LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. \ OF* Class MiM Awards Chicago 1893 Mott's Phonology and Phonotype A TEXT BOOK BY John M. Mott Paris 1900 JOHN M. MOTT v fti tu clasez ev vauel saundz, in rileshm tu ftar uturans, nemli: 1. Frunted and Rezd vauelz: 2. Raunded vauelz. DCLICLGHAM OV VQUEL UTURQNS. y consonant. i 6 o 6 u ft u u w consonant. C0GNT SQUNDZ. Brif saundz i, e, a, a, e, o, u, u. Ful saundz i, e, a, d, 6, 6, u, u. 30 MOTT'S FONOLOJI FRONTED AND RAISED VOWELS. Begin to pronounce the word ah, and, while uttering a continuous vowel sound, gradually raise the front part of the tongue to the position required to produce the sound oi i (ee) in police. In doing this a series of vowel sounds is produced and as indicated by the letters a (ah) to i (ee) in the vertical line of letters of the diagram of vowel utterance, which sounds are as follows: 1, a (ah) in above; 2, d (ah)'inarm; 3, a (a(z>)) in am; 4, a (a(z>)) in air; 5, e (ay) in end; 6, e (ay) in obey; 7, i (ee) in ill; 8, i (ee) in police. This utterance of the vowel sounds is termed Fronting and Raising, as it involves the act of raising the tongue; and since raising the tongue decreases the air pas- sage above it, a vowel that is higher in this scale of vowel utterance, than another, is said to be more close or less open; one that is lower in the scale is said to be more open or not as close. The i (ee) in police is the closest vowel of the Fronted andRaised vowels and readily passes into the sound of y (yee), heard in ye, year, etc., a consonant sound. ROUNDED VOWELS. Begin to pronounce the word ah, and while uttering a continuous vowel sound, round the lips to the position required to produce the sound of ft (oo) in rule. In doing this a series of vowel sounds is produced and in the order indicated by the letters a (ah) to ft (oo) in the horizontal line of letters of the dia- AND FONOTQIP. 31 FRUNTED AND R&ZD VQUELZ. Bigin tu pronauns iti wurd ah, and, hwail uturig acontin- yuus vauel saund, grajtiali rez iti frunt part ev iti tug tu fti pozishm ricwaird tu prodius fti saund ev i in polis. In duii] rtis a siriz ev vauel saundz iz prodiust and az indicated bai fti leturz a tu i in iti vurtical lain ev leturz in iti daiagram ev vauel uturans, hwic 1 saundz ar az feloz: 1, a. in abuv; 2, a in arm; 3, a in am; 4, a in ar; 5, e in end; 6, e in obe; 7, i in il; 8, i in polis. ITis uturans ev iti vauel saundz iz turmd Fruntii) and Reziij, az it invelvz iti act ev rezii) iti tug; and sins rezii) di tui) dicrisez iti ar pasej abuv it, a vauel itat iz haiur in itis seel ev vauel uturans, itan anuitur, iz sed tu bi mor clos 6r les opn; wun itat iz lour in iti seel iz sed tu bi mor opn er net az clos. ITi i in polis iz iti closest vauel ev iti Frunted and Rezd vauelz and redili pasez inta iti saund ev y (yi), hurd in yi, yir, ets M a consonant saund. RQUNDED VQUELZ. Bigin tu pronauns iti wurd ah, and hwail uturirj a cen- tinyuus vauel saund, raund iti lips tu iti pozis"un ricwaird tu prodius iti saund ev u in rtiL In duii) itis a siriz ev vauel saundz iz prodiust and in iti erdur iridiceted bai iti leturz a tu u in iti herizental lain ev leturz ev iti daiagram ev vauel utur- S3 MOTT'S FONOLOJI gram of vowel utterance, which, sounds are as follows: 1, a (ah) in above; 2, OL (ah) in arm; 3, e (awe) in not; 4, 6 (awe) in nor; 5, o (oh) in omit; 6, 6 (oh) in old; 7, u (u(r)) in hut; 8, u (u(r)) in hurt; 9, u(oo) in pull; 10, u (oo) in rule. This utterance of vowel sounds is termed Bounding, and since rounding brings the lips nearer together, a vowel that is rounded is said to be closer or less open than one that is not rounded. tl (oo) in rule is the closest vowel of the Rounded vowels and freely passes into the sound of w (woo), heard in woo, will, etc., a consonant sound. The complete vowel scale is shown in the following diagram of vowel utterances which will be found to be very useful in drill work. DIAGRAM OF SERIAL VOWEL UTTERANCE. In teaching the vowel sounds, pupils should be required to give them in pairs as indicated, brief and full, and fall and brief. This method will force pupils to see that full sounds are developed from the brief sounds. They should also be required to utter all of the vowel sounds in one continuous series of sounds, beginning with i (ee) and ending with u (oo). Concert and individual drills should be frequent AND FONOTQIP. 33 cms, hwic* saundz ar az feloz: 1, QL in abuv; 2, GL in drm; 3, 6 in net; 4, 6 in ner; 5, 6 in omit; 6, 6 in did; 7, u in hut; 8, u in hurt; 9, u in pul; 10, u in rul. ITis uturans ev vanel sanndz iz turmd Raundirj, and sins raundig brigz fti lips nirur tugeitur, a vanel itat iz raunded iz sed tu bi closur 6r les opn itan wun itat iz net raunded. tl in rul iz iti closest vauel ev iti Raunded vauelz and frili pasez intu tti saund ev w (wu), hurd in wu, wil, ets., a consonant saund. ITi cemplit vauel seel iz on in iti f eloig daiagram ev vauel uturansez hwic 1 wil bi faund tu bi veri yusful in dril wurc. DaiQGRAM 0V SIRIQL VQUEL UTURdNS. e a aa ae6o6uuuu 12 3 4567 N 8 In tidii) iti vauel saundz, piupilz 3ud bi ricwaird tu giv item in parz az indicated, brif and ful, and ful and brif. iTis meted wil f ors piupilz tu si itat ful saundz ar divelupt frem iti brif saundz. ITe ud elso bi ricwaird tu utur 61 ev iti vauel saundz in wun centinyuus siriz ev saundz, biginig wiit i and endirj wiit u. Censurt and individual drilz ud bi frjcwent. 34 MOTT'S FONOLOJI In the diagrams of vowel utterance given on preceding pages, the neutral vowel has the position given it by the Amer- ican Philological Association. (1 is made the medial point, passing in one direction to i and in the other to u. The Author has long been of the opinion that the neutral vowel should be made the medial point. It belongs as much to one class of vowels as to the other. The following diagram shows the neutral vowel at the me- dial point, the Fronted and Raised vowels (those produced by depressing the root of the tongue and raising its middle front), the Rounded vowels (those produced by raising the back part of the tongue and rounding the lips), and has key words which show the quality of each vowel sound of the English language, and how used (brief or full) in speech. FRONTED ROUNDED AND RAISED VOWELS. VOWELS. yee y consonant. w consonant. woo eel i u rule ill i u pull 6 old eight e ., o o-mit end e 6 or b air a o odd d alms am a a ask urge u u urge up u up Key words. Medial point. Key words. This classification of the vowels is fully sustained by Professor W. D. Whitney in his report on ' 'Observations on vowel utterance by A. Schnyder, " given in full in the Appen- AND FONOTdlP. 35 In Ai daiagramz ev vauel uturans givn en prisidii) pejez, Ai niutral vauel haz Ai pozi^uii givn it bed Ai CLmerican Filo- lojical Assosie^un. Q iz med Ai midial point, pasirj in wun directsuii tu i and in Ai uAur tu u. ITi Oter haz leg bin ev Ai opinyun itat cti niutral vauel ud bi med iti midiai point. It bilenz az mud tu wun clas ev vauelz az tu tti uttur. iTi feloir) daiagram oz fti niutral vauel at tti midial peint, &i Frunted and Rezd vauelz (ttoz prodiust bai dipresii) tti rut ev Ai tug and rezig its midl frunt), fti Raunded vauelz (ttoz prodiust bai rezig Ai bac port ev Ai turj and raundig Ai lips), and haz ci wurdz hwid o Ai cweliti ev id vauel saund ev Ai IngH3 laggwej, and hau yuzd (brif 6r ful) in spid. FRUNTED AND RfiZD VQUELZ. yir fil fil let let car cat burn bun Ci wurdz. y consonant, i u Midial peint. w consonant, u u 6 o 6 e a RdUNDED VQUELZ. ' wuf pul pul fold o-pec' n6r net cam case hurt hut Ci wurd/.. ETis clasifices*un ev Ai vauelz iz full sustend bai Prof eser W. D. Whitney in hiz riport en * 'Obzurv&hmz en vauel uturans bai A. Schnyder, " givn in ful in Ai Appendics, and bai Ai 36 MOTT'S FONOLOJI dix, and by the following from the second paragraph under O in the Standard Dictionary, page 1209: "If the tongue is lowered, o changes into 6, as in nor, net, and, the lips being unrounded, into a in father, or, without resonance, into u as in sun. 7 LINEAR ILLUSTRATION OF VOWEL UTTERANCE. Fronted and Raised vowels u u a a e e i i y-Con. Rounded vowels uuadeeod uu w-Con. ''Mixed Vowels" have received much attention in works prepared by those who had imperfect knowledge of the posi- tions of the tongue in vowel utterance. With the neutral vowel as the medial point, the fallacy of such classification is clearly shown. The following diagram is a reproduction of Professor A. Schnyder's illustration of observations on vowel utterance. "The figure represents a perpendicular section of the mouth cavity, from the lips as far back as the veil of the pal- ate and the epiglottis. The unbroken line shows the neutral position of the tongue; the broken line, the position for utter- UNIVERSITY ,O, AND FONOTQIP. 37 f el oil) frem fti secund paragraf undur O in fti Standard Die- s"uneri, pej 1209: "If fti tui) iz lourd, o denjez intu 6, az in ner, net, and, fti lips biii) unraunded, intu a in faftur, er, wift- aut rezonans, intu u az in sun. ' ' LINIQR ILLUSTE^fiUN OV VQUEL UTUEQNS. Frunted and Rezd vauelz uuaaee ii y-Cen. Raunded vauelz TTuaa06o6 uu w-Cen. t; Micst Vauelz" hav risivd mud atten^un in wurcs pripard bai ftoz hu had impurf ect nelej ev fti pozis"unz ev fti tug in vauel uturans. Wift fti niutral vauel az fti midiol point, fti falasi ev sud clasifices*un iz clirli on. K"i f eloii) daiagram iz a riproducun ev Prof eser A. Sehny- der'z illustres'un ev ebzurveunz en vauel uturans. ITi f igyur reprizents a purpendicyular secs*un ev fti maul caviti, frem fti lips az far bac az fti vel ev fti palet and fti epi- gietis. fTi unbrocn lain s"oz fti niutral pozi^un ev fti tug; fti brocn lain, fti pozis*un f6r uturig u; fti deted lain, ftat f6r i. It 38 MOTT'S FON0LOJI ing u; the dotted line, that for i. It is assumed that the point of the tongue is held throughout against the lower teeth." The position for uttering e and 6 or any other sounds, inter- mediate between the neutral vowel and the extremes, can be traced between those here given. Teachers and pupils should compare this figure with that shown in Webster's International Dictionaiy, 1900 edition, and also with that shown in Bell's Visible Speech, 1867, for ut- terance of i (ee). INSTRUCTIONS FOR UTTERING THE VOWEL SOUNDS. "Speak clearly, if you speak at all; Carve every word before you let it fall." There is such a thing as standard English speech, from which, among good speakers, the variations are probably less than are the variations, allowed by law, in standard gold coin. Dr. James A. H. Murray says, ' ; the living word is sound cognizable by the ear, and must therefore be itself symbolized in order to reach the understanding through the eye. " In the phonetic spellings in this book, only the pronun- ciation which has the authority of the dictionaries, and which best accords with the tendencies of the English language, is recorded. This spelling represents, as stated by Professor W. D. Whitney, 4t The idiomatic utterance . , . . of plain speaking, or of reading aloud with distinctness." Dr. James A. H. Murray has the same idea when he says: "Let us aim at producing a means of spelling what men mean to say, aim at saying, and in measured or formal speech or song do say, not at the shortcomings, which, though inseparable from speech, are none the less unintentional, and to be discouraged. " AND FONOTCLIP. 39 iz assiftmd itat iti point ev iti tug iz held truant agenst iti lour tit. " ITi pozi^un for uturig e and 6 6r eni uitur saundz, intur- niidiet bitwiniti niutral vanel and iti ecstrimz, can bi trest bi- twin itoz hir givn. Tidurz and piupilz gud cempar ftis figynr wiit itat s*on in Webster \ Inturna^unal Dicuneri, 1900 idiun, and 61so wiit flat Son in Bell'z Vizibl Spid, 1867, fdr uturans ev i. INSTRUCRUNZ FOR UTURID iTI VQUEL SQURDZ. "Spic clirli, if yu spic at 61; Carv evri wurd bifor yu let it 61. " fl"ar iz sud a tig az standard Iggli3 spid, frem hwid, amug gud spicurz, fti verie^unz ar prebabli les Aan ar &i verieunz, alland bai 16, in standard gold cein. Dr. James A. H. Murray sez, "iti livig wurd iz saund ceg- naizabl bai iti ir, and must itarfor bi itself simbelaizd in 6rdur tu rid tti undurstandig tru iti oi. " In iti fonetic speligz in itis buc, onli iti pronunsieiun hwid haz iti 6teriti ev iti dies' uneriz, and hwid best acc6rdz wiit iti tendensiz ev Ai Iggli laggwej, iz ricerded. Tis spelig repri- zents, az steted bai Profeser W. D. Whitney, "K"i idiomatic uturans . . . ev plen spicig, 6r ev ridig aland wiit distigct- nes. " Dr. James A. H. Murray haz iti sem aidia hwen hi sez: 4 'Let us em at prodiusig a minz ev spelig hwet men min tu se, em at seig, and in mefcurd 6r f6rmal spid 6r seg du se, net at iti 6rtcumigz, hwid, ito inseparabl frem spid, ar nun iti les unin- ten^unal, and tu bi discurejd. " 40 MOTT'S FONOLOJI Mr. O.C. Blackmer says: ' 'The conversational weakenings of standard pronunciation will take care of themselves. They have no place in schools, nor in schoolbooks, though some of them may be found in modern dictionaries, which sometimes record what may be in pronunciation, but which ought not to be. 4 'The elementary vowel and consonant sounds are the 'primary,' 'guiding,' 'ruling,' 'distinct' concepts of standard, classic, English speech. Teachers should be instructed to utter correctly these primary concepts to their pupils, especially to those in the lower grades. They should be sure that these con- cepts are firmly fixed in the minds and in the vocal organs of the pupils. When the vocal organs are trained to utter correctly these concepts, and when the printed page appears in letters representing them, that is, in phonetic spelling, reading will almost come of itself, and the dictionary will not be needed to ascertain pronunciation. Every word will then show its own proper pronunciation without help from any other quarter. One of the strongest arguments in favor of pho- netic spelling is, that it will act as a most powerful agent in the conservation of our present, standard, English speech. ' ' Dr. F. W. Fricke, President of the G-erman Spelling Re- form Association, says: "Language has no other purpose than to express thought. The means to this end are sounds, and their symbols, letters. From this nature of language, it fol- lows that only those sounds which serve for the audible representation of ideas, and only those letters by which these sounds are visibly represented, have speech value. "In the representation of sounds in writing, science de- mands that the notation be grammatically and logically correct, that it indicate the sound, the quantity and the accent, and AND FONOTdlP. 41 Mr. O. C. Blackmer sez: "rTi cenvurses'unal wicnigz ev standard pronunsies'un wil tec car ev itemselvz. ITe hav no pies in sculz, ner in sculbucs, ito sum ev item me bi faund in modurn dic^uneriz, hwid sumtaimz ric6rd hwet me bi in pro- nunsies'un, but hwid et net tu bi. "ITi elimentari vauel and consonant saundz ar iti 'prai- mari, ? 'gaidin, ' 4 rftlin, ' 'distigct' censepts ev standard, clasic, Ir]gli spid. Tidurz ud bi instructed tu utur cerrectli ttiz prai- mari censepts tu itar piupilz, espe^ali tu ctoz in Ai lour gredz. ETe sud bi stir Aat itiz censepts ar furmli ficst in rti maindz and in iti vocal 6rganz ev tti piupilz. Hwen iti vocal erganz ar trend tu utur cerrectli ftiz censepts, and hwen fti printed pej appirz in leturz reprizeiitii) ftem, itat iz, in forietic spelin, ridig wil 61- most cum ev itself, and iti dics'uneri wil net bi nided tu asurten pronunsies'un. Evri wurd wil iten o its on prepur pronunsie- Suu wiftaut help from eni urtur cwertur. Wun ev Ai strerjgest argiuments in fever ev fonetic spelig iz, itat it wil act az a most pauurful ejent in iti censurves'un ev aur prezent, standard, In- spid. " Dr. F. W. Fricke, Prezident ev iti German Spelig Eif6rm A^sosieun, sez: "Laggwej haz no aitur purpus itan tu ecspres lot. xTi minz tu itis end or saundz, and itar simbelz, leturz. From itis nedur ev laggwej, it feloz itat onli Aoz saundz hwid surv fe>r iti edibl reprizentes"un ev aidiaz, and onli Aoz leturz bai liwid ctiz sauridz ar vizibli reprizented, hav spid valyu. "In iti reprizente^un ev saundz in raitiij, saiens dimandz it it iti notesun bi grammatical! and lejicali correct, itat it indicet iti saand, iti cwentiti and iti acsent, and itat it form an 6rganizm. 42 MOTT'S FONOLOJI that it form an organism. It also requires that regard be had to existing circumstances, and that in the establishment of a phonetic form of writing, the style of pronunciation which ob- tains in careful and formal speech, and is reflected in the dictionaries and in school usage, be followed, in preference to the quick, careless, slurring pronunciation heard in colloquial utterance, or in local or dialectal speech. ' 'The English alphabet must be made as far as possible international, that is, it must conform to the 'Roman values. ' Such conformity will make it easy for foreigners to learn the English language, and will serve thus in addition to promote its acceptance as the world language. ' ' In an address before the American Philological Associa- tion, 1888, Dr. Francis A. March said: "There is standard speech, as there is common law ..... Our pronouncing dictionaries have heretofore given the full, distinct sounds of English words as uttered by trained orators speaking them with emphasis. In American schools these sounds are care- fully taught, and constitute the primary concept of the word. "Teaching pronounciation has two parts, first; giving a clear and distinct concept of the sound to be uttered; second, training the vocal organs to make the sound correctly upon a volition to utter the concept. 4 'We do not in speaking will to move each separate mus- cle; we only will to make the sound, to utter the concept." No schoolbook, no dictionary of the English language has yet been published from which the exact or definite sounds of vowels in all syllables can be ascertained. All dictionaries of the English language have characters to represent sounds termed "intermediate" or "variant," whatever these words may mean, and "obscure" sounds. AND FONOTQIP. 43 It elso ricwairz itat rigard bi had tu egzistig surcumstansez, and itat in iti establishment ev a fonetic form ev raitin, di stall ev pronunsies*un hwid ebtenz in earful and formal spic 1 , and iz riflected in rti dics"uneriz and in scul yuzej, bi felod, in prefur- ens tu iti cwic, carles, slurii) pronunsies'un hurd in collocwial uturans, or in local or daialectal spic 1 . 4 'xTi Irjgli^ alf abet must bi mod az far az pesibl inturnas'- unal, flat iz, it must conform tu ifci 'Roman valyuz. ' Sud cmi- f6rmiti wil mOc it izi f6r ferenurz tu lurn cfci Ingli^ langwej, and wil surv itus in addiuii tu promot its acseptans az tfci wurld langwej." In an addres bifor fti CLmerican Filolejical Assosie^un, 1888, Dr. Francis A. March sed: "iTar iz standard spid, az itar iz cemun 16 ..... CLur pronaunsig dic^uneriz hav hirtufor givn rti f ul, distinct saundz ev Ingli wurdz az uturd bai trend eraterz spicig ftem witt emfasis. In Qmerican sculz rtiz saundz ar carfuli tot, and constitiut tti praimari censept ev iti wurd. "Tidir) pronunsies'un haz tu parts, furst; givig a clir and distinct censept ev iti saund tu bi uturd; secund, trenig iti vo- cal 6rganz tu mec iti saund cerrectli upon a voli^un tu utur iti censept. "Wi du not in spicig wil tu muv id separet musl; wi onli wil tu mec iti saund, tu utur iti censept. " No sculbuc, no dic^uneri ev tti IngM langwej haz yet bin publis't from hwid iti egzact 6r def init saundz ev vauelz in el silablz can bi asurtend. 6l dic^uneriz ev iti Ingli3 langwej hav caracturz tu reprizent saundz turmd ;t inturmidiet" 6r I4 veri- ant, " hwetevur itiz wurdz me min, and *'ebsciur" saundz. 44 MOTT'S FONOLOJI The Century Dictionary, on page 1 of Vol. 1, says: * 'The 'long 'a' of fate is not strictly one sound, but ends with a vanishing sound of 'long e': i. e., it is a slide from the e sound of they down to the i sound of pique. ' 'From this vanish the a of fare and bare and their like is free, while it has also an opener sound, and is even, in the mouths of many speakers, indistinguishable in quality from the 'short a' of fat; hence the a sound of fare is in the respellings of this work written with a. " As an instructor of children in voicing words, what sound should a teacher give to the Century's "a" with the wave line above it? The Century Dictionary does not tell what the sound is or should be. The Century Dictionary also says, on page 1 of Vol. 1: ' 'There is also a class of words like ask, fast, ant, in which some pronounce the vowel simply as 'short a, ' while some give it the full open sound of a in far, and yet others make it some- thing intermediate between the two: such an a is represented in this work by a. " From this description of the power of a, what teacher can tell what sound should be uttered for this vowel? "Something intermediate" between the vowel in hat and the vowel in arm is the instruction of the Century Dictionary, but what is the exact and definite sound of a in ask? Webster's International Dictionary, 1900, p. Ixi, says a is used only ' 'in syllables closed by r and more or less strongly accented; as in care, share, compare, parent, plowshare The sound is the narrow correlate of the wide a (am) ... It is not simply a prolongation of that sound; though, if we attempt such prolongation, the organs naturally and uncon- ciously slide into a position which gives the sound in question; AND FONOTCIIP. 45 fTi Century Dicuneri, enpej 1 ev Vel. 1, sez: "ffi 'leg e' ev f et iz net strictli wuii saund, but endz wiit a vani^ig saund ev 'leg i': tat iz, it iz a slaid frem iti e saund ev ite daun tu iti i saund ev pic. ' 'Frem itis vani iti a ev far and bar and itar laic iz f ri, hwail it haz elso an opnur saund, and iz ivn, in Ai mauAz ev meni spicurz, indistiggwi^abl in cweliti frem iti '36rt a'ev fat; hens iti a saund ev far iz in fti rispeligz ev Ais wurc ritn wiA a. n . Az an instructor ev dildren in veisig wurdz, hwet saund ad a tidur giv tu tti Century 'z "a" wiit tti wev lain abuv it? ITi Century Dic^uneri duz net tel hwet tti saund iz er ud bi. ITi Century Dic^uneri 61so sez, en pej 1 ev Vel. 1: "Har iz elso a clas ev wurdz laic asc, fast, ant, in hwid sum pronauns Ai vauel simpli az 'ert a, ' hwail sum giv it iti ful opn saund ev a in far, and yet uttcrrz mac it sumtig inturmidiet bitwin iti til : su<3 an a iz reprizented in ttis wurc bai a. ' ' Frem ftis discrip^un ev iti pauur ev a, hwet tidur can tel hwet saund ud bi uturd f6r ttis vauel? "Sumtig inturmidiet" bitwin Ai vauel in hat and iti vauel in arm iz iti instruc^un ev Ai Century Dic^uneri, but hwet iz iti egzact and definit saund ev a in asc? Webster 'z Inturnaunal Dic^uneri, 1900, p. Ixi, sez a iz yuzd onli "in silablz clozd bai r and mor 6r les stregli acsented; az in car, ar, cempar, parent, plau^ar. . . fTi saund iz iti naro cerilet ev waid a (am). . . . It iz net simpli a proleg- ge^un ev Aat saund, Ao, if wi attempt sud prolegge^un, iti 6r- ganz nadurali and uncenSusli slaid intu a pozi^un hwid givz iti saund in cwes<3un; ite me, hauevur, turn tu a mor opn pozi^un 46 MOTT'S FONOLOJI they may, however, turn to a more open position and thus give out a harsh, flat, nasal sound, which would be quite wrong." If the sound of a in care is not the sound of a in am prolonged, what sound is it ? Of the Websterian character a, it says, on the same page: "This is the sound to be preferred in certain words or syllables ending in sk, ff, ft, th, ss, sp, st, nee, nt, nd; as ask, staff, graft, path, pass, grasp, last, dance, chant, command; and in some other cases; besides its frequent use in unaccented syl- lables, for one class of which it will be indicated in this. dic- tionary by a, the italic form of the letter. "This vowel is to be clearly distinguished from a (am, hat). In organic position it lies between this and a (arm); but in quality, as well as position, more nearly resembles the latter." The exact and definite sound of a in ask is the sound it has in standard English speech. What the sound is this dictionary does not state. The Standard Dictionary, on page 2105, says: "The elementary sound a appears short as in at, long as in fare, obscure as in accord. "Obscure a as in accord is found in such unaccented syllables as have a formal distinct pronunciation like short a in at, and also a colloquial pronunciation varying towards u in but, burn, etc. ' ' The Standard leaves 110 room for doubt as to the quality or quantity of the vowel element in care, but is obscure on the sound of a in accord, and fails to identify it. What does standard English speech demand ? Evidently the sound of a in at. When this sound is changed to the sound of u in hut, hurt, it is not standard, but careless, slurring speech. AND FONOTQIP. 47 and ttus giv aut a har, flat, nezal saund, hwid wud bi cwait rag." If fti saund ev a in car iz net tti saund ov a in am pro- legd, hwet saund iz it? Ov tti Websterian caractur a, it sez, en fli sem pej: "ITis iz tti saund tu bi prifurd in surten wurdz or silablz endig in sk, ff, ft, th, ss, sp, st, nee, nt, nd; az ask, staff, graft, path A pass, grasp, last, dance, chant, command; and in sum uttur cesez; bisaidz its fricwent yus in unacsented silablz, for wun das ev hwic 1 it wil bi indicated in ttis dicSuneri bai a, cti italic term ev Ai letur. ki H"is vauel iz tu bi clirli distirjgwi^t frem a (am, hat). In erganic pozi^un it laiz bitwin itis and a (arm); but in cweliti, az wel az pozi^un, mor nirli rizemblz Ai latur. " E"i egzact and def init saund ev a in asc iz tfci saund it haz in standard Ingli^ spid. Hwet tti saund iz itis dic^uneri duz net stet. 3^i Standard Dics*uneri, en pej 2105, sez: "ITi elimentari saund a appirz s*ert in at, a.nd leg az in far, ebsciur in accerd. ***** "Obsciur a az in accdrd iz faund in sud unacsented silablz az hav a f ermal distinct pronunsies"un laic s"6rt a in at, and elso a cellocwial pronunsie^un veriigtoardz u in but, burn. ets. " E"i Standard livz no rum for daut az tu tti cweliti ercwen- titi ev tti vauel eliment in car, but iz ebsciur en tti sound ev a in accerd, and felz tu aidentifai it. Hwet duz standard Ingli^ spid dimand? Evidentli tti saund ev a in at. Hwen tbis saund iz <*enjd tu tti saund ev u in hut, hurt, it iz net standard, but carles, slurirj spid. 48 MOTT'S FON0LOJI On the same page the Standard says of its a with a breve under it, that it "is used to denote words of variant pronunciation like ask, fast. These words have a formal pro- nunciation substantially like a inarm, calm, etc., and also a frequent pronunciation verging to a in as, am. An interme- diate sound has been a favorite American suggestion. ' ' Of its a unmarked and termed ''obscure, " it says, it "is used in unaccented syllables which if accented would have strong or variant a sound, but lose their proper resonance for want of vocal effort, and verge toward an obscure sound like u in but, burn," The Standard has a letter for the vowel sound in arm, and also one for the vowel sound in but, and employs means to designate the quantity of the vowel element used in any syllable. It admits that certain classes of words have a formal and distinct pronunciation, yet introduces distinct letters to indicate that the vowel sounds in such words are "obscure" or "variant. " With such notation in the dictionary, what sound should teachers give to these "obscure" and "variant" signs? That which formal and distinct utterance demands? Or that which is only heard from the mouths of careless, slurring speakers, who sink all the vowel sounds of our language toward or into that of the neutral vowel? In standard English speech there are no "intermediate," or ' 'variant, " or "obscure" sounds. In this work no such sounds are recognized. "Worcester's Dictionary is now being revised: therefore the "obscure "characters found in the last edition to indicate pro- nunciation are not at this time subject to criticism. AND FONOTdlP. 49 On iti sem pej iti Standard sez ev its a wirt a briv undur it, jctat it "iz yuzd tu dinot wurdz ev veriant pronunsieun laic asc, fast, iTiz wurdz hav a formal pronunsie^un substanali laic a in arm, cam, ets. , and 61so a fricwent pronunsieun vur- jii) tu a in az, am. An inturmidiet saund haz bin a feverit Qmerican sugjesdun. " Ov its a unmarct and turmd "ebsciur, " it sez, it "iz yuzd in unacsented silablz hwid if acsented wud hav streg 6r veriant a saund, but luz ftar prepur rezonans f 6r w6nt ev vocal efort, and vurj toard an ebsciur saund laic u in but, burn. " xTi Standard haz a letur fer fti vauel saund in arm, and 61so wun f6r tti vauel saund in but, and empleiz minz tu desig- net iti cwentiti ev rti vauel eliment yuzd in eni silabl. It ad- mits ttat surten clasez ev wurdz hav a formal and distigct pro- nunsie^un, yet introdiusez distinct leturz tu indicet itat Ai vauel saundz in su<3 wurdz ar "ebsciur" 6r "veriant." Witt sud noteun in fti dicSuneri, hwet saund Sud tidurz giv tu itiz "ebsciur" and "veriant" sainz? iTat hwid fdrmal and distinct uturans dimandz? 6r itat hwic 1 iz onli hurd frem iti mauitz ev carles, slurig spicurz, hu sirjc 61 iti vauel saundz ev aur laggwej toard 6r intu itat ev Ai niutral vauel? In standard IrjgliS spid itar ar no "inturmidiet," 6r "veri- ant" 6r "ebsciur" saundz. In itis wurc no sud saundz ar rec- egnaizd. Worcester 'z Dic^uneri iz nau biig rivaizd: itarf or iti "eb- sciur" caracturz faund in iti last idiun tu indicet pronuiisie- ar net at itis taim subject tu critisizm. 50 MOTT'S FONOLOJI The great English Dictionary now being published, of which Dr. James A. H. Murray is editor in chief, thus de- scribes one of the letters used to indicate correct pronuncia- tion: 4 'The vowel in pass, command, variously identified by different speakers with a in man, and a in father, is symbol- ized by the avowedly ambiguous a. ' ' With a symbol to indicate standard English speech, which symbol, by the authority of the dictionaries, may be given in the same syllable, not one, but several different sounds, the wonder is that the corruptions of English speech have not been such as to have long since compelled the adoption of a full alphabet, and the use of phonetic spellings, in order to preserve the identity of our spoken language. In the follow- ing lessons full instructions are given for uttering each distinct quality of vowel sound in the English language; and the accompanying exercises disclose the fact that the vowel element, brief or full, in any syllable, can be identified and can be rep- resented by a letter of the Phonetic English Alphabet, which letter is used to symbolize no other sound . In the exercises in this book, presented as aids in training the vocal organs to utter the sounds, will be found every key word used in the following dictionaries: Century, Standard, Webster's International, Worcester's, Phonetic, Walker, Encyclopedic, Stormonth, Imperial. The following twenty exercises contain all the vowel elements, brief ancl full, of the English language, and also all of the vowel combinations used to express diphthongs. The vowel elements are identified for the reader and are repre- sented by eight vowel letters. The prolongation of a vowel element is indicated by a diacritic common to all the vowel symbols. AND FONOTQIP. 51 fTi gret Iggli^ Dic^uneri nau biig publish, ev hwid Dr. James A. H. Murray iz editor in dif , ttus discraibz wun ev tti leturz yuzd tu indic^t correct pronunsie^uii : ;i iTi vauel in pas, cem- maiid, veriusli aidentifaid bai difurent spicurz witt a in man, and a in fattur, iz simbelaizd bai tti avauedli ambigyuus a. " Wiit a simbel tu indicet standard Iggli^ spid, hwid simbel, bai tti oteriti ev tti dic^uiieriz, me bi givn in fti sem silabl, net wun, but sevural difurent saundz, iti wuiidur iz ctat rti cerrup- unz ev Irjgli^ spid hav net bin sud az tu hav leg sins cempeld iti adep^un ev a ful alfabet, and iti yus ev fonetic spelinz, in erdur tu prizurv iti aidentiti ev aur spocn laggwej. In tti feloig lesnz ful instruc^unz ar givn fer uturii) id distigct cweliti ev vauel saund in rti Irjgli^ laggwej; and tti accumpaniig ecsursai- zez discloz Ai fact ttat tti vauel eliment, brif er ful, in eni sil- abl, can bi aidentifaid and can bi reprizented bai a letur ev tti Fonetic IggliS Alfabet, liwid letur iz yuzd tu simbolaiz no uttur saund. In tti ecsursaizez in ttis buc, prizented az edz in trenig tti vocal erganz tu utur tti saundz, wil bi f aund evri ci wurd yftzd in tti feloii) dic^uneriz: Century, Standard, Webster 7 z Intur- na^unal, Worcester 7 z, Phonetic, Walker, Encyclopedic, Stor- montli, Imperial. iTi feloii) twenti ecsursaizez centen el tti vauel eliments, brif and ful, ev tti Ii)gli3 larjgwej, and elso el ev tti vauel cem- bine^unz yuzd tu ecspres diftenz. H?i vauel eliments ar aidenti- faid f6r tti ridur and ar reprizented bai et vauel leturz. fTi prolei)geun ev a vauel eliment iz indicated bai adaiacritic cemun tu 61 tti vauel simbelz. 52 MOTTS FONOLOJI LESSON I. SOUND OF U (u(r)). Pronounce the word hut, slowly and distinctly, then attempt to pronounce hut omitting the first sound, that of h. Try again, omitting the first and the last sound, that of h and of t. The sound heard is an elementary vowel sound, repre- sented in the Phonetic English Alphabet and in the Scientific Alphabet by the new letter u (u (r) ). This vowel sound pro- longed is heard in hurt, and when prolonged is followed by the sound of r. In ordinary print, it is not always necessary to use a sign to indicate its prolongation, its position before r being sufficient. SeeAppendix. This vowel is termed the neutral vowel and is so called because it does not belong exclusively to either of the two classes of vowel sounds. It may as rightfully begin one series as the other. It is the most natural and most easily uttered of all the vowel sounds, and, because of this fact, any vowel sound carelessly uttered by a lazy speaker tends towards this sound. The so called obscure vowels are those which are improperly voiced by careless speakers. To produce this sound, open the mouth slightly, with tongue and lips in their most natural position of indifference, and force vocalized breath from the larynx into and from the mouth. Its full sound is this element prolonged. This sound is not suppressed before r by those who use only standard English pronunciation. In current spelling it is des- ignated by ea, e, i, o, oo, ou, on, u, y, eo, hu, io, oe, oi, ow, eou, as in heard, offer, verb, tapir, bird, son, word, blood, young, tongue, tub, turn, zephyr, myrrh, dungeon, humble, cushion, does, porpois, gallows, gorgeous. AND FONOTQIP. 53 LESN I. SCLUND OV U (uh). Pronauns iti wurd hut, sloli and distigctli, iten attempt tu pronauns hut omitii) iti furst sannd, itat ev h. Trai agen, omitig iti furst and iti last saund, itat ev h and ev t. rTi saund hurd iz an elimentari vauel saund, reprizented in fti Fonetic Irjglis* Alfabet and in iti Saientific Alfa bet bai iti niii letur u. ITis vauel saund prolegd iz hurd in hurt, and hwen prolend iz f elod bai ifci saund ev r. In erdineri print, it iz net 61wez nes- eseri tu yuz a sain tu indicet its prolegges'un, its pozis"un bifor r biig suffis"eiit. SiAppendics. H"is vauel iz turmd fti niutral vauel and iz so celd bic6z it duz net bileg ecsclusivli tu iAur ev iti tu clasez ev vauel saundz. It me az raitf uli bigin wun siriz az tti uitur. It iz iti most nad- ural and most izili uturd ev 61 iti vauel saundz, and, bic6z ev itis fact, eni vauel saund carlesli uturd bai a lezi spicur tendz toardz Ais saund. iTi so c61d ebsciur vauelz or itoz hwid ar imprepurli veist bai carles spicurz. Tu prodius itis saund, opn iti maul slaitli, wiib iti tug and lips in ttar most natural pozi^un ev indifurens, and fors vocal - aizd bret from iti larigcs intu and frem iti maut. Its f ul saund iz ttis eliment prolegd. iTis saund iz net supprest bifor r bai itoz hu yuz onli stan- dard Irgli^ pronunsie^un. In curent spelig it iz designated bai ea, e, i, o, oo, ou, on, u, y, eo, hu, io, oe, oi, ow, eou, az in heard, offer, verb, tapir, bird, son, word, blood, young, tongue, tub, turn, zephyr, rnyrrh, dungeon, humble, cushion, does, porpois, gallows, gorgeous. 54 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXERCISE I. BEIEF SOUND OF U (u(r)). hut, bud, buzz, buff, hub, hunch, snub, ton, tun, trunk, hut bud buz buf hub hund snub tun tun trunc cut, cuff, cub, fun, tongue, run, gum , but, won'der, some, cut cuf cub fun tug run gum but wun'dur sum cap, does, bunch, sup, shun, hung, cov'er, zeph'yr, sum, cup duz bund sup un hug cuv'ur zefur sum up, num'ber, hov'er, offer, wel'come, ta'per, un'der, suffer, up num'bur huv'ur efur wel'cum te'pur un'dur sufur EXERCISE II. FULL SOUND OF tT (u(r)). hurt, learn, earn, urn, earth, worse, myrrh, stern, thirst, hurt lurn urn urn urt wurs mur sturn lurst hearse, vir'tue, bird, urge, curl, fer'vid, con-cur', jerk, cur, hurs vur'du burd urj curl fur'vid cen-cur' jure cur irk'some, per-vert', serge, surge, search, world, fern, sir, burr, urc'sum pur-vurt' surj surj surd wurld furn sur bur myr'tle, purse, churn, purge, nurse, smirch, firm, wor'ker. mur'tl purs durn purj nurs smurd furm wur'cur LESSON II. SOUND OF d (dh). Pronounce the worda-dopt, slowly and distinctly, then pro- nounce the first sound only of the word a-dopt, the sound represented by a. This is a vowel element. It is the purest of the vowel sounds, being that which is naturally sent forth by the human organs of utterance when the mouth and throat are widely opened, and the tone from the larynx suffered to come out with the least modifying interference or obstruction by the parts of the mouth. AND FONOTCLIP. 55 ECSURSaiZ I. BRIF SdUND OV U (uh). mut'ter, nev'er, na'tion, lov'er, trudge, fashion, stud'y, fund, mut'ur nev'ur ne's*un luv'ur truj fas*'un studl fund let'ter, mon'ey, in'dus-try, in'fer-ence, sub-mit', can'non, stunt, let'ur muni in'dus-tri in'fur-ens sub-mit' can'un stunt mud'dy, mar'tyr-dom, ful'crum, vir-gul'tum, ful'gent, e-lix'ir, mud'i mdr'tur-dum ful'crum vur-gul'tum ful'jent i-lics'ur cur'ry, flur'ry, hur'ry, sur'ry, wor'ry, crust, grub, rub'bing. curl flur'i hurl surl wurl crust grub rublg ECSURSQIZ II. FUL SQUND OV tT (uh). turn, worth, work, pearl, purl, mur'mur, er'mine, bur'gher, turn wurl wurc purl purl mur'mur ur'min bur'gur churl, surd, lurk, furl, hurl, berg, berth, birth, ber'gan-der, durl surd lure furl hurl burg burl burl bur'gan-dur Ber'tha, bur'sal, birl, burgh, burn, birr, birth'wort, ber'bine, Bur'la bur'sal burl burg burn bur burl'wurt bur'bin tur'bid, irk, ber'ga-mot, burst, birch, first, heard, girl, her. tur'bid urc bur'ga-met burst burd furst hurd gurl hur LESN II. SQUND 0V Q (dh). Pronauns iti wurd a-dept, sloli and distinctli, iten pronauns Ai furst saund onli ev fti wurd a-dept, Ai saund reprizented bai a. ITis iz a vauel eliment. It iz tti piurest ev fti vauel saundz, biii) ftat hwid iz nadurali sent forl bai Ai hiuman 6r- ganz ev uturans hwen rti maul and Irot ar waidli opnd, and fti ton frem fti larincs suf urd tu cum aut wift fti list medifaiirj inturf irens 6r ebstruc^un bai fti parts ev fti maul. 56 MOTT'S FONOLOJI To make this sound, open the mouth wide with the tongue nearly flat in the mouth, its tip in contact with the lower incisor teeth, raise the back of the tongue, and, while the mouth organs are in this position, force from the mouth vocalized breath. This sound is heard in the word ask, path, and wherever in the English language the letter a constitutes or ends an unaccented syllable, before f, 1, m, n, r, and before a continu- ous consonant (f, n, s) followed by a second consonant. Pro- longed, it is heard in the word arm. The greater difference between the brief and full sound of this vowel is in the quantity of the element used, there be- ing but very slight, if any, difference in the quality of the sounds, as the mouth organs are in nearly the same position in uttering the brief sound (ah) as is required to utter the full or prolonged sound (a -h). The addition of the new letter a (ah) to the English alphabet, and its use in ordinary print to designate this sound only, that of a in above, ask, ant, sofa, should increase the use of the most noble sound of our language, and arrest the tendency among rapid or careless speakers to change this sound (in many words) to that of the vowel in at, am, and (in many other words) to that of the vowel in hut, hurt. In ordi- nary print it is not necessary to indicate the prolongation of this sound. EXEKCISE III. BEIEF SOUND OF Q (dh). a-bove', a-bout', a-las', a-ghast', a-part', a-jar', a-loft', a-stride', a-buv' a-baut' a-las' a-gast' a-part' a-jar' a-left' a-straid' com'ma, fi'nal, a-rouse', a-buse', asp, aft, after, bath, mast, cem'a fai'nal a-rauz' a-biuz' asp aft af'tur bat mast AND FONOTCLIP. 67 Tu mec itis saund, opn iti maul waid wiit iti tug nirli flat in iti maul, its tip in contact wiit iti lour insaiser tit, rez iti bac ev iti tug, and, hwail iti maul erganz ar in itis pozi&m, f ors from iti maul vocalaizd brel. fTis saund iz hurd in iti wurd asc, pal, and hwarevur in iti IggliS laggwej iti letur a censtitiuts 6r endz an unacsented silabl, bifor f , 1, m, n, r, and bifor a continyuus consonant (f, n, s) felod bai a secund consonant. Prologd, it iz hurd in iti wurd arm. jTi gretur difurens bitwin iti brif and ful saund ov itis vauel iz in iti cwontiti ov iti eliment yuzd, itar biig but veri slait, if eni, difurens in iti cwoliti ev iti saundz, az iti maul erganz ar in nirli iti sem pozi^un in uturig iti brif saund a az iz ri- cwoird tu utur iti ful or prologd saund d. ffi addi^un ov iti niu letur a tu iti Iggli alfabet, and its yus in 6rdineri print tu designet itis saund onli, itat ov a in abuv, asc, sofa, ud incris iti yus ov iti most nobl saund ev aur laggwej, and arrest iti tendensi amug rapid 6r carles spicurz tu denj itis saund (in meni wurdz) tu Aat ov iti vauel in at, am, and (in meni uttur wurdz) tu itat ev iti vauel in hut, hurt. In ordineri print it iz not neseseri tu indicet rti prolegge^un ev itis saund. ECSURSQIZ III. BRIF SCLUND V d (ah). a-bate', grass, chaff, path, quaff, gasp, slant, lo'cal, to'tal, a-bet' gras daf pal cwaf gasp slant 16'cal td'tal chance, lance, cask, ad-vance', mon'arch, mad'am, di-plo'ma, c"ans lans case ad-vans' mon'arc mad'am di-pl6'ma 58 MOTT'S FONOLOJI dance, past, fast, grasp, chant, ant, par- take', A-mer'i-ca, dans past fast grasp dant ant par-tec' Q-mer'i-ca so'fa, hus'band, mas'ter, a-muse', a-far', a-midst', gui'dance. sd'fa huz'band mas'tur a-miuz' a-fdr' a-midst' gai'dans EXEECISE IV. FULL SOUND OF Q (ah). arm, far, calm, heart, barn, re-gard', ma, pa, ma-ma', pa-pa', arm far cam hart barn ri-gdrd' ma pa ma-ma' pa-pa' halve, half, balm, aunt, bar, ar'gue, a-larm', par'ty, spar'kle* hdv hdf bdm dnt bar dr'giu a-ldrm pdr'ti spdr'cl tar'tar, garland, bal'my, psalm'ster, half 'hose, ser'geant, tdr'tar garland bd'mi sdm'stnr hdf'hoz sdr'jent gnarled, gar'den, chart, harm, charm, bar'gain, gar'get, ah. ndrld gdr'dn <*drt harm ddrm bdr'gen gar'get ah LESSON III. SOUND OF O (awe). Pronounce the word not, slowly and distinctly, then attempt to pronounce it omitting the first sound, that of n. Try again, omitting the first and the last sound, that of n and of t. The sound heard is that of a vowel element. Prolonged, it is heard in the word naught. The greater difference between the brief and full sound of this element is in the quantity used, there being but very slight, if any, difference in the quality of the brief and full sounds. This is the vowel of the Rounded vowels least removed from the vowel in arm. To produce this vowel, open the mouth widely, place the tip of the tongue against the lower incisor teeth, raise the back of the tongue more than is required to produce the vowel element in ask, ant, and, while the mouth organs are in this position, force from the mouth vocalized breath. AND FONOTCLIP. 59 a-ro'ma, a-ground', in'fant, valiant, bot'a ny, break'fast, a-r6'rna a-graund' in'fant val'yant bet'a-ni brec'fast sar'sa-pa-ril'la, staii'za, pi'ca, mi'ca, quo'ta, del'ta, ul'tra. sdr'sa-pa-ril'a stan'za pai'ca mai'ca cwd'ta del'ta ul'tra ECSURSQIZ IV. FUL SCLUND OV a (ah). yard, guard, alms, car, bark, barque, salve, calf, bar'ba-rism, yard gdrd dmz car bare bare sdv caf bdr'ba-rizm barge, large, launch, hark, mar'tyr, char'ter, bar'ter, dar'by bdrj Idrj lane 1 hare mar'tur ddr'tur bdr'tur ddr'bi star'ter, mar'gin, psalm, cal'mer, halving, sdr'king, har'king stdr'tur mdr'jin sdm cd'mur hd'vig sdr'cii) hdr'cig sar'ki-nite, mar'king, are, palm, marl, har'den, garb, gar'ter. sdr'ci-noit mdr'cii) dr pdm marl hdr'dn garb gdr'tur LESN III. SQUND OV O (6h). Pronauns iti wurd net, sloli and distinctli, ften attempt tu pronauns it omitig fti furst saund, Aat ev n. Trai agen, omitii) Ai furst and Ai last saund, ftat ev n and ev t. BTi saund hurd iz ftat ev a vauel eliment. Prolerjd, it iz hurd in iti wurd net. Si gretur difurens bitwin iti brif and ful saund ev itis eliment iz in iti cwentiti yuzd, ftar biig but veri slait, if eni, difurens in Ai cweliti ev iti brif and ful saundz. ETis iz iti vauel ev iti Raunded vauelz list rimuvd frem iti vauel in arm. Tu prodius itis vauel, opn iti maul waidli, pies iti tip ev iti turj agenst iti lour insaiser tit, rez iti bac ev tti tug mor itan iz ri- cwaird tu prodius iti vauel eliment in asc, ant, and, hwail iti maul 6rganz ar in itis pozi^un, fors frem iti maul voealaizd brel. 60 MOTT'S FONOLOJI This sound is represented in the Phonetic English Alpha- bet and in the Scientific Alphabet by a new letter, e (awe), an o with the breve on its face. In ordinary print it is not neces- sary in every instance to designate the prolongation of this sound. EXEKCISE V. BRIEF SOUND OF O (awe). sot, tot, rot, bot, hot, rock, spot, frock, lock, got, what, set tet ret bet het rec spet free lee get hwet' hop'ping, sol'emn, sop'py, sock'y, lob'ster, nod'ding, knock, hep'ig sel'em sep'i sec'i leb'stur ned'irj nee sock'et, job'ber, don, pos -seas', dot, wot, ed'it-or, in-cor-rect', sec'et jeb'ur den pez-zes' det wet ed'it-er in-cer-rect' notch, shot, blot, sob, trot, flop'per, flos'sy, moss'back, frog, ned Set blet seb tret flep'ur fles'i mes'bac freg EXERCISE VI. FULL SOUND OF 6 (awe). sought, taught, caught, ball, bawl, call, caul, clause, claws, s6t tet cot bel bel eel eel clez c!6z hall, haul, orb, or'bit, daugh'ter, wa'ter, fau'cet, al-read'y, hel hel erb 6r'bit de'tur w6'tur fe'set 61-red'i horse, al'tar, al'ter, fawn, laws, swarm, draw, walk, sort, hers el'tar el'tur fen lez sw6rm dre w6c sert lord, landlord, ab-hor', pause, paws, maw, flaw, jaw, saw. 16rd land'16rd ab-h6r' pez p6z m6 fie je se LESSON IV. SOUND OF O (6h). Pronounce the word o-mit', slowly and distinctly, then pronounce the sound represented by o briefly, exactly as it is AND FONOTCLIP. 61 ITis saund iz reprizented in Ai Fonetic IngliS Alfabet and in iti Soientif ic Alfabet bai a niu letur, e (eh), an o wiA iti briv en its f es. In erdineri print it iz net neseseri in evri iiistans tu designet iti prolerjge^uii ov itis saund. ECSUESQIZ V. BRIF SdUND OV O (6h). quail -ty, cot, pot, doll, dob, wad, crock, id'i-ot, sob'bing, cwel'i-ti cet pet del deb wed crec id'i-et seb'irj mot'tle, mot'to, lot, nos'tril, fos'sil, ac'tor, progress, for'est, met! met'o let nes'tril fes'il ac'ter preg'res fer'est at'om, oc-cur', torld, bor'row, pomp, solve, tongs, blot'ter, at'em ec-cur' terld ber'o pemp selv tegz blet'ur froth, copse, drop'per, flog, romp, mop, grog, in-stal-la'tion. fret ceps drep'ur fleg remp mep greg in-stel-le'un ECSURSQIZ VI. FUL SQUND OV 6 (eh). daub, broad, salt, aught, ought, talk, gorge, al'so, for'ging, d6b bred s61t 6t 6t t6c g6rj el'so fer'jig bawd, or'der, aw'full, awe, all, awl, warm, form, nor, storm, bed er'dur 6'ful 6 el el w6rm f6rm n6r st6rm raw, short, sauce, squaw, mor'bid, pau'per, au'dit, nau'ti-cal, r6 6rt s6s scw6 mer'bid pe'pur e'dit n6'ti-cal or'bit, bau'ble, scorn, scoff, warmth, for'tres, dis-tort', brought. 6r'bit be'bl sc6rn sc6f werml fer'tres dis-t6rt' br6t LESN IV. SQUND OV O (6h). Pronauns fti wurd o-mit', sloli and distigctli, ften pronauris i saund reprizented bai o brifli, egzactli az it iz hurd in iti 62 MOTT'S FONOLOJI heard in the words omit, obey, opaque. The sound heard is a vowel element. To this sound there is no vanish element. It is the vowel sound heard wherever in the English language o constitutes or ends an unaccented syllable. It is also heard in some syllables and words when not final. Prolonged, it is heard in open, old, mold. The sound of o is a Rounded vowel sound, between that in nor and that in pull. To produce this sound, open the mouth widely, slightly protrude and round the lips, place the tip of the tongue against the lower incisor teeth, raise the back of the tongue, more than is required to utter the vowel in nor, and, while the mouth organs are in this position, force from the mouth vocalized breath. The difference in quality, if any, between the brief and full sound of this element is very slight, as the mouth organs are nearly in the same position when either sound is uttered. In ordinary print it is not necessary to designate this difference. EXERCISE VII. BRIEF SOUND OF O (6h). o-mit', o-bey' o-paque', o-rig'i-nal, o-va'tion, to-pog'ra-pher, o-mit' o-be' o-pec' o-rij'i-nal o-ve'un to-peg'ra-fur o-bese', o-rol'o-gy, no-ta'tion, to-bac'co, flo-til'la, pro-mote', o-bis' o-rel'o-ji no-te's'un to-bac'o flo-til'a pro-m6t' pro-voke', do-main', spo-rad'ic, to-ma'to, co-or'di-nate, pro-pose', pro-vdc' do-men' spo-rad'ic to-md'to co-6r'di-net pro-poz' to-pog'ra-phy, eu'lo-gy, a-nat'o-my, dem'o-crat, vo-ca'tion. to-peg'ra-fi yu'lo-ji a-nat'o-mi dem'o-crat vo-ce's'un EXERCISE VIII. FULL SOUND OF 6 (oh). o, oh, owe, sold, gold, bold, fold, oat, flow, rolled, beau, 666 s61d g61d b61d f&ld 6t f!6 r61d bo AND FONOTC1IP. 63 wurdz omit, obe, opec. ITi sauiid liurd iz a vauel eliment. Tu Ais saund Aar iz no vani eliment. It iz Ai vauel sound hurd hwarevur in Ai Ingli^ langwej o censtitiiits er endz an unacsented silabl. It iz elso hurd in sum silablz and wurdz hwen net fainol. Prolegd, it iz hurd in opn, old, mold. ITi saund ev o iz a Raunded vauel saund, bitwin Aat in n6r and Aat in pul. Tu prodius Ais saund, opn Ai maul waidli, slaitli protrud and raund fti lips, pies iti tip ev Ai tug agenst Ai lour insaiBer tit, rez Ai bac ev Ai tun, mor Aan iz ricwoird tu utur Ai vauel in n6r, and, hwail Ai maut 6rganz ar in Ais poziun, fors frem Ai maul vocalaizd brel. Hi difurens in cweliti, if eni, "bit win Ai brif and ful saund ev Ais eliment iz veri slait, az Ai maul 6rganz ar nirli in Ai sem pozi^un hwen iAur saund iz uturd. In 6rdineri print it iz net neseseri tu designet Ais difurens. ECSUESQIZ VII. BRIF SCLUND OV O (6h). so-licit, zo-on'o-my, vo-lute', pro-fess', mem'o-ry, top'o-graph'ic, so-lis'it zo-en'o-mi vo-liut' pro-fes' mem'o-ri tep'o-graf-ic do-me'tic, mel'o-dy, bo-tan'ic, co-e'val, co-quette', e-con'o-my, do-mes'tic mel'o-di bo-tan'ic co-i'val co-cet' i-cen'o-mi the'o-ry, zo-ol'o-gy, ab r ro-gate, sa'go, fres'co, oc-ta'vo, solo, li'o-ri zo-ero-ji ab'ro-get se'go fres'co ec-te'vo solo po-ta'to, mo-roc'o, ver'ti-go, pro-vi'so, me-ri'no, po-lite', o-gee' po-te'to mo-rec'o vur'ti-go pro-vai'zo me-ri'no po-lait' o-ji' ECSURSQIZ VIII. FUL SdUND OV (6h). toe, tow, ode, owed, old, loan, lone, roe, row, no'bly. t6 t6 6d 6d old 16n Ion ro ro nd'bli 64 MOTT'S FONOLOJI bow, bore, boar, dole, a-lorie', clothes, known, snore, forth, b6 b6r b6r d61 a-16n' cldttz n6n sn6r fdrfc fort, no'tion, to'ken, door, source, poke, no'wise, nose'gay, fdrt nd'^un td'cn d6r sdrs p6c nd'wcdz ndz'ge ope, lo'co-mo'tion, toll, foal, glo'ry, floor, loth, loathe, woe. 6p 16'co-m6'3un t61 f61 gld'ri f!6r 161 16fk w6 LESSON V. SOUND OF U (oo> Pronounce the word pull, slowly and distinctly, then attempt to pronounce it omitting the sounds of p and of 1. The sound heard is the vowel element represented by u (oo). Prolonged, it is heard in the word pool. This vowel is the Rounded vowel farthermost removed from the vowel repre- sented by u (u(r)). To produce this sound, open the mouth wide, protrude and round the lips, place the tip of the tongue against the lower incisor teeth, raise its back part to nearly the roof of the mouth, and, while the mouth organs are in this position, force from the mouth vocalized breath. If breath be forced from the mouth abruptly, the sound of the vowel in pull is heard; if done continuously, the sound is prolonged and the vowel in pool is produced, which differs only in quantity from the brief sound, as the mouth organs must be in nearly the same position to produce either the brief or the full sound of this element. This sound approaches a consonant character. It naturally passes with but little or no alteration of the posi- tion of the mouth organs into the sound of w (woo) in woo, will, a consonant sound. In ordinary print it is only occasion- ally necessary to use the circumflexed ft, that is, to desig- nate the prolonged sound, AND FONOTCLIP. 65 so, sow, sew, dough, show, snow, sport, hold, tole, no'ble, s6 so so d6 36 siid sport hold t61 nd'bl toed, towed, toad, mode, mowed, sole, soul, sore, soar, tod tod tod mod mod sol sol sor sor oath, goat, bloat, sow'er, sew'er, gore, pore, pour, cold, go. 6t got blot so'ur so'ur gor por por cdld go LESN V. SCLUND OV U (Ah). Pronauns iti wurd pul, sloli and distinctli, iten attempt tu pronauns it omitig tti saundz ev p and ev 1. fTi saund hurd iz iti vauel eliment reprizented bai u (uh). Prolerjd, it iz hurd in iti wurd pul. iTis vauel iz cti Raunded vauel farrturmost rimuvd from cti vauel reprizented bai u (uh). Tu prodius itis saund, opn iti maul waid, protrud and raund iti lips, pies iti tip ev iti tug agenst iti lour insaiser til, rez its bac part tu nirli iti ruf ev iti maul, and. hwail iti maul ergaiiz ar in itis pozi^un, fors frem iti maul vocalaizd brel. If brel bi forst frem iti maul abruptli, iti saund ev iti vauel in pul iz hurd; if dun centiiiyuusli, iti saund iz prolegd and iti vauel in pul iz prodiust, hwid difurz onli in cwentiti frem iti brif saund, az fti maul 6rganz must bi in nirli iti sem pozi^uii ta prodius iitur iti brif 6r iti ful saund ev rtis eliment. ITis saund approdez a. consonant caractur. it nadurali pasez wiit but litl er 110 elture^un ev iti pozi^un ev iti maul erganz intu iti saund ev w (wu) in wu, wil, a consonant saund. In 6rdi- neri print it iz onli eccezunali neseseri tu yuz iti surcumflecst u, itat iz, tu designet iti prolend saund. 66 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXEECISE IX. BEIEF SOUND OF U (oo) pull, put, could, good, stood, shook, book, foot, pulley, pul put cud gud stud uc buc fut pul'i cook, hook, pullet, bullet, bush'y, bush, rook, bill/rush* cue hue pul'et bul'et bu^'i bu rue buTruS op'u-lent, in-sin'u-ate, gran'u-lus, in'stru-ment, bull, puss, ep'yu-lent in-sin'yu-et gran'yu-lus in'stru-ment bul pus ful-fill,' foot'path, fec'u-la. joy'ful, bos'om, wol'ver-ine'. ful-fil' fut'pcrt fec'yu-la jei'ful buz'um wul'vur-in' EXERCISE X. FULL SOUND OF U (oo). pool, soon, noon, school, ooze, brood, groom, spoon, do, pul sun nun scul uz brad gram spun du doom, root, croon, shoot, flute, boom, glue, moon, moor, dum rut crun ut flut bum glu mun mur moot, troop, croup, true, vol'ume, tooth/some, tour, rule, mut trap crap tra veryum tut'sum tur rul route, tomb, ru'mor, brute, stool, too, two, choose, rude, rut turn ru'mer brut stul tu ti\ <3uz rud LESSON VI. SOUND OF A (a(ir)) , Pronounce the word at, slowly and distinctly, then pro- nounce only the first sound of the word at, that which is rep- resented by a (a(ir)). This is the vowel element of the Fronted and Raised vowel sounds least removed from the neutral vowel. It is the element represented in the Phonetic English AND FONOTCLIP. 67 ECSURSQIZ IX. BRIF SQUND OV U (Ah). look, nook, in/to, un'to, wolf, cuck'oo, to, crook, crook'ed, luc nuc in'tu un'tn wulf cuc'A tu erne cruc'ed crooked, fully, cushion, wo'ful, wom'an, pul'pit, grate'ful, cruet full cus*'un wd'ful wum'an pul'pit gret'ful putlog, put'off, full'f ace, pushing, full'er, ful'ness, in' jure, putlog put'ef ful'fes pu^lg ful'ur fullies in'jur dep'u-ty, bull'frog, wool'en, wool'y, na'ture, wood, would, dep'yu-ti bul'freg wul'en wull ne'dur wud wud ECSURSQIZ X. FUL SdUND OV tl (Ah). broom, stoop, rue, whose, truce, who-ev'er, roost, through, brum stup ru huz trAs hu-ev'ur rust tru truelsm, brew, drew, grew, clew, clue, food, sooth, chew, trAlzm bru dru grA clA clu fud sCit <3a trous-seau', soothe, smooth, re-moved', wooing, coo, in-trud3', tru-so' suit smuA ri-muvd' wulg cu in-trud' prune, swoon, lu'rid, boo'rish, flew, you, yew, ewe, youth, prun swun lu'rid bu'ris" flu yu yu yu yAl LESN VI. SaUND OV A (ah). Pronauns iti wurd at, sloli and distinctli, iten pronauns onli tti furst saund ev tti wurd at, rtat hwi<3 iz reprizented bai a (ah). H"is iz fti vauel eliment ev fti Frunted and Rezd vauel saundz list rimuvd from fti niutral vauel. It iz iti eliment rep- rizented in iti Fonetic Inglis" Alf abet bai a (ah). Prolend it iz 68 MOTT'8 FONOLOJI Alphabet by a (a(ir)). Prolonged, it is heard in care, fare, bear, their, there, and, whenever thus used, is always followed by the sound of r, therefore, in ordinary print it is not always necessary to use the circu mile xed a (a(ir)) to designate prolon- gation of this sound. The full sound of this vowel is often misrepresented as being the same as that of a in mate. It is doubtful if another instance can be found in which the difference, if any, in quali- ty, between the brief and full sound of the same vowel ele- ment is less than it is between the brief and full sound of a(a(ir)), heard in at, air; cat, care; that, there. The identity of the vowel sound in the word cat, with that in the word care, can be determined by uttering the vowel in cat and prolonging it without changing the position of the mouth organs. By standing before a mirror and looking at the reflection of the mouth organs as this sound is uttered, brief and full, no perceptible change in their position will be observed. This test with the sounds of ca in cat, care, fully proves the iden- tity of the vowel in at with that in air. To produce this Fronted and Raised vowel, open the mouth, place the tip of the tongue against the lower incisor teeth, keep it there, and raise its middle and front part by depressing its root, but do not raise the front part of the tongue to the height required to produce the vowel in day, and, while the mouth organs are in the positions described, force from the mouth vocalized breath. EXERCISE XL BRIEF SOUND OF A (a(ir)). at, am, bat, tack, tab, bland, hand, stand, chat, catch, at am bat tac tab bland hand stand dat cad AND FONOTQIP. 69 hurd in car, far, bar, Aar, and, hwenevur Aus yuzd, iz elwez felod bed Ai saund ev r, Aarfor, in erdineri print it iz net elwez neseseri tu yuz Ai surcumflecst a (ah) tu designet prolegge^un ev Ais saund. xTi ful saund ev Ais vauel iz efn misreprizented az biig Ai sem az Aat ev e in met. It iz dautful if anuAur instans can bi faund in hwich Ai difurens, if eni, in cweliti, bitwin Ai brif and ful saund ev Ai sem vauel eliment iz les Aan it iz bitwin Ai brif and ful saund ev a (ah), hurd in at, ar; cat, car; Aat, Aar. xTi oidentiti ev Ai vauel saund in Ai wurd cat, wiA Aat in Ai word car, can bi diturmind boi uturig Ai vauel in cat and pro- leg ig it wiAaut cleirjii) Ai pozi^un ev Ai maut 6rganz. Bai standig bifor a mirer and lucii) at Ai riflec^un ev Ai maut 6r- ganz az Ais saund iz uturd, brif and ful, no purseptibl denj in Aar pozi^un wil bi ebzurvd. iTis test wiA Ai saund ev ca in cat, car, fuli pruvz Ai aidentiti ev Ai vauel in at wiA Aat in ar. Tu prodius Ais Frunted and Kezd vauel, opn Ai maul, pies Ai tip ev Ai tug agenst Ai lour insaiser tit, cip it Aar, and rez its midl and frunt part bai dipresig its rut, but du net rez Ai frunt part ev Ai tug tu Ai hart ricwaird tu prodius Ai vauel in de, and, hwail Ai maul erganz ar in Ai poziun discraibd, fors frem Ai maut vocalaizd bret. ECSURSQIZ XI. BRIF SQUND OV A (ah). ac-cuse', ran'dom, car'ry, mar'ry, par'ry, tar'ry, Har'ry, har'ry, ac-ciuz' ran'dum car'i marl par'i tar'i Har'i har'i TO MOTT'S FONOLOJI scratch, latch, gap, flat, lad, pang, at-tack', re-act', slap, scrad lad gap flat lad par] at-tac' ri-act' slap re-ad-mit' mad'man, al-loy', fat, scalp, scamp, vat, clamp, ri-ad-mit' mad'man al-lei' fat scalp scamp vat clamp stamp, jag, stack, tramp, bad, bade, adds, adze, ac-cept'. stamp jag stac tramp bad bad adz adz ac-sept' EXEECISE XII. FULL SOUND OF A (a(ir)> air, heir, hair, hare, fair, fare, stair, stare, bare, bear, ar ar har har far far star star bar bar pair, pare, pear, chair, square, laird, spare, dare, share, par par par dar scwar lard spar dar gar de-clare', care, pa'rent, corn-pare', ware, wear, plow'share, di-clar' car pa'rent corn-par' war war plantar tare, tear, snare, scare, where, their, rare, mare, prayer, tar tar snar scar hwar itar rar mar prar LESSON VII. SOUND OF E (AY). Pronounce the word met, slowly and distinctly, then attempt to pronounce the word met omitting the sound of m. Try again, omitting the sound of m and also that of t. The sound heard is that of a vowel element. Prolonged, it is heard in the word may. This vowel sound is the Fronted and Raised vowel sound between that of a (a(ir)) in care and i (ee) in it, and is represented by the letter e (ay). To produce this sound, place the mouth organs in position to give the vowel sound in air. Do not open the mouth as widely as for uttering the vowel AND FONOTQIP. 71 Bar'ry, wrap, rap, mat, plan'et, tariff, pat'ent, maxim, tap, Barl rap rap mat plan'et tar'if pat'ent macslm tap jack'et, fa-natlc, re-lapse', hank, gath'er. hav'oc, plant, tan, jac'et fa-natlc ri-laps' hagc gait'ur hav'ec plant tan en-act', de-tach', i-tallc plash, splash, tas'sel, rank, plank, en-act' di-tac" i-tallc pla spla tasl rage plane ECSURSdlZ XII. FUL SdUND OV A (ah). hai'ry, fai'ry, sha'ring, blare, re-pair', af-fair', glare, flare, ha'ri fa'ri ga'rin blar ri-par' af-far' glar flar wel'fare, be-ware', da'ring, pre-pare', glair, there, where at', wel'far bi-war' da'rir) pri-par' glar ttar hwar-at' where -as', where-to', where-of ; , for-bear', im-pair', a-ware', lair, hwar-az' hwar-tu' hwar-ei" fer-bar' im-par' a-war' lar sware, thor'ough-fare, ap-pa'rent, care'ful, fare'well', pa'ring. swar lur'o-far ap-pa'rent car'ful far'wel' pa/rig LESN VII. SQUND OV E (eh). Pronauns Ai wurd met, sloli and distigctli, ften attempt tu pronauns tti wurd met omitig iti saund ev in. Trai agen, omitig ifci saund ev m and elso ftat ev t. H"i saund hurd iz itat 6v a vauel eliinent. Prolegd, it iz hurd in iti wurd me. K'is vauel saund iz di JB"runted and Rezd vauel saund bitwin itat ev a (ah) in car and i (ih) in it, and iz reprizented bai iti letur e (eh). Tu prodius itis saund, pies iti maul erganz in poziun tu giv iti vauel saund in ar. Du net opn iti maul az waidli az f6r uturig iti vauel saund in ar, but mor waidli itaii f6r pro- 72 MOTT'S FONOLOJI sound in air, but more widely than for producing the sound of i (ee) in pin. Raise the flat of the tongue slightly and force vo- calized breath through the mouth. In prolonging the sound of e (ay) in met, to produce the sound of e (ay) in they, the mouth organs very slightly change their position, more than in any other case except for the prolongation of the sound of i (ee). It is true that the sound of the e (ay) of they is a closer sound than the e (ay) of met, but the former is substantially the lengthened sound of the latter. The full sound of e (ay) followed by the vanishing sound of i (ee) in police (diphthongal or nasal utterance of the vowel in mate), is never heard from the mouth of one who, in youth, was properly instructed in voicing the sounds of the English language. It is probable that the diphthongal utterance of this pure vowel sound was brought about by attempts to sound y (yee) following e (ay) and a (a(ir)) in current spelling, as in they, may, consonant y (yee) being closely allied to the vowel i (ee). In some places, and in the mouths of drawling speakers, the vanishing element is often heard. A similar vanishing sound may be attached to any vowel element, but, if done, it would be no part of the vowel sound. If the sound of e (ay), when prolonged, ends in an i (ee) vanish it should be represented by ei (ay ee). In ordinary print the full sound of e (ay) should be indicated in every instance by circumflexed e (ay). The Standard Dictionary on page 2105, Sec. 29, says: "The elementary sound, however, is e as in met; this prolongation should be represented by e with a diacritic of prolongation or an added vowel. " In the Standard's respell- ings, to show pronunciation, the circumflexed e is used. AND FONOTCLIP. 73 diusii) iti saund ev i (ih) in pin. Kez iti flat ev iti tug slaitli and fors vocalaizd brel Iru iti maul. In prolegig ili saund ev e (eh) in met, tu prodius iti saund ev e (eh) in rte, iti maul er- ganz veri slaitli denj itar pozi^un, mor itan in eni uitur ces ecsept fer iti prolenge^un ev iti saund ev i (ih). It iz tru Aat iti saund ev iti e (eh) ev ite iz a closur saund itan iti e (eh) ev met, but iti ferrnur iz substanali iti leglnd saund ev iti latur. ITi ful saund ev e (eh) felod bai iti vaniii) saund ev i (ih) in polis (dif leggal er nezal uturans ev iti vauel in met), iz nevur hurd from tli maul ev wun hu, in yul, wez propurli instructed in veisig iti saundz ev iti Ii]gli3 lai]gwej. It iz prebabl ilat iti diflengal uturans ev itis piur vauel saund wez bret abaut bai attempts tu saund y(yi)feloig e (eh) and a (ah) in curent spelin, az in they, may, censonaiit y (yi) biii) closli allaid tu iti vauel In sum plesez, and in iti mauitz ev drelii) spicurz, iti van- i^ig eliment iz efn hurd. Q similar vani^ig saund me bi attadt tu eni vauel eliment, but, if dun, it wud bi no part ev iti vauel saund. If iti saund ev e(eh), hwen prolend, endz in an i(ih) vani it ud bi reprizented bai ei (eh ih). In erdineri print iti ful saund ev e (eh) ^ud bi indicated in evri instans bai surcum- flecst e (eh). iTi Standard Dic^uneri en pej 2105, Sec. 29, sez: ''ffi elimentari saund, hauevur, iz e az in met; itis prolei)geun ud bi reprizented bai e wiit a daiacritic ev prolenge^un 6r an aded vauel." In iti Stand ard'z rispeliij, tu 3o pronunsie^un, iti surcumflecst e iz yuzd. 74 MOTT'S FON0LOJI EXERCISE XIII. BRIEF SOUND OF E (ay). ell, else, ed'it, met, let, death, any, when, pen, friend, el els ed'it met let det eni hwen pen frend village, moun'tain, ex-cuse', ef-face', cor'set, con-demn', pet, vil'ej maun'ten ecs-ciuz' ef-fes' cer'set cen-dem' pet de'cen-cy, sun'set, mo'meiit, ab'sence, Per'ry, her'e-sy, get, di'sen-si sun'set m6'ment ab'sens Per'i her'i-si get her'ald, ter'ri-er, herr, her'on, mer'it, ber'yl, sweat, mend, her'old ter'i-ur her her'en mer'it ber'il swet mend EXERCISE XIV. FULL SOUND OF $ (ay). mate, gray, grey, dale, straight, strait, mail, male, fate, met gre gre del stret stret mel mel fet weight, wait, ail, ale, brake, break, ray, lace, pain, aid, wet wet el el brec brec re les pen ed main, mane, pa'per, la'bor, pray, prey, cha'os, fail, play, men men pe'pur le'ber pre pre ce'es fel pie pa'tri-ar'chal, great, grate, ate, eight, way, weigh, es-tate'. pe'tri-cir'cal gret gret et et we we es-tet' LESSON VIII. SOUND OF I (ee). Pronounce the word it, slowly and distinctly, then attempt to pronounce it omitting the sound of t. The sound heard is that of a vowel element. Prolonged, it is heard in the word pique. This vowel sound is the Fronted and Raised vowel farthermost removed from the neutral vowel. To produce this, the closest of the Fronted and Raised vowel sounds, force vocalized breath from the mouth when the AND FONOTQIP. 75 ECSURSQIZ XIII. BRIF SQUND OV E (eh). breast, en-gage', cam'el, pru'dence, pen'i-tant, nov'el, ad'ded, brest en-gej' cam'el pru'dens peri'i-tent nev'el ad'ed colo'nel, bless, men, guess, re'cent, fer'ry, mer'ry, her'o-ine, cur'iiel bles men ges ri'sent fer'i mer'i her'o in ber'ry, her'e-tic, her'i-ot, her'i-tor, sen'ate, preface, del'i-cate, ber'i her'i-tic her'i-at her'i-ter sen'et prefes del'i-cet mesh, thread, trench, cem'e-ter-y, stress, tenth, em-ploy'ment. mes 1 Ired trend sem'i-ter-i stres tent em-plei'ment ECSURSQIZ XIV. FUL SCLUND OV (eh) sleigh, slay, sail, sale, pail, pale, ape, dey, day, veins, aye, sle sle sel sel pel pel ep de de venz e play'er, cham'ber, un-feig'ned-ly, a-e'ri-al, cha-ot'ic, ab-stain', ple'ur dem'bur un-fe'ned-li e-i'ri-al ce-et'ic ab-sten' snail, frail, raise, trail, bray, nay, neigh, prate, a-vail, ay, snel frel rez trel bre ne ne pret a-vel e de-tail', a-wait', sailor, sway, as-say', may'or, plate, weight. di-teT a-wet' se'ler swe as-se' me'er plet wet LESN VIII. SQUND OV I (ih). Pronauns tti wurd it, sloli and distinctli, Aen attempt tu pronanns it onutirj iti saund ev t. iTi saund hurd iz a van el eliment. Prolend, it iz hurd in iti wurd pic. iTis vauel saund iz Ai.Frunted and Rezd vauel fariturmost rimuvd from fti niu- tral vauel. Tu prodiiis itis, iti closest ev Ai Frunted and Rezd vauel saundz, fors vocalaizd bret from fti maul hwen iti maul 6rganz 76 MOTT'S FONOLOJI month organs are bronght as near approximation as possible without giving rise to a fricative utterance. The approxima- tion is made by placing the tip of the tongne against the lower incisor teeth, depressing its root and raising the middle front part of the tongue to near the point in the roof of the mouth where a complete closure is required to make the sound of c (kee) in cap. The prolonged sound of this vowel element is heard in the word eve. This vowel is very close to a consonant, and nearly iden- tical in quality with that of consonant y (yee), heard in ye, year, into which sound it freely passes. In producing the prolonged sound of this vowel the mouth organs are not in precisely the same position as required to give its brief sound, but they are substantially in the same position. Therefore, the sound of i (ee) in pique is properly regarded as the pro- longed sound of i (ee) in pin; but because of this slight dif- ference in quality, between the brief and full soufnds of this vowel, the circumflexed i (ee) is always used in ordinary print, to insure voicing the full sound by the reader. See Stan. Die. EXERCISE XV. BRIEF SOUND OF I (ee). ill, fill, fit, bit, rill, been, dim, grit, rip, in. inn, rim, il fil fit bit ril bin dim grit rip in in rim pret'ty, e-pis'tle, el'e-gant, el'e-ment, so-ci'e-ty, crys'tal, prit'i i-pisl ell-gout el'i-ment so-soi'i-ti cris'tal nymph, syl'van, lyr'ic, sym'bol, yt'tri-a, spirit, mir'a-cle, iiimf sil' van lir'ic sim'bel it'ri-a spir'it mir'a-cl cir'us, mir'ror, ir-reg'u-lar, ir-rev'er-ent, tick, e-vent', flit, sir'us mir'er ir-reg'yu-lar ir-rev'ur-ent tic i-vent' flit AND FONOTCLIP. 77 or br6t az nir apprecsimeun az pesibl wiftaut givig raiz tu a fricativ uturans. iTi apprecsimeun iz med bai plesirj fti tip ev fti tui) agenst iti lour insaiser tit, dipresig its rut and rezig fti midl frunt part ev iti turj tu nir fti point in fti ruf ev fti maul hwar a cemplit clozur iz ricwaird tu mec fti saund ev c (ci) in cap. xTi prolegd saund ev ftis vauel iz hurd in fti wurd iv. iTis vauel iz veri clos tu a consonant, and nirli aidentical in cwoliti wift ftat ev consonant y (yi), hurd in yi, yir, intu hwid saund it frili pasez. In prodiusir) fti prolerjd saund ev ftis vauel fti maul drganz ar not in prisaisli fti sem pozi^un az ricwaird tu giv its brif saund, but fte ar substanali in fti sem poziun. iTarfor, fti saund ev i (ih) in pic iz prepurli rigarded az fti prologd saund ev i (ih) in pin; but bicez ev ftis slait dif- urens in cweliti, bitwin fti brif and ful saundz ov ftis vauel, fti surcumflecst i (ih) iz elwez yuzd in erdineri print, tu i sii) fti ful saund bai fti ridur. Si Stan . Die. ECSURSCLIZ XV. BRfF SQUND OV I (ih). a-bil'i-ty, till, lip, bus'y, build, pin, it, e-clipse', in fin'i-tive, a-bill-ti til lip biz'i bild pin it i-clips' in-fin'i-tiv pit'y, bis'cuit, hab'it, di-vinl-ty, cre-ate', de-lin'e-ate, re-set', pit'i bis'cit hab'it di-vin'i-ti cri-et' di-lin'i-et ri-set' re-main', myth-ol'o-gy, phthisic, in'ju-ry, midge, ir'i-gate, ri-men' mit-el'o-ji tiz'ic in'ju-ri mij ir'i-get minx, chintz, lim'it, pip'in, dit'ty, pit, grip, sin, hip, trim, mirjcs 6ints lim'it pip'in dit'i pit grip sin hip trim 78 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXERCISE XVI. FULL SOUND OF I (ee). eel, peat, peal, feel, feet, seat, meal, real, bean, deed, il pit pil fil fit sit mil ril bin did deem, ream, steed, steer, eve, ease, be-lieve', beech, we, dim rim stid stir iv iz bi-liv' bid wi niece, bee, be, mien, mean, pique ma-chine', me'di-nm, nis bi bi min min pic ma-in' mi'di-um seeing, un-seen' beet, beat, fleet, teak, leap, greet, reap, si'ii) un-sin' bit bit flit tic lip grit rip LESSON IX. DIPHTHONG (II. Pronounce the word vine, slowly and distinctly. Four sounds are heard, namely: of v-i(oi)-n. The vowel sounds ah and ee are united and represented by the letter i (ee), which, when thus used, is generally (and wrongly) termed "long eye"; less frequently (but correctly) termed "diphthong eye." Correct spelling requires diphthongs to be repre- sented by their elements. This system of representing diph- thongs is approved by the American Philological Association. They are thus expressed in the New English Dictionary and in the Standard Dictionary. The following diagram illustrates Jthe formation of diphthong oi: a a. ... i a . . . i a i a. . . .i ai AND FONOTQIP. 79 ECSUKSQIZ XVI. FLTL SCLUND OV I (ih). beach, cheap, steel, steal, flee, flea, field, shield, keep, me, bid dip stil stil fli fli fild slid cip mi fee'ble, he'li-om'i-ter, po-lice', ma-rine', me'ter, re-ceipt', beef, fi'bl hi'li-em'i-tur polis' ma-rin' mi'tur ri-sit' bif se-rine', screem, tease, squeal, be- siege', re-prieve', peo'ple, see. si -rin' scrim tiz scwil bi-sij' ri-priv' pi'pl si be-lief, tierce, va-lise', thief, bleak, freak, seed, heap, gee, sea. bi-lif tirs va-lis' tif blic fric sid hip ji si LESN IX. DIFF0D CLI. Pronauns fti wurd vine , sloli and distirjctli. For saundz ar hurd, nemli: ev v-i(ai)-n. H"i vauel saundz a and i ar yu- naited and reprizenled bai rti letur i (ih), hwid, hwen ctus yuzd, iz jenurali (and renli) turmd "lei) ai"; les fricwentli (but cer- rectli) turmd "difbeg ai. " Correct spelirj ricwairz diftenz tu bi reprizented bai itar eliments. H?is sistem ev reprizentii) diftegz iz appruvd bai Ai CLmerican Filol6jical Assosies'un. fl"e ar itus ecsprest in iti Mu Irjgli Dic^uneri and in iti Standard Dic^un- eri, fl?i feloig daiagram illustrets iti f6rmeun ev difleg oi. a a a a a i ai 80 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXEKCISE XVII. DIPHTHONG CLI. mine, fine, swine, twine, fried, find, guile, i'vo-ry, ire, main fain swain twain fraid faind gail ai'vori air i, pine, sigh, I, eye, thy, height, fire, file, mind, lie, lye, ai pain sai ai ai itai hait fair fail maind lai lai style, sight, site, cite, fly, sny, pyre, pile, rise, rice, mice, stail sait sait sait flai snai pair pail raiz rais mais ice, i'cy, i'dly, i'dle, i'dyl, i'dol, i'ron, i-ri'tis, aisle, isle, my. ais ai'si ai'dli ai'dl ai'dil ai'del ai'urn ai-rai'tis ail ail mai LESSON X. DIPHTHONG CLtL Pronounce the word out, slowly and distinctly. Three sounds are heard: au-t. The vowel sounds ah and oo are uni- ted and represented by ou instead of by au, the letters as- signed by the American Philological Association to represent the elements which form this diphthong, and which are used in the New English Dictionary and in the Standard Diction- ary to express it. The following diagram illustrates the formation of diph- thong au: a. . . u a 11 a. u a. , . . . u a. .u au EXERCISE XVIH. DIPHTHONG QU. on, out, thou, plough, cow, now, our, hour, bow, bough, au aut itau plau cau nau aur aur bau bau AND FONOTOIP. ECSURSQIZ XVII. DIFTOD OI. sky, de-fy', dy'ing, knife, crime, fight, wild, side, island, seal di-fai' dai'ig naif craim fait waild said ai'land vile, tried, i'vy, try, nigh, shy, ri'fle, ti'tle, jus'ti-fi'a-ble, vail traid ai'vi trai nai s"ai rai'fl tai'tl jus'ti-fai'a-bl i-de'a, ply, di-am'e-ter, i'dol-ize, i'dyl-ist, ri'val, bile, dine, ai-di'a plai dai-am'i-tur oi'del-aiz ai'dil-ist rai'val bail dain mile, might, mite, pie, bide, ride, chide, lime, rind, spike., mail mait mait pal bald raid daid laim raind spaic LESN X. DIFTOD QU. Pronauns fti wurd out, sloli and distigctli. Tri sanndz ar hard: au-t. ITi vauel saundz d and ft ar yunaited and rep- rizented bai ou insted ev bai au, iti leturz assaind bai iti Qmer- ican Filolejical Assosies"un tu reprizent Ai eliments hwid f6rm itis dif ten, and hwic 1 ar yiizd in iti Niu Ingli^ Dicuneri and in iti Standard Dics"uneri tn ecspres it. Si feloig daiagram illustrets iti fermes'un ev difteij au. a u a u a u a . u a .u au ECsuEsaiz xvm. DIFTOD an. mouth, trout, round, spout, mouse, pound, fount, nouns, maul traut raund spaut maus paund faunt naunz 82 MOTT'S FONOLOJI town, tow'el, mound, found, vow, row, pout, bout, cow'ard. taun tau'el maund faund vau rau paut baut cau'ard how, owl, scowl, sound, rout, scow, ground, bound, al-low', hau aul scaul saund rftut scau graund baund al-lau' gout, bow' wow', bounce, ounce, sour, vouch, couch, wound, gaut bau'wau' bauiis auiis saur vaud cau6 waund LESSON XI. DIPHTHONG ItL Pronounce the word new, slowly and distinctly. Three sounds are heard: n-iu. The vowel sounds ee and oo are uni- ted and represented by ew instead of by iu, the letters assigned by the American Philological Association to represent the ele- ments which form this diphthong, and which are used in the Standard Dictionary and in the New English Dictionary to express it. This diphthong is frequently represented in current spell- ing by a single letter u (oo), which, when used for this purpose, is generally (and wrongly) termed "long u (yoo); " less fre- quently (but correctly) termed L 'diphthong u (yoo). ' ' The following diagram illustrates the formation of diph- thong iu: i ...................... u i .................. u i .......... u i ...... u iu EXERCISE XIX. DIPHTHONG ItL u, duration, mute, music, few, fuse, due, dew, tube, sue, iu diureshun miut miuzic fiu fiuz diu dift tiub sift AND FONOTQIP. 83 mount, tout, south, plow, pouch, vouched, blouse, doubt, maunt taut saut plau paud vaudt blauz daut proud, pounce, flout, rouse, count, cowl, pow'er, pow'der, praud pauns flaut rauz caunt caul pau'ur pau'dur out'ward, ow'lish, tow'er, a-bout', browse, hound, out'scout. aut'ward au'li tau'ur a-baut brauz haund aut'scaut LESN XL DIFTOD ItL Pronauns iti wurd new, sloli and distigctli. Tri saundz ar hurd: n-iu. fTi vauel saundz i and u ar yunaited and rep- rizented boi ew insted ev bai iu, iti leturz assaind bai iti CLraeri- can Filolejical Assosie^un tu reprizent Ai eliments hwid ferm itis diflen, and hwid ar yuzd in iti Standard Dic^uneri and in iti Mu Iggi Dicaneri tu ecspres it. ITis difteg iz fricwentli reprizented in curent spelii) bai a singl letur u (u), hwid, hwen yuzd for itis purpus, iz jenarali (and renli) turmd 4 'leg u(yu);" les fricwentli (but cerrectli) turmd ^'difteg u (yu). " ffi feloig daiagram illustrets iti f6rmeun ev difteg iu. i ...................... u i .................. u i .............. u i .......... u i ...... u iu ECSURSQIZ XIX. DIFOD ItL ad-duce', mu-lat/to hu-mane', as-sume', ac-cu'sing, mewl, mule, ad-dius' miu-lat'o hiu-men ; as-sium' ac-ciu'zig miul miul 84 MOTT'S FON0LOJI new, pew, dew, pure, pu'piL fu'el, du'ty, lew, lieu, mew, nift pift dift piur piu'pil fift'el diiVti lift lift miu beau'ty, sew'age, su'et, pu'iiy, fu'sil, pu'trid, few, hue, hew, bift'ti sift'ej sift'et pift'ni fiu'zil piu'trid fift hiu nift whew, stew, suit, fume, hu'man. lute, tune, cu'pid, a- cute', hwift stift siut fiftm hiu'man liut tiftn ciu'pid a-ciut' LESSON XII. DIPHTHONG 01. Pronounce the word oil, slowly and distinctly. Three sounds are heard: ei-1. The vowel sounds awe and ee are uni- ted and represented by oi instead of by ei, the letters as- signed by the American Philological Association to represent the elements which form this diphthong, and which are used in the Standard Dictionary to express it. The following diagram illustrates the formation of diph- thong ei: e. . .i i e i e . .i e i 0i EXERCISE XX. DIPHTHONG OI. oint, oil, noise, a- void', boy, boil, toy, toil, soil, joy, loi'ter, 0int 0il n0iz a- void' b0i boil tei toil soil j0i 10i'tur coy, coil, join, point, moist, hoist, quoin, poise, poi'son. c0i coil join peint moist hoist coin peiz poi'zn poig'nant, noi'sy, re-joice', em-broi'der-y, coin, loin, foist, poi'nant n0i'zi ri-j0is' em-broi'dur-i coin loin foist oys'ter, cloi'ly, an-noy' doily, clois'ter, toilet, en-joy', oily, is'tur c!0ili an-noi' d0ili clois'tur toilet en-j0i' ei'li AND FONOTCLIP. 85 duke, dude, du-dine' du-et', du'el, rev'e-nue, cu'bic, cube diuc diud diu-din' diu-et' diu'el revl-niu ciu'bic ciub' im-bue', res'i-due, beau'ti-ful, a-dieu', cu'bit, Cu'ban, curlew, im-biu' rezl-diu biu'ti-ful a-diu' ciu'bit Ciu'ban cur'M cu'ti-cle, cute, cu'tose, cu-vette', dewlap, du'ti-ous, dune, ciu'ti-cl ciut ciu'tds ciu-vet' diulap diu'ti-us diun LESN XII. DIFTOD OL Pronauns iti wurd oil, sloli and distigctli. ri saundz ar hurd: ei-1. JTi vauel saundz 6 and i ar yunaited and repri- zented bai oi insted ev bai ei, Ai leturz assaind bai rti CLmeri- can Filolejical Assosie^un tu reprizent iti eliments hwid f6rm itis difteg, and hwid ar yuzd in iti Standard Dicuneri tu ecs- pres it. JTi f eloig daiagram illustrets fti fdrme^un ev difbeg ei. e i e i e i e ,..i i 01 ECSUKSCLIZ XX. DIFTOD OI. coign, roil, cloy, droit, foi'ble, goi'ter, groi'ner, groin, hoy, cein reil clei dreit fei'bl gei'tur grei'nur grein hei hoi'den, foil, oilet, poy, poig'nan-cy, poin'ted, poi-menlcs, hei'dn feil eilet pei pei'nan-si pein'ted pei-menlcs quoit, em-ploy', oil'stone, voi'da-ble, toiling, soiling, broiled, cweit em-plei eil'stdn vei'da-bl teilii) seilig breild voice, voiced, voi'cing, voy'age, a-roint', boy'cott, bois'ter-ous. veis veist vei'sig vei'ej a-reint' bei'cet beis'tur-us MOTT'S FONOLOJI ANALYSIS OF THE CONSONANT SOUNDS. The following diagram is presented to facilitate compre- hension of the positions of the mouth organs (lips, tongue, and palate), while uttering the different consonant sounds. Its value for this purpose will be readily seen, after having read the instructions for the production of the sounds. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANT SOUNDS. W 1. Quality. LABIAL. LINGUAL. PALATAL. LETTERS. NAMES. LETTERS. NAMES. LETTERS. NAMES. <- Surd P p pee T t tee C c kee ^ J Sonant B b bee D d dee G- g ghee \ ^ Surd F f eff T 1 ith 1 1 <5 chee -N & * < Sonant V V vee S A thee/| J j jay 1 J o o Surd, sibilant S s ess ft 3 ish [f ^ Sonant, sibilant Z z zee YL z zhee J ^ Sonant M m em N n en D g ing *) | Sonant W W woo LI ell Y y yee Sonant R r ar & Surd H h hee 2. Character. EXPLODENTS. CONTINUANTS. CONTINUANTS. LETTERS. NAMES. LETTERS. NAMES. LETTERS. NAMES P p pee B b bee F f eff /LI ell Liquids V v vee I E r ar T t tee * lth Coalescents { W W D d dee IT it thee I Y y yee d chee S s ess |^M m em J j jay Z z zee Nasal Liq'g < N n en C c kee vB. ish ^ D g ing Q g ghee TL z zhee Aspirate H h hee AND FONOTOIP. 87 CLNALISIS OV iTI CONSONQNT SQUISTDZ. iTi foloig daiagram iz prizented tu fasilitet cemprihen^un ev Ai pozis"unz 0v Ai maul erganz (lips, tug, and palet), hwail uturirj Ai difurent consonant saundz. Its valyu fer Ais purpus wil bi redili sin, aftur havig red Ai instrucs'unz fer Ai produc- un ev Ai saundz. CLASIFIC&&UN OV CONSONQNT SQUNDZ. LEBICLL. 1. Cw01iti. LIDGWQL. PALQTQL. LETURZ. NEMZ LETURZ NEMZ. LCTURZ NCMZ. * f Srd P P PI T t ti C c ci W Sonant B b bi D d di G g H Surd F f ef I il \* a tt " 2i < Sonant V V vi IT A Ai/! J j O O Surd, sibilant S s es a g id u ^ Sonant, sibilant Z z zi a z zi J Sonant M m em N n en D g ig "| Sonant W w wu L 1 el Y y j Sonant R r ar I u Surd ECSPL6DENTS. p p Pi B b bi T t ti D d di d di J J j C c ci & g 8* H h hi 2. Caractur. CONTEST YIIQNTS. CONTINYUCLNTS. Licwidz Coaleseiits Lic'z Aspiret LETURZ. F f NEMZ. ef V v vi T t it fl? A Ai 8 8 es Z z zi Jl i i Z. I zi LETURZ. |L 1 IB r NCMZ el ar / W w wu 1.Y y yi JM m em j N n en ( e g H h ig hi 88 MQTT'S FON0LOJI LESSON XIII. SOUND OF P. Pronounce the word pip, slowly and distinctly. The first and the last sound heard, when the word pip is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter p. This sound is a surd, labial, mute, corresponding to the sound of b, as sonant, and to that of m, as nasal. This sound is made by a complete closure of the lips, during the maintenance of which closure there is complete silence, its character being disclosed only by emission of voiceless breath on explosion or breach of the contact. EXERCISE XXI. SOUND OF P. pit, peep, speak, spo'ken, o'pen, spade, pill, grip, hap'pen, pit pip spic spd'cn 6'pn sped pil grip hap'n lap, mop, pomp, ripe, map, plot, top, prance, prank, purr, lap mep pomp raip map plot top prans pranc pur type, pies, spoil, spout, spank, heap, steep, sleep, whis'per, toip paiz spoil spaut spagc hip stip slip hwis'pur stop, hops, hope, price, prize, push, whip, thump, scrape, step heps h6p prais praiz pu hwip lump screp LESSON XIV, SOUND OF B. Pronounce the word bib, slowly and distinctly. The first and the last sound heard, when the word bib is spoken, is the consonatit sound represented by the letter b. This sound is a sonant, labial, mute, corresponding to the sound of p, as surd, and to that of m, as nasal. This sound is made by a complete closure of all exit of breath from the mouth, but with accom- AND FONOTdlP. LESN XIII. SdUND OV P. Pronauns fti wurd pip, sloli and distigctli, ffi furst and fti last saund hurd, hwen fti wurd pip iz spocn, iz fti censonant saund reprizented bai fti letur p. ITis saund iz a surd, lebial, mint, cerespendig tu tti saund ov b, az sonant, and tu m, az ne- zal. ITis saund iz med bai a cemplit clozur ev fli lips, diurig fti meritenans ev hwid clozur ftar iz cemplit soilens, its caractur biig disclozd onli bai imi^un ev veisles brel en eesplozun 6r brid ev Ai contact. ECSURSOLIZ XXI. SdUND OV P. pip, post, lamp, pipe, snipe, proud, pru'dence, spare, rope, pip p6st lamp paip snaip praud pru'dens spar r6p parch, spray, pen'cil, pen'sile, peo'ple, purge, pat, rip, pop, pare* spre pen'sil pen'sil pi'pl purj pat rip pep jump, bump, slap, pup, spring, strip, prime, proof, tramp, jump bump slap pup sprig strip praim pruf tramp trap, cramp, crimp, romp, pore, yelp, whelp, flap, stamp, trap cramp crimp remp pdr yelp hwelp flap stamp LESN XIV. SCLUND OV B. Pronauns tti wurd bib, sloli and distigctli. ITi furst and Ai last saund hurd, hwen fti wurd bib iz spocn, iz fti censonant saund reprizented bai fti letur b. ITis saund iz a sonant, lebi- al, miut, cerespendig tu tti saund ev p, az surd, and tu itat ev m, az nezal. ITis saund iz med bai a cemplit clozur ev 61 ecs- it ev brel frem fti maul, but wift accumpaniig vaibreSunz ev iti 90 MOTT'S FONOLOJI panying vibrations of the vocal chords, the current of air, necessary to produce this, being driven from the lungs into the cavity of the mouth. EXERCISE XXII. SOUND OF B. bib, bale, bail, blab, bread, blessed, slab, grab, stab, bulb, bib bel bel blab bred blest slab grab stab bulb blood, burn, tub, cab'in, bloat, bay, bey, ob-ject', jab, by, blud burn tub cab'in b!6t be be eb-ject' jab bed box, blue, robbed, ebb, bug, stub, babe, fa'ble, ta'ble, a'ble, bees blu rebd eb bug stub beb fe'bl te'bl e'bl buy, rub, drub, brink, boast, bone, bowl, shrub, both, bite, bed rub drub brine b6st b6n b61 grub bot bait LESSON XV. SOUND OF T. Pronounce the word tent, slowly and distinctly. The first and the last sound heard, when the word tent is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter t. This is a surd, lingual, mute, corresponding to the sound of d, as sonant, and to that of n, as nasal. This sound is produced by a complete closure by the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, at or near a point near to or even touching the upper teeth, during the maintenance of which closure there is complete si- lence, its character being disclosed only by emission of breath from the mouth on the explosion or breach of the closure. This sound is frequently called dental, but the teeth have nothing to do with the utterance. EXERCISE XXIII. SOUND OF T. tent, tint, tart, tray, stripe, twirl, twit, twist, rest, strut, tent tint tdrt tre strolp twurl twit twist rest strut AND FONOTCLIP. 91 vocal c6rdz, iti curent ev ar, neseseri tu prodius itis, biig drivn frem iti lugz intu iti caviti ev iti maul. i ECSURSQIZ xxii. SQUND ev B. cab'bage, bright, bi-ol'o-gy, bride, brine, bind, job, bight, cab'ej brait bai-el'o-ji braid brain baind job bait bird, blade, brake, break, brag, cab, bye, buzz, but, squab, burd bled brec brec brag cab bai buz but scweb buss, butt, busk, ca'ble, ca-bal', rib, ra-bat', rab'bit, rab'bet, bus but busc ce'bl ca-bal' rib ra-bd' rab'it rab'et rab'ot, rabid, rob, re-bel', reb'el, se'bum, grub, swab, scab, rab'et rab'id reb ri-bel' reb'el si'bum grub sweb, scab LESN XV. SCtUND OV T. Pronauiis iti wurd tent, sloli and distigctli. Si furst and iti last saund hurd, hwen iti wurd tent iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund reprizented bai fti letur t. iTis iz a surd, liggwal, mint, cerespendig tu iti saund ev d, az sonant,, and tu flat ev n az nezal. K"is saund iz prodiust bai a cemplit clozur bai iti tip ev tti tug agenst tti rM ev iti maul, at 6r nir a peint nir tu 6r ivn tudig iti upur tit, diurig iti mentenans ev hwid clozur itar iz cemplit sailens, its caractur biig disclozd onli bai imis'un ev brel frem iti maul en iti ecsplozun ev iti cloiur. JTis saund iz fricwentli cdld dental, but iti til hav nulig tu du witt its ut- urans. ECSURSQIZ XXIII. SQUND OV T. tip, tract, taint, start, swift, lift, talk, trait, heat, tat'tle, tip tract tent start swift lift tec tret hit tat'l 92 MOTT'S FONOLOJI state, stake, steak, stain, malt, halt, paste, taste, tip, bolt, stet stec stec sten melt holt pest test tip bdlt told, ex-hib'it, eat, slate, tough, treat, street, toast, pressed, tdld eg-zib'it it slet tuf trit strit tdst prest stew, strew, con-strue', bent, hint, mist, missed, ad-dressed', stiu stru cen-stru' bent hint mist mist ad-drest' LESSON XVI. SOUND OF D. Pronounce the word did, slowly and distinctly. The first and last sound heard, when the word did is spoken, is the con- sonant sound represented by the letter d. This is a sonant, lingual, mute, corresponding to the sound of t, as surd, and to that of n, as nasal. This sound is made by a complete closure as described for producing the sound of t, but with accompany- ing vibrations of the vocal chords. EXERCISE XXIV. SOUND OF D. did, dread, dead, deed, da'do, dold, dumb, dome, def'i-nite, did dred ded did de'dd ddld dum dom defi-nit done, dun, date, debt, dirge, add, odd, nod, sod, paid, dip, dun dun det det durj ad ed ned sod ped dip said, staid, stayed, guide, guyed, maid, made, read, read, sed sted sted gold gaid med med red rid spread, shed, head, mold, mould, drachm, raids, spades, dog. spred s"ed hed mdld mdld dram redz spedz dog LESSON XVII. SOUND OF =Ch (chee) Pronounce the word church, slowly and distinctly. The first and the last sound, heard when the word church is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the new latter 8 (chee), added to the alphabet to represent this sound only, the Eng- AND FONOTCLIP. 93 mint, print, wilt, bait, bate, bat, tab, best, be-troth', bet'ty, mint print wilt bet bet bat tab best bi-trel bet'i but, butt, tub, bat'tle, bit, bitt, blot, boat, bot, lot, time, but but tub bat'l bit bit blot b6t bet lot taim count, court, cat'tail, cat'tle, rat, tar, art, not, naught, oat. caunt cort cat'tel cat'l rat tdr art net net 6t LESN XVI. SdUND OV D. Pronauns iti wurd did, sloli and distinctli. iTi furst and last saund hurd, hwen iti wurd did iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund reprizented bai iti letur d. fTis iz a sonant, liggwal, miut, cerespendiq tu iti saund ev t, az surd, and tu itat ev n az nezal. iTis saund iz med bai a cemplit clozur az discraibd for prodiusig iti saund ev t, but wiit accumpaniig vaibre^unz ev iti vocal c6rdz. ECSUESQIZ XXIV. SaUND OV D. de-pend', di-rect\ lead, lead, ad-mit', di-vide', dime, bread, di-pend' di-rect' lid led ad-mit' di-vaid' daim bred skid, tod'dle, def'i-cit, blades, dab, bad, mad, dame, draw, scid ted'l defi-sit bledz dab bad mad dem dre dale, lade, lad, cord, held, hold, end, den, dear, deer, pod, del led lad cord held h61d end den dir dir pod feud, fade, deaf, deal, deck, ward, sold, fold, gold, blood, fiud fed def dil dec w6rd sold f61d g61d blud LESN XVII. SCLUND OV C=Ch (<3i). Pronauns iti wurd durd, sloli and distinctli. iTi furst and iti last saund hurd, hwen iti wurd (Jure 1 iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund reprizented bai iti niu letur d (di), aded tu iti alf abet tu reprizent itis saund onli, iti Ingli alfabet havig no letur for it. 94 MOTT'S FONOLOJI lish alphabet having no letter for it. The action taken by philologists, giving to this sound alphabetic representation, re- futes the statement frequently made, and found in dictionaries arid schoolbooks, that this sound is compound; is that of t and sh (ish)=tsh. The sound of ch (chee) in church can not be pro- duced with the mouth organs in position to utter either of the sounds of this combination. By uttering the sound of t, fol- lowed by that of sh (ish) in ship, and then that of ch (chee) in chip, the change in the position of the tongue, to make the latter sound, can be felt as it occurs. By standing before a mirror and alternately uttering the sound of ch (chee) in church, and the combined sounds, represented by tsh, the movement of the tongue, and the change of its position within the mouth, can be observed. The senses of feeling, seeing, and hearing, disclose the fact that the sound of ch (chee), in church, is not that of tsh, nor of any other combination of sounds, but is as pure a consonant as any in the English language. Ch is a pal- atal, explodent; sh is a palatal, continuant. This sound, d, is a surd, palatal, fricative, corresponding to the sound of j, as sonant. It is produced by a complete clo- sure of the mouth back of the point for the production of the sound of t, its character being fully disclosed only by forcing from the mouth nonsonant breath at the instant of the ex- plosion or breach of the closure. EXERCISE XXV. SOUND OF C=Ch (di> church, chin, chip, chap, chess, cheer, cheese, choice, chew, durd din dip dap des dir diz deis dii check, choke, champ, change, chain, chime, march, starch, dec d6c damp denj den daim mdrd stdrd match, hatch, birch, much, chafe, charge, chalk, chat, chill, mad had burd mud def ddrj d6c dat dil AND FONOTCLIP. 95 fTi acun teen bai iti filelojists, givii) tu itis saund alfabetic reprizente^un, rifiuts iti stetment fricwentli med, and faund in dic^uneriz and in sculbucs, Aat ttis sauiid iz cempaund; iz itat ev t and d (i)=t3. ITi saund ev d (di) in durd can net bi pro- diust wiit Ai maul 6rganz in pozi^un tu utur ittur ev iti saundz ev Ais cembine^un. Bai uturig iti saund ev t, felod bai Aat ev (i) in ^ip, and tten ttat ev d (di) in dip, iti denj in iti pozi- Sun ev iti tun, tu mec iti latur saund, can bi felt az it eccurz. Bai standig bifdr a mirer and alturnetli uturig Ai saund ev d(di) in durd, and iti cembaind saundz, reprizented bai t, iti muv- ment ev iti tun, and iti denj ev its pezi^un wiitin iti maul, can bi ebzurvd. ITi sensez ev filin, siig, and hirin, discloz iti fact itat iti saund ev d (di), in durd, iz net itat ev t, n6r ev eni uitur cembine^un ev saundz, but iz az piur a consonant az eni in iti IggliiHaggwej. 6 iz a palatal, ecsplodent; iz a palatal, con- tinyuant. ffis saund, d, iz a surd, palatal, fricativ, cerespendii) tu j, az sonant. It iz prodiust bai a cemplit clozur ev iti maul bac ev iti point f6r iti produc^un ev iti saund ev t, its caractur biii) fuli disclozd onli bai forsig from iti maul nensonant brel at iti instant ev iti ecsploiun 6r brid ev iti cloiur. EGSUKSQIZ XXV. SQUND 0V G=Ch (di). chest, chase, chide, quench, stench, brooch, crutch, broach, dest des daid cwend stend brdd crud brod batch, cheat, charm, choose, smirch, cho'sen, cha'sten, chat, bad dit ddrm duz smurd dd'zn de'sn dat trench, wrench, chis'el, chink, latch, chop, chair, choc'o-late, trend rend diz'el dine lad dep dar dec'o-let 96 MOTTS FON0LOJI chock, chore, child, chick, cheek, fetch, bench, branch, leach, dec d6r doild die die fed bend brand lid LESSON XVIII. SOUND OF J. Pronounce the word jet, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word jet is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter j . The statement is often made and can be found in dictionaries and in schoolbooks, that this sound is compound, said to be the sounds of d and zh=dzh. The senses of feeling, seeing, and hearing, used as de- scribed to prove that the sounds of tsh are not heard in the word church, will prove that the sound of j, in jet, is as pure a consonant element as is the sound of b. J is an explodent; zh is a continuant. The sound of j is a sonant, palatal, fricative, corresponding to the sound of the letter chee, as surd. It is produced by pla- cing the mouth organs in position to produce the sound of ch (chee), in chip, and forcing from the mouth sonant breath at the instant of the explosion or breach of the closure. EXERCISE XXVI. SOUND OF J. judge, gem, jet, gill, gist, gibe, joke, jug, hedge, wedge, juj jem jet jil jist jaib jdc jug hej wej pledge, just, germ, jade, jay, jail, jest, jus'tice, fudge, gin, plej just jurm jed je jel jest jus'tis fuj jin budge, grudge, smudge, gip'sy, gen'der, gen'tle, jos'tle, Jew. buj gruj smuj jip'si jen'dur jen'tl jes'l Ju gib'bet, gi'ant, jib, gen'ius, gen-teel', ge-ol'o-gy, ed-u-ca'tion. jib'et jai'antjib jin'yus jen-til' ji-el'o-ji ej-u-ce^uu AND FCHSTOTOIP. 97 chirr, chard, twitch, flinch, bunch, lunch, hunch, munched, dur ddrd twid flind bund lund hund mundt LESN XVIII. SCLUND OV J. Pronauns tti wurd jet, sloli and distinct]!, iTi furst saund hurd, hwen iti wurd jet iz spocn, iz tti consonant saund repri- zeiited bai iti letur j. Hi stetmeiit iz efn med and can bi faund in dicuneriz and in sculbucs, ttat itis saund iz cem- paund, sed tu bi tti saundz ev d and z=dz. iTi sensez v filig, siin, and hirin, yuzdaz discraibd tu pruv Aat iti saundz ev is* ar net hurd in rti wurd durd, wil pruv flat ifci saund ev j, in jet, iz az piur a consonant eliment az iz iti saund ev b. J iz an ecsplodent; z iz a centinyuant. K"i saund ev j iz a sonant, palatal, fricativ, cerespendig tu iti saund ev tti letur di, az surd. It iz prodiust bai plesig iti maut 6rganz in pozi^un tu prodius iti sauhd ev d (di) in dip, and forsirj from iti maul sonant brel at iti instant ev iti ecs- plozun or brid ev iti clozur. ECSUESQIZ XXVI. SQUND OV J. ja'ded, gyp'sum, gin'ger, jum'ble, gyves, geal, gelid, jar, je'ded jip'sum jin'jur jum'bl jaivz jil jelld jar gel'a-ble, ge'lose, gen'er-al, gen'et, genial, genitive, badge, jel'a-bl jilds jen'ur-al jen'et jin'yal jenl-tiv baj jamb, jam, jab, jaw, jolt, job, jump, jeer, joke, ledge, jig, jam jam jab j6 jolt jeb jump jir joe lej jig janl-tor, janl-trix, Ja'nus, je'hu, jelly, jog'gle, jar'gon, lot. jaulter janl-trics Je'nua ji'hiu jell jegl jdr'ga i jeu 98 MOTT'S* FONOLOJI LESSON XIX. SOUND OF C (kee). Pronounce the word cap, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, Avhen the word cap is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter c (kee), is also called see. The sound of c (kee) in cap, is a surd, palatal, mute, corres- ponding to the sound of g (ghee) is also called jee, as sonant. This sound is produced by a close contact between the upper surface of the back part of the tongue and the opposite sur- face of the palate, while nonsonant breath is forced up into the pharynx. The explosion or breach of the contact disclo- ses the character of this sound. EXERCISE XXVII. SOUND OF C (kee). crack, cackle, cap, can, scheme, skin, come, comb, queen, crac cac'l cap can scim scin cum c6m cwin kedge, quill, quit, quest, qui'et, queer, cure, choir, quire, cej cwil cwit 'cwest cwai'et cwir ciur cwair cwair quaint, kirk, cat'a-logue, talc, kith, kiln, kill, kid, skep'tic, cwent cure cat'a-leg talc cil cil cil cid scep'tic chord, cord, kite, scar, skate, score, kit, cat, skunk, sketch. c6rd cord colt scar scet sc6r cit cat scunc seed LESSON XX. SOUND OF G (ghee). Pronounce the word gap, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word gap is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter g (ghee). The sound of g (ghee), heard in gap, is a sonant, palatal, mute, corresponding to the sound of c (kee), as surd. This sound is made with the tongue and palate in nearly the same relative position as required for producing the sound of c (kee), AND FONOTOIP. 99 LESN XIX. SCLUND OV C (ci). Pronauns iti wurd cap, sloli and distinctli. ITi f urst saund hurd, hwen iti wurd cap iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai tti letur c (ci), iz olso celd si. iTi saund ev c (ci) in cap, iz a surd, palatal, miut, cerespendirj tu iti saund ev g (gi) formurli celd ji, az sonant. ITis saund iz prodiust bai a clos contact bitwin iti upur surfes ev iti bac part ev fti tug and fti epozit surfes ev iti palet, hwail nensonant brel iz forst up intu iti farincs. iTi ecsplozun 6r brid ev iti centact disclo- zez iti caractur ev itis saund. ECSUESaiZ XXVII. SQUND OV C (ci). coast, cough, king, kibe, black, speak, creek, crick, creak, cdst cef cii) caib blac spic eric eric eric crook, crin'kle, junk, jun'ket, tick, cab, back, kitch'en, car, cruc crin'cl jugc jun'cet tic cab bac cid'en car klang, knack, kit'cat, care, kip, crock, cro-chet', croak, crop, clan nac cit'cat car cip crec cr6-e' cr6c crop cronk, pork, cross, cri'er, creep, craze, cream, craw, crate, crenc pore cres crai'ur crip crez crim cr6 cret LESN XX. SaUND OV G(gi). Pronauns iti wurd gap, sloli and distirjctli, H"i furst saund hurd, hwen iti wurd gap iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai iti letur g (gi). ITi saund ev g (gi), hurd in gap, iz a sonant, palatal, miut, cerespendig tu iti saund ev c (ci), az surd. xTis saund iz med wiit iti tun. and palet in nirli iti sem relativ pozi^un az ricwaird fer prodiusir) iti saund ev c (ci), but bai f orsig brel up intu iti 100 MOTT'S FONOLOJI but by forcing breath up into the pharynx and vibrating the vocal chords during the continuance of the contact. EXERCISE XXVIII. SOUND OF G (ghee). gay, give, glair, glare, grind, ground, glue, gloom, gui'ded, ge giv glar glar graind graund glu glum gai'ded snug, rug, tug, dug, ghost, guest, bog, guilt, gilt, log, hog, snug rug tug dug gdst gest beg gilt gilt leg heg egg, beg, bag, big, flog, hogs'head, . frogs, bags, bugs, tugs, eg beg bag big fleg hegz'hed fregz bagz bugz tugz ped'a-gogues, prologues, dec'a-logues, dogs, rugs, pro'gramme. ped'a-gegz pro'legz dec'a-legz degz rugz prd'gram LESSON XXI. SOUND OF F. Pronounce the word fin, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word fin is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter f. This is a surd, labial, spi- rant, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound of the letter v, as sonant. This sound is made by the audible friction or rust- ling of the voiceless breath, when forced out between the edge of the lower lip and the edge of the upper lip, or the lower lip may be held in contact with the tip of the upper teeth. EXERCISE XXIX. SOUND OF F. fife, left, sift, freight, phase, farce, fence, de-fense', laugh, faif left sift fret fez fdrs fens di-feiis' laf stuff, staff, graft, four, fore, for, foil, phys'ic, soft, strife, stuf staf graft for f6r f6r feil fiz'ic seft straif loft, fray, flay, muff, gruff, af-ford', feud, life, riff, free, left fre fie muf gruf af-ford' fiud laif rif fri AND FONOTQIP. 101 farigcs and voibretig Ai vocal cerdz diurii) cti centinyuans ev Ai contact. ECSURSdlZ XXVIII. SQUND OV G (gi). hogs, eggs, logs, grit, gig, dem'a-gogues, cat'a-logues, gam, hegz egz legz grit gig dem'a-gegz cat'a-legz gam glad'den, an'a-grams, di'a-grams, crag, grab, brag, gaunt, glad'n an'a-gramz dai'a-gramz crag grab brag gdnt fag, flag, fog, gaze, sag, gas, gawk, gash, gate, gait, gone, fag flag fog gez sag gas gee gas" get get gen gasp, get, gnn, good, gog'gle, gar'ner. gam'ble, gam'bol, go. gasp get gun gud geg'l gar'nur gam'bl gam'bel g6 LESN XXI. SQUND OV F. Pronauns iti wurd fin, sloli and distinctli. iTi furst saund hurd, hwen tU wurd fin iz spocn, iz Ai consonant saund repri- zented bai M letur f. fl?is iz a surd, lebial, spairant, fricativ saund, cerespeiidii] tu iti ^aund ev tti letur v, az sonant. iTis saund iz med bai Ai 6dibl fric^un 6r ruslii) ov rti veisles brel, hwen forst aut bitwiii tti ej ev Ai lour lip and tti ej ev Ai upur lip, er tli lour lip me bi held in contact wirt iti tip ov fti upur tit. ECSURSQIZ XXIX. SQUND OV F. sylph, pho-net'ic, sphere, e-nough', feigned, framed, flounce, silf fo-net'ic sfir i-nuf fend fremd flauns folk, feast, fear, fiz'gig, frump, flush, face, faced, fooled, foe fist fir fiz'gig frump flus" fes fest fuld flax, fix, five, fac'et, fain, fail, fade, faint, feint, flip, fig, flacs fics faiv fas'et fen fel fed fent fent flip fig 102 MOTT'S FONOLOJI phrase, phlegm, fought, full, fool, off, fall, foul, fowl, foe. frez flem fet ful ful ef f61 faul faul fo LESSON XXII. SOUND OF V. Pronounce the word vest, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word vest is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter v. The sound of v, in vest, is a sonant, labial, spirant, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound of the letter f, as surd. This sound is produced when the lips are in position for producing the sound of the letter f , and while they are in this position, vibrating the vocal chords and forcing from the mouth intonated breath. EXERCISE XXX. SOUND OF V. valve, vest, vote, stove, verse, sieve, vault, void, vice, vise, valv vest v6t stov vurs siv velt veid vais vais rave, o'ver, vale, vail, veil, voice, livid, vivid, vow' el, vex, rev 6'vur vel vel vel veis livid vivid vau'el vecs of, vain, vane, vein, val'ue, de-vour', move, prove, proved, ev ven ven ven val'yu di-vaur' muv pruv pruvd verb, view, waved, ser'vice, served; vim, vel' vet, vine, vogue, vurb viu wevd sur'vis survd vim vel'vet vain vog LESSON XXIII, SOUND OF T=Th (ith). Pronounce the word thin, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word thin is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the new letter t, named ith, added to the alphabet to represent this sound only, the English alphabet having no letter for it. The first sound in the word thin is a surd, lingual, spirant, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound of dh (thee) in dhen (then), as sonant. The sound rep- AND FONOTQIP. 103 gift, shift, fifth, thrift, flot'sam, fe'ver, folio, fold, flix. gift gift fifb Irift flet'sam fi'vur fol'yo f61d flics LESN XXII. SCLUND OV V. Pronauns ibi wurd vest, sloli and distinctli. ffi furst saund hurd, hwen ibi wurd vest iz spocn, iz ibi consonant saund reprizented bai Ai letur v. iTi saund ev v, in vest, iz a sonant lebial, spairant, fricativ saund, cerespendig tu Ai saund ev Ai letur f , az surd. fTis saund iz prodiust hwen Ai lips ar in po- ziun f6r prodiusir) iti saund ev Ai letur f , and hwail Ae ar in ibis pozi^un, vaibretii) Ai vocal c6rdz and forsig frem iti maul intoneted brel. ECSURSQIZ XXX. SQUND OV V. di-vide', di-vin'i-ty, nov'el, ev'er, va'cate, fer'vid, vag, vale, di-vaid' di-vinl-ti nev'el ev'ur ve'cet fur'vid vag veli Vala, la'va, vir'tue, re-moved, val'et, visit, a-vow', vellum, Vd'la Id'va vur'^u ri-muvd val'et vizlt a-vau' vel'um valid, valley, volley, vamp, van, veal, Ve'da, ve'dro, veer, valid vail veil vamp van vil Ve'da ve'dro vir vict'uals, vo'cal, vuln, salve, save, have, be-have, shive, vog. vitlz vd'cal vuln sav sev hav bi-hev Saiv veg LESN XXIII. SQUND OV T=Th (it). Pronauns iti wurd tin, sloli and distinctli. STi furst saund hurd hwen ibi wurd lin iz spocn, iz ibi consonant saund repri- zented bai ibi niti letur I, nemd it, aded tu ibi alfabet tu repri- zent ibis saund onli, ibi Iggli alfabet havig no letur fer it. ffi furst saund in ibi wurd tin iz a surd, lingwal, spairant, fricativ saund, cerespendii) tu ibi saund ev ib (ibi) in iben (then), az so- nant. HI saund reprizented bai ibi letur I (il) iz ibi closest 104 MOTT'S FONOLOJI resented by the letter t (ith) is the closest contimiable nonin- tonated breath sound that can be produced without stoppage of the breath. It is usually produced by noiisonant breath forced from the mouth with the tongue placed against or even passing beyond the teeth, while the lips are slightly open. EXEECISE XXXI. SOUND OF T=Th (ith). thin, thought, think, thief, thaw, theme, three, breath, pith, tin t6t tigc tif to tim tri bret pit thirst, thing, third, or-thog'ra-phy, thwart, thwack, thumb, turst tig turd 6r-teg'ra-fi twert twac turn thanks, tooth, thor'ough, thigh, thirty, au-thor'i-ty, this'tle, lanes tut tur'o toi turti 6-ter'i-ti tis'l thrum, thrill, throb, thim'ble, thick, throne, throng, truth, trum tril treb tim'bl tic tr6n treg trut LESSON XXIV. SOUND OF E=Dh (thee). Pronounce the word then, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word then is spoken, is the consonant BO and represented by the new letter it. named thee, added to the alphabet to represent this sound only, the English alphabet having no letter for it. This sound is a sonant, lingual, spi- rant, fricative, corresponding to the sound represented by the letter ith as surd. It is the closest continuable intonated breath sound that can be produced without stoppage of the breath. To produce this sound, place the tongue and lips in position to produce the sound represented by the letter ith, but with accompanying vibration of the vocal chords by breath forced from the mouth. AND FONOTOIP. 105 centinyuabl nenintoneted brel saund itat can bi prodiust wiit- aut stepej ev iti brel. It iz yuiuali prodiust bai nensonant brel forst from iti maul wiit iti tug plest agenst dr ivn pasii) biyend iti til, hwail iti lips ar slaitli opn. ECSURSCLIZ XXXI. SdUND 0V T=Th (it). throle, thong, throat, booth, thread, thrash, faith, throt'tle, Ir61 leg trdt but tred tra^ fel lret'1 ethics, wealth, athlete, north, south, twelfth, the'ta, withe, ellcs well allit nerl saul twelfl li'ta wil phthi'sis, au'thor, thatch, the'a-ter, mouth, Sab'bath, threat, lai'sis 6'ler la<3 li'a-tur maul Sab'al tret therm, thieves, thorn, thirteenth, thou'sand, the'o-rem, thick, lurm livz lorn lur'tinl lau'zaiid li'o-rem tic LESN XXIV. SQUND OV ff=Dh (fti). Pronauns iti wurd iten, sloli and distigctli. fl"i furst saund hurd, hwen jiti wurd iten iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund reprizented bai iti niu letur it, nemd iti, aded tu iti alfabet tu reprizent ilis saund onli, iti Iggli^ alfabet havig no letur for it. iTis saund iz a sonant, liggwal, spairant, fricativ, cerespendig tu iti saund reprizented bai iti letur it, az surd. It iz iti closest centinyuabl intoneted brel saund ilat can bi prodiust wiitaut stepej ev iti brel. Tu prodius itis saund, pies iti tug and lips in pozi^un tu prodius iti saund reprizented bai iti letur it, but wiit accumpaniig vaibre^un ev iti vocal c6rdz bai brel forst frem iti maul. 106 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXERCISE XXXII. SOUND OF ff=Dh (thee). they, that, breathe, those, thus, this, these, thine, the, thee, Ae ftat briA ttoz ftus ftis itiz ctain fti &>i with, writhe, oth'er, ei'ther, nei'ther, both'er, broth'er, thy, witt raiit uft'ur i'itur ni'Aur beit'ur bruit'ur Aai moth'er, al-though', fa'ther, far'ther, breathe, thou, wor'thy, muft'ur 61-ifc6' fd'ttur fdr'itur brut Aau wur'Ai with'er, then, thence, scythe, be-queath', fur'ther, breth'ren. wict'ur tten ctens ' saiit bi-cwitt' fur'Aur breft'ren LESSON XXV, SOUND OF S. Pronounce the word seal, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard , when the word seal is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter s. This sound is a surd, sib- ilant, lingual, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound rep- resented by z, as sonant. To produce this sound, raise the front part of the tongue, near its tip, to nearly the roof of the mouth, either close behind the front teeth or at a farther remove from them, then continuable hissing breath makes the sound. No other alphabetic sounds are produced through so wide a range, of so slightly varying positions of the tongue, as are the sounds of s and z. In mode of production, these con- tinuants are slightly related to the explodents t and d. EXERCISE XXXIII. SOUND OF S. sent, scent, cent, seal, ceil, sell, cell, sit, sat, hiss, mixed, sent sent sent sil sil sel sel sit sat his micst mix, mice, cit'y, nest, east, most, host, hence, moss, swift, inics mois sit'i nest, ist m6st hdst hens mes swift AND FONOTCLIP. 107 ECSURSdIZ XXXII. SdUND OV ff=Dh (Ai). thith'er, hea'then, than their, theirs^ them, them -selves', ye, AiA'ur hi'Aen Aan Aar Aarz item Aem-selvz' hi thence-forth', though, there, there'a-bout, there-at', there-to', Aens-forl' A6 Aar Aar'a-baut Aar-at' Aar-tu' there-for', there'fore, there -from', there-in', there-of, there- on', Aar-f6r' Aar'fdr Aar-frem' Aar-in' Aar-ef Aar-en' thy-self , hith'er, hith-er-to', feath'er, feath'er-y, far'ther-most. Aai-self hiA'ur hiA-ur-tu' feA'ur feA'ur-i fdr'Aur-mdst LESN XXV. SQUND OV S. Pronauns Ai ward sil, sloli and distinctli. iTi furst scmnd hurd, hvven Ai wurd sil iz spocn, iz Ai consonant saund repri- zented bai Ai letur s. fl?is saund iz a surd, sibilant, lingwal, fricativ saund, cerespendig tu Ai saund reprizented bai z, az sonant. Tu prodius Ais saund, rez Ai frunt part ev Ai tug, nir its tip, tu niiii Ai ruf ev Ai maul, iAur clos bihaind Ai frunt til or at a farAur rirnuv from Aem, Aen centinyuabl hisig brel mecs Ai saund. No uAur alf abetic saundz ar prodiust Iru so waid a renj, ev so slaitli veriig pozi^unz ev Ai tug, az or Ai saundz ev s and z. In mod ev producs"un, Aiz centinyuants ar slaitli rileted tu Ai ecsplodents t and d. ECSURSQIZ XXXIII. SCLUND OV S, proph'e-cy, proph'e-sy, miss, fleece, fierce, syr'up, bal'ance, prefi-si prefi-soi mis flis firs sir'up bal'ans pro-ceed', pre-ceae', size, sice, syce, vis'cid, fi-nance', stern, pro-sid' pri-sid' saiz sais sais visld fi-nans' sturn 108 MOTT'S FONOLOJI silk, sill, boss'es, mess, close, say, stone, race, cease, rice, silc sil bes'ez mes elds s stdn res sis reds soak, since, spice, steps, no'tice, squall, sense, seed, cede, sdc sins spcds steps no'tis scwel sens sid sid LESSON XXVI. SOUND OF Z. Pronounce the word zeal, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word zeal is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter z. This is a sonant, sibilant lingual, fricative sound of peculiar buzzing character, corres- ponding to the sound of the letter s, as surd. This continua- ble buzzing sound is produced with the tongue in position to produce the sound of s, but with accompanying vibration of the vocal chords. EXERCISE XXXIV. SOUND OF Z. zeal, zest, zone, nose, rose, beaux, bows, blows, snows, xyst, zil zest z6n n6z r6z b6z b6z b!6z snoz zist boys, noise, wise, rise, close, flies, birds, verbs, driz'zle, beiz neiz waiz raiz cldz flaiz burdz vurbz driz'l is, herds, toes, tows, hoes, foes, lens, squeeze, his, has, iz hurdz toz t6z hoz foz lenz scwiz hiz haz boughs, bows, maize, stays, blaze, house, toys, as, skies, bauz bauz mez stez blez hauz teiz az scoiz LESSON XXVII. SOUND OF fi=Sh (ish). Pronounce the word ship, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word ship is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter (ish), This sound is a surd, sibilant, palatal, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound AND FONOTOIP. 109 salm'on, as'sets, ba'sin, syn'od, is'o-late, sad'den, still, steam, sam'un as'ets be'sn siii'ed is'o-let sad'n stil stim bi'cy-cle, ha'sten, loo'sen, cha'stened, spin'ach, an'swer, suave, boi'si-cl he'sn lu'sii de'snd spin'ej an'sur swdv LESN XXVI. SCLUND OV Z. Pronauns iti wurd zil, sloli and distinctli. ITi furst sannd hurd, hwen fti wurd zil iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai tti letur z. iTis iz a sonant, sibilant, liggwal, frica- tiv saund ev piciiilyar buzig caractur, cerespendirj tu fti saund ev iti letur s, az surd. H?is centinyuabl buzig saund iz prodiust wirt iti tui) in poziSun tu prodius iti saund ev s, but wiit accum- paniig vaibre^un ev iti vocal cerdz. ECSuEsaiz xxxiv. SQUND ev z. fiz'zle, prism, eyes, zeph'y-rus, mu'sic, preys, prays, praise, fiz'l prizm aiz zef i-rus miu/zic prez prez prez spasm, chasm, wars, whiz, puz'zle, ze'bra, rai'sing, wis'dom, spazm cazm werz hwiz puz'l zi'bra re'zig wiz'dum wiz'ard, iz'zard, a-rise', a-ris'en, dis-eased', sea'soned, cho'sen, wiz'ard iz'ard a-raiz' a-riz'n diz-izd' si'znd d6'zn tow'ards, pre-mise', rasp'ber-ry, trea'son, fro'zen, vis'or, vis'it. td'ardz pri-maiz' raz'ber-i tri'zn frd'zn viz'er viz'it LESN XXVII. SdUND OV fi=81i (i). Pronauns iti wurd ip, sloli and distirjctli. K"i furst saund hurd, hwen iti wurd s"ip iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai iti letur (is*). H?is saund iz a surd, sibilant, pala- tal, fricativ saund, cerespendig tu iti saund reprizented bai iti 110 MOTT'S FONOLOJI represented by the letter s in the word rasure, as sonant. It is produced by raising the front part of the tongue, near its tip, to nearly the roof of the mouth, but a little farther back than the position required for producing the sound of s, and with a more open channel immediately behind the closest ap- proximation of the organs, then forcing breath from the mouth. EXERCISE XXXV. SOUND OF ft (ish). shal, sheep, ship, shift, wish, dish, fish, shop, she, sure, gal gip sip gift wig dig fig gep gi giir should, shaft, shelved, smashed, shroud, washed, shrimp, gud gaft gelvd smast grand we>gt grimp shoe, shoo, chaise, bushed, splashed, shaped, shirk, fresh, gu gu gez bugt splagt gept gurc freg fished, shield, shore, shoot, shunt, shock, crashed, crash, figt gild gor gut gunt gee cragt crag LESSON XXVIII. SOUND OF =Zh (zhee). Pronounce the word rasure, slowly and distinctly. The third sound heard, when the word rasure is spoken, is the con- sonant sound represented by the new letter z (zhee), added to the alphabet to represent this sound only, the English al- phabet having no letter for it. This sound is a sonant, sibilant, palatal, fricative sound, corresponding to the sound repre- sented by the letter g (ish), heard in the word ship, as surd. It is produced by placing the mouth organs in position to pro- duce the sound of the letter ish, but with accompanying vibra- tions of the vocal chords. AND FONOTdlP. Ill letur s in Ai wurd "rasure, " az sonant. It iz prodiust bai rezig Ai f runt part ev Ai tun, nir its tip, tu nirli Ai ruf ev Ai maul, but a litl farAur bac Aan Ai poziun ricwaird f6r prodiusii] Ai saund ev s, and wiA a mor opn <3anel immidietli bihaind Ai clo- sest apprecsime^un ev iti 6rganz, tten f orsig brel frem Ai maut. EcsuRsaiz xxxv. sauND ev a=sh (ia> shrink, shriek, dished, wished, o'cean, hush, blush, blushed, push, pushed, is'sue, fet'ish, wash, dash, hash, shear, flesh, pua put i'u fet'i^ weS da haS gir flea clashed, shears, mesh, meshed, mash, rush, rushed, var'nish, shoat, trash, mush/room, sash, tar'nish, shod'dy, shirt, lash. murrain . sa tdr'niS ed'i 3urt LESN XXVIII. SQUND OV Z=Zh (zi). Pronauns iti wurd rezur, sloli and distigctli. xTi turd saund hurd, hwen iti wurd rezur iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund reprizented bai iti niu letur z (zi), aded tu iti alfabet tu reprizent itis saund onli, iti Ii)gl3 alfabet havig no letur fer it. n"is saund iz a sonant, sibilant, palatal, fricativ saund, ceres- pendig tu iti saund reprizented bai iti letur (i), hurd in Ai wurd Sip, az surd. It iz prodiust bai plesig iti maut erganz in pozi^un tu prodius Ai saund ev Ai letur i, but wiA accumpaniig vaibre^unz ev Ai vocal c6rdz. 112 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXEECISE XXXVI. SOUND OF r A (zhee). o'sier, az'ure, vis'ion, sei'sure, bra'zier, ho'sier, ex-plo'sion, 6'zur az'ur viz'un si'zur bre'zur ho'zur ecs-plo'zun lei'sure, treas'ure, meas'ure, pleas' ure, com-po'sure, rouge, li'zur trez'ur mez'ur plez'ur cem-po'zur ruz gla'zier, pro-vis'ion-al, de-lu'sion, e-va'sion, con-tu'sion, zhee, gle'zur pro-viz'un-al dHiu'zun i-ve'zun cen-tm'zun zi di- vis'ion, in-va'sion, col-lis'ion, col-lu'sion, cor-ro'sion, jour, di-viz'un in-ve'zun cel-liz'un cel-liu'zun cer-ro'zun ztir LESSON XXIX. SOUND OF L. Pronounce the word lull, slowly and distinctly. The first and last sound heard, when the word lull is spoken, is the con- sonant sound represented by the letter 1. This is a sonant, lingual, or tongue tip semivowel. It is produced with the tongue in the same general position against the roof of the mouth as for sounding t, d, and n, but the sides are left open, suffi- ciently to permit the passage of sonant breath with a trill or rustle, while the tip of the tongue remains in contact with the roof of the mouth, The breach of the closure, may be made on either side of the tongue or on both sides at the same time. This is the most continuable and vowel like of English consonant sounds, and easily passes into a mere sonant mur- mur or neutral vowel sound, heard in the vowel of tub, turn; hence it has come, by the loss of an accompanying vowel, to have itself the value of a vowel at the end of a syllable, as in able (a'bl),or it constitutes a syllable as in tickle (tic'l). AND FONOTCLIP. 113 ECSURSQIZ XXXVI.SaUND 0V TL Zh(zi). fu'sion, oc-ca'sion, coii-clu'sion, u'su-al, de-cis'on, en-clo'sure, fiu'zun oc-ce'zun con-clu'zun yu'zu-al di-siz'un en-c!6'zur e-va'sion, cas'u-al, vis'u-al, vis'ion-a'ry, treas'ur-er, sua'sion, i-ve'zun caz'u-al viz'u-al viz'un-e'ri trez'ur-ur swe'zun treas'ur-y, treas'ur-ess, meas'ured,meas'ure-less, meas'ure-ment, trei'ur-i trei'ur-es mei'urd mei'ur-les mei'nr-ment lei'sured, lei'sure-ly, meas'ur-a-ble, meas'ured-ly, meas'ur-a-bly. li'iurd li'2;ur-li mei'ur-a-bl mei'urd-li mei'ur-a-bli LESN XXIX. SQIIND OV L. Pronauns Ai wurd lul, sloli and distigctli. H 1 ! furst and last saund hurd, hwen Ai wurd lul iz spocn, iz rti consonant saund reprizented bai iti letur L S"is iz a sonant, lingwal, or tui) tip semivauel. It iz prodiust wiit iti tur) in iti sem jenural poziun agenst iti ruf ov fti maul az for saundig t, d, and n, but fti saidz ar left opn, suffi^entli tu purmit iti pasej ov sonant brel wiit a tril 6r rusl, hwail tti tip ov iti tug rimenz in contact wiit iti ruf ov iti maul. xTi brid ov iti cloiur, me bi med on iitur said ev tti tug or on bot saidz at iti sem taim. iz iti most continyuabl and vauel laic ov Igglis" conso- nant saundz, and izili pasez intu a mir sonant murmur 6r niu- tral vauel saund, hurd in iti vauel ov tub, turn; hens it haz cum, bai iti los ov an accumpaniig vauel, tu hav itself iti valyu ov a vauel at iti end ev a silabl, az in e'bl, 6r it constitiuts a silabl az in tic'l, 114 MOTTS FONOLOJI EXEECISE XXXVII. SOUND OF L. lull, lit/tie, lid, lo, low, slow, float, plank, bi'ble, liege, lul lit'l lid 16 16 slo fldt plage bcd'bl lij lyre, li'ar, lev'el, pick'le, tickle, lea, lee, league, live, slim, lair lai'ar lev'el pic'l tic'l li li lig liv slim block, flock, clock, blade, blight, fleer, flitcli, fleam, golf, blec flee clec bled bloit flir flid flim golf glance, flaw, pall, Paul, pawl, lis'ten, tale, tail, hale, hail, glans fie pol Pel pel lis'n tel tel hel hel LESSON XXX. SOUND OF R. Pronounce the word rut, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word rut is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter r. This sound is a sonant, lin- gual, or tongue tip semivowel, closely allied to the sound of 1. It has a stronger and more frequent influence upon the char- acter of the preceding vowel, especially in unaccented syllables, than any other consonant. Hence, the reduction of the vowel sounds in such words as learn, word, verb, myrrh, flirt, and e, before r, final, to the sound of u in tub, turn. This sound is so resonant and continuable as to be closely related to the vowels. Its production is strikingly similar to that of the sound of 1. This sound is produced between the tip of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, at a point more or less re- moved backward from the upper front teeth, the vocal chords, being close, so as to vibrate the tip of the tongue and produce the characteristic trill and rustle of this sound. Final r in such words as more, before, meter, should always be sounded, but this is not done in some localities in the AND FONOTCLIP. 115 ECSURSCLIZ XXXVII. SCLUND V L. trick'le, clinch, glide, globe, lymph, lob'by, loo'sen, nes'tle, tric'l clinc* glaid glob limf leb'i lu'sn nes'l re-lax', tan'gle, tem'ple, lus'tre, ballad, cru'el, lev'y, lev'er, ri-lacs' tag'gl tem'pl lus'tur bal'ad cru'el lev'i lev'ur le-thar'gic, met'al-lur-gy, plac'er, pleb'i-scite, pu-eb'lo, sal'ad, li-ldr'jic met'al-ur-ji plas'ur pleb'i-sit pu-eb'lo sal'ad pro'file, sub'tile, sub'tle, sup'ple ta-bleau', ob-lique', sin'gu-lar. prd'fil sub'til sut'l sup'l ta-b!6' ob-lic' sig'giu-lar LESN XXX. SQUND OV R Pronauns iti wurd rut, sloli and distigctli. STi furst saund hurd, bwen iti wurd rut iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai iti letur r. fTis saund iz a sonant, liggwal, 6r tug tip semivauel, closli allaid tu tti saund ev 1. It haz a streggur and mor fricwent inf luens upon iti caractur ov iti prisidig vauel, espe^ali in unacseiited silablz, itan eni uitur consonant. Hens, iti riduc^crn ov iti vauel saundz in sue 1 wurdz az lurn, wurd, vurb, mur, flurt, and e bifor r, fainal, tu iti saund ov u in tub, turn. ITis saund iz so rezonant and continyuabl az tu bi closli rileted tu iti vauelz. Its produc^un iz straicigli similar tu itat ov iti saund ov 1. ITis saund iz prodiust bitwin iti tip ov iti tug and iti ruf ov iti maut, at a point mor 6r les rimuvd bacward from iti upur frunt tit, iti vocal c6rdz, biig clos, so az tu vaibret iti tip ov iti tug and prodius iti caracturistic tril and rusl ov itis saund. Fainal r in sue 1 wurdz az mor, bifor, mitur, Sud 61wez bi saunded, but itis iz net dun in sum localitiz in iti Yunaited 116 MOTT'S FONOLOJI United States and in southern England. R final is called syl- labic r, to distinguish it from initial r. R between two vowels, the former of which is prolonged and accented (u excepted) is not syllabic. It is initial before the following vowel, otherwise in formal speech or song, such words as parent, Mary, storied, would become words of three syllables. When the preceding vowel is u (u, brief or full) ease of utterance requires r to be sounded with this vowel, a bit of which vowel coalesces with the sound of r and produces euphonic pronunciation. (See Syllabication in Appendix). EXERCISE XXXVIII. SOUND OF R. roar, rib, wrist, tear, tier, tear, tare, arc, ark, rope, robe, r6r rib rist tir tir tar tar arc arc rop rob wrought, brought, merge, wright, write, right, rite, heirs, r6t bret murj rait rait rait rait arz prim'er, cor-rect', in-spire', rhythm, tri-bu'nal, serf, stir, ruse, prim'ur cer-rect' in-spair' ritm tri-biu'nal surf stur ruz sat'yr, sire, rough, rouse, beer, bier, rheum, room, art, are. sat'ur sair ruf rauz bir bir rum rum art dr LESSON XXXI. SOUND OF W (woo). Pronounce the word woo, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word woo is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter woo, is also called doubleyou. This sound is a sonant, labial, semivowel, which stands in pre- cisely the same relation to the full sound of u, heard in rule, in which the sound of y (yee) stands to the sound of i (ee) in po- lice. ' The production of this sound is nearly identical with its corresponding vowel sound, but the difference in the char- AND FONOTQIP. 117 Stets and in suiturn Iggland. R final iz c61d silabic r, tu distiggwis" it frem inis*al r. R bitwin tu vauelz, iti fermur ev hwid iz prolegd and ac- sented (u ecsepted) iz net silabic. It iz inis*al bifor Ai feloig vauel; uiturwaiz, in formal spid or seg, sud wurdz az parent, Meri, storid, wud bicum wurdz ev tri silablz. Hwen iti prisidig vauel iz u (u, brif 6r ful) iz ev uturans ricwairz r tu bi saunded wiit itis vauel, a bit ev hwid vauel coalesez wiit iti saund ev r and prodiusez yufonic pronunsie^un. (Si Silabice^un in Appen- dics). ECSURSQIZ XXXVIII. SQUND OV R. di-scern'ment, a'pron, fu'thorc, fu'ture, in'ter-stice, squir'rel, di-zurn'meiit e'prun fu'terc fiu'dur in'tur-stis scwur'el court, risk, road, brews, bruise, shark, fir, fur, prej'u-dice, c6rt rise rod bruz bruz drc fur fur prej'u-dis pur'ser, pur'sy, fer'ry, wart, prem'ise, or'chid, re'gion, sword, pur'sur pur'si fer'i w6rt prem'is er'cid ri'jun s6rd riglit'eous, sermon, ver'dure, ja-guar', wrung, rung, bar'ren. rai'dus sur'mun vur'jur ja-gwar' rug rug bar' en LESN XXXI. SCLUND OV W (wu). Pronauns rti wurd wu, sloli and distigctli. iTi f urst saund hurd, hwen tti wurd wu iz spocn, iz Ai consonant saund repri- zented bai Ai letur \vu, iz elso cold dublyu. iTis saund iz a sonant, lebial, semi vauel, hwid standz in prisaisli iti sem rile- s"un tu rti ful saund ev u, hurd in riil, in hwid iti saund ev y (yi) standz tu iti fill saund ev i (ih) in polis. iTi producun ev itis saund iz nirli aidentical wiit its cerespendig vauel saund, but iti dif urens in iti caractur ev itiz saundz iz redili distiggwit 118 MOTT'S FON0LOJI acter of these sounds is readily distinguished in the pronunci- ation of the word woo. This consonant sound is never used except as a prefix to a vowel sound. EXERCISE XXXIX. SOUND OF W (woo). woo, will, well, worst, wool, word, wage, watch, worm, wu wil wel wurst wul wurd wej wed wurm weave, wean, were, welt, was, wail, weal, wilt, wore, wile, wiv win wur welt wez wel wil wilt wor wail wiz'en, wound, wound, wort, wood, would, woof, whip, whir, wiz'n waund wund wurt wud wud wuf hwip hwtir wind, wind, wisp, quick, guilt, wall, waul, wife, we, whur. wind waind wisp cwic cwilt wel wel waif wi hwfrr LESSON XXXII. SOUND OF Y (yee). Pronounce the word ye, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word ye is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter yee, is also called wye. This is a sonant, palatal, semivowel which stands in precisely the same relation to the sound of i (ee), in police, in which con- sonant w (woo) stands to the sound of u in rule. The produc- tion of this sound is nearly identical with its corresponding vowel sound, but ' the difference in the character of these sounds is readily distinguished in the pronunciation of the word ye. The mouth organs are placed in position to sound e in peal, the tongue is raised to the i (ee) position, and the mouth is opened for the emission of fricative breath with the i(ee) sonancy. This sound is never used except as a prefix to a vowel sound. AND FONOTCLIP. 119 in fti prommsieun ev fti wurd wu. iTis consonant saund iz nevur yuzd ecsept az a prifics tu a vauel saund. ECSURSQIZ XXXIX. SdllND 0V W (wu). warp, wo'ven, whey, with'y, wax, whis'ky, whorl, with'ers, worp wd'vn hwe will wacs hwis'ci hwurl wift'urz , whence, wag'on, waffle, a-wa'ken, squalid, out'ward, weed, hwens wag'un wofl a-we'cn scwel'id aut'ward, wid swee'ten, swollen, wa'ken, wor'den, quick'en, wa'ry, wavlet, swi'tn swoln we'cii wer'dn cwic'n we'ri wevlet wax' en, sua'vi-ty, awk'ward on'ward, hand'ward, up'wards. wac'sn swd'vi-ti 6c'ward on'ward hand'ward up'wardz LESN XXXII. SQUND OV Y (yi). Pronauns fti wurd yi, sloli and distigctli. cTi f urst saund hurd, hwen iti wurd yi iz spocn, iz fti consonant saund repri- zented bai tli letur yi, iz olso c61d wai. H"is iz a sonant, pal- atal, semivauel hwic 1 standz in prisaisli fti sem rileSun tu Ai saund ov i (ih), in polis, in hwid consonant w(wu) standz tu fti saund ov u in rul. iTi produc^un ov ftis saund iz nirli ai- dentical wift its corespondii) vauel saund, but fti difurens in fti caractur ov ftiz saundz iz redili disitii)gwi^t in fti pronunsie- un ov fti wurd yi. xTi maut 6rganz or plest in pozi^un tu saund i in pil, fti tug iz rezd tu fti i (ih) poziun, and fti maul iz opnd for fti imi^un ov fricativ brel wiffc fti i (ih) sonansi iTis saund iz nevur yuzd ecsept az a prifics tu a vauel saund. 120 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXERCISE XL. SOUND OF Y (yee). ye, yes, yet, yea, yule, you, yew, ewe, yore, union, yaw, yi yes yet ye yul yu yu yu y6r yun'yun y6 yacht, youth, yerk, young, yeo'maii, yellow, u'sage, yelL yet yut yurc yug yo'maii yel'o yu'zej yel yeast, yearn, yield, yelp, u'nit, use, use, year, yar'row, yist yum yild yelp yu'nit yus yuz yir yar'o u'su-rer, u'su-fruct, yearly, use'ful, yolk, yard, yarn, yam. yu'ziu-rur yu'ziu-fruct yirli yus'ful y6c yard yarn yam LESSON XXXIII. SOUND OF M. Pronounce the word met, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word met is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter m. This is a sonant, labial, nasal, semivowel. It is produced by pressing the lips together, as required to sound p or b, and vibrating the vocal chords, but with the passage from the pharynx into the nose open, so that the tone rings in the nasal as well as in the oral cavity. The sound thus produced is resonant and continuable, because the nose cannot be closed except by external means. EXERCISE XLI. SOUND OF M. mill, man, me, numb, imp, jump, lump, lamb, mumps, mil man mi num imp jump lump lam mumps hymn, him, may, maim, meet, mete, meat, aim, mosque, him him me mem mit mit mit em mesc lame, came, mum, time, thyme, mild, teem, team, mouse, lem cem mum taim taim maild tim tim maus frame, mule, moil, mood, moose, smoke, schism, stumps, frem miul meil mud mus sm6c sizm stumps AND FONOTQIP. 121 ECSUKSCLIZ XL. SCLUND OV Y (yi). yawn, yaup, ew'er, yellows, yoke, pe-cul'iar, pinion, yaff, yen yep yu'ur yel'oz y6c pi-ciul'yar pin'yun yaf pa-villon, refuge- Sad'du-cee, sin'ew, alien, yearling, York, pa-vil'yun ref 'yuj Sad'yu-si sin'yii el'yen yirlii) Yerc com-panlon, fig'ure, filial, vol'ume, yeas'ty, yar'dage, yin, cem-pan'yun fig'yur fil'yal verytim yis'ti ydr'dej yin vol'umed, yaffle, yo'del, ynn'ca, Yan'kee, yufts, Ya'ko-nan. veryumd yafl yo'dl yurj'ca Yan'ci yufts Yd'co-nan LESN XXXIII. SaUND OV M. Pronauns Ai wurd met, sloli and distigctli. ETi furst saund hurd, hwen tti wurd met iz spocn, iz tti consonant sound reprizented bai iti letur m. iTis iz a sonant, lebial, ne- zal, semivauel. It iz prodmst bai presig fti lips tugeitur, az ricwaird tu saund p er b, and vaibretig iti vocal c6rdz, but witt iti pasej from iti farincs intu iti noz opn, so ttat fti ton rinz in Ai nezal az wel az in tti oral caviti. ITi saund ttus prodiust iz rezonant and centinyuabl, bic6z iti noz canet bi clozd ecsept bai ecsturiial minz. ECSURSQIZ XLIL SCLUND OV M. crimp, mote, moat, my, bump, wam'pum, ma'ple, mus-tache', crimp m6t m6t moi bump wem'pum me'pl mus-td^' minlite, mi-nute', com'mu-nism, col-os-se'um, mac'ron, mock, minlt mi-niut' cem'yu-nizm cel-es-si'um mac'ren moc mi-rage', mi'nus, artru-ism, con-sumed', lem'on, mael'strom, mi-rdz' mai'nus al'tru-izm cen-siumd' lem'un mel'strem free'dom, mad'den, mis'chief, mai'den, minx, tome, mint, fri'dum mad'n mis'dif me'dn migcs torn mint 122 MOTT'S FON0LOJI LESSON XXXIV. SOUND OF N. Pronounce the word net, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word net is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter n. This is a sonant, lingual, nasal, semivowel. xThis sound is produced by placing the mouth organs in position to sound t or d, and vibrating the vocal chords, but with the passage from the pharynx into the nose open, so that tone rings in the nose as well as in the oral cavity , The sound thus produced is resonant and continuable. EXERCISE XLIL SOUND OF N. net, none, end, win, tin, knight, night, nine, blend, snake, net nun end win tin nait nait nain blend snec knot, not, naught, note, knowl'edge, knuckle, knurled, on, net net net ndt nel'ej nuc'l nurld en one, won, son, sun, knave, knack, knee, knob, knit, nit, wun wun sun sun nev nac ni neb nit nit noun, cone, done, knew, new, know, no, hev'en, e-lev'en. naun c6n dun niu niu n6 n6 hev'n i-lev'n LESSON XXXV. SOUND OF D=Ng (ing). Pronounce the word bank, slowly and distinctly. The third sound heard (first after the vowel), when the word bank is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the new let- ter i), named ing, added to the alphabet to represent this sound only, the English alphabet having no letter for it. This sound is a sonant, palatal, nasal, semivowel. It is produced by placing the tongue in contact with the roof of the mouth as for sounding t, d, or n, but farther back, vibrating the vocal AND FONOTCLIP. 123 LESN XXXIV. SCLUND V N. Pronauns iti wurd net, sloli and distigctli. iTifurst saund hurd hwen iti wurd net iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri- zented bai iti letur n. xTis iz a sonant, liggwal, nezal, semi- van el. iTis saund iz prodiust bai plesig iti maul 6rganz in po- ziun tu saund t or d, and vaibretig iti vocal c6rdz, but wiit Ai pasej from iti farigcs intu fti noz opn, so flat ton rirjz in iti noz az wel az in Ai oral cavity. ff"i saund ftus prodiiist iz rezo- nant and centinyuabl. ECSURSQIZ XLII. SQUND 0V N. own, down, next, o'pen, o'pen-er, nay, neigh,' ag'gran-dise, 6n daun necst 6'pn 6'pn-ur ne ne ag'ran-daiz rain, rein, reign, as'sig-nat, be-fallen, be-liol'den, neu'ter, ren ren ren aslg-nat -bi-f6'ln bi-hol'dn niu'tur nick'el, kit'ten, par'don, par'son, per'son, poi'son, pig'eon, nic'el cit'n pdr'dn par' sun pur' sun pei'zn pij'un reck'on, spo'ken, sec'ond, nickle, sov'er-eign, o'pen-ness. rec'n spo'cn sec'und nic'l suv'ur-en 6'pn-nes LESN XXXV. SQIIND 0V D=Ng(ig). Pronauns iti wurd bagc, sloli and distirjctli. K"i lurd saund hurd (furst aftur tti vauel), hwen iti wurd bagc iz spocn, iz rti consonant saund reprizented bai iti letur i), nemd ig, aded tu iti alfabet ta reprizent itis saund onli, iti Iggli alfabet havig no letur f6r it. ffis saund iz a sonant, palatal, nezal, semi vauel. It iz prodiust bai plesirj iti tug in contact wiit iti ruf ev iti maul az f er saundig t, d, n, but f dritur bac, vaibretig ili 124 MOTTS FONOLOJI chords, with the passage from the pharynx into the nose open, so that the tone rings in the nose as well as in the oral cavity. The sound thus produced is resonant and continuable. EXERCISE XLIII. SOUND OF B=Ng (ing). sing, fling, wring, ring, sting, hang, song, ink, blin'king, sir) fliij rig rig stig hag seg igc blig'cig rank, tank, sunk, cling, bring, link, drink, fang, kin'king, rage tagc sugc clig brig ligc drigc fag cig'cig mink, ding, ting, singing, con'gress, lon'ger, blink, kink, migc dig tig siglg ceg'gres leg'gur bligc cigc twin'kle, wrin'kle, bringing, sing'er, swing, hissing, wang. twig'cl rig'cl briglg sig'ur swig hislg wag LESSON XXXVI. SOUND OF H (hee). Pronounce the word ho, slowly and distinctly. The first sound heard, when the word ho is spoken, is the consonant sound represented by the letter hee, is also called aitch. This is an aspirate sound, It is produced by modified breath- ing through the mouth. An audible emission of breath before a vowel or semivowel is made, in every case, in the same posi- tion of the mouth organs as that required to produce the fol- lowing sound, corresponding with any of the vowels or with consonant w (woo); that is, the sound of h (hee) in hah is made with the mouth organs in position for sounding the vowel in arm, the utterance in the combination changing only from un- intonated to intonated breath. The h (hee) of ho is made with the mouth organs in position for uttering the sound of o, and so with the other vowels, and consonant w(woo), as in he, hay, hat, hut, harm, hall, ho, hoot, when. AND FONOTQIP. 125 vocal cerdz, wiit iti pasej from iti farigcs intu iti noz opn, so rtat rti ton rigz in Ai noz az wel az in rti oral caviti. iTi saund itus prodiust iz rezonaiit and centinyuabl. ECSURSOIZ XLIII. SCLUND OV D= flank, wink, sanc'tu-a-ry, hong, clank, dong, shank, spunk, flagc wigc sagc'(*u-e-ri her) clanc dog 3agc spugc twang, cronk, wrung, rung, wrong, hunk, throng, twis'ting, twag cregc rug rug reg huge treg twis'tig bung, lung, hun'gry, dressing, miss'ing, yank, snow'ing, hug lug hug'gri dres'ig mis'ig yagc snd'ig showing, ba'kiiig, hanging, a'ching, going, slang, think. 361g be'cig haglg e'cig g61g slag ligc LESN XXXVI. SQUND OV H (hi). Pronauns rti wurd h6, sloli and distigctli. HI furst saund hurd, hwen fti wurd h6 iz spocn, iz iti consonant saund repri. zented bai di letur hi, iz elso cold ec 1 . iTis iz an aspiret saund. It iz prodiust bai modifaid britig Iru iti maut. An edibl imi^un ev bret bifor a vauel 6r semivauel iz med, in evri ces, in iti sem pozi^un ev tti maut erganz az itat ricwaird tu prodius rti feloig saund, cerespondig wiit eni ev rti vauelz or witt consonant w (wu); ttat iz, cti saund ev h (hi) in hd iz med wirt iti maul 6rganz in pozi^un fer saundig rii vauel in arm, Ai uturans in iti cembme^un denjig onli frem unintoneted tu into- neted bret. fl?i h (hi) ev ho iz med wift fti maut erganz in pozi- Sun for uturig iti saund ev o, and so wiit iti urtur vauelz, and consonant w (wu), az in hi, he, hat, hut, harm, h61, ho* hut, hwen. 126 MOTT'S FONOLOJI EXERCISE XLIV. SOUND OF H (hee). he, ho, hoe, hat, hod, heat, high, hoof, why, heel, heal, hi h6 h6 hat hed hit hcd huf hwai Ml hil have, hear, here, hemp, hold, house, hump, .heard, herd, hav hir hir hemp hdld haus hump nurd hurd hide, hough, hock, height, hip, had, helve, her, hem, hit, hold hoc hoc halt hip had helv Mr hem hit hall, hame, what, when, wheel, hone, hale, hailed, hoist, hul hem hwet hwen hwil h6n hel held heist GENESIS I. (American Standard Edition). 1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 And the earth was waste and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day. 6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the fir- mament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And there was evening and there was moming, a second day. 9 And God said, Let the waters under the heavens be gath- ered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. 10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called ha Seas: and God saw that it was good. 11 And God said, Let the earth put forth AND FONOTOIR 127 ECSURSQIZ XLIV. SCLUND 0V H (M). whole, hole, whist, hoy, whale, hail, hood, hill, Hot'ten-tot, h61 h61 hwisfc hoi hwel hel hud hil Het'n-tot hewn, help, home, hos'tage, hec'tic, hec'tor, hig'gle, he'ro, hiun help h6m hoa'tej hec'tic hec'tor higl hi'ro heaves, hec'tare, hed'dle, ho-ri'zon, har'ken, Hi-mala-yan, hivz hec'tar hedl ho-rai'zun hoLr'cn Hi-ma/la-yan hid'den, har'den, ha'sten, hap'pen, her'ry, her'o-ine, hem. hid'n hdr'dn he'sn hap'n her'i her'o-in hem JENISIS I. (CLmerican Standard Idiun ). I In iti biginig God crieted iti hevnz and iti urt. 2 And iki urt wez west and void; and dorcnes wez upon iti fes oviti dip: and iti Spirit ov God muvd upon &i fes ov iti w6turz. 3 And God sed, Let itar bi lait: and ttar woz lait. 4 And God s6 iti lait, itat it woz gud: and God divaided iti lait from iti darcnes. 5 And God cold iti lait De, and iti darcnes hi cold Nait. And itar woz ivnig and itar woz mornig, wun de. 6 And God sed, Let itar bi a furmament in iti midst ov iti w6turz, and let it divaid iti w6turz from iti w6turz. 7 And God med iti furmament, and divaided iti wMurz hwid wur un- dur iti furmament from iti weturz hwid wur abuv iti furmament: and it woz so. 8 And God cold iti furmament Hevn. And itar woz ivnig and itar woz mornig, a secund de. 9 And God sed, Let iti w6turz undur iti hevnz bi gaiturd tugeitur untu wun pies, and let iti drai land appir: and it woz so, 10 And God cold iti drai land Urt; and iti gaiturig tu- geitur ov iti woturz c61d hi Siz: and God s6 itat it woz gud. 11 And God sed, Let iti urt put fort gras, urbz yildig sid, and frut triz barig frut oftur itar coind, hwarin iz iti sid itarof , upon iti SCIENTIFIC ALFCLBET OV CLMR. FIL. ASS'N. (1877). Brief or short vowels, unmarkt. i, e, a, u, a, e, o, u. Full or long vowels, circumflext. i, e, a, u, d, 6, 6, u. LETTERS. Con- Vowels, Caps, sonants. Short, Long. Names. Key words. Q a a ah ask, la'va, a-far', far, alms, calm, md A a a a (ir) at, fat, cap, fan, cat, care, tare, fare B b bee bush, ber'ry, bold, bulb, slab, blast C c kee crack, car'ry, talc, scant, scamp, can Ch ch chee churn, rich, church, chart, such, catch D d dee did, dare, bud, dip, bid, dig, dun, dd Dh dh thee this^dhis, dhen, dhat, widh, dhan E e e ay met, net, den, fen, they, dey, o-bey' F f eff fur, fer'ry, ford, if, riff, flag, fum'ble Gr g ghee go, grey, golf, gig, grip, big, gag, tag H h hee hot, hur'ry, when, hdld, hasp, hid I i i ee it, in, trip, po-lice', pique, ma-chine' J j jay judge, just, jib, jet, jog, joint, jab L 1 ell lord, curl, lip, Idrd, lest, blot, slim M m em ma-md', am, mum, must, sum, drum N n en n6, notch, note, net, nab, tan, man Ng ng ing ring, sung, bring, geng, slang, hang O o 6 oh o-mit', pro-pose', pro-mote', vote, r6be O e e awe en, get, sed, deg, n6r, Mrse, short P p pee pa-pa', prey, ca-price', pre-pare', drip R r ar red, rare, run, rub, rash, barn, bar S s ess s6, us, s6'fa, bless, set, s6rt, sndre Sh sh ish share, wish, shdre, shaft, ship, dish T t tee tart, aii-tique', tun, trap, tent, trust Th th ith thin, truth, thing, think, thanks, pith U u u oo full, put, rule, rue, true, rude, gru'el U u u u (r) hut, sup, spun, up, hurt, burst, burn V v vee valve, vast, vel'vet, have, live, valid W w woo wit, wen, whey, wo, ware, wang, web Y y yee yet, ydrd, yarn, yes, yule, yam, y6ke Z z zee zdne, buzz, zest, fez, zinc, wiz'ard, fizz Zh zh zhee azure =azh'ur, vizh'un, mezh'ure, ruzh APPENDICS, In iti prepare^im ev itis ware, from its insep^un tu its com- pliun, iti etor had valyuabl assistaiis from O. C. Blackmer, B. A. , Oak Park , 111. , Cerespendig Secriteri ev iti Chicago Spelig Rifei'm Assosie^un. In iti inturest ev spelig rif6rm Mr. Blackmer caindli efurd tu ed in iti silec^un ev iti ci wurdz and tu rid pruf ev iti fonetic spelig. ITis ceniiec^un witt fti wurc sun rizulted in hiz tecig a mor activ part in its producSun. Hi fuli investigated evri cwesdun riletir) tu spelir) en hwid itar iz disagrimeiit amug Aoz hu advocet fonetic spelir) f6r fti Iggli^ laggwej. Hiz assistans in diturmmir) correct silabiceSun > and prommsies'un ev wurdz cept from itis buc iti incensistensiz ev tti dic^uneriz and mecs it a standard wurc en fti saundz ev aur larjgwej hwarevur it iz spocn. ff 1 ! Ricerdii) Secriteri ev iti Chicago Spelig Kif 6rm Assosi- eSun, Profeser George D. Broomell, Chicago, Mr. Henry R. Boss, Chicago, its 2d Vais Prezident, and Mr. 1ST. J. Werner, St. Louis, elso rendurd valyuabl assistans az critics and pruf ridurz ev a part ev iti wurc. Mesurz Barnhart Bros, and Spindler, Taip Faundurz, Chicago, tu promot spelii) rif6rra, enlar jd fer iti eter a font ev itar biutiful taip bai adig tu it iti niu leturz ev iti Fonetic Ii)- gli Alfabet, and iti Dearborn Engrevii) Cumpani, Chicago, med and doneted a fotoengrevd plet tu illustret fonetic spelig in iti script leturz ev itis alf abet. 129 130 MOTT'S FONOLOJI OBZURVfiHUNZ ON VQUEL UTURCLNS. (From Jnlai Nu. 1884 ev Prosidigz ev CLmerican Filolejical Assosie^un, p. xxxviii.) Obzurve^unz en vauel uturans, bai A. Schnyder, ri ported bai Prof. W. D. Whitney. Prof eser Whitney bigan bai peintig ant tti gret dif iculti ev difainig and clasifaiig fti vauel saundz, and fti obstinet difur- ensez ev viu stil privelig amug fonetists wift rigard tu ivn veri fundamental points. ITi sistem nau most in vog iz flat ev A.M. Bell, sumhwet medifaid in ditel bai Sweet and utturz a pijun hoi sistem, faindig pies for a larj varaiiti ev difurensez ev saund bai distirjgwi^ig ecstrim and midiol pozi^unz ev dl bac and f runt ev fti tug and ev bot tugeitur ("inicst"), and bai adig iti medifice^unz ev "raundig" and ev "waid" uturans az eppozd tu "praimari. " iTi men fidurz ev ftis sistem me bi assiumd tn bi non tu el hu ceiisurn ttemselvz wiit fonetics. It [Bell'z sistem] iz s6t tu bi put in pies ev Aioldur and leg curent traiaggiular 6r liniar sistem, hwi3 recegnaizez a (far) az a midial peint, pasig tu i (pic) in wun direc^un and tn u (rul) in tti uttur, tru fti inturmidicH steps ev e(Ae)and 6 (not) rispec- tivli. Ivn Sievers, hu in tti furst idiun ev hiz fonetical man- yual efurz onli tti latur sistem, nau in ttisecund idi^un prizents bol, and givz (a litl dautfuli, it iz tru, and witl cenfeSun ev unsurteiiti az tu sundri points) tti prefurens tu tti fermur or IggliS sistem. Ti spicur sed hi had nevur bin ebl tu rigard tti Bell sistem az enitig at 61 approdig tu a finaliti, er (hauevur aciilt it mait bi in tti noteSun ev surten mainer difurensez) AND FONOTCLIP. 131 az ivn contenig so mud and so valyuabl trut az iti uitur wun. It misdif ainz iti a, beriz iti prominens and miudual riles'un ov iti faiv lidig historical vauelz undur a hip ov trivialitiz, and givz tu iti frunt ov tti tug a praimari importans in diturminig vauel ton itat simz bai no miriz tu bilog tu it. It haz bin wiit satisfacs'un, tten, itat hi had risivd from a corespondent in Chicago, Mr. A. Schnyder, sum obzurves*unz upon iti subject hwid simd tu him so inturestig and important itat hi dizaird (wiit tti consent ov iti olor) tu brig item tu iti attens*un ov iti Assosies*un. Mr. Schnyder iz a netiv ov Switzerland, hu, f urst in hiz on cuntri and letur in itis, haz bin for mor itan 40 yirz a tidur ov articyule^un tu iti def and dum, and haz cum, in con- necs'un will itat tidig, tu iti viuz nau held bai him. iTe wil bi steted hir substan^ali in hiz on wurdz. iTi caracturistic distigc^un ov 61 iti simpl vauelz iz condis"und bai iti pozi^un ov iti bac or rut ov iti tug and ov iti farigcs, hwail iti palatal caviti and iti s"ep v iti maut ad onli traiflig medificeSunz. It iz suffis"ent pruf ov dis itat eni wun me di - tigctli pronauns iti vauel siriz u, 6, a, e, i, wiit iti antirior or- gaiizevspid in veri difurent poziunz: itus, for egzampl, wiit iti tit taitli prest tugeitur; wiit iti lips nirli clozd in a ficst po- zis*uii; wiA tti tip ov iti tug applaid tu iitur iti lour or tti upur lip; witt a rig held bitwin iti tit and cuvurd bai iti lips; wiit tti tip ov iti tug bent bac upwardz agenst iti hard palet (and, it me bi aded, wiit iti tug in iti pozis"un for uturig 1). Hens it foloz, itat BelPz discrips*un ov iti pozis*uii ov iti tug for hiz "micst vauelz" canot posibli bi correct. But iti prinsipal rizult ov mai inves- tige^un az tu iti formes'un ov iti vauelz iz iti discuvuri itat haf iti vauel siriz iz prodiust bai dipre^un ov iti rut ov iti tug. 6l privius discrip^unz, so far az non tu mi, mec iti vauel saundz orijinet ecsclusivli bai rezig iti tug, and hens ar onli in part 132 MOTT'S FONOLOJI correct. Startig from iti pozi^un. ev indifurens ftat mecs fti niutral vauel, fti siriz toard u iz med bai rezig iti bac part ev fti tug, itat toard i bai dipresig fti rut ev fti tug . ITi accum- paniig figyur wil So fti niutral vauel pozi^un and itoz ev u and i riSpectivli; cti pozi^un ev e and 6 and ev eni uttur saundz, in- turmidiet bitwin iti niutral vauel and iti ecstrimz, wud bi trest bitwin ftoz liir givn . ITi figyur reprizents a purpendicyular sec^un ev Ai maul caviti, from iti lips az far bac az iti vel er fti paletand epigletis. K"i unbrocn lain oz fti nititral poziun ev iti tun; iti brocn lain, fti pozi^un fer uturii) u; fti deted lain itat fer i. It iz assiumd ftat fti peint ev fti tug iz held truaut agenst fti lour tit. iTi dipreSun ev fti frunt ev fti tug in fti u pozi^un iz simpli fti nadural censicwens ev fti hum pig ev fti bac part ev fti tug; and in laic manur, fti liftig ev fti midl and frunt part ev fti tug in iti i poziSun iz onli a neseseri rizult ev fti ritrac^un ev fti rut ev fti sem 6rgan. In pasig frem u tu i, 6r fti centreri, onli fti rezig ev fti midl and frunt part ev fti tug iz distigctli felt, but wun me cenvins himself ev fti dipreun ev fti rut ev fti tug bai pasig fti end ev a figgur in ovur fti bac ev iti tug bitwin fti seft palet AND FONOTdlP 133 and Ai epigletis. xTi rizultiij dispoziikrn tn "gag" me bi pri- vented at furst bed buturii) iti end ev Ai fingur; but aftur sum practis Ai parts gro accustumd tu bi medld wiA, and mec no furAur rizistans. Profeser Whitney sed hi and uAurz had full cenvinst Aem- selvz, in Ai meted last discraibd, ev Ai trut ev Mr. Schnyder'z aecaunt ev iti i pozi^un and itat it simd tu him a capital peint in vauel f6rmeun, and calciuleted tu medifai siriusli Ai vifiz hiAurtu enturtend bai fonetists. Mr. Schnyder haz f6rmd an injinyus and practical sistem ev vauel note^un upen hiz tiori ev vauel f6rme^un, and rigardz it az net les cemprihensiv and mor tru tu Ai facts Aan Beli'z. It iz tu bi hopt Aat hi wil sun tec sum epertiuniti tu mec a cemplit riport ev hiz ebzurve^unz and viuz. [End ev Prof. Whitney 'z rimarcs.] Profeser A. Schrivder'z Vauel Sistem. Ci Wurdz. earn, sir, dove, sun bad ah elk ox, on their all male fill feel pole pull pool. It wil bi ebzurvd Aat Ai niutral vauel iz Ai midial peint in Mr. Schnyder'z vauel sistem, Aat hi duz net dktiggwi^ bitwin Ai brif and ful saund ev u, a, a, o, and Aat hi givz tu "ei" in "their" a distinct cweliti ev saund net recegnaizd bai Ai Qmerican Filolejical Assosie&un, Ao it iz sumtaimz hurd in Ai spiel ev f erenurz and in sum localitiz ev Ai Yunaited Stets. 134 MOTT'S FONOLOJI SILABICaUN In Ai divizun ev wurdz intu silablz, Aar iz mud divursiti in Ai dics*uneriz and amui) pruf ridurz. ITar ar 110 establish rulz hwid 61 ar baund tu rispect. In Ais wurc silabices*un iz intended tu s*o prommsies'uii onli. In Ai divizun ev Ai ci wurdz rti rulz ev rti Century Dics*uneri, undur "syllabication," ar menli felod. fFi Century sez: 4t ITi divizun ev a wurd ev mor Aan wun silabl intu separet silablz iz in gret mezur an ar- tifi^al preses, sins a censonant inturvinig bit win tu vauelz iz yuzuali (si undur silabl) tu bi recnd az bilenig tu iitur wun ev ttem net les Aan tu rti uitur. iTis iz espe^ali tru ev iti centin- yaabl censonants, Ai semi vauelz and iti fricativz (Aus, felo, aro, evur, lesur, aez, ets.); a miut, particyularli a surd miut (p, t, k), haz mor clem tu go wiA Ai feloig vauel, bicez a miut iz mud mor distinctli 6dibl upen a feloig Aan aftur a prisidii) vauel (in ti Aan in et). Wi tend elso tu recn sud a censonant tu Ai vauel ev huz fors and pid it simz most tu partec; and, a leg vauel biii) regyularli a diminyuendo uturans, Ai strenl ev impuls felii) ef bifor it iz ended, a feloig censonant simz nadurali tu bilei) tu Ai vauel Aat sucsidz (so de-li, i-Aur, i-zi, ets.); en Ai uAur hand, a censonant ev eni caind aftur a s*ert acsented vauel so s"arz Ai latur'z mod ev uturans az tu bi nadu- rali and prepurli cembaind wiA it: Aus, bit -ur (bitter), tac-1 (tackle), en-est, ets." So hwen cf singl censonant saund cumz bitwin tu vauelz Ai furst ev hwid (u alon ecsepted) iz an acsented ful vauel er a difben, Ai censonant biginz Ai feloir) silabl, az ni'di, be'cur, pa'rent, bd'mi, de'tur, po'ni, mu'di, ai'nes, dau'di, jei'ful, biu'ti. AND FONOTQIP. 135 jTi vauel u duz net cum undur iti abuv rul; f6r ftis vauel, undur acsent and felod boi r, so cembainz wiit iti r, itat ite form part ev a silabl, hweitur iti vauel iz brif 6r ful, az burl (bur'ry), bur'o (bur'ro), furl (fur'ry), hurl (hur'ry), murl (mur'rey), purlg (pur'ring), urlrj (er'ring). iTi 16 ev list efort fer distigct uturans ricwairz silabice- undur iti rul and iti ecsepun abuv givn. ffl SURCUMFLECS. fl?i surcumflecs liaz leg bin yuzd tu dinot prolenge^un ev faiv ev iti et elimenteri er brif vauel saundz ev iti In- gli langwej. In iti Standard Dic^uneri it iz yuzd ovur e and i. Webster 'z Inturna^unal, 1900, so yuzez it ovur a in "care, " o in "nor," u in "burn." iTi Century so yuzez it ovur a in "all, " o in "ndr. " Worcester so yuzez it ovur a in "all, "e in "there, "i in "police," o in "m6ve. " In iti Fonetic IrjgliS Alfabet iti surcumflecs iz yuzd ovur el iti vauel leturz tu indicet prolenge^un ev itar saundz. iTis ytis ev iti surcumflecs mecs iti sistem ev vauel note^un simpl, yunifdrm, and saientific. In 6rdineri print iti surcumflecs iz net yuzd ovur a, a, o, u, fer riziiz steted en pp. 52, 56, 62, 68. Niu leturz tu reprizent iti ful 6r prolend vauelz wud hav no advantej en iti scor ev lejibiliti ovur surcumflecst vauelz. Niu leturz wud bi no betur fer iti pres, fdriti printur'z ces, f6r iti pruf ridur, ttan ar surcumflecst vauelz. Niu leturz wud net az fuli n6r az clirli aidentifai iti cweliti ev iti vauel saundz, itat iz, So iti rlleJun ev id ful vauel saund tu iti brif saund er eliment frem hwid it iz divelupt, az du iti surcumflecst leturz, hwid fer evri purpus dizaird ar entairli satisfactori. 186 MOTT'S FONOLOJI iTI IDGLIA ALFCLBET IN CUKENT SPELID, a 9 It standz for a, a, a, a, e, e, o, 6, az in am, air, asp, arm, any, ape, what, hall, and iz salient az in head, b 2 " tl b, az in bib, and iz sailent az in debt, c 6 4l " c, s, S", z, ch, az in cap, cent, vicious, sacrifice, violoncello, and iz sailent az in indict. d 3 4l " d, t, az in did, missed, and iz sailent az in Wednesday. e 10 4t lt e, e, i, i, 6, u, u, d, y, az in met, they, pretty, mete, sew, offer, her, sergeant, ewer and iz sailent az in heart. f 3 " ' * f , v, az in fife, of, and iz sailent az in staff, g 5 ' l ' 4 g, f , j , n, az in get, laugh, gem, cognac (c6nyac), and iz sailent az in reign. h 3 " " h, I, az in host, eighth, and iz sailent az in ghost. i 7 " " i, i, u, u, y, ai, az in pin, police, tapir, bird, alien, find, and iz sailent az in friend. j 4 " tl j, y, J, h, az in jet, jaeger, jalousie, jaleo. k 2 " 4t c, az in kind, and iz sailent az in back. 1 3 ' ' 1 1 1, y, az in lull, surveillaiit, and iz sailent az in calm. m 2 lt " m, az in mum, and iz sailent az in dimmed. n 4 44 " n, g, y, az in band, bank, cognac (conyac), and is sailent az in solemn. o 12 " l4 o, 6, e, 6, u, u, u, u, a, i, wu, az in omit, old, not, nor, does, word, wolf, move, now, women, one, and iz sailent az in could. p 4 " " p, f, v, az in pip, phlegm, Stephen, and iz sai- lent az in psalm. AND FONOTdlP. 137 q 2 1 1 c, az in quilt and iz salient az in lacquer, r 3 ' ; r, ur, az in roar, iron, and iz sailent az in purr. s 5 " s, z, , z, az in sin, is, sure, measure, and iz sailent az in isle, t 5 " t, d, 3, z, az in tent, nature, patient, transition, and iz sailent az in coquette, u 11 " " u, u, u, u, e, i, w, c, iu, yu, az in pull, rule, hut, hurt, bury, busy, quit, hough, mute, unit, and iz sailent az in shoulder, v 1 " v, az in vote. w 3 ' ' w, u, az in woo, vow, and iz sailent az in wrong. x 7 " z, c, cs, gz, gz, c, az in xebec, excel, tax, exist, luxurious, luxury, and iz sailent az in Sioux, y 6 " y, i, u, u, ai, az in yet, nymph, zephyr, myrrh, sty, and iz sailent az in they, z 5 " " z, s, z, d, azin zest, waltz, azure, mezzo, (medzo), and iz sailent az in buzz. IRRAfiUNCLL SISTEMZ OV NOTfifiUJST. Profeser Charles P. G. Scott sez (1901), in a praivet letur nau cwoted bai purmi^un: "Inmai opinyun, leg held, and confurmd in Ai most pezitiv maiiur bai a sumhwet ecstended lecsicograf ic ecspiriens and filolejic studi, iti so cold 'sistem' ev note^un, yuzd in iti curent Qmerican and Irjgli^ dic^uneriz, iz turoli bad un- historic, unsaientific, unlitureri, unscolarli, inconsistent, irra3- unal, iiieffectiv, uturli sensles in itself. iTar iz net onli no ridimig merit in it, it iz a sirius ebstacl tu iti undurstandig 138 MOTT'S FONOLOJI and tidig ev iti simplest facts censurnig fti pronunsieun ev Iijgli, and its tru historical pozi^un, and its rile^unz wiit uitur laijgwejez. " Hi adz letur: "ITis stetment applaiz tu iti curent Qmeri- can and IggliS dicuneriz Webster, Worcester, Stormonth, iti Imperial, and itar unwilig sucseserz, az iti Century and iti In- ternational, in iti sem lain ev cenvenSunal notegun. Onli iti 'Oxford Dictionary' and iti 'Standard Dictionary' hav bin bold inuf and waiz inuf tu yuz a noteun best en historic and saien- tific prinsiplz. OLi tigc 61 niu dic^uneriz wil bi bold and waiz 61so." COMPAEISUN 0V ALFQBETS. K 1 ! Fonetic Irjglii? Alfabet and iti Saientific Alfabet ev iti CLmericaii Filolejical AssosieSun, fremd in 1877, or net rai- valz f 6r pepyular fever. rTi Assosie^un 'z alf abet iz an important muv toardz a turti-tu letur alfabet. It haz twenti-sics leturz and sics saund simbelz. H"i Fonetic Ingli Alfabet haz turti- tu leturz, wun for id elimentari saund ev aur larjgwej, and iz best upen iti Saientific Alfabet ev iti CLmerican Filolejical As- sosieSun and Ai riport ev its cemmiti hu fremd itat alfabet. iTi difurens bitwin itiz alf abets iz on in iti feloig cempari- sunevdaigraf simbelz frem wun, and sirjgl leturz frem iti uitur, yuzd tu reprizent cti sics consonant saundz ev aur laggwej itat ar wiitaut reprizente^un in iti IrjgliS alfabet. COMPARISUN 0V ALFQBETIC SQINZ. Daigraf Simbelz: Ch ch, Ngng, Thth, Dhdh, Sh sh, Zh zh. Sirgl Leturz: 5 d D g t K it fi. 7i z AND FONOTCLIP. 139 ITi daigraf s ch, ng, th, sh, ar yuzd in curent spelii); dh haz bin yuzd sins 1786 and in meiii publiceskmz; zh haz bin yuzd in fonetic spelinz for mor Aan fifti yirz tu reprizent iti saund ev lt si" in "vision" (vizhun, vizun); and id ev Aiz dol- graf simbolz iz yuzd in iti Standard Dicuiieri tu indicet pro- nunsie^un. iTar ar meni ebjecs'imz tu Ai yus ev daigraf simbelz in a fonetic alfabet uAur Aan Ai fact Aat sue 1 simbelz ar cumbrus. iTis wez recegnaizd bai Ai cemmiti ev Ai Qmerican Filolejical Associe^un liu f remd its alfabet and riported ' 'niu leturz wud bi dizairabl;" and Ai appruval ev Ais riport bai Ai Assosies*un iz a protest bai Ai filelojists agenst Ai ritens'un ev Ai daigraf simbelz az a part ev Ai alfabet ev Ai fiudur. Ov Ai niu siggl consonant leturz, g me bi rigarded az ac- septed bic6z ev its leg yus in fonetic spelii) and in Ai Oxford Dics*uneri. iTi rimenii] faiv ev Ai sics niu consonant leturz ar dimd wurAi ev traial til betur f ermz ar invented THE NEW LETTERS a, e, u IN CURRENT PRINT. By O. C. BLACKMER. In order to popularize the three new letters of the Qmerican Philological Association, and to cultivate a sense of phonetic law, it is proposed to use the new letters, a, e, u, in print wherever the old letters, a, o, u, have corresponding sounds. The following words are examples of such use: ask, arm, sofa, lava, amid, final, net, nor, of, ought, but, burn, up, urge, sul- phur, murmurer, murder. In the following extracts, from addresses and articles by Professor Francis A. March, ef Lafayette College, the new letter print is used. 140 MOTT'S FONOLOJI 4 'It is ef no use to try to characterize with fitting epithets and adequate terms ef objurgation the monstrous spelling ef the English language. "The time lest by it is a large part ef the whole school- time ef the mass ef men. Count the hours that each man wastes through life from the hindrance to easy reading, the hours wasted at school in learning to spell, the hours spent through life in keeping up and perfecting this knowledge ef spelling, in consulting dictionaries, a work that never ends, the hours that he spends in writing silent letters, and multi- ply this time by the number ef persons who speak English, and we shall have a total ef millions ef years wasted by each gen- eration. The cost ef printing the silent letters ef the English language is to be counted by millions ef dollars fer each gen- eration. And yet literary amateurs fall in love with these squintings and lispings. They try to defend them by pleading their advantages in the study ef etymelogy. But a change- less orthography destroys the material fer etymological study and written records are valuable to the philologist in propor- tion as they are accurate records ef speech as spoken from year to year. (1874). "Our wretched spelling makes millions ef illiterates. Three years are spent in our primary schools in learning to read and spell a little. The German advances as far in a twelve month. CL large fraction ef the school time ef the mil- lions is thus stolen from useful studies, and devoted to most painful drudgery. The child should have its reason awakened by erder, fitness, law, in the objects it is first made to study. But woe to the child who tries to use reason in spelling En- glish. The whole thing is confounding, stupefying, and per- verting; it makes great numbers ef children hate the sight ef AND FONOTdlP. 141 a book forever, and reluct from all learning. * Good spelling would increase by millions the number of easy readers and by millions more the number ef those fend ef knowledge. Moral degeneracy waits on ignorance. Christianity has not half her strength where she cannot use the press. We ought, then, to improve our spelling. (1876). 4 'Welsh boys pick up Welsh, and German boys German, without formal teaching ef spelling. They read right off as soon as they learn their letters. How to remove this diffi- culty and how to reform English spelling, is getting to be fully recognized in England as a great problem ef social science and ef statesmanship. * * * "The introduction ef new spelling is like the introduction ef the sewing machine. Everybody knows the old way and nobody knows the new. One generation must have a deal ef trouble. We want to find some powerful class whose interest in the change is such that it is best for them to take the trouble. In the new spelling, this class are the teachers, whose most irk- some labors will be lightened, and the publishers, who will hope to win in the new field ef adventure in books. Let the teachers start us, and we shall all find heart. * ' 4 Who knows but the good time may be near when it shall seem ridiculous to write d-o-u-g-h for do, and p-h-t-h-i-s-i-c for tizic"? (1878.) "All the new vowels may be substituted fer the old ones which they resemble, when the old ones have the intended sound, without embarassing any reader; and gradually the consonants. " (1876). 142 MOTT'S FONOLOJI SPELID BQI fTI SQIENTIFIC ALFQBET OV iTI QMER- ICCLN FILOLOJICCLL ASSOSI&B.UN. (PROF. THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, YALE COLLEGE.) In dhi matur ev saundz, a fonetic alfabet wud marc onli dhoz bred and clir distirigcshunz hwich ar apparent tu dhi ir ev erdineri men. 6rthegrafi best upen such an alfabet wud assium, az dhi veri faundeshun upen hwich tu bild itself, dhi egzistens ev a standard pronunsieshuii. It iz dhat alon hwich dhi speliiig wud recegnaiz. Provinshal spicurz, az a censi- cwens, wud hav elwez bifor dhar aiz, in dhi ferm ev dhi wurd itself, dhi prepur pronunsieshun ev it, bai hwich dhe wud bi ebl tu cempar, and if neseseri, tu cerrect dhar on. * * Paradecsical az it me sim, it iz nevurdhiles tru, dhat rad- ical rif erm ev Ingglish 6rthegrafi iz a censurvativ muvment. * * * CL fonetic speling, wuns establisht, wad tich its on pro- nunsieshun widhaut help f rem eni udhur cwertur. Its egzistens wud bi dhi gretest bariur dhat cud bi irected agenst chenj ev saund. Dhi degradeshun ev dhi fundamental vauel ton ev dhi veis, dhi a az hurd in fadhur, haz bin and iz stil going en rapidli; a ficst sain fer dhi saund wud at wuiis arrest dhi preses in el wurdz in hwich it iz nau teeing pies. Verieshun in pro- nunsieshun dhar canet f el tu bi hwail aur langgwej iz a living wun, just az dhar iz verieshun in grainar, and vocabyuleri; but, az widh dhi latur dhat verieshun iz ridiust tu dhi loest pesibl limits hwen wuns a standard liturachur iz crieted, so wil it bi AND FOXOTQIP. 148 widh dhi fermur hwen wuns a standard fonetic speling iz es- tablisht. (1882). 4t Dhar iz surtenli nutliing mor centemptibl dhan aur prez- ent speling, unles it bi dhi riznz yuzhuali givn f6r clinging tu it. (1891). (PROF. S. WELLS WILLIAMS, YALE COLLEGE.) Wtm argiument in fever ev yur eforts iz dhi ed hwich a betur mod ev speling Ingglish wil giv tu dhi milyunz ev shiatics hu ar nau lurning dhi langgwej and ar tu lurn it in dhi fiuchur, az dhi storhaus ev dhi best liturachur in evri branch ev liiuman saiens hwich dhe can rich. * * CLur langgwej iz tu bicum dhi lingua Franca ev mancaind; and it iz hardli wurth hwail tu riten el its ecscresensez in dhi aidia dhat dhoz hu hav tu mastur dhem wil thingc dhi mor ev an acwi- zishun hwich haz cest so much nidles leber. (REV. MR. ROBERTSON, MISHUNERI.) Dhi Cric Indianz lurn mor diuring wun de'z tiching en Sunde, bai ed ev dhar fonetic alfabet, dhan aur children du diuring dhi wic in Ingglish speling. CL piupil haz bin non tu rait a letur tu thangc hiz instructor fer tiching him tu rid en dhi furst de ev teeing up dhi alfabet. (CHARLES SUMNER, U. S. SENATOR.) Dhi Ingglish langgwej haz an immens fiuchur. But dhar must bi harmoni bitwin dhi ritii and dhi spocn wurd. In helping dhis riferm yu ar a benifacter. Et iz an impruvment ev practical valyu and much nided. 144 MOTT'S FONOLOJI SILECTED POEMZ. Q SOD V HOP. (FIRST PRIZE, $1,000, LABOR POEM, 1895, BY MARY A. LATHBURY.) ildren ev yesturde, Arz ev tumero, Hwet ar yu wivii) Leber and sero? Luc tu yur lumz agen; Fastur and f astur Flai iti gret 3utlz Pripard bai Ai Mastur. Laif 's in fti lum, Eum fer it rum. )ildreri ev yesturde, Arz ev tumero, Laitn fti leber And switn iti sero. ~Nau hwail iti ^utlz flai Fastur and fastur, Up, and bi at it At wurc wiit iti Mastur. Hi standzat iti lum, Rum fer Him rum. ildren ev yesturde, Arz ev tumero, Luc at yur fabric Ov leber and sero, Simi and dare Witt dispar and dizastur, Turn it and lo, ITi dizain ev iti Mastur! fTi Lerd'z at iti lum, Rum fer Him rum. AND FONOTQIP. 145 L6RD OV 6L. (OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.) Lord ev 61 biig, Irond afar, ITai glori flemz from sun and star; Sentur and sol ev evri sfir, Yet tu i luvig hart hau nir ! Sun ev aur laif , ITai cwicnig re jledz en aur pat iti glo ev de; Star ev aur hop, fTai sefnd lait irz iti leg wedez ev iti nait. CLur midnait iz iTai small wittdr6n; CLur nuntaid iz iTai gre^us den; OLur renbo ard, iTai mursi'z sain; 6l, sev Ai claudz ev sin, ar Aain. Lerd ev el laif, bilo, abuv, Huz lait iz trut, huz w6rmt iz luv; Bifor ITai evur-blezig tron Wi asc no lustur ev aur on. Grant us iTai trfrt tu mec us fri, And cindlig harts dat burn f er ITi, Til 61 K"ai livig eltarz clem Wun holi lait, wun hevnli flem. PRtEF OV LUV AND PdUUR. (W. C. BENNETT.) "Ged wilz but il, " rti dautur sed; 4 'Lo, taim dut ivl onli bar; Giv mi a sain Hiz luv tu pruv, Hiz vanted gudnea tu diclar. ' ' H"i poet p6zd j ust hwar a f lauur, CL simpl dezi, stard iti sed, And ansurd: "Pruf ev luv and pauur, Bihold bihold a smail ev Ged," 146 MOTT'S FON0LOJI ITURNQL JUSTIS (BY CHARLES MACAY, IN J. OF O. AND O.) BTi man iz let a nev er ful, 6r biget pletii) craim, Hu, for fti advansment ev hiz caind, Iz waizur ftan hiz taim. For him fti hemloc Sal distil; For him fti acs bi bard; For him rti jibet Sal bi bilt; F6r him fti stec pripard. Him Sal Ai scorn and rot ev men Pursiu witt dedli em; And malis, envi, spait, and laiz vfi.al desicret hiz nem. But tr&t Sal corjcur at. iti last, F6r raund and raund wi run, And evur fti rait cumz upurniost, And evur iz justis dun. Pes Iru Aai sel, old Socratiz, irli tu and fro; Trust tn fti impuls ov Aai sol, And let fti poizn flo. iTe me Satur tu fti urt fti lamp ov ITat holdz a lait divaiii, But fte canot cwend fti fair ev I6t Bai eni sud dedli wain; K"e canet blot iti spocn wurdz From cti memori ev man, Bai el tti peizn dat evur wez brM, Sins taim its cors bigan. Tude abherd, tumero adord, So raund and raund wi run, And evur fti trirt cumz upurmost, And evur iz justis dun. AND FONOTdlP. 147 ffIS STRftNJ LADGWEJ. (FROM PHILADELPHIA BULLETIN.) Hwen fti IgglM tug wi spic Hwaiiz "break" n0t raimd wift "freak?" Wil yu tel mi hwai it's tru Wi se "sew," but laicwaiz'"few?" And tti mecur 0v a vurs Can0t cap hiz "horse" wift "worse." "Beard" saundz net iti sem az "heard;" And "ford" duz not raim wift "word/" "Cow" iz cau, but "low"iz lo; "Shoe" iz nevur raimd wift "foe." igc0v "hose" and "dose" and "lose;" And 0v "goose" and yet 0v "choose." Tirjc 0v "comb" and "tomb "and "bomb;" "Doll "and "roll;" and ''home "and "some." And "pay" iz raimd wift "say," Hwai not "paid" wift "said," ai pre? Wi hav "blood" and "food "and "good;" "Mould "iz not pronaunst laic "could;" Hwarfor "done" but "gone" and "lone?" Iz ftar eni rizn non? And in 3ert, it simz tu mi Saund and leturz disagri. LOJIC V IVENTS. (JAMES ROGERS.) Sum men luv rait wift 61 ftar hart, And sum luv reg at veri start, And sum ar en fti fens. 6l yild pet scimz, hauevur dir, Hwen led bai riznz, az med clir Bai lejic 0v i vents. 148 MOTT'S FONOLOJI Cemurs, and grid, and hwim me wet Slo muvments ev iti jenural stet, But just is c61z f6r l 'Nau. " Nau iz rti taim tu tec up armz And fait 61 renz and hctrmz; Pre Ged tu o us hau, Nau iz tti taim tu step wun rag And 3o aur sens e>v jutis stren, Bai givii) children rait. Hwen leturz hav wun surten saund iTi we tu lurnig wil bi f aund. And studi bi dilait. PUR ON. (ALICE GARY.) Sic net tu wee bai berod lait, But cip untu ftain on: Du hwet itau duest w^itt rtai maitj And trust itaiself alon! Straiv net tu baniS pen and daut In plezur'z iieizi din; JTi pis ttau sicest fer wiitaut Iz onli f aund wiitin. If f6rdun disrigard ftai clem, But wurt, liur slait attest; N6r bluS and hai) fti hed fer gem Hwen itau hast dun Aai best. Disden neglect, ignor dispar; On luvz and f rend&ps gen Plant itau itai fit, az en a star, And maunt rait up and en. AND FONOTQIP. 149 QMEEICQ'Z BIATITltlD. (SECOND PRIZE LABOR POEM, 1895, BY M. S. PADEN.) O, hare! f6r iti aur iz cuniig hwen yur irz s'al anointed bi! fi, lisn! tizraizig and swelig o'r popyulus land and si! ITi mornig starz bigan it at iti don &v crie^un'z burl, And iti surclig sfirz go swigig and sigig untu url! And urt s'al forget hur gronig, And lurn. iti sog ov iti sfirz; And Ai taird al sig itat ar monig, And Ai sad s'al drai itar tirz. Corus Blesed ar ite itat wurc! F6r ite ftal inherit iti url, in iti donig de! For iti sog ov iti sfirz iz mos'un, and mos'un and toil ar laif, And iti aidl s'al fel and foltur and yild at iti end ov iti straif. Az iti starz tred paitz appointed and iti sun givz forl hiz hit, So iti sunz ov men s'al lebor r ite loitur in lizur'z sit. And cigz ar tu surv iti pipl, And welt iz tu iz iti pur, And lurnig, tu lift iti loli, And stregt, itat wi me endiur. Corus Blesed ar ite ttat wurc! For ite vfi.al inherit iti urt, in iti donig de! Lo! 5?i burdn ^al bi divaided; and id al no hiz on; And iti roialti ov manhud al bi mor itan craun 6r Iron; And iti fle and blud ov iti toilurz s'al no loggur bi les itan gold; And nevur an oiiest laif al bi intu hoples bondej sold ! For wi, iti pipl, or wecig And hai and lo s'al emplei ITi splendid stregt ov yunyun Fdrlaif, liburti, andjei! Corus Blesed ar ite itat wurc! For it6 flal inherit iti urt, in iti denig de! 150 MOTT'S FONOLOJI OPINYUNZ (PROF. W. D. WHITNEY, YALE COLLEGE.) CL f onetic ertegrafi iz, ev itself, in el rispects dizairabl, and itar iz no gud rizn agenst it sev iti incenvinyens av so gret a denj. Evri tioretical and practical c^nsidure^un mecs in its fever. ITi gret nid nau iz tu enlaitn iti public maind, tu o Aat iti hestiliti tu f one tic spelir) iz iti rizult ev a blairid preju- dis alon, and riali faunded en nun ev iti riznz hwid ar yuiuali allejd in its support; itat itar iz iiulirj secred in iti ritn wurd; itat larjgwej iz spid net spelirj; and itat practical cenvinyens iz iti onli tru test ev iti valyu ev an 6rlograf ic sistem. * * * It iz iti genure^unz ev dildren tu cum hu appil tu us tu sev item frem iti afflic^uii wi hav eiidiurd and fergetn. (PROF. GEORGE D. BROOMELL.) iTi advantejez ev f onetic speliij me bi sumaraizd itus: 1 . Icenomi ev spes, taim, and ecspens in raitirj and printirj. 2. Riduc^un ev taim and efort in lurnig tu rid frem yirz ev drujuri tu munis ev plizirj activiti. 3. Insted ev iti nau endles and impesibl tasc ev masturig spelirj wi Sud hav onli earful atten^un tu correct pronunsie- 3un. 4. H"i preses ev lurnirj tu rid and spel wud bi a lejical wun, and hens wud divelup analitical pauur, iti besis ev el lirjcirj activiti. William T. Harris, iti haiest ejuceunal efisur in iti Yunaited Stets, sez itat piupilz t6t bai iti f onetic meled 4 'm^c betur arilmitic and gramar scelarz, and ar mor waid awec, attentiv, and discriminetin. ' ' AND FONOTdlP. 151 5. STi sevig ev an immens amaunt ev taim subsicwent tu scul laif , nau lost in lucig up pronunsie^un and ricuvurig lest 6rtegrafi. 6. F6renurz wud lurn iti laggwej so redili itat ite wud bicum OLmericanaizd mud mor rapidli and turoli itan nau. 7. ITi rapid diminius'un and f oinal ecstigcs*un ev illiturasi, and hens a haiur sivilizes'uii evri we. 8. fTi rapid spred av Ii]gli3 in parts ov iti wurld hwar it iz nau litl non, wift rti prebabiliti ev its bicumig iti wurld lag- gwej. 6l tioretical censidure^unz sim tu ricwair rtat tidurz ^ud bi speliq riferraurz. ETar ar meni activ rifdrmurz omug item; a fiu ar liestil, but iti gret mas ar indif urent. Hi taim wil cum hwen tidurz wil bi in iti muvment, but hweitur ite Sal bi pu^t intu it, 6r assium a velunteri lidur^ip, az ite ud, ai gal net vendur tu prefisai. (JACOB GRIMM, PHILOLOGIST') Did net a hwimzical, anticweted 6rlegrofi stand in iti we, iti yunivursaliti ev iti IggliS laggwej wud bi stil mor evi- dent: and wi uitur Yuropianz me estim aurselvz f6rdunet itat iti IggliS nes"un liaz net yet med iti discuvuri. (ANDREW D. WHITE, U. S. AMBASSADOR TO BERLIN.) Q. riferm in spelig iz 61 itat iz nided tu mec Iggli^ iti most izi tu accwair ev iti lidig medurn laggwej ez in fact, 61 itat iz nided tu mec it mor and mor iti laggwej ev cemurs Irtiaut Ai wurld. Indid, ai hav leg bilivd itat iti nirest approd hwid rti hiuman res wil evur mec tu a yunivursal laggwej wil bi prepurli spelt. 152 MOTT'S FONOLOJI (W. T. STEAD, EDITOR, ENGLAND.) Sum de iti Qmerican, wiit hiz caracturistic directnes and jinyus for goig stret tu iti point, recognaizig ttat iti wun gret bstacl in iti we v iti IngliS larjgwej az a minz v cemmiunice- un bitwin man and man iz its speliij, wil tec curej and ridius iti laggwej v Shakespeare and Milton tu a fonetic sistem. ITi litureri sens 3udurz at iti disappirans ev iti familyar wurdz, hwid hav bicum indisolubli assorted wiit iti aidiaz hwid ite ecspres, but from a practical point ov viu, Ai cenvinyens ov iti denj wild bi incalciulabl. iToz hu livin iti piriod ov transizun wil hav a bad tcdm, but 61 fiudur jenure^unz wil gen hwen iti spelig ov &>i wurdz iz med tu corespond tu iti we in hwid ite or proiiaunst. ff'us posibli iti CLmericanz me adopt iti denj meni yirz bifor it iz acsepted in mor consurvativ Briton. (MARY B. RUDIBOC, TEACHER.) Cud 61 bucs f6r iti praimari gredz bi -printed in fonic spelin, riformurz wud fil itat a larj part v itar wurc woz dun. Ov cors, from a biznes point ov viu, aur spelig ficst upon a fonic besis f6r 61 wud bi a gret sevig v enurji, spes, taim, and muni. * * * Suppoz, hauevur, di riform cud bi accomplish at wuns, so far az havirj bucs publi^t in fonic spelii) f6r litl dildren iz consurnd, wud itat v iiisesiti dipraiv adults v ridig matur? Hwen cacstovz and lamps wur iiitrodiust, did itat dipraiv itoz hu wonted item ov itar becuvnz and talo candlz? On Ai contreri, wur nt bot in yus at iti sem taim? Wz eni iiicnvinyenst itarbai? Or woz itar enitii) incorjgruus in it? 6r wil itar bi enitir) incengruus or incompatibl in havig ridig matur in fnic print, f6r 6ildren, and iti cemun print fr itoz adults hu me wi^ tu yuz it? CLi tine nt. Wi hav net yet Iron awe 61 iti bucs printed in iti taim v Chaucer, Shakespeare, AND FONOTCLIP. 153 Milton and uiturz. * * * "Fir net, ften, yii hu tigc aur spelig nidz tu bi denjd. Yii wil net bi dipraivd ev yur ridig matur. ro yur firz and prejudisez tu iti windz, and help witt yur hart, handz, and purs, in itis wurc so mud nided tu bi dun. From dhi Jurnal of Orthoepi and Orthografi. (DR. JAMES A. H. MURRAY, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.) Mai dicSuneri ecspiriens haz Son mi itat iti erdineri appilz tu etimeloji agenst spelig rif6rm uturli brec daun upen egzam- ine^un. Fonetic, itat iz tu se trulful, note^un iz absol&tli nes- eseri tu evri stiudent ev laggwej. (PROF. A. H. SAYCE, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.) ITi ebjec^un itat a rif6rmd spelig wud distrei cti centi- niiiiti ev a larjgwej, er censil iti etimeloji ev its wurdz, iz rezd onli bai ignorans and siupurf i^ialiti Ii)gli3 spelig iz gud f er litl els but tu sugjest f61s etimelojiz. Etimeloji dilz wiit saundz, net wirt leturz. (PROF. J. A. HARRISON, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY.) Nulii) cud bi mor unsaientific, illejical, burdnsum and absurd itan iti so celd histerical spelig ev IggliS nau in vog. * * CLi vendur tu se itar iz net a siggl liggwist ev eni emi- nens in itis cuntri er in Iggland hu iz net ardentli in fever ev iti riferm; and tu iti liggwists az speSalists itis ewes- dun mor particyularli bilegz . * * * Frem wun ev iti iziest ev laggwejez tu lurn, Iggli^ hazbicum wun ev iti hardest; and if it iz evur tu bicum a wurld laggwej, az Whitney sez, it iz absolutli neseseri itat wi ud Iro aut ev it iti sailent, siupur- fluus leturz, iti recs evan ovurtron sistem, and simplifai it f6r iti cemprihen^un ev ferenurz and aurselvz. 154 MOTT'S FONOLOJI (PROF. MAX MUELLER, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.) Az iti met rigard for trul and rizn, hauevur d6rmant 6r timid at taimz, haz 61wez pruvd irrizistabl in iti end, eneblig men tu part wiit 61 ite hold most dir and secred, hweitur C6rn lez er Stuart dainastiz, 6r pepal legatiz, 6r hiitn aidelz, ai daut net but itat aur effit and corrupt 6rtegrafi wil felo in itar tren. (PROF. JAMES ROGERS, CRESTVIEW, FLA.) Mcd absdrbii) dizair iz a practical, wurcig, f onic alf abet in praimari scftlbucs at iti urliest det. * * Cip up a plen yet forsful and purzistent prezente^un ev Ai fonetic scim, til Aoz hu du not welcum it Sal no inuf abaut its purpus and prog- res tu bi ebl tu giv a purtinent rizn f6r rijectig it, if stil ite du riject it. (HEBERT SPENCER.) CL complit fonetic sistem ov spelig iz veri dizairabl, but ai am bai no minz surten flat it iz dizairabl tu introdius a haf and haf sistem, sins, if establish, it wud stand in iti we ev a cemplit sistem. (1892.) TU TIGURZ. iTi intelijent and progresiv tidur ev ecspiriens wil divaiz meni wez ev yuzir) rtis buc and alfabet in iti sculrum tu impart tu hiz 6r hur piupilz nelej ev iti saundz ev aur laggwej and tu tic 1 standard pronunsie^un; but iti yui) tidur 6r wun hu in yul wez net turoli instructed in itis imp6rtant brand ev ejuce^un wil faind iti feloig sugjesdunz tu bi ev assistans. AND FONOTCLIP. 155 BLACBORD WURC. ffi tidur ud rait en iti blacbord a lain ev wurdz az feloz: knowledge watch through though thought break weigh iTen ricwair sum wun ev iti piupilz tu rait undur id wurd its fonetic spelirj in iti Fonetic IggliS Alf abet tu So its pronun- sie^un. 6r iti tidur me eel en sum wun ev iti clas tu nem iti fonetic leturz in iti 6rdur in hwid iti saundz ar hurd, hwid let- urz iti piupil at iti bord me rait undur iti wurdz ev iti lesn, aftur hwid memburz ev iti clas ud bi ricwaird tu cerrect iti fonetic spelii) if neseseri. DESC WURC. ffi tidur ud ricwair rti piupilz tu rait in curent spelir) on a raitig pad wurdz from ecsursaizez in itis buc. iTi piupilz iten cloz itar bucs and binit id wurd o bai fonetic spelir) its cerrect pronunsie^un. Cerrec^unz me bi med bai piu- pilz, er tidur, bai cemparisun wiit iti buc. ORCLL WURC. Az divur^un frem itar sttrdiz, iti piupilz me jein in a censurt ecsursaiz and giv iti nemz ev iti leturz ev iti Fonetic Ii)gli Alfabet. (See page 6.) In no uitur we can iti saundz ev aur larjgwej bi so izilitet. Oral ecsursaizez me bi meni and verid. ITis buc me bi yuzd az a ridur tu tid proiiun- sieun. (OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.) Stic tu ytir em; iti murjgrel'z hold wil slip, But onli crobarz lus iti buldeg'z lip: Sm61 az hi lues, iti 36 itat nevur yildz, Dragz daun iti beloig menarc ev iti fildz. 156 MOTTS FONOLOJI CLCLSIFICfiRUN OV SI VCLUEL SdUNDZ OV TI IDGLia AND OV ITI SPANLR LADGWEJEZ. L E T T E R S ENG LISH SPANISH SOUNDS Brief Sounds Full Sounds Brief Sounds Full Sounds Caps Brief Full Names Key Words Key Words I i i ih ill eel ig-na'ro i'da il il ig-nd'ro i'da E e e eh end ate es-pi'ta e-den' end et es-pi'ta e-den' A a a ah am air am ar U u u uh hut hurt hut hurt a a a ah so' fa calm sa-pan' pa'lo sd'fa cam sa-pdn' palo e 6 oh Oil orb on orb o o 6 6h o-mit' old o-cal' o'bra o-mit' 61d o-cdr o'bra u u u uh pull rule u-si'a u'fo pul nil u-si'a u'fo DIFTODZ. The Berlitz School of Lan- guages, Auditorium, Chica- ai az in I eye iu az in new mute go, assisted the author iti ap- plying the Phonetic English Alphabet to the Spanish lan- ai ai niu miut guage. See New Velazquez Dic- au az in out now oi az in toil toy tionary, Part first: Spanish- aut nau tol tei English, 1900. AND FONOTQIP. 157 CLQSIFIC&fUJN OV E 1 ! CONSONCLNT SdUNDZ 0V SI IDGLLfi. AND OV ITI SPANIR LADGWEJEZ. E X F= l_ D E l\l T L ETT E RS E NGLISH SPAN ISH Caps Lower Case Names Key Words Key Words P P PI pip pip pop pep pe'do pe'do pe'ro pe'ro B b bi bib bib bulb bulb ba'jo bd'ho ba'ba bd'ba T t ti tent tent trust trust ta'bla td'bla ta'jo td'ho D d di did did deed did de de de'jo de'ho d di chin din church durd cha'pa dd'pa che-lin f de-lin' J 3 je jet jet gem jem C c ci cat cat crack crac ca'bo cd'bo ca'ro cd'ro G g gi get get gag gag gala gala ga'ya gd'ya o CDNT 1 IN U A IMT F f ef fill fil skiff scif fa'ja fd'ha fal'ta fdl'ta V V vi vest vest give giv va'ca vd'ca va'no vd'no 158 MOTT'S FONGLOJI LETTERS ENGLISH SPANISH y I il thin tin pith pit ce'ja te'ha ce'na te'na H 1 A fti this with itis wiit S 8 es siss sis since sins sa'po sd'po sa'co sd'co Z Z zi zest buzz zest buz fi g il show fish do fifl TL Z zi az'ure ai'ur rouge ruz L .IQUI D . E-TO. L 1 el mi tick'le len'te len lil tic'l len'te len K r dr roar rave ra'ro ra'mo ror rev rd'ro rd'mo W w wu woo wave wu wev Y y yi yet yet you yu yes'ca yes'ea lla'ma lyd'ma M m em met mum mu'cho ma'lo met mum mii'do mdlo N n en net none ni'na ni'no net riun ni'nya ni'nyo D H h hi bank bagc hen hen king cig have hav hi'ja i'ha ho'ja 6'ha AND FONOTQIP. 159 Contents PAGE Photoengraving of the author 2 Title page 3 Copyright page . . . . 4 Dedication 5 Chart of Phonetic English Alphabet .6-7 Preface 8-9 Phonetic Spelling 10-11 Excerpts from Dr. W. T. Harris... 12-13 The Phonetic English Alphabet. . .14-15 Names of the Letters 18-19 Rule for Spelling 18-19 Illustrations of Spelling 18-19 The Sounds of the English Lan- guage 20-21 Definition of Vowel Sounds 20-21 Definition of Consonant Sounds. .. 20-21 Brief and Full Vowels 24-25 Diphthongs 24-25 Representation of the Sounds 26-27 Analysis of the Vowel Sounds 28-29 Diagram of Vowel Utterance 28-29 Cognate Sounds 28-29 Fronted and Raised Vowels 30-31 Rounded Vowels 30-31 Diagram of Serial V. Utterance.. 32-33 New Classification of Vowel Sounds 34-35 New Diagram of Vowel Utterance 34-35 New Linear Diagram of Vowel . Utterance 36 ~ 37 Prof. A. Schnyder's Observations on Vowel Utterance 36-37 Instruction for Uttering V. Sounds. 38-39 Excerpts from Dr. James A. H. Murray. 38-39 Excerpts from O. C . Blackmer. . . . 40-41 " Dr. F.W. Fricke.. 40-41 " " Dr.Francis A.March 42-43 " Century Dictionary. 44-45 PAGE Excerpts from Webster's Interna- tional Dictionary.. 44-45 Excerpts from The Standard Dic- tionary 46-47 Worcester's Dictionary 48-49 Excerpts from the English Dic- tionary 50-51 Les. 1, Sound of u; Exers. follow. 52-53 " 2, " "a; " " 54-55 "3, " e ; " " 68-59 " 4, " "o; " " 60-61 5, " " u; " " 64-65 i e f a: 66-67 7, " " e; " " 70-71 8, " " i; " " 74-75 " 9, Diphth. ai; " " 78-79 " 10, " au; " " 80-81 " 11, iu; " " 82-83 12, ei; " " 84-85 Analysis of the Consonant Sounds 86-87 Classification of the Cons't Sounds.86-87 Les. 13, Sound of p; Exers. follow. 88-89 14, b; " " 88-89 15> ,. t; . 90-91 16, " d; " " 92-93 17, " " ch; " " 92-93 18, " j; " oken language* _ng would be as. ?r once learnin/ ha bet provided same sound.' LD 21-100m-7,'39(402s) JOHN M. MOTT & CO., result of c way in \vhicl lling of our lai ly became, am udgment of the overestimated sound, and ai oughout the I:?; etransliteral bout 3,000 wcm iation of whicl renouncing die }rm of the wore! , and, if neces matter and n spelling of tin g rates, cash t< ent to the samt sses,$16.50. nd advocates oj to give us thei Phonetic Publishers, CHICAGO, U. 5.