* LI 
 
 
 
 
 SAN DIEGO
 
 Studies of the Great War
 
 By Newell Dwight Hillis 
 
 Each I2mo, cloth, net, $1.20 
 
 STUDIES OF THE GREAT WAR 
 What Each Nation Has at Stake 
 
 LECTURES AND ORATIONS BY HENRY WARD 
 
 15EECHER 
 Collected by Newell Dwight Hillis 
 
 THE MESSAGE OF DAVID SWING TO HIS GENER- 
 ATION 
 
 Compiled, with Introductory Memorial Address 
 by Newell Dwight Hillis 
 
 ALL THE YEAR ROUND 
 Sermons for Church and Civic Celebrations 
 
 THE BATTLE OF PRINCIPLES 
 
 A Study of the Heroism and Eloquence of the Anti-Slavery 
 Conflict 
 
 THE CONTAGION OF CHARACTER 
 Studies in Culture and Success 
 
 THE FORTUNE OF THE REPUBLIC 
 Studies, National and Patriotic, upon the America of To- 
 day .and^To-morro w 
 
 GREAT BOOKS AS LIFE-TEACHERS 
 Studies of Character, Real and Ideal 
 
 THE INVESTMENT OF INFLUENCE 
 A Study of Social Sympathy and Service 
 
 A MAN'S VALUE TO SOCIETY 
 Studies in Self-Culture and Character 
 
 FAITH AND CHARACTER 
 lamo, cloth, gilt top, net, 75 cents 
 
 FORETOKENS OF IMMORTALITY 
 izmo, cloth, net, 50 cents 
 
 DAVID THE POET AND KING 
 8vo, two colors, deckle edges, net, 75 cents 
 
 HOW THE INNER LIGHT FAILED 
 181110, cloth, net, 25 cents 
 
 RIGHT LIVING AS A FINE ART 
 
 A Study of Channing's Symphony 
 
 izmo, boards, net, 25 cents 
 
 THE MASTER OF THE SCIENCE OF RIGHT LIVING 
 ismo, boards, net, 25 cents 
 
 ACROSS THE CONTINENT OF THE YEARS 
 i6mo, old English boards, net, 20 cents 
 
 THE SCHOOL IN THE HOME 
 Net, 50 cents.
 
 Studies of the Great War 
 
 What Each Nation has at Stake 
 
 By 
 NEWELL DWIGHT HILLIS 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO TORONTO 
 
 Fleming H. Revell Company 
 LONDON AND EDINBURGH
 
 Copyright, 1915, by 
 FLEMING II. REVELL COMPANY 
 
 New York: 158 Fifth Avenue 
 Chicago: 125 North Wabash Ave. 
 Toronto: 25 Richmond Street, W. 
 London: 21 Paternoster Square 
 Edinburgh: 100 Princes Street
 
 Foreword 
 
 NOT since 1861, when the Union was 
 threatened, has our country witnessed 
 days so dark. War vultures, with black 
 wings, brood the earth as couriers of poverty, 
 sorrow and death. During many months, 
 multitudes have known but one colour 
 black, have had but one song a funeral 
 dirge. 
 
 More men were killed on the field of bat- 
 tle during the first twenty weeks of war than 
 there were people in the whole world in 
 the time of the Flood. History holds the 
 story of many wars, but history tells us that 
 this is the first one that has involved all of the 
 five continents of our earth. Already fifteen 
 million men are in battle, or preparing for 
 conflict. The results of the war are manifest 
 through the crippling of international trade 
 and banking, and the practical destruction 
 of Twentieth Century commerce. The time 
 has not yet come for entire moral appraise- 
 ments, with distribution of praise and blame. 
 The ideal is neutrality, and the postpone- 
 ment of judgment until all the facts are in. 
 5
 
 Foreword 
 
 It is easy to preserve that attitude of mind 
 so long as one nation charges crime and an- 
 other denies the charge ; but the moment one 
 nation, through its Prime Minister, " con- 
 fesses " guilt, saying, " We have done a 
 wrong in breaking our treaty, but later on 
 we will repair it," then it becomes logically 
 necessary to bring the verdict up to date. 
 
 In general terras, war is the negation of 
 the Ten Commandments. Alchemy, witch- 
 craft, astrology, duels and war belong alike to 
 the cave-man, and the era of savages. God 
 made Europe as an Eden garden, where the 
 tree of life ripens purple clusters for hungry 
 pilgrims, but to-day men have split the 
 boughs of the life-giving tree into spears, and 
 fed its blossoms to their war horses. Rulers 
 have despised peace, and refused good will 
 to their brother men. When hate and war 
 are rampant, the one duty of the hour is to 
 teach love, peace and justice. When the fur- 
 row is open, even though by the hot plough- 
 shares of war, that is the time to sow the seed. 
 
 When Jesus was in Jerusalem, He did not 
 talk about the events that once happened to 
 Moses in Egypt, He studied the signs of 
 the times, and interpreted the way of God 
 to men in Jerusalem. In the interests of 
 6
 
 Foreword 
 
 busy men whose life is crowded, during ten 
 successive Sunday nights, from October 4 to 
 December 27, 1914, I roughly sketched the 
 stories of the nations now engaged in the 
 greatest battle that ever shook our earth. 
 Keports of the addresses were published in 
 the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. The fact that 
 one of them called forth over five hundred 
 letters, and hundreds of clippings and edi- 
 torials, from practically every State in the 
 Union, indicates that American people are 
 deeply interested in the moral interpretation 
 of the events of this great war. 
 
 I have somewhat revised the published re- 
 ports, confessedly hasty and incomplete, but 
 have not attempted to chronicle the rapid 
 changes of events to the present time, since 
 the object was rather to picture certain large 
 features of history, to gain general views of 
 the characteristics of the warring nations, 
 and to set forth some moralities of the crisis. 
 
 NEWELL DWIGHT HILLIS. 
 April, 1915. 
 
 NOTE. Of course, the Army estimates, in lists of 
 "Resources" closing each chapter, are far below the 
 actual numbers gathered under war pressure.
 
 Contents 
 
 I. Germany's Growth : Her Problems of 
 
 Expansion . . . . .n 
 
 II. France : Her Contribution to the World ; 
 
 What Her People Are Fighting For 43 
 
 III. England's Place Among the Nations : 
 
 Her Relations to Germany . . 71 
 
 IV. Brave Little Belgium : Why the World 
 
 Sympathizes With Her . . .'97 
 
 V. The New Russia : Her Ambition for a 
 
 Seaport . . . . .117 
 
 VI. The Unspeakable Turk : An Alien in 
 
 Europe . . . . .139 
 
 VII. Italy Old and New: Her Ambitions . 161 
 
 VIII. Holland and Germany: The Mouth 
 
 of the Rhine . . . .189 
 
 IX. Austria-Hungary and the Coming 
 
 United States of Balkany . .215 
 
 X. The Verdict of the American People 
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy . 239 
 
 Index 263
 
 Germany's Growth: 
 Her Problems of Expansion
 
 Germany, as known to the older generation, 
 was a country peopled with philosophers, poets, 
 composers, slow and sleepy officials and backward 
 peasants ; it was an aesthetical, sentimental, day- 
 dreaming land. Modern Germany is matter-of- 
 fact, hard-headed, calculating, businesslike, totally 
 devoid of sentimentality, and sometimes even of 
 sentiment, and very up-to-date. . . . New 
 Germany is an enlarged Prussia. ... It should 
 not be forgotten that those Germans who used to 
 be considered typical representatives of Germany, 
 such as Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, Wieland,Jean 
 Paul, Schlegel, Uhland, Lenau, Hegel, Fichte, 
 Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn, belonged to old 
 Germany, and were non-Prussians. 
 
 J. ELLIS BARKER. 
 " Modern Germany" 1909.
 
 GERMANY'S GROWTH : HER PROB- 
 LEMS OF EXPANSION 
 
 CENTURIES ago Plato made a distinc- 
 tion between the occasions of war, and 
 the causes of war. The occasions of war lie 
 upon the surface, and are known and read of 
 all men, while the causes of war are embedded 
 in racial antagonism, in political and eco- 
 nomic controversies. Narrative historians 
 portray the occasions of war; philosophic 
 historians give us the secret and hidden 
 causes of conflict. Thus the spark of fire 
 that fails upon powder is the occasion of an 
 explosion, but the cause of the havoc is the 
 relation between charcoal, nitre and salt- 
 petre. The occasion of our Civil War was 
 the firing upon Fort Sumter ; the cause was 
 the collision between the ideals of the Union 
 presented by Daniel Webster, and of States 
 Rights, taught by John C. Calhoun. The 
 occasion of the American Revolution was the 
 Stamp Tax ; the cause was the conviction of 
 13
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 our forefathers that men who had freedom of 
 worship carried also the capacity for self- 
 government. The occasion of the French 
 Revolution was the purchase of a diamond 
 necklace for Marie Antoinette at a moment 
 when the treasury was exhausted ; the cause 
 of the revolution was a revolt against Feu- 
 dalism. 
 
 To-day, thoughtful men must discriminate 
 between the occasions of the great European 
 war and the causes of that awful conflict that 
 is now shaking the whole earth. The spark 
 that fell into the powder magazine was the 
 assassination of the heir to the Austrian 
 throne, but the causes and roots of the war 
 are in far-off racial antagonisms and economic 
 conflicts. As for Germany, the cause of the 
 war is found in the desire of her people for a 
 larger " place in the sun," through control of 
 the Belgian Scheldt and the mouth of the 
 Rhine, possession of the iron mines of the 
 French Briey, and in her conviction that 
 England has no right to claim to be the 
 mistress of the seas. As for France, the 
 cause of the war is the instinct of self-preser- 
 vation, a desire to recover the lost provinces 
 of Alsace and Lorraine, and her determina- 
 tion to develop her iron mines and become a 
 14
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 manufacturing nation. As for Austria, the 
 cause of the war is her fear of the coming 
 United States of Balkany, with the certain 
 progressive slicing away of her territory. 
 As for Russia, the cause of the war is her 
 desire to obtain the Bosphorus, with a port 
 open all the year round. 
 
 As for England, our motherland is fighting 
 to recover her sense of security. During the 
 Napoleonic wars, the second William Pitt 
 explained the quadrupling of the taxes, the 
 increase of the navy, and the sending of an 
 English army against France, by emphasizing 
 the necessity of " preserving England's sense 
 of security." Five years ago England lost 
 her sense of security, and began to fear a 
 German invasion. To-day, England is seek- 
 ing not to preserve but to recover that lost 
 sense. England and France and Belgium 
 propose now to secure their ends by destroy- 
 ing Germany's ironclads, demobilizing her 
 army, wiping out her forts, and enlarging 
 Belgium as a buffer state between France 
 and Germany. The occasions of the war 
 vary, as stated in each White Paper, and Blue 
 Paper and Yellow Paper, but the causes of 
 the war abide in economic struggles and racial 
 antagonisms. 
 
 15
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 Because Germany set the battle-lines in 
 array, it seems logical that we should begin 
 these studies with a review of the rise of the 
 New Germany. In the realm of industry, it 
 is possible that Germany now leads the rest 
 of the world. She produces larger harvests 
 for a given number of acres, manufactures 
 her goods with less waste, maintains a wage 
 that is not higher but is steadier than that 
 of other peoples, secures a higher rate of 
 longevity among her workers, has succeeded 
 in safeguarding her toilers against the wor- 
 ries incident to accident, illness and old age, 
 and has lifted her working people out of 
 illiteracy to a higher average intellectual 
 level than that known to any other nation. 
 At the same time, strangely enough, under 
 the influence of Prussia, the German people 
 still cling to the divine right of kings, clothe 
 the Kaiser with autocratic power, and while 
 giving the elected representatives of the peo- 
 ple in the Reichstag the outer form of 
 government, limit the Reichstag to the work 
 of a debating society. Nearly three cen- 
 turies have passed since Oliver Cromwell won 
 for England the essentials of democracy, and 
 one hundred and twenty years have passed 
 since the fall of feudalism in France, and yet 
 16
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 now, in 1914, Germany is not within sight 
 of the day that will bring full manhood 
 suffrage. In the industrial realm Germany 
 is creating wealth faster than any other 
 nation in Europe, and this notwithstanding 
 the handicap of thin, sandy soil in Prussia, 
 low grade ore and coal, and the fact that she 
 is, comparatively with others, shut off from 
 the sea and surrounded by active competitors. 
 The story of Germany's growth makes up 
 a fascinating page in the world's industrial 
 history. Her efficiency is indicated by the 
 fact that, if the United States sells raw cot- 
 ton to Germany, Germany sells us finished 
 products. Her foreign trade is nearly twice 
 as large as ours, and yet our Republic has 
 thirty millions more people and twelve times 
 the territory. What is more surprising is the 
 fact that having no ocean port but only her 
 two outlets on the North Sea, Germany has 
 built up a vast navy, and made her shipping 
 lines second only to those of England, while 
 we have an enormous coast line, and what 
 with two oceans, the Gulf, and the St. Law- 
 rence River is to all intents and purposes an 
 island, and yet we are a nation without 
 ships. So rapidly has Germany developed 
 that to-day twice as many people in Europe 
 17
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 speak German as French, while one hundred 
 years ago four times as many people in 
 Europe spoke French as German. All iron 
 and steel men are agreed that if Germany 
 had as good coking coal and iron ore as our 
 Connellsville coal and the Mesaba ores, she 
 would drive our iron men either into bank- 
 ruptcy or into new and more efficient methods 
 of smelting. In this country capital and 
 labour have not yet learned to do team work, 
 while in Germany the people are disciplined, 
 trained in intelligence, and they know how 
 to appreciate and follow steadfast leader- 
 ship. The German industrial host marches, 
 not as a mob but as a solid army ; our work- 
 ing people through the jealousy of labour 
 leaders are broken up into separate guerilla 
 bands, until the union men and the non-union 
 men fight almost as bitterly as the German 
 and the French soldiers now struggling unto 
 death in the trenches of Northern France. 
 
 Suddenly, Germany's competitors have 
 waked up to discover that the typical Ger- 
 man is not only a thinker, but also a sturdy 
 young manufacturer, an excellent business 
 man, and a soldier, whose chief prowess has 
 not been exerted in warfare. Indeed, the 
 progress of Germany since 1870 is the won- 
 18
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 der of the world. Forty years ago, Russia 
 was the outstanding European power, but 
 her war with Japan left Russia weakened, 
 and Germany became the great Continental 
 force. In 1870 she had forty millions of 
 people, she now has sixty- eight millions. 
 In 1870 she had an army about equal to that 
 of France ; to-day she has three million men 
 in her First and Second Reserves and two 
 million in the Third Reserve. Her army of 
 trained citizen-soldiers is larger than that of 
 Alexander, plus Julius Caesar's, plus Na- 
 poleon's, with a million of Grant's men. In 
 1870 Germany had no navy worth talking 
 about. To-day her North German Lloyd 
 and her Hamburg-American fleets are the 
 largest in the world, while at the rate at 
 which she is building battle-ships she may, 
 within ten years, have a navy equal to that 
 of England. 
 
 Forty years ago Germany was an agri- 
 cultural country that did a little manufac- 
 turing : to-day she is essentially an industrial 
 nation. England still leads in the cotton 
 and woolen industries and in ship-building, 
 but Germany leads England in the produc- 
 tion of steel, machinery, chemicals, and elec- 
 tricity, and is rapidly rivalling England in 
 19
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 all European markets. She now has fifty 
 per cent, more man-power than England, 
 which means fifty per cent, more wealth-pro- 
 ducing power. 
 
 But what is more important is that her 
 population is growing nine hundred thousand 
 a year, while England is growing very 
 slowly. Moreover, in Germany work is so 
 abundant and wages so steady that she loses 
 only thirty thousand people a year through 
 emigration ; while Great Britain's sons are 
 migrating in an army of four hundred and 
 fifty thousand every year. Within ten years, 
 Germany's population bids fair to equal that 
 of France and England combined. Her army 
 is already larger than that of the two countries, 
 and she believes that in a very few years her 
 army and navy will give her two strong hands 
 where she now has one. 
 
 Be the reasons what they may, a wave of 
 patriotism has swept over the German 
 people. These sixty-eight millions, during 
 the past months, have had but one mind and 
 one heart, and that heart is beating high 
 with hope and ambition. When France 
 erected her great motto, " Liberty, Fra- 
 ternity, and Equality," that motto wrought 
 itself out through the French Revolution, 
 20
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 and, despite reactions towards imperialism, 
 has resulted in a stable republic. There was 
 a time when England had a motto, " No 
 Bishop, No King " ; when that watchword 
 had worked its way through, Charles had 
 lost his head, feudalism had gone down, and 
 democracy in England had taken the place 
 of autocracy still maintained through roy- 
 alty ruling under law. There came a time 
 also in our country when the colonists took 
 up a watchword, "No Taxation without 
 Kepresentation," and it ended with the 
 Declaration of Independence and the Re- 
 public. Germany now has a watchword, 
 " Duty, Obedience, Work for God and Na- 
 tive Land." 
 
 This is the most serious motto that any 
 nation ever adopted ; the words are the 
 greatest words in the vocabulary of human 
 life. Duty ? The path of duty is the way 
 of glory. Obedience ? Obedience to natural 
 law makes man the ruler of every force in 
 land and sea and sky. Work ? That builds 
 factories, enriches fields, founds cities, spreads 
 commerce over the earth. When these great 
 words have fully wrought out their destiny 
 the Kaiser thinks Germany may have a hun- 
 dred millions of people. A nation that is 
 
 21
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 scientific in its industry, that saves waste, 
 and is rearing its boys and girls upon such 
 words as " Duty, Obedience and "Work for 
 God and Native Land " must be reckoned 
 with. 
 
 And now that Germany is producing more 
 goods than her own people need, she wants 
 colonies to which she can sell her surplus 
 goods. Although the Americas and the 
 European colonies are open to her trade, es- 
 pecially those of Great Britain, which are 
 free to all the world, Germany yearns to 
 control as well as to benefit by colonial com- 
 merce. And she craves also greater outlets 
 for her goods. 
 
 Yet for years Germany has been shut off 
 from the sea at Trieste on the Adriatic and 
 at Marseilles on the Mediterranean ; shut 
 off from the North Sea by Holland on the 
 west. Hitherto neighbouring nations have 
 wanted Holland and Belgium as buffer 
 states, and France, England and Prussia 
 with Russia and Austria agreed so to main- 
 tain them. True, Germany has the great ports 
 of Hamburg on the Elbe, and Bremen on the 
 Eser, but the Rhine, her greatest river, flows 
 into the North Sea at Rotterdam, Holland. 
 Of course, our people could not carry on their 
 22
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 trade with Canada owning the mouth of the 
 Hudson and Manhattan Island. We could 
 not do our work with Mexico owning the 
 mouth of the Mississippi Kiver, and all the 
 Mississippi states paying tribute to Mexico 
 at New Orleans. France could not survive 
 with the mouth of the Seine owned by Spain 
 or the mouth of the Khone owned by Italy. 
 "What, then, is Germany to do ? 
 
 Consider what is involved in a growth 
 of nine hundred thousand people a year ! 
 Think of the manufacturers of Germany who 
 are so busy that she has to import seven 
 hundred and twenty thousand working 
 people in the summer to reap her crops ; let- 
 ting these Kussians and Hungarians and 
 Italians return home in the late autumn. If 
 the steam piles up in the kettle and there is 
 no vent there is apt to be an explosion. The 
 steam put to nine hundred thousand pounds 
 pressure per year is piling up in the German 
 teakettle, and when the Czar, King George 
 and the Queen and the President climb on 
 top of the teakettle, they may not be tempt- 
 ing Providence, but they certainly are tempt- 
 ing steam and water and fire. 
 
 South and southeast of Munich are two 
 Austrian provinces whose people speak the 
 23
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 German language. Will the expansive forces 
 of Germany push these provinces aside until 
 Germany has access for her commerce to the 
 Mediterranean and the Adriatic ? Will Ger- 
 many, when she has her navy completed, 
 put her soldiers into Holland and send the 
 Rhine "unvexed to the sea"? Will Hol- 
 land grant an economic and customs agree- 
 ment ? Or will there be, ultimately, political 
 union of Holland and Germany? Soon 
 Germany will have one hundred millions, 
 and at that time England will have fifty, 
 and France thirty-five. The question now 
 is this : How long will one pound continue 
 to weigh as much as two pounds ? 
 
 Germany says she must have room to 
 expand. The land around Berlin is a sandy 
 plain, her coal is of low grade, her soil is of 
 poor quality ; and yet by her saving of waste, 
 by untiring industry, thrift, and economy, 
 she is creating wealth each year fifty per 
 cent, more rapidly than England. Mean- 
 while, she is building a railroad down to 
 Bagdad and wants to reach the Persian 
 Gulf. ISTo man who has travelled through 
 the Balkan country can but realize that 
 many things are to happen after the death 
 of the Emperor Francis Joseph. Who knows 
 24
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 but that the Germanic provinces of Austria, 
 including Vienna, may become the Kaiser's 
 provinces, so that the Hungarian Empire 
 will have its capital at Budapest ? For 
 observant men, who have eyes to see, 
 Kussia at this moment is elbowing the little 
 province aside and moving steadily towards 
 the Bosphorus, to crowd the Turk. After a 
 while, the Turk will move bag and baggage 
 out of Europe. 
 
 London has been so long the financial 
 centre of the world, and England the richest 
 country, that it seems impossible to imagine 
 that Germany is, or soon may be, the rich- 
 est state in Europe. But when an English 
 economist, Barker,' analyzes the property of 
 his own country, England, and puts over 
 against that estimate the property of Ger- 
 many and arrives at the conclusion that 
 Germany is the richer country, it gives the 
 shock of surprise. The reasons for the con- 
 clusion are not far to seek. England has 
 forty-five millions of people, and Germany 
 sixty-eight millions, and this means that 
 Germany has fifty per cent, more man- 
 power, or wealth-producing power. 
 
 England's forty-five millions of people are 
 
 " Modern Germany," by J. Ellis Barker. 
 25
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 poorly employed, and nine per cent, of her 
 population are practically always out of 
 work. Germany's sixty-eight millions of 
 people are practically fully employed. Dur- 
 ing the past summer, rather than take her 
 workmen out of her factories, she imported 
 seven hundred and twenty thousand men out 
 of Kussia, Hungary, Austria, and Italy and 
 adjacent states. And this is not a mere 
 estimate, because Germany compels the regis- 
 tration of every visitor immediately upon 
 crossing the German frontier, and every 
 Saturday night Germany knows to a man 
 the precise number of foreigners within her 
 borders. And while Germany's workmen are 
 probably the best educated working people 
 in the world, she has the biggest machines, 
 the healthiest human tools, and is the best 
 organized. 
 
 But there is another test still more de- 
 cisive. France's public debt represents one 
 hundred and fifty-three dollars per man, 
 woman, and child, and France has only a 
 few state railroads to pay her debt, being 
 dependent upon the taxation of her people 
 for her income. Britain owes a national 
 debt of ninety dollars per capita. While a 
 judicious combination of paying off and re- 
 26
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 funding has kept her obligations strong in 
 the market, they are a constant drain on the 
 nation's wealth. Now Germany's debt is 
 only sixty dollars per individual, but the 
 German state government owns the railways 
 and forests and mines. The value of her 
 government railway stock is established by 
 the dividends the state makes the railroads 
 pay. These state railways have so high a 
 value that after half of her railways and 
 forests were sold, Germany could pay every 
 dollar of her indebtedness, and have the 
 other half left to support her army and 
 build her navy. 
 
 What did England and France do with 
 the four billions of dollars that they have 
 borrowed and used? They invested it in 
 battle-ships that will soon be scrap-iron, in 
 fortresses, cannon, and guns that will rust 
 out. And what has Germany done with 
 her billions that she borrowed ? She put 
 much of the money into factories, forests, 
 railways and mines that are steadily enhanc- 
 ing. During the last twenty years, England's 
 income, through taxation, has decreased, and 
 Germany's has more than doubled. These 
 are important facts. 
 
 Another test of the greatness and pros- 
 27
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 perity of a nation is found in an analysis of 
 its work, wages and immigration. When 
 work is abundant, wages firm, and times 
 good, men do not migrate. When work is 
 scarce, wages low, and times are bad, the 
 working people migrate by the ship-load. 
 Now the survey of the industrial condition 
 of England shows that during the last twenty 
 years, nine per cent, of the people have been 
 always out of employment. It is estimated 
 that there are always two per cent, of the 
 people out of work, in connection with tran- 
 sition, removal from one city to another, or 
 change of occupation. But during these 
 twenty years, Germany has had only two 
 per cent, of her people unemployed. Also, 
 the average migration from Germany is 
 thirty thousand per year. Since 1900, Ger- 
 many has lost to her foreign colonies and to 
 the United States four hundred thousand, 
 but during the same time Britain has lost 
 two million, five hundred thousand people ! 
 
 The savings of the working people are 
 indicated by the deposits in savings-banks. 
 During the seven years between 1900 and 
 1907, the savings of the working people of 
 Germany increased from a little over two 
 billions of dollars to three and a half bil- 
 28
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 lions. During the same seven years, the 
 savings and deposits of the working people 
 in England advanced from nine hundred 
 millions of dollars to ten hundred millions. 
 That is, the deposits of the German working 
 people have grown exactly nine times as 
 fast as those in the British savings-banks; 
 thus for every dollar deposited in the poor 
 man's bank in England, the German work- 
 ing classes have deposited nine dollars. And 
 this is the more remarkable because the 
 German working people, in addition, have 
 been pouring their savings into lots, lands, 
 cottages, and houses, while the English 
 workingman finds it almost impossible to 
 obtain freehold land. Professor Barker 
 thinks that the larger part of the savings 
 of the German working classes has gone into 
 fields, houses, and cottages. 
 
 The prosperity of Germany is further in- 
 dicated by the lessening number of paupers. 
 The most terrible memory that an American 
 brings home from England to-day is the 
 recollection of the " hunger brigade " on the 
 Victoria Embankment. Poverty in England 
 is like the water in a swamp. "When the 
 hunter puts down his foot, the mire oozes up 
 all about with every step, and when you go 
 29
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 from the "Whitechapel district in London 
 to the poorer regions of Liverpool or of 
 Manchester, that problem of poverty, rags, 
 squalor, and wretchedness is always present. 
 But you may travel for weeks and months 
 in Germany without even seeing a beggar or 
 having a hand stretched out for assistance. 
 You look in vain for any tenement region. 
 Every German town and city has a farm on 
 the outskirts, and there the man out of em- 
 ployment can have his bean soup, his por- 
 ridge, his bread and coffee. For a man out 
 of employment to beg would be for the beg- 
 gar to go to jail, while the man who gave 
 him the silver coin also goes, being equally 
 culpable. Moreover, every employer has to 
 keep back a cent or two daily, to which the 
 state adds another cent and invests it wisely, 
 thus making possible a workingman's old- 
 age pension, his sickness pension, and his ac- 
 cident pension, such a system as England's 
 Liberal administration has recently been in- 
 troducing into that country. But the German 
 workingman pays much of his own pension 
 and does not receive it as a free gift, as does 
 England's workingman in her hothouse 
 scheme for growing paupers. England has 
 a million people who receive support as 
 30
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 paupers, invalids, or criminals, and two mil- 
 lions more who receive an occasional gift of 
 flour or a little coal. As Germany has fifty 
 per cent, more population, Germany ought 
 to have four and a half million people who 
 receive occasionally a little coal or flour. As 
 a matter of fact, the people who are in her 
 poor-farms, either permanently or for a short 
 time, are only about one million. The pros- 
 perity of Germany, therefore, seems incon- 
 trovertible. That her method of handling 
 the problems of poverty, crime, and drunk- 
 enness is little by little doing away with 
 their unfortunates, is equally certain. Ger- 
 many has taught the people of the earth much 
 as to what the state can do and what the state 
 cannot do to assist the working people. 
 
 Some men trace the new industrial epoch 
 in Germany to the influence of the Kaiser. 
 But, when the full summer is come, and the 
 rain and the warm air have ripened the 
 fruit on the bough, and the peach and the 
 plum are ready to fall, we must not suppose 
 that the man who stretches up his hand and 
 shakes the tree created the fruit. The 
 Kaiser of Germany entered the scene at a 
 strategic and ripe moment, but he has also 
 been a good husbandman. The great news- 
 Si
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 paper clipping bureau in London is respon- 
 sible for the statement that the Kaiser is the 
 most talked of ruler in the world, in that 
 there are two clippings about the Emperor 
 William to one about any other ruler on 
 earth. His versatility is indicated by his 
 speeches, filling some ten volumes and cover- 
 ing every conceivable subject. He writes as 
 the soldier, the sailor, the theologian, the 
 philosopher, the dramatist, the banker, the 
 railroad man. He discusses music, painting, 
 sculpture, architecture, archeology, and even 
 makes occasional excursions to heaven and 
 hell. He is certainly one of the best equipped 
 men in the world to-day. 
 
 One enormous advantage he has always 
 had, namely, that experts in every depart- 
 ment of science are always out as scouts to 
 bring him back the latest achievement. 
 AVhen Professor Roentgen announced the 
 discovery of the X-ray, and the first hint of it 
 was given out in a Berlin morning newspaper, 
 the first congratulatory telegram that came to 
 the scientist was dated at six o'clock in the 
 morning and came from the Emperor's palace. 
 
 No ruler in the world has been so hard a 
 worker or such a traveller. His people say 
 that their Kaiser spends one week out of every 
 32
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 four on his private car, travelling over his 
 empire. His knowledge of the leaders of 
 finance and commerce in the different cities, 
 of the condition of every board of trade in 
 every town and village, and of the work 
 carried on in every factory, is first-hand 
 knowledge. No Englishman or Frenchman 
 can read those volumes containing the Em- 
 peror's speeches and articles of the last seven- 
 teen years without realizing that Frederick 
 the Great has had a successor, a man of intel- 
 lect, imagination, initiative, boundless energy, 
 courage, a man with world dreams and visions. 
 The Kaiser has more power over his people, 
 more influence over the legislative and finan- 
 cial departments of his government, than 
 any ruler on earth ; and he has the ability 
 and the strength of hand to hold the reins, 
 and to use the sceptre. Any statement re- 
 garding Germany's prosperity, her growth, 
 and her future, must make a large place, 
 therefore, for the figure of this Emperor, who 
 is the most interesting ruler of his generation. 
 One of the enthusiasms of the Kaiser is 
 the new Navy League. It stirs the note of 
 wonder that at the very moment when Eng- 
 land is passing through a political revolution 
 over raising her taxes, or maintaining her 
 33
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 navy at its present point of efficiency, a 
 movement is on in Germany to hasten the 
 increase of her battle-ships, and, therefore, 
 increase her taxes. The foremost aristo- 
 crats, the highest military officers, and the 
 richest bankers of Germany are back of this 
 league, that now includes a million members, 
 and is said to be the largest voluntary asso- 
 ciation for patriotic purposes in the world. 
 The organization has four thousand branches 
 in as many German towns and cities, and an 
 army of lecturers go up and down the land, 
 with stereopticon and moving pictures show- 
 ing the fleets of foreign nations, and the 
 present condition of the German fleet. Dur- 
 ing 1910, twenty thousand lectures were 
 given, to stimulate interest in the increase of 
 the German navy, against the hour when 
 the nation might come to close terms with 
 England. The Navy League has published 
 a book containing sixty songs on the subject, 
 " Our Future Lies upon the AVater." 
 
 In this extraordinary campaign for the 
 rapid increase of the German navy, more 
 than seven million books and pamphlets 
 have been distributed in a single year, until 
 now the sky is raining books and appeals to 
 the German people. The result of this un- 
 34
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 ceasing agitation has been that Germany 
 became navy mad. Where twenty years 
 ago the shops at Christmas were filled with 
 boxes of tin soldiers, and later with tin au- 
 tomobiles, now every German boy wants a 
 tin battle-ship. Contracts have been let for 
 sixty battle-ships, invincibles, and battle- 
 ships of the first and second class, all to be 
 completed within sixty months. Already 
 Germany has thirteen slips in which she can 
 build the largest dreadnoughts, where Eng- 
 land has only nine. The result is, that within 
 the next few years Germany may have twenty 
 invincibles, " each one of which is to be larger 
 and more powerful than our own dread- 
 nought," writes Professor Barker. One thing 
 is certain, Germany has the money, she has 
 the men, and the determination, and she has 
 decided to see to it that, before 1920, the 
 battle-ships under the control of the Kaiser 
 are equal in number and size to the battle-ships 
 of England. For the past few years, however, 
 England has built two to Germany's one. 
 
 Only the traveller who has made many 
 trips to Germany and spent months and even 
 years there during the last twenty years can 
 appreciate the change in Germany's system 
 of military education. Americans have been 
 35
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 taught that the fort and the military post are 
 centres of idleness, temptation, intemperance. 
 There is a conviction in this country that the 
 best way to make a soldier is to make a man, 
 and then when the national crisis comes he 
 will soon master military tactics. There is, 
 therefore, bitter opposition to the withdrawal 
 of a youth for one or two years from produc- 
 tive industry to expose him to the tempta- 
 tions of an idle camp. But in the last few 
 years, Germany, scientific in everything, has 
 organized the life of her soldier boys. It 
 may be doubted whether any nation has as 
 good a system of technical education for the 
 manufacture of good workingmen and good 
 farmers real work, for transforming peasants 
 into citizens of Germany and of the world. 
 
 When two years have passed these boys 
 will know about Germany's industrial and 
 manufacturing life, her herds and flocks, the 
 best way to cross and breed her animals; 
 about her soils and fertilizers, about the care 
 of the horse, the plough, and the reaper ; how 
 to guard against the wastes, and how to make 
 the farm that has been yielding six per cent, 
 yield twelve per cent, on the investment. 
 They will know about the weakness and the 
 strength of Russia and Austria, of France and 
 36
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 England. They enter the array stooped and 
 weak physically, they leave it well set up, 
 and soldiers every inch. They enter the 
 array uncertain and vacillating, and they 
 leave it with fixed habits, men who work by 
 the clock. They enter the army peasants, 
 with a narrow outlook ; they leave it citizens 
 of Germany, of Europe, and of the world. 
 
 Indeed, if every boy of eighteen in the 
 United States could be put through such a 
 rigorous physical, intellectual, patriotic, and 
 moral drill for twelve months, it would be 
 of immense value to the property interests 
 of this Kepublic, altogether aside from its 
 military uses. 
 
 This explains the fact that the farmhouses 
 of Germany have new roofs, new barns, and 
 new outbuildings ; that the land is steadily 
 growing richer and more productive. It is 
 this scientific method that enables the Ger- 
 man workingman to take the smoke out of 
 his chimney-stack, to cleanse it of carbon, 
 and to explode it in his gas engine. A woman 
 with white gloves can go through some Ger- 
 man steel plants, and come out with a spot- 
 less garment. Indeed, if Pittsburgh had as 
 poor coal and iron as Germany, its steel-mak- 
 ers would be forced to better their methods 
 37
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 or go out of business. As it is, the United 
 States Steel Company has made a gain in its 
 foreign export trade of steel during the last 
 ten years, but Germany has increased her ex- 
 port of steel to foreign countries just eight 
 times as fast as the United States, so high is 
 the price for our steel. 
 
 And the Germany that is making science 
 to solve the problem of poverty, and is re- 
 building her towns on scientific lines, saving 
 the wastes in her factories, and guarding the 
 lives of her working people, has outstripped 
 the people of this Republic, despite their un- 
 developed natural resources, in at least ten 
 departments of human industry. 
 
 Whether or not, therefore, all Europe is to 
 be Germanized, one thing is certain : all the 
 nations of the earth may well go to school to 
 Germany, and study her methods of lighten- 
 ing industrial burdens and saving industrial 
 wastes; to the end that property may re- 
 deem all people out of drudgery and want, 
 giving them leisure to grow ripe and an op- 
 portunity to become wise and self-sufficing. 
 
 Now for all lovers of Germany, the attack 
 upon Belgium has been all but unexplain- 
 able. Germany's wealth, Germany's in- 
 creasing efficiency, her growing investments 
 38
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 in the farm lands of Eastern France and 
 Belgium, have made it certain that she had 
 the money with which to slowly purchase 
 the land she needed. Germany had two 
 hundred miles of frontier line bordering on 
 France : and she had given her solemn pledge 
 to maintain the neutrality of Belgium. The 
 publication of the Belgian Paper has shown 
 conclusively to all the nations that the right 
 of England and France to cross her territory 
 was expressly denied by Belgium, except 
 upon one condition, namely, that Germany 
 had first of all violated her solemn pledge 
 and had already invaded Belgium. 
 
 In his chapter on the " Duty to Make 
 War " Bernhardi explains how he would 
 justify an unprovoked attack upon Bel- 
 gium : " We must not think merely of ex- 
 ternal foes, who compel us to fight ; a war 
 may seem to be forced upon a statesman by 
 the state of home affairs." Within one week 
 after Belgium had been laid waste, and the 
 whole land had been turned into a grave- 
 yard, the local Anzeiger referred to Belgium 
 as " this quarry which has been laid low by 
 the German army, and which now belongs 
 whole and undivided to the German people." 
 In the same paper, ignoring the solemn treaty 
 39
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 obligations with Belgium, a German general 
 adds, " All Belgium must become German, not 
 in order that a few million rascals may have 
 the honour of belonging to the German Em- 
 pire, but so that we may have her excellent 
 harbours, and be able to hold the knife under 
 the nose of perfidious, cowardly England." 
 
 The explanation is found, doubtless, in 
 Germany's undue emphasis of militarism. 
 The ideals of force first lifted up by Fred- 
 erick the Great and carried forward by 
 Bismarck, have culminated in this war led 
 by William the Second. What an indi- 
 vidual desires, he prepares for. When a 
 man wants a duel, he buys a pistol. When 
 a nation wants a war it prepares for war ; 
 is ready when war comes ; or seizes an op- 
 portunity to start the war. And the nation 
 that wants a war and is ready for war, and 
 starts a war, would seem by self-confession 
 to have been responsible for the war. One 
 thing is certain, ideals shape individuals 
 and states. What man thinketh in his heart 
 to-day, that he will perform to-morrow. All 
 crimes and all heroisms are rehearsed in 
 advance upon the stage of the imagination, 
 and later on reproduced in practical life. 
 An ideal is as real as a paving-stone. In- 
 40
 
 Her Problems of Expansion 
 
 dustrial ideals and military ideals have been 
 for forty years struggling for the mastery in 
 Germany, and now at last it would seem as 
 if the military ideal has become uppermost. 
 Drill a boy for battle to-day, and you will 
 have a Louvain to-morrow. 
 
 If therefore we take the lesson of the great 
 war for to-day, we shall find the conclusion 
 of the whole matter in that law of moral 
 sequence, stated long ago, the individual and 
 the nation that soweth to the wind shall reap 
 the whirlwind, and they that sow to the flesh 
 through lust shall of lust reap corruption. 
 What, then, shall Germany look for ? 
 
 EESOURCES OF GERMANY 
 Area, 208, 780 square miles. 
 Population, Jan. 1, 1913, 64,925,99s. 1 
 Estimated wealth, Barker's estimate, $90,000,- 
 
 000,000. 
 
 Annual revenue, $924,000,000. 
 National debt, $1,200,000,000. 
 Army budget, 1913, $265,000,000. 
 Navy budget, 1913, $115,000,000. 
 German army, official report, Jan. 1, 1913. 
 Standing army, - - 790,000. 
 First reserve, - - - 450,000. 
 Second reserve, - - 2,600,000. 
 
 Total, 3,840,000. 
 
 1 Latest returns give 68,000,000. 
 41
 
 Germany's Growth 
 
 Germany has second largest navy. 
 
 Germany has second largest commercial fleet. 
 
 Germany leads the world in iron and steel. 
 
 Germany leads the world in chemical products. 
 
 United States has three commercial travellers 
 in Switzerland ; 
 
 Germany has four thousand eight hundred. 
 
 In 1909 the State owned 34,142 miles of rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Private individuals owned 1,987 miles of rail- 
 road. 
 
 In proportion, our railroads kill ten times as 
 many passengers as Germany's. 
 
 Freight rates in Germany one-third what they 
 are in England, although higher than with 
 us. 
 
 Within twenty years Germany has spent 
 $150,000,000 upon canals. 
 
 Germany owns the telephone and telegraph 
 lines. These lines pay a profit to the gov- 
 ernment of ten million dollars a year. 
 
 People emigrate when dissatisfied. During 
 ten years Germany has lost an average of 
 only thirty thousand immigrants each year. 
 
 Germany's strength : team work. 
 
 Germany's weakness : lack of individual in- 
 itiative. 
 
 Germany's peril : the belief that knowledge 
 and instruction are culture. 
 
 42
 
 II 
 
 France : 
 Her Contribution to the World
 
 The newcomer in England sees our solidity ; 
 the newcomer among the French is dazzled by 
 their mobility. . . . Only in Paris life sparkles 
 like that, free from extinguishing cares, responsibili- 
 ties, conventions, prejudices, and commonplaces : 
 it dazzles for months, then the amazing discovery 
 begins the finding of a solid Paris, a Paris of the 
 old earth, with roots in deep custom, a Paris of 
 rock-like consistency and iron faithfulness, a sim- 
 ple, straight, ordered, long-headed, and earnest 
 Paris. . . . 
 
 It can be said that the national French trait is 
 the combination of mobility with solidity mobil- 
 ity of thought and feeling with solidity of char- 
 acter. 
 
 LAWRENCE JERROLD. 
 " The Real France," 1911.
 
 n 
 
 FRANCE: HER CONTRIBUTION TO 
 
 THE WORLD ; WHAT HER PEOPLE 
 
 ARE FIGHTING FOR 
 
 THE news that the French armies had 
 crowded the Germans back from their 
 advance within twenty miles of Paris, to 
 where the nearest point of fighting was sixty 
 miles from the capital filled the whole world 
 with astonishment. 
 
 Germany's army represents sixty-eight 
 millions of people, France's, thirty-eight 
 millions. Germany had prepared her can- 
 non, rifles, bombshells, automobiles, and her 
 military machine moved like an invincible 
 Juggernaut over brave little Belgium. 
 France was not expecting war, and was 
 not prepared for war, and has about three 
 soldiers to Germany's five. When the 
 Kaiser and his generals announced that 
 within three weeks from August first they 
 would dine in the palace of Versailles, mili- 
 tary critics were impressed, knowing that 
 45
 
 France 
 
 sixteen ounces of powder outweigh ten 
 ounces. Strictly speaking, no artist has 
 any physical right to beat a trained soldier. 
 And no artistic and literary nation, giving 
 itself to paintings, marbles, the city beauti- 
 ful movement, literature and finance, has 
 any physical right to hold at bay and then 
 defeat a nation that has given itself to bomb- 
 shells, 42-centimeter guns, rifles, and the 
 drill that turns the nation into an armed 
 regiment. 
 
 The unexpected happened. What the 
 French soldier has lacked in the way of 
 weapons and drill, he has more than made 
 up through initiative, courage, and strategy. 
 Every war has its high- water mark ; at 
 Gettysburg the wave of Southern invasion 
 was at its highest point, and afterwards the 
 tide began to ebb, and died away on the 
 sands at Appomattox. Scores of military 
 critics, on the basis of a lifelong study and 
 personal experience, have agreed that the 
 high-water mark of this war was at a point 
 twenty miles north of Paris, and that 
 however severe may be the task it prom- 
 ises to be but a question of months when 
 the last invader is expelled from French 
 territory, while France may hope to see the 
 46
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 tri-colour float once more over Alsace and 
 Lorraine. 
 
 American citizens to-day are asking why 
 Germany attacked France, and have in vain 
 sought a reason for the German soldier's 
 hatred of the French people. Some scholars 
 have said that the stationary birth-rate of 
 France indicated the decline of that great 
 nation. But it is evident that this judgment 
 must be reversed. The French republic is 
 probably the most stable government in 
 Europe. The assassination of an autocrat 
 may usher in a revolution, in those countries 
 that stand for the principle of imperialism. 
 But many people could be assassinated in 
 France without imperilling their republic 
 and their self-government. 
 
 The present President also, Poincare, is 
 doubtless one of the ablest statesmen and 
 diplomats that modern France has produced. 
 And what Bismarck did, Delcasse, as recent 
 minister of foreign affairs, undid. The whole 
 purpose of the diplomacy of Bismarck as 
 to France was to secure and maintain its 
 isolation. After Sedan, Bismarck taxed 
 France one billion dollars, and took the 
 provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. So mar- 
 vellous were France's reserves of thrift and 
 47
 
 France 
 
 manhood that the republic recovered itself 
 within five years. Out of adversity and 
 Sedan, a new France was born. In his 
 anger and disappointment, Bismarck fo- 
 mented a new war with France, and would 
 have attacked the republic had England and 
 Russia not interfered. From that hour, Bis- 
 marck stirred up jealousy on the part of 
 Italy and Spain and England against France. 
 In 1898-1905, Delcasse came to power, and 
 the great diplomat strengthened the alliance 
 between Russia and France, and then brought 
 about the closest possible understanding be- 
 tween France and England. 
 
 Thus, while Bismarck succeeded in isolat- 
 ing France, and leaving her apparently with- 
 out a friend, Delcasse overthrew Bismarck's 
 plans, and actually succeeded in isolating 
 Germany, until Germany is without a friend, 
 except the poor old Dual Monarchy, and the 
 Unspeakable Turk. One morning William 
 the Second awoke to discover that Ger- 
 many was caught between the upper and 
 nether millstone of Russia and France, with 
 England the close friend of both countries. 
 Thinking that Italy, Spain and England 
 would object, and therefore develop a hatred 
 against France, ' Bismarck, thirty-five years 
 48
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 ago, gave out the word that Germany would 
 not object if France began to develop her 
 colonies in Africa and Asia. Now, the 
 Kaiser is chagrined to find that France, 
 with England and the United States, owns 
 practically all the good colonies of the 
 world, with the richest undeveloped natural 
 resources, while Germany has only two small 
 colonies in Africa and one in China ; and 
 through Japan's aid has now lost all these. 
 Bismarck was the great demiurgic force of 
 1870. But France has developed statesmen 
 and diplomats who have undone Bismarck's 
 work, recovered the ground lost forty years 
 ago, and left Germany practically alone in 
 Europe. 
 
 To reasons based upon ambition to domi- 
 nate, self-defence and fear of rivals, must 
 now be added Germany's desire to possess 
 herself of the newly discovered iron deposits 
 in Northern France. This is an era of steel. 
 Other ages have been called the age of stone, 
 and the age of bronze, but the Twentieth 
 Century is the era of steel. German dread- 
 noughts mean hematite iron. Forty-two cen- 
 timeter guns mean high grade steel. Ger- 
 many's leadership in steel means iron ores. 
 
 In " Problems of Power," "William Morton 
 49
 
 France 
 
 Fullerton says that " by the middle of the 
 present century the German iron mines will 
 be exhausted. Within thirty years the same 
 fate will have befallen those of Luxembourg. 
 When the iron famine comes, the vast foun- 
 dries and steel industries of Westphalia, 
 Silesia, the Rhenish provinces, arid the valley 
 of the Sarre will have to put out their fires. 
 Twenty millions of Germany's population will 
 be driven to look elsewhere for a livelihood. 
 Now the iron ore deposits, which in the 
 Twentieth Century are as indispensable an 
 asset as wheat fields for a civilized commu- 
 nity, abound just over the Franco-German 
 border in the department of the Meurthe and 
 the Moselle. In the basin of Briey there is 
 iron enough to last for two hundred and fifty 
 years. Germany thought she had included 
 in the provisions of the Treaty of Frankfort 
 all the iron mines of Eastern France. The 
 discovery shortly afterwards of the mines of 
 Briey revealed on French soil undreamed 
 sources of wealth, which became a veritable 
 torture of Tantalus to the Germans over the 
 border." 
 
 In the judgment of the best European 
 mining engineers, statesmen, and diploma- 
 tists, Germany, after a twenty years' hunt 
 So
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 for iron ores throughout the world, has 
 finally grown desperate, and decided that 
 with her armies she would seize the iron de- 
 posits near Namur in Belgium, and the vast 
 hematite ores of Northern France. The war 
 between France and England in 1776 was a 
 war over the northern furs found in Canada ; 
 the war between England and South Africa 
 was a war over gold and diamonds ; the 
 revolution in Mexico is a struggle for the 
 possession of farm lands and oil fields ; and 
 Germany's army invaded Belgium and 
 Northern France with an eye to possess 
 herself of the iron ores that are to control 
 Europe for the next two hundred and fifty 
 years. 
 
 In his fascinating study of the new inter- 
 nationalism, Fullerton comments upon the 
 statement found in "L'Allemagne aux Abois," 
 that " France seems destined, if all goes well, 
 to become the most powerful nation of met- 
 allurgists in the world." This prophecy is 
 apparently based upon the new financial pol- 
 icy that has been manifest for several years 
 on the part of French financiers. It is well 
 known that the French people have used 
 their enormous wealth in loans to build up 
 the manufactories of other countries that were 
 .51
 
 France 
 
 willing to pay a high rate of interest. Ful- 
 lerton uses the figure of the reservoir with 
 reference to the eight or nine large credit 
 companies who have later " canalized " the 
 wealth of France, and made enormous loans 
 to Germany, Turkey, Russia, Japan, the 
 Argentine Republic and the United States. 
 But this policy of loaning money to foreign 
 manufactures resulted in the starving of 
 French inventors, French enterprises, French 
 foundries. This method explains the fact 
 that for years the American traveller in 
 crossing France passed through hundreds of 
 villages that had no chimney stack emitting 
 smoke, no foundry or factory sending out 
 the hum of industry. 
 
 But a new era has dawned for France ; 
 gone forever the day when French money 
 will be used to fertilize foreign deserts. 
 France has begun to loan her money to her 
 own men. A sound banker incidentally se- 
 cures safety for his depositors, and dividends 
 for his stockholders, but the really great 
 banker is he who selects young men and 
 young businesses, and has the genius to 
 recognize men and institutions that have 
 growth in them. And the thing upon which 
 such a banker prides himself is that he has 
 52
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 built up men and institutions and made them 
 great. Now that France has awakened to a 
 new recognition of the value of her own iron 
 industries, and now that Germany is within 
 sight of the exhaustion of her ores, France 
 has started in upon plans that ultimately will 
 enable her to lead all the nations of Europe 
 in the production of steel ; and steel means 
 dreadnoughts, cannon, railways, factories, 
 tools, immeasurable wealth. 
 
 The rejoicing of the civilized world that 
 France, with the aid of her staunch allies, 
 Great Britain and the indomitable Albert 
 and his Belgians, has been progressively push- 
 ing back militarism and is not to be destroyed 
 is because the destruction of France would 
 be a blow at the very heart of civilization. 
 What Florence once was to Italy, that and 
 more Paris is to the Twentieth Century. 
 The great contribution of France to society 
 has been the diffusion of the beautiful. The 
 common life there is made increasingly to 
 minister to taste and imagination. The mis- 
 fortune of the early ages was that all art and 
 beauty were concentrated in Parthenons, 
 palaces and, later, in Gothic cathedrals, 
 while the people lived in mud huts, walked 
 on dirt floors, wore sheepskin garments, ate 
 53
 
 France 
 
 black bread, and lived in squalor, ugliness 
 and misery. It was France that was the 
 apostle of the new order, and Paris was the 
 stage from which the new spirit spake. 
 
 For the first time in history a great people 
 deliberately set themselves to the task of 
 making the instruments of the dining-room, 
 parlour and library appeal to the imagination, 
 and as the movement spread, they made 
 dresses that were warm to be beautiful, 
 books that were wise to be also alluring, 
 houses that kept oil the rain and snow to 
 have perfect lines, until at length Paris be- 
 came the most beautiful city in the world. 
 Men make money in San Francisco in the 
 West and Petrograd in the East, but they 
 go to Paris to spend their treasure. And 
 whoever has lingered long within the gal- 
 leries is familiar with Paris drives and parks ; 
 whoever has entered into the spirit of her 
 school of the Fine Arts, her painting and 
 sculpture and architecture ; whoever has at- 
 tended her Salon year after year, and has 
 then turned his back on Paris, and journeyed 
 to the remotest corners of France, only to 
 find that the whole nation is interested in 
 the beautiful; that the porter and waiter 
 know more about great pictures, and the 
 54
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 reasons why the artist is supreme, than do 
 educated people in other countries of the 
 world that traveller will know that France 
 has vindicated her method of education at 
 the bar of intellect and judgment. And so 
 long as Paris continues to lead the world in 
 the beautiful, she will continue to draw into 
 her galleries the people of wealth and leisure, 
 as certainly as an oasis with fountains and 
 fruit trees will draw the birds of paradise 
 from the desert, with its dust and glare. 
 
 The French nation was the first to recog- 
 nize also the commercial element in the 
 beautiful. With a sure instinct they saw 
 that the time had come when men were re- 
 volting from ugliness, and were thirsting for 
 a more beautiful life in the great city. Man- 
 chester appealed to men through its cotton 
 and wool, Berlin through its chemicals, Lon- 
 don by her trading and wealth and finance, 
 but Paris decided to make an appeal to the 
 imagination through the fine arts. Fortu- 
 nately for the city, the man at the head of 
 the government, the Emperor Napoleon the 
 Third, was a dictator, and brooked no oppo- 
 sition. "With his architects he laid out a 
 scheme to tear down a very large percentage 
 of the houses in the business centre of Paris. 
 55
 
 France 
 
 If Brooklynites would realize the compre- 
 hensive destruction, imagine every building 
 in Brooklyn from Columbia Heights on the 
 west, between Orange Street and Atlantic 
 Avenue on to the corner of Flatbush and 
 Fulton, levelled to the ground to-morrow. 
 And then imagine other houses and stores 
 on one side of Flatbush Avenue razed to the 
 ground to make an avenue twelve hundred 
 feet wide, until the man who stands under 
 MacMonnies' arch at the entrance of Pros- 
 pect Park could look straight down a splen- 
 did driveway, from arch to arch, with noble 
 buildings flanking either side, until the eye 
 rested upon a central arch, crowning Columbia 
 Heights, and looking out on Manhattan Island. 
 For several years Paris was filled with the 
 dust of falling buildings, but at last the great 
 opera house was built and endowed by the 
 State; splendid streets ran out from the 
 Place de 1'Opera, like spokes from the 
 wheel's hub. Bankers and merchants shook 
 their heads in despair. Business men in- 
 sisted that the city would be ruined by the 
 burden of taxation. Mutters were heard in 
 the cafes, where the common people said 
 that the Emperor must be destroyed by an- 
 other revolution, like Louis XYI. 
 56
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 Meanwhile, the Emperor's agents began 
 to sell the lots on the new streets, and the 
 property on the new avenues. Visitors, also, 
 began to come in from all quarters of the 
 world, to see the new gardens of the Tuiler- 
 ies, the new Arc de Triomphe with great 
 avenues radiating from it like a star, begun 
 by Napoleon I, but completed by his nephew 
 the great Champs Elysees that connected 
 the two, until a day came when the people 
 discovered that all their hotels were crowded 
 with strangers from every quarter of the 
 world. The vistas of Paris are superb. 
 Every great avenue, every noble bridge 
 across the Seine, is faced at its end by some 
 splendid church or other public edifice 
 some of them venerable with age, towards 
 which the avenues or bridges have been di- 
 rected, some of them parts of the new con- 
 struction. 
 
 The result of this was amazing. Land be- 
 gan to go up in the outskirts of the city, 
 where gardeners were raising vegetables and 
 fruits for the foreign visitors. Merchants 
 worked day and night in looking after their 
 trade with their new customers. Poor men 
 found work, drivers of carriages were never 
 without passengers. Parks were filled ; Paris 
 57
 
 France 
 
 entered upon an era of commercial pros- 
 perity. The metropolis had no factories, no 
 foundries, no chimneys belching smoke. The 
 great city lay like Yenus upon the bank of 
 the river, the island being the eye, and Notre 
 Dame the pupil thereof, looking up towards 
 the stars. Hundreds of millions of dollars 
 had been expended, but it had all returned, in 
 a way that the people had never understood. 
 
 "We all have heard Frenchmen place a 
 monetary value upon the new Paris created 
 by Napoleon the Third, estimating it at two 
 hundred and fifty millions of dollars a year. 
 Some authors have said that Paris was re-, 
 ceiving a twenty per cent, annual dividend 
 on her investment in the beautiful. 
 
 In our country the universal theory is that 
 government exists for the protection of life 
 and property. Rulers are chosen for the 
 purpose of safeguarding the factory, the shop 
 and the market-place. An exception is made, 
 indeed, of the intellect, because the State 
 does concern itself with education, to the end 
 that boys and girls may be self-supporting. 
 But if our people think it perfectly proper to 
 train the intellect, they think it inconceiv- 
 able that the State should be taxed to train 
 the taste and the imagination. Instead of 
 58
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 asking what faculties are in the soul, and 
 then trying to educate all those faculties, and 
 produce an all-round man, our Government 
 selects the intellect and memory and decides 
 to ignore the rest of the human soul. For 
 that reason our Congress will spend a hun- 
 dred millions of dollars in digging mud out 
 of the mouth of the Mississippi Kiver and the 
 Miami and alas ! out of a hundred other 
 streams that seem to exist only for the pur- 
 pose of enabling Congressmen to get public 
 moneys to spend in their own little districts. 
 Nobody knows what is done with the mud, 
 nobody cares about the names of the hundred- 
 odd petty rivers that are dug out, and nobody 
 seems to dream that the best way to take care 
 of the mud in a river is to train the people 
 on the banks of the aforementioned stream ! 
 But the rulers of France decided to train the 
 hand towards the useful, the intellect towards 
 the true, and the imagination towards the 
 beautiful ; and her people responded. 
 
 In every primary school in France drawing 
 is taught with a b c's. Every town of a 
 thousand inhabitants has its little museum, 
 the works of art being supplied partly by 
 the commune or township, and partly by the 
 national Government. Any boy who shows 
 59
 
 France 
 
 the slightest aptitude above the average for 
 any form of graphic art, architecture, sculp- 
 ture or painting is sent at the expense of his 
 town to the nearest provincial city and given 
 a small pension for expenses. If he contin- 
 ues to show progress, then the county sends 
 him to Paris, with a certain allowance from 
 the county funds. If he takes certain prizes 
 in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, he can 
 compete for the Grand Prix de Home four 
 years in Rome, lodged in the Villa Medici 
 free and one thousand dollars per year ex- 
 pense money. Every French student of art, 
 who shows even a second or third rate talent, 
 is forever taken care of by the Government 
 through commissions for decorations and 
 public improvements. The Government ex- 
 pends millions of francs annually in pur- 
 chasing works of art, not only of the high- 
 est grade, to be placed in the Gallery of the 
 Luxembourg in Paris, but also from the 
 young artists solely to encourage them. 
 These latter paintings so purchased are dis- 
 tributed among the small towns all over 
 France. The value is obvious. First, en- 
 couragement to young artists ; second, fa- 
 miliarization of the people with the beautiful. 
 In no city of France can the owner of a 
 60
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 lot or plot of land erect his own fancies. 
 The Ministry of Fine Arts steps in to warn 
 and supervise. For instance, if the houses 
 right and left of his plot are French Renais- 
 sance of three stories, material Caen stone, 
 height of windows eight feet, the owner of 
 the lot cannot erect Norman Romanesque or 
 Gothic ornament ; nor can he use brick ; nor 
 can he make the windows larger or smaller 
 than his neighbours'. The result is unity lead- 
 ing to harmony. Further, every architect in 
 France receives a license from the Govern- 
 ment. He is in every case an architect of 
 eight to twelve years' training, and also a 
 sculptor and a painter. Every tree in Paris is 
 planted by direction of the Fine Arts Ministry 
 no one can cut as much as a branch without 
 permission. Every furniture worker, lock- 
 smith, carpet- weaver, plasterer, potter, etc., 
 can draw, and sometimes amazingly well. 
 In Paris, in the Faubourg St. Antoine the 
 furniture makers' district the Government 
 maintains museums for the workmen, where 
 the finest examples of furniture are shown ; 
 and they are open evenings. The working- 
 man, craftsman, is encouraged to come in the 
 evenings, without fuss or feathers, to see 
 masterpieces of .woodworking models for 
 61
 
 France 
 
 his own work. He can borrow photographs 
 and drawings bearing on his trade ; he can 
 obtain free lessons in drawing, in carving, 
 in every detail of his work. This is true in 
 every line of craftsmanship. The State 
 maintains the famous Sevres porcelain works 
 solely to keep alive French supremacy in 
 porcelain. The greatest chemists are here 
 at work, ever seeking new ingredients to 
 make improvements in pigment, and great 
 artists work on the decorations. All discov- 
 eries are at the service of French porcelain 
 makers; any French porcelain or pottery 
 establishment can obtain skilled, trained art- 
 ists and artisans from Sevres, trained at the 
 expense of the nation. France trains crafts- 
 men in jewelry teaches them the sculptural 
 and art side then the metallurgical, and 
 gives them practical experience. 
 
 All the world's womankind go or want to 
 go to Paris for clothes. A French dressmaker 
 of the first class is always an artist in her 
 department. They combine line and colour 
 with the height, width, colour of hair, com- 
 plexion of a woman, and literally create a 
 work of art, evolving out of these simple 
 materials a vision of loveliness. 
 
 Further, in the very heart of the city, 
 62
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 Paris condemned residences and shops upon 
 a tract along the Seine, equal to twenty 
 of our city blocks. There she erected, at 
 the expense of many millions of dollars, 
 one enormous palace and another, smaller, 
 where annual and permanent exhibitions 
 could be held of everything that has to do 
 with the life of the common people, the 
 Grand Palais and the Petit Palais are the 
 perennial art centres of the city. Models of 
 every kind of architecture, domestic and 
 civil, models of the ideal parlour, the ideal 
 library, and dining-room, and bedroom and 
 hall. Models of every known comfort and 
 convenience in a house. Models of all con- 
 ceivable styles of dress, in every country 
 and generation. Every youth, therefore, 
 and girl, planning marriage and a little 
 home, can go thither and find the standard, 
 just as an artist uses the sapphire and the 
 ruby to tone his jaded colour sense up to 
 standard. Near the greater is the smaller 
 permanent palace for the spring exhibition 
 and the autumn exhibition. Twenty-five 
 hundred canvases were on exhibition at the 
 Salon last spring, with twelve hundred 
 pieces of marble and bronze. Prizes were 
 given also to workers in gold and silver. 
 63
 
 France 
 
 It was my fortune to see the great artists, 
 sculptors and literary men of France on a 
 platform one afternoon, distributing prizes 
 to the men and women who had painted the 
 best pictures, carved the best statues, or won 
 supremacy in architecture. The Republic 
 was represented through its President. Har- 
 pigny, the painter, was there, and Rodin, 
 the sculptor ; Rostand, the poet, and Anatole 
 France, the author and literary critic. Name 
 after name of artist and architect was struck 
 off, as the harper strikes the note, and with 
 wild cheers men acclaimed the successful 
 aspirant. What the people admire deter- 
 mines what boys and girls will do and be. 
 When the women clapped their little white 
 hands and cheered the knight, the boys 
 became crusaders and soldiers. When in 
 Florence women cheered the young artist, 
 the people closed their shops and carried 
 the youth on their shoulders up and down 
 the streets, and men threw purses at his feet. 
 To-day in many lands women applaud the 
 money-maker who can buy them gowns and 
 automobiles and equipage, and even a vulgar 
 Croesus is the idol ! Whoever carries a big 
 bag full of yellow mud can go through the 
 life garden, deciding what flower he will 
 64
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 wear in his lapel, knowing that every mother 
 stands with a pair of scissors to snip off a 
 young bud to adorn the dollar-spotted coat. 
 But France has made the atmosphere warm 
 and genial for the artist. Paris admires the 
 sculptor and the architect, and gives enor- 
 mous rewards for the beautiful. The result 
 is her supremacy, the supremacy of her city, 
 and the millions that crowd in from every 
 corner of the world to the great art 
 centre. 
 
 The returns of this universal artistry to 
 France are all but immeasurable. Enor- 
 mous wealth is poured into the coffers of 
 France, for which in terms of raw material 
 France gives little return. For example, 
 the dividend on the manufacture of cotton 
 is, say, six per cent. But Millet's canvas 
 and colours cost him scarcely more than ten 
 dollars, while France has received as high 
 as a hundred thousand dollars for a single 
 painting of Millet, ten dollars raw material, 
 and ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and 
 ninety dollars profit. In the same way the 
 French artist will take ten dollars' worth of 
 wood and turn it into a piece of artistic fur- 
 niture, which will sell for a hundred dollars, 
 which means nine hundred per cent, profit. 
 65
 
 France 
 
 She has attracted twelve thousand five hun- 
 dred American students thither, who spend 
 on an average eight hundred dollars to a 
 thousand dollars a year. She attracts visit- 
 ors from all the nations of the earth, who 
 wish to forget the roar and din and dirt of 
 their own capitals, and rest in the sunshine 
 of the accumulated loveliness and beauty of 
 Paris. To understand the superiority of her 
 rulers, one has only to contrast the fact that 
 the government of Paris is now planning Lo 
 expend a hundred and fifty million dollars 
 in making more beautiful one of the neg- 
 lected quarters of the city. But look at the 
 way our Tammany Hall would receive a 
 proposition of that kind ! 
 
 There are more American art students 
 abroad pursuing the beautiful than there are 
 art students of all the other nations of the 
 world put together so says an art journal 
 in Paris. Now it is proposed by the mem- 
 bers of the New York Art Societies to raise 
 a million five hundred thousand dollars for 
 a building like the French Salon, with a 
 spring exhibition of painting and sculpture, 
 with an autumn exhibition, and with a per- 
 manent exhibition. The real object of such 
 an exhibition would be the development of 
 66
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 the imagination of American youth, in the 
 hope of a great art movement. The indirect 
 result would be the drawing to New York 
 of millions of visitors every year prosperous 
 fathers and mothers bringing their children 
 to see the spring and autumn exhibitions. 
 
 Our rulers properly would not allow a 
 foot of land in our great parks, already 
 owned by the people, and consecrated to 
 their use for health and recreation, to be 
 used for such a purpose. Paris can use 
 many, many blocks in the most valuable 
 centre of the great city for such a building 
 and exhibition, but New York or Brooklyn 
 hesitates to condemn commercial property 
 for the higher uses of art. The cry is, " Think 
 of the taxes ! " " Let well enough alone ! " 
 " Paternalism ! " " The government should 
 confine itself to the life and property of its 
 citizens!" Our rulers believed in exercise, 
 in sweat, and are not quite sure whether 
 there is such a faculty as imagination, and 
 prefer perspiration to inspiration. So the 
 ground will have to be purchased by private 
 subscription, and the new building erected 
 by private gifts. 
 
 But stupidity, thank God, cannot live for- 
 ever! Death, after a while, will remove 
 67
 
 France 
 
 these obstacles to progress and the beautiful, 
 while the higher intelligence will grow and 
 spread. For the spirit of the beautiful has 
 been poured out upon the American people. 
 It is not enough any longer that the house is 
 proof against the snow ; it must be a beau- 
 tiful house : it is not enough that the book 
 holds the truth; the magazine must have 
 beautiful type and drawings : it is not enough 
 that the garb is warm ; the dress must have 
 beautiful lines. 
 
 Our Kepublic owes a great debt to the 
 motherland, England, for the Pilgrim Fa- 
 thers, for our political liberties, for a great 
 inheritance of literature. But we must 
 never forget our indebtedness to France. 
 It was Paris that welcomed our first am- 
 bassador at the Court of Versailles 
 Benjamin Franklin. It was a French gov- 
 ernment despite a reluctant king that fur- 
 nished money loans and military stores to 
 our Kevolutionists. It was a French marquis 
 Lafayette who cast his life and his for- 
 tune and his honour with the fortune of 
 Washington. It was a French admiral, 
 Count de Grasse, who cooperated with the 
 colonial forces at Yorktown. It was France 
 that stood by us at a critical epoch, when 
 68
 
 Her Contribution to the World 
 
 the English king turned his guns upon the 
 young Republic. And when in our poverty 
 the Government turned to foreign countries 
 for loans, it was brave little Holland and 
 France that bought our bonds, and made it 
 possible to fight the war through to a suc- 
 cessful issue. Our scholars have gone to 
 Pascal's "Thoughts" for some of their 
 greatest principles, and to a French scholar, 
 Calvin, for the mother ideas of democracy 
 and representative government. It was a 
 Frenchman, De Lesseps, who gave us the 
 first of the great canals, at Suez, and inau- 
 gurated the enterprise of the great Amer- 
 ican achievement at Panama. It was a 
 Frenchman, Pasteur, who made the human 
 race his benefactor by the discovery of the 
 germ theory, as it was the French Professor 
 and Madame Curie who gave us radium. 
 
 The people of the Fifteenth Century 
 turned to Florence and Rome, but to-day 
 the lovers of the beautiful turn their eyes 
 and their steps towards that Mecca of the 
 fine arts Paris, and long for one vision of 
 the Venus di Milo, and Mona Lisa and the 
 Winged Victory, that seem like angels of 
 loveliness, leaning from the battlements of 
 heaven to allure us upward towards the in- 
 69
 
 France 
 
 accessible heights where they have their 
 permanent dwelling places. 
 
 The world's debt to France is along the 
 higher lines of life, in science and art, while 
 her new developments are bringing her also 
 into the more fundamental domain of ma- 
 terial usefulness in metallurgy and mechanical 
 production. Her people, artistic and pleasure- 
 loving, are also brainy, thrifty, earnest and 
 brave; they are fighting to preserve their 
 splendid achievements from destruction, with 
 an added fervour of determination to redeem 
 their Alsace-Lorraine compatriots lost to Ger- 
 many in 1870. 
 
 BESOTJRCES OF FRANCE, 1913 * 
 
 Area in square miles, 207,054. 
 Population, 39,601,509. 
 Wealth, $65,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $6,510,000,000. 
 Annual revenue, $1,074,703,595. 
 Army budget (1913-1914), $287,298,300. 
 Navy budget (1913-1914), $104,238,815. 
 
 Army : Standing, 750,000 ) 2 i * 000 
 Eeserves, 1,400,000 J 4 10U > UI 
 
 1 Estimates from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Evening 
 Post Company, Copyright.
 
 Ill 
 
 England's Place Among the Nations : 
 Her Relations to Germany
 
 As in a body when the blood is fresh, the 
 spirits pure and vigorous not only to vital but to 
 rational faculties ... it argues in what good 
 plight and constitution the body is ; so, when the 
 cheerfulness of the people is so sprightly up, as 
 that it has not only wherewith to guard well its 
 own freedom and safety, but to spare, and to 
 bestow upon the solidest and sublimest points of 
 controversy and new invention, it betokens us not 
 degenerated, nor drooping to a fatal decay, by 
 casting off the old and wrinkled skin of corrup- 
 tion. . . . Methinks I see in my mind a noble 
 and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong 
 man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks. 
 
 JOHN MILTON. 
 *' Areopag itica," 1644.
 
 in 
 
 ENGLAND'S PLACE AMONG THE 
 
 NATIONS : HER RELATIONS 
 
 TO GERMANY 
 
 THOUSANDS of years ago Egypt and 
 her City of Thebes led the world in 
 finance and trade. Six hundred years later 
 Greece and Athens took the lead and guided 
 the world movement in finance, politics, art 
 and literature. At the beginning of the 
 Christian era Rome obtained the sceptre, 
 that long afterwards passed into the hands 
 of Venice. Now, for more than one hundred 
 years England and London have been the 
 outstanding forces in the world's civilization. 
 In the realm of commerce Lombard Street, 
 London, has been the centre from which all 
 the threads of trade move out like a golden 
 web to the uttermost ends of the earth. 
 
 The United States, Germany and France 
 have made striking contributions to human 
 progress, through tools, arts, science and the 
 increase of comforts and conveniences, not 
 to mention what they have done for democ- 
 73
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 racy and liberty. But when everything has 
 been said in praise of other nations, our 
 motherland of England still has a supremacy 
 that cannot be challenged. 
 
 It was from England that the founders of 
 our Kepublic received the seed corn of liberty 
 that has ripened unto these new harvests. 
 It was England's Cromwell, Pym and 
 Hampden who destroyed that citadel of 
 iniquity, the doctrine of the divine right of 
 kings. It was the English Bacon who for- 
 mulated the true mode of scientific investi- 
 gation. It was an English poet who gave us 
 the plea for the liberty of the printing-press. 
 It was an English philosopher, Isaac New- 
 ton, who discovered the law of gravity and 
 started the whole world of science upon its 
 upward movement. And these glories are 
 ours. Hawthorne calls his Travel Notes in 
 Great Britain " Our Old Home," but speaks 
 of his visits to Spain and Italy and Greece as 
 " travels through foreign lands." For what- 
 ever England was, before 1620, belongs to 
 the Puritans who founded the New England, 
 just as truly as to the Puritans who remained 
 in the home nest and gave themselves to the 
 task of making the Old England more demo- 
 cratic. Their language is our language, and 
 74
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 Harapden, Cromwell and Pym are our pa- 
 triots and theirs. Milton and Shakespeare 
 are their poets and our poets. Newton and 
 Bacon belong to the Puritans on both sides 
 of the Atlantic. 
 
 But, in later years, it was an English 
 scholar, Charles Darwin, who discovered 
 the law of evolution as the seminal theory 
 of progress, in the world vegetable and 
 animal, and in the world of man. The 
 engine lifts coal out of mines, and redeems 
 man from drudgery, but the engine is the 
 gift of James Watt. Too long the world 
 shivered in cold, for lack of raiment, and 
 Englishmen, named Arkwright and Jenney, 
 gave us the looms that clothed Asia with 
 garments of cotton and wool. It was the 
 English Stephenson who gave us the loco- 
 motive that has multiplied every German, 
 Frenchman and American unto fifty man- 
 power. England's contribution to social 
 progress has been altogether unique and 
 her influence is beyond all measurement. 
 In the realm of vineyards and orchards, if 
 you were to take the sun and the summer 
 out of the sky there would be nothing left 
 but frozen clods. And in the world of 
 civilization, if you were to take England and 
 75
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 all Englishmen for the last three hundred- 
 years out of history, you would have little 
 left save a group of serfs, plebeians and forest 
 children, wearing skins and riding in an ox 
 cart. Let us recognize the world's indebted- 
 ness to our motherland. 
 
 Any adequate conception of England's 
 place among the nations must begin with a 
 full recognition of her work as an architect 
 of States and a builder of Commonwealths. 
 During the last dozen years Germany lost 
 four hundred thousand of her sons through 
 emigration, but England sent, during the same 
 ten years, nearly two million five hundred 
 thousand of her children to the colonies. It 
 may be doubted whether any other nation 
 could have survived the draining away of so 
 much good blood, her strong boys, her hand- 
 some girls. Long ago Sir Charles Dilke, one 
 of the best equipped statesmen of his century, 
 said, in his study of the Greater Britain, that 
 if a scholar was to understand England, he 
 must leave England and spend a month in 
 Egypt ; then he must leave Egypt and spend 
 three months in South Africa ; that he must 
 leave South Africa and journey a thousand 
 miles up the Uganda into East Africa and 
 Lake Nyanza ; that he must leave Uganda and 
 76
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 make his way to India and Ceylon ; that he 
 must leave Ceylon and study Burmah ; that 
 he must leave Burmah and study Australia 
 and New Zealand ; that he must leave New 
 Zealand and study England's islands in the 
 Pacific ; that he must leave these islands and 
 study Canada. 
 
 It is literally true that the sun never sets 
 on the English Empire. With sublime im- 
 agery Daniel Webster spoke of the morning 
 drum-beat of the English soldier, greeting 
 the rising sun, and sounding with the ad- 
 vancing hours around the globe. Britain 
 controls no less than one-fifth of all the good 
 farming land of the world. Within the 
 limits of her Empire live four hundred and 
 thirty millions of people. Nothing tests a 
 nation and its greatness like the affection and 
 loyalty of its colonists. When the motherland 
 is unfair in the distribution of the burdens of 
 taxation, or harsh and cruel in the adminis- 
 tration of its laws, then rebellion always 
 seethes, and the Governor-General goes to 
 bed at night never knowing what form the 
 revolution will take in the morning. This 
 test is searching and pitiless, and to the 
 honour of England be it said that since the 
 revolt of her American Colonies a, hundred 
 77
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 and forty years ago she has met the test. 
 England has built many States, founded 
 Commonwealths in many continents, but to- 
 day the four hundred and thirty millions 
 have but one heart, and that heart is full of 
 love to the motherland. Soon England will 
 have but one mind, and then the stroke of 
 her foot will be the stroke of an earthquake, 
 and the stroke of her hand like the stroke of 
 omnipotence. 
 
 Long ago Turgot said that colonies are 
 like fruits ; when they ripen they fall from 
 the bough. Doubtless Turgot meant us to 
 understand that in 1776 the American fruit 
 was ripe, and dropped from the mother 
 bough. Some Germans have recently 
 thought that Canada, Australia and India 
 were ripe, and like fruits, would drop away. 
 But there is a new thing under the sun. 
 Germany miscalculated, and the Kaiser was 
 poorly advised when the members of his 
 cabinet concluded that England and Ireland 
 were on the verge of civil war, and that 
 British colonies would take the first op- 
 portunity of deserting Great Britain. As 
 Americans, we have all known from the be- 
 ginning that, while now and then there was 
 a warm discussion between the parent and 
 78
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 her children, when the moment came for an 
 enemy to attack the parent, the children 
 would enter the discussion. Now Germany 
 understands that when England is at war, 
 Canada is at war ; that when England is at 
 war, Australia and New Zealand are at war, 
 South Africa and India are at war. Let no 
 man think that the hundreds of millions liv- 
 ing under the British flag are either a sense- 
 less multitude or a mob. When danger 
 comes, the multitude become a regiment, and 
 march with armed feet. 
 
 And the very thing that Germany thought 
 to be impossible, she has herself brought 
 about. When England's colonies have helped 
 her to fight this fierce war through to a suc- 
 cessful issue, the world will awaken to dis- 
 cover two bands of " United States," the 
 one the United States of America, and the 
 other the United States of Great Britain. 
 To-day Canada and Australia elect no mem- 
 bers to the House of Commons. But to-mor- 
 row, after they have shared in the heat and 
 burden of the day, who knows but that 
 Ontario and Winnipeg and Manitoba, Mel- 
 bourne and Sydney, will be invited to send 
 their representatives to the Imperial Parlia- 
 ment ? And then they will not be a loose 
 79
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 confederation of widely separated colonies, 
 but a closely bound Empire, stretching 
 around the globe, while the links that bind 
 these scattered States together will have 
 been forged by Germany in red heat on the 
 anvils of war. 
 
 For cities and nations, not less than indi- 
 viduals, it is the unexpected that happens. 
 So enormous are the resources of England, 
 France and Eussia that, despite Germany's 
 great power, no thoughtful man can now 
 have much doubt about the ultimate issue of 
 the great struggle. One of the most im- 
 portant results to be hoped for will be the 
 defeat of militarism, and the final emancipa- 
 tion of the young men of all the world from 
 the iron yoke of war; but another result, 
 hitherto unexpected, seems to be this prob- 
 ability and almost certainty of the United 
 States of Great Britain, with foundations for 
 the empire that cannot be shaken. In the 
 debate on free trade, Cobden once said that 
 the results of that economic conflict were so 
 far reaching that the influence started by the 
 Free Corn Laws would make itself felt upon 
 the axe that some Canadian woodsman would 
 lift upon a tree thousands of miles distant 
 from the House of Commons. And not 
 80
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 otherwise is the unanticipated influence of 
 Germany's attack upon England that of 
 strengthening England and her influence 
 over her colonies. But yesterday Treitschke 
 sneered and called England's colonies a rope 
 of sand ; to-day the fire of war has turned 
 them into a compacted sandstone. 
 
 What is the explanation of this uprising 
 of the people of India to defend Britain? 
 But yesterday I stood with the distinguished 
 editor of the University Magazine of Canada 
 and watched the students of McGill Univer- 
 sity drilling upon the campus. "What force 
 is it that drew thirty thousand young men 
 from the harvest field and the forest to the 
 plains of Quebec ? "What is it that is pulling 
 another hundred thousand out of the plains 
 of the great Northwest and turning all steps 
 towards Salisbury Plain ? Looking at these 
 splendid fellows one exclaims : " What re- 
 strained strength ! What manly men ! What 
 quietness filled with fire ! No ordinary stuff 
 is here." From nothing, nothing comes. It 
 means something that Australians, and South 
 Africans, and the people of India are turn- 
 ing ships towards England. But friendship 
 means an exchange of gifts. Devotion has 
 to be paid for. Love to the parent is bought 
 81
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 and paid for by love and devotion to the 
 children. And when these colonists are 
 willing to live and die for England, England 
 must have given them great stores and put 
 them under immeasurable obligation. Years 
 ago I stood in Trafalgar Square and from a 
 window looked down upon King Edward 
 and his Queen. More than five millions of 
 people were assembled along the line of 
 march. In that vast coronation procession 
 were native Princes from India, Governors 
 and Judges from East Africa, and South 
 Africa, and Australia, and New Zealand, 
 from the South American colonies, and from 
 the Chinese colonies. There, too, were lead- 
 ers and rulers, white, brown, yellow, black, 
 red. But the striking thing was that these 
 Colonists felt that the new King and Queen 
 were not England's rulers alone, but were 
 also their rulers. And when the hats went 
 up and the air shook with cheers, no dele- 
 gates or visitors showed more enthusiasm or 
 loyalty than these men from foreign lands ! 
 
 When we come to analyze the reasons for 
 colonial enthusiasm we shall find one cause 
 in the high standard of civil service. For 
 England has had during nearly one hundred 
 and fifty years Governor-Generals in India. 
 82
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 Among the great names that are found on 
 the roll of her colonial service are those of 
 Lawrence, Clive, Canning, Dufferin, and 
 Curzon. In the offices at home and abroad 
 are the names of some of the most distin- 
 guished scholars and patriots of whom his- 
 tory has any knowledge. The high standard 
 of excellence can readily be explained. In 
 the first place the position of Governor-Gen- 
 eral or Judge in an English colony has been 
 looked upon as an opportunity to serve the 
 motherland. The office has been considered 
 a form of unique honour. Social position 
 has been attached thereto. The highest 
 standards of scholarship have been set for 
 applicants. Loyal service has been rewarded 
 with consideration, public recognition, rank, 
 money-gifts, pensions. The aim of the 
 colonial service has been man-making and 
 state-building. 
 
 The fairness and incorruptibility of the 
 colonial courts and judges explains the en- 
 thusiasm of the colonists. England has so 
 surrounded her judges in India and Africa 
 and British Guinea and the South Sea 
 Islands with safeguards, that any suspicion 
 of influence in connection with a colonial 
 court is almost unheard of. In these foreign 
 83
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 capitals, the judge and governor is not ex- 
 pected to make friends among those who 
 have to appear before him. Recently, the 
 story of the decision of an English court was 
 widely commented upon. There was a law 
 in British Guiana for safeguarding the rights 
 of the poor. This law provided that wages 
 in no case are to be withheld. It so hap- 
 pened that an Englishman had erected a 
 factory and hired a watchman to guard the 
 works at night. One day the watchman had 
 had no sleep, and when night came he was 
 overcome with fatigue and slept ; when he 
 was awakened the factory was on fire. The 
 owner was so indignant that he refused to 
 pay the watchman the four shillings due him 
 for his work. The native appealed imme- 
 diately to the English court. The owner was 
 called in, severely rebuked, and the decision 
 given against him. 
 
 Not less swift and certain is the execution 
 of English justice. Witness the mounted 
 police of Canada. Their fame has gone out 
 to all the earth. The history of the gold 
 mines in Alaska, just this side the British 
 line, is a history of the jumping of claims, of 
 threats, intimidation, arson and murder, by 
 reason of the wild character of the miners. 
 84
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 It has generally taken one or two years to 
 organize these new camps and institute the 
 machinery of our courts and justice. Not so 
 on the English territory. Almost before the 
 miners have come to the newly discovered 
 camp, the mounted police arrive. They do 
 not wait for the organization of a town. The 
 machinery of justice arrives with these horse- 
 men. Justice is meted out with even hand, 
 but with instant and decisive energy. And 
 the result is loyalty to the motherland that 
 has given fair play to the honest miner. 
 
 But the inevitable consequence of England's 
 work for the world as a builder of common- 
 wealths in other countries has been at home 
 the lack of young men, whom she has sent 
 out into the ends of the earth. When Ger- 
 many proclaimed war, her sons had but a 
 step to take from the factory and the field to 
 the arsenal and barracks. Meanwhile, in 
 saving the lives of her colonies, England for 
 the moment was in danger of losing her own 
 life, for her sons were four thousand miles 
 away on the wheat fields of Canada ; seven 
 thousand miles away in North Africa ; 
 twelve thousand miles away in Australia. 
 England was unprepared also, because she 
 scarcely believed that war was possible, in 
 85
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 this era when all other nations save Ger- 
 many have practically committed them- 
 selves to the settlement of international dis- 
 putes by an appeal to arbitration. 
 
 We know that Germany expected the war, 
 because she prepared for the war. Germany 
 has become a military nation, making all 
 things else subordinate and incidental. What 
 Frederick the Great sowed, the present-day 
 Germany has reaped. The German officer 
 at all social functions takes precedence before 
 the university professor, the physician, the 
 jurist, the author, the inventor, the financier. 
 The German student is a recruit for the mili- 
 tary camp. The peasant, splendidly trained 
 by his enforced military service, resulting in 
 a marked efficiency in all his work in civil 
 life thereafter, is yet a military slave to his 
 officer. Go where you will, you are never 
 out of sight of the German fort, arsenal, bar- 
 racks, parade, review. It is not only " Ger- 
 many over all," but the Army over all. As a 
 nation thinketh in its heart, so it is. Go 
 where you will in England, and you see 
 factories, foundries, ship-building, working- 
 men, and the signs of manufacturing are as 
 evident in England as the symbols of the 
 military in Germany. England has been en- 
 86
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 gaged in the manufacture of comforts and 
 conveniences, raiment and foods for her 
 colonies and the world. Despite her lapses 
 in industrial and economic conditions as 
 compared with the new German efficiency, 
 she has earned her place as the leading force 
 for good in modern civilization. As to ship- 
 ping and commerce, it need only be said that 
 England is the world's common carrier, han- 
 dling even our passengers, and carrying Amer- 
 ican goods everywhither. As to her navy, her 
 battle-ships have been, until recently, equal to 
 those of France and Germany combined. It 
 is not too much to say that as things go in 
 England, they are to go for the world. For 
 the time has come when Freeman's prophecy 
 has become history: England through her 
 commerce and shipping has become a 
 Twentieth Century Venice, in which oceans 
 and seas are the canals, while her treasures 
 come from the world. And envy of this is 
 Germany's frank and open complaint. 
 
 Every unprejudiced man, also, must be 
 deeply impressed by England's fairness to 
 her industrial rivals. Germany imposes a 
 customs tax of an average twenty per cent, 
 against England. She has built this com- 
 mercial wall so high that she thought that no 
 87
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 English manufacturer could climb over it. 
 But England allows the German manufacturer 
 to come into her towns and sell his goods as 
 freely as in Germany. The Kaiser has left 
 nothing undone that he could do to keep 
 English commercial travellers out of Ger- 
 many, with the result that they are few and 
 far between, while England fairly swarms 
 with German commercial travellers and 
 traders. More striking than all else, Eng- 
 land gives a free port in all her colonies to 
 German goods and German, merchants. To 
 all intents and purposes, it is as if Germany 
 owned England's colonies and had all the 
 privileges of ownership, with the single ex- 
 ception that she is free from the necessity of 
 paying the bills for supporting the govern- 
 ment of that colony. As a matter of fact, if 
 all the English colonies were to-day turned 
 over to Germany, that country's merchants 
 and manufacturers would have no freer access 
 to the markets of those colonies, though she 
 could burden them with new taxes. There 
 is only one possible thing to be gained by 
 Germany in attacking, and, if it were pos- 
 sible, overcoming, England. She would be 
 able to say that she is the first naval and the 
 first military power in the world. 
 88
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 But another development in British con- 
 ditions needs mention. Our travellers, Eng- 
 lish visitors who have been addressing us, 
 English reviews, speak of the political revolu- 
 tion that has swept over England in recent 
 years. By revolution these English writers 
 mean the impending change of the House of 
 Lords from an hereditary Chamber to an 
 elective and democratic Chamber. Subject 
 to certain conditions, the will of the House 
 of Commons is now supreme. The common 
 people of England are now in practical con- 
 trol. It seems strange that England should 
 so recently have made her government 
 democratic, in view of the fact that the 
 Englishmen on this side of the water, in 
 1787, made both their First and Second 
 chambers elective. France always makes 
 her changes by revolution, England by 
 evolution, and our Republic partly by revolu- 
 tion and partly by evolution. During the 
 last one hundred and twenty-two years Eng- 
 land by slow changes of sentiment has gone 
 towards a democratic House of Lords. 
 
 Now it is hardly possible to overestimate 
 the importance of this change in the status 
 of the House of Lords. 
 
 Hitherto the House of Lords had an Eng- 
 89
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 lish people, now the English people have a 
 House of Lords. Kemember that England 
 still denies the equality of men. Nothing 
 can be more absurd for an English Tory than 
 the statement that " a workingman or trades- 
 man is equal to a peer." England looks on 
 the titled class and the patrician as separated 
 from the working plebeians of England by 
 an abyss as deep as that which separated 
 Dives from Lazarus. No people ever loved 
 a lord more devotedly than the English 
 people. 
 
 Now in view of the fact that English 
 society still revolves around the king, the 
 horse and the hunting, and that no trades- 
 man could break into society, how is one to 
 explain the coming change of the House of 
 Lords from an hereditary to an elective 
 chamber ? The answer is simple : The 
 lord's eldest son succeeded to his title and 
 estates, while the four younger sons in the 
 lord's family needed some recognition. So, 
 the brightest boy out of the four younger 
 sons entered Parliament, and the eldest boy 
 entered the House of Lords. It became a 
 strife between the brightest boy of the four 
 younger sons and the eldest boy, and the 
 cleverest son steadily won. A little later 
 90
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 the most gifted boys out of the forty millions 
 of Englishmen were elected to the House of 
 Commons, and they were competing still 
 against the eldest son in the family of the 
 lord. Of course, now and then the eldest 
 son, like Rosebery, carries genius. But if 
 you will put the brightest men out of forty 
 millions over against the eldest son of six 
 hundred lords, you have genius pitted 
 against mediocrity, and genius wins. The 
 House of Commons represents the selected 
 genius of Great Britain ; the House of Lords 
 represents whatever the stork happens to 
 leave in the cradle on the occasion of his 
 first visit to the castle. The one thing that 
 has saved the House of Lords was the in- 
 jection of new blood. Men of commanding 
 intellect, like Alfred Harms worth, now Lord 
 Northcliffe, like Lord Cromer of Egypt and 
 Lord Curzon of India, have come in by sheer 
 weight of personal ability, and achieved a 
 place and rule, and these new men restore 
 the note of genius to the Chamber that was 
 heavily handicapped by heredity. The battle 
 has been long and severe, but this political 
 revolution was accomplished by evolution, 
 and, in the long run, it doubtless will make 
 for the stability of the British empire.
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 Thus, England, from several points of 
 view, being in a state of transition, is at dis- 
 advantage compared with the compacted 
 efficiency of the New Germany ; but her 
 people are steadfast and tenacious, her re- 
 sources immense, and she will give grand 
 account of herself in the present conflict. 
 
 All the discussion about who began this 
 war is meaningless, when it is considered 
 that there was only one nation that was 
 ready for the war Germany ; while the rest 
 were unprepared. It is this that lends mean- 
 ing to Bernhardi's statement: "We must not 
 in any case wait until our opponents have 
 completed their arming, and decided that the 
 hour of attack has come. Even English at- 
 tempts at a rapprochement must not blind 
 us to the real situation. "We may at most 
 use them to delay the necessary and inevi- 
 table war, until we may fairly imagine we 
 have some prospect of success." Think of a 
 man and a nation uttering such words ! And 
 then accusing England of perfidy ! Germany 
 thought the hour had come. The Kaiser was 
 advised that Ulster and England were in peril 
 of civil war any moment. France was quite 
 unprepared; and a large proportion of her 
 recruits had no rifles with which to drill. 
 92
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 Serbia was exhausted through the Balkan 
 war. Kussia was discredited through her 
 defeat by Japan. Belgium was utterly help- 
 less. Plainly, " The Day " had arrived ! 
 
 Frederick the Great when he stole Silesia 
 from Austria said that a military state like 
 Prussia must take what she wanted and ex- 
 plain afterwards. For seven years the na- 
 tions of the world fought Frederick, and 
 reduced Prussia to starvation, and wrung 
 the king's heart with anguish. And what 
 has been, shall be again. Neither life nor 
 property nor liberty can be safe in the 
 Twentieth Century if any ruler or any army 
 is allowed to seize a land or a city because 
 it is fruitful and rich, through the labour of 
 another race. There are many poor men 
 who have succeeded and built a house and 
 stuffed it with treasures, but civilization is at 
 an end if burglars are to be allowed to or- 
 ganize, found a factory for a burglar's kit, 
 and loot the house, saying, " Get what you 
 want, and explain afterwards." Little Bel- 
 gium with her coal and iron, the new hema- 
 tite iron deposits of Northern France, re- 
 cently discovered, are like jewel boxes. In 
 the Twentieth Century steel is king. If 
 Germany can seize those hematite ores in 
 93
 
 England's Place Among the Nations 
 
 Northern France, with Belgium's coal and 
 seaports, she will have what will build 
 navies, locomotives, trains. Then, no matter 
 who owns Gibraltar and the Suez Canal. If 
 she can own the best hematite iron ores in 
 Europe, she can blow up Gibraltar and des- 
 troy the Suez Canal. The lure of iron and 
 coal owned by her rivals made a powerful ap- 
 peal to Germany, just as Mexico's treasures 
 have tempted American capitalists to exploit 
 Mexico. The envious man's finger twitches 
 when he perceives a piece of gold or a jewel 
 in the possession of some honest man who 
 has first earned, and then saved, the treasure. 
 In view of all these facts concerning Eng- 
 land and her colonies abroad, together with 
 our own close relations with that great mother- 
 land of civilization and freedom, it is of the first 
 importance that all American citizens should 
 familiarize themselves with the causes, the 
 course, and the issues at stake in this gigantic 
 conflict. And it is especially important that 
 the working people of America should con- 
 sider these matters : first, because the poor 
 men pay the bills ; second, because it is chiefly 
 the working people that are killed on the 
 battle-field ; third, because it is the goods 
 they have produced that must be destroyed 
 94
 
 Her Relations to Germany 
 
 by war; fourth, because there have been 
 many great disputes between nations that 
 have been successfully decided by an appeal 
 to arbitration, making war unnecessary. 
 The time has come when the workingmen 
 of the world, united in one brotherhood, 
 should refuse to kill one another ; they must 
 recognize that they are in a moral universe, 
 and take to heart that fateful truth : The 
 nation that lives by the sword must perish 
 by the sword. 
 
 EESOUECES OF GREAT BRITAIN, 1913 l 
 Area in square miles (European), 121,633. 
 
 (Whole Empire), about 10,218,500. 
 Population (European), 45,370,530. 
 
 (Whole Empire), about 404,629,000. 
 
 Wealth (Barker's 1914 estimate), 
 
 $90,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $3,581,442,105. 
 Auimal revenue, $972,125,000. 
 Army budget (1913-1914), $141,100,000. 
 Navy budget (1913-1914), $231,546,500. 
 Army : Standing, 125,000 ") 7Q ,, ftnn 
 Eeserves, 669,000 } ' 
 
 1 Estimates chiefly from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Even- 
 ing Post Company, Copyright. 
 
 95
 
 IV 
 
 Brave Little Belgium: 
 
 Why the World Sympathizes 
 With Her
 
 Behind the revolution of 1830 lay ten centuries 
 of recorded history. There are dark periods in 
 that record, when it looked as if the nationality 
 that owed its name to Cssar had expired ; but a 
 little research suffices to show that below the sur- 
 face, whatever the ruler's name on the current 
 coin, there survived the pride of race which is 
 the surest foundation of independence. . . . To 
 those who admire the display of courage and for- 
 titude under difficulties the tenacity of the Belgians 
 throughout their chequered history should serve 
 as a model of how an arduous fight for all that 
 men hold most dear may be won in the teeth of 
 adversity and against seemingly hopeless odds. 
 
 DEMETRIUS C. BOULGER. 
 " Belgium of the Belgians" 1911.
 
 IV 
 
 BKAVE LITTLE BELGIUM : WHY THE 
 WORLD SYMPATHIZES WITH HER 
 
 OUR present study concerns little Bel- 
 gium, her people, and their part in this 
 conflict. Be the reasons what they may, this 
 tiny land stands in the centre of the stage 
 and holds the lime-light. Once more David, 
 armed with a sling, has gone up against 
 Goliath. It was an amazing spectacle, this, 
 one of the smallest of the States, battling 
 with the largest of the giants ! Belgium has 
 a standing army of 58,000 men, with reserves 
 not mobilized of 282,000, and Germany, with 
 three reserves, perhaps 7,000,000. Without 
 waiting for any assistance, this little Belgian 
 standing army took its stand against two 
 million invaders. It is as if a honey bee had 
 decided to attack an eagle come to loot its 
 honeycomb. It is as if an antelope had 
 turned against a lion. 
 
 Belgium has but 110,000 square miles of 
 land, less than the States of Massachusetts, 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut. Her popula- 
 tion is 7,500,000, less than the single State 
 99
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 of New York. You could put twenty-two 
 Belgiums in our single State of Texas. 
 Much of her soil is thin ; her handicaps are 
 heavy, but the industry of her people has 
 turned the whole land into one vast flower 
 and vegetable garden. The soil of Minnesota 
 and the Dakotas is new soil, and yet our 
 farmers there average but fifteen bushels of 
 wheat to the acre. Belgium's soil has been 
 used for centuries, but it averages thirty- 
 seven bushels of wheat to the acre. If we 
 grow twenty-four bushels of barley on an 
 acre of ground, Belgium grows fifty ; she 
 produces 300 bushels of potatoes where the 
 Maine farmer harvests ninety bushels. Bel- 
 gium's average population per square mile 
 has risen to 645 people. If Americans 
 practiced intensive farming; if the popula- 
 tion of Texas were as dense as it is in 
 Belgium 100,000,000 of the people of the 
 United States, Canada and Central America 
 could all move to Texas ; while if our entire 
 country was as densely populated as Bel- 
 gium's, everybody in the world could live 
 comfortably within its limits. 
 
 And yet, little Belgium has no gold or 
 silver mines, and all the treasures of copper 
 and zinc and lead and anthracite and oil 
 100
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 have been denied her. Her treasures are 
 nobly built cities, beautiful civic and ecclesi- 
 astical edifices, world-famous paintings. As 
 for the gold, it is in the heart of her people. 
 No other land holds a race more prudent, 
 industrious and thrifty. It is a land where 
 everybody works. In the winter, when the 
 sun does not rise until half -past seven, the 
 Belgian cottages have lights in their win- 
 dows at five, and the people are ready for 
 an eleven-hour day. As a rule all children 
 work after twelve years of age. The ex- 
 quisite pointed lace that has made Belgium 
 famous is wrought by women who fulfill 
 the tasks of the household performed by 
 American women, and then begin their task 
 upon those laces that have sent their name 
 and fame throughout the world. Their 
 wages are low, their work hard, but their 
 life is so peaceful and prosperous that few 
 Belgians ever emigrate to foreign countries. 
 Of late they have made their education com- 
 pulsory, their schools free. It is doubtful 
 whether any other country has made a 
 greater success than they of their system 
 of transportation. You will pay fifty cents 
 to journey some twenty odd miles out to 
 Roslyn on our Long Island railroad, but in 
 101
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 Belgium a commuter journeys twenty miles 
 in to the factory and back again every night 
 and makes the six double daily journeys of 
 the week at an entire cost of thirty-seven 
 and one-half cents, less than the amount 
 you pay for the journey one way for a like 
 distance in this country. 
 
 Out of such things has come Belgium's 
 prosperity. She has the money to buy goods 
 from other countries, and she has the prop- 
 erty to export to foreign lands. Last year 
 the United States, with its hundred millions 
 of people, imported less than two billion dol- 
 lars, and exported two billion five hundred 
 million dollars. If our people had been as 
 prosperous per capita as Belgium, we would 
 have purchased from other countries twelve 
 billion dollars' worth of goods and exported 
 ten billion. 
 
 So largely have we been dependent upon 
 Belgium that many of the engines used in 
 digging the Panama Canal came from the 
 Cockerill works that produce two thousand 
 of these engines every year in Liege. 
 
 It is said that the Belgians have the best 
 courts in existence. The Supreme Court of 
 Belgium has but one Justice. Without wait- 
 ing for an appeal, just as soon as a decision 
 102
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 has been reached by a lower court, while the 
 matters are still fresh in mind and all the 
 witnesses and facts readily obtainable, this 
 Supreme Justice reviews all the objections 
 raised on either side and without a motion 
 from any one annuls or sustains the decision 
 of the inferior court. On the other hand, 
 the lower courts are open to an immediate 
 settlement of disputes between the wage- 
 earners, and newsboys and fishermen are 
 almost daily seen going to the judge for a 
 decision regarding a dispute over five or ten 
 cents. When the judge has cross-questioned 
 both sides, without the presence of attorneys, 
 or the necessity of serving a process, or rais- 
 ing a dollar, the poorest of the poor have 
 their wrongs righted. It is said that not 
 one decision out of one hundred is appealed, 
 thus calling for the existence of an attorney. 
 To other institutions organized in the in- 
 terest of the wage-earner has been added the 
 national savings bank system, that makes 
 loans to men of small means, enabling the 
 farmer and the workingman to buy a little 
 garden and build a house, while at the 
 same time insuring the workingman against 
 accident and sickness. Belgium is a poor 
 man's country, it has been said, because in- 
 103
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 stitutions have been administered in the in- 
 terest of the men of small affairs. 
 
 But the institutions of Belgium and the 
 industrial prosperity of her people alone are 
 not equal to the explanation of her unique 
 heroism. Long ago, in his Commentaries, 
 Julius Ca3sar said that Gaul was inhabited 
 by three tribes, the Belgse, the Aquitani, the 
 Celts, " of whom the Belgas were the bravest." 
 History will show that Belgians have cour- 
 age as their native right, for only the brave 
 could have survived. The southeastern part 
 of Belgium is a series of rock plains, and if 
 these plains have been her good fortune in 
 times of peace, they have furnished the 
 battle-fields of Western Europe for two 
 thousand years. Northern France and West- 
 ern Germany are rough, jagged and wooded, 
 but the Belgian plains were ideal battle- 
 fields. For this reason the generals of Ger- 
 many and of France have usually met and 
 struggled for the mastery on these wide 
 Belgian plains. On one of these grounds 
 Julius Caesar won the first battle here re- 
 corded. Then came King Clovis and the 
 French, with their campaigns; towards 
 these plains also the Saracens were hurry- 
 ing when assaulted by Charles Martel. On 
 104
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 the Belgian plains the Dutch burghers and 
 the Spanish armies led by Bloody Alva, 
 fought out their battle. Hither, too, came 
 Napoleon, and the great mound of Waterloo 
 is the monument to the Duke of Wellington's 
 victory. It was to the Belgian plains, also, 
 that the German general, last August, rushed 
 his troops. Every college and every city 
 searches for some level spot of land where 
 the contest of athletic sports between op- 
 posing teams may be held, and for more than 
 two thousand years the Belgian plain has 
 been the scene of the great battles between 
 the warring nations of Western Europe. 
 
 Out of all these collisions there has come 
 a hardy race, inured to peril, rich in forti- 
 tude, loyalty, patience, thrift, self-reliance 
 and persevering faith. For five hundred 
 years the Belgian children and youth have 
 been brought up upon the deeds of noble re- 
 nown, achieved by their ancestors. If Julius 
 Cassar were here to-day he would wear Bel- 
 gium's bravery like a bright sword, girded 
 to his thigh. And when this brave little 
 people, with a standing army of fifty-eight 
 thousand men, single-handed defied two 
 millions of Germans, it tells us that Ajax has 
 come back once more to defy the lightnings. 
 105
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 Perhaps one or two chapters torn from the 
 pages of Belgium's history will enable us to 
 understand her present-day heroism, just as 
 one golden bough plucked from the forest 
 will explain the richness of the autumn. 
 You remember that Venice was once the 
 financial centre of the world. Then, when 
 the bankers lost confidence in the navy of 
 Venice they put their jewels and gold into 
 saddle-bags and moved the financial centre 
 to Franconian Nuremberg, because its walls 
 were seven feet thick and twenty feet high. 
 Later, about 1500 A. D., the discovery of the 
 New World turned all the people into races 
 of seagoing folk, and the English and Dutch 
 captains vied with the sailors of Spain and 
 Portugal. None were more prosperous than 
 the mariners of Belgian Antwerp. In 1568 
 there were five hundred marble mansions in 
 that city on the Scheldt. Belgium became a 
 casket filled with jewels. 
 
 Then it was that Spain turned covetous 
 eyes northward. Sated with his pleasures, 
 broken by indulgence and passion, the Em- 
 peror Charles the Fifth resigned his gold and 
 throne to his son, King Philip. Finding his 
 coffers depleted, Philip sent the Duke of 
 Alva, with ten thousand Spanish soldiers, out 
 1 06
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 on a looting expedition. Their approach 
 tilled Antwerp with consternation, for her 
 merchants were busy with commerce and 
 not with war. The sack of Antwerp by the 
 Spaniards makes up a revolting page in his- 
 tory. Within three days eight thousand 
 men, women and children were massacred, 
 and the Spanish soldiers, drunk with wine 
 and blood, hacked, drowned and burned like 
 fiends that they were. The Belgian historian 
 tells us that five hundred fine residences were 
 reduced to blackened ruins. One character- 
 istic incident will make the event stand 
 out. When the Spaniards approached the 
 city a wealthy burgher hastened the day of 
 his son's marriage. During the ceremony 
 the soldiers broke down the gate of the city 
 and crossed the threshold of the rich man's 
 house. When they had stripped the guests 
 of their purses and gems, unsatisfied, they 
 killed the bridegroom, slew the men guests, 
 carried the bride out into the night. The 
 next morning a young woman, crazed and 
 half clad, was found in the street, searching 
 among the dead bodies. At last she found a 
 youth, whose head she lifted upon her knees, 
 over which she crooned her songs, as a young 
 mother soothes her babe. A Spanish officer 
 107
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 passing by, humiliated by the spectacle, or- 
 dered a soldier to use his dagger and put the 
 girl out of her misery. 
 
 Having looted Antwerp, the treasure chest 
 of Belgium, the Spaniards under pretence of 
 religion set up the Inquisition as an organized 
 means of securing property. It is a strange 
 fact that the Spaniard has excelled in cruelty 
 as other nations have excelled in art or 
 science or invention. Spain's cruelty to the 
 Moors and the rich Jews forms one of the 
 blackest chapters in history. Inquisitors be- 
 came fiends. Moors were starved, tortured, 
 burned, flung into wells. Jewish bankers 
 had their tongues thrust through little iron 
 rings ; then the end of the tongue was seared 
 that it might swell, and the banker was led 
 by a string in the ring through the streets of 
 the city. The women and the children were 
 put on rafts that were pushed out into the 
 Mediterranean. When the swollen corpses 
 drifted ashore, the plague broke out, and 
 when that black plague spread over Spain it 
 seemed like the justice of outraged nature. 
 The expulsion of the Moors from Spain was 
 one of the deadliest blows ever struck at 
 science, commerce, art and literature. The 
 historian tracks Spain across the continents 
 1 08
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 by a trail of blood. "Wherever Spam's hand 
 has fallen it has paralyzed. From the days 
 of Cortez, wherever her captains have given 
 a pledge, the tongue that spake has been mil- 
 dewed with lies and treachery. The wild- 
 est beasts are not in the jungle ; man is the 
 lion that rends, man is the leopard that tears, 
 man's hate is the serpent that poisons, and 
 the Spaniard entered Belgium to turn a gar- 
 den into a wilderness. 
 
 Within one year, 1568, Antwerp, that be- 
 gan with one hundred and twenty-five thou- 
 sand people, ended it with fifty thousand. 
 Multitudes were put to death by the sword 
 and stake, but many, many thousands fled to 
 England, to begin anew their lives as man- 
 ufacturers and mariners; and for years 
 Belgium was one quaking peril, an inferno, 
 whose torturers were Spaniards. The visitor 
 in Antwerp is still shown the rack upon 
 which they stretched the merchants that they 
 might yield up their hidden gold. The 
 Painted Lady may be seen. Opening her 
 arms, she embraces the victim. The Span- 
 iard forced the merchant into the deadly em- 
 brace. As the iron arms concealed in velvet 
 folded together, one spike passed through 
 each eye, another through the mouth, another 
 109
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 through the heart. The Painted Lady's lips 
 were poisoned, so that a kiss was fatal. 
 Another instrument of torture was the dun- 
 geon whose sides were forced together by 
 screws, so that each day the victim saw his 
 cell growing less and less, and knew that 
 soon he would be crushed to death. Lit- 
 erally thousands of innocent men and women 
 were burned alive in the market-place. 
 
 There is no more piteous tragedy in history 
 than the story of the decline and ruin of this 
 superbly prosperous, literary and artistic 
 country, and yet out of the ashes came new 
 courage. Burned, broken, the Belgians were 
 not beaten. Pushed at last into Holland, 
 they united their fortunes with the Dutch ; 
 together they cut the dykes of Holland, and 
 let in the ocean, and clinging to the dykes 
 with their finger-tips, fought their way back 
 to the land. Yet, no sooner had the last of 
 the Spaniards gone than out of their rags 
 and poverty the brave men founded a uni- 
 versity as a monument to the providence of 
 God in delivering them out of the hands of 
 their enemies. The Sixteenth Century, in the 
 form of a brave knight, wears little Belgium 
 and Holland like a red rose upon his heart. 
 
 But some of you will say that the Belgian 
 no
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 people must have been rebels and guilty of 
 some excess, and that had they remained 
 quiescent, and not fomented treason, no such 
 fate could have overtaken them at the hands 
 of Spain. Very well. I will take a youth 
 who, at the beginning, believed in Charles 
 the Fifth, a man who was as true to his 
 ideals as the needle to the pole Count Eg- 
 mont, who had bravely fought in the armies 
 of Charles, but who opposed the despotism 
 and " religious " cruelties of Philip. One 
 day the " Bloody Council " decreed the death 
 of Egmont and his associate, Count Horn. 
 Immediately afterwards, the Duke of Alva 
 sent an invitation to Egmont to be the guest 
 of honour at a banquet in his own house. 
 A servant from the palace that night deliv- 
 ered to the Count a slip of paper, containing 
 a warning, to take the fleetest horse and flee 
 the city, and from that moment not to eat 
 or sleep without pistols at his hand. To all 
 this Egmont responded that no monster ever 
 lived who could, with an invitation of hospi- 
 tality, trick a patriot. Like a brave man, 
 he went to the Duke's palace. He found 
 the guests assembled, but when he had 
 handed his hat and cloak to the servant, 
 Alva gave a sign, and from behind the 
 in
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 curtains came Spanish musketeers, who de- 
 manded his sword. For instead of a ban- 
 quet hall, the Count was taken to a cellar, 
 fitted up as a dungeon. Already Egmont 
 had all but died for his country. He had 
 used his ships, his trade, his gold, for right- 
 ing the people's wrongs. He was a man of 
 large family a wife and eleven children, 
 and the people loved him as to idolatry. 
 But Alva was inexorable. He had made up 
 his mind that the merchants and burghers 
 had still much hidden gold, and if he killed 
 their bravest and best, terror would fall upon 
 all alike, and the gold he needed would be 
 forthcoming. That all the people might wit- 
 ness the scene, he took his prisoners to Brus- 
 sels and decided to behead them in the public 
 square. In the evening Egmont received the 
 notice that his head would be chopped off 
 the next day. A scaffold was erected in the 
 public square. That evening he wrote a 
 letter that is a marvel of restraint : 
 
 "SiRE I have learned this evening the 
 sentence which your majesty has been 
 pleased to pronounce upon me. Although 
 I have never had a thought, and believe 
 myself never to have done a deed which 
 would tend to the prejudice of your service, 
 112
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 or to the detriment of true religion, never- 
 theless I take patience to bear that which it 
 has pleased the good God to permit. There- 
 fore, I pray your majesty to have compas- 
 sion on my poor wife, my children and my 
 servants, having regard to my past service. 
 In which hope I now commend myself to the 
 mercy of God. From Brussels, ready to die, 
 this 5th of June, 1568. 
 
 " LAMORAL D' EGMONT." 
 
 Thus died a man who did as much prob- 
 ably for Flanders as John Eliot for England, 
 or Lafayette for France, or Samuel Adams 
 for this young Republic. 
 
 And now out of all her glorious past 
 comes woe to Belgium once more. Deso- 
 lation has come like the whirlwind, and de- 
 struction like a tornado. But ninety days 
 ago, and Belgium was a hive of industry, and 
 in the fields were heard the harvest songs. 
 Suddenly, Germany thrust at Belgium to 
 strike France. The whole world has but 
 one voice, "Belgium has innocent hands." 
 When the lover of Germany is asked to 
 explain Germany's breaking of her solemn 
 treaty upon the neutrality of Belgium, the 
 German pleads the necessity of his own in- 
 terests. Merchants honour their written ob- 
 ligations. True citizens consider their word
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 as good as their bond. Prussia gave treaty, 
 and in the presence of God and the civilized 
 world, entered into a solemn covenant with 
 and for Belgium's neutrality a covenant 
 afterwards confirmed by the new German 
 Empire. To the end of time, the German 
 must expect this taunt "Worthless as a 
 German treaty ! " 
 
 Scarcely less black are the few perfectly 
 ascertained examples of cruelty wrought 
 upon non-resisting Belgians. In Brooklyn 
 lives a Belgian woman. She planned to 
 return home in late July to visit a father 
 who had suffered paralysis, an aged mother 
 and a sister who nursed both. When the 
 Germans decided to burn that village in 
 Eastern Belgium, they did not wish to burn 
 alive this old and helpless man and his wife, 
 so they bayonetted the old man and woman, 
 and the daughter that nursed them. 
 
 But, let us judge not, that we be not 
 judged. This is one example of atrocity 
 that you and I might be able to person- 
 ally prove. But every loyal German in the 
 country may make answer : " These soldiers 
 were drunk with wine and blood. Such an 
 atrocity misrepresents Germany and her sol- 
 diers. The breaking of Germany's treaty 
 114
 
 Why the World Sympathizes With Her 
 
 with Belgium represents the dishonour of 
 a military ring, and not the perfidy of sixty- 
 eight million people. We ask that judgment 
 be postponed until all the facts are in." 
 
 Meanwhile, the man who loves his fellows 
 walks across the fields of broken Belgium at 
 midnight in his dreams. All through the 
 night air there comes the sob of Kachel, 
 weeping for her children, because they are 
 not. In moods of bitterness, of doubt and 
 despair the heart cries out, "How could a 
 just God permit such cruelty upon innocent 
 Belgium ? " No man knows. " Clouds and 
 darkness are round about God's throne." 
 The spirit of evil caused this war, but the 
 Spirit of God may bring good out of it, just as 
 the summer can repair the ravages of winter. 
 
 Yet the heart bleeds for Belgium ; for 
 Brussels, the third most beautiful city in 
 Europe; for Louvain, once rich with its 
 libraries, cathedrals, statues, paintings, mis- 
 sals, manuscripts now a ruin. Alas ! for 
 the lost harvests and the smoking villages ! 
 Alas, for the Cathedral that is marred, and 
 the library that is a ruin. Where the angel 
 of happiness was, there stalk Famine and 
 Death. Gone, the Land of Grotius ! Per- 
 ished or " conveyed " away the paintings of
 
 Brave Little Belgium 
 
 genius ! Where the wheat waved, now the 
 hillsides are billowy with graves. 
 
 But God reigns. Perchance Belgium is 
 slain like the Saviour, that militarism may 
 die like Satan. Without shedding of inno- 
 cent blood there is no remission of the 
 sins of tyranny and greed. There is no 
 wine without the crushing of the grapes 
 of life. Soon Liberty, God's dear child, 
 will stand within the scene and comfort the 
 desolate. Falling upon the great world's 
 altar stairs, in this hour when wisdom is 
 ignorance, and the strongest man clutches at 
 dust and straw, let us believe, with faith vic- 
 torious over tears, that some time God will 
 gather broken-hearted little Belgium into 
 His arms and comfort her as a father com- 
 forteth his well-beloved child. 
 
 EESOUECES OF BELGIUM, 1913 l 
 Area in square miles, 110,659. 
 Population, 7,571,387. 
 Wealth, $9,000,000. 
 National debt, $741,891,615. 
 Annual revenue, $161,462,705. 
 Army budget (1913-1914), $20,219,250. 
 Army : Standing, 58,000 ) o in Oftn 
 Eeserves, 282,000 j diu ' ui 
 
 1 Estimates from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Evening 
 Post Company, Copyright. 
 
 116
 
 The New Russia : 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport
 
 Russians often single out laziness and the want 
 of practical energy as a national failing [of theirsj. 
 Well and good : but the defence of Sevastopol, 
 the creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and 
 the transport of troops over a single line during 
 [the Russo-Japanese] war time, are examples of 
 abnormal energy in the domain of achievement. 
 . . . The Russian Empire is the result of some- 
 thing, and it is there. . . . 
 
 While as to the general category of faults and 
 qualities, virtues and vices, the Russians are on a 
 par with other nations, they have a peculiar and 
 unique gift of goodness and faith, in the nature of 
 their people, which is difficult to match in any 
 other country. 
 
 MAURICE BARING. 
 "The Mainsprings of Russia," 1914.
 
 THE NEW RUSSIA : HER AMBITION 
 FOR A SEAPORT 
 
 TOLSTOI once said: "Russia is not a 
 state ; Russia is a world." England has 
 vast colonies, but Russia's farming lands in- 
 clude one-sixth of the resources of our earth. 
 These lands also are compact, making her 
 the most closely knitted country of which 
 we have any knowledge. England controls 
 nearly as much territory, but England's em- 
 pire is loosely united because her colonies are 
 scattered over five continents. 
 
 Never was there a moment when the war 
 eagles of Rome made a flight of more than 
 2,500 miles from east to west. Even to-day 
 the American eagle journeying from the 
 easternmost point of Maine to the western- 
 most point of Puget Sound compasses but 
 3,400 miles. It would take three times the 
 territory of the United States to cover Russia. 
 Her eagles, starting on the Baltic Sea, jour- 
 ney seven thousand miles to that port on the 
 119
 
 The New Russia 
 
 Pacific where the Russian railway has its ter- 
 minus. It is more than three thousand miles 
 also between Russia's northern boundary on 
 the Arctics and her cotton fields on the shores 
 of the Caspian. Western Russia holds more 
 than half of the good farming land of Europe. 
 Scandinavia and Great Britain, Germany 
 and France, Spain and Italy, Austria and 
 the Balkans, with the lesser nations thrown 
 in, have smaller pastures and meadows than 
 European Russia. 
 
 As to Russian resources in Asia, remem- 
 ber that the great forests and the wheat and 
 corn and grazing lands of Asia are on the 
 north of the Himalayas and above the north- 
 western mountainous ranges separating 
 China from Turkestan and Siberia. This 
 Republic prides itself on the black corn land 
 in Illinois and Iowa, but Russia has ten 
 corn States in the " black-earth belt." This 
 Republic and Canada have certain wheat 
 lands in the Dakotas and Manitoba, but Rus- 
 sia has twelve such wheat States. This 
 country expects much from the developments 
 of its forests in the Puget Sound, but the 
 world's great forests of pine, spruce and 
 cedar, of oak, maple and elm are in Siberia. 
 
 From nothing, nothing comes. Back of 
 120
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 this vast land, this mighty people with their 
 vast resources, lie many historic forces. 
 Among the builders of Russia we must make 
 a large place for that wonderful man, Peter 
 the Great. All that Cromwell did for Eng- 
 land or Washington for America, Peter did 
 for Russia even more. He took a mob of 
 races, differing in blood, language and relig- 
 ion, and began the work of compacting 
 them into a nation. His life reads like a 
 veritable romance. Like Moses, he was con- 
 demned to death by political enemies and 
 was saved by the wit and courage of his 
 mother. Like David, he once became the 
 champion of his people. Like Horatius, 
 single-handed he once defended a bridge. 
 Coming to the throne, he met the ambas- 
 sadors of other nations, and decided that 
 something was wrong with his own country. 
 Without national vanity he determined to go 
 out in the world and see what he could learn 
 about ways of improving his realms. For 
 a year he travelled in Austria, Germany, the 
 Netherlands and England. To know his 
 own land, he went on foot, in city and coun- 
 try, disguised as a Russian student ; went into 
 the field to talk with peasants ; lingered on 
 the wharves with sailors, hung around the 
 121
 
 The New Russia 
 
 wine-shops, where the poor congregate ; met 
 business men in the market-place. He had 
 a hungry mind, and every fact was grist to 
 his hopper. Having seen the Dutch fleets, he 
 determined to learn ship-building, and soon 
 possessed himself of the drawings of the best 
 ship-builders in Holland. He went into the 
 iron foundries and mastered the processes ; 
 into the rope- walks, and learned that trade ; 
 into the spinning mills, and studied the looms. 
 He went into the hospitals and began to 
 study medicine and surgery. One day he 
 found a dentist, and being crowded for time 
 he gave only one hour to the investigation, 
 but before he went away he bought all the 
 dentist's instruments, and one of the first 
 things he did when he went to his capital 
 was to tie down in a chair a noble whom he 
 disliked, and Peter filled his teeth by force. 
 
 No difficulty could daunt his courage, and 
 no obstacle could stop his progress. A mon- 
 arch, Peter was not afraid to ask questions, 
 but among more cultivated people his frank- 
 ness was often embarrassing. One night in 
 London, after he became well known, the 
 great Kussian went to a diplomatic dinner. 
 Across the table sat a lord, wearing a wig ; 
 standing up, Peter reached across the table, 
 122
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 and, with an "Excuse me," lifted the wig 
 from the noble's bald head, and having 
 studied it a few minutes, threw it on the 
 floor, saying, " It is not fit for a gentleman's 
 wearing." One day he saw twenty barris- 
 ters, lawyers and judges, with their gowns 
 and wigs, crossing the green in front of 
 Temple Bar. When the procession had dis- 
 appeared in the court room, Peter asked who 
 these twenty men were. " Lawyers," was the 
 instant answer. " What ? Twenty lawyers 
 and only one England ! Why, I have only 
 two lawyers in all Russia, and I am going to 
 behead one of those as soon as I get home." 
 
 In Sweden, Peter was impressed by the 
 solidity of regiments trained in the land of 
 Gustavus Adolphus. Going home he told 
 the queen that the only way he could learn 
 how to develop soldiers was to have a fight 
 with the Swedes, so that he might master 
 their methods. Accordingly he proceeded 
 to pick a quarrel with these soldiers, who 
 were then the leaders of the world. When 
 the news came that the Swedish regiments 
 had defeated his generals, he shouted, " Ex- 
 cellent ! Now that will wake up my sol- 
 diers." Hurrying to the front Peter waited 
 until the day had ended. Then the Russian 
 123
 
 The New Russia 
 
 spent the night with his generals, studying 
 just how the Swedish generals had moved 
 their troops and won their victory. A few 
 days later he wrote home saying, " At last 
 I have beaten the Swedes ; to be sure I have 
 four Kussians to one Swede, but to-morrow 
 or the next day I will beat them man for 
 man." 
 
 His letters to the queen are self -revelatory. 
 One day he learned that during his absence 
 his wife had given the children certain 
 liberties that he had forbidden. That night 
 he sent her a letter by a special messenger : 
 " My dear, I love thee like mine own soul, 
 but I will dust thy jacket upon my return." 
 
 Once he returned from Holland by water 
 and explored the shores of the Baltic ; far to 
 the north he sailed into the mouth of his own 
 River Neva ; he found waters as blue as the 
 Rhone where it leaps like an arrow from 
 Lake Geneva. 
 
 The whole scene, as far as the eye could 
 reach, was one vast swamp, filled with reeds 
 and rushes ; but there he determined to build 
 a city. He brought in an army of flatboats 
 and dredges, and drove piles from thirty to 
 fifty feet in length ; upon these piles huge 
 slabs of granite were placed. He multiplied 
 124
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 workmen until there were a hundred thou- 
 sand men labouring upon that swamp. At 
 last the foundations were ready for a vast 
 city, and here he founded St. Petersburg. 
 He reared his palace in the midst of the 
 workingmen's sheds. 
 
 One summer he ordered a census of all the 
 large towns in Russia. From this census he 
 selected the names of a hundred thousand 
 bankers, merchants, manufacturers and work- 
 men, all picked men. Shortly afterwards 
 each one of these men received a notice com- 
 manding him to remove to St. Petersburg ; 
 and they moved. Suddenly St. Petersburg 
 rose like an exhalation from the seas. No 
 visitor to the Russian capital but exclaims as 
 his first remark, " "What folly to build a great 
 city in the midst of these marshes ! " 
 
 Peter knew that he had land enough, and 
 that what he needed was water, but he over- 
 looked the fact that the ice locked his 
 harbour for six months every year, and that 
 it is impossible for ships to compete with ice 
 and snow. Half convinced of his defeat, 
 Peter's mind began to teem and seethe with 
 new schemes. He \vanted to cover Russia 
 with a network of factories and shops, but, 
 overworked, he broke down nervously. One 
 125
 
 The New Russia 
 
 morning, suddenly overtaken by the keenest 
 torture, he shouted to his secretary : " I am 
 dying. Bring me pen and ink." He wrote 
 
 three words : " Give all to " gasped 
 
 twice, and fell back dead. 
 
 But, having found his country a mere field, 
 a group of unorganized races, Peter left a 
 mighty people, awake, and started upward 
 along the paths of social progress. 
 
 Then came the great Catherine, his 
 widowed Empress, whose nervous energy 
 seemed inexhaustible, whose youth was al- 
 most eternal, and who at sixty-five went 
 through her most passionate experience in 
 love. 
 
 The Eomanoffs culminated in Alexander 
 the Second, who came to the throne in 1855, 
 following his father, Nicholas the First. 
 One day this monarch discovered that he had 
 been deceived by his officers. A reception 
 had been arranged for him in one city lying 
 to the east. But an ambitious under servant 
 frustrated the plans of the Prime Minister, 
 and deflected Alexander's journey to the 
 west. That morning the monarch saw his 
 people as they were, naked, shoeless, bitter, 
 wretched beyond words. Apologizing for the 
 mistake, the officer then drove his Emperor 
 126
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 to the village for which the visit had been 
 planned, and lo, drawn up on the sidewalk 
 were people well dressed, with children well 
 kept. It was a select exhibit, while soldiers 
 in the alleys and side streets kept back the 
 poor, that the ruler might not realize the 
 facts concerning his people. In that hour 
 the scales fell from the eyes of Alexander. 
 It became impossible for him to feast in his 
 palace while the peasants famished. His 
 ambrosia turned to ashes and soot, and the 
 wine upon his lips became gall. In 1861 he 
 emancipated twenty million serfs. 
 
 But there were those who did not want 
 these reforms. Alexander was slain by a 
 bomb. Lying upon his table was the draft 
 of a new bill breaking up the vast estates, 
 and distributing the land among the people. 
 Just at the moment when his reforms were 
 ripened, assassins carried him off. The crime 
 was attributed to Nihilists ; there are some 
 who believe that it was planned by aristocrats, 
 who did not want to have their heel lifted 
 from the neck of the serf. 
 
 The land question is still the great problem 
 of Russia. It was the land question that pro- 
 duced the English Revolution under Cromwell, 
 that broke up the estates, and gave the English 
 127
 
 The New Russia 
 
 peasant and yeoman a chance at the soil. 
 In France two classes, including a little hand- 
 ful of aristocrats and bishops, owned two- 
 thirds of all the lands of France, while the 
 fifteen millions owned almost nothing, and 
 the land question produced the French Kevo- 
 lution and destroyed the Bastile. In Mexico 
 the revolution will never be settled until the 
 land question is settled. There are single 
 families in Mexico who own from one to ten 
 million acres of rich land, while there are 
 twelve million Indians who have no stake in 
 the soil and are wanderers upon the face of 
 the land, the prey of any adventurer, ready 
 to follow any revolutionist. 
 
 In the upheavals incident to this discussion, 
 of late the Eussian Government has vested 
 the land in the Mir or village community. 
 The head trustee of a township apportions to 
 the peasant his plot of ground. The in- 
 justices are so grievous that when one trustee 
 became angry because the peasants were 
 quarrelling over who should have the rich 
 farms in the valley, he cut all the farms into 
 strips, and gave each peasant in the township 
 a strip in the farm, until each family had a 
 strip three and a half feet wide. Meanwhile, 
 under this new law, the upper class, that has 
 128
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 had education and experience, has lost its 
 leadership. 
 
 In our own South, after the slaves had 
 been emancipated, the Southern States were 
 at first without leaders. The planter returned 
 to his five thousand acres, but he was with- 
 out slaves, without workingmen, without 
 money, without tools, until his farm grew up 
 in weeds and many a man died of a broken 
 heart. Meanwhile the coloured people, be- 
 coming rulers, voted in one year to bridge all 
 streams, rebuild all schoolhouses, buy fine 
 furniture for all city halls, and in a little time 
 certain sections were knee-deep in mortgages, 
 and the land bankrupt. 
 
 Just now Russia is passing through a simi- 
 lar transition period. The gentleman class 
 has decayed. The peasants are not yet pos- 
 sessed of capacity and experience. And 
 these two problems, the land question and 
 how to find leaders in the new era, are big 
 with destiny for the Russian people. Fortu- 
 nately, at last the . people are beginning to 
 learn and to be allowed to take the right 
 path. No thoughtful man can fail to ob- 
 serve that time and events will cure these 
 ills in Russia. The faults are the faults of 
 inexperience, and the barrenness is the bar- 
 129
 
 The New Russia 
 
 renness of a new vineyard, just planted. 
 Time is the husbandman who will ripen the 
 fruits of liberty, prosperity and intelligence. 
 Yet the obstacles, even in recent years, 
 have been almost insurmountable. Out of 
 the enormous expanse of territory and people 
 have bred seething conditions giving rise to 
 the evils of bureaucracy. The Czar who 
 rules over 170,000,000 of people, and whose 
 sceptre extends over a land three times as 
 large as the United States, must of necessity 
 delegate much even the most of his au- 
 thority. In little lands it is quite possible 
 for the Mayor to understand all the people 
 of his village, and for the Governor to under- 
 stand his State but not in Eussia. Slowly, 
 therefore, as a concession to distance and 
 space, the system of bureaucracy has devel- 
 oped. Were it possible for you to rise in 
 some aeroplane above Kussia and look down 
 upon the land, you would see a vast web of 
 governmental powers stretching its spider- 
 like lines into the remotest corners of the land. 
 Along the lines of this spider-web vibrates 
 the behest of an iron ruler like Plehve who, 
 as minister of the interior, exercised such 
 cruel severity to the Jews, the Armenian 
 Church, the liberal-minded nobility, and the 
 130
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 peasants, that in 1904 he was assassinated. 
 Under this system, also, spies of faithless 
 duplicity and merciless policemen are de- 
 veloped, whose type is Victor Hugo's Javert. 
 Reformers, therefore, soon pass under sus- 
 picion. Every town has its suspected list. 
 Liberty of speech is impossible. 
 
 Witness the Russian student from Munich, 
 who returned home to criticize from his 
 paper the government, and, pursued by spies, 
 found a hiding place. When his aged mother 
 would not give up her son, the police stripped 
 the woman to the back, tied her to a two- 
 wheeled cart and flogged her up and down 
 the village street, to terrorize the commu- 
 nity. Witness the indignities wrought upon 
 Madame Bereshkovsky, because she taught 
 the peasants on her own estate how to read, 
 and founded for them schools for the better- 
 ment of the health and happiness of children 
 and women. Witness the ten thousand ex- 
 amples of cruelty found in the history of the 
 Siberian convicts. Witness the persecutions 
 of the Mennonites, a pure and spotless people, 
 if our earth has ever known such, but hounded 
 out of the land because they will not con- 
 form to the Greek Church. Witness the ex- 
 communication of Tolstoi, the one outstand-
 
 The New Russia 
 
 ing Russian of genius and heroism in his 
 era. 
 
 "Witness the tragedy of the patrician 
 Peshkoff. Taking his family to London for 
 a winter's season, this Russian aristocrat 
 passed under the influence of a Christian 
 minister. Listening to a sermon on the love 
 of God to sinful men, he began to feel, and 
 then to weep. Going to London to scoff, he 
 remained to pray. His conversion was dra- 
 matic. Going to the Ambassador's house he 
 told his story. One of the richest men of 
 Russia, everywhere men listened to his 
 words. Returning to St. Petersburg he 
 opened his city house, and filling his draw- 
 ing-rooms with rich men and servants he be- 
 sought them to accept Christ and lead a 
 Christian life. Passing under suspicion, he 
 was arrested, expelled from the Greek 
 Church, peeled of his goods, sent to Siberia 
 as an exile. Escaping from the convict 
 mines, Peshkoff finally reached Paris, where 
 he died in extreme poverty. 
 
 Such things take us back to the days when 
 Tyndale was burned for distributing the 
 Bible in England, and when the Waldenses 
 were persecuted in Italy for their new vital 
 faith. But at last the fire is kindled. The 
 132
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 Y. M. C. A. building in St. Petersburg has 
 become a centre of light and learning. The 
 university students have the fire that burns 
 and will not be extinguished. Successive 
 legislative Dumas, representing the people, 
 although checked, dissolved, reconstituted, 
 working under discouragements, have begun 
 the slow march towards a larger liberty. 
 Nothing can stay this movement. God is 
 abroad in Russia. The new era is on, and 
 there is no enemy that can stay the chariots 
 divine. 
 
 True it is that, ten years ago, great Russia 
 was defeated in war by little Japan. The 
 reasons for that were in the distance at which 
 Russia worked, the impossibility of trans, 
 porting armies, food, military equipment 
 three thousand miles with promptitude, the 
 inefficiency of her old guns and cartridges, 
 the graft of her commissary department, the 
 inefficiency of her ignorant peasant soldiers, 
 and finally the feeling of the men that they 
 had nothing to fight for since, if successful, 
 the aristocrats obtained the reward ; and if 
 defeated they themselves had nothing to 
 lose because they had nothing. 
 
 Yet let no man mistake that there is a new 
 Russia. This great people cannot be talked 
 133
 
 The New Russia 
 
 down. Bead these books fresh from the 
 printing-press, telling of the reorganization 
 of the Russian army within the last three 
 years. Remember that for every dollar 
 Germany has been spending on her army 
 Russia has been spending three dollars. Not 
 of a tall physique, the Russian is wiry, com- 
 pact, sturdy. Like the Chinaman, also, he 
 has one advantage he is a vegetarian for 
 centuries ; three pounds of black bread and 
 a little soup makes his meal upon the march. 
 Inured to cold for centuries, he is not dis- 
 turbed by snow or frosty nights. It was 
 this that accounted for Napoleon's defeat in 
 Russia. For several days the French Em- 
 peror lived in the Kremlin in Moscow, and 
 from its banqueting hall sent his orders out 
 into the world. One morning he awoke to 
 find that his men's feet were freezing, and 
 their hands too cold to pull a trigger. Then 
 these Russians, with their long coats, closed 
 in upon Napoleon, and when a few weeks 
 had passed the great conqueror, with twenty 
 servants, having fled by night and day, 
 crossed the frontier into Germany, while in 
 a single Russian valley were buried one hun- 
 dred thousand Frenchmen. 
 Moreover, the Russian resources in men 
 134
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 are colossal, in food boundless, in warlike 
 munitions vast ; and, while her pecuniary re- 
 serves are not equal to some of the Western 
 European nations, her wealthy allies will 
 supply all that she needs. She has not the 
 wonderful strategic railroad systems of the 
 Germans, which will at times put her at dis- 
 advantage, but her numbers will enable her 
 to line the frontiers. Her Polish territory 
 thrusts out westwardly between East Prussia 
 on the north and Austrian Galicia on the 
 south, and that eastern war-territory must 
 mean a terrific struggle for Germany while 
 at the same time she is at grips with France, 
 Belgium and Great Britain in the West. 
 
 Now winter is at hand and the Russian is 
 at his best. In his hands he carries a new 
 Crag-Jurgensen rifle. In his heart is kindled 
 a great hope that he is to have the Bos- 
 phorus and a chance at commerce. Most in- 
 fluential of all is the fact that the Russian 
 believes this his chance to retrieve the repu- 
 tation he lost at Port Arthur and Mukden. 
 
 Men are never defeated when they do not 
 know that they are defeated. Every day 
 now intensities the conflict. Grown desper- 
 ate, all the armies are fighting like demons. 
 Dispatches from London and Berlin alike 
 '35
 
 The New Russia 
 
 agree that on the entire battle line tens of 
 thousands are being killed each day. It is as 
 if there were seven Gettysburgs being fought 
 every week. What means this desperation ? 
 
 "We understand, when a king or a kaiser, 
 angry because his generals have been de- 
 feated, orders three officers to be shot, that 
 that is the flash of the thunderbolt. But there 
 is something more terrible than the thunder- 
 bolt ; it is the ground-swell of the earthquake. 
 Unmoved, men watch the lightning, but 
 when the earth heaves, the cheek goes white. 
 Kaisers and kings are in the way to discover 
 that the result of this is to be the uprising of 
 the poor. Begun by rulers and diplomats, 
 this war is arousing vast populations, who 
 will learn their power. Weary of centuries 
 of militarism, cruel taxation and absolutism, 
 they will find the determination to be free. 
 
 Let monarchs beware the ground-swell of 
 democracy ! 
 
 ' EESOUECES OF EUSSIA, 1913 l 
 
 Area in square miles (European), 1,862,524. 
 
 ( Whole Empire}, 8, 764, 586. 
 
 Population (European), 122,550,700. 
 
 (Whole Empire), 171,059,700. 
 
 'Estimates from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Evening 
 Post Company, Copyright. 
 
 136
 
 Her Ambition for a Seaport 
 
 Wealth, $40,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $4,422,858,884. 
 Auuual revenue, $1,779,130,749. 
 Army budget (1913-1914), $388,900,000. 
 Navy budget (1913-1914), $121,247,270. 
 Army : 
 
 Standing (European}, 949,000) 
 
 (Asiatic), 124,000 [-5,400,000. 
 
 Beserves, 4,327,000 } 
 
 137
 
 VI 
 
 The Unspeakable Turk: 
 An Alien in Europe
 
 The Turk came in as an alien and barbarian, 
 encamped on the soil of Europe. At the end 
 of five hundred years he remains an alien and 
 barbarian encamped on soil which he has no more 
 made his own than it was when he first took 
 Gallipolis [in Thrace, 1356; Constantinople, in 
 1453]. His rule during all that time has been 
 the rule of strangers over enslaved nations in their 
 own land. It has been the rule of cruelty, 
 faithlessness and brutal lust ; it has not been gov- 
 ernment, but organized brigandage. His rule 
 cannot be reformed. While all other nations 
 get better and better, the Turk gets worse and 
 worse. . . . 
 
 For an evil that cannot be reformed, there is 
 "one remedy only to get rid of it. Justice, rea- 
 son, humanity demand that the rule of the Turk 
 in Europe should be got rid of. 
 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN. 
 " The Turks in Europe."
 
 VI 
 
 THE UNSPEAKABLE TURK: 
 AN ALIEN IN EUROPE 
 
 BUT yesterday the cable flashed the news 
 under the sea that Turkey had entered 
 the European conflict, and ordered a Holy 
 War. 
 
 The history of the Moslem faith during 
 the years of religious conflict is a record of 
 massacre, attended by such ferocity as to 
 send the blood from the cheeks of the out- 
 side peoples. There are 180,000,000 Mo- 
 hammedans in the world. Of this number 
 but 20,000,000 are Turks ; and of these Turks 
 who hold the Moslem faith, only 2,500,000 
 live in Europe. Unfortunately, Constanti- 
 nople is not only the capital of Turkey, but 
 the seat of the Caliphate, the dominion over 
 all Mohammedans, long held and still claimed 
 by the Sultans. The world holds no city sur- 
 passing Constantinople in beauty of situation 
 or in strategic importance, commanding as it 
 does the narrow waters between Southern 
 Europe and Asia. The time was when it 
 141
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 looked as if the great majority of Mohammed- 
 ans would refuse to be still governed by a 
 little group of European Turks, and in the 
 critical year 1878 many statesmen believed 
 that if the Turk lost Constantinople the seat 
 of the Caliphate would be taken to Cairo or 
 Mecca, and that the Mohammedans living 
 round about the Mosque of St. Sophia would 
 be thrown from their place of power in 
 Europe. 
 
 In the physical system the body is large, 
 and the spinal cord small, but that tiny nerve 
 thread from the brain controls the bulk of 
 Samson and Goliath. For centuries Con- 
 stantinople has been the brain and nerve 
 controlling the Mohammedan populations. 
 But, little by little, the steamship, the rail- 
 way, the printing-press and commerce have 
 created an atmosphere around the Moslems 
 hitherto impervious to approach through re- 
 ligious teaching, and now has come a time 
 when it seems unlikely that a handful of 
 Turks can send into a Holy War the eighty 
 millions of their co-religionists in India and 
 the hundred millions in Africa, Asia Minor, 
 Arabia and Persia. 
 
 Yet, even if the announcement that Tur- 
 key has at last cast in her lot with Germany 
 142
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 and Austria simply means the Turkish in- 
 crease in fighting force, the news brings with 
 it the fear of a new Balkan insurrection and 
 a possible world conflagration. Already there 
 are eleven nations at war, and ours is the 
 only one of the first rank in population and 
 wealth that stands aloof. Behold how great 
 a matter a little fire kindleth ! 
 
 When that woman, on an October night in 
 Chicago, upset her lamp, no one thought that 
 the burning of her little frame stable meant 
 anything to foreign nations. But, unfortu- 
 nately, Chicago was built of wooden houses ; 
 for two months there had been a drought 
 and not a drop of rain ; the whole city was 
 dry as tinder ; the wind was from the south- 
 west ; within one hour the block was aflame ; 
 within two hours six blocks were blazing ; at 
 midnight the flames leaped a river three 
 hundred feet in width ; within twenty-four 
 hours the West Side was a mass of flames, 
 and then there came a moment when the 
 wind swept the flames into the North Side. 
 Could you have been lifted up into the air 
 above and looked down upon the spectacle, 
 you would have gazed upon a furnace of 
 red-hot coals a mile and a half square, with 
 the blue and crimson and white tongues 
 143
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 of fire brooding upon the coals. When the 
 third day came, there was panic in the streets 
 of foreign cities, where great insurance com- 
 panies had their head offices, so far did that 
 distant fire send its heat. In hours of de- 
 pression the lover of his fellow men must 
 sometimes confess to an awful terror lest the 
 whole world become involved in this present 
 conflict that will leave Europe in a desola- 
 tion as terrible as that which followed the 
 Thirty Years' War. 
 
 Jealous hate is a fire. Passion is the wind 
 that fans the flame. Civilization holds the 
 material for a conflagration that can make 
 the whole earth desolate. The time has 
 come when we can no longer put any confi- 
 dence in statesman or diplomat. We have 
 only one hope left for society the entrance 
 of an Infinite God into the battle-field. 
 
 More than four hundred and fifty years 
 have now passed since the " Unspeakable 
 Turk " conquered Constantinople and entered 
 Europe as an alien. More than one thousand 
 years have come and gone since the Mo- 
 hammedans swept like a flame northward 
 and westward from Arabia. With Thomas 
 Carlyle let us confess the genius of Mo- 
 hammed, and joyfully acknowledge his sin- 
 144
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 cerity and earnestness during the first twenty 
 years of his career. But history compels us 
 to add that, embittered by his failure to 
 spread his faith by religious appeal, at last 
 he decided to advance his cause by the 
 sword and by promising his followers the 
 grossest physical rewards in return for every 
 disciple they coerced out of their own faith 
 into that of the Moslem. 
 
 The spectacle of a little lamp spreading 
 until it consumed a great city but faintly 
 illustrates the spread of Mohammed's faith 
 from six followers to a day when outlaws, 
 adventurers and soldiers of fortune assembled 
 to travel like a column of fire across the 
 world, forcing men to say with their lips at 
 least, "There is but one God, and Mo- 
 hammed is His prophet." In those wars 
 of propagation, millions of persons who re- 
 fused to forswear their convictions were 
 massacred, but at last, the conflagration hav- 
 ing blackened all Asia Minor, North Africa, 
 Spain, and the Byzantine Empire as far 
 west as Vienna, it was stopped in the central 
 part of France by Charles Martel, and before 
 Vienna by John Sobieski. 
 
 The history of Mohammedanism throws 
 a flood of light on the present situation.
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 Mohammed was born about the year 570 in 
 Mecca, and was reared in the home of an 
 Arabian aristocrat. Early left an orphan, 
 he was adopted by a wealthy uncle, and 
 given an opportunity to travel with his 
 caravans all through that ancient world. 
 He married the richest widow of the time, 
 and his wife put her fortune at his disposal, 
 just as Disraeli's wife forwarded the ambi- 
 tions of the Hebrew statesman. After 
 fifteen years of contemplation in the desert, 
 like Moses, Mohammed returned to the city. 
 He brought to men his belief in one God, 
 personal, and infinite. That he found in the 
 old Hebrew Scriptures of Moses and Isaiah 
 his theory of theism no scholar doubts. In 
 an era when the Epicurean said, " There is 
 no God," when irreligion was eating out the 
 heart of decadent Greece and Rome, while 
 idolatry ruled Arabia, Mohammed in soli- 
 tary meditation had visions of the higher 
 truth, and returned to the world to revive 
 men's faith of the reality and omnipresence 
 of God. 
 
 For three years he stood upon the corners 
 
 of the streets, proclaiming his faith, and won 
 
 thirteen disciples. When his fortune began 
 
 to suffer, his relatives urged silence, but the 
 
 146
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 hero answered: "If the sun stood on my 
 right hand and the moon on my left, order- 
 ing me to hold my peace, I would still de- 
 clare there is but one God." Finally the 
 people began to be irritated, and one day 
 the mob covered him with dust and ashes, 
 and he barely escaped from the riot with his 
 life. Then, on the 20th of June, 622, he fled 
 to Medina. That date, known as the Hejira 
 or Flight, marks the Era of Mohammedan- 
 ism, as the birth of Jesus denotes the Chris- 
 tian Era. In Medina he wrote the Koran, 
 fulfilling a life of asceticism and retirement. 
 At last his health gave way and he became 
 the victim of ecstasies and visions, and in an 
 irritable spirit turned bitter. 
 
 Thus, then, he decided to adapt his religion 
 to the people about him. He was ambitious 
 for success, and he decided to win it at 
 whatsoever cost. Having failed by his ap- 
 peal to conscience, he now determined to 
 win men by the use of the sword and a 
 religion founded on sensuality. 
 
 He went over to the vice of the East, 
 polygamy, and painted Heaven as a land 
 flowing with wine and honey, all of whose 
 houses were palaces, where all wore gar- 
 ments of gold thread, and where the warrior
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 remained young and was endowed with 
 passions that could never be exhausted, and 
 with an infinity of black-eyed wives. A 
 regiment of soldiers came one day and 
 offered their services. He set forth like a 
 conquering hero and made himself terrible 
 to all who would not acknowledge that there 
 was but one God, and Mohammed was His 
 prophet. His military forces grew with fierce 
 rapidity. Within eleven years he had con- 
 quered the East. He died in 632, but his 
 successors for some time descendants from 
 his family vigorously carried on the prop- 
 aganda. Their armies marched into Syria 
 and gave the inhabitants their choice of the 
 Moslem faith or the grave. Later came the 
 victory over Egypt, and the burning of the 
 largest library in the world, in Alexandria. 
 Moving westward around the Mediterranean, 
 they soon conquered more than thirty thou- 
 sand cities, towns and castles. At last, in 
 1453, they won also a permanent hold in 
 Eastern Europe through the conquest of 
 Constantinople. 
 
 That wonderful hill looking down upon 
 
 the Bosphorus, and across to Asia on the 
 
 south and to Europe on the north, has been 
 
 likened unto a warrior's steed, with Mo- 
 
 148
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 hammed in the saddle, and controlling the 
 destinies of three continents, laved by the 
 waters of the sea at the rider's feet. 
 
 But what if the Turk should be unseated 
 from his saddle ? What if that alien to our 
 civilization is thrust back into the desert? 
 So dark and depressing are the Mohammedan 
 lands that a traveller who went by horse- 
 back across the Turkey of thirty years ago 
 says that when he reached the edge of 
 Austria he saw a gibbet with a dead body 
 held by a rope and swinging to the wind. 
 "The sight of that scaffold," says the 
 traveller, " was depressing, but after Turkey, 
 I felt that at last I was in a civilized land." 
 
 It stirs the wonder of the Twentieth Cen- 
 tury man that the Moslem dominates the old 
 centres where civilization, with the arts and 
 sciences and laws, had their rise. For four 
 and a half centuries Mohammedanism has 
 ruled the Near East, and starved the soul al- 
 most to death. Mention one contribution 
 that Turkey has made to art, finance, phi- 
 losophy, religion, or the home. True, the 
 Arabian conquerors of Spain in the Eighth 
 Century brought Saracenic science and manu- 
 facturing skill to that land, where they held a 
 varying power until expelled in the Fifteenth 
 149
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 Century. But in the Orient, Islamism has 
 destroyed science and fine working. It is an 
 Eastern proverb that the hoof of the bullock 
 and the swine leave barrenness, and certainly 
 wherever the Turkish hoof has been set 
 down, beauty and prosperity have been 
 trampled into nothingness. But remember 
 that when you sail from Athens towards 
 Constantinople, you see the crescent flying 
 over the little town where Homer made his 
 Iliad, over the island where " Sappho loved 
 and sung," that Mohammed controls that 
 storied route along which passed Xenophon 
 and his Ten Thousand. Remember that 
 Ephesus and all the Seven Cities where Paul 
 founded his churches have been lost to the 
 Christian faith ; that the Mohammedan con- 
 trols Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus, 
 Jerusalem, the centre of His ministry, the 
 Jordan, once pressed by the feet of Joshua 
 and John the Baptist. The Moslem rules 
 Damascus, on the road to which Paul beheld 
 the heavenly vision. Egypt is the mother of 
 the arts and sciences, but in Cairo there is 
 a Mohammedan University with thousands 
 of pupils, who sit in semicircles on the 
 marble pavements learning to repeat the 
 Koran. 
 
 150
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 Islam originally meaning Submission to 
 the will of God now stands for two crimes 
 polygamy and slavery. Polygamy is a 
 cancer that eats out the very heart of 
 society ; slavery is a foul ulcer that the 
 surgeons of this Republic cut out with sharp 
 knives. Islam journeys forward, carrying 
 these two fatal diseases in itself. But take 
 away polygamy and slavery, and you have 
 taken the heart out of the Koran, and with- 
 out the Koran, there is no Islam ism. 
 
 Asia Minor and Palestine are a bridge 
 connecting Europe and Asia, but that bridge 
 is in the hand of the Turk ; and the Turk 
 hath now formed his alliance with Austria 
 and Germany ; the plan being that the 
 bridge shall stretch from the Kiel Canal to 
 the Persian Gulf and be protected by rows 
 of bayonets as bulwarks for the bridge. To 
 defend this structure a Holy War has been 
 declared. But there are the best of reasons 
 for believing that the Mohammedans under 
 the varied rule of .Russia, England and 
 France, will pay no heed to the religious 
 summons from the long-discredited Sultan, 
 but will stand loyal, and that when the conflict 
 is over this impossible Turk will have been 
 bundled bag and baggage out of Europe.
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 For the symbol of the Moslem is a waning 
 crescent : 
 
 The moon of Mahomet 
 Arose, and it shall set ; 
 While, blazoned as on heaven's im- 
 mortal noon, 
 The Cross leads generations on. 
 
 Now, every man who loves Greece, as the 
 land from whence we have our ideas of the 
 drama, of the poem, of eloquence and phi- 
 losophy, will be conscious of the stirring of a 
 great hope from this news that Turkey has 
 started to commit suicide. It is nearly 
 eighty years since Daniel Webster stood up 
 in the United States Senate and made his 
 plea for Greece. Our greatest statesman 
 was fully conscious of his indebtedness to 
 Athens, and he was not the man to owe an 
 obligation and not to repay it. In the hour 
 when Greece was struggling to escape from 
 the Turk and his bloody hand, the Grecian 
 patriots appealed to this Republic. In his 
 reply to the appeal, Daniel Webster re- 
 minded our people of what France as a lover 
 of liberty had done for us during our dark 
 days. What marvellous genius in that plea 
 of Webster's ! What an argument for the 
 152
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 solidarity of the race ! How near he made 
 Greece seem to us ! With what little cost of 
 assistance might Greece have been free ! 
 Lord Byron was under a similar sense of 
 obligation : 
 
 The isles of Greece ! The isles of Greece ! 
 Where burning Sappho loved and sung ; 
 Where grew the arts of war and peace, 
 Where Delos rose, and Phoebus sprung. 
 Eternal sunshine gilds them yet, 
 But all except their sun is set. 
 
 At last Greece escaped from the Turkish 
 yoke, and consider what her condition was 
 in the hour when the stained hand was lifted. 
 Then, not a book could be bought in Athens ; 
 now, after fifty years, the whole nation is in 
 school. Then, Athens was a town of hovels ; 
 now, it is a royal city of nearly 100,000 peo- 
 ple. Under liberty, she has founded fifteen 
 new cities, restored forty ruined towns, built 
 a fleet of nearly ten thousand vessels, founded 
 fifty printing houses, thirty newspapers, a 
 university, with nearly one hundred profess- 
 ors and two thousand students. 
 
 Then a slave of oppression, now Greece 
 stands in the front rank of self-educated 
 J53
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 nations. To-day, the Greeks, in southeast- 
 ern Europe, outnumber the Turks ten to one. 
 Estimating their wealth, they are as fifty to 
 one, and on this day, when Turkey has drawn 
 the sword against the Allies, a sword upon 
 which Turkey herself shall fall, it is for all 
 lovers of liberty to realize that the day for 
 which Daniel Webster pleaded and Byron 
 sang has come the day of release from 
 Turkey's bondage, the day of liberty for all 
 the Greek people in the southeast, for most 
 of the " Isles of Greece " in the ^Egean are 
 still held by the Turk. 
 
 But the imminence of Turkey's fall and 
 the loss of Constantinople bring into recogni- 
 tion a new hope for Asia Minor. For more 
 than a generation Turkey has stood against 
 the railroad that would join Constantinople 
 to the Persian Gulf. The Sultan feared to 
 let in the sunshine of commerce. But Kus- 
 sia and England now have common interests. 
 Kussia has the northern half of Persia, and 
 England controls the southern part. Al- 
 ready the alliance has been entered into look- 
 ing to the construction of a railroad on the 
 east bank of the Euphrates Kiver. This 
 road, beginning at Constantinople, would 
 shorten the European path to India. This 
 154
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 road would simplify the exchange of the 
 markets of Asia and Europe. This road, 
 joined to the railway of North India, would 
 bring London within six days of Calcutta. 
 Germany already largely controls a railway 
 beginning near Ephesus that would have been 
 shortly completed through to Bagdad, four 
 hundred miles to the Persian Gulf. 
 
 A third great enterprise has been proposed, 
 looking to a canal that will connect the 
 Mediterranean and the Red Sea by way of 
 the Valley of the Jordan. Sometimes, as in 
 the case of the Panama Canal, the longest 
 way around is the shortest way across. It is 
 but twenty-five miles across the Plain of 
 Esdraelon from the Mediterranean to the 
 Jordan. Through this canal the waters 
 would flow down the slope through and from 
 the Dead Sea into the Red Sea. A lake 
 hundreds of feet deep would be created, a 
 lake whose northern shore would extend to 
 the Lake of Galilee, a lake whose western 
 shore would come within ten miles of Jeru- 
 salem, a lake whose waters would flow by a 
 natural channel from the Dead Sea into the 
 Red Sea. The strategic importance to Eng- 
 land of two sea routes in times of war is self- 
 evident. The influence of such an enterprise 
 155
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 upon the agricultural development of these 
 lands would be incalculable. 
 
 But yesterday such a plan was impossible, 
 because of Turkey's opposition. Who knows 
 whether there will be any Turkey to-morrow ? 
 When Turkey goes there will be a new agri- 
 culture in these sacred lands, new engineer- 
 ing, new railways, new shipping, new cities 
 and new civilization. Egypt and Persia, 
 with the Suez Canal, are the key to the 
 whole British Empire. Napoleon used to 
 say that whoever governs Egypt will govern 
 both Europe and Asia. He wrote to the 
 French Directory : " By seizing and holding 
 Egypt I grasp and command the destinies of 
 the whole civilized world." When the great 
 soldier began to realize the strength of Mo- 
 hammedanism, as an opportunist he straight- 
 way went over to the Mohammedan faith, 
 and this alliance with the priests at Cairo 
 was to be the first step in a gigantic 
 scheme to control the one hundred and more 
 millions who then cherished the Moslem 
 faith. 
 
 Burke's famous cautionary statement " I 
 
 do not know the method of drawing up a.n 
 
 indictment against a whole people " should 
 
 perhaps guard us against too sweeping a con- 
 
 156
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 demnation of the Turks, despite the tre- 
 mendous weight of evidence against them. 
 Accredited visitors have found their official 
 classes hospitable, courteous and cultured. 
 One of the encyclopaedias says that they are 
 " handsome, courageous, honest and dignified, 
 but inclined to indolence, fanaticism and ar- 
 rogance. Polygamy is confined almost en- 
 tirely to the rich classes." And that may 
 all be true, without invalidating the awful 
 record of cruelty to subject races, and gen- 
 eral inhumanity to man and woman, with 
 repression of all popular attempt to improve 
 in civilization. 
 
 Doubtless there is a new Turkey, that has 
 broken with the old regime. From the 
 Young Turks and their new dreams spring 
 the hopes that men cherish for the followers 
 of Islam, although they have shown much 
 reactionary influence in all directions, and 
 the weakness of divided counsels in this 
 great crisis, and have allowed their nation 
 to be coerced by Germany. 
 
 Cyrus Hamlin, of our American Board of 
 Commissioners for Foreign Missions, is called 
 the father of modern education in Turkey. 
 More than seventy years have passed since 
 he landed at Constantinople. At that time 
 157
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 there was not a school-book in any of the 
 languages spoken in the Sultan's empire. 
 At last Robert College is founded, in the 
 year that witnessed the beginning of our 
 Civil War. This and other American schools 
 and larger institutions have been called the 
 American lighthouses on a dark coast, where 
 the hungry surf still roars. Their many 
 Turkish, Bulgarian and other Balkan grad- 
 uates have had great influence in the upris- 
 ings of recent years. Our own Howard Bliss 
 is still president of the Beirut College in the 
 far northern corner of Palestine, and Dr. 
 Gates of Robert College. Several thousand 
 teachers have gone out from these two in- 
 stitutions to start public schools in Turkey. 
 American physicians have still further 
 strengthened the spirit of Christianity and 
 freedom. And it is only fair to say that 
 the Turkish Government, even under the old 
 despot Abdul Hamid, has always treated 
 the American missionaries and their edu- 
 cational labours with consideration and pro- 
 tection. After many years of service as a 
 physician, the late Dr. "West so completely 
 won the confidence of the Turks that when 
 the news spread that he was critically ill, 
 prayers for his recovery were offered in 
 158
 
 An Alien in Europe 
 
 Mohammedan mosques and Armenian 
 churches. 
 
 This is in striking contrast with that ex- 
 perience recorded by the captain of an 
 American battle-ship. While anchored off 
 the Sultan's palace, a valuable object was 
 lost over the ship's side. When a diver was 
 sent down, he jerked the rope, and when 
 brought to the surface, exclaimed in words 
 of terror. He said that he found himself in 
 the midst of sacks, each of which held a 
 corpse, tied to a stone, while all about him 
 were skeletons. It is a gruesome tale, and, 
 unfortunately, there are many reasons for 
 believing it, and none that throw doubt 
 upon the accuracy of this story. 
 
 Of course, Great Britain's possibility of 
 damage from Turkey is the accessibility of 
 the Suez Canal to attack, a vital matter, 
 which doubtless the British are clear-eyed 
 enough to foresee and provide against. On 
 the other hand, if England and France should 
 make a determined effort to force the splen- 
 did fortifications holding the Dardanelles 
 against approach to Constantinople, and Rus- 
 sia should join them through the Black Sea, 
 the heart of Turkish rule in Europe would 
 be in dire peril. In any event, it would 
 159
 
 The Unspeakable Turk 
 
 seem that Turkey has little to gain and risks 
 all, in her foolish yielding to the cajolery of 
 Germany. 
 
 As to the resources of Turkey, it must be 
 recognized that both the army and the navy 
 are now under the command of German 
 officers, who doubtless precipitated the open- 
 ing attack by the Turkish fleet on Kussian 
 port and ships in the Black Sea and thus 
 made it impossible for Turkey to withdraw 
 from the conflict that they had themselves 
 brought on. 
 
 EESOURCES OF TURKEY 1 
 Area in square miles (European), 11,000. 
 (Asiatic), 699,224. 
 Population (European), 1,892,000. 
 (Asiatic), 19,382,000. 
 Wealth, not estimated. 
 National debt, $675,654,000. 
 Annual revenue, $134,262,000. 
 Army : Standing, 230,000 1 , Q9S 71K 
 Eeserves, 1,698,715 ] 1 > was > 7J 
 
 Available 
 Unorganized 
 
 From " The World Almanac," 1915. 
 
 ) 
 { 4 
 
 1 60
 
 VII 
 
 Italy Old and New : 
 Her Ambitions
 
 Beyond question the errors of the Italian Gov- 
 ernment since the too early death of Cavour, the 
 only Italian statesman endowed with real practi- 
 cal aptitude, have been many and great. The 
 fact is, that Italy was made too quickly, the revo- 
 lution was too suddenly successful : there had not 
 been time enough to allow of the training of free- 
 born citizens. . . . [But] if we look at what 
 Italy was little more than fifty years ago, we have 
 reason to be astonished at the striking advance 
 she has made in so short a time, and may well 
 place high hopes upon a people who have given 
 proof of such exuberant and recuperative vitality. 
 
 HELEN ZIMMERN. 
 " Italy of the Italians" 1906.
 
 VII 
 
 ITALY OLD AND NEW : 
 HEK AMBITIONS 
 
 ROME is called the Eternal City, and 
 Italy might well be called the abiding 
 leader of the States and of civilization. " O 
 Rome, my country ! city of the soul ! " ex- 
 claimed Byron in his famous apostrophe. 
 " The orphans of the heart must turn to thee, 
 lone mother of dead empires. The Niobe of 
 nations ! " No other land has maintained 
 the leadership of the world for so long a 
 time. Remember that the Egyptian Thebes 
 city of twelve gates on every side, city of 
 art and eloquence, city of philosophy and 
 literature, city of wealth, commerce, and the 
 most grandiose architecture of history main- 
 tained its supremacy for but about four hun- 
 dred years. Florence and Venice carried the 
 torch for only two hundred years. London 
 and England have been the world leaders 
 since the defeat of Napoleon, while Rome had 
 led the world for 1,700 years. 
 163
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 It was Italy that first dreamed its dream 
 of uniting all the provinces and states into a 
 world empire, where there should be no war. 
 It was in Italy that a statesman first cher- 
 ished his vision of a unity where justice 
 should be administered through a Digest of 
 Universal Law. It was in Italy that plans 
 were made for a language that should be a 
 world language, and a commerce that should 
 be without barriers between states, and there- 
 fore a world trade. It has been said that the 
 Past, the Present and the Future are three 
 moods of one and the same verb to Live. 
 And it would seem as if Rome and Italy 
 had lived in the three realms at one and the 
 same time. Feeling the pull of the Eternal 
 City upon his heart-strings, Crawford ex- 
 claimed, "The years move on, but Rome 
 waits ; the cities fall but she stands ; the 
 old races lie dead, but Rome lives. At last, 
 as a gladiator of life, the world pilgrim bows 
 his head before her, wondering how his own 
 fight shall end, while his lips pronounce the 
 submission of his own mortality to her abid- 
 ing endurance : All hail, Eternal Rome ! 
 We who are about to die salute thee ! " 
 
 Back of abiding institutions stand the great 
 men whom we must call the makers of states 
 164
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 and the builders of institutions. Yonder in 
 the shadows of the past stands the greatest 
 Puritan of them all, the man of oak and 
 rock Scipio Africanus. If ever there lived, 
 outside of Christianity, a twin brother of 
 Socrates, the seer and man of God, that 
 brother was the sturdy old Puritan, Scipio. 
 His enemies were accustomed to sneer at 
 this statesman, because in the midst of an 
 important debate in the senate, touching the 
 future of Rome, he was seen to withdraw 
 into his office, and there to fall upon his 
 knees. The truths written in the old Hebrew 
 Scriptures seem to have been revealed by 
 God to the heart of Scipio. It is true that 
 he was a strong nationalist ; that his motto 
 was, " My country," and that he led the 
 movement against Carthage. But Scipio 
 felt the same fear of Carthage that Joshua 
 experienced towards the polytheists, polyg- 
 amists, and bestial folk in the land of the 
 Philistines. Never lived there a man in 
 pagan times of strength more rugged, of 
 simplicity more sincere, or of loyalty that 
 endured more stress in its adherence to the 
 great convictions of justice and duty. His 
 daughter was the mother of the Gracchi, and 
 the hidings of the power in these two dis- 
 165
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 tinguished statesmen was in their grand- 
 father. The bust of the old hero still stands 
 in the gallery of the Vatican a lion-like 
 head, a scar across the forehead, eyes deep 
 as caverns, thin, firm lips, square but del- 
 icately carved chin the kind of man that 
 can bear the world upon his shoulders. 
 
 It is said that recently a cluster of grapes 
 was plucked from a vine in Florida and sent 
 across to Spain, and lo, men found the very 
 vines from which that root and seed and 
 graft had been carried nearly four hundred 
 years before by Ponce de Leon to this new 
 continent. Not otherwise, the character, the 
 spirit, the rugged virtue, the stern simplicity, 
 the insistence upon soul liberty and absolute 
 justice for others, journeyed on for centuries, 
 propagated in Italy, from the original soul 
 stock of Scipio Africanus, a builder of the 
 Eternal City. 
 
 And then came Julius Cassar, the most 
 myriad-minded man that was ever produced 
 on the banks of the Tiber. He was a soldier 
 who never suffered defeat. He was a states- 
 man who planned roads. One ran along the 
 northern shores of Africa two thousand miles, 
 around the eastern end of the Mediterranean 
 to Syria and Asia Minor, a road that crossed 
 1 66
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 from the Bosphorus to the lagoons of Venice 
 and from thence leaped like an arrow on to 
 Nice and thence through Calais to York in 
 England. He was an author, and wrote the 
 most charming, sunny, simple, clear, strong 
 histories of his wars, now translated out of 
 ancient times in American colleges. Though 
 nearly twenty centuries have passed, Julius 
 Caesar's supremacy among the five or six 
 great generals of all time still stands un- 
 challenged. These two men are the makers 
 of old Rome, and though their bodies sleep 
 in peace their names are among those that 
 live forever and forevermore. In Rome 
 dwelt Yirgil, one of the five great epic poets ; 
 in Rome dwelt Lucretius, the father of mod- 
 ern Evolution ; in Rome dwelt Marcus Aure- 
 lius, the ethical emperor, and Epictetus the 
 philosopher-slave; to Rome came Constan- 
 tine, to proclaim Christianity, and from 
 Rome went Augustine, to transform North 
 Africa. 
 
 Antiquity gave place to the Middle Ages, 
 when all civilization was controlled by 
 Roman popes, while Italian art and literature 
 illumined the world. Dante, father of the 
 Renaissance, was of Italy, as was Galileo, 
 father of modern science ; and Columbus, 
 167
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 our great discoverer. The world's greatest 
 architect, Michael Angelo, was Italian, as 
 was Raphael, its greatest lyric painter. Ar- 
 nold of Rugby, on the morning after his 
 arrival, wrote : " Again this date of Rome, 
 the most solemn and interesting that my 
 hand can ever write." Hawthorne found 
 his heart-strings mysteriously attached to the 
 Eternal City, and drawing him thither more 
 strongly than did the spot where he was 
 born. For the stones that crumbled under 
 his feet spoke to him, and the dust under 
 his feet rose upon associations of human 
 grandeur, as if from broken thrones and em- 
 pires. Later centuries have seen the strug- 
 gles for liberty and unity among their prov- 
 inces, in which Italian statesmen and soldiers 
 have finally won great triumphs. 
 
 And now emerging out of the mist of 
 obscurity there stands forth a New Italy, 
 pulsating with life and throbbing with power. 
 Concerning the ruins of Ephesus, Babylon 
 and Carthage, one of our philosophic his- 
 torians has said that no great dead city ever 
 comes back, and no nation has ever fallen 
 out of the race to enter the lists again. The 
 statement seems to have its contradiction in 
 the renaissance of Nineteenth and Twentieth 
 1 68
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 Century Italy. During the past thirty years 
 her population has kept pace pro rata with 
 that of Germany, until she now has 37,500,000 
 people. Her wealth has grown by leaps and 
 bounds, until she has become a great power 
 in the councils of the earth. She now has 
 fourteen universities, thirty-four schools of 
 agriculture, fifteen great art institutions and 
 foundations. Her new science applied to 
 agriculture is making old fields, worn by 
 thirty centuries of farming, to rival in pro- 
 ductivity the lands of the New World. In 
 the number of volumes on political economy, 
 Italy leads Germany, England and the 
 United States. The world owes to Italy one 
 of the greatest of all the discoveries of the 
 ages wireless telegraphy. She now owes, 
 within the last thirty days, to an Italian 
 priest and electrician the discovery of a wire- 
 less pocket instrument of telegraphy. Italy's 
 Navy is the fourth fleet in Europe. Her 
 whole land is throbbing with new life, 
 through a new art, a new Italian literature, 
 a new political economy, a new agriculture, 
 a new cooperative movement in the produc- 
 tion of wealth, a new modernism in the 
 realm of theology. And now suddenly Italy 
 has startled the world by breaking away 
 169
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 from Germany and Austria and asserting 
 her independence. 
 
 The Kaiser of the "mailed fist" sent a 
 telegram to the Koyal Palace in Rome, say- 
 ing, " I will never forget and I will never 
 forgive you," but instead of being cowed by 
 the threat the Italian King answered that 
 the remembering henceforth that Italy was 
 independent would do the Kaiser good, and 
 that as to forgiveness it had neither been 
 asked nor desired. In that hour the spirit 
 of the new Italy broke into voice, for there 
 is a new world power in existence that must 
 be reckoned with in the councils of Europe. 
 
 Now if we are to understand the upward 
 progress of the nations under the guiding 
 providence of God, in these thrilling days 
 when history is making so fast, we must 
 survey the national movements during the 
 last generation. 
 
 In 1871, when Bismarck dissolved the 
 council held in the palace of Versailles, 
 where King William of Prussia had been 
 crowned German Emperor, he returned with 
 Yon Moltke and Emperor William to Berlin, 
 and carried with him the cession of Alsace 
 and Lorraine and $1,000,000,000 in gold. It 
 is said that at that very time an Italian 
 170
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 statesman warned Bismarck that there was 
 such a thing as demanding too much, with 
 the certain result of creating a reaction with 
 an organized antagonism that would wax 
 more and more during the future. But Bis- 
 marck, who often ranked with Napoleon as 
 the demiurgic creator of modern Europe, did 
 not see ten years ahead. He scoffed. 
 
 Yet the very result foretold by the Italian 
 fell out. Little by little France on the west 
 of Germany, Russia on the east and England 
 on the Northern Sea, began to realize that 
 Bismarck was an opportunist, whose guiding 
 principle in diplomacy was " anything to en- 
 hance Germany's greatness and power." Be- 
 coming alarmed, France and Russia entered 
 into a compact, defensive and offensive, 
 against Germany, a compact into which 
 England later cast her pledge and power. 
 The genius of the agreement was that the 
 balance of power should be maintained in 
 Europe, that Germany should not be allowed 
 to seize any other provinces, and that her 
 frontier should be made permanent. The 
 pressure was like being caught between two 
 millstones. From that moment, it was 
 recognized by all students of international 
 politics that if Germany tried to break 
 171
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 through to the sea at the mouth of the 
 Rhine or the Rhone, Russia and England 
 would interfere ; that if she tried to break 
 through at the head waters of the Adriatic 
 or the Dardanelles, all three nations would 
 put a naked sword between the Kaiser and 
 the sea. When it was too late, Bismarck 
 discovered that he had gone too far by over- 
 weening ambition. Alarmed, he overawed 
 Austria-Hungary, coaxed Italy, and formed 
 the Triple Alliance. But in saving himself 
 and his Emperor, Bismarck had destroyed 
 Europe. For now the three nations 
 France, Russia and England not in formal 
 alliance, but in what was called the Triple 
 Entente or Understanding, stood over against 
 three other nations Germany, Austria and 
 Italy as three forts bristling with cannon 
 stand over against three fortresses of granite 
 and steel. 
 
 In the summer of 1914 Austria and Ger- 
 many assumed the offensive against Serbia, 
 and Germany attacked Belgium and France. 
 Italy promptly proclaimed neutrality on the 
 ground that her support was pledged to the 
 defence of Germany and Austria, but that 
 she was not under the slightest obligation to 
 support them when they were waging wars 
 172
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 of offence. In that decision Italy carried 
 the conscience of the whole civilized world. 
 
 It must not be forgotten that the new Italy 
 has developed new interests. Forty years 
 ago there were many flags flying over the 
 dissevered and hostile States in the Italian 
 peninsula. But out of the long series of 
 revolutions came Italian unity, compacting 
 the separate governments that had been dis- 
 tributed between Sardinia, Venice and Sicily, 
 with one Italian flag flying over all the 
 land. There are still provinces Trentino 
 and Trieste at the head of the Adriatic, 
 largely Italian in language, blood, literature 
 and history, which, despite the regained in- 
 dependence of other Italian provinces, while 
 still essentially Latin, remain under Austrian 
 control. Italians call them Italia Irridenta 
 Unredeemed Italy. In the hamlets and 
 streets of their cities revolution is always 
 smouldering. The people want to break 
 away from the court of Vienna and return to 
 the flag of Italy. A century ago Austria's 
 rule extended to Genoa, but one by one Aus- 
 tria lost her Italian provinces, until she was 
 finally driven out of Lombardy and the sev- 
 enty islands on which Venice is built. Now 
 at last it may be that Italy has found her 
 173
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 opportunity. If when the Emperor dies the 
 dual monarchy divides, and the Hungarians 
 move their capital to Budapest, and set up a 
 separate establishment, Italy would have 
 only the western part of Austria to meet, 
 and her people long to recover the lost 
 province and cities. Her government down 
 to the present has firmly held in check the 
 popular desire to enter the war on behalf of 
 the Allies, and may be able to maintain neu- 
 trality. But a new hope inspires her army, 
 that includes 250,000 drilled soldiers, be- 
 sides reserves bringing it to a million. In- 
 deed, an American general who has recently 
 returned after a year in Italy, in reviewing 
 his experiences, has likened the Italian sol- 
 diers during the month of October to the 
 hunter's hound, tugging at the leash, and no 
 man knows when the restraints will give 
 way. It was the appearance on the horizon 
 of a single army corps that crushed Napoleon 
 and saved Wellington at Waterloo, and it 
 may well be that, if Austria proves a broken 
 reed, an Italian army from the south, on the 
 undefended frontier of Germany, may sud- 
 denly end what is rapidly becoming a world 
 conflagration. 
 
 Kecent events brought a new element into 
 174
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 the international situation. "When Turkey, 
 under German pressure, declared war against 
 the Allies, the declaration in the nature of 
 the case carried with it the antagonism of 
 Italy, for scarcely two years have passed 
 since Italy and Turkey were at war. Re- 
 call now all those events involved in Italy's 
 seizure of Tripoli. Remember that during 
 the contest, Turkey fought bitterly against 
 Victor Immanuel. During that struggle the 
 Turkish Sultan closed the straits of the Dar- 
 danelles against Italy and her war-ships, but 
 in doing so shut out the food transports of 
 the world. That act cost Italy heavily, but 
 involved all the nations in serious losses. 
 England, that lives always within two weeks 
 of hunger, found it impossible to obtain 
 wheat from Russia. Lord Lansdowne made 
 his way to the Bosphorus. He found one 
 hundred and eighty-five English ships tied 
 up by the closing of the Dardanelles, some 
 of them en route from the wheat elevators of 
 the Black Sea. Some were stopped on ap- 
 proaching the Isles of Greece, and diverted 
 through the Suez Canal to pick up chance 
 cargoes in the Indian Ocean. But most of 
 these ships were shut up in the Black Sea, 
 where their wheat suffered through heat, and 
 175
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 spoiled. Liverpool merchants lost at the rate 
 of $100,000 per day, while the farmers of 
 Koumania and the wheat merchants of Rus- 
 sia suffered in a far greater degree, as did 
 the farmers and merchants of Turkey. 
 
 Italy, as well as England, realized that no 
 nation controlling " narrow waters, which 
 form a great trade avenue to the commerce 
 of the world, is justified in entirely closing 
 such an avenue to facilitate hostile opera- 
 tions in which that power might find itself 
 involved." The result of the acute crisis was 
 a formulation of the international agreement, 
 that " the life and death interests of two 
 nations must be sacrificed to the interests of 
 the trading community of the world." 
 
 The bearing of all this upon the America 
 of to-morrow is most significant. In a re- 
 cent address before a university, by ex-Pres- 
 ident Taft an address widely quoted that 
 statesman referred to the Panama Canal as 
 " an extension of the coast line of the United 
 States," and plans were formulated by the 
 President, and in part executed by our Gov- 
 ernment, to fortify the Panama Canal. To 
 protect the canal against a declared enemy 
 of the United States would be fully justified, 
 but to close it against all nations in our own 
 176
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 military interest would be unendurable by 
 neutral powers. The day is gone forever 
 when even the life and death interests of a 
 belligerent power controlling narrow waters 
 which form a trade avenue for the com- 
 merce of the world can be used for the 
 saving of the life of that nation to the loss 
 of the life of the other nations of the world. 
 The problem, which began in an acute dis- 
 tress incident to Turkey's closing of the 
 Dardanelles against Italy, has widened in 
 its application until it will involve ultimately 
 the recognition that the Panama Canal 
 the fortification of which has not been pro- 
 tested against by any foreign power is an 
 avenue that belongs to the trading com- 
 munity of the planet. So wide-stretching 
 are the far-off results of Italy's relations to 
 Turkey in this international situation. 
 
 To all other motives influencing Italy's 
 neutral position must now be added the 
 motive of fear, partly military and partly 
 industrial. The leaders of German thought 
 have now openly declared their position. No 
 words can be more emphatic or startling. 
 There has been a clear, straightforward, and 
 emphatic declaration by one of the leading 
 German generals, Von Disfurth, not to men- 
 177
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 tion the other two voices, that Germany not 
 only confesses that she has gone over to the 
 theory that might makes right, and that 
 the decisions of war are the decisions of 
 right, but that she is proud of this allegiance 
 to might. " Frankly, we are and must be 
 barbarians, if by this is meant those that 
 wage war relentlessly to the uttermost de- 
 gree." As to Belgium and Louvain, he says, 
 " there is nothing for us to justify and noth- 
 ing to explain away. It is of no consequence 
 whatever if all the monuments ever created, 
 all the pictures ever painted, all the build- 
 ings ever erected by the great architects of 
 the world be destroyed, if by their destruc- 
 tion we promote Germany's victory over her 
 enemies." As to the judgment of Amer- 
 icans, he says, " Let neutral people cease 
 their empty chatter, which may well be 
 compared to the twitter of birds. And of 
 all the churches and all the castles in France 
 which have shared its fate, these things do 
 not interest us. They call us barbarians. 
 What of it ? "We scorn them and their 
 abuse. For my part I hope that in this war 
 we have merited the title of barbarians." 
 
 Does all this mean that Germany has 
 broken with Twentieth Century ideals of 
 178
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 peace and justice, and a binding obligation 
 of solemn treaties between nations ? No 
 man and no nation can serve two masters. 
 The merchant must keep his financial obli- 
 gation with his banker, or else when more 
 convenient repudiate them ? A nation must 
 keep its solemn treaties with other nations, or 
 else when more convenient sneer at them as 
 " scraps of paper " ? To nations, as to in- 
 dividuals, come the great hours of decision. 
 Of the nations it must be said that the em- 
 pire that saveth its life by brute force shall 
 lose it ; and that the nation that loses its 
 life rather than do injustice shall, at the bar 
 of history, save its life. Nations are made 
 up of individuals. The greatest thought that 
 comes to the individual is the thought of his 
 responsibility to God. An unjust war in the 
 Twentieth Century has ceased to be thought 
 of as war by Christian men. The most sig- 
 nificant thing in the attitude of the civilized 
 world to-day is the cynicism with which the 
 educated classes and leaders of public opin- 
 ion regard the so-called decorations of men 
 who pillaged neutral Belgium. But a mur- 
 derous nation can become a Cain, in danger 
 of being expelled from the court of civilized 
 peoples. 
 
 179
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 And at the present time may be seen the 
 conscience of Italy in revolt. No man can 
 read the speeches of her statesmen, the 
 articles of her writers in their reviews, the 
 editorials in her newspapers, without feeling 
 that the soul of Italy is horror-stricken, and 
 stands back in utter revulsion from the 
 desolation in Belgium. The real motive 
 that has led the soul of Italy to break with 
 Austria and Germany is the moral motive, 
 and the might of the spiritual imperative. 
 
 The three chief builders of the new Italy 
 were Mazzini the agitator, Garibaldi the 
 soldier, and Cavour the organizer. Fifty 
 years ago Italy was a broken and dissevered 
 land, the fragments having been distributed. 
 Sardinia held Piedmont. Austria ruled 
 Northern Italy, the French Emperor another 
 fragment, the Pope had four small States, 
 where he was a temporal king, and Ferdi- 
 nand was King of Naples and Sicily. A 
 map of Italy, with its different colours, 
 standing for foreign governments, made it 
 look like a patchwork quilt, and gave mean- 
 ing to Mazzini's word, " Let us wipe all these 
 colours from the map and stain the map one 
 colour if need be, red." All government 
 imposed from without is more or less unjust, 
 1 80
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 by reason of a failure to understand the peo- 
 ple. To be just and fair, government must 
 be based on self-control. 
 
 Mazzini was the Wendell Phillips of the 
 new Italy. His voice was the trumpet that 
 called the peasants to arms. He began his 
 work about 1830. His influence as a revolu- 
 tionist was almost miraculous. Imprisoned, 
 Mazzini escaped to London. There the lead- 
 ers of the literary set, Carlyle, Froude, 
 Grote, Macaulay, Lewes, John Stuart Mill, 
 became his close friends. His organization 
 was secret. Under various disguises he 
 managed to visit Italy at least once each 
 year. Mazzini's writings became a kind of 
 Bible to the revolutionists. His movement 
 spread like a contagion. 
 
 Then came Garibaldi as a soldier to 
 make the revolution practical. Beginning 
 his career as a sailor, Garibaldi fought in 
 various revolutions in South America, not 
 as a soldier of fortune, going up and down 
 the world in search of adventure, and fo- 
 menting discontent, but as a helper of 
 peoples struggling to be free. And Gari- 
 baldi was good as gold, true as truth, brave 
 as a lion, simple as a child ; and, exiled, with 
 a price upon his head, in 1850 he came to 
 181
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 New York. He lived on Staten Island for 
 three years, and made and sold tallow 
 candles. He was often found in the pews 
 here in Plymouth Church, on the winter 
 Sunday nights. In New York he organized 
 his society of Italian patriots. 
 
 In 1859 he returned to Italy. One night 
 he announced his conviction that if a handful 
 of patriots in 1776 could achieve independ- 
 ence of England, five million ought to win 
 a united Italy. One morning, when the 
 people awoke in Rome and Naples they 
 found this proclamation : " Soldiers What 
 I have to offer you is this : Hunger, thirst, 
 cold, heat, no pay, no barracks, no rations, 
 frequent alarms, forced marches, charges at 
 the point of the bayonet. Whoever loves 
 honour and fatherland, follow me ! " And 
 to the bitter end his soldiers, ragged and 
 bloody, followed him. 
 
 As an illustration of his people's devotion 
 to this leader, we may recall an incident of 
 the time when Garibaldi was in hiding be- 
 cause of a price set on his head. His wife 
 was ill and dying, and Garibaldi was hidden 
 in the mountain fastness. To visit his wife 
 it was necessary to ride straight across the 
 land, through country, village and town. 
 182
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 For an Italian to see Garibaldi and not de- 
 nounce him was to suffer imprisonment. 
 The hero started, boldly, across the land. 
 "Word went on in advance that he was 
 coming. The farmers beside the road turned 
 their backs and shielded their eyes, speaking 
 only words of affection as the silent soldier 
 passed. The people in the villages went in 
 the houses and pulled down their blinds, and 
 at high noon Garibaldi rode through the de- 
 serted towns that were as silent as grave- 
 yards. He closed the eyes of his wife in 
 death, and returned in safety to his hiding 
 place. History holds no finer tale. What 
 Garibaldi gave the people in devotion, they 
 returned in loyalty, and were willing to 
 suffer unto blood, striving against tyranny. 
 Then entered the scene, to organize into 
 constitutional form the agitations of Maz- 
 zini and the victories of Garibaldi, Count 
 Cavour, prime minister of the gallant soldier 
 Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, who had 
 privately encouraged Garibaldi. Cavour was 
 born a patrician, the owner of rich estates. 
 He fell heir to all the wisdom of Italy, was 
 widely travelled, knew every foreign capital. 
 He was essentially a man of intellect, cold, 
 shrewd, far-sighted, courageous, of great
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 initiative, of marvellous resources. What 
 Bismarck did for Germany, that and more 
 Cavour did for Italy. The Iron Chancellor 
 won many victories by mailed hand and 
 sheer brute force. Cavour relied upon the 
 intellect and superior wisdom for his great 
 diplomatic battles and victories. 
 
 Few men have ever tried so patiently to 
 fit themselves for a great mission. He went 
 to France, and to England, to study at first 
 hand the revolution in both countries. He 
 met every man in Europe whom he could 
 possibly meet, who could give him any 
 guidance and counsel. Finally he adopted 
 the policy of playing the interests of one 
 nation off against another. Cavour finally 
 succeeded in forming an alliance of the 
 strong nations against the enemies of Italy. 
 He detached both England and France from 
 their relations with Austria. The task seemed 
 impossible. There were Austrian armies to 
 be expelled, French armies to be induced to 
 withdraw, the armies of Naples to be de- 
 feated, the Pope's temporal power and his 
 soldiers to be broken down. Cavour had 
 but the unorganized revolutionists of dis- 
 severed Italy to support him, and yet with 
 these, chiefly under Garibaldi and finally 
 184
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 with Victor Emmanuel's forces, he was victo- 
 rious. It was a marvellous achievement. 
 And when at length Italy was one nation 
 and free, and the capital was moved to Rome, 
 and instead of four foreign banners the peo- 
 ple followed one flag, Italy went into trans- 
 ports of gratitude and joy. This is the ex- 
 planation of the glowing enthusiasm of the 
 Italian people during the summer of 1911, 
 when they celebrated the fiftieth anniversary 
 of their Italian independence. 
 
 The Countess Cesaresco (in " The Libera- 
 tion of Italy ") records two fine things : 
 
 "By Cavour's advice Victor Emmanuel 
 offered Garibaldi a dukedom and the Collar 
 of the Annunziata, which confers the rank 
 of Cousin to the King, besides riches to sup- 
 port these honours. He refused everything, 
 and retired to Caprera [where he had a farm], 
 poorer than when he left it." 
 
 The overmastering movement in Italy of 
 late has been an economic movement. The 
 first thing that strikes the scholar is the num- 
 ber of books that Italians are publishing on 
 economic problems. The reason of this is 
 not far to seek. Up to recent years all the 
 resources of Italy, with its lands, were in the 
 hands of a few aristocrats and titled people 
 185
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 and of the Eoman Church. The peasants 
 owned no land. Transfers of property were 
 difficult. The few had everything, owned 
 Italy, and the many had nothing. Poverty 
 was all but universal, and very bitter. The 
 poor and their leaders raised the question how 
 the lands could be broken up and sold to the 
 people ; how the tax burden could be lifted 
 from the shoulders of the poor, who were 
 least fitted to bear them, and transferred to 
 the rich landowners who were best fitted to 
 carry them. It was found that no civilized 
 country was so burdened with taxes. Men 
 were taxed for every bullock and goat that 
 was slain ; taxed for every bushel of wheat 
 that was raised and for every litre of oil and 
 wine. The landlord was taxed for each 
 electric light, and on the basis of every 
 servant that assisted his guests. The weight 
 of taxes crushed the people. The schools 
 also were unsatisfactory and the people 
 ignorant. Books were expensive and news- 
 papers too high for the poor to read. Every- 
 thing went into a state of flux. 
 
 Added to the movement against the aris- 
 tocratic centralization of land, property 
 and privilege and law in the hands of a 
 few, came a similar movement against the, 
 1 86
 
 Her Ambitions 
 
 Pope claiming temporal power. Autocracy 
 is the government by one man ; aristocracy 
 is the government by a few ; democracy is 
 the government by the many ; anarchy is the 
 negation of all government, in that every 
 citizen is a runaway orb. Now if you adopt 
 democracy, you must apply it to all the de- 
 partments of human life. In this Republic 
 we diffuse liberty, giving political and indus- 
 trial democracy ; we diffuse knowledge, giv- 
 ing educational democracy ; we diffuse relig- 
 ion, giving ecclesiastical democracy. 
 
 But how can Italy have political, educa- 
 tional and industrial democracy, and yet per- 
 manently maintain ecclesiastical autocracy, 
 which is the government by one ? Democ- 
 racy is in the air. It is a world movement. 
 Like a beautiful summer climate, it is 
 changing the world. Free on three sides of 
 life, men wish to be self-governing on the 
 fourth. 
 
 Out of that great struggle came the New 
 Italy, not yet working altogether smoothly 
 with its combination of monarchical and 
 democratic institutions, but marvellously 
 transformed by the spirit of free unity. 
 And we see with wonder its universities, its 
 new art movement, its new political economy, 
 187
 
 Italy Old and New 
 
 its new monetary system and its new patriot- 
 ism. 
 
 Whether she enter the war or stand neutral, 
 Italy's influence in this world crisis will be 
 great. 
 
 RESOURCES OF ITALY, 1913 ' 
 Area in square miles, 110,659. 
 Population, 35,238,997. 2 
 Wealth, $20,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $2,776,089,420. 
 Annual revenue, $530,399,180. 
 Army budget (1913-1914), $71,110,000. 
 Navy budget (1913-1914), $50,789,230. 
 Army : Standing, 250,000 ) , ft9ft Oftft 
 
 Reserves, 770,000 { l ww w 
 
 'Estimates from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Evening 
 Post Company, Copyright. 
 ' Latest estimate, 37,500,000. 
 
 1 88
 
 VIII 
 
 Holland and Germany: 
 The Mouth of the Rhine
 
 They [Belgium and Holland] control the out- 
 let of the Rhine, and therefore can prevent Ger- 
 many's complete utilization of the splendid natural 
 highway. . . . The possession of these two 
 countries, moreover, would at once give Germany 
 the great colonial empire of which she dreams. 
 Holland owns Java and the Celebes, admirably 
 fitted for colonization, from whom for three cen- 
 turies she has drawn a princely revenue : she 
 owns a fertile section of Guiana and rich islands 
 in the West Indies. . . . Belgium owns the 
 vast Congo Free State, one of the wealthiest of 
 European dependencies. ... If their colonies 
 alone could be retained, Germany could restore 
 the autonomy of those states in Europe, pay a 
 heavy war indemnity, and yet find the war worth 
 while. 
 
 ROLAND G. USHER. 
 ' ' Pan- Germanism, " 1913.
 
 VIII 
 
 HOLLAND AND GERMANY: 
 THE MOUTH OF THE RHINE 
 
 THE indebtedness of this Republic to 
 Dutchmen cannot be doubted. We 
 can never forget that when our Pilgrim 
 Fathers were exiled from England it was 
 Holland that gave them succour and protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth and King 
 James were harsh with brigands, traitors 
 and murderers, but England's rulers reserved 
 the uttermost of harshness for her independ- 
 ent teachers, who were the founders of our 
 Congregational faith and order. In 1610 
 there were already several thousand fugi- 
 tives who had been stripped of their goods, 
 and threatened with personal mutilation, 
 who succeeded in evading the soldiers, and 
 making their way to Holland. The centre 
 of their settlement was Delfthaven, a suburb 
 of Rotterdam. An old Dutch minister 
 offered the exiles the use of his church on 
 Sunday afternoons. 
 
 191
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 Standing up in this pulpit, late in July, 
 1620, John Eobinson looked down upon a 
 hundred and twenty men and women who 
 had been under his pastoral care but had 
 determined to seek in America freedom to 
 worship God, and claimed for the devoted 
 band of Pilgrims the promise given to 
 Abraham : " Get thee out from thy country 
 and thy people to a land that I will show 
 thee ; and in blessing I will bless thee, and 
 in multiplying I will multiply thee ; and in 
 thee and thy children after thee shall all the 
 families of the earth be blessed." 
 
 A few hours later, the leaky Speedwell 
 sailed away to England, and finally at Plym- 
 outh the Mayflower took the adventurers 
 and bore them across the ocean. Thus the 
 enterprise that ended with the founding of 
 this Republic was indissolubly linked, not 
 only with England, but also with Holland. 
 
 It was a group of Dutchmen, too, who 
 founded New York, the greatest of our com- 
 monwealths and the greatest of our cities. 
 It was Holland that harboured the English 
 Tyndale and his printing-press, and made 
 possible a Bible in the language of the 
 English people. From Holland, too, came 
 Erasmus, with the new culture. The Nine- 
 192
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 teenth Century Holland has given us optical 
 instruments and the new horticulture; nor 
 must we forget that Holland gave the world 
 its greatest artist, for Rembrandt is first, and 
 there is no second. By common consent, 
 "The Night Watch" of Rembrandt is the 
 world's greatest masterpiece. 
 
 The world owes an immeasurable debt to 
 the little States. When nature has anything 
 precious, she wraps it up in a small package. 
 Sunflowers have bulk ; the tiny arbutus and 
 the wee violet have intensity of perfume. 
 Not the vast desert of Arabia, but the little 
 isolated Palestine gave us ethics and religion. 
 Not the plains of Asia Minor, but that little 
 emerald strip of verdure around Athens gave 
 us intellect and literature. Little Venice, 
 little Switzerland, little England, little Hol- 
 land these are the brave builders of States, 
 the founders of Commonwealths ! 
 
 So small is Holland that I might almost 
 call her the royal postage-stamp stuck on the 
 corner of Europe. Her lands number about 
 thirteen thousand square miles, her people six 
 million. Her great cities are few, Amster- 
 dam, Rotterdam and The Hague. But the 
 average wealth in Holland and the level of 
 intelligence are quite unique. For centuries 
 193
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 the neighbouring States and powerful rulers 
 have turned covetous eyes upon Holland, 
 and with sufficient reason. 
 
 I. Holland's rich farming lands are 
 unequalled because they are at the mouth of 
 one of the greatest rivers in Europe. It is 
 proverbial that lands at the head waters of 
 a river are poor, with scant soil : witness the 
 lands on the hillsides of the Alps, whence 
 the Ehine takes its rise. But lands at the 
 mouths of great rivers are always rich : wit- 
 ness the Deltas at the mouths of the Nile, 
 the Amazon, and the Mississippi. Mountains 
 and hills are vast mineral compost heaps 
 that dissolve through snow and rain and con- 
 tribute their stimulants to the hungry fields 
 at the mouth of the river. From thence the 
 Mississippi Valley has its richest lands, now 
 scarcely better than swamp land, in Louisi- 
 ana and Arkansas. These lands have a wash 
 of a thousand miles eastward from the top 
 of the Rockies, and eight hundred miles 
 westward from the Alleghanies. The far- 
 ther away you travel from the hills in which 
 a river takes its rise, the richer the banks of 
 that river and the more generous the harvests 
 reaped from field and meadow. For two 
 thousand years the peasants have sown and 
 194
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 reaped and gathered into barns in that rich 
 delta formed by the three mouths of the 
 Kiver Ehine. Covetous kings have turned 
 eager eyes towards that land, just as men in 
 the olden time looked longingly towards the 
 Nile, that was the wheat granary for the 
 ancient world. 
 
 II. When Bernhardi speaks of the warn- 
 ing given Holland, that her territory would 
 be occupied, if she took one single step that 
 was unfriendly to Germany, there was an- 
 other motive, doubtless, in the mind of the 
 man who believes that might makes right, 
 that the voice of cannon is the voice of God 
 and that if his country wants anything it 
 should " first take what it wants and after- 
 wards make the explanation." The Ger- 
 many that wants the newly discovered and 
 all but inexhaustible iron mines of Northern 
 France, and the coal and iron mines of South 
 Belgium, wants the oil fields of the Dutch 
 colonies. Holland owns Java, Sumatra, 
 Borneo and a multitude of rich islands. 
 From those colonies come not only sugar, 
 coffee, rice, tea and indigo, but, above all, 
 these great colonies are rich in coal, natural 
 gas and oil. The estimates that Dutch bank- 
 ers placed upon the fortune of Queen Wil- 
 195
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 helmina's uncle represent hundreds of mil- 
 lions of dollars, and yet that descendant of 
 "William the Silent owned but a tithe of the 
 edge of one of these colonies. To-day these 
 vast islands are still to be developed. The 
 far-off Eastern world goes to Java for its oil 
 to-day, while the refineries in Rotterdam are 
 all fed by the oil fields in the Far East. 
 Therefore the country that possesses itself of 
 the Dutch colonies will have motive power 
 for its steamships, and for its citizens wealth 
 that is quite beyond the dreams of avarice. 
 
 III. Thus, if Germany wants the har- 
 bours and seacoast of Belgium she has been 
 for a hundred years still more anxious to ob- 
 tain the mouth of the Rhine at Rotterdam. 
 There was a time when Hamburg grew more 
 rapidly than any city in Germany, but now, 
 for some years, Rotterdam has increased in 
 shipping so rapidly as to outstrip her rival. 
 Think of all the treasures of the fields that 
 come down the Rhine out of the heart of Ger- 
 many, and pay tribute to Holland. Remem- 
 ber that in that river and harbour hundreds 
 of ships have often been seen at anchor. But 
 despite the fact that Holland is surrounded 
 by strong nations, for some reason she has 
 succeeded in maintaining her independence. 
 196
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 Prussia seized Silesia, coerced Bavaria, con- 
 quered Saxony, took Schleswig-Holstein, and 
 forced them into an alliance. Where are 
 the hidings of power in these Dutchmen ? 
 
 In one of the most fascinating books ever 
 written, " The Rise of the Dutch Republic," 
 John Lothrop Motley explains the continu- 
 ance of Holland by the heroism of her peo- 
 ple. To begin with, in a way, they created 
 their own land. One of the dykes builded 
 against the North Sea is sixty feet high, and 
 standing on the top, one turns to look down 
 upon steeples, the roofs of houses, banks, 
 factories. There are peasants on the steep 
 hillsides of the Rhine who carried the dirt 
 that they thrust into the crevices between 
 the rocks, in which they have planted vines, 
 and upon which they have their sustenance. 
 But Holland did a greater thing. She 
 wrested the delta of the Rhine from the 
 hand of the ocean, and by vigilance and 
 engineering skill created one of the richest 
 and most fruitful of all the lands of the 
 earth. 
 
 For the explanation of Holland and the 
 
 rise of the free institutions in the first United 
 
 States of which history has any knowledge, 
 
 we must go back to William the Silent. 
 
 197
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 Thrilling indeed the story of his romantic 
 and tumultuous career ! Born in a castle, he 
 was hereditary Prince of Orange and Count 
 of Nassau. He was educated as a Roman 
 Catholic in the court of the Emperor Charles 
 the Fifth of Spain (who at that time owned 
 the Netherlands), and became commander of 
 the Xetherland Army, and in 1555 stadt- 
 holder or governor of Holland, Zealand and 
 Utrecht, serving in the war with France, 
 and being prominent in negotiating peace 
 conditions. His youth was amidst luxury, 
 wealth and splendour, and his early man- 
 hood distinguished with honours and titles. 
 But if in youth he dwelt in a palace, and had 
 princes for his companions, he soon became 
 like David, the champion of the people 
 against the despot. Yea, more: the hero 
 of a lost cause, the victim of an assassin's 
 hate. Like Robert Bruce, Prince William 
 was a wanderer, hiding from his enemies. 
 Like Dante, he knew the weariness of an 
 exile's lot, and ate the bread of charity. He 
 was the heir to titles and vast estates, and 
 to-day his blood flows in the veins of almost 
 all the monarchs of the earth, and yet, slain 
 at fifty-one years of age, he spent his last 
 years in poverty and left his children less 
 198
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 than one hundred guilders. In physique he 
 was a striking figure ; in person, most 
 elegant ; in manners, gentle and accom- 
 plished. Strictly speaking, he was the fore- 
 runner of all the modern leaders of liberty. 
 Long before John Pym and Oliver Cromwell 
 denied the divine right of kings, "William the 
 Silent made his protest against King Philip. 
 In an era when the rest of the world had not 
 dreamed of toleration and liberty in religion, 
 this prince wrote these words, that are now 
 recorded on a tablet in the great square of 
 The Hague words that shaped the thinking 
 of our Pilgrim Fathers, words that climbed 
 above the entrance of the World's Fair in 
 Chicago, in 1893 : " We declare to you that 
 you have no right to interfere with the con- 
 science of any one, so long as he has done 
 nothing to work injury to another person or 
 public sentiment." 
 
 Far to the south of Holland was Spain, 
 with its king, Philip II., son of the Emperor 
 Charles, and still controlling the Nether- 
 lands. At that time Spain was the richest 
 and most powerful nation in Europe. By 
 the merest .accident the Genoese Columbus 
 won the favour of Queen Isabella. Three 
 little ships, scarcely larger than the oyster 
 199
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 boats in Jamaica Bay, were put at his dis- 
 posal, but never did a king and queen 
 make an investment that brought returns so 
 vast. A single Spanish ship returning home 
 brought $15,500,000 in gold, not to mention 
 the treasures of silver, and this, too, at a time 
 when gold was worth ten times what it is 
 now. Prescott tells us that when the 
 Spanish soldiers took the capital of Peru 
 they spent weeks in bringing together the 
 vessels of gold and silver which they found 
 in the temples and palaces. When Cortez 
 approached the palace of Mexican Monte- 
 zuma, that king's messengers met the gen- 
 eral, bearing gifts from their lord. These 
 gifts included two hundred pounds avoir- 
 dupois of gold for their leader and two 
 pounds of gold for each soldier. 
 
 The full value of the treasures that Spain 
 carried away from the cities of the new 
 continent will never be known. The Pilgrim 
 Fathers found a wilderness and turned it into 
 a garden. The Spanish soldiers found towns 
 and cities and turned them into a wilder- 
 ness. Our fathers came seeking for God ; 
 the Spaniards sought gold. For fifty years 
 these adventurers went through Mexico, 
 looting the towns, pillaging the cities, 
 200
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 butchering the people, lifting the torch upon 
 cottage and palace alike. The awful anguish 
 wrought upon these helpless people makes up 
 one of the bloodiest chapters in history. 
 The eagle, pouncing upon the dove ; the 
 panther, leaping upon the fawn, faintly 
 interpret to us the savage cruelty of the 
 Spaniard, raging through this New World. 
 And when the Spanish ships came home, 
 laden with treasure, the Emperor Charles 
 hired soldiers of fortune, bought weapons, 
 marched with his armies into Africa and 
 Sicily, conquered a part of France, took over 
 what is now Southern Germany, and dreamed 
 his dream of a world empire. When a cen- 
 tury had passed, after Columbus' discovery of 
 the New World, Spain had obtained treasures 
 sufficient to conquer many poorer States and 
 to organize and equip the best-trained army 
 of veterans then in the world. 
 
 But at last there was nothing left in the 
 New World but agriculture, and the Span- 
 iard was a brigand and a looter. Then it 
 was that King Philip cast about for fresh 
 fields of exploitation. To the north were 
 the Netherlands, under his own sway, rich as 
 a treasure-chest in a king's palace. While 
 Spain had been looting lands, Flemings and 
 201
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 Hollanders had developed the shipping in- 
 dustry. For fifty years they had been the 
 carriers of the world's commerce. Their 
 navigators were the boldest, their ships the 
 largest and the swiftest, their merchants 
 the most enterprising in Europe. Amster- 
 dam became the commercial centre of the 
 world. Her merchants built a stock ex- 
 change in which five thousand members met 
 daily to buy and sell. Within the city walls 
 were included some of the most splendid edi- 
 fices in Christendom. Paris alone exceeded 
 Amsterdam in splendour. Sailing vessels 
 then were small, in comparison with our 
 ocean steamers, but often a single day wit- 
 nessed the clearing of five hundred ships, 
 and not infrequently 2,500 boats were an- 
 chored in its harbour. Its linens, its tapes- 
 tries and woolen goods were famed through- 
 out the world. The homes of its burghers 
 were models of comfort and luxury. By 
 reason of this intelligence and enterprise, 
 the peasant classes of Holland became more 
 prosperous than the upper classes of other 
 nations. Small was the land, but within its 
 limits were two hundred and eight walled 
 cities, sixty-three hundred villages, guarded 
 by a belt of sixty fortresses. 
 202
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 Little wonder that omnivorous Spain 
 looked longingly towards this land and 
 meditated plans for breaking down its inde- 
 pendence, crushing its Protestantism, looting 
 its cities and transferring its treasures from 
 the chests of the Dutch burghers to the vaults 
 of the Spanish cavaliers 1 For at the con- 
 clusion of the Council of Trent, in 1563, 
 King Philip of Spain was intent upon spread- 
 ing the Catholic faith by persecuting the 
 Protestants, and had made his stern sister, 
 Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Nether- 
 lands, where she vigorously carried out his 
 evil will. Prince William, with the Flemish 
 Counts Egmont and Horn although Cath- 
 olics united in protests against the sub- 
 version of their civil and religious liberties, 
 but to no avail. For in 156T Philip sent a 
 fit agent to enforce submission and to exact 
 plunder. 
 
 The man whom Philip placed at the head 
 of his army was the most accomplished and 
 capable general in Europe. Alva had been 
 victorious in campaigns in Africa, Italy, 
 France and Germany. He had been called 
 the most bloodthirsty man who ever led his 
 troops to battle, and therefore he was sent to 
 the Netherlands then including the north- 
 203
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 era Holland and the southern Flemish prov- 
 inces later called Belgium, and other lands 
 to satiate his wolfish instinct. His army in- 
 cluded at first 10,000 veterans, thoroughly 
 drilled and splendidly equipped, and later 
 were added 6,000 horsemen, notorious for the 
 cruelty with which they had treated their 
 captives in the Italian campaign. Alva 
 promised to turn these human wolves loose 
 upon the Netherland sheep. 
 
 In the chapter on Belgium we have noted 
 the inhuman administration of Alva, who 
 united civil, religious, and treasure-seeking 
 persecution with frightful ingenuity and 
 malice. Thousands killed, thousands taking 
 refuge in England, and thousands fleeing 
 from the Lower Provinces to Holland helped 
 to depopulate and ruin the unfortunate Flem- 
 ish land, while Amsterdam at first actually 
 gained advantage from the capable refugees. 
 The Southern Provinces, beaten down, re- 
 mained under the Spanish dominion, and 
 after passing through Austrian and French 
 rule were finally combined by the European 
 powers into a Kingdom now called Belgium. 
 The Northern range, although persecuted 
 and harassed, were, through the valour, wis- 
 dom and persistence of William of Orange, 
 204
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 his patriotic associates, and the hardy cour- 
 age of the people, enabled to carry on the 
 unequal contest for independence with the 
 strongest nation in Europe. 
 
 Outraged by Alva's cruelty, "William the 
 Silent resigned his titles, fled from his palace 
 and crossed the frontier. Alva at once pro- 
 claimed the prince an outlaw and set a price 
 upon his head. For seven years William 
 toiled tirelessly to defeat the bloody Span- 
 iard. He seemed to have the strength of 
 twenty men, and was at once general, states- 
 man, diplomat, financier, admiral. Like 
 David, he went through the forest collecting 
 outlaws, the men who had grievances, and 
 organized a score of little bands, who preyed 
 upon Alva's army. With peasants armed 
 with pikes he fought veterans who had guns 
 and six thousand horsemen. He put out to 
 sea, and offered prizes to freebooters, bid- 
 ding them warn the home-coming ships, 
 bidding them go to English harbours, lest 
 they enrich the Spaniards. 
 
 In 1566, an alliance of patriotic noblemen 
 had gone to the Regent Margaret with a 
 " Request " to be relieved from the intoler- 
 able conditions and persecutions of the gov- 
 ernment. As the delegates approached her, 
 205
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 a minister said, " What, Madame, is your 
 Highness afraid of these beggars ? " And 
 on the contemptuous rejection of their peti- 
 tion these men proudly adopted the title, and 
 organized a league of marine rovers who 
 really were the pioneers of Holland's sea- 
 power. To these " Beggars of the Sea," in 
 1570 William issued letters of marque. In 
 1572, under cover of night, they captured 
 Brill, and Flushing at the mouth of the 
 Scheldt, and maintained a safe port of issu- 
 ance and refuge. 
 
 Saddened by the infamous trial and execu- 
 tion of Egmont and Horn ; depressed by the 
 defeat and death of his two brothers ; heart- 
 broken by the capture of his eldest son, held 
 as a hostage in Spain, and betrayed by Span- 
 ish subtlety, William kept his hope and fed 
 his courage. The spring of 1572 brought his 
 project of alliance with Admiral Coligny, 
 but when Bloody Philip discovered the plan 
 he formed an alliance with Charles the Ninth 
 of Paris to exterminate the Huguenots. In 
 August, while William the Silent was wait- 
 ing upon the frontier for news from Coligny, 
 that brave man was murdered and the streets 
 of Paris ran red with the blood of the mas- 
 sacre of St. Bartholomew. On that day the 
 206
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 sun was turned into darkness and the earth 
 reeled beneath the feet of the prince, and for 
 his followers the last star fell from the sky. 
 
 That night William, with a handful of 
 followers, retreated towards the Zuyder Zee. 
 Fired by the news from Paris, Spaniards 
 pursued him with cruelty that was almost 
 incredible. Capturing Neearven, they butch- 
 ered every man, woman and child and 
 burned every building to the ground. 
 Driven out of their homes, the peasants 
 were overtaken by winter. Then Alva or- 
 dered seven thousand pairs of skates, that 
 his soldiers might the more readily pursue 
 the suffering people. 
 
 But now it became evident to even the 
 greedy Philip that victory meant the ruin of 
 the land, and with ruined land there would 
 be no treasure left for future looting ; and 
 the Spaniard made overtures of peace to 
 Prince "William. To these the hero replied : 
 " Peace only on these conditions : freedom 
 of worship, the land dedicated to liberty, all 
 Spaniards in civil and military employment 
 to be withdrawn." As an answer, in 1573- 
 1574 the Spanish troops concentrated around 
 Leyden, holding it in strict siege. Months 
 later, while suffering from fever, William the 
 207
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 Silent decided upon a bold step. The starv- 
 ing city was six miles from the sea. Racked 
 by pain, lying at death's door, in the inter- 
 vals of his stupor he dictated dispatches 
 and sent out messengers, and finally decided 
 to have the dykes cut. There came a three 
 days' storm from the northwest, and the 
 ocean swept in over the drowning land, 
 while ships sailed along the streets of the 
 city and flung bread to the burghers on the 
 housetops. The story of that siege, with its 
 horrors and its heroisms, is among the mar- 
 vels of history. 
 
 In 1579 William succeeded in consoli- 
 dating the " Seven United Provinces " for 
 the common defence. Gradually, they were 
 popularly called by the name of " Holland," 
 their largest member. But, like Moses, hav- 
 ing led the people out of the wilderness, this 
 nation-builder was not allowed to see the 
 Promised Land. He was now fifty-one years 
 of age. For years his steps had been dogged 
 by hired assassins, but he had escaped the 
 club, the dagger and the assassin's bullet. 
 His portraits exhibit him as a man whose lips 
 were locked with iron ; whose face was fur- 
 rowed with care, while his look was that of 
 a man at bay, having staked life and life's 
 208
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 work. And yet he was one of the most 
 charming of companions, of such winning 
 address that it was said that " every time he 
 took off his hat he won a subject from the 
 King of Spain." Philip had offered a reward 
 of eighty thousand guilders for the assassina- 
 tion of William. One day, a traitor shot him 
 through the throat, and for weeks, through 
 hemorrhages, he was at the point of death, 
 but by sheer force of will he recovered. The 
 end, however, was inevitable. 
 
 One morning, July 10, 1584, a determined 
 young Spaniard who had forged the seals 
 obtained access to the Prince's house ; having 
 first been searched by the guard, he was with- 
 out weapon. The traitor delivered his forged 
 letter, and then asked the Prince for a Bible 
 and the loan of a few crowns. Having re- 
 ceived the gift of twelve pieces of silver, he 
 went down into the courtyard, and, with the 
 Prince's own gift, purchased a pistol from the 
 guard, and returned to fire three shots into 
 that kindly breast. Falling, in his death 
 struggle, "William commended his soul unto 
 God, exclaiming, " What will now become of 
 my poor people ! " Hearing of his death an 
 hour later, says the historian, " the little chil- 
 dren stood and sobbed in the streets." 
 209
 
 Holland and Germany 
 
 " Habit, necessity, and the natural gifts of 
 the man," says Motley, "had combined to 
 invest him at last with an authority which 
 seemed more than human. There was such 
 general confidence in his sagacity, courage 
 and purity, that the nation had come to 
 think with his brain and act with his hand. 
 . . . The ban of the Pope and the offered 
 gold of the King had [by assassination] ac- 
 complished a victory greater than any yet 
 achieved by the armies of Spain, brilliant as 
 had been their triumphs." 
 
 But the struggle was not merely one for 
 political independence, dear as is such a 
 cause ; it was the determination of the 
 people of that barren little seacoast land 
 to win civil and religious liberty freedom 
 of conscience. And the hearts of the Hol- 
 landers and their brethren of the United 
 Provinces were firmly set. On the very 
 day of "William's assassination the Estates 
 of Holland passed a resolution " to maintain 
 the good cause, with God's help, to the 
 uttermost, without sparing gold or blood." 
 And they sent out letters of information and 
 encouragement to various civil and military 
 chiefs, urging them "to bear themselves 
 manfully and valiantly, without faltering 
 210
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 in the least on account of the great mis- 
 fortune that had occurred, or allowing them- 
 selves to be seduced by any one from the 
 union of the States.'' 
 
 We cannot follow the details of the long 
 and varied contest, which before its close 
 involved France and England ; but in 1609, 
 forty-three years from the day when the 
 " Beggars " petitioned the Spanish Regent 
 to relieve their people from the oppressions 
 of the Inquisition, Spain signed a treaty 
 recognizing the United Provinces as an in- 
 dependent Protestant republic, and, more- 
 over, asked the States-General to deal kindly 
 with their Catholic fellow citizens. And this 
 request, consistently with their principles of 
 religious freedom, the Netherlander freely 
 acceded to. 
 
 The rise of the present Dutch institutions 
 is traceable to the States-General, organized 
 by William the Silent. The government is 
 a limited monarchy, presided over by the 
 queen, with an assembly of two Houses, of 
 which the lower House initiates all impor- 
 tant bills. 
 
 William Elliott Griffis, in " The American 
 in Holland," thus condenses their political 
 changes : " From 1568 the House of Orange- 
 211
 
 Hollarid and Germany 
 
 Nassau furnished rulers who were princes in 
 their own right but in the Dutch Republic 
 were stadtholders or presidents. From 1579 
 until 1794 [except during twenty years] the 
 Dutch rulers were of the House of Orange. 
 The Republic fell in 1794 under the invasion 
 of the French. ... In 1814 'the Dutch 
 took Holland,' drove out the invaders, and 
 founded a national constitution. Then they 
 invited the princes of Orange to be Kings 
 or constitutional executives. At the present 
 day Queen Wilhelmina reigns, by the grace 
 of God and the love of her people." 
 
 The attitude of Germany towards Holland 
 thus far is one of threat, while Holland holds 
 herself in an armed neutrality. What Ger- 
 many may yet do for the mouth of the 
 Rhine, despite her treaty obligations to 
 Holland, may perhaps rest on two ques- 
 tions : as to whether it is worth risking the 
 marvellous assistance which Holland, forced 
 into the war, could render the Allies in the 
 invasion of Germany ; and whether Germany 
 herself could lose her soul and her conscience, 
 as an individual can do, until moral issues 
 become obscure, and the needle of the moral 
 compass refuses to answer to the pull of the 
 Divine influence. 
 
 212
 
 The Mouth of the Rhine 
 
 EESOUECES OF HOLLAND* 
 Area in square miles (Continental), 12,648. 
 (Colonial), 981,870. 
 
 Population ( Continental) , 6, 102, 000. 
 
 (Colonial), 38,225,885. 
 Wealth, $5,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $461,649,000. 
 Annual revenue -(Continental), $91,823,000. 
 (Colonial), $111,865,000. 
 Army : Standing, 23,000 ) 
 Eeserves, 177,000 j 
 Available, 
 Unorganized, 
 
 1 From " The World Almanac," 1915. 
 
 213
 
 IX 
 
 Austria -Hungary 
 
 and the Coming 
 
 United States of Balkany
 
 A Pan-Slavic union would mean the predomi- 
 nance of Russia, or a great federation of the 
 Slavic lands. But the Slavs are a very demo- 
 cratic people, and exceedingly fond of liberty. 
 For that reason they are not disposed to yield to 
 Russian absolutism. And Pan-Slavism in any 
 form would mean the disruption of Austria. So 
 the idea seems at present a visionary one. Still, 
 it is in the line of the political union and inde- 
 pendence of nationalities which has characterized 
 the century [XIX], It may be an achievement 
 of the Twentieth Century ; but if realized it will 
 involve profound rearrangements of the present 
 social and political condition of Eastern Europe. 
 
 HARRY PRATT JUDSON. 
 " Europe in the Nineteenth Century" igo8.
 
 IX 
 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE 
 
 COMING UNITED STATES 
 
 OF BALKANY 
 
 SIXTY years ago William H. Seward 
 looked towards the cotton-field and the 
 slave-market, and thinking of the justice of 
 God began to talk about the coming conflict 
 as irrepressible ; while the country lawyer, 
 Abraham Lincoln, declared that the Repub- 
 lic must become all slave or all free. During 
 the past four hundred years students of in- 
 ternational politics have been saying in their 
 books that a conflict in the Balkans was in- 
 evitable, and that the whole region must 
 become all Christian or all Turk. 
 
 During these centuries war has been almost 
 continuous. The eras of the eruption of Ve- 
 suvius, when the mountain pours forth lurid 
 lava and buries cities, come at intervals occa- 
 sional, and separated by long years ; but 
 even at the time when the volcano is quies- 
 cent, the lava is always boiling in the crater, 
 217
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 and tossing from side to side. "Wars between 
 England and France have been occasional, 
 but the Balkan volcano is always simmering, 
 and throwing off deadly gases. In 1912 the 
 repressed revolt burst into an open flame. 
 Representatives of the different Balkan 
 States came together secretly and prepared 
 a rebellion against Turkey. Diplomats said 
 that agitation was ever-existent, but that an 
 open alliance between the Balkan States was 
 impossible, just as men said in 1775 that co- 
 operation between the Thirteen Colonies was 
 an impossibility. The forecast was wrong, 
 and the Balkan war of 1912 proved to be the 
 beginning of the most terrible conflict that 
 has ever shaken our earth. 
 
 All students know that the Balkan revo- 
 lutionists in planning for the United States 
 of Balkany steered their course by the story 
 of the American Revolution. Magazine men 
 and newspaper correspondents who followed 
 the fortunes of the Balkan army have had 
 much to say about the unceasing references 
 to the Confederation between the Thirteen 
 Colonies, and about their plans to make the 
 capitals of the different Balkan States to be 
 the centres of State government, preparatory 
 to the founding of a new capital and the or- 
 218
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 ganization of a republic like our own. Other 
 nations for the most part have been deeply 
 and sympathetically moved by the ambitions 
 and patriotism of the Balkan leaders, while 
 Germany and Austria-Hungary have been 
 just as deeply disappointed. For many 
 years Germany has been shut away from 
 the open coast by the buffer states, Hol- 
 land and Belgium. Ambitious for trade 
 with Asia, Germany planned for a treaty 
 with Turkey, the right of railway through 
 to the Bosphorus, with another German 
 railway carried straight through to the Per- 
 sian Gulf. For the last twenty years Ger- 
 man statesmen have been thinking, not in 
 terms of Germany, but in terms of the world, 
 and have looked longingly towards foreign 
 colonies and foreign trade. Then, at the 
 very moment when it seemed as if Germany 
 was about to realize her ambition, events 
 culminated in the Balkan revolution, all but 
 expelling the Turk from Europe, while the 
 new United States of Balkany, that is still a 
 dream and on the lap of the gods, threatened 
 to interpose a barrier that would shut Ger- 
 many and Austria away from the Bosphorus, 
 and the Bagdad railway, and Asiatic trade, 
 just as effectively as Belgium and Holland 
 219
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 shut Germany away from the most favorable 
 seaports. 
 
 From one view-point the country most 
 seriously affected by the Balkan revolution 
 was Austria-Hungary. The Dual Monarchy 
 is the largest empire in Europe west of Rus- 
 sia. Her possessions cover 261,000 square 
 miles of land, the empire being about the size 
 of Texas. Her population includes 52,000,- 
 000 of people, her wealth $55,000,000,000, 
 while her diplomats feel that Austria-Hun- 
 gary has the key to all the problems of 
 Southeastern Europe. The strength of the 
 empire is in the loyalty of the Austrians and 
 Hungarians to the aged Emperor, Francis 
 Joseph. The weakness of the empire is in 
 the fact that ten races are ruled by one 
 sceptre, while four religions the Roman, 
 and the Protestant faith, the Greek church 
 and the Mohammedan are all active in the 
 Dual Monarchy. Rich in iron, coal and 
 forests, blessed with great rivers, fat valleys, 
 and majestic mountains, and covered with 
 roads, canals and railways, Austria-Hungary 
 has for centuries maintained a unique posi- 
 tion among the governments of Europe. 
 
 The roots of this great conflict for the 
 Dual Monarchy are in the history of the old 
 
 220
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 " Holy Roman Empire." Through eighteen 
 centuries of time that empire had journeyed 
 forward, until men came to think its power 
 and influence even eternal. After the fall 
 of Rome, Constantino carried the archives of 
 the empire to Byzantium, which became his 
 City of Constantinople ; and when, in 1456, 
 Constantinople fell before the Turks, the 
 capital of the Roman Empire was carried up 
 the Danube to the city of Vienna. Called 
 " Holy " from its combined powers of church 
 and state, " Roman " from its origin, this 
 empire was from the time of Charlemagne 
 for a thousand years Germanic in territory, 
 population and rulers. At last, overthrown 
 by Napoleon, the Hapsburg Francis II. of 
 Austria, in August, 1806, formally abdicated 
 the empty title of Emperor over an empire 
 that had ceased to exist, retaining the impe- 
 rial crown of Austria. In that hour the 
 Holy Roman Empire, with all the wonderful 
 events and institutions of more than eighteen 
 hundred years' time, came to an end. Since 
 1806, the Emperors of Austria have chosen 
 to exercise a real power over living millions, 
 and to settle the problems of the Nineteenth 
 and Twentieth Centuries, rather than to sur- 
 round themselves with the figment that they 
 221
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 were the successors in power of that long 
 line of emperors that began with the Caesars 
 in their palace on the banks of the Tiber. 
 
 The outstanding figure in the Austria of 
 to-day is the old Emperor Francis Joseph. 
 For nearly seventy years this monarch has 
 been upon the throne and has held the 
 sceptre during all the crises that have swept 
 over Europe, and reconstructed the map of 
 that continent. In retrospect he seems the 
 most tragic figure in modern history. When 
 Queen Victoria celebrated her diamond an- 
 niversary she was called " the happy queen," 
 having lived most of her life under sunny 
 fates, while the aged Emperor of Austria has 
 described his own career in the words of the 
 Psalmist : " For though my years be four- 
 score years, yet is their strength labour and 
 sorrow." Francis Joseph suffered the loss 
 of his Empress at the hand of an assassin ; 
 his son and heir came to a most tragic and 
 violent end ; left solitary in his palace, he 
 prepared to transfer his treasures to a dis- 
 tant heir, only to find that again the hand 
 of an assassin had intervened. A strong, 
 self-willed, aggressive man in his youth, he 
 has remained aggressive and strong into his 
 old age ; while his misfortunes, his age, his 
 222
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 upright personal life and his fidelity to his 
 exacting duties have endeared him to his peo- 
 ple. But in these days his armies and his 
 interests are being shattered, and his hopes 
 are now dissolving like snowflakes in a black 
 river. 
 
 The makers of Austria include many names 
 striking and brilliant, but it was an Austrian 
 Empress, Maria Theresa, who led the historic 
 fight against Germany's ruler, Frederick the 
 Great. It was Carlyle's hero who turned 
 Prussia into one vast military camp. It was 
 Frederick who taught the German people to 
 look upon the army as the centre of all 
 pride, ambition, and hope. It was Frederick 
 who made the scientist and scholar, the 
 artist and orator, the banker and manufac- 
 turer, the prophet and the priest, to wait at 
 each banquet until a general had gone in. It 
 was Frederick who made of Prussia and 
 Germany a group of camps, arsenals, for- 
 tresses, and led the people to expect military 
 schools and military reviews, until, being 
 ready for war, for Germany war became a 
 logical and a moral necessity. Thus in the 
 middle of the Eighteenth Century, in 1741, 
 Frederick looked with covetous eyes towards 
 Silesia. That fertile and beautiful province 
 223
 
 Austria- Hungary 
 
 contained twenty thousand square miles, and 
 being girt about with mountains, it repre- 
 sented a treasure-chest the treasure of 
 Austria. One morning the people of the 
 capital awoke to discover armed men dash- 
 ing down the streets, and within a few days 
 the unsuspecting and undefended country 
 was in the hands of Frederick's veterans. 
 
 But what Queen Elizabeth was to England 
 in her struggle against the empire of Spain, 
 that Maria Theresa was to Austria. Taking 
 her babe in her arms, the Empress called a 
 Diet of the Nation, and after her address, in 
 which she told the story of the wrongs that 
 Austria had suffered at the hands of Prussia, 
 she lifted up the babe, and with streaming 
 eyes called upon them, as brave men, to stand 
 between Frederick the Great and the infant 
 heir to the throne. One hour before the Em- 
 press began her plea, the Diet had been di- 
 vided into discordant and belligerent camps, 
 but under her appeal the nobles stood, flung 
 up their arms, shouted forth their allegiance, 
 and proclaimed their undying hostility to 
 Frederick. The Prussian king was amazed 
 at the anger of Europe. Concerning the 
 Empress' plea, Carlyle said, " It was the 
 little stone, broken loose from the mountain, 
 224
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 hitting others, big and little, which again hit 
 others, with their leaping and rolling, until 
 the whole mountainside was in motion under 
 the law of gravity." Victorious, in his first 
 war of resistance, when the Austrian Em- 
 press tried to recover the possessions from 
 the robber Prussian, the time came in 1756 
 when the nations of Europe united to com- 
 pel Frederick to let go his grasp upon the 
 treasure he had seized. Austria, Russia, 
 Sweden, France, and the lesser States united 
 to crush the man who held that if he saw 
 anything that looked good, he had the right 
 of might and force to seize it. 
 
 No outlawed bandit ever defended himself 
 and his stolen booty with more skill, energy, 
 and enthusiasm than did Frederick. After 
 seven years, Prussia was all but ruined. The 
 whole land was devastated, the people 
 staggered under the burden of taxation, 
 women and widows did their own work and 
 that of their dead husbands and fathers ; the 
 people lived on crusts and wore rags ; Eng- 
 land deserted Frederick ; while wave after 
 wave of famine, disease, and sorrow swept 
 over the land like sheeted storms. Prussia 
 became one of the poorest states of Europe. 
 During the latter part of Frederick's career 
 225
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 the historian tells us "it was rare to see 
 there either a silver fork or a silver spoon, to 
 say nothing of the cheap and frugal fare of 
 the great mass of the people and their com 
 fortless kind of life with hardly any luxuries 
 except tobacco and beer." 
 
 Nothing is more costly than military vic- 
 tories. The fruit that Frederick plucked 
 from the Austrian tree proved to be not the 
 apples of paradise, but the apples of Sodom, 
 stuffed with ashes and soot. Germany lost 
 Silesia, but for one hundred years the succes- 
 sors of Frederick were always on the offen- 
 sive, and, so to speak, slept on their arms. 
 It was England that gained by that war, 
 for while France and Prussia and Austria 
 struggled on through seven bitter years, 
 England developed her manufacturing in- 
 terests, built a navy, and became the first 
 sea-power in the world, a position she has 
 never lost from that day to this, just as it 
 now looks as if the United States has her 
 chance, while the nations of Europe are at 
 war, to develop her shipping interests, es- 
 tablish her trade with South America, found 
 new factories and shops, and become what 
 Gladstone once prophesied she would be- 
 come, " the market-place of the world." 
 226
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 Many stars shine in the constellation of 
 genius that have shed their light upon the 
 Dual Monarchy, and these stars are brilliant 
 and enduring. If literature is the greatest 
 of the fine arts in terms of instruction, music 
 is the supreme art in terms of inspiration and 
 healing influence. We must ne\ r er forget 
 that the great names in the realm of music 
 are associated with the opera house of Vi- 
 enna, the names of Mozart, Haydn, Bee- 
 thoven and Liszt. In the realm of religion, 
 from the view-point of modern liberty, it 
 was the Austrian hero, John Huss, who 
 was the Morning Star of the Eeformation. 
 Though he was often spoken of as a Bohe- 
 mian, it must be remembered that Bohemia 
 was soon to become an Austrian province. 
 Many years before Savonarola made his plea 
 for liberty in the palace of Lorenzo the Mag- 
 nificent, and rode from the public square of 
 Florence in his chariot of flame up into the 
 sky, John Huss stood forth in the University 
 of Prague, and proclaimed the Bible as hav- 
 ing an authority above that of any man who 
 sought to interpret the Scriptures, whether 
 that man be cardinal, archbishop or pope. 
 Promised a safe conduct by the Emperor 
 Sigismund, the distinguished scholar made 
 227
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 his way to the city of Constance. Martin 
 Luther himself did no finer, braver deed in 
 his sublime utterance than did John Huss, 
 who suffered unto death and beyond it. 
 Having tortured the scholar, they broke his 
 sword, tore the spurs from his heels, tied 
 him to the stake, and lighted the flames, it 
 has been said, with the safe conduct a 
 mere " scrap of paper " signed by an em- 
 peror ! And when only charred fragments 
 remained, soldiers gathered up the ashes and 
 sprinkled them upon the river ; but the 
 stream carried into all the world the news 
 that it was unsafe for any scholar in Austria 
 to do his own thinking, or to refuse to sub- 
 mit his will to men of authority, who claimed 
 the right to do the thinking for the whole 
 world. 
 
 For nearly eight hundred years Hungary 
 had been practically independent, and had 
 shown splendid valour in many wars; but 
 about the beginning of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury, between the Turks and the Austrians 
 her territory was divided, and at last all 
 came under the Austrian power. Yet, even 
 so, she was allowed her separate Diet, and 
 from a patriotic member of that arose the 
 struggle which led to her recognition as a 
 228
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 separate coordinate kingdom in the Dual 
 Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 
 
 The realm of statesmanship owes a great 
 debt to a noble Hungarian orator, states- 
 man, and reformer, Louis Kossuth. That 
 was a dramatic moment in Italy when a mil- 
 lion Italians went forth to meet and greet 
 Garibaldi, and bring in the soldier who 
 fought for the New Italy, just as Mazzini 
 was the agitator and Cavour the statesman, 
 of the new age. That was a wonderful 
 scene in Washington, when the Army of the 
 Potomac marched through the streets of our 
 national capital, preparatory to returning 
 to their homes, after the Civil War. And 
 the enthusiastic reception given Kossuth by 
 the people of New York was scarcely less 
 striking. Kossuth was a lump of fiery lava 
 flung up by the Hungarian revolution of 
 1848, against the imperial oppression of 
 Austria, when everywhere in Europe revolts 
 against autocracy were organized. 
 
 Member of the Diet 1832-36, an Austrian 
 political prisoner 1837-40, a liberal editor 
 1841-44, again in the Diet 1847, and in 1848 
 financial minister of the separate Hungarian 
 ministry, Kossuth could no longer brook the 
 imperial despotisms, and sounded the bugle 
 229
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 of revolt. Exiled from Budapest, the capital, 
 Kossuth fled into the mountain fastnesses, 
 and soon there gathered about him a group 
 of revolutionists. Like King David, he or. 
 ganized men who were discontented, and 
 turned his little mob into a victorious regi- 
 ment. Defeated in one valley, Kossuth fled 
 to another. Unable to assemble the people 
 that he might plead with them face to face 
 in the interest of liberty, Kossuth organized 
 a secret propaganda. One morning the peo- 
 ple in ihe capital went into the streets, to 
 find Kossuth's call to liberty. Then the 
 government sent spies to join themselves to 
 his army. Betrayed by men who were as 
 false as Judas, overwhelmed by Austrian 
 armies aided by Russian cooperation, at 
 last Kossuth was defeated, and fled. 
 
 He lived in exile in Turkey, and in 1851-52 
 came to this country. Here the outlaw was 
 treated like a conqueror, made the guest of 
 honour in civic banquets, and became the 
 idol, for a time, in Washington. Unable to 
 return to his native land, Kossuth went to 
 London, and then to Turin, an exile followed 
 by spies, stripped of his estate and his prop- 
 erty, and for nearly forty years he fought 
 on, into extreme old age. During the last 
 230
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 epoch of his life, his garret in Italy was a 
 veritable tower of liberty. Through his 
 pamphlets and books he spoke to all the peo- 
 ple of Austria and of Europe. Not once did 
 he lose his faith that his cause would triumph. 
 If ever a man stood for patience, fortitude, 
 and firmness, that man was Kossuth. Now 
 his name has become a word by which to 
 conjure. He has his place among the endur- 
 ing men of all ages, and his fame shines the 
 brighter against the black background of in- 
 tolerance, cruelty and despotism furnished by 
 Austrian emperors. 
 
 About twenty years after the outbreak 
 of Kossuth, under the inspiration and skill of 
 Ferencz Deak, a Hungarian diplomat, in 1867 
 the Dual Monarchy was formed; and the 
 Emperor of Austria is also King of Hungary. 
 
 In this hour of conflict, when Austria is 
 fighting Serbia on the south and defending 
 Hungary on the north from the advancing 
 Russians, the problem of the aged Emperor 
 is rendered the more difficult by reason of 
 her relations to Italy. A century ago the 
 Austrian Emperor was under the influence 
 of his son-in-law, Napoleon. In that far-off 
 time the conflict between Italy and Austria 
 was almost incessant. For five hundred 
 231
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 years after the empire was established, Italy 
 had been not only the richest but the quietest 
 country in the world. Then came the Huns 
 and the Vandals to sack the Italian cities, to 
 loot the palaces, destroy the ships, overthrow 
 the government, break down the aqueducts 
 and kill the people. It took a thousand 
 years for Italy to recover her losses, but in 
 the Eighteenth Century she found herself, 
 and began to push the Austrians back from 
 the northern provinces, and once more to 
 possess herself of lands in Africa. When 
 the long struggle was over the Austrian army 
 withdrew from Italy and the Italian penin- 
 sula, but the Emperor still held an Italian prov- 
 ince on the north, called the Italian Tyrol, 
 and by Italians Trentino, with its splendid 
 city of Trent, famous in history, and Istria 
 on the northeast, along the shores of the 
 Adriatic. Austria held on the more tena- 
 ciously because the beautiful city of Trieste 
 and the Italian province represented her sole 
 access to the sea, and gave the people their 
 chance for trade with all the world. The 
 people of those provinces speak Italian, think 
 in Italian, dream about the glories of Rome, 
 and never tire of singing the praises of the 
 palaces and churches on the canals of Venice. 
 232
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 Quiet without, revolt is always burning 
 within. 
 
 Of course, after these many years, there 
 are also Germans in the Trentino and Slavs 
 in Istria ; but the great majority of the popu- 
 lations remain Italian, in aspiration and in 
 fact. 
 
 The Countess Cesaresco, in her book on 
 "The Liberation of Italy" (1902), says: 
 " Istria was marked out by Dante as the 
 frontier province of Italy. ... It forms, 
 with the Trentino, what is called Italia 
 Irredenta. Although the feeling of Italians 
 for unredeemed Italy is not what their feel- 
 ing was for Lombardy or Yenetia, it is a 
 mistake to imagine that they have renounced 
 all aspirations in that direction. . . . The 
 aspiration always exists, and cannot help 
 existing. It has always been shared by 
 patriots of all denominations. An English 
 statesman who called on Pius IX was some- 
 what surprised by the Pope saying that 
 Italian unity was very well, but it was a pity 
 it did not include Trento and Trieste." 
 
 And now at last Austria has aroused to 
 
 the peril of being expelled from Italian Tyrol 
 
 and her Istrian seaport, and all possibility 
 
 of commerce and seagoing destroyed. Pop- 
 
 233
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 ular rumour tells us that Germany's Ex- 
 Chancellor Yon Buelow is offering bribes to 
 Italy to keep out of the war and urging 
 Austria to give up some treasure on the south 
 to save a far greater treasure that Russia is 
 trying to obtain on the north. 
 
 Meanwhile Italy is boiling like a volcano. 
 Her two million men are like dogs of war, 
 straining upon the leash. No man knows 
 when the thong will be cut, and the war 
 dogs let loose. Should Italy hurl her two 
 million men upon Southern Austria, at the 
 very moment when Russia is throwing two 
 million men upon Northern Hungary, it 
 needs no skill of prophet to foretell the 
 crushing defeat that must overtake the old 
 Emperor and the people of the Dual Mon- 
 archy. 
 
 The lesson of these events is that the law 
 of the moral harvest holds for cities and 
 empires not less than for individuals. What 
 Austria has sown Austria must reap. Au- 
 tocracy of every kind makes the autocrat 
 strong, but weakens the people and saps the 
 strength of the millions. That nation is 
 great that welcomes great men. Ecclesi- 
 astical autocracy burned John Huss at the 
 stake ; and from that hour men in Austria 
 234
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 have not dared to do their own thinking. 
 The political autocracy has been not less 
 severe. Intellect can grow only in an atmos- 
 phere made warm and genial through liberty. 
 Little by little the springs of greatness dried 
 up at the fountain-head. Having starved 
 her great souls, through every form of autoc- 
 racy, the Austrian Emperor found it easy to 
 control weakened men who did not dare 
 assert themselves. The result was inevi- 
 table, as in Gladstone's dictum, "I do not 
 know where upon the map of the "world you 
 can place your finger, and say, ' Austria has 
 brought a blessing to this spot.' ' The Dual 
 Empire is like a statue broken into two 
 pieces and held together by a band of iron, 
 a band that may shortly be broken by a 
 hammer in the hands of a Czar who smites 
 on the one side, and the hand of an Italian 
 king smiting on the other. 
 
 There is a Nemesis that pursues religious 
 intolerance, political tyranny and social in- 
 justice. That Nemesis is now whispering to 
 the rulers of the Dual Monarchy, " He who 
 sows to the flesh shall of the flesh reap cor- 
 ruption." " "Whatsoever the city and the 
 nation sow, that shall they reap." 
 
 Several years ago it was given some of us 
 235
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 to meet an Austrian Ambassador, and to 
 listen to his address at Ellis Island, New 
 York harbour, in connection with the land- 
 ing of a ship from Trieste, bringing several 
 thousand Austrian immigrants. No one who 
 heard that brief address can ever forget its 
 pathos. We were reminded that Austria 
 was sending us more immigrants each year 
 than any other European nation ; that these 
 immigrants were the picked boys and girls 
 out of the rural districts of Austria ; that 
 they brought Austria's highest average of 
 health and physical strength, of industry and 
 of morals. In substance the speaker said that 
 if these Austrian immigrants had been phys- 
 ical feeblings, or moral imbeciles, their 
 leaving their native land might rejoice the 
 people of Austria ; but instead, these new- 
 comers were Austria's bravest, strongest and 
 best. Then came the charge by the repre- 
 sentative of Austria forecasting the day when 
 as American citizens they would achieve 
 wealth, with the suggestion that they should 
 return from time to time to visit their native 
 land, and tell the story of the American 
 schoolhouse, and the American suffrage, and 
 the American wage and market-place, of the 
 American books and magazines and libraries, 
 236
 
 The Coming United States of Balkany 
 
 and thus carry the seed corn, gathered upon 
 the American plains, back to the valleys of 
 Austria and there sow the land with the 
 wholesome germs of American ideals and in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 What this Austrian gentleman suggested 
 that these immigrants do, multitudes have 
 already done. Having achieved a competence 
 here, these people from time to time returned 
 to Vienna and Budapest, and in the streets of 
 many a little Austrian village have told the 
 story of this Republic and what its liberties 
 have done for Austrian immigrants. Thus 
 the leaven of democracy spreads. Who 
 knows but that this mighty war with red-hot 
 ploughshares will tear up the soil of despot- 
 ism and tyranny, and open the ground to 
 the good seed of liberty, intelligence, and 
 sound morals. It is a singular fact that 
 when long time has passed the blackest years 
 and eras have in retrospect proved to be the 
 brightest. God's plans are long plans. With 
 Him a thousand years are as one day. 
 
 The millions are hungry, and the Austrian 
 valley is a bread-pan, and Providence is 
 kneading a large loaf, and fire is burning out 
 the acids, and the bread will come forth 
 edible, and full of nutrition. Upheavals, 
 237
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 losses, destructions there must be, but we can 
 work and hope if only we can believe that 
 the destroying is for the sake of saving ; if 
 only the twilight is not the evening twilight 
 leading into the dark, but the morning twi- 
 light opening into a glorious noon of peace 
 and intelligence, righteousness and prosperity, 
 for the millions of people who live in the 
 Dual Empire. 
 
 BESOURCES OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1913 * 
 Area in square miles, 261,491. 
 Population, 52,000,000. 
 Wealth, $55,000,000,000. 
 National debt, $2,598,156,145. 
 Annual revenue : Austria, $653,641,985. 
 Hungary, $431,835,215. 
 Army budget (1913-14), $124,960,000. 
 Navy budget (1912-13), $ 30,032,755. 
 Army : Standing, 424,000 ) 9 99n mn 
 Eeserves, 1,796,000 } 2 > 220 > 000 - 
 
 1 Estimates chiefly from the War Gazetteer, N. Y. Even- 
 ing Post Company, copyright. 
 
 238
 
 X 
 
 The Verdict of the American People 
 
 Upon 
 Militarism and Autocracy
 
 The Kaiser on Militarism 
 I would direct your gaze to my grandfather, 
 who stands before the eyes of all of you, the glo- 
 rious war lord, worthy of all honour a spectacle 
 more beautiful than any other. ... So are we 
 bound together I and the army so are we born 
 for one another, and so shall we hold together 
 indissolubly, whether, as God wills, we are to 
 have peace or storm. 
 
 To the Army on the Day of his Accession, June 
 15, 2888. 
 
 The only pillar on which the empire rested 
 was the army. So it is to-day. 
 
 Speech at Dedication of Regimental Flags, Berlin, 
 Oct. 18, 1894 
 
 The Kaiser on Autocracy 
 
 It is now your task to stand faithfully by me 
 
 and to defend our highest possessions, whether 
 
 against enemies from without or from within, and 
 
 to obey when I command and never to forsake me. 
 
 Administering the Oath to Recruits, Berlin, Nov. 
 
 18, 
 
 In the next ten years, faithfully bound together, 
 let us seek further the unconditional fulfillment of 
 our duty in old and unremitting labour, and may 
 the main supports of our army remain forever in- 
 tact ! They are courage, sense of honour, and 
 unconditional, iron, blind obedience. 
 
 7i> the Regiments of the Bodyguard, Potsdam, June 
 16, i8g8. 
 
 From " The German Emperor, as Shown in His 
 Public Utterances" 
 
 PROF. CHRISTIAN GAUSS.
 
 THE VERDICT OF THE AMERICAN 
 
 PEOPLE UPON MILITARISM 
 
 AND AUTOCRACY 
 
 NEARLY five months have now passed 
 by since the German army invaded 
 Belgium and France. These one hundred 
 and forty days have been packed with thrill- 
 ing and momentous events, not the least 
 important being the publication of diplo- 
 matic papers exchanged between the Euro- 
 pean Governments immediately before the 
 outbreak of war. While from their safe 
 vantage ground the American people have 
 surveyed the scene, an old system of balanced 
 Powers has crumbled under our very eyes. 
 Europe is a loom on whose earthen framework 
 tremendous forces like Frederick the Great, 
 Napoleon and Bismarck once wove the 
 texture of European civilization. Now, the 
 demon of war has, with hot knife, shorn 
 away the texture, and a modern czar and 
 kaiser, king and president, with generals and 
 241
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 admirals, are weaving the warp and woof of 
 a new world. 
 
 One hundred years ago the elements that 
 bred wars were political forces ; to-day, the 
 collision between nations is born of economic 
 interests. The Twentieth Century influences 
 are chiefly the force of wealth and the power 
 of public opinion. These are the giant 
 steeds, though the reins of the horses may 
 be in the hands of kings and kaisers. In 
 Napoleon's day antagonism grew out of the 
 natural hatred between autocracy and de- 
 mocracy, between German imperialism and 
 French radicalism. To-day, Germany is not 
 even interested in France's republican form 
 of government, nor is France concerned with 
 Germany's imperial autocracy. But all 
 Europe is intensely concerned with the 
 question of economic supremacy or finan- 
 cial subordination. 
 
 Ever since Oliver Cromwell's day England 
 has been the mistress of the seas, and Ger- 
 many, having grown wondrously in pro- 
 ductiveness and oversea commerce, believes 
 that she has a right to supplant England in 
 this naval leadership. France has long been 
 the banker of Europe, and Germany with 
 her new wealth covets financial leadership. 
 242
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 From whence come wars ? Come they not 
 from men's lusts ? 
 
 If the history of great wars tells us axiy- 
 thing, it tells us that the first qualification 
 of the statesman and diplomat is an intuitive 
 knowledge of a future that is the certain 
 outcome of the present. Now that long 
 time has passed, it is quite certain that 
 neither Napoleon nor Bismarck nor William 
 the Second understood the future. It is a 
 proverb that yesterday is a seed, to-day the 
 stalk and to-morrow is the full corn in the 
 ear. Napoleon was a practical man, but he 
 could not see the shock in the seed. When 
 Napoleon said, " One hundred years from 
 now Europe will be all republican or all 
 Cossack " Napoleon was quite wrong. 
 Forty years ago Bismarck said that he 
 had reduced France to the level of a 
 fourth-class nation, and that henceforth 
 France did not count ; while as for the 
 Balkan States, " the whole Eastern question 
 is not worth the bones of a Pomeranian 
 grenadier." But Bismarck was quite wrong. 
 The present Kaiser has no imagination. A 
 man of any prevision of the future might 
 have foreseen that the Twentieth Century 
 man is so incensed by hostile trespass upon 
 243
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 his property, that Belgium would have re- 
 sisted encroachment, and so cost Germany 
 the best three weeks of the entire war upon 
 which she so masterfully entered. 
 
 There has been small foresight on the 
 part of the makers of this war, except as 
 to their own preparedness for a mighty 
 struggle. Years ago, when the Austrian 
 Emperor visited Innsbruck, the Burgomas- 
 ter ordered foresters to go up on the moun- 
 tainsides and cut certain swaths of brush. 
 At the moment, the man with his axe did 
 not know what he was doing, but when the 
 night fell, and the torch was lifted on the 
 boughs, the people in the city below read 
 these words written in letters of fire, " Wel- 
 come to our Emperor." To-day the demon 
 of war has been writing with blazing letters 
 certain lessons upon the hills and valleys of 
 Europe, and fortunate is he who can read 
 the writing and interpret aright the lessons 
 of the times. 
 
 I. The people of this American Republic 
 now realize for the first time what are the in- 
 evitable fruits of imperialism and militarism. 
 One of the perils of America's distance from 
 the scenes of autocracy is that many of our 
 people have come to think that the forms of 
 244
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 our government are of little importance. 
 We hear it said that climate determines 
 government, and that one nation likes autoc- 
 racy and another limited monarchy, that we 
 like democracy and self-government, and 
 that people are about as happy under one 
 form of control as another. This miscon- 
 ception is based upon a failure to understand 
 foreign imperialism. Superficially, the fruits 
 of a modern, intelligent autocracy are effi- 
 ciency, industrial wealth and military 
 power. But now, after nearly five months 
 of practical exposition, our people understand 
 thoroughly the other side of imperialism. 
 The six million German-Americans living 
 in this country, with their high type of 
 character millions who have left their 
 native land to escape service in the army, 
 the burdens of taxation involved in milita- 
 rism, and the law of lese majeste should 
 have opened our eyes long ago. 
 
 During the past five years I have lectured 
 in more than one hundred cities on " The 
 New Germany," and the lessons derived 
 from her industrial efficiency, with the ap- 
 plication of science to the production of 
 wealth, but I have not until recently appre- 
 ciated fully the far-off harvest of militarism. 
 245
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 Lest an American overstate the meaning 
 of militarism, let me condense the German 
 Treitschke's view. He holds that the nation 
 should be looked upon as a vast military 
 engine; that its ruler should be the com- 
 mander of the army ; that his cabinet should 
 be under generals ; that the whole nation 
 should march with the concentered aim of 
 an armed regiment ; that the real " sin 
 against the Holy Ghost " was the sin of 
 military impotence; that such an army 
 should take all it wants and the territory it 
 needs and explain afterwards. Manufac- 
 turers are in his view essentially inventors 
 of cannons and guns and dreadnoughts, 
 incidentally self-supporting men. Bankers 
 exist to finance the army, and incidentally 
 to make money. Physicians are equipped 
 to heal the wounded soldiers. Gymnasiums 
 are founded to train soldiers. "Women are 
 here to breed soldiers, and militarism is the 
 path that will bring Germany to her place 
 in the sun. The youth is first of all to be a 
 soldier, and, incidentally, to be a man. 
 
 No one has indicted Germany's militarism 
 
 in stronger language than that distinguished 
 
 German-American, Carl Schurz. In words 
 
 that literally burn, the great statesman ex- 
 
 246
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 pressed his hatred of the imperialism and 
 militarism against which he helped to 
 organize a revolution that led to his flight 
 to this country. Of late, Americans have 
 been asking themselves certain questions, 
 among them the following : 
 
 What will be the result if Germany is 
 allowed to seize any smaller state whose 
 territory and property she covets? Is all 
 Europe to become an armed camp ? What 
 is the meaning of the German professor's 
 article in the North American Review, 
 written two or three years ago, in which 
 he says that once Germany is victorious the 
 Monroe Doctrine will go and the United 
 States will receive the " thrashing she so 
 richly deserves " ? Must we then also go 
 over to the military ideal? If Germany 
 supports 8,000,000 soldiers out of 66,000,000 
 people must we withdraw from industry 
 12,000,000 men for at least two or three of 
 the best years of their young life ? Must we 
 start in on a programme of ten dreadnoughts 
 a year instead of building ten colleges and 
 universities for the same sum of money ? 
 
 In this fashion, of late, have Americans 
 who love their country been searching their 
 own hearts. Merchants hitherto busied with 
 247
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 commerce are asking themselves whither 
 this country is drifting. Is Germany to 
 compel us to become a vast military ma- 
 chine? This military question is a subject 
 of discussion on the street cars and in the 
 stores, at the dining-room table. No articles 
 in paper and magazine are so eagerly read 
 and analyzed as those dealing with the 
 subject. 
 
 Now the American ideal is not a military 
 machine, but a high quality of manhood. 
 To make men free, with the gift of self- 
 expression ; to make men wise through the 
 public school and the free press ; to make 
 men self-sufficing and happy in their homes, 
 through freedom of industrial contract ; to 
 make men sound in their manhood through 
 religious liberty for Jew and Gentile, Catho- 
 lic and Protestant these are our national 
 ideals. America stands at the other pole of 
 the universe from imperialism and milita- 
 rism. So far from our being willing to desert 
 the political faith of the fathers, this war 
 has confirmed our confidence in self-govern- 
 ment. Liberty to grow, freedom to climb 
 as high as industry and ability will permit, 
 liberty to analyze and discuss the views of 
 President, Congress, Governor these are 
 248
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 our rights. In a military autocracy there 
 can be no liberty of the printing-press. If a 
 man criticizes the Kaiser, he goes to jail. In 
 this Kepublic, if Horace Greeley criticizes 
 Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln does 
 not send the great editor to jail, but writes 
 the latter, " My paramount object is to save 
 the Union," and vindicates himself at the bar 
 of the nation. An American editor or citizen 
 would choke to death in Germany. He could 
 not breathe because of the mephitic gases of 
 imperialism and militarism. For a long time 
 some of us did not realize what was involved, 
 but the events of the past few months in 
 Europe have compelled us to realize the 
 difference between the fruits of democratic 
 self-government and the fruits of military 
 imperialism. 
 
 II. The last five months, too, have brought 
 to American citizens a new realization as to 
 the rights and liberties of small states. In 
 this Republic, the sin of trespass is one of 
 the blackest of sins. Here we hold to the 
 sanctity of property. A man's home is his 
 castle, a citadel that cannot be invaded even 
 by the power of the State. So deep is the 
 American hatred of trespass against property 
 rights that imperialism finds it impossible to 
 249
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 understand this. Here the individual is a 
 king among kings in his native right, and 
 takes out an injunction against the city that 
 wishes to trespass upon his property. This 
 antagonism manifests itself in the laws that 
 safeguard the small shopkeeper against the 
 big firm, and the small manufacturer against 
 any company with its billion dollars of 
 capital. 
 
 This antagonism to the sin of trespass has 
 lent a peculiar sanctity to treaties between 
 Canada and the United States. We have one 
 hundred millions of people, and Canada nine 
 millions. We need many things that Canada 
 has, but it is intellectually unthinkable that 
 " we should take what we want and explain 
 afterwards," or that we should violate our 
 peaceful treaty with Great Britain. The 
 frontier line between us is three thousand 
 miles long, but there is not a fort from Maine 
 to Yictoria. If we adopted Germany's posi- 
 tion we would have to build one thousand 
 forts, withdraw two million young men from 
 the farm, factory, store and bank, and load 
 the working people with taxes to support 
 them ; and Canada would have to follow our 
 example. In a free land, and in God's world, 
 there should be a place for the poor man and 
 250
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 for the small nation, since Canada, with a 
 magnificent territory, has but begun her 
 manning of it with her energetic population. 
 In the olden time, there was a king who 
 had herds and flocks, and a poor man who 
 had one pet lamb. It came to pass that a 
 stranger claimed the right of hospitality at 
 the palace, and the king sent out and took the 
 poor man's one lamb and gave it for food to 
 the stranger. But the prophet showed the 
 king his meanness, and he was ashamed. 
 And, soon or late, the time will come when 
 history will tell the story of Germany's tak- 
 ing little Belgium, and Conscience, like the 
 prophet, will indict the militarism that seized 
 the one lamb that belonged to the poor man. 
 That episode is not closed. The German rep- 
 resentative who says that Belgium is a part 
 of Germany may be right in terms of future 
 war and government, but the incident has 
 only begun in the memory of the soldiers 
 who never can forget that Germany first 
 broke their sacred treaty, and then, when the 
 Belgian defended his home as his castle, 
 butchered the man, who died with that treaty 
 in his hand. Why, all over this land 
 teachers, fathers, editors, authors, have found 
 it necessary to say to the young men and 
 251
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 women of the Republic, " Do not sign your 
 name to an obligation unless you intend to 
 keep it." " Keep your faith. Remember 
 that your word given should be as good as 
 your bond." " Swear to your own hurt, and 
 change not." All this is inevitable, as the 
 result of Germany's trespass upon the prop- 
 erty and the homes of Belgium. 
 
 In some European lands, the State is 
 everything and the individual nothing. In 
 this Republic the individual is first, and the 
 State is here to safeguard his rights, and see 
 to it that no one trespasses upon his property. 
 The time will come when the nation that 
 breaks its treaties and sows to the wind shall 
 of that wind reap the whirlwind. It is an 
 awful thing for a nation to make it inevitable 
 that hereafter when that country negotiates a 
 treaty with other people their representatives 
 shall say : " Before we sign this treaty with 
 you, we wish to ask one question : If later it 
 is to your interest to break this treaty, is the 
 document to be sneered at as a scrap of 
 paper ? Or does this treaty mean the faith 
 of a nation that will die rather than break its 
 word, given before the tribunal of civilized 
 States ? " 
 
 III. This great war and one or two of 
 252
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 the leaders thereof have finally killed the old 
 tribal idea of God. In the Twentieth Cen- 
 tury it seems almost ludicrous to find that the 
 conception of the ancient Hebrews is still 
 held by some rulers. Be the reasons what 
 they may, of late there has been a strange 
 recrudescence of the tribal God idea. This 
 is the Twentieth Century, not the Third ! 
 God is the God of the whole earth, a dis- 
 interested God, a God who makes His sun to 
 shine and His rain to fall upon all His chil- 
 dren, without regard to race or clime or 
 colour ! Why, all this assumption not 
 prayer for Divine help, but assumption that 
 the Supreme Being of the universe is a part- 
 ner in the savage deeds of a single nation 
 is as artless as the way the old Hebrew peas- 
 ant called on Jehovah to blast his enemy's 
 field, and drown his children with floods, and 
 smite his herds with the plague. No: the 
 tribal idea of God belongs with the ox-cart, 
 the medicine man, the cave-dweller. This is 
 an era of science. "Whatever is true is uni- 
 versal, not racial. If the heart beats and the 
 blood circulates in a German soldier's veins, 
 the blood also flows in the veins of the peo- 
 ple of England and France. If the earth 
 goes around the sun in Berlin, the earth goes 
 253
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 around the sun in Petrograd and Edinburgh. 
 If there are seven rays in the sunbeam, then 
 the discussion is closed, and it is a universal 
 fact. And if Jesus was right when He said, 
 " God is our Father, and all the races are our 
 brothers, and the world has been fitted up by 
 God as an Eden garden for His children," 
 then no man or ruler should ever adopt the 
 view of the peasant and the cave-man, and 
 try to make the Eternal God a tribal deity. 
 The unconscious humour in the statements of 
 one or two men as to their tribal God idea 
 has added to the gayety of nations ; and 
 when any view is laughed at, it is doomed. 
 From the very moment when the doctrine of 
 election, that made God love a few aristocrats 
 and pass the non-elect by, became a matter 
 of joke in the comic papers, that theory was 
 dead. Not otherwise is it with this idea of a 
 tribal God. "When Barry Paine begins to say, 
 
 Led by William, as you tell, 
 God has done extremely well, 
 
 the tribal idea has been relegated to the 
 theological scrap-heap. The peasant's view 
 must go. In this age men must adore the 
 God of all countries and of the universe. 
 God is a sun who shines for the poor man's 
 254
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 hut as truly as for the rich man's palace. 
 The Judge of all the earth is also the Father 
 of all the races, and He will do men good 
 and not evil. 
 
 IV. In view of the events of the last few 
 months, all Americans now realize, as never 
 before, the futility of war as a means of set- 
 tling disputes. Indeed, it may be doubted 
 whether any war has ever setted any ques- 
 tion. Defeat did not convince the South 
 that they were wrong in their idea of State 
 sovereignty and slavery. If the South has 
 given up both to-day it is because time, events 
 and social progress have changed their view, 
 not because the sword convinced them. 
 Yon Moltke's victory at Sedan and Bismarck's 
 triumph at Versailles did not settle the 
 dispute with France. To keep one billion 
 dollars of indemnity Germany must have 
 spent five billions on forts and armies and the 
 government of Alsace and Lorraine. Ger- 
 many's apparent victory simply put Ger- 
 many's trouble with France out at compound 
 interest, and left the next generation of Ger- 
 mans to pay several billions of dollars of 
 accrued debt through hatred. 
 
 Plainly, it is folly not to reconstitute the 
 map of Europe. The frontier lines of the 
 255
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 geographer should coincide as nearly as may 
 be with the racial lines, and certainly, in 
 some form, should be submitted for judg- 
 ment to " the consent of the governed." The 
 German race with their peculiar ideals ought 
 not to try to govern the French race. It is 
 an expensive experiment. It is an impossible 
 attempt. The plan is doomed to failure in 
 advance. And when the day of payment 
 comes, it is quite certain that the questions 
 at issue will not have been settled by 
 regiments of soldiers. They must finally be 
 settled by an appeal to some court of 
 arbitration that will do justice and love 
 mercy ; that will insist upon the rights of 
 the smaller States and make it impossible 
 for the great ones of the earth to trespass 
 upon the property and the liberties of brave 
 little peoples. 
 
 V. Out of the smoke of battle another les- 
 son is written for all who have eyes to read. In 
 view of the mistakes made by men who have 
 absolute power, it is now certain that ex- 
 emption from criticism is a bad thing for any 
 man and that endless adoration destroys the 
 ruler's power to think in straight lines. 
 There never lived a man who was not injured 
 by perpetual compliments. Strong men are 
 256
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 willing to pay cash for criticism. Flattery 
 will conceal weakness, and they know that 
 pitiless criticism will expose the danger and 
 perhaps save them. No man is so unfortunate 
 as the man who is put on a throne lifted up 
 beyond the reach of plain truth-telling. It 
 is doubtful if so many blunders were ever 
 made by statesmen and diplomats as were 
 made at the beginning of this war. Just 
 think of one government being wrong in so 
 many particulars at the same time ! Lincoln 
 said, " You can't fool all of the people all of 
 the time." Yes, that may be true in a re- 
 public, but you certainly can fool all the 
 diplomats and generals of an empire, and 
 do it all the time during July and August, 
 in any event. 
 
 Call the roll of Germany's diplomatic 
 blunders, and the list is long. First, England 
 will be neutral, for Ireland will keep her from 
 going to war. Second, Italy will be our 
 ally. Third, Belgium will be neutral and 
 allow us to trespass upon her property and 
 her homes. Fourth, France is unprepared 
 and Paris will fail within three weeks. 
 Fifth, an alliance with Turkey, despite her 
 polygamy, and butcheries in Armenia, and 
 the civilized world's hatred for her cruel tieSj 
 257
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 will help us. Sixth, Japan will hold Kussia in 
 check. Seventh, the Czar will be attacked by 
 Bulgaria, Italy and China. It seems in- 
 credible that any ruler and group of dip- 
 lomats could be so entirely wrong all the 
 time, on every question, for a whole summer! 
 Was there no man as diplomat who had the 
 wisdom to see that an attack upon England 
 would end the disputes in Ireland and bind 
 together Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 
 South Africa, India, into a new United States 
 of Great Britain '? Was there no statesman 
 with enough prevision of the future, and 
 with courage to tell the people in Wilhelm- 
 strasse that the certain result would be the 
 United States of Balkany, to stand hence- 
 forth as a barrier between Germany and the 
 Bosphorus ? Was there no one to remind 
 Berlin that Italy had just completed a war 
 with Turkey and that any treaty with Turkey 
 meant inevitably the breaking of friendship 
 with Italy ? Alas for the man who is ele- 
 vated to a throne, in whose presence men 
 burn incense, pour forth flattery, that he may 
 breathe its perfume, and sing songs of praise 
 that he may slumber ! 
 
 In concluding our brief survey of the na- 
 tions and the stake each country has in the 
 258
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 war, there is one reflection that must be ob- 
 vious to all thinking men. This little fire of 
 last August has become a world conflagra- 
 tion. The nation that first sent out her 
 armies was Germany. There is a high- water 
 mark of battle in every war, and after that, 
 the invading waves begin their retreat. The 
 high-water mark of Napoleon's was Auster- 
 litz, and the waves ebbed away at Waterloo. 
 The high-water mark of our Civil War was 
 Gettysburg, and the tide ebbed out at Appo- 
 mattox. Belgium's defence cost Germany 
 the three most important weeks of the war, 
 and her high- water mark was when she was 
 within twenty miles of Paris. Occasional 
 eddies and returns of the tide there may be, 
 but nothing is more certain than that there 
 are ten nations and six hundred millions 
 of men that had rather die than have Ger- 
 man militarism imposed upon themselves 
 and their children. Americans, who admire 
 German efficiency, the German people, and 
 want to see German literature, art and sci- 
 ence preserved, and feel an immeasurable 
 debt to Martin Luther as Americans gener- 
 ally do certainly do not want Germany 
 destroyed. 
 
 But Germany will not listen to England, 
 259
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 nor France, nor even to America. There 
 is only one voice that can reach Germany- 
 it is the voice of the German- Americans in 
 this country. They are six million strong. 
 They are among the most honoured and 
 esteemed folk in American life. Their 
 achievements are beyond all praise. The 
 Germans have built Milwaukee and have 
 done much for St. Louis. The Germans 
 have been great forces in Cincinnati and 
 Chicago and New York. What wealth 
 among their bankers! What prosperity 
 among German manufacturers! What so- 
 lidity of manhood in these German Luther- 
 ans ! Was there ever a finer body of farm- 
 ing folk than the German landowners of 
 the Middle West ? This Eepublic owes the 
 German- American a great debt as to liberty 
 through men like Carl Schurz. Many of 
 these German- Americans own great estates 
 and have investments in the Fatherland. 
 To-day these six million German- Americans 
 have the centre of the world's stage. This 
 war is a conflagration that will in time burn 
 itself out. But if the six million German- 
 Americans organized themselves and held 
 meetings of protest in New York and Brook- 
 lyn and Chicago and Milwaukee, in St. Louis 
 260
 
 Upon Militarism and Autocracy 
 
 and Cincinnati ; if German- American editors 
 and bankers and business men united their 
 voice as Americans, for peace, and not as 
 Germans, for war they would be heard. 
 
 Do they not owe something to this Re- 
 public ? And having come to such a crisis 
 as this, should they not use their influence 
 with the Fatherland ? Having escaped con- 
 scription and years of military service, with 
 heavy taxation, and enjoyed the liberty of 
 the press; having become convinced that 
 militarism does not promote the prosperity 
 and manhood of the people, why should they 
 not as one man ask the Fatherland now to 
 present its cause to arbitrators? To no 
 body of American citizens has there ever 
 come a more strategic opportunity, or a re- 
 sponsibility so heavy. Some of the most 
 thoughtful men in this land believe that the 
 destiny of Germany rests now largely with 
 the leaders of the six million German- Ameri- 
 cans in our country. 
 
 But no matter what the present course of 
 events, let no man think that God and jus- 
 tice are not fully equal to this emergency. 
 The great vine of Liberty was planted by 
 Divine Hands in the Eden garden. Just 
 now the storm roars through the branches of 
 261
 
 Verdict of the American People 
 
 the tree of life. But the storm will die out. 
 Better days are coming. It may be that 
 the convulsion of war will do for Europe 
 what the earthquake did for the rude folks of 
 Greece cracked the solid rock and exposed 
 the silver veins that gave the wealth with 
 which rude men built Athens, with its art, 
 its literature, its law and its liberty. Take 
 no counsel of crouching fear ; God is abroad 
 in the world. With Him a thousand years 
 are as one day. When a long time has passed 
 let us believe that self-government will be 
 found to be the most stable form of govern- 
 ment, and that these golden words, Liberty, 
 Opportunity, Intelligence and Integrity will 
 be the watchwords not only of this Republic, 
 but of all the nations of the earth. 
 
 262
 
 Index 
 
 ABDUL HAMID, 158 
 
 Adams, Samuel, 113 
 
 Adriatic Sea, 22, 24, 172 
 
 Ajax and the lightning, 105 
 
 Alexander II., of Russia, 
 126, 127 
 
 Alexandria, 148 
 
 Alleghanies, 194 
 
 Alsace and Lorraine, 47, 170 
 
 Alva, Duke of, 104, 107- 
 113, 204, 205 
 
 Amazon River, 194 
 
 American, Civil War, 13 ; 
 government for protection 
 of life, property, and edu- 
 cation, not beauty, 58-59 ; 
 students of art in Paris, 
 66; indebtedness to 
 France, 68 ; capitalists in 
 Mexico, 94 ; workmen 
 and this war, 94 
 
 " American in Holland, 
 The," quoted, 21 1; 
 
 Amsterdam, 193, 202, 204 
 
 Anatole France, critic, 64 
 
 Antwerp, 106-113 
 
 Anzeiger on Belgium, 39 
 
 Appomattox, 46 
 
 Arabia, 146 
 
 Arc de Triomphe, Paris, 57 
 
 " Areopagitica," quoted, 
 72 
 
 Arkansas, 194 
 
 Armenian Church, 130 
 
 Arnold of Rugby, 168 
 
 Aquitani, 104 
 
 Asia Minor, 145, 151, 166 
 
 Augustine, 167 
 
 Australia, 77, 79 
 
 Austria, cause for war, 15 ; 
 German provinces of, 23 
 
 Austria-Hungary.drawn into 
 Triple Alliance by Bis- 
 marck (1882), with Ger- 
 many began war of 1914 
 attacking Serbia, 172; 
 present dangers to, 174 ; 
 and the Coming United 
 States of Balkany, Chap- 
 ter IX, 217 ; threatened 
 by Balkan revolution 
 219; Dual Monarchy of, 
 strength and weakness, 
 220 ; remainder of Holy 
 Roman Empire, 221; 
 Maria Theresa, 224-226; 
 musicians, reformers, 227, 
 228 ; relations with Hun- 
 gary, 228-231 ; retained 
 Italian provinces, 233 ; 
 Italian people hot to in- 
 tervene in war, 233, 234 ; 
 Austrian intolerance, 235 ; 
 immigrants from, in 
 America, 236 ; resources 
 of, 238 
 
 BABYLON, 168 
 
 Bacon, Francis, 74 
 
 Bagdad, 24 
 
 Balkan Countries, 24 ; rev- 
 olution against Turkey, 
 217-219 ; plans for feder- 
 ation threatened to bar 
 
 263
 
 Index 
 
 Austria and Germany 
 
 from East, 119 
 Balkany, United States of, 
 
 217-220 
 Barker, J. Ellis, quoted, 12, 
 
 25- 35- 41 
 
 Beethoven, 12, 227 
 
 Beggars of the Sea, 206 
 
 Belgium, fortitude of her 
 people, 98 ; Why the 
 World Sympathizes with, 
 Chapter IV, 99 ; small 
 area and population of, 
 99 ; intensive agriculture 
 of, 100 ; social and indus- 
 trial conditions, 101 ; man- 
 ufactures, 102 ; courts, sav- 
 ings banks, 103; inherited 
 bravery of people, 104 ; 
 plains of, Europe's battle- 
 ground, 104, 105 ; mari- 
 ners and wealth of, in 
 1568,106; Alva sent from 
 Spain to despoil, 107; mis- 
 eries endured by, 108- 
 HO; refugees from joined 
 Dutch in cutting dykes, 
 1 10 ; Egmont and Horn 
 heroes of, 111-113; new 
 miseries of, at Germany's 
 hand, 1 14 ; guaranteed 
 neutrality broken, 1 14 ; 
 resources of, 116; at- 
 tacked by Germany, 172 
 
 " Belgium of the Belgians," 
 quoted, 98 
 
 Bereshkovsky, Madame, 131 
 
 Berlin, 55 
 
 Bernhardi, General, quoted, 
 
 25, 39, 92, 173 
 Bethlehem, 150 
 Bismarck, 40, 47, 149, 170- 
 
 172, 241, 243 
 Black Sea, 175 
 
 Bliss, Howard, in Beirut, 158 
 Borneo, 195 
 
 Bosphorus, The, 148, 175 
 Boulger, Demetrius C., 
 
 quoted, 98 
 Bremen, 22 
 Briey iron deposits, 50 
 British Guiana, 84 ; Guinea, 
 
 83 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., 56 
 Bruce, Robert, 198 
 Brussels, 115 
 Budapest, 25, 173 
 Burke, Edmund, quoted, 
 
 '56 
 
 Burmah, 77 
 
 Byron, apostrophe to Greece, 
 
 153; to Rome, 163 
 Byzantine Empire, 145 
 Byzantium, 221 
 
 C/ESAR, JULIUS, 104, 105, 
 
 i 66, 167 
 
 Cain, a national type ? 179 
 Cairo, 150 
 Calcutta, 155 
 Calhoun, John C., 13 
 Calvin, John, 69 
 Canada, 51, 77, 79, 84 
 Canal project in Palestine, 
 
 '55 
 
 Canning, Earl, 83 
 
 Caprera, 185 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas, 144, 181, 
 223 
 
 Carthage, 165, 168 
 
 Catherine the Great, of Rus- 
 sia, 124, 126 
 
 Causes and occasions of 
 war, 13-15 
 
 Cavour, 183, 184 
 
 Celts, 104 
 
 Cesaresco, Countess, quoted, 
 
 '85. 2 33 
 
 264
 
 Index 
 
 Ceylon, 77 
 
 Champs Elyse'es, Paris, 57 
 
 Charles Martel, 104, 145 
 
 Chicago, fire, 143 ; World's 
 Fair, 199 
 
 China, 1 20 
 
 Clive, Lord, 83 
 
 Cobden, Richard, 80 
 
 Cockerill Iron Works, Bel- 
 gium, IO2 
 
 Coligny, Admiral, 206 
 
 Colonies, of European na- 
 tions, 49, 78 
 
 Columbus, 167, 199, 201 
 
 Constance, Council of, 228 
 
 Constantine, 167 
 
 Constantinople, capital of 
 Turkey, seat of Caliphate, 
 141 ; beauty and impor- 
 tance, 142 ; taken by 
 Turks in 1453, 148 ; en- 
 dangered in present war, 
 142, 151, 160, 221 
 
 Cortez, 109 
 
 Council, of Trent, 203 ; 
 Constance, 228 
 
 Crag-Jurgensen rifle, 135 
 
 Crawford, F. Marion, quoted, 
 164 
 
 Croesus, 64 
 
 Cromer, Lord, 91 
 
 Cromwell, 1 6, 74, 1 2 1, 127, 
 198, 242 
 
 Curie, Prof, and Madame, 69 
 
 Curzon, Lord, 83, 91 
 
 Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, 
 
 N. Y., 7 
 Damascus, 150 
 Dante, 167, 198 
 Dardanelles, 172, 175 
 Darwin, Charles, 75 
 David, 99, 121, 198, 205 
 Dead Sea, 155 
 
 Deak, Ferencz, Hungarian 
 diplomat, 231 
 
 De Grasse, Count, 68 
 
 Delcasse, French Foreign 
 Minister, 47 
 
 De Lesseps (Suez and Pana- 
 ma), 69 
 
 Delfthaven, 191 
 
 Deltas of the Nile, Amazon, 
 Mississippi, Rhine, 194 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles, 76 
 
 Disraeli, 146 
 
 Dufferin, Lord, 83 
 
 Duma, the Russian, 133 
 
 ECOLK DES BEAUX ARTS, 60 
 Egmont, Count, 111-113, 
 
 203, 206 
 
 Egypt, 148, 150, 155 
 Elbe River, 22 
 Eliot, John, English patriot, 
 
 "3 
 
 Ellis Island, Austrian immi- 
 grants at, 235 
 
 Emperor, Charles V., 106, 
 198; Constantine, 221 ; 
 Francis Joseph, 24, 174, 
 222 ; Sigismund, 227 
 
 Empress Maria Theresa, 
 223, 224 
 
 England, her cause for war, 
 15 ; compared with Ger- 
 many, 24-31 ; Place of, 
 Among Nations, Chapter 
 III, 73; supremacy of, 
 74 ; as architect of states, 
 75-79 ; colonies of, 80 ; 
 fine civil service of, 82 ; 
 incorruptible colonial 
 courts, 83 ; swift justice, 
 84 ; mounted police of 
 Canada, 84; colonization 
 drains population of, 85 ; 
 shipping and commerce 
 
 265
 
 Index 
 
 of, 87, 88; fairness to 
 commercial rivals, 88 ; 
 House of Lords, 89-91 ; 
 resources of, 95 ; land 
 question in, 127; in 
 Triple Entente, 171, 172 ; 
 distressed by closing of 
 Dardanelles in Italo-Turk- 
 ish war, 174-176; now 
 likely to guard Suez and 
 threaten Dardanelles, 1 60 
 
 Ephesus, 150, 1 68 
 
 Epictetus, 167 
 
 Epicurean philosophers, 146 
 
 Erasmus, 192 
 
 Eser River, 22 
 
 Euphrates River, 154 
 
 " Europe in the Nineteenth 
 Century," quoted, 216 
 
 FAUBOURG ST. ANTOINE, 
 Paris, 6 1 
 
 Fichte, 12 
 
 Florida, 1 66 
 
 Foreword, 5-7 
 
 Fort Sumter, 13 
 
 France, character of people, 
 44; Contribution to the 
 World, Object of Fight- 
 ing, Chapter II, 45 ; open- 
 ing of present war, 45 ; 
 high-water-mark of Ger- 
 man attack, 46 ; stability 
 of government, 46 ; states- 
 men of, undoing Bis- 
 marck's work, 47-49 ; 
 iron ores of, 49-51 ; new 
 financial policy, 51-53; 
 diffusion of the beautiful, 
 53 ff. ; Napoleon III. and 
 beautification of Paris, 
 56-58 ; art advancement 
 by government of, 59- 
 63 ; financial returns from 
 
 art, 65 ; debt of America 
 to, 68-69 5 resources of, 
 70; land question in, 128 
 Francis Joseph, of Austria- 
 Hungary, 24, 174, 222 
 Francis II., of Austria, 221 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 68 
 Frederick the Great, 40, 86, 
 
 93, 223-226, 241 
 Freeman, Edward A., 
 
 quoted, 140 
 
 French Directory and Na- 
 poleon, 156 
 Froude, James A., 181 
 Fullerton, William Morton, 
 quoted, 49-51 
 
 GALILEO, 167 
 
 Garibaldi, 181-183 
 
 Gates, Dr., of Robert Col- 
 lege, 158 
 
 Gauss, Prof. Christian, 240 
 
 German isolation of France 
 reversed, 48 ; colonies 
 few, 49 ; envy of French 
 iron deposits, 49-5 1 ; war 
 preparation, 86; violation 
 of Belgium's guaranteed 
 neutrality, 113; cruelty 
 in Belgium, 1 14 ; justified 
 by Von Disfurth, 178 
 
 Germany, Old and New, 
 12 ; Growth of, Chapter I, 
 13 ; causes and occasions 
 of present war, 13-15 ; 
 leads world in industry, 
 trade and commerce, 16, 
 17 ; army and navy, 18, 
 19 ; population, 20 ; shut 
 from sea, 22, 23 ; foreign- 
 ers imported for harvest 
 work, 23; room needed 
 to expand, 24 ; wealth, 
 work, debt, 25, 26; in- 
 
 266
 
 Index 
 
 vestments, savings, 27, 
 28 ; beggary abolished, 
 30 ; influence of Kaiser, 
 31-33 ; Navy League, 34 ; 
 military education, 35 
 37 ; attack on Belgium, 
 38; readiness for war, 
 40; resources, 41; mili- 
 tarism in, 86 ; only nation 
 ready for the war, 92 ; Bis- 
 marck's policies for, in Eu- 
 rope, 170-172; with Aus- 
 tria began war, 172 ; justi- 
 fied by Von Disfurth, 178 ; 
 andHolland, 195, 196,212 
 
 Gettysburg, 46, 136, 259 
 
 Gibraltar, 94 
 
 Goethe, 12 
 
 Grand Palais, Petit Palais, 
 Paris, 63 
 
 Grand Prix de Rome, 60 
 
 Greece, struggling to escape 
 from Turkey, 152, 153; 
 the Isles of, 153; under 
 Turkey, and now, 154; 
 ^Egean islands, 154 
 
 Griffis, Wm. Elliott, quoted, 
 211 
 
 Grote, George, 181 
 
 Grotius, Belgian jurist, 115 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, 123 
 
 HAGUE, THE, 193, 199 
 Hamburg, 22, 196 
 Hamlin, Cyrus, 157 
 Hampden, John, 74 
 Harmsworth, Alfred, Lord 
 
 Northcliffe, 91 
 Harpigny, painter, 64 
 Hawthorne, 74, 1 68 
 Haydn, 12, 227 
 Hegel, 12 
 Hejira, the, 147 
 Holland, colonial possessions 
 
 of, 190 ; and Germany : 
 The Mouth of the Rhine, 
 Chapter VIII, 191 ; in- 
 debtedness of America to, 
 191, 192; smallness of, 
 193; rich farming lands 
 of, 194 ; colonial riches 
 of, 195 ; mouth of the 
 Rhine held by, 196 ; sea- 
 dykes creating land for, 
 197; commerce and 
 wealth of, 202 ; William 
 the Silent hero of, 197- 
 211 ; refugees from Flan- 
 ders to, 204 ; " Request " 
 to Regent by noblemen 
 of, 205 ; " Beggars of the 
 Sea," 206 ; Coligny slain 
 in Paris, Neearven des- 
 troyed, Spain's overtures 
 for peace, William's re- 
 ply, 207 ; Leyden be- 
 sieged, dykes cut, 208 ; 
 " Seven United Prov- 
 inces " organized, 208 ; 
 William slain, 209 ; es- 
 tates stood firm, 210; 
 peace, recognition of in- 
 dependence by Spain, 
 211; rulers of Nether- 
 lands, 212; Germany and, 
 212 ; resources of, 213 
 
 Holy Roman Empire, 221 
 
 Holy War, A, ordered by 
 Turkey, 141, 151 
 
 Homer, 150 
 
 Horatius, 121 
 
 Horn, Count, in, 203, 206 
 
 House of Commons, British, 
 79, 89-91 
 
 House of Lords, British, 89- 
 
 91 
 
 Hudson River, 23 
 Huguenots of France, 206 
 
 267
 
 Index 
 
 Hungary, 25 ; mediaeval and 
 modern, Kingdom in Dual 
 Empire, 228-231 
 
 Huss, John, 227, 234 
 
 INDIA, 77, 79, 81 
 
 Indian Ocean, 175 
 
 Inquisition, The, 108 
 
 Isaiah, 146 
 
 Islam, meaning of, 151 
 
 Istria, 232 
 
 Italia Irredenta, 173, 233 
 
 Italian Tyrol, 232 
 
 Italy : Old and New, Chap- 
 ter VII, 161 ; source of 
 great ideals, 164 ; build- 
 ers of, Scipio Africanus, 
 165 ; Caesar, 166 ; great 
 Romans, 167; the New, 
 development of, 169 ; in- 
 dependence of Triple Al- 
 liance, 170; Bismarck's 
 operations with, 170-172; 
 unity of, 173; possible 
 opportunity for, in present 
 war, 174; relations of, 
 with Turkey, 175 ; clos- 
 ing of Dardanelles against, 
 distressed world com- 
 merce, 175-177; builders 
 of the New, Mazzini, 
 Garibaldi, Cavour, 180- 
 184; new economic move- 
 ment in, 185 ; land ques- 
 tion and taxes in, 186; 
 democracy and autocracy 
 in, 187 ; present influence 
 of, 1 88; resources of, 
 1 88 ; popular agitation for 
 war in, 234 
 
 Italy of the Italians," 
 quoted, 162 
 
 JAVA, 195 
 
 y avert, Hugo's, 131 
 
 Jean Paul, 12 
 
 Jerrold, Lawrence, quoted, 
 
 44 
 
 Jerusalem, 150 
 Jesus, timely preacher, 6 
 Jews, The, in Spain, 108 
 Jordan, 150 
 Joshua, 165 
 Judson, Harry Pratt, quoted, 
 
 216 
 
 KAISER, The, 16, 31-35, 
 48, 78, 88, 92, 169, 172, 
 240 
 
 Kiel Canal, 151 
 
 King, Clovis, 104 ; Edward 
 VII., 82; Ferdinand of 
 Naples and Sicily, 180 ; 
 James I., of England, 
 191 ; William of Prussia, 
 German Emperor, 170; 
 Philip II., of Spain, 106, 
 199, 20 1-2 I i 
 
 Kossuth, Louis, 229-231 
 
 Koran, The, 147, 150, 151 
 
 LAFAYETTE, 68, 113 
 Lake of Galilee, 155 
 " L'Allemagne aux Abois," 
 
 5 1 
 
 Land question in Russia, 
 England, France, Mexico, 
 127, 128 
 
 Lansdowne, Lord, 175 
 
 Lawrence, Lord, 83 
 
 Lenau, 12 
 
 Lessing, 12 
 
 Lewes, George H., 181 
 
 Leyden, 207 
 
 " Liberation of Italy, The," 
 quoted, 185, 233 
 
 Liege, 102 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 217 
 
 268
 
 Index 
 
 Liszt, 227 
 
 Little States in history, 193 
 
 Liverpool, 176 
 
 Lombard Street, London, 73 
 
 London, 55, 73, 122, 155, 
 
 163 
 
 Lorenzo the Magnificent, 
 
 227 
 Lorraine and Alsace, 47, 
 
 170 
 
 Louisiana, 194 
 Louvain, 41, 115 
 Lucretius, 167 
 Luxembourg, gallery of, 60 
 
 MACAULAY, THOMAS B., 
 181 
 
 Mayflower, The, 192 
 
 MacMonnies' Arch, 56 
 
 Maine to Puget Sound, 119 
 
 Manchester, 55 
 
 Manhattan Island, 23 
 
 Manitoba, 79 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, 167 
 
 Margaret of Parma, Regent 
 of the Netherlands, 203 
 
 Maria Theresa, 224-226 
 
 Marie Antoinette, 14 
 
 Marseilles, 22 
 
 Mazzini, iSo, 181 
 
 McGill University, Mon- 
 treal, 8 1 
 
 Mecca, 146 
 
 Medina, 147 
 
 Mediterranean Sea, 24 
 
 Melbourne, 79 
 
 Mennonites, The, 131 
 
 Mexico, 23, 51, 94, 128 
 
 Miami River, 59 
 
 Michael Angelo, 168 
 
 Militarism and Autocracy, 
 American Verdict upon, 
 Chapter X, 239-262 
 
 Mill, John Stuart, 181 
 
 Millet, painter, 65 
 
 Milton, quoted, 72 
 
 Mississippi River, 23, 59, 
 194 
 
 Modern Germany, 12 
 
 Mohammed, Carlylc's opin- 
 ion of corrected, 143 ; ca- 
 reer of, 146-148 
 
 Mohammedans, 141 ; after 
 Prophet's death, 148; uni- 
 versity of, in Cairo, 1 50 ; 
 symbol of, a waning cres- 
 cent, 152 
 
 Moors, The, in Spain, 108 
 
 Moses, 121, 146 
 
 Moslems (see Mohammedans) 
 
 Mosque of St. Sophia, 142 
 
 Motley, John L o t h r o p, 
 quoted, 197, 210 
 
 Mottoes, national, 20, 21 
 
 Mounted police, Canada, 84 
 
 Mozart, 12, 227 
 
 Mukden, 135 
 
 Munich, 23 
 
 NAMUR iron deposits, 5 1 
 
 Napoleon, 105, 134, 156, 
 171, 174, 231, 241, 243, 
 259 
 
 Napoleon III., beautifies 
 Paris, 55-58 
 
 Navy, German, 34, 35 
 
 Neearven, 207 
 
 Netherlands, The (see Hol- 
 land) 
 
 New Orleans, 23 
 
 Newton, Isaac, 75 
 
 New York, 66-67, 182, 192 
 
 New Zealand, 77 
 
 " Night Watch, The," 193 
 
 Nile River, 194 
 
 North Africa, 145 
 
 North American Review, 
 cited, 247 
 
 269
 
 Index 
 
 Northcliffe, Lord, 91 
 Notre Dame, Paris, 58 
 Nuremberg, 106 
 
 ONTARIO, 79 
 
 PAINTED LADY, The, 109 
 
 Palestine, 151, 193 
 
 Panama Canal, 69, 94, IO2, 
 176, 177 
 
 Pan-Slavic union, 216 
 
 Paris leads the world in 
 beauty, 55 ; beautified by 
 Napoleon III., 56-58 
 
 Pascal's " Thoughts," 69 
 
 Pasteur, 69 
 
 Persia, controlled by Eng- 
 land and Russia, 154; 
 railroad to, 154 
 
 Persian Gulf, 151, 154 
 
 Peshkoff, Russian noble- 
 man, 132 
 
 Petrograd, 54 
 
 Philistines, 165 
 
 Phillips, Wendell, 181 
 
 Piedmont, 1 80 
 
 Plato, 13 
 
 Plehve, Russian despotic 
 minister, 130 
 
 Plymouth Church, 182 
 
 Poincare, Jules H., French 
 mathematician, President 
 of France, 47 
 
 Ponce de Leon, 166 
 
 Pope Pius IX., 1 80 
 
 Port Arthur, 135 
 
 " Problems of P o w e r," 
 quoted, 49 
 
 Prussia, 16, 94, 223-226 
 
 Pym, John, 74, 198 
 
 QUEEN, ALEXANDRA, of 
 England, 82; Elizabeth 
 of England, 191, 224; 
 
 Isabella of Spain, 199 ; 
 Marie Antoinette of 
 France, 14; Maria 
 Theresa of Austria, 224 ; 
 Mary of England, 191 ; 
 Victoria, 222; Wilhelmina 
 of Holland, 195, 212 
 
 RAPHAEL, 168 
 
 " Real France, The," 44 
 
 Red Sea, 155 
 
 Reichstag, German, a de- 
 bating society, 16 
 
 Rembrandt, 193 
 
 Revolution, American, 13, 
 218; French, 14; Greek, 
 152; Balkan, 218 
 
 Rhine River, 22, 172, 194, 
 196, 212 
 
 Rhone River, 23, 172 
 
 " Rise of the Dutch Repub- 
 lic," quoted, 197, 210 
 
 Robert College, 158 
 
 Robinson, John, 192 
 
 Rocky Mountains, 194 
 
 Rodin, sculptor, 64 
 
 Roentgen, Professor, 32 
 
 Romanoffs of Russia, 126 
 
 Rome, 73, 119; Byron's 
 apostrophe to, 163; long 
 world leadership of, 163 ; 
 Crawford's apostrophe to, 
 164 ; in antiquity and 
 Middle Ages, 165-168 
 
 Rostand, poet, 64 
 
 Rotterdam, 22, 191, 193, 196 
 
 Russia, and the Bosphorus, 
 15; people of, 118; the 
 New, Chapter V, 119; 
 vastness, 120; Peter the 
 Great, 121-126; Cather- 
 ine, 124, 126; Alexander 
 II., 127 ; land question, 
 127; Mir system, 128; 
 
 27O
 
 Index 
 
 oppression, 130-132; 
 Duma, 133; soldier -of, 
 134; the New, 134; ma- 
 terial means of, 135; 
 democracy in, 136; re- 
 sources of, 136 
 
 ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 206 
 
 St. Petersburg founded, 124 
 
 Salisbury Plain, 81 
 
 San Francisco, 54 
 
 Sappho, 150 
 
 Saracens, 104, 149 
 
 Sardinia, 173 
 
 Sarre, Valley of the, 50 
 
 Savonarola, 227 
 
 Schiller, 12 
 
 Schlegel, 12 
 
 Scipio Africanus, 165, 1 66 
 
 Seine River, 23 
 
 Serbia, 93, 172 
 
 Seven cities of Paul's 
 churches, 150 
 
 Sevres porcelain, 62 
 
 Seward, Wm. H., 217 
 
 Shakespeare, 75 
 
 Siberia, 120 
 
 Sicily, 173 
 
 Silesia, 50 ; stolen by Fred- 
 erick, 93, 223, 224 
 
 Sobieski, John, 145 
 
 Socrates, 165 
 
 South Africa, 51, 76, 79 
 
 South Sea Islands, 83 
 
 Spain, 145, 149, 166 
 
 Spanish cruelty in Spain, 
 108; Mexico, 109, 200; 
 Peru, 200 ; Belgium, 106- 
 113; Holland, 201-211 
 
 Speedwell, The, 192 
 
 Staten Island, 182 
 
 Steel, King, in Twentieth 
 Century, 93 
 
 Stephenson, George, 75 
 
 Straits, used by world com- 
 merce, not to be closed 
 for local warlike opera- 
 tions, 176, 177 
 
 Suez Canal, 69, 94, 175 
 
 Sumatra, 195 
 
 Sweden, soldiers of, 123, 124 
 
 Switzerland, 193 
 
 Syria, 148, 166 
 
 TAFT, WILLIAM H., quoted, 
 176 
 
 " Take what you want ; ex- 
 plain later," 93 
 
 Tammany Hall, as patron 
 of art, 66 
 
 Thebes, 73 
 
 " The Day," 93 
 
 Tiber River, 166 
 
 Tolstoi, Count, 131 
 
 Treaties, to be kept or 
 sneered at? 179 
 
 Treitschke, German histo- 
 rian, cited, 80, 246 
 
 Trent, Council of, 203 
 
 Trentino, 173, 232 
 
 Trieste, 22, 173, 232 
 
 Triple Alliance (Germany, 
 Austria and Italy), 172 
 
 Triple Entente (France, 
 Russia and England), 17 1, 
 172 
 
 Tripoli, 175 
 
 Turgot, French statesman, 
 78 
 
 Turkestan, 120 
 
 Turk, The Unspeakable, 
 Chapter VI, 139; an alien 
 in Europe, 140; enters 
 present struggle, orders 
 Holy War, 141 ; numbers 
 of, 141 ; permanent hold 
 in Europe, 148 ; depres- 
 sion in realms of, 149, 150; 
 
 271
 
 Index 
 
 polygamy and slavery 
 under, 151 ; alliance with 
 Austria and Germany, 
 151 ; Greece oppressed 
 by and freed from, 152- 
 154 ; hope for Asia Minor 
 in fall of, 154; commer- 
 cial projects through lands 
 of, 155, 156; the Young, 
 and new dreams, 157; 
 American education in 
 lands of, well treated by, 
 158; Suez Canal endan- 
 gered by, 159; Darda- 
 nelles a danger to, 159 
 
 Turkey (see Turk) 
 
 Tyndale, William, 132, 192 
 
 Tyrol, Italian, 232 
 
 UGANDA RIVER, 76 
 
 Uhland, 12 
 
 United States of Great Brit- 
 ain, 79, 80; of Balkany, 
 218 
 
 University Magazine, Can- 
 ada, 8 1 
 
 Utrecht, 198 
 
 VATICAN gallery, 166 
 Venice, 73, 87, 106, 173, 
 
 193, 232 
 
 Versailles, 68, 170 
 Victor Emmanuel, 175, 183 
 Victor Hugo, 131 
 
 Vienna, 145 
 
 Virgil, 167 
 
 Von Disfurth, General, 
 
 quoted, 177 
 Von Moltke, General, 170 
 
 WALDENSES, The, 132 
 
 Washington, 121 ; city of, 
 230 
 
 Waterloo, 174 
 
 Watt, James, 75 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 13,77, 152 
 
 Wellington, 105, 174 
 
 West, Dr., American physi- 
 cian in Turkey, 158 
 
 Westphalia steel, 50 
 
 Wheat lands of Russia, 120 
 
 Wieland, 12 
 
 William II. (see Kaiser) 
 
 William the Silent, Prince 
 of Orange, 197-211 
 
 Winnipeg, 79 
 
 XENOPHON, 150 
 
 Y. M. C. A. building in 
 
 St. Petersburg, 133 
 Young Turks, The, 157 
 
 ZEALAND, 198 
 
 Zimmern, Helen, quoted, 
 
 162 
 Zuyder Zee, 207 
 
 Printed in the United States of America 
 
 272
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 757 535