, call'd Xoi^ivcu ; or Pebbles, call'd "^n^ot, Ovid has taken
Notice of this Cuftom,
Mos erat antiquis, ni'veis atrifque LapilUsf
His damnare reos, illis abjol'vere culpa (/).
Black and white Stones were us'd in Ages paft,
Thefe to acquit the Pris'ner,- thof^ to cr.ft. H. H.
After them, caropj^v^oi, which were Pellets (jit Brafe, came into Ufe;
which, when laid afide, Kvct{J'-oi, or Beans, fuc<:ii?^ed ; they were of two
Sorts, White and Black ; the White were whole, and were made ufe
of to abfolve ; the Black were bdr'd through, and were the Inltruments
of Condemnation {k).
Hence it is, that in Arijtophanes (/), Judges that llv'd upon the Gifts
they receiv'd for doing Juf^ice, are call'd Kva.fJLOTfaye{, Eaters of
Beans ; and Ay;t 4"?" '^ a Proverb not much different from i|
^^AUA, or AmalthetE capra, being ufually apply 'd to Things that bring
in large Gains, and are a Maintenance to their Maflers [m).
Thefe Beans the Judges took from the Altar, and two Urns, which
they call'd Y^'l^oi, or KstcTjffxo/, being plac'd, they caft in their Beans
through a little Tunnel cali'd KMof, holding them only with three Fin-
gers, Wz. the Fore finger. Middle, and Thumb, that it might be impof-
fible for them to calt in above one at a Time. The reft of their cuilo-
mary Rites are much what the fame with thofe I have already defcrl-
bed in the Judgments of the Court oi Areopagus, except that in private
Caufes there were four Urns plac'd in the Court, as Sigonius has ob-
fcrv'd out of Demojibenes {).
But this, perhaps, was occafion'dby the Number of the Perfonscon-
cern'd in the Trial ; for if there were more than two Competitors that
laid Claim to an Eftate, each of them had a diftinft Urn, into which
thofe, that pafs'd Sentence on his Side, were to cafl their Beans, and he
tnat had the greateft Number obtaiu'd the Vidlory, which Sigonius
feems not to have obfervec".
(/) Metamorph. lib. XV. {k) Pollux, He/yebius, Harpccration, Arificfb. Scbol.
Ran. N efp. ff. (/) Equit. (m) Utjycbiut, Eufittbiuiy Iliad, y. pag. 284-
Edit. BaftI, (n) Orat. is Macart.
I 4 Whct^
J 2 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
When all had given over Voting, left any Man, out of Favour,
fliould fufpend his Suffrage, the Crier made Proclamation in this Man-
ner, Ej T/f a4'?'5"", avi^aSrco' If there be any that has not
gi^en his Voice, let him noiv arife and give it.
Then the Urns were open'd, and the Suffrages number'd in Prefence
of the Magiftrate, who ftood with a Rod in his Hand, which he laid
over the Beans as they were number'd, left any Perfon fhould, thro'
Treachery or Millake, omit any of them, or count the fame twice. If
the Number of the bl?.ck Beans were greatefl, he pronounc'd the Perfon
guilty ; and, as a Mark to denote his Condemnation, drew a long Line,
whence efcTyrtO"/ t/m2i' yietK^dv, in the Comedian, fignifies to condemn
all ', on the contrary, he drew a fhort Line in Token of Abfolution, if
the white Beans exceeded, or only equall'd the Number of the black{(?) j
for fuch was the Clemency of the Athenian Laws, that, when the Cafe
feem'd equally difputable on both Sides, the fevere and rigorous Com-
mands of J uftice gave Place to the milder Laws of Mercy and Com-
paffion J and this Rule feems to have been conftantly oblerved in all
the Courts of Athens, Euripides, to omit a great many others, has
inention'd this Cuflom in feveral Places :
\ffajL eM (t' oiKTu^istn (jLti ^etvUv
That Lots, if equal, Ihall the Pris'ner free, j>
H.H,
And again to the fame Purpofe in another Tragedy,
Tvcii(jLi J'lacda.i 'ivzK t^ia-coffa, ) Pollu;(,
2, AiahKofr
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 123
Z. AlAhhitiCjneiOl or kaJ' IviT^o-riiv A/rt/rnToJ, or Comprotnijfarii^
were fuch as two Parties chofe to determine any Controverfy betwixt
them ; and thefe the Law perpiitted any Perfon to requeft, but obliged
him to rtand to whatever they determin'd without any farther Appeal;
and therefore, as a greater Obligation to Juftice, they took an Oath,
that they would give Sentence without Partiality {c).
The Determination of the iueurnrdii , was call'd Ajo/to?, and c^-^
7fBT}7, and to refer any Thing to them, J^ieujctv o7r7Tfe4cw [d).
CHAP, xxiir.
Of the Publick Judgments, A6bions, [^c,
TH E Athenian Judgments were of two Sorts, cTwuoT/xfttand }//>-
T/xoj, Publick and fri'vate ; the former were about fuch Crimes
as tended to the Prejudice of the State, and thefe Actions were call'd
'K.ctrn^oeieu ; the latter comprehended all Controverfies that happen'd be-
tween private Perfons, and were call'd iX'ntat {e). Nor did they only dif-
fer as to their Matter, -but in their Procefs and Management, and par-
ticularly in this, that in private Aflions no Man could profecute the Of-,
fender, befide the Party injur'd, orfomeof his near Relations ; whereas
in the Publick, the Laws encouraged all the Citizens to revenge the pub-
lick Wrong, by bringing the Criminal to condign Punilhment (f).
The publick Judgments were thefe.
I . rp?, was an Adion laid upon fuch as had been guiity of any
of the following Crimes [g).
*6p-, Murder.
Tf GMuct hn Tff^vo'iai, a Wound given out of Malice.
Tlv^KA'ia., Firing the City.
^a^uttKov, Poifon.
BAriLcr/f , a Confpiracy againft any Perfon's I^ife ; or the Crime of
the City-Treafurers, that enter'd into the publick Debt-book Perfons
not indebted to the City {h). Wherein it differs from <\,J'ofxctpTveiA, or falfe Witnefs,
the third Ad whereof was punifh'd with [dTtfjLia.) Infamy.
Au^. or S'a^^J^oyAa,, taking Bribes to marjage any publick Affair, or
pervert Juftice j it was not thought enough to punifh the Receiver,
but the Perfon alfo that offer'd Bribes was profecuted, and the Aftion
againft him call'd AzKcttrixoi. The fame Adtion, in Caufes about Free-
dom of the City, was, by a peculiar Name, term'd Aw^f sf <<*. All,
who had been guilty of receiving Bribes, were fin'd ten Times the Va-
lue of what they had gain'd, and punifh'd with the higheft Degree of
{dTi^tet) Infamy.
''T^f /?, Beating a Freeman, or binding him as they ufed to do Slaves.
hy^en^iov, Erafmg a Name out of the publick Debt-book, before
the Debt was difcharged.
^hy^d^ov y!(\aXKov, Digging a Mine without acquainting the pub-
lick Officers ; for, before any Perfon could dig a Mine, he was obliged
to inform certain Officers appointed, by the People, of his Defign, to
the End that the twenty-fourth Part of the Metal might be referved
for the publick Ufe.
hhjiym, was againft Magiftrates that had neglected to give up their
Accounts.
na.pcty6y.eov ypaip^, againft fuch as, propofing a new Law, afted
contrary to the old and eftablifhed Laws.
Eu'9uVm, was againft Magiftrates, Ambaffadors, or other Officers that
had mif-employ'd the publick Money, or committed any other Offence
in the Difcharge of their feveral Trufts. That againft Ambaffadors
was fometimes, by a peculiar Name, call'd YlctfctTir^iiTCfAA.
(/) Tiucydidis Scbeliaftei loco citato.
Of the Civil Government brtoi Kiff ety^iKitt, was an Adioil
oiKaituati, of which 1 fliall fpeak in another Place : it was brought
before the Jrchon, to whom the Plaintiff gave in his Accufation, but
was not liable to have any Fine laid upon him, tho* Sentence was given
againft him. The third was an Aftion againft the i^icfJ]\\Tcu. preferr'd
by Perfons that thought themfelves unjuftly dealt with by them, who
ran the Hazard of being disfranchifed, and forfeiting their Freedom, if
they were not able to make good their Accufation. Indeed in all the
foreniention'd Accufations, the Eja-ctj/^fsAjoU only excepted, this Penal-
ty, together with a Fine cf a thoufand Drachvis, was inflicted upon
the Plaintiff, if he had not the fifth Part of the Suffrages.
CHAP. XXIV.
Of the Private Judgments, Adlions,. ^c.
AA/^/8 J^WM, an Aftion Kena.!^ ht^cc^'^v d^ litivrcov ,agatt7ji fuch as
had done &x\y Sort of Injury [m]. A Fine was laid on the Delin-
quent, which was to be doubled, if not paid within the Prytanea ().
Kitici^foeieii tTut?, was an Adlion of Slander, by which the Criminal
was fin'd five hundred Drachrts.
AtKicti S'im, was an Aftion of Battery, in which Cafe there was no
fet Penalty inflifted by the Laws, but the Judges took an Account of
the Damages fuffer'd by the Plaintiff, and compell'd the Delinquent
to make fufiicient Retribution.
B/oiftjCj or B/a,f /*i;t, was an Action againft fuch as ravilhM Wo-
men, or had ufed Violence towards any Man's Perfon.
BA^f cTi'xM, was an Aftion of Trefpafs, being againft thofe that
had endamaged another Man's Eftate, Lands, Houfes, Cloaths, iJc.
KctKiijicoi /ixw, yfA^n, or tiVi*>fAirf, was an Adlion entered by
Heireffes againft their Hulbands, by Parents againft their Children
and Orphans ajgainlt their Guardians, when they were ill ufed, or in-
jured by them.
A-TOTrofjiTrvi cTj'xH, was an Aflion of Divorce, when the Hufband
had put away his Wife. On the contrary, when the Woman fled
fiom her Hu.'band, the Adion was call'd AiyoAtj'^^^'f ^'it"'
KAoTSff cTi'^n, was againft Thieves. Demojlhenes [o), reports, that if
any Man had ftolen above fifty Drachm in the Day-time, he was to be
indifted at the Tribunal of the Ele'ven. But if any Theft was commit-
ted in the Night, it was lawful to kill the Criminal, if he was caught in
theFaft, or topurfue him,andif he made any Refiftance to wound him,
and fo hale him to the Eleven, and this Adlion was term'd kTralayfi^ He
was not permitted to give Security for Reftitution, but fuffer'd Death*
(w) Etymilogiu Auiior, {^i) Harfocratisfi, () limccratea.
Of the Civil Governmefit of Athens. 127
If any Perfon furreptidoufly convey 'd any Thing of the fmalleft Value
out of the Lyceum, Academy, Cynofarges, or any of the Gymnajia, or out
of Havens above the Value often Drachms, he was adjudg'd to die.
If any Man was convifted of Theft from a private Perfon, he was to
make Retribution to the Perfon he had injur'd, by paying him double
the Value of what he had depriv'd him of; nor was this Punifhment
alone thought fufficient to expiate his Offence, but it lay in the Judges
Power to keep him in Bonds five Days, and as many Nights, and ex-
pofe him in that Condition to the" View of all the People. And we
are farther inform 'd by Autocides {p), that {aCrifjiia.] Infamy was the Pu-
nifhment of this Crime.
Tla.^.KA7A^h.y^i S'lM, was againft fuch as refufed to reflore any
Thing committed to their Charge.
Xf SKJ )T>j(7"/f, or xeio'/f, which are
general Names for all Law-fuits. But it was fometimcs taken in a more
limited Senfe, for the Controverfies of thofe, who being appointed to
undergo fome of the publick Duties (^Tp> law), excufed themfelvesby
informing againft others more wealthy, as has been elfewhere fhewn,
EuiJ'/KAcria.f <^'ik\d, when Daughters inherited the Eftates of their
Parents, they were obliged by Law to marry their neareft Relation,
This was theOccafion of this Suit, which was commenced by Perfons
of the fame Family, each of which pretended to be more nearly ally'd
to the Heircfs than the reft. The Virgin, about whom the Relations
contefted, was call'd EwiS'tK'. E^-z^Xh? was a Daughter, that
had no Brothers lawfully begotten, and therefore inherited her Father's
whole Eftate. 'ETi-arpo/^c- was one that had Brothers, and fhar'd
|he Eftate with them.
A[j.^i(Tir\7vt} Dt Myfienitf (f ) In Timtcrattum,
PaJt
128 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
Part of the Inheritance, if the Caufe was private, and the fifth, if i{
was a publick Ellate he contended for i this he was to forfeit if he
could not make his Plea good.
Av7iy^.tic which, tho' fometimes it be ufed, in a large and general
Senfe, for any Punifhments, yet has often a more limitted and reftrain-
cd Signification, being taken for a pecuniary MulSl or Fine, laid upon
the Criminal, according to the Merit of his Offence.
Atiimio., Infamy, or publick Difgrace. Of this there were three De-
grees. I . When the Criminal retain'd his PoffefTions, but wasdeprived
of fome Privilege, which was enjoy'd by other Citizens. Thus, under
the Reigns of tyrants, fome were commanded to depart out of the
City, others forbidden to make an Oration to the People, to fail to Ionia,
or to fome other particular Country. 2. When he was for the prefent
deprived of the Privileges of free Citizens, and bad his Goods confifca-
ted. This happen'd to thofe who were indebted to the publick Exche-
quer, till their Debts were difcharged. 3. When the Criminal, with all
( O' ITejyeliiut, Uarfiocration, Su'idas, Pollux, Ulpianut in Dtmtftktn Slgoriut deRep*
^hcn. Si Riiifaui in Arch, Attie^ Idemque ubi^ue in his capitibai funt coofulendi. _
i^o Of the Civil Cover mwit of Athens.^
his Children and Pofterity, were for ever deprived of all Rights of free
Citizens, bcth facred and civil. This was inflifted on fuch as had been
convifted of Theft, Perjury, or other notorious Villainies (*). Out of
thefe Men, the SchoUaJ} upon Jrijiophanes [t] tells us, they appointed
whom they pleafed to labour at the Oars ; to which Drudgery, Plu-
tarch reports, it was ufual alfo to put their Prifoners of War [u).
^HK&iA, Servitude, was a Piinilhment by which the Criminal was re-
duced into the Condition of a Slave. It was never infiifted on any be-
fides tht''AT///o/, Sojourners and freed Servants, becaufe it was forbid-
den by one of Solon s Laws, that any free-born Citizen (hould be treat-
ed as a Slave.
^TiflxATct, was a Severity feldom exercifed upon any but Slaves, or
fome very notorious Malefedlors, of which I havefpoken more at large
in another Place.
S TnA, was, as the Word imports, a Pillar, wherein was ingraven,
in legible Charafters, an Account of the Offender's Crime. The Per-
fons, thus expofed to the Laughter and Reproaches of the People, were
call'd STWAfTtti- Hence ^r)hnt*, or Houfe; for the Athenians ufed to mitigate and take off
** from the Badnefs of Things, by giving them good and innocent Ap-
" pellations ; as, a Whore, they would call a Miilrefs ; Taxes, Rates ;
*' Garrifons, Guards ; and this (faith Plutarch) feem'd at firft to be So-
' /o's Contrivance, who call'd the Releafing of the People from their
*' Debts '^tiffciyi^elct', a Throiving off a Burden {ou J." Plato tells us, the
Athenians had three Sorts of Prifons : the firft was near the Forum, and
was only defign'd to fecure Debtors, or other Perfons from running
away. The fecond was call'd "Zu^^vi^nexov, or a Houfe of Correftiou,
fuch as our Bride^vell. The third was feated in an uninhabited and
lonefome Place, and was defign'd for Malefadlors guilty of capital
Crimes (at). One of their moft remarkable Prifons was call'd No^aoifyAa-
Kiov, and the Gate, thro' which Criminals were led to Execution,
Xctpi'of , from Charon, the infernal Ferryman. At the Prifon Door
was erefted the Image of Mercury, the tutelar Deity of the Plac^
. call'd 2r?o^i*T'> from 2;Tfo?>vV> th^ Hifige of & Door.
Of Fetters ihore were divers Sorts, the moft remarkable are thefe ;
ILvipuv, a Collar ufually madeofWood, fo call'd from xJttIa), becaufe it
conftrain'd the Criminal to boiv down his Head. This Puniftimcnt was
call'd ]!iv(pMKi<7iMi, and hence pernicious Fellows or Things are fome-
times nam'd Kv'jjaysf (y). Hejychius will have it apply'd hm 'Truvjay
cTfo^efaV y^ oAiBeinof to allfhings hurtful and dejtruiiive. Others call
it Khoioi, or aoKotoi, from KK&ia, becaufe the Criminal's Neck wzsjhut
or inclofed within it. Some Grammarians tell us, the Neck, Hands, and
Feet were made faft in it ; and therefore it is probable, it was the fame
with the ^t/'Aoy mv7i) AriJIofban, Schcl, Plutf,
Ptlluft,
Of the Civil Government 's, wh.ofe Fat,e
A Draught oi Hemlock did precipitate. J. A^
iSaJth Perjius, meaning Socrates *.
Kf//fOf, aP;v/>zV,fromwhich theMalefaftor wastumbledheadlong.
'Tu'fJLTra.vet or Tv'ra.vet, were Cudgels of Wood, with which Malefac-
tors were beaten to Death (), being hang'd upon a Pole, which was alfo
call'd Tfjij.TAvot', and therefore TvuTravii^i^ is by Suidas and the Etyr
mologi^ ex^oandedK^i(/.ATeu, ^.ndlTVf^'7^etvl(^y)a^el.v, &K.p//t&(7"iJ' by
Hefychius ', for their Conceit is v^in and ridiculous, that would thence
infer it to have been a Kind of Gallows or Crpfs. No lefs groundlefs is
their Opinion, that imagine it to have been an Inftriument, on which
Criminals were diftended, like the Covering of a Drum, which the
Greeks call'd Tpf/.'sntyov, and to have been of the fame Nature with the
Roman Fidicu/ar, which were little Cords, by which Men wereftretched
upon the Rack, and feem to have refembled the Greek ^ "x/ivot, ufed
in the Panifhment call'd ^)^otvKTy.'oi.
'S.tewpoi, the Cro/s mention'd in Thucydides (a), was ufed in Greece, but
not fo frequently as at Rome. It confided of two Beams, one of which
was placed crofs the other ; the Figure of it was muchwhat the
fame with that of the Letter T, as Lucian tells us (p), differing only
from it, becaufe the tranfverfe Beam was fix'd a little below the Top
pf the Urait one. The Malefaftor was hang'd upon the Beam that was
creft, his Feet being fix'd to it with Nails, and his Hands to each Side
of that which was tranfverfe.
Bao^Q^ov, was a deep Pit belonging to the Tribe Hippothoontisy into
which condemned Perfons were caft headlong. It is fometimes call'd
"Opyf/za, whence the publick Executioner received the Appellation of
* Satjr. IV. V. T. () Arifttpb. SeM. Phto. Suidas, Hefychius, Etymol. Pallux,
t^ uj^ique in hoc captte, (4} Lib. j. (j>) A{/(>i (puf^ivTuy,,
Of the Civil Government cf Athens. 135
O C/77I TM opuf/xAT/. It was a dark, noifome Hole, and had (harp
Spikes at the Top, that no Man might efcape out ; and others at the
Bottom, to pierce and torment fach as were caft in [q). From its Depth
and Capacioufnefs, it came to be ufed proverbially for a covetous Mi-
fer, or voracious Glutton, that is always craving, and can never be fa-
tisfied ; and fuch an one the Latim call'd Barathr$, henceLucrelius[r),
Aufer ahhinc lacrymas, Barathro, ^ compe/ce ^trelas.
Forbear thy Sighs,
Thou Mifer, ceafe Complaints, and dry thine Eyes.
And Horace,
Mendici, mim^r, Barathrones, hoc genus omne (f).
Beggars, Jack-puddings, Rookjlers, and fuch-like.
A Place of the fame Nature was the Lacedamonian YLtua.S'Ai, into
which Ar'tflomenes the McJJeman being caft, made his Efcape after a
wonderful Manner, as Paufanias reports [t) .
Ai&oCoKiA, or Lapidation, was a common Punifhment, and ufually
inflided by the primitive Greeks upon fuch as were taken in Adultery,
as we learn from Homer i third Iliad t where HeSor tells Parij^ he de-
ferves to die this Death :
Aettvov iffO'o '/tlUVA Kctx.coy s'fgx', offlTA \o^Ai'
For all your Villainies you fliall ht Jion'd to Death.
Many other Punilhments there were, which they inflifted for particu-
lar Crimes, fome of which I (hall treat of in their proper Places.
. As the Laws inflidled fevere Penalties upon Offenders, thereby to
deter Men from Vice and Wickednefs, and frombafcdifhonourableDe-
figns; fo again they confer'd ample Rewards upon fuch as merited them,
thereby to incite others to the Praftice of Virtue and Honefty, and the
Performance of good and gloriousAdions ; and upon the juft and equal
Difpenfation of thefe two Things, it was So/on s Opinion, that the
Safety of the Commonwealth chiefly depended (). Now not to men-
tion publick Honours and State Preferments, to which even thofe of
the inferior Sort might not defpair of advancing themfelves in a po-
pular State, if, by their eminent Services, they approved theinfelves
to the People ; befide thefe, I fay, there were feveral publick Re-
wards and Honours confer'd upon fuch as were thought worthy of
them ; the chief of which were thefe ;
ITf orei<, or the Privilege of having the ^rjf Place at all Shows,
Sports, Banquets, and publick Meetings (ic).
ElxfeV, or the Honour of having a PiVlure, or Sta/ue erefted in the
Citadel, Forum, or Other publick Places of the City (a). With fuch
Monuments of Virtue, Athens feems to have abounded more than any
City in the World, as will evidently appear to any, that will be at
the Pains to perufe Pau/anias's accurate Defcription of them.
t
{q) Arijiopb. Pluto, Scbol (r) Lib. III. (/) Lib. I. Sat. II. (t) M^Jeniae.
u ) Ciceron. Epift. ad M. Brutum. {tv) Ariftofb. Equit , fjufijue Sdolupt & Suidat.
) Pmojittn, Ont, de &lia Legat. alii(iue.
K 4 S'*^*'
1^6 Of the Civil G ever mnefji of Athens'.
'^TitittVQlfOxCro'Luns, were conferr'd in the publick AlTembliesby the
Suffrages of" the People, or by the Senators in their Council, or the tribes
to their own Members, or by the Ai(//o3 in their own (/;//-) Borough.
1'he People were not allow'd to prefent Cronvns in any Place befide their
JJfemliy, nor the Senators out of the Senate-houfe ; it being the Law-
giver'slntention, that lh.eAthenians Ihould aiyct.'nrSv ai auT7 ToKei ri-
fJioi/J^Joi "OszTO J^tifx^i' acqttie/ce in the Honours paid them by their oivn Peop/e,
and not court the Favour and Efteem of other Cities. For this Reafon
the Athenians never rewarded any Man with Crowns in the Theatre, and
at the folemn Games, where there was commonly a great Concourfe
of People from all the Parts of Greece: And if any of the Criers there
proclaimM the Croivns, which, any Man's Tir/^f or Borough had prefented
him with, he was punifh'd with {clTif/.ia) Infamy. Neverthelefs ri^pctvoi
^iviKo], Corona hofpitales, werefometimes prefented by foreign Cities to
particular Citizens of Athens. But that could not be done, till the Am-
baffadors of thofe Cities had firll obtain'd Leave from the People of A-
thens, and the Men, for whom that Honour was intended, had under-
gone a publick Examination, wherein their Courfe of Life was cnquir'd
into, Laftly, whereas the Crowns prefented by the Athenians them-
felves, to any of their own Citizens, were kept in the Families of thofe
who had obtain'd them, as Monuments of Honour ; thofe, which were
fent from other Cities, were dedicated to Minerva the Proteftrefs of ^-
thens (yj. But of thefe, becaufe they were, for the moft Part, beftow'd
upon thofe that hadfignalized themfelves by their VaIour,as alfo of other
jniiitary Rewards, I fhall give you a farther Account in another Place.
ArkKeitt, was an Immutiity from all publick Duties, Taxes, and Co-
iributioKs, except fuch as were requir'd for carrying on the Wars, and
building Ship?, which no Man was excufed from, except the nine Ar'
chons. This Honour was very rare, but yet there want not Inftances of
it, as particularly thofe of Hermodius and Arijiogiton's. whole Families,
which enjoy'd it for many Generations ()?;).
'%i'i'iA,'aa.^if <^' <* f tif
Twc ^^i>rk anmiv jj'tj??', epo^wV" KAaifToj''
Noi one of the Generals informer Ages defird apublick Maintenance i
but nonx) unlefi the Privilege ofhwving thefirji Seats, and a Maintenance
is given to them, they fay, they'll not fight. In latter Ages, how lavifh
the Athenians grew of their publick Honours, may be eafily known
from the Stories of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Demetrius the Phalere-
an (/), which have been already mention'd in another Place.
CHAP. XXVI.
Of the Athenian Laws.
IT was Tullfs Obfervation, that moft of the Arts and Inventions,
which are neceffary to the iVIanagement of human Life, owe their
firft Original to the Athenians, from whom they were derived into the
other Parts of Greece, and thence carried into foreign Countries, for
the common Benefit of Mankind. Bat of all the Inventions commonly
afcrib'd to them, none has been of greater or more general Ufe to the
World, than that of Law?,, which, as AElian{i), and others report, were
firft eftablifh'd in Athens. Tho'' fome afcribe the firft Invention of Laws
to Zaleucus the Locrian, or to Minos, King of Crete (/). Moft other in-
genious Contrivances refpeft the Conveniences of human Life, but up-
on this depends the very Foundation of all Civil Government, and of
all mutual Society amongft Men ; for by them the Magiftrate is direft-
cd how to govern, and the People how far to obey ; the Magiftrate by
them is fettled in the Poffeffion of his Authority over the People, and
the People too by them are fecur'd from the arbitrary Power, and
unreafonable Demands of the Magiftrate, as well as from the Fraud,
Violence, and Oppreflion of each other.
The Poets tell us, that Ceres was the firft that taught the Athenians
the Ufe of Laws ; in Memory of which Benefit they celebrated the
Feftival call'd 0so-/zo(pof/tf, in which ftie was worlhipp'd by the Name
of -:!r/^0(pof-, which exaftly anfwers to the Latin Name oi Legifera
in Virgil [m):
maBant leSias de more bidentei
Legi ferae Cereri-
To Ceres, who firft (hew'd the Ufe of Laws,
They offer Lambs culPd out of bleating Flocks.
The Occafion of this Opinion feems to have been, their afcribing to
this Goddefs the Invention of Tillage. After which, the Lands being
not as yet divided into equal Portions, Controverfies us'd to be rais'd :
(/) Conf. Plutarcbus, Demetrio. {k) Lib. III. cap, 38. {}) Ckmmt ditxandri--
nui, Strom. I, p. 309, (w) ^neid. IV, v. 57.
For
Of the Civil Government of Athens . 130
For the compofing whereof, Om gave Direftions, which afterwards
were imitated in all other AfFair?. Some of the Laws of her Favourite
^riptolemus are ftill extant, and I have Ipoken of them in another Place.
But to pafs by poetical Fiftions, thus much is certain, cvix.. that the
Atheniam were govern'd by Laws before the DiiToIution of their Mo-
narchy, as may be obferv'd from what Plutarch relaies of T/jf/eus ,'vJz.
That when he diverted himfelf of fovereign Power, and ellablifh'd a
Commonwealth \n Athens, one of the Prerogatives, that he thought fit
ftill to retain, was the Cuftody or Proteftion of the Laws.
The firft that gave Laws to the Athenians, after Thefeus^s Time, was
Draco, who was Archon in the firft Year of the thirty-ninth Olympiad.
His Laws, jElian () tells us, are properly call'd Qu^oi, but arc re
jnarkable for nothing but their unreafonable Severity ; for by them
every little OflFence was punifti'd with Death, and he, that Hole an Ap-
ple, was proceeded againft with no lefs Rigoar, than he that had be-
tray'd his Country. But thefe Extremities could not laft long, the Peo-
ple foon grew weary of them, and therefore, tho' they were not abro-
gated, yet by a tacit Confent they were laid afleep, till
Solon, the next Law-giver, repeal'd them all, except thofe which con-
jccm'd Murder, call'd ioviKoi v'oixoi ; and, having receiv'd from the Peo-
ple Power to niake what Alterations he thoaght neceflary, new-model'd
the Commonwealth, and inftituted a great many ufcful and excellent
Laws, which, to diftinguifh them from Dracoh Qn^p.ol, were call'd
fiifxot. And left, thro' the Connivance of the Migillrates, they fliould
in Time be neglefted, like thofe of his Predeceffor, hecaus'd the Senate
to take a folemnO^th to oblerve them, and every one of the Thefmo-
thet(p vow'd, that, if he violated any of the Statutes, he would dedi-
cate a golden Statue as big as himfelf to the Delphian Apollo ; and the
People he oblig'd to obfcrve them for a hundred Years {o).
But all this Care was not fufficient to preferve his Laws from the In-
novations of lawlefs and ambitious Men : For Ihortly after Pijijlratus fo
far infmuated himfelf into the People's Favour, that the Democracy in-
ftituted by Solon was diflblv'd, and himfelf inverted with fovereign
Power, which, at his Death, he left in the Poffeffion of his Sons, who
maintain'd it for fome Years; andtho^ Pi^Jlratus himfelf, as Plutarch rC'
ports (/i), and his Son.after him, in a great Meafure, govern'd according
to Solon's Diredlions, yet they follow'd them not as Laws, to which
they were oblig'd to conform their Aftions, but rather fecm to have
us'd them as wife and prudent Counfels, and varied from them, when-
ever they found them to interfere with their Intereft or Inclinatio;:s.
Pijijiratut's Family being driven out of Attica, Clijlhenes took upon
him to rertore Solon i Conftitutions, and enaded many new Laws (y),
which continu'd in Force till the Peloponntfian War, in which the Form
of Government was chang'd, firft by x\it four hundred, and then by the
thirty Tyrantf. Thefe Storms being over, the Ancient Laws were again
reftor'd in the Archonjhip of Euclides, and others cftablifli'd at the Inflansc
() Var. Hift. lib. VIII. cap. lo. () Plutarch, SoUne, Diogen. Latrtiut, JEUan.
loc. cit. {p) Solent, (y) Htrodtlui, Plutarch, Pericle, JfccrOt. Artcpag.
of
1 40 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
of Diodes, Artftofhon, and other leading Men of the City. Lafl of all
Demetrius the Phalerean, being intruded with the Government of A'
thevs, by the Macedonians, was the Author of many new, but very be-
neficial and laudable ConlliCutions (r), Thefe feem to have been the
chief Legiflators 6i Athens, before they fubmitted to the Roman Yoke;
two others are mention'd by Suidas, viz. T^hales and jEfchylus.
Befide thefe, the Athenians h.?A a great many other Laws enafted
upon particular Exigencies by the Suffrages of the People : For I fhall
not in this Place fpeak of the "^yxpicixula, -f BukTu, the Decrees enadl-
ed by the Authority of the Senators, whofe Power being only annual,
their Decrees loft all their Force and Obligation, when their Offices
expir'd. The Manner of making a Law was thus: When any Man
had contriv'd any thing, which he thought might conduce to the
Good of the Commonwealth, he firft communicated it to the Prytanet,
who receiv'd all Sorts of Informations of Things that concern'd the
Publick ; the Prytanes then call'd a Meeting of the Senate, in which
thenew Projeft, being proposed, after mature Deliberation was re-
je5led, if it appear'd hurtful or unferviceable ; if not, it was agreed
to, and then call'd Ylpc^iKiviJot. This the Prytanes wrote upon a
Tablet, and thence it was call'd Tl^'cy^a.iJ.yni..
No Law was to be propos'd to the AfTembly, except it had been
written upon a white Tablet, and fix'd up, fome Days before theAfTem-
bly,at the Statues of the Heroescall'd ETaji'y//o/,that fo all the Citizens
might read what was to be propos'd at their next Meeting, and be able
to give a more deliberate Judgment upon it. When the Multitude was
come together, the Decree was read, and every Man had Liberty to
fpeak his Mind about the whole, or any Claufe of it ; and if, after due
Confultation, the AJfembly thought it inconvenient, it was rejefted ; if
they approv'd of it, it pafs'd into a "^n^KTy-O., or Noy.-, which, as we
learn from DemoJihenes,\vere thefame as to their Obligation,butdifFer'J
in this,thatN6/z^ was a general and everIaftingRule,whereas'>FHp/^^c6
refpefted particular Times, Places, and other Circumftances^/^.
No Man, without a great deal of Caution, and a thorough Under-
ftanding of the former Laws and Conftitutions, durft prefume to pro-
pofe a new one, the Danger being very great, if it fuited not with the
Cuftoms and Inclinations of the People; Eudemus, a Cydiathenian, is faid
to have loft his Life on that Account, being made a Sacrifice to the
Rage of the Multitude. Not much unlike this Severity was the Ordi-
nance oiXaleucus, the Locrian Law-giver, by which it was appointed,
that whofoever propos'd the enabling of a new Law, or the Abrogation
of an old one, fhould come into the AfTembly, with an Halter about
his Neck, and in that Habit give hisReafons for what he propos'd, and
if thefe were thought good and fufficient, his Propofal wasembrac'd;
if not, he flraightway pour'd out his Soul under the Hangman's
Hands. But the Athenians were not quite fo rigid, except upon fome
extraordinary Occafions, when the giddy Multitude was hurried on
{r) Plutarch, Ariftide, {J) Demojiben, ejuf^ue enarrator Ulpian in Leptin. Sc alibi,
with
Of the Civil Govermsfit 0/ Athens.' 141
with uniifual Rage and Vehemence, as happen'd in Eudemtti'i Cafe ; yet
if any Man eftablilh'd a Law that was prejudical to the Common-
wealth, he might be call'd in Queflion for it any Time within the Space
of one Year ; but if he was let alone any lonr^er, the Laws took no No-
tice of him. In thefe Cafes efpecially, a Writ for tranfgrejjhg theLaivs,
Cdl\''6.Ua^itvo[Mct<; yfctzYi, might take hold of him; Firil, If he had
not taken care to publiihhis Propofal in due Time. Secondly, If he
proposM it in ambiguous and fallaciousTerms. Thirdly, If he propos*d
any thing contrary to any of the former, and receiv'd Laws ; and there-
fore, if any of the old Laws were found to oppofe what they detign'd
to offer, they always took Care to have them repeal'd before-hand [t).
They who had preferr'd any Law, which was ''i^a.^.voii- , or ttn'Bi\i\-
cTrt-, contrary to the former Lanvs, or the Interejl of the Common-
wealth, were firft arraigned before x.\i&7l:efmotketee, according to Julius
Pollux: Or, as others think, they were fometimes arraigned before the
7hej'mothet^, fometimes before othtrjirchons, according to the different
Nature of their Crimes, every Archon having the Cognizance of diffe-
rent Affairs. The Accufation being heard, the Archon did H7iry^v bV
7B J^izATveioy, introduce the Caufe//(? that Court of Ji^^ ice, 'where fuch
Affairs were examinM. If the Defendant was declar'd guilty, be was
ufually punifh'd with a Fine, according to his Offence, which he was
oblig'd to pay under the Penalty of (tT//>cjA) Infamy: This laft Puniih-
ment was immediately inflifted upon thofe, who had been thrice con-
vifled of this Offence, who were, on that Account, ever after excluded
fiom all publick AfTemblies. Whence that Saying oi Antiphanes,
YlZi )& yii'of]' rtV -
PriTf *?4'i'", v fJi.ri Aha TtU Teto^.vooi.av.
Honvcan an Qratorhefiltnc'' d,unlefs he has been thrice con'viSled'jTtA^v'uiJ.uv)
cf enallingLanus contrary tothofe already in Force? If the Judgesacquitted
the Defendant, then the Plaintiff was amerced a thoufand Drachm) 5/.
(as) Nubibus & Ayibus. Us Lib. VIII. p. w. [}) Lib. dc Diffccnt. ViiC.
Ic) Pollux, ibid.
tCA
144 Of the Chil Government >ou8?,lJ e formerfignifying the Laws that were in the Pry-
taneum, which was in the loixer City ; the latter, thofe that were kept
in the Citadel, or upper Q'\\.y . O. hers are of Opinion, that by oKctja-^iv
j'6/>c(S*' DemoJIhetia, whofe Exprtflion it is, meant no more, than the
/ctu^/- Part of the Tablet: But then, without Difpute, he would havemcn-
tion'd the Number of the Tablets, as in other Places he, and others
ufually do, and not have left us in the dark which of the Tablets he
meant. Again, the t'o~a;cr Part of the Tablet might fometimes happen
to contain the firft Part of the Law, which it is improper to call tc/
x^Tad^iv, becaufe that Word Teems to import fomething beneath the
reft, and towards the latter End ; for one Tablet was not always large
enough to contain a whole Law, as appears from Plutarch*, in whom
tve find, that the eighth Law was engraved in the thirteenth Ta ble.
Petitus will have Dtmoliheues to mean no more by o KctTwd-jj' j'o//-,
than the Law Vi\i\c)^ beneath, or afterguards in the fame Oration, is ci-
ted by him. Others underlland it of the lanver Line, becaufe the Laws
are faid to have been written Cairr^o^iTS'oi', which is, as Paufanias ex-
plains it [d), when the fecond Line is turn'd on the contrary Side, be-
ginning at the End of the former, as the Hufbandmen turn their Oxen
in ploughing, in this Manner,
EK AIGS A p.
V s a lAi y X
It was againft the Law, for any Man to erafe a Decree out of any of
the Tablets, or to make any Alterations in them ; and for their greater
Security, there were certain Perfons call'd,from their Office, Tpaixuet-
Tf, whofe Huhnefs it was to preferve them from being corrupted {e),
and, as their Name imports, to travfcrihe the old, and enter the new ones
into the Tablets J they were elefted by the Senate, and, to render their
Office more creditable, had feveral Marks of Honour confer'd upon
them, of which in their proper Places. Lafily, That no Man might
pretend Ignorance of his Duty, the Laws were all engrav'd on the
Wall in the Bi/ff/X/jni ^oa. Royal Portico, and there exposed to publick
View. But this Cultom was not begun till after the tliirty Tyrants were
cxpell'd (f). Thus much of the Athenian Laws in general : Their
particular Laws, molt of which have been colledled by Samuel Peti'
tus, were thefe which follow :
Attick "LKW S,.
Laws relating to Divine Worfhip, Temples, Feftivals,
and Sports,
LE T Sacrifices be perform'd with the Fruits of the Earth. One of
Triptolemus's Laivs [g). See Book IL Chap. iv.
Let it be a Law among tiie Athenians for ever facred and inviolable,
* Sohnt. {d Eliac. {e)Tolliix, lib. VHI. cap. 8. (/) ArJocidc: de MyfterHu
[g) Pot-pbjrius np/ dvoyui ky.'^vyjUV^
always
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 1 45
always to pay due Homr.ge in publick towards their God, and native
Heroes, according to the ufual Cuftoms of their Country ; and with all
poffible Sincerity to offer in private Firft-fruits with Anniverfary Cakes.
One of DracoV Laixis {a). It muji be here obfer'vd, that no llrange God
could be ivorfiipp'dat Athens, //// he nuere appronjed by the Areopagite
Senate. See Book I. Chap, xix.
One Drachm fliall be the Price of a Sheep, eighteen of a Medimn.
One oj" Solon' s famptuary Laius (b).
Cattle defign'd for Sacrifice fhall be cuird(f). This La^w provided, that
the bejl of the Cattle fhould be offer'dto the Gods . See Book II. Chap. iv.
It is order'd that the Sacrificer carry Part of this Oblation Home to
his Family [d). See Book II. Chap, iv.'
All the Remains of the Sacrifice are the PrieJF^ Fees {e). See Book
II. Chap. iii.
Whofoever eafeth Nature in Jpollo's Temple, (hall be indifted, and
fentenc'd to DezthffJ. One o/Pififtratus'j La"MS, enaled -when that
Tyrant built Apolio'j Temple in the Pytheum, ivhert the Athenians ufed
to eafe Nature in Contempt of the Tyrant.
All Slaves and Foreigners are permitted to come to the publick
Temples, either out of Curiofity of feeing, or Devotion (g).
They, who furvive the Report of being dead, are prohibited En-
trance into the Furies Temple [h). See Book II. Chap. iv.
Let no Violence be offer'd to any one, who flies to the Temples for
Succour (/). Avery ancient Lanu. See Book II. Chap. ii.
While the Celebration of the New Moon, or other Fellival, con-
tinues at Athens, it is order'd, that no one be defam'd or affronted in
private or publick, and that no Bufinefs be carried on, which is not
pertinentto this Feaft^i^. See for this and the following Laws,
which relate to the Feftivals, Book II. Chap, xix, xx.
All who frequent the Panathemea, are forbid the Wearing of Ap-
parel dyed with Colours ^/^.
It is enadted, that, at the lnQ.it\xiiovioiPanathenaa Majora, Homer's
Rhapfodies be repeated (m) .
Sojourners arc commanded to carry about, at publick Proceffions,
little Veffels fram'd after the Model of a Boat, and their Daughters
Water-pots with Umbrellas (nj. See Book I. Chap. x.
No Foreigner is to be initiated into the Holy Mxjieries (o).
Death fhall be his Penalty, who divulges the Myfleries (p).
The Perfons initiated fhall dedicate the Garments they were initiated
in, at Ceres and Proferpind'^ Temple ^y^.
(opo/. (o) Anfiophanti Scholiaftet in Plutum. [p) St-
faUr in divifione ^uaeftionis. (f) Ariftophanit Scboliafttt in Plutum,
I No
14^ Of ih Ck'il Govmiment of Atheml
No Woman (hall go in her Chariot to Ekufis, and whoever com-
mits Theft, during the Feaft kept at that Place, ftiall be fin'd 6000
Drachms (/ ).
Let no petitionary Addrefs be made at the Myjieria (f).
No Ofie (hall be arretted or apprehended, during their CeIebration(/).
An Affembly of the Senate ftall convene in the Eleufinian Temple,
^he Day following this Fcfii'val. 0^ o/" Solon's Laixis ()
The Feftival call'd 05i7//o(poe6t is to be annual, at which Time there's
to be a Gaol Delivery (zc).
Enjagoras hath caufed it to be enafted, that when there's a Proceflion
in the Pirteeus to the Honour of Bacc-^:/s, and likewife at the Lenaan
Proceffion, Comedies fhall be adled, and that, during the Celebration of
the C^iovvrj'iAKd in the Citadel, young Men (hall dance, and Tragedians
and Comedians aft, and that at thefe Times, and while the (da.^y{\xia.
continue, no Suit of Law, Bailment or Suretilhip fhall be made ; if
Trefpafs be made againft any one of thefe Particulars, let the Perfon
herein offending be profecuted in the ufual Manner, at the popular
Aflembly held in Bacchu^^ Theatre {x).
It is eltablifh'd, that the Prytanes, the Day fubfequent to thefe Ob-
fervances, call s. Senate in the Theatre of Bacchus, upon therictrcTitf,
where the firft Thing in Debate (hall be touching the facred Rites ; af-
ter that, the drawing up all the Indidlments to be executed on the
foremention'd Criminals at the Feafts (y).
No Arrellment fhall be attempted on the ^/crt/V/ct (;).
Execution of condemn'd Pvifoners (hall be deferr'd till the Qia^l
return from De/a (a). See Book II. Chap. ix.
No Oblation of Viflims Ihall be on the A^q^A {i).
He, who comes off Conqueror at the O/yKpick Gafnes, (hall receive
as his Reward 500 Drachms, at the Ijlhmick an 100 [c).
Fifteen Perfons fhall go to the Conllitution of a tragick Chorus [d\.
It is forbid that jEjchylus, Sophocles, and Euripides be brought on the
Stage, wherefore Licenfe is given that the City-Clerk read them pub-
lickly (e). This Latv tvas enaStcd out ofRefpe3 to thefe three Tragedians.
An emulatory Performance, among the Tragedians, is order'd to be
in the Theatre on the Fealt call'd Xi? 7^*, and that he, that ads his
Part bell, fhall be chofen Denifon (f).
No one, under thirty Years of Age, fhall be an Aftor. Others, iti'
fiead of thirty Years, read forty Years (^),
Let woArchon be expos'd , by any malignant Afperfion, in a Comedy (^).
If any Refleftions are deiign'd, let them be palliated under a feigned
Name. This Law nvas enabled to refrain the eld Comedy, ^wherein Men
nvere refe^ied on by Name [i).
(r) Plutarchus Lycnrgc rhetore. (/) ArJocides de Myfteriis, [t] Deir.ofthenes in
Mediant, (a) Andocides de Myfteriit. (w) Theocriti Scholiaftet in Idyll. V. {x) Dc-
tif>ftbenii in Mediam. fy] Ibid. () Ibid. (eral Kinds of Mufick,
J>eif>gfirji conwded before the Maflers of Mufick, luere liable to btpunifi}'
ed. But this Practice luas afterivatds laid a fide \i).
All Speftators fhall fit with due Attention and Z^ccoraw in the Thea-
tre, and the Archons fhall caufc their Serjeants to turn him out, who
fhall caufe any Noife or Difturbance ; but if any one perfevere in hi
Rudenefs, a Fine fhall be his Punifhment {k). This Lww relates to the
Dionyfia, nvhere the chirfArchon nxjas P/ cfident, the Care of other Games
being connnitted to other Magifirates^ as that of the Lensea, and of the
Anthelteria to the Ba. IWn
FqUux, lib. VI. cap. 7.
14? Of tbe Civil Government of Athens,
Out of the nioft vigorous of the old Men, there are to be created
QAKKo^'opoi, i. e. Perlons to carry Sprigs of OfiVein ihePanathen^a, in
Honour oi Mimrva (f). See Book II. Chap. xx. in Yletva^ivaua..
It is hereby appointed, that the Confort of the 'Qit^iKzvi fliall be a
Citizen oi Athens, and never before marry 'd [t]. See Book I. Chap. xii. '
N6t the Priefis only (hall give an Account of their Demeanour
in their Priefthood, but likewife t\it /acred Families (?<}. See Book II.
Chap. iii.
No impurePerfon (hall be elefted \ntot\itVrit^\iOodi[%v).See as before.
Laws relating to the Laws.
As for the Re^ie^iv of the Laws [zrm'XjU^rovict No^wi') 1 hwve purpofely
omitted it, as being fpoken of in the former Part of this Chapter,
The Decree.
Tlfamenus hath eftablifhed, with the Confent and by theAuthority of
the People, that Athens fhall keep her ancient Form of Govern-
xnent, and make Ufe of Solon s Laws, Weights, and Meafures, with
Draco's Sanflions, as hitherto; if new ones, fhall feem requifite, the
Nomotheta, created by the Senate for that Purpofe, (hall engrofs them on
a Tablet, and hang 'em up at the Statues of the Eponymi, that they may
"be expofed to the publick View of all Paffers-by ; the fame Month they
are to be given up to the Magiftrates, after they have pafs'd the Eftima-
tion of the Senate oif've hmidred, and the delegated Nomotheta. Be it
alfo farther enafted, that any private Man may have irzc Accefs to the
Senate, and give in his Sentiments concerning them. After their Pro-
mulgation, the Senate of Areopagtts is required to take Care that the Ma-
giftrates put thefe Laws intoExecution, which, for the Conveniency of
the Citizens, are to be engraved on the Wall, where before they had been
expofed to publick View(Ar). This Lanv ^was enaded after Thrafybulus
had expelld the thirty Tyrants. See the former Part of this Chapter.
He that propounds a Law contrary to the common Good, {hall be
indifted (y). See as before,
ThePropofer ofa Law, after the Year's End, (hall be accufed, if his
Law be pernicious, but yet fhall be liable to no Penalty. See as before.
No Law ihall be repeal'd, before Reference be made of it to the A'i?-
mothette ; which being done, any Athenian may endeavour its Repeal,
fuppofing he fubftitutes a new Law in its Stead. Both thefe the Proe-
V/-/ ihall refer to the Votes of the People; the firft Propofal fhall be
concerning the old Law, whether it be any longer conducible to the
publick Good, then the new one fhall be propofed ; and which of the
T (/) Xenophon Sympojto. (r) Demojihenes in Nearam. () ^fcbinet in Ctefphon-
tem. {w) j^fchiaes ia Timarcbuatt {x) Andoddtt d.% Myjitriis^ {^y) Demopbenei
io Timairatem^
two
Of the Civil Government of Athens. 149
tw6 the Nomotheta fhall judge beft, that (hall be in Force ; yet this Cau-
tion muft be obferv'd, that no Liw fhal! be enafted, which gainfays any
of the reft ; and the Perfon, who (hall give in a Law inconfifter.t with
the former Conftitutions, fliall be dealt with according to the Rigour of
the Aft againft thofe, who promote prejudicial Laws (*). See as before.
He who, to abrogate an old Law, promifeth to make a new one,
and doth not, (hall be fin'd [z).
The T/je/mot/jefo' ihall yearly ?.flemble in the Repofitory of the Laws,
and cautioufly examine whether one Law bears any Contradidion to
another ; whether there be any Law unratified, or Duplicates about the
fame Things ; if any of thefe fliall occur in their Ewminacion, it (half
bewriten on a Tablet, and publifh'd at the Statues of the Eponymi.
Which done, by the Epijlata'% Order, the People fliall vote which of
them fliall be made void, or ratified (a). See as before.
No Man fliall enaft a Law in Behalf of any private Perfon, unlefs
fix thoufand Citizens give Leave by private Votes. 'Jbis vjas one of
Solon'j Laivs (b) .
It fliall be a capital Crime for any Man to cite a fiftitious Law in
any Court of Juftice ('f^.
The Laws fliall be in Force from the Arehonjh'tp of Euclides (d)- f^f*
La'voix'ai enacled after the Expuljtoti of the thirty Tyrants, and inti-
mates, that nvhat had heen done, under their Ufurpation, fhould not
thenceforth be enquird into, an Ail of Amnefty hwving been pafs'd.
Diodes hath enafted, that the Laws enafted during the Freedom of
the Commonwealth, before Euclides was Jrchon, and alfo thofe which
were made inhisArchonJhip, fliall be in full Force henceforward. Thofe,
which have been enaftedfince the Archonjhip of Euclides, or hereafter to
be enafted, Ihall be in Force from the Day, wherein each of them fliall
be enafted, unlefs a particular Time, wherein their Force fliall begin, is
fpecify'd in the Law. Thofe, which are now in Force, fliall be tranfcrib'd.
into the publick Records by the Notary oftheS^-wa/^ within thirty Days.
But the Laws, hereafter to be made, (hall be tranfcribed, and begin to
be in Force from the Day of their being enafted (e). This Lavj gcr-z'e
perpetual Force and Authority to the Lanvs o/" Solon, ivhich ^were atfirjl
enabled only for an hundred Tears, as has been elfeivhere obferved.
Laws referring to Decrees of the Senate, and
Commonalty.
"^^KTiittTA, or Decrees of the Senate, are to be but of one Year's
Continuance (f). See Book I, Chap, xviii.
No Pfephifm Ihall pafs to the Commons, before the Senatii Super-
vifal (g). One o/'SolonV Laivs. See as before.
() Demfibents ibid, & in Ltptin. (as) Ulfianut in Lt^in. {a) MJchinet in Cttji.
fbontem, (i) Andocidet dc Myfteriis, JEntat Gaxaut in Thetphrajium. (<) Dem.
Jlijenis Orat. II. in Ariftogiconem. {d) Andocidet de Myfteriit. {e) Dtmofittnts \n,
Timoirat. {/) Demofibena iaAriJfocratem. {g) F.'urardut Silorr,
L 3 The'
'f^a. Of the Civil Government of Athens.'
The Tablets, on which the Pfephifms are engraved, are by no mean
to be removed (g).
Let no P/ephifm be of greater Authority than the Laws, the Senate^
or the People [h).
No Sophu\i'cation is to be contain'd in a P/ephifm (/).
Laws concerning native and enfranchis'd Citizens. '
AL L Laws are to be alike obligatory towards the whole Body
of the People. One o/'Thefeus'j La^s [k).
All Priefts and Archons are to be elefted out of the Nobility (eu3-(*-
TflcTaf) whofe Duty 'tis to interpret all Laws both Civil and Divine.
Another o/* Thefeus'5 Laius (I). See Book L Chap. iii.
The 0j)Tf, or thofe of cLe meaneft Sort, fhall be capable of no Ma-
giftracy. This and the follonuing Law are Solon'j (). See Book L
Chap. iv.
The nTSf fhall have Right of Suffrage in publick AfTemblies, and
of being elefted Judges.
Let all the Citizens have an equal Share in the Government, and
the /^rc^ow/ be indifferently eledled out of them all. This Law 'was
encSlcd by Ariftides (), See Book I. Chap. xi.
No Perfon?, but fu'ch as have fuffer'd perpetual Banifhment, or thofe
who, with their whcic Families, come to Athens for the Conveniency
of Trade, fhall be enroll'd among the Denijons. One of Solon'j
Lavjs[o). 5^^ Book I. Chap. xi.
Let no Perfon that's a Slave by Birth, be made free of the City [p).
See Book I. Chap. x.
No one fhaiibe admitted Citizen,unlefs a particular Eminency of Vir-
tue entitle him to it ; and if the People do confer a Citizenfhip on any
one for his Merits, he fhall not be ratified before the Athenians, at the
next Meeting of the Affembly, honour him with fix thoufand private
Votes ; the Prytane: likewife fhall give them.before the Entrance of the
Stranger?, the Boxes with the Calculi, and take away the Largeffes.
Now thefe Perfons, after Enfranchifment, fhall be altogether uncapable
of being Jrchsns, or Priefts ; as for their Children, they may officiate,
if born of a free Woman ; if the Perfons made free pref ume the taking
up of any OfHcfe, any free-born Man may bring an Adlion againll
them, as Interlopers on his Privileges {) Disn.CbryJeJiomus Ozat.XY. {j) Dcmcjltenes Orat. in
Court,
Of the Civil Government (?/^Athensr 1 5 1
Court, they Ihall be rank'd among the Sojournrs j but they that, after
Appeal, ftiall be condemn'd by the higher Court, (hall be fold for
Slaves; or, if acquitted, (hall contihue in their Freedom {/). See as
before. This Lanv ijuas enaded^ Archias being Archon.
It is permitted any Athenian to leave the City, and take his Family
and Goods along with him (f).
Laws appertaining to Children legitimate, fpurlouSy or
adopted.
THEY only fliall be reckon'd Citizens, whofe Parents are both
fo(/). See Book L Chap, iv, This Laiv nuas enaSed at the
Infiance /" Pericles.
He (hall be look'd on as a Baftard, whofe Mother is not free (a).
^his ivas enaSled by Ariftophon the Orator.
Let none of fpurious Birth, whether Male or Female, inherit either in
facred or civil Things, from the Time oi Euclides being Archon (w).
That Inheritance (liall pafs for good, which is given by a Childlefs
Perfon to an adopted Son [x).
Adoption mull be made by Perfons living (y). i. e. Not by their Laji
Tejlament.
No one, except the Perfon, who adopted, ihall have a legitimate
Son, (hall relinqui(h the Family into which he is adopted, to return in-
to his Natural. One o/"Solon's Lanvs |). See Book IV. Chap. xv.
Parents may give their Children what Names they will, or change
thofe they have (brothers (). 5"^^ Book IV. Chap. xiv.
Whenever Parents come to enroll their Children, whether genuine,
or adopted, in the publick Regifter of the fparofSf, they are obliged to
profefs by Oath, that they were lawfully begotten of a free Woman(^).
See Book I. Chap. ix.
Beads, defign'd at this Time for the Altar, are to be of a certain
Weight, a Goat to weigh fifty ^vdi, and two Sheep forty-eight.
The Oath to he taken hy the Ephebi.
I'LL never do any Thing todifgracethis Armour ; I'll never fly from
my Port, or revolt from my General, but I'll fight for my Coun-
try and Religion, in an Army or fmgle Combat ; I'll never be the
Caufe of weakening or endamaging my Country ; and if it be my For*
tune to fail on the Seas, my Country thinking fit to fend me in a Colo-
ny, I'll willingly acquiefce and enjoy that Land which is allotted me.
I'll firmly adhere to the prcfent Conftitution of Affairs, and whatfo-
ever Enaftions the People (hall pleafe to pafs, I'll fee nobody violate or
pervert them, but I'll either fmgly by myfelf, or by joining with
(r)Argumtntum Demojihen. Ont. Tp5< EC^^^tJ'vvWiiTiaf. (/) PlatnCrimt.
{t) Plutarebus Pericle. () Caryfiio W/loric. X.'miLtvtIU. lib. III. (tv) Dcirfo/fkfin
in Macartatum. (x) Demoftbenes in Leocbarem. {y ) Libaniut ArgumentoOrat. Dr-
mtjihenes in Leocbarem. (z) Ifaui do hatred. Fhihnetnonit, Ujrp,cration. {a) Di-
mojibciici Orat. in Beettum dc nomine. (*) (/> de hjcted, A^o'Mori,
L 4 othcn,
1 5 2 Of the Civil Government of Athens .
others, endeavour to revenge them. I'li conform to my Country**
Beligion : I fwear by thefe following Deities, wx. the Jgrauli, Enya-
lius. Mars, "Jupiter, the Earth, and Diana.
If Occifion require, I'll lay. down my l,ife for my native Country.
My Endeavours to extend the Dominions oi Athens fhall never ceafe,
while there are Wheat, Barley, Vineyards, and Olive-trees without its
Limits (f).
Parents fhall have full Right to difinherit their Children [d). See,
Book IV. Chap. XV.
No one fhall fell his Daughter, or Sifler, unlefs he can prove her to
be a Whore [e). One o/Solon'i Lanvs. See Book I. Chap. x.
The firfl: InlHtution of Youth is to be in Swimming, and the Rudi-
ments of Literature ; as for thofe, whofe Abilities in the World are
but mean, let them learn Hifbandry, Manufactures, and Trades ; but
they , who can afford a genteel Eduaition, fhall learn to play on mufi-
cal Inllruments, to ride, fhall liudy philofophy, learn to hunt, and be
inflrufted in the Gymnical Exercifes. One ofioiorCs Laivs.
Let him- be {eirif^') infamous, who beats his Parents, or does not
provide for them (f)^ One of '^loXoxC s Lanus. See Book IV. Chap. xv.
If any Man, being found guilty ofabufing his Parents, frequent prohi-
bited Places, the Eleven fhall fetter him, and bring him to Trial at the
Heliaan Court, where any one, who is impower'd thereto, may accufe
him ; if he's herecaft, the Heliaan Judge (hall inflift upon him what
Puniihment they pleafe, and if they fine him, let him be clapp'd up in
Gaol till he pays the whole [g). Another of Solon'j Lawus. See as before.
No Bailards, or fuch as have been brought up to no Employ, fhall be
obliged to keep their Parents {V). Another of So\q\\'s La^js . See as before.
If any one's Eftate, after hisDeceafe, fhall be called in Queftion, the
Enjoyer of it is obliged to prove the Lawfulnefs of his Parents getting
it, according to that golden Precept, Honour your Parents^ (i).
He, that is undutiful to his Parents, fhall be uncapable of bearing
any Ofiice, and farther be impeach'd before the Magifirate {k). See,
Book IV. Chap. xv.
' If, through the Infirmity of old Age, or Torture of a Difeafe, any
Father be found craz'd and dillemper'd in his Mind, a Son may hence-
forth have an Aftion againft him, wherein, if he be caft, he may keep
him in Bonds.
Laws belonging to Sojourners.
EVERY Sojourner is to choofehis Patron out of the Citizens, who
is to pay his Tribute to the Colle^ors^zni take Care of all his other
Concerns. See Book I. Chap. x. as alfo in the follonving Laivs^
{c) Stehaus, Pollux, Plutarehus Alcihiadt, Ulpianus in Demoflbenis Orat. de felfa
Lgat. [d) Demofthcnis Ot3.t. m Bceotum. (e) Plutarcbus So/one. {/) Diogena
Laertius, ^.fcbines In Tiiiiarchum, [g) Demofihemi, Orat. in Timocratem. (h) Plu-
iartbus Sokne. (/') Demofibena in Caili^Pum, (k) Xtno^bon hwofJ-yny- lib. I.
- ' Let
Of the Civil Government of Aihtn^, 153
Let there be an Adtion againtt them, who don't chufp a Patron^ or
pay Tribute.
In this Adtion no Foreigner fhall appear as a Witnefs.
Let them be call into Prifon before Sentence is pafs'd, without any
Grant of Bailment, on whom the Aftion of ^zvia is laid, but if con-
demned, they Ihall be fold ; whoever is acquitted of this Imputation
may accufe his Adverfary of Bribery (/). See Book I. Chap. xi.
Laws relating to Slaves, and freed Servants. ,
HE that beats another Man's Servant, may have an Aftion of
Battery brought againft him [m). See Book I. Chap. x. and in
federal of the follo%mng Lawos.
No one may fell a Capti've for a Slave, without the Confent of his
former Mailer : If any Capti've hath been fold, he fhall berefcu'd, and let
hisRefcuer put in Sureties for his Appearance before the Polemarchus (a).
If any Slave's Freedom hath been unjullly aflerted by another, the
Affertor fhall be liable to pay half the Price of the Slave (o).
Any Slave, unable to drudge under the Imperioufnefs of his Matter,
may compel him to let him quit his Service for one more mild and
gentle fpj.
Slaves may buy themfelves out of Bondage ("qj.
No Slaves are to have their Liberty given them in the Theatre j the
Crier that proclaims it fhall be (ati(j.-) infamous (r) ).
All emancipated Slaves fhall pay certain Services, and do Homage
to the Maflers who gave them Liberty, chuling them only for their
Patrons f and not be wanting in the Performance of thofe Duties, to
which they are oblig'd by Law (f).
Patrons are permitted to bring an Aflion of A-tfosiiTiov againft fuch.
freed Slaves, s.s are remifs in the foremention'd Duties,and reduce them
to their priltine State of Bondage, if the Charge be prov'd againft
them ; but if the Accufation be groundlefs, they fhall entirely pofTefs
their Freedom (tj.
4ny who have a Mind, whether Citizens, or Strangers, may appear
as Evidences in the abovemention'd Caufe (u).
He that redeems a Prifoner of War, may claim him as his own, un
lefs the Prifoner himfelf be able to pay his own Ranfom f'wj.
Maintenance is by no Means to b.e given to a Slave carelefs in his
Duty (xj.
(/) Hyperides in Arlflagoram. (w) Xenopbon. AcAtben. Repub. () PlutarcbusLf
eurgo rhetore, Mfchinet in Timarchum. (o) Argumtnt. Dtmoft. Orat. in Tbtocrintm.
{p) Pluiarcbut AtSuperJiitione. (y) Dion. Chryfoftomut Orat. XV. (r) Mfchinet \n
Qefipbcntem, {f)Ccinf. Lexicograpbot y. a.'ZiFiKi\)^if&- {t) Conf. eofdem. v,
atso^ATtov. (a) Harpocratitn tx Hyptridt, (w) Dmoftbetttt ia Nicojiratuim
{x) Ulpianut in Medianam,
Law*
154 Of the Civil Govetiimeni of At\itnzl
Laws concerning the Senate of Five hundred, and the Po-
pular AlTembly.
N
O one is to be twice an Epijlaia *. See Book I. Chap, xviii.
The Oath of the Senate Ipafs hy, as lefore treated o/Book I. Ch. xviii.
The Eftablifliment of Phocus runs, that Senators, with the reft of the
Athenians, (hall keep the Feaft call'd A'TntjtieiA, as is ufual by the Cuf-
tom of the Country, and that there fliall be an Adjournment of the Se-
nate, and Vacations of leffer Courts, for five Days, from the Time in
which the Protenth^ebegin to celebrate the Solemnity (yj. See Book II,
Chap. XX. z A7rc{\iexct.
The Crier (hall pray for the good Succefs of Affairs, and encourage
all Men to lay out their Endeavours on that Defign (). See Book f.
Chap. xvii.
The Crier fhall curfe him openly, with his Kindred and Family, who
(hall appear in the Court, and plead, and give his Voice for Lucre [a] .
Let the moft ancient of the Athenians, having decently compos'd
their Bodies, deliver their moft prudent and wife Thoughts to the Peo-
ple ; and after them, let fuch of the reft, as will, do the like, one by
one, according to Seniority {^). One of Solon'i Laius. See Book I.
Chap. xvii. and in the tixjo next Lanjjs.
In every Aflembly, let there be one Tribe elefted to prejide, and to
look after the Laws (<:).
The Prytanes are not to authorize the People to vote twice for the
fame Thing [d).
The Senate of Five hundredmzy fine as far as five hundred Drachms[e),
See Book I. Chap, xviii. and in the tnvo follon.i'ing La^vs,
Let the Senate of Fi~je hundred build new Ships (f).
Such as have not built any, fhall be reifus'd the Donation of Crowns {g).
'^rh.hSenate fhall give an Account of their Adminiftration, and they
who haveexecuted their Offices well, fhall be rewarded with Crowns(/;).
Laws which concern Magiftrates.
NOne fhall be Magiftrafet, but they who have competent Eftates {/}.
One ofSolorCs Laics. See Book I. Chap. xi. and in thefollowng.
The Eledion oi Magijirates fhall be by Beans {k).
* Pollux, lib. VIII. cap. 9. ( y ) Ex Athenao. {x) Dlnarchus in Aripgitonem,
{a) Ibidem, {b) Mfchinei in Ctefiphontem. (c) JEfcbina in Timarcbum. {d) Nicia
Otat. apud Thucyd. lib. VI. (e) Demojihenei in Euerg. & Mnefibal. (/ ) Demoft-
benei tcUlfianu'tin Androtiana, itemque in ejufdem argumento I.:itfniBi. (f) '^^^'
dem. (.) jEfcbinei in Ctefipbontm, Dsmojlhsnsi Si U-'^ianut AndrQtiana, ('} ^^"
tartbus Sohnc, (k) Ladanus^
It
Of the Civil Government of Athens." 15^
It fhall be punifhable with Death, to pafs two Suffrages for the fame
Candidate {a).
The Archons fhall be created by the People. *
No one fhall bear the fame Office twice, or enter on two feveral the
fame Year {h).
AH Magijirates, that are elefled by Suffrager, Surveyors of publick
Works, and they, who have any Authority in the City upwards of thir-
ty Days, with thofe who prefide over the Courts of Judicature, fhall ndt
enter on their refpeftive Offices,till they have undergone the accuftom*d
Examination ; and, after the Expiration of thofe Offices.they fhall giv6
an Account of the Difcharge of their Truft before the Scribe andi^-
^iji^r, as other Magiftrates are oblig'd to do {c).
This fhall be the Manner ; So much I received from the Publiclc,
fo much I laid out, or in the Reverfe {d).
Such as have not made up their Accounts, (hall expend none of their
Money in divine Ufes, nor make Wills ; nor fhall they have Licence
to travel, bear another OfHce, or have the Honour of a Crown con-
ferred on them {e).
It is Death for any one indebted to the publick Exchequer, to be
invefted with a publick Truft (f).
It is ahb Death to ufurp the Government (g).
Let him be out-law'd, who fhall continue in his Magiflracy after the
Diffolution oi democratical GoMcrrvsntTLt ; whereupon, it fhall be lawful
for any one to kill fuch a Perfon, and make Seizure of his Goods [h) .
A Pfephifm.
THIS Decree was made by the Setzate and Athenian State, the
Tribe jEantis being Prytanes, Cleogenes Clerk, Boethiis chief
Prefident, Demophantiis its lagroj/er ; the Date of this Pfephifm is from
the Eleftion of the Senate o{ Finje hundred, and thus it runs : If any one
levels at the Ruin of the Commonwealth, or after its Subverfion bears
any Office, let that Man be cenfur'd as an Enemy to the State, and
difpatch'd out of the Way ; let all his Goods, faving the tenth Part to
be confifcated to Minerva, be expos'd to Sale : He that kills him, with
all his AfTiflants, fhall be blamelefs herein, and free from the Guilt of
his Death ; all Athenians likewife, in their feveral Tribes, are oblig'd
by Oath to attempt the Killing of that Man, who fhall in the leaft
feem to afFeft the Crimes here fet down (}.
'the Oath.
I'LL endeavour, with my own Hands, to kill that Man, who fhall
diffolve the Athenian Republick, or, after its Subverfion, fhall bear
any OfHce, and he fhall be reputed by me wholly free from Guilt, in
Refpeft of the Gods or Damons, who fhall take away his Life, or en-
courage another fo to do ; farther, in the Diflribution of his Goods,
() Demoftbenet in Benotum. (i) Uipiaeut in Tlmocrateam. (f ) /Efibiitet in Ctefi"
fhonttm. (<0 Ibidem. (?) Ibidem, (/) DemoftbtttttLtpiinea, {^) PlutorcbutSt-
itne. ih) Andofidet de Mjjitriii, 0) IbidcflHi
rij
156 Of the Civil Government of Athens.
I'll pafs my Vote that the Slayer fhall have half; and he, that In the
Attempt (hall have the Misfortune to lofe his own Life, fliall, with his
Heirs, have due Refpeft and Honour from me, as Harmodius and
Arijiogiton, with their Pofterity {K).
All Oaths, that Ihall be taken in Time of War, or any other Jundure,
if inconfiftent with the Athenian Conilitution, fhall be null and void.
No OfHce, impos'd by the People, (hall be refus'd by Oath before the
Senate {[).
Whoever cafts fcurrilous Abufes on a Maglftrate, while officiating,
ih^ll be fin'd ().
Itbe Examination, and the interrogatory Difquifttion of the
Archons.
Hether they are Citizens by a lawful Lineage of Progenitors
for three Generations, and from what Family they alTume their
Pedigree; whether they derive their Progeny from Paternal Apollo, and
"Jupiter Herceus[n). See Book I. Chap. xii. and in the folloujing.
^ejl. Heark you. Friend, Who's your Father ?
Anjhj. What, Sir, d'ye mean my Father ? N. or A^
^iefi. What Kindred can you produce to make Evidence ?
An'fw. Sufficient, Sir, firft of all, thefe Coufins, then thefe Perfons who
have Right to the fame Burying-place with us, theie here of the fame
Phratria, and thefe related to Apollo Patriiis, and Jupiter Herceus ; laftly,
thefe Gentlemen of the izsr^e, Borough, who have repos'd the Tiuil and
Management of Offices in me, and honour'd me with their Suffrages.
^ejl. D'ye hear. Friend ? Who is your Mother ?
Anjhu. What, mine, d'ye mean? N. or N.
^eft. What Kindred have you to fhew ?
Anfvj. Thefe firft, thefe fecond Coufins, and thofe of the fame
Phratria and Borough.
Then the Cafe is to (fe put,
r Honour'd their Parents ?
Whether they have -^ Fought for their Country ?
^ PofTeflion of an Eftate, and all their Limbs found ?
The Archon'j Oath,.
I'LL be punftual in the Obfervance of the Laws, and for every De-
fault herein, I'll forfeit a Statue of Gold, of equal Proportion with
myfelf, to the Delphian Apollo (). See at before, and in the follonjoing.
An Archon, that fhall be feen overcharg'd with Wine, fhall fufler
Death (/>).
If any one is contumelioufly piquant, beats any Thefmotheta, or
blafts his Reputation, a crown'd Archons, or any other's, whom the
{k) Lycurgus in Lcocratem. (/) MJchinet de falfa Legat. ' Lifus pro milite.
() Pollux, lib. viii. cap. 9, (0) Plutarcbus Solone, Pollux, lib. VIII. &c. (/>) La-
trtiui Selonft
Cky
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' 157
City Privileges with an Office, or confers any Dignity upon, let him
be (*T//^t-) infamous {q).
The Areopagite Senate, when Vacancies fall, fhall yearly be recruited
out of the Archons {>) . See Book I. Chap. xix. and in the follotx:ing.
The Areopagites fhall have Infpedlion into the Deportment and Be-
haviour of the Athenians (f).
Let no Areopagite make a Comedy {t).
The Senate oi Areopagus (hall give an Account of their Management
before the LogjJi^(ji).
Let a ST?tfTW>'Of have Children lawfully begotten, and enjoy an
Eibte within the Confines oi Attica (xu). See Book IIL Chap. v. -
7he Oath of the Xr^nryos.
1' L L twice a Year make an Incurfion into the Megarenjian Terri-
tories [x).
Let fuch of the '2,T^a]yo) be arraign'd, as fhall endamage the
Fleet of their Allies (y).
No one fhall be created Syndick, or AJlynomus, above once (2). See
Book L Chap. XV.
The ^ajiors fhall be chofen by Suffrages of the People {a).
A ^isfiorjhip mud not be kept above five Years {b).
It's Death to go on anEmbafTy without CommifSon from the Senate,
or People (c). See Book I. Chap. xv.
No one fhall be Secretary above once under the fame Magiflrate (d).
See Book I. Chap. xv.
Laws refpe5fing Orators.
NO one under the Age of thirty Years, fhall fpeak an Oration \^
the Senate, or popular Aflembly. See Book L Chap. xv.
An Infpedlion into the Orators Lives.
LE T no one be a publick Orator, who hath flruck his Parents,
denied them Maintenance, or fhut them oat of Doors ; who have
refus'd going into the Army in Cafe of publick NecefTity, or thrown
away his Shield ; who hath committed Whoredom, or given Way to
Effeminacy ; who hath run out his Father's Eftate,orany Inheritance left
him by a Friend ; if, notwithftanding any of thefe Crimes, any one
Ihall dare to deliver a publick Oration, let thofe, who are commif-
fion'd, bring him to the Tefl in open Court (f).
Let an Orator have Children lawfully begotten, and let him be
Mafter of an Ellate within Attica's Borders (/).
{q) Demo/ibtnei m MiJiam. (r) Plutarcbat Solone, (/) Ibidem. (/) Plutarchut
^e gloria Atbtnienjium. ( u) AEfcbinet in Ctejipbontcm. (w) Dinarcbut in Demoftbt^
rem, {x) Plutarcbus in Pericle. [y) Dcmoflbenet T--.C/ Tuv iv '/-p^'- '-TU.
(r) Demoflbenti in Leptinem, Sc Proam. LXIV. (a) Ulpianuf ad Androtianam.
(A) Plutarch Lycurg^o rhetorc. (c) DetMfihen. de falfa Lcgat. ('Offor dancing before thcv^rr^ow, fhall
be fin'd 50 Drachms ; and a thoufand, if he perfift after Prohibition (i).
Thofe Dancers, who are {ctriiJ-oi) infamous, are to be drove ofF the
Stage (/).
Sixteen Men are to be chofen out of all the publick Co?npanies, to
contribute equally towards the building a Man of War, which Service
they are to engage in from twenty-five Years to forty [m).
The Qualifications for a Trierarch is, that he be worth ten Talents^
according to which Ellimation he is to be chofen : But if his Eitate is
rated more, let him build Ships equivalent, yet at moft but three,
with a SkifF; they, who are not worth fo much, fhall be join'd toge-
ther, fo many of them, till their Eftates make up the Sum {n).
The Trierarchs, and O'verjeers of the Navy, fhall be commiffion'd to
regifter their Names, who, being of the fame 2 y// />& are indebted
to the Commonwealth for Ship-rigging, for which they fhall fue
them(o). See Book. I. Chap. xv. and in the follo^joing.
He, that owes Rigging, iTiall either give it, or give Security (/>).
All Trierarch: elett fhail betake themfelves to the Ships they are
conftituted over (f ).
All Trierarchs are to render an Account of their Adminifiration (;).
There fliall be a yearly Appointment for the Exchange of Offices,
where he, that fhall be defign'd a Aeijovpyai, fhall be exempted from
ferving, if he can produce any vacant Perfon richer than himfelf, and
(/) ^fchipes in Timarchun:. (g) Demojihencs in Midiatt, {h) Ibidem ibique Utpi-
anus. (/) Ibidem. (*) Ibid. (/) Ibid. [m) Demojlbenis in Corona, () Ibid.
(0) Ibidem in Euergum & Mncfbulvm, (/>) Ibidsm, [3) Idem pxo Poljcli, (r) A^f'
cb'.r.et ia Ctejipbonum,
if
Of the Chil Government of Athcnf. 15^
if the Perfon produc'd confefs he is more wealthy than the other, \\c
fball be pat into the other's Place among the three hundred', butifhe de-
nies itj let them change Eftatef. (f) See as be/ore, and in the foU(nving
His Houfe fhall be leal'd ap,\vho Ihall offer himfelf in the Exchange.
They who do quit their own Eftates for thofe of their Neighbours,
ftiall be oblig'd by Oath to difcover them in this Form.
I'll fairly and honeftly make known the Eftimate of all my PofleC-
fions, except fiich as confift in thofe Silver Mines, which the Laws ex-
aft no Duties from.
Three Days fhall be allow*d for thofe, who are to make Exchange
of their Eltates, to produce them.
No one ihall be compell'd to exhibit his Eflate, which lies in Mines.
Laws about the Refufal of Offices.
NO Man fhall be oblig'd to two Offices at the fame Time (/) .
No Man, except the Archms, fhall be excus'd from tfie
*IrierarchJhip {u). See Book I. Chap. xiv.
No one fhall be exempted from contributing to the Afleflment for
the levying of Soldiers (tu).
Laws concerning Honours to le conferred on thofe, wh$
have deferv^d well of the Commonwealth.
NO Perfon (hall be entertain'd in the Prytaneum oftener thaa
once (x). See Book I. Chap. xxv.
He, who fhall- be invited, and refufe to come, fhall be fin'd fy).
They, who are entertain'd in the Prytaneum, fhall have Maza, and,
on Feflivals, Bread, (z) See as before, and iti thefollo-wing Lanus.
All Crowns, if prefented by the People, fhall be given in the popular
Affembly ; if by the Senators, in the Senate, and in no other Place
ihall they prefent [a) .
None, except the whole Body of the Senate, and popular AfTembly,
with particular Tribes, or Boroughs, fhall be privileg'd to confer
Crowns.
No Tribe* or Borough, may prefume on the Authority of bellowing
Crowns in the Theatre, upon any of their own Members j if they do,
the Crier that proclaims them (ball be (a.TtfJi.&) infamous.
No Citizen fhall have a {^iviKoi ^k(p) ^Jcbir.eshi Timarcbum.
(o) Euripidis EkSira v. 1265. (r) Demofihena in Macart. (f) Ulpianus in 77*-
trac. Cicero lib. I. de Oratore. (/) Stcbaus Ser. I. () Demofihenei Orat I. in Supb.
fle falf. Teft. {tv) Idem in Pbamp, {x) AriJioteUs Rhet. Jib. I. cap. 25. {y) Demof-
thena in Pantanetum. (x) Demijibenes Orat. I. in Stephanum de falf. Teft, \a) Idem
pro Pbormme, [b) Ibidem, (c) Dtmojibenn Midiane,
- Such
Of the Civil Government c/" Athens!^ 1 63J
Such Arbitrators are to fwear before Verdift given ().
Let both Delinq'ienc and Abettor receive Puni/^me;:ts 3.l\ke (r).
He that profefleth himfelf guilty, before Arraignment, (hall be con-
demned [(i).
Criminals, who have been fin'd, (hall be obliged to pay from the
very Day the Fine was due, whether they are regiftered in the Debt-
Book or no : And he that doth not make Payment, within the ninth
Prjtany, (hall be obliged to pay double [e].
No one indebted to the City ihall enter on any Office f/J.
That Man, who, being indebted to the City, hath been convifted
of making an Oration to the People, (hall be the Etevcn [^.
Debtors to the City, till they have cleared o(F all, (hall be (:iTiy.oi)
infamoits ; but if they die, not having fully difcharged their Debts,
their Heirs (hall be infamous, till they make Satisfadtion {}.\.
After Payment is made, the Debtor's Name (hall be eraied out of the
Debt-book (/).
Three Parts cf the Debtor's Goods, which are forfeited to the Ex-
chequer, (hall fail to any private Perfon that informs againft him [k).
Let thoie, who are Debtors to the Publick, and have not their
Names enroll'd, be fued by the Aftion call'd EvJ'&t^n (/}.
(w) Idem in Timocratem. (x) Ibidem, {y) Idem, (ye) Plato Apologia Socratis.
(fl) Plutarchus in Perkle. {b) JJemcJlbenes in Pdyclem. (c) Andocidei de Mxfteriit,
l^d) Dernofibenei in Titnccratem. (e) Lihamus Argumento Orat. in Arijhgn. St in
^ndi-ot. (f)\Atm AtgwrntnloAndrctiana, (g) Dinarchus'mAriftogit, (b) Liba-
nius Argumento Oiat. in Arijiogit. Ulpianui in 'Timccraie, (ij DemoJiLxnei in The)''
(rinem, ^kj Idem in Nicojiratum, {I) Idem in tbeecnnem,
I'hev,
.4.
Of the Civil Government of Athens." t6'5
, They, who have been unjuflly regillcred as Debtors, fhall be ftruck
out, and their Names, who regiftered them, be put in their Place {a).
If any Debtor fhall be blotted out of the Alhe^ or Regiiler, before he
hath difcharged his Debt, let the Adion, call'd Ay<;a,'pi3y, be brought
againft him in the Court of the Ihejmotheta [h). Sec Book I. Chap,
xxiii.
Whofoever hath been branded with Inf amy, hthrt Soloft's Jrchonjhip^
fhall be repririlegeJ, except thofe whom the Areopagites, Epheta, or
Prytanes have bsnifii'd, by tie Appeal of the ^ctfTtKzvi, for Murther,
Burglary, or Treafon, when , this Law was promulged {c). One of
Solon'j Lanxs.
No Inrerceffion ITiall be made for any disfranchifed Perfon, nor for
any one indebted to the publick Exchequer, or the Gods, towards the in-
verting the former with his Privileges, and erafmg the latter'sName out
of the Debt-book, unlefs t\\c Athenian People, by fix thoufand private
'\'^otes, permit it. If any one puts up an Addrefs to the Stnate, or Peo-
ple for them, whom the Judges, Senate, or People have already caft, or
the Debtor fupplicate for himfelf before Payment be made, let the
Writ call'd EvJ^et^n be iflued out againft him after the Aim.e Manner,
as againft thofe, who, tho' indebted, prefume to aft as Judges j if any
other body, before Reftitution of the Debt be made, intercede for the
Debtor, let all his Goods be expofed to Sale ; and if a Procerus give a
Debtor, or any other Perfon on this Account, leave tx) propofe the
Petition to be voted beforeAccounts be made up, he Ihallbe ATiy.@-{(/).
Laws referring to Receivers of publick Revenues, the
Exchequer, and Money for Shows,
TH E Senate oi five hundred fhall put fuch, as farm the public Rc'
tvenues, and are negligent to pay their Rent, in the Stocks (c).
If the abovemention'd Officers don't bring in their Rents before the-
ninth Prytany, they fhall pay double (f).
If they do not give Security to the Publick, let their Goods be con-
fifcated {g).
They, who are entrufted with Money for the carrying on of religious
Aft'airs, fhall render it up in the Senate ; which, if they neglcft, they
fhall be proceeded againft in the fame Manner as they, who farm the
publick Revenues (h) .
They, whoemploy the publick Stock awhole Year for their own Ufe,
fhall be obliged to reilore double ; and they, whoconiinue thus fquan-
deringanother Year, fhall be dap'd intoGaol until Payment be madr(/).
A thoufand Talents are yearly to be laid by for the defending oiAt-
tica againft foreign Invafions, which Money, if any Perfon propofe to
lay out on any other Defign, he fliall fufFer Deatii {k).
At the Eruption of a fudden War, Soldiers fhall be paid out of the
Remainder of the Money defign'd for Civil Ufes {/).
(a) Idem. Orat. I. in Arijlogit. {b) Idem in Theocrintm. (r ) Plutarchut Solsne.
(d) DemcfiiienetTimocrauj. (t) Andecidet ie Myfteriit. (/) Demoftbtntt in 7imo-
cratem. {g) Demojlbenet Nictftrat. (A) Idem in Timocrattm. (f ) Anonymut rgik-^
in:nto Timscrattie, Ik) Aadocidet de pace Laeed, {I) Demrjtbcna in Aaeram.
M 3 ^ If
iSi Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens.
If any one propofes, that the Soldiers Pay Ihould be taken out of the
Money dd)gu*d for the Exhibition of ShoiJus, he (hall be put to Death (w).
J'his Lawwas enaSled by Eubulus, to ingratiate himfelf txitb the Com-
tnonalty. See Book I. Chap. xiv.
Laws ahoui Limits and Land-marks.
IF there be apublick Well within the Space of an Hippic'um, any one
may make ufe of that; but otherwife, every Perfon rfiall dig one of
Jiis own (). QneofSoXovLS La^jos, to prevent Contention ahout Wa-
ter, nuhich nvas 'very fear ce in Attica.
If any one digs a Well near another Man's Ground, he muft leave
the Space of an O^y^jioL betwixt it and his Neighbour'? Inclofure (o).
Another of Solon'j Laivs.
He that digs a Well ten Ofyviiu deep, and finds no Spring, may draw
(wice a Day out of his Neighbour's fix Veffels of Water call'd Xojf (/>).
Another o/"Solon'j Latvs.
Let him, who digs a Ditch, or makes a Trench nigh another's Land,
leave fo much Diflance from his Neighbour, as the Ditch, or Trench,
is deep {q). Another o/"Solon'i Lanvs.
If any one makes a Hedge near his Neighbour's Ground, let him
not pafs his Neighbour's Land-mark ; if he builds a Wall, he is to leave
pne Foot betwixt him and his Neighbour j if an Houfe, two (r),
IThis nuas alfo enaSied by Solon,
He, that builds an Houfe in a Field, (hall have it a Bow-fhot frora
his Neighbour (f). This nvas alfo enaSied by Solon.
He, who keeps a Hive of Bees, muft place them three hundred Feet
from his Neighbour's (t). Another of Solon'i Laius.
Olive and Fig-trees muft be planted nine Feet from another's Grffa) Pltttarcbus Solone, {q) Plutarcbus & Gajus locis cit. (r) Gajus loc, cit,
(/) Eclogae hctffiKiKuv. {t) Plutarcbui Solone, () Plutarcbus & Gajus ibid,
{w) Dcmofibenet in Macart.
i
Of the Civil Government of Athens.' '^gTJ
Laws refpe5ling Lands, Herds, and Flocks.'
ME N ftiall not be permitted to purchafe as much Land as they
defire {x). One o/" Solon' j La-jus, dtfign'dto prevent Menfnm
gro-ojing too great and poijcerful.
All wild Extravagan^s, and Spend-thrifts, who laviflily run out the
Eflates left them by their Fathers, or others, {hall be At//xo/. Another
ofSoloTis La^s (y).
Any one, who brings an He-Wolf, (hall have five Drachms, and for
a She-Wolf, one (z). One (?/"Solon'j Laius, in njohofe lime Attica inai
infejled -tiith Wolves.
No one {hall kill an Ox which labours at the Plough. An old
La'w{a). 5^^ Book II. Chap, iv.
No Man {hall kill a Lamb of a Year old. No Man {hall kill an Ox.
Thefe La^us luere enabled, ivhen thofe Animals tM cvouiH [d). See Book I. Chap, xxiv.
There {hall be no Cheating among the Market Folks {e).
That Fijh monger {hall incur Imprilonment, who {hall over-rate his
Tijh, and take lefs than the {ir{l profer'd them for (f).
Fijhmongers {hall not lay their {linking Fijh in Water, thereby to
make it more vendible [g\.
Liaws appertaining to Ufury and Money.
A Banker {hall demand no more Intere{l-Money, than what he
agreed for at {irft {h).
Let Ufurers Intere{l-Money be moderate (/) .
No body, who hath put in Surety for any Thing, may fuc for it,
he or his Heirs (k).
Pledges and Sureties {hall {land but for one Year (/).
No one to clear his Debt {hall make himfelf a Slave [m). One of
Solon'i Lanjjs.
He, who does not pay what has been adjudg'd in due Time, Ihall
have his Houfe rifled (n).
The Fine enfuing theAdion, call'd E^'AH,{hallgo to the Publick('o^.
{x) ArifltteliiPolit. lib. II. cap, 8. (j^ ) DIog. Laertiui, /Efchinet in Timarcbum.
() Plutarcbut Solone. {a) MHanut Var. Hift. lib. I. cap. 14. {b) Athenaut, lib. I.
ft IX. Eujhtbius in Iliad, * (f ) Porphyrius ^ei ctVo)^ Hieronymut in Jovin. lib.
II. (ctV/f is to be brought againft him,
and the Informer fhall claim Half the Com (/).
He, who impleads a Merchant on flight Grounds, (hall have both
the Adions of E(^J^^/f and fiLyrctyayn brought againft him ().
He fliall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms, and wholly debarr'd from if-
fuingout the Aftion of Tfji^w, ^Atri<;, A-TTctyuyh, and EpriyiiJK, who
Ihall defift from the Profecution of any Merchant accufed by him, or
doth not require the fifth Part of the Suffrages (tu).
Let no Inhabitant of Athens buy more Corn than fifty Phormi will
contain {'*).
No one fhall export Wool, or Pitch (y). Thefe 'were necejfary toiuards
the Building of Ships.
All Controverfies and Compals, made by Bonds between Mariners,
either failing for Athens, or bound elfewhere, fhall be brought under
the Cognizance of the Thefmotheta ; if any Mariners, in any of the
Marts, bound to Athens, or for any other Place, are found guilty of
Injuftice, they (hall be clap'd into Cuftody till the Fine, which (hall be
impofed on them, is paid ; any of them may non-fuit his Adverfary, if
he be legally profecuted [z).
No Watermen and Majiers of Ships fhall carry PafTengers any where
elfe, than they agreed at firft.
{^*)Fhtarcbus Solone. (f) Demoftbenei Leptinea 8c Timacratea. (/>) Demejihenes
5n Lacritum. (y) Plutarcbui Solone. (r) Pindari Scholiafui Nem. Od. x. (/) Ari-
(topbanis Scboliaftes in Plutum. (/) Demojthetttt Timocratea. (a) Idem in T'heoeri-
yitm. fw) Ibidem, (*) Iji/fizj in frumenti emptores. (y) Ari/topba/iit Scbol. in
quite [z] Argumentunj Ora: Demojtkctsts in Xcnnthemn,
Laws
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. 169
Laws reffeuling Arts.
AN Y one may accufe another of Idlenefs ( ). This Law is nf-
crihed to Draco, Solon, awd'Pifillratus.
I\o Man fhall have two Trades (f).
No Man (hall fell Perfumes, One o/Solon'j Laivs(x).
Foreigners (hall not be privileged to fell IVares in the Market, or
profefs any Calling ('-,).
Any one may bring an Aftion of Slander againft him, who difpi-
rages, or ridicules any Man or Woman for being of a Trade (2;). Set
Book I. Chap. viii.
He who, by his Profeffion, gets bed Repute, and is reckoned the
moft ingenious in his Way, Ihall have his Diet in the Prytaneum, and
be honour'd with the higheft Seat [a).
That Ferryman (hall be prohibited the Exercife of his Employ, who
overturns his Boat, tho' unwillingly, in wafting over to Salamis {b).
Laws concerning Societies, with their Agreements.
IF Fellonv-Burgejps, thofe of the fame^pstrf a, within thirty Days after the Complaint hath been brought
before them, or, fuppofe any publick Concern hinders, as foon as Oc-
cafion will permit ; if the Offender is caft, he fhall immediately undergo
the PuniOiment, whether corporal, or pecuniary, annex'd to his Of^ *
fence ; if he be fentenc'd to die, let him be delivered to the EvJ^>t6,
and fuffer Death the fame Day ; if the vitiated Servant, or Woman, be-
long to the Profecutor, and he let the Adion fall, or doth not get the
fifth Part of the Suffrages, he fhall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms ; if the
Criminal be only fin'd, let him pay within eleven Days at the fartheft,
after Sentence is pafs'd ; if it be a freeborn Perfon he hath vitiated, let
him be kept in Bonds till Payment thereof (o).
He that hath proftitutcd himfelf for a Catamite, fliall not be eleled
an Archon^ Prieft, or Syndick ; fhall execute no Office, either within, or
out of Attica's Boundaries, conferr'd by Lot, or Suffrage ; he (hall not
be fent on an Ambaffy, pafs Verdift, fet Footing within the publick
Temples, be crownM on folemn Days, or enter the Forum's purified
Precinfts ; if anyone isconvifted of the abovemention'd Lafciviouf-
nefs, by offending againft this Law, he fhall fuffer Death (/>).
Perfons who keep Company with common Strumpets, fhall not be ac-
counted Adulterers, for fuch fhall be in common for the fatiating of
Luft {q). See Book IV. Chap. xi. and in the folloiuing Lwws.
Whores fliall wear, as a Badge of Diltindlion, flower'd Garments (r).
Laws appointed for the Drawing up of Wills, and right
Conjiitntion of Heirs and Succefibrs.
THE Right of Inheritance fliall remain in the fame Family^/). An
oldLaiu which nvas abrogated by Solon. See Book L Chap. x.
Boy?, or Women, are not to difpofe hyWi/Ja.hovez.Medimn of Barley(/).
AW genuine Citizens, whofe Eftates were impair'd by litigious Suits
whenSo/fl entered xhtPratorJhip, fliall have Pcrmiffion of leaving their
Eftates to whom they will, admit they have no Male-children alive, or
themfelves be not craz'd thro' the Infirmities of old Age, the Mifery of a
Diftemper, or the Enchantments of Witchcraft ; or if they be not Hen-
peck'd,orforc'dto'tbyfomeunavoidableNeceffity(w). See B. IV.Ch.xv.
Ibidem, X Ibidem, (c) Ibidem. Dtmojlben. in Midiam. {pj AEfcbinet in Ti-
marcbum, (q) Dcmofthtn. in Nearam, Lyfiat in Ibeomntftum Orat. I. (r) Suidas,
ytrrmidorut lib II. cap. 13. ff) Plutarcbui Selene, (t) Ifaut it lixrcd. Ari/larebi.
(uj Dtmojlben. \a Stepbanum Ttjlm, Orat. 11.
Ths
174 ^f ^^^ Civil Government of Athens.
The Wilis offuch as, having Children, yetdifpofe of their Eftates#
fliall (land good, if the Children die before they arrive to Maturity(qy).
Any one, though he hath Daughters alive, may give his Eilate to
another Body on this Pnruifot that the ,Perfon enjoying it Ihall marry
the Daughters (x).
Adopted Perfons (hall make no Will, but, as foon as they have Chil-
dren lawfully begotten, they may return into the Family whence they
were adopted ; or if they continue in it to their Death, then they ftall
return back the Efiates to the Relations of the Perfon that adopted (y).
O/ieo/ Solon's Laws.
All legitimate Sons (hall have an equal Portion of their Father's /-
heritatice (z). See as before.
He that, after he hath adopted a Son, begets legitimate Children,
fhall {hare his EJIate among the legitimate, ai;d adopted (a).
The Eftate of him that dies inteftate, and leaves Daughters, fliall
come to thofe who marry them ; but if there are no Daughters, thefe
fliall enjoy it, i;/s:. his Brothers by the Father's Side, and their, Sons ; if
he hathneither Brothers nor Nepliews, then Males defccnded from them,
tho' very far diftant in Kindred ; but if none of the Grand-children re-
main down to the fecond Coufmsby the Man's Side, the Wife's Rela-
tions fhall put in for the Inheritance ; admit there are none living of
either Side, they, who have the neareft Pretence to Kindred, fhall en-
joy it ; as for Baftards, from EudideshArchonftnp^ they fhall pretend no
Right to Kindred ; if there is a lawfully begotten Daughter, and an
illegitimate Son, the Daughter fhall have Preference in Right to the
Inheritance, both in refped of Divine and Civil Affairs [b).
No Baftard fhall have left him above five ^lvoji (c).
, All the Year round, except in the Month 'SKtj>po(poeiav, Legacifs(ha.]l
be examin'd by Law, fo that no one fhall enjoy any, till it has been
aflign'd by due Courfe of Law (ii).
He that iffues a Writ againftone fettled in an Inheritance, (hall bring
him before the Jrchon, and depofit Ua,^..Ka\ACoKY), as is ufual in other
Aftions, for, unlefs he profecutes the Enjoyer, he ihall have no Title to
the Eftate ; and if the immediate SuccefTor, againfl whom the Aftion
is brought, be dead, the other, within fuch a Time as the Nature of
the Adion doth require, fhall make an Appeal to the Jrchon, whofe
Bufinefs 'tis to take Cognizance of this Adion, as alfo it was of the
former Adion of the Man in PofTefTion of the Eftate [e).
Five Years being expir'd after the Death of the immediate SuccefTor,
the Eftate is to remain fecurc to the deceafed Perfon's Heirs, without
being liable to Law-fuits (f).
Laws appertaining to Guardianfhip.
NO one can be another's Guardian, who is to enjoy the Eftate
after his Death (^). 0f o/" Solon'j LatMs.
" I - i .
(w) Ibidem, (*) Jjaut de liaered. Pyrrbii (,y ) Demojihenet in Leocbarem, [x) Ifa-
us de hasred. PhikSlemcnis. (a) Ibidem, {b) Demojiben, in Macart. {c) Suidas, v,
ItjkAhpo/. (^ Demoftbenei in Stephanum Tcjiem. Oiat. II, (e) Idem in Macartt
[J\ Ififui de h^red, Pyrrhic {g) Laertiut Svione,
Cuardianf
Of the Civil Government 0/ Athens. hys
Guardians ^2i\\\tt out their Pupi/s Houfes [h). See^ook I. Ch. xxiv.
The Anhon fhall be obliged to take care of Orphans^ Heirefes, de-
cay'd Families, Women that remain in the Houfes of their deceas'd
Husbands, pretending to be with Child ; and to proteft them from
Violence and Abufes : If any one is injurious or contumelious, the
Archon (hall fine him as far as the Limits of his Power extend ; if the
Offender herein tranfgrefs beyond his Commiffion of punilhing, the
Archon, having firft impos'd on him as he thinks fit, Ihall compel hira
at five Days Warning to make Appearance at the Court of Heli/eUf
where, if he beconvidled, that Court Ihall impofe on him arbitrarily
either a pecuniary, or corporal Penalty (/).
No Pupil, after five Years Space, Ihall fue a Guardian for the Mif-
management of his Truft [k).
Laws about Sepulchres and Funerals.
LET the dead be interrd[l\. One o/*CecroFsV Laijos. See B. IV. ch. vi.
No Tomb is to confift of more Work than ten Men can finifh in
three Days ; neither is it to be erected archwife, or adorn'd with Sta-
tues ('ot/ OneofSoloxCs Laivs. ). One o/'SolonV Lanus.
The Corps fhall be laid out at the Relations Pleafure, the next Day
following, before Day-light, fliall be the Funeral Vxoct^iow ; the Men
(hall proceed firft, the Women after them j it's unlawful hereby for any
Woman, if under threefcore, and no Relation, to go where the mourn-
ful Solemnity is kept, or after the Burial is folemnized (q). See Book
IV. Chap. iv.
Too great a Concourfe of People is prohibited at Funerals (r).
Let not the Corps be buried with above three Garments (f). One of
SolonV Larjjs.
Let no Women tear their Faces, or make Lamentations, or Dirges,
at Funerals {t). Another of SoiorCs Laws. See'&ook IV. Chap. v.
At every one's Death there fhall be paid to the Prieftefs of Minerva,
who isplac'd in the Citadel, a Chcenix of Barley, tl^ like of Wheat,
and an Oholus (uj. This Law vuas enabled by Hippias.
No Ox fhall be ofFer'd to atone for, or appeafe the Ghofl of the de
ceafed {ac). One o/" Solon' j Laws. See Book IV. Chap* viii.
{h) Demojiben. in Apbobum, (;) Idem in Macartatum. (i) Idem in Naufimacbum.
(/) Cicero lib. II. de Legibus. () Ibidem. () Ibidem. () Ibidem. (/>) Plutarcbui
Solone. [q) Dtmoftherct in Macart. {r) Cicero de Legibuu (/) Plutarekui Solaiti.
{t) Idem Si Cticra, [u) AriJIttcltt Otnmtn, lib. II, (w) Flutartbvi Stient.
Children
176 Of the Civil Government of Athens,
Childicn and Heirs fhall perform the accullom'J Rites of ParenUi-
tton[x).
Slaves, when dead, fhall not be embalm J, or honour'd with a Fiine-
r^i/Banquet ^j). See as before.
Let there be no Panegyricks, unlefsatFi^wfr/j/jpublickly folemniz'd,
and then not fpoken by Kindred, but one appointed by the Publickfor
that Purpofe (z). See as before.
They, who fall in the Field, are to have Ohfequies celebrated at the
publick Charge [a). See Book II [. Chap. xi.
Let the Father have the Privilege of giving that Son a Funeral En-
(omiitn, who dy'd valiantly in the Fight [b).
He Ihall have an annual Harangue i^iioken in his Honour on the Day
he fell, who receives his Death with undaunted Prowcfs in the Battle's
Front [c] .
Let him, who accidentally lights on an unb:er:edCa.rc&{s, cafl; Earth
upon it, and let all Bodies be burie^l Welhvard (dj. See Book IV.
Chap. i. and vi.
Don't fpeak Evil of the Dead, no not though their Children pro-
voke you {e). One of Solon's Laivs. See Book IV. Chap. I.
Laws againji Ruffians and AfTaffins.
TH E Areopagite. Senate (hall fit in Judgment upon Cafes of wil-
ful Murder, of Wounds given wilfully, fetting Houfes on Fire,
or killing by Poifon (/). See Book I. Chap. xix.
The AffaJJiti's Council fhall not make any preliminary Apology, ufe
any Motives for the gaining of CompafTion, or fpeak any thing foreign
to the Caufe {g). See as before.
The Thefmothet/e fhall punifh Murderers with Death [h).
The Affaffm fhall fufFer Death in the wz.vrfl'fr'\zco''s Laivfi
If any one hath unadi'ifedly given his Jntagonijl, in xhtExercifesy his
i)eath, or kill'd by Chance a Man lying in Ambulcade, or being in the
Brunt of an Engagement of War, or one debauching his Wife, Mother,
Sifter, Daughter, Mifs, or the Nurfe of his legitimate Children, let
not fuch an one be banifli'd [d). See Book IV. Chap. xii.
It fliall be lawful to kill that Perfon, who fliall make ah AfTauIt on
the Innocent [e).
If any one, being banifhM for Chance-medley, (hall have an Indift-
Dient of wilful Murther, laid to his Charge, before hfc hath made up
the Difference with thofe who banifh'd him, he fliall make his De-
fence before the Court ht ^fiArJoi, in a little VefTel, which Ihall not
be permitted to'come to Shore, but his Judges (hall give Sentence on
the Land ; if he is call, he fliall anfwer Juilice for wilful Murther j
but, if abfolved, fliall only undergo the former Sentence of Banifli-
ment for Chance-^med/e^yf/J. See Book I. Chap. xx.
If any Archon, or Man in private Capacity, is inftramental in the
Depravation, or Repeal of thefe Statutes, let him and his Children be
ar/fjioif and his Goods be fold fgj.
It flidll be lawful to hale a Murderer, if found in any religious Place j
or the Forum, to Gaol ; and, if he prove guilty, to put him to Death ;
but if the Committer of him to Gaol do not procure the fifth Part of
the Votes, he fliall be fin'd athoufand Drachms [h).
If any one comes to an untimely End , his nearell Relations may bring
the Adtion oiAvS'^\f\-\.\a, againft thofe People they fufpeft, either to be
Abettors of the Mar^/^r, or Protedlors of the jFf/o ; and till fuch Time
as thefe make Satisfaftion, or furrender the Delinquent, the murdered
Man's Relations are privileged to feize three Men of their Body.
The Right of the Profecution of Murderers belongs to the Kindred of
the murdered, Kinsfolk's Children, their Sons-in-law, Fathers-in-Law,
Sitter's Children, and thofe of the fame*^Tprt; the Murderers h-ivcLi-
berty granted of imploring the Father of the murder d to be mild and
favourable ; but if he is not alive, then his Brother, or Sons all together
fliall be intreated ; for, without the joint Confent of them all, nothing
fhall prevail : If thefe foremention'd Pcrfons are all dead, and the Death
of the Perfon came by Chance-medley, according to the Determination of
the fifty Ephette, ten of the fame ^gjjTfletmay, if they think fit, con-
{a) Demtflkenet in Ariftocratm. {!>) Ibidem, EuripiJii Scbcl. aJiique plures. (<) Di
rnofthenet \t\ Arijlacratem, (). One of ^oXoa a Laix's.
Laws concerning Damages.
HE, who wilfully infers Damage, fliall refund twice as much : He,
who does it involuntarily, an Equivalent [q).
His Eyes fhall be both pluck'd out, who hath blinded an/ onc-ey'd
Perfon (r). One of Colon's Laws.
That Dog fhall be tied up with a Chain four Cubits long, which
hath bit any Body (f). Another of Solans La-ixs.
, {*) Ibid, {i) DemoJiher.es m Macartatum. [k) Mfdines'mCteJipbontem. (/) 5f-
dai y.^io^' (w) ^fchines in Ctejiphontetn. () Demoflhenei Ariflocratea.
() Lyfias pro C^///a, iaGmofiem. [p) PlucarcbusSohne, [q) Demojibenes Mediana.
(r) Laertius Sehne, (y ) Plutjrcbm SohKf,
* Law?
Of the Civil Government of Athcnii; Xf^
Laws belonging to Theft.
HE, ^\oftealsy fliall pay double the Value of the Thing \AfioIe
to the Owner, and as much to the publick Exchequer.
If any Body that had any Thing^oPft from him, and has it reftor'd,
the me/, with the Abettor, (hall pay double the Value ; but in Cafe
the TArV/'doth not make Reftitution ten-fold, and be fet in the Stocks
five Days, and as many Nights, if the Heliajfis fo order it ; this Order
fhall then be made, when they confider what Punifhment to inflift up-
on him (/). Thefe /ivo Laavs ivere enacted hy Solon.
If any one hath filcVd aiuay any Thing by Day, worth above fifty
Drachms, let the Adion call'd A-Tra^uyri be put in Execution againft
him before the Eleven-, but, if in the Night, anyone hath Liberty to
kill him, or, upon his making away to wound him, and to iflue the
fame Aft ion out againft him ; by which, if he be caft, he (hall die
without any Conceffion for Sureties, to put in Bail for the Reftitution
of tYieJloVn Goods. He, farther, that fhall /i/^r out of the Lyceum,
yicademia, Cynofarges, or any oi tYieGymnaJia, any Thing of the leaft
Value, as a Garment, Oil- vial, {s'r. or above ten Drachms out of the
Baths, or Ports, fhall fufFer Death ^aj .
He, that puts a Man in Prifon for Thievery,znd camiot prove it up-
on him, fhall be fin'd a thoufand Drachms fiv).
All Cut-purfes, Burglars, and Kidnappers, if convifted, fhall fuffer
Death (a-).
He, who makes Search' after Thieves in another's Houfe, muft have
only a thin Garment hanging loofe about him (y).
He, that takes anvay any Thing which is not his own, fhall be liable
to die for it (z). One o/"Draco's La'ws. See Book I. Chap. xxvi.
It is a capital Crime to break into a Man's Orchard, and fieal his
Figs (a) . This Lanu nvas abrogated by the follonuing.
They, who/^^?/Figs, fhall be fin'd {b). See Book I. Chap. xxi.
They, whoy?^/ Dung, fhall be punifti'd {c) corporally.
Laws rejiraining Reproaches.
NO one fhall calumniate, or defame any Perfon while alive, in the
Temples, Judicial Courts, Treafuries,or Places where Games are
celebrated : The Delinquent herein ftxall pay three Drachms to the in-
jured Man, and two to the publick Treafury {d). One ofSolonsLaius.
He fl.all be fin'd, viho Jlanders any Man(^). Another of%o\o\Cs Laips.
He fhall incur a Mulft of five hundred Drachms, who fwits any one
with committing fome heinous Offence againft the Laws (/).
{t) A. Gelliut, lib. X. cap. j8. Demojibenes Timocratea. (x) Demoftbn, Ibid,
(w) Suidat. (*) Xenopbon A'zro/j-fr.fy.ov. lib, I. {y) Arifiopbanii Scboliajles Nu'
bibus. (as) Plutarcbut Sohnt, A Gellitti, lib, XI, cap. i8. [a) Fejlut. (A) Suidai.
(f) Ariftobbanit Scholiaft. Equitibut. {d) PlutarcbuiSthnt, {') Lyjiat, Orat. I. in
litmneftum, (/) Ifofraia in Ufbittm.
N 2 N9
i8o Of the Qvil Government of Axhtni.
No one fliall call another Cut-throat, or Murderer (g).
He, that upbraids another for calling away his Buckler, Ihall be
fin'd (h) . See Book III, Chap. xiii.
Laws about the Management 0/ Affairs.
THEY, who have been negligent in carrying on any BuJinefSf
ftiall anfwer for that Negled (?').
No Woman (hall have any farther to do in Affairs, than a Medimn of
Barley will fatisfy for Performance [k).
Laws referring to Entertainments.
NO Entertainment is to confift of above thirty Guejls (I).
All Cooh, hired to drefs up Diihes for Entertainments, are tO
carry in their Names to the Gynaconomi (m) .
None bat mix'd Wine Ihall be drunk at Banquets (n).
LetpiTe and unmixed Wines be referved till afterwards, for a relifh-
ing Taite to the Honour of the good Genius(o). See Book IV. Chap. xx.
The Areopagites (hall take Cognizance of all Drunkards (p).
A Law relating to Accufations concerning Mines.
IF any one hath prohibited another from working in the Mines, or
hath carried Fire into them, carried away another's Utenfils, or
Tools, or if he hath dug beyond his Limits, fuch an one may be
profecuted with the Aftion call'd A/;c>f jJ.%'T} Wem,
|bi VI, (f ) Demojihsnti in Pan! an f turn, (rj Dtmofibtnct in TimKrattm,
TiiJ
Of the Civil Government of Athens."" 1 8 r
Till twenty. Men (hall remain within Attiea to be ready in Arms ;
after that they fliall ferve in the Army without Attica (f). See Book
IH. Chap. ii.
He fliali be ari(j.^, who offers to ferve in the Morfe before he has
undergone the accuftom'd Probation (/), See Book III. Chap. iii.
The Chivalry fhall be detach'd out of the moft puiffant and wealthy
Athenians [u). ' ,
Soldiers fhall not obferve the Punftilio's of Sprucenefs and Foppery
in their Hair, ^c. (w). This Law nvas ena^ed by Cineas ), Zee Book I. Chap. iv.
He, that hath betrayed his Country, fhall not enter into ^mVa's Bor-
ders ; if he do, he Ihali expiate his Crime by the fame Law, as they
who, tho' condemn'd by the Areopagites to Banifhment, return [q) .
Thofe Compads fhall Hand good, which have been approved of by
l^t Judges {r).
Ltpt there be an Amnejiy of all former Diffenfions, and no one be lia-
ble to be callM in Queft ion, or reproach'd for any Thing done for-
merly (f), This Laixj rtvas made after the thirty Tyrants Expulfton, to
reconcile all former parrels, and ) Luc'ianus Abdicato, Valerius Maximum, lib. V. cap. 3. (/) Demoftb. in Bcectum,
(*) Andocidii de Myfteriis. (/) Plutarcbus Solane. (w) Sui'das. (n) Lucian Anachat'
fide, (p) Xenophon Ef\?.;u-f^lf , lib, I. (p) Dinarcbus la Demofihen. {q) Demoftbetiis
Bahnes. (r) Cicerc, Pbillp. I. (J) Lyfias in Ctefiphontem. {t) Andocides de Myfteriis^
() Xtnopbon Awo^vni^, lib, II, (w) Cicero de OJic, lib. III. (*) Laertius Solone.
Jrcbaoh'
( i83 )
Arcbaologia Graca :
OR, THE
ANTIQUITIES
O F
G R E E C E.
Book II.
C H A P. I.
Of thefirji Authors of Religious Worfhip in. Greece.
ERO DOTUS, in the fecond Book of his Hiftory, is of
Opinion, that the Gr^^yJi derived their Religion from the
Egyptians : "Qvit Plutarch (who loves to contradidlthat
Author) peremptorily denies it (as,
being defcended from the PhcsTricians, retain'' d a great Part of their Wor-
(hip, and the Jrgives are thought to have been inllruftedin the Egyptian
Religion by Danaus, and his Followers. Cecropi, the Founder of Athens ^
who was the firft that worfhip'd Jupiter by the Name of v7ret]Q-, the
Supreme(e), a.nd introduced Civility among the barbarous Jthenians, was
likevvife an Egyptian ; whence fome think he had the Title of tP'i^vni,
one with tnvo Natures ; oti A/^J-t]/" civ rdi Xvo yhciaiTeti tfTri^ajOf
lecaufe, leifig u3igyptian, he /poke tivo (that is, the Egyptian and Ather
7iian)Lang:iages.Phoroneus,vihQ is by fome (f) reported to have brought
the Ufe of Temples, Altars, and Sacrifices into Greece, was of the fame
Nation. And fo many of the Egyptian Ceremonies and C.ftoms were
leceiv'd zxJthens, that one of the Comedians upbraids theAthenians,th.2^l
^hey had made their City to be ^gypt injfead of Athens. Add to this,
that the Grecians in general, and the Athenians in p.irticular, were fo
exceffively fuperftitious, that they would not be content to worihip
theif ancient Deities, but frequently confecrated new ones of their own
making ; and, befide thefe, affum'd into the Number of their own the
Gods of all the Nations wifh whom they had any Commerce ; info-
inuch that even in ^^_^(?r ^
CAPAnlAl
KAI TOIC CVNNA
QIC 0EOIC.
To "Jtiplttr, the Sun, Great Seraph, and the Gods ivha cohahit in the fame
temple. Thus alio were join'd in one Temple Ifis and Apis. In ano-
ther, Cerest Bacchus, and Phcebus. In another at Romey Jupiter Capi-
iolinus, Juno, and Miner'va. In another, Apollo Palatinus, Latona^
^d Diana. In another, Hercules and the Mu/es. In another, fenus and
Cupid. In another, Cajlor and Pollux, In another, Mfculapius and
Apollo. In another, the Sun and Moon In another, Mars and Venus.
In another, P^aw ahd Oz-^j ; To mention no more Blxamples.
Temples were built after that Manner, which they thought moft
agreeable to the Gods, to whom they defign'd they Ihould be dedicated:
For, as Trees, Birds, and other Animals were thought f,icred to p!ir-
ticular Deities, fo almoft every God had a Form of Building peculiar
to himfelf, and which they thought more acceptable to him, than any
other. For Infiance, the Dorick Pillars were facred to Jupiter, Mars,
and Hercules ; the lonick, to Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana ; the Corin-
thian, to Vejia the Virgin, I deny not, but that fometimes all thefe
were made ufe of in the fame Temple ; but this was either in thofe
Temples which were facred to more Gods than one, or to fome of
thofe Gods, who vvere thought to prefide over feveral Things ; for the
Ancients, believing that the World wasgovern'd by Divine Providence,
afcrib'd the Man^.gement of every particular Affair to this, or that
Deity ; thus Mars was thought to prefide over War, Venus over Love;
ahd to fome of their Gods they aflign'd the Care over divers Things ;
fo Mercury was the God of Merchants, Orators, and Thieves ; Miner'
va was the Goddefs of Warriors, Scholars, and Artificers, ^c. and
therefore, 'tis no Wonder, that in fome of the Temples dedicated to
her, there were three Rows of Pillars, the firft of the Dorick, the fe-
cond of the Corinthian, the third of the lonick Order,
As to the Places of Temples,it being the common Opinion, that fome
of the Gods delight in V/oods, others in Mountains, others in Vallies,
others in Fields, others in Rivers or Fountains; it was cuffomary to de-
dicate the Temples in P.'aces niofl: agreeable to the Temper of the Dei-
ties, who fhould inhabit them. Hence the People hop'd for fruitful Sea-
fonj, and all Sorts of Profperity, wherever the Temples flood. Hence
JJhanus makes heavy Complaints againft the ChriJlians,vi\iQ demolifla'd
the Pagan Temples, whereby, as he imagin'd, the Fields became unfruit-
ful, the Temples beirg the very Life of the Fields ; and the Husbandmen,
nvhofe onlyConfdencefor them felnjcs , their Wi'ves , their Children, theirCorn,
their Cattle, their Plantations,'v:as plac''d inTempleSyivere miferably difap,.
fointedof their Expedations(d). The Temples in the Country were ge-
(''uQ- is, by Pha-vorinus, faid to be call'd in Oppofi-
tion^o this Adytum. But Cafauhon {o) tells us, that the 'rs-ietfoAvrntiav
was placed at the Door of the Temple : And this Opinion feems tlic
more probable, becaufe all Perfons that were a.3s/3A(7/, or unpolluted,
were permitted to pafs beyond it, which they could not have done,
had it been placed at the Entrance of the Adytum.
(<) Bcectifit. (/) Vitruv. lib. IV. cap. 5. {g) Strom. VJII. [b] Deagrorum li-
mit, conf. lib. I. (0 Dionyfiut Thrax. (>) l.ihro de antro Nymfhjrum, (/) Conf.
hujus Archaologia edit. Lat. p. X99, 200. () Ibidem. () ^uidat, Pbavtrin,
(ff) la Ibfofb, Chvact,
The
190 Of the Religion of Greece.
The Word SMX-k is varioufly I'fed. Ammonius{p) and Pollux (f) fay^
that it properly fignifies a Temple dedicated to an Hero, or Dcmi-god : -
By Hefychius and Suidas, it is expounded, j sf /"oTSf - tcV- t ) De Verborum Dift. & Simil. {q) Onom. lib. I. (r) Ibidem. {f)Oedifi,
ITyr. V. 15. (0 Libro AeDtz Syria. (a)Conf. Clemens Akxandrin. Protrept. p. 9
& 30. Strom. I. p. 348, 349. (w) Protrept, {x) Acl/aicii, (ji ) Prp. Evangel,
lib. I. {) Strabo Geograph. lib, XVII.
to
Of the Religion of Greece. 191
to have fall'n down from Heaven [a) . Such a Stone is feign'd by the
Poets to have been fwallow'd by Saturn inljead of his Son Jupiter.
Hence came the Worfhip paid to them. Others rather derive it from
the Appointment of Uranus, the firft God, and Father of Saturn {b).
One Thing is remarkable, both in thefe Stones, and others of different
Figures, as particulatly in the fquare Stone, which reprefented tiie God
Mars at Petra in^>-<3(^/fl,that their Colour was moil commonly black (r),
which feems to have been thought in thofe Times moll folemn and be-
coming Things dedicated to religious Ufes. They were call'd Bauju-
httt or BeujuKoi [d), which Name feems to be derived from the Phtx-
nician Language, wherein Bethel fignifies the Hcufe of God. And fome
are of Opinion, that their trife Original is to be derived from the Pil-
lar of Stone, which the Patriarch Jacob trt&.td at Bethel{e). Moft of
the Barbarous Nations vvorlhip'd Mountains, or rude Stocks of Trees,
or unform'd Stones ^^. Thus TaaVaj affirms^ that in Germaj:y the
limges o( the Gods coufified e fipibus rudibus, tff i impolito roborBf of
rude Trunks, and unpolifh'd Oak (g). Thus Lucan alfo defcribes the
Godi oi Mojplia:
Simulacraq', mijla Deorum
j^rte carenty ceeji/q; extant informia truncis. -
And Themipius [h] hath told us, that all the Grecian Images till Dada^
lus'i Time were unform'd j he it was that firft made two feparate Peer,
whereas before they were but one Piece ; whence it was reported (faith
Palaphatus) that Dadalus forra'd moving and walking Statues. At the
firft therefore they were only call'd (?) Hoeii/a, ^ik tb ato^ eJc3-, be-
caufe they vittefl^aven ; and this Word properly denotes an Idol, that
is, i^iafJiivov, or J&a^jd oat of Wood, or Stone, fays Hefychius{k). In
After-ages, when the Art of Graving and Carving was invented, they
changed the rude Lumps into Figures refembling living Creatures, ge-
nerally Men, and then an Image was call'd Bfirai, J^id li C^tu \oi-
Kivcu, becaufe it was like a Man (/). Neverthelefs, in more refin'd Ages,
fuch of the unform'd Images, as wferepreferv'd, were reverenc'd for their
Antiquity, and preferr'd to the moft curious Pieces of modern Art [m).
The Matter of which Statues were made was, amongft the ancient
Greeks, generally Wood, as Plutarch and P aufanias'mf orm us; the latter
of which reports, that heobferv'd thefe Trees, for the moft Part, to be
made Ufe of for this Purpofe, 'viz. the Eben, Cyprefs, Cedar, Oak,
Yew, andBox-trees. To thefe 7'/6ro^^r^aj() adds the Root of the Olive-
tree, of which, he fays, theleffcr Images were ufually compofed. It is
alfo obferv'd.that thofe Trees, which were facred to any God, vverp
generally thoBght moft acceptable to him, and therefore y/^^Z/fr '3 Statue
() Herodianut, lib. 5. cap. 5. (3) Sancboniatbon a'pui Eufei. Femonftra. Evangel,
lib. I. cap. 10. (c) Strata loc. cit. SuiJatwocc 0?6f Ao<. (-
And another of the Poets, where he talks of erefting a Temple, faith,
J>i medio mihi Casfar erit
I'll Cafar^ Statue in the midft erecfl.
More Inllances might be produced, were not this Cullom too ' Well
known, to Hand in need of any farther Confirmation.
Eeoyl'; is ufed to fignify not only this high Altar, but thofe
lo-Mer ones call'd in Latin, Ane. Thefe Altars difFer'd according to the
Diverfity of the Gods to whom they were confecrated, for the 0jo/
ifjMioi, or CelcJiialGods, had their Altars raifed up a greatHeight from
the Ground, infomuch that PaufarJas[o] tells us, the Altar of Olympian
jfupiter Was z\n\oi\ twenty-two JFeet high, Por^php-y makes no Diitinc-
tion betwixt thefe and theAltarsofthe0jo< yyovtoi,or Terrejlial Gods,
But though they are both fignified by the fame Word, yet they feem
not to Ivave been of equal Height. To the Heroes they facrificed upon
Altars clofe to the Ground , which the Greeks call'd Ejt;*^?!/, beingonly
one Step high (/). The fubterranean, or infernal Gods, call'd T^oyj-
^oj'/o/, had, inllead of Altars, little Ditches or Trenches digged or
ploughed up for that Pmpofe ; thefe the Greeks call'd i\*.%iL. adds a fifth, telling us, that the Nymphs, and fuch-
like Deities, infteadof Altars, had AvTfct, or Caves, where religious
Worfhip was paid to them : //ct ra iv cLvr^oti KCLTAKtrt^'ot'S/Jit vJ'c/.ta;
uV ai Nrt.jarf /nr^ff^tiKAat Nj/t/Saw, iy reafon of the Waters, nvhicb
are dijlili^d into the Caverns, and ivhereof the Nymphs caWd Naiades
ere Pref dents.
(e) Eliac. '. {p) Eurip, Scbs.'. in Piieeiif.
The
Chap. 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 193
The Altars were always lower than the Statues of the Gods, They
were made commonly of" Earth heap'd together, fometimes of Afties^
as was that of Olympian Jupiter beforementioned, which, Paufanias(a)
faith, was made of the Afties of burnt Sacrifices. Another of Afhes was
dedicated at Thebes to Apollo, who had hence the Name of 2'3-oi fixffi^etAf
'TTct^^ia^ot/, as an Enfign of Royalty [m).
() Eliae. i. [b) Lib. VI. U) Pag. 171. Edit. Safl. (g /)) rivuiv Ivrm^iv] '^ann'iav ;
Tf. T i/.Y)i aopnf,
Tf /u^ y6 dS'iKVi Cafxii ov^ 'i^etv 'lyjvv,
Aa\' t^iKojovnv orjS'i yb -^Autiv kakw
Ka? iiYi Vi TouTo tovt' Vqvt' 'i'XjHv ^iffov.
Toy t' i^Kov 0V7CI, Toy Ti fji.ti, Qiuy Tstgjt."
How infinitely more wifely were the Jeijjijh Afyla^ or Cities of Refuge,
orderM.in which they, who had been guilty of Manflaughter, werepro-
teded only till their Caufe was brought to a fair Hearing, and then, if
they appear'd to deferve Punifliment, deliver'd up to Juftice ? When
Paufanias King of Sparta, who had held a Correfpondence with the
King of Perjia, and confpired againft his native Country, fled to the
Temple of Minerva Chaicia^cuj, the LacedtemoKiajis, unwilling both to
offend the Goddefs, and to let the Criminal cfcape, permitted him to
remain in the Temple, but uncovcr'd it, and fo left him to perifli with
Cold and Hunger. But how unufual this Way of Proceeding was, may
appear from Paufanias [r), who informs us, (j.'cvov auTop iKi7iv A// dedicated to religious Ufes. Thefe were call'd Te[xivn-
Te/utst'- is interpreted by the Scholiaji upon Homer (/) to be 'U^ov yja-
eioi', ii,iTi ivoi '^rxpfi, dw' tiv,a(
rTAKcuo't (pctat, TXi '5rA.9- iiKijo. Neither appointed by Lots, nor by Right
of Inheritance, nor ky the Dejignation of a Jingle Per/on, but, as the Ancients
fay, eleded by the^ People. By which Words he defcribes the feveral
Ways of appointing Prieits, which were us'd by the ancient Greeks.
It was required, that whoever was admitted to this Office, fhould be
found andperfeft in all his Members, it being thought a Diflionour to
the Gods to be ferv'd by any one that was lame, maim'd, or any other.
Way imperfeft ; and therefore, at Athens, before their Confecration, it
was examin'd, whether they were <;psAeij;^ that is, perfeft and entire,
neither having any Defeft, nor any thing fuperflaous (f). In the fame
Manner it was commanded by one of the Je^ijh Laws, which in many
things agree with thofe of Athens, that no Man that had a Blemijh of the
Seed o/" Aaron, Jhall come nigh unto the Altar (d) .
Nor ought they to be perfeft in Body only, but upright in Mind ;
Nothing ought to approach the Gods, but what is pure and uncorrupt ;
therefore the Prieits liv'd temperately and challly, abftaining even from
thofe Pleafures which were allowable to other Men ; infomuch that a-
ripides tells us, that in Crete the Prophets of Jupiter did not only deny
themfelves the Ufe of Flefli-meat, but forbore to eat any thing that was
boiled. Some were fo rigid Obfervers of the Rules of Chaftity, that,
like the Priefts of the Mother of tiie Gods at Samos, they difmember'd
themfelves. The Hierophanta zx Athens, after their Admiffion, enfeebled
themfelves by a Draught of the Juice of Hemlock : In (hort, 'twas very
cuftomary for thofe, that attended on the more facred and myfterious
Rites, by ufmg certain Herbs and Medicaments, to unman themfelves,
that they might worfliip the Gods with greater Chaftity and Purity.
They alfo generally retir'd from the World, to the End, that,being free
fromBufinefs and Cares, they might have the more Leifureto attend on
the Service of the Gods, and wholly devote themfelves to Piety, and the
Exercife of Religion.. One of the Herbs, commonly made ufe of by
them, was th^Agnus-caJiuSy mGreekhvyoi, or ci\voi, fo call'd from be-
(tf) Herodotui Euterpe, {b) II. Z. v. 300, (c) Htjycbtui Etymohgici Aa3or r.
AipSAJIf. ^d)Levit,XXl,zt,2l.
ing
Chap. 3. Of the Religion of Greece.' 20^
ing eiyovoi, an Enemy to Generation ; this they were wont to flrew under
the Bed-cloaths, believing it had a certain natural Vertue, whereby it was
able to preferve their Chaftity, as Eujiathius (f), befides many others,
hath obferv'd. But tho* moftof them were oblig'd to ftridl Chaftity
and Temperance, and fome to praftife thefe Severities uponthemfelves,
yet were others allovv'd to marry ; and Eujiathius{g) tells us, that it was
but an Inftitution of latter Ages, that the Prieftelfes ^ould be Virgins ;
to confirm which. Homer gives us an Inftance in Theano, who was
Prieftefs of Minerva, and Wife of Antenor the Trojan^
T|y yd^ Tpwgf l^riKttv AQlujccitis li^eixv {^)
Beauteous Theano,
Daughter to Ciffeus, but Antenor'^ Bride,
Antenor skill'd the wanton Steed to guide.
For Trojans her had made with joint Confent
Minerva^ Prieftefs.-^ H. H,
In Homer'' s firft JliaJ, Mention is made of Chryfeh, the Daughter of
Chryjes, Apollo^ Prieft. And to omit many other Examples, in the
fifth Iliad, Dares, the Prieft of Vulcan, is faid to.have two Sons. Ne-
verthelefs, fecond Marriages were not reputed creditable. Hence Dido
in Virgil, fpeaking of being marry'd to jEneas, after the Death of
a former Hufband, calls it Culpam, a Fault (i) :
Huic uni for/an potui fuccumbere Qtlp/e.
Where Servius has made this Remark, ^od antiqui aSacerdotio refelU"
bant bis nuptas : That the Ancients us'd to exclude thofe,who had been
twice marry'd, from the Pricfthood. By which Words it is imply'd,
that in the latter Ages, fuch Perfons were admitted to this Office. And
in fome Places, to have feveral Huftjands, or feveral Lovers, was a ne-
ceffary Qualification for the Prieftefs. Aliafacra coronat unimra, alia
tnulti'vira, Cif magna religione conquiritur qua plura pojjit adulteria nutne-
rare, faith Minutius Felix (k). This we find reported concerning the
Priefteffes in Lydia by Herodotus (/), and ihoiein Armenia by Strabo[m).
At Athens, all the Priefts and Priefteffes, with the facred Families,
and all others, who were entrufted with the Care of Religion, were
oblig'd to give Account before certain Officers, how they had dif-
charged their feveral Fundions ().
In fmall Cities, all the facred Offices were commonly executed by
one Perfon, who both ofFer'd Sacrifices, had the Care of the 7'emplc,
coUeded the Revenues belonging to it, and had the Management of
other Things, which any way related to the Worftiip of the Gods. But
where the Worftiipers were numerous, and by Confequcnce, the reli-
- (/) n. ^. p. 768. Edit. Bajil. {g) Ibidem, p. 503. (i) II. ^ v. 298. () w-
netd. IV. V. 19. (k)Oaa'vii, p. 236, Edit, Baf. (/) Lib, I. (} Lib. XII. () ^f-
chinti in Ctefphnttm, p, i8< diC Oxn,
gious
2o5 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 3.'
gious Services too burthenfome for one Prieft, feveral Priefts were ap-
pointed, and other Officers Ki')(up(j'yXvoi rJiif 'tifuauvY\i, diJiinSl from
the Friejihood, as *Igf jto/o*, v&oi^iJKtLMi, TctfJiicu t^ hpeuv "Xj^f^uetlcoV
Saertficers, Keepers of the Temple, Treafurersof the facredRcnenuei^p),
and others.
Of the difFerent Orders of Priefts nothing exaft can be deliver'd ; for
not only every God had a different Order of Priefts confecrated to him,
but even the Priefts of the fame Gods were very different, according
to the Diverfity of Place, and other Circumftances. I ftiall not there-
fore trouble the Reader with an Account of the particular Priefts be-
longing to every Deity in the many Cities of Greece, which would be
both unpleafant, and not very ufeful, but only briefly mention the ge-
neral Orders, and Offices of them. Firft, in every Place they feem to
have had an Ap^/gp&'iroi'Hf, orHigh-Prieft, whofe Office it was tofuper-
intend over the reft, and execute the more facred Rites and Myfteries
of Religion. Amongft the Opuntians (p) there were two Chief-Priefts,
one of which belong'd to the chief and celeftial Gods, the other to the
/lcu'fji6Vi(, or Demi-gods. At Athens they had a great many, every God
almoft having a Chief-Prieft that prefided over the reft ; as the Dadou-
chus over the Priefts of Hercules, and the Stephanophoriis over thofe of
Pallas. The Delphians had five Chief-Priefts, who help'd to perform
the holy Rites with the Prophets, and had the chief Management of all
Parts of divine Worfhip ; thefe were cali'd Ocrioi, i. e. Holy, and the
chief of them that prefided at Sacrifices, 0(3-/6>]p, i. e. Purifier, one
that makes holy ; and another that had the Care of the Oracle, cali'd
A(pn7f, which is a Sirname of Apollo, given him by Homer, and figni-
fies one that gi'ves Oracles.
Another holy Order was that of the Parajlti [q), which Word, faith
Clearchus the Solenthian, one of ArifotWs Scholars, in its firft Accepta-
tion fignified rlv i]oi^ov, a Man quick and expeditious, but was af-
terwards taken fot z. Table Companion', iho' Polemon is of Opinion,
that this was its ancient Signification, and that they were fo cali'd, be-
caufe they were allow'd Part of the Sacrifices, together with the
prieft, as is evident from an Infcription on a Pillar in the Anaceum :
TOIN aE BOOIN TOIN HfEMONOIN TOIN
EhAIPOtMENOIN to men TPITON MEP02 EIS
TON ArfiNA TA aE ATO MEPH TO MEN ETEPON
TO lEPEI TO aE TOI SllAPASITOls.
That cf the Oxen one Partjhould he refers'' d for the Games ; and of the
other tivo, one fhould he gi'ven to the Priefis, another to theYzxi&Xx. It was
at the firft an Office of great Honour j for, by the ancient Law, the Pa-
rafiti were reckoned among the Chief Magiftrates. Their Office was
to gather of the Hufi)andmen the Corn allotted for publick Sacrifices,
which they call rifotrotTei* y.iyihA, the great Income, and is by {A
Ariftophanes put for the great Sacrifices, which, as the Scholiafi teils
(9) Arijioteles .Polit. lib. VI. cap. 8. p. 506. Tom. 3. Edit. Pdris. (/>) ^tx. ah
Alex Gen. Lierum lib. II. cap. 8. (?) Athtnaus Deipnofoph, lib. VI, p, 235.
Folluxt lib. VI. cap. 7. Hefychiui, (r) Avibus,
US,
Chap. 3. Of the Religion of Greece.' 207
us, were fo call'd, becaufe their Charges were defray'd by thefe public
Revenues. The public Store-houfe, where they kept thefe Firft -fruits,
were call'd natf ?/; Aft. V.
Seen. II. () la Vefpaf. {o) Uymno AfoUinis, y. 535,
grown
Chap. 4." Of the Religion of Greece. 209
grown rich : Whence Chryfes, in Hcmer{a), offers for the Redemption
of his Daughter c4V;pfc4oner did they leave their ancient Diet of Herbs and Roots, and be-
gin to ufe living Creatures for Food (which the Ancients are faid to
have thought altogether unlawful) but they alfo began to change their
Sacrifices ; it being always ufual for their own Feafts, , and the Feafts
(i) Cal. Rhod. Kb. XH. cap. i. C'J Fajfor. lib. I. fk) Eujebitu Chron. pag.
3 Sdit, Bafil, (^) Origin.
i.VI.c.19.
F 2 la
212 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4^ "
in thefe Lihatians ; fuch they accounted all Wine mix'd with Water j
whence uk^clJov, i. e. pure and untnix'd Wine, is fo often made Men-
tion of by ancient Writers. And tho' fometimes mix'd Wine is men-
tipn'd at Sacrifices, yet, if we may believe Eujlathius, this Mixture was
not made of Wine and Water, but of different Sorts of Wine. Plivy{q)
alfo tells us, that it was unlawful to make an Oblation of Wine, prefs'd
from Grapes cut, par'd round, or polluted with a Fall on the Ground ;
or fuch as came out of a Wine-prefs trodden with bloody and wound-
ed Feet, or from a Vine unpruned, blafted, or that had a Man hang'd
upon it. He fpeaks alfo of a certain Grape call'd Jfperdia (/), whofe
Wine it was unlawful to offer upon the Altars. But tho' thefe Liba-
tions generally confifted of Wine, yet they were fometimes made of
other Ingredients, and call'd NiijitA/o/ ^va'iii, dirl t-h vnoeiv, frombe-
ingfoher. Such as thefe were offer'd to the Eumenides ; for which Sui-
das(f) gives this Reafon, i>/!s. that divine Juitice ought always to be
vigilant. Ke likewife adds, that at Athens fuch Oblations were made
to the Nymphs, to Venus Urania, Mnemofyns, the Mort:in^, the Moon,
and the 5i.; and there feems to have been a particular Rcafon, why
every one of thefe were honour'd with fuch Oblations. For Inftance,
B-ufiathius (/) tells us, that Honey was offer'd to the Sun, but Wine
was never ufed upon any Altar dedicated to him ; becaufe he, by whom
all Things areencompaffed, and held together, ought to be temperate.
Plutarch {u) fays, that thefe vVKpaKioi dva-'icu were often performed to
Bacchus, for no other Reafon than that Men might not be always
accuftomed to ftrong and unmixed Wines. Faufanias affirms, that the
Eleans never offer'd Wine to the Aitmoiveu, i. e. Ceres and Proferpina,
nor at the Altar dedicated to all the Gods. To Pluto, inftead of Wine,
Oil was offer'd, as ^zV^// ^if ^ witnefTeth ; and Homer (x) brings in
Ulyjfes telling Alcinous, that he had made an Oblation to the infernal
Gods, in which he pour'd forth, firft. Wine mixed with Honey, then
pure Wine, and, after all. Water. His Words are thefe j
Ajwip' civra 3 x**^^ :)^soji/Iw T(rt viAViS'tnu,
To j^'iTov ax) 6' xJiu-ii' hm r' ahtpfla, hdi^ot 'adthvvov :
Straight from my Side I drew my fharpen'd Blade,
A Trench, a Cubit every way I made.
Then thefe Libations pour'd around the Bripi,
To th'Ghofis that fhoot along the Stygian Stream j
Firfl Wine with Honey mix'd, then Wine alone,
\ Next Water, prefently, when this was done, '
^ With finell Flour befprinkl'd all around. H. H.
(g) Nat, Hift. lib. XIV. cap. 19. (.O Nat, Hift. lib. XIV. %%. {J) Voce NpA.
^U!;<. W Odyff. K. f) Cc fanitate. H fin. VI, v. 154. (*) Odjff, XI. v. %$>
But
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece* 213
But concerning the Oblations of the infernal Gods, I {hall difcourfe
in another Place.
There were alfo other Gods, to whom, in certain Places, they facrl-
ficed without Wine ; fuch was Jupiter vtta}-, the Supreme, upon whofe
Altar t\ie Athenians never ofFer'd Wine, or living Creatures. The vr\-
^.KiA \z^.,foher Socrijices, are divided into four Sorts, i . ra. vS^^tmov-
J^a., Libations of Water. 2. rd i/.zKimovS'it, Libations of Honey. 3, ret
yctKAK\'ocajOvS"a.y Libations of Milk. ^. TaiKau'ocnovi'a., Libations of
Oil. Which Liquors were fometimes mix'd with one another. If
Porphyry (y) may be credited, moft of the Libations in the primitive
Times, were vnpctMoi. And of thefe Water was firft ufed, then Ho-
ney which is eafilv to be had, afterwards Oil, and in latter Ages
Wine came to be offer'd. It is very probable, whether this Order was
obferved, or not, that the moft primitive Oblations, like the Way of
living in thofe Ages, were exceeding fimple, and'conlifted of fuch Ma-
terials as were moft eafily to be provided.
Laftly, it muft be further obferved, that Libations wer always ofFer'd
in Cups full to the Brim, it being a Sort of Irreverence to the Gods
to prefent any Thing, which was not rkKetov ;^ oKop, ivhole and per-
fect. Thus to fill the Cup was term'd cm^'S Athenaus (a) ;
which Signification was afterwards changed, and almoft appropriated
to Animaib (b). \i Aldronjandus [c) may be credited, there were no Sa-
crifices in the primitive Times, ;yz//^ajar^6r^/, eartmque partes, partem
baud exigua/njibi non vendicabant ', whereof Trees, or fome Parts of
them, were not made a confiderable Part of the Oblation. Thefe were
chiefly odoriferous Trees, fome Parts whereof -s-o^Affi 1^ vvv zTt -SvW/,
many do e'ven in this Age offer, faith Porphyry [d). But the moft prirai'
tivc Offerings were only y^Kuau, green Herbs, as we are inform'd by the
fame Author. In latter Ages they commonly made Ufe of Frankin-
(y) D AbftiMnt. lib. II. faj) l,ib. I- p. U- Item. lik. XV. cip. 5. (a) !>/,
lib. XIV. (h) P,rpb, iib,n, ma'ijx.ivct, [xfiniJ.v^o^i-
va., allbefuie the Vine, Figy and Myrrh, ivhich, being offered with PVine
only, were term'd oWoa^ovti^ct. Hither alfo may be refer'd the i\oyv
TOJt, iha)., or molajalfa, which were Cakes of Salt and Barley, uj; iiri'
yj.ov Toii CufAoii -upyrvti Iz^v^yiAi' ivhich they pour d diywn upon the Al
tar, before the ViSiim ivas facrijiced. At firft the Barley was ofFer'd
whole and unbroken, till the Inventionof Mills and Grinding, whence
they were call'd sAa/q. %Kcu, (aith Eujiaihiut (fj. To offer thefe was
term'd BAo9vTf , and of this Cuftom there is frequent Mention in Ho-
mer. Of this Kind alfo were the Trd'TretvUy. being round, broad, and
thin Gakes ; and another Sort call'd Tiketvoi, of which there were fe-
veral Kinds, and thofe three, reckon'd by PhaivorinuSf which he calls
G'ktioi, dvag-ATot, and ay-tpt^uvm. Another Sort of Cakes was caird
"S-iKiivM from the Figure, being broad, and horn'd in Imitation of th
New Moon. There was another Sort of Cakes with Horns, call'd alfo
from their Figure Boa, and ufually ofFer'd to Apollo , Diana, Hecatt,
and the Moon. In Sacrifices to the Moon they ufed,. after fix of the
"^iMwoi, to offer one of thefe, which, for that Reafon, was term'd BSv
SsJ^oiw-. The fame was fometimes ofFer'd after a Sacrifice of fi)i
Animals, faith Suidas ; and hence Bsf J^J^s//-, as being a Lump
without Life, is proverbially ufed for a ftupid and fenfelefs Perfon.
There were alfo other Offerings, of this Sort,, peculiar to certain Gods,
as the Obeliophori to Bacchus, theMsixiTJ^'JoutoTrgphonius,Vjith. others,
which, for Brevity's Sake, I omit. It may here be obferved that noOb-
lation was thought acceptable to the Gods without a Mixture of Salt.
Nulla (facra) conficiuntur fine mola falfa. No. Sacrifice is made without
Meal mixed with Salt, faith Fliny (g). There is continual Mentioa
hereof in the Poets. Thus in Virgil (h) :
" < -m Mihi facra par art
Et fruges falfa
And ia Of/Vdefcribing the primitive Oblations (/) :
Ante Deos homini quod conciliare nialebat.
Far erat, l puri lucida mica fait s.
This Cuftom wag certainly very ancient and univerfal. To forbar the
Mention of other Teftimonies, we find this Precept given to Mofet [k) j
Every Oblation of thy Meat-offering fhalt thoufeafon nvith Salt ; neither
/halt thou fuffer the Salt of the Ccvenant of thy God to be lacking fromthy
(,) Nat. Hift. lib. XIII. cap. j. (J) In II. '. p. 99. Edit. Bafil. (g) Nat. Hift.
Kb. XXXI. cap. 7. (i.) /Eneid. lib. II, ver. 13 1. (/) FaStr, lib. HI. Ttr. 337.
{i) Levit. II. 13.
Chap. 4".' Of the Religion of Greece 215
Meat-offerings; nvith all thy Offerings thoujhab offer Salt. The Ground
of this Cuftom is by fomc affirm'd to be, that Salt was a Token of
Friendfhip and Holpitality. It, being alfo conftantly ufed in all the
Victuals of Men, was thought neceffary to the Entertainments and Sa-
-crifices of the Gods, as was before obferved. For the fame Reafoa
there was fcarce any Sacrifice without Bread-Corn or Bread. Particu-
larly Barley was offer'd more than any other Grain, that being the firft
Sort of Corn, which thcGreeks ufed after their primitive Diet of Acorns ;
ivhence icetSw is by fome derived from Kelveiv. to difcern. Men being
firft, by that Sort of Food.diftingullh'd from other Animals, with whom
they had before lived upon Acorns (k). On the fame Account the
Jithenians ofFer'd only fuch Barley as grew in the Field Rharium; in
Memory of its having firil been fown there^/). And inftead of th.tGreek
xe/9w, the Romans ufed another Sort call'd Z6t, which was the Sort of
Corn firil ufed by them. This Pradice remain'd in the Time of Dio'
nyfius the HalicarnaJJian {m) .
The third and chief Part of the Sacrifice was Ipof , the ViSiim ; con-
cerning which it may be obferved, in the firft Place, that it was required
to be whole, perfeft, and found in all its Members, without Spot or
Blemilh ; otherwife it was unacceptable to the Gods, who muft be
ferved with the very beft of all the Flocks and Herds ; to which End
Solon, in his Laws, commanded the Athenians to offer E**e/T* UfeteCt
chofen znd/eletS Sacrifices ; and it was an ancient Cuftom to cull out
of the Flocks the goodlieft of all the Cattle, and put certain Marks
upon them, whereby they might be dillinguiflied from the reft. ift>-
^iV ^^ tells us, their Hciids were divided into three Parts, one of
which they defign'd for Propagation, another for Sacrifice, and the
third for Labour j his Words are thefe,
Poji partum cura in vitulos traducitur omnis,
Continuoque notas, l^ nomina gtntis inurunt :
Et qttos aut pecori malint /ubmittere habendo,
jiut arts fer'vare facros, aut /cinder e terram.
As foon as e'er brought forth, great Care's enjoin'd
To brand each one for what he is defign'd :
Whether for Breeding this be fet apart.
For th' Altar that, a third for Plough or Cart. IL H,
The fame is affirm'd by Apollonius Rhodius, in the fecond Book of his
Argonauticks (o).
Notwithftanding all this Care in the Choice of Viftims, yet it wa
thought unlawful to offer them, till thePriells had, by divers Experi-
ments, made Trial of them, of which I ftiall fpeak hereafter. The Sa-
crifice, if it was approved by thePrieft, was call'd TsAeiet ^ya I t, whence
comes the frequent Mention ofraC^i eSyzf, Con 7i\c-iot (p). If not.
(*) Euftathiu, loco citato conf. ArchaEolQe hujuJ lib. VI. ubi de convivii materia
agitur. (/) PauJniatAtticiif3g. 71. ^.iit.Han. () Lib. II.pag.95. Edit. Ui;>f.
() CtOT, III. T. 157. () V. 355. ff) Conf. Homeri H '. ibique vetus Scholiane*.
p A another
2i6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.^
another wasbroughtto the Trial, till one every Way perfeft was found.
The Spartans, whofe Cuftom was to ferve the Gods, with as little Ex-
pence as was poffibie, did very often dvai'snt^. S-v&iv, facrifice maim'd
and defeftive Animals (j) ; out of an Opinion, that fo long as their
Minds were pure and well pleafing to their Gods, their external Wor-
Ihip, in whatever Manner perform'd, could not fail of being accepted.
As to the Kinds of Animals ofFer'd in Sacrifice, they difFer'd accord-
ing to the Variety of the Gods to whom, and the Perfons by whom
they were ofFer'd. A Shepherd would facrifice a Sheep, a Neatherd
an Ox, a Goatherd a Goat, and a Fifher, after a plentiful Draught,
would offer a Tunny, faith Athen), Eufebius {q), and other Chrijlian Apologifts.
It may here be obferv'd that Sacrifices were to be anfwerable to the
Condition and Quality of the Perfon, by whom they were offer'd. As
it was thought a Contempt of the Godsfor a rich Man to bring a poor
fordid Offering ; fo on the other Hand, from a poor Man the fmalleil
{i)Paufamas Arcadicit, 9.457. Edit. Hanov. {ij PlutarcbinTbemiJt. (l)Aneid'
lib. X. ver. 517. (m) Protrept. p. 27. () De falfa Relig. cap. i. & de Juftitia, lib*
V. cap . 10. () Pag. 99. Edit. 0;(ov. MDCXXXVI. (;.) Adv. Julianua, Jib. iV.
. izS. EdJt, Pari/, {^) Prjepara:,-Evan|el. lib, IV, cap, 16,
Obia-'
Chap. 4 Of the Religion of Gvctcc', 219
Oblations were acceptable. If his Eftate was not able to reach the
i'rice of a living Ox, inftead thereof, it was lawful for him to facrifice
One made of Bread-corn, faith Suidas*. And on other Accounts when
they were not able to provide the accuftom'd Sacrifices, they had Li-
berty to offer what the Place, or Time would afford. Hence the G-
xicenianst being clofely befieged, and unable to procure a black Ox,
which they were oblig'd to offer upon a certain anniverfary Feftival,
made one of Corn, and fo performed, the ufual Ceremonies. VlyJJes*s
Companions in Homer, for Want of Barley, made ufe of Oak -leaves ;
and inftead of Wine, offer'd a Libation of Water. But from thofe that
were able to procure them, more coftly Offerings were requir'd. Men
of Wealth, efpecially when they had receiv'd, or defir'd any great Fa-
vour of the Gods, offered great Numbers of Animals at once. Whence
there is frequent Mention of Hecatombs, which conflfted of an hundred
living Creatures, and oiChiliombs, in which were iacrific'd a thouiand.
An Hecatomb, faith Eujlathius [a], properly fignifies a Sacrifice of an hun-
dred Oxen, and fuch a one was offer'd by Clijihenes in Herodotus ; but it
is generally taken for fuch Sacrifices, as confifl of an hundred Animals
of any Sort ; only the Ox being the principal and mofl valuable of
all the living Creatures us'd at Sacrifices, it has its Name from containing
iKA-nv ^f , an hundred Oxen. Others derive it, faith my Author, from,
iK), ths.t!in Hecatombwas fomcr
times offer'd after this Manner : They ereded an hundred Altars of
Turf, and then kill'd an hundred Sows, or Sheep, ^c. Suidas (c) men-
tions another Sacrifice, which confifted of feven Offerings, 'viz. a
Sheep, Sow, Goat, Ox, Hen, Goofe, and, after all, an Ox of Meal,
whence fome derive the Proverb Cb< 'i^J^oixQ; of which before. Ano-
ther Sacrifice, in which were offer'd only three Animals, was call'd
TfiTJvf, orTf/rJufit. Thisconfifted,faith{d')/?fl/-?'/j, of two Sheep,
and an Ox, according to Epicharmut ; fomctimes of an Ox, Goat, and
Sheep ; fometimes ofa Boar, Ram, and Bull ; and at other times of a
Sow, He-goat, and Ram, for fuch an one is mention'd \iy Arijlophanes.
Sometimes the Sacrifice confifted of twelve Animals, and then, faith
my \f) Author, it was call'd ^'"y-" EKht\i/{Ki^ -TTiexippcuyi, holding
(g) Demofl. Orat. in T^ear. {b) A.henaus Ijb. IX. p. 469. Edit. Lugd. (i) Hinul.
Furent. ver. 2:8, {k) Pace pag. 696. Edit, Aurel. AUohrog. (/) Nat. Hift. lib- V.
cap. 30. (w) Hiftor. flwlef. lib, Vi, cap, 6. p. ()\^. E4it, Pttrif,
certain
Chap. 4.' Of the Religion of Greece, 221
certain green Bo: gh dropping Water, hefprinkhd them after the Grecian
Mar.ner. Inftead of Laurel, Oiive was fometimes us'd. Thus we Had
in Firgil (nj :
Idem ter focios pura circumculit unda,
Spargetis rare levi ^ ramo felicis oli'vrs.
This Cuftom oifurrounding, here exprefs'd, was fo conftant in purifying,
that moll of the Terms, which relate to any Sort of Purification, are
compounded with Tsrset, around. Thus Tsfjppa/Vv, TipsiJ. i';rippaivetv grg/z/zifoc C\et^ii uJ^'TSf (n) Quaeft. RomM. {0} A-
'(budt, {f) J/kuu (oU. Rbod. Arg. 2.159. (^) Aihenaus, lib. XV, cap. 5. p. 674. (c ) JEa. X.
V. 53S. (
226 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
This Cow, whofe Horns, o'er-tipt with Gold, look bright,
You fhall have offer'd, Pallas, as your Right. J. A.
Alluding to this Cuftom, Porphyry calls the Oven, defign'd for Sacrifice,
Xf ucro;tefaf. Pliny [k) hath obferved, that the larger Sacrifices only, fuch
as Oxen, were thus adorn'd ; but the contrary appears out of a De-
cree of the Roman Senate, cited by Macrobius (/}, in which the Decem-
'viri are commanded to facrifice to Apollo, after the Grecian Manner, an
Ox and two She-goats with gilded Horns ; unlefs, as fome think.
Goats were alfo numbered amongft the hoJii, majores, or greater Vic-
tims ; as the Sheep were counted maxima:, or the greateft, not for their
Bignefs, but their Value and Acceptablenefs to the Gods.
The Altars were deck'd with facred Herbs, called by the Romans
Verbena ; which is a general Name for all the Herbs ufed at Sa-
crifices ; and here, as at other Times, every God had his peculiar
Herb in which he was thought to delight.
The folemn Times of Sacrificing were varied according to the Tem-
per of the Gods. '' To the celeftial Gods they facrificed -vW tmc sai
M/ATiKKovr'^ T8 Ai, in the Morning about the Time of the Sun's Rijing,
or at leaft in open Day. To the Manes and fubterraneous Gods, who
were thought to hate the Light, and to frequent the Earth by Night
only, they ofFer'd their Devotions Tsrgp/ kajb J^u<7iJ.a.i, about Sun-fet (m),
and very often at Midnight ; at which Time the magical Rites, where-
of ^irfa/f was Prefident, were celebrated.
All Things being prepared, the Mola falj'a, with the Knife, or
other Inftrument to kill the Viftims, and the Crowns, were brought
in a Bafket call'd Kai'S'i' ; whence the Athenian Virgins, whofe Office
it was to carry this Bafket at ^he Panathenaa, and fome other Solem-
nities, were call'd Kavnp'o^i.
The Viftim, if it was a Sheep, or any of the fmaller Animals, was
driven loofe to the Altar ; but the larger Sacrifices often were brought
by the Horns, as appears from the Words of Homer, where he de-
fcribes the Sacrifices of NeJIor,
B*v ?'), the Spleen, Liver, and Heart ; and
that it is fometimes taken for the Heart, will appear by the Significa-
tion of its Compounds: For hy a,a3TKciy)(yQ- di'h?, is meanta/i,v-
fillanimous Man ; as, on the contrary, ivcarAoiy^vQ- denotes a Man
pf Courage, faith the Scholiaji [i) upon Sophocles. Yet, in fome Places,
the Entrails were burn'd upon the Altar. Thus j^neas does in Firgil{k]i
Turn Stygio Regi noiffurnas inchoat aras,
Et folida imponit taurornm vifcera fiammis.
And another Perfon in 0-vid''s Metantorphofts ;
Vifcera jam tauri fiammis adolenda dedi^^t.
But Dionyjius {ixeHalicarnaJJian, comparing theGr^rf^zwand HomanKitCi
of Sacrifice, affirms, that only the d-TSA^y^cu of the Entrails, as hath been
(c ) Iliad, u. ver. 459, { d ) Eujiathius in Iliad, d. (e) Txetzes in Hefiodi Oper.
^ Diet. lib. 335, (/) II. d, (^J InTbtopbraft. (.} In II. *. ( ') In ^''Ct.
<[>*) ^z.AfiC6i, &c. Of all
mufical {nftruments, the Flute ieems to have been moft ufed at Sacrifices,
(/) Dionyfiut HaUcarnaJf, Antifuit. Roman, rap, 47 J, /^^^, Edit, i'^fi/". () Sym-
pofuc. lib, II, 9^ I. ^
(^ ^ whence
$32 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
whence comes the Proverb AtAMT? Ciov ^Jtf, applied to thofe that live
upon other Men's Charges, becaufe AjjAnrcti, Hute-players, iifed to at-
tend on Sacrifices, and to partake of them, and fo lived on free Coll,
^s Suidas [a) informs us. At fome of the Je^jjljh Sacrifices, the Priefts
founded Trumpets whilft the Victims were burning upon the Altar {b).
And moft of the Heathen Nations were poffefs'd with a Belief that the
Gods were afFedted with the Charms of Mufick in the fame Manner as
Men. On which Account they were ridicul'd by the Chrijiian Apo-
logias {c). But, as hath been feveral Times obferved, the Fealls or
Sacrifices of the Gods being managed in the fame Manner with the En-
tertainments of Men, it is no Wonder that mufical Inilruments, fo
much ufed by all Nations at their Feafts and merry P'Ieetings, ftiOJld
be admitted at the Fcftivals and Sacrifices of the Gods.
The Sacrifice being ended, the Prieft had his Share,' of which an
Account is given in the preceding Chapter. A tenth Part was alfo due
to the Magiftrates call'd H^vldvea, at Athens, A: Sparta the Kings
had the firft Share in all publick Sacrifices, and the Skin of the Vidim.
It was ufual alfo to carry home fome Part of the Offering, for good
Luck's Sake. This was term'd Tyieia., as conducing to their Health
and Welfare (^. The Athenians were commanded, by a Law, to ob-.
ferve this Cufiom ; and covetous Men fometimes fold what remain'd,
and made a Gain of their Devotion. Sometimes the remaining Parts
of the Sacrifice were fent to abfent Friends ; to whi^h Cullom {e) Theo-
critus thus alludes i
T^ctii 'biviJ^(pcti{^ M'o^cravi kaKop Kpietf avTinet 'ziy.'^oi^.
Go, Swain, go offer to the tuneful Nine,
And fend a Part to Mor/on. H. H^
For the moft Part, efpecially if they had received any particular
Mark of Divine Favdur, the Sacrifice being ended, they made a Feaft j
for which Purpofe there were Tables provided in all the Temples.
Athenaus (f) tells us, that, amongft the Ancients, they never indulged
themfelves with any Dainties, nor drank any Quantity of Wine, but
at fuch Times ; and thence an Entertainment is calPd Qo'ivn, becaufe
they thought they were obliged j^ia. 3-kV oh^Stcu, to be drunk in Ho-
nour of the Gods ; and to be drunk was termed yA^xieiv, becaufe they
did it /!>tSTa to d'uW, after Sacrificing. Hence epulari, comedere, and^he
like Words, which exprefs Eating or Feafiing, are fometimes put for
Sacrificing. Thus we find in Virgil {g) ;
Jupiter omnipotens, cut nunc Maurufia fiSis
Gens epulata toris, Leneeum libat honorem.
Hence alfo the Gods were faid to feaft with Men. Thus Akinous
ipeaks in Homer (h) :
{a) Voce Avhfirov. (*) Numer. X. lo. (e) Conf. Arfiobius contiz Gen. Jib,
VII. {d) Atbenaus lib. III. Hefychiui v. vyieiA. (e) Idyl. V. v. 130. ff) Deipn.
lib. III. c. 3. conf. quas poftea in IV. hujus Archteol, lib. dicentfir dc Conviv.
(^) ^neid, lib, IV, vcr, 206, {h) Odyff, /}. vcr, ao2,
AI
Chap. 4. Of the Religion of Greece? 23 j
A/2J y6 rovrd^- yi Qioi (pn'tvovTcu ivapyeii ij-j*-
H|wTi', Ev d^ipJ^dj/u^ dyctzKctra^ i.KtoAT>t ^ilv ]Ka(r>covjo,
KetKov atiS'oy]is Tcuriovet KOi'^i Ay^ouSiy,
Mk\TOVTi{ EKOi^yov. {g)
All Day in moving Sounds the Grecians fing, "^
And ecchoing Woods with lo Paans ring, >-
To win the Gods t'accept their Offering. H. H. 3
When they facrific'd to Fefta, it was ufual to eat up whatfoever was left,
and to fend any Part of it abroad was thought a Crime ; whence the Pro-
verb Erj* ^ve.VyZnA among the Romans, Lari facrificare, is applied to
Gluttons, who eat up all that is fet before them. To this Goddefs alfo
they ofFer'd the firft Part of their Libations, at leaft of all thofe which
were paid to the Houfhold Gods, whence comes the Proverb ?^' Eri*f
rtf;3^ec3^ to begin at home. This Cuftom the Scholiaft uipon Jriftophanes{h)
tells us, was founded upon a Grant of Jupiter to refta. After he had
(a) XVIII. 6. (A) Exod, iii. i?. {c) Exod. v. x. (. VI. cap. 3. Epjgr, TI, (/) Ub. II. flea. V. (u) jhfbihg. Ub. Vl. "p. 8. Epigr. I,
2,
2^6 Of tht Religion of Greece. Chap. 4.
Whoever is willing to be farther inform'd concerning the Nature and
Kinds of thefe Frefents, may confult Pnufanias (iv), who has left us a
very particular Defcription of thofe in the Delphian Temple, which
was the richeft of any in Greece,
Before the Conclufion of this Chapter, it will be neceffary to obferve
farther, that, by a very ancient and univerfal Prefcription, the Tenths
of many Things v;ere claim'd by the Gods, Hence the Grecians, ha-
ving driven the Perjuins out of Greece, prefented a Golden Tripod to
Delphian Jpollo out of the Tenths of the Spoils taken in the War, as we
are informed by Diodorus the Sicilian (x). Another Example is the
golden Buckler dedicated to Jupiter, after the Taking of Tanagra,
with this Infcription, as we find it in Paufanias (y):
Nsio? [j.lv iptaKAv p^pycectc %, lit '^Tuvay^cf.i
AS^v d'73'' Ay^f^uv, }^ ASbjuaim, ^ Imcov,
TaLv SiKXTAV v'lKcti ^VZKCt TW 'TFOKilJ.a.
Lucian mentions the Tenths of Spoils dedicated to Mars (z). Herodo-
tus (a) fpeaks of a golden Chariot and Horfes confecrated to Pallas by
the Athenians, with this Infcription :
^. ^ , TietiS'ii A^mAiuviffiJiAtrivkvTsoKifj.'ii,
". ' t^i(T[/.b^ hi ct'XKvQZVTi (TiS^nfzov\<;^Z(rctv v^exv'
We find in Xenophon (b), that the /fw//?' Part of the Produft of a certain
Field, confecrated to Diana, was facrificed every Year. And in Paufa-
nias (f), that the Siphnians conflantly prefented a /^/;&Partof theirgold
Mines to Apollo. It was alfo cuftomary for Kings to receive a tenth Por-
tion of the fe vera! Revenues of their Subjedis. This was paid by the
Athenians to Pijijlratus, the receiving whereof that Tyrant excufes in his
Epiftle to Soion (d), as being not expended in his own private Service, but
laid out upon Sacrifices, and for other publick Ufes. The fame Cultom
prevailed in other Countries ; whence ^^w^i^f/defcribes fome of the Incon-
veniences, which the ye
Vittatt.ctjctviv(ru.
But left you doubt, if you can doubt a God,
I'll clear all Scruples by a folefnn Nod :
For that's with me a never-failing Sign,
And does Performance to my Vows enjoin. H. H.
The Hand they touch'd fy) as being the Inftrument of Aftion. The
Knees, becaufe they defired the Soul of the Perfon fhould bend, as it
were, and incline to their Requefts, for that the Joints in that Place are
more flexible than in any other Part ; or becaufe the Knees are the In-
ftruments of Motion, as if they requefted the Perfon to beftir himfelf,
and walk about to efFedl their Defires. Whence, to ufe the Words of
Pliny (z), hominis genibus quadam religio inejt, obfervatione gentium :
htec fupplices at tin gun t ; hac, ut aras, adorant j fortajfe quia ipjts inejl
'vitalitas. By all Nations a Sort of religious Veneration is paid to the
Knee* of Men : Thefe the Suppliants endeavour to touch : Thefe they
adore in the fame Manner as they do the Altars of the Gods ; perhaps
becaufe there is a Sort of lively Vigour in them. Sometimes they
touched the Knees with one Hand, and the Head, or Hands, with the
Other. Thus did Jhetis by Jupiter :
KetxM cT' ccvk^fi (Ayetv Hf'jr.vhvt ovKvyL-rov t,
hKejlOfTA KOfv^'^ yroKvJ^iigid'Q- i^vy-TQio.
(t) Iliad. . V. 14. (f) In verf. 3. Ofryp. Tyr. (w) In II. .p. 97. Edit. Jtaftl,
(*) Il.se. V. 514. (j ) Ei{Patb, ibidem. (} Nat. Hift. lib. XI. cp. 45,
^40 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 5,
Juft had the blu(hing Goddefs heav'd her Head,
From ofFthe Pillow of her Saffron Bed,
When azure 7hehs Heav'n-vvard wingM her Flight,
And on the fteep Olympus did alight ;
Where fhe all-feeing Jove found feated highj
Remote from each inferior Deity ;
Straight at his Feet herfelf file proftrate call, "^
And with her Right Hand feiz d, with eager Hafte, >
His briftly Beard ; her Left his Knee embrac'd. H. H. j
Sometimes they kifs'd the Hands and Knees. Priamis, in Homers
isintroduc'd touching the Knees oi Achilles ^ and kijjing his Hands {a).
And Ulyjfes reports, that himfelf, when a Suppliant to the King of
uEgyptf touch'' d, and ii/s''d his Knees (^) ;
K*i KuV* yiva.^" \Km'y 5 cT' If uVctJo, j^ yH Aeffgf.
If the Petitioners were very fearful, and the Perfons, to whom they
addrefs'd themfelves, of very great Quality, they kifs'd their Feet. This
Kifs the Romans call'd Labratum^ and the old Glofs renders it i^iAjiu*
^AcriKiKop, If aeojATiKcv ^ctcriKiaf, a Ki/s of a King. Sometimes they
kifs'd their own Hands, and with them touch'd the Perfon. Another
Sort of Salutation there was, whereby they did Homage to the Gods,
m%. by putting the Fore-finger over the Thumb (perhaps upon the
middle Joint, which they us'd in counting the Number Ten) and then
giving^ Turn on their Right Hand, as it is in Plautus (c) ;
Ph. ^odji non affert, quo me vortam nefcio.
Pa. Si Decs falutas, dextro vorfiim cenfeo.
Ph. But if he fail me, I know n't which Way to turn.
Pa. Turn / ^why you muft turn to th' Right Hand, I conceive^
If yoa would reverence the Gods. ' H. H.
Sometimes they proftrated themfelves at the Entrance of the Temples^
and ki/s^dtht facred Threjhcld. To which Cuftom Tibullus thus alludes {d)^
Non ego, Ji merui, dubitem procutnbere Templis,
Et dare facratis ofcula liminibus.
So generally was this Cuftom of KiJJing praftis'd by Supplicants, that
Euftathius (f) thinks the Word 'm^i Xt-^pfABVOi' It ivas a
tommon Opinion, that their Prayers nuere more prevalent and fuccefsful,
nuhen offered in a barbarous and unknoivn Language : And the Reafon af-
fign'd for it was, that ed tsf^-ni ;^ yivtKcd Sia\ik\oi, 0AfCitf>Qi ptAv, (pj^ret
^ Tti ovotjutirt. 'i^nTiv The firfi and native Language of Mankind, tho*
barbarous and uncouth, yet confijied of Words and Na?nes more agreeable to
Stature ^. Whence it was cultomary for Magicians, and thofe who pre-
tended to have a more intimate Familiarity with the Gods than other Men,
to make their Petitions in barbarous and unknown Sounds.
Sometimes, if they obtain'd their Requeft, and it was a Matter of
Confequence, they prefented to the God fome rich Gift, or ofFer'd a
Sacrifice in Thankfulnefs for the Benefit they had receiv'd ; fometimes
they related it to the Prieft of the Temple, that it might be regiftred,
as a Teftimony of the Goodnefs of the Gods, and their Readinefs to
hear the Petitions of Mortals, and fend them Relief; and for an En-
couragement to Men to make known their Wants and Delires to the
Deities, and to exped Afliftance from them : On which Account, as Eu-
ftathius has obferv'd, all Prayers in Homer, the Petitions of which are
juft and reafonable, are rewarded with a full and fatisfaftory Anfwer.
From the Grecian Prayers let us pafs to their Imprecations. Thefe
were extremely terrible, being thought fo powerful, when duly pro-
nounc'd, as to occafion the Deftruftion not only of fingle Perfons, but
of whole Families and Cities. The Miferies which befel Atreus, Aga-
memnon, and others of that Family, were thought to proceed from
* Oen.Dicr. lib. iv. cap. i6. '' Syntagm- de Diis Gentium. * Aa^ Hift. lib.
Xi. cap. 45, * CUmem AUxandrinus btiQin* 'P-339*
the
Chap. 5. Of the Religion of Greece. 245
the Imprecations of Myrtilus upon Pelops their Anccftor, by whom he
was thrown into the Sea. Thus Lycophron ':
fbifttn/jiiit tS^-^t NxfiEtfc ti^at.
The fame Imprecations are likewife mention'd in the EUSra of SopBo-
clety and the Orejles of Euripides. Tho' by others the Calamities of that
Family are afcrib'd to the Curfes of Thyejiest Atreui"^ Brother j whence
Thyeftete prutt are us'd proverbially for any dreadful Imprecations : As ia
Horace t>,
Mljit Thyejleas preces.
But the moil dreadful Imprecations were thofe pronounc'd by Parents,
PHefts, Kings, Prophets, or other facred Perfons. Examples whereof
may be fijand in Homer's ninth Iliad, where Phoenix relates, that the
Gods would not permit him to have Children by reafon of his Father's
Imprecations <= : And afterwards that Meleager was deftroy'd by the Curfes
f his Mother ^ :
' noX>.' a^cjmg-' ffJtTO xaa-iyviiToio fsyo/c* j
K()cXM7xx0'' AiJ'mi K) 't7ra.mv nienp6ma.*t
npo'xvt/ ^Ka&i^ofcf/fc* if'ujovro 'j iTaxfye-/ icihfrci "^
ExXt/lv ^ Eptfwj-f , ai'-iyi'/ov WT'j^ fxmrx'
Hence it was cuftomary for Men condemn'd for any notorious Crime,
to be publickly curs'd by the Priefls. This befel J/ciiiades, againft
whom, befide Banilhment and Confifcation, the Athenians 'in ;(^7Hpould he cursed by
all the Priefts and Prieftejfes. Which Decree was obey'd by all, who then
held that Office, except Theano, who profefs'd herfelf Im'^^v k tieL-m^uv
lifHiuf yiyfvwax' to be by her Office of Priejihood appointed to Blefs and not to
Curfe.
There is likewife frequent mention of Imprecations in the Roman
Affairs and Authors. Thus when Craffus undertook that fatal Expedi-
tion againft the Parthians, wherein he perifti'd, d Atj}/- Vars P :
Bella pares fuperis facient civilia Divos :
Fulmintbus manes, radiifque oniabit, ^ afiris }
Inque Deum templisjurahit Roma per umbras.
'Adrafus in Statius i compliments the Ghoft of Archemoriis in the fame
manner :
eaptivis etiam jurahere Thebis.
* I Sam. xir. 24. ' Jofli. iv. 2^. * 1 Reg. xvi. 34. 'Number, xxii. 5, 6,
*c. "' Genef. xlix 3, 4. " Ibid. ix. 25, 26, 27, Lib. II. Epift. ! ver.
9, f l,ib, vii. V. 457, ? Jhebaid, vii. 10%.
And
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 247
And the infpir'd Writers for the fame reafon forbid to fv(^ear by the
Pagan Deities, and command to fwear by the true God. Thus in Deute-
ronomy ' : T^houjhaltfear the Lord thy God, and ferve him, afidjhalt fwear .
by his Name. And in Jeremy '' : How Jhall 1 pardon thee for this ? Thy
Children have forfaken me, and fivorn by them that are no Gods. And to
forbear other Inftances, the Worfhipers of the true God are by David "=
defcrib'd hy fwearing by him.
OpK-, the God of Oaths, is by Hefiod^ faid to be the Son of Eris,
or Contention ; and Fables tell us, that in the golden Age, when Men
were ftrift Obfervers of the Laws of Truth and Juftice, there was no
Occafion for Oaths, nor any Ufe made of them : But when they began
to degenerate from their primitive Simplicity, when Truth and Jultice
were banifh'd out of the Earth, when every one began to make Ad-
vantage of his Neighbour by Cozenage and Deceit, and there was no
Trull to be plac'd in any Man's Word, it was high time to think of
fome Expedient, whereby they might fecure themfelves from the Fraud
and Falfhood of one another. Hence had Oaths their Original. We
are told indeed by Clemens of Alexandria *, that Chiron firft invented
Oaths ; but the Meaning of that feems only to be this, that he firft re-
duc'd fome of the barbarous Nations to a Senfe of Religion and Virtue :
Whence it is added in the fame Place that he taught them J^iKetioffvvtfV,
jy ^vff'.cti iha.fa.i' Juftice and propitiatory Sacrifices. However that be, it
is probable, that at firft Oaths were only us'd upon weighty and mo-
mentous Occafions, yet in Procefs of Time they came to be applied to
every trivial Matter, and in common Difcourfe ; which has given Occa-
fion to the Diftinftion of Oaths into that, which was call'd O ixiyeti, and
us'd only on folemn and iveighty Accounts ; and that which they term'd
O fA/K^oi, which was taken in things of the fmalleft Moment, and was
fometimes us'd merely as an expletive to fill up a Sentence, and make a
round and emphatical Period. Some there are that tell us, the yiiycLi
%^KQf was that, wherein the Gods, /w/xpsf, that wherein Creatures were
ciaird to witnefs ; but the Frailty of this Diftinftion doth evidently ap-
pear by a great many Inftances, whereof I fhall only mention one, wai,
that of the Arcadians, amongft whom the moft facred and inviolable
Oath was taken by the Water of a Fountain call'd Styx, near Nonacris,
a City, as Herodotus *, or, according to others, a Mountain in Arcadia .
upon which Account it was that Cleomenes the Lacedaemonian, to fecure
the Fidelity of the Arcadians, had a Defign to carry the principal Men
among them to Nonacris, and there to make them fwear by this Foun-
tain, tho' they had taken another Oath before, as my Author hath re-
lated. It will not be wholly impertinent in this Place to mention the
great Oath of the Gods by the Stygian Lake j for Jupiter t as Hefiod^ re-
ports,
Ordain'd this Laie a folemn Oath Ihould be
To all the Gods.
vi. 15. b V. 7. Pfalm Jxiii. v. 2. * necgotit v, jl Stnm,
i. pag 306. ' Eratt. Loc. citato. *> Thtotuiia,
R 4 Whick
448 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 6.
Which is the Reafon why fome derive the Word op^-, an Oatb, from
Orcus, Hell. This Oath was invented by Jupiter, and prefcribed by him
to the reft of the Gods in Honour of Styx ; becaufe fhe, with her Sons,
came the firft of all the Gods to his Affiftance in the War againft the
Giants ; or, for that her Daughter ViSloria was favourable to him, faith
JJeJiod i or, becaufe he had quench'd his Thirft with her Waters in the
Fight. If any God fwore falfly by thefe Waters, he was debarr'd the
Ufe ofNeilar, and depriv'd of his Divinity for an hundred Years ; thefe
Others reduce to nine, but Servius, out of Orpheus, enlarged them ta
nine thoufand.
The God that was thought more efpecially to prefide over Oaths was
Jupiter ; tho' all the Gods feem to have been concerned in them, for
it was ufual to fwear by them all, or any of them ; and of any perjur'd
Perfon they fpoke in general, that he had offended the Gods, of which
there are innumerable Inftances ; But they were thought chiefly and
anore peculiarly to belong to Jupiter^ Care j and tho' perhaps this may
not appear (as fome think it doth) from the Word Jus-jurandum, which
they will have to be fo call'd q. jo'visjurandum, yet it will fufficiently bo
prov'd by the plain Teftimony of the Poet, that faith *,
Zey S-', Of ofKui
And Jove, that over human Oaths prefidcs.
The Gods, by whom Soloa commanded the Athenians chiefly to fwear
in publick Caufes, were three '', viz. IitsV/!^, Ka-&(4pc-/(^, and'E^<>tgs-a-
f<(^, or rather one Jupiter Of /-, by three Names, tho' fome make
them to be three diftindl Gods, Plato in his Euthydemus mentions Apollo^
MinernjUy and Jupiter. Demofthenes alfo in his Oration againft Midias
fwears by the fame three Deities : But in another againft Timocrates he
takes an Oath by Jupiter, Neptune, and Ceres, And the Athenians very
often fwore by other Gods : Sometimes by all the Gods in general, fome-
times by the twelve great Gods, as ft.* T8f S^coj^itta. ^sf .* The Spartans
ufually, w* 7w 2/faV'^,ox Mercury ; Plough-men by Ceres; thofe that
delighted in Horfes,~by Neptune. The Athenians ^ alone of al! the Greeks
us'd to fwear by Ifis, and the Thebans commonly by Ojiris.
Euripid. Midtg. V. 170. *" Pollux lib. viii. cap. ii, Jjj voce N(i ,
* AUx, ab Alex. lib. v. cap. lo. Gen> Dler.
60-
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 249
Sometimes either out of Hafte, or Affurance of their being in the
Right, or fome of the like Reafons, they fwore indefinitely by any of
the Gods, in this manner, ^Ofxvvfju p: tjva r ^uv which Form we
find ufed in Plato's Fheedrus, and in Arijianetus'% Epiftle of Euxitheus to
Pytheas. Others, thinking it unlawful to ufe the Name of God upon
every flight Occafion, faid no more than Ntt" (jut t, or. By, iffc. by a
xeligious Ellifjis, omitting the Name ; thus Phwvorinus *. Suidas alfo
mentions the fame Cuftom, which (faith he) ct^V's" f** ovjiCnuv inures
Men to a pious Regard for the Name of Godt>. Ifocrates in Stobaus
forbids to Iwear by any of the Gods in any Suit of Law about Money,
and only allows it on two Accounts : traunv at 104 eu^^< ajTmKvav, J
<(ilh.Hi C4C tjuiyaXccv XA >fw}^ .The
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 251
The Maimer of taking Oaths was fometimes by lifting up their Hands
to Heaven ; whence Jpol/o, in the Poet, bids Lachefis :^i^ii dvcL-riiveu.
Tho' Hanfenius is of Opinion that this Cuttom was of a later Original!
Sometimes in the myi-i of /,-, or great and folemn Oath, they laid their
Hands upon the Altar, as appears from that Saying of Pmf/f J ^^o be-
ing defired by a Friend to take a falfe Oath upon his Account, rep'ly'd
That he ivas his Friend to the Altars, and no farther ; as likewife from the
Story reported by Diosenes Laertius of Xenocrates, who, being a Man emi-
nent for a ftrift and virtuous Life, was fummoned as a Witnefs in a
certain Caufc, where having fpoken what he knew of the Matter he
went to the Altar to confirm his Evidence by Oath ; but the Judges, well
knowing the Integrity of the Man, with unanimous Confent bid him
forbear, and gave Credit to him upon his bare Word. Laftly, to pafs
by other Examples, the fame Rite is obferv'd in Virgil at the celebrated
League between Latinus and jEneas * ;
Tango aras, medio/que rgnes ^ numlna tejlor ;
'NuUa dies pacem banc Italis l^ feeder a rumpet.
Inftead of the Altar, faith Pfeifer >, fometimes they made ufe of a Stone ;
for this he is beholden to Suidas, who hath taken it out oiAriJlotle, and
Philochorus, and for a farther Confirmation of it ha,th cited thefe Words
out of the Oration oi Demojlheties againft Conon, IcSv ts ir^phlov xet9' iva,
vu^v zrwff) 'o-fof ^ \'t^ov Ayo/:i( )^ %^PX*''''^-'^ ' ' ^' And bringing all us
ixiho ijoere prefent, one by one to the Stone, and there adminijlring the Oath to
us. What is meant by this Stone, which Pfeifer feems not to have un-
derftood, the Scholiaji upon Arijlophanes ' hath inform'd us in his Com-
jnent upon this Verfe :
toy^ofi^ont 5 j.))^ 1-5 >./9 Vfotrig'etfjtiv.
m< we, the' deprefs'd with Age,
With Mutt'rings near Tribunals ftill approach. E. D.
Where he tells us, that by Ai9- is meant the;??!^^, or Tribunal, in Pnyx,
a publick Place where the Athenian Affemblies ufed to meet. And the
Reafon why it is fo called, he gives in another Place, where the Come-
dian calls it UiTfa, a Stone, becaufe it flood upon a Rock ; whence a/9-
(/.irtii are thofe that took or impofed an Oath, in Pnyx. Inflead of the
Altar, in private Contrafts the Perfon fwearing, according to the Roman
Fafhion, laid his Hand upon the Hand of the Party to whom he fwore :
This Ceremony Menelaus in Euripides demands of Helena ** *
T'unite our Hearts, our Hands let's friendly join.
In all Compafts or Agreements it was ufual to take each other by the
Hand, that being the Manner of plighting Faith ; and this was done,
* i^ncid. xii. v, aol, * AaX,v\. GneCi lib,U,Cp. 7. * In Acbarntnjibut,
* Helen, v, 834,
cithcf
252 Of the Religion
there being ten Fingers on the two Hands : Or becaufe fuch a Con-
jundlion was a Token of Amity and Concord ; whence at all friendly
Meetings they join'd Hands, as a Defign of the Union of their Souls,
And the right Hand feems to have been ufed rather than the left, be-
caufe it was more honourable, as being the Inftrument by which Superi-
ors give Commands to fhofe below them ; whence Crinagoras in an Epi-
gram faith, 'Twas impoflible that all ithp Enemies in the World Ihould
ever prevail againft Rome;
^^id crtifXcivinKMirafi ^a/iyaXM*
While God-like Cafar (hall a right Hand have
Fit for Command E. D,
Befide this, in all folemn Leagues and Covenants they facrificed to the
Gods by whom they fwore, of^ring for the moft part either a Boar,
Ram, or Goat j fometimes all three, fometimes Bulls or Lambs inllead
of any of them. Sometimes they cut out the Stones of the Viftim, and
took the Oath {landing upon them. A Ram or Boar they ufed is pro-
perly called To,aiaf. The Ceremonies were thus, they firft cut fome of
the Hair off the Viftim's Head, and gave Part of jt to all prefent, that
all might fhare in the Oath c ;
Next from the Vidlim's Head he cut fome Hair,
Which to the ruling Chiefs the Criers bear. E. D.
The Reafon of this Cuftom Eujiathiut explains from the following Verfes
of Sophocles:
AvTcet tTTut vtf Toy tT' iyd rt/xite 7r>.cKiVi
Curfes attend you, if e'er falfe you prove.
Your Days in bitter Sorrows may you live.
And when Fate calls (but may that lingring come)
May your dead Corps no fit Interment find :
Yet now I Favours wifii: May your whole Race
Plagues heap'd on Plagues vex, and at laft cut off.
As I thefe Locks cut from the facred Head. E. D.
After this they invok'd the Gods to be Witneffes of their Agreement, and
to puniOi the Perfon that fliould firft violate his Oath. This done, they
kill'd the Vidlims by cutting their Throats j
II. >*. Airh
Chap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 253
Then with his piercing Sword their Throats he ftabb'd.
For To/Mtx'^t originally fignify'd a Throat, as Eujiathius obferves upon
that Place. Hence comes the Phrafe ofxia Te/i/vwi/, in Latin, ferire fcedus^
\. e. to make a Covenant. This done, they repeated the Form of Words,
which both Perfons were to confirm with mutual Oaths, as appears from
Homer s Defcription of the Truce made between the Grecians and Trojans.
After this, they made a Libation of Wine, which was at this time
mix'd, to fignify the Conjundion and Concord between the Parties ;
then praying again to the Gods, they pour'd it fourth, requefting that
whoever fhould firft break his Oath, might have his Blood or Brains
pour'd out in the fame manner ; as Homer * reports.
Ziii xvJ'ig-ty ftiyiTh >y A&ayTO/ dioi ai^^s/,
Owirixrspo* Bfi'nfot vvfp ofKta, Trtijuimmy,
fiiTs ?/ syspoXcf ;i^/^ur;f jiss;, 'c o'(fs owe, ^
ACtu*, )^ TiKtcty, cihe^oi J'' iM.ota-t /^.lyiiu,
r-
Others to Heav'n fend up their fervent Prayen,
And to th' immortal Beings, who th' Affairs
Of Mankind rule, an awful Worfhip pay.
While Streams of pour'd out Wine dye all the Way.
Thus they addrefs the Gods :
,
who afterwards built the City Majftlia in Gallia Narbonenjis, oblig'd
* Iliad, citat. ^ Heradot, Jib. i. & Strata lib. ir.
themfelves
254. Q/* ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 6.
themfelves by an Oath, backed with terrible Imprecations, never to .
think of returning home ; whence came the Proverb ^uKiuv tp, applied
to Men under the Obligation of a ftridt Oath.
To return, the Flelh on which they feafted at other Sacrifices, was in *
this thought unlawful to be eaten ; and therefore, faith Eujlathius , if
the Perfon concern' d was at home, it was buried ; for fo Priam feems
to have done with his Viftims in the Sacrifice before mentioned ; but
if the Party was a Stranger, they drew it into the Sea, as Tahhybius did
by the Sow, which was facrific'd at one of Jgamemnon's Oaths, or
difpos'd of it fome other way. Here it may be obferv'd, that if any-
unlucky or ominous Accident happened at the Time of Sacrifice, they
ufually deferred, or wholly refus'd to take the Oath, of which we have
an Inftance in Plutarch *, who reports that when Pyrrhus, Lyfimachus,
Sixid CaJanJer hzd concluded a Peace, and met to confirm it by folemn
Oath and Sacrifice ; a Goat, Bull, and Ram, being brought out, the
Ram on a fudden fell down dead ; which fome only laugh'd at, but Tho-
dotus the Prieft forbad Pyrrhus to fwear, declaring, that Heaven by that
Omen portended the Death of one of the three Kings, whereupon he
refus'd to ratify the Peace.
Alexander ab Alexandra <= hath given us another manner of Swearing,
which was thus ; They took hold of their Garments, and, pointing a
Sword towards their Throats, invok'd the Heavens, Earth, Sun, and
Furies to bear witnefs to what they were about to do ; then they facri-
fic'd a Boar-pig, which they call into the Sea, and, this being done, took
the Oath.
The folemn Way of taking an Oath amongfl: the Molojfians was, by
cutting an Ox into fmall pieces, and then fwearing ; whence any thing
divided into fmall Parcels, was proverbially cali'd Boyf o WuKqituv, as
Suidas f, and Zenodotus report. Erafmus '', inftead of Bos Molottorum,
Vf^rites Bos Homolottorunty reading in the foremention'd Authors /Sow/
O/zcAoTTae inftead of Boui 5 MoAoTTar.
Another manner of Swearing was that defcrib'd by Plutarch ', who
reports that when the Grecians had overthrown, and utterly routed all
the Forces of Xerxes, being flufli'd with Viftory, they enter'd upon a
JDefign of making a common Invafion upon Perjia ; whereupon, to keep
them firm to their Refolutions, Ariftides made them all fwear to keep
the League, and himfelf took the Oath in the Name of the Athe-
titans.f and after Curfes pronounc'd againft him, that fhould break the
Vow, threw Wedges or red hot Iron into the Sea ; by which was fig-
nified, that the Oath fhould remain inviolable, as long as the Irons fhouki
abide in the Sea without fwimming ; which Cuftom is alfo mention'd
by Callimachus, who, as he is cited by the Scboliaji upon Sophocles ^,
fpeaks thus of the Phocenjians :
While thefe plung'd Irons the Sea's fure Bottom keep.
There is alfo another manner of fwearing mention'd by Plutarch in
* 11. y. " Viu Pyrrbi. Lib. v. cap. lo. f Voce iSou:. S In Proverb- in
^9U{. ^ In Adagiis, Viu ArijUdii^ * Antigen, v. 370.
the
Chap. 6. VJ the Religion of Greece. 255
the Life oi Dion, which Dions Wife and Sifter impos'd upon Calippus the
Athenian, being mov'd thereto by a Sufpicion that he was privy to a
Confpiracy againft Dions Life. It was thus ; the Juror went into the
Temple of Ceres and Proferpina, or, as fome fay, of Ceres The/rnopho'
rus, the Lanu-giver, where, after the Performance of certain Ceremonies,
he was clothed in the purple Veftment of the Goddefs, and holding a
lighted Torch in his Hand, as being in the Prefence of the Deity, took
the Oath by all the Gods in the World ; this the Syracufians accounted
the moft folemn and facred Oath that could be.
Another Teft the Sicilians generally made ufe of at Palice, a City rf
Sicily, where was a Fountain named Acadinus, to which the Jurors
came, and, having written the Oath in a Tablet, threw it into the Wa-
ter, wherein, if it could fwim, the Perfon accus'd was believ'd honeft ;
but if it funk, he was to be call into the Flames immediately, which iffu'd
from the Fountain :. Thus Arifiotle ' and Stephanus the Byxantian ".
Other ways alfo they had of clearing themfelves from the Imputation
of Crimes. As when the Perfon accusM crept upon his Hands thro' the
Fire ; or held in his Hands a red hot Iron, call'd in Greek Mj/<^f , as
the Scholiaji upon Sophocles reports ; which was done by the Innocent with-
out any Senfe of Pain. Thus one in Sophocles " tells Creon, that all the
Guards were ready to take upon Oath, that they neither buried Polynices
themfelves, nor knew who had done it j
V/jSjj r' irsifAai fxvS'ftit eu'pttf X'f""
Ktti frZ^ J'tfruty xai S'fsf ofKajunTtTy,
To /uji'-ri J'fi(rai, (Uh'ti t vuyu^iitu
}
There, Sir, we ftood ready for all Commands,
Either hot Bars to take up with our Hands,
Or pafs thro' Fires, or by the Gods to fwear.
That neither we the Body did interr.
Nor privy to the wicked Aftion were.
E. D.
A Cuftom not much differing from thefe, was praftis'd in this Ifland
by our Saxon Anceftors upon the fame Account, and was therefore call'd
the Fire-Ordeal, for Ordeal in Saxon fignifies Purgation. The manner of
undergoing this Teft was thui : The Perfon accus'd pafs'd blindfold,
with bare Feet, over certain Plough-ftiares made red hot, and plac'd at
an unequal Diftance from one another ; this Ordalium EdivarS the G>-
JeJTor foTffd his Mother Emma to undergo, to vindicate her Honour from
the Scandal of Incontinency with Alivyn, Bilhop of Winchefier j and by
this Trial Ihe gave a fufficient Demonftration of her Innocence j for hav-
ing pafs'd over the Irons before (he was aware of if, fhe cry'd out. When
fiiall I come to the Place of my Purgation ? And Kunigund the Wife of the
Emperor Henry the Second, upon the like Imputation, held a red hot
Iron in her Hand, and receiv'd no Harm thereby.
* Ltb, de Mirabilibus. " In HxiJitii, " Ai:ti^onc, v. 270.
Jihall
256 Of the Relipon of Greece. Chap. 6,
I Ihall dcfirC the Reader's Leave to mention but one fort more of thefe
purgation- Oaths, which is defcribed by Achilles Tatius in his eighth Book,
Of the Loves of Clitophou and Leucippe. It is this : When a Woman was
accufed of Incontinency, iit was to dear herfelf from this Charge by
Oath, which was written in a Tablet, and hung about her Neck j then
ftie went into the Water up to the Mid-leg ; where, if fhe was inno-
cent, all things remained in the fame manner as they were before } but
if guilty, the very Water, faith he, fwell'd as it were with Rage, mount-
ed up as high as her Neck, and cover'd the Tablet, left fo horrid and
deteftable a Sight, as a falfe Oath, fhould be expofed to the View of the
Sun, and the World. Some other forts of Oaths there were, of which
a larger Account might be given, had I not already trefpafs'd too far
upon the Reader's Patience : I fhall therefore only add fomething con-
cerning their religious Obfervance of Oaths, and fo conclude this Chapter.
What a religious Regard they had for Oaths doth appear from this,
that ivo^K&y or one thzx keeps his Oaths, is commonly ufed fotivatCnoi,
a pious Per/ot as in Hejiad :
Ot/i T/f \uSfKH X'^F'l '^^0' ^'''' ''"'"'!<
Nor juft, nor pious Souls fhall Favour have*
jlrijidphanes ^ alfo has taken it in the fame Senfe :
If you're with Juftice pleas'd^
On the contrary, when they would exprefs a \Vicked, forlorn Wretch,
they call'd him k'jio^Kov, perjurious, which was the worft and moft infa-
mous Title they could fix upon him ; whence Arijiophanes ^ fpeaking of
jfupiteri Lightning and Thunder-bolts, which, as fome thought, were
chiefly levell'd againft the Wicked, faith, Ei'^cp 0ai^n rii ^ofKuf,
If perjured Villains are indeed fo liable to the Stroke, honu comes it topafs
that Cleonymus tfW Theodorus (?/ffl/if fo luell; or that the poor Oak is ft
often Jhatterd to Pieces, i 3^ cTfo'j Sho^KU, fince it can never be perjured?
Such as were common and cuftomary Swearers, the Athenians branded
with the Name of Ardetti, from 'ApJ'jjr'J^j, (faith Hefychins, and out of
him Pha'vorinus) the Name of the Place wherein Oaths were required of
them before their Admiflion to publick Offices, as hath been oblerv'd in
another Place.
Falfe Swearers were in fome Places punifh'd with Death ; in others,
fufFer'd the fame Punilhment that was due to the Crime with which they
charged any innocent Perfon ; in others, only a pecuniary Mulft. But
though they fometimes efcaped human Punilhment, yet it was thought
the divine Vengeance would not fail to overtake them, and the Damons
always pretended an utter Abhorrence of fuch enormous Crimes, of
which there is a remarkable Inftance related by Herodotus "^ : There
was at Sparta a Man named Glamcus, famed over all Greece for his Juf-
tice and Integrity ; into his Hands a certain Mileftan, fearing fome
" Pluto, f Nubibus, Erato.
Danger
}
Chap. 6. ' Of the Religion of Greece. 257
Danger at Home, and being encouraged by the Charafter of the Man,
depofited a large Sum of Money ; after fome time, the Sons of this
Milefian came to Sparta, and fhewing Glaucus the Bill, demanded the
Money ; Glaucus pretended he was wholly ignorant of the Matter,
yet promis'd to recolleft with himfelf, and if he found any thing due
to them, to pay it : To do this, he took four Months time, and having
gain'd this Delay, immediately took a Journey to Delphi, on purpofe
to ask Apollo\ Opinion, whether it was lawful to perjure himfelf, there-
by to fave the Money ? The God, mov'd with Indignation at the Im-
pudence of the Man, return'd him this Anfwer ;
AKK Opy-n 7rx7( Wii drtliv/uic, /' itti ^ific>
No, Glaucus, no, I think you need not fear
To bilk your eafy Creditor, and fwear
He lent you no fuch Sum ; you'll gain thereby.
And this confider'd, you may Death defy.
Death of the Juft alike an Enemy.
But know, that Orcus has a Monfter Son
Ghattly of Shape, who ever haftens on
To o'ertake Perjuries j he'll ne'er forget
Your hainous Crime, but with revengeful Hate
Send Loffes, racking Pangs, deftruftive Woe,
Till he yourfelf with your whole Race undo. E. D.
This Prcdiftion was fully accomplifli'd in Glaucus, notwithftanding he
afterwards reftor'd the Money ; for his whole Family was in a few
Generations utterly extindl, and fo became a iiiemorable Example of
Divine Vengeance. But tho' all the other Gods took upon them lome-
times to punifh this Crime, yet it was thought in a more peculiar
manner to be the Care of Jupiter, firnam'd O^xiQ)- : Paufanias re-
ports, that in the BnA^uTHf/of or Council- Hall, at Olympia, there was a
Statue of Jupiter with a Thunder-bolt in each Hand, and a plate of Brafs
at his Feet, on which were engraven certain Elegiacal Verfes, com-
pos'd on purpofe to terrify Men from invoking that God to witnefs
any Untruth. Befide this, the perjur'd Perfons were thought to be haunt-
ed and diftrafted by the Furies, who every fifth Day in the Month
made a Vifitation, and walk'd their Rounds for that purpofe, according
to Hejiod,
OfKOT Tinvy.kya!, tw f.fit Txt ^iff*' i^/ofxo/f .
iif*ifXK V. 43.
258 Of the Religion of Greece. Cliap. 6.
All other Days the Furies quiet reft,
Only on Fifths the Peijur'd they moleft.
Revenging Orctis, Orcus the fure Bane
Of all that dare his Deity profane. E. D,
Whence Agamemnon fwearing that he had never known Brijeis call'd the
Furies to bear witnefs.
Th' Infernal furies 1 to witnefs call,
By whofe Diftraftions perjur'd Villains fall. E. 2>.
Tho' the Punifhment here meant by Homer feems to have been inflift-
ed after Death, becaufe he faith i/Vo ycua.v df-^S'^'Tnsi' &c. or, the Men
under the Earth ; and that this is the meaning of that Place doth appear
from another Oath in Homer, where the infernal Gods are invoke after
this manner, '
'.y ei i/VfV))Sf9 xa^s'vTst?
-witnefs, ye Infernal Powers
Who Souls below torment for Breach of Oaths. E. D.
Yet fome in that Place read Kufxaurtf, and then the meaning of ic
will be. That the Souls of deceased Perfons are ejnploy''d in torturing per-
jurd Villains. \
In fome Places, even infenfible Creatures were thought to take Re-
venge for this Crime ; for it was generally believ'd in Arcadia, that "
no Man could forfwear himfelf by the Waters of Styx, without under-
going fome fevere and remarkable Punilhment : And it is reported of
the fubterranean Cavern, facred to Pal^mon at Corinth, that no perjur'd
Perfon could fo much as enter into it, without being made a memo-
rable Example of Divine Juftice. In Sicily, at the Temple of the Pa-
lici, in the City Palice, there were certain Crateres, Fonts, or Lakes,
(for fo fometimes they are calPd) named Delli, out of which there
continually iffued Flames, and Balls of Fire, with boiling and llinking
Water ; and thither People us'd to refort from all Qiiarters for the de-
ciding of Controverfies : If any one fwore falfely near thefe Fonts, he
was prefently flruck either Blind, Lame, or Dead in the Place ; or was
fwallow'd up, and drowned in the Lakes, But of thefe, mention has
been made before ''.
Notwithftanding thefe, and other Inftaiices of the Dixine Difpleafure
at this Crime, and the Scandal and Infamy of it, yet was it fo much
praftis'd by the Grecians, that they could never avoid the Imputation
^ Cent", praster Arifioulem Sc Stephanum fiipra Uudatos, Diidorui Siculus, Jib. xi.
Mltcrobiai Satmrnal, lib. v, cap. xik',
of
Cliap. 6. Of the Religion of Greece. 259
of Treachery and Perfidioufnefs j infomuch that Gr^ca Fides came to
be proverbially applied to Men, that were wavering, inconftant, and
unfit to be truikd, or relied upon ; Plautus, in his Play call'd AJmariay
by Grteca fide mercari, means to buy ivith ready Money, as tho' without
that a Grecian was not to be meddled with ; his Words are thefe.
Diem, aquam, Selem, Lunam, no8em, hac argento nojt emo,
Ctttera, qua volumus uti, Graeca mercamur fide.
I buy not Day, nor Water, nor the Night,
Nor will my Gold the Sun or Moon procure ;
All other things, yet firft I pay it down,
Right Grecian \\Ve, for Money I can have. E. D^
7uUy likewife, in his Oration for Flaccus, fpeaks after the fame manner,
" That Nation (fays he) never made any cohfcience of obferving their
*' Oaths. And their own Country-man Euripides affirms no lefs :
ri/s-TcV Ex?.ac Ciiii n't,'
No Sparks of Honefty Greece ever had.
And Polybius yet more fully in the fixth Book of his Hiftory, '* Amongft
" the Greeks, (fays he) if you lend only one Talent, and for fecurity
" have Ten Bonds, with as many Seals, and double the number of
" Witnefles, yet all thefe Obligation^ can fcarce force them to be lio-
*' neft." Yet Aufonius had a better Opinion of them, unlefs his Worda
were Irony and Ridicule, when he faid to Paulusy
Nabifcum invenies KctriviTKut, fi libet uti.
NoH Poena, fed Grjeca fide.
At my Houfe too, promife you'll honeft be,
A wanton Mufe\ Trifles you may fee. E. D,
The TheJ/alians in particular were infamous for this Vice ; whence, a*
Zen9iiua, do ufually denote fraudulent Perfons and
Praftices, as we learn from Zenodotus. And the Lacedaemonians, as they
were the moll renown'd of all the Greciam fiar their Valour,* Tempe-
S 3 ranee.
i6o Of the Relipcn of Greece. Chap. 6.
ranee, and other Virtues, fo were the moft fcandalous for their Trea-
chery, and Contempt of Oaths ; whence they are by Lycophron
Caird Piif^vho:, which the Scholiaji upon that Place expounds, -^udrctt
Kat J^oKtoi, i. e. /iars and deceitful ; and by Euripides \
Spartans, fam'd ever for bafe Treacheries.
Arijiophanes fpeaks yet more fully, when he tells u, they neither ac-
counted Altars, Promifes, nor Oaths facred. His words are thefe.
Who neither Altars, Oaths, nor Truft revere.
'And t!\at this was no Calumny may farther appear from the Jphorifm
of Lyfander, one of their moft eminent Generals, E^ct-jrATXp ;^p^a7J af
fd.ivd^fftyoLXoKf'TroMfJLtHf J^i ofKo/<, Boys, f&id he,are to be deceived ivith
Dice, but Enemies ijoith Oaths. Tho' others will have this to be the
Saying of Dionyfius the Tyrant ', However that be, 'tis certain the
Lacedaemonians, tho' perhaps more juft and pundlual in private Affairs,
had very fmall regard for Oaths in publick Bufinefs. Their great Age-
filaus feems to have thought it but a weak Obligation, whenever it
flood in competition with the Publick Good, that great Mark, to which
they thought all their Adions were to be direfted, infomuch that, as
Tlutarch ' affirms, to ferve their Country was the Principle and Spring
of all their Aftions ; nor did they account any thing juft or unjuft, by
any Meafures but that.
The Athenians feem to have had a greater regard for Honefly, as may
appear from the Story of Themijiocles in Plutarch ; for he telling the
People had form'd a Defign, which, if accomplifti'd, would be very
advantageous to the Common-wealth, but migh: not, at this time, be
communicated to the whole Affembly ; they order'd him to impart it
to Arifiides in private ; who, having heard the Matter, came and re-
ported to the People, that it was indeed a very beneficial Contrivance,
but withal the moft unjuft in the World ; whereupon they immedi-
ately commanded Themijiocles to dcfft from his Intention. Diogenian,
in his Book of Colledions, tells us, that Arji^tci fia.f>Tv< was taken for a
fmcere and uncorrupt Witnefs ; as alfo ArjtKh -TriirrK for a true, honeft,
and untainted Faith : And, tho' fome would have this Proverb taken
from the Goddefs Fides, who had a Temple at Athens, mention'd by
Plautus 8 ; and others, not from the Manners of the People, but the
Nature of their Soil, which was fo unfruitful that it brought forth juft
as much as was fown, and no more ; whence Attica fides is applied
to any Man that reftores all that he was entrufted with ; yet Velleius
Faterculus - affures us, it was taken from their Faithfulnefs, and un-
fliaken Loyalty to the Romans ; whence Attica fides is by Flaccus
call'd eerta ; by Horace " impelluta ; and by Silius * Pura. Not-
withftandjng this, their Honefty was not fo firm, but that it might
Cajfandr, v. 1124. * Aniromach. v, 445. Alex, ah A /ex. lib. v. cap. x,
* Vita Agejilai. 6 In Aulul. " Hiftor. lib, i. Argin, lib. iv. J^ lib. iii.
Oi. xn. ' Bell. Funic, lib. xiii.
fome<
Chap. 7. Of the Religion of Greece. i6t
fometimes be fliaken by the alluring and Jpecious Temptation of the
Publick Good. I will conclude this Chapter with an Inft:ince of this,
taken out of Plutarch , which is the more remarkable, and more
clearly evidences the Difpolition and Temper of that State, becaufe it
was approvM by the Confent of the People, and put in Execution by
Arijl'idest a Man of greater renown for Juftice and upright Dealing,
than any that City ever brought forth. He, when the Grecians (after
they had utterly routed all the Remainders of Xerxes's numerous Army)
defign'd a common rnvafioo upon Perfia, took a folemn Oath in the
Name of the Athenians^ to obferve the League j but afterwards, when
things where brought to fuch a pafs, as conftrain'd them to govern
with a ftronger Hand than was confiftent with it, advis'd diem to
throw the Perjury upon him, and manage Affairs, as their Convenience
required. Upon the whole Matter, Theophraftus tells us (faith Plutarch)
that this Perlon was in his own private Affairs, and thofe of his Pel-
low-Citizens, nicely juft, but in publick Matters did many things ac-
cording to the State and Condition of his Country, for whofe fake
he frequently committed Aits of Injuftice. Then he adds, that it was
reported of him, that to one who was in debate. Whether he fhould
convey a certain Treafure from Delos to Athens, contrary to the League,
at the Perfuafion of the Samians, he fhould fay, That the }hing luas not
jujiy hut expedient.
CHAP. VIL
Of the Grecian "Divination^ and Oracles in general.
IT was a received Opinion in all Ages, that the Gods were wont to
converfe familiarly with fome Men, whom they endow'd with ex-
traordinary Powers, and admitted to the Knowledge of their Counfels
and Defigns. Thefe are by the Greeks call'd (jlccvth^, and ^eivTiKVl is a
general Name for all forts of Dimination, and fignifies the k.iowledge
of Things obfcure, or future, which cannot be atuin'd by any ordina-
ry or natural Means. It is divided by Plato ", (who is foilow'd here-
in by Ariftotle, Plutarch and Cicero) into two Species, one of which is
call'd Ari-)^v-f et^t/ettT-, and naturalis, i. e. unartificial, or na-
tural Divination, as not being attain'd by any Rules, Precepts, or Ob-
iervations, but infpir'd into the Diviner, without his taking any farther
Care about it, than to purify and prepare himfelf to receive the Divine
Afflatus. With this fort were all thofe endued, who deliver'd Oracles,
and foretold future Events by Lifpiration, without obfcrvring ex-
ternal Signs or Accidents : Such were the Sibyls, and other En-
thufiafls. Some there are that reduce Divination by Dreams under
this Species, becaufe in them Revelations were made without any
Pains or Art of the Dreamers ; but herein lies the miflake of this
Argument, that not the Dreamers, but the Interpreters of Dreams
" Vit. Arifttdii, Fbxdo.
S 2 wcro
26 z Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 7.
were the Diviners ; and that their Skill was the EfFeft of Art and Ob-
fervation, is evident from the many Books written upon that Subject,
and the various Signs deliver'd in them to make Conjedlures by ; in
like manner, it was not fo much the Bufmefs of an Augur to fee the.
Birds of Divination, which might cafually happen to any rude and
unskilful Perfon ; but after he had feen them, to interpret what was
portended by them.
Thefe, therefore, with others of the like Nature, are to be referrM to
the fecond Species of Divination, call'd Tc'^^vikyi, or Artificial, becaufe
it was not obtain'd by immediate Infpiration, but was the EfFed of
Experience and Obfervation ; as Sooth-faying : Or depended chiefly up-
on human Art, Invention, or Impolition j which neverthelei's was not
fuppos'd to be altogether deftitute of Divine Diredion and Concurrence ;
liich was Divination by Lots.
I fliall begin with the firft fort of Divination, as having a more im-
mediate Dependance on the Gods ; and firft, with the nobleil part of it,
I mean Oracles, which are call'd in Greek "x^fm^j-o), xv^t^V'^i^* Xf'"^'
fjioSn^jAlA, (j.etV7i\jutt\(t,^io'7rf'j'?ria.,] ^i(mi(T(j.eS,a., -j'ii5a7e,&c.The Inter-
preters, or Revealers of Oracles, 'xS'y\t i, ^ Sir aba loc. cit.
to
L,hap. 7. VJ we Keiigion oj Oreece. 26^
to makeufe of thefe Methods to win them into Compliance. My Au*
thor goes yet higher, and tells us, that infpired Perfons were thought
worthy of the greateft Honour and Trufts ; infomuch that fometimes
we nd them advanc'd to the Throne, and invefted with Reo^al Power ;
for that being admitted to the Counfels of the Gods, they were bell able
to provide for the Safety and Welfare of Mankind.
This Reputation flood the Priefts (who had their Dependance on the
Oracles) in no fmall ftead ; for finding their Credit thus thoroughly
4eilablifh'd, they allow'd no Man to confult their Gods, before he had
iter'd coftly Sacrifices, and made rich Prefents to them : Whereby
it came to pafs, that few befide great and wealthy Men were admitted
to afk their Advice, the relt being unable to defray the Charges re-
quired on that account j which contributed very much to raile the
Efteem of Oracles among the common People ; Men generally being
apt to admire the things they are kept at fome diftance from ; and, on
the other hand, to condemn what they are familiarly acquainted with.
Wherefore to keep up their Elleem with the better fort, even they
were only admitted upon a few ftated Days ; at other times neither
the greateft Prince could purchafe, nor Perfons of the greateft Quality
any ways obtain an Anfwer. Jlexander himfelf was peremptorily de-
jiied by the Pythia, till fhe was by downright Force compeird to aC-
cend the Tripus, when finding herfelf unable to refift any longer, Ihe
cry'd out Avirf}@- h, Thou art invincible ; which Words were thought a
very lucky Omen, and accepted inftead of a farther Oracle.
As to the Caufes of Oraches, it has been difputed whether they were
the Revelations of Daemons, or only the Delufions of crafty Priefts. P^aa
Dale has wrote a large Treatife in Defence of the latter Opinion ; but
his Arguments are not of fuch force but that they might without Dif-
ficulty be refuted, if either my Defign required, or Time permitted
me to anfwer them. However that be, it was the common Opinion,
that Jupiter was the firft Caufe of this and all other forts of Divination ;
'twas He that had the Books of Fate, and out of them reveal'd either
jnore or lefs, as he pleas'd, to inferior Dtcmom ; for which reafon he
was firnam'd n^J'o/^^ai- as Eujlathius tells us in his Comment upon
this verfe of Homer \
then at the holy F.lne
To mighty Jove was the glad Vilim flain.
To Jove from whom all Divination comes.
And infpir'd Oracles unriddle future Dooms. H. H.
Of the other Gods Jpollo was reputed to have the greateft fkfll in mak-
ing Prediftions, and therefore it was one of his Offices to prefide over,
and infpire all forts of Prophets, and Diviners j but this was only in
fubordination to Jupiter, and by Converfe with, and Participation from
him, as JEfchylus " gives us to underftand, when he faith,
' Iliad. S' 250. Saccrdotibus.
S 4 Sr^XAi/y
264 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Chap. 7.
Send, quickly fend, for fo my yove infplr'd
PhcBbus commands. . H. H.
On the fame account, in another place ', when he brings in Apollo,
commanding Men to reverence his own Oracles, He adds. They mull
alfo pay due refpedl to thofe of Jupiter, without mentioning any of the
Other Prophetick Deities ; His words are thefe.
To mine, and Jove's moft facred Oracles
Pay due Obeifance. r
Others report, that Jpollo receiv'd the Art of Divination from Pan "
others will have him inftrudled by Thtmis ", others by Glaucus '''
Laftly, Some were of Opinion, 7hv A^foJ^ijnu Ov^faviav Tc/ (j.nTi^A
A6iv, '7ra!'< f/'UVTiieK )o 'Tpoyveio'eccf ivpirm' That the hea'venly Venus
nuas the Mother of the Uni'ver/e, aud the Inve}itor of Di'vination and
^Trognofiication,
The manner of delivering Oracles was not in all Places, nor at all
Times the fame : in fome Places the Gods reveal'd them by Interpre-
ters, as did Apollo at Delphi; in others more immediately, giving
anfwers themfslves, which they either pronounc'd 'vi'va 'voce, or re-
turn 'd by Dreams, or Lots, (the former of which were fuppos'd to be
infpir'd, and the latter direfted by the Gods) or fome other Way.
The Oracles which the Gods themfelves pronounc'd, were term'd
p^pmrfioi AxiTothtivoi, thofe which were deliver'd by Interpreters, yj^-^s(xoi
v!OT(ftT/>to" At fome places, feveral ways were us'd ; for Inftance, they
who confulted Trophonius, after having proposed their Queftions, firll
receiv'd an anfwer in a Dream ; and, if that was obfciire, and hard to
be underftood, had the meaning of it interpreted by Men kept for
that purpofe, and inftrufted in that Art by the Deity : Several other
ways alfo this God us'd to give anfwers to Enquirers, as Faufanias re-
ports in his Defcription of Bceotia ; and in another place *, the fame
Author mentions thefe Heroick Verfes, as fpoken by Irophoniui :
ITpJf (Tcpi avy^uXiiti i/QpcTi, r>''"aS's TfoVa/ov
Aa-viJx KOT/uxo'aiV'ri! iy.tit, ihi iiirxro turn
hiiiui i'ucfj. fjtitmv ^^isrci rfaTOv a.s'TiK^xu^'
Let not the bloody Enfigns be difplay'd.
Nor leaft Attack upon your Foes be made.
' lumenidibus. " A[>ollonius Argon. Jib. iii. * Orpkeui byrano in Themidem
ver. 9. ^ /ithanaui lib. vii. * Mejfenic,
Before
Chap. 8. Of the Religion of Greece. 265
Before an ample Trophy you eredl.
And to my hallow'd Shield pay due Refpeft,
Which in the Temple to my growing Praife
The valiant Arifiomenes did raife :
Thus when you've done, you may expeft that I -
Will crown thefe Toils of War with joyful Viftory. H. H.
Which Anfwer was given to the Thebanj before the Battle of LeuSlra,
wherein, by the Conduft of Epamtnondas, they gave the Lacedamonians
and their Confederates a notable Overthrow.
Thus much of Oracles in general. I (hall in the next place endeavour
to give a particular Defcription of them, efpecially fuch as were of any
Note, together with a fhort Account of the Ceremonies required of thole
that confulted them, tiie Manner of returning Anfwers, with other
things remarkable in each of them. And becaufe Jupiter was reputed
to be the firll Author of Oracles, I ftiall begin with thofe which were
thought to be more immediately deliver'd by him.
CHAP. viir.
Of the Oracles of Jupiter. '
DODO NJ a is by fome thought to have been a City of Thejfaly ;
by others it was placed in Epirus ; and others, to reconcile thefe
two Opinions, will have two Dodonas, one in Theffaly, and another in
Epirus. They that place it in Epirus (and that is generally believ'd to
have been the Seat of the Oracle, whether there was another Dodona in
The/falyy or not) are no lefs divided in their Opinions about it ; for fome
of them will have it in Thefprotia, others in Chaonia, or MoloJJia ; but
Euf^athius b has undertaken to decide the Controverfy, telling us, that it
did indeed once belong to the Thefprotians, but afterwards fell into the
Hands of the Mnlojftans ; and he is herein confirm'd by Strabo c.
It was firft built by Deucalion, who in that univerfal Deluge, where-
in the greatell part of Greece perifhed, retreated to this Place, which by
reafon of its Height fecurcd him from the Waters. Hither reforted to
him all that had efcaped from the Inundation, with whom he peopled
his new-built City, calling it Dodpna, either from a Sea-nymph of that
Name, or Dodon the Son, or Dodone the Daughter of Jupiter and Eu-
ropa ; or from the River Dodon, or Don, for fo it is call'd by Stephanus ;
or, as fome fay, from Dodonim, the Son of Javan, who was Captain of
a Colony ftnt to inhabit thofe Parts of Epirus. At the fame Time,
Deucalion is faid to have founded a Temple, which he confecrated to
Jupiter, who is thence call'd Dodotiaus. This was the firlt Temple in
Greece, but the Oracle feems to have been a confiderable Time before
it ; for Herodotus in the fecond Book of his Hillory reports, that it
a Eujldtb. Iliad. j p, 254. & Iliad, v p, 1074. dit. Bafd, Stepbanui Byzant.
b Odyfl'. ^'. p. 534 c Gcogr. lib, X.
was
266 Of the Religion of Creece. Chap. 8. ,
was the moft ancient of all Oracles in Greece, which would be falfe, had
it not been before Deucalion s Time ; for j he, as the Poets tell us, having
cfcaped the Deluge, confulted the Oracle of Themis on Mount Pamaffusy
what Means he fhould ufe to replenifiithe Country with People j and the .
fame Oracle isfaid to have been joinily poffefs'd by the Earth and Nep-
tune, before it belong'd to Themis.
The Original of it, though, like all other things of fuch Antiquity,
wrapp'd up in Fables, I will repeat to you out of the foremention'd Place
of Herodotus, where he hath given us two Accounts of it, the firft of
which, he tells us, he received from the Priells of Jupiter at Thebes in
jEgypt, which was this : That the Phoenicians had carry'd away two
Priefteffes from that Place, one of which they fold into Lyhia, the other
into Greece ; that each of thefe had ereded the firft Oracle in thofe Na-
tions, the one of Jupiter Hammon, the other of Jupiter Dodonaus. The
other Account was given him by the Priefteffes at Dodona, and confirm'd
by all thofe that miniftred in the Temple, vix. That two black Pigeons
taking their Flight from Thebes in jEgypt, one of them came to Libya,
where fhe commanded that an Oracle fhould be eredled to Hammon ; the
other to Dodona, wher fhe fat upon an Oak-Tree, and fpeaking with
an human Voice, order'd, that there fhould be in that Place an Oracle
to Jupiter. Afterwards Herodotus delivers his own Opinion about the
Matter, which was this : That if the Phoenicians did really carry two
Women from Thebes, and fell one of them in Libya, and the other in
Greece, it might be probable, that fhe that Avas tranfported into Greece
was fold to the Thefprotians in that Country, which in his Time wascall'd
Hellas, but formerly nam'd Pelafgia, where fhe inftituted the Oracle to
Jupiter, and gave Inflruftions after what Manner he was to be worfhip'd.
To confirm this Conjefture, he adds, that thofe two Oracles have a near
Refemblance to each other. Moreover he tells us, the two Women were
faid to be black, becaufe they came from jEgypt ; and werecall'd Doves,
becaufe their Language was barbarous, and as unintelligible as that of
Birds ; afterwards, when they had learn'd the Greek Tongue, they were
faid to fpeak with an human Voice. Eujiathius * gives two Reafons
more for this Appellation : the firfl is, that they were calPd Yl^hna./, or
Doves, q.n-A.0A4i''Jf> becaufe they made their Predidions by the Ob-
fervation -of thofe Birds ; as they, who made ufe of Crows in Divination
were nam'd KopaKOfxavjUi. The other Reafon is, that in the Molofftan
Language old Women were call'd Uihitui, and old MenFIiAs/o/ ; and that
thofe Propheteffes being old Women, either by a Miftake of the Word,
or a Poetical Equivocation, were call'd Doves : And why aged Perfons
fhould be thus term'd, the old Scholiaji upon Sophocles e informs us ; for,
faith he, the three old Propheteffes were call'd UiMici q. UiToXicopu-vai,
becaufe of their gray Hairs. Servius gives another Reafon in his Com-
ment upon Virgirsmv.xh. Eclogue \ viz. That in the Theffalian Tongue
the Word rieXsistf is ufed to Signify aProphetefs, as well as a Dove ; and
it feems no unufual thing amongil the ancient Greeks, for Propheteffes to
have the Name of Doves, whence the Jinigmatical Poet calls CaJJandra
by tljat Name twice in one Sentence * :
d Odyff. f p. 54.4, 54J. Edit. ifayiV. -irac/w;?. v. 176. f.Vcr.83. ^ Caj-
fandr. v. 357. t"
T)i|"Of ^ Loc. dtat. ,
f 6S Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 8.
Parent of Gods and Men, Pelafglan Jo've,
King of Dodona and its hallow'd Grove ;
King of Dodona, whofe intemp'rate Coaft
Bleak Winds infeft, and Winter's chilling Froft,
Round thy Abode thy Priefts with unwafh'd Feet
Lie on the naked Earth.. H. H.
Where fome, as we are there inform'd by Euflathitis, read ct'^ei /I a
Eaac/, making thofe Priefts to be call'd Helli ; but the former Leftion,
he tells us, is generally receiv'd. The Se/Ii are fo call'd from SelJip, a
Town in Epirus ; or, according to Euftathius, from the River call'd by
Homer "" Selleis :
Whom he from Ephyra and Selleis brought.
But herein he contradifts Straho, who afRrms, that the River doth
not belong to Ephyra in Thefprotia j for that neither there, nor yet in Mo-
lojjia was ever any River of that Name, but to another Ephyra, which
is a City of Elis in Peloponnefus. The fame were call'd Elli, or Helli,
from Ellus the Iheffalian, from whom Ellopia, a Country about Dodona,
receiv'd its Name : And Philochorusva. 5/ra^o is of Opinion, that thefe
Priefts were named Elli from this Region ; but Pliny will have the
Selli and the Inhabitants of Ellopia to have been a different People.
Afollodorm in Strabo thinks they were call'd Eaao/, ctVo tuv iht^v, from
the Fens and Marjhes near the Temple of Z)o//(;. We are inform'd
by Jrijiotle, that the Country of the Selli was inhabited by the Graci,
who were vvv Eaa.w.<, in his Time caW d Hellenes. And Hefychius re-
ports, that A/Of li^QV iv AwcTftJi'K, Jupiter'' s Temple in Dodona was call'd.
EK?^eL. Whence it is probable, .that thefe Men were firft call'd Helli,
and not Selli. The fame is farther prov'd by the Scholiaji upon Homer "
from Pindar, who derives the Name from one Hellus, tk vfui^ Kojct-
J^ii^Av]- Tc' (J.UII7HCV, nisho firft difconjer^ d the Oracle. Afterwards, either
by a Confufion of the Words a' Eaaoi in Homer, which might eafily
happen, when it was cuftomary to write continuo dulu, without Di-
llinftion of Words or Sentences ; or by changing the Afpiration into
the Letter o", which Grammarians have obfcrv'd to be a common Va-
riation, they were call'd Selli. However that be, from the two Epi-
thets of dvi'TrlorToJ'i.i, and ^a./jiee.iivvetif given them by Homer, Strata
concludes they were barbarous and unciviliz'd ; EuJIathius tells us,
they were named yauaHiTven, becaufe they flept upon the Ground in
Skins, and in thatPofture expefted prophetical Dreams from ya/i//^r .
" liiad, c. V. J31. iliad. n'. ver. Z34. llud. 57 . p. 1074.. Edit. Ba/l.
Others,
Chap. 8. Of the Religion of Greece. ' 269
Others, he tells us, would have them call'd x'^y.a.itvvAi, becaufe they
did not lie in Beds, but upon the bare Ground ; and dviTJi'TroJ'ii, be-
caufe they never went out of the Temple, and therefore had no occa-
fion to wafli their Feet ; whence Euripides in his Erechtheus p faith of
them,
Tlyiyalfi t/J' u'x vypsuynirt iroifaf
Nor bath'd their Feet in any purling Stream.
Laftly, others will have thefe Names to be underftood In a fymbolictl
and figurative Senfe, thus : XaixanS'vcin /ug , ct^i'jrToToJ'ii q TTer/ ^ayuLi
fiiv ivya^'olJL^vcl, eiu'7r]tiyt.ivn tTe 70V ka'tu retif S^ictvoitm, J)a, .54 \y
fiAVTeiAif ^iKoToilttv. i. e. Their Bodies indeed did lie upon the Ground^ but
their Minds, by the AJJifiance of p'-ophetical Philofophy, mounting higher ^
Joard above thefe lower Regions. The fame, with other Accounts of thefe
Tides, are alfo given by the old Scholiaft upon that Paffage of Homer.
There is a Report grounded upon the Teftimony of Pherecydes, that
before the Time of the Sells the Temple oi Dodona was inhabited by the
feven Daughters oi Atlas, that were the Nurfes oi Bacchus, and from this
Temple call'd Dodonides. Their Names were thefe ; Ambrofa, Eudora^
Pafithoe, Coronis, Plexature, Pytho, and Tyche, or Tythe. However that
be, 'tis certain, that in later Ages the Oracles were pronounced by three
old Women ; and Strabo tells us, this Change was made, thax. Jupiter ad-
mitted Dione to cohabit with him, and receive Divine Honours in this
Temple : Nor was it ftrange or unufual that the fame Temple ftiould
belong to two Deities ; for Apollo and Bacchus were worlhip'd in the
Temple at Delphi j Apollo and Branchus, or, as Stephanus ^ affirms, Jupiter
and Apollo at Miletus.
Strabo in his Defcription of Bceotia reports, that of the People who
confulted this Oracle, all others receiv'd Anfwers from Women, but th
Boeotians receiv'd theirs from Men ; and the Reafon of this Cuftom wc
have in the fame Place, which was thk : In a War between the Bceotiant
and Pelafgians, the Boeotians coming to Dodona to enquire of Jupiter tht
Event of the War, receiv'd Anfwer, That their Enterprize Ihould have
Succefs, if they would att wickedly. Upon this the Boeotians fufpefting
that the Prophetefs fpake in favour of the Pelafgians, (they being the
firft Founders of that Oracle) feiz'd her, and call her into the Fire,
juftifying the Lawfulnefs of the Faft. On the other hand, they that
miniftred in the Temple thinking it impious to put to Death (efpecially
in fo facred a Place) Perfons uncondemn'd, would have had them refer
the Matter to the two furviving Propheteffes ; but the Boeotians alledging,
that no Laws in the World permitted Women to do Judgment, it was
agreed that two Men Ihould be in joint Commiflion with them. When
the Time to pafs Sentence was come, they were condemn'd by the
Women, and abfolv'd by the Men j" whereupon (as was ufual when the
Number of Voices was equal on both fides) the Boeotians were acquitted
and difmifs'd. Ever after it was eftabliih'd, that Men only fhould give
Anfwers to the Boeotians.
* Ver, jzj. s VoceAirfi//<. ' Geogr. lib, ix.
Tht
270 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 8.
The Prophets of this Temple were commonly call'd Tomuri, the Pro-
pheteffes Tomute, from Tomurus, a Mountain in Thefprotia, at the Foot of
which flood the Temple. So commonly was this word made ufe of
that it came at laft to be a general Name for any Prophet ; for fo Hefy-
thius expounds it, and Lycophron ' in this Senfe applies it to Prylis the Son
of Mercury.
The beft of Prophets, and the trueft too.
Some are of Opinion, that all the Oracles were here' delivered by Wo-
men ; and that the Se/Ii were only Inhabitants of the neighbouring
Country, who had fome Employment in the Temple, and publifli'd the
Oracles receiv'd from the ProphetelTes to other Men. Hence they will
have them to be call'd by Homer, not iirsoz^reif, but -Ccmxptnati' -Garopn-
yifi'of/^ctf oVo ray U^suv kKti'>ovTa.(, That Name fignifying Men iv/jif
livd in the Temple, and puhlijh' d the An/aver made by the Prjejis.
Near the Temple there was a facred Grove full of Oaks or Beeches,
in which the DryadeSj Fauni, and Satyri were thought to inhabit, and
were frequently feen dancing under the Shades of the Trees. Before
Sowing was invented, when Men liv'd upon Acorns, thofe of this Wood
were very much efteemed j infomuch that Virgil hath mention' d theia
hy way of Eminence * :
Liher, ^ alma Ceres, njejlro fi munere tellui
Chaonia pingui glandem mutavit arifta.
Bacchus and Ceres, taught by you, the Field
Doth Grain for old Chaonian Acorns yield.
And Wine for Water.
And again in the fame Book ^ :
Prima Qtxt% ferro mortales 'vertere terram
Jnflituit ', cumjamglandesatquearbutafacra
Deficerent fil'va, fs* 'viSum Dodona negaret.
Acorns and Wildings when the Woods deny'd.
Nor old Dodona longer Food fupply'd.
Then Ceres taught to till the pregnant Earth. H. H. ,
Thefe Oaks or Beeches were endued with an human Voice and Prophe-
tical Spirit, for which Reafon they were call'd neo(7t7'ofo/, and (xuvriKeti
J^fVif, i. e. /peaking and prophefying Oaks. And Jrgo, the Ship of the Ar-
gonauts, being built with the Trees of this Wood, was endued with
the fame Power of fpeaking ; whence Lycophron ^ calls it Ktihn^^ov
Kicnrav, a chattering Magpye. The Reafon of which Fiftion fome think
was this : The Prophets, when they gave Anfwers, placed themfelves
* Cafiandr, V. 223. I Georg. v. 27. I Verf. 146. ; Caffandr. v. 1319.
in
Chap. S. Of the Religion of Greece. 2y
in one of theCe Trees, (for fome will only allow this vocal Faculty to
one of them) and fo the Oracle was thought to be utter'd by the Oak,
which was only pronounced out of its hollow Stock, or from amongit
its Branches. And fome are of Opinion, that the Oracles were deliver'd
from the Branches of the Tree, becaufe the prophetical Pigeon is by
Herodotus reported tI (pn-yiT VCi^> to have fat upon the Tree : And the
Scholiaji upon Sophocles ^ aifirms, thatuVfaV T8~(xctVT Si)0 riffetv 'TnhHa.i,
above the Oracle there nvere tavo Pigeons. But others rather think, that
Oracles were pronounced from the hollow Stock, both becaufe the Pro-
phetefs could beft be conceal'd there, and becaufe it is exprefs'd and af-
rm'd in the following Fragment of Jiejioifs Eoa :
Tm* Zivt tiuinv, Xj til yfr>rfw tiv*t
I mull ftot omit the Brazen Kettles of this Place, which fome affirm,
and others -again deny to have been ufed in delivering Oracles. How-
ever that be. Demon in Suidas reports, they were fo artificially placed
about the Temple, that by ftriking one of them the Sound was commu-
nicated to all the reft. But Ariftotle, cited by the fame Author, ot Ari-
fiidest as he is call'd by Stephanus the Byxantian, defcribes the matter
thus: That there were two Pillars, on one of which was placed a Kettle,
upon the other a Boy holding in his Hand a Whip with Lafhes of Brafs,
which, being by the Violence of the Wind ftruck againft the Kettle,
caus'd a continued Sound j whence came the Proverb, Aw/wfttTo^ VAKKCtaVt
vnX Tuj ^/.lY.^oKay'ivluv , or rather e-r/ luv uAK^oK^yivlwv , for it was ap-
plied to talkative Perfons. Another Saying we have not much different
from the former, o/Za:. Ksj xopaiw;/ fwtV/^, which (as fome are of Opinion)
was taken from this Whip, which, together with the Boy and Kettle, were
all dedicated by the Corcyreans '>'. About what Time, or upon what
Account this Oracle came toceafe, is uncertain; but Strabo ' , whoflou-
rilh'd under Augujlus Cafar, faith, that in his Time the Gods had in a
manner deferted that and moft other Oracles.
The fame Author % in his Defcription of Elis, makes mention of an
Oracle of Olympian yupiter, which was once famous, but did not continue
long in Repute ; yet the Temple in which it flood ftill preferv'd its
ancient Splendor, and was adorn'd with magnificent Struftures, and en-
riched with Prefents from every part of Greece. Pindar alfo hath taken
notice of an Altar dedicated to Jupiter at Pifa, where Anfwers were
given by the Pofterity of Janus .
There was another very ancient Oracle of Jupiter in Cretet mention'd
by Strabo, from which Minos is faid to have rcceivM a Platform of the
Laws afterwards enaded by him ; whence Homer faith of him.
Traclim. ver. 174. r Epitom. Sirab, \\\^ vii. Lib. vii, ' Lib. viii.
k Olymp. initio. Dd, vi,
Minos,
272 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 9.
Minos, that Counfels dar'd with yovc to mix.
Nine Years Crete's Scepter fway'd. . .
That IS, (as Plato in Strabo expounds it) He defcended into the facred
Cave of Jupiter (for this Oracle was under Ground) and receiv'd from
hira thofe Precepts, which he afterwards made publick for the common
Benefit of Mankind. The Will of the Gods was reveal'd in this Place
by Dreams, in which the Gods came and convers'd familiarly with the
Enquirers ; as we learn from the Story of Epimenides '^, who lay afleep in
this Place many Years. Pythagoras alfo defcended into this Cave to con-
fult the Gods, as Diogenes Laertius hath related in the Life of that Phi-
lofopher. There was a Temple in the fame Place dedicated to Jupiter^
from which to the City Cnojfus ' there was a high Road, very pleafant.
It flood upon Mount Ida ; and tho' Maximus Tyrius, in the foremention'd
Place, callsit A/Kxais AeiiKov yetineiiiv : and in
allufion to that Name Strabo and Paufanias fay, there was to be feen
in the Temple the figure of a Navel, made of white Stone, with a
Ribband hanging from it, inftead of the Navel-ftring, and upon it
were plac'd two Eagles, in Memory of the Eagles fent forth by Jupiter,
But LaSlantius and Phurnutus are of Opinion, that this Name was not
deriv'd from the Situation of the Place, but from the Divine Anfwers
given there, which are in Greek cali'd 0^.?6(, and Varro herein agrees
with them.
Concerning the Original of this Oracle there arfe various Reports :
Diodorus the Sicilian * tells us, it firft belong'd to Earth, by whom
Daphne, one of the Mountain Nymphs, was conftituted Prieftefs ; the
fame Author afterwards faith, that m a Greek Poem cali'd Eumolpia,
it is reported to have been facred both to Earth and Neptune j and
that Earth gave Anfwers herfelf, but Neptune had an Interpreter nam'd
Pyrco, and that afterwards Neptune refign'd his part to Earth. This
Goddefs was fucceeded by Themis, who gave Oracles about the time of
Deucalion s Deluge, and was confulted by him, as it is very well known
from Ovid's Metamorphojis. Some there are that will have Themis tOt
have poffefs'd this Oracle from the beginning : Which is the lefs to be
wonder'd at, fmce Themis and the Earth were comnwnly reputed the
fame Goddefs under different Names, tok^uv ovouatuv //o(ifH /[/i,
according to Mfchylus * : Whence Themis is cali'd by Arijiides %
Qi(i\iiroi(T^\,Ta.'ii\,tbeoldeJioftheGods. Yet jE/chylus in another place
" reports, that this Oracle was firft poffefs'd by the Earth, then by
Themis, Daughter of the Earth; who refign'd it to her Sifter Phcebe^
by whom it was at length given to Apollo. Pindar, and from him the
Scholiajl upon jEfchylas tells us, that, Apollo having feiz'd this Oracle
by force, the Earth endeavour'd to precipitate that God into the
Infernal Regions. Aijd ' Euripides reports, that Atollo, having ex-
pell'd Themis, was himfelf expell'd by the Earth j but recover'd the
Oracle by the Affiftance of Jupiter. Agreeable to which Relation is
that of Apollodorus, that Apollo, having learn'd the Art of Divination
from Pan, came to Delphi, where Oracles were then given by Themis,
and having kill'd Python the Serpent, which guarded the Mouth of the
facred Cavern, feiz'd the Oracle. It muft not be omitted, that when
Geogr. lib. ix. '' Lib. ix. * Lib. xvi. cap. xvi. & Ptufaniat Photiels.
' Prometh. v. 208. 6 Oral, de concordia ad Rhudion. umcn;dotn initio.
' IfthigenJz V. 1259.
T this
274 Q/* ^^^ Religion of Greece, Chap, g,
this Oracle was poffefs'd by the Earthy (he returnM Anfwers by Dreams,
Thus Euripides,
XflftJl' T8XV&jVT0 ?aV^T* '.
The Earth brought forth noSlurnal SpeSres. And afterwards Apotlo, being
depriv'd of the Oracle, prays Jupiter ^^
Ttii6ien J^/jtuf
X9ov/y itjeXwy
sac fJihtY, vu^ia! t evowa'f*
Ti? f^-^f / />&f Earth ivith her noSlurnal Oracles, from the Pythian Temples-,
And this Goddefs was reputed the Author of Dreams in other Places,
as will appear in the Chapter concerning that fort of Divination. O-
thers will have the Delphian Oracle to have belong'd to Saturn ', and
that the Grecians received the celebrated 'Anfwer, St/ ttJ 'f'ritci'ra 'iru
TO If'icv TO HTveri, That Troy fiiould he taken by them in the tenth
Tear : From this God we are inform'd by the Scholiaf upon the follow-
ing Verfe of Lycophron '", which likewife relates to this purpofe :
However that be, at length it came into the Hands of Jpollo ; nor did
he long enjoy it alone, for in the War againll the Sons of Titan, Bac-
chus, being mangled and torn in pieces by them, was afterwards re-
ftor'd to his Brother Apollo, who receiv'd him into his Temple, and
order'd that Divine Honours Ihould be paid him there. This Fable is
related out of Callimachus and Euphorion, by Ifaac Tzetzes, in his Com-
ment upon Lycrophon ", where Agamemnon is brought in facriiicing to
Bacchus in the Temple of Delphian Jpollo. Hence fome fay, the City
Delphi was fo calPd, q. AZ-Aija/, which word fignifieth Brethren, becaufe
Apollo and Bacchus were both Sons of Jupiter.
We find it related by Diodorus the Sicilian **, that this Oracle was
firft difcover'd by Goats, 'in Memory whereof, t\iQ Delphians, when they
afk'd Counfel of the God, for the moft part ofFer'd a Goat. The
manner of the Difcovery was thus : Upon Mount ParnaJJus, where
Goats were wont to feed, there was a deep Cavern, with a fmall,
narrow Mouth, to which when any of the Goats approach'd, they be-
gan immediately to leap after an unufual and antick manner, uttering
ftrange and unheard of Sounds ; the Goat-herd (Plutarch calls him Coretas)
obferving this, and wondering what fliould be the Caufe of it, went
himfelf to view the Cavern, whereupon he was alfo feiz'd with a
like Fit of Madnefs, leaping and dancing, and foretelling things to
come. This being nois'd abroad, vaft multitudes of People flock'd to
the Place, where as many as look'd in, were infpir'd after the fame man-
ner. At length, when many were poffefs'd with fuch a degree of
' Lccrj citato. " Ibid, V/ 1271. * Ccelius Rbodiginus Left. Antiq. lib. xvi.
Cafandr4e, v. 202. Verf. 209. " Biblioth. Hift. lib- xvi.
Divine
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. '^'j^
Divine Phrenzy, as to throw themfelves headlong into the Forago i
there was an Edift pat out, whereby it was made unlawful for any
Man to approach it; and a Tripus was plac'd upon the Mouth of it,
upon which a Virgin was appointed to fit, and t]iere deliver tlie An-
fwers of the God, This is the nioft common Account of the Original
of the Oracle : Paufanias hath given fome others, which J fhall foroear
to mention. Thus much however is certain (if any thing at fuch a
diftance may be call'd fo,) wz. That 'this Oracle was very ancient, and
flouriih'd above an hundred Years before the Trojan War.
Concerning the Tripus plac'd upon the mouth of the Cavern, there
are different Opinions : Ibme fay, it was a Pot fiU'd with Duft, thro*
which the /Afflatus pafs'd into the Virgin's Belly, and thence proceeded
out of the Mouth. The Scholiaji upon Artflophanes '^ faith, it was
a wide-mouth'd Brafs'd-Pot fill'd with -J-M^'i' ov Pebbles, by the leaping
of which the Prophetefs made her Conjedlures. Others are of Opinion,
that it was a large Veffel fupported by three Feet, into which the Pro-
phetefs plung'd herfelf, when fhe expedfd an Infpiration. But, accord-
ing to the more common Opinion, Caelius ' hath prov'd at large,
that it was not a Veffel but a Table, or Seat, on which the Pythia
lean'd or fat. The Cover of the Tripus, or, as fome fay, the Tripus it-
felf, they call'd OAfxi^"^, which word properly denotes a Mortar, or
round Stone, according to ilefychius ; whence Apollo is call'd in So-
phocles, EvcKu'i' , and his Prophetefs, Ev^hfj-H. And this, as fome are
of Opinion, gave occafion to the Proverb, "Ev oa^.-^j ivjdcreo, which is
applied to thofe that fpeak prophetically j but others derive it from a
certain Diviner, call'd Holmus ; and others (amongft whom is Arijia-
f banes the Grammarian in Zenodotus) refer it to the old fuperlli'tious
Cullom of fleeping in thefe oKy.'n, when they defired a Prophetical
Dream. Phumutus will have the Tripus to have been facred to Apollo,
either becaufe of the Perfeftion of the Number Three ; or in^ allufion
to the three Celeftial Circles, two of which the Sun toucheth, and
paffeth over the third in his Annual Circuit. And the Scholiaji upon
Arijiophanes '' will have the three Legs of the Tripus to fignify the
Knowledge of the God, as diftinguilh'd by the three Parts of Time,
i/Zz. Prefent, Paft, and Future,
0< T* j)" (as the Macedonians, who for ^ia/tt-,
^ttKa.)L^o<, and ^i^'n'lna, fay Bi^/TT^^*, BctAO-K^if, and BtpA'tx.u) butin-
ftcad of n ; for they ufually fay 5ci76ii', for 'wa.rziv, and .5<.f3i',for T/;tpoy :
V>v Dtodorus Siculus, lib. xvi. c Lib, De Orac. In Fluto. ' De De-
fect. Orac. f Quaeft. Crac. ix.
is
Chap. 9. Of the Religion of Greece. 279
is their genuine and Country-way of Speaking. The feventh Day of
the Month they call'd Apollo's Birth-day, naming it Ylo\60o@-, (not
rioAu'^Soj'-, as fome read it) not becaufe they balcM a fort of Cakes
call'd ^Q'^/f, but becaufe the God did then return a great many Anfvvers ;
and at the firfl: the Pythia gave Anfwers only on this Day, as Callif-
thenes and Anaxandridas report. Thus Plutarch. And even in latter
Ages, Oracles us'd only to be given once every Month.
Whoever went to confult the Oracle was required to make large
Prefents to the God, whereby it came to pafs, that this Temple in
Riches, Splendor, and Magnificence, was fuperior almoft to all others
in the World. And Aphetoriee opes (fo call'd from AjHTof, a Name
of Apollo, given him, as fome fay, from fending forth Oracles) have
been proverbially us'd for abundance of Wealth. Another thing requir'd.
of thofe that defir'd Anfwers was, that they fliould propound theit
Queftions in as few words as might be, as we are inform'd by Philo-
firatus 8, in the Life of Apollonius. It was the Cuftom alfo, to offer
Sacrifices to Apollo, in which, except the Omens were favourable, the
Prophetefs would not give any Anfwer. At thefe Sacrifices there were
ve Priefts, faith Plutarch ^, nam'd Orioi, i. e. Holy, that affifted the
Prophets, and perform'd many other Offices with them, being fuppos'd
to be defcended from Deucalion : There was one alfo who prefided
^ver thefe call'd, 0r/ft)Te, or Purifier ; tho' Plutarch faith, that the Sa-
crifice flain, when any of the Oj/o/ were declar'd, was call'd by that
Name ; unlefs inftead of t^ 3-uo^,S^oi' iiiuov, or the Sacrifice kill'd, we
might be allow'd to read rhv ^uif^-rop hf.
And in former times he was thought to be a Lover of that Nation,
and at certain Seafons to remove thither out of Greece. Abaris, one of"
that Country, the Priefl of Apollo, who travell'd into Greece about the
Time of Pythagoras, is faid to have written a Book concerning Apolo'&
Oracles, ^ a(pt^iv h( TT--^Cipm, and Remo'val to the Hyperboreans p. And
the Athenians, at a time when the Plague raged over all Greece, re-
ceiv'd an Oracle from thence, commanding them to make Vows and
Prayers in behalf of the reft ; and they continued to fend Gifts and
Offerings thither, as they had formerly done to Delphi.
I might enlarge about the Magnificence and Splendor of the Delphian
Temple, but I fear I have already trefpafs'd too far upon the Reader's
Patience ; if any one therefore have Curiofity and Leifure, he may have
a large and exaft Defcription of all the magnificent Struftures, rich Pre-
fents, curious Pieces of Art, and other Rarities belonging to that Place,
in Paufanias. There was another of Apollo^ Oracles at Cirrha, a Sea-
port belonging to Delphi, from which it was diftant about LX Stadia.
This is mention'd in Statius's Thebais q .'
Tunc (sf ApoUine 7ii jw' tu( Qiufiv d^iol /o/aI^
I]v'\a,( dvo'i^Ai cAJp^OVXi XnvtKuv ufjd z^gA? Bf
Kfoiv^oy' the hejl of all Grechn Oracles, except the Deliphian.
In the time of the Perfian War s this Temple was fpoil'd and burn'd,
being betray'd into the Hands of the Barbarians, by the Branchidcs, or
Priefts, who had the Care of it ; but they, confcious of their own Wick-
cdnefs, and fearing left they fhould meet with condign Punifhment,
defired of Xerxes, that, as a Requital of their Service, he would grant
them a Habitation in fome remote Part of Afia, whence they might
never return into Greece, but live fecure, being placed beyond the Reach
of Juftice. Xerxes granted their Requeft ; whereupon, notv/ithftanding
a great many unlucky Omens appear'd to them, they founded a City,
and call'd it, after their ancient Name, Branchid^e. But for all this,
they could not efcape Divine Vengeance, which was inflifted on their
Q\{\\Artn\iy Alexander the Great, who, having conquer'd Dar/aj, and
poffefs'd himfelf of Afia, utterly demolifti'd their City, and put all its
Inhabitants to the Sword, as detefting the very Pofterity of fuch impious
Wretches.
The Perfians being vanquifh'd, and Peace reftor'd to Greece ^, the
Temple was rebuilt by the Milefians, with fuch Magnificence, that it
furpafs'd almoft all the other Grecian Temples in Bignefs, being rais'd
* Voce A/,
The Scholtafts on this Place are of Opinion, that Ah^g was a City in
Lycia, but are fufficiently refuted by the Teftimonies already cited. We
are told by Paufanias ">, that the Temple of this Oracle was burn'd by
Xerxes.
At Claros, a City of Ionian not far from Colophon, there was another
Oracle facred to Apollo^ firft inftituted by Manto, the Daughter of 7irc-
Jiasy who fled thither in the fecond Theban War, when the Epigoni,
i. e. the Sons of thofe that were flain in the former War, invaded
Thebesy under the Condudt of Alcmteon, in Revenge of their Fathers
Deaths. The Perfon that deliver'd Anfwers was a Man generally chofen
out of fome certain Families, and for the moft part out of Miletus " :
He was ufually unlearned, and very ignorant, yet return'd the Oracles
in Verfes wonderfully fatisfaclory, and adapted to the Intention of the
Enquirers ; and this by the Virtue of a little Well, feign'd to have
fprung out of the Tears of Manto when (he bewail'd the Defolation of
her Country : . Into this he defcended when any Man came to confult
him ; but paid dear for his Knowledge, Water being very prejudicial
to his Health ; and, as Pliny " hath told us, a Means to fhorten his
Life. By this Oracle the untimely Death of Germanicus was foretold,
as we are inform'd by Tacitus p, by whom alfo the foremention'd Ac-
count of Pliny is confirmed.
At LariJJa, a Fort of the Argives, there was an Oracle of Apollo,
firnam'd AnpiiietTiff, from Diras, a Region belonging to A-gos. The
Anfwers in this Place were return'd by a Woman, who was forbidden
the Company of Men : Every Month flie facrific'd a Lamb in the Nigh^
and, then having tailed the Blood of the Viftim, was immediately feiz'd
with a Divine Fury h.
Lib. i. cap. xlvi. * Voce ACsi, item Hejycbius Be Pbavorinut, 'Oedip. Tyr.
T. 908. PhocicJs. " Car/. RboJ. Ant. Lect. lib. xxvii. cap. v, Nat. Hift.
lib. ii. cap. ciii, Anaal. lib. ii. cap. liv, ' Faufanias Corintbiacii.
Apollo
2 88 Of the Religion of Qxttzt, Chap. 9,
'Apollo had another famous Oracle at Eutrejts, a Village in Bceotia *,
feated in the Way between the thefpians and the Plat a am.
Oropeean Apollo deliver'd Oracles at Orope, a City of Euhcea, as we
are inform'd by Stephanus.
At Oroha in Eubcea there was *4,sWcrirt7o<' uavi^iov, a moji infallible
Oracle of Apollo Sellinuntius ', as we find in the Beginning of Strabo^i
tenth Book.
Another Oracle of Corypeean Apollo^ at Corype in Thejfaly, is mention'd
in Nicanderi Theriaca :
'Tis reported by Athenaus % that the Carians on a certain time con-
fulted Apollo's Oracle at Hybla ; which Cafaubon would have to be read
Abie, but for no better Reafon, than that he finds no Mention of the
Hyblaan Oracle in any other Author.
There was an Oracle of Apollo Icbnaus at Ichna in Macedonia '.
At tegyrtSy a City in Besotia, there was an Oracle facred to Tegyraan
Apollo, which was frequented till the Perjian War, bat after that re-
mained for ever filcnt ".
Not lefs famous was Ptous, a Mountain in Baiotia, for the Oracles
given by Apollo, fimam'd Ptous from that Place, where was a Temple
dedicated to him. This Oracle ceas'd when Thebes was demolifh'd by
Alexander ^'.
Apollo, fimam'd Let^veu- from Daphne his beloved Miftrefs, or the
Laurel, into which fhe was transform'd, had an Oracle near the Cajia-
Jian Fountain, the Waters of which were alfo endued with a prophetick
Virtue ^.
Apollo was caird Ifmenius, from I/menus, a River and Mountain in
Bceotia, in which he had a Temple, and gave Anfwers to thofe that
came to enquire of him.
Paufanias y hath told us of another Place in Baeotia where Apollo re-
turn'd Anfwers, viz. a Stone call'd Swipepr/rMf, upon which he had an
Altar, erefted out of the Afhes of Viftims oiFer'd to him ; whence he
was call'd Spodius from gToJ^oj i. e. Afies ; whence for '^ttovSi- in
Paufanias mvL&.htrtz.dt.'S.'TroS'i-. He did not here, as in other Places,
fignify his Will by infpir'd Prophets, but by ahviSon^, ominous Sounds,
in the Obfervation of which he inftrufted Perfons appointed for that
purpofe ; for this Way of Divination was in ufc amongft the Grecians,
efpecially at Smyrna, faith my Author, where was a Temple built on
the Out-fide of the City-Wall for that Purpofe. Thus much of the
Oracles of Apollo.
' Stephanus in voce Et/rpo-/). * lib. xv. cap; iv, ' Hejyckius, v. lyyxm,
Plut, Ftlopida. w Paufaut Betftids, Clement Protrept. ' Paufan. ibidem.
CHAP.
Chap. lo. Of the Religion of Greece. 289
C H A P. X.
Of the Oracle of Trophonius.
TRophonius, the Son of Erejinus, and Brother of Agamedes, a be-
ing poflefs'd with an immoderate Thirll of Glory, built himfelf
a Manflon under Ground, at Lebadea a City of Bceotia, into which,
when he enter'd, he pretended to be infpired with an extraordinary
Knowledge of future Events j but at length, either out of Defign to
faife in Men an Opinion, that he was tranllated to the Gods, or being
fome way neceffitated thereto, perifh'd in his Hole '', Cicero "^ glveth
us a very different account of his Death, when he tells us, that Tra-
fhonius and Agamedes, having built Apollo's Temple at Delphi, re-
quefted of the God, that, as a Recompcnce for their Labour, he would
give them the beft Thing that could happen to Man j Apollo granted
their Petition, and promised them, that it fhould be effefted the third
Day after ; accordingly, on that Day in the Morning they were found
dead. Several other Fables concerning him, and the manner of his
Death, are related in the Scholiaji upon the Clouds of Arijlophanes.
However that be, Trophotiius had Divine Honours paid him after
Death, and was worfhip'd by the name of Jupiter Trophonius <*. Nor
was it a thing unufual for Men deified to be honour'd with the name
of a God, feveral Inftances whereof might be produc'd, but one ftiall
fufRce for all, 'viz. that of Agamemnon, who was worfhip'd at Sparta by
the name of Jupiter Agamemnon, as Lycophron witnelTeth *.
ZlUC iTrxfTICLTUIt ail(A.C>.'.H KKn^y)7.TJ.l,
Then fhall my Husband, whom a Captive Bride
I now obey as my fuperior Lord,
By fubtle crafty Spartans Jove be call'd.
And worfhip fo, from their Poilerity
Receiving greatell: Honours, . E. D.
Which words Cajfandra fpeaks of Agamemnon, whofe Captive an4
Concubine fhe was after the Dellruftion of Troy.
This Oracle came firfl into repute on this Account : On a time, when
for the Sjpace of two Years there had been no Rain in Bceotia, all the
Cities of that Country, with a joint Confent, appointed chofen Per-
fons to go to Delphi, there to pay their Devotions .to Apollo, in the
Name of their Country, and defire his Advice and AfTiflance: The God
accepted their Piety, but return'd them no other Anfwer, than that
they fhould go home, and confult Trophonius at Lebadea. The Am-
baftadors immediately obey'd, and rcpair'd to Lebadea, flill re-
Suidai voce T^cpmioc. > Pbavorin, I'uJ:, Qusft, lib. I. ? Strabo
lib. ix, Caffandr. r. 11%^.
U inaining
290 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 10.
maining as much in the dark, as at firft ; there being not the leaft Sign
or Foot-ftep of any Oracle in that Place : At length, when they had
fearch'd a long time to no purpofe, and began to defpair of Succefs,
one Saon, an Jcrephian^ the Senior of all the Ambaffadors, efpy'd a
Swarm of Bees, and immediately took up a Refolution to follow them ;
by this means he came to a Cave, into which he had no fooner en-
ter'd, but by fome evident Tokens perceiv'd, that in that Place was the
Oracle, Jpol/o had commanded them to enquire of. Upon this he pay'd
his Devotion to Trophonius, and receiv'd from him a welcome and fa-
tisfaftory Anfwer, together with Inftruftions, in what Manner, and
with what Rites and Ceremonies he would have thofe that Ihould come
for Advice, to approach him ^.
The Place of this Oracle was under the Surface of the Earth, and
therefore it was commonly call'd Kis : And a ftately
Temple, with a Statue of white Marble, was eredled to him in the
Place where he was fwallow'd up, faith my Author, being about XII
Stadia diftant from Oropus, a City in the Confines of Attica and Bceotiay
which, for that Reafon, is fometimes attributed to both Countries.
There was alfo a remarkable Altar, dedicated to him in the fame Place j
it was divided into five Parts ; the firft of which was facred to Hercu-
les, Jupiter, and Paonian Apollo : The fecond, to the Heroes aad their
Wives : The third, to Vef.a, Mercury, Amphiaraus, and the Sons of
Amphikchus (for A!c}r Vita Jp'jlhnii Tyahei, lib. ii. * Caffundra^y. 1050. '' Lib. viii. cap.
exzxiv.
two
Chap. II. Of the Religion of Greece. 295
two Things, vix. His Counfel and Advice, to direct them in time of
NecefTity, or his Help and Protedion, to defend them in time of gan-
ger ; telling them they muft not expeft both : Whereupon they chofe
the latter, thinking they had a greater need of Defence, than Counfel, ,
which they could be fufficiently furnifh'd with by Delphian Apollo.
This Oracle was had in a very great Efteem : Herodotus " reckons
it amongft the five principal ones of Greece^ confulted by Crcefus, be-
fore his Expedition againft Cyrus, 'viz, the Delphian, Dodonaan, Amphia-
raus's, Trophonius^s, and the Didymrvan j and Valerius Maximus ^ faith,
it was not inferior either to the two firft of thofe already mention'd,
or that oi Jupiter Hamtnon.
Near the Temple was the Fountain, out of which Amphiaraus a-
fcended into Heaven, when he was receiv'd into the number of the
Gods, which for that Reafon was call'd by his Isfame : It was held fo ,
facred, that it was a Capital Crime to employ the Waters of it to any
ordinary Ufe, as wafliing the Hands, or Purification ; nay, it was un-
lawful to offer Sacrifice before it, as was ufual at other Fountains : The
chief Jfe it was employ'd in was this, vix,. They that by the Advice
of the Oracle had recover'd out of any Difeafe were to call a piece of
coin'd Gold or Silver into it ; aud this b Pau/anias tells us, was an ancient
Cuftom, and deriv'd from the Ptimitive Ages.
At Phara, a City of Achaia, Anfwers were given by Mercurius Ayp'
f^j^, fo nam'd from dyip^, i. e. the Market-flace, where was a
Statue of Stone erected to him, having a Beard, which feems to have '
been a thing unufual in his Statues ; before it was plac'd a low Stone
Altar, upon which ijtood brazen Bafons foldered with Lead. They that
came for Advice firft ofFer'd Frankincenfe upon the Altar, then lighted
the Lamps, pouring Oil into them ; after that, they offer'd upon the
rlght-fide of the Altar a piece of Money, flamp'd with their own Coun-
try Impreflion, and call'd XaKkvi, then proposM the Queftions they
defir'd to be refolv'd in, placing their Ear clofe to the Statue, and after
all, departed, flopping both their Ears with their Hands, till they had
pafsM quite through the Market-place ; then they pluck'd away their
Hands, and receiv'd the firll Voice that prefented itfeif, as a Divine
Oracle. The fame Ceremonies were pralis'd in Egypt, at the Oracle of
Serapis, as ' Pau/anias reports.
' At Bur a in Achaia there was an Oracle of Hercules, call'd from
that City Baraicus ; the Place of it was a Cave, wherein was Hercules^s
Statue: Prediftions were made by throwing Dice. They that con-
fulted the God firfl addrefs'd themfelves to him by Prayer ; then taking
four Dice out of a great Heap that lay ready there, they threw tlictn
upon the Table : All the Dice had on them certain peculiar Marks, all
which were interpreted in a Book kept for that purpofe ; as foon there-
fore as they had call the Dice, *they went to the Book, and there every
Man found his Doom.
At Patra ^ a City on the Sea-coafl of Achaia, not far from the
fecrcd Grove of Apollo, there was a Temple dedicated to Ceres, ia
Lib. i. cap xlvi. * Lib. vui. ci'. xv. *^ Atlicis. " Acbakit. ' Ibid em.
* Paujar.iae ibidcmt
U 4 which
2^6 Of the Religion 0/ -Greece. Chap. 11,
which were erefted three Statues, two to Ceres and Proferpina, ftand-
ing ; the third to Earth, fitting upon a Throne. Before the Temple
there was a Fountain, in which were deliver'd Oracles, very famous
for the Truth of their Predidlions. Thefe were not given upon every
Account, but concern'd only the Events of Difeafes. The manner of
confulting was this ; They let down a Looking-glafs by a fmall Cord
into the Fountain, fo low that the bottom of it might juft touch the
furface of the Water, but not to be cover'd by it : This done, they oiFer'd
Incenfe and Prayers to the Goddefs, then look'd upon the Glafs, and,
from the various Figures and Images reprefented in it, made conjec-
tures concerning tlie Patient.
' At Trcczen, a City of Peloponnefus, there was an old Altar dedi-
cated to the Mufes and Slee^, by Ardalus, one of Vulcan\ Sons ; who
was the firft Inventor of the Flute, and a great Favourite of the Mujes,
who from him were call'd Ardalides. They that came for Advice were
obligM to abftain certain Days from Wine. Afterwards they lay down
by the Altar to fleep, where, by the fecret infpiration of the Mufes,
proper Remedies for their Diftempers were reveal'd to them.
'" At Epidaurus, a City of Peloponnefus, there was a Temple of
^/cu'apius, fam'd for curing Difeafes ; the Remedies of which were
reveal'd in Dreams. When the Cure was perfedled, the Names of the
difeafed Perfons, together with the manner of their Recovery, were
regifter'd in the Temple. This God was afterwards tranflated to Romcy
by the Command of Delphian Jpol'o, who told them, that was the only
way to be freed from the Plague, which at that time rag'd exceedingly
amongft them : Whereupon they fent Ambafladors to Epidaurus, to
defire the God of them : But the Epidaurians being unwilling to part
with fo beneficial a Gueft : JEfailapius of his own accord, in the fhape of
a great Serpent, went ftrait to the Roman Ship, where he repos'd him-
felf, and wr.s with great Veneration convey'd to Rome, where he was
receiv'd with great Joy ; and having deliver'd them from the Diftrefs
they lay under, was honour'd with a Temple in the little Ifland, en-
compafs'd by the River Tiber, and worihip'd in the fame Form he had
affum'd. This Story is related by Pliny ", and Ovid'^ .
At Atiiphiclea, call'd by Herodotus, Ophitea, by Stephanus Amphiceea,
there was a Temple facred to Bacchus, but no Image, at leaft, none
expos'd to publick View. To this God, faith Paufanias ^, the Jvi-
pkicleans afcribe both the Cure of their Difeafes, and the Foretelling of
future Events : The former he effedled by revealing proper Reme-
dies in Dreams j the latter, by infpiring into his PrielTs Divine Know-
ledge.
iitrabo, in his Defcription of Corinth, telleth us, Jitno, had an Oracle
in the Corinthian Territories, in the way between Lechaum and Pag/e.
There was alfo in Laconia a Pool iacred to Juno, by v.'hich Pre-
difiions were made after this manner ; They caft into it Cakes m.ade of
Bread-corn ; if thefe funk down. Good i if not, fomething Dreadful
wafi portended.
Paujaniat. Idem. Corintbiac. " Lib, xv, Met. xv. p Phench.
Calius
Chap. II. Of the Religion of Gretce. 297
- Gsiius Rhodiginus "^ telleth us out of Philojiratus, that Orpheus's Head
at Lejbos gave Oracles to all Enquirers, but more efpecially to the
Grecians, and told them, that Troy could not be taken without Herculei's
Arrows : He adds, that the Kings of Perfia and Babylon often fent Am-
baffadors to confult this Oracle, and particularly Cyrus, who, being de-
firous to know by what Death he was to die, receiv'd this Anhver,
T'l ifjt.cl, a Ky? e, to ca.' My Fate, O Cyrus, // decreed you. Whereby
it was meant he fhould be beheaded ; for Orpheus fufFer'd that Death in
Thrace, by the Fury of the Women, becaufe he profefled an Hatred
and Averfion to the whole Sex : His Head being thrown into the Sea,
was caft upon Lejbos, where it return'd Anfwers in a Cavern of the
Earth. There were alfo Perfons initiated into Orpheus\ Myfteries,
call'd 0?ii'yTA.rtf/, who affur'd all thofe that Ihould be admitted into
their Society of certain Felicity after Death : Which when Philip, one
of that Order, but miferably poor and indigent, boafted of, Leotychidas
the Spartan reply'd. Why do you not die then, you Fool, and put an End to
your Misfortunes together ^joith your Life. At their Initiation little elfc
was requir'd of them befides an Oath of Secrecy.
An Oracle of the Earth is faid to have been in the Country of
Elis 1.
An Oracle of Pan, which was confulted by the Inhabitants of Pifoy
U-tm.% to be meant in the following Words of Statins ' :
licet aridus Ammon
Invideat, Lyciaque parent contendere fortes,
J^iliacumque pecus, patrioque aqualis honor i
Branchus, tf undofe qui rujiicus accola Pifte
Pana Lycaonia nofturnum exaudit in umbra,
Seneca Speaks of an Oracle at Myccnte ' ;
Hinc orantibus
Refponfa dantur certa, cum ingenti fono
Laxantur adyta fatay ^ immugit fpecus
Vac em Dgofolvente.
An Oracle of the Night is mentionM by Paufamas '.
In Laconia in the v/ay betwixt Oebylus and Thalamia, Paufanias "
faith, there was a Temple and Oracle of Ino, who gave Anfwers by
Dreams to thofe that enquir'd of her.
Plutarch " maketh mention of another famous Oracle in Laconia^
at the City Thalamic y which was facred to Pajtphae, who, as fome fay,
was one of the Daughters of Atlas, and had by Jupittr a Son call'd
Ammon. Others are of Opinion, it was Cajfandra the Daughter of
Xing Priamus, who dying in this Place, was called Pafiphae, Ka.^di to
vuffi ztdvitv Tu nMtviHa, from revealing Oracles to all Men. Others will
have it, that this was Daphne the Daughter of Amyclas, who flying
from Apollo, was transform'd into a Laurel, and honoured by that
"Anuquitat. lil>, xv. cap. ix. "i Faufamas Elizc, d. ' Thebaid. iii. v. 476.
* Thyefte, v. 677. 'Attitis, p. 7/. Edit. JIartov. ^ Lacenicis, Agidr.
God
298 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 12.
God with the Gift of Prophecy. This Oracle, when Jgis King of
Sparta endeavour'd to reduce the Spartans to their ancient \'Ianner of
Living, and put in force Ljcurgus''s old Laws, very much countenanced
and encouraged his Undertaking, commanding the People to return to
the former State of Equality. Again, when Cleomenei made the like
Attempt, it gave the fame Advice, in this Manner, as my Author re-
lates the Story': " About that Time, faith he, one of the Ephori
*' fleeping in Pajiphais Temple dream'd a very furprizing Dream ; for
** he thought he faw the four Chairs remov'd, where the Ethori ufed.
*' to fit and hear Caufes, and only one placed there ; and whilft he
** wonder'd, he heard a Voice out of the Temple, faying. This is the
*' bejifor Sparta.
Upon the Top of Citheeron, a Mountain in Bceotia, was a Cave call'd
Spragidium, where many of the Inhabitants of that Country were in-
fpir'd by the Nymphs call'd Sphragitides, and thence nam'd NujUipo-
Amt7o/ ', i. e. infpird by the Nymphs.
Ulyjfes had an Oracle among the Eurytanes, a Nation of JEtolla, as
Ariftotle * is faid to report by Tscetzes in his Comment upon Lycophron^
who hath thefe Words concerning Ulyjfes :
JEtolian People the dead Prophet crown.
Several other Oracles we read of in Authors, as that of Tirejias and
JEgeus, with others of iefs Repute, which for that Reafon I fhall for-
bear to mention.
CHAP. XII.
Of Theomancy.
HAVING given you an Account of the moft celebrated Oracles
in Greece, which make the firft and nobleft Species of Natural
Divination, I come how to the fecond, call'd in Greek 8(7(t/ Ver 7QQ. In
Oedif.Tyt, '^^
Thas
Chap. 12. Of the Religion of Gretce. 299
Thus much for the Name. As to the Thing, it is diftinguifliM from
Oracular Divination (I mean, that which was deliver'd by Interpreters,
as the Delphi, for in others the Difference is more evident) becaufe
tliat was confin'd ufualiy to a fixed and ftated Time, and always to a
certain Place ; for the Pythia could not be infpir'd in any other Place
but Apollo's Temple, and upon the facred Triput; whereas the f^-o^idvlfK
were free and unconfin'd, being able (after the offering of Sacrifices,
and the Performance of the other ufual Rites) to prophefy at any Time,
or in any Part of the World.
As to the Manner of receiving the Divine Infpiration, that was not
always different ; for not only the Pythia, but the Sibyls alfo, with many
others, were poffefs'd with Divine Fury, fwelling with Rage like Per-
fons diftrafted, and befide themfelves. '' Firgil delcribes the Sibyl in
this hideous Pofture :
Cut talia fatiti
^ntt fores fubito non vnltus, non color nnus,
Non comtte manfere coma, fed feSus anheluniy
Et rabie fera corda tument ; major que 'videri^
Nee mortah fonans : affiata eft numine quando
Jam propiore Dei ^-
Thus at the Entrance fpake the facred Maid ;
And now no fettl'd Air or Feature flaid
Thro' the whole Symmetry of her alter'd Face,.
For fleeting Colours feiz'd each other's Place.
But when the head-ftrong God, not yet appeas'd.
With holy Phrenzy had the Sibyl feiz'd.
Terror froze up her grifly Hair ; her Breall
Throbbing with holy Fury, flill expreft
A greater Horror, and fhe bigger feems
Swol'n with th' Afflatus, whilit in holy Screams
Sh' unfolds the hidden Myfleries of Fate. H. H.
Few that pretend to Infpiration, but raged after this manner, foaming
and making a ftrange terrible Noife, gnafhing with their Teeth, fhi-
vering and trembling, with other antick Motions : And therefore fome
will have their Name {nsiic. fjuiv}ti} to be deriv'd lunv" rv {Aaiiritri-tu, i. c.
from being mad.
Other CJufloms there were common to them with the Pythia ; I fhall
only mention thoie about the Laurel, which was facred to Apollot the
God of Divination, being fprung from his beloved Dabhne, and thought
to conduce very much to Infpiration, and therefore call'd (Myvxaif jc/TW,
jhe Prophet ick Plant : Whence Claudian faith of it,
Venturi prafcia Laurus.
The Laurel fkill'd in Events.
With this they us'd to crown their Heads. Thus Caffandra is defcrib'd
by "Euripides . And Mfchylus '^ fpeaks thus of her :
* /i^a, Ub. VI, v> 47. ,c dndrmuKbi, ' ^gamemnontf v, i73.
^oo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 12.
Her Hand a Laurel Scepter grafp'd, her Neck
The fame prophetick Plant with Garlands grac'd.
Where by ffKn'^tov he means a Staff of Laurel, which Prophets ufually
carried in their Hands ; it was called in Greek \^vnexov, as we learn
from Hefychius. It was alfo ufual to eat the Leaves of this Tree ;
whence Lycophron ' faith of Cajandra,
The Mouth with Laurel Morfels often blefs'd.
In myftick Words unriddl'd future Truths.
And the Siiyl in 7ibullus fpeaks of it, as one of her greateft Privileges,
placing it in the fame Rank with that of Virginity, a Thing held by
her very facred, tho' not always obferv'd by other Prophets ; for CaJ~
fandra was Agamemnon's Concubine ; and tho' the Condition of a Captive
might lay fome Force upon her, yet 'tis agreed by all, that Helenus
married Andromache ; and that blind Tirejias was led up and down by
his Daughter Manto. But to return to the Sibyl, whofe Words in Ti-
httllus are thefe :
< Sic ufque facras innoxia laurus
Vefcar, 3 aternum fit mihi 'virginitas.
With holy Laurel may I e'er be fed.
And live and die an unpolluted Maid.
It was alfo cuftomary for Diviners to feed upon the xv^tarcija. fzoeitt
^eiuv (MiVTiKtSv, principal Parts of the prophetical Beajis ; fuch were the
Hearts of Crows, Vultures, and Moles ; thinking that by thefe they be-
came Partakers of the Souls of thofe Animals, which by a natural At'
traHion follow'd the Bodies, and by Confequence receiv'd the Influence
of the God, who us'd to accompany the Souls. Thus we are inform'd
by Porphyry ^.
Thus much of thefe Prophets in general ; I fhall only add, that they,
as alfo other Diviners, were maintain' d at Athens at the publick Charge,
having their Diet allow'd in the Yl^vranHovt or Common Hall, as the
Scholiafi upon Arifiophanes obferves.
Of the ()/,f*retf/t.8<,
3^ -/tFij anti i ytif (puu'ivras, tsvJ yjivohydyreti, ot Ik i Mthiat ^luv^nv
'iQv' ifoi ^^^ ftim oK^nTitrvTj ; v wt^ir?!" fe/ r ^^wrcov -tsv) rexp^f ;
jind if they fay unto you. Seek unto them nuhofe Speech is in their Belly,
and thofe that fpeak out of the Earth, thofe that utter 'vain Words, that
fpeak out of their Belly : Shall not a Nation feek unto their God? Why da
they enquire of the Dead concerning the Living ? Thefe Diviners were
alfo nam'd ^xi^xjy.hni, andEw'pfJt'^-wTa/, from Eurycles, the firft thatprac-
tifed this Art at Athens, as the Scboliaji upon Arifiophanes hath inform'd
us, at thefe Words,
Like that fantaftick Divination,
Which Eurycles of old did firft invent.
To enter Bellies, and from thence pronounce
Ridic'lous Whims H. H.
They were alfo call'd Hu^v^i, and flySs'J'/Koi, from Xlj^v, a prophefy-
ing .Damon, as Hefythius and Suidas have told us. The fame is mentioned,
in the ASs of the Apoftles' : E^ifsro '^ Tny&^y.t-vasv i\i^ tis t^f'tdt^f,
Tcu DedivJnat. lib. ii.
fhall
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 303
ftiall fee you fliortly, ^od ita contigit : Which accordingly (faith Cz-
ttro) came to pafs.
Thus much for Natural Divination. I come, in the next Place, to
{peak fomethingof that which is call'd Artificial', in doing which, be-
caufe Divination, or Prediftion by Dreams, feems to bear a more near
Affinity to the Natural than the reft, and is by fome reckon'd amongft
the Species of it ; I (hall therefore in the iirft place give you an AC'
count of the Cuftoms pralis*d in it.
CHAP. XIII.
Of 'Divination by Dreams,
I SHALL not in this Place trouble you with the various Divifions of
Dreams, which do not concern my prefent Defign, which is only ta
fpeak of thofe by which Predidlions were made, commonly call'd Di'
*vine ; and of thefe there were three Sorts.
The firft was X^nua.rtjfM';, when the Gods and Spirits in their own
or under any alTumed Form Lib, i. cap, vii. Lib. i. cp. xxxiv. * Dc Allcgor. Uomtric'n,
enjoy
304 Of the Religion of Grc&ce, Chap. 15.
enjoy the Empire of the Earth, the common Mother of all living Crea-
tures. From this Species, thofe, whofe Profeffion it was to interpret
Dreams, have defumed their Names, being call'd in Greek OvH^Kpi-mi,
Ovetf^'mv Ccsrot.ejt'Tai, from Judging of Dreams j Ovei^tT'f.o-Koi ; from
Prying and Looking into them ; and Ovaenmo^oi, becaufe they were eon-
'verfant about them. To one of thefe three Sorts may all Prophetical
Dreams be reduc'd j but the Diftinftion of their Names is not always cri-
tically obferv'd.
The firft Author of all Dreams, as well as other Divinations, was Ju' '
fiter, as I have already intimated,
}^ yap t" ovstp in Aioc ir'V.
For Dreams too come from Jo've.
faith * Homer. But this muft not be underftood, as if Dreams were
thought immediately to proceed from Jupiter : It was below his Dig-
nity to defcend to fuch mean Offices, which were thought more fit for
inferior Deities.
To omit therefore the Apparitions of the Gods, or Spirits in Dreams,
upon particular Occafions, fuch as was that of ^ Patroc/us^s Ghoft to
Achilles, to defire his Body might be interr'd ; The Earth was thought
to be the caufe of Dreams, faith Euripides b ;
u TTcrvia. X&wv,
Hail, reverend Earth, from whofe prolifick Womb
Sable wing'd Dreams derive their Birth.
Where the Scholiaji gives this Reafon for it, vix. That the Earth, by
obftruding the Paffage of the Light of the Sun, caufeth the Night,
in which Dreams prefent themfelves, which are upon this account im-
puted to the Earth as their Mother. Or, that out of the Earth pro-
ceeds Meat, Meat caufeth Sleep (Sleep being nothing but the Liga-
tion of the exterior Senfes, caus'd by humid Vapours afcending from
the Stomach to the Brain, and there obftrufting the Motion of the
Animal Spirits, which arc the Inftruments of Senfation, and all other
Animal Operations) and from Sleep come Dreams ; But thefe were
efteem'd meer Cheats and Delufions, as Eujiathius telleth us, in his
Comment upon the nineteenth Book of Homer s Odyjfes, not far from
the end ; and fuch as thefe he faith the Poet fpeaks of, when he makes
Dreams to inhabit near the Ocean, the great Receptacle of the humid
Element,
n^ cT' ^a-av nxsavow Tt f eV, ^ A.'.vtia.S'a. wiTf )'
Near to that Place, where with impetuous 8 Force,
The rolling Ocean takes his rapid Courfe,
Iliad. ', I Iliad. 4' g Htfut, v. 70.
Near
Chap. r^. Of the Religion of Greece. 305
Near Phcehus's glitt'ring Gates, and that dark Cell,
Which Dreams inhabit. H. H,
Others were afcrib'd to Infernal Gh/s. Thas Firgil at the end of his
fixth jEneiJ :
Sedfalfa ad cesium mittunt infomnia Manes.
By this th' Infernal Deities convey
Into the upper World phantaftick. Dreams.
Hence Sophocles brings in EleSira faying, that Agamemnon, out of a
concern for Orefies and his Defigns, haunted Cljtamnejlra with fearful
Dreams,
For He, folicitous of thofe Affairs,
In frightful Dreams doth Clytamneftra haunt.
Others were imputed to Hecate, and to the Moon, who were God-
deffes of the Night, and fometimes taken for the fame Perfon ; they
were alfo fuppos'd to have a particular Influence, and to prefide over
all the Accidents of the Night, and therefore invoked at Incantations,
and other Night-myfteries, as (hall be fhewn afterwards.
But the chief Caufe of all was the God of Sleep, whofe Habitation,
as ' O'vid defcribes it, was among the Cimmerii, in a Den dark as
Hell, and in the Way to it ; around hinj lay whole Swarms of Dreams
of all forts and fizes, which he fent forth when, and whither, he pleaf-
ed ; but Virgil affigns to the falfe and deluding Dreams another place,
upon an Elm at the; Entrance of Hell :
In medio ramos annofaque hrachia pandit
Ulmus opaca, ingens : quam fedem /omnia i/a 'go
Vana tenereferunt, foUifqui fub omnibus ha rent ^,
V th' midft an' ancient fpreading Elm doth grow,
Whofe clafping Arms diiFufe a fhade below ;
And here, if Fables don't the World deceive.
To ev'ry Branch, to ev'ry trembling Leaf
Clings a phantaftick Dream. .._ H H,
It may be, he fuppofes this to have been the Receptacle of fome part
of them, and the reft to accompany the God oi Sleep. Ov;W tells us, He
had three Attendants more ingenious than the reit, which could tranf-
form themfelves into any Form ; their Names were Morpheus, fhohetor^
or Icelos, and Phantafus : The Employment of the firft was to coun-
terfeit the Forms of Men, the fecond imitated the Likenefs of Brutes,
, and the laft that of inanimate Creatures;
* Eleiira, y, 480, ' Mttam. Jib. x\. Fjb. x. * ^acid. vi. v. 283.
X ' ExcitMt
^t>6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap, i j,
' Excttat artifcem, fimulat or emque figure
Moiphea ; non illo jujfusfolertior alter
Exprimit incejfus, 'vultumque, fonumque loquendi ;
jidjicit dS" vejies, ^ conJuetiJ[Jlma cuique
' Verba, fed hicfolos homines imitatur. At alter
Fitfera, jit 'volucris. Jit longo corpore ferpens,
Hunc Icelon fuperi, mortale Phobetoria 'vu'gus
Nominat. EJi etiam di'verfa tertius artis
Phantafos ; ille in humum, faxumque, undamque, trabemque,
^aque vacant animd fee licit er omnia tranjit^
He rous'd the Antick Fiend; than whom none can
More fubtly, or more lively mimick Man,
The Beaux, the Cloivn, he'll in their Garbs exprefs.
And fet his Tongue to each Man's proper Phrafe.
Their Looks, tho' ne'er fo dilFrent, he can ape >
But He's oblig'd t' affame an Human Shape.
The difPrent Shapes of Fealis a fecond bears.
And now in fnaky Wreathings he appears
A hifiing Serpent ; row again he feems
A tim'rous Bird, thus mixes all extremes.
Him Icelos th' Immortal Beings calf.
But Men Phobetor.
Thantajui next, but He, diflinft from thefe,
Ufurps the uncouth Shapes of wither'd Trees,
Of Stones, or other lifelefs Subftances. H.
]
In Virgil, the God of Sleep defcended from Heaven upon Palinurus ?
which is not to be underftood, as if Heaven was his proper Seat ; but
that he was fent thence, by fome of the Ethereal Gods, by whom He
had been call'd thither : Or elfe He is to be fuppos'd to rove up and
down through the Heavens, or Air, to difperfe his Dreams among Men, >
as He fees convenient : The Poet's Words are thefe " :
-le'vis (Sthereis delapfus Somnus ab afiris
A'e'ra dimo--vit tenebro/uw, iff difpulit umbras ;
Te, Palinure, petens, Tibi trijiia Somnia portans.
When nimble Sleep glides through the liquid Air, "^
Difpeils the Clouds, and makes the Skies more clear, f
Laden with fearful Dreams, which he doth bear ^
For thee, unhappy P/i//arw - H. H.J
There was another Deity alfo, to whom the care of Dreams was
committed, call'd Brizo, from the old Greek word Cpi^nv, to Jleep :
Cailius '^ faith fhe was worfhip'd in the Lland Delos, and that Boats full
of all forts of Things were ofFerM to her, except J^ifh. But fhe was
thought rather to a0ift at the Interpretation of Dreams, than to be
the efficient Caufe of them, and is therefore by Hejychius call'd B=i^i[^eti'Vi'
* Ovid, Loc, citit. " ^neld. v, ,v. 838. " Antiq. Left, lib, xxvH. c X.
^ This
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 307
This Account Ccelius hath taken out of the eighth Book of Athetianu,
who adds farther, that they ufed to pray to her for the Publick Safety
and Profperity ; but more particu^rly, that fhe would vouchfafe to pro-
teft and preferve their Ships. ,
Laftly, 'Twas believed that Hawks or Vultures (if*xg<) when they
were dead, did < i/Tsy'so-^/, k o-.iifff.TO. imniu-miv' prophejy and fend
Dreams ; being then divefted of their Bodies, and become yi^/. al 4,uvi,
naked Souls .
Having treated of the reputed Authors of Dreams, I fhall in the
next Place defcribe the Ways by which they were fuppos'd ufually to
come. Thefe were two, one for delufive Dreams, which pafs'd thro*
a Gate of Ivory ; another for the true, which pafs'd through a Gate
of Horn. Defcriptions of thefe two Gates occur both in the Greek and
Latin Poets, one of which I ftiall give you in each Tongue : The firft
fhall be that of p Homers where fpeaking of Dreams, he faith.
Tail lil lS{j K l>.^ci>yQ' u^' dg-'tf iviffffVLS/JOv Ttiiioio, ,
OC pet T OTTcifMC iiriVy 13(^I|A0< J'i c! cu/'ycu
9a.nomuvo\>,o'(,
Fine Odyff. iv. U, ^ y. a6,
I Rulhin^
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 309
1 , Rufliing he (hone,
As when th* Autumnal Dog-Jiar haft'ning on
To fet himfelf 'fore Morning in the Sky,
Darts down his fiery blazing Beams from high ; ^
A dazzling Luftre all around is feen,
It burns the brighteft in the heavenly Plain. jp. />.
And that this was the time, in which Dreams were thought to defervt
the greateft regard * Horace affures us,
Aji ego quum Graecos facerem natus mare citra
Verjlculos, vetuit me tali voce Quirinus,
Foji mediam no3em 'vifusy quum /omnia ifera.
m Now being a Roman bom.
And Grecian Numbers once refolv'd to try,
^irinus kindly did my Wifh deny ;
Methought the Night near fpent, when Dreams are true,
*Twas at the Dawn of Day he came unto my View,
And fpoke fuch Words as thefe. . E, D\
Ovid appears of the fame Opinion from the following Words :
fJamque fuh Auroram jam dormitante lucerna,
tempore quo cerni fomnia verafolent.
Near Morn, when Lamps are dwindling out their Light, ^
And feem to nod for fleep, that part of Night, >
When Dreams are truelt ofFer'd to our Sight. E^ D.J
Theocritus alfo agrees with them.
Ayyu^i Jl'iiat,
And now Aurora's juft about t'appcar.
When fiireft Dreams do moft excufe our Fear. E. D.
The reafon of which Opinion was this, viz. They thought all the
remainders of the Meat upon their Stomachs might by that time be
pretty well digefled, and gone ; for till then. Dreams were believ'd
rather to proceed from the Fumes of the laft Night's Supper, than any-
Divine or Supernatural Caufe : And therefore Pliny tells us, a Dream is
never true prefently after Eating or Drinking : And Artemidorus farther
obferves, that fmall Credit is to be given to a Morning Dream, if yoa
have eaten too plentifully the Night before i becaufe all the Crudities
cannot then be carried off.
For that Reafon, they who defired a prophetick Dream, us'd to take
a fpecial Care of their Diet, fo as to eat nothing hard of Digeftion, as
' i. Sat, X. 3'.
X 3 pMUr
3IO Of the Religion 0f Greece. Chap. 13.
particular Beans, or raw Fruit. Some, that they might be fure to be
free from Fumes, failed one Day before, and abllain'd from Wine for
three. Fifli is not foon, or eafily digefted, and therefore ('tis probable)
was thought to obllrudt true Dreams, which feems to have been the
Reafon why, fuch Quantities of other things being ofFer'd in Sacrifice
to the Goddefs Brizo, Fifh only were excepted, as appears from the
fore-mentioned Paffage of Athen/eus ". Plutarch obferves, that the
Falypuis Head was prejudicial to thofe who defir'd prophetical Dreams j
XlaXiTfofoi xs^axi) h y-h x.VMf i'ari^, the giver of
Sleep, as Eujiathtus telleth us; and therefore they ufually carved his
Image upon the Bed's-feet, which were for that Reafon call'd gp/Jc??,
which word Homer hath made ufe of, when he faith that Vulcan caught
Mars in Bed with Venus :
Ay.fl J'ap' iffM(nv J(, Jie-yctra, nCKXit a ffstvra ,
Great maffy Chains on ev'ry Bed poij round.
With reftlefs Force God Vulcan bound.
Again, in the twenty-third Book of his Odyjfa,
.1 I Xtf hit ^a^uhxi rfluMt
' Initio Libelli dc Audiendis Poetis. Odyff. 2-. v. 278. " Ver. iqS.
Then
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 3 1 1
Then having with the Rule iirft fhap'd it out,
H' a polifh'd Bed-poll made.
Others will have IpfJui to be deriv'd from ep.u, i. e, a Prop, or Sup-
fort, becaufe by it the Bed was upheld or fupported. However that be,
certain it is, that one of Mercury's Employments was to prefide over
Sleep and Dreams, and the Night alfo, with all things which belong to
it. Thus we are inform'd by Homer, in his Hymn upon this God,
wJiereia he calls him,
Atii's-yf, fAiTjfpot /Soojy, ijircp oiS'Pav.
A thieving God, a Cattle-ftealer, one
Whofe Care are Dreams and Noifes in the Night.
After all this Preparation, they went to Sleep, expedling to difcover
whatever they were folicitous about, before the Morning : But if
their Fate was reveal'd in obfcure, or allegorical Terms, fo that them-
felves could not dive into their meaning ; then an Interpreter was
confulted. The firft of this Kind, as Pliny * reports, was AmphiSiyon,
Deucalion's Son : Paufanias (as hath been mention'd before) would have
it to be Amphiaraus, who had divine Honours paid him, for the Inven-
tion of that Art. Others afcribe it to the Inhabitants of Telmijfus > .
But whoever was the Author of it, it is certain, thar, amongft the anci-
ent Grecians, it had very great Credit, as appears from the number of
Books written concerning it : Geminus Pyrius compos'd three Books
upon this Subjed ; Artemon the Milejian two and twenty ; befide Pany-
ajis the Halicarnajfean ; Alexander the Myndian ; Phoebus ths Antiochian,
Demetrius the Phalertan ; Nicojiratus the Ephejian j Antipho the Athe-
rian ; Artemidorus ; AJlramfychus ; Philo Judaus ', Achines the Son of
Scyrimus, Nicephorus, &c. Yet it was never in fo great requeft, as the
other Species of Divination, The many falfe and frivolous Dreams,
which happen to every Man, caft a Sufpicion upon all the reft ; and thofe,
which were nothing but Delufions, made the truly JioTniiTrer, Prophe-
tical, to be caird in Queftion ; and therefore, when the Hero in ' Ho-
mer advifeth the Grecians to enquire of fome Prophet, what Means they
ihould ufe to appeafe the Anger of the Gods, he fpeaks boldly, and
without hditation, of (xdvvf, or the infpired Prophet ; and Upiv't, or
him that confulted tlte Entrails of Viftims ofFer'd in Sacrifice (for fo J-pst.V
muft fignify in that Place) but when he comes to oce/e^ToA,-, or the
Interpreter of Dreams, he's forc'd to make a fort of an Apology, in this
manner :
Axx' ayt J'li Tiya /uoLvriv ifiiofJin
' But come, let's call fome Prophet here or Prieft,
Or Dream-Interpreter, for fure, at leaft.
Some Dreams are fent from yove. E. D,
> Ver. 14. * Lib. vii. cap. v. ^ Clemtnt Aitx0MlnKiit Sttota, i, f*g- lo6,
.X4 Where-
312 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Chap. jg.
Whereby he anticipates a Queftion, which he forefaw might be pro-
pos'd to him thus : Why Ihould we afk Counfei of one, whofe Bufi-
nefs is only to expound thefe Delufions ? Why fhoald we truft the
Safety of the whole Army in the Hands of a cunning Impoftor ! To
this he anf'.vers. That indeed there were many falfe and deceitful Dreams ;
yet fome alfo were true, and came from Jupiter, the common Father
of all Propheticd Prediftion?, and therefore might be depended upon.
After this Manner Eujiathius has paraphrased the Poet's Words. In later
Ages Dreams came to be little regarded, except by old doating Women,
who were very fuperftitious in obferving them, as ^ Propertius intimates
in the following Verfe :
^(S mea non decles /omnia verfat anus ?
A hundred times old Women have I told
My frightful Dreams.
In more remote Ages, the People who lived near the Gades, and Bory-
Jlhenes, and the Inhabitants of Telmijfus, and Hyhla Gereatis, a City be-
longing to the Cataneans, in Sicily, were famed for their Skill in this
Art. The Signs by which they made Conjeftures would be too te-
dious to mention in this Place ; and whoever has leifure may confult
Artemidorus.
When any frightful or obfcure Dream appear'd, the Dreamer us'd to
difclofe his Fears to fome of the Gods, offering Incenfe, or fome o-
ther Oblation ; and praying, that, if Good was portended, it might be
brought to pafs : If the contrary, that the Gods would avert it. This
telling of Dreams was not appropriated to any particular Deity. Some
difcover'd them to Hercules, others to Jupiter, as one doth in Plautus ;
however, becaufe the Houfhold-Gods were neareft at hand, and thought
to have a particular Concern and Care for the Family, in which they
were worfliip'd, it was moft ufeful to declare Dreams to them, and
particularly to Vefta, as appears from * Propertius ;
Vadit y hinc cafi^e narratum Somnia Veftae,
^ueejibiy queeque mihi non nocitura forent.
Chafte Vefla too my Dreams fhe went to tell.
Such Dreams, as both for You and Me were well. ", J).
Jpol'o alfo had a peculiar Title to this Worfhip, under the Name of
E^rtf Hgi-, oi'Trol ^orrctiV , or Averruncus ; fo called from adverting
Evils, andT^rfitTe/-, becaufe he prejided owcr, and protected Houfes j
and therefore, as the old Scholiajl upon Sophocles informs us, had Images
creeled to him in the Porches. Whence, in Sophocles\ EleSray Clytam*
vefira, having feen a terrible Dream, calls upon her Woman thus.
f Lib. ii. El. iv,' * Lib. i. EI. xxix. * Ver, 635.
Hcr,
Chap. 13. Of the Religion of Greece. 515
Here, bring the Incenfe, Maid, for I intend
To Phcebus ftraight t'addrefs myfelf in Prayer,
That he would free me from thofe aking Fears,
Which pain my troubled Breaft... E. D.
And then fhe begins her Prayer :
A yeig vfoaiiS'tii fuxT/ tJicTs f.da-fjiet'Ta.
i^ta-a-wif oviipait Tovrd fjioi, Avmi Avx^,
El fJih -xitmy io-^Xa., J'it TAt-i^:'p**
El ''*'' 'X^f'*""' /"^*X'v fttS'ff*
Great God JpoUo, you who from all Harms
Our Houfes guard, attend my humble Prayer :
The Vifions which were to my Fancy brought
Laft Night in Dreams, if Good they do portend,"
Let me enjoy the fame : If otherwife.
My Enemies may they the 111 receive, E. D,
But before that fhe had difcover'd her Fears to the Sun, whence
Chryfothemis learn'd the Dream from one that overheard her :
AiUuffi Ttitug, txAwor i^trytifxinn.
This was told by one that prefent was.
When to the Sun her Dream fhe did rehearfe. E. D.
Both the SchoHafts upon that Place tell us, that it was done conformably
to the ancient Cuflom of relating Dreams to the Sun j and TricHnius
giveth his Reafon for it, 'vix,. That the Sun, being contrary to the
rJight, did avert or expel all the Evils which proceeded from it. The
fame we find done by Iphigen'ia in Euripides ^ with this Difference, that
fte difdofes her Thoughts to the Heavens, whereas Clytamnejlra had
done it to the Sun alone : Her Words are thefe :
But what new Dreams this prefent Night affords.
To th' Sky I'U tell, if that will benefit.
The doing this they caird ttm-mfjt.mdt,, a'TjDcT/oTip/MTn/K^, andjiBT{i'9n5^
But before they were permitted to approach the Divine Altars, they
f Ibid. T, 427. * Taur, t. 43*
were
314 -^f the Religion of Greece. Chap. 14.
were obHg*d to purify themfelves from all the Pollutions of the Night ;
whence in jEfchylus ' one faith.
As firft I rofe, I to the Rivers went,
And wafli'd away thofe foul Impurities,
Which had my Body ftain'd j this being done,
I approach'd the holy Fanes, and ofFer'd up
A Sacrifice to the deliv'ring Gods. jF. />,
^naas in Virgil is purify'd after the fame manner, taking Water
out of the River in his Hands " :
rite cavis undam de flumine palmis
Sujlulit.
But Silius has introduced one walhing his whole Body ' :
" fub lueem ut vifa fecundent
Oro ccelicolas ^ 'vinio purgor in amne.
I cleanfe myfelf in running Streams, and pray
My Dreams may lucky prove.
It appears from Perfius , that it was ufual amongft the Romans to dip
their Heads five times in Water before Morning Prayer :
HiC janSie ut fofcas Tiberino in gurgite mergis.
Mane caput his terque, Sff noSem flumine pur gas.
And left your Pray'r ftiould fpeak a fmful Mind,
You puree away the Filthinefs you find
Procur'd Dy Night j you to the Tiber go,
And down into the Tide you flouncing bow
Five times your Head.
CHAP. XIV.
0/ Divination by Sacrifices.
DIVINATION by Sacrifices, call'd lifoyntVTiia., or hpoTKOTiia^
was divided into different Kinds, according to the Diverfity of the
Materials offer'd to the Gods. They firft made Conjcdures from the
external Parts and Motions of the Vidlim ; then from his Entrails,
} Ftrfii, /Eaeid, lib, viii, ver. 67. \ Lib. viii. " Sat. ii. v. j6.
from
Chap. 14. Of the Religion of Greece. 315
from the FJame in which it was confum'd, from the Cakfes and Flour,
from the Wine and Water, with feveral other Things, of which in their
their Order.
The Art, which made Obfervations in killing, and cutting up the
Viflim, was call'd fiur/Kn'. Unlucky Omens were, when the Beaft was
drawn by Force to the Altar, when it efcap'd by the Way, and avoided
the fatal Blow, did not fall down quietly and without Reluftancy, but
kick'd, leap'd up, or bellow'd, bled not freely, was .long a dying,
iliew'd any Tokens of great Pain, beat upon the Ground, expired with
Convulfions, or did any thing contrary to what ufually happens at the
Slaughter of Beafts ; efpecially if the Beaft prevented the Knife, and
dy'd fuddenly. Whence Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, being about to make a
League with two other Kings, 'theodotus forbad him to proceed, and
withal foretold the fpeedy Death of one of the Kings, when one of
the three Viftims, which was brought to the Altar, fuddenly fell down
dead*. But on the contrary, the Gods were judg'd to be propitious,
and kindly to receive the Devotions paid to them, when every thing
was carried on with Eafe : When the Viftim went voluntarily and
without Compulfion to the Slaughter, endur'd the Blow patiently, fell
down quietly, bled fj-eely, and expir'd without groaning, then the Vic-
tim feem'd willingly to fubmit to Death : Any Sign of this was a molt
fprtunate Omen. Such an one is that mention'd by Seneca > ,
Stat ecce ad aras hofiia^ expeSiat manum
Cer'vice frond.
Hence it was cuftomary to pour Water into its Ear, '< l'7nnv tuis
'TiK^'^^li, that it might by a Nod confent to he facrificed . Somewhat
alfo was obferv'd in the Wagging of the Tail j whence the Poet faith.
Ki'fx- Tre/H y^Kui.
The Viftim kindly wags his Tail.
On this Account it was ufual to draw a Knife from the Viflira's Head
to its Tail. Other Predidions were made from the Tail, when caft into
the Fire : When it was cr.rl'd by the Flame, it portended Misfortunes ;
when it was extended out in length and hung downwards, it was an
Omen of fome Overthrow to be (uffer'd ; but when erefted, it iignify'd
Viftory ^.
After this, the Viftim being cut open, they made Obfervations from
its Entrails ; thefe were term'd '^jwrt/pa, from the Fire, wherein they
were burn'd. The Omens are call'd by Plato, t* 'iiJ-inif^ nyiAla, and
the Divination was diftinguilh'd l^y the Name of // if/7Tvpcav uavrcHtt..
By fome it was feign'd to have been firft occafion'd, or very much
improv'd by the Death of the Delphian Sibyl, whofe Body being re-
duced to Earth, imparted firft to the Herbs, and by their Means to the
Beafts, which fed on them, a Power of Divining : As alfo thofe otlier
Parts of her, which, mix'd with the Air, are faid to have occafion'd
Plutarchut Pyrrbo. > In llcnule Furcnte, Mptitui lib. i. LtiLLirum.
* Euripidii Schoiuftae Pbeenijftt,
tlie
3i6 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. 14.
the Divination by ominous Words ''. If the Entrails were whole and
found, had their natural Place, Colour, and Proportion, then all was
well ; but if any Part was decay 'd, or wanting, if any thing was out
of Order, or not according to Nature, Evil was portejided. Hereof
Seneca hath furnifh'd the Example c :
Mutatus ordo ejl, fede nil propria jacet :
Sed aSia retro cunSia. Non anima caPax
In parte dextrd fuhno fanguineut jacet ^
Non Java cordis regio.
The palpitation of the Ertrails was a very unfortunate Omen, as ap-
pears from the fame Author f, who there enumerates feveral other dire-
ful Paffages ;
non le-vi motu, ut folentf
Agitata trepidant exta, fed tolas manus
^atiunt.
The firft and principal Part to be obferv'd was the Liver : If this
was corrupted, they thought that both the Blood, and by Confequence
all the Body muft be fo too ; and therefore, if it was found very bad,
they defifted immediately, not caring what the other Parts might pro-
mife : Thefe Signs was call'd d/iMvbv., as hindering them irom going
any farther -'. This obfervingthe Liver was call'd HT/off- o-ritf, which
alfo became a gener.il Name for Divination by Entrails, being the
chief Part of it. If the Liver had a pleafing and natural Rednefs,
if it was found, without Spot or Blemilh, if its Head was large, if it
had two Heads, or there were two Livers ; if its Lappets were turned
inwards, then Profperity and Succefs was expefted. On the other
hand, nothing but Dangers, Difappointments, and Misfortunes were to
be lock'd for, if there was Ji-tct^, too nvada. Drinefs, or Jiu/xo t zTie
between the Parts, efpecially if it was a\oC@-, without a Lappet, or
the Liver itfelf was altogether wanting. Pythagoras the Soothfayer,
foretold Alexanders Death, l-n S-KrXov oi rh nmft nv U<> X^^'> ^^'^-f being ^///fr like Gall.
Yia.'7r\io(Jutv\ii*, Di'vination by the Smoke of Sacrifices, in which they
obferv'd what Windings and Turnings it made, how high it afcended,
and whether in a direft or oblique Line, or in Wreaths ; alfo how it
fmeird, whether of the Flefh that was burned, or any thing elfe.
AtCavoiMtvTcict, Dmination by Frankincenfey vjhich. ifitprei'entlycatched
Fire, and fent forth a grateful Odour, was efteem'd an happy Omen ;'
but if the Fire would not touch it, or any nafty Smell contrary to the
Nature of Frankincenfe proceeded from it, it boded 111.
OhofjMvrnet, and yS'^f.utHiict, Di'uination by Wine and by Water,
when Conjectures were made from the Colour, Motion, Noife, and
other Accidents of the Wine, of the Libations ; or the Water in which
the Viftims were wafhed, and fome Parts of them boiled, f^irgil p ha.tii
made mention of them both in the Story of Dido :
Vidit, thuricremis cum dona imponeret arts,
Horrendum diiu ! latices nigrefcere facros,
Fufaqut in obfccenumfe ^(2r^aj ; for our Oracles
You firft confult, then profecute Defigns.
The Omens given by Birds were by the Greeks called o^mu
ippioa-KoTti^g., aisifjLXt e]uyo$, o'trnto-fMCTa, Sec. And the Obfervers of
them, o^Vioffx.i'Troif ofti'^ouei'/JHif h^vi^ocitotroi, c'tavifcti, olmpod-iTat,
wmfz'jriKoi, ice. But, afterwards, thefc Names were promifcuoufly
ifcd for almoft all the Species of Artificial Divination ; as Aruf-
ficium and Augurium were among the Latins. The Scholiaji
iff Arijiophanes hath obferved, that o'luvuf ^^o^/ j^ 'j^ fy,ti opviA
they called Omens, which are not made by Birds, by the name
* Antiq. VtfX. Libi viii. cap. i, * Avibus. ' Loc. citat,
. Y of
%12 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 15.
of oirof. And the fame Author affirms, that vav av{iCoKov '^k-
^iVKTiKhVy H TfOTpiTrliKov Kiyi-ntt o?J'/< *. Every Ometif nuhich either en-
courages to, or dijfuades from any thing, nuas termed of r/f Plato is of
Opinion that ciir/r/x was originally a general Name, and written with
an Micron, c/ji/zg/KW, fignifying any thing, i'\ v oio/i*3* m f/sMoi'Ttt,
by luhich ive make ConjeSiures of ivhat is to come ; but now (faith Jrijiides)
they write it with a Mega re a enyvwiTif, to give the better Grace to it.
The Grecian Augurs were not, as the Latin, clothed in Purple, or
Scarlet, but in White, having a Crown of Gold upon their Heads
when they made Obfervations, as 8 Alexander ah Alexandra informs
us. They had alfo o\uvi^i\{iov, i. e. a Place, or Seat appointed for that
purpofe, called fometimes by the general Names of 5*k@-, and ^kQ
as in Sophocles^ ^ Antigone, where Tirejias fpeaks thus :
For fitting in my wonted hallowM Place,
Whither all Birds of Divination flock.
And the Scholiaji upon that Place telleth us, this Seat was peculiarly
named y2K&, and that lirefias had Power to alFemble the Birds from
all Quarters, when he had Occafion for them. They us'd alfo to carry
with them writing Tables, as the Scholiaji upon Euripides reports, in
which they wrote the Names and Flights of the Birds, with other
things belonging thereto, left any Circumftance Ihould flip out of their
Memory.
The Omens that appeared towards the Eaft were accounted for-
tunate by the Grecians, Romans^ and all other Nations ; becaufe the
great Principle of all Light and Heat, Motion and Life, difFufes its
firft Influences from that Part of the World, On the contrary, the
Weftern Omens were unlucky, becaufe the Sun declines in that
Quarter.
The Grecian Augurs, when they made Obfervations, kept their Faces
towards the North, the Eaft being upon their Right-hand, and
the Weft upon their Left : That they did fo, appears from Homer,
who brings in Heilor, telling Polydamas, that he regarded not the
Birds,
JJETt MjfiJ^i totct Vfc( ia r' Huov rt.
Eh' ' a'ft^fai Toi yt ^oti l^ifcy iiifcirta.
Whether o'th' Right Hand, tow'rds the gilded Eaft,
Or on the Left, towards the dufky Weft,
They take their Flight.
The Reafon of this, as it is deliver'd by Plutarch from Plato and
Arijiotle, was, that a'f > T^i KivnTitoi, the Beginning of the Celeftial Mo-
tions, was in the Oriental Parts of the World, and that therefore thefe
were accounted c/V^/* tk xotijlh, the right Mq of the World; and the
> Gta, Dier. xv. cap. x * Ver. inc. '" liiad. u-. v. 239.
Weft,
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece, 325
Weft, where the Motion terminates, tifiTipet, the /ef. Hence the
Signs that were prefented to them on the Right-hand, were accounted
fortunate ; and thofe on the left unlucky. On the contrary, the Ro-
miins, making Obfervations with their Faces towards the South, had
the Eaft upon their Left-hand, and the Weft upon the Right: Of which
there are innumerable Proofs, which, for Brfevity's fake, I {hall pafs ;
by remitting fuch as defire farther Satisfaftion, to Varro and other
Latin Authors. For this Reafon, whatever was fortunate, the Gre-
tians called )\^tot; the Romans, Sinijirum, on what Hand foever it
appeared. And tho' the Raman Poets do fometimes call Things un-
lucky, Sinijira ; yet then they fpeak Graco more : and fo doth ^ f^irgil,
ivhen he faith,
Stepe finljlra cava pradixit ab ilice cornix.
Oft has th' ill-boding Crow from hollow Oaks
Thefe Miferies prefag'd.
On the contrary, Statius, tho' the Bufinefs in hand concerned the
Grecians, fpeaks more Romano, when he faith in his Thebais,
Signaferas, lavumque tones.
Hence it came to pafs, that things aukward and foolifli were called
^imftra or Lava, in which fenfe ' Virgil has ufcd this latter Word,
Sape malum hoc nobis (fi mens non lava fuijfet)
De ccelo facias memini pradicere quercus ;
That is. My Misfortunes were often prefaged by the Oaks torn in
pieces by Thunder, if I had but had Wit, or Forefight enough to have
underftood the Divine Prodigies. In " Sophocles the Word f has
the fame Signification,
He means, that if y(;'ax had been in his right Wits, he would never
have committed Actions fo foolijh and ridiculous ; and the old Scholiaji
. upon that Place tells us in e.xprefs Terms, that the Right-hand fignified
Prudence, and the Left Folly ; ctp/regji (faith he) oi na.ha.til tw (mh^.
Birds were fortunate, or unfortunate, either by their own Nature,
or by the Place and Manner of their Appearance : for the fame Birds
at different Times have boded different and contrary Events. The un-
lucky Birds were called i^uKettiMi, pernicious ; dm^/Moi, hated, or -
grateful ; d,6iK''.Kioi, troublefome, ab a. priv. and elyju cedo, q, non Sinijira i
1. e. non finentes, becaufe they would not permit a Man to proceed in
his Undertakings j fo Sinijira (if we may believe Fejlus) is rather de-
rived a Jinendo, than a finijird manu. For the lame Reafon they
were alio named xxoKmya), and tifKvmh becaufe they rejirained Men
! from what they had defign'd. Thofe that appear'd out of their
* Eclog. i. V. iS, \ ib. ver. i6. ' " y>j-tct, v. i8+.
Y 2 wonted
3^4 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. 15.
wonted Place, or in any unlucky Place, were called lU^^oi, and iS=^?o/
which Words are peculiar to the Soothfayers, though they be fome-
times applied to other Things that are difplaced ; as when Euripides
faith, 'iz,i^ioi pf^Soi/o?, i, e. Perfons banijhed, and that had left their
own Country i and 'l^e/f^ (p^ivm, a Man diftrafted and out of his
Wits. In Hippolytus " the fame Phrafe fignifies a Thing done contrary
to right Reafon :
-JxWXKS'O'/e-* fii
On the contrary, lucky Birds are called aiffioi, aitujni, Ivctitiuot, oJioi,
and avv'iS'pBi. I fhall give a brief Account of fome of both forts, and
the Omens fignified by them ; only give me Leave firli to add, that
there were two forts of ominous Birds : The mvo'Trlifvyif, or /Elites,
whofe F/ight was obferv'd by the Augurs : And the ^liKAt, or 0/cines,
which gave Omens by their Foices and Singing.
Firft then, if a Flock of all Sorts of Birds came flying about any
Man, it was an excellent Omen, and portended fome extraordinary
Felicity, or unexpefted Succefs ; fuch as Diodorus Siculus obferves hap-
pened to Gordius, who, from a poor Country Farm, was exalted to a
Kingdom.
The Eagle, If fhe appeared brifk, clapping her Wings, fporting
about in the Air, and flying from the Right-hand to the Left, was
one of the beft Omens the Gods could give ; as Niphus telleth us
out of ^ppion. King Priamus, defigning to go to the Grecian Fleet to
redeem HeSior, begs of Jupiter, that he would give him Affurance of
his Protection, by fending his beloved Bird, the EagUy
.
jiriftander, obferving an Eagle to fly from Alexander s Camp to the
Enemies, foretold, that Alexander ftiould obtain the Viftory. Obfer-
vations alfo were made from the Manner of taking their Prey : For
Inftance, p when Telemachus was at Sparta in Search of UlyJJes, an
Eagle came flying upon his Right-hand, bearing in her Talons a tame
Goofe, which flie had caught in her Roofl : From which Omen Hele-
na then foretold, that Vlyjfss would return, furprize all Penelope^s
Ver. 934. De Auguriis, lib. i, c. ix. ' Homer Odjjf. u\ v, l6o-
Courtier
Chap. 15. Of the Religion of Greece. 325
Courriers in his Houfe, and inflift upon them the Punifliment they
deferved. And Penelope is faid to have made the fame Conjedure, from
an Eagle that feiz'd upon twenty Geefe whilft they were feeding in
her Houfe. When an Eagle dragg'd a Fawn by the Feet, and caft it
flown upon Jupiter Panomphaus^s, Altar, the Grecians^ tho' before quite
dilheartened, took fuch Courage, that they gave the Trojans a Signal
Defeat, On the contrary, when HeFi^r attempted to bum the Grecian
Fleet, an Eagle appear'd towards the Left-hand, carrying in her Ta-
lons a Serpent, which made fuch Refiilance, that fhe, not able to
convey it to her Neft, was forc'd to let it fall ; whereupon Polydamas
prefently foretold that Hector would be conftrain'd to defifl: from his
Enterprize. When Penelope\ Suitors way-laid Telemachus, there ap-
pear'd an Eagle on the Lett, with a Dove in her Talons j and Amphi-
tiomas concluded from that Omen, that their Defign would not fuc-
ceed. When two Eagles appear'd, tearing each other with their Ta-
lons, and hovering over the Affembly wherein the Suitors were : Hali-
therfes foretold that they fhould be all flain by Uly/fes. Laftly, to
mention but one Inflance more, an Eagle which fnatch'd a Javelin out
of the Hand of a Soldier of Dionyfms the Syracujian, and caft it into
the Deep, portended the Downfal and Miferies that Tyrant was to
fufFer 1.
The Flight of Vultures was very much obferv'd, becaufe (as fome
fay) they do but feldom appear, and their Nefts are rarely or never
found j wherefore a Sight fo unufual was thought to portend fomething
extraordinary : ox, (according to Herodotus of Pontus) becaufe Vultures
feed only upon Carcaffes, not meddling with living Creatures ; and
therefore he tells us, Hercules was always well pleas'd when a Vulture
appear'd to him at the Undertaking of any Enterprize j becaufe he
efteem'd it the moft juft of all the Birds of Prey '. But Arijlotle
and Pliny reckon them among the unlucky Birds j and add, that they
were ufually feen two or three Days before any great Slaughter j and
it was the common Opinion, that Vultures, Eagles, Kites, and other
Birds of Prey, if they foUow'd an Array, or continued for a confi-
derable Time in any Place, were certain Signs of Death, and Blood-
flied.
The Haivk is a ravenous Bird, and an unlucky Omen, portending
Death (faith Niphus) if fhe appeared feizing of her Prey ; out if the
Prey flipped from her, or made its Efcape, thereby was fignified De-
liverance from Dangers. The Buzzard, called in Greek, Tei' ifxrrtit v,ut7(Ti ty e /St'9" (Xxm victt
Aurii.
Earthquakes were unfortunate Omens. Hence Seneca, among other
direful Prefages, mentions an Earthquake ' :
Lucus tremifcit, tota fuccujfofolo
Nutavit aula, duhia qua pondus daret,
Arftifiuny,*; Jim;!;, ,
Earthquakes were commonly thought to be caus'd by Neptune, who is
hence term'd ffoCT>a/- and kvoaix^^v by the Poets ; and therefore it
was ufual to Jing Paans, and to offer Sacrifices on fuch Occafions, to
avert his Anger. This we find to have been done by the Lacedemonians
jn Xenophon^. A Gulf being open at Rome, Car/ /aj leap' d into it to
appeafe the angry Gods. And the fame Occafion happening at Celiena,
a City of Phrygia, King Midas caft many things of great Value, and at
length his own Son into the Gulph, by the Command of an Oracle*.
The Winds alfo were thought to contain in them fomething pro-
phetical, and were taken notice of in Soothfaying j as appears from
otatius^, when he faith,
^ fentis, aut alite vt/a,
Bellorum proferre diem.
And, as the Birds or boding Winds prefage^
Defer the fatal Day of Battle.
Many others might be added, but I fhall only mention one more,
w/z. the Thunder, the nobleft and moft obferved of all the heavenly
Omens. It was good, or bad, like other Signs, according to its diffe-
rent Pofition ; for on the Right Hand it was lucky, on the Left unfor-
tunate. Thunder in a clear and ferene Sky was a happy Sign, and
given by Jupiter, in Homer e, as a Confirmation that he granted the Pe-
titions made to him. The Poet's Words are thefe, where he fpeaks of
Vlyjfes, who had pray'd to the Gods for fome Sign to encourage him in
his Enterprize againft Penelope\ Courtiers :
Cli ipa.r tij)(pfjLm.i' tS J' Xt fxtnkrci Z(v{,]
Thus pray'd the Sire : And all-wife Jupiter
Forthwith, propitious to his cameft Prayer,
A Clap of well-prefaging Thunder fent
From bright Olympus'' cryftal Firmament,
Which glads his Soul. H. H.
c 7f^ejii$, vei. 693. * Grac. Hift. lib. iv. Conf. 5fe*ew Serin, i.
fTbtbatd.iu, *Odyff. , y, lOlt -
232 Of the Religion of Grttcc. Chap, 1 6.
It was an unfortunate Omen to have any thing Thunder-ftruck. The
Shepherd in Virgii ^ relates, that all his Misfortunes were thus foretold :
Sape malum hoc nobis ^ Ji mens non Iteva fuijfety
De ccelo taiias memini pradicere quercus.
There is a parallel Paflage in Ovid's Letter to Livia :
Jupiter ante dedit fati mala figna futurt,
Flammifera petiit cum tria temp/a manu.
To avert unlucky Omens given by Thunder it was ufed to make
a Libation of Wine, pouring it forth in Cups. And they flood in fo
much Fear of Lightning, that they adored it, as Pliny ' obferves. They
endeavour'd to avert its malignant Influences, by hifling and whiftling
at it ; which they call'd ts^'mmiHitt as appears from Arijlophanes ^y when
he faith, 'aojh dvct.^^a,4-t^, if I caji forth Lightning, jstotttvtuot, they'' II
hifs ; where the Scholiajl obierves, that it was ufual rctii dTQcfTreui 'uo'Tr-
'Tiv^uv, to hifs at the Lightning. In Places which had fuffer'd by Thun-
der Altars were erefted, and Oblations made to avert the Anger of the
Gods ; and after that no Man adventur'd to touch or approach them.
Hence Art^midorus * obferves, that by the Thunder ohfcure Places were
made igimfxeif remai-kable, by reafon of the Altars and Sacrifices which
were there prefented to the Gods ; and that on the contrary. Places
which had been frequented became i^y)(M. ly dCaret, defert and felitary ;
K<^f >c) c* exjToii s(. Lots ; where you may obferve, that
Lots were call'd in the plural Number xX^i, and by the Latins fortes y
to diftinguifh them from /.i?f, and fors, which in the fmgular Num-
ber ufually fignificd the Hint or Occafion given to Diviners to make
their Conjtflures by, as the Scholiajl upon Euripides reports. Thefe
Kh'iic?' were ufually black and white Beans ; amongft the Ancients lit'
tie Clods of Earth ; Pebbles alfo. Dice, or fuch like Things, diftin-
guifhed by certain Charafters : Hence this Divination was term'd by
feveral Names, as '^(l)o^^eu^'ni^^, et^faytKo/jt-cUfTiiay KuCouaVTHa, w^wi-
ftcuTsitf, &c. They caft the Lots into a Vefiel, and, having made Suppli-
cation to the Gods to direfl them, drew them out, and according to the
Characters conjeftur'd what Ihould happen to them. All Lots were facred,
to Mercury, whom they thought to prefiJe over this Divination ; and
therefore the Ancients, as Eujiathius ' obferves, iMif/ioi htyj., i. e. /or
1 ' I ! I M ill M il.
Lib.viii. * Epia, cxix# f Iliad, it, p. 548. Edit. Baji/.
Good-
334 Of the Religion of Grttce, Chap. i^.
Cood Luck's Saie, and that Mercury might be propitious to them, ufed,
with the reft of their Lots, to put in one which they call'd Efju? KKYt^Vt
Mercury s Lot, which was an Olive- Leaf, and was drawn out before the
reft. Sometimes the Lots Were not caft into Veflels, but upon Tables
confecrated for that purpofe '. This Divination was either invented,
or at Icaft fo much praftis'd by the 7^r/>, who v/ere three Nymphs
that nurfed Apollo, that at length the Word (dtK Lib, iv.
Tacitus.
Chap. 1 6. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 335
Tacitus "'. Others alfo you may read of in Sfraho ^, Athenaus ', and
Ammianits Marcellinus ; but thefe and feme others I fhall pafs by, as
-not pertinent to my prefent Defign.
Another Way of Divination by Lots was ufed in Greece and Rome,
in this manner : The Perfon that was defirous to learn his Fortune car-
ried with him a certain Number of Lots, diftinguifh'd by feveral Cha-
rafters or Infcriptions, and walking to and fro in the publick Ways,
defired the firft Boy that met him, to draw j and if that which came
forth agreed with what he had conceiv'd in his Mind, it was taken for
an infallible Prophecy. This Divination is by Plutarch, in his Treatife
about Ifis and Ofiris, faid to be derived from the ^Egyptians, by whom
the Aftions and Words of Boys were carefully obferved, as containing;
in them fomething Divine and Prophetical ; and that for a Reafon no
lefs abfurd than the Pradice itfelf j all the Ground they had for it
being only this, fvix. That IJis, having wander'd up and down in a
fruitlefs Search af^ter OjiriSf happen'd at lafl: upon a Company of Boya
at Play, and was by them inform' d about what flie had fo long fought
for in vain. To this Cullom of Divining by Boys, as forae think,
*ribuJlus " alludes, when he faith.
Ilia facras pueri fortes ter fuJluUt, ilU
Rettulit e triniiis omnia certa puer.
Thrice in the Streets the facred Lots Ihe threw.
And thence the Boy did certain Omens (hew.
But I am rather of Opinion, that the Poet fpcaks of a different Kind
of Lots, which was this : In the Market, High-ways, and other Places
of Concourfe, it was ufual for a Boy, or a Man, whom the Greeks call'd
Ay^fTjjf, to ftand with a little Tablet call'd in Greek ttUa^ A-}V(VKh(, or
' dyj^TJKh mvi<, upon which were written certain fatidical Verfes,
which, according as the Dice light upon them, told the Confultants
what Fortune they were to expeft. Sometimes, inftead of Tablets,
they had Pots or Urns, into which the Lots or fatidical Verfes were
thrown, and thence drawn by the Boys ; and I am the rather inclined
to think the Poet's Words to be underftood in this Senfe, becaufe he
(kith, the Woman herfejf that had a mind to be inftrufted what was
to befall her, took up the Lots ; which can never be meant of the
Boy's drawing Lots out of the Woman's Hand. JrtemiJorus, in his
Preface, fpeaks of r ^^f* f^vrtuv, i. e. Diviners in the Market-
Place ; and the Sortes viales were very common at Rome : The Circui
was thronged with thofe, and a great many other Diviners, which
the poor lilly Women ufed to confult, as Juvenal " witnefleth ; His
Words are thefe :
Si mediocris erit, fpatium luflrabit utrumque
Met arum, i^ fortes ducet : front emque, manumque
, Prahtbit vati crebrum poppyfma roganti.
Divitibus refponfa dabit Phryx augur, i^ inde
' Lib. dc Morib. GrM)i. ' Lib. xv. ^ Lib* X4i< "Lib. xxix.
^ Lib. i. EUg.uj. ; St ri. . 581*
Condudus,
}
2^6 Of tbe Religion of Greece. Chap. 17.
ConduSius, dabit afirorum, mundique peritus ;
At que aliquis fenior qui publica fulgura condit.
Plebeium in Circo pojitum eji, isf in agger e fatum j
^ua nudis longum ofiendit cervicibus aurum,
Conjulit ante Phalas, Delphinorumque columnas.
An faga 'vendenti nubat caupone reliSlo.
The middle fort, who have not much to fpare.
Into the crowded Circus ftraight repair,
And from the cheaper Lots their Fortunes hear.
Or elfe to cunning Chiromancers go.
Who clap the pretty Palm, and thence their Fortunes know.
But the rich Matron, who has more to give.
Her Anfwers from the Brachtnan will receive.
Skill'd in the Globe and Sphere, he gravely ftands.
And with his Compafs meafures Seas and Lands.
The pooreft of the Sex have ftill an Itch
To know their Fortunes, equal to the Rich :
The Dairy-maid enquires if fhe may take
The trufty Taylor, and the Cook forfake.
Whereby it appears, that Lots had very fmall Credit in Juvenars Days,
being confulted only by the meaner Sort, and fuch as were not able to
be at the Charge of more reputable Divination. Didymus tells us, this
was brought to pafs by Jupiter, who, being defirous that Apollo Ihould
prefide in chief over Divination, brought Lots, which are laid to have
been invented by Minerva, into Difrepute.
CHAP. xvir.
Of Divination hy ominous Words and Things,
ANOTHER fort of Divination there was, very different from all
thofe I have hitherto fpoken of, which foretold things to come,
not by certain Accidents and cafual Occurrences, that were thought
to contain in them Prefages of Good or Evil. Of thefe there were
three Sorts : The firft of Things Internal, by which I mean thofe that
afFefted the Perfons themfelves. The fecond, of Things External, that
only appeared to Men, but did not make any Impreffion upon them.
The third were Ominous Words. Of thefe in their Order.
Firft, Of thofe Omens that Men receiv'd from themfelves, which are
diftinguifli'd into four Kinds ; i . Marks upon the Body, as 'iK-jjot,,
Spots like Oil. Secondly, fudden Perturbations feizing upon the
Mind ; fuch were the Panici Terrores, Panic Fears, which were fudden
Confternations that feized upon Men without any vifible Caufe, and
therefore were imputed to the Operation of Damons, efpecially Pan,
upon Men's Fancies. Of thefe there is frequent Mention in Hiftory j
as when Brennus the Gallick General had been defeated by the Greeks,
the Night following he and the Remainder of his Troops were
feized with fuch Terrors and Diftraftions, that, ignorant of what
they
Chap. 17- 0/ tbf Religion of Greece. g^y
they were doing, they fell to wounding and killing one andther ; till
they were all utterly deftroy'd. Such another Fright gave the Ji/je-
nians a great Advantage againft the Perjians, infomuch that Pan had
a Statue ereded for that piece of Service ; as appears from one of Si-
monideii Epigrams,
111 T^yiTTKi ifA Tlciiit, toy KATetMiiJ'ur,
lor jutr ASLujuiat fi\9a.ro M/XT/acTrf
Grateful MUtiades rais'd this Monument,
That Me Arcadian Pan doth reprefent j
Becaufe I aided him, and warlike Greece
Againft the powerful Medes., , ,
The Reafon why thefe Terrors were attributed to Pan r/as, becaufe,
when OJiris was bound by Typho, Pan and the Satyrs appearing call
him into a Fright. Or, becaufe he affrighted the Giants , that waged
War againft Jupiter. There is alfo a third Reafon afllgned by Mytho-
logifisy which will be explain'd in the following Book . In thefe
Terrors, whereof there was either no apparent Caufe, or at leaft none
anfwerable to the Greatnefs of the fudden Confternation, it was a
good Remedy to do fomething quite contrary to what the Danger would
have required, had it been fuch as Men vainly imagin'd. Thus Alexan-
der caufed his Soldiers to difarm themfelves, when they were on a
fudden in a great Fear of they knew not what.
All fudden and extraordinary Emotions and Perturbations, in Body
or Mind, were look'd upon as evil Omens ; fuch was that of PeneIope''s
Courtiers defcribed by Homer, and faid to have been caufed by Mi^
nernja, their implacable Enemy ;
.ufti^'Upri ij na>.Xac Adht
A7*ig-ty y'i'i.oy a(fi, v.oL-^if 5 ViMjuei,
0< J' y,i' yvaSfjccirt yiXdur dht.ar^ioia-iv
Ai fAi^i fvx-rd SI S'ii itpix ivb'i6\. ora-i S" ifa. vfiOtv
AaxpJojo ?r/ju^XaVTO. yocr J' uh'to ^ufxiu
The Courtiers ftraight offended Paflas feiz'd
With profufe Laughter, not to be appeas'd.
And raving frantick Thoughts ; they now appear
O'erwhelm'd with Laughter, not what firft they were :
Their Eyes with briny Tears o'erflow'd, their Food,
Amazing Sight ! feem'd chang'd to putrid Blood.
Nothing their anxious Thoughts doth entertain, '
But lamentable Grief.
An Augur then prefent was affrighted at this dreadful Omen, and
prefently broke out into this Exclamation,
Ah wretched Men \ what Fate is this you bear ?
* Lib. iii. cap. ix. pag. 84. > OdylT. i. . 34S>
Z The
238 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 17.
The third fort of internal Omen* were the T[etK[j.a}, or TVaX^ika
t\uv'{irua.'Ttty fo call'd aVo 7 'Trsih.Ktiv, from Palpitating. Such were the
Palpitations of the Heart, the Eye,, or any of the Mufcles, called in
Latin Sa/tationes, and B6^C@-, or a Ringing .in the Ears ; which in
the Right Ear \^^as a lucky Omen ; fo alfo was the Palpitation of th
Right Eye, as Theocritus telleth us.
My Right-Eye twinkles.
Niphus hath enumerated all the Parts of the Body, with all the
Omens to be gathered from the Palpitations of each of them ; whom
you may confult at leifure. Melampus, the famous Fortune-teller, de-
dicated a Book upon this Subjeft to Ptolomy Philadelphus : Another to
the fame Purpofe was compos'd by Pofidoniusy as Suidas reports j th
Title of which was V\dLh/juyAi> advia-yM..
The fourth fort of internal Omens were the Ti-nt^iJ.o'l, or Sneezings^
which were fo fuperftitioufly obferv'd, that Divine Worlhip was thought
due to them ; tho' fome fay this Adoration was only an Expiation of the
Omen : Others are of Opinion, as '' Cafaubon obferves, that Sneez-
ing was a Difeafe, or at leaft a Symptom of fome Infirmity ; and
therefore when any Man fneez'd, it was ufual to fay, Zn^, May you
live ; or, Ziij aujov, GOD blefs you. To this Cuftom Ammian alludes
in an Epigram upon one who had a long Nofe, which he faith was at
fo great diftance from his Ears, that he could not hear hixnfelf fnceze.
His long-bcak'd Snout at fuch a diftance lies
From his dull Ears, that he ne'er hears it fneeze ;
And therefore never does he fay, GOD blefs.
Where you may obferve. That it was not only ufual for Perfons that
flood by to cry, ZjiT acomv, but alfo for Men when themfelves fneezed.
However it be, it is certain, that Sneezing was accounted facred, as
appears from e Athenaus, who proves that the Head was efteemed
holy, becaufe it was cuftomary to fwear by it, and adore as holy the
Sneezes that proceeded from it : And Arijlotle tells us in exprefs Term*
f. That Sneezing was accounted a Deity, To:/ ll-rap/MV ^ov hyQu^.^.
Cafaubon has alfo proved the fame out of ^ Xenophon ; who reports, that
the Soldiers with one accord worfhiped it as a God, But it is fcarce to
be fuppofed, they could be fo ignorant, as to think every Aft of Sneez-
ing a Deity ; nor do Arifotle^ words neceffarily imply they did ; for
no more need be underftood by them, than that there was a God of
Sneezing, called nraf/wf and Xenophon may be expounded the fame
way, i;/25. That, when the Soldiers heard a Sneeze, they worfhiped the
^ God, i. e. the God of Sneezing : Or, it may be, no more is meant, than
that they worfhiped God perhaps in the ufual Form of Zsy t.ii ; d j^i
fb^oiCigfii' Some Sneexes are profitable, others prejudicial, according to the
Scholiajl upon the following Paffiige of Theocritus, where he makes the
Sneezing of the Cupids to have been an unfortunate Omen to a cer-
tain Lover * :
lifAr/fiSii. (Ml ifum iTriTTTafov.
When Xenophon was perfuading his Soldiers to encounter the Enemy,
a Sneeze was accounted fo dangerous an Omen, -that they were forced
to appoint publick Prayers to expiate it. If any Perfon fneezed, artti
(jUovov vuk\wv a/^ iJATvii iifjU^.(, het-iucen Midnight and the following t^oan-'
tide, it was fortunate: But turn f^iTut iifttvf vU.
Z 3 It
342 Of the Religion 0/ Greece. Ghap. 17.
It was a direful Omen, when the Crown fell from any Man's 'Head :
On which Account it is mention'd among other unfortunate Prefages ia
Seneca s Thyejies:
Regium capiti decus
Bis terque lapfum ejl.
Hither alfo may be referred the variotis Alions, which were thought
to contain good or .bad Fortune. For Inftance, At Feafts it was ac-
counted lucky to crown the Cup with a Garland. This we find don
in Virgil w :
Turn pater Anchifes magnum cratera corona
Induity implevitque -^r-^
And again in the fame Poet " :
Crater as magnos Jlatuunt, 13 vtnacoronant.
This Pradlice was taken from Horner''^ Heroes, who ufed to drink out
of Cups that were tT/ it^.i oir.-5 the Reafon of which (faith a/?', ^c.
Thus much concerning ominous Adlions and Accidents, whereof I
have only mention'd the moft remarkable j for it would be an endlefs
Undertaking to enumerate all of them, every Day's Reading being able
to furnilh almoft infinite Numbers.
In tiie laft Place I come to ominous Words, which, as they were
good or bad, were believed to prefage accordingly. Such Words were
call'd oTJcti, / ><4) & ii<^ijM.i tov qiuxov, I embrace the Omen
of Hcgejifiratus d ; /i tr^tu c\a.ov, amongft the Greeks importing the
ianie with arripere Omen among the Latins, which fignifies the accept-
ing of an Omen, and applying it to the Bufinefs in hand : For it was
thought to lie very much in the Power of the Hearer, whether he
would receive the Omen or not. Ojientorum vires in eorum erant po -
t eft ate quibus ofiendebantur, faith Pliny : The Force and Efficacy of
Omens depended upon the Perfons to whom they appear'd. For if the
Omen was immediately taken by the Hearer, or llruck upon his Ima-
gination, it was efficacious ; but if neglefted, or not taken notice of,
it was of no Force. Hence it is obferved, that Julius C6flw, the Son of King 5aa/, who, going
to encounter a Fhilifiine Garrifon, thus fpoke to his Armour-bearer ^ :
Jf they fay unto us. Tarry until ijue come unto you ; then ^Me ivill Jland ftill
in our Place, and will not go up unto them. But if they fay thus. Come up
unto us ; then ixe ivill go up : for the Lord hath deli'verd them into our
Jland, and thisfhallhe a Sign unto us.
For good Luck's fake, whenever they apply'd themfelves to any fe-
rious Bufmefs, they began with fuch a Preface as this, 0ga<, 0sof, or
ET TTU^uiv, or *'saM {jiv iv, "trcu (Ji.ii ciyQy\ 71^^, like to Perjius''s Hoc
ten e ft ; and that Saying of the Pomans, ^odhonum, fcelix, fortunatum-
gueft. And all their Works and Speeches were begun in the Name
of fome God j whence Aratus,
Let us with Jove begin.
Which Theocritus has borrowed from him in his feventeenth Eclogue,
and Virgil in his Third. Xenophon ' gives the Reafon of this Practice,
iviz. That Things undertaken in the Name of the Gods were like to
have the moft profpcrous Events.
It will not be improper to add in this Place, that certain Times alijj
were bminous, fome Days being accounted fortunate, and Caufes of
Succefs ; others unfortunate, and Caufes of the Mifcarriage of Things
, undertaken upon them, as tiefiod in his Days obferves :
AXXeTi fxr.Tfviii Tr'iXtt i/uifa, ccXXon juittif.
Some Days, like Step- Dames, adverfe prove.
Thwart our Intentions, crofs whate'er we love ;
Others more fortunate and lucky fliine.
And, as a tender Mother, blefs what we defign. H. H.
0m mil I I II I .MMiliaii 11
* 1 iisf, xiT. 9, 10. Lib. dc Ration, redit.
Some
34^ ^f ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 1 7.
Some Days were proper for one Buiinefs, others for another, anJfome
for none at all, as that Author relates in the foremention'd Poem ;
where he runs through all the Days of the Month, declaring the Vir-
tue and Efficacy of them. Thus to obferve Days was term'd oIt^Sk^
luf i'^i^.i. This Praftice was common in other Nations, and parti-
cularly at Rome. Auguftus Caifar neiier nuent abroad upon the Day fol-
lo'^wtng the Nundina.% nor began any ferious Undertaking on the Nonae ; and
ibis he did on no other Account, as he affirm'' d in one of his Letters to Ti-
berius, than to avoid J)jff(pri^ieiv Ominis, the unlucky Omen, which at-
tended Things begun on thpfe Days, as we fitid in Suetonius^. And it
was a general Opinion among the Romans, the next Days after the Nonee,
Jdus, or Kalend^^, were unfortunate, as appears both from the ancient
Grammarians-, and from Li'vy, O'vid, and Plutarch. The like Obferva-
tion of Days was pradlis'd by many Chrijiians, when they had lately
been converted from Heathenifm, and hath been remarked by St. Jm-
hrofe in his Comment on that Paffage of St. Raul, where he reproves
the Galatians for olferving Days, and Months^ and Times, and Tears '-
The Way to avert an Omen was either to throw a Stone at the
Thing, or to kill il: out-right, if it was an ominous Animal, that fo the
Evil portended by it might fall upon its own Head ; If it was an
unlujcicy Speech, to retort it upon the Speaker with an eii KA'sahiiv
csl, Tibi in caput redeat, i. e. Let it fall upon thy own Head : Which
perhaps is an Expreflion borrow'd from the \i<;oayulsmi, who, when they
efpy'd any thing in the Viftim that feem'd to portend any Misfortune
to themfelves or their Country, ufed to pray, that it might '? yjeiahYiv
Tavrtw ri'iTri'icu, be turned upon the FiSiitns Head. The like Expreffions
are fometimes made ufe of in Holy Scripture, as in the fifteenth Verfe
of 0^^z^/i''s Prophecy, To eL'Anrr^Jbjj.A ctb d'flA-7n>C63AJ5/
avt : Or, as our Englijh Tranflators have render'd it. Thy Renvard fcall
return upon thine owon Head. And again, in the third Chapter of Kings " ;
^ dv!a.7Te4hjyji Kt/ei", r vs-xnv an el' yji(Ra^nv :
Into his Bofom thrice he fpit.
This they did in Defiance, as it were, of the Omen ; for Spitting was
a Sign of the greateft Contempt and Averfation : Whence 'mTuav, i. e.
* Jugujli^ cap. xcii. ' Galat, iv. lo. " Lib. iii. vtr. 44-. " Euterpe,^
mjf.xixvt., fdyl]. XX, ver. ii.
Chap. 17. Of the Religion of Greece. 347
to /pit, is put for x^TU(p^vtiv, c iJi'i Ao-vi^^K, i. e. to contemn^ as the
Scholiaji oi Sophocles obferves upon thefe Words in Antigone p ;
Spit on him as an Enemy.
Sometimes they pray'd, that the ominous Thing might In ultimas ter-
ras deportari, be carry'd away to the fartheft Part of the World j or in
mare deferri, be call into the Sea. This laft was done to certain mon-
ilrous Births, "particularly Hermaphrodites^ which were accounted Prodigia.
Hence that Saying of TibulhiSt
Prodigia indomitis merge fub aquorihut.
Sometimes the Thing was burned with ligna infeliaa, that is, fuch Sort
of Wood as was in tutela inferum Deorum, anjertentiumque, facred to the
Gods of Hell, and thofe which averted evil Omens j being chiefly
Thorns, and fuch other Trees which were fit for no other Ufe than to be
burn'd. Sometimes the Prodigy, when burnt, was call 'into the Water,
and particularly into the Sea, if it was not too far diftant. The feveral
Circumllances of this Cuftom Theocritus has thus defcribed \ where he
fpeaks of the Serpents which aflaulted Hercules in his Cradle :
A>iXa, yiitti, wjp fx'n rot vro a-vcJ'o^ lunxo7 ia^u ^6>' rr o i /uitt.;ti J^gxnorn
tiiiKTi fJti-xct, oKx Vaii'a. itsdrhv Tiil 0Xev clCtci,
Hf< 3 fft/XXsi^aa-^t niitv Trvfot a/.o-^n vJ'it* -roir.
All this I knew, when I defign'd to prove
Whether I fliou'd be happy in my Love ;
* Idyll, iii. t, 28.
I prefs'd
352 Of the Religion of Greece, Chap. i8.
I prefb'd the Long-li've, but in vain did prefs.
It gave no lucky Sound 6f good Succefs :
To Jgrio too I made the fame Demand,
A cunning Woman fhe, I crofs'd her Hand j
She turn'd the Sieve and Sheers, and told me true,
That I ihou'd love, but not be lov'd by you.
Mr. Creech.
Where the Shepherd complains he had found his Suit was rejefted thefe
two Ways : Firft, by the Herb Telephiluni, which being crufhed in his
Hand, or apon his Arm, returned no Sound ; for it was ufual to ftrike
that, or fome other Herb againft their Arms, and if they crackled in
breaking, Good j if not, it was unlucky Omen. Not much unlike this
was the Divination by Laurel-leaves, which they threw into the Fire,
and obferv'd how they crackled in burning ; from which Noife, fome
fay. Laurel was call'd jyipu^, q. oW 0iipii. The other Way of Divining,
mention'd by Theocritus, was by a Sienje, which an old Gypjte ufed in
telling filly People their Fortunes. This they call'd )^osxjvoijl{)M7U'^ ; it
was generally praftifed to difcover Thieves, or others fufpefted of any
Crime, in this manner : They tied a Thread to the Sieue, by which it
was upheld, or elfe placed a Pair of Sheers, which they held up by two
Fingers ; then prayed to the Gods to direft and affift them ; after that,
they repeated the Names of the Perfons under Sufpicion, and he, at
"whofe Name the Sieve whirled round, or moved, was thought to have
committed the Fadl. Another fort of Divination was commonly pradli-
fed upon the fame Account, which was called
A^/i'CjWcyTEJtf, from hi'ivn, i. e. an Ax or Hatchet, which they fixed
fo exadlly upon a round Stake, that neither End might out-poife, or weigh
down the other j then they pray'd, and repeated the Names of thofe
they fufpefted ; and the Perfon, at whofe Name the Hatchet made any
the leaft Motion, was found guilty.
Ki(()aKovo(MLvieia. was by the Head of an Afs (as the Name imports)
which they broil'd on Coals^; and, after having mutter'd a few Prayers,
they repeated the Perfons Names as before ; or the Crime, in cafe one
was only fufpefted j at which, if the Jaws made any Motion, and the
Teeth qhatter'd againft one another, they thought the Villain fufficiently
difcover'd.
^KiK^iofjLOjtfTHct. was a very myfterious Divination, in which they
made uie of a Cock in difcovering fecret and unknown Tranfadions,
or future Events. It was efFefted after this Manner : Having wrote in
the Duft the twenty-four Letters of the Alphabet, and laid a Grain of
Wheat or Barley upon every one of them, a Cock magically prepared
was let loofe amongft them, and thofe Letters, out of which he picked
the Corns, being join'd together, were thought to declare whatever
they were defirous to be certified of. This Divination the famous Ma-
gician Jamblichus, Proclus^s Mafter, is faid to have made ufe of with
a Defign to find out the Perfon who was to fucceed Valens C^far in
the Empire : but the Cock picking up only four of the Grain, viz.
thofe that lay upon the Letters o, s, o, J', left uncertain, whether
Theodojius, Theodotus, Theodorus, or Theodeiies, was the Perfon defign'd
by the fates to be Emperpr. Hgwever, VaUm being informed of the
Matter,
chap. 1 8. Of the Religion of Gvtcce. ^53
Matter, was enraged at it, put to Death feveral Perfons for no other
Reafon, than that their Names began with thofe Letters ; and made a
diligent Search after the Magicians themfelves ; whereupon Jambli-
chus, to prevent the Emperor's Cruelty, ended his Life by a Draught of
Poifon.
'S.iJ'i^^iuutfT^iet was perform'd by red-hot Iron, upon which they laid
an odd Number of Straws, and obferved what Figures, Bendings,
Sparklings, iSc. they made in burning.
h.U\iCJbiMiP7^ec was by obferving the Motions, Figures, i^c. of
melted Lead. The three following Methods of Di'vination are by
fome reckon'd amongft the various Sorts of Incantations.
Ti^^of^VTc-lst, or Diyination by v^^j ; vvhich was perform'd in this
Manner : They wrote the Things they had a mind to be refolved
about in J/^es upon a Plank, or any fuch thing ; this they expofed
to the open Air, where it was to continue for fome Time ; and thofe
Letters that remain'd whole, and no ways defac'd by the Winds or
other Accidents, were thought to contain in them a Solution of the
Queftion.
B.-mvccuti'THct, or Divination by Harhs, efpecially EAAiT^rf)'.-, or
Salvia ; or by Fig-lea'ves, and thence call'd 2i^>wmai'tV, was praclifed
thus : The Perfon thus confulted wrote their own Names, and their
Queflions upon Leaves, which they expofed to the Wind, and as
many of the Letters as remained in their own Places were taken up,
and being joined together contained an Anfwer to the Queftion
K?rA'^iTa, or Divination by Wax, which they melted over a
VeiTcl of Water, letting it drop witliin three definite Spaces, and ob-
ferved the Figure, Situation, Diftance, and Concretion of the Drops.
Befides thefe, there were infiqite other Sorts of Divination ; as Xfo-
fAoLiTeiot. ^uaicyvufua, which was pradlifed in Socrates' s Time, i'vo^mz'
{/.ttneitt, AejbucfxuvTeief, T i eiy.au 7 eiet, i^xj'/ji^jfVT^t, mention'd withi
feveral others, by Aratus in his Prognofticks, and P//y in his
Natural Hiflory ; but thefe I Ihall pafs by, and only trouble you
with one more, which is fo remarkable, that it muft not be omit-
ted, fucvt/
Apyiiit afa^ilv, ) a'cfa/sTsy U'/xc^iTMoLit
ManyiYn c/l' Ekxthh lU(^>iia. ipyx f/.iKicrTcoV
Evva a 'imnx S'eav (Us^vjt^tioc h.a.rc-r\M.
A-]f i-no 7rvpxai)i( dva^a^io, y.mi'i ai J'i'Ttot
Hi TTui'm a^ana-i fjiiTXTpiSiiva.t o^itrtne.
Hi Kt/tuv uXaxii, /AMTrui fa, jxar* xoXsirat/.
When lab' ring Night has half her Journey run,
Wafh'd in fome purling Stream, repair alone.
Clad in a dufky Robe, and dig a Pit,
Round let it be, and raife a Pile in it.
Then kill a tender Ewe ; when this is done,
O'th' new-rais'd Pile, unquarter'd lay her on.
And if you Perjes' Daughter wou'd appeafe.
Pour a Libation, which the painful Bees
Have firft wrought up within their waxen Hives.
Next pray the Goddefs wou'd propitious prove.
Then backwards from the flaming Altar move ;
But let no Yells of Dogs, or feeming Noife
Of Feet behind, turn back thy fteady Eyes,
And fruitrate all thy former Sacrifice.
}
}
n. H.
To this Sort of Divination are to Irfffeferred Charms and Amulets a-
gainft Poifon, Venom, and Difeafes. Suidas reports, that the curing
of Diftempers by Sacrifices, and the Repetition of certain Words, was
pradis'd ever fince the Time of Minos King of Crete ; and ' Homer re-
lates, how Butolycus^s Sons ftanched lJlyJJ'es'% Blood, flowing from a
Wound he received in hunting a wild Boar, by a Charm j
* Argon, iii, v. ioz8, ^^Sff- ' v. 456.
356 Of the Religion of Greece^ Chap. 18.
nT?iXit ff^ OfTva-MOC dfA\j[Ji.^toi avrt^kii
With niceft Care, the Ccilful Artifts bound
The brave, divine Ulyjfes's ghaftly Wound ;
And th' Incantations ftanch'd the guftiing Blood.
The fame is obferv'd by Pliny >-', who adds farther, that Sic Thea-
phrafius ifchidiacos fanari, Cato prodidit luxatis membris carmen auxiUarzy
Marcus Varro podagris : It was reported by Theophrajius, that the Hip-
Gout was cured in the fame Manner ; by Cato, that a Charnri would
relieve any Member out of Joint j and by Marcus Varroy that it would
cure the Gout in the Feet. Chiron in Pindar is faid to ufe the fam
Remedy in fome Diftempers, but not in all ' :
-\C7w5*f ^av'
/<* 'yrf>o} Xenophon reports, were twice as many, as any other City
obfcrved ; Nor did the Number and Frequency of them abate any
- thing of the Solemnity, Splendor, and Charges at their Obferva-
tion. The Shops and Courts of Judicature were Ihut up on moft of
thofe Days j the Labourers relied from their Works, the Tradefmen
from their Employments, the Mourners intermitted their Sorrows ;
and nothing but Eafe and Pleafure, Mirth and Jollity were to be found
amongft them. Indeed iunov tbto it) tcSv E^Kri'.'av y^ rav (^a^Capav ss"/,
this nvas' common both to Greeks and Barbarians, as we are informed by
Strabo, to celebrate their religious Solemnities with Mirth and Rcmif-
Jion of their Labours.
? Moll of them were celebrated at the publick Charge ; and, left their
Treafury Ihould be exhauftcd by fo frequent Evacuations, feveral Means
were contrived to fupply and replenilh them. For Inftance, after
Thrafjbulus had depoled the Tyrants, their Eftates were confifcated
for this Ufe, as Hojpocration obferves out of Philacorus : And when
the State was reduc'd to its old Democracy, if any of the Citizens,
though too much Wealth, became formidable to the poorer Sort, and
Objedls of their Envy, it was cuftomary to compel them to contribute
towards the defraying of the Expences at publick Feftivals ; and fo by
"' Ethic, ad Nicomacb, Jib. vii. c. ix. " De Repub. AtbenienJ.
con-
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 361
conferring upon them a great (tho' chargeable and dear-bought) Ho-
nour, at once fweeten the Impofition (if not alfo oblige thofe oa
whom it was impofed) and rid themfelves of thofe Fears and Jealoufies,
which the immoderate Opulency of private Perfons might reafonably
give to a popular State.
Thus much of Feftivals in general : As to the Particulars, I have
omitted very little that is material in the Trafts of Meurfius and Cajlel-
lanus upon this Subjeft ; and fome things not taken notice of by either
of them, and perhaps not unworthy your Obfervation, I have added.
' Yet do I not pretend, that this is a complete or entire Colledlion of the
Grecian Feftivals ; for that would be endlefs (feeing almoft every Man
of Repute, and that had done any notable Service for the Publick, had
his anniverfary Day) and impoffible, fmce Hundreds of them (efpeci-
ally thofe that were obferv'd by the lefs confiderable Cities) are not fo
much as mention'd in any Author at this Day extant ; or but barely
mention'd, without any Account of the Perfons to whom they belonged,
or the Ceremonies ufed at their Celebration : However, as much as is
' neceffary to the Underftanding of the ancient Greek Writers, the fol-
lowing Chapters will furnifli.
CHAP. XX.
Grecian Fefiivals,
AFHTOPETON and ATHTOPIA,
MEntioned by He/ychius, without any Notice of the Deity, in whofe
Honour they were obferved. It is not improbable they might
belong to Apollo, and be (at leaft the latter of them) the fame with the
Lacedamonian Xstf i/e7at. This Conjefture is grounded upon the Words of
Hefychiu}, who tells us, that A>j)t< was the Name of the Perfon con-
fccrated to the God at the Kstffftef and that the Feftival itfelf was
tenn'd AymieiA, which Name feems to have been deriv'd from Ayu,
that Feftival being obferv'd in Imitation of T^c/nnitKn, ctyuyii, or, the
military Way of Living, as Athenaus * and Euflathius *> have obferv'd.
It is not unlikely the former might belong to Fenus, whofe Prieft (as
Grammarians inform us) was call'd A^mtwj in Cyprus.
A r P A N I A
Was celebrated at Argos ' in memory of one of Proetush Daughters j
being in all Probability the fame wirfi
AFPIANIA,
Which (as the fame Author tells us) was obferv'd at Argos in me-
mory of a deceas'd Perfon. It was alfo celebrated at Thebes with fo-
lemn Sports.
-
Lib. iv, * Iliad, ', Htjycbius,
A r p A-
362 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
AFPATAIA,
At Athens, in Honour of Agraulus, or Aglaurm, the Daughter of
Cecrops, and the Nymph Aglauris, and the Prieftefs of Miner'va, to
whom Ihe gave the Sirname of Aglaurus, and was worfliip'd in a Tem-
ple dedicated to her. The Cyprians alfo (as Pompey ^ reports) honour'd
her by the Celebration of an annual Feftival in the Month Aphrodifiusy
at which they ofFer'd human Viftims j and this Cuilom is {aid to have
continued till the Time oi Diomedes.
ATPiriNIA,
In Honour of Bacchus, firnamed Ayfidvi- for his Cruelty, as Plu-
tarch ' is of Opinion ; or becaufe he convers'd with, and was attended
by Lions, Tigers, and other favage Animals, which procur'd him the
other Name of fla;KH<, which properly denotes an Eater of raw Flefli.
This Solemnity was obferv'd in the Night after this Manner : The
Women ' being afiembled made a ftricl Search after Bacchus, as if he
hftd fled from them ; but after fome time, finding their Labour to be
in vain, faid, that he had retir'd to the Mu/es, and conceal'd himfelf
amongft them. This being done, and the Ceremony ended, they re-
galed themfelves with an Entertainment ; after which, the Time was
pafb'd away in propofing Riddles and cramp Queftions. Large Quan-
tities of Ivy were us'd at this Time s, becaufe that Plant was accounted
facred to Bacchus ; and fo great Excefles were fometimes committed,
that once the Daughters of Minya, in a furious Ecftafy of Devotion,
flaughter'd ////>/4t&^. \.t. from returning; becaufe the Goddefs was faid to
leave Sicily, and return to Africk at that Time.
A N A K E I A,
An Athenian Feftival, in Honour of the Diofcuri, who were call'd
Arajuf, and honour'd with a Temple call'd ^vdaeiov. The Sacrifices of-
fer'd at that Time were nam'd Sivu/uxnt, becaufe thofe Deities were ^sro/,
or Strangers s ; and confifted of three Offerings >, which were call'd
Teniiiu. Athenaus * alfo makes mention of Plays afted in Honour of
theie Deities.
ANAKAHTHPIA,
Solemnities obferv'd at the dvAKhnmi, or Proclamation, of Kings and
Princes, when they became of Age to take the Government into their
own Hands *.
" Hefiodi Scboliaft. Oper. & Dier. lib, ii. Hejycbius. < Idem. * Pindari Scbol,
Olymf.vVi. f ^//<2nJ Var. Hift. lib. i. cap. 15. 6 Pindari Scbol. Olymp. ill.
I" Paufanias, i>ipm, lib. ii. ^ Fs/ybii Hift. xvui. & Legat. Edog. Ixxxvui.
ANA-
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. ^Sy
ANAKTnN nAIAHN,
A Feftival ' at Amphyffa^ the capital City of Locris, in Honour either
of the Diofcurif or Cure tes^ or Caliri ; for Authors are not agreed in this
Matter.
anasaTopeia,
Anaxagoras dying at Lampfacus, the Magiftrates of that City afecd,
/Whether he defir'd any thing to be done for him : He reply'd,. that on
the Anniverfary of his Death the Boys Ihould have Leave to play. This
Coftom was obferv'd in the Tim^ of Diogenes Laertius ".
ANAPOTEfiNlA, or Kymm i/V Ej^t/j.'))
Annual Games celebrated in the Ceramicus at Athens, by the Com-
mand of Minos King of Crete, in Memory of his Son ArJrogeos, Other-
wife call'd Eurygyas, who was barbaroufly murder'd by fome of the A-
tbenians and Megarenfians .
AN0E2THPIA,
An Athenian Feftival, obferv'd in Honour of Bacchus upon the ele-
venth, twelfth, and thirteenth Days of the Month Anthefierion.
The firft Day was nam'd Wt^iyia., ami rk 'ni^m c'lyetv, i, e. becaufe
they then tapp'd their Barrels. The fame Day was by the Charoneans
caird hya.Ki'i /aj,aoj'-, i. e. the Day of Good Genius ; becaufe it was
cuftomary to make merry upon it.
The fecond Day was call'd Xos<, from the Meafure ^d, becaufe every
Man drunk out of his own Veffel ; in Memory of an Accident that hap-
pen'd in the Reign oi Pandion, or (as others fay) of Demophoon, under
whom Oreftes, having flain his Mother, fled to Athens, before he ' had
undergone the cuftomary Purification for Murder. The Athenians were
at that time bufy in celebrating the Feftival of Bacchus, firnam'd Le-
naus, becaufe he had the Care of Wine-preffes, which are in Greek call'd
Avco/ce- However, he was kindly receiv'd by Demophoon, who, to pre-
vent the Contamination which might adhere to the Company by drinking
with a polluted Perfon, and that Oreftes might not take it unkindly to be
forced to drink alone, order'd that every Man fliould have a diftind;
Veffel of Wine, and drink out of his own Cup. On the foregoing Day
they only open'd their Veffels,' and tafted the Wine ; but now it was
cuftomary to drink plentifully, and the longeft Li'ver, in Token of Vi-
ftory, was rew^ded with a Crown of Leaves, or, as fome report, p a
Crown of Gold and a Veffel of Wine. It was ufual alfo to ride in Cha-
riots, out of which they jeijed upon all that pafs'd by. The Profeffors
of Sopbifiry feafted at home with their Friends upon this Day, and had
Prefents fent them from all Hands : To which Cuftom E-ubulides alludes
in thefe Verfes :
' Paufaniat Phccieit. ?" Laertius fine Anaxagora- Conf. Plutarcbus de Prascept.
Reipub. gerend. p. 820. Edit. Parif, " Hejycliut, ' Plutarch. Jlefeo. ' ^lianut
Var. Hift; lib. ii. cap. xli.
368 * Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Ah ! fubtle Knave, you now the Sophift plajr.
And wifti that bounteous Xocd may approach,
Whofe Prefents fill your Belly and your Purfe. ,
From this Day it was that Bacchus had the Sirname of KeoTont^
The third Day was call'd )^'^oi, from ;)(0T^, i. e. a Pot, which Was
brought forth full of all Sorts of Seeds, which they accounted facred to
Mercurius %9cV/-, the Infernal^ and therefore abftain'd from them.
Upon this Day the Comedians ufed to aft ; and at Sparta Lycurgus or-
der'd, that fuch of them as obtain'd the Viftory Ihould be enroU'd amongft
the free Denifons.
During thefe Days the Slaves were allow'd to make merry, drink, and
revel ; and therefore, at the End of the Feftival, it was ufual to make
Proclamation in this Manner : Gv^Ci Kctpej, >t er' Aj-^fjjexcc* i. e. Be
gene, you Carian Slaves, the Anthejieria are ended.
ANeE2*OPIA,
A Sicilian Feftival p, fo nam'd hm rH (fi^HV AVbict^ i. e. /rom carrying
Tlonvers ; becaufe it was inftituted in Honour of Proferpin'a, whom Pluto
is faid to have ftolen, as Ihe was gathering Flowers.
Another Solemnity of this Name feems to have been obferv'd at Argos
in Honour of Juno, to whom a Temple was dedicated in that Place under
the Name of ^v^ia- '^.
ANTirONEIA,
Sacrifices in Honour of Antigonus '.
ANTINOEIA,
Annual Sacrifices and Quinquennial Games in Memory of Antinous
the Bithynian : They were inftituted at the Command of Adrian the Ro-
man Emperor, at Mantinea in Arcadia ', where Antinous was honour'd
with a Temple and divine Worftiip.
AHATOTPIA,
A Feftival ' firft inftituted at Athens, and from thence deriv'd to
the reft of the lonians, except thofe of Ephefus and Colophon. It re-
ceiv'd its Name from dndTn, which fignifies Deceit ; becaufe it was
iirft inftituted in Memory of a Stratagem, by which Melanthius the
Athenian King overcame Xanthus King of Beeotia. For a Controverfy
happening between the Athenians and Boeotians, about a Piece of
Ground fituated upon the Confines of Attica and Beeotia j Xanthus
' Pollux Onom. lib. i. cap. i. 9 Paufanias Corinthiacis, * Plutarch. Agld. &
Chonten. ' Paufan. Arcad, Arljiophan, Scboliaft. Achran, Befych. Harpocradon,
Suid, Etymolo^ici Auctori Idenj Auftores ubiqua luat ia hoc toto capite citati.
made
Chap. 20." Of the Religion of Greece. ^6<)
made a Propofal, that himfelf and the Athenian King IhoulJ end the
Quarrel by a fingle Combat. Thymcetes reign'd at that time in Athens,
but declining the Fight, was depos'd : His Succeffor was Melanthius a
Mejfenian, Son of Neleus and Periclymene, who, having accepted the
Challenge, met his Enemy at the appointed Place ; where, as they were
jiift going to begin the Fight, Melanthius thinking or pretending that he
faw, at Xanthius's Back, a Perfon habited in a black Goat-fkin, cry'd out,
that the Articles were violated ; upon this, Xanthius looking back was
treacheroufly flain by Melanthius. In Memory of this Succefs, Jupiter
was firnam'd Am.7rivap, i.e. Deceiver; and Bacchus, MrAU'a<><<, i.e.
cloathed in a black Goat-Jkin, and was farther honour'd with a new
Temple, and the Inftitution of this Feftival. Others are of Opinion,
that A;raTKp/ct are fo called, q. dimrotxay i. e. ouoTruroejici, becaufe up-
on this Feftival, Children accompanied their Fathers, to have their Names
enter'd into the publick Regiller : After the fame manner a.Koy& is
equivalent to ofAoKix'^^ and kjdiv( to ofxoyuin-. Others will have
ATm.T\s^ia. to be fo nam'd, becaufe the Children were till that.Time *7a-
TTpsf, i. e. fwithout Fathers, in a Civil Senfe ; for that it was not till then
publickly recorded, whofe they were. For a like Reafon, Me Ichifedec is
by fome thought to be call'd atotw?, d/JifiTa^ ", i. e. nvithout Father,
Kuithout Mother ; 'viz. becaufe his Parentage was omitted in the facred.
Genealogies. To return : This Feftival was celebrated in the Month
Fyanepfion, and lafted three Days.
The firft Day was call'd AofWtf, from c/^ipT-, i. e. a Supper ; be-
caufe on that Day at Evening, each Tribe had a feparate Meeting,
whereat a fumptuous Entertainment was provided.
The fecond Day was nam'd Avdppua-ti, iiro to aveo eft;i', becaufe on
this Day Viftims were ofFer'd to Jupiter ?^^<-, and ATrmttJJup, and
to Minerva, in whofe Sacrifices (as in all that were ofFer'd to Celeftial
Gods) it was ufual diu ipjeiv TaV yji^A^df, i. e. to turn the Head of the
Viftims upwards towards Heaven. At this Sacrifice the Children enrolPd
amongft the Citizens were plac'd clofe to the Altar. It was ufual alfo for
Perfons richly apparell'd, to take lighted Torches out of the Fire, and
to run about, finging Hymns in Praife of Fulcan, who was the firft that
taught Men the Ufe of that Element : Which Cuftorti is by Meurfius re-
fcrr'd to this Day, tho' Harpocration, to whom we are indebted for the
Mention of it, has left us in the Dark as to its Time.
The third Day was nam'd KapsaTTf , from ;tf-, i. e. a Toutb ; or
XMP^., i. e. Shaving ; becaufe the young Men, who till that Time re-
main'd unftiaved, had their Hair cut off, before they were prefcnted to
be regiftered. Their Fathers at this Time were oblig'd to fwear, that
both themfelves, and the Mothers of the young Men, were Free-born
Athenians. It was alfo ufual to offer two Ewes and a She-goat in Sacri-
fice to Diana, which they call'd ^zvav (p^f^'idM' the She-goat was term'd
ai^ i^eef'}i&-, and the Ewe oiV (pf^riiP **. It was to be of a certain
Weight ; and becaufe it once happen'd, that the Standers-by cry'd out
in jell, Mho:/, (ahop, i. c. Too little, too little, it was ever after call'd
M9r, and the Perfon* that offer'd it, MH-^yj>^i.
Epiftola ad Heirao:. "" ro.','.,x,
B b To
^jo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
To thefe Hefychius adds a fourth Day, which he tells us was call'd
Etti^JV* ; but that Name is not peculiar to this Feftival, but generally
apply'd to any Day, celebrated after the End of another Solemnity ; be-
ing deriv'd ar^ th ^Cauvetu, i. e. from follovjtng j becaufe it was a fort
of Appendage to the great Feftival.
This Feftival was obferv'd five Days by the Protentha, who began it
a Day fooner than others. There was alfo a Decree made when Cephtfi-
dorus was chief Jrchon, whereby the Senate was forbidden to meet for
five Days, during the time of this Solemnity ^.
A n A T A I A.
The fecond Day in Marriages, of which I Ihall have Opportunity td
fpeak in another place.
AnOAAnNIA.
To Apollo, at JEgialea, upon this Account : Apollo, having obtain'd
a Viftory over Python, went to JEgialea, accompanied with his Sifter
Diana ; but being frighted from thence, fled into Crete, After this, the
JEgialeans were infefted with an Epidemical Diftemper ; and being ad-
vifed by the Prophets to appeafe the two offended Deities, fent feven
Boys and as many Virgins to entreat them to return. Apollo and Diana
accepted their Piety, and came with them to the Citadel of JEgialea ; in
Memory of which, a Temple was dedicated to ?ytho, the Goddefs of
Perfuafion j and it became a Cuftom to appoint chofen Boys and Virgins,
to make a folemn Proceffion, in ftiew as if they defign'd to bring back
Apollo and Diana ; which Solemnity was continued till Paufaniai^ Time '.
AnonoMnAioi,
Certain Days *, in which Sacrifices were ofFer'd to the Gods call'd
rio/ixTaio/. Who thefe were is doubtful. Certain it is, that mfj-nrtuOr
denotes any Perfon that conduBs another in his Way ; and therefore was
apply'd to Mercury, who was believ'd to be Pluto's Gentleman-uftier,
and to conduft the Souls of the deceafed Perfons to the Shades below :
Whence Ajax, in Sophocles, before he ftabb'd himfelf, pray'd thus :
-Infernal Mercury I call
Safe to conduct me to the Shades below.
But I am rather inclined to think, thefe Days belong'd to the Gods call'd
A-Tm-ntfj.vraioi, i. e. ian^omi, (for &b77b//w is by Pha'vorinus expounded
^^owjj) otherwife nam'd AuV/o/, dh^^'Df^yuai, Inn^omtloi, (pv^tei, and
averrunci, becaufe they were thought to avert Evils ; fuch were Jupiter,
AtbeBauilih.'vf. Paufattias Cari/tthiacis, ' Hfjycbius,
Hercules,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 371
Hercules, and others : and therefore for mfjLweuois, in Hefychius, I would
read ^ntinreuoif, except they may be usM as fynonymous lerms.
A n A T E I A,
A Feftival at Sicyon a, upon the Birth-day of Jraf us, whom they ho-
noured with a Priett ; who, for Diftiftftion's fake, wore a Ribband be-
fpangl'd with white and purple Spots. It was celebrated with Mafick ;
and the Chorifters of Bacchus affifted in the Solemnity with Harps.
There was alfo a folemn ProcefTion, in which the Publick School-mafter,*
accompanied with his Scholars, went firft, and the Senators adorn'd with
Garlands, with as many of the other Citizens as had a mind, foUow'd.
AP rEinNEOPTAl,
Feftivals at yirgos, the Names of which are *Ioft. One we find, men-
tion'd in Parthenius b, upon which he tells us, there was a Publick En-
tainment.
Another is taken notice of in Plutarch % upon which the Boys call'd
one another in Jeft ^A>},A^AJki, i. e. ^eo^ovms d;i4;^ctJct(, by which
Words are fignified Perfons that threw luild Figs. Which Cuftom per-
haps was inflituted in Memory of their ancient Diet in Inachus's Time,
when they liv'd upon wild Figs.
A third we read of in JEneas \ in which great Numbers of the Ci-
tizens made a folemn Proceffion out of the City in Armour.
APIAANEIA,
Two Feftivals at Naxos, in Honour of two Women, who had one
common Name of Ariadne. The former of them was thought to be of a
gay and pleafant Temper, and therefore her Feftival was obferv'd with
Mufick, and many other Expreffions of Joy and Mirth.
The latter being the fame that was expos'd big with Child upon that
Coaft by Thefeus, was fuppos'd to be of a melancholy Difpofition, and
therefore the Solemnity dedicated to her had a Shew of Sorrow and
Mourning ; and in Memory of her being left hy Thefeus near the Time
of Child-birth, it was ufual for a young Man to lie down, and counter-
feit all the Agonies of Women in Labour. This Feftival is faid to have
been firft inftituted by Thefeus, as a Rccompence of his Ingratitude to
her.
APPHOOPIA,
At Athens f, in the Month Scirrophorion, in Honour of Minerva
and Erfa, one of Cecrops's Daughters, upon which Account it is fome-
times call'd E^tn^oeAa., or Ep.(56g^^ 7T) S^ T t. From Thrace it was carry 'd to Athens, where it
was celebrated in the Pireaus, upon the nineteenth or twentieth of Ihar-
gelion.
Clement Protrept. ArnMui lib. v. Hefychiui, Pindari Scholiaftes. ' Hejycbius.
Strabo, lib. xiv. Athenteus, lib.'xiii. Paufaniai Lacenldt. Ile-
fycbiui, Athtraus lib. ix. Hejycbius. * Hefycbius. t Pindari Scboliaftet
i)ljmf,\u * Strait lib. U. Frtclui inTimaum^ Ht^cbiuu
B b 3 BO.
374 ^f ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
BOHAPOMI,
An Athenian Feftival ^, fo called ^tb t? SonJ^^ofAHi', i. e. from eontr
ing to help ; becaufe it was inftituted in Memory of Ion, the Son of Xu-
thus, who came to the Afliftance of the Athenians, in the Reign of King
EreSiheusi, when they were invaded by Eumolpus, the Son of Neptune.
But Plutarch * reports, that it was obferv'd in Memory of a Viftory ob-
tain'd by Ihe/eus againll tlie Jmazons, in the Month Boedromion.
BOPEA2MOI,
Another Athenian Feftival f in Honour of Boreas ; who had an Altar
in Attica, and was thought to bear fome Relation to the Athenians, hav-
ing married Qrithyia, the Daughter of Ereilheus ; for which Reafon,
when in a Sea-fight a great many of their Enemies Ships were deftroy'd,
by a North-wind, the Athenians imputed it to the Kindnefs Boreas had
for his Wife's native Country, as Paufanias reports 8.
We are informed by the lame Author that folemn Sacrifices were ofr
fer'd to Boreas at Megalopolis in Arcadia, where he had a Temple and
divine Honours.
BOTTIAinNEOPTH,
The Bottiaans were an Athenian Colony ; wherefore in Memory of
their Original, they obfervM this Solemnity, in which the Virgins us'd
to fay \9Dy.%v eif Aijma.(, i. e. Let us go to Athens K
BPA2IAEIA,
An anniverfary Solemnity at Sparta, in Memory of Brajidas, a Lacer
datnonian Captain, famous for his Atchievements at Methone, Pylos, and
Amphipolis. It was celebrated with Sacrifices and Games, wherein none
were permitted to contend, but Free-born Spartans ". Whoever negr
lefted to be prefent at the Solemnity was fin'd '.
BPATPaNIA,
To Diana, firnam'd Brauronia, from the Place in which this Feftir
val was obferv'd, 'vix. Brauron, an Athenian Borough, in which the far
mous Statue of this Goddefs, brought from Scythia Taurica by Iphigenia,
-remain'd till the fecond Perfian War, in which Xerxes took it awaiy "'.
It was celebrated once in five Years, being manag'd by ten Men, call'd
from their OiRce, Ii^To/o/. The Viftim offer'd in Sacrifice was a Goat j
and it was cuftomary for certain Men to fing one of Homer''s Iliads.
The moft remarkable Perfons at this Solemnity were young Virgins
habited in yellow Gowns, and confecrated to Diana. Thefe were ufu-
^ Harfocration, Suidas. e Thefeo. f Plato in Pkadro, Hefychius, ^ At-
ticis, " Arcadicis, ' Plutarchui 'Thefeo, 8c Quft. Graec. * Paufanias Laco'
tia'i, Tbucydid. lib. v. Svidas. ' Inteipres Gracus in Arijiotelii Ethic, ad Nicomach,
lib. V. cap. vii. ) Paujanias A-tticis^ & Arcadic, Pollux, lib. viii< cap. ix. Har-
feeration, SuidaS,
ally
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 375
ally about ten Years of Age, (it being unlawful for any of them to be
above Ten, or under Five) and therefore to confecrate them was call'd
Aj(^7?uy, from <^4j(^, i. e. ?> : It was alfo call'd aiif^TiVHVi and the
Virgins themfelves were nam'd A^icto/, i. e. Bears, upon this Account :
Amongft the Phlauida, Inhabitants of a Borough in Attica, there was
a Bear, which was fo far divefted of its natural Fiercenefs, and become
tame and tradable, that they ufually admitted it to eat, and to play
with them, and received no harm thereby : But a young Maid once un-
luckily happening to be too familiar with it, the Beaft tore her to pieces,
and was afterwards kill'd by the Virgin's Brethren : Upon this en-
fu'd a dreadful Peftilence, which prov'd very fatal to many of the Inha-
bitants of Attica J as a Remedy of which, they were advis'd by an Ora-
cle to appeafe the Anger of Diana for the Bear by confecrating Virgins
to her in Memory of it. The Athenians punftually executed the divine
Command, and enafted a Law, that no Virgin ftiould be marry'd till
flic had undergone this Ceremony.
r
r A A A E I A.
A Feftival in which they boil'd tw ^\^^iav, L e. a mixture of
Barley-Pulfe and Milk \ Meurfius is of Opinion that it belong'd to
Apollo t who, from a Place in Boeotia^ was firnam'd Galaxius ".
TAAlNeiAAIA,
A folemn Sacrifice at ^hbes, ofFer'd to Galinthiaj, one of Prcetus^i
Daughters, before the Feftival of Herculesy by whofe Order it was firft
jnftituted.
rAMHAlA, TENEOAIA, FENESIA,
Three private Solemnities, the firft whereof was obferv'd at Mar-
riages ; the fecond in Memory of the Birth ; the laft of the Death of
any Perfon, But of all thefe J fhall give you a more full Account ia
one of the following Books.
FENETTAAiy,
This Solemnity was celebrated by Women, in Honour of Genetyllii
the Goddefs of that Sex *, to whom they ofFer'd Dogs. This Genc^
tjllis was Venus, h ?oj- im y^viinai, the Prefident of Generation p.
r E P A 2 T I A.
In Honour of Neptune, at Gerajlus, a Village of Euhaea, where he
was honour'd with a Temple 1.
*" Hefythiut, Proclus Chreftomath. ' Hejychiut. P Arijio^bam inter-
pretcs ad A'^i. J Utt^banut, Pindah ScboI.O/ymp.xiil,
Bb4 r
376 0/ the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
rEPONGPAinN EOPTH,
An Anniverfary Feftival in Honour of Mars, at Geronthr/e, where
there was a Temple dedicated to him. He had alfo a Grove in the
fame Place, into which it was unlawful for any Woman to enter, during
the time of this Solemnity ".
A Solemnity mention'd by Elian = ; and perhaps the fame with the
y^^uftvfA7rt!sai rt,' Kj ^^vxiXTnt
Ta.( g'tSAcK.
At the Olympick Games and facred Sports
Of the capacious Earth.
r r M N o n A I A I A, or r r M N o n A I A E I A,
A folemn Dance *, performed by Spartan Boys.
A A I A I S.
A Solemnity, which lafted three Days, during all which Time,
Torches, (call'd in Greek J'fAi) were burnt, which gave Occafion to the
Name ''.
Upon the firft Day they commemorated Latona^s Labour, and JpoUo's
Birth.
The fecond was in Memory of Glycori's, and the God's Nativity.
The third of the Marriage of Podaliriusy and the Mother of Alex-
ander.
A A I A A A A,
Two Feftlvals in Baotia % one of which was obferv'd by the Pla'
taans at Alalcomenos, where was the largeft Grove of any in Bfeotia ;
jn this they affembled, and expofmg to the open Air pieces of fodden
Flefli, carefully obferv'd whither the Crows, that came to prey upoji
them, direfted their Flight ; and then hew'd down all thofe Trees,
' Paufaniai Laeonlcis. ^ Hiftor. An- lib. iv. cap. xliii. "Thucyild.
Jib. ii. Pythion, lib. ix. Jt P/aWrfi', Apophthegm. '' Lucienus
Pfcudomant" Paujan. Beeotic,
upon
Chap. 20. Of the Religion 0/ Greece. 377
upon which any of them alighted, and form'd them into Statues, which
were by the ancient Greeks call'd ^ai/aA*, from the ingenious Artificer
Dadalus.
The other Solemnity was by far the greateft and moft remarkable, be-
ing celebrated not only by Plataa, but all the Cities of Baeotia, once in
fixty Years j in Memory, and, as it were, in Recompence for the Inter-
termiflion of the lefier Feftival the fame Number of Years, during which
time the Plataans had liv'd in Exile. In order to this Solemnity, there
were always prepar'd fourteen AttiJiiKei at the other Feftivals, to be di-
ftributed by Lots amongft the Plataans, Coroneans, The/pians, T^anagra-
ans, Charoneans, Orchomenians, LebadeanSy and Thebans ; becaufe they
promoted a Reconciliation with the Plataans, and were defirous to have
them recall'd from Banilhment, and contributed Offerings towards- the
Celebration of the Fellival, about the time that Thebes was reftor'd by
Cajfander the Son of Antipater. Nor did the fore-mention'd Cities only,
but other Cities of leffer Note, join in this Solemnity j the Manner of
which was thus :
A Statue being adorn'd in Woman's Apparel upon the Banks oi Afo-
phusy a Woman' in the Habit of a Bride-maid was appointed to accom-
pany it, being foUow'd by a long Train of Boeotians, who had Places
affign'd them by Lots, to the Top of Mount Citharon ; upon which an
Altar of fquare pieces of Timber, cemented together in the manner of
Stones, was ereaed. Upon this large Quantities of combuflible Matter
being laid, each of the Cities, and fuch Men as were poffefsM of plenti-
ful Eftates, ofFer'd a Bull to Jupiter, and an Ox, or Hejfer, to yuno,
with Plenty of Wine and Incenfe : The poorer fort, and fuch as were
not of Ability to purchafe more coftly Oblations, contributed fmall Sheep,
all which, together with the Aoi/aAai, being thrown into one common
Heap were fet on fire, and not extinguilh'd, till the whole Fabrick, of
which the Altar itfelf made a Part, was confum'd to Afties. The firft
Occafion of thcfe Cuftoms was this : On a time it happen'd that yuna
had a Quarrel with Jupiter, whereby the Goddefs was exafperated to
fuch a degree, that (he departed from him, and retir'd into Eubcea :
The God was very much troubled at this Defertion, and endeavour'd by
all the Arts -of Perfuafion to engage her to return j but, finding her ob-
llinate in her Refolution, went to advife with Cith>eron, who rcign'd at
that time over the Platevans, and had the greateft Reputation for Wif-
dom of any Man in that Age : The Expedient he advis'd to was this j
that Jupiter ftiould drefs a btatue in Woman's Apparel, and place it in
a Chariot, giving out that it was Plataa, the Daughter of Ajophus, and
that (he was contrafted to him in Marriage : The God approv'd his
Counfel, and put it in Praftice : And the Report had no fooner reach'd
Juno, but (he pofted with all hafte to meet the Chariot ; where having
dil'cover'd the Cheat, Ihe was wonderfully taken with the Contrivance,
and return'd into Favour with her Hufband.
An entire Treatife was compos'd by Plutarch upon this Feflival, fome
Fragments of which are ftill preferv'd in Eufebius ^, and confirm the
* Dc Prjepaf. Evaogel. lilh iiU
Subilance
^yS Of ibe Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Subftance of the Relation now given out of Pau/anias ; from whom
they differ only in this, that in them Cith7re/, being defcended from Thaulon : Thofe that
llaughter'd and cat him up, C^cu^oi, Butchers or Cooks. The Original
of the Cuftom was thus : On one of Jupiter^ Feftivals it happen'd, that
a hungry Ox eat one of the confecrated Cakes ; whereupon the Prieft
( fome call him Thaulon, others Diotnus, or Sopater) mov'd with a pious
Zeal, kill'd the profane Beaft. In thofe Days it was look'd upon as a
capital Crime to Kill an Ox ; wherefore the guilty Prieft was forced to fe-
cure himfelf by a timely Flight, and the Athenians in his ftead took the
bloody Ax, arraign'd it, and, according to Paujanias, brought it in not
guilty. But jElian is of another Opinion, and reports, that the Prieft
and People prefent at the Solemnity ( for they alfo were accufed, as being
acceffory to the Faft) were acquitted, but the Ax condemn'd, which
feems to be moft probable. In Memory of thefe Aftions, it became eve*
^ after cuftomary for the Prieft to fly, and Judgment to be given about the
Slaughter of the Ox.
AIKTTNNIA,
A Spartan Feftival ^ in Honour of Diana, flrnam'd DiSlynna, from a
City of Crete ; or from a Cretan Nymph, one of her Companions in
Hunting, who was call'd Difiynna, from her Invention of Hunting-nets,
which are in Greek call'd AiATwa.
" Nubibug. ' Phocione, * Paufaniai,j4tiidi, ./S/wai Var. Hift. lib. viii.
cap. y P-rohyriut de Abftinenr. ab Animal. H'Jycbius, Suidas. * Paujaniat La'
A I O-
382 Of the Religion of Gk^cq, Chap. 20.
AIOKAEIA,
In the Spring at Megara, in Memory of the Athenian Hero Diodes ",
who dy'd in the Defence of a certain Youth whom he lov'd. Whence
there was a Contention at his Tomb, wherein a Garland was given to
the Youth who gave the fweeteft Kifs. The Solemnity is thus defcrib'd
by Iheocr'itiis " ;
N/s^aw/ Msj/tffWf, cLftg't'JOVrK ffir/udii ^
OxSioi olxeitnt, toy ArliKiv ( wefi aXXuv
A'lu at TTifi tv{jt,Qoy a'oXXiec tUft 7rfeirc
Kxpoi ijiiS'fjt.xiiiia-i ^iXtifiArac ixfA fifsa^xi. ,
Of cTg xs w/:o(r/*a^i y^MKifcirifx )(iiXia-i X^l>.ti,
A I O M E I A,
In Honour of Jupiter Diomeus ; or of Diomus ", an Athenian Hero,
the Son of Colyttus, from whom the Inhabitants of one of the Athenian
Burroughs were nam'd Aiofieli'
AIONTSIA,
Solemnities in Honour of AtopvffQ; or Bacchus, fometimes called by
the general Name of Opytet, which Word, though fometimes apply'd to
the Myfteries of other Gods, does more peculiarly belong to thofe of
Bacchus. The Feftivals of this God are faid to hare been inftituted in
jEgyptj and afterwards taught the Grecians by one Melampus P ; and by
Plutarch '^ we are inform'd, that the Egyptian IJis was the fame with
Ceres, and Ofiris with Bacchus ; and that the Gracian Dionyjia were the
fame with the Egyptian Pamylia.
They were obferv'd at Athens with greater Splendor, and more cere-
monious Superftition, than in any other Part of Greece ; for the Years
were number'd by them , the chief Archon had a Part in the Manage-
Inent of them *, and the Priefts that officiated therein, were honour'd
with the firft Seats at publick Shews ^ But at firft they " were without
Splendor and Ornaments, being Days fet apart for publick Mirth, and
obferv'd only with thefe Ceremonies : Firft a Veflel of Wine, adorned
with a Vine-branch, was brought forth, after that follow'd a Goat, then
was carry'd a Baflcet of Figs, and, after all, the Phalli.
At fome of them it was ufual for the Worlhippers, in their Gar-
ments and Adtions, to imitate the poetical Fictions concerning Bac
F'tndar. Scbol. Pytbion. Od. xiii. Idyl. xii. verf. 27. " Etymohg.
Eufratb. //. ^j}(a a.aua'm. After thefe follow'd the
I.^ipaMo/ in Women's Apparel, with Garments llrip'd with White, and
reaching to their Ancles, Garlands on their Heads, Gloves compos'd of
Flowers on their Hands, and in their Gellures imitating drunken Men.
There were alfo certain Perfons call'd Antvtto^i, whofe Office it was to
carry the tiWvov, or myftical Fan of Bacchus ; a thing fo effential to
this, and other Solemnities and Sacrifices of this God, that few of them
could be duly celebrated without it ; whence he is fometimes call'd A/x-
v'nnt- At this Time alfo publick Shews, Plays, and Sports were frequent-
ed, and the whole City was fill'd with Revelling and Licentioufnefs.
The Feftivals of Bacchus were almoft innumerable ; the Names of
fome of the moft remarkable of them are as follow.
AiotVJ)(t. (L^'xaiU'n^. *, celebrated upon the Twelfth of Anthejierion^
at Limn/e in Attica, where was a Temple of Bacchus. The chief Per-
fons that officiated were fourteen Women, appointed by the B^^AdCV,
who was one of the Archons,'znd provided NecefTaries for the Solemni-
ty : They were call'd Tifjftfjti, i. e. Fenerable, and could not enter up-
on their Office, till they had taken an Oath in Prefence of the ^ntnKicm,
or the Wife of the 'Bstnhdii, that they were free from all manner of
Pollution.
^iov\jci(t viUTic^., are mention'd by ThucyJides^t but perhaps arc not
diftin(ft from fome of the following,
C^tovvma. pu,ye^ct ', or the Greater, fometimes call'd Agj^ei, or to kclV-
a^v, as being celebrated within the City, in the Month ElapheboHon ;
Tbucydid, lib. ii. He^cbius, Demcjiben. Orat. in Niaram, Pillux lib. viii. ' Loc,
citat. Dcmoftbfn. Orat. in Letiin,
It
384 Of the Religion of Greece.' Chap. 20.
It is fometimes by way of Eraiftence call'd A/oct/w*, witliout any diftin-
guiftiing Epithet, becaufe it was the moft celebrated of all Bacchus^ Fe-
ftivals at Athens. And it feems to be the fame with the ^/ovoffJec d^yju-
oTie?^, and the following to be the fame with Aiovvaict vico-n^-
\iovvtnci fjJKP^., or the Lefs, fometimes call'd ra xgT aj^K<, becaufe
it was obferv'd in the Country. It was a fort of Preparation to the former
and Greater Feftival, and was celebrated in Autumn : Some place it in
the Month Tofideon, others in Gamelion ; others will have it to be the
fame with Atovtitna hlwauety fo nam'd from Aiu;of, i.e. a f^'ine-pre/s ;
and agreeably to this Opinion Hefychius telleth us, it was celebrated in the
Month Lenaon.
Aiovva-iA B^cwpdviet ^, obferved at Brauron, a Borough of Attica,
where the Votaries gave themfelves over to all manner of Excefs and
Lewdnefs.
AtaviiaiA ^vK7n\ta, % Myfteries unlawful to be reveal'd, and obferv'd
by the Athenians in Honour of Bacchus NySelius, to whom alfo they
erefted a Temple.
0ioiv'eti to Bacchus, firnam'd io/f-, i. e. the God of Wine.
QjuapAjta., to Bacchus, firnam'd Sluo(tAy& and QfMTiii, becaufe hu-
man Sacrifices were offer'd to him at that Time "^ ; or from Eating raiv
Flelh, which Aftion the Priefts ufed to imitate upon this Solemnity : It
was alfo cuftomary for them to put Serpents in their Hair, and in all
their Behaviour to counterfeit Madnefs and Diftraftion.
Aiovvojo, h^y^J^vJ, was an anniverfary Day in Arcadia, where the Chil-
dren having been inftrufled in the Mufick of Philoxenus and Timotheus,
were brought yearly to the Theatre, where they celebrated the Feaft of
Bacchus with Songs, Dances, and Games ^.
Several other Feftivals were obferv'd in Honour of this God, as the
triennial Solemnity, call'd from the Time of its Celebration Aiavvant
7-e*'"*C"(4 f> which is faid to have been firft inftituted by Bacchus himfelf,
in Memory of his Expedition into India, in which he fpent three Years.
Another alfo is mention'dhy the Scholiaj} of AriJIophanes ^, and faid to
be obferv'd every fifth Year. And befide thefe we find frequent Mention
of Bacchus^s Feftivals in moft of the ancient Authors, fome of which are
defcrib'd in other Places.
AioSKorpiA,
In Honour of A/oV;tf/, or Cajior and Pollux, who were reputed to
be the Sons of Jupiter. It was obferv'd by the Cyrenaans '', but more
efpecially by the Spartans ', whofe Country was honour'd by the Birth
of thefe Heroes. The Solemnity was full of Mirth, being a Time
wherein they fhar'd plentifully of the Gifts of Bacchus, and diverted
ihemfelves with Sports, of which Wreftling-matches always made a
Part.
Ar'tftopanh Schollafi-. Acharti. > Idem in Pace. Paufamas Atticis. ^ Plu-
tarchusThtmifiocle. Po/yi/MJ lib. iv. ^ l^irgil. M.nt\^,\s . S \nPaCi, " Pinduii
Sthol, Pytbion, Od. r ' Paujanias Mejinids, Sidoniui Carm. ix.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Grttcc, 385
A I o 2 B o T 5,
A Meleftan Feftival, wherein an Ox was offer'd to Jupiter *, as thf
J7-, TetyfilwQ-, Te<>A^'tf, Te'oJ'in,
Trivia, Tergemina, Tritonia, with feveral others. The Reafon why He-
cate was plac'd in the publick Ways, rather than other Deities, was 07>
tin r JC^-Sttf^T&'c )C) ^uet(T(jut'mv Snoi, becaufe Jhe preftded over piacular
Pollutions, as we learn from the Scholiaji on Theocritus : And the above-
mention'd Sacrifices or Suppers {h'tirva.) iCTBTf^attjaf >U r^Srt^t-
WW r>) itofit, i. e. becaufe the Maid chang'd her Sex ; and ^kJ^jo'ioi, tfi
^ TcdJbt, IfMsiv T "Tri-HKov, i. e. becaufe fhe put off her Woman's Appa-
rel.
EAA*HBOAIA,
In Honour of Diana, firnam'd EAotjwf o^-, i. e. the Huntrefs, for
which Reafon a Cake made in the Form of a Deer, and upon that Ac-
count call'd \Xc/.'i@-, was ofFer'd to her'. This Feftival was inftitu-
ted upon this Occafion : The Phocenlians being reduc'd to the lall
Extremity by the Thejfaliaas, and diftlaining to fubmit to them, Da'i-
phantus propos'd that a vaft Pile of combuftible Matter fliould be
crcfled, upon which they fhould place their Wive?, Children, and their
whole Subflance ; and, in cafe they were defeated, Tet all on fire toge-
ther, that nothing might come into the Hands of their Enemies. But
* Euflatb. Iliad. /2'. Paujanias M.-Jftmdi. * Mttnjnorph, xvii.
* Aibtna'-ti AM^r^t^. lib. zlv.
C C Z it
388 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
it being judg'd by no means reafonable fo to difpofe of the Women
without their Confent, they" fummon'd them to the publick Affembly ;
where being met in a full Body, the Propofal was no fooner ofFer'd to
them, than with unanimous Confent they gave their Approbation of it,
applauding Da'iphantus, and decreeing him a Crown, in Reward of fo ge-
nerous and noble a Contrivance ; the Boys alfo are iaid to have met, and
confented to it. Things being in this Pofture, they went to meet their
Enemies, whom they engag'd with fuch Fury and Refolution, that thofe,
by whom they had jufl: before been reduc'd to extreme Defpair, were en-
tirely defeated by diem ^. In Memory of which Viftory, this Feftival
was inftituted, and obfervM with more Solemnity, and frequented by
greater Numbers of Worlhippers, than any other in that Country. Here
you may take notice of the Proverb ^coKifcv tmmvcta, i. e. Fhocenfian De-
fpair, which is apply'd to Perfons loft beyond all Hopes of Recovery,
and is faid to have taken its Original from this Story.
E A E NT I A,
A Feftival inftituted by the Laconians, in Memory of Helena *, to
whom they gave the Honour of a Temple, and Divine Worftiip. It was
celebrated by Virgins riding upon Mules, or in certain Chariots com-
posed of Heeds or Bull-ruflies, and call'd Ka^ a^^jc/.
EAEYGEPIA,
At Plateeig^f to Jupiter Eleutherius, or the Aflertor of Lilerty, hf
Delegates from almoft all the Cities of Greece. It was inftituted upon
this Account : Mardonius, the Perjlan General, being defeated in the
Territories of PAz/<'<', by the Grecians under the Condai of Pau/anias
the Spartan, the Plataans erefted an Altar, and a Statue of white Mar-
ble to Jupiter Eleutherius, by whofe Affiftance they fuppos'd the Greci-
ans had aflerted the Liberties of Greece, againft the Force of the Bar-
iarians : And a general Affembly being lummon'd from all Parts of
Greece, Arijndes the Athenian proposed, that Deputies might be fent
every fifth Year from the Cities of Greece, to celebrate '^hJbbi.ejBi, i. c.
the Games oi Liberty; which was agreed upon, and great Prizes ap-
pointed to be contended for.
The Platteans alfo kept an Anniverfaiy Solemnity, in Memory of
thofe that had valiantly loft their Lives in Defence of their Country's
Liberty, of which the Manner was thus : On the fixteenth of the
Month MamaSerion, which with the Bceotians is Alalcomenius, a Pro-
ceflion was made, beginning about Break of Day ; it was led by a
Trumpeter founding a Point of War ; then foUow'd certain Chariots
loadcn with Myrrh, Garlands, and a black Bull ; after thefe came
young Men Free-born, it not being permitted any People of fervile
Condition tohffift at any Part of this Solemnity, becaufe the Men, in
whofe Memory it was inftituted, dy'd in Defence of the Liberty of
* Pbtarchus At Virtutc Mulierum. * Heffcbiia, ^ Paujanias Boeoticis,
Wlittarcb. Arijiidt,
Greece i
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. '389
Greece ; thefe carried Libations of Wine and Milk, in large two-ear*d
Veflels and Jars of Oil and precious Ointments : Laft of all came the
chief Magiftrate, for whom though it was unlawful at other Times to
- touch any Thing of Iron, or wear Garments of any Colour but white,
yet he was then clad in a Purple Robe, and taking a Water-pot out of
the City-Chamber, proceeded with a Sword in his Hand through the
Middle of the Town to the Sepulchres : Then he drew Water out of a
neighbouring Spring, and wafli'd, and anointed the Monuments ; then
facrificcd the Bull upon a Pile of Wood, making Supplication to Ivfernat
Mercury, and Jufit'er, and invited the Souls of thole valiant Heroes that
!oft their Lives in Defence of their Country, to the Entertainment ;
then filling a Bowl with Wine, faid, / drink to thofe that loji their
Lives for the Liberty of Greece. Thefe Solemnities, Plutarch telleth
us, were obferv'd till his Days.
Another Feftival of this Name was obferv'd by the Samians, in Ho-
nour of the God of Love '.
It was alfo cuftomary for Slaves to keep a Holy-day call'd by this
Name, when they obtain'd Liberty. To which Cuftom there is an Al-
lulion in Plautus \ who introduces a Slave nam'd Toxilus, rejoicing that
his Mafter was gone from Home, and promifmg himfelf as much Plea-
sure as if he had obtain'd his Freedom ; whence he makes him to fay.
Bajilice agito Eleutheria-
EAETSI'NIA.
This Solemnity was obfcrved by the Celeans and Phlia/ians every
fourth Year ; by the Pheneatee alfo, the Lacedaemonians, Parrhafians
and Cretans j but more efpecially by the Athenians every fifth Year,
at Eleufis a Borough-Town in Attica, from whence it was tranflated
to Rome by Adrian the Emperor, and never totally abolifh'd till the
Keign of the Elder Theodojius. It was the moft celebrated and my-
fterious Solemnity of any in Greece, whence it is often call'd, by way
f Eminence, Mu^n^i^, i. e. the Myjieries, without any other Note of
Diliinftion ; and fo fuperftitioufly careful were they to conceal the
facred Rites, that if any Perfon divulg'd any Part of them, he was
thought to have call'd down fome divine Judgment upon his Head,
and it was accounted unfafe to abide in the fame Houfe with him ;
wherefore he was apprehended as a publick OiFender, and fufFered
Death. Every Thing contain'd a Myitery ; Ceres herfelf (to whom
with her Daughter Pmferpina this Solemnity was facred) was not
call'd by her own Name, but by the unufual Title of Ay .>, which
feems to be deriv'd from a.^^ft , i.e. Grief or Heavinefs, becaufe of
her Sorrow for the Lois of her Daughter, when (he was llolen by Pluto.
This Secrecy was ftriftly enjoin'd, not only in Attica, but in all other
Places of Greece where this Feftival was obferv'd, except Crete ; in-
fomuch that'if any Perfon, that was not lawTully initiated, did but
through Ignorance or MiUake chance to be prcfent at the myllerious
' Afkenaui ^tfrvivci. lib, iij. * Perf. A&. i. Seen. i.
Cc 3 , Rite?,
390 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Kites, he was put to Death. It is faid by fome to have been firft infti-
tuted by Ceres herfelf, when fhe had fupply'd the Athenians with Corn
in a Time of Famine. Others attribute both thofe Fafts to King
Mredheus: Some will have it to have been inftituted by Mufaus, the
Father of Eumoipus ; others by Eumolpus himfelf.
Perfons of both Sexes and all Ages were initiated at this Solemnity.
Nor was it a thing indifftirent whether they would be fo or not, for
the Negled of it was looked upon as a Crime of a very heinous Na-
ture ; infomuch that it was one Part of the Accufation, for which So~
crates was condemn'd to Death. All Perfons initiated were thought
to live in a State of greater Happinefs and Security than other Men,
being under the more immediate Care and Proteftion of the Goddefies :
Nor did the Benefit of it extend only to this Life, but after Death too
they enjoy'd (as was believ'd) far greater Degrees of Felicity than
others, and were honoured with the firft Places in the Elyfian Shades j
whereas others were forc'd to wallow in perpetual Dirt, Stink, and
Naftinefs.
But fmce the Benefits of Initiation were fo vaftly great, no Wonder
if they were very cautious what Perfons they admitted to it : There-
fore fuch as were convifted of Witchcraft, or any other heinous
Crime, or had committed Murder, though againft their Wills, were de-
barred from thefe Myfteries ; and though in latter Ages all Perfons, Bar-
barians excepted, were admitted to them, yet in the primitive Times
the Athenians excluded all Strangers, that is, all that were not Mem-
bel-s of their own Commonwealth. Hence when Hercules^ Cafior and
Tallux defirM to be initiated, they were firft made Citizens or Athens^
as we learn from Plutarch '. Nor were they admitted to the Myrv-f.-* ua-
yiha, or Greater Myfteries, but only to the (MXfd, or Lefs, which are
facred to Proferpina, and firft inftituted on this Account : On a Time
when the Athenians were celebrating the accuftom'd Solemnity, Hercules^
happening to go that Way, defir'd he might be initiated ; but it being
unlawful for any Stranger to enjoy that Privilege, and yet Hercules being
a Perfon, who, by reafon of his great Power, and the extraordinary Ser-
vices he had done for them, could not be deny'd j Eumolpus thought of
an Expedient, whereby to fatisfy the Hero's Requeft, without violating
the Laws j which he did, by inftituting another Solemnity, which was
call'd Uiiud i^ii s-neitf, or the LeJjTer Myfteries ; which were afterwards
folemnly obferv'd in the Month Antbefterion, at Agr^e, a Place near the
River Ilijfus ; whereas the Greater were celebrated in the Month Boedro'
mion at Eleufis, an Attick Borough, from which Ceres was call'd Eleufinia,
In latter Times the Lejfer Feftival was us'd as a Preparative to the Great-
er ; for no Perfons were initiated in the Greater, unlefs they had been
purified at the Lejfer ; the Manner of which Purification was thus : Ha-
ying kept therafelves chafte and unpolluted nine Days, they came and of-
fer'd Sacrifices and Prayers, wearing Crowns and Garlands of Flowers,
which were call'd lyvm^rf, or \'m^ j they had alfo under their Feet Aiof
)l/^J)ev, i. e. Jupiter % Skin, which was the Skin of a Viftim offer'd to that
' r ' t " 1 . 1 I I ipn ^ i>ii ^ I i n wi^ >
- "'^- God.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 391
God. The Perfon that aflifted them herein, was call'd Tj^^.vi<, from
TJiuf, i. e. Wattry which was ufed at moft Purifications : Themfelves
lyere nam'd Mt/co/, i. e. Perfons initiated.
About a Year after, having facrificed a Sow to Ceres, they were
jldmitted to the greater Myileries, the fecret Rites of which (fome
few excepted, to which none but Priefts were confcious) were frank-
ly reveal'd to them; whence they were call'd ^, OjUTtf^. The Garments in which they were initiated were ac-
counted facrcd, and of no lefs Efficacy to avert Evils than Charms
and Incantations : And .therefore were never call off, till they were
torn and tatter'd ; cor was it then ufual to throw them away, but they
made Swadling-clothes of them for their Children, or confecrated them
to Ceres and Proferfina.
The fame Perfon that attended at the Initiation was call'd heft^iv
Wf, i. e. a Repealer of Holy Things : He was a Citizen of Athens^
and held his Office during Life (tho' amongft the Ce'eans and Phli'
nfians it was neceffary for him to refign his Place every fourth Year,
which was the Time of this Feftival) he was farther obliged to devote
hijnfelf wholly to Divine Service, and to live a chufte and Angle Life X
to which End, it was ufual for him to anoint himfelf with the Juice of
Hemlock, which by its extreme Coldncfs is faid to extingailh, in a
great Meafure, the natural Heat. The Hierophantes had three AlTif-
tants, the firft of which was call'd from his Office i--. iJiv "^ ^- ^- "^orch-
^earer, and to him it was permitted to marry. The (econd was called
Kfi/f , of whofe Office I have already given an Account. The tiiird
minillred at the Altar, and was for that Reafon nam'd o i-ri Bufjeo. Hi-
tropbantes is faid to have been a Type of the great Creator of all
Things J Aqt/'J^^* of the Sun ; Kwf w^, kA Mercury ; and O \Tt\ jif ^ui/tp,
of the Moon.
C c 4 There
39^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
There were alfo certain publick Officers, whofe Bufinefs it was to
take care that all Things were perform'd according to Cuftom. Firft,
Bi7/A,r !. f, i. e. the Ki)2g, who was one of the Archons, and was oblig'd
at this Solemnity to offer Prayers and Sacrifices, to fee that no Inde-
cency or Irregularity was committed, and the Day following the Myf-
teries, to affenible the Senate to take Cognizance of all Offenders ia
that Kind, Befide the King, there were four E-rrf/sAHTci, i. e. Curators,
elefted by the People ; one of them was appointed out of the facred.
Family of the EumolAdiSy another out of Ceryces, and the remaining two
out of the other Citizens. There were alio ten Perfons that affiiled at
this, and fome other Solemnities, who were called Izp^jnutt becaufe it
was their Bufinefs to offer Sacrifices.
This Feftival was celebrated in the Month Boedromion, and continu'd
nine Days, beginning upon the fifteenth, and ending upon the twenty-
third Day of that Month j during which Time, it was unlawful to ar-
reft any Man, or prefent any Petition ; and fuch as were found guilty of
thefe Praftices were fin'd a thoufand Drachms, or (as others report)
put to Death. It was alfo unlawful for thofe that were initiated to fit
upon the Covering of a Well, or to eat Beans, Mullets, or Weazles.
If any Woman rode in a Chariot to Eleufis, fhe was by an Edil of
Jjycurgus oblig'd to pay fix thoufand Drachms, The Defign of which
Order was to prevent the richer Women from diftinguilhing themfelves
from thofe which were poor.
1. The firft Day was call'd kyj^[i.li, i. e. zxi Affemhly ; becaufe, it
jnay be, then the Worftiippers firft met together.
2. The fecond was nam'd AAy Sui-
Jas expounded /Ki-et^^uVi '\. c. mocking or jeering i and ytp-fisau are
by Hefychius interpreted txtaTr^au, i. e. Scoffers. Havingpafs'd this Bridge,
they went to Eleujis, the Way into which was call'd Mu^i/A 8j(7Bd -, i. e.
the Myftical Entrance.
7. Upon the feventh Day were Sports, in which the Vidors were
rewarded with a Meafure of Barley, that Grain being firft fown in
Eleujis.
8. The eighth was call'd E-r/c/^typffijy ^y.i^, becaufe it once happen'd
that uEfculapius, coming from Epidaurus to Athens, and defiring to be
initiated, had the Zf^r Myfteries repeated : Whence it became cuftomary
to celebrate .them a fecond Time upon this Day, and admit to Initiation
fuch Perfons as had not before enjoy'd that Privilege.
g. The ninth and laft Day of the Feftival was call'd XlKv^iayiaA, i. e.
Earthen Veffels : Becaufe it was ufual to fill two fuch Veffels with Wine,
one of which being plac'd towards the Eaft, ^d the other towards the
Weft, after the Repetition of certain myftical Words, they were both
thrown down, and the Wine, being fpilt upon the Ground, was offer'd
as a Libation.
EAENO*OPIA,
An Athenian Feftival , fo call'd from ^Kiviu, i. e. Veffels made of
Bull-rufhes, with Ears of Willow, in which certain myfterious Things
were carry'd upon this Day.
E A A n T I A,
Two Feftivals ^, one of which was celebrated in Crete, in Honour
of Eurofa, call'd Ey^uria, which was either a. Pharnician Name, or de-
riv'd irr T 6A4&^ axjrii ' vtto txi/^v, i. e. from Kuropa's Ravijhment
by 'Jupiter in the Form of a Bull. At this Time Europa'i Bones were
carry'd in Proceffion, with a Myrtle Garland call'd EAAwTif, or EMTf,
which was no lefs than twenty Cubits in Circumference.
The other Feftival was celebrated by the Corinthians with folcmn
Games and Races, wherein young Men contended, running with light-
ed Torches in their Hands. It was inftituted in Honour of Mineriut,
firnamed Em^t/s isn li 'i^ M^fct^duyt 'ihe<, i. c. from a certain Pond in
Marathon, where one of her Statues was creded : Or, ^ t i\f^v tcv
" Pbllux Onom. lib. x, cap. Ijii. tiejyctiut. f tiejycbius, Etym.hg.ci Auiior^
^btnaui ^^uviwif. Lib. xv. Pixdan ScUUaJltt Olympian, Od. xiii.
394 Q^ ^^^ Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
iTTOf rov Uttytavv, i. c. becaufe by her Aflillance Bellerophon caught Pe-
fafusj the wing'd Horfe, and brought him under Command, which fomc
take to be the firft Reafon of the Celebration of this Feftival. Others
are of Opinion, that this Name was given to the Goddefs from one
Helloiis, a Corinthian Woman j the Story runs thus : The Dorians, be-
ing affifted by the Pofterity of Hercules, made an Invafion upon Pelo-
fonnefus, where they topic and burned Corinth ; moft of the Women
took care to fecure themfelves by an early Flight, only fome kvf, amongft
whom were Hellotis and Eurytione, betook themfelves to Minerva'i
Temple, hoping that the Sanftity of the Place would be a fujficient
Proteftion for them. No fooner had this reach'd the Dorians Ears,
but they fet Fire to the Temple, and all the reft making a Shift to
efcape, Hellotis and Eurytione pcrifli*d in the Flames. Upon this enfu'd
a dreadful Plague, which prov'd very fatal to the Dorians ; and the Re-
medy prefcrib'd by the Goddefs, was to appeafc the Ghofts of the two
deceas'd Sifters ; whereupon they inftituted this Feftival in Memory of
them, and erefted a Temple to Minerva^ firnam'd, from one of themj
Jlellotis.
E A n P I A,
Games in Siciljt near the River Helorut '.
EMHAOKIA,
At Jtbm %
^ N H A I A S I 2,
Or rather (according to Meurfius''^ Conjefture) "Epvuxia^K, was 3
Feftival in Honour of Eny alius , whom fome will have to be the fam^
with Mars ; others, only one of his Minilters.
E E I T H P I A,
Oblations or Prayers to any of the Gods i/Vef rnt sf o/, for profpe-
Tous Egrefs. Thefe were offer'd by Generals before they nuent out to the
Wars, by Men who were going from Home, and fuch as we were about ta
, make their Exit out of the World by Death ^
E H A X H 2,
To Ceres namM ^"/^ha ", from a;c6-, i. e. Grief in Memory of
Iter Sorrow, when ihe had loft her Daughter Praferpina,
E n I A H M I A,
Private Feftivals, and Times of rejoicing when a Friend or Relation
had returned from a Journey ".
EniAHMIA AnOAAnNOS
A Delphian Feftival, in Memory of a Journey of Jpollo y.
5 Hefychius. ' Idem. Jdem. Suidas, Etymologici Audor.
Plutarch, de IJide & Ofiride. > ffimtritu in Preempt. Flavian. Procopiui in
If iflok ad ZacJbariaat.
E n I-
Chap. 2Q. ' Of the Religion of Greece. 30^
EniQPIKAAIA, 1
In Honour of Apollo ^.
E n I K A E I A I A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of Ceret a.
EniKPHNIA,
Another of Ceres' s Feftivals obferv'd by the Laconians K
EniNlKiA, EniNIXloS EOPTH,
A Day of Rejoicing after Viilory. Ziciv'im* ^nr, fignifics to facrifci
for a ViHory obtain'd.
Eni2KA*lA,
A Rhodian Fellival .
E n I 2 K H N A,
A Spartan Feftival *.
EniSKIPA, EniSKlPflSIS,
At Bcira in Attica^ in Honour of Ceres and Proferpina %
EPnxiAlA,
By the Tbefpians, in Honour of Efwf, i. e. C//W the God of Love *".
E P n T I A,
This Feftival feems to be the fame with the former, for if was ob-
ferv'd by the Thefpians in Honour of Cupid s ; being celebrated every
fifth Year with Sports and Games, wherein Muficians and others con-
tended. If any Quarrels had happen'd amongft the People, it wai
ufual at this Time to offer Sacrifices and Prayers to the God, that he
would put an End to them.
E P r A T I A,
A Laconian Feftival in Honour of Hercules ^ ; being (I fuppofe) in-
ftituted in Memory of the Labours, for Labour is by the Greeks call'd Efyi^,
E P K H N I A,
I would rather call it Epxj^vvia, for this Feftival belong'd to Ce-
* Hefycbiut. Idem. ' Idem. Idem. ' Idem, c StraioGeogr.
Jib. ix, Sttpban-js v. 2x)fOf. f Eujiatbiut fob finem Iliad, a. Plutarchus Eret.
^ " res.
^gS Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20,
tts ', whom we find firnara'd Hercynna in Lycopbron ^ ; which Title was
given her from Hercynna, the Daughter of trophonius, and Playfellow
of Proferpina '.
E P M A I A,
A Feftival obferv'd in Honour of Epj!/<, i. e. Mercury, by the Phenc
iita in Arcadia m, and the Cyllenians in Elis ".
Another we find obferv'd by the Tanagraans in Baotia ", where
Mercury was call'd Kp/o^of-, i. e. the Ram-bearer, and reprefented with
a Ram upon his Shoulder, becaufe he is faid in a Time of Plague to
have walk'd . about the City in that Poflure, and cur'd the Sick ; in
Memory of which Alion, it was cuftomary for one of the moft beautiful
Youths in the City to walk round the City Walls with a Lamb or Bam
upon his Shoulders.
A Feftival of the fame Name was alfo obfervM in Crete, where it
was ufual for the Servants to fit down to the Table, while their Ma-
ilers flood by and waited p ; which Cuftom was alfo pradis'd at th&
Roman Saturnalia.
Another of Mercury''s Feftivals was obferv'd by Boys in the School*
of Exercife at Jthens '^ ; at which no adult Perfons were allow'd to
be prefent, befide the Gymnajiarch : who, if convided of having admit-
ted any, underwent the fame Punilhment with thofe that corrupted
free-born Youth : The Occafion of this Law feems to have been the
foul and not to be nam'd Luft and Wantonnefs, which were praSis'd i
former Times at this Solemnity.
' E 2 T I A I A,
Solemn Sacrifices to Vejia % call'd in Greek E-; id., of which it u^s
unlawful to carry away, or communicate any Part to any befide the
Worlhippers ; whence Eri^t ^etv, i. e. to facrifice to VeJia, is proverbi-
ally apply'd to fuch as do any thing in private without Speftators ' ;
or rather to covetous Mifers, that will not part with any thing they
are once poflTefs'd of ^
ETMENIAEIA, or 2EMNftNEOPTH,
To the Furies , who were by the Athenians call'd ^lyLVaH ^ai,
1. e. Venerable Goddejfes ; by the Sicyonians and others, Ei/f^csct f\i, i. e.
Favourable or Propitious; out of an Opinion that their true Names
were unlucky Omens. This Feftival was obferv'd once every Year
with Sacrifices, wherein pregnant Ewes, Cakes made by the moft emi-
, nent of the young Men, and a Libation of Honey and Wine were of-
fer'd to the Goddefi!es, the Worlhippers being deck'd with Flowers. At
Athens none had Admifllon to thefe Solemnities but Free-bom Deni-
zens J and of them, thofe only that were of known Virtue and Inte-
grity, for fuch alone could be acceptable to thefe Deities, whofe peculiar
Office it was to revenge and punifti all Sorts of Wickednefs.
Idem. "^ CaJJandra, v. 153. ' Paufartias Baeoticis. '' lism Arcadicis.
" Idem ElL-icis. Idem Boeoticit, f Athenaui ,i;vTv=j-tp. xiv. ^ yE/
chives in Timor ckum. " Hejycbiui, * Diogenianui, * larrbaus. Pbila,
Faujjaijs Exoticis.
E T P r-
Chap. 20. . Of the Religion of Greece. 597
ETPTeiQNiON,
To Cires .
ETPTKAEIA,
A Spartan Feftival, mention'd in an old Infcriptlon.
ETPTNOMEIA,
An Amiiverfary Solemnity obferv'd by the Phigaleans in Arcadia ",
who offer'd Sacrifices both in Publick and Private, to Eurynome, who
had in this Place a Temple, which was never open'd but upon this Day.
This Eurynome was (as fome are of Opinion) the fame with Diana ;
or (according to others) one of Oceanus'^ Daughters, mention'd ia
Horner^ where fhe is laid to have aiMed in entertaining Vulcan.
E * I n n o 2,
Horfe-races in Laconia ''.
H
HAAKATAIA^
A Laconian Feftival in Honour oi" Hehcatui "f^ who was a "Roy be*
lov'd by HercuUs.
H P A I A,
A Feilival at Argos, in Honour of Juno, who was the Protoflrefi
of that City, and call'd in Greek Hfn. The fame was kept by the Co-
lonies from Argos, which inhabited the Iflands ^gina and Samos.
There were two Proceffions to the Goddefs's Temple without the City :
One by the Men in Armour : Another, in which Juno'& Prieftefs,
who was always a patron of the firft Quality, was drawn in a Chariot
by white Oxen : From her Priefthood the Argians accounted their
Years, as the Athenians did by the Government of their Archons. Be-
ing arriv'd at the Temple, they ofFer'd an Hecatomb of Oxen, whence
this Feftival is named Trj:f.v>f^.Coia. ; that Sacrifice is alfo fometimes
called Ae;^fj'*' which Name may, perhaps, be derived from ^i^'*
i. e. a Bed, becaufe it was Juno's Care to prefide over Marriages, Births,
tfr. There 'were alfo certain Games, wherein the ViAory coniiited in
pulling down a Shield, that was ftronglv fix'd upon the Theatre : The
Reward was a Crown of Myrtle, and a brazen Shield ; whence the
Game wai fometimes call'd Xa^*^ dyoit i. e. the Brazen Contention.
See KifflTBvC /'.
Another Feftival of this Name we find celebrated every fifth Year ia
///, where fix teen Matrons were appointed to weave a Garment for
the Goddels. There were Games alio, which are faid to have been
rft inltituted by tiippodamia in Honour of Juno, by whofe Afllftance
I - ' "- ' ^ ^
' Utj^ibiui. Paujaniat jircadicit. * Htijdiks, & Piavm'.ui, ' Hefychiut.
^9^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20, 1
flie was marry 'd to Pelops. The Prefidents were fixteen Matrons, every
one of which was attended by a Maid : The Contenders were Virgins,
who being diftinguifh'd into feveral Claffes, according to their Ages, j
ran Races in their Order, beginning from the youngeft. The Habit of
all was the fame ; their Hair was diflievell'd, their Right Shoulders
bare to their Breafts, and their Coats reached no lower than their
Knees. They had a fecond Race in the Olympic Stadium, which was
at that Time fhorten'd about a fixth Part. Such as obtain'd a V idory
were rewarded with Crowns of Olive, a Share of the Ox that was of-
fer'd in Sacrifice, and were permitted to dedicate their own Piftures to the
Goddefs. _ 1
This Name was alfo given to a folemn Day of Mourning at Corinth ^^
for Medea i Children, who were buried in the Temple of Juno Acreea
in that Place, and, as fome fay, flain by the Corinthians, who, to re-
move the Scandal of fo barbarous a Murder from themfelves, are faid
to have given Euripides a large Sum to invent the Fable, wherein it
is attributed to Medea, which before that Time no Man ever dreamed
of^
Another Feftival of this Name was celebrated by the Pellen^ans with
tGames, wherein the Vidlor was rewarded with a rich Garment, call'd
from the Place's Name T\ -/KAiva..
HPAKAEIA,
An Athenian Feftival, celebrated every fifth Year in Honoar of
Hercules V
The Thifiians alfo, and Thebans in Bexotia, obferv'd a folemn Fefti-
val in Honour oi Hercules, firnam'd \AnKuv, becaufe to y-ii^a, i. e. Apples,
were offer'd to him : The Original of which Cuftom was thus : It
being ufual in former Times to offer a Sheep at this Solemnity, it hap-
pen'd once that the River A/opus had fo far overflow'd its Banks, that
it could not be forded, whereby the Coming of the Viflim was hin-
dered : The Word f/JjAoi' is ambiguous in Greek, fignifying fometimes a
Sheep, fometimes an Apple ; which fome of the Boys being aware of,
for want of other Employment, performed the holy Rites in Sport,
offering inftead of the Ram an Apple, which they fupported with four
Sticks, in Imitation of Feet, placmg two more upon the Top of it, to
branch out like Horns : Hercules was mightily taken with the Jeft, and
the Cuftom was continu'd from that Time to my Author's Age, who
flouriftx'd under Commodus the Roman Emperor.
And Sicyon Hercules was honour'd with a Feftival, which lafted two
Days, the former of which was call'd Ojouei-mt, the latter H^c^Awtf.
At Lindus there was a Solemnity in Honour of Hercules, at which no-
tliing was heard but Execrations, and ill-boding Words j infomuch that
if any Perfon happen'd to let fall a lucky Speech, he was thought to
have profan'd the holy Rites j the Original of which Cuftom is account-
ed for by LaSiantius.
There was another Feftival of Hercules at Coos, wherein the Prieft
officiated with a Mitre on his Head, and in Woman's Apparel.
' Lycopbron, Scboliajl, Pollux, lib. TJii, cap. ix, ^ Idem, lib- i. cap. i.
H P O-
Chap. 20. Cf the Religion of Greece. ^95r
HPOSAKGCIA,
A PeltponnefisH Feftival, wherein the Women met together, and
gathered Flowers ', as the Name reports, being deriv'd from gttf* i. i
the Springs and iv^Qrt i- e. a F/owtr.
H P O X I A,
A Feftival mention'd. by Hejychius.
H P n I 2,<
A Feftival celebrated every ninth Year by th DtlphUm, in Ho*-
nour of fome Htroim, as may be learn'd from the Name. We are
told by Plutarch **, that there were in it a great many myfterioui
Rites, wherein was a Rcprcfentation of fomething like Se^u/t's ReAv-
redion.
HAI2TE1A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of Hair-, i. e. FuUan. At thw
Time there was a Race with Torches, called kytiv Atf/u^ra/i;^-, in the
Academy ; the Manner of which was thus : The Antagoniiis were
three young Men, one of which, being appointed by Lots to take his
Turn firft, took a lighted Torch in his Hand, and began his Courfe $
he deliver'd it to the i'econd, and he in like Manner to the third : The
Viftory was his, that carry* d the 1*rch lighted to the Race's End, who
was caird f\.afi.mJ\iiJ.i^fioia., ami ry< Qvpruifj.ij'nf ru>v
j(,f"T*^i', i. e. from the Gathering cf Fruits. Some will have it to' be
obferv'd in Honour of Ceres and Bacchus \ they being the two Deities,
who had a peculiar Care of the Fruits of the Earth. But Eufiathius
telleth us, that there was alfo a folemn Procefiion at this Time in
Honour of Neptune ; and addeth farther, that all the Gods had a Share
in the Offerings at this Feftival ; as appears alfo from Homer s own
Words, who tells us, that Dianas Anger againft Oeneus was caus'd by
his Negledl of facrificing to her at this Feftival wherein all the reft of
the Gods had been feafted by him ;
Keti jS rcTa-t xaxov ^p!/!ro9povs{ Af.rtfAit oipn
OhvJf fi^\ i>^>^oij^u$ J'aJvvtd'iKo.rofjiCsiu
Diana, much incens'd, that Oeneus had
To all the other Gods Oblations made.
And not to her his grateful Firft-fruits paid.
Sent down this Evil to revenge his Crime.
Hence comes ethvfft- a.f]Q-, fometimes call'd 0'p7/X(^ *, which
was the firft Bread made of the new Com. Some there are, that will
have bahvaia. to be a general Name for all the Feftivals, wherein they
carry 'd tkj fiMf, i. e. green Boughs.
eAPTHAlA,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour of the 5, and his Attendants the
Hours ; or, as others think, of Delian Apollo, and Diana. It was ce-
lebrated upon the fixth and feventh Days of Thargelion ; and receiv'd
its Name from 5*p>iU/tf, which is a general Word for all the Fruits of
the Earth , becaufe one of the chief Ceremonies was the carrying about
their Firft-fruits in Pots call'd .3f^iAo/, which Name was alfo apply'd
to the Eif s(r/r<, which were carry'd about the City at this Time, and
fhall be defcrib'd in the Feftival call'd UvAvi-^ict. The chief Solemnity-
was upon the latter Day, the former being wholly taken up in making
Preparations for it ; at which Time it was cuftomary to luftrate the
City, which was done by two Perfons, call'd by the general Name of
^(tofjutKfii, which is apply'd to all that purify'd Cities j or the more pe-
* Mtn^nder. Rhetor, cap. mfiJ^^yuii, { Uia
E/{ TOWCt J T0 rpOO-f CpOV S'lis'iVTSC Tltr ^Vc'lAf,
Tvfov Ti iTi/'vTtf tS ;i^s;p/, ^ /wo^av, 19 ia-X'iJ'ai, ,
ElTTStWC J9 p'aTTfVotVTfC e8oi! tv dytiuY,
TtXoc >T^p; KstrixMJoy or ^Jxoif to?? dyfion,
Kai Tcv a-'TToJ'cY ti( ^sLkatIav 'ifpxirei (i( xnfjLut,
hit *9t(Mov t!!? arbXKt'fj uif ?pi/> Tiif fcffso-iic*
Thus was in ancient Times Luftration made :
When any City groan'd beneath the Weight
Of Famine, Plague, or worfe Calamity,
Forthwith a grateful Vi&im is prepar'd,
Which at the holy Altar when they've plac'd.
They caft upon the Pile, Cheefe, Cakes and Figs ;
Then ftrikine feven times its Privities
With Sea-leeks, and Wild Figs, and other Fruits,
Rude Nature's Produft without Help of Art,
Burn it with Wood cut from unplanted Trees,
Then tow'rds the Wind the fportive Alhes caft
Upon the Sea : Thus they the dreadful Ills,
With which the City labour'd, drive away.
H. H,
Poetical Fidions tell us, that the (tap/xAMi was fo call'd from one
Pharmacus, that ftole fome of the confecrated Veffels of Apollo, and be-
ing apprehended in the Faft by Achilles'^ Soldiers, fuifer'd Death ; of
which Crime and Punifliment the Athenians had always a Reprefenta-
tion at this Feftival. The (tiaeMtxct vvas call'd K^^J\ , i. e. the Afcent.
Upon the fourteenth the Feftival began, and lafted till the feventcenth :
" Firgiliut Mitid. iv.
D d 2 t ypon
404 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Upon the fixteenth they kept a Fall, fitting upon the Ground, in token
of Humiliation ; whence the Day was call'd Niifttee, i. e. a Faji. It
was ufual at this Solemnity to pray to Ceres, Proferpina, Pluto, and Cal-
ligenia : This Calligenia fome will have to have been Ceres's Nurfe,
Others her Prieftefs, others her Waiting-maid ; and fome there are who
make her the fame with Ceres ; but thefe feem to be fufficiently refuted
' by the Teftimony of Arijlophanes, who mentions her as diftin(^ from that
Goddefs * ;
To the two LegiJIators make your Prayers,
To Ceres, and to Goddefs Proferpine j
To Pluto too, and Calligenia. , '
And this Cuftom was omitted by the Eretriant alone of all the Grecians.
There was likewife a myfterious Sacrifice, call'd Aia[na, or A7?ttA>.
^' Tbefmophor. t 5o/>jrff Dc divilioncquarftionis. * Plutarcims Tbefee,
Anjlophams iicboliafies Pluto. Fiuto, * Hejycbius,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 405
e p I n,
A Feftival in Honour of Jpollo ^. The Name feems to be deriv'd
from Apollo^ three Nurfes, who were call'd Ihria.
r I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Bacchus **, obferv'd by the Eleans, in a Place
diftant about eight Stadia from Elis, where it was confidently reported,
that the God himfelf was prefent in Perfon ; the Ground of which Sto-
ry was this : There was a certain Chapel, into which the Priefts convey'd
three empty Veflels in Prefence of the whole Affembly, which confifted
as well of Foreigners as Natives ; this done, they retir'd, and the Doorg
being ihut, themfelves, and as many others as pleas'd, feal'd them with
their own Signets : On the Morrow the Company return'd, and after
every Man had look'd upon his own Seal, and feen that it was unbroken,
the Doors being open'd, the Veflels were found full of Wine.
In Honour of Venus '.
r A A 4,
r N N A I A,
A Sacrifice fo call'd from eai'i/-, i. e. a Tuttny^ which Fifliermen of-
fer'd to Neptune after a plentiful Draught ^.
IEP02;rAM0 2,
i.e. The Sacred Marriage. It was a Feftival in Honour of yup iter
and Juno 8, being ( I fuppofe) a Commemoration of the Marriage of thofe
two Deities.
I n M A I A,
A Feftival wherein Muficians contended : It was celebrated in Honour
of Jupiter * firnam'd I^/unr.<, from Ithome, a City in TheJJaly or Me/-'
fene'^, where that God is faid to have'been nurs'd by the two Nymphs
Ithome and Ueda who gave Names, the former to a Town, the latter to
a River.
I N A X I A,
One of Lucothed's Feftivals in Crete, being deriv'd from Inachus, ac^
cording to Hefychius ; or rather from Ino, who is the fame with Leu-
Idem. < Paufaniat Eliac. 0. * Htjychiut. f Athenaut lib. vii.
K Ufjyihius, 1 htfbams Byzantimn. Paufaniat Meffcnicit,
D d 3 cotbca
4o6 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
cothea znidLX&y ^' ** ^'"'V^' being perhaps a Commemoration of /o's
Misfortunes.
I N T N I A,
A Feftival in Lemnos.
I n A,
Feftivals in Memory of Ino, one of which was celebrated every Year
with Sports and Sacrifices at Corinth, being inftituted by King Sify-
phus ^.
An Anniverfary Sacrifice was ofFer'd to Ino by the Megarians, where
ihe was firft cali'd Leucothea, being caft upon the Coaft by the Waves,
and interr'd by Clefo and Tauropolii '.
Ino had another Feftival in Laconia, where there was a Pond confecra-
ted to her : Into this it was ufual at this Solemnity to caft Cakes of
Flour, which, if they funk, were Prefages of Profperity ; but if they
ftay'd upon the Surface of the Water, were ill boding Omens '".
lOBAKXEIA,
In Honour of Bacchus firnamed lobacchus, from the Exclamations
us'd in fome of his Feftivals, where they cry'd la Becn.^, &c. See
Aiovv(net.
I O A A I A.
A Thehan Feftival, the \'ery fame with H<7/aa". It was inftituted
in Honour of Hercules, and liis Companion lolails, who aififted him a-
gainft Hydra. It lafted feveral Days, on the firft of which were ofFer'd
folemn Sacrifices : On the next Day Horfe-races, and the Exercifes of the
'mvra.^?^%- were perform'd : The following Day was fet apart for
Wreftling. The Vi6\ors were crown'd with Garlands of Myrtle, which
were us'd as Funeral Solemnities, of which fort this Feftival was one.
They were alfo fometimes rewarded with Tripods of Brafs. The Place
of thefe Exercifes was cali'd loXttnov from lolaiis. In the fame Place
ftood the Sepulchre of Amphitryon, and the Cenotaphium, or honorary
Monument of lolaiis, who was buried in Sardinia : Both thefe at this
Solemnity were beftrew'd with Garlands and Flowers ".
I 2 E I A,
A Solemnity obferv'd by feveral Cities in Honour of Ifis p, who is
faid by fome to have been the firft, that taught Men the Uie of Corn j
in Memory of which Benefit, it was cuftomary at fome Places, for the
Worfliippers at this Feftival, to carry Veftels full of Wheat and Barley.
5^ TKctx-ei in Lycophranem. ' Paufan. A'tich. " Paujan. Laconic.
Piiidari Scholiaji. Olymp, vii. Piitdari Scbollajl, In IJlhm. 8c Nemeonic.
D'iidor, Sicul. lib. i.
I2XE-
Ghap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 407
I 2 X E N I A,
Annirerfajy Sports celebrated at Olympia in Memory of I/chenus, the
Grandfon of Mercury and Hierea ; who in a time of Famine devoted
himfelf to be a Sacrifice for his Country, and was honour'd with a Mo-
nument near the Olympian Stadium '^.
K
K A B E I P I A,
Myfterious Obfervances at Thebes and Lemnos, but more efpecially at
Imbrus and Samothrace, which Iflands were confecrated to the Cabiri,
whom fome will have to be Phcenician Deities ; others the Sons of Vulcan ;
others are of a different Opinion from both ; for nothing can be certain-
ly determin'd concerning the Original, Names, or Number of them :
Such as defire farther Satisfaftion may confult Ccelius Rhodiginus, Lilius
Gyraldus, and other Mythologies. All that were initiated into thcfe My-
fteries were thought effedlually fecur'd from Storms at Sea, and all other
Dangers '. The chief Ceremony was thus : The Perfon that ofFer'd
himfelf being crown'd with Olive-branches, and girded about his Loins
with a Purple Ribband, was plac'd upon a Throne, around which the
Priefts and Perfons before initiated danced and fported : This was call'd
3'^j'J7f, or ^^via\jMi i- e. Enthronization '.
' K A A A O I A I A,
Solemn Sports celebrated by the Laconians, in Honour of Diana '.
KAAAI2TEIA.
i. e. Beautfs Rewards. It was a Lejhian Feftival, wherein the Wo-
men prefented themfelvcs in Juno's Tempi?, and the Prize was affign'd
to the Faireft '.
Another of thefe Contentions there was at the Feftival of Ceres Eleu-
finia amongft the Parrhajians, firft inftituted by Cypfelus, whofe Wife
Herodice was honour'd with the firft Prize .
Another of the fame Nature we find amongft the Eleans ^, where the
moft beautiful Man was prefented with a complete Suit of Armour, which
he confecrated to Minewa, to whofe Temple he walked in Proccfhoii,
being accompanied with his Friends, who adorn'd him with Ribbands,
and crown'd him with a Garland of Myrtl.
KAAATNTHPIA,
An Athenian Feftival.
* Jjitciui Tzetxet in Lyophronit Cajfandr. v. 42. f Diodor. Siiul. Bibi, iib. v.
FUto Euchydtmo, Hefychms. ' Homeri Scboliafl. Iliad. {, " Atbtnuut Axa -
6-:. lib. xii. * Idem. ibid. F.tym'jlog, Kyx&S>x.
D d 4 K A p.
4o8 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
K A P N E I A,
A Feftival ohferv'd in moft of the Cities of Greece ; but efpecially at
Sparta, where it was firft inftituted about the Time of the XXVIth
Olympiad, in Honour, not oi Jupiter, as fome are of Opinion, but of
Jlpollo, firnam'd Carneus, either from one Carneus a Trojan * j or from a
beautiful Youth call'd Carnus, who was the Son of "Jupiter and Europa^y
and belov'd by Apollo ' : Or from Carnus an Acarnanian, who was in-
ftrudlcd by this God in the Art of Divination, but afterwards murder'd
by the Dorians : This Faft Apollo reveng'd upon them by a dreadful
Plague ; to avert which, they inftituted this Feftival, as Paufanias re-
ports ; ofTn ^ nfjiveiOi, i. e. from the Cornell-Tree, by tranfpofmg the
jLetter f , as the fame Author intimates : For 'tis reported by fome, that
the Feftival was inftituted by the Gnecians, who had incurr'd Afiollo''s
Difpleafure by cutting down a Number of Cornel-Trees in a Grove con-
fecrated to him upon Mount Ida, which they ufed in building the Wooden-
horfe : Or, &rB , were fung by Muiicjans,
fvho <:ontfnded fpr Victory. The firft Prize was won by Terpander.
KAPYA, or KAPTATIS,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana 8, firnamed Caryathis, from Caryum
in Laconia, where this Solemnity was kept. It was ufual for Virgins to
meet at the Celebration, and join in a certain Dance, faid to be invented
by Cafior and Pollux, which they call'd jiapi^cni^av '\ In the Time of
Xerxes''^ Ipvafion, when the Laconians durft not fhew their Heads for
fear of the Enemy, left the Goddefs's Anger fliould be incurr'd by the
Intermiffion of this Solemnity, the neighbouring Swains affembled in the
accuftom'd Place, and fung Paftorals, which were call'd fijw> /y.oc/, from
$\t/.oK^ , i, e. a Neat-herd. Hence fome arc of Opinion that Bucolicis
came firft to be in Ufe.
Aloman, f> Hejyrhius. ' Tbtocriti ScholiaJ}. Demetrius. Plu-
ferck. Nida, * ,itbctaui lib. iv. Callinachi H^ nan. in Apoll, Pindar ui Pythion.
t ^tuMfif l.!t(6!si(i(, *> Luci^nut Ut^i hTri^tuf,
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 409
K1220T0M01,
A Feftival in Honour oi Hehe, the Goddefs of Toutb J.
KAAAETTHPIA, orBl2BAIA,
This Feftival is mention'd by Hefychius, and feems to have been fo-
lemniz'd at the time when Vines were prun'd ; for ;tAfitc^oTeioi', and
flisCn, fignify Pruning-books.
KNAKAAHSIA,
An Anniverfary Solemnity celebrated upon Mount Cnacaloi^ Sy the
Cafhyata, in Honour of Diana, who had from that Place the Sirnamc
oiCnacalefia ''.
KONNIaEIA,
A Solemnity upon the Day before Thefeui'i Feftival, in w^ich a Ram
was facrilic'd to Connidas, lhefeus'% Tutor '.
K O P E I A,
In Honour of Proferpina, nam'd Koj , which in the MoloJ/iau Dia-
led iigniiies a beautiful Woman.
KOPTBANTIKA,
A Feftival held at Cnojfus in Crete, in Memory of the Coryhantes, who
educated Jupiter, when he was conceal'd in that Ifland, from his Father
Saturn, who intended to devour him.
KOTTTTIA, or KOTTTTI2,
A Nofturnal Feftival in Honour of Cotys, or Cotytto, the Goddefs of
Wantonnefs " : It was obferv'd by the Athenians, Corinthians, Chians,
Ihracians, with others, and celebrated with fuch Rites as were moft
acceptable to the Goddefs, who was thought to be delighted with no-
thing fo much, as Lewdnefs and Debauchery. Her Priefts were calPd
B<*T|ai, which Name we find in Jwvenal ; it feems to have been de-
riv'd ism T >con)ie calvitci, SuidaSj Juvtnatii Satir. ii. * Plutarch,
raldus
^lo Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
raldus was of Opinion) of Pro/erpinas Raviihment, who is by fomc
thought to have been the fame with Cotytto.
K P O N I A,
An Athenian Feftival in Honour qf Saturn, who is call'd in Greek
K^ctf- p. It was celebrated in the Month Hecatombaon, which was
formerly called Cronius.
Another of Saturn s Feftivals was celebrated 'J upon the fixteenth
of Metagitnion at Rhodes ; where they oiFer'd in Sacrifice a condemned
Criminal.
KTBEPNH2IA,
A Feftival inftituted by Ihefem, in Memory of Naujitheus and PhteaXy
who were his KJu^iftlHreu, i. e. Pilots in his Voyage to Crete \
KrNO*ONTI2,
A Feftival obferv'd in Dog-days at Argos % and fo call'd >Jn 7
WvAi (fovHV, i. e. from killing Dogs ; becaufe it was ufual upon this
Day to kill all the Dogs they met with.
AAKEAAIMONIfIN EOPTAI,
Some Feftivals there were at Lacedamon, the Names whereof are for-
gotten : One of thefe is mention'd by Plutarch in his Lo've-Stories, at
which the Marry'd Women, Maidens, Children, and Servant?, feafted
all together promifcuoufly ; only the Ladies, whofe Huftjands were Ma-
giftrates, watch'd all Night in a large Room by themfelves.
Another we find in Athenaus ' at which the Women took all the
old Batchelors, and dragg'd them round an Altar, beating them all the
time with their Fifts ; to the End, that if no other Motives would in-
duce them to marry, the Shame and Ignominy they were expos'd to at
thefe Times might compel them to it.
A A M n T H P I A,
A Feftival at Pellene " in Achaia, in Honour of Bacchus, firnam'd
T^af^TTrrip, from ?\dfy.'7rHi , i. e. to Jhine ; for this Solemnity being in the
Night, the Worfhippers went to Bacchus^ Temple with lighted Torches
in their Hands. It was cuftomary at this time to place VeiTcls full of
Wine in feveral Parts of every Street of the City.
AAPI22AI-aN EORTH,
Games at Larijfa ", wherein the Combatants perform'd their Ex-
P Arijlophartii SchoUaft, Nubibus, Hefychius. 9 Porpbyrius apud Theodoretum,
lib. vii. Grac, affefl. ' Plutarchus Thefeo. * Arhemeus lib. iii. ' A;!rvs!rv?>.
lib. xiii. " Paufamas Acbakis. f A^oilonii Scholiaji, hb. iv.
ercifes
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 4ti
ercifes fingly, before the JliyTttflA^, or Combat confifting Oi^Jive Exer-
cifes, was invented.
A A P T 2 I A,
A Feftival of Bacchus, celebrated at Laryfium^ a Mountain in Laconia,
about the beginning of the Spring '.
A A * P I A,
An Anniverfary Feftival at PatrJnr rdv htniavfuv, i. e. from Spoils, which fhe
took from Wild Beafts, becaufe Ihe was the Goddefs of Hunting, and
her Statue, which was compos'd of Gold and Ivory, reprefented her in
an hunting Pofture : Or becaufe fhe defifted from her Anger, and be-
came every Year iha.0orir'if:t-, i. e. more fa'vourahle and propitiaus to
Oeneus, King of the Calydonians : Or, from one Laphrius a Fhocenfian,
by whom her Statue was erefted in Calydonia j for this Title was firft
given to Diana in Calydonia, and thence, together with her Statue,
tranllated to Patreg. The Cuftoms at this Feftival are thus defcribed by
Pau/anias : At the Approach of the Feftival, they made an Afcent to the
Altar, heaping up foft Earth in the manner of Stairs ; round the Altar
they plac'd in order Pieces of green Wood, every one of which was in
length fixteen Cubits j upon it was laid the drieft Wood they could
get. The Solemnity lafted two Days ; on the former of which there
was a folemn Proceffion followed by Diana^s Prieftefs, who was a Vir-
gin, and rode in a Chariot drawn by Bucks. Ou the Day following
they affembled to offer Sacrifices, which confifted of Birds, Bears, Bucks,
Lions, Wolves, with all forts of Animals, and Garden-Fruits, which
were caft upon the Altar, in part by private Perfons, and partly at the
publick Charge j then the Fire being kindled, it fometimes happen'd,
that the Wild Beafts, having their Fetters loofed by the Flames, leaped
off the Altar, which fell out when my Author was prefent, yet neither
then, nor at any time before, did any Perfon receive the leaft Harm
thereby ,
A E O N I A E I A,
An Anniverfary Day at Sparta ^, in Memory of Leonidas King of
that City, who with a fmall Number of Men put a Stop to the whole
Army of Xerxes at Thermopylte, and maintain'd the Paffage of thofe
Straights two whole Days together. Upon this there was an Oration
pronounc'd on that Hero, and Sports, in which none were allow'd to
contend, but Free-born Spartans.
A E O N T I K A,
Who was the Author, what the Occafion of this Feftival, is not
known : Thus much however we find of it in Porphyry y ; That all that
Paufatiiat Lactnicii. Paufan, Acbaidst * Idem Laconicit. ' De
Afitro Nyropharujn.
were
412 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
were admitted to it, walhM their Hands with Honey, which was pour'd
upon them inftead of Water, in token that they were pure from all
things hurtful and malicious.
A E P N A I A,
A Feftival at Lerna, inftituted by Philammon <= in Honour of Bac-
chus, Proferpina and Ceres. In the primitive Times the Arginies us'd to
carry Fire to this Solemnity from a Temple upon Mount Crathisy dedi-
cated to Diana, firnam'd (perhaps from TTVf, i- e. Fire) LifaviA.
A H N A I A,
A Feftival of Bacchus ^ firnam'd Leneeus, from Kwoi, i. e. Wine-frefs.
It was celebrated in the Month Lenaon with feveral Ceremonies ufed at
other Feftivals of this God ; but what more efpecially recommended it,
was the poetical Contention, wherein Poets ftrove for Viftory, and the
Tragedies afted at this Time.
A I B O A I A,
i. e. Lapldation. This Feilival was celebrated by the Trazenians in
Memory of Lamia and Auxejia, who were two Virgins, that, coming
from Crete to Traszen in a time of Tumult and Sedition, became a Sa-
crifice to the Fury of the People, by whom they were ftoned to
Death '.
A I M N A T I A I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana ', firnam'd Limnatis from Limne, a
School of Exercife at Troezen, in which fhe was worfhipp'd ; or, ac-
cording to Artemidorus, from K\y.vajiy i. e. Ponds, becaufe ihc had the
Care of Fifhermen.
A I N E I A,
A Feftival in Memory of Linus, an old Poet, who had a Statue in
Mount Helicon, to which vji^a. tr- ly^s-ov Tug rni ^^ioi rav tAnaav
ivayl^vai. Yearly Parentations ivere made before they Jacrificed to the
Mufes B.
A T K A I A,
An Arcadian Feftival refembling the Roman Lupercalia : It
was celebrated with Games, in which the Conqueror was rewarded with
a fuit of Brazen Armour. An human Sacrifice was offer'd at this Time.
It was firft cbferv'd by Lycaon, in Honour of Jupiter, firnam'd Lycaus,
either from Lycaon's ov/n Name, or the Arcadian Mountain Lycteus,
which the Arcadians pretend is the true Olympus, whence they call it
e Paufan. Corinthiac. Arcad. Infcriptio Vctus. "* Arijlopban. Seboliaji. Equi-
libut, Diogeaei Laertius Platone. * Paufan. Corinthiac. * Idem Achaic. ^ Pau-
fan. Boeotic, pag, 584. Edit, Hancv, > Plutarcb, Cafare, Paufan, Arcadic, Por-
fhyriut liifi ATnyjn iy--^X Hyg<"i Fab, clxxUi.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 411?"
ijii/ M^v^ivv, i.e. the Sacred Hill, becaufe ya/;/^r was feign'd to have
had his Education there ; in Memory of which there was an Altar,
wherein a certain myfterious Worfhip was paid to that God, and a Plot of
Ground confecrated to him, upon which it was unlawful for any Perfon
to fet his Foot.
A T K E I A,
A Feftival held at Jrgos to Jpol/o ^vkhQ-. This Name, as alfo that
other AvxAKTDv , was deriv'd from his delivering the Jrgi'ves from
Wol'ves (Ayxo/) which wafted their Country, In Memory of which Be-
nefit they dedicated a Temple to Apollo Lycaus, and call'd one of their
publick Fora, dy>e9 Au/, , the Lycean Forujn. Several other Reafona
are affign'd, why the foremention'd Names were given to Apollo : As
that he defended the Flock of Admetus King of Thejfaly from Wohes :
or that he was born in Lycia, whence he is call'd l^Mmyivh by Homer
to mention no more '.
ATKOrPTEIA,
A Feflival celebrated by the Spartans in Memory of Lyeurgus their
Law-giver '*, whom they honour'd with a Temple, and an anniverfary
Sacrice.
AT2ANAPIA,
A Samian Feftival celebrated ' with Sacrifices and Games in Honour
of Lyfander the Lacedeemonian Admiral. It was anciently call'd U^jo-t
which Name was abolifh'd by a Decree of the Samians.
M
M A I,M E K T H P I A.
Solemn Sacrifices offer' d by the Athenians in MamaSierion, which was
a Winter- month, to Jupiter MeufjuiKThi, to induce him to fend jnild
and temperate Weather, becaufe he was ufually taken for the Air or
Heavens, and therefore thought to prefjde over the Seafons. There are
various Reafons affign'd for his Sirname, for fjLoifJui.'f.'nii is by Harpocra-
tion expounded \y\iti7,u4''M ^ -mf^LKVMi, i. e. outrageous, and furious t
being deriv'd from uafjuLv'Jtf, which is, according to Suidas, Khtvii&aji^
yjLuMLj'ioSv., i- t. to trouble, or raife Commotions. But //^^f^'aj afExech
a quite different Signification to it, for, according to him, (xaif/aKiis is
the fame with mw'^-'X"^' ^' ^- f^'vourable and propitious ; and herein
Plutarch agrees with him, who tells us ", " That 'twas his Opinion,
' that by the Name of MaAt>tTf, which was given by the Athenians
" to the King of the Gods, was meant (/ha.i^/(& ." Neither of thefe Sig-
nifications are at all difagreeable to the Defign of this Feftival ; for,
iince it was to procure good Weather, it might cither be infUtuted as
' Pir.dari SchoriaJlft\n Pythion, Sophoclii \iUxf\] Scbdiajlts in\t\o EUElra. * Plu-
tarch. Lycurgo. Strata lib. viii, ' Plutanh'H Lyjandrt, Hefyihius, Libr#
a Meai;9
414 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
a Means to appeafe the Deity, who was thought to caufe Storms and
intemperate Scafons j or to entreat the fame Perfon, as being of a mild
and gentle Difpofition, and willing to grant the Requefts of his Vota-
ries.
MEFAAAPTIA,
See Qiffiorpofiel'
M E N E A A E I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Menelaus ", at Therapti/e in Laconia, where a
Temple was confecrated to him, in which he was worfhip'd together
with nelena, not as an Hero, or inferior Deity, but as one of the fu-
preme Gods.
ME202TP0*NIAI HMEPAI,
Certain Days upon which the Lejbians ofFer'd publick Sacrifices .
METATEITNIA,
A Feftival in the Month Metagitnion p, in Honour of Jpollo M7-
"jAiTviQ-, being celebrated by the Inhabitants of Melite, that left their
Habitations, and fettled among the Diomeans in Attica ; whence thefe
Names feem to have been deriv'd, for they import a Removal from' one
Neighbourhood to another.
MIATIAAEIA,
Sacrifices with Horfe-races and other Games, celebrated by the Cher'
fonefians in Memory of Miltiades, the Athenian General "i.
M I N r E I A,
A Feftival celebrated by the Orchomenians ' who were call'd Minytey
and the River, upon which the City was founded, Minya, from Minyas,
King of that Place, in Memory of whom this Solemnity feems to have
been inftituted.
MITTAHNAinN EOPTH,
A Feftival celebrated by all the Inhabitants of Mitylene, in a Place
without the City, in Honour of Apollo MaKf^oi % which Sirname we
find mention'd alfo in Hefychim.
M O r N T X I A,
An Anniverfary Solemnity at Athens % upon the fixteenth of Muny-
chion, in Honour of Diana, fimam'd Munychia, from King Munychus, the
r " Ij'ocrates in Heleia Encomio, Paujaniai Laconicis, " Hejycbius. P Plutarcbui
de Exilio. Harpccration, Suidas. 5 Herodotui lib. vi. ' Pindari Scbtliaftti
Ijikm. Od. i. * Tburydidet initio lib. iii. * Flutarcb, de Gloria AthemenJ.
iisrfocratiin, Etjmilogici Auftor. Suid, Eufiatbius u, U
Son
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 415
Son of Pentacleus ; or from a Part of the Piraeus, call'd Munychia, where
this Goddefs had a Temple, to which the Athenians allow'd the Privi-
lege of being a Sandluary to fuch as fled to it for Refuge. At this So-
lemnity they offer'd cer^in Cakes call'd 6tV9/^^1^<, which Name is de-
rived im TO d.u
obtained againft the Perjtans at Marathon '. |
s
NIKHTHPIA AG. HNAS.
An Athenian Solemnity in Memory of Miner'va's Viftory over Nep-
tune, when they contended which of them fliould have the Honour ef .
giving a Name to the City afterwards call'd Athens ^
NOTMHNIA, or NEOMHNIA,
A Feftival obferv'd at the beginning of every Lunar Month ', which
was (as the Name imports) upon the Nem Moon, in honour of all the
'Gods, but efpecially Apollo, who was call'd N^fcu/m//-, becaufe the Sun
is the firft Author of all Light, and whatever Diftinftion of Times and
Seafons may be taken from other Planets, yet they are all owing to
him, as the Original and Fountain of all thofe borrow'd Rays, which
the reft have only by Participation from him. To obfcrve this Feftival
was called wiitivA^HV, certain Cakes ofFer'd therein vaunvioi, and the
Worftxippers vai^nvtctTcti. It was obferv'd with Games and publick En-
* EhEira ver, 793. Conf. ibi IricUriius, item Demofthenes Orat. adr. Spudiam
pag. 650. Suidasv. Ni/xsm/a. Hefycbius. Heliodorus ^thiopic. initio lib. iii.
Plutarchui de Virtut. Mulierum. * Lyccphron. Caffandra. Plutarchus d
GloriA Athenienjium. f Proclui in Timaum Commeni. I. ^ Homeri Scholiajies Od.
ii. Eu/fachitts Od, u. tc ?'. Demojlhenes in Arijiogk. Theopbrajius Ethic. Charaft. Etyrw
ffgici Auftor, Hrfycbius, Herodotus, lib. viii. & Vit. Hmeri.
tertaioments.
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece, 417
tertainments, which were made by the richer Sort, to whofe Tables the
Poor flock'd in great Numbers. The Athenians at thefe Times offer'd.
folemn Prayers and Sacrifices for the Profperity of their Commonwealth
the enfuing Month, in Erechtheus's, Temple in the Citadel, which was
kept by a Dragon, to which they gave (as was ufual alfo in Trophonius'i
Cave) a Honey-cake call'd uihiviTn. Neither were the Gods only wor-
ihipp'd at this Solemnity, but alfo the Demi-Gods and Heroes : Plu-
tarch '' relates that the Greeks on their Ne'w Moons firft worfhipp'd (;j)
the Gods, afterwards ( Hpwdf )^ i^a.ifioya{) the Heroes and Damons,
Thefe Sacrifices, becaufe they were offer'd e'very Month, were call'd
ifAfxlwet hfiy., or ^{Alwia, and thofe that performed them ihiAluiioi, as
S
Z A N e I K A,
A Macedonian Feftival !, fo call'd becaufe it Was obferv'd in the MontK
Xanthus, which, as Suidas tells us, was the fame with April. At this
Time the Army was purify'd by a folemn Luftration, the Manner o
which was thus : They divided a Bitch into two Halves, one of which,
together with the Entrails, was plac'd upon the Right-hand, the other
upon the Left ; between thefe the Army march'd in this Order : After
the Arms of the Macedonian Kings, came the firft Part of the Army, con-
fifting (I fuppofe) of Horfe ; thefe were followed by the King and his
Children, after whom went the Life-guards ; then follow'd the reft of
the Army : This done, the Army was divided into two Parts, one of
which being fet in Array againft the other, then follow'd a (hort Encoua-
fer in Imitation of a Fight.
ZTNOIK'IA, or METOIKIA,
An Anniverfary Day obferv'd by the Athenians ^ to Mintrva ; upon
the fixteenth of Hecatomb i- c from
carrying Boughs hung with Grapes, which were term'd o^^/ ". The
Inflitution and Manner of it are defcrib'd at large by Plutarch in the Life
oi Thefcus. His Words run thus :" y^^y^Kj at his Return from Crete
** forgot to hang out the white Sail, which fhould have been the Token
" of their Safety to jEgeus, who, knowing nothing of their Succefs, for
*' Grief threw himfelf headlong from a Rock, and perilh'd in the Sea.
" But Thefeus, being arriv'd at the Port Phalerus, paid there the Sacrifi-
*' ces which he had vow'd to the Gods at his fetting out to Sea, and fent
" a Herald to the City to carry the News of his fafe Return. At his
*' Entrance into the City, the Herald found the People for the moft part
*' full of Grief for the Lofs of their King ; others, as may be well be-
*' lievM, as full of Joy for the Meflage that he had brought, and wholly
*' bent to make much of him, and crown him with Garlands for fo ac-
" ceptable News ; thefe indeed he accepted of, but hung them upon his
** Herald's Staff, and thus returning to the Sea-fide, before Thefeus had
*' finifh'd his Libation to the Gods, ftay'd without for fear of difturbing
" the holy Rites ; but as foon as the Sacrifice was ended, he entered and
*' related the whole Story of the King's Death ; upon the hearing of
" which, with great Lamentations, and a confus'd Tumult of Grief,
** they run with all Hafte to the City : Whence, they fay, it comes that
*' at this Feaft Ofchophoria, not the Herald, but his Staff is crown'd ;
" and that the People then prefent flill break out at the Sacrifice into
*' this Shout, sAgA<5t', J, ia, of which confus'd Sounds the iirft was
" wont to be us'd by Men in Hafte, or at Triumph ; the others are pro-
*' per to Men in any Trouble or Confternation." It is probable that
thefe are the o<^toetKd /-^s^". which are mention'd by Proclus *'.
A little after my Author proceeds thus : " The Feftival call'd Ofcho-
" phoria, which to this Day the Athenians celebrate, was then lirft infti-
" tuted by Thefeus ', for he took not with him the full Number of Vir-
" gins, which were chofen by Lots to be carried away, but felefted
** two Youths, with whom he had an intimate Familiarity, of fair and
" womanifh Faces, but of manly and courageous Spirits, and having
* by frequent Bathings, and avoiding the Heat and Scorching of the
" Sun, with a conftant Ufe of the Ointments, Wafhes and DrefTes,
*' that ferve to adorn the Head, fmooth the Skin, or improve the
" Complexion,' chang'd them, in a manner, from what they were be-
Tbeocriti Scboliaftest Idyll, viii. lUrpocration, Hefycbiut. Chrefto-
mathia.
fore ;'j
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 419
** fore ; and having taught them farther to counterfeit the very Voice,
* Gefture, and Gait of Virgins, fo that there could not be the leaft
" DiiFerence perceiv'd ; he, undifcover'd by any, put them into the
** Number of the Athenian Maids defign'd (or Crete. At his Return, he
" and thefe two Youths led up a folemn Proceffion with Boughs^ and
** Vine-branches in their Hands, in the fame Habit that is now worn at
** the Celebration of the Oyc/^o/i^or/rt .' Thefe Branches they carry'd in
" Honour of Bacchus and Ariadne, in Memory of the Fable related of
*' them ; or rather, becaufe they happen'd to return in Autumn, the
*' Time of gathering Grapes. The Women call'd AeiTrv-j^opai, i. e.
* Supper-Carriers, were taken into thefe Ceremonies, and affifted at the
** Sacrifice in Remembrance and Imitation of the Mothers of the young
** Men and Virgins, upon whom the Lot fell ; for thus bufily did they
** run about, bringing Banquets and Refrefhments to their Childten ;
** And becaufe the good Women then told their Sons and Daughters a
*' great many fine Tales and Stories, to comfort and encourage them un-
" Her the Danger they were going upon, it has therefore ftill continu'd
" a Cuftom, that at this Feflival old Tales and Fables (hould be the chief
*' Difcourfe. For all thefe Particularities we are beholden to the Hifto-
" ry of Demony Befides the Rites already defcribed out of Plutarch,
there was always a Race at this Feftival " ; the Contenders were young
Men elefted out of every Tribe, whofe Parents were both living ; they
ran from Bacchus'^ Temple to that of Minernja Sciras in the Pha/eriaa
Haven ; the Place where the Race ended was called Qa^ioeiov, from
the 0^1, Boughs, which the Runners carried in their Hands, and depo-
fited there. 7"he Conqueror's Reward was a Cup call'd ll''/ and fo called from the
great Concourfe oi People that us'd to meet at the Solemnity ".
n A N A I A,
An Athenian Feftival " fo called from Pandion, by whom It was firft
inftituted ; or becaufe it was celebrated in Honour o^Jupiter^ who does
ivL mv-Tzt , 0. Euflathius Iliad. (, . ^ tirr'diiut, Jib. i. Strait,
Ilk. V, Euftathiut Iliad. C, Iliad, xx. * Hercdttus, lib. vi. cap. cvi.
E c 4. Pan-
424 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
Pan had likewife a Feftival in Arcadia c, the Country he was be-
liev'd moft to frequent and delight in, at which they uled to beat his
Statue with StiMoy, i. e. Sea-onions : The fame was done when they
ftiifs'd of their Prey in Hunting, in Anger (as ihould feem) at the God,
whom they reputed to be Prefident of that Sport j to which Cuflom
Theocritus feems to allude in thefe Verfes,
Kai h T3.VT' ifJ'oi;, u riav /c(, being deriv'd from ^aXAof, of which fee
more in C^iovvna..
niTANATnN EOPTH,
Gymnical Exercifes at Pitana k.
JIATNTHPIA,
A Feftival in Honour of Jolaurus, King Cecrops'i Daughter; or ra-
ther of Minerva, who had, from that Lady, the Name of Aglaurut ',
At this Time they undrefs'd Minerva % Statue, and wafh'd it, whence
the Solemnity was call'd TAi/fTitei*, from itKvv^v, which fignifies to
iva/h. It was accounted an unfortunate or inaufpicious Day, and
* Lib. xiv. Hejycbiut. * Idem. * Hejycbius, Ptutarclus jiUiiiade,
Atbtraut, iibi iii. FtlluK, Jib, viii. cap. xii.
tliere-
426 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 20.
therefore the Temples (as upon all fuch Days) were furrounded with
Ropes, fo that no Man could have Admiflion : The Reafon of which
Cuftom, with a farther Account of this Solemnity, we have in Plutarch^
Alcibiades ; " The Feftival (faith he) of the Goddefs Minerva, call'd
" YlKwrhtt-tt, was celebrated on the tvventy-iixth of Thargelion, with
*' certain myfterious Obfervances unlawful to be reveal'd, which were
*' performed by Perfons call'd flifjt^/if'Vic/ic/, who divefted the Goddefs's
** Image of all its Ornaments, and kept it clofe cover'd : Whence it is,
** that the Athenians efteem this Day mofl inaufpicious, and never go
*' about any thing of Importance upon it : And therefore, it falling
*' out that Alcibiades'^ Return from Exile happening upon this Day, ma-
" ny were much concern'd at it, looking upon the Time of his Arrival
* to be a dangerous Omen, and imagining that the Goddefs did not
** gracioufly receive him, but, in Token of Difpleafure, hid her Face
** from him : But, for all this. Things went on profperoufly and fuc-
** ceeded according to his Wifh." Farther, it was cuftomary at this Fef-
tival, to bear in ProcelTion a duller of Figs, which was call'd H>Te-
(ia or H-yiiTf /<*, from M^o,aa/, which fignifies to lead the Way, becaufe
rigs were ny.uova 7 yj.^ap'i /S{, i. e. Leaders to Humanity, and a civil
Courfe of Life : For when Men left off their ancient and barbarous Diet
of Acorns, the next Thing they us'd for Food was Figs.
n o A I E I A,
A Solemnity at 1-hehes " in Honour of Apollo, firnam'd no\/o<, i. e.
Gray, becaufe he was reprefented in this City (contrary to the Prac-
tice of all other Places) with grey Hairs. The Viftim was a Bull,
but it once happening that no Bulls could be procur'd, an Ox was taken
from the Cart and facrificed ; whence the Cuftom of killing labouring
Oxen, which till that Time was looked on as a capital Crime, iirft
commenc'd.
nOMHEnN AAIMONO2 EOPTH,
A Feftival mention'd by Heffchius. There was an Image at this So-*
lemnity, call'd by a peculiar Name 2,Ti[xf/.a7i i J r
wh
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 427
who was hence firaam'd Upnef<^iet.. They were call'd by the common
People n^etySjiiejuty from aV/ij, which fometimes fignifies the fame
with ff IT-, i.e. Bread Corn; whence comes Aju7sp- aV^h, i.e.
Ceres's Corn in Homer p. The firft Inftitution of thefe Sacrifices was by
the Command of one jiuthias a Prophet, who gave out that this was
the only Method to appeafe the incens'd Goddefs, who had at that
Time afflifted not Athens only, where this Solemnity was obferv'd, but
all the other Parts of Greece, with a grievous Famine.
npoAoriA,
A Feflival celebrated by the Inhabitants of Laconia, hefore they ga- '
therd their Fruits ''.
nPOMAXIA,
A Feftival, in which the Lacedaemonians crown 'd themfelves with
Reeds '.
nPOMEeEiA,
An Athenian Solemnity celebrated in Honour of Prometheus , with
Torch-races, in Remembrance that it was the firft that taught Men the
Ufe of Fire.
nP02XAIPHTHPlA,
A Day of Rejoicing, when a new married Wife went to cohabit ivith
her Hufband ^
HPOTEAEIA,
A Solemnity before Marriage, of which afterwards.
npoTPrrEiA,
A Feftival in Honour of Neptune and of Bacchus ", firnam'd ITg;-
TfVynf, or n^TfuyalQ-, iai t Tft>>of, i. e. /rom neiu Wine.
nPO*0A2lA,
A Feftival fo call'd attI 7v t^pp^m/hv, from pre'venting, or coming be-
fore. It was obferv'd by the C/azomenians, in RenremDrance that they
made themfelves Mafters of Leuca, by coming to the Celebration of a
Sacrifice before the Cumaans '.
npOXAPI2THPIA,
A folemn Sacrifice which the Athenian Magiftrates yearly offer 'd to
Minerva, when the Spring began firft to appear T.
' Vide Annotationes noftras in Fluiarcbum Dc Audiendis Poetis. 9 Hefyciius,
f Athenaui, lib, XV. ' Anfiopbanit Scbtliufi. Ranis- * Harfxxration, Suid,
* iitrfcbius, . * Diodttt Stent, lb, xv, ' Suidat,
n p ft-
448 Of the Religion of Gtqccc. Chap. 20'.
npaXESIAAElA,
A Feftival celebrated by the Cherfonejians and Theffaliam '^y in Me.
jnory of Protejilaus, who was the firft Grecian flain by Heffor.
n T A N E Y I A,
An Athenian a Feftival,' fometimes call'd vnixvo^-iet, or mtvo4-it>
977 ttoVths elJ^oi' ;j^pTf T*^a4, i- e. becaufe Thefeus and his Companions
were entertain'd with // Manner of Fruits ; the former and more ufual
Name is deriv'd aVo t ^1.HC yrvAva, i. e. from boiling 'Pulfe, as was
ufual upon that Day ; the Reafon of which Cuftom, with a farther Ac-
count of this Solemnity, I will give you in the Words of Plutarch :
*' Thefeus, after the Funeral of his Father, pay'd his Vows to Jpollo up-
'* on the feventh of Pyanepfton ; for, on that Day, the Youths that re-
*' turn'd with him fafe from Crete, made their Entry into the City.
** They fay alfo, that the Cuftom of boiling Pulfe was deriv'd from
** hence, becaufe the young Men that efcap'd, put all that was left of
** their Provifion together, and boiling it in one common Pot, feafted
** themfelves with it, and with great Rejoicing did eat all together.
** Hence alfo they carry about an Olive-tranch bound about with Wool
" (fuch as they then made ufe of in their Supplications) which was
*' call'd E'tfijjcovtt, (from ^f-, i. e. ff^oo/) and crown'd with all Sorts'
** of Firft-fruits, to fignify that Scarcity and Barrennefs were ceas'd;
" finging in their Proceffion this Song :
Kai W/'Xix.' giI'^*|>5V, ui a,v f/.i^unvtt xaSsi/Zi'C*
Eirefione, Figs produce.
And wholfome Bread, and chearful Oil,
And Honey, labouring Bees fweet Toil,
But above all Wine's noble Juice ;
Then Cares thou in the Cup Ihalt fteep.
And full of Joy receive foft Sleep. Mr. Dukt.
^' Tho' fome are of Opinion, that this Cuftom is retain'd in Memory
" of the Heraclida, who were thus entertain'd, and brought up by the
** Athenians: But the former Account is more generally receiv'd." It
may be added farther, that the Eig^jwyr, when it was carried about in
Honour of Jpollo, was of Laurel ; when of Minerva, of Olive ; becaufe
'thofe Trees were believ'd to be moft acceptable to thefe Deities : When
the Solemnity was ended, it was cuftomary for them to ered it before
their Houfe-doors, thinking it an Amulet, whereby Scarcity and Want
were prevented.
Pindari SchoUaJln Jiihm, Od. i, Lucianus, Deor. Concil. * i:a<*>ocra:k!',
Iflutarchm Ibefea, Hefycbiut,
n r.
Chap.. 20. Of the Religion of Greece. 429
n T A A I A,
A Feftival at Pyl^ ', otherwife call'd ^hermopyla, in Honour of Cgres^
.fimam'd from that Place PyUa.
nrPsnN eopth,
i. c. The Fefti'val of Torches : It was obferv'd at Argos, and inllltuted
in Memory of the Torches lighted by Lynceus and Hypermnejlra, to fig-
tiify to each other, that they had both efcap'd out of Danger '^.
p
PABAOT, ANAAH*I2,
i. e. The Reception or Elevation of the Rod. It was an anniver-
fary Day in the Ifland of Ccj, at which the Priefts carry'd a Cyprefs-
tree e.
PA*^nAinN EOPTH,
A Part of the ^uvvma, or Feftival of Bacchus, at which they re-
peated Scraps of Songs or Poems, as they walk'd by the God's Statue ',
i A B A Z I A,
No are of Opi-
nion, that this Solemnity was in Honour of Bacchus fimam'd Sabaxius,
from the Sab-e, who were a People of Thrace ; and 'tis probable this
Feftival was not firil inftituted by the Grecians, but deriv'd to them from
the Barbarians (fuch were the Thracians reputed) amongft whom, Sui-
Jas tells us, cuCoj^m was the fame with i^et^^v, i. e. to fhout, nJot, a*.
was ufual in the Feftival of Bacchus : Add to this, that Baccbus\ Priefts^
were by the Thracians call'd "ZuCoi.
2 A P n N I A,
A Feftival in Honour of Diana ' firnam'd Saronia., from Sara, the
third K'mgofTrazen, by whom a Temple was ercfted, and this Feftival
inftituted to her. *
Strabo, lib. ix, ' * Paufanias Corintliadt. t Hippocratit Epiftola ad S, P. Q^
Atderitan. * j^tbtnaut init. lib. vH. * CUmmi Protrept. Amobius, lib. v.
* Diotiorut Siiulus, lib. iv. Arijlipbanit SMiapif J^efpis U
See 8aXi^V/<.
2 r N O I K I A,
See Sivoiaiet.
2rPAKOT2inN EOPTAI,
Syracufian Feftivals, one of which Plata " mentions ; it continuM
ten Days, during which Time the Women were employ'd in offering
Sacrifices.
Another we read of in Tully '', which was celebrated every Year by
vaft Numbers of Men and Women, at the Lake near Syracuft^ through
which Plut9 was faid to have defccnded with Proferpina.
2 T P M A I A,
Games Tit Sparta^, the Prize of which was si.
TATPOnOAEtA,
In Honour of Diana Tetvpo'TroKQ- % , of which Sirname there are
various Accounts ; the moft probable is that which derives it from Scy^^
tbia Taurica, where this Goddefs was worlhipped.
TATPOXOAIA,
At Cyzicus ^.
TE22APAKONTON,
The Fortieth Day after Child-birth, upon which the Women went to
the Temples, and paid fome grateful Acknowledgments for their fafe
Delivery ; of which Cuftom I fhall give a farther Account in one of the
following Books.
TIGHNIAIA,
A Spartan Feflival e, in which the Ti^nveu, or Nur/es, convey'd
the Male-Infants committed to their Charge to the Temple of Diana
Corythallia, which was at fome Diftance from the City, being fcated
not far from that Part of the River Tiajfa, which was near Cleta ; here
they ofFer'd young Pigs in Sacrifice, during the Time of which fome of
Plutarchus Aroto, Palybius lib. ii. Cicero de Offie. lib. iii. * Idem. '' Lib. x.
* Idea*, Atbenam lib, vr. U&fytbtuh
tbca
Chap. 20. Of the Religion of Grttce, 4^3
them danc'd, and were call'd Kopy5aM.is-eia< ; others exposed themfelvea
in antick and ridiculous Poftures, and were nam'd Y^vexiioi. They had
likewife a publick Entertainment at this, and fome other Times, which
was caird kstk, and to partake of it Komif^^v : The Manner of it was
thus : Tents being eredled near the Temple, and Beds furiiifh'd therein,
and cover'd with Tapeftry, all the Guefls, as well Foreigners as Natives
of Laconia, were invited to Supper, where every Man had his Portion al-
lotted, which was diltributed to him together with a fmall Loaf of Bread
call'd (iiU(fiyju}^& ; farther alfo, each of them receiv'd a Piece of new
Cheefe, Part of the Belly and Tripes, and (inftead of Sweet-meats) Figs,
Beans, and green Vetches.
T I T A N I A,
In Memory of the Titanes 5.
TAHnOAEMElA,
Games celebrated ^ at Rhodes, in Memory of Tlepolemm, upon th
twenty-fourth Day of the Month Gorpiaus, wherein not Men only, but
Boys were permitted to contend, and the Viftors were crown'd with
Poplar,
T O N E I A,
The Inftitution and Manner of this Solemnity are defcrib'd in Atht-
n/eus , who tells us it was kept at Samoi : The chief Ceremony confifted
in carrying Juno'^ Image to the Sea-lhore, and offering Cakes to it, and
then reftoring it to its forriler Place j which was done in Memory of its
being ftolen by the Tyrrhenians, and (when their Ships were ftay'd in the
Haven by an invifible Force, which hinder'd them from making away )
expos'd upon the Shore. The Name of this Feftival is deriv'd ami t
fft/vrivui ti^ei/Kt^i^^lJjcu to /SffcTflf, i- e. from the Image's being /ajl
hound by thofe that firfl: found it, becaufe they imagin'd it was going tQ
leave them.
TOHAPIAIA,
At Athens ^, in Memory oF 7oxaris, a Scythian Hero, who died thtre,
and went under the Name of :;!>- ict'^ii, i. e. the foreign Phyjician.
TPTKAAPIA,
. An Anniverfary Feftival ' celebrated by the loniant that inhabited
Aroe, Authea, and Mefatis, in Honour of Diana Trie/aria, to appeafe
whole Anger for the Adultery committed in her Temple by Menalippus
and Comeetho the Prieftefs, they were commanded by the Delphian Oracle
to facrifice a Boy and a Virgin, which inhuman Cuilom continu'd till af-
ter the Tiojan War.
Mofchofulut Coilea. Dit. Attica. ^ Pindari ScMiaJiti Olymp. Od. vii.
Lib, XV, * Lucianui Scytta. . ' Paufaniat Achat cii.
F f T P I-
434 Of the Religion of Greece. Chap* 2e^,
T p I o n I A,
Solemn Games dedicated to Jpol/o Trhpim. The Prizes were Tripods
f Brafs, which the Viftors were oblig'd to confecrate to Jpollo ".
TPITonATOPEIA,
A Solemnity, in which it was ufual to pray for Children to the loi
'f/ji%kioi, or Gods of Generation, who were fometimes call'd TeiTimtTc^fi
Of thefe I Ihall have occafion to fpeak afterwards.
TPinONHTAI,
A Feftival mention'd by Hefychiui.
T p o * n N I A,
Solemn Games celebrated every Year at Lthadeat in Honoa? of ff a-
pbonittj p.
T Y n A J,
Mentioned in Hejjchiu:.
T T p B H,
Celebrated by the Achaans, in Honour of Bacchus '.
T
TAKIN0IA,
An Anniverfary Solemnity " at Amycla in Laeonia, in the Montfr
Hecatombteonf in Memory of the beautiful Youth Hyacinthus, with
Games in Honour of -^/lo//!;. It is thus defcrib'd by Atheneeus* : " Po-
" ly crates reports in his Laconicks, That the Laconians celebrate a Fe-
" Itival caird Hyacinthia, three Days together ; during which time
** their Grief for the Death of Hyacinthus is fo exceiTive, that they nei-
" ther adorn themfelves with Crowns ai their Entertainments, nor eat
** Bread, but Sweet-meats only, and fuch like things ; nor fing Peeant
** in Honour of the God, nor praftife any of the Cuftoms that are
* ufual at other Sacrifices ; but having fupp'd with Gravity, and an
* orderly Compofednefs, depart. Upon the fecond Day there is Vari-
** ety of Spe^cles, frequented by a vaft Concourfe of People ; th*
** Boys, having their Coats girt about them, play fometimes upon the
*' Harp, fometimes upon the Flute, fometimes ftrike at once upon all
* their Strings, and fmg Hymns in Honour of the God [Apollo) in A-
" Herodotus lib, i, cap. xlir. Etymologic! Auftor. ' Pindari Schaliaft,
Olymp. Od. vii. < Faufauias Corintbiacis* * Idem Latcrucis, Hefyclius.
Lib. iv.
" nap, being a Preparative to the Aiovvn^ ^.
^EPE^ATTIA,
A Feftival at Cyzicum, wherein a black Heifer was facrific'd to Piif
replMitta, or Proferpina ''.
O P I A,
In Honour of Phofphorm or Lucifer '.
X
X A A K E I A,
So call'd from XaA;oj<, i- - Bra/s, becaufe it was celebrated in Me-
mory of the firft Invention of working that Metal, which is owing to
Athens '. It was call'd ndv^fXbV, becaufe 6 rr< m Atben'ittij.
H<^(hiut, Idem. ? Athoaui, lib. viii.
F f 3 HaO',
43^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chjip. 20.
It's fald to have been compos'd by Cleohulus tlK Lindian, as an Artif.ce
to get Money in a Time of publick Calamity. In like manner, to fing
the Song wherein a Raven, in Greek K.o^'Cj'it, was iflvok'';
X A O E I A,
A Feftival celebrated at Athens Upon the fixth of Thargelion p with
" Co-intliacis. " Callimachi S(holiaJi. Hymn, in Dian. Atbtnaus, lib. xiv,
^u^iiaH. Byaantit, y, Xnuiw. t Hejyckius Et'fiutb, II, i, PauJan.Atticis. ,
Sports
Chap. 40. Df the Religion of Greece. 439
Sports and Mirth, facrificing a Ram to Ceresy worftiipp'd in a Tempk
tn or near the Acropolis of Athens, under the Title of Xhh, which
Name, tho' Paufanias thought to bear a hidden and myftical Senfe, un-
derftood by none but the Priefts themfelves, yet perhaps it may be de-
rived from Xaojj, i. e. Grafs, becaufe Ceres was Goddefs of the Earth,
*nd all the Fruits thereof ; and is the fame with the Epithet of Ei-
^Ao-, or fertile, which is apply ""d to her by Sephocltj "J.
Vhcre this Conjcfture feems to be approv'd by the SchoJiaft, who tells
OS, that Ceres, fimam'd ^uyKo-, was worfhipp'd in a Temple near th
Acropolis, which can be no other than that already mention'd. Add to
this, that Gjraldus is of Opinion that Ceres is call'd Xhon amongft the
Oreeks, for the fame Reafon that amongft the Latins Ihe is nam'd Flava,
the Caufe of which Tide is too well known to be accounted for in this
Place.
See A^H^ntJLA.
In Honour of Bacchus *.
See Ai'Sv,
ASxx 3 KOTnoSf f/S.}^a., rlx/va, Tfirvt,
Such as obtain'd Viftories in any of thefe Games, efpecially the 0/m-
pick ", were univerfally honour'd, nay, almoft ador'd : At their Re-
turn home they rode in a triumphal Chariot into the City, the Walls
being broken down to give them Entrance j which was done (as Plu-
tarch is of Opinion) to fignify, that Walls are of fmall Ufe to a City
that is inhabited by Men of Courage and Ability to defend it. At
Sparta they had an honourable Poll in the Army, being plac'd near
the King's Perfon. At fome Places they had Prefents made to them
by their native City, were honour'd with iirft Places at all Shews and
Games, and ever after maintain'd at the publick Charge y. Cicero
reports, that a Viftory in the Olympick Games was not much lefs
honourable than a Triumph at Rome. Happy was that Man thought,
that could but obtain a fingle Viftory : If any Perfon merited repeated
Rewards, he was thought to have attain'd to the utmoft Felicity that
human Nature is capable of: But if he came off Conqueror in all the
Exercifes, he was elevated above the Condition of Men, and his Afti-
ons ftyled nvonderful Viiories a. Nor did their Honours terminate in
themfelves, but were extended to all about them ; the City that gave
them Birth and Education was efteem'd more honourable and au-
Athenteus, Ijb. xiT. * Pluttjrcb. SynopC. Jib. ii. Quaeft. vi. fitru-viusP.rxfit.
in Architeft. lib. ix. * Xenofbon Coh^bonius in Epigram. ** Oiat. ^xo Flaao,
. * PLtarcbus Luculk,
gull;
Chap. 21. Of the Religion of Grctce. 441
guft ; happy were their Relations, and thrice happy their Parents. It is
a remarkable Story, which Plutarch > relates of a Spartan, who meet-
ing Diagoras, that had himfelf been crown'd in the Olympian Games, and
feen his Sons and Grand-children Viftors, embrac'd him and faid, Die,
Diagoras, for thou canjl not he a God. By the Laws of Solon a hundred
Drachms were allow'd from the publick Treafury to every Athenian,
who obtain'd a Prize in the Jfihmian Games ; and five-hundred Drachms
to fuch as were Viftors in the Olympian '^. Afterwards the latter of thefe
had their Maintenance in the Prytaneum, or publick Hall of Athens.
At the fame Place it was forbidden by the Laws to give Slaves or Har-
lots their Names from any of thefe Games, which was accounted a Dif-
honour to the Solemnities, as hath been elfewhere obferv'd ^. Hence
there is a Difpute in Athenaus % how it came to pafs, that Nemea the
Minftrel was fo call'd from the Nemean Games.
There were certain Perfons appointed to take care that all things
were perform'd according to Cuftom, to decide Controverlies that hap-
pcn'd amongft the Antagonifts, and adjudge the Prizes to thofe that
merited them : Thefe were call'd a\7vyi.vvriuoi, for MiKoi was the old Term for Stadium. Sometimes they
ran in Armour, and were term'd hTrxirtSfQ/Mt.
Ah.ua, or the Exercife of Leaping, they fometimes perform'd witli
Weights upon their Heads or Shoulders, fometimes carrying them ia
their Hands ; thefe were call'd AhTn^a, which, tho' now and then of
different Figures, yet, as Paufanias reports, were ufually of an oval
Form, and made with Holes, or elfe cover'd with Thongs, thro' which
the Contenders put their Fingers. A^Te^y were alfo fometimes ufed in
throwing. The Place from which they leap'd was call'd SetTwp ^ ; that
Co which they leap'd, t<* i7i(^(ji/xsva., becaufe it was mark'd by digging
p the Earth ; whence TnS'iv Jts? nji idKetuyLivci is apply'd to Perfons
that over-leap, or exceed their Bounds. The Mark on the Exercift of
throwing Quoits was alfo, fometimes, for the fame Reafon term'd
P(v{,i<, or the Exercife of Throwing or Darting, was perform'd fe-
veral Ways j fometimes with a Javelin, Rod, or other Inilrument of a
large Size, which they threw out of their naked Hands, or by the Help
of a Thong tied about the Middle of it ; the doing of it was term'd
S Odyff, 3' ver. 147. * Ptllux.
Chap. 2 1. Of the Religion of Greece. 443
a-fMTKTfJM ; fometimes with an Arrow, or little Javelin, which was ei-
ther {hot out of a Bow, or call out of a Sling ; and the Art of doing this
was caird 7c|/x,ji.
Aiax.-, was a Quoit of Stone, Brafs, or Iron, which they threw
by the Help of a Thong put through a Hole in the Middle of it ', but
in a manner quite different from that of throwing Darts ; for there
the Hands were lifted up, and extended, whereas the Dijcus was hurl'd
in the manner of a Bowl. It was of different Figures and Sizes, being
fometimes fourfquare, but ufually broad and like a Lentil, whence that
Herb is, by Diofcorides, call'd cTi^-Jt-. The fame Exercife was fome-
times perform'd with an Inflrument call'd "ZiK^ , which fome will
have to be diftinguifti'd from /ia-^-, becaufe that was of Iron, this of
.Stone : But otlxers with more Reafon report, that the Difference con-
fiftcd in this, 'vix.. That ff'o\@- was of a fpherical Figure, whereas /ij--
X- was broad.
UvyfjuKvi, or the Exercife of Boxing, was fometimes perform'd by
Combatants having in their Hands Balls of Stone or Lead, call'd
o^lqtu, and then it was term'd ^jzat^iut'/jLe.. At firft their Hands and
Arms were naked and unguarded, but afterwards furrounded with Thongs
of Leather call'd Cejlu$, which at the firft were fhort, reaching no higher
than the Wrifts, but were afterwards enlarg'd, and carry'd up to the
Elbow, and fometimes as high as the Shoulder ; and, in time they
came to be us'd not only as defenfive Arms, but to annoy the Enemy,
being fill'd with Plummets of Lead and Iron to add Force to the Blows.
The Cejlus was very ancient, being invented by Amycus King of the
Babylonians, who was contemporary with the Argonauts, as we are in-
{orm' 6. hy Clemens of Alexandria^. Thofe, that prepar'd themfelvet
for this Exercife, us'd all the Means they could contrive to render thcm-
fclves fat and fleihy, that fo they might be better able to endure Blows,,
whence corpulent Men or Women were ufually call'd pugiles, according
to Terence ' :
Siqua ejl habitior paullo, pugilem effe aiunt.
n*A, or the Exercife of WrefUing, was fometimes call'd KaraCMnKi,
becaufe the Combatants endeavour'd to thronv each other doivn, to do
which they call'd pH^ou. At firft they contended onlv with Strength of
Body, but Thefeus invented the Art of Wreftling, whereby Men were
enabled to throw down thofe, who were far fuperior to them ia
Strength . In later Ages they never encountered till all their
Joints and Members had been foundly rubb'd, fomented and fuppled
with Oil, whereby all Strains were prevented. The Viftory was ad-
judg'd to him that gave his Antagonift three Falls ; whence ve/Ajoi
and ATtTf/i^rQ^u fignify to conquer j Tftx'/^^rtveu, or diroi^tety^^ri'.aj, tQ
be conquered,' and by arpiaySl ei-m. in Aifchylus is meant an infiipe-
rable Evil ; others make the proper Signification of thefe Words to be-
long only to Vidlors, in all the Exercifcs of the fliJ'Ttt^A- " ; how-
ever, the fore-mentioned Cuftom ii fufficiently attefted by the Epir
' Eufiathiui Odyff. 4'. * Strom, i. pag. 307. ' E>/, and governing the relt by
Reins, whence they are ufually term'd an^a^^at, cet^^Mi, <^^7ei^ot,
^^o^i, doifiYifi'i , &c. Sometimes we find Mules us'd inftead of
Horfes, and the Chariots drawn by them call'd ct-TrnvM. The principal
Part of the Charioteer's Art and Skill confifted in avoiding the vviJ^aut
or Goals, in which if he fail'd the over-turning of his Chariot, which
was a neceflary Confequence of it, bronght him into great Danger, as
well as Difgrace.
Befide the Exercifes already defcribcd there were others of a quite
different Nature : Such were thofe wherein Muiicians, Poets, and
other Artifts contended for Viftory. Thus in the XCIfl Olympiad, Eu-
ripides and Xenocles contended, who ftiould be accounted the bell Tra-
gedian '^. Another time Cleomenes recommended himfelf by repeating
lome Colleftions of Emtedocles^ Verfes, which he had compil'd '.
Another time Gorgias of Leontium, who was the firft that invented the
Art of difcourfmg on any Subjeft without Premeditation, as we learn
from PhiloJ}ratus, made a publick Offer to all the Greeks, who were
prefent at the Solemnity, to difcourfe Extempore upon whatever Argu-
ment any of them fhould propound. Laltly, to mention only one Ex-
ample more, Herodotus is faid to have gained very great Applaufe, and to
havefir'd young Thucydides with an early Emulation of him, hy repeating
his Hiftory at the Olympian Games .
CHAT. XXII,
Of the Olympian Games.
TH E Olympian Games were (0 call'd from Olympian Jupiter, to
whom they were dedicated, or from Olympia, a City in the Ter-
ritory of the Pifaans ; or, according to Stephanus, the fame with Pifa.
The firll Inftitution of them is by fome referr'd to Jupiter, after his Vic-
tory over the Sons of Titan ' ; at which time Mars is faid to have been
crown'd for Boxing, and Apo/lo to have been fuperior to Mercury at Run-
ning. Phlegon the Author of the Olympiades reports, they were firft
inftituted by Pifus, from whom the City Pifa was nam'd.
\ MlianutV^r. Hift. lib. ii, cap. viii. ' Athinaui. lit. xiii. Suida:, Uc
jlrift*pban, ejuf^ue ^cb^Uafi,
Others
44^ Of the Religion of Greece. Chap. 22.
Others will have the firft Author of them to be one of the DaSiylii
nam'd Hercules, not the Son of Jlcmena, but another of far greater
Antiquity, that with his four Brethren, P^oneus, Ida, Jafus, and Epi-
medes, left their ancient Seat in Ida, a Mountain of Crete, and fettled
in Elis, where he inftituted this Solemnity ; the Original of which was
only a Race, wherein the four younger Brothers contending for Diver-
fion, the Vidtor was crown'd by Hercules with an Olive- garland, which
was not compos'd of the common Olive-branches, nor the natural Pro-
dudl of that Country ", but brought by Hercules (fo Fables will have
it) from the Hyperborean Scythians, and planted in the Pantheum near
Olympia, where it flourifh'd, though not after the manner of other
Olirue-trees, but fpreading out its Boughs more like a Myrtle ; it was
caird }(ii>^..^ioau>&, i. e. fit for Crowns, and Garlands given to Vic-
tors in thefe Games, were always compos'd of it, and it was forbid-
den under a great Penalty to cut it for any other Ufe : Thefe DaSiyli
were five in Number, whence it is that the 0/y7/i/^ Games were ce-
lebrated once in five Years, though others make them to be folem-
niz'd once in four j wherefore, according to the former, an Olympiad
muft confift of five ; according to the latter of, of four Years : But neither
of thefe Accounts are exadt, for this Solemnity was held indeed every
fifth Year, yet not after the Term of five Years was quite paft, but
every fiftieth Month, which is the fecond Month after the Completioa
of four Years * : And, as thefe Games were celebrated every fifth Year,
fo they lafted five Days, for they begun upon the eleventh, and ended
upon the fifteenth Day of the Lunar Month, when the Moon was at th
Full.
Others (if we may believe Julius Scali^er) report, that thefe Games
were inftituted by Pelops to the Honour of Neptune, by whofe Afliftance
he had vanquifhM Oenomaits, and marry 'd his Daughter Hippodamia.
Others fay, they were firft celebrated by Hercules, the Son of Jlc-
tuena, to the Honour of Pelops, from whom he was defcended by the
Mother's Side y ; but, being after that difcontinu'd for fome Time,
they were reviv'd by Iphitus or Iphiclus, one of Hercules'" ^ Sons.
The moft common Opinion is, that the Olympian Games were firft
inftituted by this Hercules, to the Honour of Olympian Jupiter, out of
the Spoils taken from Auges King of Elis, whom he had dethron'd
and plunder'd, being defrauded of the Reward he had promis'd him
for cleanfing his Stables, as Pindar reports * : Diodorus the Sicilian
gives the fame Relation, and adds, that Hercules propos'd no other Re-
ward to the Vidtors, but a Crown, in Memory of his own Labours,
all which he accomplifh'd for the Benefir of Mankind, without de-
iigning any Reward to himfelf, befide the Praife of doing well : At
this Inftitution, it is reported, that Hercules himfelf came off Conqueror
in all the Exercifes except Wreftling, to which when he had chal-
leng'd all the Field, and could find no Man that durft grapple with
him, at length Jupiter, having aifum'd an human Shape, enter'd th
Arijiofeks, & ex eo Ariflapbanii Scboliaft. * Ifaaciui Txetxei in Lyccpbro-
netn, Sc Johannes txitmes Chiliad, t Hiftor. xxi. '^ Solinus Polyhift. & Statius
Thtjb, vi, * Oljmpiea, initio Odi ij^ BibliatheCi Hiftor. Ub. iv.
Lifts}
Chap. 2 2. Of the Religion of Greece. 447
Lifts ; and when the Contention had remained doubtful for a confide-
jable Time, neither Party having the Advantage, or being willing to
fubmit, the God difcovered himfelf to his Son, and from this Adion
got the Sirname of liaheum or Wreftler, by which he is known in
'Lycophron ".
All thefe Stories are rejected by 'Strabo, in his Defcription of EliSf
where he reports, than an jEtolian Colony, together with fome of
Hercules^s Pofterity, fubdued a great many of the Pif
Here noble Youths for Mafterlhip did ftrive
To Box, to Run, and Steeds and Chariots drive.
The Prize was Fame ; in witnefs of Renown,
A Beechen Garland did the Vidlor crown.
The Laurel was not yet for Triumph born.
}
Others p report, that in the firft Pythian Solemnity the Gods con-
tended ; Cafior obtain'd the Viftory by Race-horfes, Pollux at Boxing,
Calais at Running, Zetes at Fighting in Armour, Peleus at throwing
the Difcus, Telamon at Wreftling, Hercules in the Pancratium ; and that
all of them were honour'd hy Apollo with Crowns of Laurel. But others
again are of a different Opinion 1, and tell us, that at the firft there was
nothing but a mufical Contention, wherein he, that fung beft thri Praifes
oi Apollo, obtain'd the Prize, which at firft was either Silver or Gold,
or fomething of Value, but afterwards chang'd into a Garland. Here
may be obferv'd the different Names given to Games from the Diver-
fity of the Prizes ; for where the Prize was Money, the Games were
call'd dySvit dfyj^'iTcu ; where only a Garland dyavii 9zpstv'neu,
p ?^;'u. &c. The firft that obtain'd ' the Viftory by Singing, was
Chryfothemis a Cretan, by whom Apollo was purify'd, after he had kill'd
Python : The next Prize was won by Philamon ; the next after that, by
his Son Thamyris. Orpheus having raifed himfelf to a Pitch of Honour
almoft equal to the Gods, by inftrudling the profane and ignorant World
in all the Myfteries of Religion, and Ceremonies of divine Worfhip,
and Mufaus, who took Orpheus for his Example, thought it too great a
Condefcenfion and inconfiftent with the high Characters they bore, to
enter into the Contention. Elcutherus is reported to have gain'd a Vic-
tory purely upon the Account of his Voice, his Song being the Compo-
fition of another Perfon : Hejiod was repuls'd, becaufe he could not play
upon the Harp, which all the Candidates were oblig'd to do.
There was likewife another Song, call'd ri'-.&i/.of i-o/x- j to which
a Dance was perform'd : It confilled of thefe five Parts, wherein the
Fight of Apollo and Python was reprefented ; i. Avxitf7--o<2f/&, 7a2^/r/fVerfes being the common Form of Inveftives. 3. ISda-
Ti/Avf?" , which was fung to the Honour of Bacchus, to whom thofe
Numbers were thought nioft acceptable : This part belonged to him, be-
caufe he had (as fome fay) a Share in the Delphian Grade, or poffefs'd.
it before ^/)5//(7. 4. Kp77jco?, to the Honour of ya/^Z/^r, becaufe he was
JpoUo'% Father, and thought to delight moft in fuch Feet, as being edu-
cated in Crete, where they were us'd. 5. M>;TpolUnii Sfiioiiitftes ialib.iv, * Dtodorui Siiu/us,
lib. V. pig. 24.7.
have
45? Of ihe Religion of Greece. Chap. 26.
have cultivated and improved this Science, and on that Account by dif-
ferent Men to have been reputed the Inventor, or firft Mafter of it in
Greece ^ Before the time of thefe Philofophers, it is certain that the
Greeks were entirely ignorant of the Motions of the heavenly Bodies j
infomuch that Thales firft obferv'd a folar Eclipfe in the fourth Year
of the forty-eighth Olympiad. A long time after that, in the fourth
Year of the ninetieth Olympiad, an Eclipfe of the Moon prov'd fatal to
"I^icias the Athenian General, and the Army under his Command,
chiefly becaufe the reafon of it was not underllood "'. And Herodotus
feems to have been wholly unacquainted with this part of Learning ;
whence he defcribes tlic Solar Eclipfes after the Poetical Manner, by the
Difappearance of the Sun, and his leaving his accufiomd Seat in the Hea-
ven , never mentioning the Moon's Interpofition.
From the fore-mention'd Inftances it appears, that the Greeks had no
Knowledge of Aftronomy, and by confequence no certain Meafure of
Time, till they began to converfe with the Babylonians, .Mgyptians,
Perjlans, or other Eaftern Nations. For tho' it be eafy from the re-
turns of the feveral Seafons of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter,
to difcover that a Year is already paft j yet to determine the exat
Number of Days, wherein thefe Viciflitudes happen, and again, to di-
vide them into Months, anfwering the Motion of the Moon, requires
much Study and Obfervation. Hence, in the heroical Ages, the Years
were numbered by the return of Seed-time and Harveft, and the feve-
ral Seafons of labouring and refting. The Day itfelf was not then
diftinguifh'd into certain and equal Portions, but meafur'd t%j' to w/u
M Lib. i. cap. Ixxiv. lib. vii. cap. xxxvii. lib. ix. cap. x.
Iliad. /.. ver, 84. pag. 765. ' Viad. %' . ver. iii.
Chap. 26. Of the Religion of Greece. 459
Neither were they more accurate in difiinguifliing the feveral Parts of
Time, till, FIoAoy, xj yvw^iovoL, ty -m S\iu4\ng. /^ipsA ^ivov\^
ivvdrn. The third flifoj'T-, Tflu/fljwti'?, or Awj/JCT- CTH. , "
26. ^Sico^T" 'Triy.T^^'
2y. ^^VOVtQ- 7l7tt?T.
28. 4>3'ii'oy7^ Tfirn.
30. Ey xj cea, fometimes call'd 7fiiSapToi 222
oi.KiMv^x(ni[ji,tTa^ 1 6
Achxi unde diU 4
403
129
54
33
373
Achilles cur ab Homtro toties di
Axpa^
Ay^iia. Ceres
axctTt;
a,Koi\icrfA.u, aauv
Ax^o9rwXf *
axparoi' vinum
AxT*i Attica
AxTaJa, tribus Athenienfis
difta 49. cur poftca Mroy*Xa
iiiii. deinde n.o) 126
ioiKr,[JUc 121
442
53
389> 394
190
369
443
29
" 398
318
212
unde
Attai'io, ibid.
A^uyiS^ yyivm^ ibid.
A^pivS Ttvhai 35
Ad(?<*a9roX; 26
a^vTov 189
aix%o aves infelicea 325
oi.Hfo[jt.avlei 3^1
aitaHoi 136
Aya9a Jat^ov' ip'fc* 367
Ayx^idv 122
Ay%i?cr/x^ 54
oty^rvji; 361, 408
Ay^Twg facerdos Veneris 361
AyijTopi* ibid.
AyriToctiav
AyytXT)
UyiOV OBKOIf
otyv^
AyvS^
Ayvufu Sis;
ibid.
52
250
204
53
194
399. uXsiOfu-
326, 365
441
ayj aTi/xjjIot, 1 88. Tj/xrj]"*, /^/- 37- !-
9rodu,et 43, 93. aXfpiToWwXtf*
?p/V. tj^6i;o7r?iK >^ yvnenKiiot, ib.
oi', xj tAaioi', /^. 5rA^9ca, z^.
ayofaXvKiiOi 4I 3
Vp^ 3> 93
ayofaKfjiot 9^
H h ayepcuiiv
Ayofufi^ Mercurius
Ay^ocvia
"Ay^ct
Ayqotvhn
dy^a^is y^a^ij
dy^dcpa /xsraMa y^'a^ij ieid.
AygKyVt- Bacchus 362
Ay^ori^a Minerva il''^-
Ay^avXtct ibid.
Agraulus Minerva, 32, 263, 425
Ay^idnct 3^'
Ay^iunot 3^^
Ay^oTega Diana 77
Ay^vTnrJS 3^3
AyfgiM,? 392
OyvgTfl J ^33 5
yf frxos Trira^ ibia.
Aiaxiix 5^3
Aldilnct, 364
Aams tribus Athcnieniis 51,
364
axt?5tJo} ^6, 126
Alysui wu'^flU 3 3
Aiyxogat _ 5
AJytxogEi? tribus Athenienfis 49
Afyj^ta Ay?i* S3
Ajyjwwc iopTij 3^+
AlyrV? tribus Athenienfis 5 1
eeiftaxaga ^^ 3^4
Kf*vAoi Lacedasmonii 260
Aiwga 304
at^sTot magiftratus 72
a?(7tfA 32i> 324
w-ioi aves fortunatae 324
(7iB<79a Ta? ^'ftfgaj 346
U>i(J'V(M1i'T0H 44'
aiTttltmt Svijiat 209, 210
AtSa^t^(( 5 3
iTt I 2 1
ftjla^aviaiig. ^gargt* 369
Al^mn 5 2
AXa^s MvVai 392
AAat 52
AAetriK g6c
AAxa.&oas j^/W.
A>Aa.m
INDEX.
93 XEXTt;oju.ar7i 332
343 Afkixr^vovm yaf 326, 365
248, 295 aX7rIjjgo 3.8
361 AXflTjj 364
54 dXiv^ofjuavrilx 319
52 aXcliXixxot Dii 3JO
124 Axia 365
AXt/xBf 5 3
a^T99gio 199
aAtlgo* 2 22
dyo^riyo^ixeii fomnlum 302
aX/Aa 44 *> 442
A^iwas 365
AXwaj, AAw*5 Ceses r^/V.
a?ioCo jecur, malum omen 316
oihox^ 3 69
aXoyfu Slxvi 73, 124
AAw7rxj, AAniTTExaJ ^J
AAi/rta 36c
AA^tToTTfe'^tj ayogas 37
Xt>5JJ 442'
Amalthea: capra 1 1 ^
altaria 192
}\VTa$ 448
Aff.ot^a,\mTx, r-i
A{Jkx^viBioc 365
A(t,x^v(Ttix. ibid.
Ambrofia, qualis libatio 195
AfAQ^iaiot, fellum 366'
A(ju^>M 369
"Afjbj^uv 266
aj*oXyo{ tvZTo^ 308
rtjiAv^jrta quid 18, 10 1
aftvioy 229
oi(i/Bu^x 45 r
Af^ipixSn 54. Amphiarai oraculum
293, 294
Aft^ja'gaws 366
Afji/pntlioniX 9-1
AfiUpiXTioiiii 89
Amphidyonum concilium 89, 90,-
91
Aft^id^ofwat 366
df/k(pifMtiTX,\oi j^tTtfifj 59
dy^KT^vi'irmrii; 86, 127
eeft^t^ft/yjej 21 4, 315
AlA-tpil^OTTlii 5 J
r^/V. *^Ta* 4.4 :;
INDEX.
Aa,>ccci
366
AvxKnoe.
53
eivaXEtfA,ivx
235
Atccxt'tof
35.
366
avccy>.r,(ri<;
366
AtxKMiTr,^ix
ibid.
ccvuxXmovd^y)
444
uvxx^icti
74.
144
d'JXK^acru;
^1'
avxxlo^ov
189
AvccKTuv -z^al^w* logT^
367
Avxyv^Si
52
ai/aif*axio pw/xot
194
Avxyuyix
366
*;va^a? XiSj
106
dvKtriug X't^i^
Hid.
Avd(pXvT&'
53
ftVa^^ot Tj^i^xi
98
Avd^^vern
369
elvgirxa-ii;
105
etyxrxlot
214,
372
avccvjAoc-^ly y^x^fi
124
A>a|yogi
367
elvxBvi/,ofix
235
'd^a'BTo^ox7r>)Xo
70
si<; xvS^xi iyy^d^iff^oct
49
AvS^oyiuJiU
367
;S
aviTrloK "Troirty, >cj %Eg5-
221
Umfioirohi
268,
269
inmiere
228,
239
ij aVw ByXn
97
7 aji4( ToXif
29
dto^v^t/aicihi
447
euoffioi
222
"AvSwa Juno
368
o5'S'
403
^l>6;^il> |I6/A0(
144
AKStC-^ofka
368
ASsri!fia
367
ftnTtaoff-if
85
A>SEr?fa5li
464
Amyivnx
368
AntyovU, tribus Athenienfis 51^
cur poftea ArlaXlf nuncupata, ii>.
T7fa(p>) IK, 128
ainy^xtpivi t?j BaX^j 8 1 . ta j Jo-
x;ViTtf 101
antiqui yriyiviTt dill 5
Afiiy'juoe. 3^^
A]jo%K tribus Athen* 5 1
Antiftrophe 231
aT/ic.O!rt I 10, 122
.'Tgc6 Nympharum, S;c. altaria
192
aogTflj iWffoJ 445
WTCxyuy^ 12^
d,ito^-Xjx\ ^ 230, 231
a,irx(7i Tj^ai/ ftaxii 1 20
A'lrxrwa^ Jupiter 369
avoiro^et; liberi ibia.
A'craTagtflj 368
Awat;X(a 37 1
Am>isvBi^oi, libertl 117
Aw)at 445
awe^cTf 204
df^Tu^ facerdos & cognomen A-
poliinis 206, 279
Aphetorias opes 279
AfiSvei 5 3;
dpo^fAii, idem quod Grseci recen-
tiores IvByik^ vocanc 129
aipo^f*^? SiXT) Hid,
Atp^o^KXix 372
A^^o^iT)?, I'smohvTEHl( 32
Af^oSio'ior 43;
^uni7i % 54
d-Koiri^irta^cci ivvv)(oy o^'W 3 ' 3
d'lroTrhyij-iy.xl Bvfflxt 2O9
Aw TTofi wra 37
AffoTTo/ATrarci Dii 7w"j 1 20
airo'^-^V^KTu; 47
uTTorccaUi ^iXT) 1 29, 68
d.'Tro^viA.M, aves minus feliccs 323
d^olfix^cti 443
uTroT^oTraia ^ioc^/lmx 34'
aTroTpcTTEcrSaj oil/t* 3^3
AwoTfowao* 3I2> 370
dmoifo'mxtficr^xi tu riXiw t^/V o4'*'' 3^3
aVoIf oTrao-tB ^n 1 17? 55 129
Arae 192, 242
ApTE - 371
Arcades -BrpoaiXrji'oi i
(XTrapoi ^UjjLoi 1 94
Afoi^Vy Afx(^nit(; 02
p;^ai ayofx 37
AfscsVjon 272
ap^p ^^-
tif/.TVt\v
ApjcToi, Virgines Dian^e
a'p^)Tlo 112
375
TtgOf^
107
Apuowayof
lOI
Afio'TrayWn^
107
Apsoj pot]o, i. e. galli
326
Apya^sj tribus Athen.
49
Apyiiwv lOfTa*
371
Apta^nEta
451
371
's-ep 322, 323
a^t6fj.o^ltix 353
Ap/* 293
ApjroytkTwvo? nomen non hnpofi -
turn vernis 60
arripere omen. 344
Ag'^jj^opta 371
Ag'^ipopo virgines 372
ApifAaix ibid.
aoTcga 1 97
xa-f^tM; ypaipv 12.3
TO Tijy aWi^i* ^l-^ttt 1 24
AtrxXjjTTtia 372
Axrx.x\i ibid,
xo-KuXici^uv ibid.
ao^Xa/p^vof ayjjj 23O
aa-imovaoi; oi>0(; Zll
ar^ayaXajjixciluae^: 333
ralt5 7payc/Aka 84
drvvo^jLOi ibid.
afyla 199, 200, 201.
AtcOMrrn 54
driXua 44, 57, 136
aTt;^>'05 ju.aIxj) 26 1
Ariw, A-njw* 54
AO^rata 363> 43^
A9jK, tribus Athcn. 49
ASjjm) Ntxi) 30. Ha^^tnoi; ibid.
TloXiXi 3 1 nay^poao;, /^;^.
"ZuTfipa 32
A6^>}, X^inatf, 430. p^aAxioixof
436
Athenienfes, laones, & lones di-
&i 3 avrox^Boni 2. rtrliyti; ibid.
cur cicadas in crinibus gefta-
bant ibid.
u^Xo^irxi 7 c, 441
A^jACfot, A6jt*g*. ^ 52
At$MX^o<; 278
BaXXai;^pa^i{ g 7 1
BaMvrt/'5 ^ 373
^efxflat 409
^50goy 134. o^vyfia 135. Cur
baratbronem Latini homincm
voracem appellant 135
BafoIgoK 373
^eta-xctnec, 3^6
^ncxainet 358
^flKTtXEtOr
Bao-tXt*' foa
BawjAiJj
Ba/xo; 1 90
Bovo^ofjuu*
Bo^eolaf^o]
0olstvoyLXiTtix
BoTiiaiiuv
PUKoXiTor
s! aft> BX^ 97 cfTo T
Tw "JttvlatKoariuf ibid.
omdyv
BeXiVTYi^icc
&nXiVTx) etiro Kvecpui
BaXetix Minerva
BuXxi^' Jupiter
0UKoXio-f/.oi
pti(f)0lX
605 M.a'Ko'rluf
Qar^o^'^Sof Icnbere
Hh 3
192, 195
9^1)
573
78
, 75
76, 77
77
278
52
442
108
129
189
54
223
334
373
U/d.
.,54
ibid.
278
4 2$
278
409
120
343'
374
214
129
338
39
464
374
192
353
374
.78
xveifiAi ibid,
tif J'eq. Afu-
101, i^Jeq.
37
97
385
ibid.
loi
408
123
381
219
254
144
381
BttTSKT,
99.
ai4
1 N D
Bsfrna, BuTci^ni
54
0ii^v']ih
217
Branchides Apollq
286
B^atv^wv
54
BurvTToi
381
^^xQivroct
441
Uranchidffi
385, 286
B^xa-iStii*
374
JB^at/^wvjfls
ibid.
BTf
IQl
B^iXy><7a^
H
B^Ei
306
B^i^ofMinti
ibid.
Brizo
ibid.
^?o%^
133
iS^oiroK
43
Buraici Herculis oraculuin 295
^tfVt' menfis 378
c.
%.xBu^iit 4.07
Cabiri ibid,
vcuxx] orlxh i. e. 5ys 326
iCaSaJ 43
vwsyofjLxvlt iCS^ 319
KagvsaTi 408
Kagyatt ?o/*of &'//.
Carneus Apollq ibid.
atagwa 3ix)j 128
ICacTTwOfj; 373
^^"*> ?^<5*'ViJ 408
E x;
Caryatis Diana ibid.
Caftalis 275
Caftor Si Pollux avxxii ' 3 S
xxlx^n^olotix 74
KxlxKi>>vtT[/>o(; 45'' 452
xaJap^o^Eftrt; 4^^
xaslaj^yV/iAaTa 7 ^
xxlxxxXi^a-ixi, 'vel xulaxMaixk, -vtl
xxixxT^mni 9 2
;da]jjyo^iat 123
xxBx^fASi 95
;ica.&a^<7' Jupiter 248
*aSa^}; 95
xxUl^xi facrificiura 363
} *aTiu sro'Xjf 29
xotloTrr^o(A,xi\i[tt 3 S '^
xaT&;Se ofto I 44
cavea 42
a Cecrope ad Thefeum regum
dignitas & officium 6, ^f.
Cecropia ubi 7> 29
K.txPQir'iXi iriT^xi 3?
Kex^ottk, ^!^>.v) Tn; ArJjXJi'f 8, ^ i
Cecrops unde ortus 5. quare o*-
^fijjdidlus ibid. 154
xtXriTii 44 !j
KATk?>jg; qui 2S
xf(.o? 1 1 9
xtmr^iuSxf 381
Kf^aXjj 53. ?? X^X} 348
XE^aXoiio^avTsJa 3f2
Xi^o[x.xvTeix 3C2
Ks|!*tx>9 ;Aar|, Oftradfmus 133
K^a/it,xa wA'/jya< 399
Ki^xfAiixS TTt/Aast 2 3
Kff j(Axo? |a> WoAews c c
KffiJwi^ Apollo 272
Ceramicus 36, 37
Kb^XV^xIuv fJLXrii 271
Ceres, Myfia 415
Ceres Amphiftyonis 8. ivfiop^
388, 403. Europa 290. Ho-
molo'ia 418. U^on^oaix, 427.
Pylaea 426. XBovix, 438. XXs'n
Ew%Xo', 339. A'fAHTi7^, 379.
Hercynna 396. AX^aj, EvxXtti-
cix, 365. UpcOsU, 389, 394.
Legifera 138, 405
K^at c 2
.i^vKi) 128, xx^irS
ibid.
cert us
443
Cornua
195
KijtIo*
53
cortina
276
XAxe~
436
X^^l^eclct rni Jtont'Jf^f^
295
X^riayiu^^xi
ibid.
p(^l!Cl4,[AHVIIXt
a63, 269
Xi^o-H-ol ^
ibid.
Xatonet.
436
X^ria-fA.oX6yot
ibid.
Xx^Xx.
iUd.
%gr!r)?
ibid.
Charilae fatum
ibid.
X^vaom^oi, boves ad
facrificium
XU^iffKX,
437
defignaii
222
X*?***"'?'"' 209. 5tJ(7ia ^wgo^ogt-
X^mce,
438
Kxi, d'croTi'Kvir^'cscl
ibid.
X^ona., Cereris epitheton ibid.
Xa^trri^isc E^sySegias
437
XSorto* ^loi
192
X!%ff('Ocr:;)'ce
ibid.
X^on'^ Mercurius
368
Xci^uvt7ov
130
Xvr^oi
368, 439
^!tgo|xai'Ti
353
X''iT\C(,
350
;^faj d.ioi.a'xjav
243
Ki0cJ]o7roiur oSoq
31
Xii^0v6vi
437
xtyx>SSii
m6.
^n^oTovrjTi,) afX'
72
KiKnia. ,
55.
^;goTo>ta, x,^i^oro>iTi,
& awt;;<;i-
Kifjiunov riTx^
30
^oTotiTt
96
Kivv^acSxt
375
XtXiootiet
437
xiong
190
^thiioinTf^x
ibid
x'i^x^
325
;^s^(Joi/i^j'
ibid.
Kt}'fo
335
civitate donandi mos
44. 45
XXyi^OfAXtTiix
332, 335
j^Xaiia
402
x\ri^uTot
72, 112
XAscia
438
xMTn^
i4 M7
XAo), Cereris cognomen 439
xxnrcvut
114
Xoi;
439. 3f'7
xT^yinvta^xi
117
;)(;dr.|
131
XXrtTo^ii
114, 116
j(;og/a
119
xXoJoj
130
Xt-^aeyEK, ;to?uj{^;, yl-Kix^y^ 5 3
xXyar>}f SIkv
126
X'Xa?
439
Cnacalefia Diana
409
%oAsr^a
'(3
K.xxxMffix
ibid.
XoX^^
ihid.
Knffvr)
230
cpinproniilTarii arbitri
22
.
Hh 4
XuliX
INDEX.
xahx Aioi
4^0
K^uTTiec
n
xoyi ofAmci^
39
Kgirij/lja, lex
69
xoiy^ti '
42
K^tirM3f*aTEi
35
XOX(^ ft)l
462
KtjJitj-, Jovis epith.
430
YLt>(M
53
xJct/xs(
119
xomi y^aii[AeirtTot
47
xvee.(i,or^uyii
ibid.
xomi
343
Kwp^)V
410
Colonus (farceris
35
t;Co/xyTii
333
xmT'MX^ireci
?I.
121
xo'jcA'
37
x^vTla<, avcs minus
fortunatae
Kt;o9))ira{iu
52
323
Kwdavri^at
53
KoXurlvi
52
xysic
240
xoXot'og
130
XVhtJ-Mo\
444
corned ere
232
Yivnxoi
41
Xo^off-ftv^dcX'^
438
C'.nina Dea
358
xovirx^^o*, 'vel xon'r^x
38
Kvw^oi^if
410
Kot^v\*)
54
Kvyoa-x^t^
4
>. 55
xov!n;
433
xv(put
150
xovi^tiv
ibU
XV^UVti
?^/V.
KaniSuet
409
XV(puviff(Mi
iM.
xo^ecxofjtarrui
266
xv^^oci
'^^.
Ks^j) hoierpini
;t??
XVq$ll<;
ibid.
Ko^not
iiU.
xv^iot, x^5ffl^
9*
xuqtxttov
38
xvei^on ^(aX^m, vel u^ifffiivxi, fQ
xo^uyy)
438
vofjt,iyi,ot
9'^
H5
xo^uvi^ny
j"^///.
xv^i(^, maritus
114
Ko^i'jSavTx
409
' 5 *t5f' xciS'
107
K-JgudaMoj
53
xvSiriot
433
Corythaiha, Dianse
epitheton
ci-rfu; exercitium
44
'
432.
. 4^9
K-v^TiaSxi
55
05uSMir*.
433
Kt^Sn^ov
5'
X0<7X>0fAavTt
352
KoSt^xZ-Ja*
55
D.
xo^v^]i<^
18
KoTv-rlix, vel iCoTt^TjIf
509
Daftyli Id^i
446
KoTt}(^ ^ICtaUTiJi
Hid.
^axTv'Xiot (pa^f/Lxxirai
353
Jta^EWTIf
48.
, 409
Sa'xTvXot
45'
452
X*^)7f VO^*
401
Sa.xrv>^oiA.civ}ti
35
XjaJriffiTJjj, (pcc^fUMX' 1
diflus
ibiJ:
iuxrvXoii ctvxrtTtat
444
xgaTiif lwirip''J
213
oocob^* 306,
391
, 301
??
107
Ax'iSuXae,
376
377
fijpo?
134
Ax^SaT^Sat.
52
X^ritofvXecxei
84
AxSk
376
Kf)TJXO?
462
Sxif4,ovn
206
Kf.oipog- Mercurius
396
oa/*ooX3wIo
300
K^tw
54
Sxil^ol
381
x^^cfiarrtia
127
OX^SY)
352
215
39
ox^vntpccy^
Ax(pvyi(f>o^ice.
300
378
K|oi>i(
41c,
463
Ax^oy
ibid.
K^oi(^, K^enu
463
Duvi fervi difti
61
AfA;c
I N D
5eKx^Bivoi [ih 4 2
OlttXtT-fJkOi 124
mxctTsvlal, ^exaT>.oyot 2^6, 237 -
Sixxriviif 273, 375
oip^caSui oluvlf ' 344
decimae 236, 237
iaxjjXon, vel /3gTaf, COT imago
fiitla 177, 33
ojj^ta; y 0X0*1 I 24
oiKjrmii ^f^fTixoK 51. ^fol^ixon zwV.
Afia&5 53
Afi^a^iftiVu? Apollo 287
AXt 379
Anxta; 284
An^ayat 285
Ddii 258
Delos 283, &c.
Delphi 273. Ofji^ct^lt ibid, fuiroft.-
(pciXoy f/.a,i\tlov ibid.
Aih^ina 379
Ai>i^m' Apollo no, 274
Delphinia Diana 110,
im ^i'Kp\nw tribunal ibid.
$vi*^X^ 7^- Naux^at^oi, Oppida
NafXffia ibid.
A^jjiiTTt^' axTJ) 427
AjjfcjjTfja 379
Arif4,ril^Kii 51, 464
^rj/xjSfyo* 1 2
Jn/*o 51, 52, ^f. tJwmgSsy *a-
Sowrg^t ibid, horum tabula pro
tribubus ibid.
5fl/*^ 12, 47
3rtfji.ia-toi 88
/*oro i-rroialai 79
Sv/MTat 47
iiwojjxo). iiiWoy 5 1
T orij/,oa-im t^uy {atfciTeu 83
or.fjkOTixoh Six at 123
oio-jXiir 5crfA4 ^i/XXa^* 238
^'/^o? 130, 316
At}I 12 2. SiCCilcCt 123
ChCtiTCiy {TTlT^EiJ/a* 2^/.
ojaWuMtltJMt* SfcTiat 210
^ajW,agTv^j 11^, 128
AftarywxA{t 382
Atuyiia. ^ 404
huK)t Siti^tt lit
INDEX.
fmoybucc 3^
^lOjtAEtoe. 33' 5^
Aiofttr? 3 " ^
Aei'o-t 382, 383, 38 J . oayia ?A/V.
cia, Q.it.o
41
ibid.
207
38;
366
95
422
184
33
3j6
443
Hid.
231
317
125
2ig
385
265
Aw^Jwfaroi' j^a^ro I'm ruv (/.ix^o
^oynnm, vel 7ui (notx^o^ioyijv-
ruf 271
Dodonides Nymphse 269
3oXj;(;of 442
56?u;(;o^^of*of Hid.
iu^o^^ixul ^va-lai 209
124
SuTv'ioe. in quos infiigitur
SSTwi 43. qui fervi ita diti
Draconis leges 5t(7[Lo} diftae
2^0(1^ 441
SvaaysT;
hffeiitvt* ^iunufii
369
79
130
68
J39
442
279
38s
445
233"
341
Sva-onovriT SsaftaT* 34'
^ycripn|xl< 345
E.
E^SofLxyini Apollo 385
E^oi^r) ibid,
Exa'Aij 5 3
Exa?wVi 3 "5
EKUTXiOt 3^
ExaT)? ^ErTTV'SV tOtdi
Exar^a-iot ibid.
IxxTofA^v) 219> 387
ExTop,S&; 4^3
ExxTojjuQoiet ^S6, 397
Exaro[AViao 3 '
ExarojM^&vjas 387
CXXEr<7^(%t 121
lxxA}aa xt'gia 91. C'v/i^ijl' 91,
92
tXK^irx U^tioc 21 'y
Exko'iac. i-.atona 387
'ExSva-ix ibid.
i.x(^^^t ' 55
t^ti^ 1 1 5
ixXoycTi; 8 r
IxfMX^TVPiX 117
lxJ^ofo^r)jatii 131
E;i(;?' ^ 5?
IxrxTixot 2)'^2
iXT^OtSxl 3 ' 7
^Vfj"'*"'''* Ji*:r}g 116
Hyjjo-ii-^a]- 344
^y>jro^ra 426
vtynT^ix. ibid,
iyyAri^l^ctvlni 501
lyyarf'ftfSpt 278, 30I
tyyxr^Trxi 301
iyyiyqxfji.^t,im h rn Ax^ovvT^i 3 1
sixov' honor 135
il^Tixx], aves infelices 323
ii^taiuvn 428
Eg)o-5at 53
K ^rnruv aj'^tjfl'iv 5x 127. fK
i{AXpxvu Kxrxrciffiv Stx^ I2Q.
S Xfga^ijV 346. >f ecyx^c*
I N D
tig y-oT^TTW; 'aflvuD 359
tlffuyiiv r-^n ^'xri* 1I3> no, 122
fleruyi^i^i 12 2
tlcayuyivi I '6
Eltmrv^icc 74, 385
tlffriTV^iCC Bviiv 99
eiff(f)o^ui So, So
;)jf- 1 2 1
lAsvat 393
EXsna 388
EXscotpo^** 393
c IXs xoi^^ 107
EXfo-ivt 289, 390, ^ feq.
EXsLcTj? 5 3
EXit-SfV** 388
H^iocix H2, 1 13
XX):>(/(xa( 44^
EMv;K>okxrii /^/,a>T tbid.
I.>^u>Tt Minerva i6U.
EA 394
^ f*o yi, 115
Ht-f^rtta. li^oi, vel fOTfMjia 4I7
Eju,7rXix 394
ifA-iro^la (9r/*iX!laJ 84
i ii^Tr^offBtv xctS^ IO7
empti de lapide 71
tfjuw^cc ayifA.iioc 3 1 5
if^VTV^oi /3wfA0* 1 94
9 j i(4/!rv^uf fAafiiln 3 i 5
E X.
Ev oX[/.u iitxJii) 277
E 55
EiiyAia|f 394
ivotyiTq 223
tix((7ifji(H aves 3^4
oj ErJsxa 7^
WsIIk 125
sv7rt<7xr)ftft! 128
lnj xj 4^ 4^4
EnjAa|? 394
EwEaWfXoK 3*^
EvtoiTvyec,il<; 33*
ifoSkot a-vfji-hoTiM 34*
Iroixiy iJixJ? 1 28
Epoa-ix^uv Neptunus 331
E|ioA/*K 275
Eohi^<^ Apollo ;^/y.
i'!7'7roK5- oiy' Zll
lSsr'*o* 302
lSi)x) 1 29
h^UffidTcck 30Z
Enyalius 77
<<;^(% 364
E-waxp^SiJf 394
Ewaywyirf 84
nTrxToaxoTTiOi 316
H^uifiicc 390
H^ajr**? 49
E(prtQentiv 38
tptnQoi 48
i'piS^i^ 44g
E^ryErcrSa* 1 2 ;
ifp^ynan ibid.
Ephetre 1 02, no
I'ipS^O. 3g,
\(^vlu^. vel lip* ir'Jft;^ I I g
"Ti (aic-Bm ffvnyo^tl'$ ibid,
T IlaXAa^iw 109. A{X^(iv 1 ro.
n^yjawlw III. EtSiQa-iTi^i'^
Apollinis epitheton 4^0
IWli^^lJf >!/X^ 370
twtfcoXif 3 [ 6
Ewixsr^a* C2
E9r*xr,^((ri<* C4
la-jpijEif oTOMa Tr m'^wi I v. 2
INDEX.
395
393
394
ibid.
127
87
81
99
I'srvjjLi^.VTeu^ 76, 392. {rftiX>jTa
'TUV ((Ivhm 7
|yjrt7viW; ruv xoimt ftgoffoluv 82.
I^ogis 85
228
39?
256
127
r'4"''P't"'^ '^ i|/)}f ifffMs 96
Iwio-xa^KK 395
Ea-ttrxijuoK 42
i'to"X)\}/! 128
EWMTXI^* 395
'EisierxvyC' '^'^
rstfctTtt* Tuv vdctxav 84
KnTctTOii rav oiifioaian t^en ibid.
irnvroiTinii i^O, 95, 99
rr*^' xf aTjjga 213
iw*rt^f oi'tioK) 213, 342
Evt9fx5< 395
iariT^oW 113. xar iVil^ovryiv oiou-
rKir^ovfii I'inn 128
firir^o'Tr' 68, 228
IwoGsAia 117
i-naScii 348
cpode 231
iTT^'w/xoi keroes ^ i , 121
iviirlcci 391
ivvrnleci 5fAocrto 79
cpulari 232
equi quo modo in curribus jungi
folebant 445
HK 397
HaxXa 35, 359, 406
igxrina 39^
Erechthei filial wat^^e^ot xar* t|-
X^v difta 3 1
E?sxVk 3I 51
E;)j$l* ,52
i^nft-rt* o^Xiaxdtn vcl l| l^)/*j;
xailxSixoi(7$^>h 116
'E^il^itx. ctyo^oc 37
Efyanj, Mmervae cpith. 436
i^arwa* 42 1
l^dreti 50
Eg7Ta6 395
Hfiat irvXxt 33
E^j*r 194
Ef/xr 39^
Ef/xa? 290
E^/xr^j Iv Alyiuf wAaif 33
E^fAoyXu/puv oooi 34
E^/ot, Ej!*o{ 53
Ef/a xA^got 3 54
H^6xi 399
EojiJa 5 3
H^^K 399
H^oa-dv^siX ibid.
EfJrja 395
Ef>Afifi.ain 3 I
*? 'flf*"! xccTahxBnf0Uy I^Jjf*i
o^Ato-xavtiy I 1 6
i^eit^io-eui Slxtt I2Q
E|x*r!f' Jupiter 248, Apollo
312
tlto^ot ;[^Sono?, (p^mu* 324
i^i*^y6fji.eyot 2 2 2
exercitus luftrandi forma apud
Macedones 4 1 6
t|iTar 78
i|.ri^JU^^tXOt 47. XDf
yqaix-nnTiii 8?, 144
gymuafia
I N D
38
86
ibid.
38
376
ihid.
37
85
ibid.
H.
Harmodii nomen non imponen^
dum vernis 66
Hecalus, Hecalefius Jupiter 385
Hecate, Zs^tjuj, Agrep;, Tptyw-
TgtoJtTi) 386
hecatombe 219
Heliconius Neptunus 423
Helli 268
Hellotis 393
Hellotis, Minervas cognomen ibid.
Helotje 69
Herceus Jupiter 74
Hercules JMn'Xwir 398
Hercules Buraicus 295
Hercynna Ceres 326
Homoloius Juj^iter, Homolo'ia
Ceres 418
Horas Dese 440
hojlia major es, maxima 226
Hymnia Diana 43 5
I.
Icelos
Ixim^ Jupiter
xi theatra djfta
ixTri^ti, IxT^^m ihtiht
iSmiTtxeil Sixxt
451
i'>
393
392
453
452
52
305
248
310
37
41
238
123
393
3^?
. ^^
ibidi
3'i
440
314
453
190
39'
206, 374
372
314
405
. 123
329
210
221
-4?>
246
40 q
3+7
22J
406
le^ie oao(;
*ro2i5. 'fxxej\oi
n^ot ocyumi;
ijo; wycdv
It^oa-xo'Ojioc
I^o{ ycifA^
n^oervT^'iCtg ypx(piii
ignis lambens
i^atrtxccl ^vaiati
illotis manibu?, i-^/pedibus
imprecandi ntus
hxx*x
injeiicia ligna
Tnfuls
inquilini Athenis quomodo tSc-
tantUr rr rA r-,
Iwna, ^q5
lobacclius, cognomen Bacchi ibid.
lohdiiK ibid.
Jones unde didi 3, j.
lonica vetus dialeftus Attics a'fli-
nis
Tundat
Iphicratidje calcei
ItoTTaoa TeXavTif
lirirodxfAiiici ccyo^d
'JTu^xa-et^oiy Tra^ao^ot, ao^T^^sf^
xeXiolii;, (/.ovcti^TTlxsi 445
IwTroXuTsja Venus 32
IwaroSo4;iiT*5, tribus Athenicnfis 5 1
ta-xet^ii 40 1
Icx^na 407
Icor* 4.06
3
53
H
33
41
54
93
I
N D
*O011E^Sfl6
,57
IffOTiMTi
ibid.
lTa
53
lSw/*i
40 s
]Sa;/*>)Ti)f, Jovis cognomen 7^/^.
i^r.il^ipKV 300
Ithuphalli 383
Juno, A>&i 368. Samla 2c 1.
Jupiter, Ovfdn^ 7, Xwrijp 31,
32, Herceus 7J, (yTra]^ 213.
TsXst^, 234. Of>:i(^, lxeai<^,
Kafia'pcrt-, ElaxeriifK^, 248.
Jft^Trp 432- tpaTft', 369. Ba-
Piar- 99, 385. Didaeus 272.
Trophonius z8g. Hecalelius
385. Eleutherius 388. Icho-
metes 405. Ila,vo^ ap.-s-jf 207, 294
lapidacioiiis pcciu 135
Lari facrificare 233
Aafiffffa'.u} iciri 4Ii
E X,
Aa^vaix uda*
Latona, *i;Tt, E3t/o-U 387
Aaspto* 55
laurus cur asiQaXiJ^, & dxvpati>
difta 2^8. fAttnixof ^vrof 299,
3C0. HapxaM ito^x didta 450
AiXXVOfACififioi 3S^
XiXffvoc 390
legilera Ceres 138, 405
?iUjrovxvT'ni ypcc^ri 1 24
legum inventio 138. Solonis le-
ges vsfcot, Draconis Btr^iuai dic-
t i39
^koi Sc
AijiiarGK r 5
Arivonot 41 2
Lenaeus Bacchus ibid,
AtonSnoi 41 1
AiovTJxa* tbi^t,
Aeot; trib. Athen. 51
Aifvacta A.12
^erxat 6'g
AevK-n 4'??' proverbs 1 1 9
AfcxoTTupa 54
A|p;)(^x&ir yfa[A^aliTo 47, 79
AsvxoviQV ^^
>j,Qvof/,ci^tiOi 319
libatio 2iit
Xixwr 38 J-
AxjTJ!f Bacchus 8^/V.
ligna infelicia 347
AUtix 412
XiXy(i(p6^ot 38)
Aixxoy 54
Limn^ 5J
AlfAtUTiSiX 412
lidiores 79
I.imnatis, Dianas cognomea i^//.
literati 64
^i^oSo^'a 13 J, 413
>^^of/t,xv\tix 351
^tSftz/xaTa* 251
^6-, i, e. /?5!/* 7?. =51
Locioi'um
2 59
ibid,
ibid.
ZII
352
42
78, 8^, 73
352
54
280
41Z
40
Locrorum perfidia
Aoxgy_^0-u9ijf*a PrOV.
Aso'iac.
Ao^itt^ Apollo
AvKcltet
TwKiTot
AvKOKTot^ Apollo iiid.
Luci Deoium 197, 198
3tiJx;>e[Aetili'ia 3 ^ 3
AvHtiat 413. AJxe*' ctyo^oi ibid.
Avftit^, At,x)yJ55 ApoilO /Y'iV.
To Eiffi Avxn 1 1 2
At/xa ^xa? i*roverb. z^/V.
Avxti'p'Etft 413
lu&ai exercitium 443
>,v5li 6 1
AveitvS^tiet 4^3
AuVtoi Dii 370
Ayff-t^fuv- Diana 3 5
lujirare 221
luftrationum genera i^/f
ajflXT!gt 4 1 3
INDEX.
M/*xI)? Ji-piter
MaifAaxT>)Kyi
l4,x.iSsT0t *tiri;
MaWwEK Apollo
fUCvliiOt
T aWo fjuavTuoti
fjiamviMcrct
fjLamxccia S^vi;
ftMVTtx-n 261. ejus fpecies
464
3'9
414
61
302
262
210
262
279
ibid.
/xam? 261, 299
Mx^ixBu 5 3
fcagTvgia 1 1 7
/xartytaj" 03
p,r*yo^ofot 448
/xa^a ^ 136
M15 ^!Ti In raJiV Jo^^xol' 442
Msya^a'^Ti* 4--'' 4' 4
Mfya^acrxXwEta, 1//^^ AaxXfl'-nrHtat
Mj^%i^, Jovh epitheton
347'
MfXai-aj^K Bacchus
fJUiXiTlnTOli
MriJMf Hercules
Mercurius ^in^
Mercurius Ayo^aX^
123.
dorr,^ 3 1
97
251
450
380,
430
369
54
369
213
343
54
417
214
398
462
414
368
295, 248.
M
To MiiTtxjti 5t*arj}fo
ft8Toxo tributum
fUTotxtor forum
MfToixo
Midas
Minerva Nxj 30
croXtaj /^/V. BuWta 99. 3^5*
Ayforifo, 362. Alea 365. E7Xw-
TK 393. Aglaurus 62, 362, 425.
I^anj 436. hujus , j >} It, Ma^aOJy* 4 1 6
No|xo$Ta 7 a
N<>/*o^fAaxf -78, 79, 422
'Noft.c.fvXdxtor 130
o/A. quomodo differat a Se;i>ia(, i
416
o-jto-
ilxritn,K^enf
ibid.
/^;V.
tH(d.riirou
ibid.
34
tvxToi afioAyec
508
52
nvfi^QMitloy
290
296
nvffaac.
443
415
391
390
'
391
45
ItOh ^Uf/M
S9
JlPt TW ^lUflXU
82
i-nx* T oyjy^r*
35
Oct), or<
5
249
On, orq
54
11
pbcU'
I N D E X.
bbellophori facrificia Bacchi 214
oxtTtf 343
vSuov 3^
v$txxl aves 324
cSm, aves felices iiiJ.
Oocmoioi 04
e^o{ )j(7^t 34; aliae jSoJ Athena-
rum ilfid. oJot ^TTol^ 3 * 7
Oik 52
Oyx^tnet 417
OjSo^.a 404
(Jyvyiov, quicquid vetus vocabant
antiqui 5
Jyt/'yt' lyjj'Sfjat ibid.
Ogyges , 4
0?>j Ofl 54
c"*?)/** career diftus 130, 343
clxira) qui fervi difli 68
Ixs^ol o^iii 3*
0i/) ET^o? EAu9i^ai5 53
OiCEjj W^e? MagaSwK* 54
0v>!K, trib. Athen. 5 1
otyojjuavleiOi 3^9
okvoTrli/t 84
Oil'', forum 37
O7oy Kt^ajxitxor 5 3
O?oy AEXe^{ixev J^/W.
oimiifi,id ivvcio'U 375
cAfA- tripos diftus /i/V.
oXsxat;Ta;fi? Bacchus 362
o^oyaAToi 49. idem difti ogys-
230
Of*opy 439
fl/*o^ay' Bacchi epith. z^t/.
^'/lAoOtiirv 230
ofAtpa.) 273
Onchellius Neptunus 417
OVX0K .4'^^
ovtfaTtia TBjjLytif 253
p^x*' Jupiter 248, 257
cf*- 247. 5 (*,iy;, fiut^k ibid.
25 X
ordah'um 25 5
OfftOt 4J
ofOCT'xoffxflJ 321
?'cio-*ro'Ero /^/)? Jovis epith. 443
VccXaclr^et ' 38
OTaX)) og6 444
7raM)!)j 54
palmam dare 441
palmarum plurium homo iiid.
'JruT^ix.a. cjWHO-ftaTa " ^38
n:a,KyLo\ ibid.
naf*cniTtcc 4 1 9
vafA^ocxo^i ihid.
7raj*jiAi$8 223
IIctyaXEta 422
Panathneaea 419, 420
sratiixOriiraVxcv 420
9r*i^afr*o ;jtT*)'>? 422
IltivSyii^ov 422, 436
9rvJ>)f*'^ Venus 34
rtav^tdc 422
TiettStovU, trib. Athen. 5 1
IlaevS^Off^ 423, 31
TlavivfXia, 423
ttoi^tf/J^ 453
ITaKM)}ri0e 423
Panici terrores 336
'/>
ITavo'vJ/ia 4^4
!rSc'oi/
coy
"cragaAia 49.
vaotvoi4,ia,i y^a.^^^ 1 24,
parafiti
wafao-jTta Iv irqvrxnM
vx^xa-'iTiov
vx^urxffi^ 1 1 ''j
llx^vxa'ix vroix difta laurus
nap9eft;V templum Minervas
E*aTOjM,7reJoK cur didlum
9raf6/o, hrechthei filiae jeitr'
Paliphae unde
Poftophori
Patrius Apollo
Ilxf^^xviix
vxviTixx'mr)
266
J i 3 B-^Aa-
423
428
423
263
35
i-el ftt-
ibid.
127
127
424
141
445
124
445
42
207
136
207
122
77
450
55
3'-
ibid.
Ho-
31
297
208
74
55
424
131
452
33
34
index:
fri%imtnc
424
(pec^jjietxot
401
UiT^nnKn x;^
393
(pei^lAxxor
134
IlETuJjia
425
TaXO(7O^5ft0t
H
T5j5to i8g, 221
'jrtfi^^cimv 221
VB^ta7\yifntlv 'rt7^(<^ 3 2
^xXrj^ov 43' 54
>MyayiOt. 425
<[>aXAxa oia-(JLtt,rot 303
^ufifAMrqiO, 436
Phancalos 305
^u^yixKot. viarii^iat 353
(pu^lAaxitx ibid,
(pccgjMtxH y^ccipr) 123
4)gf aria difta Profcrpina 7^/V.
4>fE^aTlfl6 43^
(ptvyu* 121
^A(^a( 53
^iXaV))? , 343
^t;v7r7r^ei 281
^Xua 5 2
Phobeter 305
4>ft;xt(i;y aVovoiflc 3 8 1 . g<6 254
^otvtxtuv 108
(pom y^xfn 123
(po^fMvtoi 54
^ogo 80
^ogwv 5 5
U.
363
462
53
425
plurium palmarum homo 441
f lutus alatus 31
fnvxirrii quid 93
a6ai axvq 442
w&^cx<>Mc>} I 3 1
taoloT^aJcri - ibid,
Tloiocyo-^iot 42 S
VOKiht) foei 36
vrohift.K^X'^ ' 77
vroXifAiHi)!) oaof 34
vuXtiraii 80, 57
weXia; Minerva 3 1
ncxtci 426
Polieus Jupiter 381
PoXic;, Apollinis epith. 426
voXti, Cecropia xar l^^x^v dida
woXiTat 43, 5 ^
wcAJ^Sc' 279
Tloft/xnXot Saifjiorif 370
no/xTTar^- iVlercurius /^/V/.
5ro(*Wcroii 34
TlofA.'rriut 5ai(xo' to^j 426
vio'JToivoc 214
woTTTw^im Tarj aVgawarj 332
portus Athenienfes 43
UoauSiat 426
noo-iJJ Erechtteus 31. Onche-
Itius 417. Heliconius 423. Tje-
narius 432. E>o5!popoj, vel rxa^jK 56,421
rxW 42. verfatilis, & duflilis
fceptra^ qui geftabant 108, 109,
441
}ic 190, 192
o-Eparct I?rwo 445
(rtifct(p6fot Hnnrti tbid.
l-nffdx^noi I3'^ 43
triXriyxi mazx qusedatn didlx ^14
2iMo* 267, 268
'r,(Axx,(ixt , 54
Zs/ittA)} 430
r|M.i $ia 106, 396
X/*Jir lopTJj 396
Servi 57, fcff.
2f7rI)po 43
ert^jjpcjopiti!]"* 353
I.'fOK 55
Siniftra 322, 323
oitiat, irxfrnffixta, airrio'ti if Hpw-
ruviiij 131
CiTOfjiirfxi, five Awoiixlarot 80
ffthiuat 83
*T ilxfl 128
Solonis leges vo^ot diftae 1 39
#X^ 443
cu^fonrx) 84
ibid.
rc^etrkTOSt
45 ^
Stephanophorus
206, 403
278, 300
430
r$i\ Minerva -
ibtd.
rx<'f*'"
332, 333
ry/*a]*
64, 65
ryf*aT(a, vel fiyunt, cur diiti
attaga, infcripti, U litterati 64
roatJ 36, 38
o roa? XTifflV 5O
twVo /^/ 460
TETpawgot 445
TSTliyBi Athenienfes difti, cur hos
in comis geftabant ' 2
Sax-, SiBuK^ 322
SaAtat 360
SaMo* 238
$a>^o^opot 421
0aXyrB 4.OO
Bahvcn^ apT* i/V/
Bdytti* 133
o Bxtaira xa J* 1 07
apyijA** 400
^apyjiA 464
Sa'pysiAo* 400
SapyjjM^ i/W.
Qsoyoc[A.i 40 Z
Theatra 41,. 42
B/xax' 5 2
QfoiviX 40Z
SfoyatvTiia 298, 299, 300^
301
Ototpdmott vel Qto^unet 402.
Biomevrat ^OZ
-eowporta
262
INDEX
StOTTfOWOt
262
Siufrii^xTizli wn^-
302
Ssofix
284
Sso^iXa Xf^iMtloc
82
SfoufU
284
Oiu^o)
21, 284
Qcog Bso(;
345
lol/n- Apollo
402
GlO^iViOC 3 J,
184, 402
GifocnrfXTiSix
4C2
Qiff/iuv iopTi}
ibid.
i^>j'pa
ihid.
ccra o(5o{
34
GruriTat
35' 404
>J<7t(501>
386
0t<7toTp>J/, colonus carceris 35
Sec-|XO*
138
0C/XO^OflErO
403
Oia-f^o^ofK*. 138,
146, 403
0{e-/*offlop- Ceres
4^3, 138
C-;xo^tTa
77
SeV^aJa
262
$Ecr5rer/xaI
Hid.
QcO'traKuv a-C^tvi*.a
259
STf
14, 57
StO'tOt
214
^oiV(
232, 360
o^a*
54-
OpXOf
53
pX(a( 7ry^
33
fiaVtai TryXaw
ibid.
fkft;
54 405
f^'*".
55
Vf| dv^fXTToSuSm
59
^fVff^XltX
183
BftoSoXot
334
CpoMo-*?. "^f^ SfCic-ft9i;
407
Sw'as
392
Sv'iii' ffarixf
Z^9
&via
405
SvM
ibid.
Sw/xiAu
42
St^/*fAT*;poi>
228
t;j*oT^a
53
vma
405
St/'w-
Hid.
^t/'.
213
evfu^i, Kapif, x iV
A0ir)p*
3S6
ypywvidflU 54
St;criOi](^ etc vpuvoiXi yfx^ri I23
Tptoi ira^xio'fji-ulcii, 106
Tficcxxoef 49
TfiaxflW* 44g
rpioi^at ibidt
o rfiuxovliK 122
tribunalia Athenarum io8, 109,
no, ^y^jr.
tribus Athenienfis, 49, qo, ^r.
Tp;ija? e^eif raj dySfoiwoSuStii im
TpxXapa 435
Tnclaria Diana jW.
Tf *opy9i' 5 4
Tpujpatjipijo* 86
Tpjpa^X:a r^V.
TpiT)jp< 459
Tpyi7j]^, TflyXr.va-, Tgj.XaSf)'n
Hecate 386
Tf tn/HK 5 2
Tpoi.'Ti Hecate 386
Tptdivts 4.34
Iriopius ibid.
TfivoSti, via 34
*f'f;>(;'J^ 325
TpfRToyiiTst 434
K k
Tripus
INDEX
Tripus Delphicus iyS
TpTOTTaTopei* 434
TeiToTTaTopej ^fo iPzW-
TptTluas 3^"
Tfirluj, tertia pars tribus 49
Tpirit);, faciificium quale 219
'Lr turn liter arum homo 64
T^otpai/ias 434
Ek TpoipWDitt [Li[ii.dvxiv\xi 293
Trcplionius 289. Jupiter 2/?'/(^.
hujus oraciilum y.a.ta&ot.iTiot dic-
tum, & xaraSctivovlEj COnfuien-
tes Z90
vv(jJS^ templum 1 86
Tf/iWC-avi^Elai idem quod jr/xafT
134
tumulcus
TyTrat
TUpVkJ
Typ?*)
TvffAtScn
'lyndaridas Amicti
U
187
434
il:id.
434
54
ft' 34. OJpvi /^i}.
Venus, Gsnetyllis 37>
\'erbene 226
vy-ttee, . I 252
vy'inon 342
vici Athenienfes 33
YfA'sriiot 54
Y/y.via 43?
Ypj, Dianae cognorpen //^V.
vWI^ Jupiter 213
vBnyyt^ 231
titoy^o'nf.i $604 , 192
vntu\iioa\ot, 115
virotpnToit ZJO, 276
fTToo-zi'ftov 4^
J? 216, 435
T(7to( 5 5
vrs^^ xxS^ 107
Yr5pa 435
rpo7roTfooi 223
vulgares 88
YiaxS*a
Ybotda*
itpEiyj Ti/S-
Ybprx
vo^x-jat;
Y
54
213
417
47
34
136
366
5?
433
US
m didtas
191
ni
Z14
13a
41.7
?2
jiia.
z.
z.
Zeno
INDEX.
()r*5Ta
^,^S.
Zj^yn-at
?o8
ZtfV T-''^'? Jupiter
64
Zcw a-U(T(,i
129, 386
^UVTHK
43. 215
Zvrrip
. %6
^uTCi at.
64
^vyioi
33S
H
33S
64
55
64
FINIS.
j^
^
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