I OF THE UNIVERSITY University of California Berkeley SUMMARY, Hiftorical and Political, O F T H E Firft Planting, Progreffive Improvements, and Prefent State of the BRITISH Set- tlements in N o R T H- A M E R i c A. CONTAINING I. The Hifbry of the Provinces and Colonies of New-Hamp- fhire, Rhode-Ifland, Connec- ticut, New- York, New-Jerfeys, Penfylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia ; their feveral original Set- tlements and gradual .improve- ments; their Boundaries, Pro- duce and Manufactures, Trade and Navigation, Laws and Go- vernment. II. Their Natural Hiftory, Reli- gious Sectaries, Paper Curren- cies, and other Mifcellanies. . III. Several Medical Digreflions, with a curious Diflertation on the Treatment of the Small- Pox, and Inoculation. By WILLIAM DOUGLASS, M. D. VOL. II. HISTORIANS, like fworn Evidences in Courts of Law, ought to declare the WHOLE TRUTH (fo far as conies to their Knowledge) and nothing but the TKUTH. L O 'N b O Piiiited far R, I"? \ THE CONTENTS Of VOL. II. PART II. INtroducJion i treaty with Abnaquie Indians ^ ' <-> 3 Nova-Scotia affairs continued ** y< ^ > 7 Cape Breton affairs continued 9 Paper currencies continued 1 3 Maffachufetts-Bay hurt by Sh> admmiftration 17 A flan of this fummary 18 Province of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 22 Claims in property and jurifdiffion ibid. A digrejfion concerning colony legijlature 33 A difpute between the governor and reprefentatives 35, 73 Britifh and French claims in America 43 Legijlature and courts of judicature 49 Produce^ trade * and navigation 51 Mifcellanies ibid. A digrejjion of America timber and naval ft ores 52 Colony of RHODE-ISLAND. 76 fhe fundry original fettkments 77 Government or jurifdiftion 85 Paper currencies continued 87 Fbe number of people and valuations 89 Boundaries of the colony 90 Courts of judicature 94 Produce^ trade and navigation 99 Pretenfions to a jurther extent of jurifdiflion 102 A cafe of miniflerial lands 1 04 Valuations continued 107 VOL. II. A Paper M814509 ii CONTENTS. Paper currencies continued 107 Metallick ores 108 Digreffion concerning religious feftaries 112 Societies for propagating religion 119 Mifcellanies 157 Colony of CONNECTICUT. 158 tte original voluntary ajfbdations ibid. Boundaries 1 60 frade, and navigation 162 The charter 164 Legijivture and courts of judicature 1 6 6 Rates and taxes 177 Militia and number of people 1 79 Produce^ manufactures and trade 1 8 1 Connecticut college 183 Mountains and rivers 190 Paper currencies continued 192 Abftraft offome of their laws 193 A digrejjion of grain, grazing, &c. 203 Concerning the natural hiftory of New -England 210 Mifcellanies 219 Province of NEW- YORK. 220 'The Englifb conqueft of New -Netherlands and confrmed by tbe Dutch to the Englifh 2 2 Boundaries 224 Britifh and French claims in North -America continued 226 The foe great inland lakes, the New-York Six nations of Indians 235 Its ijlands and corporation towns 236 fhetr French and Indian wars 240 SucceJJive governors of the province 247 Legiflature and feme peculiar laws 250 Paper currencies continued 254 Courts of judicature 257 Produce ', manufactures^ trade, and navigation ibid. Mountains CONTENTS. iir Mountains and rivers 260 Mifiellanies 262 i Province of NEW JERSEY. 267 Several transfers of property and jurifdiftion ibid. A digreffion concerning Indian grants, and proprietor quit- rents in the colonies 275 Difputes in Ms province concerning property which have oc- cajioned much confujion 277 Mountains and rivers 282 Inhabitants and valuations 2$ 6 SucceJJive governors ibid. Legiflature andfome municipal laws 290 Courts of judicature 293 Produce, manufactures, trade and navigation 294 Mifcellanies 295 Province of PENSYLVANIA, 297 Original grants ibid. King Charles II. patent to Mr. Penn 298 Mr. Penn's charter of liberties and privileges, 1682 300 fecond charter, 1683 302 third charter ', 1700 303 Affortment of goods demanded by the Indians 307 Boundaries 308 Difpute between krd Baltimore and the Penns 3 09 Rivers 312 Concerning Indian affairs 314 Congrefs with the Indians at Lancafter y 1 744 317 City and port of Philadelphia 320 Entries and clearances at Philadelphia 324 Legiflature 327 Courts of judicature 32 8 raxes ' 330 Produce , manufactures, trade and navigation 331 Religious feftaries 335 Succeffive governors and lieutenant governors 343 A medical digrejjion 345 Province iv CONTENTS. Province of MARYLAND. 353 Original patents and dif cowries ibid. Lord Baltimore's patent, 1632 355 Boundaries 356 faxes 359 Negro flaws 360 Rivers and mountains 361 Numbers of whites and blacks 363 Quit-rents ibid. Currencies 364 Courts, legijlative and executive 365 Proprietors and deputy governors 368 Produce and manufactures 37 Mifcettanies 37 7 Medical digrejfion continued 382 Colony of VIRGINIA. 385 Original difcoveries andjettlements ibid. Boundaries 39 1 Digrejjion concerning thefmatt-pox 392 Management of thefmall-pox in general 403 Concerning inoculation of the fmall-pox 4 1 o Virginia Jettlements 4 * 4 County courts 4 J 5 A SUM* [I] A SUMMARY, HISTORICAL and POLITICAL, O F The firft planting, progreffive improvements, and prefent ftate of the Briti/Ii fettlements in NORTH- AMERICA. VOLUME the SECOND. A Supplement to the firft Volume ; And Introduction to the fecond Volume. THE writer of this hiftorical fummary, does not affect a ftudied elegancy. This is a plain narrative of inconteftable facts delivered with freedom, a collection or common-place of many years obfervations, defigned at firft only for the writer's pri- vate amufement or remembrancer; but at the defire of fome friends it is publifhed for the benefit of the public, and for the ufe of future hiftorians : Deus nobis^ hasc otia fecit. As the writer is independent, being in no public office, no ringleader of any party, or faction ; what he writes may be deemed impartial : If facts re- lated in truth offend any governor, commodore, or VOL. II. B other 2 INTRODUCTION. other great officer, he will not renounce impartiality and become fycophant. As this fummary has been difcontinued many months from an [a] incident which may in courfe be mentioned by way of a digrefiional amufement ; I find myfelf in- clined to continue the hiltory of lundry affairs down to this time, April 1750. I. The naval affairs upon the continent coaft of Britim North.- America. Here [b] ends (apeace being concluded at Aix la Chapelle) our naval war with France and Spain upon the coaft of North- America ; the peace of Aix la Chapelle was figned October 7th, 174.8, and proclaimed in Bofton, May 10, 1749. Jn autumn 1 747, Commodore Kn les arrived in the harbour of Bofton with a fquadron of rfien of war from Louifbourg of Cape-Breton, ordered all our [c] men of war, ftationed for the protection of the North- American trade, to join him at Bofton, to profecute fome fecret ex- pedition againft the French and Spaniards in the gulp h of Mexico ; the reduction of St. Jago de Cuba was tne principal defign, and was not effectuated ; but, en paf- fant, he happened to furprize the French fort of Port Louis of the ifland of Hifpaniola, and had the better in a fea engagement with a Spanifh fquadron off the Ha- vannah of the ifland of Cuba , theie occurrences are not -within the limits of our hiftory, which is confined to the Britim continent fettlements in North- America ; and the admiral Kn 's conduct in theie expeditions, as it is faid, is now upon the carpet at home. Our coaft being [a] The great man qf the province for the time being, finding that the writer, though of his perfonal acquaintance, was not a fycoghant, but wrote tranfaclions with a true and impartial freedom, endeavoured that his own management might remain obicure, and not Hare himfelf and the publick in the face ; this he attempted in many forms, in diverting, imped- ing, or rather defeating thispublick-fpirited laborious undertaking [] The fea bickerings of Georgia and St. Auguftine are left to the feftion of Georgia. [V! They were only frigates, not fit for line of battle, or for battering of land forts. thus INTRODUCTION. thus left naked, in May 1748 about fourteen French and Spanifh privateers were roving from South-Carolina to New- York : They failed up Delaware bay and river fo high as New-Caftle, and with their armed boats to within five miles of Philadelphia : Philadelphia news- papers fay, " foreign trade is now at a ftand, and the " port as much Ihut up as if the river was frozen." In Chefaepeak bay of Virginia, they went fo high as Re- pahanock river and carried offfeveral fhips. In Septem- ber 1748, two Spanifh privateers failed up Cape-Fear river of North-Carolina, landed Men, plundered Brunf- wick, took poflefllon of fix veflels, but from forne cafual difailers, they foon returned down the river. Here was a fine opportunity given to the French and Spaniards to plunder our continent ports, or put them to high contributions; but the French and Spaniih pu- fillanimity favoured us. II. A treaty of peace with the [ d] Abnaquie or eaftern Indians, or, rather the formal fubmifiion of thefe Indi- ans by their delegates to the government of New-Eng- land, Vol. I. p. 564, ended our account of the late French and Indian incurfions in New-England ; fince that account, there have been only fome fmall damages done by a few fcattered Indian banditti. As this Indian treaty or fubmiffion to King GEORGE II, is very plain, eafy, and voided of fome antiquated wild fooleries which ufually accompany fuch affairs, we [/] The St. John's Indians of Nova-Scotia, are of the Abnaquie nation, but were not in the congrefs, becaufe lately they feem chiefly to aflbciata with the Mikmak Indians of Nova Scotia. The Pigwaket tribe of Ab- naquie are almoft extinct, they did not engage in this war, but retired and lived amongft the Engliih, during the war, in the county of Plymouth; fourteen of them, men, women and children, were prefent at this con- grefs The Mafifaffuck Indians on the ea# fide or Dutch fide of Lake Champlain or Corlaer, are in the Abnaquie divifion, but never do afTo- date with the Abnaquies. The fmall tribe of Scatacooks, on HouflTuck river, eaft fide of Hudfon's great river, and the fcattered Mohegins QI> Hudfon's river, though Abnaquies, are under the protection of the Mo* hawks or Jroquies, great nations, B 2 lhal! '4 INTRODUCTION. fhall infcrt it here by way of a fpecimen of Indian treaties. There was firft a previous general meeting of the Indian delegates from all the tribes in a general council, to pray the government of New-England for a treaty of peace. Some time in June 1749, nine delegates from the feveral tribes of Indians came to Bofton, to make pro- pofals for a peace , they propofed the fage governor Dummer's treaty to ad: upon, and that the congrefs fhould be atFalmouth in Cafco-Bay, about 100 miles eaflward from Boflon. The congrefs began atFalmouth, September 2 7, 1749, between the commifTionersofMarTachufetts-Bay, viz. Thomas Hutchinfon, Ifrael Williams, John Choate, John Otis, Efqrs. And of New-Hampfhire, Theodore Atkinfon, John Downing, Efqrs. on the one part ; and the delegates of the eaflern Indians on the other part, viz. Eight from the tribe of Norridgowocks ; Toxus, Soofephnia, Eneas, Naktoonos, Magawombee, Nefaqumbuit, Harrey, Pereez. Five from the tribe of [e] Penobfcot ; Eger Emmet, Efparagoofaret, Maganumba, Neemoon. Nidlumbouit, Six from the tribes of [/] Arrefuguntoocooks, and Weweenocks ; Sawwaramet, Sauquifh, AufTaado, Wareedeon, Waanunga, Wawawnunka, 0] The Penobfcots jocofely faid, that they could anfwer for their young men if they were not drunk. f/j Thefe by the French, are called the miffion of St. Francois and of Befancourt; both lie upon the fouth fide of St, Laurence, or Canada river, All INTRODUCTION. J the Indian delegates were not arrived until Q&ober 1 5. The New-Hamplhire commiflioners returned home before the treaty was finifhed, and left a, power with RolandCotton, Efq. to fign in their name. The colony of Connecticut, though defired by the government of Maflachufetts-Bay, did not fend any commiflioners ; perhaps they reckoned themfelves out of the queftion, being covered by the whole breadth of the province of Maffachufetts-Bay; Nova-Scotia was alfo invited. Roland Cotton, Efq. was clerk. Capt. Jofeph Bean was interpreter ; both under oath. Toxus of Norridgowocks was reckoned the chief of thefe Indian tribes, and their fpeaker ; hefaid, "Ever fmce governor Dummer [g] treated with us, all the In- dians liked it well, and have reckoned it well ever fince." IVJr. Hutchinfon, chairman of the commiflioners from MafTachufetts-Bay, in his fpeech to the Indians, " You have always fpoke well of governpr Dummer's treaty, and the Engliih have liked it well, and it lafted long ; this we propofe to be a plan for a treaty. The Treaty is as follows, " We the Indians inhabiting within his Majefty's territories of New-England, make fubmiflion to King GEORGE II, in as full and ample a manner as any of our predeceflbrs have heretofore done. i. We Indians in all times coming will maintain a firm and conftant amity with all the [] Engliih, and will never confederate to combine with any other nation to their prejudice. one forty the other thirty leagues above Quebec; their joining with the other tribes of the New-England Indians in this fubmiflion to King GEORGE II, of Great-Britain, may well be ufed as an argument for New-England's reaching naturally and in the opinion of thefe Indians, to the fouth fide of Canada river. [g] That treaty was anno 1725. \_h] The defignation Engliih is ufed, as more familiar to the Indians than that of Britilh. B 2 2. The $ INTRODUCTION. 2. That the Englifh fubjefb may peaceably and qui- etly enjoy their rights and fettlements , referving to the Indians all lands not formerly conveyed to the Englifh, as alfo the privilege of riming, hunting, and fowling, as formerly. 3. The trade to be under the direction of the Mafia- chufetts government. 4. All controverfies mall be ifiued in the due courfe of juilice of Maflachufetts government courts. 5. If any of our Indians commit hoftilities againft the Englilh, we mail join the Englifh to bring them to reafon. 6. If any tribe of Indians make war upon any of the now contracting Bribes, the Englifh mail afiift and bring them to reafon. Moreover, it is agreed that there mall be truck-houfes at George's and at Richmond. The Indians defire a truck-houfe alfo at Saco river. III. A fliort arid general continuation of the [i] Nova Scotia affairs, particularly as to the Chebucta fettlement. p] See p. 305, 317, 566, vol.1. There was a government fcheme of this nature fet on foot 1 732 ; it was too much Utopian, and therefore impracticable: I mean the fettlement of the province of Georgia in the fouthern parts of South-Carolina, a frontier againft the Spaniards of Florida, in a dry, fandy, parched foil : the fcheme was pompous, viz. to raife great quantities of rice, wine, cotton-wool, indigo, cochineal, filk, hemp, flax. Hitherto they have done nothing, though a great charge to the crown, in civil and military eftablifhment ; from 1733 (1733* the parliament granted 3 0,000 /. fterl. 1735, 26,000 /. ilerl . &c.) to 1743 inclufive, the parlia- ment grants for the civil eftablimment amounted to 1 20,000 /. fieri, from 3743, to 1749, their civil and military grants were blended together; 3749, the parliament granted for their civil eftablilhment, 5,3047 fterl. their military eftablimment has been very chargeable, the pay and viftual- ling of one regiment and feveral independent companies of regular troops, armed fchooners and rangers. The patent for creeling Georgia into a province or corporation, pafTed thefeals 1732. In Feb. 1733-4, the whole num er of perfbns that had been fhipped to Georgia were 320 men, 1 3 women, 02 boys, 83 girls, in all 618 perfons, whereof one quarter were foreigners ; fmce that time many people have been imported, but not long fmce in that province were to be found only 602 perfons. July 1748, in Mr. Whitefield's Bethefda, i The INTRODUCTION. 7 The general of Canada fince the conclufion of the late peace, by letters to the prefidentof Nova Scotia, and to the governor of New-England, claims the greateft part of Nova Scotia or L'Accadie : the French Coureurs des Bois and their Indians, 1 749, have made fome fmall ap- pearances to intimidate our new fettlers. i. A number of French and Indians came before our block-houfe at Mrnas without effect; they furprize and carry off about eighteen ilragglers as captives. 2. In September, eight Indians as traders came aboard Donnel a trading Hoop in Chicanedo bay, by furprize with their long knives they kill three of his men, while feveral Indians onlhore waited the event; in this fcuffle, the Indians loilfeven of their men. 3. Beginning of October, a company of about forty Indians, as was fuppofed, furprized eight of Gil- man's timber-men near the faw-mills, eaft fide of Che- bucta bay; they killed four of Oilman's men, three ef- caped to the flanker of the block- houie, one man is miffing, fuppofed to be captivated to make dilcoveries i the Indians did not attempt the block-houfe: After- wards there was a more general rendezvous of Indians, but haying no profpecl: of any advantage, and the St. John's Indians differing with the Mikmaks, they broke up and went home. The chief fettlement will be the town of [k] Halifax or Chebucta, laid out and fettled in a few months ; [/] for defence round it at proper diflances are five picquetted block-houfes containing barracks for Warburton's regi- ment. (12 miles from Savannah) were only one matter, two women, four men- {ervants labourers, and eighteen children, whereof two paid for their board ; in his vagrancies this was his great cant fund to beg money and other effects from weak chriftians. Here I inadvertently anticipate what properly belongs to the fetion of Georgia. [] So called from the earl of Halifax, the principal encourager of this fettlement. [/] Idlenefs and intemperance, the bane of all our plantations, efpccially confidering the nature of the firil fettlers of this place, are more dangerous than any parcels of defpicable ftraggling Indians. B 4 In 8 INTRODUCTION. . In our firft vol. p. 566, we juft entered upon the late projected, but now vigoroufly profecuted [m} 9 re-fettle- ment of Nova Scotia, by the indefatigable governor Cornwallis : the firft parliamentary allowance or encou- ragement was 40,000 /. fieri, towards tranfporting to Nova Scotia, and maintaining there, fora certain time after their arrival, fuch reduced officers and private men, lately dim-rifled from his majefty's land and fea^fervice, and \n\ others as fhall be willing to fettle the faid colony. Col. Cornwallis with his fleet of one frigate of twenty guns, one man of war floop tranfports with fettlers, provifions and ftores, arrived in Chebucta bay, end of June ; foon after arrived the French tranfports (who had brought from France the troops that took poflefiion of Louifbourg) from Louifbourg with the Britilh troops who had evacuated Louifbourg, confifting of the two regiments of Fuller and Warburton, and a detachment of the train - 9 the regiment of late Fuller's, to recruit Warburton's, and to leave fome fettlers, was reduced to thirty-five private men per company, half their former complement, and fent home. In this bay of Chebu&a, is built a uniform elegant town, called Hallifax, after the earl of Hallifax, a great promoter of this fettlement. This harbour of Chebucla is a moft convenient place of arms for our American men of war, and a certain check upon the French of Louif- [m] I am forry to write, that from 1 7 1 o, to 1 749, being near the fpace of Forty years, the French have been filently allowed to keep poffeffion in all refpefts of the province of Nova Scotia, the fort of Annapolis and its banliew excepted. [ft] A riff-raff of difmiffed foldiers and failors habituated to idlenefs and vice, by their labour can never fettle a new colony ; but two or three young vigorous regiments (fuch as Warburton's) cantoned all over the country, paid and victualled from home for two or three years, (from New- England we can fupply them with wives, good breeders) and when thus habituated to the country, and to hufbandry, with proper encouragement of land, they may be difmiffed from their military fervice ; and make laft- ing good fettlements No old men pafl their labour, no women but fuch as are of the ages of breeders, that is, none exceeding 35 set. be admitted, excepting parents of numerous children, to ferve as their guardians. bourg : INTRODUCTION. 9 bourg: it is well fituated for making dry cod-fim, being about the middle of a long range of Cape-Sable coaft riming banks, and may prove the bed cod-fifhery hitherto known. I heartily wifh fuccefs to the fettle- ment, but we cannot expect that it mould anfwer fo well for hufbandry, that is, for tillage and pafture, as our co- lonies farther fouth. I conclude with the words of Ba- con lord Verulam, " Settling plantations is like planting " of timber, we muft wait patiently fome years, before " we reap any benefit [0]." IV. A fhort recapitulation and conclufion of the Louif- bourg affair; the Cape-Breton iflands, for reafons of ftate, are now reftored to the French dominions ; and after fome political remarks, we mail take our final leave of them. See vol. I. p. 335, &c. and p. 347, &c. The French of Canada and Cape-Breton had more early intelligence of the French war than we of New-England; it was pro- claimed in Bofton June 2, 1 744. Louifbourg of Cape- Breton furrendered to us, June 17, 1745. Autumn fol- lowing to garrifon Louifbourg, were fhipped off from Gi- braltar, Fuller's and Warburton's regiments of foot, and three companies of Frampton's regiment, with a large [0] In the late treaty of Aix la Chapelle, October 7, 1 748, there were many things in relation to trade, and to the claims and boundaries in the refpe&ive plantations to be fettled with France and Spain, which required a confiderable time to be adjufted, and therefore could not be inferted in the body of the treaty, but referred to a convention of commiiTioners : as the French court in their various negotiations are noted for appointing men of merit and real knowledge in the various affairs with which they are intruded, doubtlefs our minilhy will ufe gentlemen of practical knowledge in trade, and habituated to plantation affairs; men of a quick clear thought, and of a diftinct clear elocution. In the prefent ftate of things, the well-being of the European mother- countries depends much upon their plantations; plantations make a coun- try rich ; Holland is rich, not from its produce or manufactures, but from its Eaft and Weft- India plantations, its trade and navigation. France never flourifhed fo much as in the adminiftration of cardinal Fleury ; his principal attention was to their plantations and trade ; the empire of Germany, Swe- den, &c. though they abound in labouring men, for wanjt of plantations and trade, are very poor. 4 detach- to INTRODUCTION. detachment from the train ; it was too late in the year before they arrived upon our winter coaft, and were ob- liged to winter in Virginia , a few of them put into New- York ; they arrived at Louifbourg May 24, 1746, and relieved the New-England militia confifling of about 1500 men, who had kept garrifon from the furrender of the place , commodore Warren was at that time gover- nor ; after him commodore Knowles was pro-tempore governor j admiral Townfhend from the Weft-India iilands with a imall fquadron is ordered for the protection of Louifbourg, and fails for England in November 1 746. Mr. Knowles in his time, at a very great charge, repaired the town and fort, as if they were to remain to Great- Britain for ever. Commodore Knowles in the autumn 1747, with a fmall fquadron came to Bofton, and pro- ceeded upon a fecret expedition to the Sugar iflands, and Mr. Hobfon lieut. col. of Fuller's regiment is appointed governor of Louifbourg. Peace drawing near, Shirley's and PepperelFs regiments, from a complement of 100 private men per company, were reduced to feventy men; the private men of the three companies of Frampton's regiment, were incorporated by way of recruits with Fuller's and Warburton's regiments, and their com- rniffion officers, ferjeants, corporals, and drums fent home j Pepperell's and Shirley's regiments in Louifbourg were entirely [p] difmifled June 24, 1749 , their arms and other accoutrements were detained by the govern- ment. The Britim troops evacuated Louifbourg, July 12, 1749, and were carried by the French tranfports to Chebucia, and the French troops being about 600 men took pofleffion of the place. It is a fpreading pufillanimous opinion amongft the lefs thinking people, that the great advantage of Louif- bourg's falling into our hands was its ferving as a pro- pitiatory free offering to France, and without reftoring it we ftiould have had no peace : but we ought to obferve i. That both parties in the war were low in cadi andcre- [p\ They were put in pay, Sept. i, 1745. dit. INTRODUCTION. it ait. 2. The French navy, trade, and navigation, were ib reduced, that they could not avoid defiring a peace ; we had taken 'as many of their men of war as might have been fufficient to reduce the remainder ; we had taken great numbers of their South-Sea, Eaft and Weft-India, Turkey, and other Ships, and what remained we re obliged to continue in port, (in fear of our numerous privateers) having no convoys or men of war to protect them. 3. The corruption which prevailed in Holland was like to be extirpated, and the Dutch became active. 4. The army of our auxiliary Ruffians were upon their march to join us ; for fome reafons of ftate they feem to have been retarded in their march. If Louifbourg had not fallen into our hands, the reduced towns and forts in Flan- ders muft have been returned, that is, evacuated ; it feems that in all modern negotiations for a peace the ba- fis is reflitution of all land conquefts on both fides, ex-r cepting where equivalents or antiquated claims fall in the way. The court of Great-Britain cannot cordially approve of this infinitely raih New-England corporation adven- ture, though beyond ill military or human probability fuccefsful ; it involved the nation, already deeply in debt, in an additional fum of about 800,000 /. fieri, in the feverai articles of reimburfement- money, extraordinary fuperfluous repairs, tranfport fervice, ftores, garrifon officers, a large detachment from the train, and a nu- merous garrifon of regular troops : this place was una- voidably to be evacuated and restored to the French upon a peace, and, as it happened, in a better condition, and without any reimburfement or equivalent ; cui bono ! I cannot perceive any real advantage acquired by the re- duction of Louifbourg. The fmall Britifh fquadron fta- tioned at Boflon, without any additional national charge, would have been an effectual check upon the Louifbourg privateers -, commodore Warren from the Weft-India iflands was fent for the protection of the coafl of New- England 12 INTRO D U C T I O N, England and Nova Scotia in the fpring 1745, and our trade in the northern parts of America could not have fuffered above two or three per cent difference of infu- rance, which is as nothing compared with the great charge of 8 00,000 /. fieri, before the charge was fully known, I eflimated it at 500,000 /. fieri, or lefs [q], I fum up the Louifbourg affair, i. It was infinitely ram, a private corporation adventure, without any or- ders or allured afliftance of men of war from home ; thirty-fix hundred raw militia (fome without proper arms) without any difcipline, but at random, as if in a frolick, met together; no provifion of cloathing or mips : by this and fmall care of the fick, and want of difcipline, we loft about one half of our men by fcurvys and putrid flow fevers ; in a military way we loft only about fixty men killed and drowned, and about 1 1 6 prifoners to the French, [j] If the Canada expedition which was recommended home by go- vernor had proceeded and fucceeded, after another great addition to the national debt ; for reafons of ftate, without any equivalent or reim- burfement, it muft have been evacuated and reftored to the French ; New- England was at confiderable charge towards this intended expedition in levy-money, victualling, tranfport fervice, bedding, &c. for want of proper application, Maffachufetts have received no reimburfement of this : Rhode- Ifiand, by application have received their reimburfement. Another extra-provincial perquifite expedition was the fending off 1 500 men towards the reduction of Crown-Point, a French fort, near Lake Champlain in the province of New-York ; this involved our province in fome charge (never to be recovered) by fending provifions, ammunition and other (lores by water to Albany ; an epidemical diftemper in the county of Albany luckily prevented us ; if it had been reduced, it muft cither have been kept by us at a very great charge equal to the oppofition of all the force of Canada ; or we muft have demolifhed it, to be re-built by the French at one tenth of our charge in reducing of it. Another project towards ruining our province was the charge of building a fort at the Carrying-place in the government of New-York, be- tween the falls of Hudfon's river and Wood-Creek : this was attended with the fame inconveniencies as the former. Sending off troops to affift the fix Indian nations of New- York All thefe idle propofals, were notrefented by the government of New- York, as, if that rich government had been incapable or neglectful of felf-pro- tection, but filently admitted of Sh Quixotifms ; our houfe of repre- fentatives in their journal fay, the people of New- York were much abler to protect themfelves, in INTRODUCTION. 13 in the ram foolim attempt upon the ifland-battery : dur- ing the fiege, by good fortune, we had conflant dry fa- vourable weather : but June 18, next day after we had poffefTion of the town, the rains fet in, which certainly from our men being ill cloathed and ill lodged, muft in- fallibly have broken up the fiege. We had a wretched train of artillery, or rather no artillery (they were voted by the affembly not worth the charge of bringing back to Bofton) in a Quixote manner to demolifh a French American Dunkirk, in which were 1900 armed men, whereof 600 were regular troops, 125 good large cannon, nineteen mortars, with {lores and provifions fufficient for fix months. 2. The military fuccefs was miraculous, but the cunning part of the project was natural, and could not mifs of fuccefs. i . A necefTary enormous multiplied emif- fion of a depreciating paper currency, enabled the fraudu- lent debtors to pay their debts at about ten millings in the pound difcount. 2 . Vaft perquifites to the manager [>]. CURRENCIES. [j] The parliament of Great-Britain, before the commencement of the late French war, had [r] As. writers and preachers forbear publifhing ****** which are fin- gular, rare or new, left they fhould prove of bad example, I ihall only fum up thefe perquifites in this manner : In the fpace of four years, viz. 1741, the introductory gratuities from the province, and from ***** of many thoufands of pounds, and the unprecedented perquifites in the three expedition years of 1745, *74^> an( ^ ! 747> f rom a negative fortune, was amaffed a large pofitive eftate, and the loofe corns built a country-houfe at the charge of about fix thoufand pound fterling. The predeceflbr, an honeft gentleman of a good paternal eftate, after eleven years administration, in a meffage to the general affembly, July 21, 1741, reprefents, that he had been obliged to break in upon his own eftate fome thoufands of pounds, to fupport the character of a king's governor ; in faithfulnefs to his trull he refufed a certain retaining fee. [j ] This accurfed affair of plantation paper-currencies, when in courfe it falls in my way, it proves a ftumbling-block, and occaflons a fort of deviation. In the appendix, I mall give a fhort hiftory of all the plantation paper-currencies; it may be apiece of curiofity for times to come. Maffa- chufetts-Bay was the leader, and exceeded all the colonies in this fraud ; from their firft emiffion 1702 (I take no notice of Sir William Phipps's Ca- nada bills, they were foon out of the queition) 101749, the lail year of Mr, Sh~adminiflration, our bills of publick credit or ftate-notes under i 4 INTRODUCTION. under their confideration fome regulations concerning the plantation currencies , and now that war being ended, this third feflion of the tenth parliament of Great Britain hath refumed the confideration thereof. fuffered a difcount of eighty eight percent; in France, in the worft of times, when Mr Law had the direction of the finances, the difcount upon their ftate-notes was only fixty-five per cent : Mafiachufetts publick bills of credit 1 749, were pejorated to eleven for one fterling. In the few years of Mr. Sh administration, this fraudulent currency from 1 27,000 /. old tenor, was multiplied to about two and a half millions, and by this depreciating contrivance the fraudulent debtors paid only ten {hillings in die pound, and every honeft man not in debt loft about one half of his perfonal eftate The money-making afTemblies could not keep pace with him in his paper em iffions; 1747, the governor infilling upon further emiffions, the alfembly reprefents, " If we emit more bills, we " apprehend it muft be followed by a great impair, if not utter lofs of the " publick credit, which has already been greatly wounded ;" and in their journal 1 746, p. 240, " We have been the means of a&ually bringing " diftrefs, if not utter ruin upon ourfelves When any complaints were " offered to the afTembly concerning depreciation, by contrivance, they " were referred to committees, confifling of the moft notorious deprecia* " tors." See Journal, Auguft 17, 1744. By way of amufement. I mail produce ibme different managements of adminiftrations withrefpeft to a fraudulent paper medium '703 by con^ trivance of Mr. W from New-England, Barbadoes emitted 8o,ooo/. at four per cent (common intereft was ten per cent) upon land fecurity, payable after fome years; thofe land-bank-bills immediately fell forty per cent, below filver; upon complaint home the court of England fent an inftruclion to governor Crow, to remove from the council and all places of truft, any who had been concerned in the late paper credit ; thus cur- rency was fuppreifed, and their currency became and continues filver as before Governor Belcher of New-England, 1741, from integrity and faithfulnefs to the publick, when a wicked combination called LAND-BANK, became head ftrong ; he refufed their bribe or retaining fee, negatived their fpeaker and thirteen of their counfellors, and fu perfeded many of their officers, civil and military. Soon after this fcheme was damned by acl: of parliament, governor Sh I (hall not fay in contempt, but perhaps in negleft of this acl, promoted their directors and other chief managers to the higheft offices, of counfellors, provincial agents, judges, juflices, (herirrs, and militia officers preferrable to others. When there was an immediate publick emergency for raifing money, the borrowing of publick bills, already emitted, from the poffeffors, would not have increafed a paper currency, but prevented depreciations; fome merchants and others offered to lend thefe bills at a fmall intereft ; fome gentlemen faid, that they had better let them without intereft than that their perfonal eftates fjjpm multiplied emiffions, fhould depreciate at a Mafia- INTRODUCTION. 15 Mafiachufetts-Bay, as they have at prefent no province bills out upon loan for terms of years, have previoufly fettled their currency by act of arTembly, approved of by the KING in council ; it is intituled, An a&for drawing in the bills of credit of the federal denominations , which have at any time been iffued ly this government ^ aud arejlill out- ftand'mg -, and for ascertaining the rate of coined filver in this province for the future. By this act it is provided that the treafurer Ihall be impowered to receive the [/] reimburfe- ment money to be exchanged after the 3 1 ft of March 1750, at the. rate of forty-five fhillings, old tenor, for a piece of eight , and one year more is allowed for exchang- ing the faid bills After 3 iftof March 1 7 50, all debts and contracts Ihall be payable in coined filver only, a piece of eight at fix Ihillings, one ounce of filver at fix millings and eight-pence [#], as alfo all executions with fuch ad- dition according to the time of contracting, as the laws of the province do or mall require , the ieveral acts of affembly, whereby fome fund of taxes, for cancelling province bills of credit, have been poftponed gra- dually, to 1760 are repealed, and the tax of 1749, to- wards cancelling thefe bills, fhall be three hundred thou- land pound old tenor. Penalty to thofe who receive much greater rate than after the value of an accruing interefl : but this would have effectually defeated the fcheme of the depredators, the frau- dulent debtors, therefore the propofal or expedient was rejected by the advice of For paper currencies, fee vol I. p. 310, 314, 308, 493. [/] This reimburfement money arrived at Bofton, Sept. 18, 1749, ^ n a man of war frigate, confuting of 215 cheib, (3000 pieces of eight at a medium per chert) of milled pieces of eight, and 100 calks of coined copper. Connecticut, a government of iagacious hufbandmen, feems to have ated more prudently than Maffachufetts- Bay ; by their aflembly aft, Oft. 1749* they allow three years (to prevent a fudden confufion) to can- cel their bills gradually ; and in their reimburfement money to lave the charges of commiflions, freight, infurance, and other petty charges, they are to draw upon their receiving agent, and thefe bills will readily purchale filver for a currency. [u] This is not in proportion, a milled piece of eight is feven eighths of an ounce, and at fix millings per piece is fix millings and ten pence, one third of a penny better per ounce. or i6 INTRODUCTION. or pay filver at any higher rate, fifty pound for every offence; and after 31(1 of March 1750, the penalty for pafiing any bills of Connecticut, New-Hampfhire, or Rhode- 1 Hand, lhall be fifty pound for every offence ; and from thence to March 3 ill 1754, all perfons en- tering into any town affairs, conftables, reprefentatives, counfellors, all officers civil and military, O] plaintiffs in recovering of executions, tavern-keepers, and re- tailers of flrong drink, fhall make oath that they have .not been concerned in receiving or paying away any fuch bills. As the exportation of flerling coin from Great-Bri- tain is prohibited by act of parliament, Spanilh pieces of eight are reckoned the plantation currency, and are efteemed as fuch in the proclamation act fo called, for plantation currencies ; but although the Britilh or fler- ling fpecies could not be a plantation currency, the Spanifh coin might have been reduced to their deno- minations at 45; 6 fterl. per piece of eight, and all the colonies reduced to the fame flerling denominations of Great-Britain, which would much facilitate the trade and bufinefs of the plantations amongfl themfelves, and with their mother-country : thus we fee in Portugal a millree, though no fpecie or coin, but only a denomi- nation, is the bafis of their currencies ; and in the fame manner with the plantations, a pound or crown flerling, although no fpecie or coin in the colonies, might have been the general bafis of our denomination or currencies. I may be allowed to drop a tear, I mean fome ex- prefiion of grief, over the languifhing flate of my altera patria, the province of Maffachufetts-Bay, formerly the glory of our plantations , but now reduced to extreme mifery and diflrefs, precipitately brought upon us by the adminiflration of **** and a party of fraudulent debtors. At his acceflion he was lucky to find a fland- ing irrefiflible party formed to his mind, and not empty- [x] That is, all delinquents are out-Jawed; a very fevere penalty : this may introduce a habit of foriweaiing or perjury. handed $ INTRODUCTION. i? handed ; they effe&ually depopulated the province by the lofs of many of our moft vigorous labouring young men, the only dependance or life of a young plantation^ they peculated the country by ruinous unneceffary ex- pence of money iOurprefent commander in chief in his firft Ipeech to the affembly, Nov. 23, 1749, modeftly exprefles the late peculation and depopulation of the province ; " deliver this province from the evils and " mifchiefs (particularly the injuftice and opprefiions) " ariling from the uncertain and finking value of the " paper-medium the cultivation of our lands and ma- " nufaclures are greatly impeded by the fcarcity of " labourers." Mr. Sh 's own afTemblies fometimes complain. June 3, 1748, the council and reprefenta- tives, in a joint meflage to the governor, enumerate the " great lofs of inhabitants for hufbandry and other la- " hour, and for the defence of our inland frontiers ; " the vaft load of debt already contraded, and the un- " paralleled growing charges, infupportable difficul- " ties!" The houfe of reprefentatives upon a certain occaflon, complain, " with publick taxes we are bur- '" thened, almoft to ruin ;" in their journals 1 747. " Should the whole fum expended in the late expedi- '" tion be reimburftus, we have ftill a greater debt re- " maining, than ever lay upon any of his majefly's " governments in the plantations. 3 ' Mr. had no fympathy with the fuffering province, becaufe [y] de- preciations of currency, and our unfufferable taxes did not affect him. [>] Depreciations, by his fucceffive alTemblies were made more than good in advancing his allowances and other perquifites : he is ex- empted from taxes by ac~l of ailembly. Whereas all perlbns of the pro- vince not in debt, have loft about one half of their perfonal eftates, by depreciations in this mort adminiftration ; and the provincial poll tax of two millings and three-pence, O. T; this tax is equal to rich and poor, and befides poll tax, there are provincial rates upon eftates and faculties, excife, impoft, tonnage ; and befides provincial taxes, there are country and town poll rates, &c. Mr. Belcher, by his wife and honeft manage- ment, had brought all our publick debts or paper credit and currency, io be cancelled in one year 1741, being 1 27,000 /. O. T. but VOL. II. C By it INTRODUCTION. By the province being depopulated, labour is deaf, and all countries can afford to underfell us in produce and manufactures in confequence our trade is loft : I fhall adduce a few in fiances .' i. When Mr. Belcher was iuperfeded 1741, in Boftcn at one and the fame time were upon the ftocks forty top-fail veflels of about 7,000 ton, all upon contract: at Mr. Sh going home 1749, only about 2,000 ton on the flocks, whereof only four or five fhips upon contract, the others upon the builders account to wait for a market, and to keep their apprentices to work, and to work up their old flores of timber. 2. 1741, in Marble- head, our chief fiihing town, were about 1 60 riming fchooners of circiter fifty ton each : 1749, there were only about fixty fifhing fchooners. 3. For many months lately there were not to be found in Boflon goods (nay not the coarfefF of goods, pitch, tar, and turpentine) fufficient to load a middling fhip to Great- Britain ; but under the prefent administration and ma- nagement of affairs our trade and navigation feem to revive. In the feveral SECTIONS or HISTORIES of the feveral colonies, may generally be found, but not in the fame flricl: order, the following particulars. i. When the colony was firfl difcovered and traded to by any European nation j when firfl colonized by the Mr. and his party being afraid of lofmg hold of this accurfed fraudulent currency, they refolved (the province was at that time in its greateft profperity) that 127,0007. O. T. was an inconvenient fum to be cancelled in one year, and therefore divided it among three fubfe- quent years ; by this neft egg in a few years they increafed the brood to two and a half millions ; and the g upon his call home 1749, for certain reafons which may be mentioned, (by the advice of his trufty friends) contrived two years exceffive taxes of 360*000 and 300,000 O. T. to be collected in not much exceeding one year, when the country was depopulated, peculated, and much reduced in trade andbufinefs: this fudden and quiet reverfe change of fentiment in this party is unac- countable; but quicquid id eft timeo, perhaps they expecl confufion; they havepraclifed filhiag in troubled water. 4 Engliflu INTRODUCTION. 19 Knglifh : and what revolutions have happened there from time to time, in property and jurifdidtion. 2. Its boundaries, if well afcertained, or if controverted In property or jurifdidton. 3. Wars with the French, Spaniards and Indians. 4. The numbers of whites, or freemen^ and (laves. 5. The laft valuation, that is, the number of polls and value of eftates, taken to adjuft the quotas of taxes for the feveral counties, diftridts, towns, and parifiies. 6. The militia upon the alarum-lift, and how incor- porated or regulated. 7. Houfe of repreientatives, their nature and number : the qualifications of the electors, and of the eledted. 8. Courts of judicature. 1 . The nature of their juries, and how returned. 2. The jurifdidtion of a juftice, and of a bench of jufti- ces, and of their general quarter feflions. 3. Inferior or county courts of common pleas. 4. Superior, fupreme, or provincial courts for appeals. 5. Chancery, or courts of equity, if in ufe. 6. Jufticiary courts of oyer and terminer. 7. Ordinary for probate of wills and granting admi- riiftration. 8. Courts of vice-admiralty. 9. Judiciary court of admiralty for crimes committed at fea. 10. The prefent taxes, viz. polls, rates, import, and excife. 11. Produce, manufactures, trade, and navigation* 12. The number of entries, and clearances of extra- provincial veflels, diftinguifhed into fhips, fnows, bri- gantines, Hoops, and fchooners. 13. The various fedtaries in religious worlhip. In moft of the fections there is a digreflional article, to prevent repetitions, concerning fome things which are in common to feveral colonies, but inferted in that lection or colony the moft noted for thofe things ; thus i , in the fedtion for Maflachufetts fhould have been in- C 2 ferted 2o INTRODUCTION. feited the affair of paper currencies, as they did originate and were carried to the greateft difcount or fraud there : but as by a late act of aflembly confirmed by the king in council, paper currencies are terminated in that pro- vince, we drop it. 2. As Pifcataqua, alias New-Hamp- fhire, has, for many years, been noted for royal mailing contracts, we chofe t,o infert in that SECTION, fome things concerning mailing, lumber, and other timber for con- ilruction or building , for joiners and for turners work : .and if that article does not iwell too much, we may in- feru fome other forefl trees and flowering fhrubs fit for boccages, parks, and gardens. 3. As Rhode-Ifland has been noted for feclaries, from no religion to the moil enthufiadick, there is defigned fome account of our plantations or colony fectaries ; though at prefent Penfylvania exceed them in that refpect, \vhere befides the Rhode-Ifland feclaries, are to be found a feel of free- thinkers who attend no publick worihip, and are called kecp~ar.-h.ome proteflants ; publick popifh mafs-houfes ; and fome feclaries imported lately from Germany, fuch as Moravians called unitas fratrum or united brethren, who have had fome indulgencies by act of parliament 1749. 4. Connecticut, a colony of fagacious laborious hufbandmen, firft in courfe naturally claims the di- greflion concerning grain and grazing ; it is true New- York, Jerfies, and Penfylvania at prefent much exceed them in grain and manufacturing their wheat into flour. 5. Maryland and Virginia for tobacco, and mail for raifing fwine or pork. 6. The Carolinas for rice, fkins, and hides. 7. Georgia as an inilance of an Utopian un- profitable colony. To render this hiilory as compleat as may at prefent be expected, I have annexed fome maps of the feveral colo- nies, not borrowed from borrowing erroneous hackney map publifliers, but originals compofed and lately printed in the feveral countries : For inftance, with the fection of the colony of Conneclicut, the laft of the four New- England INTRODUCTION. 21 England colonies, I annex a [z] corred map of the dominions of New-England, extended from 40 d. 30 m. to 44 d. 30 m. N. Lat. and from 68 d. 50 m. to 74 d. 50111. W. Longitude from London. To the colony of Penfylvania is annexed a [a~\ map of New-York, the Jerfies and Penfylvania, publifhed 1749, by Mr. Evans in Penfylvania, much more accurate than any hitherto publifhed. To the colony of North-Carolina is an- nexed a map of North-Carolina, [b] and fome parts of South-Carolina, principally with regard to the fea-coaft and lands adjoining , this large inland country is wafle or vacant, and confequently delineated at random by col. Edward Mofely of North-Carolina. [x] This map is founded upon a chorographical plan, compofed from ual furveys of the lines or boundaries with the neighbouring- colonies, .and from the plans of the feveral townftiips and diitri&s copied from the re- cords lodged in the fecretaries office and to wnfhips records, with the writer's perambulations : when this plan is printed, the author, as a benefaction, gives gratis, to every townmip and diftrift, a copper plate copy ; as the writer of the fummary had impartially narrated the management of a late g which could not bear the light; to check the credit of the author, the g endeavoured (as mail be accounted for) to divert, impede, or defeat this publick generous-fpirited amufement, but in vain. The writer in his journeys upon account of his chorography and other oc- calions (formerly ufed to fuch amufements in the gardens of Paris and Ley- den) has en paflant, but with fome fatigue, made a collection of above eleven hundred indigenous plants, claffically defcribed and referred to icons in Botanick writers which have the neareft femblance, as the fpecifeck icons could not conveniently be cut here ; this is an amufement proper for gen- tlemen of eftates and leifure; it is not quite fo ridiculous as our modern vir- tuofo amufements of mells, butterflies, c. The medical or medicinal part of botany is fmall, and foon becomes familiar to people of the pro- feffion ; the fame may be faid of the other branches of the materia medica from animals, minerals, and chemical preparations of thofe ; but to pro- ceed further as a naturaliir, is only proper for gentlemen of fortune, lei- fure, and leifibabbers as the Dutch exprefs it ; or otioforum hominum negotia. [*] From 43d. 30111. to 38d. 30111. N.Lat. andfrorr^d. to 7^ d. Weft Long frpm London. p] From 3 jd. t036d. 30 m. N.Lat. SECT, 22 Britifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART II* SECT. IX. Concerning the province of New-Hampfliire. AS the four colonies of New-England were origi- nally fettled by the fame fort of people called [r] Puritans , their municipal laws, cuftoms, and cecono- my are nearly the fame, but more efpecially in New- Hampfhire, which was under the aflumed juriidiction of MafTachufetts-Bay for many years , therefore to fave repetitions, we refer feveral things to the fection of Mafiachufetts-Bay. The prefent pofTeflbrs have no other claim to their lands but poffeffion and fome uncertain Indian deeds. Upon Mr. Allen's petition to queen Anne, defiring to be put in poflefTion of the waile lands, the aflembly of New-Hampfhire patted acts for confirmation of their townlhip grants and of their boundaries, without any faving of the right of the general proprietor ; upon Mr. Allen the proprietor's application, the queen in council diiallowed and repealed thofe acts. The crown afluming the vacant lands, until the pro- prietors claiming in right of Mr. Mafon (hall make for- rnal proof, that Mr. Mafon ever was in pofieflion of thefe lands ; this appears by an action of ejectment brought by the claiming proprietor Mr. Allen againft Waldron and Vaughan ; Allen, being caft in cofls, ap- pealed home, but his appeal was difmiffed becaufe he he had not brought over proof of Mr. Mafon's having ever been in pofieflion, and was ordered to begin de novo. The collective body of the people by their re- prefentatives in afTembly, have no \d] pretenfion to the vacant or waile lands, and therefore have no concern in \c] See vol. I p. 367. [d\ The other three colonies of the dominions of New England, by their refpedive royal charters, have the property or difpofal of their vacant lands lodged in the reprefentatives of the collective body of the people. granting SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 23 granting of unoccupied lands ; all grants or charters of thefe lands, according to the governor's commifTion and inftrudtions, are veiled in the governor and coun- cil, with this claufe or referve, fo far as in us lies ; . this reiervation feems to favour the claims under Mr. Mafon j as is alfo a claufe in the royal new charter of MafTachufetts-Bay 1691, " Nothing therein contained " fliall prejudice any right of Samuel Allen, Efq. " claiming under John Mafon, Efq. deceafed, of any part of the premifes." The jurifdidion of this province is indifputably in the crown. In property there are many and various claimers, [e] i, As it is laid that Mr. Mafon and his heirs and their affigns never complied with the condi- tions of the grant, in confequence it reverts to the crown -, and che crown at prefent is in pofTeflion not only of the jurifdiction but property of lands hitherto not granted. 2. Capt. John Tufton Mafon, heir in fucceffion, as he fays, to the original grantee capt. John Mafon, lately made a conveyance of his right for a fmall confideration to fourteen or fifteen perfons of New-Hampfhire j by their advertifements in the Boilon news-papers, they feem to make a bubble of it. Bofton poft-boy, Nov. 9, 1749. " The prefenc " claimers under the late Samuel Allen of London, " will find upon trial, they have no right to any of " thefe lands ; that the faid claimers under John Tufton *' Mafon, will be able to make out the right to be in " them, and are willing to difpute the point in law, as " foonas any perfon will give them opportunity." John Hobby, grandfon and heir of Sir Charles Hobby, fays, that Thomas Allen, heir to col. Allen, by deed offale, Auguft 28, 1706, conveyed one half of thefe lands to Sir Charles Hobby of New-England, Knight, See vol. I. p. 505. [e] Upon any judgment in the provincial courts of Nevv-Hampfhire, \>y an appeal home, all thefe claims may be finally fettled by the king in council, and prevent all bubblings of property inNew-Hampfhire. C 4 3. Hobby 24 Britim and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. 3. Hobby and Adams claiming under Mr. Allen by their bubbling advertifements, Nov. 9, 1 749, publifhecl in the Bofton pod-boy, November 20, 1749, in thefe words, " Whereas iundry gentlemen in the province the king in council difmifTed his appeal without coils, becaufe he had not brought proof of Mr. Mafon's poffeffion, and was al- lowed to begin de novo. Col. Allen petitioned Q^ Anne in council to be put in pofTefiion of the wafte lands, &c. the petition was referred to the board of trade and plan- tations ; they advifed with Sir Edward Northey, attor- ney general, who reported that her majefly might fafely put him in pofTeffion of the unimproved land, but where the inhabitants had poiTefTion he might bring his writs of ejectment : an order was fent to governor Dudley (at this time Dudley was governor of the province of Maf- fachufetts-Bay, and of the province of New-Hampfhire, by two diftin6t commiflions) to put col. Allen in pof- feffion of the wafte lands., but for land improved he was to bring writs of ejectment, and when the trials came' on governor Dudley was directed to go into court and demand a fpecial verdict ; accordingly upon a trial of ejectment againft Waldron, governor Dudley was noti- fied to attend, but for certain reafons at that time beft known tohimfelf, and a great indifpofition of body (as he faid) he proceeded no further than Newbury ; the defendants obtained cofts of fuit : Col. Allen appeals to the crown, but dies before the appeal was profe- cuted, leaving one fon and four daughters. His fort Thomas fucceeds him in thefe claims, and was caft in his writs of ejeftment with cofts, a ipecial verdict being refufed ; he appealed, and died before it could be heard, leaving two fons and one daughter infants. To cut off the claim of Mr. Allen's heirs to wafte lands, fo far as in them lies, lately this government have made a grant of the wafte lands by the name of Kingfwood ? to about fixty of their principal inhabi- tants 3% Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PATT II. rants pofleflbrs, that there might remain no wafte lands in Mr. Mafon's grant. The lands lately adjudged by the king in council, not to belong to the Maflachufetts-Bay grant, are now crown lands, but at preient under the jurifdiction of the pro- vince of New-Hampfhire ^ they lay north ofMafiachu- fetts, and when the boundaries with Canada are fettled may prove a good diftinct inland province for produce. By an order of the king in council 1 744, it is directed, that if the government of New-Hampfhire do not provide for fort Dummer, there will be a necefiity for returning that fort with a proper contiguous diflrict to the province of Mafiachufetts-Bay : but fo it happened, that during the late French war, the province of MafTachufetts-Bay by the contrivance of for fake of perquifites maintained that fort and many block-houfes within the diftrict of New-Hampfhire, without any confideration or allowance for want of proper application at home. As Mr. Mafon's grant lies indented in the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, (the old colony of MafTachufetts-Bay is weftward, and the province of Main by the new charter annexed to Maflachufetts-Bay is eaftward) per- haps it would be for the intereft of Great-Britain and for the good of the inhabitants, to annex this fmall country to the neighbouring government by an additional char- ter. The property of the vacant lands of Maflachufetts- Bay being in the reprefentatives of the collective body of the people, and the property of the vacant lands in New-Hampfhire beinscin the crown, is no obflacle, fee- ing the vacant lands in Sagadahock or duke of York's former property, though annexed by charter to Mafla- chufetts, continue the property of the crown, that is, not to be afligned by the government of Maflachufetts Bay, without confent of the crown. New-Hampfhire is too diminutive for a feparate government or province , the numbers of their people and the value of their commerce are infignificant : in fact the governor of Maflachu- fetts-Bay for many years was allb governor of New- Hampfhire ; SEC?. IX. #/ NEW-HAMPSHIRE, 3J Hampfliire with a diftind cornmifiion, but about teri years fince the aflembly of New-Hampftiire enter a com- plaint to the king in council againft the joint governor of that time, in relation to the cafe of fettling the boundaries between the two provinces ; that he was partial in favour of his more profitable government of MafTachufetts-Bay, by adjourning and proroguing the aflembly of New-Hampfhire, when the cafe was in agi- tation ; this complaint, by the king in council, was judged true and good, therefore a feparate governor for New-Hampfhire was commifiioned anno 1740. In fuch diminutive governments, the governor may domi- neer and aft in a more defpotick manner, than his fove- reign can poffibly in Great-Britain ; it is faid that a go- vernor and fuch of the council as he thinks proper to confult with, difpenfe with fuch provincial laws as are troublefome or ftand in their way in procedures of their court of equity, fo called. Here is at prefent fubfifling a difpute (interrupting all publick bufmefs) between the governor in council, and the houfe of reprefentatives, concerning the governor's prerogative of negativing a fpeaker, and his qualifying fo many towns and diilricls, as he fhall think worthy to fend repreienta'tives. And in this infignificant govern- ment, it may be called Lis de lana caprina, but in our confiderable colonies it is an affair of great confequence, therefore I mall here infert a fmall digreflion concerning thefe prerogatives and privileges, A DIGRESSION, concerning fomedifputed points relating to the legiflatures of the feveral Britim colonies in America ; particularly where the prerogatives of the crown governors feem to clam with the privileges of the reprefentatives of the collective body of the peo- ple or fettlers, in general court aftembled. Perhaps, in our colonies after a legiflature is confti- tuted by royal charters as in New-England, as by pro- VOL, II, D . prietary 34 Britim and French SETLEMENTS PART II* prietary patents of government as in Penfylvania, Ma- ryland, &c. or by royal commiflion or inftructions [/] to the firft crown governor in the king's governments; further initructions from the court of Great-Britain, though obligatory upon the negatives of the country's reprefentatives, who naturally may be fuppofed, and doubtlefs were intended, as a check upon inftructions from the boards at home not well verfed in plantation affairs On the other fide, as to prerogative, the plan- tation acts ought to have a fufpending clauie, that is, not to be obligatory (thus it is in Ireland, a Britim co- lony or acquifition, an ancient precedent) unlefs con- firmed by the Britim court. Thus in general, there are two fupreme negatives in the legiQatures of our American colonies ; the king in council, and the particular legiflatures of the leveral co- lonies. In a colony where there is a royally conftituted legi- flature, perhaps their publick acts, after being approved of, or not difapproved after a certain time (Mafiachu- fetts-Bay charter expreffes it after three years) cannot be difannulled but by the legiflature of Great-Britain called the parliament, who in all Britim cafes and over all perfons, according to the Britim conftitution, are ab- folutely fupreme and the dernier refort. If any innovations were to be made by the admini- flration at home upon the eflabliihed conftitution of our colonies, they naturally will begin with fome infignificant colony, fuch for inftance is this of New-Hampmire, where the people have no money nor intereft lodged at home to maintain their privileges ; and from prece- dents of fuch impotent colonies, proceed to impofe upon the more rich and valuable colonies. Thus it was in the latter end of the reign of Charles II. and in the ihort abrupted reign of James II. when all corporation valuable privileges were defigned to be abrogated; [/] The inftrudion is, that after *** a limited time, they fhall iflue a fummons for convening a general affembly. they SECT. IX. 0/ NEW-HAMPSHIRE." 35 they began with the infignificant impotent borough cor- porations. A governor perhaps by foliciting at home and giving adequate gratuities and fees to the proper leading clerks of the feveral boards, may obtain additional inftructions fuitable to his intereft or humour. I do not maintain, but only mention, that we feem to have a late inftance of this in the province of New-Hampfhire. In 1 744-5, there was a difpute 1 .between the governor and houfe of repre- fentatives concerning the houfe's not admitting of mem- bers from the governor's new conftituted townfhips and diftricts, but not qualified by the houfe ; the governor by folicitations, &c. at home, obtained in the king's abfence, from the lords juflices an additional inftruction, as follows. " By the LORDS JUSTICES. Gower, P. S. Additional inftruftion to Benning Went- Bedford, worth, Efq. his majefty's governor and Montagu, commander in chief, in and over the Pembroke. province of New-Hampfhire, in New- England in America ; or to the comman- der in* chief of the faid province for the time being. (Seal) Given at Whitehall, the goth day of June, 1748, in the 22d year of his ma- jefty's reign. Whereas it hath been reprefented to his majefty, That you having in his majefty's name, and by virtue of your commiffion, ifTued a writ to the fheriff of the province under your government, commanding him to make out precepts, directed to the felecl; men of certain towns, parifhes, and diftricls, therein mentioned, for the elec- tion of fit perfons qualified in law to reprefent them in the general aflembly, appointed to be held at Portf- mouth, within the faid province, on the 24th day of D 2 January 36 Britim and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. January 1 744-5 , by which writ, the towns of South- Hampton and Chefter, and the diftricts of Haverhill, and of Methuen andDracut, and the diftrict of Rum- ford, were impowered to chooie reprefentatives as afore - faid ; the faid general aflembly did refufe to admit the perfons duly elected to reprefent the faid towns and di- ftricts to fit and vote in the choice of a fpeaker : And whereas the right of fending reprefentatives to the faid aflembly was founded originally on the commiffions and inftructions given by the crown to the refpective gover- nors of the province of New-Hamplhire, and his ma- jefty may therefore lawfully extend the privilege of fend-* ing reprefentatives to fuch new towns as his majefty fhall judge worthy thereof: It is therefore his majefty's will and pleafure, and you are hereby directed and requiredtodiifolvethe aflembly of the province, under your government as foon as conveniently may be, and when another is called, to iflue his majefty's writtothemerirTof the faid province, commanding him to make out precepts, directed to the fele&-men of the towns of South-Hampton and Chefter, the diftricts of Haverhill, and of Methuen and Dracut, and the diftrict of Rumford, requiring them to caufe the freeholders of the faid towns and diftricts to aflemble, to elect fit perfons to reprefent the faid towns and di- ftricts in general aflembly, in manner following, viz. One for the town of South-Hampton, one for the town of Chefter, one for the diftrict of Haverhill, one for the diftrict of Methuen and Dracut, and one for the diftrict of Rumford : A N D it is his majefty's further will and pleafure, that you do fupport the rights of fuch repre- fentatives, when chofe ; and that you do likewife fignify his majefty's pleafure herein to the members of the faid general aflembly." This would be nearly the fame, as if the patricii of Rome (in our colonies they are called governor and council) had affumed the prerogative of regulat- i ing SECT. IX. */ NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 37 ing the [k] tribuni plebis, or reprefentatives of the people. The writs or precepts for ele&ing of reprefentatives for the feveral townfhips and diftricts returned into the fecretary's office, were produced in the houfe, Jan. 5. 1748-9, being the firft day of the fitting of a new af- fernbly. They confided of 3 from Portfmouth. 3 Dover. 2 Hampton. 2 Exeter, 2 Newcaille & Rye. j Kingfton. I Hampton -Falls. from Newington. New-Market. Strath am. Greenland. London-derry. Durham. 20 There were fome other members returned by fome new towns, Chefter, South-Hampton, and three other diffricls, but not admitted to fit : Richard Waldron, Efq. a worthy man, choien fpeaker by all the votes, excepting one, was negatived or difallowed by the go- vernor, becaufe the reprefentatives from the new towns were not admitted to fit arid vote in the choice. The houfe were ftrictly required by the governor to ad- mit theie new reprefentatives, the refufal of them being the higheft contempt of the king's authority, as he faid, and to proceed to a new choice of a fpeaker. This was abfolutely refufed by the houfe -, denying the governor's power of negativing a fpeaker, and of introducing [/] [>] When the patricii or optimates came to lord it too much over the other people of Rome, thefe people infifted upon their having re- prefentatives in the publick administration, called tribuni plebi?, to maintain the liberties and privileges of the commons, againft the power of the optimates ; perhaps the houfe of commons in the Britiih legifla- ture had fome fuch original. [/] If the king fends inftru&ions to his governors of colonies, con- cerning the negativing of fpeakers, and qualifying any new towns or diftri&s that fhall be thought worthy to fend reprefentatives to their D 3 mem- 38 Britifti and French SETTLEMENTS PART IF. members not warranted by law, ufage, cuftom, or any other authority. This houfe ftill fubfifls (June 1750) by many proro- gations and alternate meflages, but have done no pub- lick or ordinary provincial bufmefs , whether the go- vernor or houfe of reprefentatives are in fault I do not determine ; I only relate matters of fa6t, and refer it to proper judgment. As to a governor in the Britifh colones NEGATIVING 'A SPEAKER, it is faid to be a controverted point, there- fore mall make a few remarks in relation to it. 1. As the king at home, and his governors in the plantations abroad, never pretended to negative the election of a member for a county, town, or diflridl -, it feems inconfiftent that they mould claim a negative upon a fpeaker, or chairman, or moderator, chofen amongft themfelves. 2. In Great-Britain towards the end of the reign of Charles II. all charters and other privileges of the peo- ple were defigned to be facrificed to the prerogative ; there was a difpute between the prerogative and the pri- vilege of the commons concerning the court's negativ- ing of a fpeaker ; but ever fmce, this controverfy lies dormant; it is a tender point, a noli me tangere ; and plantation governors, who endeavour to revive the like in their diftricls, by (lily procuring inftruftions from the court at home, in favour of fuch a negative, are perhaps no true friends to their colony, nor to the Bri- tifli conftitution in general. 3 Notwithilanding that, in the new charter 1691 of the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, it is exprcfly faid, that the governor mall have a negative in all elections and ads of government -, in their additional or expla- general aflemblies; it Teems an ancient eftabliilied cuflom or pra&ice, that is, privilege of the houie to admit or refufe novel practices, it being a notorious privilege in the Britifh conititution for the reprcfen- tatives of the people to regulate thdr ov/n members. natory SECT. IX. / NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 39 natory charter 12 Geo. I. in the king's abfence granted by the guardians or juftices of the kingdom, it is faid, that no provifion was made in the faid charter, of the king by his governor, approving or difapproving the election of a fpeaker of the houie of reprelentatives. In confequence of this new charter, not by any abfolute royal command, but by the voluntary confent and act of the reprefentatives themfelves, the commander in chief is allowed to negative the fpeaker. Thus per- haps an act of the general aflembly of New- Hampshire or their tacit fubmirTion, might inveft their governor with the like power, but not to be arTumed in any other manner. 4. The exclufive right of electing their own fpeaker is in the houfe of commons or reprefentatives ; the con- firmation by prefenting him to the king, or to his go- vernors, is a mere form in courfe. Thus the lord mayor and fheriffs of London are prefented in the king's ex- chequer-court, but no negative pretended ; and perhaps if the king in a progrefs fhould happen to be in any corporated city or town at the time of the election of their mayor and meriffs, in compliment and form they would be prefented to the king. As to the governor's difpute with the houfe of repre- fentatives, concerning his fummoning NEW MEMBERS FROM UNPRIVILEGED PLACES OR DISTRICTS, we make the following remarks. 1. The prefent governor of New- Hampmire, with- out any prudential retinue or referve, impolitically ex- pofing fuch an arbitrary proceeding, menaces them with ten more fuch reprefentatives ; he means an in- definite arbitrary number in his mefifage, Feb. 15, 1748-9. 2. For many fcores of years, which is generally con- jftrued a preicription , there have been no royal addition of members of parliament; and at the union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England, to prevent multi- D 4 plying 4.6 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II, plying of members, the fmall royal corporated towns of Scotland were clafied, that is, four or five of them jointly to fend one member or reprefentative ; therefore as the royal appointing of new reprefentatives in Great-Britain has been difcontinued time out of mind, why fhould the general conilitution be infringed upon in our colonies ? and from the caprice or private intereft of a governor, the afTembly members be \m\ multiplied to an incon- venient and chargeable number? excepting where the cultivation of wildernefs lands may require new town- ihips or diftriclis, and, if inconveniently remote from a former mire or county town, they require a new feparate county or (hire. 3. As an inltance or precedent of a royal regulation in the colonies; in the charter of MafTachufetts-Bay it is exprefsly declared, Ct that the houfe of reprefentatives * c with the other branches of the legiflature, mould de- * c termine what numbers mould be afterwards fent to * c reprefent the counties, towns, and places;" there- fore the affair of reprefentation in the legiflature is not abfolutely in the governor and his devotees of the council. \m\ In the province of Maffachufetts-Bay, from 1730 to 1741 (the reafons or inducements of this procedure, I (hall not account for) by erecting of new townfhips and fplitting of old tovvnfhips into many corporations, the members of the houfe of reprefentatives were likely to be increafed to an impolitick number ; therefore in the following administration, (fee vol. I. p. 490.) the governor had an iniiruc- tion, in granting new townmips to exclude them from fending repre- fentatives. This feems inconfiilent with the Britifh conftitution, where- by all freeholders of forty millings per ann. income and upwards, are qualified to be reprefemed in the legiflature and taxation ; in particu- lar, freeholders are not to be taxed, but where their agent or repie- fentative does or may appear. A vote of the reprefentatives to regulate their own houfe, is not a general acl of government. Governors have a confiderable advantage over their affemblies ; when he fends them any impofing mefTage of importance, but not rea- fonable, to prevent any reprefentation ot its inconveniency or illegality, he adjourns or prorogues them. 4. In SECT. IX. ] inftruction from their aiTembly to reprefent the encroach- ment which theFrench are making upon our fettlements in North- America. The late exorbitant French claims of extending their boundaries in America, beyond all the limits which have hitherto been challenged or allowed, gave occaiion to the following paragraphs. M. La Janqueriere governor general of Canada or New France, by his inftructions from home, lately fent pore but nottne property of Sagadahock or duke of York's grant, is in the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, as was alfo Nova Scotia by the pre- fent charter) the late crown land of New-Hampfhire, New- York, ic. [pi That the curious may have fome notion of our colonies agencies atthe court of Great Britain, I (hall here infert, by way of inftance, an abftra&ofthe laft body of inftru&ions to agent Bollon voted by the af-" fembly, January 19, 1749-50. 1. To folicit the payment and reimburfement of the charges of the late intended expedition againft Canada. 2. To folicit the payment for the provincial cloathing made ufe of by admiral Knowles for his majefty's fea and land forces at Louifbourg 3. To folicit the charge offupporting fort Dummer, and defending the frontiers of New-HampQiire. 4. To make application, that the governments of Connecticut, New-Hampffcire, and Rhode-Ifland, be obliged to a fpeedy and equi^ table redemption of their bills of publick credit. 5. To reprefent the encroachments made and making by the French on his majefty's territories in North- America. 6. To enquire into the flateof the line, between this province and the colony of Connecticut as formerly fettled, in older to have it confirm- ed, if not already done. 7. To make application that feveral governments on this continent be obliged to bear a juft proportion of men and money in cafe of an- other war. 8. To folicit the exemption of fea-men and others in this govern- ment from imprefleson board any of his majefty's (hips that may come into this province. 9 That he apply to the court of Great-Britain for pav for the fnow Eagle and Dominique, taken from the captors at Louifbourg, and em- ployed in his majefty's fervice to carry home prifoners to France. i o. The agent being impowered to receive what money fhall be ob- tained at Great-Britain for this government, he is to lodge the fame at the bank of England for the further order of the general afTembly. letters SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 45 letters to the commandant of Nova Scotia and to the go- vernor of MafTachufetts-Bay, claiming a great part of Nova Scotia, and from thence ib far as Quenebec river in New-England. At this writing M. La Corne, a French officer from Canada with a confiderable [q~] force, lies cantoned on the north fide of Chicanido bay and river, to prevent us from extending further north than the peninfula, fo called, and from building a fort upon the neck, where is the barcadier by the Bay Verte to Canada. Major Laurence of Warburton's regiment with about 450 men was fent to diflodge them, but finding the French too flrong, and inftructed to repel force by force, as alfo the houfes burnt to prevent any lodgment there, he retired to Minas. The French court has appointed as commifTaries the marquis de la GlHIbniere late commandant general of New-France, andM. La Houettesj with two commiffa- ries nominated by the court of Great-Britain, Mr. Shir- ley, late governor of Maflachufetts-Bay, and Mr. Mild- may ; to regulate all the refpective pretenfions of the two nations in America, and the contefls ftill remaining on fome prizes made on both fides during the war. It is thought, that for fome time they may avoid coming to any determination, and perhaps inftead of a definitive may come to a provifional treaty of Uti, &c. There was lately a difpute concerning the property and jurifdidion of the ifland of Tobago in the Weft- Indies, between the governor of Barbadoes and the ge- neral of Martinico ; this difpute ended in a provifional treaty - 9 this with fome other of the windward Caribbee iflands commonly went by the name of j>] Neutral Iflands. [q] This force confifts of three companies of marines, about 40^ In- dians of Canada, St. John's, Cape Sable, and F nobfcot, fome Canada militia and Coureurs des Bois, and French neutrals, a^ ;hey are called, of Nova Scotia. [r\ The imprudence of our commanders and other officers, in giving the denomination of neutrals to the French iettlers of Nova Scotia, per- Soon 46 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. Soon after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, which was concluded Oclober 7, 1 748, the French began to fettle (erect batteries) the neutral CARIBBEE iflands of [j] To- bago, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, and St. Dominico. Thefe and fome other Caribbee iflands called Neutrals are ex- prefly mentioned to keep up the claim, in both [/] haps gave occafion to the prefent French claim of a great part of Nova Scotia, and of fome part of New-England, fo far as Quenebec river. [i] Tobago was formerly the property of the dukes of Courland ; they had a fettlement on the coaft of Guinea, called Fort St. Andrew, to fupply it with negro flaves : in the beginning of the reign of king Charles II. they were difpoffefied by the Dutch ; this occafioned James, duke of Courland by treaty November 17, 1664, to makeover to Charles II. the fovereignty of thefaid ifland and forr of St. Andrew's, referving liberty of trade to the Courlanders and Dantzickers. Upon this the Dutch leem to have quitted the ifland, and the Courlanders never repoffrffed it; thu;s it remains at leaft a fief of the crown of Great- Britain. It was firft difcovered by the Spaniards, and had its name from In- dian tobacco fmoakers. When theEnglifh firft fettled Barbadoes, there being no Spanifli fet'lers in Tobago, the Englim from Barbadoes fre- quented it, and Charles I. made a grant of it to the earl of Pembroke ; the fubfequent civil wars prevented his fettling of it. Soon after about 200 Dutch people fettled there, but were expelled by the Spaniards and Caribbee Indians. Next James Kettler duke of Courland, god-fon to James I. of England, made a fettlement there ; but was difpoffeikd by the two Lampfons, Dutch merchants from France ; they had the titles of counts and barons of Tobago ; and from the Dutch Weft-India company had a grant of the ifland, and with confentof the States they fent over M. Bavean governor. It was in difpute between the Englifa and Dutch in Charles II. Dutch War. The houfe of Kettler being extinft, it reverted to England. [/] The prefent governor of Barbadoes, his commiffion runs thus; Henry Grenville, Efq. captain general and chief governor of the iflands of Barbadoes, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Dominico, and the reft of his majefty's ifland colonies and plantations in America, known by the name of the Caribbee Iflands, lying and being to windward of Guardaloupe. The prefent governor of Martinico, his commiffion runs thus ; Marquis de Caylus, governor and lieutenant general of the iflands of Martinico, Guardaloupe, Grande and Petite Terre, Defiada, Marigallante, the Saints, Dominico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Bequia, Cannaovan, Caricacocoan, Grenada, and of all the iflands and iflets commonly called the Granadillos, Tobago, St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, Cayan, and the continent comprehended between the river of the Amazons and Oranoke. com- SECT. IX. f NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 63 New-England turpentine is of a honey confiftence, that of the Carolinas is lefs liquid, refembling tallow or flufh. New-England turpentine yields about three gal- lons of oil per ct. wt. that of the Carolinas not exceed- ing two gallons. Turpentine refiduum in diftillation is about 7 i2ths, called rolin, the Hill not exceeding one half full of turpentine, left it fhould boil over. Our chemical and pharmacopcea writers feem not to be practical diftillers ; Quincey, much confulted by young practitioners, advifes to add water to the turpentine, whereas the more phlegm in the turpentine, the more tedious and dangerous is the diftillation. In diftilling, if the turpentine boils up, a fprinkling of water makes it fparkle and fly, but a large quantity of water foon quells it. The ftills in Bofton are fmall ; three barrels of turpentine of 300 wt. each may ,be wrought off in three hours. The principal care in diftilling, is in the beginning, left the phlegm boiling over fhould blow up the ftill; as the phlegm goes off the ftill fubfides, and the danger is over. At firft comes over more phlegm than oil \ the proportion of phlegm gradually dimi- nifhes to the ceafmg of the watery ebullition, and for a Ihort time oil only paries, and more abundantly, but foon comes turbid, and if the fire is not removed the refiduum or rofm is fpoilt ; after the oil is drawn off and the fire removed or extinguifhed for an hour, the rofm is to run off from the ftill. Varnifh is from one half rofm and one half oil of tur- pentine boiled up together, and is fold at the fame price with oil of turpentine. Tar is from light wood fo called, the knots of fallen pitch pine \ every fourteen years they reckon that the pine lands afford a furHcient crop for the tar kilns. In the Carolinas the people are notfo much indulged as for- merly in gathering of touchwood at random in the pro- prietary lands, and the exports of tar and pitch from the Carolinas is not fo much as formerly. The largeft kiln of tar in Carolina in my knowledge was of 960 bar- rels; 64 Bntifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART. it. rels ; this is too great a rifk, becaufe in blowing up all is loft. Four hundred barrels is a good kiln, and the running of the firft 106 barrels is not much inferior to that of Stockholm. Anno 1746, the difference in price between Swedes and American tar was twenty-one , ihillings Swedes, and fixteen fhillings New- England per barrel ; Swedes tar is cooler and better for cordage. By a6t of parliament only the firft half of the running of a kiln is to be ufed as tar, the other half to be boiled into pitch ; penalty forfeiture of the kilns ; this ad: is not put in execution. Green tar which has an addi- tional premium, is made from green pitch pine trees Itript of the bark eight feet or thereabouts up from the root of each tree ; a flip of the bark of about four inches in breadth, having been left on one fide of each tree* and fuch trees fhall fland one year at the leaft before cut down for making of tar. No certificate bill fhall be made out by any officer of the cuftoms for any tar, &c. imported from the plantations, nor any bill made out by the commifTioners of the navy, to entitle the importer of tar to any premium ; unlefs the certificate of the governor, lieutenant governor, collector of the cuftoms, and naval officer, or any two of them, to exprefs that it has appeared to them by the oath of the owner that fuch tar, &c. Tar that leaves a yel- lowifh ftain is good ; a black ftain is of a bad burning quality. Pitch is made by boiling three barrels of tar into two barrels : in South-Carolina this is done in coppers ; in North Carolina it is done in clayed cifterns by fetting fire to the tar. At prefent fcarce any tar is made in New-England, and very little turpentine is gathered, A barrel of tar fhould gauge thirty-one and a half gal- lons, a barrel of pitch fhould be two and a half ct. wt. neat. Tar fhould be free from water and drofs - 9 pitch free from all dirt and drofs j turpentine free from water and chips, and flones. The SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 65 The horn-beam trees, or carpinus dod, and the but- ton-tree (fo called from its feeds growing In clufters re- fembling buttons,) or platanus occidentalis, becaufe of their crofs or confufed grain not liable to rive or fplit, are ufed for windlaces, blocks, and turners-work. This fection fwells too much, I fhall refer lumber and other woods to the article of natural hiftory in the Appendix, and at prefent only mention the following obfervations. Shingles are made by cutting, fplitting and (having of certain woods into the form of a flate or fiat tile for covering the roofs of houfes ; in New-England they are made of white cedar, or cedrus excelfior ligno ex- albido non olente in udis proveniens. This wood is eafily fplit and managed, but may be furrowed by the rain, therefore fhingles from white pine are preferable ^ thefe may continue good twenty or thirty years. In Carolina fhingles are made of pitch pines and Cyprus. In Jamaica they ufe bullet wood, which, may laft 100 years. Clapboards for facing of houfes, and laths for plafter- ing, are made of the fame woods. Red cedar, or cedrus folio cupreffi atro, medio lig- no rubro duro. This is of excellent ufe for pofts fixed in the earth, it will hold good for a century. The common cheftnut of North- America, or caflanea ampliflimo folio, fruclu moliter echinato T. I. R. H. The fruit is fmaller, andcapfula not fo much echinated as in Europe. It rives well, and is mofl durable in rails in fencing of lands. In North- America are many \m\ varieties of walnuts. The hunters of the woods lay that there are almoft as great a variety of walnuts as apples , their general [/] Hickery or white walnut. This is the moft common walnut of New-England, a middling tree, the central laminae or annul! with age become dark like black walnut j the nuts are fmali, oval and fmooth, too hard to be cracked by the teetji.- This is our bell fire wood. VOL, II. F diftindion 66 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. diftin&ion is into black and white, from the colour of the wood. Vitis or grape vines in New-England, natives, are five or fix diltincl: forts [#] that are in my knowledge. Cerafus, or cherries, natives of New-England, in my knowledge are four or five diftincl: [0] kinds. 2. Nux juglans virginiana nigra, H. L. B. Black walnut; the wood is of a dark brown, is much ufed in joiners and cabinet work. 3. Nux juglans fruclu tenero, fragili putamine. C. B. P. Shagbark of New-England. It is not (o common as the hickery, and of a fmaller habit, the bark exfoliates in coats (as the birch and button tree) the nut is eafily broke by the teeth. 4. Nux juglans porcorum, the pig nut, a middling fpreading tree, exfoliating bark; theputamen or fhell of the fruit is not fo brittle as the (hag- bark, nor fo hard as the hickery ; the nucleus is confiderable and of a pleafant tafte. [] i. Vitis Americana fylveftris, uvis nigris pruni fylveftris mag- nitudine foliis magnis, vulpiaa dicla Virginiana. Pluk. The fox grape or wild vine with black grapes. It is the moft common of all our grapes, grows generally near ponds, not exceeding four to feven in a racemus, ripen into- grapes, not much fucculent, and of a difagreeable tobacco tafte. 2. Dit. Uvis albidis, vulpina Virginiana alba. Pluk. White fox grapes differ from the former only in colour, and lefs frequent. 3. Vitis quinquefolia Canadenfis fcandens, T. J. R. H Five-leafed ivy of Virginia, or Virginia creeper. It creeps and climbs to a great extent, leaves of a bright green color, makes agreeable arbours, very plenty in the woods: theracemi or clufters are lax, the grape or fruit is in form and bignefs of the uvae Corinthiacas or currants ufed in puddings. 4. Vitis fylveftris Americana, platani folio, uva racemofa, acini's rotundis parvis acidulis nigro-caeruleis. The fmall American grape vine with, large leaves and fmali black grapes, in lax clutters. 5. Vitis Americana fylveftris, platani folio, uva recemofa, acinis rotundis parvis rubris j differs from the former only in the deep red colour of its grape. (Yj i. Cerafus fylveftris rubro fru&u Americana. Common wild cherry. It is frequent in the woods, and flowers more early than the racemofae; is an arborefcent frutex, in tafte flatter than the cerafa iativa, or common red cherry. 2. Cerafus fylveftris Americana racemofa prascocior fruclu major! nigro. The greater wild clufter cherry or birds cherry. A middling tree, the racemus of the flowers and fruit is from the extremities of the branches, i.ot from the finus of the leaves as the padus. I. B. The Our' SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 67 Our apple trees are all from Europe ; ten or twelve bufhels of apples are required to make one barrel of cy- der, one barrel of cyder gives not exceeding four gallons of proof fpirit: beginning of October is the height of cyder making. SafTaphras ex Florida, fkulneo folio. C. B. P. is plentiful in New-England, and not fo ftrong a perfume as farther fouth : it is an ingredient in the decoclion of the woods fo called, and ufed in venereal and other pforick diforders. I omitted in the proper place to infert, that the right merchantable hoops are from the faplins of white oak and of hickery ; white oak is the bed. Staves for tight calk are from the white oak ; red oak ftaves are ufed for molafTes and dry calk. One thoufand ftaves make from thirty to thirty-five hogfheads of 100 gallons each. cherry is larger than the following, black, fucculent and fweet ; its wood is ufed in joiners and cabinet work. 3. Cerafus Americana fylveftrisracemofa, fruftu minorenigro dulci. The common bird cherry of New- England, a middling tree, flowers and fruit in racerni, like the ribefia, and fomewhat larger ; in New- England it is ufed in place of the officinal or cerafus fylveftris frudu ni- gro. I. B. the final! birds affect it much. 4. Cerafus Americana fylveltris humilis fruclu nigricante non edulr. The American dwarf crabbed birds cherry, does not exceed the height of feven or eight feet; it is not a padus, becaufe the racemi are not from the finus of the leaves, hut from the extremities of the branches or twigs ; this cherry is fmaller than the former, of dark red, and an acerb choaky tafte. I have not room to mention the great varieties of wild rofes, goofe- berries, currants, brambles, rafp-berries, &c. All the apple trees in New-England are exoticksj as I formerly hinted. La Hontan perhaps is miftaken in faying, that he did fee fe- veral European fruit trees natives upon the river Ilinoisj probably they are the relicks of a former Frmchfettlement there. Thuya Thcophrafti, C. B. P. Arbor vitae. Clus. T ee of life of New-England, is by miftake called favine. Sabina is not well defcribed by botanifts. Some with Boerhaave fay, it is bacciferous, fome with Ray call it conifer : the ambiguity may proceed from its bearing fcl- dom, and not till very old. F 2 Some 68 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. Some mifcellany obfervations relating to this Digrejfion. In New -England fhip-building, a vefTel fitted to fea, two thirds of the coft is a profit to the country , the other third is iron, cordage, fail-cloth, and fmall ftores from Great-Britain. Timber, if of too old growth, is dotted , if too young, 'tis fappy ; neither of them fit for conft ruction. There are feveral good acts of the Britilh parliament, and of the legiflatures of the feveral colonies, concerning the feafons and times of falling of timber > as alfo con- cerning the proper feafons of killing thefe beads that af- ford fur, fkins, and hides : but little attended to, and perhaps never put in execution. Clearing a new country of \vood, does not render the winters more moderate, but conduces to its being more healthful: the damp of wood-lands produces intermit- ting, pleuritick, peripneumonic, dyfenterick, and pu- trid fevers. Where trees and other growth are large, it is a fign of good land. Cheftnut, walnut, and beech trees, re fymptoms of good land. Alder is good meadow ground. We have in the woods variety of beautiful flowering fhrubs , but few of them flower in winter, the mofl va- luable qualification for a flowering fhrub. For peculiar things of this kind, if we confult the moil celebrated dictionaries we are led aflray ; for in- ftaice, Bailey defcribes tar, " A fort of grofs fatty li- * c quor ifTuing from the trunks of old pine trees." In middling climates timber or wood is generally fpungy or light by alternate relaxations and bracing from heats and colds, confequently of no good ufe or du- ration v thus it is from New-England to Carolina : far- ther north the timber is folid and heavy, fit for per- manent conftrudion, e. g. in New -England, Nova Scotia, and Canada j fliil farther north the timber is too fmall, SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 69 fmall, fhrubby and gnarly ; in the hot countries are many ipecies of hard wood of (low growth, good for waini- cotting and other joiners work; this fummary does not allow me to enumerate them. Summer-built veffels are of better ufe than thofe of any other feafon. The fire wood near Bofton is much exhaufted ', we are under a neceffity of fetching it from the province of Main, and territory of Sagadahock. A wood (loop with three hands makes about fifteen voyages per ann. from the eaftward to Bofton, may carry about thirty cord firewood each voyage. A cord of wood is eight feet lengthwiie, per four feet height, of four flicks or logs. A kiln for charcoal or furnaces, bloomeries and refiners of iron, is generally of twenty cord of wood, and generally may yield ten cart load of charcoal at 100 bufhels per load. At fmelting furnaces they obferve that young black oak makes the beft coal. One acre of wood land at a medium yields about forty cord wood ; one cord ot wood yields forty to fifty bumels of charcoal. Our feafons are uncertain ; in open winter the fap rifes too foon, and a fubfequent hard froft makes the bark fplit and peel off; thus at times our fruit trees particu- larly fufifer. Timber under twelve inches is called ranging timber, above twelve inches it is called tun timber ; ftandards and knees are called compafs timber ; the compafs tim- ber to the northward is beft. Our trees, efpecially the oaks, while growing, are much fubjecl: to the [p] teredo or worm, therefore in all \p] There are varieties of teredines or wood eating infers : I fhall upon this occafion only mention two. i . An afcarides or maggot-like the teredo, which preys upon the wooden wharfs in Bofton and elfewhere. 2. The xylophagus marinus major navibus infeilus, it i; pernicious to mips in hot countries, efpecially in their firft voyages ; lately it did damage in the harbour of Newport of the colony of Rhode-Ifland. This is not the fame with the infeft which makes the worm-holes in our F 3 new- 70 Britim. and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. new-built fhips thefe worm -holes in the plank muft be carefully fpiked. The fhips built in Boflon exceed all of other building yards, the many merchants and fhip^mafters, good con- noifleurs, tranfiently infpect them, and every bad piece of timber or length of plank is cenfured. In Newbury where they are not much infpected, the builders act at pleafure, and as the contracts are generally to be paid in goods, they build accordingly, thus a noted builder T. W. jocofely faid, that he had built for a cal- lico fhip. The other country building places are ftill worfe, particularly North River, where, inftead of what is reckoned fhip-timber, they ufed foreft-wood of any fort ; thefe veffels with repairs laft only two or three voyages, and are defigned as a bite upon fhip buyers at home. Timber ufed green, or with the fap up, is likefcenum madide repofitum, it foon tends to putrefaction : this fap may be extracted by macerating or foaking in fait water. In fhip-building, they ought to ufe only white oak for timber, plank, and trunnels ; and thefe as much as may be without fap, [q] rot, or worm-holes. timber trees while growing : neither is it that which a few years fince, 1730, and increafed for eight or nine years, feized the piles or paalen pf the dykes in Holland, threatening an inundation, but were deftroyed by a hard forty winter. [q] The annuli or annuolex increments of trees begin from the cen- ter of their tranfverfe fe&ions or heart of the tree ; and in the decline (trees like animals, for many years according to the nature and con- ftruclion of individuals of their feveral fpecies increafe, then for Come years are at a ftate or ftand, and afterwards are upon the decline ; thus our firft or ancient growth of timber is not good, our fecond growth perhaps may equal that of Great-Britain) the dottedneis, cariofity, or tabes begins naturally, progreffive from the center ; this is moft remark- able in the fpungy timber of red oak. One may blow fpittle through a Have of four feet long; its annuli, or circular laminse, in the tranfverfe feftions are noted, and after fur vey ing, if red oak, and fome other trees, are ufed for monument trees, by the number of the furcrefcent laminas we compute the number of years from the furvey ; therefore it is better-to mark monument trees upon the bark, which does not al er, than upon the woody fubftance where the marks are yearly inveloped. [r] Oak SECT. IX. of NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 74 [r] Oak if long feafoned or dried, becomes vapid or dry-rotted, and does not lafl ; we have lately had a no- torious initance of this ; cordfire wood to the N. E. of Bofton cut before our late war with the French and their Indians, during the war of a few years, could not be carried off; upon a peace it was ihipped to Bofton, it burnt like ftubblc, of no duration, leaving no coal, and the afhes not profitable to the foap-boiler. [j] Oak timber from thick wood lands is not good. Next to the ore, in all iron works, wood or charcoal is the moil eflential. Here we may obfcrve, that iron works require only three men who may be called artificers, viz. a forgeman, a carpenter, and collier; the others are only common labourers. When the fun does not mine, les hommes des bois, fwampeers or wildernefs men, diftinguifh the couries or corners of winds by, i . MofTes growing moft plentifully on the north Side of old dotted trees. 2. Pines branching moft fouthward. 3. Trees reclining generally eaftward, from the prevailing of the wefterly winds there ; Sir John Narborough obferved the fame in South-America. This obfervation holds good all over America. 4. The rings in the tranfverie ieclion of trees, which are moft compact northward. [r] A wood fire is more pleafant to the fight and fmell than that of pit coal, but its warming influence is not fo difFufive ; it fearches more, but is not fo fteady and lafting, its fmoke and vapour is more offenfive to the eye.% itdifcolours and dry-rots paper prints more than pit coal. We have lately in Charles-town adjoining to Bofton made an effay for difcovering of pit-coal; if it fucceeds, by ac"l of aflembly wood ought to be prohibited for ufe in firing in and near Bofton; otherways than in charcoal for the ufe of furnaces of bloomeries and refineries. [/] Oak timber called day oak, from places well cleared, is better than that from wood lands where there is not the benefit of the fun and free air ; or iecond growth of timber or pafture oak is almoft equal in quality to that of Great-Britain. In all oak timber there is an acid juice which corrodes iron (there- fore the French fpiking does not anfwer fo well as our trunnelingof (hip plank) and the timber itfelf ; therefore it ought to be feafoned either by drying, or by (this is better) foaking in falt-water to extract this corro- five acid. F 4 There 72 Britim and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. There is no author who has wrote tolerably well con- cerning the natural hiftory of New-England [/] When Sweden began to impofe upon Great-Britain in the exportation of their naval ftores, an act of par- liament was made allowing certain premiums upon the importation of certain naval ftores from Englifh America [#]. In rope-making, by the addition of tar the cordage Acquires one fifth more in weight, the rope-makers great gains. A rope-walk for merchants ufe need not exceed 200 fathom : becaufe 200 fathom yarn when twifted makes 120 fathom cable. In the mifcellany article of a fection, I fometimes in- fert things which mould have been inferted in their pro- per places but were forgot. Here mould have been inferted fome fhort account of Dr. Berkley's tar-water ufed as a medicine , but as moft readers are not in the tafte of natural hiftory, I have already exceeded too much in that refpecV, and here fhall only obferve, that his directions for making [/] JofTelyn frequently quoted, arrived at Bofton 1663, and refided in New-England many years ; publifhed a fmall book called eight years obfervations, printed in London 1672, as a natural hiftory of the country - 3 it abounds with grofs miftakes, v. g. ' fome frogs when they " fit upon their breech are a foot high, and fome as long as a child '* one year old. Barley frequently degenerates into oats." Here he was impofed upon, by fome oat and barley feed intermixed as fre- quently happens: " In New-England, no woodcocks, no quails.'' N.B. they are very plenty. [u\ The premiums at prefent ar?, for mafts, yards, and bow-fprits, per ton of forty feet girt meafure, . i /. Merchantable tar eight barrels 2 4 Green tar ditto 4 Pitch ditto I Turpentine ~ ditto I 10 There muft be a plantation certificate that they are the growth or pro- duce of our colonies: upon landing the pre-emption to be offered to the commiffioners of the navy : if twenty days after landing the commiflio- ners do not contract for the fame, the owners may difpofe of them at Fleafure, and receive the premium. of SECT. IX. $] Exemplary to the other colonies. 1685, SECT. X. 0/ RHODE-ISLAND: 85 1685, and delivered June 2, 1686, by Edward Ran- dolph, Efq. The freemen of the colony by their ballots or written votes called proxies, by a majority gave in their opinion to the general afiembly, in conformity to which, the general afiembly, after the example of many corporations or charters in England, determined not to ftand fuit with his majefty, but by an humble ad- drefs to the king, pray for the continuance of their privileges and liberties according to charter : the king promifed them protection and favour ; they were put under the government of prefident Dudley, who was foon fuperfeded by governor Andros. 1686-7, Jan. 12, Sir Edmond Andros's commifiion as governor of New-England, was published in Rhode-Ifland, and all the colony formed into one county. Upon the ORANGE REVOLUTION, by a general vote of the freemen in May 1689, it was concluded, that Sir Edmond Andros's authority, by his confinement in Bofton, was terminated or filenced, and therefore they re-aflume their former government or charter ; and as their charter never was vacated in a due courfe of law or judgment, the court of England allows them to con- tinue in the poffeflion and ufe of it to this day. Each townfhip is managed by a town council, con- fiding of the afiiftants who refide in the town, the juf- tices of the town, and fix men freeholders chofen annu- ally by the freemen of the town ; the major part of them is a quorum, with full power to manage the affairs and intereft of the town to which they refpedtively belong ; to grant licences to publick houfes ; and are a probate of- fice for proving wills and granting anminiilration, with appeal to governor and council as fupreme ordinary. On any urgent occafion the governor, or in his ab- fence, the deputy governor, may by warrant call a general afiembly. The direction of the militia is in the general afiembly of the colony ; but when the aflembly does not fit, the governor and afiiftants have the power of the militia. G 3 At 86 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART JI, At the townfhip meetings in March Annually, the freemen of the town bring in their written votes called proxies, for a governor, a deputy governor, ten af- fiftants, recorder, treafurer, and attorney general ; thefe votes are fealed up and fent to Newport for next May general elcdion ; the governor has no negative in elecr tions, has no negative in patting of bills or refolves 5 only in the houfe or board of affiftants in cafe of an equivote, he has the calling vote. All other officers civil and military are appointed by a joint vote of the board of afliftants and houfe of representatives. The legiflature of Rhode-IQand colony ftiie themfelves, The governor and company of the Englifh colony of Rhode- liland and Providence Plantations in New-England in America , the ena&ing ftile is, Be it enabled by the ge- neral aflembly of this colony, and by the authority of the fame it is enaded. The aflembly adjourn themfelves for any time. The governor for the time being has the cuftody of the colony's charter, feal &c. and appoints the naval officer ; the governor's falary is 300 I. per ann. currency, and all his perquifites do not exceed loool. [/] There are yearly two afiemblies or elections of reprefentatives ; they fit on the firft Wednefday in May at Newport; the fecond aflembly meets on the laft Wed- nefday ot October at Providence and South-Kingfton al- ternately. In all grand committees, and elections of offi- cers, the board of affiftants and houfe of reprefentatives fit and vote together. In the laft \m\ election of general officers on the firft [/] At this writing 1750, the deputy governor has a falary of 300 1. currency or O. T. per ann. the treafurer 200 1 j affiftants and repre- fentatives have no wages. [m\ Formerly the parties in elections and publick tranfaftions were upon feclary footings ; but for feme years part the oppofite parties are, they who are atgainft multiply ing a fallacious fraudulent paper cur- rency, and they who encourage it for private iniquitous ends ; majority of the prefent houfe of reprefentatives are of the paper money fide, notwithftanding a growing depreciation : from April i, 1750, to Sept, i, 1750, their paper currency from par fuffers a difcount with the Wednefday SECT. X. of R H o D E-!SL AN D. 87 Wednefday of May 1750, were chofen William Greene governor, Robert Hazzard dep. governor \ affiftants, George Wanton, Jonathan Nichols, John Potter, John Bowen, Benjamin Tucker, Robert Lawton, James Ar- nold, William Richmond, Daniel Coggefhal, Jeffry Wat- fon ; Thomas Ward fecretary, Daniel Updike attorney general, and Thomas Richard fon general treafurer. [ri\ When the charter firft took place 1663, there were only j 8 reprefentatives, 6 from Newport, 4 from Providence, 4 from Portfmouth, and 4 from Warwick ; at prefent, 1750, befides thefe, there are 2 from each conftituted townfliip incorporated from that time, and at prefent are 58 members, Maflachufetts paper currency above 20 per cent, that is, a piece of 8 in Bofton fells for 453. O. T. in Rhode-Ifland it fells for 565. O. T ; by felling, I mean, it is merchandize, and will continue fuch until the paper money is generally annihilated, or by its fmall quantity arrive at a juft par with filver: I fhall mention a palpable inftance of the good effects of paper currency being gradually annihilated (if the tranfition is too fudden, it may occafion a ftagnation of bufmefs, confufion and uproars, which ought carefully to be avoided, as tending to fedition) by finking of our paper medium ; within thefe laft fix months (this is wrote September 1750) exchange with London is fallen from eleven and a half, for one fterling, to nine and a jjalf, for one iterling good bills or well endorfed. [] The fallacious plantation paper money currencies are a moil difagreable topick, and fall too often in my way : here I cannot avoid obferving, that the habitual practice of this paper money cheat, has had a bad influence not only upon profligate private peribns, but upon the adminiftration of fome of our New-England governments : for inftance, one of the legiflature, a figner of the Rhode-liland colony bills, was not long fmce CONVICTED of figning counterfeit bills: Men are chofen into the legiflature and executive parts of their government, not for their knowledge, honour, and honeity, but as fticklers for depreciating (for private ends) the currency, by multi- plied emiiiions : this year, 1750, the parties amor.glt the eleilors of afTembly men were diftinguilhed by the names of paper money makers, and the contrary : the paper money makers have got a majority in the lower houic, and propofe a new emiffion of 200,000 1. O. T. ; it is probable the houfe or board of afliftants will not con- cur ; it is not for want of paper currency ; at preient they have more than ever ; MafTachufetts-Bay, where tne bulk of their bills were lodged, have fent them back accompan ed with the bills of New- Hampfhire; their defign is by quantity to depreciate the value of G 4 A s 88 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. As a table is the moft concife and diftinct form of reprefenting feveral numeral articles relating to a colony , I fhall here reprefent each townfhip, their late numbers of proxies or freemen voters, their reprefentatives in general affembly, their juftices, their companies of militia, perluftration (1748) of whites, negroes, and Indians. their bills ; and lands mortgaged for publick bills will be redeemed in thofe minorated bills, at a very inconfiderabje real value. In the neigh- bouring province of Maffachufetts-Bay the principal directors and ng- ners of bubbling or notorious cheat bills (in the aft of parliament, 1 741, it is termed a mifchievous undertaking and publick nufance) were by votes concurred by gov. Sh y, made councellors, figners of publick bills of credit, judges, juftices, &c. This to an impartial reader muft appear the greateft difregard of a minifter (all governors are in a ministerial capacity) to acts of parliament. To prevent this nufance, in all acts of affemblies concerning paper money currencies, there may be a claufe, that any perfon convicted of making, figning, or uttering any falfe, fraudulent, or counterfeit bills, be rendered inca- pable of any place of profit or truft in the faid province or colony. In Maffachufetts-Bay province December 1748, the act for drawing in their bills of credit, exprefsly declares, " that the bills of the neigh- bouring provinces have paffed promifcuoufly with the bills of our pro- vince ; and the inhabitants of Maffachufetts-Bay province will thereby be liable to greater evils than they have as yet fuffered, if the bills of the neighbouring governments continue current within the province ; therefore, &c '* particularly every perfon fo accounting (extra provincial bills reckoned up to a perfon or otherways evading in negociation) receiving, taking, or paying the fame, mall forfeit the fum of fifty pounds new tenor for every fuch offence. There has lately hap- pened a publick controverfy in the Bofton weekly news papers for Sept. 1750, concerning the word accounting : this ought to be ex- plained by fome fubfequent act of affembly ; as there is a difcovery of a principal manager, negociating in Bofton (in a manner as he thought evadable in the law) fome bills of New-Hampmire : as he was a principal agent in reftraining the currency of bills of the neigh- bouring provinces, if intereft had not prevailed againft common pru- dence, he would have evaded the negociating of thefe bills in any manner though evadable in law. N. B. To annihilate plantation paper currencies in a general fenfe, is very laudable; but to do it fuddenly or in the ipace of one year, when there is no other medium or currency, puts a flop to all trade and bufmefs ; this obftruction may divert our commerce into fome other channel : we have a notable inilance of this in the province of IVIaflachufetts-Bay, J 7 50. Townfhips. SECT. X. of RHODE-ISLAND." 1748. 1749. Companies Townfhips. Proxies. ReprefJuftices.Whites. Negroes. Indians. Militia. Newport 96 6 9 5335 JIO 68 4 Providence 3 2 4 '3 3'77 225 50 5 Portsmouth 25 4 5 807 '34 5* i Warwick 21 4 8 i5'3 176 93 3 Wefterley 23 2 6 1701 59 49 4 *New Shoreham 23 2 o 260 20 20 i North Kingfton 30 2 7 1665 184 86 3 South Kingfton 21 2 5 1405 380 '93 3 Greenwich '7 2 6 956 61 27 2 James Town 4 2 284 I 10 26 I *Smithneld 45 2 ]. King Charles II. having received complaints concerning the wrong de- fcription of places ana grants, not to be determined at a diftance, but by commifiioners to be fent exprefsly upon the fpot ; accordingly 1664, four commifTioners, col. Nichols (afterwards governor of New- York) Sir Robert Ker, &c. were fent over to fettle all the controverted boundaries of the provinces, and to be determined by the concurrence of any three of thefe commiffioners, or of two of them, whereof Nichols to be one. [q] Three of thofe commiffioners gave the Attleborough Gore to [/>] For inftance, Plymouth old north line, from ConahafTet due v/eft to Patuket river, and Maflachufetts fouth line, from 3 miles fouth of the fouthermoft part or head of Charles river, extended E. and W. overlap one another feveral miles ; Attleborough Gore is plainly included in Plymouth grant, and alfo in the grant to Rhode- Jfland. . ome of the lands of Tiverton and Little Compton, feem to be in both thefe grants. In equity perhaps the prior grant mould take place ; but this was not obferved in the late determination of Rhode- [fland eafterly bounds ; the validity of the Plymouth grant as to jurifdidlion being queftioned. Rhode-Iiland colony pretended to the fettlements of Tiverton, Little Compton, Dartmouth, Rochefter, Sandwkh, and Cape- Cod tovvnmips, becaufe Plymouth grant is not faid to be bounded upon the ocean : but as this claim was not brought before a late court of commiffioners appointed by patent from Great- Britain to fettle the eaftern boundaries of Rhode- 1 Hand colony, it may be fuppofed droct and filenced. Lately in Rhode- Ifland, they have imagined a claim of jurifdidlion further north than their prefent line ; taking in pare ofWrentham, Bellingham, Mendon, Uxbridge, and Douglafs ; they were encouraged to this by their late fuccefs in the eaftern claim ; but when they complained at home concerning the en- croachments of Maflachufetts-Bay, upon their eaftern borders, they made no complaint of northern encroachments ; which if any, might have been adjufted by the fame commiffion without further charge ; and when commiffioners were appointed, December 18, 1749, by the general affembly of Maflachufetts -Bay, to join with commiffioners from the jurifdiftion of Rhode-Iiland, to run and renew the line agreed on and fettled by both governments, Jan. 19, 1710-1 1 j the Rhode-Ifland commiffioners did not appear. [$r] The Rhode-Iflanders conftrued it that nothing could be con- cluded without the concurrence of Nichols ; and becaufe Nichols hap- Plymouth 92 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. Plymouth colony, that is, Patucket alias Blackftone \r\ river to be the dividing line between thefe two colonies ; the king's pleafure concerning this determination was never fignified -, as it was not confirmed at home, it con- tinued many years in difpute, and at length, was deter- mined by commifiioners 1741, and confirmed by the king in council 1746, in favour of Rhode-Ifland ; it is now called Cumberland townfhip, in honour to his royal highnefs the duke of Cumberland, and is annexed to the county of Providence. Rhode-Ifland eafterly line dividing it from the prefent province of Maflachufetts-Bay was fettled by commifli- oners [s] 174.1. Maflachufetts government -appealed home againft every part of the judgment as grievous and injurious ; but the judgment in the whole was confirmed 1746, by the king in council. In autumn 1746, the go- vernment of Rhode-Ifland fent to the government of Maflachufetts-Bay, a copy of his majefty's order in coun- cil, affirming the judgment of the court of commiflion- ers, for fettling the boundary line between the two go- vernments, and by act of aflembly appointed commifiion- ers to run (Dec. 2, 1746) this late adjudged line with commiiTioners from MafFachufetts-Bay ; the aflembly of Maflachufetts-Bay could not be informed of this ap- pointed time until their next fitting, December 24; thus Rhode-Ifland contrived to run this line ex parte. For a minute defcription of this line, fee vol. I. p. 399. For Rhode-Ifland northerly line dividing this colony from the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, fee vol. I. p.4i5, pened not to be one of the three that concurred in the determination of the Atdeborough Gore, they alledged the determination was not perfecl, whereas Nichols was plainly intended to have only a cafting vote when two are againft two. [r] This river was fo called by the name of Mr. Blackftone, who removed from Maflachufetts-Bay and lived in this Gore, upon that river, many years. (YJ The fettling of this line coft each government about 4,000!. O. T. The commifiioners had from each government 6s. fterl. per diem, with all charges in coming, at, and returning from the congrefs. Southerly SECT* X. of RHODE-ISLAND. 93 Southerly the colony of Rhode- Ifland is bounded upoa the Tea or Atlantic ocean. Its wefterly line dividing it from the colony of Con- nedticut was fettled by commifiioners from both co- lonies September 27, 1728 ; was afcertained by a direct line extending weft from the rock at the uttermoft point of Warwick neck, 20 miles, to a confiderabie heap of (tones in a cedar fwamp, the S. W. corner of War- wick purchafe. From this monument the line with Connecticut is determined by running firft N. 7 d. E. by compafs, 23 miles 10 rods to a large heap of (tones in a valley being between two marked pine trees in the fouth line of the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, and for the firft 7 and a half miles were made monuments every half mile, and from thence northward to the Mafia- chufetts fouth line, were made monuments at the end of each mile : from the faid monument the S. W. corner of Warwick was made a foutherly running of 15 miles and 9 rods S. n d. 20 m. W. to the mouth of Aftra- wage river where it falls into Pakatuke river ; and from thence Pakatuke river is the boundary to the fea. Roger Woolcot, 9 Signed James Wadfworth, > For Connecticut. Daniel Palmer. ^ William Wanton, *> Benjamin Ellery, S For Rhode-IQand; William Jenkes. *> The colony of Rhode-Ifland have been very little concerned in the Britilh North- America wars with the adjacent Indians, and their encouragers to rapine the French of Canada ; from the Quaker principles of many of the inhabitants, and as not being immediately expofed to the ravages of the French and their Indians. In the expedition againft Port-Royal in Nova-Scotia, an. 1710, and in the abortive expedition agiinft Canada, 1711, they 4 Britifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART IL they had fome forces : towards the feint or intended expedition againft Canada, in the fummer 1746, they fitted out 300 land men with a warlike (loop of 100 feamen ; they were ordered for Nova-Scotia, but in their voyage fuffered difafters, never proceeded, and after fome time this expedition was countermanded. They have been noted for privateering againft the French and Spaniards in time of war. They have built a good fort upon Goat-Ifland, an ifland in the harbour of Newport. The numbers of their whites, (laves, and other lifts* may be feen in the foregoing table. Concerning fhtir courts of judicature* FORMERLY the colony of Rhode-Ifland made only one county : not long fince it was divided into three counties, Newport, Providence, and King's county ; lately they have constituted a fourth county called Briftol, compre- hending the late addition from the province of MafTa- chufetts ; Cumberland is in the County of Providence* Newport county contains Rhode-Ifland (the townfhips of Newport, Portfmouth, and Middletown,) Block-Ifland (the townfhip of New-Shoreham) Canonicut-Ifland (the townfhip of James-Town) Prudence-Ifland,and Patience- Ifland, with the lately adjudged parts of Tiverton and Little-Compton. Providence county comprehends the townfhips of Providence, Smithfield, Scituate, Glocef- ter, Warwick, Coventry, Greenwich, Weft-Greenwich, and Cumberland. King's county includes South-King- iton, North-Kingfton, Exeter, Wefterly, Charles Town, and Richmond. The legiflature, called the general court or general aflembly, fits the nVft Wednefday in May annually at Newport, and at Providence and South-Kingfton alter* nately the laft Wednefday of O&ober. The form of their judicial oath or affirmation does hot invoke the judgments of the omnifcient God, who fees SECT. X. of RHODE-ISLAND. 95 fees in fecret, but only upon the peril of the penalty of perjury [/]. JURIES. The town council of each townfhip take a lift of all perfons liable by law, and whom they fhall judge able and well qualified to ferve in juries, and lay the fame before a town meeting called for that purpofe ; and the names of all fuch perfons written on feparate pieces of paper, fhall be put in a box to be delivered to the town clerk, to be by him kept under lock and key. When the precept or notification for returning of ju- rors is iflued, at a town meeting the box (hall be un- locked, and the town clerk mall draw out fo many tickets, as there are jurors required, to be returned as jurors ; fuch as in the judgment of the town meeting are unable to ferve at that time, their names fhall be re- turned into the box and others drawn in their Head ; the names of the perfons returned to ferve, fhall be put in another box from time to time, until all the tickets be drawn as aforefaid , then they fhall be returned into the firft, to be drawn from time to time as aforefaid. The town council fhall once a year lay before a town meeting fuch other perfons as may from time to time become qualified, to be put in the box. If by reafon of challenge or otherways there are not a fufficient num- ber of good and lawful men to make ,up the jury, the jury fhall be filled up by the fheriff or his deputy de talibus circumftantibus. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. The general aflembly in their May feffions, chufe for each town fo many jul- tices of the peace as they may find requifite, to be com- miffioned by the governor of the colony under the feal of the colony ; their power extends all over the county^ A juftice may join perfons in marriage, take the ac- [/] This does not feem to be a facred or folemn oath, and may be illuftrated by the (lory of two profligate thieves ; one of them had flolen fomething, and told his friend of it : well, fays his friend, but did any body fee you ? No : then fays his friend, it is yours as much as if you had bought it with your money. knowledgment 96 Britim. and French SETTLEMENTS PART!!. knowledgment of a deed or other inftrument ; take de- pofitions out of court, the adverfe party being notified. Two or more juftices may hear, try, and adjudge all manner of debts, trefpaiTes, and other actions, not ex- ceeding five pounds currency ; titles of lands are ex- cepted, and fuch other actions as are excepted by any particular law of the colony. Three or more juftices of the peace may try all perfons fufpected of thieving to the value of ten pounds currency. Appeals in civil cafes are allowed to the inferior court of common pleas, and in criminal cafes to the court of the general feffions of the peace : the judgment of which court, on all ap- peals from the juftices court, is final. SESSIONS OF THE PEACE. In each county are held twice a year, a court of general feffions of the peace, five juftices of the county making a quorum, impowered to hear and determine all manner of matters and things relating to the confervation of the peace, the punifhment of offenders ; and all pleas of the crown (capital crimes excepted) are therein cognizable. Any perfon aggrieved at the fentence of this court, may appeal to the next fuperior court of judicature, court of affize and general goal delivery. INFERIOR COURTS OF COMMON PLEAS are held twice a year in each county ; three juftices of the faid court are a quorum : they have cognizance of all civil actions arifing or happening within the county, and tryable at common law, of what nature, kind, or quality foever : but no action not exceeding five pounds currency, is brought into any of thefe courts, unlefs where any man's . freehold is concerned, or by way of appeal from any juftices court. Liberty of appeal from thefe inferior courts of common pleas, is allowed to the next fuperior court of judicature, &c. SUPERIOR COURT OF JUDICATURE, courts of affize and general goal delivery, are holden twice a year in each county , three judges' are a quorum : they have cognizance of all pleas, real, perfonal, ormixtj as alfo pleas SECT. X. of RHOtfE-IsLANb. 97 pleas of the crown, and caufes criminal, and matters relating to the confervation of the peace, punilhment of offenders, and generally of all other matters, as fully and amply to all intents and purpofes whatlbever, as the court of common pleas, king's bench or exchequer in his majeily's kingdom of England have, or ought to have, and are impowered to give judgment therein, and to award execution thereon, and make fuch iiecef- iary rules of practice, as the judges mall from time to time fee needful -, but no caufe, matter, or thing (writs of error, capital crimes, &c. excepted) are brought into this court by an original writ or procefs, but by appeals from the inferior courts of common pleas. APPEALS TO HIS MAJESTY IN- COUNCIL are allowed, where the matter or thing in controverfy is the value of three hundred pounds new tenor, unlefsfrom judgment obtained upon a bond, which has no other condition but for the payment of a fum or fums of money. They ap- peal to the king in council not only on perfonal, but alfo in real actions. A COURT OF CHANCERY or delegates not long flnce was erected , but on their iniquitous proceedings in dil- penfing with all laws, no man's property was fafe ; it was therefore difcontinued. THE ORDINARY FOR PROBATE OF WILLS, and granting adminiftration, is in the refpective town councils, with appeals to the court of governor and afiiftants. THE COURT OF VICE-ADMIRALTY confifts of thefame individual officers or perfons that officiate in MafTachu- fetts-Bay, or by deputations from them. THE JUSTICIARY COURT OF ADMIRALTY IS much of the fame nature with that of Mafikchufetts-Bay, with an addition of the governor and fome of the council of the neighbouring province of MafTachufects-Bay. Their prefent taxes of all kinds are very inconfiderable; the intereft of their publick loans generally defray all VOL. Jf, H charges 98 Britifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. charges of government and other needfuls both of the colony and particular towns. NAVIGATION. Newport of Rhode-Ifland is theirprin- cipal trading town at prefent ; lies in 41 d. 35 m. N. lat. it is of eafy and fhort accels, being near the ocean, but for that reafon not fo well fituated for home con- fumption. Providence is about thirty miles farther up Narraganfet-bay inland, therefore in a few years it muft be their principal place of trade. For the fafety and conveniency of failing into the harbour of Newport, in fummer j 749 was erected a light-houfe in Beaver-tail at. a publick colony charge. LIGHTHOUSE. The diameter at the bale is twenty-four feet, and at the top thirteen feet. The height from the ground to the top of the cornice is fifty-eight feet, round which is a gallery, and within that Hands the lanthorn, which is about eleven feet high, and eight feet diameter. The ground the light houfe Hands on is about twelve feet above the furface of the fea at high water. The folio wing are the bearings (by the compafs) of feveral remarkable places from the light houfe, viz. Point Judith S. W. 3 Deg. S. Block-Ifland N. W, point S. W. 8 S. Ditto S. E. point S. W. b. S. 5 S. Whale rock W. 9 S. Brenton's reef E, S. E. 4 E. Seal rock E. S. E* 10 E. S. point of Rhode-Ifland E. 7 S* Watch houfe on Caftle-hill E. N, E. 4 E. Brenton's point E. N. E. 4 N. Fort on Goat- Ifland E. N. E. 5 N. S. eaftermoft of the Dumplins N. E. b. E. Kettle bottom rock N. E. 4 E. Anchoring place between > the town of Newport and > N. E. b, E. Coafter's harbour i N.B. There SECT. X. of RHODE-ISLAND. $9 N. B. There is afmall funken rock lies off due S. and at the diftance of about 200 yards from the light-houfe. The entrances and clearances of vefiels in the col- lection of Newport for the laft year of the late French and Spanilh war ; and for the firft year of the prefent peace. From 25 March 1747 to 25 March 1748. Ships, Snows, Brigs, Sloops, Schooners. Entered in 2 3 20 27 4 Total 56 Cleared out 45 33 71 5 118 From 25 March 1748, to 25 March 1749. Fntred in 2 2 30 37 4 Total 75 Cleared out 8 n 49 9 83 160 The veflels ufed here are generally brigantines and (loops. Their trade in time of war confifts much in privateering ; this laft war they had bad fuccefs ; not much trade with Europe , much ufed to fmuggling of contraband and uncuftomed goods ; they export for the Weft- India iflands, horfes, live flock of feveral kinds, butter, cheefe, lumber, and rum of their own diftilling ; their trade feems to be upon the decline ; they import or rather carry to Bofton, fugar, rnolafles, and other Weft-India ifland produce, a few negroes from Guinea, and logwood from the bay of Honduras. Ever fmce 1710, their moft beneficial bufinefs has been banking or negociating a bafe fraudulent paper money currency, which is fo contrived, that amongft themfelves it comes out at about two and half per cent, per ann. intereft and lend it to the neighbouring colonies at i o per cent [a] a moft barefaced cheat. Of the intereft of thefe publick iniquitous frauds 9 one quarter goes to the feveral townfhips to defray their charges, the other three [] I fhall only mention their emiflion 1744, of a publick paper money credit of 1 60, ooo A O. T. upon pretext (as the preamble ex- preffes it) of the prefent Spanifli war, and of an impending French war ; but was fhared amongft themfelves by way of loan at four per ct. per ann. intereft, for the firft ten years,' and after the expiration of thofe ten years, the principal to be paid off gradually in ten years more without any intereft* H 2 quar- loo Britifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. quarters are lodged in the treafury to defray the govern- ment charges of the colony. PRODUCE. Rhode -Ifland colony in general is a coun- try forpafture, not for grain ; by extending along the fliore of the ocean and a great bay, the air is foftened by a fea vapour which fertilizeth the foil , their winters are fofter and fhorter than up inland , it is noted for dairies, whence the bed of cheefe made in any part of New- England, is called (abroad) Rhode-Ifland cheefe. Anno 1687, when by act of aflembly taxes were re- ceivable in produce of certain fpecies, Indian corn was valued at 18 d. per bulhel, butter 4 d. per pound, fheeps wool at 8 d. per pound ; currency at that time, pieces of eight at a denomination of 33 3 quarters worfe than flerling. The moft considerable farms are in the Narraganfet \ country. Their higheft dairy of one farm, communibus 1 annis, milks about no cows, cuts about 200 load of ! hay, makes about 13,000 wt. of cheefe, befides butter; and fells off confiderably in calves and fatted bullocks. A farmer from feventy-three milch cows in five months made about 10,000 wt. of cheefe : befides cheefe in a feafon, one cow yields one firkin of butter, from feventy to eighty wt. In good land they reckon after the rate of two acres for a milch cow. In this colony there is no college or fchola illuftris ; lately fome gentlemen, lovers and encouragers of the li- beral arts and fciehces, to promote literature in the colo- ny, have in Newport, the metropolis of the colony of Rhode-Ifland, lately founded a library. That this may be of exemplary ufe to our other provinces and colonies, I mall give fome account of it. 1 747, Abraham Red- wood, Efq. beftowed 500 /. fieri, in books, being volumes, 206 folio's, 128 quarto's, 712 octavo's, and 251 duodecimo's ; feveral other perfons have beftowed fome valuable books ; a gentleman of noted liberality has promifed an experimental philofophy apparatus, and to erect a fpiral monument with an obfervatory. Some 4 gentlemen SECT. X. 0/ RHODE-ISLAND. 101 gentlemen incorporated by an ample colony charter have contributed, and upon ground, given by Mr. Henry Collins, merchant, ereded a regular building for a li- brary, at the charge of about 8 5 ooo/. currency O. T. The building for the library confifts of one large room where the books are kept, thirty-fix feet long, twenty- fix feet broad, and nineteen feet high, with two fmall offices adjoining. " The principal or weft front is a pedi- ment and portico of four columns after the Dorick order; the whole entablature of which, runs quite round the building. The two offices are placed as wings, one on each fide the portico, and connected with the body of the building, fo as to form two half-pediments proceed- ing from the lower part of the entablature. Thefe two wings, befides the conveniencies they afford, have a very good effect in extending as well as adding variety to this front. The eaft front confifts of a plain Dorick pediment- iupported by a ruftick arcade of three arches, in the recedes of which are placed three Venetian windows, after the Ionic order. The outfide of the whole building is of ruftick work, and ftands on a bafe about five feet high from the ground, and the entrance is by a flight of fteps the whole width of the portico. Their charter con- flitutes them a body politick, by the name of the company of the Redwood library, with power to chule annually eight directors, a treafurer, fecretary, and librarian ; to admit new members, make laws, &c. It is to be wimed that a tafte for learning and books with the better fort of people may prevail in all our colo- nies. In Philadelphia, fome years fmce, a company of gentlemen, well-wifhers to letters, haveconftituted acon- fiderable library \ of this we fhall give fome account in the fedion of Penfylvania. In Charles-town of South- Carolina, is lately formed a library company j April 21, 1750, they confifted of 128 menibers-, their firft gene- ral meeting was the fecond wednefday of July 1750; they are to have four general quarterly meetings yearly, whereof one is the general annual meeting for election H 3 of 102 . Britifli and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. of officers, viz. prefident, vice-prefident, treafurer, fe- cretary, librarian, correfpondent and fleward. The con- tribution of the members to be[#] five (hillings currency per week : the books to be lent to any of the fociety, giving a receipt for the fame, to be returned within a li- mited time, a pamphlet in days, an octavo or duo- decimo in weeks, a quarto in weeks, a folio in months , of this we ihall give a further account in the fedion of South-Carolina. Rhode-Ifland government [y] pretend to an extent of jurifdiction farther north than is at prefent fettled, (this we hinted at p. 91. of vol. II.) and takes off from the jiiiifdiction of MafTachufetts-Bay, confiderable parcels of the townmips of Wrentham, Bellingham, Mendon, Ux- b ridge and Douglafs. Commiflioners were appointed by the general aflemblies of the province and colony as is ufual, to run their divifional line laft autumn 1749 refpectively ; they did not meet, and the Rhode-Ifland Commiffioners run the line ex parte. Jonathan Randal, [x'j Eight pence fieri, which is about thirty-four (hillings fieri, per annum. [y] The provincial taxes and townfhip rates having lately in the province of Maffachufetts-Bay, from the wrongheaded management of been fo oppreffively great, that, i . Upon a difpute between the province of Maffachufetts-Bay and colony of Connecticut, lately broached concerning fome townmips of the province indented with the colony ; the Maffachufetts townmips of Woodftock, Somers, Enfield, and Suffield, did in a voluntary manner withdraw from the jurifdidlion of Maflachufetts, and put themfelves under the jurifdidion of Connecti- cut ; and by force or menace prevent the civil officers of Maffachufetts from exercifing any authority and gathering of taxes. 2. The Maffachu- fetts townfliips adjoining to the northerly line of Rhode-Ifland colony, allowed the Rhode-Ifland men {in an aftual trefpafs) to run a line, with- out any oppofuion; chuling rather to be under the jnrifdi&ion of Rhode- Jfland, where the publick or colony taxes are very fmall, and fometimes nothing, and no parilhor miniflerial rates, a very flun,ting ordifcourag- ing article in the poor new fettlement : thefe difputes cannot be com- poled, but by applying to the court of Great-Britain at a great charge. Here we may obferve, that ill devifed exorbitant taxes occafion difcon- tent amongft the people, with a charge and confufion to the governr ments. Thomas SECT. X. of RriooE-IsL AND. 103 Thomas Lapham, and Richard Steern, Efq. [2] were ap- pointed in Auguft 1 749 commiflioners to run the line ac- cording to charter: the comminioners with Henry Har- ris, Efq. furveyor, and two chairmen, by themfelves run aline to their own mind, and made report laft Tuefday of February 1749-50; that, goth of O6bober 1749, no commiflioners from MafTachufetts-Bay appearing, we proceeded: " We [a] could find no ftake or monument " of Woodward and Safferey, but from the place de- " fcribed in our commifiion, viz. we found a place " where Charles river formed a large crefcent foutherly, " which place is known by the name of Poppolatick " pond, which we took to be the fouthermoft part of cc the faid river , from thence we meafured three miles " on a plain in W^rentham, one quarter of a mile N. " eafterly from the dwelling-houfe of Thomas Man, " and about a quarter of a mile S. eafterly from the " houfe of Robert Blake, where we marked a pine-tree " and ere&ed a monument of ftones, and found the fame " to be in lat. 42 d. 8 m. north, which we deemed the " N. E. bounds of the colony. From the faid pine-tree " we proceeded to run the northern boundary line in a " weft courfe of eight and half degree variation, and in " this courfe marked many trees, the faid line patting " over the fouthermoft part of Manchoag pond [], and " terminated about thirty rods eaftward of a fmall " pond called Grafly Pond at a black oak tree which we " marked with a monument of ftones about it, as the " north weftern bounds of the colony, being about [] In Rhode-Ifland government are fquires many, becaufe annually elective, and once a fquire always a fquire ; not long fince, a facetious gentleman met upon the road a Rhode-Ifland jurtice of his acquaint- ance, bare legs and feet, driving a team in very foul weather ; he fa- luted him in this manner : Your fervant, fquire I am furprized to fee a gentleman of your noted frugality, to wear his bell ilockings and 5ioes in fuch dirty weather. : JaJ Perhaps, according to inftrudlions they defignedly did not find this proper monument. i [] In the northern parts of Douglafs, " twenty- 104 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. " twenty-two miles from the aforefaid pine-tree to the " faid black oak." Some time afterwards a new commifTion was ifluedfrom each of the governments to perambulate the northernboun- daryof Rtiade-Ifland colony, by the itake let up by Natha- niel Woodward and Solomon Safferey, purfuant to the a- greement of the province and colony, Jan. 19, 1710-1 1. There is a cafe concerning fome MINISTERIAL LANDS in this colony of confiderable value, claimed by the church of England, and by the prefbyterians or congre- gation alifbs. This cafe has been depending almoft thirty years in the colony courts of common law, called the courts below, and before the king in council, and hi- therto not iffued : a particular account of the cafe may be agreeable to the devotees of both fides. Anno 1657, the chief fachems of the Narraganfet country fold to John Parker, Samuel Wilbore, Thomas Mumford, Samuel Wilfon of Rhode-Ifland, and John Hull, goldfmith of Bofton, Petaquamfcut-Hill forfixteen pound; next year thefachem ofNienticut, fold for fif- teen pound fome lands north of the faid purchafe, to the fame purchafers. The whole purchafe was about fifteen miles long, and fix or feven miles wide ; afterwards they affociated Brenton and Arnold, jointly they were called the feven purchafers. Another company, called Atherton's company, 1659-60, purchafed lands of the Indians north of the faid Petaquamfcut perchafe ; thefe. two companies had feveral controverfies concerning their boundaries ; anno 1679, tne 7 came to a final accommodation. Anno 1668, the Petaquamfcut purchafers by deedgave 300 acres of their beil land, for an orthodox parfon to preach GOD'S word to the inhabitants : from this pro- ceeds the difpute, who is the orthodox minifter ? By the Rhode-Ifland charter all profeffions of chriftians feem to be deemed orthodox; by one of the firilacls of their legiflature, 1663, all men profefTingchriftianity, and of competent eflates, and of civil convention, and obedi- ent SECT. X. of RHODE-ISLAND. 10- ent to the civil magiftrate, though of different judgment in religious affairs, Roman catholicks only excepted, fhall be admitted freemen, and fhall have [c] liberty to chufe and be chofen officers in the colony, both civil and mi- litary. The boundaries with the Atherton company being finally accommodated, the Petaquamfcut purchafers, 1693, made a final divifion amongft themfelves, and amongft other company grants (120 acres to amill,&c.) confirmed the grant of 1 679, of 300 acres to an orthodox miniftry, which were furveyed and lotted. Theie minifterial lands not being claimed by any ortho- dox minifter, anno 1702, Mr. Henry Gardiner enters upon twenty acres of it, and James Bundy upon the re- maining 280 acres. Moil of the grantees feem to have been of the church of England, but many of them fell off to an enthufiaflick feel: in Warwick, called [d] Gortonians, now extinct j perhaps at that time there were no Prefbyterians or con- gregational people in Rhode-Ifland, and at this time it is laid there are in South-Kingfton more people of the church of England than of the prefbyterians and con- gregationalifts. 1702, Mr. Niles, not ordained in any manner, preached in the faid diftri<5t for fome time, but never had poflef- fion from Bundy of the 280 acres; in 1710, he left Kingfton and fettled at Brain tree of MafTachufetts-Bay. 1719, George Mumford bought of Bundy the poflef- fion of the faid 280 acres. [c] They were not originally of fo catholick and chriftian fpirit in M attach ufetts-Bay colony; the Maflachufetts firft fetclers left England, becaufe of an oppreffive teft ad, notwithflanding (fuch is the nature of zealous, furious bigotry and entiufiafm) upon their iirft fettling, 1631, in Maffachufetts was made a teft aft, that no perfon could be free of the colony, who was not in full communion with fome of their churches in the independent congregational model. Here we fee that priefts and bigots of all religions are naturally the fame ; the people of New-Eng- land are become good chriitian catholicks. (X) From Mr. Gorton their leader, thisfeclary is now loftorextincl; if did not iurvive Mr. Gorton, the father of the fed. Several 106 Britiih and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. Several inhabitants of the Narraganfet country having petitioned the bifhop of London, and the fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, for a miflionary; Mr. Me. Sparren was appointed 1721, and Mr.Gardiner delivered his twenty acres which he had in pofieflion, to the church of England incumbent. Mr. Guy before Me. Sparren's time had been appointed miffionary, but foon left it ; Mr. Me. Sparren upon a writ of ejeclment 1723 againfl Mumford for the 280 acres, grounded upon the confirmation 1679, and the laying out 1693, the ori- ginal grant of 1 668 being fecreted, was call in two trials; he appealed to the king in council, but the fcociety for propagating the gofpel refufing to meddle in the affair, the matter refled, and Mumford keptpofTeflion. The prefbyterian incumbent minifter, Mr Torrey, the firft incumbent of ordination, brought an action verfus Gardiner for the twenty acres, but was caft ; and Mr. Me. Sparren, the church of England incumbent, brought and recovered ejectment againft Robert Hazard tenant to Mr. Torrey. 1732, Mr. Torrey brought an action of ejeftment againft Mumford ; both inferior and fuperior court gave it for Mumford ; but upon Torrey 's appeal to the king in council, thefe verdicts were difallowed, and pofleflion ordered to the incumbent Mr. Torrey, 1734 The members of St. Paul's church of England in Narragan- fet, April 7, 1735, addrefledthe fociety for propagating the gofpel, &c. for their affiilance in advice and expence but to no purpofe. 1735, by advice from England, Mr. Torrey conveyed the faid 280 acres which he recovered of Mumford, to Peter Coggfhal and five others in fee in truft for himfelf and his fucceflbrs in the prefbyterian miniftry : the faid truftees leafed the fame to Hazard for a few years. 1739, the original deed of the minifterial land in Pe- taquamfcut purchafe, which had been fecreted, coming to light, Dr. Me. Sparren in behalf of himfelf and fuc- ceflbrs in St. Paul's church of South-Kingflon, by the advice SECT. X. of RHODE-ISLAND. 107 advice of his lawyers, capt. Bull, col. Updike, and judge Auchmuty, brings a new writ of ejectment againfl Hazard, the occupant or tenant of the faid 280 acres, was caft in the courts of Rhode-Ifland, but allowed an appeal to the king in council, which, for fome reafons Jias not been entered, nor petitioned for a hearing. For the information of the curious, of after-times, I fhall here infertthe VALUATION or quota of each town- fhip towards a publick colony rate of 5ooo/, new tenor, Anno 1747. Newport Providence Portfmouth Warwick Weiterley N. Shoreham North Kingfton South Kingfton Eaft Greenwich James-town Smithfield Scituate 825 55 276 2 39 270 *3 3*5 45 125 100 274 132 Gloucefler Charles-town W. Greenwich Coventry Exeter Middle town Briftol Tiverton Little Compton Warren Cumberland Richmond nS ?5 79 60 I2 5 149 140 "5 84 64 The affair of currencies in general is left to the appen- dix , at prefent we fhall only hint, that in the colony of Rhode-Ifland from the votes of their general afTembly, it appears, that in February 1749-50, their publick bills of credit current were 525,3357. O.T. (whereof upon funds of taxes 135,335 /. the reft upon loan not to be rimmed until 1764) which is fufficien-t to carry on the trade and bufmefs of the colony even at their prefent depreciated value ; and the p relent defign of emitting 2 00,000 /. O.T. more upon loan, is not as a further medium of trade, but a knavifh device of fraudulent debtors of the loan money, to pay off their loans at a very depreciated value; the threatnings of Conne&icut government to prohibit the currency io8 Britim and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. currency of Rhode-Ifland bills in cafe the Rhode-Iiland- ers emit more, will be an advantage to the fr ( aud , be- caufe Rhode -Ifland will then have liich a drug of their own and New-Hamplhire bills as to render them of little or no value, confequently a real debt or mortgage may be difcharged by a little or no value. In Attleborough Gore or Cumberland of this colony are great variety of iron-rock ores, but unprofitable - 9 here we mall give a fhort account of the metallick ores and minerals hitherto difcovered in New-England j fee p. 540. vol. I. Mr. Baden, an ingenious miner and eflayer, not many years fmce, was fent over to New-England from Eng- land by a company of gentlemen in queft of metallick ores and minerals ; he found, i. Iron ore, (both rock and fwamp or bog ore) in plenty but not profitable. 2 . Lead ore near Merimack, and Souhegan rivers, but not plenty, and fo intermixed with rock and fpar, that it is not worth working. 3. Copper ore in Simfbury hills, in the colony of Connecticut, near Conne&icut river; three different companies (Belcher and Cafwel, Mr. Bowdoin and company, Goff and company , this laft was a bubble of Shodes) have wrought thefe mines with a confiderable lofs, and for fome years have been neglected -, Mr. Bel- cher erected a fmelting furnace in Bofton for his copper ore, but to no purpofe. 4. Silver ore in Dracut near Merimack river -, a furnace was erected in Bofton for fmelting this ore, but the ore proved a cheat of col. V m's, and all mifcarried. In Attleborough Gore fome copper ore was intermixed with iron ore, which is a detriment to the iron ore, and of no profit as to copper. We have fome alum-flate or ftone, but no fait fprings, no pyrites of vitriol ftone, fuch as is found on both fides of the river Thames along the Kentifh and EfTex fhores in England, no lapis calaminaris. We have plenty of feveral forts of earths, called boles or SECT. X. if RHODE-ISLAND; 109 okers, fuch as black lead in Brimfield of Maflachufetts- Bay near Connecticut river, ruddle or red oker in many places, and fome fmall quantities of yellow oker, which is the only valuable oker. Our only metallick ore at prefent under the improve- ment is that of iron,*and may be reduced under the fol- lowing heads, i . Furnaces for fmelting of rock ore into pigs ; in Attleborough, now Cumberland, annexed lately to the jurifdiclion of Rhode-Ifland, were ereded at a confiderable charge three furnaces ; the country was well wooded for coal, but the ore proved not good or profita- ble, and is neglected ; they were of fome fmall ufe in the late war in cafting of fmall canon, bombs, and bullets. Here is a magnetick iron ore, which yields a red fhot iron, not good. 2. Smaller furnaces for fmelting of fwamp or bog ore into hollow or caft ware, pots, kettles, &c. which we can afford cheaper than from England or Holland. 3. Bloomeries, which from bog or fwamp ore without a furnace heat, only by a forge hearth, re- duce it into a bloom or femiliquidated lump to be beat into bars j commonly three tons of this ore yield one ton of bar iron, much inferior to the bar manufac- tured by the refiners of pig iron imported from the New-York, Jerfies, Penfylvania and Maryland fur- naces. Col. Dunbar, late furveyor general of the woods in America, anno 1731, reported to the board of trade and plantations, that in New-England were fix furnaces, meaning hollow ware furnaces, and nineteen forges, meaning bloomeries, for at that time we had no pig furnaces, no pig refineries. In New-England, we have two flitting mills for nail rods, one in Milton eight miles from Bofton, and an- other in Middleborough about thirty miles from Bofton, 'which are more than we have occafion for. Our nailers can afford fpikes and large nails cheaper than from Eng- land, but fmall nails not fo cheap. RELIGION, i jo Britim and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. RELIGION, or rather the various religions in the colony of Rhode-Iiland. The Rev. Mr. Cotton Mather in a folio hiftory of New-England, which he calls Magnalia, &c. writes, that anno 1695, (book VII. chap. 3. p. 20.) " Rhode-lfland colony is a colluvies of Antinomians, " Familifts, Anabaptiils, Antifabbaterians, Arminians, " Socinians, Quakers, Ranters, and every thing but Ro- " man catholicks, and true chriftians , bona terra, mala " gens," he mould have added fome Brownifts, inde- pendents, and congregationalifts, but not formed into focieties or congregations. In this colony are no townmip or parim rates for the fupport of ecclefiafticks of any denomination ; only the church of England mifiionaries, minifters, and fchool- mafters have ialaries from England by the fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts ; and the congre- gationalifl minifter in Wefterly, as a miflionary amongft the Narraganfet Indians, has an exhibition from an in- corporated fociety in Scotland, called a fociety for pro- pagating chriftian knowledge. In the addrefs of the feveral plantations, fmce united by charter into one colony called Rhode-lfland, to the fupreme authority in England 1 659, they call themfelves a poor colony, " an out-caft people, formerly from our " mother nation in the bifhops days, and fince from the Wh Id (an infignificant perfon, but a happy dramatick ador of enthufiafrn) new- lights, pretend to know one another at firft fight as much as if they were of the order of free-mafons. In former times, before hired miffionaries from incor- porate focieties took place, the voluntier provincial miffionaries, viz. Mr. Elliot, Mr. Mayhew, &c. of New- England, who believed what they taught, were of exem- plary good life, and fpared no fatigue, and were of great iervice in civilizing our intermixed Indians, though their faith was not ftrong enough to carry them out among the tribes of our adjacent wiidernefs Indians. We have fcarce .any account to give of the late miffionaries from the three feveral focieties now fubfifting for propagating of chriftian knowledge amongfl the wild Indians, or men of the woods, as the French call them. The Albany church of England miffionary iometimes vifits the ad- jacent tribe of Mohawk Indians of the Iroquois nation. The congregationalift miffionaries from the New-Eng- land fociety in London upon the New-England frontiers at Gorges, Richmond and Fort- Dummer, act only as chaplains to thefe fmall garrifons often or a dozen men each. Mr. \\ Brainerd, a late miffionary upen the fron- [] The rev. Mr. Brainerd, a miffionary from the Scot's fociety to the Indians upon the rivers of Delaware and,Sefquahanna, was a true and zealous miffionary, giving allowances for his weak enthu- fiaftick turn of mind. In his printed book, Philadelphia 1745, con- cerning the Indian converfions, " at a diftance with my bible in my *' hand, I was refolved if poflible, to fpoil their fpirit of Powowing, " and prevent their receiving an anfwer from the infernrtl world." In the year 1744, he rode about 4000 miles to and fro among the In- dians, fometimes five or fix weeks together, without feeing a white man ; he had three houfes of refidence at diftances in the Indian coun- tries. Is there any miffionary from any of the focieties for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, that has reported the like ? I 3 tiers n8 Britifh and French SETTLEMENTS PART II. tiers of the Jerfies and Penfylvania upon the exhibition of the Scot's fociety for propagating chriftian know- ledge, feems to have been the only minifter who faith- fully performed the fervice of an Indian miffionary. In all royal charters, and proprietary grants of colonies in Britifh North-America, one of the principal defigns is faid, to be the converfion of the Indians by good inftruc- tion and an exemplary good life : the mifiionaries from the fociety do not in the lead attempt the converfion of the Indians, becaufe it requires travel, labour, and hard- fhips ; and the Britifh people in general, inttead of chrif- tian virtues, teach them European vices : for inftance, by introducing the ufe of intoxicating liquors, for private profit, they difpenfe more ftrong liquor than gofpel to the Indians ; and thus have deftroyed, and continue to deftroy perhaps more Indians, than formerly the Spa- niards did, by their inhuman and execrable cruelties, under the name of converfions *, the Spaniards deftroyed only their bodies, we deftroy body and mind. Mr. Mayhew in his journals writes, that the Indians told him, that, " they could not obferve the benefit of chrif- " tianity, becaufe the Englifh chriftians cheated them of ]. u An orthodox clergy, Propagation of the chriftian " religion or gofpel in foreign parts." Therefore the millenaries ought to be men of moderation, that is, of general charity and benevolence, confidering alfo that many diflenters have contributed to this charity, and are worthy members of the fociety. Fiery zealots [^] are a detriment to the defign of the fociety. [V} Whigs and tories or high-church originally were only diverfities of Sentiments concerning the hierarchy or government of the church : afterwards by defigning men, they were ufed to influence political af- fairs: the popifli and Jacobitely inclined ranged them felves with the tories or high-church ; the true proteftant fober moderate revolutioners, jealous of a French influence, were called whigs. [/>] Becaufe at that time all orthodox proteitant ways of worfhip, were equally tolerated. In their abftracl: publifhed Feb. 1 749-50, p. 4^. concerning Connecticut, (it is the fame in all the charter and proprietary grants of colonies) it is faid. " That by charter there is a general tole- ration of chriftians of all denominations, except papifls, without an eftablimmentof any one fort " [y] Zealots of all denominations, as it is obferved, if among the common people, are of the meaneil: knowledge, that is, they are the weakeit of men, and the weaker lex or women in general ; if among politicians, they are of the deepeft wicked defigns. I cannot avoid inftancing theadminiitration in the laft years of queen Anne's reign, VOL, II. K By BRITISH Settlements m AMERICA. PART If. By grofs impofitions upon the worthy and laudable fociety, their charity and chriftian benevolence is egre- gioufly perverted. J lhall mention a few inflances. i. In the large and not well civilized province of North- Carolina, that country being poor and unhealthful, mif- fionaries were not fond of being fent thither, though for many years they had no gofpel minifter of any deno- mination amongil them, and did degenerate apace to- wards heathenifm [r] ; when at the fame time the well Civilized and chriftianized colonies of New-England were crouded with miflionaries. Lately two miffionaries (no they paffed an acl for building fifty additional churches in London. Jn all countries where liber-y of confcience i* amicably tolerated (that is without an idle curfing and damning, from their pulpits, all tole- rated difJencers.) the eilablifhed church will filently and gradually fwauovvup all fe&anes ; the young people or rifing generation will chute to be in the fafhionable or eftablifhed way ; their elders, am- bitious of poftsand honours, will conform ; thisjs a natural converfion to the church eftablifhed. Many miffionaries, fettled among fober or- thodox dilfenrers, bv their immoderate indifcreet zeal for their own way, inftead of fmocthine by brotherly love, by a diabolical rancour eftrange them from the eitabli^ied church : I gave one inftance of this, vol. I. p. 2i8, concerning a miffionary advancing the invalidity of all baptifms ad mini fired byperfons not epifcopally ordained. I fhall here bring another inftance, from a miffionary fome years fince,who occafionaliy preaching in the king's chapel of Boflon, faid, that he would rather chufe to err with the church as it was 200 years ago (times of high popery) than &c. In a fubfequent fermon by the ingenious and worthy Mr. Harris, king's chaplain, he was chaftifed, [r] Not many years iince, fome loofe clergymen of the neighbouring province of Virginia, at times, in a frolick, made a tour in North-Ca- rolina, and chriitened people of all ages at per head, and made a profitable trip ofit, as they exprefied it. Mr. Hall, lately appointed miffionary for the north diftricl, writes, that anno 1749, ne baptized 1282 perfons. Mr. Moir of the fouth dillrici, cannot give an exaft account of all the perfons he hath bap- tized in hisjournies, for want of a perfon to count them (fee abftraft for 1749, p, 48.) who have, he thinks, fometimes amounted to more than 100 perfons in one day. Thefetvvo miffionaries were with fome difficulty obtained by the felicitation of the prefent governor of North- (>'rolina ; he wrote, '* That they had no minifters or teachers of any " denomination, and without fome due care be taken, the very foot- *' ibps of religion will in a fliort time be wore out there/' more) SECT. X. Of RHODE-ISLAND. 131 more) have been fen t to North-Carolina; one to itine- rate on the fouth fide of Neufe river, the other on the north fide of that river. 2. One claufe in their charter is, " for the inftruction of thofe who are in danger of being " perverted by Roman priefts and jefuits to their fu- " perftition i" this is in no refpedt thp cafe in the co- lonies of New-England, the moil crouded with thefe miffionaries. Maryland is our only continent colony, affected with popery, and where the parochial miniilers feem not to attend their converfion or reformation -, thus the papifls and difloyal are indulged or overlooked, and one would imagine that the principal defign has been to pervert the proteftant loyal dilTenters, confidering that the miffionaries with the largeft falaries generally ftationed in the very loyal, the heft- civilized and moft opulent towns of the colonies, are well able and in fact do fufficiently iupport a proteftant orthodox gof- pel rniniftry. 1 fhall only inftance the town of Boflon, the place of my refidence, the metropolis of all the Bri- tifh American colonies , in Bofton are many congrega^ tions of fober good orthodox chriftians of leveral deno- minations, particularly two congregations of the church of England ; their rectors very good men and well en- dowed by their respective congregations, befides a king's chaplain, fo called, with a falary of ioo/. fieri, per ann. from Great Britain : a fuperb coftly church equal to many [j] cathedrals, is now building by the church [/] Extract from the Bofton Independent Advertifer, N. 8^. Lall Friday being the nth day of Auguft 1749, tne N. E. corner flone of the king's chapel in this town, now re-building, was con- fecrated and laid with great ecclefiaftical pomp and folemnity, and at about eleven the proceffion began from the province houfe. Firft, his exI cy our go or, with the rev. Mr. C r at his right hand, and the rev. Mr Br k ell at his left hand preceeded, then the church wardens, and veitry, followed by about twenty-five couple of the principal friends of the church; when the procefliort came to the church-yard, his ex 1 cy, fupported by two chaplains, defcended the trench where the ftone which was dedicated to GOD was laying at the north-call corner. On this ftone the go or knocked three or four times with a mafon's trowel, (juil the number K2 Of 132 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. of England men : yet, notwithftanding, this moft excellent and laudable charity is mifapplied [/] by llationing in Bofton a fuperftuous milTionary at the charge of feventy pounds flerling, per annum, be- fides the allowance from his congregation. The bimop of St, David's in his fermon before the fociety of raps archbifhop Laud gave to the door of St Catherine's creed church at his memorable confecration of it) fome devout expreffions were then dropt by the chaplain. The go or then afcended the ladder with the two clergymen ; and this part of the ceremony being ended, his ex 1 cy and the reft of the company in the fame manner they walked from the province-houfe, entered the king's chapel, where was a fermon, very properly adapted to fuch an occafion, deli- vered by the rev. Mr. C r, from the fecond chapter of Nehemiah and the twentieth verfe, thofe words of the verfe, " The God of heaven, " he will profper us, therefore we his fervants, will arife and build"- The words that follow the text are " But you have no portion, nor " right, nor memorial in Jerufalem." A hymn of praife concluded the folemnity The Latin infcription upon the corner ftone is as follows: Quod felix fauftumq; fit Ecclefiae et reipublioe Hunc lapidem DEO facrum, Regiae capellas Apud Boftonium MafTachufettenfium Refcauratx atque audhe fundamentum Pofuit, Gulielmus Shirley, Provincial prasfeftus, Augufti nmo, anno falutis 1749. SomeZoilus, in contrail, has produced a couplet from our Englifh poet Mr. Pope : Who builds a church to God, and not to fame, Will never mark the marble with his name. [/] Well may the fociety complain of their funds being infufficient. I do not fay, that fuch misapplications may in part be the occafion, that laft year, the benefaclions and legacies amounted to no more than 731 /, fterl. whereas formerly they amounted from 2000 to 3000 /. fterl. perann, even in years when they had no royal briefs: if the number of miflfionaries are leffened, fee abftracl 1749, and properly Rationed, there will be no reafon for complaint ; I heartily vvifti this >ood fociety *nay go on and profper, and not be impofed upon by their miilionaries ; it is not at prefent rich enough to beftow fine Cures. 4 in SECT.X. Of RHODE-ISLAND. in Feb. 1749-50, in a few words exprefTes the original defign of the fociety, " An opportunity is prefented " both among the plain and fimple Indians, and among " the unhappy negro flaves an utter extindion (mean- and are likely to continue. I do not mean a church hiftory of North- America; bifhop Burner well oblerves, that ecclefiaftical hiftories, are only hiftories of the vices of the bifnops and other clergy. Moft feclaries in religion have been occafioned by vulgar people not capable of giving allowances for the allegories, fables, and idioms of expreflion ufed in the Levant, from whence we had our fcriptural books; but taking them in a literal and vernacular fenfe, whereas the prophets generally ufed lofty figurative ex- preflions. In our North- America colonies there are none pro- perly to be called feparatifts, Roman catholicks ex- cepted (in Maryland, and by the proprietary charter of Penfylvania, Roman catholicks are not excepted) but by the act of union (territories thereto belonging) the church of England is the eftablifhed church, though only nominal, in all our colonies and plantations. The denomination of whigs and tories \ni\ (Deo gratias) is [/] So called from Arminius their leader, who was fome time pro- feflbr of divinity, at Leyden in Holland ; they were alfo called Re- monhrants, from their remonftrating, 1618, againft fome articles of the fynod of Dort concerning predeftination, election, reprobation, and the like; thus the adherents ro the princes of Germany, whopro- tefted a2,ainft fome proceedings at the diet of Spire in Germany 1529, were called Proteflants. [///] Tory, originally was a name given to the wild Irifh popifh rob- bers, who favoured the maffacre of the proteftants in Ireland 1641, loft: SECT.X. Of RHODE-ISLAND^ 145 loft: there is no general church government []; by the articles of union, that of the church of England is eftabliihed in perpetuity j but hitherto in favour to the good conlcientious difTenters of many denominations, the colonies are not quartered upon by the regular ec- clefiaftick troops under the direction of their proper officers, archbifhops, bifhops, deans, archdeacons, prebends, canons, and other fubaltern officers : the church of England exercifes no jurifdiction (the office of the bifhop's commifTaries is only nominal) no more than the county afTociations of minifters in Connecticut, or the volunteers prefbyters (in imitation of the claf- fical kirk j u rifd iLONDON county, ^ New-London Norwich Saybrook Stonington prefent counties HARTFORD county. Hartford Windfor Weathersfield Middletown Farmington Symfbury Haddam Eaft-Haddam Colchefter Hebron GlafTenbury Bolton Willington * Stafford Toland Litchfield 16 Harwinton * Hartland Winchester * New-Hartfor4 * Torrington SECT.XI. Of CONN ECTICUT. Stonington Killing worth Lyme ' Groton Prefton FAIR FIELD county. Fairfield Stratford Norwalk Stanford Greenwich Wood bury Danbury New- Town Ridgefield * New-Fairfield WINDHAM county. Windham Lebanon Plainfield Canterbury Mansfield Coventry Pomfret * Morthlake Killingley AOiford Volentown * Union Being in all about a hun- dred reprefentatives. Every townfhip fends two reprefentatives excepting thofe marked * which are new or poor townfliips, pay no colony rates, and confequently fend no reprefentatives to the general arTembly or legiflature : Haddam and Eaft Haddam fend only one reprefentative each, ' The freemen of each town mail in September meet to chufc reprefentatives for the general affem-bly, and twenty perlbns in nomination for the next May general election. In April the twelve afliftants to be chofen by the freemen of each town out of the twenty nominated perfons, to be fent fealed up to the general afTembly, with the votes for the governor, 'deputy governor, fe- cretary and treafurer ; as alfo votes for the reprefenta- tives for the May aflembly called proxies, returned by the conftable of each town. The affiftants and the reprefentatives are paid out of the colony treafury. Annually two general courts ; the firil at Hartford, railed the court of .eledion, held on the fecond Thurfday in May, where the freemen mall elect a governor, deputy governor, twelve affiitants, treafurer and ftcretary -, the M 4 fecond i68 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. fecond at New-Haven, fecond Thurfday in October : in the general court (hall fubfift the power of making laws, granting levies, difpofing of colony lands, erect- ing of judicatories and officers, granting releafe in cri- minal or capital cafes, diflblving and proroguing of themfelves. The governor, deputy governor, or fe- cretary may call a general court upon emergencies. No member of the general court during its fefiions, to be arrefted, except for treafon or felony. Every town may fend one or two deputies. Previous to all other bufmefs, the houfe of reprefentatives or deputies are to chufe a fpeaker and clerk. They are the only judges concerning their own election. Every day's abfence, fine ten fhil- lings, to be paid to the colony treafurer. In an equivote the governor in the upper houfe, and fpeaker in the lower houfe, mall have a cafting vote. Courts of judicature. All cafes exceeding the value of forty millings lhall be determined by a jury of twelve men in common law. Annually in January at a town meeting there mall be chofen jury-men to ferve in the feveral courts, qua- lification fifty millings at leaft freehold, rated in the ge- neral lift ; the names of the jury-men fo chofen lhall be put in a box with a lock, and when any number of jury-men are fummoned to ferve at any court, the town conftable mall at random draw fo many out of the box, as is required from that town ; any juror fo drawn, but not appearing at the court, penalty ten millings, and .deficiencies in juries to be filled de talibus circumftantibus. The number of jury-men to be annually chofen in each town. In HARTFORD county. Hartford 20 Wethersfield 20 *Windfor 20 Farmington 20 Middletown 20 Symfbury 12 GlalTenbury 10 Hebron i o 132 NEW- SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT, 169 NEW-HAVEN county. New-Haven 20 Milford 1 2 Wallingford 15 Brentford 10 Guilford 12 Durham 6 Darby 6 Waterbury 6 NEW-LONDON county. New-London Norwich Prefton Stonington Groton Lyme Saybrook 15 15 Killingworth 120 FAIRFIELD county. Fairfield 20 Stratford 20 Nor walk 20 Stanford 12 Dan bury 1 2 New Town 12 Ridgefield 6 Greenwich 10 112 WINDHAM county. Windham 1 2 Lebanon j 2 Coventry j 2 Plainfield 12 Canterbury 1 2 Pomfret 1 2 Volentown 1 2 Afhford 1 2 Mansfield 1 2 N. B. I cannot account, why Haddam and Eaft-Had- dam, Colchefter, Bolton, Willington, Toland, and Litchfield, in the county of Hartford ; New-Milford, and Durham, in the county of New-Haven , Wood- bury in the county of Fairfield -, and Killingley in the county of Windham, which fend reprefentatives to the general court or aflembly, do not fend jurors to the courts below. All judges and juftices are appointed by the general arTembly, and commiflioned by the governor with the province feal , the governor, deputy governor, and af- fiftants, are juftices ex officio. As 170 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. As to the courts, where though the cafe may be of confiderable value, no jury is required j there is 1. The court of probates. 2. Court of vice-admiralty are the fame officers as for New-York. 3. Jufticiary court of admiralty -, fome of the judges are from New- York. There mall be a fuperior court of judicature, ambu- latory from county to county -, this court to confifl of one chief judge and four other judges (whereof three a quorum) and mail have cognizance of all pleas of the crown that relate tg life, limb, or banimment ; of di- vorce j of all pleas, real, perfonal, ormixt; the fame to try by a jury or otherways, proceed to judgment, and award execution. This court to be held in each county twice annually. The chief judge, or in his ab- fence, any three of the judges, may call a fpecial court upon extraordinary occafions. Any one judge may open and adjourn the court, and where no judge prefents the meriff may adjourn the court to next day. The judges to appoint and fwear their own clerk. An inferior court of judicature to be held in each county twice a year, by a judge with two or morejuflices of the quorum commirTioned for thatpurpofe ; to deter- mine by a jury or otherways all civil caules, real, per- fonal, or mixt, as alfo all criminal matters, not ex- tending to life, limb, banifhment, or divorce. Have power to levy a county tax. A fpecial county court may be called upon any extra- ordinary occafion, and may adjourn themfelves to any diftant time to appoint and fwear their own clerks and county treafurer. Every chief judge or prefident, or moderator in any civil court mall have a cafdng vote. A court of probate coniifling of one judge and a clerk by him to be appointed, to be held in each of the follow- ing diilri&s, called the diftrict of Hartford, New-Haven, New? London, Fairfield, Windham, Plainfield, Guilford, Woodbury, SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT. 171 Woodbury, Stanford, Eaft-Hadham, Litchfield, Dan- bury, and Norwich. In difficult cafes may call in two or three juftices of the quorum. Any perfon aggrieved may appeal and review to the next fuperior court of the county. The judges of probates to enquire after all efcheats, and give notice to the colony treafurer, who is to make fale by publick vendue of all efcheats for the benefit of the colony - y but if afterward any juft' title of an heir appear, it fhall upon realbnable terms be reftored. Executors after two months probate, neglecting to regifter an inventory of the deceafed's eftate, fhall forfeit five pound per month. Executors refufing to accept, adminiftration fhall be granted to the next of kin, or principal creditors. Executors neglecting to prove a will after thirty days, fhall forfeit five pound per month, Adminiftration upon inteftate eftates, to the widow or next of kin, at the diicretion of the judge of probates. The diftribution of inteftate eftates to be, one third or. the perfonal eftate to the widow for ever, and her dower of one third of the real eftate for life; the remainder to be equally divided among the children, but the eldeft fon to have a double fhare ; and if all daughters, they mall inherit as copartners ; the divifion of the eftate to be by three fufficient freeholders upon oath appointed by the judge of probates. The portion of any child dy- ing before of age or, married, mall be divided among the furvivors. No reprefentatives to be admitted among collaterals after brothers and fifters children. Where no legal reprefentatives, the widow fhall be allowed one moiety of the perfonal eftate for ever, and one third of the real eftate for life. All fales of lands made by ad- miniftrators fhall be void. Marriages. No perfon to be married unlefs pub- lifhed in fome congregation, or publickly polled up eight days before fuch marriage. No perfon to join people in marriage, befides a juftice in the county or an ordained minifter of the parifh where the parties dwell. 172 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. dwell. Any juftice or minifler marrying perfons with- out publication, and certificate of the confent of the pa- rents or guardians, penalty twenty pound. Any man en- deavouring to obtain the affections of a maid, without liberty of courtfhip from the parents or guardians, for the firfl offence five pound, &c. Degrees of kindred forbidding marriage, are according to the Levitical law, and fuch marriages are declared to be null and void, and to fit upon the gallows with a rope about their neck, and ftripes not exceeding forty, and to wear the letter I on their arm or back. If any perfons within the faid degrees do marry or cohabit, or perfons cohabiting after divorce, penalty as adultery ; excepting cafes of ab- fence, as the law directs, where the fuperior court may grant liberty to marry again. .& man found abed with another man's wife, both to be whipt not exceeding thirty ftripes. Men or wo- men wearing contrary apparels, fine not exceeding five pound. The age of confent for marriage is to the man fourteen set. to the women twelve set. No perfon unmarried mall keep houfe of himfelf, without confent of the town, pe- nalty twenty millings per v/eek. Contracts of perfons under parents, guardians, or mailers, are not valid. The felect men and overfeers of the poor, with the afient of the next juftices, may bind out poor idle children, boys to twenty-one set. girls to eighteen set. The dower for widows where no jointure was made before marriage, is one third of the perlbnal eflate with- out limitation, and one third of the income of the real eftate for life, but to keep it in good repair. All perfons of right underilanding set. twenty-one or upwards, though excommunicated -, by deed or will if feventeen set. and upwards, may difpofe of perfonal eftate. The age for chufmg of guardians mall be four- teen set. for males, and twelve set. for females. Where parents or mailers neglect children under their care, the felect-men may bind them out 3 boys to twenty- one set. girls to eighteen ast. Idiots, SCT. XL Of CONN ECTICUT. 173 Idiots, impotent and diftrafted, fhall be under the diredtion of the county courts, to be provided for by the following degrees of kindred ; father or mother, grand-father or grand-mother, children or grand-chil- dren, if able. The eftates of fuch (if any) by a proper order may be fold for their maintenance. Where no fufficient relations or eftate does appear, they fhall be fupported at the charge of the town where they live. The felect-men are to appoint them guardians. Idle perfons and drunkards, by warrant to be brought before a juftice ; the goods of fuch perfons fhall be un- der the management of the felect-men, who may fell all or part (not real, without an order of the general afTembly) of their eftates, and on deficiency, difpofe of their perfon to fervice for a certain time, to pay their juft debts. May appeal from the felect-rnen to the county court. All fuch perfons are difabled from making of contracts. In this colony is no particular court of chancery ; in fome cafes the general court act as a court of chancery or equity. Jufliciary courts of oyer and terminer, called affizes and general goal delivery, is the fame with the fuperior court. The court of vice-admiralty, the fame judge and other officers of that court, which ferve for the pro- vince of New- York, ferve alfo for the colony of Con- necticut. The jufliciary court of admiralty for trial of crimes committed at lea confifls of judges, fome from the colony of Connecticut, and fome from the province of New- York, purfuant to the inflructions from home. A juitice may determine in any cafe not exceeding forty fhillings, if land is not concerned; if the judges find that the jury have not attended to the evidence, they may cauie them to return to a fecond and third consideration, but no more. The judges to determine in cafes of law, where the jury brings in a non liquet or I fpecial 174 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL fpecial verdict, viv. " If the law be fo in fuch a point, " then we find for the plaintiff, but if the law be other- " ways, then we find for the defendant." May appeal from a juftice to the county court, and from thence may review to the next county court, or appeal to the next fuperior . court , from the review to the fecond county court, may appeal to the next Iuperior court, but without any review in the fuperior court ; but if from the firft county court he appeal to the fuperior court, he is admitted to review in the next fuperior court. In a debt upon bond, bill, or note, for a value not exceeding forty fhillings, no appeal to be allowed, and if not exceeding ten pound, no appeal is allowed from a county court. No appeals are allowed to the king in council. Some have gone home by way of complaint at a confiderable charge, but no relief, excepting the cafe of John Winthrop, Efq. who procured a declaration of the king in council, " That their law concerning dividing " land inheritance of an inteftate was contrary to the law mate that can be made of the people in New-England, is Mafl'achufeits-Bay 200,000 Connecticut 1 00,000 Rhode- Jfland 30,000 iNiew-Hampmire 24,000 354,000 One fourth part of thefe are 9 0,000 fencible men, one fifth is 70,000 fencible marching men, fufficient to fwallow up the French of Cana- da, and Cape-Breton iilands at a few meals or encounters In political balances, the number of inhabitants is a grand article. In Great-Britain and Ireland are about ten millions of people, in Francc about double that number, in Spain about five millions, according to the duke de Riperda's eftimate, in the feveral United provinces called Holland, about three millions ; but the produce of trade called mo- ney, fometimes implies the inferiority of fencible men'; thus the ge- neral balance of trade being in favour of Holland, it becomes the center of exchange for all Europe. 4 ?beir SECT. XI: Of R HOD E-I s LANDS. iSi Their produce , mpnufaffure, trade and navigation. Connecticut ufes fcarce any foreign trade; lately they fend fome fmall. craft to the Weit-India iflands ; they vent their produce in the neighbouring continent colo- nies, viz. wheat, Indian corn; beaver, pork, butter, horfes, and flax. For fome years they have been en- deavouring to raife hemp and flax ; flax may fucceed, but hemp fcems to require a ftronger foil and wanner climate \ it thrives better farther fouth, as in Penfylva- nia ; that from the northen parts, does not drefs fo kindly, nor whiten fo well. The Ruffia hemp exported from the northern parts of Archangel, Narva, Revel, and Riga, is brought down from the fouthern parts of Ruffia, Wool, hemp, flax, and iron, are the general materials of all our manufactures. The raifing and manufacturing of hemp, flax, or any other herba into cordage, canvas, and other linen, is a general and great advantage without any detriment to our mother country ; it may be fome difadvantage to our traders to Ruffia, Germany, and Holland ; but private lucration ought to give way to a publick good. The linen bufinefs employs variety of people, pulling the flax, watering of it, breaking, fwing- ling, hackling, fpinning, weaving, &c. Some years lince, the government of Connecticut eftablifhed a corporation for commerce, called the New- London fociety ; but in the fraudulent humour of thefe times, contrary to the defign of their inftitution, they foon began to manufacture prfnted fociety notes to be impofed as a currency : the government in their wonted prudence declared it a nufance ; thefe bills were for- bid a currency, and called in at the charge of the fo- ciety. In all countries, the inhabitants may be reduced to three clafles, i. Villenage or coatters. 2. Yeomanry or farmers who improve their own freeholds ; and 3. Gen- try who live by the rents of their eflates farmed to others ; the fecond fort is generally our cafe. N 3 Irifh 182 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If. Irifli potatoes or folanum efculentum tuberofum C.B.P. is much planted in New- England, thrives well, and is of good ufe , varieties here, are the rough coat, red coat, flat white, and long white : my tafte prefers the rough coat. [/>] There is copper ore in Simfbury hills, about a do- zen miles weft of Connecticut river ; it has been wrought, but did not turn to account; at prefentit lies dormant. For their wheat and Indian corn , fee elfewhere, as alfo for their merchantable fait pork. Ship building and ftaves are their chief lumber export. [/>] I learned from Mr. Baden, as was hinted before, an ingenious miner and effay fent from London a few years fince by a company of gentlemen, to explore New-England for metallick ores and minerals; he found, i. Bog and rock iron ore plenty, but not profitable. 2 Some lead ore, but fo intermixed with rock and fpar, as not to turn to any account, i. In Simfbury near Connecticut river, there were three different companies wrought for copper ore; Mr. Belcher and Cafwell, they alfo erected a fmelting houfe in Bofton ; thofe turned to no account, and the affair dropt. 2. Some aflbciated mer- chants of Bofton, got a leafe of fome adjacent copper mine lands; they carried it on with vigour, and fent quantities of their ore to Eng- land ; the company found the fcheme turn to no advantage, and de- iifted. 3. A company of bites, rented fome adjoining lands ; they pretended to find fome moades, a good fymptom for veins ; they put fome of thefe pretended rich moades aboard of a fm all {loop; this Hoop perhaps by contrivance funk in Connecticut river; the owners did not find it advifoable to weigh the ore, left the fallacy of the fhoades might be difcovered. Schaylers rich copper mines in the Jer- feys, are not much wrought; the owners keep them depofited as old gold. There are fome fymptoms of copper ore in Attleborough, but not explored. In Attleborough, there is a magnetick iron ore ; it yields a red mot iron, not good, (fee vol. I. p. 540.) In Attle- borough Gore is fome copper ore, but fo intermixed with the iron rock ore, as to render both unprofitable. Mr. Baden found fome allum flateor ftone; but no vitriol ftone or pyrites, fuch-as is found on both fides of the river Thames in England, along the Kentifh and Efiex Ihores ; no fait fprings ; we have ruddle, which ferves to mark fheep, and may ferve as a ground colour for priming, as Spanim brown, and black lead in Brimfield; thefe are not metallick ores, but boles or terras ; of ochres, there are none of any value ; fome yellow ochre. In New-England, they do not forge bar iron fufHcient for their home comfumption, by bloomeries and refineries ; they import frotii England, New-York, the Jerfeys, Penfylvania, and Maryland. [/>] Wool SECT. XI. Of RHODE-ISLANDS. 183 [q] Wool not fufficient for the houfe confumption of the colony. A very confiderable produce in the colony of Connecti- cut is a feminary of learning, or fchola illuftris, called a collegiate college, and when profefTors in feveral fciences are endowed, it will be called an nniverfuy; this plant is vigorous and thriving, under the cultivation of the prefent prefident, the worthy reverend Mr. Clap. Some account of Connecticut college, called Yak college in New-Haven. Anno 1636, the general afiembly of MafTachufctts- Bay (fee vol. I. p. 543 .) granted fome money towards erecting a college or collegiate fchool in Cambridge near Bofton j the people of Connecticut contributed fome fmall matter, and after fome years, becaufe of the diftance and charge, their minifters, and fome in civil authority prefented, 1701, a memorial to the general afTernbly, defiring that a collegiate fchool might be erected and en- dowed, and propofed ten minifters of forty aet. and up- wards, as truftees for ordering the fame ; furvivors to fupply vacancies, feven to be a quorum : accordingly a charter [r] for this purpofe was granted October 1701, to appoint officers, make laws, but not repugnant to the laws of the civil government ; to give degrees, poflefs lands not exceeding the yearly value of 500 1. .and other eftates, and to receive yearly out of the pub- lick treafury, lool. currency [j] ; Saybrook was re- folved upon as a proper place, and the truftees chofe Mr. [q\ England is always jealous of our exporting flieeps wool to foreign markets, but it may be depended upon, that our New-England wool is not fufficient for home confumption , and we import many woollens from Great- Britain. Some years fince, but not at prefent, fome was ihipped from Nantucket to France \ very fmall quantities. [ r] This charter was drawn up by Mr. fecretary Addington of Maf- fachufetts Bay. [/] Equal a that time to about 70!. fterl, Pierfon 184 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IT. Pierfon minifter of Killingworth for relor; [/] and un- til a place could be fitted up in Seabrook, the fcholars were to mpet at the rector's houfe in Killingworth, where they continued till the rector's death, 1707. Mr. PJem- mingway, fmce minifter of Eafthaven, was the firft fcholar, and iblus about half a year. Several of the .truftees gave books out of their own libraries to begin a library for the college ; Mr. Lynde of Saybrook, gave a houfe and land ; major James Fitch of Norwich, gave land in Killingley, which were afterwards, 1730, con- verted into 628 acres in Saiifbury. There was a general contribution throughout the colony. Upon rector Pierfon's death, Mr. Andrews of Milford was chofen pro tempore, until they could procure a refi- dent rector, and the fenior clafs was removed to Milford, the others to Saybrook, under the care of two tutors ; they boarded at private houfes, and went to fchool at their tutors chambers under the inflection of Mr. Buck- ingham of Seabrook, one of the truftees, and continued in this ftate about feven years. In this jpace of time, fun- dry donations of valuable books were made to the library, particularly by Sir John Davie of Groton, upon his reco- very of the family honours and eftate in England. The greateft donation of books, was from the generofity and procurement of Jeremiah Dummer, Efq. agent in Lon- don, ann. 1714, he fent over above 800 volumes of va- luable books, whereof about 120 volumes at his own coft, and the reft by procurements from Sir Ifaac New- ton, Sir Richard Bkckmore, Sir Richard Steel, Dr. Burnet, Dr. Woodward, Dr. Halley, Dr. Bentley, Dr. Kennet, Dr. Calamy, Dr. Edwards, Mr. Henry, Mr. Whifton, &c. Governor Yale of the Eaft-India com- pany, fent 300 volumes, but a great part of this va- luable library was loft in a tumult upon the removal of the library from Seabrook. [/] The reftor, and-ien truilees conftituted the coporation. There SECT. XL Of RHOD E-!SL AN D s. 185 There were divifions concerning a fixed fituation for the college, and in the mean while, 1718, it was agreed that the (ludents might go where they faw caufe to be inftrufted : the greater part went to Wethersfield, under the inftruclion of Mr. Elifha Williams, afterwards rec- tor ; fome remained at Seabrook, under the tuition of Mr. Hart, and Mr. Ruffcl. 1716, The majority of the truflees voted a convenient college, and reftor's houfe to be erected in New-Haven, which was effected accordingly, but with much oppofi- tion and confufion from the northern and eaftern parts of the colony , [u] the truftees notwithftanding held their firft commencement at New-Haven in September 1717. The forefaidElihu Yale, Efq. an Eaft-India merchant, from his correfpondence with Mr. Saltonftal governor of Connecticut, bellowed in the whole, icol. fieri, in three hundred volumes of books, and about 400!. fieri. in effects, and by will defigned 500!. fieri, more, but this was never accomplilked ; 1718, Mr. Dummer fent more books value 30!. and Jahaleal Brenton, Efq. of Newport, Rhode-Ifland, gave 50!. fieri. The college building was raifed October 3, 1717, 170 feet long, 21 feet wide, and three (lories high ; coft about 1030 1. fieri, contained above fifty fludies, befides the hall, library, and kitchen. September 12, 1718, there was a fplendid commencement, and the truftees gave it the name of Yale college, and fent a letter of thanks to Mr. Yale for his generofity to the colony, and letters of thanks to Mr. Drummer, and general Nicholfon, for their donations of books. In December following, upon removing of the books from Saybrook, there happened a tumult-, about 250 of the mpft valuable books, and fundry papers of [] The affair was referred to the general affembly 1717; the upper and lower houfe differed, and the reference dropt. N. B. laft year there were fcholars refiding at New-Haven thirteen ; at Wetersfield fourteen ; at Saybrook, only four. impor- 186 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. importance, were conveyed away by unknown hands, and never could be recoved. 1719, The truftees chofe Mr, Cutler, minifter of Stratford, to be a refident reclor, and for his accommo- dation, a re&or's houfe was built 1722 ; coil by fubfcrip- tion* 35 1. by impoft upon rum, 115). and fome part out of Mr. Yale's donations by fale of lands 120 1. and by a general contribution 55 1. 1722, At the commencement he declared himfelf to be of the church of England, and defigned for epifcopal or- ders, which by goingto England, he obtained wirh a D.D. At prefent he is a miflionary inBofton. The college con- tinued without a refident redor four years; the forefaid Mr. Andrews performed this office at their commence- ments. 1723, The general afTembly gave to the college an additional explanatory charter, [x] viz. that a truftee might refign at pleafure, that feven truftees mould be a quorum, and to act by a majority -, that a minifter of 30 set. might be chofen a truftee, and that the rector fhould be a truftee ex officio. Mr. Daniel Turner of London, fent them a collection of valuable books, 28 volumes in phyfick and furgery ; the college conferred upon him a diploma of M. D. 1725, September 29, the truftees chofe Mr. Elifha Williams, minifter of Newington parim in Wethersfield as rector, and upon giving his confent to the confeffion of faith and rules of church difcipline agreed upon by the churches of the colony of Connecticut, he was inftalled rector by the truftees ; he reformed the college very- much, and advanced ufeful and polite literature. In Odober, 1732, the general afiembly granted to the college 1500 acres of land, being 300 acres in each of , (#) It is faid to be drawn up by governor Saltonftal. At the firft founding of this college, it was ordered, that where no fpecial provifion was made by the truftees, the laws of Hartford col- lege, in the province of Maflachufetts-Bay fliould be their rule. the SECT. XI. O/ RHOD E-IsLANDs. 187 the new towns of Norfolk, Canaan, Gofhen, Cornwal, and Kent : which after fome years may be valuable. 1732, The rev. Dr. George Berkley dean of Derry, (late) bifhop of Cloyne in Ireland, came over to found an epifcopal college in the continent of North-America, or the Britifh Weft-India iflands ; he refided ibm& time at Newport of Rhode- Ifland, and purchafed a country feat with about ninety-fix acres of land. For certain reafons, he gave over his defign of creeling an epifcopal college, and returned to England. Although there was fomething peculiar in his manner, he was a gentleman of general learning, and of a generous difpofmon to propagate the fame among mankind ; he was a good judge of the world, and of all our colonies and femir.aries of learning; (the epifcopal college of Williamfburg in Virginia not excepted,) he gave the preference to the college of Con- necticut, a laudable colony; he gave his farm in Rhode- Ifland to this college, the income to be premiums from time to time, for the bed Greek and Latin fcholars in the judgment of the preiident and fenior epifcopal miflionary of the colony; this has been fome incitement to excel in the claflicks. He gave them a fine collection of books of near 1000 volumes, whereof 260 were folio's, 400!. fieri, value. Thefe donations were made partly out of the dean's own eftate, but principally out of the monies put into his hands for founding the epifcopal college. Rector Williams, by reafon of indifpofitions, October 31, 1739, refigned, returned to his own eftate in Wetherf- field, and was employed in a civil and military capacity. The reverend, learned, worthy, and mathematically in- genious Mr. Thomas Clap, minifter of Windham, fuc- ceeded ; and in April 1740, gave his aflfent to the Sea- brook articles 1708, of faith and difcipline ; he had been fourteen years minifter of Windham, he wasinftalled rec- tor : his firft eflay was to form a new body of laws, and to place the books of the library in a proper diftincl order, Co be with facility to come at 5 this catalogue is printed. 1742, i88 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IF. 174?, The general aiiembly augmented the annual grant to the college, whereby they were enabled to fup- port three tutors and a redlor, (formerly one tutor carried on two claffcs) The prefidcnt requires confiderable encou- ragement, as he is obliged to perform the office of prefi- dent, profeflbr of divinity, profeffor of mathematicks, and of a tutor in ordinary. 1744, Anthony vNougier of Fairfield, by will left to the college 27 1. fterl. to be put to intereft. The aflfembly was petitioned by the truftees, for a new and more perfecl charter, whereby the college was to be incorporated by the name of the prefidcnt and fellows (not truftees) of Yale college in New-Haven. This was approved of by the name of an act for the more full and compleat eftabli foment of Yale college, &c. dated May 9, 1745. It is ordained, i. That [y] Thomas Clap, Samuel Whitman, Jared Eliot, L 7 .benezer Williams, Jonathan Marlh, Samuel Cooke, Samuel Whitleiey, Jofeph Noyes, Anthony Stoddard, Benjamin Lord, and Daniel Wadf worth, are a body corporate and politick by the name of the prefidentand fellows of Yale college in New-Haven, with fucceffion. 2. All former donations to this collegiate fchool, though in various ex- preflions, are confirmed and veiled in the faid prefident and fellows, with fucceffion. 3. That the forefaid prefi- dent and fellows fhall continue during life, or until they refign, or are difplaced. 4. There fhall be a general meeting of the prefident and fel lows annually on the fecond Wednefday of September ; the major vote of the mem- bers prefent fhall be definitive ; in cafe of an equivote, the prefident fhall have a cafting vote. 5. The prefident and fellows, fix at leafl, concurring, may remove and [>] This is an ingenious gentleman, mathematically learned ; at this time, 1750, contriving fome compendiums and other improve- ments in aftronomical calculations. Many of the ftudents (ftudents in college about eighty) are expert in agronomical calculations, from the folid good tuition and inltruftion of the worthy Mr. Clap, a credit to the colony. appoint SECT. XI. t>/ RHODE-ISLANDS. 189 appoint in their room, a prefident and fellows, a clerk, a treafurer, tutors, profeiTors, fteward, and other neceJflary fervants. 6. That the president, fellows, tutors, profei- fors, and all other officers, before they enter upon the ex- ecution of their office, lhall publickly take the oaths, and fubfcribe the declaration appointed, i Georgii I. 7. The corporation may appoint from time to time regula- tions not repugnant to the laws of England or of the co- lony, but may be difallowed by the general afTembly. 8. The corporation may confer degrees as in other colleges. 9. All eftates belonging to the college, (if real, not ex- ceeding the value of 500 1. fterl. per ann.) all members and refident officers of the college, tutors and ftudents, are exempted from rates, military iervice, working upon the high ways, &c. 10. A grant of lool. proclamation money annually during the pleafure of the afllmbly. 1745, Philip Livingfton, Efq. of the king's council of New-York, as he had four fons educated in this col- lege, gave 200 1. currency, to begin a foundation for a profefTor of divinity, to be called the Livingftonian pro- feflbr of divinity. 1746, Mr. Samuel Lambert of New-London, mer- chant or dealer, left fome lands to the college, but from fome intricacies in his affairs, they turned to no great ac- count, excepting about ioo acres in Wallingford, and fixty -two acres in New-Haven. There were a great many fmaller donations from time to time, which in a lummary are not to be enumerated, and for the fame reafons I am obliged to omit the lifts, from the foundation to this time, of the fucceflive rec- tors or prefidents, truftees, treafurers and tutors. 1748, Upon a motion of the prefident, the general afifembly oidered a new college to be built at a publick colony charge, ioo feet long, and forty feet wide, eight rooms on a floor, three ftories high, befides garrets and cellars. The 190 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II, The regulations as to the degrees of batchelors and matters, are the fame as in Hartford college of the pro- vince of rviafTachufects-Bay, fee vol. II. p. 546. This college at New-Haven thrives much ; in Sept. 1749, there commenced eleven matters, and twenty-three batchelors -, at Cambridge in Maffachufetts-Bay, July 1749, there commenced only nine matters, and twenty- two batchelors, though a college of much longer (land- ing, and in a large goverment : at that time it was ob- fcrved by many, that every thing in the province of Mafiachufetts Bay was upon the decline* attributed to the late bad civil adminiftration. Mountains and Rivers. Connecticut is generally broken land, that is, hills and dales, but well watered. Simfbury, or the copper mine hills, are their higheft lands, but not fertile, as it is faid of all mecallick ore hills. The noted rivers and runs of water in Connecticut are, i. Thofe which fall into Thames river or New- London long creek. 2. Connecticut river with its branches. 3. Houfatonick river with its branches, which, at Strat- ford, falls into Long-Ifland found. Paukatuke river which divides Rhode-Ifland colony, from Connecticut colony, and Byram river which divides Connecticut colony from the province of New- York, are of no confideration. 4. Upon the Long-Ifland found is a range of townfhips. i. Thames river is a long navigable creek of about fourteen miles, the head of it is in Norwich ; this is the barcadier for the eatterly parts of Connecticut, and in time may be the principal trading place of the colony ; at prefent the townfhip of Norwich pays the higheft tax of any townfhip in the colony, and confifts of five or fix parifhes. From Connecticut river to the eaftern boundary of the colony, is an extraordinary well watered country. SECT. XL Of RHOD E-SsL A N D s. 191 country, confiding of two principal rivers and their branches, which fall into the bottom of this creek in Nor- wich; thefe two rivers are Satucket and higher Wileman- tick, and Quenebaug. Quenebaug rifes in Brimfield, paf- ies through Stourbridge, and Dudley in the province of MafTachufetts- Bay, thence in the colony of Connecticut, it divides Pomfret from Killingley, Canterbury from Plain- field, and in Norwich falls into Sakatuke river which dif- charges intoThames river or creek. This river from Brim- field of Maffachufetts-Bay, in its courfe in Thompfon parifh of Killingley of Connecticut, receives French ri- ver from Leicefter and Oxford, and further in Killingley receives Five Mile river, whereof Honey combBrook comes from Douglafs, and Muddy Brook from Woodftock, next Nathomy brook from Pomfret, Moufafhop river from Valington, Rowland's brook in Canterbury, and many other runs of water too minute to be mentioned : Qiiene- baug river falls into Satucket river a few miles before it difcharges into the creek. Satucket river where it origi- nates in Brimfield, is called Willernantick river, and in Stafford of Connecticut receives feveral fmall runs of wa- ter ; it divides Toland from Willington, and Coventry from Mansfield , in Wind ham (where it is called Wind- ham river) it receives in its weftern fide Scagungamog river and Hope river; on its weftern fide, it receives Man- choag river which had received Fenton river, and higher had received in Afhford Bigelow river, Still river and Bungea river from Union and Woodftock ; in Norwich, it received Quenebaug river, as above. 2. Connecticut river with its branches and" townfhips upon the river, its branches are enumerated, vol.. I. p. 459, &c. in the feflion of Maflfachufetts-Bay. 3. Hou&tonick, Weftenhock, or Stratford river, fee vol. I. p. 456. 4. Upon the Long-Ifland found, is a delightful and profitable range of good townfhips, the glory of all our American 192 -BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If. American plantations, Stoningron, Groton, New-Lon- non, Lyme, Saybrook, Killingfworth, Guilford, Brent- ford, New-Haven, Milford, Stratford, Fairfield, Nor- walk, Stamford, and Greenwich. As the governors are annually elective, that is, very variable, I fiiall not mention fuch 'temporary matters-, only obferve, that the Winthrop family has for many years been the mod noted in New-England: Mr. Win- throp was tjie firftrefident governor of MafTachufetts-Bay; his fon John Winthrop, Efq. procured the prefent char- ter of Connecticut colony, and was their charter or firft governor, and afterwards their elective governor for many years pail; this man's ion John was fucceffively governor for many years; he died set. 69, November 27, 1707; was born in Ipfwich of New-England, 1638 ; Gurdon Sahonftal, a worthy man, a congregationalift preacher, was elected in his room, and was with good content fuc- cefllve governor, eledled for many years till death -, Octo- ber 1724, was fucceded by Jofeph Talcot, Efq. &c. Currencies, I refer to the Appendix; at prefent only obferve, that the 28,000!. fieri, reimburfement, and rates of feven pence per annum, will cancel all their pa- per currency, in two or three years [z], (V] In New-England, we are ft ill in confufion as to our paper curren- cies ; governor Sh y's precipitate fcheme of i 749, has had a bad effect, nothing could be ralher excepting the Cape-Breton expedition, where the chance againft us was vatily great, but beyond all human probability fuccefsful ; the unexpected intervention ol fome Britilh men of war under the direction of Mr. Warren, alleviates the mira- culoufnefs of the affair ; it peculated and depopulated New-England, occafioned near one million fterling additional national debt to the kingdom of Great-Britain, and finally was reftored to the French in a better ftate than ftatu quo. Perhaps the Ch -do fettlement in Nova- Scotia as a barrier againft the Canada and Cape-Breton French with their Indians, at prefent carried on with much vigour, may turn to the fame bad account as G-- gia (which GOD forbid) faid to be a barrier againft our fouthern enemies the Spaniards, and their Indians. My- ileriesof ftate I do not pretend to explore or explain'^ qua? fupra nos, non ad nos ; the foil adjacent to Ch- -fto is fo irrecoverably bad, it can never be a PLANTATION ; it may anfwer as a good fiihing village, or may, as a:place of arms, be fupported at a great charge : I do not fay I mall SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT. 193 I fhall here infert abftra&s of fome of their laws ex- emplary, natural, plain, and concife, adapted to plan- tations. In the late authoritative revifal (1750) of their mu- nicipal laws i the introductory law or act, is, in the manner of a magna charta, fecuring the general privi- leges of his majefty's fubjects in the colony, in thefe words, " Be it enacted, &c. that no man's life fhall be taken away ; no man's honour or good name mall be ftained -, no man's perfon fhall be arrefted, reftrained, bahifhed, difmembered, or otherwife punifhed; no man fhall be deprived of his wife and children ; no man's goods or eflate mail be taken away from him, nor any ways indamaged under the colour of law, or countenance of authority; unlefs it be by virtue or equity of fome exprefs law of the colony warranting the fame, eftablifhed by the general court, and fuffi- this was a political amufement, to divert people (by giving them fbme- thing to play with in their imaginations) from canvafling the furrender of Cape-Breton without any equivalent to the Britifti nation, not fa much as an explicit confirmation of the ceffion of Nova-Scotia, or L'Acadie. That New-England is ftill in confufion, appears, i . By the afTem- bly of Maffachufetts-Bay being perhaps obliged to difpenfe with an aft of their own, confirmed by the .king in council, and to prolong the time for cancelling their province bills : the generality of the re- fponfible merchants of Rhode- Ifland, though they have always decla- red againft multiplying of a depreciating currency, in a memorial to the general aflembly of Rhode-Ifland, fay, though the aft December 1748 of Maflachufetts-Bay for drawing in their publick bills of credit, was in a too violent and hafty manner. 2. The colony of Rhode- Ifland this fpring, 1751, have emitted 1 00,000 /. currency with a greater intereft and to be cancelled after ten years ; this is a ftep to- wards reformation. Connecticut continues honeft. New-Hampfhire, always inclinable to a depreciating fraudulent paper currency, from a difference between their governor and houfe of reprefentatives, formerly mentioned vol. II. p. -$4, have had no legislative capacity for fome time, and confe- quently incapable of augmenting their paper currency, much to the detriment of their governor, who by confenting to fuch emiflions, might have obtained an addition to hisfalary. VOL. II. O ciently 194 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If., ciently puhlifhed : In cafe of defect of fuch laws in- any particular cafe, by fome clear and plain rule war- ranted by the word of God. All his majefty's fubjects within this colony, whether they be inhabitants or not, fhall enjoy the fame juflice and law, that is general for the colony, in all cafes pro- per for civil authority, and courts of judicature in the fame; and that without partiality or delay. That no man's perfon fhall be retrained or imprifoned by any authority whatsoever, before the Jaw hath fen- tenced him thereunto , if he can and will give or put in fufficient fecurity, bail or mainprize for his appearance and good behaviour in the mean time, unlefs it be for capital crimes, contempt in open court, or in fuch cafes where fome exprefs law doth allow or order the fame. No perfon, except in his, own cafe* other than a qua- lified attorney, is allowed to plead at the bar: in cales not exceeding five pound, one attorney only is allowed : in larger cal"S two attornies and no more. Each town fhall have a peculiar brand for their horfKs on the near or left moulder. 11 cafks fhall be of the London afllze, viz. butts, 126 gallons; puncheons, eighty-four gallons; hog- Iheads, lixty- three gallons ; tierces, forty-two gallons - 7 barrels, thirty-one gallons and a half. Miller's allowance for grinding per bufhel, three quarts Indian corn, two quarts other grain, one quart malt. Every town to have a fealer of weights and meafures. In Qonne6ticut, as generally among the congrega* tionalifts of New-England, according to the Jewiili manner, they begin and end the Lord's day at the fet~ ting of the fun. Here are about 150 eilabliihed minifters called pre/by- terians, congregationaliits, and confociated ; befides confcientious diffenters, faid not to be eftablifhed but tolerated. SECT. XL Of CONNECT ICUT. 195 tolerated. In fome townlhips are many pariflies or precincts. In all our colonies voluntary affociations (moft of which may afterwards be confirmed or incorporated by provincial or colony charters) towards academies and li- braries, ought to be encouraged. The civilizing and chriflianizing of the Indians was one great and profefled condition in all our royal grants. I do not endeavour a ftricl: pedantick narration ; but though in a common place manner, I {hall obferve fome method. Common interefl is fix per cent per ann. letting of cattle and maritime affairs excepted. In all our plantations, colonies, and provinces, they abound with civil and military titles of judges, fquires, colonels, majors, and captains ; gratifications for being of a governor's party, or by a pecuniary intereft. By an aft of the afiembly of Connecticut, in building ofveiTels, no timbers or plank to be allowed other than white oak and rock oak, except for the deck and ceiling. In New-England, particularly in MafTachufetts -Bay, it is not only the depreciating of the currencies by enor- mous paper credit emifiions called money, but the fear- city of labourers from vail expeditions unprofitable and ruinous to the colonies. In manufactures, our labour is fo dear, that we cannot afford our goods any where at market, fo cheap as other plantations or countries may. It is not fcarcity of provifion or depreciations only, but chiefly fcarcity of labourers and confequently advance of labour: to inftance only, that in bricks, where the difference is only in labour, about forty years fince they were fold at one piece of eight per thoufand, at prefent they are fold at three pieces of eight. Concerning the TENURE OF LANDS. All grants of colony lands by the general affembly iliall be according O2 to 196 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. to the moft free tenure of Eaft-Greenwich in the county of Kent in England, conform to our charter grant. All townfhips and farms, to particular perfons, fhall be from the general aflembly by patent figned by the gover- nor and fecretary with the colony feal. Title of lands to be tried in the county where the lands lay. All eftates for miniflry, fchools, and charitable ufes, are free from payment of rates. Three freeholders appointed by the court of probates to'divide realeftate among legatees or heirs of inteftates. No Indian title without the approbation of the general aflembly to be pleadable. Proprietors having loft their bounds, three freeholders appointed and fworn by a juftice of the peace, may fet up and fix the bounds, but with appeal. In devife of real eftate, wills to be wit- nefled by three perfons in the prefence of the teftators. Guardians to minors with fome perfons appointed by the court of probate may divide lands with the furviving partners. Lands held in partnerfhip to be divided by writ of partition. Perfons prefuming to fell Indian rights of lands not confirmed by the general court, fine fifty pound, and the perfons wronged by fuch fales to recover treble damages. All grants and divifions of lands hereto- fore made by ancient cuftom of town-meetings mail be good and valid though without confent of the proprietors act May 9, 1723. Hereafter undivided common lands fhall belong to the proprietors exclufive of other inhabi- tants, which proprietors may have their own meetings to manage fuch undivided lands. Sales of lands devifed to be fold by executors, mall be good and valid, though fome of the executors do not join in the fale. Five proprietors of undivided lands may obtain a meeting to be called by a juftice's warrant. All eftates though accruing by wife, formerly fold by the hulband alone, (ad bears date Oct. 10, 1723) the deeds lhall be valid, but for the future no iuch deed fhall be valid without the wife's confent by hand and feal. Proprietors of land in common, may make rates to defray neceflary charges SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT. charges. By an a<5b of parliament 1732, in any actions in the plantations, when one of the parties plaintiff or defendant refides in Great-Britain, evidences to prove any matter or thing, may be taken in Great-Britain before any chief magiftrates where the party refides, which certified and tranfmitted, fhall be good as if done vivavocein open court in the plantations; and all honfes, lands, negroes, and other hereditaments, as by the laws of England, fhall in the plantations be liable to fatisfy debts : where an adminiftrator makes it appear, thac the deceafed's perfonal eftate is not fufficient to fa- tisfy the debts, theaflembly may diredt his real eftate to be fold towards paying of his debts. Partition of lands not to be valid till furveyed and recorded. No deed of real eftate is complete until it be figned, fealed, witneiTed, acknowledged and recorded. No lands to be bought of Indians without confent of the general affembly [/?]. No Indian tobefued for debt. No indenture for fervice made by an Indian, fhall be valid, unlefs acknowledged before authority. Debtors. Any book debt not accounted for with the original debtor in feven years, fhall not be pleadable ' after the debtor's death. Upon execution ifTued, the me riff fhall at the ufual place of the debtor's abode demand the debt ; upon non- payment he fhall levy the execution upon the moveables (neceflary apparel, houfhold fluff, tools, and arms ex- cepted) and fet up a lift of the faid goods upon the town poft, to be fold by out-cry after twenty days. In want of goods, and upon the creditor's refuting lands, the debtor's body may be feized. May levy execution up- [a] Theaflembly 1722, confirmed a purchafe made fix or feven years fince from the Mohagan Indians upon the Mohagan hills, part of their referved lands, to governor Saltonftal, major Livingfton, Dennie, Rogers, and Bradihaw ; this was conflituted the north parifti of New- London. O a on BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If. on real eftate valued by appraifers. All executions are returnable in fixty days, or to the next court. Debtors committed to jail, fwearing that they have not eftate to the value of five pounds, mall be fubfifted by the creditors at a certain rate. Debtors and felons to be kept feparate. The county fheriffs to have the cu- lt ody of the jails. As to abfent or abfconding debtors, if no eftate is to be found, the debtor's agent, or ufual place of abode, may be ferved with a writ ; if no debtor nor agent ap- pear, the writ may be continued to the next court, and if need be to one court further, and then judgment to be rendered for the plaintiff, and execution granted upon the debtor's effects wherever found : perfons concealing the goods of abfconding or abfent debtors, are liable to fatisry the debt fued for. No writ of error mail be brought for the reverfal of any judgment after the fpace of three years, and no re- view upon a writ of error. The eftates of deceafed infolvent debtors to be diftri- buted in equal proportions to the creditors ; debts to the government, ficknefs, and general charges being firft paid ; faving to the widow (if any) her houfhold goods and dower during her life, and upon her death to be diftributed among the creditors. A certain time allowed for receiving claims, the commiffioners to be appointed by the judge of probates : creditors not bring- ing in their claims during that certain time allowed, are for ever excluded. No action to be brought for bill, bond, pr note, but within the fpace of feventeen years. No action of tref- pafs or defamation (fine for defamation not to exceed ten pounds) but within three years. Any debtor in a debt not exceeding twenty pound, may confefs judgment before a fingle juftice. Criminal affairs. The governor, deputy governor, or three SECT. XL Of CONN ECTICUT/ 199 three afiidants, may reprieve a condemned malefa&or to the next general court or affembly. The capital crimes are confpiracy againft the colony, rape, beftiality, fodomy, falfe witneis in cafes of life and death, -wilfully firing houfes, disfiguring, or dif- membering the private parts, wilful murder, and blaf- phemy. Deifm, firft offence incapacity of any employ- ment, fecond offence outlawed. All complaints and prefentments, to be made within one year after the offence is committed, excepting in capital crimes; difmembering is banifhment, and theft, exceeding ten millings. All fines impoled by the general court or aiTembly, and by the fuperior court, belong to the colony trea- lury ; impofed by the county court, belong to the county treafury, impofed by an affiftant or juilice, be- longing to the townfhip treafuries. Tavern offences. See the paragraph of excife. A bill of divorce and liberty to marry again, may be f ranted by the fuperior courts, in cafes of adultery, audulent contract, wilful defertion for three years, or feven years ab fence not heard of. Single perfons committing fornication to be fined thirty-three millings or whipped, not exceeding ten itripes-, anti nuptial fornication only half penalty. Every perfon playing at dice, cards, or tables, fine twenty millings. Forgery. Three days publick pillory, double dama- ges to the injured party, and incapable of being an evi- dence in law. The form of their oath is, You fwear by the name of the ever-living God. All kind of delinquents to pay the charge of prefen- tatiojn, guilty or not guilty. Perjury twenty pound fine, and fix months imprifon- ment ; if unable to pay his fine, mall fit in the pillory with both ears nailed, and incapable of giving evidence. O 4 Lord's 200 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Lord's day, penalties: neglecting of the publick \vorfhip, working or playing on the Lord's day, ten Shillings -, rude behaviour, difcurbing the publick wor- fhip, forty fhillings ^ travelling, twenty fhillings ; go- ing abroad excepting to publick worfhip, five fhillings ; no veflels to fail excepting upon extraordinary occafions, thirty fhillings; and feveral other particulars: rcfufing to pay fhall be publickly whipped. Theft, to forfeit threefold, and a difcretionary fine, not exceeding forty millings, and if the value amount to twenty Ihillings and upwards, fhall alfo be whipped not exceeding ten flripes , if the offender cannot pay, theperfon may be fold for a certain term of years fervice : penalty for receiving or concealing flolen goods, is the fame ; buying goods of flaves, penalty is treble value, fervice or wnipping. Riots. [] Three or more perfons afiembled together, to do an unlawful act; if they obflruct the proclama- [] About thirty years fmce, there was a riot aft made in New- Hampfhire. In the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, the violent, hafty, and ram manner of calling in all their publick credit bills in the fpace of one year by ait of aflembly, which had been gradually emitted in the courfe of fifty years, was found impracticable, and was like to have produced a general tumult : this occafioned the making of a riot aft,, February^, 1750-1, to be in force for three years, viz., where any perfoas to the number of twelve, armed with clubs, or other weapons, or any number of perfons confining of men, armed or not armed, fhall be unlawfully riotoufly afTembled ; any juftice of peace, field officer, or captain of the militia, merifr, under Iheriff, or conftable, mall make proclamation to difperfe; if they do not difperfe within an hour, every fuch officer with affiftance, may carry them before a juftice, and if in refitting any perfon is hurt, or killed, the officers and affiftants are in- demnified : perfons not difperfing in the fpace of one hour, fhall for- feit to the king all his lands and chattels, orfuch part thereof at the dif- cretion of the juftice for the ufe of the province, and be whipped thirty- nine ftripes, one year's imprifonment, and receive the fame number of liripes once every three months during his imprifonment. Demolifhing houfes the fame punimment or penalty. This aft to be read every ge- neral feffions of the peace, and annivedary meeting of each town ; no tion SECT. XI. Of CONNECTICUT. 201 tion in reading, or do not difperfe after proclamation made by a proper officer, lhall be punifhea by fine not exceeding ten pound for each perfon, and imprifonment not exceeding fix months, or by whipping not exceed- ing forty ftripes : if any rioter is killed or hurt by any perfon of the pofTe, fuch perfon is indemnified. The profecution mufl be within twelve months. The fheriff, if need be, may raife the militia in his aid. Manflaughter (without premeditated malice) but wil- ful, penalty, forfeiture of goods, burnt in the ha,nd with the letter M, whipped, and difabled from being evidence in law. Lafcivious carriage may be punimed at difcretion by the county court, by fine, houfe of correction, or cor- poral punifhment. Burglary or robbery -, penalty is branding, ears cut off, and whipping : third offence is death. Counterfeiting or altering publick bills of credit of this or of the neighbouring colonies ^ penalty, cutting off ears, branding, and work-houfe for life, eftates for- feited, and to be debarred of all trade. Any fociety prefuming to emit bills of credit to be ufed in trade, to be punimed as in cafe of counterfeiting; the utterer to forfeit double the fame. Criminal perfons making their efcape from the au- thority of other provincial governments to this govern- ment, may be remanded back to the place of perpetra- tion. The colony afts relating to the religious obfervation of the firft day of the week, Sunday, fabbath-day or Lord's-day, perhaps are too puritanical ; they feem to droop gradually, I ihall not revive them. profecution after twelve months; the judges may abate the whole or any part of the whipping. Jn the colony of Rhode-Ifland, there are no riot als, becaufe, as generally fuppofed, they are inconfiftent with their conftitution. Any 2O2 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Any perfon of the age of difcretion (which is fourteen jet.) publifhing a lie to the prejudice of the common- wealth, or damage of private perfons, to be fined, Hocks, or whipping. Apprentices and fervants set. fifteen or upwards, ab- fconding from their matter's fervice, mall ferve three times of their abfence. Servants or apprentices flying from the cruelty of their mailers, may be protected by a magittrate and difcharged from their fervice. A woman delivered of a child, afterwards found dead, if me cannot prove, at lead by one witnefs, that fuch child was born dead, the mother mall be accounted guilty of murder. Any (lave or Indian ftriking a white man, penalty whipping, not exceeding thirty ftripes. Penalty for perfons who refill, or abufe any king's officer, fine not exceeding ten pound. Curfing or fwearing-, penalty fix millings, or the flocks. Every houlholder to have at lead one bible, or- thodox catechifm, and^other books of practical godlinefs. A houfe of correction to be eflabliihed in each county, two thirds of their earnings towards their fupport, and one third for other charges. Penalty for felling flrong liquor to an Indian ten mil- lings per pint -, drunkennefs and idlenefs are the general vices of Indians. An Indian convicted of drunkennefs, penalty five millings or ten lailies. All the Indians in a townfhip mail be muttered once a year, and the requifite laws read to them. All Englim families taking Indian children into their families, fhail teach them to read Englim, and inftruct them in the principles of the chriftian religion \ for every three months neglect, a dif- cretionary fine not exceeding thirty millings. The laws relating to the obfervation of the fabbath day and regulation of publick worfhip are fevere; and too many to be inferted here -, thefe are under the infpec- tion of the grand jury, tything men, and conttables. Private SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT. 203 Private lotteries, and wagers to vend goods, forfei- ture is the value of the goods. Parilh churches of the eftablimed religions (prefbyte- rians, congregationalifts, and confociated minifters) are under the direction of the county courts; tolerated dif- fenters from thole profeffions are left at large. Any Indian, molatto, or negroe travelling without a pals, may be feized as a runaway. Schools are well regulated, and have a colony allow- ance. Every ecclefiaftical fociety of feventy families or upwards, fhall have a fchool for the inflruclion of chil- dren to read and write. A grammar fchool to every head or county town. One college or fcbola illuftris in the colony. There are fevere penalties for cutting down of trees, or firing of woods and lands ; the accuied, where there is no proof, muft exculpate himfelf by oath. ADigreffton, concerning North- America^ra/fl and grazing, with a few occaftonal remarks relating to natural hrftory, especially as to thefeafons, winds, and weather, in a loops miscellany commonplace manner. Connecticut is a good country as to climate and foil; and is valuable for grain and paflure. Any country is happy, where the meaner inhabitants are plentifully and wholfomely fed; warmly and decently cloathed: thus it is in Connecticut. Upon the firft arrival of Europeans in America, the Indians bread kind were only the maize or Indian corn of the cerealia or grain, and the phafeolus or kidney beans called Indian or French beans of the legumina or pulfe kind [YJ. Befides they eat earth nuts of feveral kinds, ber- ries of many kinds a and variety of maft \d\ too nume- \c\ The Indians upon the fhore, ufed the pifum maritimum fponta- neum perenne humile repens ; beach peafe; flowers end of May; it refembles that of marifon. H. Ox. 2.43 (XJ Marts, from mafticare, are feveral forts of forefl-nuts, cheftnut, walnut, hazle-nut, and the like. rous 204 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. rous to be enumerated and defcribed in afummary. As alfo their hunting of fundry kinds of quadrupeds or beafts, moofe, deer, &c. their fowling, efpecially of birds, webfooted , their catching of river, pond, and fea fifh, eff ecially of the teftaceous. As the frumentum Indicum, or Indian corn, was their principal fubfiflence, though not fpontaneous, but culti- vated, 1 cannot avoid giving fome particular defcrip- tion and account of it ; hitherto it has not been minutely defcribed. It has with much impropriety been called frumentum Saracenicum ; properly, frumentum Sara- cenicum (from the Saracens country in Barbary) is buck- wheat, and at prefent is cultivated by the Dutch in the government of New- York for hafty pudding, and as provender for horfes. Its mod profitable culture is in light fandy land, with a fmall intermixture of loom; it requires fand heat, fuch as is that of pitch pine or hnckle- berry lands. Though a hungry grain, it requires much and repeated labour. It is firft plowed, then crofs plowed, next harrowed all fmooth, then furrowed and crofs furrowed ; at proper diftances of about four feet at the interfedions in hollows are dropt five or fix feed grains (a peck fows or plants one acre) and by the hoe covered with earth the end of April and beginning of May; foon after its firft ap- pearance, it is plowed two furrows lengthways between each row of grain, and by the hoe the weeds are brought towards the grain ; this is called the firft weeding : after fome time it is crofs plowed two furrows between each planted row, and by the hoe the earth and weeds are brought to the corn, this is called half-hilling ; next it is plowed lengthways, as before, two furrows, and by the hoe the earth is brought to the roots, and forms a hill to prevent the winds eradicating of it ; fometimes it is hoed a fourth time : in the middle of Auguft the grain becomes mellow fit for roafting, a fort of delicacy injhe fugar iflands, called mutton : it emits its coma, plume, SECT. XL Of CONNECTICUT. 205 plume, or blooms, end of June ; then they cut off the top of the (talks, that the grain may receive the more nou- rimment \e~\. A wet fummer makes it run too much into ftalks and leaves, which ftarves the ears. Endof Septem- ber and beginning of October the ears are hand gathered, the tops are very agreeable to cattle for fodder. The ears have eight, ten, twelve, fourteen rowsof grain, the more rows, the better is the grain ; fome fay there has been eighteen rows, but none under eight rows. Indian corn does not weigh fo heavy as New-England wheat , their Indian corn at a medium is in weight forty five pound, their wheat fifty-rive pound, per bufhel. The Virginia Indian corn is white and flat, yielding a better or whiter meal ^ the New-England corn is of a pale yellow, fmaller but thicker, and anfwers better in fatning of beeves, hogs, and other flock; Virginia corn is planted at greater diftances, being of greater growth, and is all white*, in New-England and Canada it is gene- rally of a pale yellow, does not bear fo many ears as that of Virginia, it is of a lefier habit and quicker growth. The Indian corn of New-England at a medium produces twenty-five bulhels per acre, and ripens in a fhorter time [/] ; (this a providence in nature, becaufe their hot feafons are fhorter) the Virginia feed in New-Eng- land does not ripen into grain, as requiring a longer growth than the New-England feafons do allow. The Weft-India or fugar iflands have per ann. two crops of [e] Here the farina fecundans of vegetables feems to be evinced : this plume or flower, if cut off before its maturity, the maize bears no ear or grain. In New-England where the grain is of various colours (white, yellow, reds of feveral fhades, blues of feveralfhades, marbled, and mixtures of thefe in the fame ears) the grains planted of various co- lours, and in the neighbourhood receive alterations in their colours or fhades by the various impregnations : this is obfervable alfo in other ve- getables, beets, carrots, &c. [f\ Thus in Lapland and the northern parts of Sweden, barley from fowing ripens two weeks fooner thanat Stockholm ; and in New-Eng- land, Indian corn ripens in fewer days from planting or fowing than in Virginia. 4 Indian 206 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Indian corn planted May and September : in our conti- nent we have only one crop planted in May. Capt. Hill of Douglafs by way of experiment planted Indian corn, middle of June, it was ripe middle of Auguft in a hot fealbn. End of April they begin to plow; Indian corn harvefl is the beginning of October ; when it begins to be in the ear, rain or drizzle occafions a fmut. The phafeolus ; which we call Indian beans or French beans, becaufe the French from the Canada In dians were the firft in propagating them [g]. It is the phafeolus Indicus fruffu tumidiore minor e niveus et verficolor. Morilbn, tab. iv. feet. 2. They are generally white, and there is an indefinite number of fimple colours and va- riegations or marblings. In New-England (fome parts of Connecticut excepted) the general fubfiftence of the poorer people (which con- tributes much towards their endemial pforick diforders) is fait pork and Indian beans, with bread of Indian corn meal, and pottage of this meal with milk for breakfaft and fupper. For the varieties of phafeolus called Indian beans, ca- lavances and bonavift, fee vol. I. p. 122, and the feclions farther fouth. Connecticut wheat is full of cockle []. Twenty bufhels per acre is a good crop. It is faid, in Canada they fow no winter grain. New-England wheat is fub- je6t to blaft -, fome think that it proceeds from the farina fecundans of adjacent barberry bufhes [/']. [g] When Englifh peafe (pifum majus flore fru&u albo. C. B. P.) fell at three, thefe Indian beans fell in proportion at two ; they are more colicky than peafe; thetribe of the phafeolus is very large; Tome years fince, Peter Coelart in Holland cultivated above TOO diftinfl fpe- cies. The cow itch, as we pronounce it, is thecow-hege of Zura in the Eaft- Indies: phafeolus fiiiquis hirfutis, pilis pungentibus. [h] Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P. [ij Barberis latiflimo folio Canadenfis. H. R. P. it is plenty all over North- America, it is of a larger habit than that of Europe, is from ten to twelve feet high ; his ufed as hedges, but fpreads too much into Our SECT. XI. Of CONN E CT i CUT. 207 Our beft wheat is from Virginia and Maryland; next bed is from Penfylvania, fifty-five pound to fixty pound per bufhel, and cafts whiter than the Englih w tj the farther north the flour cafts the darker; Nova- Scotia wheat cafts almoft as dark as rye. Some years fince in a fcarcity of wheat in New-England, ibme was imported from England ; from the long weft- ward paflages it became mufty, caft dark, and did hot anfwer. In New-England the allowance to a baker of fhip- bifcuit is three bufhels and a quarter wheat for 112 pound weight of bifcuit, befides perct. weight for baking Herrings \k] have formerly been taken notice of. In New-England fome oxen of eighteen ct. wt. and hogs of twenty-five fcore have been killed ; Connecticut fait pork is the beft of America; they finim the fatning of their hogs with Indian meal. In New-England their barley is a hungry lean grain, and affords no good malt liquor; molafTes is the prin- cipal ingredient in all their buvrage. Their barley of four rows called French barley is not fo good as that of two rows called Englifh barley. Their oats are lean, chaffy, and of a dark colour. In New-England they fow their winter grain the third and fourth weeks of Auguft. In New-England, after gathering in their common grain, flax, &c. the firft natural appearance of indi- fuckers. There is a law in Connecticut, p. 13. for deftroying thefe bufhes, they are thought " to be very hurtful by occafioning, or at leaft increasing the Waiting of Englifh grain." [k] Upon the coail of Great-Britain, the herring fifhery begins a I: ttle before midfummer; they emerge or make their fir ft appearance off Crane-head in Bratfa-Sound N. Lat. 61 and halfd. from thence gradually proceed fouth to Dogger-Bank, where that lummer fifhery ends: the winter fifhery begins off Yarmouth, and continues about ieventy days, they proceed (outhward, and are caught in plenty about the Thames mouth until the latter end of January. genous 208 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If. genous plants is panicum non criftatum fpica multiplied ambrojia^ and uirga aurea annua Virginiana Zanoni. Near Bofton and other great towns, fome field plants which accidentally have been imported from Europe, fpread much, and are a great nufance in paftures, fuch as ra- nunculus pratenfis repens hirfutus, C B. P. Butter cups, bellis major , I. B. the greater wild white daify, dens leonis. Ger. dandelyon, &c. at prefcnt they have fpread inland from Bofton abot thirty miles. Great-Britain and New-England, though differing a- bout 10 d. in lat. feem to be of the fame temperature : New-England is fomewhat colder in winter and warmer in fumtner, from the vaft land continent N. W. of it, which receives and communicates continually (therefore with intenfenefs,) by the lambent air thefe different temperatures of the feafons. N. W. is our general or natural wind. i. After florins or perturbations of our ambient air from any point of the compafs, being expended, the wind fettles N. W. 2. All our fpring and fummer fea breezes, return to the N. W. 3. In the middle of February 1731-2, called the cold Tuef- day (the mofl intenfe infupportable cold I ever felt) the wind was at N. W. It is not eafily accounted for, that in different countries though the temperature of the air be nearly the fame, the natural growth of plants differs rfiuch, v. g. t he bellis minor or leffer wild daify, a native of Great-Britain, abounds therefrom fifty degrees to fixty degrees of lat. but will not grow in North- Ame- rica. All of the cucurbitaceous kind, pompions, &c. (Mr. H y an ecclefiaftical mountebank, in his farces called oratory, calls the New-England people pom- pionites) by cultivation without the force of hot beds grow well, but in Great-Britain requires force. In a new country there may be a tax upon improved land^, as a fund for premiums to encourage the clearing and planting of wildernefs lands for the firft year; the lecondand third year are the next profitable far produce, and SECT. XL Of RHO DE-!SL A NO.' 209 and requires no bounty, and afterwards, efpecially in New- England, it ought to be fmoothed and lie for pafturage. In New-England, two acres cow-pen land, may raife about a tun of hemp, but is foon exhauiled. Locufts, called grafhoppers, and a fpecies of caterpillars, fome years are very noxious to our paflures ; in the fum- mer 1759, a fmall locuft, with a drought, deflroyed our herbage \ they generally prevail June and July. Lands in New-England, which yield at a medium 20 ct. wt. of hay, are the bed, if 40 ct. wt. the hay is rank and four ; fome frefh meadows, if mowed more than once, yield greater quantities. In mowing lands, an uniformity of grafs ought to be attended to and en- deavoured, becaufc fome grafies ripen foon, and are upon the decline before others attain a perfection for mowing. End of June and beginning of July, the height of up- land or Englifh hay harveft is over , third and fourth weeks of Auguft they mow their falt-meadow hay. Salt-hay is from fait or fpring tide marmes ; frefh hay is the natural growth of inland marfhes ; Englifh or up- land hay, is the herbage imported from Europe. [/] New- England crops or produce are very uncertain ; for inftance of hay, in the fpring 1750, it fold for 4!. New-England currency , in the fpring 1751, it fells for 153. per ct. wt. Two acres, if good, is a cowland. Cyder is a confiderable produce for confumption and exportation ; when diftilled, it does not yield above one twelfth fpirit , end of Auguft .they begin to make a mean fort of cyder from the windfalls. Turneps fowed in any latitude thrive, even in Davis's- Straits or Weft-Greenland ; our beft New-England tur- neps, are from new lands N. E. from Bofton. [/] -In hot countries they make no hay ; it dries too quick, dry rots, and turns to duft. In Tome parts of North-America, the winters are too long and cold, and in other parts too hot for grafs ; confequently can afford no quantity of provender for cattle, and will never be beef countries. VOL, II. P Some 2io BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IT. Some remarks relating to the natural hiftory of New- England. The feafons from year to year are better determined by fome pafTenger birds and fifh, than by the blofifom- ing of trees, and flowering of fome inferior vegetables } lor inftance, fwallows conftantly arrive from the fouth- ward in the fecond week of April, with a latitude of only two or three days ; peaches fometimes bloflbm be- ginning of April, in fome years not till the beginning of May, a latitude of thirty days. Anno 1735, laft day of December, firft and fecond of January, fell about twenty inches of light fnow, wind N. W. northerly, followed by a very hard froft, and peaches did not be- gin to bloflbm till May 7. Anno 1719, the beginning of winter was very fevere ; peaches did not biofTom the fpring following. End of autumn, and beginning of winter, if dry, fol- lows a mild winter ; but if falling weather, rain, or fnow (freezing inland is a bafis for fnow to lodge and chill the winds from N. to W.) produces hard freezing in our plantations, which are to leeward. 1731-2, Feb. 14. and 15, tinftura facra froze, the coldeft weather I ever felt ; after a flight of hail and fnow, the wind from S. came fuddenly to the N. W. 1732, April 5, wind N. E. northerly falls about fourteen inches fnow, foon difTolved, a great ftorm at fea; 1751, April 6, all day a heavy fleaky fnow, but foon diflblved. Travelling in Connecticut from Penfylvania, 1716, June 26, finger cold, roads froze, ice thick as a crown-piece, Indian corn beginning to bloom is hurt [ni] [m] The northerly and N. E. fnows, as being from the fea, are fofcer and milder, than thofe from the north vvefterly land continent. Great inows lodged in the woods weilward, covered from the diffolving in- fluence of the fun, by their chill retard our fprings ; it is a vulgar er- ror, that the fnows lodged upon the ice of our weftern great lakes is the odcafion ; from the obfervation of a curious gentleman, an officer Mackarel SECT. XI. Of RHODJE-ISL ANDS- 211 Mackarel [#] fet in fecond week of May, lean, and feem to eat muddy. Some are caught all fummer , there is a fecond fetting in for autumn, fat and delicious eat- ing ; they are a N. lat. fifh, and are not to be found fouth of New-England ; beginning of July, for a fhort time they difappear or will not take the bait* Herrings (a bad kind) fet in middle of May, they feem to be whimfical or variable as to their ground. Frogs feem to be dormant, as are fnakes in the winter or very cold feafon , we have three fpecies of frogs, ra- na viridis arborea* the green-tree frog ; the rana terre- ftris et aquatica j the rana maxima Americana aquatica, the bull frog. 1719-20, January 7, the coldeft of days, wind at N. W. fnow lying about one foot deep ; Charles-Town ferry (tide runs four or five knots) froze over in twenty- four hours, paffable on the ice (no weather, it is faid, fo cold, fince winter 1697) continued extreme cold to the fourteenth. This year the peaches did not blofTom. Wild geefe fly to the fouthward middle of September, and return beginning of March ; a wild goofe may yield half Ib. feathers ; fix brants yield i Ib. feathers. Cuckows return beginning of April, [o] In the winter feafon, we have from fifteen to twenty days, at times, a froft fofevere, as in chambers to freeze the ink. In maritime places, as are all our North- America colonies, the weather is variable, according as the wind belonging to the four independent companies flationed in the province of New- York, who commanded the garrifon at Ofwego upon the lake Ontario about three years, I find that the great lakes are never frozen over, and confequently cannot lodge fnow. [/?] Hook mackarel for a market, are preferable to thofe caught by loins which bruife one another. [o] In Europe, the cuckows, paflenger birds, arrive generally be- ginning of April, therefore the firil day of April is called fools day; uiis bird is fo foolifh as not to have any exclufive neftj hence filJy married men, whofe wives are not exclufive but common, are called cuckold, knockoek, or tocu, P 2 blows 212 BRITISH Settlements /^.AMERICA. PART II. blows from the fea or inland ; in iflands it is more con- itant, becaufe all winds come from the fea; as alfo inland countries, as is Canada, their winds are all From the land, and confequently of the fame nature. The New- England winters generally fet in end of October, and beginning of November, and are over middie of March ; the extreme frods arc- from Chriftmas to middle of February j the very hoc weather is in the firft weeks of July. Early winters are generally f 'vere an 1 long. 1732, The rivers froze up middle of November, and continued froze until end of March, many cattle die for want of provender. Mr. Thomas Robie, a fellow in Cambridge college of New-England, an ingenious accurate obierver, com- paring with Mr. Derham's obfervations at Upminfter in England, found that winds continuing long in one quarter, efpecially if ftrong, were nearly the fame in both places, allowing fome days for their paffage from one place to the other. Salmon are a high latitude fifh, they are not to be found fouth of New-England ; the farther fouth, the later they fet in, and continue a fhorter time ; for in- Itance, in Connecticut river they let in the beginning of May, and continue only about three weeks ; in Merrimack river they fet in, beginning of April, to fpawn, and lie in the deep cold brooks until September and October, then filently (fo as not to be obferved) and with difpatch, they return to the fea ; in Chebucto, Cape-Breton, and Newfoundland, they continue the greateii part of the year. The people living upon the banks of Merrimack river in Mafia chufetts- Bay of New-England, obferve, that feveral fpecies of fifh, particularly" falmon, mad, and alewives, are not fo plenty in the feaibns as formerly ; perhaps from difturbances or fome other difguft, as ic happens with herrings in the feveral friths of Scotland. Smelts, a high latitude rim, fet in to Bofton wharfs middle of September and take the hook 5 beginning of February, SECT. XI. O/ R HOD E-Is LANDS. 21 February, they go up to fpawn in the frefhes ; no fmeits fouth of N-.-W- England ; torn-cod goes up to fpawn end of November. We reckon it a good paflTage for trading veflels, from New England to London in four weeks, and from Lon- don to New-England in fix weeks. In New-England, generally the falling weather is from N. E. to S E. In winter, if the wind is N. of E. fnow; if S. of E. rain. The N. E. ftorms are of the greateft continuance, the S. E. ftorms are the moft violent. 1716 17, February 20 to 22, wind at N. E. northerly, fell a very deep f >ow upwards of three feet upon a level. N. W. freezing wind backing to the S. W. if reverbe- rated, proves the moft intenle cold weather , thus che- mical reverberated heats are the ftrongeft. Trees generally lofe their leaves middle of O&ober. The burton tree, or platanus occidentalis, is of a fine pa- rabolick form fit for avenues, but its verdure is of fhort continuance, and the tree is not long lived ; it is not full in leaf till middle of May, and its leaves begin to fade end of July. Our great rains are in Auguft about two months after the fummer folflice, and our great fnows in February, two months after the winter folftice , the greateft fnow in my remembrance was 1716-17, third week of February. In falling weather, wind, the farther north from the eaft, the finer and dryer is the fnow ; the farther fouth from the eaft, the more flaky and humid is the fnow ; when the wind comes fouth of the S. E. it turns to rain. The winds from the W. S. W. to the N. N. W. are dry winds, fit for dry curing of falt-fifh ; farther north, they are damp and foft as coming from the ocean ; far- ther fouth are from the hot latitudes, and fun- burn the fifh. Early fprings accelerate the buds and blofibms of trees, and frequently a fubfequent eafterly chill blafts P 3 or 214 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL or pinches them , but are advantageous for hay, becaufe a Jate fpring is too foon fucceeded by the fummer, and the grafs before it becomes thick, runs into ftalks, flraw or flubble, and feed : Indian corn require early fprings, becaufe, if too late, it is in danger of autumnal frofts. In extreme freezing weather, the infenfible peripiration or vapours from the harbour, houfe pumps, &c. be- comes a fenfible perfpiration, being by the cold condenfed in form of fmoke. 1 73 2 ~3* The winter was very fevere and long with gufts of wind : fifty to fixty veffels bound to New- England, could not hover upon the coaft to wait a fa- vourable fpurt of wind and weather for pufhing in ; but were obliged to bear away to Bermudas, South-Carolina, and the Weft-India iflands : peaches were riot generally in bloffom till middle of May : thefe effects of a fevere winter did not reach South-Carolina. Oats, barley and rice, are ripe middle of July. No herrings (aiewives, the fame fpecies) appear fouth pf Great-Britain, and none fouth of New-England, which makes a difference of 10 d. in lat. but not in temperature ; therefore the temperature muft be nearly the fame, though differing in latitude : this is alfo ob- fervable in falmon. We have natural pacers of horfes, which at a cow run, (a gait which they acquire by pafturing, when colts, with the cows) will pace three miles in feven minutes. 1719, October 14, hard froft as if mid- winter, robins difappear. This winter I walked round Bofton Penin- fula at a quick pace ypon the ice, without all the wharfs, in one hour feven minutes. End of February arrive wild geefe, brants and teal. Our intenfe hot days are with the wind from S. to. W. S. W. From N. to E. N. E. is our moft chilly weatlier. The dry winds are from W. to N. N. W. All other winds carry more or lefs damp ; this is manifeft in the drying of fait cod-fifh. Our dry winds with conti- nuance, are from the continent N. N. W. to W, S. W. Our SECT. XL Of RH OD E-!SL A ND s. 215 Our falling weather, is from the ocean, wind N. N. E. to E. S. E. The other winds are variable, and partake of both. From middle of OAober to middle of April re- quires chamber fires. Long winters are bad for neat cattle, becaufe without fufficiency of grafs or hay, fub- fifting only by grain, they lofe their cud. Our feafons as to temper of the weather may be reckoned, winter from the winter folftice to the fpring equinox, fpring from faid equinox to fummer folftice, fummerfrom (aid folftice to autumn equinox, and autumn from thence to winter folftice. End of Auguft the fymptoms of approaching winter begin to appear, we call it the fall (autumn) of the year ; the leaves of maple turn red, the leaves of bjrctx turn yellow. The alnus or alder holds its leaf, and the ver- dure of its leaf the longed ; it is a conifer : the betulo, though a conifer, lofes its leaf foon. Some afters are the lateft of our wildernefs flowers. We have fcarceany winter flowering ihrubs. Auguft fometimes is a very hot month ; 1719, Auguft 15, fo hot that focns men and cattle die in travelling the road (the fucceeding win- ter was very cold and long) fome boys faiot away at fchool ; ftrong wind S. \V. foutherly, duflcy morning. In fome very fevere winters, fuch as 1732, lumps of ice fettle upon theoyfter banks, and kill the oyfters. When tides fet in higher than ufual for the feafon and time of the moon, it is a fign of eafterly winds at fea, and veffels from Europe have fhort paflfages. Early winters are generally fevere and long. The New-England earthquake of November 5, 1732; an undulatory motion was felt the fame day and hour at Montreal in Canada, but more violent-, this was not fo violent as that of 1727, O&ober 29. ten and half in the night ; a vibrating motion was felt at Barbadoes the preceding day. In hot countries, the birds have gay plumage, and fing but little; their flowers have beautiful mixtures of colours, but little or no fragancy. In hoc countries no P 4 good 2i6 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. good wines \ extreme heats or colds do not agree with wines. Where there is a hollow fea, land is at a great diftance : certain kinds of fifh and fowl are fymptoms of land. The quality of lands in New-England is known by the produce ; in the bed lands are cheftnuts and walnuts, next is beech and white oak, lower is fir, then pitch pines, then whortles or huckle- berry plains, laftly, fome marfhy fhrubs, low and imperfect, being the loweft de- gree of fuffrutex vegetation. We have a, few winter birds of pafiage, which arrive in autumn when the fummer pafienger birds depart, and go off in the fpring when the fummer paflage birds re- turn, e. g. the fnow bird orpafifer nivalis. Some pafien- gers remain only a few days, fome a few weeks, others for fome months. In New- England are fome pretty little quadrupedes : putorius Americanus flriatus, the pol cat or fkrunk ; Sciuri or fquirrels of feveral kinds, the black, the grey fox Iquirrel, the ferret fquirrel, &c. I feem to forget that a place is referved in the Appendix for fome things relating to natural hiftory. [/>] [/] My fummary defign does not allow of botanick excurfions. I fhallonly obfervey i that in the country near Bofton, I have collecled and defcribed about eleven hundred indigenous fpecies of plants, per- haps a few of them might be cafually imported from Europe. Ray in his fynopfis of Britifh plants, enumerates about 1400 diftincl fpecies. Tournefort, in his Hiftoire des plantes des environs de Paris, enume- rates and defcribes about 1037 fpecies 2. New-England, perhaps all North -America, feems moftly to abound with plants, fiore compofito, flore apetalo, capillares, mufei, lichenes and mufhrooms. Between the tropkks, ft ey are generally anomalous, mouopetalous and polypetalous, not reducible to our European tribes, and require a botanical addi- tion of more tribes ; Tournefort in his Appendix, and corollary has no jiew genius of verticillatae umbelliferae, cariophylei, and very few of the papilionacei. 3. The marine plants feem to be the fame all over the earth, perhaps from the communications of the feas : the mari- time plants differ much. 4. 1 he farther fouth, the timber and other wood rivels better into fiaves and the like, but ^oes not yield much Goofe- SECT. XI. O/ RHOD E-IsL ANDS. 217 Goofeberries, rafpberries, and ftrawberries are fpon- taneous in all our North-America fettlements. The clearing and cultivating of wildernefs lands, is a very laborious and tedious affair. Between the tropics, winds are generally eafterly, called trade winds , from the tropics to the high lati- tudes, they are variable, but moftly wefterly, being an eddy of the trade winds : in the north high latitudes, the winds are froze N, E. to N. W. [q] The great import of molofTes into New-England, hinders the cultivation and making of barley and other grain -, therefore ought to be charged with a high duty, equivalent to a prohibition. Hunting and other fports of the field are little ufed in America. The difcovery and fubfequent poflefllon of American lands, gave the Englifli an exclufive right againft all other people, the native Indians excepted. Grants of lands to particular perfons, or to companies and corpo- rations by the crown, notwithftanding other purcha- fers from the Indians, fixes the tenures of the lands in the crown, by fome fmall quit- rent. The Indians of the N. E. parts of America feem to be the lead improved of human kind ; they are ftrangers to religion, policy, and arts. crooked timber, being fpungy ; in the intermediate latitudes from the alternate variable hot and cold weather, it is not durable ; in very hot countries their wood is hard and ponderous. [7 ] Our intenfe heats are many weeks after the fummer folftice. in. the firft half of July; our intenfe colds are in January. Thus it is in all phenomena o\ natur where there is a reciprocation of caufes and effe&s ; the intenfenefs of the effects are fome time after the efficient caufes have palled their hei&hc; e.g. the ofciilation o the ocean in tides, the tides are not the higheft until the third or fourth tide after new and full moon . in lummer the hotteft time of the day is about two or three hours P. M. a- id in winter the coldeft time of the day is generally about the fame hours ; our cold weather is protraded into the fpring feafon of the year, and occnfions fhort fprings ; our warm weather is protracted alfo, and occafions long autumn wea;her. In 218 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. In New-England, idlenefs prevails too much ; they obferve religiouQy that article in the fourth command- ment, Refted the feventh day, but neglect a very eflfential article, Six days malt thou labour , when wages are high and provilions cheap, they do not labour half their time. .Wild pigeons, palumbus torquatus migratorius, fee voL L p. 126, in their paffage northward, begin to ap- pear in New-England end of February and beginning of March, but not in large numbers, becaufe they travel more inland for the benefit of laft autumn berries of fe- veral forts in the wildernefs ; they return in their paffage fouthward, in large quantities, end of Augufr., and fome years fince have been fold at four-pence currency per dozen ; they at that feafon keep towards the plantations for the benefit of their harveft. They are of great ad- vantage in their feafons towards victualling our planta- tions; the country people feed fome of them (they are eatched alive in nets or fnares) for fome time with Indian corn, and brought to market, and are good delicate eat- ing; cumin feed, or its oil, are found by experience the bed lure to induce the pigeons to their nets. The fpring flights 1751, were very large, like thunder ihower clouds, but foon over. Cuckows, as above, come in fourth week of March, and beginning of April ; black- birds arrive from the fouthward about the fame time with the fwallows; fecond week of April. Mackarel. See above. Brants arrive middle of February, very lean and of fhort continuance ; they return in autumn fat, and in October proceed fourhward. Catefby, a late afilduous naturalift, enumerates 113 diftincl: {pecks of birds from 50 to 45 d. N. lat. in North-America, and obferves, that animals, particularly birds, diminifti in number of fpecies as we raife the de- grees of northern latitudes. He obferved about eighteen forts of ferpents 5 whereof only four are of the viper kind, SECT. XI- O/ RHOD E-ISLANDS. 219 kind, and of thefe the rattle-fnake, viper caudifona Americana, is the moft pernicious. A frofty winter produces a dry fummer; a mild winter produces a wetfummer. Rains and fogs are more common on the more, and in foundings than in deep water at fea. In Canada, the winds are more uniform and intenfely cold than in New-England, becaufe the bleak damp eafterly winds from the ocean do not reach fo far , the Canada fprings are fometimes more early than the fprings in New-England ; in Canada the fnows fall early before the frofts enter the ground deep, therefore fo foon as the fnows diffolve, the fun fooner enters the ground, thau in a frozen foil. Forefls cover and retain the fnow Jong in the fpring, and occafion late fprings by their chill -, when cleared, we mail have better feaibns, In a mifcellany or loofe article, I may be allowed to infert any thing for information or amufement, if not too foreign to the propofed fubjedl. i. Our Indians formerly accounted by (ingle wampum, by firings of wampum, and by belts of wampum-, in the fame man- ner as the Englifh account by the denominations of pence, millings, and pounds. 2. An Indian preacher, navement) or naturally, in the introduction to his fermon, faid, " Brethren, little I know, and little I fhall fay ;" though generally the lefs a preacher knows, the more tedious are his fermons. And in the old manner of jingle, faid, " God does not require of us to part with our fons, as he did of Abraham of old, but to part with our fins." 3. Clergy, though by fome faid to be of hu- man inftitution, are defigned as of good ufe to perfuade people into civility and good manners, and feem to be effential to fociety ; but their bad examples of immora- lity, and paflionate condemning of all who do not fol- low their not effential mode or whims, renders them more hurtful than beneficial to fociety. SECT- 220 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA." PART II. SECT. XII. Concerning the Province of New- York. TO deduce this colony and any other of the Britilh colonies in America, ab origine, as it were, with their progrefllve improvements and uciffitudes, fee vol. J. fedb 2. article 3 giving fome account of the difco- veries and firlj iettlements in America from Europe: and feel:. 4. general remarks concerning the Britifli colo- nies in America, and particularly p. 204. concerning New Netherlands, comprt -hcncling the prefent Britim provinces of New York, New-Jerfeys, and fome part of Penfylvcinia. In a fummary, references are more proper and confonant, than recapitulations. As New-Jerfeys,and part of Pcnfylvania, were formerly with New-York called the Dutch colony of New-Ne- therlands, or Nova Belgia j I cannot here avoid by anti- cipation mentioning fome things concerning tlvm. In thofc times all the country from Maryland to New- England was called Nova-Belgia, or New-Netherlands. King JaTies I. by letters patent, April 10, 1606, in one patent incorporated two diftinct companies or colo- nies, i. The fid colony to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, Richard Hackluit prebend at Weft- minfter, and Edward Maria Wingfreld, Efq. adventurers of the city of London with their aflbciates; from 34 d. to 41 d. of northern latitude, including all the lands within an hundred miles directly over-againft the fea coaft, and back into the main land one hundred miles from the fea coaft, and each 'plantation or fettlement to extend 100 miles along the fea coatl. 2. The fecond co- lony to Thomas Hanham, Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, and \George Popham, Efqrs. of the town of Plymouth, with their affbciates , liberty to begin their firfl plantation and feat, at any place upon the coaft of I Virginia, SECT. XII. Of RHODE-ISLANDS. 221 Virginia, where they ftiould think fit, between the de- grees of 38 and 45 of northern latitude ; with the like liberties and bounds at the firft colony, provided they leated within a hundred miles of them. What relates to Virginia is referred to the fed ion of Virginia. Anno 1610, my lord Delaware was fent go- vernor to Virginia by the South Virginia company , tai- ling in with the land about two degrees to the northward of the capes of Virginia, difcovered a fine large bay, in compliment to his lordfliip, called Delaware-Bay. The Swedes and Finns feem to have been the firft oc- cupiers of fome parts of that large country, afterwards called by the Dutch, NEW-NETHERLANDS-, they made fettlements both fides of Delaware river, and began feve- ral towns and forts, Elfenburgh, Cafimier, now called New-Caftle, &c. The Dutch traded thither and fobn be- came more powerful and rich than the Swedes; the Swedes and Finns followed hufbandry only, and being in conftant fears from their neighbouring numerous Indians, put themfelvcs under protection of the Dutch 1655, and John Kizeing the Swedifh governor, made a formal fur- render of that country to Peter Stuy vefant, governor for the ftates of Holland. Whereupon all the tracl of land in North-America from the latitude of about 38 D. ro the latitude of about 41 D. in Connecticut, was called New-Netherlands by all people, except theEnglifh, who (till claimed it as part of New-England : in fact, governor Argol of Virginia had feveral bickerings with the Dutch, particularly 1618, in the bay of Delaware, and with others elfewhere, in the affair of the Englifh exclufive trade and property in thofe parts ; but in the fceneof the dole- ful civil wars in England under various forms of admi- niitrations, finding intricate labour enough at home, negleded the American plantations , and their neigh- bouring European fettlements at full cafe, were much m- creafed to our prejudice. The progeny of the ban itti Swedes, who firft fettled Delaware river, ftiil live in a icparate manner ; they have at times preachers and book 222 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. books of devotion from Sweden, but do not hold their lands of the Penns, becaufe the royal grant of Penn exempts lands then fettled by any chriftians , but they are as to jurifdi&ion under the government of Penfylva- nia. New-York and New-Jerfeys at firft were traded to, and fome fettlements made there, by the Englifh and Dutch : the Dutch placed a governor there, of which the court of England complained to the ftates of Hol- land ; the ftates difowned it, and faid, that it was only a private undertaking of an Amfterdam Weft-India com- pany, and K. James L commidioned Edward Langdon as governor, and called the country New- Albion j the Dutch fubmitted to the Englifh government. During the civil troubles in England in the adminiftration of King Charles I. and of the republican party, the Dutch again eftablifhed a government there, till it was reduced by England 1664. When this reduction was upon the anvil, K. Charles II. made a previous grant of that country, called by the Dutch, NEW NETHERLANDS, March 12, 166^-4, of property and government to his brother the duke of York. Duke of York, June 24, 1664, made a grant of that portion now called New-Jerfey, (fo called, in compliment to Sir George Carteret a Jerfey-man) jointly to lord Berkley of Straton, and to Sir George Carteret vice chamberlain, and of the privy council -, a further account of this belongs to the fedion of New- Jerfeys. K. Charles II. anno 1664, fitted out an expedition for the reduction or recovery of New-Netherlands, fo called by the Dutch, confifting of a fquadron of fhips com- manded by Sir Robert Carr, and fome land forces aboard under the command of col. Richard Nicols. Upon their arrival at New-Amfterdam, fince called New- York, the Dutch after fome (hew of refiftance, but much terrified, upon the offers of protection for their perfons and pro- perties, and liberty to remove with all their effects, if they faw fit, fubmited to theEnglifh; articles ^were drawn up, SECT. XII. Of RHODE-SSL AN DS. 2*3 up, figned and exchanged in September 1 664 : the Eng- Jifh pofTefled of New-Amfterdam, called it New- York: in a fhort time thereafter, the Englifti fquadron entered Delaware bay and river, and all the lettlements there, followed the example of the Dutch capital New- Amfter- dam, and pofieffion of all New-Netherland was taken for, and in the name of, the duke of York, to whom K. Charles his brother had previoufly given it by a royal patent; and all manner of jurifdiction, as well civil as military, was exercifed throughout the whole country, excepting in the Jerfeys, which the duke of York had dif- pofed of to Berkley and Carteret, by the fole appoint- ment of the duke and his deputies. By the third article of the peace of Breda figned July 21, 1667, between England and the United Provinces, the Englifh were to remain in pofleflion of that whole country, in exchange for the country of Surinam, which the Dutch had taken from the Englifh. King Charles in the beginning of 1672, having declared war againft the United Provinces, the Dutch fent a fquadron of mips to New-York, which they foon reduced with the reft of the country; but by- a peace concluded at Weftminfter, February 9, 1673-4, in the fixth article it was again re- flored to England in general terms, " that whatfoever country, iflands, towns, ports, caftles, or forts have or mall be taken on both fides, fince the time that the Jate unhappy war broke out, either in Europe or elle- where, mall be reftored to the former lord and proprie- tor, in the fame condition they mall be in when the peace itfelf mall be proclaimed ; after which time there mall be no fpoil nor plunder of the inhabitants, nor de- molition of fortifications, nor carrying away of guns, powder, or other military {lores which belonged to any caftle or fort at the time when it was taken." This tradl: of land, as it had been taken and polled by a foreign power, though afterwards delivered or fur- rendered back by treaty, to obviate or remove all difputes concerning the validity of former grant?, King Charles 4 was 224 BRITISH Settlements hi AMERICA. PART II. was advifed to make a new grant of that country to his brother the duke of York by letters patent, bearing date, June 29, 1674. Let us now proceed more particularly to the province of New- York, the fubject of this fection. Anno 1664, K.Charles II. appointed commiffioners to fettle the boundaries of the feveral colonies : [r] from mifinformation they fettled the line between New York and Connecticut by a N. N. W. line, as is mentioned in our vol. II, p. i6r ; they were made to believe that this N. N. W. line would leave twenty miles to New- York on the eaft fide of Hudfon's river; whereas it foon crof- fed Hudfon's river, and left many of the Dutch fettle- ments upon Hudfon's river, to the colonies of Mafla- chufetts-Bay, and Connecticut, but thefe colonies never took pofTefTion thereof. This line is upon record in New- York and Connecticut. The partition line of New- York with Connecticut was run February 14, 1684, by commiflioners of both colo- nies, and figned at the town of Milford in Connecticut by col. Thomas Dongan governor of New- York, and by Robert Treat, Efq. governor of Connecticut, and con- firmed by king William in council, March 28, 1700 ; but as this line was not well marked, diftinguifhed, or afcertained, efpecially as to the equivalent lands ; not long lince, by both parties, it was finally run, well marked out, and afcertained, and confirmed by the king in council, as related in our vol. II. p. 161. in the fee- lion of Connecticut. As to the eaftern boundary of the province of New- York ; New- York hint at claiming ib far eaft as Con- necticut river, becaufe i. By ancient Dutch maps pub- lifhed before the Englifh royal grants of the colonies of [r] We formerly mentioned, their fettling of the boundaries between the colonies of MaJftchufetts-Bay and Rhode Ifland. Maflachu* SECT. XII. Of N E w-Y o R K.' 225 Maflachufetts-Bay and Connecticut, the Dutch had ac- tually a fort at the mouth of Connecticut river, as ap- pears by records [j]. 2. That part of New-Netherlands in the duke of York's grant, is defcribed, " and alfo " all that ifland or iflands, commonly called by the fe- " veral name or names of Mattowacks or Long-Ifland, P- J 68, &c. then a ftraight line was run by the faid commifTioners and furvcyors to Hudfon's river, and the furveyors made many obfervations there, of the meridional altitudes of the fun and proper ftars, to dif- cover the proper latitude on Hudfon's river ; but the commiffioners never met afterwards to fix that point ; therefore it remains undetermined to this day, though frequently demanded by the Eaft-Jerfies. The 'deed of the equivalent lands, (fee vol. II. p. 161) called the Oblong from Connecticut to New- York in the king's name, was not fealed or delivered until May 14, the grant of the greateft part of thefe lands to Sir Jofeph Eyles, and company was next day after, be- ing the i5th of May, and not put upon record till fome time thereafter. The controverfy between Eyles and company, and Hauly and company, concerning the pro- perty of thefe lands, is ftill fubfitting : the contracted nature of a fummary does not allow us to inferc it at iarge ; only we obferve, [a] that Sir Jofeph Eyles and company, March 10, 1730-1, prefented a petition to the king in council for this land, by the name of " a cer- " tain trad of land in your majefty's province of New- " York in America, &c." computed at 62,000 acres ; on the fame day it was referred to a committee of the privy council, and 24th of that month, they refer it to the lords commiffioners of trade and plantations ; the lords of trade made their report to the lords of the committee. " We think it for his majefty's fervice to [] This I infert in fo minute a manner, by way of information, how plantation afiairs are managed at the feveral boards iu Great- Britain. granc SECT. XII. O/ N E w-Y o R K. 233 :grant to them, their heirs and afligns, the lands they -petition for," &c. and on the 3Oth March 1731, the -lords of the committee make their report to the king in council, the Senecas are by far the largeft of the Six nations, and lie upon the frontiers of Penfylvania. Several of the renegadoes of the Five nations have fet- tled above Montreal, and are called Cohunagos or pray- ing Indians. Why do we not fend military officers amongft the In- dians to inftrudb them in the European arts of war. The French with good fuccefs follow this pradice. Some fay that the officers of the four independent companies of fufileers [*] in New- York live like military monks in idle- nefs and ..luxury. [] The reader may excufe my frequent inadvertent impropriety of writing in times iince the union, Engliih inftead of Britim ; it is the common fpeech expreffion, but very improper. [/']' Fuiileers are fo called, becaufe they are fuppofsd to be armed with light mufquets tailed fufees. R 2 The 244 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. The French ufe an argument with the Indians to be of their fide, viz. that they do not covet their lands, as the Engliflido. During K. William's war, the inhabitants of Canada lived in continual fears of thefe Five Indian nations ; their feed time and harveft were much neglefted. Canada is a tyrannical government and barren foil. Their lands fcarce produce fufftcient for the fuftenance of the inha- bitants. We may obferve, that amongft the abovefaid Six In- dian nations or tribes,, the Onondagas refemble that canton, where the deputies of the feveral Swifs cantons meet upon affairs of great concern. The Onondagas, Oneidas, and Cayugas, have frequently been in the French intereft, by the management of the French miffionary priefts. Our miffionary priefts, inftead of this laborious, but vaftly ufeful pubfick duty, are indulged in a fort of fine-cures, in our moil opulent and well provided let- dements ; they labour only in confounding the fbber and induftrious well-meaning preibyterians, congregati- onaliils, &c. to the great detriment of the publick good ; a new regulation amongft our mifiionaries is much wanted. 1 665, Sept. Courfal arrived governor of Canada ; next fpring with twenty-eight companies of regular troops, and all the marching potfe of Canada that could be fpared, marched perhaps 250 leagues into the coun- try of the Five nations \> they did little or no execution ^ and 1 667 a peace was concluded between the French and their Indians, and the province of New- York with their Five nations of Indians : this peace continued till 1683. 1 684, De la Barre governor of Canada, with all the pofle of Canada, marched and rendezvouzed atCatara- qui fort [], while at the fame time he was only arnufing [>0 It is now called fort Frontenac, being built by count deFrontenac governor of Canada, on Cataraqui lake, near the mouth of Cataraqui the SECT. XII. 0/" NEW-YORK. 245 the government of New- York, withffome trifling com- plaints againft the Five Indian Nations, to lull them afleep. 1684, in July, lord Howard of Effingham, go- vernor of Virginia, and col. Dongan, lieut. governor of New- York, had an interview with the Five Indian na- tions at New- York. 1 685, Marquis de Nonville, who fucceeded the gover- nor general delaBarre, with 1500 men, regular troops, Canada militia, and Indians, rendezvouzed atfortFron- tenac or Cataraqui, defigned againft the Five Indian nations ; they did no execution. 1687, Governor general Nonville with 1500 French and Indians infulted the Seneca nation. In return for this, the Five Iroquois nations to the number of 1200 men, July 26, 1688, invaded the ifland of Montreal ; the governor general with 'his court, were there at that time j they ravaged the country, killed many people, and carried off captives ; the Mohawks lofl only three men ; the French abandoned their fort upon Cataraqui lake, and left twenty- fix barrels of gun-powder. In February 1689-90, the French, confiding of 500 Coureurs des bois (in New-England they are called Swampiers,) with as many Indians or favages, made incurfions upon the province of New-York j they burnt Corker's village called Schenedlady, and murdered fixty- three perfons. In the memory of man the Mohawks never received fuch a blow as in the winter 1 692-3 ; col. Fletcher with 300 volunteers marched to Albany, and the French with their Indians returned home. tiver f wfyich MHSS to Montreal, and with the Ouatawaes river forms the great river of Canada called the. river of St. Laurence. M. dela Sajleupon Cataraqui lake built a bark of fixty tons, but the neighbouring Indians in jealoufy foon burnt her. For the Indian nations where the Englifh and French have particular concerns, fee vol. I. p. 179. For the Iroquois or Six nations of Mohawk Indians, fee vol. I. p. 185; they may confift of about 1 500 marching men. R 3 16961 246 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL 1696, The French with a large force made an incur- fion upon the New-York Indians, with a defign todeftroy the fettlements of Albany and Schenectady, but were re- pulled by governor Fletcher. During queen Anne's war, the Five Indian nations had a neutrality with the Canada French and their Indi- ans, and by this means the province of New -York carried on a continued advantageous trade with C;V- nada. New- York had no concern in the New- England In- dian war 1722 to 1725. The French had lately erected "a fort at Crown-Point near the lake Champlain upon the frontiers of New- York government. During the late French war from 1744 to 1747 inclufive, Crown-Point was the rendez- vouz of the Canada French and their Indians, confe- quently their onfets were moftly upon the province of New- York and the N. W. corner of the province of Maffachufetts-Bay : 1 745 from Crown-Point they de- flroyed Saratoga fettlernent, about thirty miles above Albany. The New- York frontier places where militia were ported, are Schenectady, Albany, and Kinderhoek. Anno 1745, 1746, and 1 747, the French and their In- dians, above Albany, killed and captivated above 320 of our people. Toward that chargeable amufement. called the intend- ed expedition againft Canada of 1 746, New- York pro- vince contributed fifteen companies of 100 men per com- pany ; the fix pound New-York currency in levy money, and victualling for fixteen or feventeen months, was a confiderable load. The four independent regular companies of one hundred men each, flationed at New- York many years, are an advantage to the country ; they draw from Great-Britain, about 7,500 pound flerling, per annum. Succeffion SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK. 247 Succeffion of governors in the province of New -York. I mall not enumerate the commanders in chief; dur- ing the pofTefTion and jurifdiction of the Dutch, they were filled varioufly, viz. directors, generals, governors, &c. The prefent ftile of the Britifh governor, is, " Cap- ** tain general, and governor in chief in and over the pro- " vince or colony of New -York, and territories thereon * c depending, and vice-admiral of the fame." Before the revolution, the commanders in chief had only the title of lieutenant governor under the duke of York, as he was principal governor by patent. Upon K. James II. abdication, the property and government of the co- lony of New- York, and the territory of Sagadahock in New-England, reverted to the crown. The firft Englifh governor was col. Richard Nichols, his com million bore date April 2, 1664. He was com- mander of the land forces in the reduction of New-Ne- therlands, and one of the commiffioners for fettling the boundaries of our colonies in North-America. He con- tinued governor to 1683, and was fucceeded by Sir Edmond Andros [/] ; he was governor only for a Ihprt time, and was removed to the government of New- England ; the feveral charter colonies of New-England having, from the iniquity of the times, either by a courfe in law had their charters taken from them, or tacitly droptj he arrived in Bofton in December 1686 with lieut. governor Nicholfon and two independent compa- nies of foldiers. See vol. I. p. 413. In April 1689, by a revolution in New-England, in confequenceof the gene- ral revolution at home, he was difqualified and went home -, excepting his bigotry \m\ "to popery and the arbi- [/] Sir Edmond Andros 1 672 had fome Command in New- York, and after him col. Lovelace. \m\ The Roman catholick religion or popery feems to be requifite Where an arbitrary power in the king and his miniflry are endeavoured after. An enthufiaftick implicit faith as to religion in the pope and his clergy, is in apolitical way, a natural introduaion of a paflive obedience R 4 trary 248 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II, trary power of his prince, he was a good moral man. He was appointed governor ofVirgirua 1692^ he died in London 1714, of a good old age. Andros was fucceeded by col. Dongan 1684; he was a Roman catholick, but much of a gentleman and patriot; he was irreconcilable to a French intereft , upon the revolution, being a papifc, he was in coniequcnce dif- mifTea from his government , but as a reward for his merits, he was created earl of Limerick. He made feveral granrs of lands in Sagadahock, the duke of York's property, at prefent under the jurifdiction of the province of MafTachufetts- Bay , thefe grants in time, when claims are to be fettled, may occafion much con- fufion. Upon the revolution, col. Benjamin Fletcher was ap- poij.ied ; he came over 1692 with fome regular troops, and was very induftrious in repulfing the Canada French and ^heir Indians. In his time, 1696, the church of England in New- York (called Trinity church) was built} it is the only church of England upon the ifland. Atter this col Leflie ufurped the government (as his pardfans fai'd, for a publick good) for which he and his friend Milburn fuffered as traitors, having held out for fome time the fort againft col Slaughter, who was ap- pointed governor by the king, and upon this kind of interregnum, fucceeded Slaughter i he died foon in New- York:. Col. Dudley, as prefident, fucceeded in the chief com- mand of the province ; he was afterwards governor of the province of MafTachufetts-Bay for many years, fee vol. I. p. 478. He was a cunning man, and fome fay, a notorious time ferver. in civil affairs, to the king and his miniftry ; and perhaps in all politias, Anenthufiaftick (man is an enthufiailick animal) iuperftitious, deference for the clergy is a fine qua non in civil government ; therefore the clergy ought to be facred, and not ridiculed by the incon/iderate wits of the age; the famous Dr. Swift is here much to be faulted, his fort was in this fort of ridicule. The devotion we pay to the clergy introduces a proper fubmiffion to civil authority; and it is the clergy's bu/inefs to labour: this point. 4 Lord SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK. 249 Lord Bellomont was appointed governor 1697; in his very late paflage to his government of New-York, the fliip by ftrefs of weather was obliged to bear away to Barbadoes, and did not arrive in New-York till May 7698. He was at the fame time governor of New- York, MafTachufetts-Bay and New-Hampfhire : he did not proceed to Bofton till June '699, and after obtain- ing a generous allowance of iooo/. and a gratuity of 500 /. from the affembly, he returned to New York. In New- York he was allowed 15007. currency yearly falary, and the lieuf. governor capt. Na.nfon was allow^ ed 500 /. lord Bellomont died in New York, February 1700-1. Lord Cornbury, fon to the earl of Clarendon, fuc- Ceeded ; he arrived in New York 1701 : upon the pro- prietors of the Jerfeys refigning the government into the hands of queen Anne, he was likewife 1 702 appointed governor of the Jerfeys. Earl of Clarendon, formerly lord Cornbury, went home by way of Virginia, and was fucceeded by Lord Lovelace; he arrived November 13, 1708, and died in May 1 709. 1710, April, col. Ingolfby, capt. of one of the inde- pendent companies, by a letter from the queen to the council of New York, was difmirTed from being lieut. governor of New- York and Jerfeys. i7 J Q> June 14, arrives col. Robert Hunter with 2 700 Palatines to fettle in the province of New- York ; thefe '^alatines were allowed only ten acres of land to one family, therefore they generally removed to Penfyl- vania, where they had better encouragement. 1707, col. Hunter had been appointed lieut. governor of Vir- ginia, but was taken by the French in his voyage thither. From New- York he went for England 1 7 19 []. Upori K. George II. acceffion, he was continued governor of New-York and the Jerfeys. Upon account of his health,. he obtained the government of Jamaica - 9 he arrived in [] His wife, lady Hay, diedAuguft 1716. Jamaica, 250 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Jamaica, February 1727-8; by this advice of his phy- ficians he certainly obtained a reprieve of his life for fome years. Col. Hunter was iucceeded in the government of ^Jew-York by William Burnet, Efq. a worthy fon of the celebrated bifhop Burnet [0] ; he arrived in au- tumn 1721. Upon the acceflion of K. George II. col, Montgru mery, a favourite, was appointed governor of New-York and Mr. Burnet was removed to the government of MafTachufetts Bay commonly called New-England, where he died Sept. 7, 1729. Governor Montgomery arrived in New- York, April 28, 1728, and died there Julyr, 1731. In January 1731-2, col. Colby was appointed gover- . nor of New- York and the Jerfeys ; after a few years he died in New-York. Auguft 1736, George Clarke, Efq. lieut. governor of New-York fucceeded in the adminiftration, and con- tinued fome years. George Clinton, Efq. [p] uncle to the earl of Lincoln, was appointed governor of New York in May 1741; he" did not arrive in his government until September 21.,, 1 743 j he continues governor at this prefent writing, Concerning the leglflature and laws of New- York. It is a fundamental in the Britifh conftitution both at- home and abroad, in all the plantations, to make no laws, nor to raife any money without the confent of the people. The legiflature of the colony of New- York confiits of three negatives. i. The governor or commander in chief for the time being. |>] See vol. I. p. 480. [/] Thehon. George Clinton, Efq. is at prefent admiral of the White. 2. The SECT. XIL O/ NEW-YORK. 251 2. The council -, their complement is twelve in num- ber, appointed by the king ; when by death or other circumitances they fall mort of a certain number, the governor may pro tempore fill them up to that number. 3. The twenty-feven reprefentatives of the people elected by themfelves-, they are all county reprefenta- tives, excepting the reprefentatives of four towns, and of three great manors, viz. For the county of, Richmond 2 New- York county and city 4 King's 2 Albany city 2 Queen's 2 Weft-Chefter borough Suffolk 2 Scheneclady town Wefl-Chefter 2 Manor of Ranflaer Orange 2 Livingfton Ulfter 2 Courtland Albany 2 In each of our colonies there are fome fundamental conftitutions which may be reckoned as invariable, r. In the charter governments, their charters are their di- rection. 2. In the proprietary governments of Mary- land, Jerfeys [j], and Penfylvania, there are the proprie- tors original conceffions to the people, not to be varied, but under certain reftridions ; for inftance, in Penfyl- vania, no article in the law of Mr. Penn's conceffions can be altered without the confent of fix in feven of the af- fembly men or reprefentatives. 3. In the royal or crown governments, the governor's commifiion with the inftrudtions, are the magna cbarta of the colony during that commiflion ; moreover, fome of the affem- blies in king's government at their firfl congrefs or formation, make fundamental laws for themfelves ; I lhall for inftance, produce that of New- York, Amongil our colonies we have very confiderable variations in their conftitutions. In Penfylvania there are only two nega* tives in the legiflature, the council having no negative. > [q] Jerfeys ever fince 1702 is become a king's government, but they /till obferve the conceflions of the proprietors called their law of con- cefiions, In 252 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. In Virginia no bill can originate with the council In feme colonies the governor and council are the fupreme court of judicature ; in others they are no court of ju^ dicature. The New- York printed law-book begins April 1 691 with a magna charta or fundamental conftitution, viz r That the kings of England only, are invefted with the right to rule this colony -, and that none can exercife any authority over this province, but by his immediate au- thority under his broad feal of the realm of England. TH- 1 the fupreme legiflative power and authority (under the king) mail be in, the governor, council, and repre- fenta. ves of the people in general aflembly ; the exer- cife and acirn migration of the government mail be in the governor and council, with the confent of at leaft five of the council , to govern according to the laws of the p; evince, or in defecl" of them, by the laws of England. Upon the death or abfence of a governor, the firil in nomination of the council to prefide. That every year there be held an aiTembly, and every freeholder of forty fhiiiings per ann. and freeman of a corporation, mail have a vote in chufing reprefentatives ; here the repre- fentatives are enumerated, and as many more as his majefty fhall think fit to eftablifh. That the reprefen- tatives during their feftions, may adjourn themfelves and purge their own houfe \ no member going, coming, and during their feffions, to be arrefted or fued, except for felony and treafon. Their laws to continue in force till difallowed by his majefty, or till they expire. That every man mall be judged by his peers, and all trials mall be by the verdicl; of twelve men of the neighbourhood , that in all capital and other criminal cafes there be a grand inqucft to prefent the offender, and afterwards twelve men to try the offender. That in all cafes bail by fuffi- cient fureties be allowed, unlefs in cafe of treafon, and of fuch felonies as are reftrained from bail by the laws of England. That no tax or impofition be laid but by the general aflembly. That no freeman, tavern-keepers ex- cepted. SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK. '253 cepted, be compelled to entertain any ibldier or mariner, unlefs in times of actual war with the province. - That all lands in this province be accounted as freehold and in- heritance in free and common foccage, according to the tenure of Eaft-Greenwich in England. That all wills attefted by three or more witnefies, and regiftered with the office of the county in a fet time, be a fufficient con- veyance for lands, &c. That any chriftian religion not difturbing the peace of the province, be freely allowed of, the Roman catholick excepted !>]. The enacting is, '" By the governor, council, and general aflembly " of the province of New- York." A fummary cannot enumerate many of their muni- cipal laws. Thejuftices of each county (hall yearly fummon all the freeholders in January to chuie two church wardens and ten veilry men to afTefs, and the minifterto be called, chofen and appointed by the war- dens and veftry. Elections for reprefentatives to be in the fherifPs court of the county or city, qualification for a voter forty (hillings at leaft freehold per annum im- proved land; no perfon to be chofen but who refides iti the pkce. An. 1700 there was an act to prevent all vexatious fuits or actions againft thofe who at the happy revolution in England, did here begin fuch ano- ther revolution ; they appointed capt Jacob Leyfler their commander in chief till his majefty K. William's pleafure mould be known ; and feized the perfons and goods of feveral difaffected people. In each county or town, at the feflions of the peace, the juftices of the peace, or at lead five of them, whereof two of the quo- rum, mall appoint the rate for their county, as alfo a treafurer and collector. Ail men from fixteen to fixty set. to be lifted in fome company of militia ; each foot- man to have a cartouch box and fix charges, the horfe' twelve charges , at their habitation tQ keep one pound [r] In Penfylvania and Maryland, by the royal patent', by the pro- prietors concefiions, and by the fubfequem provincial laws, Roman eatholicks are not excepced. of 254 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. of powder, three pound of bullets each foot; and two pound of powder, and fix pound of bullets each horfe. In the province of New-York, to obtain a good title to the vacant lands, firft there muft be produced an In- dian deed, which muft be approved of by the governor and council, by warrant ; it is furveyed by the provin- cial furveyor, and patented by the governor and coun- cil : the fees are very high. The quit-rents for lands lately taken up are two {hil- lings proclamation money per 100 acres. Two thirds of the government pay frnall or no quit-rents, efpecially for old grants, the larger grants on Hudfon's river called manors ; their quit- rents are only a pepper-corn, buck- (kin, or the like, when demanded. The valuations of the feveral counties may be taken from the quotas allowed each of them, in proportion to their refpective ftaxes, when paper money was emitted upon loan; for inftance 1738, they emitted 40,000 /. currency upon loan, whereof To New-York city and county Albany city and county Queen's county King's county Suffolk county Richmond county TJ liter county Orange county Dutchefs county Weft-Chefter 40,000 As to their paper currencies they are referred with Other things of that nature to the Appendix. At prelent I mall only obferve, that towards the charge of an in- tended expedition againft Canada, 1709, they emitted 13,000 /. publick bills of credit at eight millings cur- rency per oz. filver, bearing -intereitj in the after emi(Iions 3 SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK., emifTions, no intereft was allowed , the contrivers of this fraudulent paper money currency, perceived that a rea- fonable intereft would prevent its depreciation, and ob- ftrucl the advantages which they propofed from its de- preciation [j]. They plaufibly and fallacioufly alledged, that the allowing of intereft, occafioned their being hoarded up as common bonds bearing intereft, and did not ferve as a common currency. In anfwer to this, the anti-depreciators may obferve, i. That any confiderate good man will allow, that money not payable or can- cellable till after fome years, if only upon note bearing no intereft, is not fo valuable as the fame fum of money upon bond bearing intereft, payable after the fame num- ber of years; that is, thefe, bills upon note only, in the nature of things muft admit a depreciation or difcount^ and ftill a greater difcount if thefe notes ftretch too much their credit : this is the genuine mercantile nature of our depreciating plantation paper currency. 2. In the be,- ginning they were not emitted as a tender in law, or common currency ; but as government bonds or deben- tures bearing intereft as are transferable ftocks of pub- lick debts in Great-Britain, which by reafon of the inte r reft allowed, doincreafe to a valuable premium upon & transfer, and cannot depreciate as the plantation publick 'notes of credit have done. As the plantations are at a vaft diftance from parlia- mentary enquiry, fome of our colonies have from time to time been loaded with amufing feint expeditions, the original and continuing caufes of the plantation frau- [5] This was the cafe in the enormous multiplied emiflions of paper creditor money, as it was called, in a neighbouring province; as ,tte governor happened himfelf to be of the debtor fide of the queftion^and for valuable confiderations, as it is faid, inftead of borrowing the money already emitted, from the merchants at a reafonable intereft, which they generoufly offered, and which would have prevented further de- preciating emiflions; he chofe rather, though with the confeqirence of involving the.country in confufion and ruin, in favour of the land bank (an aflumed name) and other fraudulent debtors, to depreciate the. debts by vaft multiplied emiflions Bearing no intereft. dulerit BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL dulent papef credit called paper currency; the fraudu- lent debtors rinding their advantage in depreciations, contrived fundry methods of further paper credit emi'f- . fions : thus in MafTachuietts-Bay in the courfe of fome years in the adminiftration of governor Sh , one fhilling was depreciated to the value of one penny fieri New- York did reftrain itfelf from running much into a multiplied depreciating paper currency, fo that their exchange with London never did exceed 190 /. New- York currency for ioo/. fieri. N. B. When I any- where mention exchange, I mean private punctual bills of exchange ; government bills admit of a dilatory pay- rnent, and are bought cheaper ^ for inflance, upon the Cuba or Spanifh Weft- India expedition, government bills were fold in New-York and Eaft-Jerfey at 140 to 150 ; in Weft Jerfey and Penfylvania at 130 to 135 ^ when at the fame time private punctual bills were fold ar 190 in the firft, and at 180 in the other places. The militia of the province of New-York, are nearlv upon the fame regulation with the militia of New-Eng- land ; befides there are four regular independent com- panies of fufileers, ioo private men to a company ; their pay, cloathing, and accoutrements from Great-Britain^ amount yearly to upwards of 7800 /. fieri, they are under the immediate direction of the commander in chief for the time, and are a confiderable perquifite : they are principally flattened at the city of New- York, Albany, and Ofwego ; New- York was fo called from the duke of York's Englifh title, and Albany (formerly Orange Fort, by the Dutch) by his Scots title ; the battery at New- York is called Fort George. Befides the five or fix nations of Iroquois or Mohawk Indians, there are feveral fmall parcels of Indians, upon the upper parts of Hudlbn's river, called River Indians or Mohegins ; this was the Indian name of the great river, now called Hudfon's river. At SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK; At funclry times in the city of New- York there have been negro confpiracies, more than in the other colo- nies; this I cannot account for; April 1712, a negro confpiracy kills many white men, and fets the town on fire* Courts of judicature are much the fame as in New- England [/}. The judges of the fuperior or fupreme court are appointed by the king in council, and fome- times^n? tempore by the governor ; they are called firft, fecond, &c. judges : the firft judge is called chief juflice, andfeems to have a confiderable authority or influence above the other judges. The prefent chief juftice is James Delancy, Efq. of a regular liberal education, and good eftate , he was appointed by governor Cofby* 1 733, in the place of Lewis Morris, Efq. who fucceed- ed an eminent lawyer Roger MompeiTon, Efq. chief juftice of New- York and the Jerfeys, who furrendered that of the Jerfeys 1709 Here is a court of chancery, a court not known in New-England , the governor is chancellor. In many of our colonies it renders the courts below of lefs autho* rity ; as it is very chargeable, and may be arbitrary ; the chancellor ought to be a diftinct perfon from the gover- nor (as are the intendants of the French colonies) and upon mifdemeanor, liable to the governor's infpedion by fuipenfion or the like. The general aflembly is no court of judicature, but they examine into the erroneous proceedings of the courts of judicature, and grant re-hearings. Concerning New-York produce, manufactures^ trade^ and navigation. Wheat and flour are the mod confiderable articles of their produce and manufactures ; fee their exports of [/] This fummary if not checked, is like to become too bulky, there- fore I fhall avoid repetition of things which bear a femblance to things already faid VOL. II. S pro- 258 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL provifions, in the claufes of cuftom-houfe entries and clearances. Skins and furs are a good article, but not fo large as formerly. , The article of iron in pigs and bars is a growing affair. Schuyler's copper ore is from a mine in the Jerfey's, but exported from New- York, therefore it is mentioned in this lection. In the beginning of its difcovery it feemed to be very rich : it appears that it was formerly wrought by the Dutch, becaufe tir new working it, were found hammers, wedges, &c. it fold in Briftol the ore at forty pound fieri, per ton. The cartage to Hudfon's river is fhort, and their firft agreement with the miner, was to allow him one third of the ore for raifing and laying it above ground ; it was done up in quarter barrels, where- of fix made a ton. The richnefs of this copper mine made fo much noife in the world, that, a few years fince, to engrofs this ore for the benefit of Great-Britain, it was by a6t of parliament enumerated ; but lately it has not been wrought and exported, as appears by the quarterly accounts of the cuitom-houfe of New -York ; I cannot account for this. By a late atEt of parliament, fait may be imported dire6lly from any parts of Europe to New-York. In queen Anne's reign there were three government packet boats, which alternately failed monthly between England and New-York, to tarry fourteen days at New- York, for the plantations or colonies benefit of trade, and for the government difpatches j thefe have been laid afide many years. Governor Burner (his head was well turned) obtained an a6t of affembly 1727, afterwards confirmed by the king in council, prohibiting all trade with Canada, that the French might not be lupplied with goods (in one year 900 pieces of ftrouds have been carried from Al- bany to Montreal) fuitable for promoting a French civil, as well as trading, intereft with the Indians, and that the Indians SECT. XII. Of NEW-YORK. 259 Indians may be induced to go a trading to Ofwego [#], a late well projected and well executed Englilh mart for Indian trade ; governor Burnet always and effectually minded the bufmefs of his deftination. The Indian trade is now in the hands of many -, before governor Burnet's time it was engrofled by a few, and the Indians are become more dependent upon the Englifh than formerly. From Albany to Ofwego, is a much eafief conveyance, than from Montreal, 200 miles up a rapid flony river to fort Frontenac on lake Ontario, called alfo Ofwego. In the province of New-York there is one collection or cuftom-houfe diftrict, kept in the port of New-York ; the twelve months accounts from September 29, to September 29, 1750, fland thus : Entered inwards. Cleared outwards. Ships 23 Ships Snows 22 Snows Brigantines 45 Brigantines Sloops 131 Sloops Schooners 1 1 Schooners 232 286 'Here are included all veflels both on foreign voyages^ and on coafting voyages of the neighbouring colonies ; whereas in the collections of New-England the foreign voyages are only to be underftood ; for inftance, Bofton cuftom-houfe from Chriftmas 1 747, to Chriflmas 1 74 8, foreign veflels cleared out 540, entered in 430 ; the fifhing and coafting veflels of the adjoining colonies of Maflachufetts-Bay, New-Hampfhire, Connecticut, and Rhode-Ifland, amounted to about as many, and are not included. [u] The carriage or communication between Albany and Ofwego is fo commodious, that at a time in relieving the garrifon of Ofwego, forty people came in one birch canoe, forty-five feet in length, feven feet in breadth, from Ofwego to Scheneclady 183 miles, carrying places included. S 2 N. B. No BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. N. B. No copper ore was exported in thefe twelve months. Entered in from Great-Britain and Ireland fixteen vefTels j cleared out for Great-Britain and. Ireland twen- ty-one veffels ; cleared out for Holland five veffels. Cleared out 673 1 ton provifions, chiefly flour-, befides grain eftimatedor fhipped by number of bufhels, and not by tons. Imported about 800 pipes Madeira wines, whereof re-exported 226 pipes. The Madeira wines fhipped to New- York are reckoned better than what are fhipped to any other of our colonies, therefore fome are re-fhipped to the other colonies* Cleared out, tar 2008 barrels, pitch 156, turpentine 20, which were imported to New-York from theCaro- linas. The colony of New- York does not produce na- val fibres fufficient for their own ufe. Mountains^ rivers^ and fome mifeellanies. The rncft confiderable highlands are the CatkiH moun- tains weft of Hudfon's river, and about ninety miles N. from New- York. What I mentioned vol. I. p. 454, 455, by way of annotation, concerning the runs of water from the Catkill mountains, en paflfant ; now in its proper place requires to be correcied, and ought to be underftood as follows. On the eaft and fouth eaft fides of the Catkill mountains, feveral ftreams run, and fall into Hudfbn's river below Albany ; on their N. W. fide proceeds Schorie river, and falls into the Mohawks river, a branch of Hudfon's river, at fort Hunter about thirty miles above Albany ; and this Schorie river in its courle comes within three or four miles of the main branch of Delaware river , from the S. W. fide flows a confiderable branch of Delaware river. Conajoharie river falls into the Mohawks river about ten miles above fort Hunter, and comes very near to a branch of Sefquahana river; this branch of Sefquahana is fo large, that at eighteen .miles from the Mohawks river, the Indians go down in canoes SECT. XIF. O/NEW.YORK. 261 canoes to all the Indian fe.ttlements upon Sefquahana river. From this fituation of thefe rivers, no runs of .water from the Catkill mountains can fall into lake On- tario, into the river Ohio, or into the Sefquah ana river. Excepting Long-Ifland and Staten-Ifland, the main land lea line, from Byram river to New- York ifland, is very fliort. The only confiderable river in this province is Hud- fon's fiv-er - y from the elbow, where is the great, carrying place to Wood-Creek towards Canada, to Sandyhook at its mouth, are near 200 miles-, the tide way reaches upwards of 150 miles to Cohoes at the mouth of the Mohawks river, about fix or feven miles above Albany church i its courfe is about S. twelve degrees Weft j the tides, that is, the floods and ebbs, are about twelve hours later at Albany than at New -York-, a little above the high lands at about fifty miles above the city of New- York, the water of the river becomes frefli; at i.bout 100 miles comes on the W. fide Efopus or Soaper's river-, the S. line of the province of Mafiachufetts-Bay continued twenty miles, ftrikes Hudfbn's river a little below the mouth of Efopus river ; this Efopus river is noted for the manufactures of iron pigs and bars, flour, malt liquor, &c. a little farther on the E. fide of the great river, is the camp or Palatine town in the manoV of .Livingfton about forty miles below Albany at 12,5 miles on the E. fide falls in Kiniierhock river after receiving Claverhock river; the great Ranflaers manor, or Ranflaer Wyk, reaches along the great river, and 2p miles each fide of the river from Kinderhpck manor -to Mohawks river , in this manor is the city of Albany, and many peculiar tracts of land ; at .150 miles as the river runs is the city of Albany , at 1 57 miles on the W. fide is Cohoes, or the mouth of the Mohawks river -, at 1 62 miles is Houfuck river's mouth, where Jive a fmall tribe of Indians called Scatacooks; this Houfuck river is on the E. fide of the great river, and comes from the north weft parts of MafTachufetts, and the S. W. parts of S 3 ' New- 262 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. New-Hampfhire; the north line of MafTachufetts-Bay province continued twenty miles, falls in with Hudfon's river a little below Cohoes ^ at 200 miles from New- York is the elbow or flexure of this great river at the great falls. From thefe great falls the route to Mont- real in Canada is ten to fifteen miles land carriage to WoodrCreek, then along the Verdronken drowned or overflowed lands to Crown-point a French fort and pafs near lake Champlain, then along this lake to Chamblais river, and a little above Chamblais [#], another French fort and pafs upon Chamblais river, crofs la Prairie to Montreal. There is another route up Hudfon's river above the elbow falls, to a carrying place to lake Sacra- ment, and thence to the fouth end of lake Champlain. The city of New- York from governor Burner's obfer- vations, lies in 40 d. 50 m. N. lat. 4 h. 58 m. W. long, from London. Here the variation 1723 was 7d 20 m. W. decreafing. Upon the acceffion of a new governor, the general af- fembly of New- York generally fettle the falaries and other ordinary articles in fupport of the government, for five or more years. For their fedtaries in religion, fee the Rhode-Ifland fectary, vol. II. p. 156. As I find that the defigned Appendix or fupplement may prove out of proportion too large, with relpe<5b to the principal hiftory, I mall in each fubfequent feclion annex by way of mifcellanies fome matters which might have been referred to the Appendix. Thefe mifcella- nies of the nature of digreffions, and like change of [*] As we formerly hinted, from fort Chamblais down the river of that name are feventeen leagues to cape Sorrel upon the great river of Canada ; this fort Sorrel is fifteen leagues below Montreal, and thirty- five leagues above Quebec the capital of Canada, the ordinary refi- dence of the French governor general of Canada. Quebec, from the accurate obfervations ofdes Hayes, is feventy d. W. from London. Bofton, the metropolis of Britifh America, by the good obfervations of Mr. Robie, is feventy one d. thirty m. W. from London. diet, SECT. XII. O/NEW-YORK. 263 diet, may relieve a palled ftomach or appetite in reading. Good iron is diftinguifhed by its ringing amongft other bars. The bell iron bars break fibrous and beard- ed; if they break glafly and mining, the iron is brittle, and not good. The inconveniencies of fmall governments or pro- vinces, fuch as is that of New-Hampfhire in New -Eng- land, is that perhaps they are below the notice of the mi- niflry and boards in Great-Britain , their governors and other officers are of little confideration, have little or nothing to lofe, and therefore act impune. The plantation legislatures are fo far circumfcribed, that they can make no laws inconfiftent with the laws of Great-Britain. If the French be allowed to become matters of the river of St. Laurence, of the great inland lakes, and of the great river Miffifiippi; they are in confequence ma- fters of all the inland trade of North- America ; an incre- dible prejudice to the Britifh nation. The back of Long-Iiland was the firil place of the Englilh whale fifhery, fmall whales affect flats , and at this time whalers make voyages upon the flats of Virginia and Carolina. It is faid that the common laws of England extend to the plantations ; that the ftatute laws made fince the plantations had a being, do not include them unlefs they are particularly mentioned in the act of parliament. In all our colony aflemblies of representatives, there ought to be a limited fmall quorum of members to meet adjourn, and to fend for abfent members, and a much larger quorum to* proceed upon bufmeis : this regulation may alfo take place with relation to the judges' of the feveral executive courts of law. To obviate any prejudices which a reader may enter- tain againft this hiftorical fummary, compofed with much labour, merely for a publick good ; the writer thinks it convenient at times to explain hirnfelf in ge- S 4 ceral- 264 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA.' PART II. ncral. i. He has endeavoured a laconick flile, which by many is reckoned harm, and not fluent or fonorous ; the good judges the mathematicians and merchants, ufe it -as. the firongeft, the mod concife and expreffive. 2. The writer is of no party, and fubjected to no de- pendence ; he is neither whig nor tory, a temporary courtier nor anti-courtier: a tory is for rendering that branch of the prefent legiflature called king or monarch, foie and independent, with a paflive obedience and non- refiftance v a republican is for lowering or annihilating the prerogatives of a king, and for an unlimited exten- lion of the privileges of the people in their reprefentatives; but a genuine whig is for maintaining the balance of power among the feveral orders or negatives of the le- giflature ^ I profefs myfelf of this politia, as it is no faction,; all the others are factious. 3. Religion, as it was in all times, and in all countries, defigned for . the be- nefit of fociety, it naturally is fubordinate to the civil government ; and a refident, whether native or adventi- tious, ought occasionally to conform to the eftablifhed manner of the fectaries tolerated by the laws of the coun- try, though not rafhly to renounce that form of worfhip which was parental or educational, which generally tends to libertinifm and licentioufnefs in religion. 4. As , in my courfe of the colonies I continue to increafe my diftanc.es, it is not to be expected that I can be ib par- titular and copious, but fhall endeavour ftrictly to in- veftigate the truth, though the farther from my place of refiderice my view becomes more contracted andlefs diftjact.. . In the Britifh plantations or colonies all grants of lands made by the governor and council, are declared to be goad in law, againft his majefly and fuceeflfors. As the king and his miniftry in Great-Britain, though they do not chufe the parliament, yet have a very great influence in the choice; fo it is with refpecT: to the go- vernors and alTembly men in our colonies. - -- The SECT. XII. O/ NEW-YORK. 265 The reprefentatives from the feveral counties and townfhips are not their peculiar or feparate agents* but their quota in their provincial reprefentation ; hence it is that they are not under the cognizance of their county or town, but under that of the general ai- icmbly. The North- America trade confiils in fifh, naval flores, other timber and lumber, fkins, furs, tobacco, and i ice ; I do not mention copper ore though enumerated, becaufe at prefent it is not wrought or exported. The publick taxes in our provinces, are the pro- vince and county rates-, and the townfhip or paro- chial rates for the miniilers of thegoipel, called paftors, priefts, rectors, and other denominations, as aifo for the Ichool, poor, highways, and fundry other fmall articles. By aft of parliament, 1731, there may be imported from the Britim plantations into Ireland in Britim ihip- ping, all forts of plantation goods excepting thofe goods commonly called enumerated commodities, viz. iiigar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo,, ginger, ipeckled wood or Jamaica wood, fuftick or other dying woods, rice, molofles, beaver- fkins and other furs, copper ore, pitch, tar, turpentine, mails, yards, and bowfprits. The fugar act (as it is called) of parliament, 1733, and lince continued, is concerning foreign plantarion produce or manufacture, imported into the Britifh plan- tations, viz. rum, duty nine pence fterling, per gallon; molofles or fyrups, fix pence - 9 fugars and paneeles, five fhillings per hundred weight. In North-America, hunting, timing, and fowling, with fundry berries and earth-nuts are the principal food or fubliftence of the Indians , the more civi- lized, cultivate Indian corn and kidney beans, called Indian beans. The bread grain in Europe, is ge- nerally wheat, rye, oats, and barley, for baking and malting,- The 266 BRITISH Settlements m AMERICA. PART II. The \y\ wool in our northern plantations is of as good a flaple, butcoarfer than the Englifh wool ; the farther fouth in our colonies, the wool becomes coarfer, even to a lana caprina, as in our fugar iflands; therefore the plantations are not capable of rivalling England in fine woollens. In our northern colonies after the middle of Sept. fcarce any fpecies of fpontaneous plants make a leafon- able appearance; confequently botanick fimpling is then over. In our new wildernefs colonies, the timber and other f oreft wood of the firft clearing is generally dotted, be- caufe ancient or old ; the following growths are good and found. In the price of grain and other provifions there is a fort of natural ftandard, whereby the hufbandman may have a living profit, and the labourers in manufacture, &c. may not have provifions fo cheap, that the earnings of a few days work will afford fome days of idlenels j in this refpect our produce and manufactures have fome kind of a natural dependence. \y] There are certain ports only, allowed in Great-Britain and Ire- land, for the exportation and importation of wool and woollens. No cloths, excepting of the manufacture of Great- Britain, can be imported into any of his majefty's dominions. The woollens from Great-Britain exported annually are computed at about three millions fterling; but being free of duty, they for fome felfifh ends are not entered exactly, therefore the value cannot be ac- curately afcertained. The woollens of Great-Britain are above one third of the univerfal export. At a medium, wool manufactured is double the value of the wool itfelf, and deducting all charges, one third of the neat profit goes to the landlord. SECT. SECT, XIII. Of NEW-JERSEY. 267 SECT. XIII. Concerning the province of New-Jerfey or Nova-Casfarea. WE have in the fec~lion of New- York [z] given fome general account of the firft fettlement of New-Netherlands or Nova-Belgia, which comprehended the prefent New -York, New-Jerfey, and the three lower counties of Penfylvania upon Delaware river. Upon a defign formed by the court of England to reduce New Netherlands \a\ K. Charles II. made a previous grant of the property and government of the fame to his brother the duke of York, March 12, 1663-4; it was not reduced by fettled articles until September 1 664, and confirmed to England by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The duke of York by commifTion April 2, 1664, ap- pointed Richard Nichols, Efq. deputy governor of all New-Netherlands, but did not enter upon his govern- ment, till Aug. 27, 1664, which was pofterior to the duke of York's ailignment, June 24, 1664, of the pro- perty and government of New-Jerfey to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. The duke of York, June 24, 1664, made a joint grant of that part of New-Netherlands (now called New-Jerfey). [] to Jord Berkley of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret ; they appointed Philip Carteret, Efq. their lieutenant governor \ he entered upon his govern- \Z\ P. 2 2O, &C. [a] Stuyvefand was at that time Dutch governor of New-Nether- lands. His commifTion from the States General was dated July 26, 1646. [] This grant was called New-Jerfey, from the name of the ifland of Jerfey in the channel of England, the country of Sir George Carteret one of the firfl affignees. It is fometiines called Nova- Casfarea. ment BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA, PART II. ment in Aug, 1 665, where he remained only fix months, and returned to England, and back again to his govern- ment of the Jerieys. This grant of the duke of York, was from the Noorde Rivier, now called Hudfon's river, to the Zuyde Rivier, now called Delaware river \ and up Hudfon's river to 41 d. N. lat. and up Delaware river to 41 d. 20 m. and from thefe two flations headed by a (trait line acrofs. By the intrigues of France, England was perfuaded to proclaim war againft the Dutch, March 17, 1671-2, and a Dutch expedition reconquered New-Netherlands from the Englifh July 30, 1673. Col. Lovelace was at that time governor ; by the treaty of London, February 19, 1673-4, New-Netherlands was reftored by the Dutch to the crown of England, and Sir Edmond Andros ap- pointed governor. As New Netherlands had been conquered, that is, alienated from England, fince the crown of England's former grant to the duke of York; to obviate any diffi- culties in the validity of that grant, king Charles II. made anew grant of property and government to his brother the duke of York, June 29, 1674, which was publilhed Nov. 6, following. No act of government in the Jerieys is to be found upon record from July 19, 1673, to November 1674. Duke of York by leafe and rekafe, July 28 and 29, 1 6 74, conveyed to Sir George Cartere t the eaftern di vifion of the New-- Jerfeys, divided from the weftern divifion of the Jerfeys by a itrait line from the S. E. point of Little-Egg harbour in Barnegate creek, being about the middle between Sandy-Hook and Cape-May, to a kill or creek a little below Rencokus-Kiil on Delaware river, and thence (about thirty-five miles) ftrait courfe along Delaware river up t04id. 40 m. N. lat. the north divifional point or flation of the divifional line be- tween New. York and the Jerfeys. TV. B. The firfl effort of the rioters for fetting up Indian purchafes againft the title of the crown was 1672, to evade paying quit-rents which SECT. XIII. Of NEW-JERSEY. 269 which commenced March 25, 1670 ; they threw off the government of the proprietors, and the people chofe a governor for themfelves ; governor Carteret and his fe~ cretary went for England to complain, but the Dutch conqueft happening foon after, governor Carteret did not return till November 1 674, with new conceffions, being the third parcel of concefllons, and from that time all remained quiet, and the rules of property were well obferved until Sir Edmond Andros broke through all thefe rules j he ufurped the government of all New Jer- fey 1680, and carried governor Carteret prifoner from Elizabeth town to New- York; upon complaints to the duke of York, he with refentment recalled Sir Edmond Andros, and the property and government of the Jerfey proprietors was re-eftablifhed 1683, and continued till iorne months before the revolution 1688, when K. James broke through the rules of property, and alfo feized the government of New- Jerfey and of the neighbouring pro- vinces, and put them under the command of Sir Ed- mond Andros *, upon the revolution the proprietors re- afiumed the right of government [c~\. Upon the revolution the proprietors appointed John Totham, Efq. their lieutenant governor, and afterwards col. Dudley [J], but the people fcrupled to obey them, and the proprietors appointed col. Andrew Hamilton, who continued governor fome years ; but by fome de- figning men the people received ' notion that col. Hamilton, as a Scots man, could not be governor of an Englifh colony ; they dimufled him, and conftituted Jeremiah BafTe governor 1697 ; but as Bade had never been approved of by the king, the proprietors in a {hort time difmifled him, and reinftated col. Hamilton; but he never was confirmed by the crown, and col. [c] For fake of connexion I continue this thread, and leave fome intervening matters to be afterwards related. [J] Col. Dudley was afterwards deputy governor of the Ifle of Whight, a member of parliament of England, and governor of the provinces of Msfladwfetts-Bay and New-Hamplhire in New-England. Hamilton 270 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Hamilton was fuperfeded by Mr. BafTe a fccond time, and BafTe was finally fuperfeded by Andrew Bowne, Efq. the laft governor for the proprietors. The people of the Jerfeys continued for fome years fo mutinous, that the proprietors for their own eafe, by their agents, Sir Thomas Lane for Wefl-Jerfey, and Mr. William Dockwra for Eaft-Jerfey, in the name of the proprietors, found it expedient by a proper inftru- rnent, April 17, 1702, in concert, to furrender the go- vernment to the crown, referving to themfelves all their other rights, and they jointly with the crown formed fome fundamental articles byway of a magna charta. Lord Cornbury, governor of New-York, was by queen Anne conflituted the firft crown governor of the united Jerfeys. Lord Berkley, fome years after his grant from the duke of York 1 664, afTigned his right to William Penn, Efq. Gawen Laurie of London, merchant, Nicholas Lucas, and Edward Byllyng -, fhortly after this, thefe affignees agreed upon a partition with Sir George Cartefet, and Sir George obtained of the duke of York, July 1 674, a confirmation of this partition grant, as is above related July i, 1676, Sir George Carteret gave to the afTignees of lord Berkley a quit-claim of the Weft- Jerfeys, as thefe aflignees gave to Sir George a like quit-claim of the Eaft-Jerfeys , this partition was confirmed by an act of the general aflembly of the Jerfeys, 1719. Sir George Carteret made over the Eaft-Jerfeys to certain truftees December 5, 1678, to be fold by them after his death. After Sir George's death, the truftees afligned the Eaft-Jerfeys to twelve proprietors, February 2, 1681-2. William Penn, Thomas Wilcox Robert Weft, Ambrofe Riggs, Thomas Rudyard, John Hayward, Samuel Groom, Hugh Hartfhorn, Thomas Hart, Clemens Plumfted, Richard Mew, Thomas Cooper. By SECT. XIII. Of NEW-JERSEY. 271 By an inftrument amongft themfelves, they declared that the purchafe was equal, and no advantage ihould be taken of furvivorfhip. Thefe firft proprietors by twelve feparate deeds, feparately conveyed one half of their in- tereil to twelve other perfons ieparately, Robert Barclay, Gawen Laurie, Edward Byllyng, Thomas Barker, Robert Turner, Thomas Warner, James Brien, James Earl of Perth, Arent Soumans, Robert Gordon, William Gibfon. John Drummond, In fee fimple. The duke of York, March 14, 1 682, by patent or grant confirmed the Eaft- Jerfeys to thofe twen- ty four proprietors in property and government ; and July j 7 following, the famous Robert Barclay [e~\ the quaker was agreed upon, and under him fro temper e Mr, Laurie with a council. Mr. Barclay continued governor until 1685. He was fucceeded by lord Neal Campbell of the Argyle family ; about this time came over the quaker fo called, George Keith [/]. From the duke of York's firft grant of all the Jerfeys to lord Berkley of Stratton, and to Sir George Carteret, knight and baronet, vice chamberlain of his majefly's houfhold, and one of his majefty's mod honourable privy council, jointly ; Philip Carteret, Efq. was gover- nor of their joint concern, that is, for all the Jerfeys until 1672, when the people, especially of Elizabeth-town, began to mutiny upon account of the demand of quit- rents, which according to the conceflions took place March 25, 1670. Thefe mutineers afiurned the go- [e\ In king Charles II. reign there was a kind of perfecution of the nonconformiits in religion, and Robert Barclay head of all the quakers in,Great-Britain, with his family removed to the Jerfeys ; from this perfecution the Jerfeys is fettled chiefly with Quakers, Anabaptiib, and Prefbyterians. [/] George Keith was a noted Quaker, he came over to the Jerfeys, taught fchool, and was landfurveyor general ; he returned to England, and for his conveniency, accepted of a church of England benefice, and v/roce agajnft the Quakers, vernment, 272 BRrriSH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IT. vernment, and conftituted James Carteretj a diflblute fon of Sir George Carteret, their governor; and governor Philip Carteret was obliged to go to the court of Eng- land with complaints againft the mutineers ; col. Love- lace at this time was governor of New-York ; the Dutch conqueft intervening, he did not return until 1674, when upon a peace the Dutch refigned to the crown of Eng- land the country of New-Netherlands, and the duke of York had made a divifional or feparate grant of Eaft- Jerfeys to Sir George Carteret; governor Carteret brought over fome additional conceffions, which were called the third conceffions ; as he had bought fome (hares in the Elizabeth-town Indian purchafe, the Elizabeth-town men gave him no uneafmefs, he refided in Elizabeth- town till death ; he made it the feat of government, Robert Barclay the noted quaker writer, was the firft govef nor for the twenty-four proprietors. Upon the Dutch peace 1674, Sir Edmond Andros was appointed governor of the Jerfeys, but by virtue of the duke of York's fecond or divifional grant, Sir George Carteret appointed Philip Carteret, Efq. his lieut. go- vernor for the Eafl-Jerfey, in which ftation he continued to the time of his death, November 1682-, he received fome infults from Sir Edmond Andros. From 1674, Sir Edmond Andros was governor of the Weft- Jerfeys for the duke of York, who had twifted the government out of the hands of lord Berkley's affignees, and upon proper reprefentations the duke of York quitted the govern- ment of Weft- Jerfeys to the affignees of lord Berkley, and they appointed Edware Byllyng, one of the affignees or proprietors, governor 1680, having obtained a new grant of the Weft-Jerfey ; at the fame time the duke made a new grant or confirmation of Eaft-Jerfey to the grandfon of Sir George Carteret. In the Weft- Jerfeys to Mr. Byllyng 1 090, fucceeded [g] doctor Daniel Cox of the [g] The affairs of this colony have always been in a confufed flate, which occafionsan unavoidable confuiionin the hiftory thereof. college SECT. XIII. O/ N E w-J E R s E yJ college of phyficians in London, he having purchased the greateft part of the property of Weft-Jerfey, was governor thereof; but as his profeflional bufmefsdid not allow him to leave London, he appointed a deputy go- vernor, and at length fold his intereft to Sir Thomas Lane and others for 9000!. fterl. a great price at that time. The original twenty-four fiiares of Eaft- Jerfey by fales of fmall parts of the fhares and fucceflion of children, became very much fubdivided ; for inftance, fome pro- prietors had only one fortieth part, of a forty -eighth part, of a twenty -fourth fhare ; Weft-Jerfey was in the fame condition. This occafioned much confufion in ma- nagement amongft thefe general proprietors, particularly in appointing governors j therefore the proprietors in good prudence refigned the government to the crown, referving all their other rights as we formerly mentioned j the proprietary government continued until Auguft 14, 1703, when lord Cornbury publilhed his commiffion from the crown as governor of all the Jerfeys ; thus the Eaft and Weft- Jerfeys, which had been feparate govern- ments from 1674, to 1703, became united in one go- vernment or jurifdiction, and continued under the fame governor with the province of New-York,until 1 73 6, when the government of New- York devolved upon lieutenant governor Clarke: as he had no command in the Jerfeys, the government of the Jerfeys devolved upon theprefidenc of the council, and ever fmce the command in chief has been in a diftinct perfon from that of New- York. Upon the proprietors furrendering the government to the crown, they obtained of the crown a fet of perpe- tual inftructions to all fubfequent governors by way of Concefilons, or magna charta, for the proprietors and people, particularly in favour of the proprietors, i. Not to confent to any tax upon unprofitable or vacant lands. 2. None but the general proprietors to purchafe any lands of the Indians. 3. To take care that all lands purchafed, be improved by the pofleifors, VOL. II. T After 274 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. After the Dutch peace there was (upon ceafing of head-land bounties) 1685, a council of proprietors ap- pointed for the Eaft-Jerfeys , they ordered a dividend of 10,000 acres to be taken up at pleafure, to each of the twenty-four proprietorihips of the Eaft-Jerfeys ; there was a fecond divifion of 5000 acres to each of the twenty- four proprietorfhips, Feb. 21, 1698-, and a divifion of 2500 acres, Dec. 2, 1702. To enforce the affair of a council of proprietors, there paffed an act of general af- fembly, March 25, 1725, that a certain number of the general proprietors, or their proxies, having the value of eight whole fhares in themfelves, fhall be a council of the proprietors of the eaftern divifion, to divide lands, examine claims, &c. and to have two Rated yearly meet- ings at Perth- Amboy, about the times of the fittings of the fupreme court of judicature. 1737, The council of proprietors advertifed, that after 1739, there Ihould be a further dividend of 2000 acres per ann. to each of the twenty- four proprietorfhips, until all vacant lands fhall be divided. In the firfl concefHons, February 10, 1664-5, the pro- prietors Berkley and Carteret promife to all adventurers and fettlers who ihould plant there, fundry privileges, particularly of head- lands for each head of fettlers: this promife was only defigned to be of four years continu- ance ; but from time to time was extended to January 13, 1685-6, and then ceafed ; the general proprietors then began to make dividends amongft themfelves as above. The head-lands were to fettlers, in any place exceeding ten miles from the fea, eighty acres per head, and to thofe who fettle nearer, fixty acres. In the beginning, the general lots were laid out, none lefs than 2100 acres, and none more than 21,000 acres ; whereof one feventh to be referved to the general pro- prietors, the remainder to perfons who fhould come and plant the fame. In taking up lands either by purchafe, and agree* ment with the general proprietaries as at prefent, or as formerly SECT. XIII. O/ N E w-J R s E y. 2/3 formerly by way of head-lands, the governor and ma- jority of the council gave a warrant to the furveyor ge- neral or his deputies, to furvey and lay out the fame; next the furveyor is to certify the furvey, upon which the governor and council make a grant in the form fol- lowing, " The lords proprietors of Nova-Casfarea, or " New-Jerfey, do hereby grant to A. B. of in the " province aforefaid, a plantation containing acres " Englifh meafure, to him or her, to his or her heirs or " afiigns for ever , yielding and paying yearly unto the * c faid lord proprietors, their heirs or affigns, every 25th * 6 day of March, according to the Englifh account, one tc half-penny, lawful money of England, for every one of " the faid acres ; to be holden as of the mannor of Eaft- " Greenwich in free and common foccage; the firft pay- u ment of quit-rents to begin the 25th Given under " the feal of the province, the day of in the year e of our Lord figned by the governor and a majo- " rity of the council. N. B. One half part of the " mines of gold and filver are referved ; and if in three coun- T 3 efpecially BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA^ PART II. efpecially confidering, 2. That Philip Carteret, Efq, lieu- tenant governor for the affignees, didfoon after his enter- ing upon the government of the Jerfeys, (he entered Au- gur! 16*65,) as it is fa id, under hand and feal gave licence to a company of fun 'ry perfons to purchafe of the In- dians within his government what quantity of lands they fhould think convenient; and accordingly, as the Fliza- beth m n fay, thdr anchors, with advice and confent of faid governor, made fundry purcrufe.s of the Indians. 3. Governor Carteret for his own ufe purch. fed fome of thefe Indian grant rights, particularly that of Bailey, May 21, 1666; only four families were fct'J-d at Eliza- beth-town (afterwards fo called) before governor Carte- ret' s arrival ; Carteret died governor of Eaft-Jerfey, Nov. 1681* ; during his government the provincial gene- ral aflemblies, the council, the fuperior or fupreme courts of judicature, and general offices of the government were kept at Elizabeth-town, which was fo called by the name of Elizabeth, wife of Sir George Carteret , it was the firft Englifh fettlement, and the moft ancient town of the province. Moreover, the proprietors who hold by Indian grants, fay, as a precedent, although the courts at law in the Jerfeys, May 14, 1695, gave judgment of ejectment in favour of James Fullerton, who held under the general proprietors, againft Jeffrey Jones, who held by the Indian grants. Upon Jone's appeal to the king in council, the judgment was reverfed and fet afide February 25, 1696: the general proprietors fay, that the judgment was reverfed only becaufe of fome errors in the proceed- ings. A petition or complaint of Elizabeth-town In- dian grant proprietors, was read before the king in coun- cil, July 19, 1744, reprefenting the hardfhips they fuf- tained from the general proprietors, i. That generally cil, and afTociates who had conformable to inftru&ions, a grant of them from the governor and council of New- York, is of this nature, but hitherto not determined. See vol. II. p. 232. the SECT. XIII: Of N E w-J E R s E r. 279 the council and judges are interefted in the general pro- prietors fide of the queftion, and are therefore become judges in their own caufe. 2. By ad of aflembly they have procured part of the county of Somerfet, who are moftly of the general proprietors fide, to be annexed to the county of EfTex, where the lands of the Indian grant proprietors generally lay, for the fake of having juries in their intereft. For a fix-penny damage, we are fometimes brought in for two or three hundred pounds proclamation money cods ; and we are daily threatened with great pretended damages and heavy cofts : therefore they pray, that the king would take them under his immediate protection, and either deter- mine the affair in your majefty's moft honourable privy- council, or appoint difinterefted commiffioners out of fome of the neighbouring colonies, and by a jury from. thence alfo to be taken, to hear and finally decide in faid cafe; or that your majefty would be gracioufly pleated to appoint commiffioners, to hear, enquire into, and determine faid controverfy ; or grant fuch relief as to your majefty may feem meet. This was referred to the committee of council for plantation affairs. Auguft 21, 1744, this committee refer the petition to the lords com- miffioners for trade and plantations, to report to the committee, what they conceive proper for his majefty to do therein. The board of trade and plantations re- port to the faid committee of privy council, &c. &c. &c. The character of a fummary obliges us to flop ; and only further to obferve, that this affair hitherto is not ifTued. In anfwer, the general proprietors reprefent to the board of trade and plantations, i. That they humbly conceive, the complaint is hot fent from the whole body, or from any confiderable number of inhabitants there, but from a few factious and mutinous people impatient of any government. 2. The rioters pretend a fole right in the Indians, but no right in the king and his grantees, with a defign to deprive the proprietors of their T 4 right BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA, PART II. right to the foil and quit- rent, and with a defign to ftrip his majefty of his royal right to that and the other, plantations, and to render them independent of the crown. Complaints dated April 13, 1745, were filled in chan- cery of the Jcrfeys, againft the Elizabeth proprietors cal- led Clinker right men, confiding of 124 folio pages; and was followed by a long bill from the council of proprietors of the Eaftern divifion of New-Jcrfey, met in Perth-Amboy, March 25, 1746, in behalf of them- feives, and the reft of the general proprietors of the Eaftern divifion of New-Jerfey, whom they reprefent. In thefe inftruments they feem to alledge, i. That as the Indians had granted thefe lands to Herman 1651, they could not grant them to Bailey, &c. as is above faid. 2. Confidering the long pofleflion of the Elizabeth men, and the great charge and labour in clearing thefe pof- feffions, governor Nichols's patents upon Indian deeds are in equity deemed good ; this does not excufe the pof- ieflbrs from paying quit- rents and other acknowledg- ment conformably to the grants ; and that in fact, March ,il, 1674-5, the Elizabeth men offering to pay to the lord proprietor 20!. fterl. per ann. quit-rent for eight miles fquare, this offer was refufed by the governor and council infifting upon the half penny fterl. per acre per ann. 3. The riotous proceedings of the Elizabeth men and others claiming by Indian deeds, viz. goal broke open, people forceably turned out of the pofTeffion of their lands; this they call clubing them out; and the officers of the government publickly infulred and beat ; fonie of the rioters have come fifty miles and upwards to join in a riot. The late riots in the Jerfeys are between the proprie- tors who hold by a town right, and thofe who hold by patents froTi the general proprietors. The general proprietors fay, that the only good title in the province is under the crown ; and all pretences from Indian purchafes only are void, SECT. XIII. Of N E w-J E R s E Y. 281 Ike boundaries of New- Jerfey, rivers, and fame diftances^ of noted places. It is bounded eafterly by the province of New- York From 41 d. N. lat. on Hudfon's river to Sandyhook, about forty miles; from Sandyhook E. foutherly upon the ocean forty leagues to Cape-May, at the entrance of De- laware-Bay, from Cape-May it is bounded wefterly on Penfylvania, along the various turnings of Delaware ri- ver to 41 d. 40 m. north lat. which, if in a ftraight line, would be about 200 miles ; the N. eafterly line of New- Jerfey with New- York, was determined by the duke of York in his grant of New- Jerfey to Berkley and Carte- ret, to be from a point in the main branch of Delaware river in lat. 41 d. 40 m. to a point in Hudfon's river in lat. 41 d. The point on Delaware river is fully agreed upon and afcertained by both governments, the other on Hudfon's river is not fo fully agreed upon ; the line from point to point may be about eighty miles long, E. 41 d. S. Anno 1676, by agreement between the four afllgnees of lord Berkley on the one fide, and Sir George Carteret on the other fide, (perhaps this is the reafon of the name quinquepartite line) New- Jerfey was divided into two provinces, called the Eaft and Weft- Jerfey, and con- firmed by the duke of York 1680, and 1682, and by act of afiembly 1719; this line as run by Mr. Lau- rence, November 1744, was in length 150 miles twenty chains, N. 9d. 19 m. W. from Little-Egg harbour in the ocean, to4id. 40 m. N. lat. The S. point of this line was fettled 1676, the north point of the line was fettled 1719, but the line itfelf was never run till 1744, and that only by the proprietors of Eaft- Jerfey ex parte, In this line fome errors have been difcovered and require to be recTified. As there is a confiderable dif- ference in the variations of the compafs, at the north and 282 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA." PART II. and fouth terminations of this divifional line, this divi- fional line cannot be ftraight. The firft falls in Delaware river in Trent town, are oppofite to the 47th mile of this divifional line. In order to diicover the main branch mentioned in the grants, and the largenefs of fome other branches of De- laware and Sefquahanna rivers, there was lately a furvey line run nearly due weft from Minifmck ifland on Dela- ware river about twelve miles above the divifional line eroding the N. E. branch of Delaware river, to Sefqua- hanna river for eighty-five miles, and where it fell in with Sefquahanna, that river was about thirty chains (four rods to a chain) wide, and near this there was a branch which fell into the principal river of Sefquahanna about 300 feet wide, and in the fork was an Indian vil- lage called Solochka. The weft branch of Delaware river was only twenty-five feet wide,, the N. E. branch where the ftation point of the divifion line between New- York and Jerfey is fixed at 4 id. 40 m. lat. is above 500 feet wide. The fork fo called of Delaware river is about feventy miles upon a ftraight line below this fta- tion point : at this ftation point anno 1744, the varia- tion of the compafs was W. 6d. 35111. anno 1719, it was obferved to be about 8 d. as is before mentioned. The ftation point at Egg- Harbour 1744, was 5 d. 25 m. Mr. Serjeant Hook fome time fince made a purchafe of 3750 acres upon Delaware river in the Weft- Jerfey, and gave one tenth of in as a glebe to the church. The principal rivers in the province of New- Jerfey, are the Noorde Rivier or Hudfon's river, which we have already delineated in the fection of New- York, and Zuide Rivier or Delaware river, which we fhall defcribe in the fe&ion of Penfylvania ; only we mall obferve, that in the Jerfey fide of this river are feveral (hort creeks. Thefe of Cohanfy, and of Salem twenty miles higher, make one diftricl: of cuftom-houfej at Bridling- ton SECT. XIII. O/ NE W-JERSEY. 283 ton twenty miles above Philadelphia is another cuftom diftrict. Thefe two cuftom- houfe diftricts, their quarterly entries and clearances of veffels, are generally nil, and fcarce deferve the name of preventive creeks. The main branch of Delaware river comes from Cat-kill mountains, a few miles weft of the fountains of Sco- harie river a branch of the Mohawks river.. Raritan river falls into Sandyhook-bay at Amboy point-, the tide flows twelve miles up to Brunfwick : at the mouth of this ri- ver is the only confiderable fea port and cuftom-houfe of New- Jcriey : here is the city of Perth- Amboy, it is the capital of the province of New- Jerfey, and here are kept the provincial records : here is a good deep water harbour and promifing country; but notwithftanding, it has only the appearance of a mean village : the name Is a compound of Perth, the honorary title of the late Drummond earl of Perth, and Amboy its Indian name. Th^ fca line of New-Jerfey is Arthur Cul-Bay and Amboy-Sound, between Staten-Ifland and the main about twenty miles S. Thefe receive the rivulets of Hac- kinfack, Paflaick, Bounds-creek, and Raway, from Amboy point to Sandyhook (Sandyhook is in Eaft- Jerfey) twelve miles E. from Sandyhook to Cape-May, 1 20 mile S. wefterly, is a flat double fandy fhore, having fome inlets practicable only by fmall cratt. There are feveral chains or ridges of hills in this pro- vince, but of no consideration. Perth-Amboy is the provincial town of Eaft-Jerfey ; Bridlington is the province town of Weft-Jerfey, dif- tance fifty miles, where the general aflembly of all the Jerfeys fits alternately, and where the diflinct provincial judicatories or fupreme courts fit reflectively. Bridling- ton, commonly called Burlington, is a pleafant village. Elizabeth-town is the moft ancient corporation and con- fiderable town of the province. Brunfwick in Eaft- Jerfey is nearly the center of the Eaft and Weft- Jerfeys ; i here 284 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. here is lately eftablifhed a college [k] for the inftruction of youth, by a charter from governor Belcher, Octo- ber 22, 74^, with power to confer all degrees as in the uni verities of England: the prefent tru'iets are gene- rally prefbyterians, a majority of feven or more truftees to have the management; each fcholar to pay 4!. per ann. at 8s. oz. filver; Mr. Jonathan Dickenfon was their firft prefident, Mr. Burr is their prefent prefident; in this college O&ober 5, 1749, commenced ieven bat- chelors of arts. The road as in prefent ufe, from New-York city to Philadelphia, is, from New- York to Elizabeth-town feventeen miles, thence to Brunfwick twenty-two miles, thence to Trent town ferry thirty miles, thence to Phi- ladelphia twenty miles ; being in all trom the city of New- York to Philadelphia 104 miles. From Cape-May to Salem are about fixty miles, thence to Bridlington fifty miles, thence to Trent town falls fifteen miles. Thefe are the firft falls of Delaware river, and the tide flows fo high , below thefe falls when the tide is down and no land floodings in the river, the river is fordable. In the province of the Jerfeys are five corporations with courts; whereof three are in Eaft Jerfey, the city of Perth- Amboy, the city of New-Brunfwick, and the borough of Elizabeth-town ; and two in Weft Jer- fey, the city of Bridlington, alias Burlington, and the borough of Trent town : of thefe only two, Perth-Am- boy and Burlington, fend reprefentatives to the general afiembly. There is not much to be laid concerning their wars with the Indians and Canada French : the Five nations of Iroquois which we call Mohawks, have always been in our in.ereft; they, e{pecially the large tribe of Senecas, [fl Formerly by miftake, I wrote, that this college was by royal charter. cover SECT, XIIT. Of NE W-JER SB Y. 285 cover the provinces of New-Jerfey, Penfylvania, Mary- land, and Virginia. Ever fince the firft fettling of this province, the publick has never been put to one penny charge for keeping the Indians in peace. The fham Canada expeditions of 1709, and 1711, led this pro- vince, and all the other Britilh provinces to the north- ward of it, into a pernicious paper currency, called pub- lick bills of credit -, their firft paper currency was emit- ted 1709 of 3000 1. to be cancelled by taxes the fame year, and 1711 they emitted 5000!. to be cancelled by taxes in 1712 and 1713, and afterwards many emiffions for charges of government [/] and loans amongft them- felves, but never did run fuch depreciating lengths, as have been done in New- England. See the article of plantation currencies in the Appendix. At prefent the Weft-Jerfey money or currency is in value equal to that of the adjoining province of Penfylva- nia ; the Eaft-Jerfey currency is the fame with the adja- cent province of New- York ; their refpe&ive dealings, being almoft folely with the refpe&ive adjoining provin- ces. Penfylvania paper currency was at firft emitted at the value of proclamation money, which is 6s. currency equal in value to a heavy Spanifh piece of eight ; but at prefent a milled piece or Spanilh dollar pafies for 7 s. 6d. currency, a heavy piftole 278. a guinea 345. and moi- dores 44 s. New-York paper currency was at firft emit- ted at 8 s. per oz. filver: at prefent a dollar or milled piece of eight being 7-Sths of one oz. filver, is 8 s. cur- rency, piftoles 28s. if not under 4d. 6 grains wt. gui- neas 35 s. moidores 455. Their various feclaries, not in religion, but in reli- gious modes of worfhip, may be found in a general article of the fedion of Rhode-Jfland ; we (hall only [7] The forces raifed there towards the late Cuba or Spanifh Weft- India expedition, and afterwards five companies of 100 men each, towards a feint expedition againft Canada 1746, was a confideiable charge to them in levying and victualling. obfever 286 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. obferve that this colony was firft fettled by prefbyteri- ans, anabaptifts, and quakers, who to this time ftill prevail; notwkhftanding the great charge of mifli- onaries from the fociety for propagating the gofpel, who by miftake feem to embarrafs fhe chriftian reli- gion in general, more than to cultivate it. Why fhould religious, pious, and fober chriftians, induftrious, fru- gal, and orderly common-wealths men, be thusdifturbed and perplexed, in their legally tolerated way, differing from the miflionary eftablifhed church, not in doctrine, but in fome anceflorial innocent modes of worlhip : while at the fame time the heathen Indians, the princi- pal object of their millions, as may well be imagined, neither civilized nor chriftianized, are wholly neglected by them ? Inhabitants of the Jerfeys, men, women, and children, are reckoned at about 50,000, whereof 10,000 may be reckoned a training militia. The valuation of the feveral counties, that is, their proportions in every thoufand pound tax, a few years lince, flood thus, EAST-JERSEY. WEST-JERSEY. Somerfet 39 Cape-May 31 Monmouth 169 10 Salem 144 Middlefex 115 Gloucefter 86 Eflfex 136 Burlington 123 10 Bergen 82 Hunterdon 74 541 10 458 10 The two new out counties of Morris, and Trent, feem hitherto not reduced to any regulations. Succeffion of governors in the province of New-Jerfey. The affair of governors is above intermixed with the hiftory of the various changes of the property and ju- rifdidlionj we lhall now recapitulate what relates to go* vernment SECT. XIII. Of NEW-JERSEY. 287 vernment and governors in a connected aud concife manner. The duke of York had a grant of the property and government of New-Netherlands from his brother Charles II. March 12, 1663-4. Duke of York by commiflion, April 2, 1664, -appointed Richard Nichols, Efq. his lieut. governor or deputy of the whole New-Netherlands, but did not enter upon his government until Auguft 27, 1664. Upon the duke of York's alignment, June 24, 1664, of that part called the Jerfeys to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, they appointed Philip Carteret their governor : after fix months refidence he went to Eng- land, and foon returned to his government; but 1672, a turbulent people, to evade paying quit-rents, alledge that they did not hold of the proprietors Berkley and Carteret, but by Indian grants : they relinquifhed gover- nor Carteret, and chofe a governor of their own : gover- nor Carteret went home with complaints, and did not re- turn till November 1674, a Dutch jurifdiflion uponare- conqueft intervening from July 1673, to November 1674; Berkley and Carteret had a divifional feparate grant from the duke of York 1674, and Sir George Carteret fent over Philip Carteret, governor of Eaft- Jerfey : the duke of York kept the jurifdiction of Wefl- Jerfeys in his own hands by deputies. Nichols and Andros were governors of New- York and Weft-Jerfey for the duke of York. Becaufe of fome differences between governor Andros of New- York, and governor Carteret of Eaft-Jerfey, Andros ufurped the government of Eaft-Jerfey 1680, and fent from New-York to Elizabeth-town fome fol- diers ; they ufed governor Carteret rudely, they broke open his houfe, carried him from his naked bed on board of the floop to New- York, where he was kept prifoner the greatefl part of the year : governor Andros favoured. the Indian grant proprietors, with a defign to foment divifions and confufion; divide et impera: upon com- 288 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. complaints fent home to the duke of York, Andros was difmified from the government with a fliew of re- fentment, and the duke of York gave new deeds to the proprietors of the Eaft and Weft- Jerfeys, with exprefs grants of thefe powers, which Sir Edmond Andros pre- tended were wanting, the better to juftify his former conduct; by virtue of thefe new grants dated 1680, the proprietors were next year re-eftablifhed in the New- Jerfeys : Philip Carteret died governor of Eaft-Jerfey, November 1682. To prevent irregular purchafes of the Indians, the affembly of Eaft-Jerfey, 1683, paffed an ad " forbidding the taking of any Indian deeds but in the * c name of the lords proprietors, upon the pain of be- " ing profecuted as feditious perfons, and as breakers of " the king's peace, and of the publick peace and fafety *' of the province /' the fame act, but ibmething more fevere, was pafied in Weft- Jer fey. In Weft-Jerfey, upon the duke of York's quitting the government to the affigneesof lord Berkley, 1680, one of the afllgnees or proprietors was by them ap- pointed governor, and to him, 1690, fucceedcd Dr. Daniel Cox, who had purchafed the greateft part of Weftjerfey. In Eaft-Jerfey upon the duke of York's new deed to the proprietors, Robert Barclay, a noted quaker wri- ter, was made governor ; fometimes he officiated by a deputy; 1684, Gawn Laurie was his deputy, and con- tinued till 1685: foon after this, king James aflumed the government, but upon the revolution, the proprietors were reftored to their former rights, and appointed John Totham, Efq. for their governor, who was fuc- ceeded by col. Dudley; but the people fcrupled to obey them, and the proprietors appointed col. Hamilton for governor. After fome time the people alledged, that as a Scotsman he could not be governor of an Englifh colony, and SECT. XIII. Of N E w-J ERSE y'J 289 and a party of the proprietors appointed Mr. BafTe go- vernor ; foon after, another party of the proprietors again appointed col. Hamilton, Auguft 14, 1699, and not Jong after, fome of the proprietors appointed Mr. BafTe again; thefe appointments were not confirmed by the king. Mr. Bowne fuperfeded them , thefe times in the Eaft- Jerfeys were called the revolutions, [ni] and was go- vernor when the proprietors of both Jerfeys, becaufe of difTenfions amongft themfelves in appointing governors, and from the confufions occafioned by the Indian grants men, found it advifeable to refign the government, but no other of their rights, to the crown, 1702. Thus both Jerfeys were unired in one jurifdi&ion, and had for their governor the fame perfon who was go- vernor of the province of New-York ; fee the fedlion of New- York, vol. II. p. 249, viz. lord Cornbury, col. Hunter, [] William Burnet, Efq. col. Montgomery, and col. Colby. Upon Colby's death, lieut. governor Clarke, 1736, fucceeded in the command of New- York, but not in that of the Jerfeys, which in courfe fell into the hands of the prefident of the council of the Jerfeys : ever fince, the governors of New-York and of the Jerfeys have been In diitincl: perfons. [m] During the revolutions in the alternate admlniftrations of Ha- milton and BafTe from 1698, to the refignation of the government to the crown, there were in the province continued confufions, mutual breaking of goals, refcuing of prifoners, beating and abufing of civil officers ; fometimes the chief command was in the council ; the refig- nation of thofe governments to the crown by Sir Thomas Lane kn-ght and alderman of London, agent for Weft Jerfey, and of William Dockwray, the famous projector of the ufeful, and to the publick re" venue of Great-Britain beneficial, penny poft office, agent for Eafr,- Jerfey. [] Governor Hunter was allowed by the general affembly of the Jerfeys, during his adminiftration, 500!. per ann. currency, and loo 1. for contingencies. VOL. IL U Lewis BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA." PART II. Lewis Morris, Efq. formerly chief juftice of the pro- vince of New-York, was the firfl diftinct governor of the Jerfeys ; he died May 14, 17465 to him fucceeded. Jonathan Belcher, Efq. formerly governor of the pro- vinces of MafTachufett's-Bay and New-Hampfhire, fee vol. 1. p. 481 ; was nominated by the king for governor of the Jerfeys, and arrived there foon after : he con- tinues governor at this prefent writing, Auguft 1751. His firft meeting with the provincial afTembly was Au- guft 22, 1746. fhe legljlature, and fome municipal laws of New- Jerfey. The legiflature confifts of three negatives; the en- afting ftile is, " Be it enacted by his excellency the go- vernor, council, and general afTembly." The three negatives are, i. The governor, ftiled go- vernor in chief, vic-eadmiral, and chancellor of the pro- vince of New-Jerfey. 2. The council nominated by the king ; their com- plement is twelve, as it generally is in all our colonies. The governor and council are a court of error and chancery. 3. The houfe of reprefentatives in this province; they are particularly called the afTembly ; though in propriety the governor, council, and houfe of reprefentatives of the people, met in a legiflative capacity, are the general aflembJy of a province or colony [p]. This houfe of re- prefentatives or afTernbiy confifts of twenty-four mem- bers, whereof twenty are reprefentatives of counties, the other four from the cities, fo called, of Perth-Amboy and Burlington, viz. [0] I cannot account for fuch improprieties in our colonies ; thus in Virginia, the houfe of reprefematives is very improperly called the houfe of burgeffes, becaufe Virginia is represented by counties. In the province of North- Caiolina adjoining to Virginia, they are guilty f the fame impropriety. In SECT. XIII. Of N E w-J E R s E Y, 291 In EAST- JERSEY. In WE"ST-JERSEV. From the county of From the. county of Bergen 2 Hunterdon 2 Eflex 2 Burlington 2 Middlefex 2 Gioucefter 2 Somerfet 2 Salem 2 Mon mouth 2 Cape-May 2 From the city of From the city of Perth-Amb. 2 Burlington 2 12 12 The new counties of Morris county, and Trent county, hitherto do not fend reprefentatives. All the acts of the afiembly of New-Jerfey muft have the royal aflent. The houfe of reprefentatives is no court of judicature, but have the privilege of enquiring into the male admi- niftration of the courts of juftice. The magna charta or fundamental constitution of the province of New-Jerfey, confifts of three iubfcquent fets of conceffions from the proprietors, and of the perpe- tual inftructions for all fucccffive crown governois as agreed upon 1702, at the proprietors refignation of the fovernment to the crown. Thefe are reckoned of a igher nature, than the acts of their afifemblies, and are termed by the afTembly, the laws of conmfions. The firft conceffions were 1 664, from lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, joint proprietors of New-Jerfey by affignment from the duke of York. The iecond con- ceffions 1672, were from the faid proprietors jointly ; the third conceffions were only for Eaft Jerfey by Sir George Carteret 1674, upon the duke of York's grant- ing him a divifional grant: thefe were only additional and explanatory of the firft conceffions. The bounty lands to the firft fettlers called head-lands, being fo many acres per head of fettlers at one half penny fieri, per ann. per acre quit-rent. The quit-rents of the Jerfeys began March 25, 1670 j the whole arrears U 2 Of 292 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. of quit-rents from the beginning to 1747, did not exceed 15000!. The bounty by the fir (I conceflions was only for heads imported in the firft four years, but by fubfequent concefilons, it was continued to January 13, 1685. In other patents to purchafers the quit-rents were various as per agreement, e. g. in Newark there are fome patents at fix pence fieri, per ann. per. 100 acres. The fundamental law of conceflions is, that all va- cant lands are to be purchafed only by the governor and council in the name of the proprietors-, and all claims to lands otherways than by warrant of furvey, by the furvey of a ftated furvey or, and patent from the governor and council are deemed void. There have been only two remarkable times of purchafe from the Indians 1664, under governor Nichols, prior to the acts of con- ceffions ; and 1672 under governor Carteret, but fubfe- quent and contrary to the firft conceflions. Several tracts of land have from time to time been purchafed of the Indians by the general proprietors. By act of affembly, 1683, no perfon to contract for, or accept of, deeds of lands from the Indians, but in the name of the pro- prietors. In the revolution times, as they were called, in New- Jerfey from 1698, to 1703, all rules of property were flighted, many riots and much diforder enfued, and by remonftrances to king William all eftablifhed rules of property were endeavoured to be everted, and Indian purchafes eftablifhed, but in vain. Upon the refigna- tion of the government to the crown, and by an act of afltmbly 1703, declaring all pretences by Indian purchafes only, to be penal, (penalty 408. per acre) cri- minal, and void -, and by an act 1713, a penalty is im- pofed of 20 s. for every tree cut by any perfon upon lands which are not his own property; order was re- ftored to the great improvement of New-Jerfey, and which was enjoyed till 1745, when Indian purchafes were fet up again. Several a&ions of ejectment being brought SECT. XIII. Of N E w-J E R s E Y. 293 brought by the council of general proprietors againft the tenants, fo called, in poffeffion of the Elizabeth rights, as holding only by a groundlefs right of title by Indian deeds , anno 1746, the Elizabeth men petition the general affembly* that a way may be made for their relief in the province, or that they may have liberty of application to the head and fountain of juftice. Upon this enfued a fuk in their provincial chancery, as before related. Some articles in the conceflions were, that the general aflembly fhall raife and pay the governor's (alary and all charges of government; and that the quit rents mall be paid to the proprietors free of all charges, no quit-rents to be applied for that purpofe. To prevent interfering claims and fraudulent fales, there are only two deputy furveyors in a county, under a general furveyor of the province, and ail furveys are to be recorded as approved of by the furveyor general. Titles of land are to be tried only in the fupreme court of judicature. Courts of judicature. The feveral courts of judicature are nearly of the fame conftitution with the courts in the colonies already related. There is a fupreme court (in New-England they are called fuperior courts) for the Eaft-Jerfey divi- fion held at the city of Am boy two terms yearly, the third Tuefday in March, and fecond Tuefday in Auguft; each of thefe with only eight days continuance. The fupreme court for the Weft- Jerfey divifion is held at Burlington the firft Tuefday in November, and fecond Tuefday in May, under the fame regulations. There are in each county once a year, a court for tryal of caufes brought to iflue in the fupreme court; thole for Weft-Jerfey are in the fpring, thofe for Eaft-Jerfey are in the end of autumn. U 3 In 294 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART IL In each county there are courts of quarter fefiions, and county courts for holding pleas-, in New-England they are called inferior courts for common pleas. Produce, manufactures^ trade, and navigation in New- Jerfey. New-Jerfey is a good corn country : it raifes more wheat than any one of our colonies ; but their wheat and flour is moftly fhipped off from New- York and Penfyl- vania -, they raife fome hemp and flax. They have not wrought their copper ore mine for fome time. They manufacture fome iron ore into pigs and bars. In the province of New-Jerfey there are three cuftom- houfc diftri&s, whereof two are in Weft-Jerfey on De- laware river; Salem (this includes Cohanzey) about nine miles below Newcaftle : and Burlington about twenty miles above Philadelphia-, thefe, as we have already ob- ferved, are of no confideration, fcarce deferving the name of preventive creeks: the third is in Eaft-Jerfey at Perth- Amboy. The twelve months accounts of en- tries and clearances at the port of Perth-Amboy, from June 24, 1750, to June 34, 1751, ftand thus, Entered inwards. Cleared outwards. Ships 2 Ships 2 Snows 2 Snows 3 Brigantines 7 Brigantjnes 8 Sloops 1 8 Sloops 13 Schooners 10 Schooners 10 Shallops 2 Shallops 2 both foreign and coaiting voyages included. I mall only mention fome of the mod confiderable articles of their f xports and imports'in that time. Exported. SECT. XIII: Of N E w- J E R s E Y. Exported. Imported. Flour 6424 bar. Bread 168,500 wt. Beef and pork 314 barrels Grain 17*94* bufh. Hemp 14,000 wt. Some firkins of butter, fome hams, beer, flax-feed, Rum 39*670 gal. Molofles 3 1 , 600 gal . Sugar 2,089 ct. wt. Pitch, tar, 1 andturpent.| 4 ^ bar - Wines 123 pipes Salt 12,759 bufh. bar -iron, fome lumber. Some mlfcdlanles on various fubjeffs. The copper ore of the Jerfeys is very good, but the mine has not been wrought for fome years, the diffi- culty in draining requires a fire engine. The copper mines in Simfbury hills in New-England, about ninety miles N. E. from the copper mine in New-Jerfey, have been neglected for fome years, becaufe they not only dip too quick, and therefore are not eafily drained, but alfo the ore is of a hard nature not eafily fluxed ; it is too much intermixed with fpar, the veins or loads very un- certain and unequal, and frequently only fhoads or frag- ments. In Britifh North- America, hitherto no difcovery has been made of tin ores, nor of lapis calaminaris, very little lead ore, and that not good. All over North-America is much iron ore, both rock and bog ore. Trfree tun of bog or fwamp ore gives about one tun caft iron ware, which can be afforded cheaper than that which is imported from England or Holland. The bars of bog ore have too much fcoriae or drofs, and are much inferior to the bars refined from the pigs of rock ore. In the American rivers there are many cataracts, pre- cipices, pitches, or falls , generally from the river palling over a ledge or ridge of rocks : that of Niagara, for- merly mentioned, between lake Ontario and lake Erie, js the molt noted. There are fome cataracts or great U 4 falls, 296 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Falls, not from a precipice of rocks, but from a very narrow pafs in a tide river; that near the mouth of St. John's river on theN. W. fide of the bay of Fundy in Nova-Scotia is the moil noted : in this cafe, from the narrownefs of the pafs, the water not confined below falls off fader than the water confined above, the water above is not only what the tide of flood brought in, but allb the river water dammed up. The higher up a tide river, the duration of flood is lefs, and chat of ebb is more ; for inflance, in the great river of Canada, or river of St. Laurence, anno 1748, a flag of truce was fent for exchange of prifoners trom Bofton in New-England to Quebec in Canada. In this great river by order of the general governor of Canada they were ft opt at Lifle des Bafques, (five leagues be- Jow Tadoufack, and thirty-five leagues below Quebec) where was good anchorage [/>] in ten fathom water, the tide flowed five hours and ebbed feven hours. Amongft the many hardfhips which the firft fettlers of new raw colonies and plantations fuffer, one of the rnoft confiderable is, their fitting down in wildernefs, foreft, or wood lands ; where by the exhalations from the trees, there is a continual damp, which does not con- tinuedly difperfe, but hovers about, and may be faid in ibme refpect to flagnate and putrify, and confequently produce in thefe human bodies many kinds of putrid diforders, fuch as putrid lingring fevers, putrid dyfen- teries, all forts of fcorbutick complaints, and the like diftemperatures. The damp or vapour from wood lands, is much more confiderable than from the fame lands when cleared of trees and fhrubs. It is notorious in thefe countries, that many dreams of water which in the be- ginning came from wood lands, and carried grid mills and faw mills -, when thefe lands were cleared of wood, [p] The French by their reprefentations of the difficult and danger- ous navigation of this river, endeavour to intimidate all other na- tions from attempting the river -, but now we find that it is fafely pra&icable. their SECT. XiV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 297 their ftreams vanifhed and became dry, the mills ceafed, and in iome parts the cattle could not be conveniently watered. In the philofophical tranfactions of the royal fociety in London, we find many obfervations and ex- periments made relating to this fubject ; for inftance, two veflels containing each a certain equal quantity of water; in one of thele veflels were fet fome living plants: after a certain fpace of time, the veffel containing water with plants evaporated much more of the water, than the veifel of water only. SECT. XIV. Concerning the Province of Penfylvania, and its Ter- ritories. WE have already deduced thefe fettlements from their firft European difcoveries, and from their traniition by the name of New-Netherlands under the Dutch, to the duke of York's property by patents from the crown of England. This province and territories are by three diftinft grants, i. The province of Penfylvania by patent from K. Charles II. dated March 4, 1680-1. 2. The duke of York, 1683, Auguft 24, fold to William Penn the el- der, his heirs and affigns, the town of Newcaflle, alias Delaware, and a diftrift of twelve miles round Newcaftle. 3. Duke of York by another deed of fale Auguft 24, 1683, made over to faid William Penn, his heirs and afligns, that tract of land from twelve miles fouth of Newcaftle, to the Whore-Kills, otherwife called Cape- Henlopen, divided into the two counties of Kent and SuiTcx; which with Newcaftle diftrid, are commonly known by the name of the three lower counties upon De- laware river. As BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. As the three lower counties or territories are by diftind deeds or grants from that of the royal grant of the pro- vince of Penfylvania, when it was by the proprietary left to their option to be united with the jurifdidion of the province of Penfylvania, or to continue a feparate jurifdidion ; they chnfe to be a feparate jurifdidion, and not to be as it were annihilated by a prevailing jurifdic- tion : thus they continue at prefent two diftincl: legifla- tures, governments, or jurifdidion, under the direction pf one and the fame governor , but their municipal laws and regulations are nearly the fame. K. CHARLES lid's patent of the province of PENSYL- VANIA is dated March 4, 1680 i, of which an abftrad is, " To our trufty and well beloved fubjed William Penn, Efq. fon and heir of Sir William Penn deceafed, to re- duce the favage nations by gentle and juft manners to the love of civil fociety and the chriftian religion (with regard to the memory and merits of his late father in divers fervices, particularly in the fea-fight againft the Dutch 1665, under the duke of York) to tranfport an ample colony towards enlarging the Englifh empire and its trade, is granted all that trad of land in America, bounded eaftward on Delaware river from twelve miles northward of Newcaftle to the 43 d. of northern lat. andto extend 5 d. in longitude from faid river ; to be bounded northerly by the beginning of the 43 d. of N. Jar. and on the fouth by a circle drawn at twelve miles diftance from Newcaftle northward and weftward unto the beginning of the 40 d. of northern lat. and then by a ftrait line weftward to the limits of longitude above- nientioned ; faving to us and our fuccefibrs the alle- giance and fovereignty, to be holden as of our caftle pf Windibr in the county of Berks, paying quit rent twobuck-fkins to be delivered to us yearly in our caftle pf Windforon the firft of January, and the fifth of all gold and filver ore, clear of all charges. Ereded into a province and feignorie, to be called Penfylvania. SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 299 Said William Penn, &c. and his lieutenants, with the aflent of a majority of the freemen or their delegates aflembled, to raife money for publick ufes, to eftabhfh judges, juftices, and other magiftrates, probat of wills and granting of adminiftrations included ; to pardon or remit all crimes and offences committed within (aid province, treafon and wilful murder excepted, which however they may reprieve until the king's pleafure is known ; the judges by them conftituted to hoid pleas as well criminal as civil, perfonal, real and mixt : their laws to be confonant to reafon, and not repugnant to the laws of England, referving to us, &c. a power to hear and determine upon appeals. In all matters the laws of England to take place, where no pofuive law of the province appears. A duplicate of all laws made in faid province, mall in five years be tranfmitted to the privy council ; and if within fix months, being there received, they be deemed inconfiftent with the preroga- tive or laws of England, they (hall be void. . A lice, e for our fubjedls to tranfport themfelves and families u o the faid country. A liberty to divide the country into towns, hundreds, and counties, to incoporate towns into boroughs and cities, to conftitute fairs and markets. A liberty of trade with all our other dominions, pay- ing the cuftomary duties. A power to conftitute fea ports and keys, but to admit of fuch officers as {hall from time to time be appointed by the commifTioners of our cuftoms. The proprietors may receive fuch impo- fiticns upon goods as the afiembly fhall enact. The pro- prietors to appoint an agent or attorney to refide near the court in London to anfwer for the default of the proprietors, and where damages are afcertained by any of our courts, if thefe damages are not made good within the fpace of one year, the crown may relume the government until fuch damages and penalties are fatif- fied, but without any detriment to the particular owners or adventurers in the province. To maintain no corre- fpondence with our enemies. A power to purfue ene- mies 3altimore and his heirs, all their pretenfions to the province of Maryland to be fo bounded as aforefaid, free of all incumbrances, by William Penn the grand-father, William Penn the lather, Springet Penn, William Penn thefon, John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, their heirs or affigns, X ia BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. in Baltimore's grant there was an except ion of lands then belonging to the Dutch, which are at prefent the three lower counties upon Delaware river ; when Mr. Penn took pofiefilon he found one Dutch and three Swedifh congregations. The frrand difpnte was concerning the conftru&ion of the expreflion forty degrees of latitude ; Maryland grant 1632, fays, to the forty degrees of latitude which Ma- ryland's fide of the queftion conftrue to be to forty de- grees compleat -, Penfylvania grant 1782, fays, to begin at the beginning of the fortieth degree, which the Pen- fylvania fide conitrue to be juft after thirty-nine de- grees is compleated [j] ; thus there was adifpute of the extent of one degree in latitude, or fixty-nine Englifh miles. Confidering Maryland grant was prior, and that the Maryland people had made confiderable improvements by poffeflions, within that degree of latitude ; the affair was compromifed feemingly in favour of Maryland by a written agreement May 10, 1732, as is above related : and that in two calendar months from that date, each party fhall appoint commiflioners not more than feven, whereof three or more of each fide may aft or mark out the boundaries aforefaid, to begin at fartheft fome time in Odober 1732, and to be compleated on or bqfore the twenty-fifth of December, 1733, and when fo done a plan thereof mall be figned, fealed, and delivered by the commiflioners and their principals, and fhall be entered in all the publick offices in the feveral provinces and counties , and to recommend to the refpective legislatures to pafs an aft for perambulating thefe boundaries at lead once in three years. The party defaulting, to pay the other party on demand fix thoufand pounds flerling : accordingly the commiflioners reflectively appeared, but upon fome differences in opinion, the boundaries were not made in [/] Thus in other affairs ; for inftance in political computation, after 1 700, it is called the eighteenth century, I the SECT. XIV. O/PENSYLVANIA. 311 the time limited; the failure was in lord Baltimore's fide,, who alledged that he had been deceived in fixing cape Henlopen twenty miles fouth wefterly of the weftern cape of Delaware-Bay, whereas cape Henlopen is the weftern cape itfelf; the Penns affirm, that the weftern cape is cape Cornelius, and cape Henlopen is about four hours fouth wardly of it, according to the Dutch maps and defcriptions publifhed about the time when lord Bal- timore obtained his grant. Becaufe of nonperformance, the Penns 1735 exhibit- ed a bill in the chancery of Great-Britain againft lord Baltimore, praying that the laid articles may be decreed to fubfift and be carried into execution, and that any doubts arifen may be cleared by the laid decree. After tedious delays, at length May 15, 1750, lord chancellor decreed cofls of fuit againft Baltimore, and that the articles of May 10, 1732, be carried into exe- cution ; and that before the end of three calendar months from May 15, they fhould execute two feveral proper inftruments for appointing commiiTioners, not more than feven of a fide ; any three or more of a fide may run and mark the boundaries, to begin fome time in November next, and to be compleated on or before the laft day of April 1752, to be figned, &c. recorded, &c. and enabled, &c. as per agreement of 1 732 above related. Lord chan- cellor decreed concerning the late difputes, i. That the center of the circle be fixed in the middle of the town of Newcaftle. 2. That the faid circle ought to be of a radius of twelve Englifh miles. 3. That cape Henlopen ought to be deemed as the place laid down in the maps, annexed to the articles of 1732. The commirTioners appointed by each party met at Newcaftle, Nov. 15, 1750; they agreed on a center in Newcaftle, from whence the twelve miles radii are to proceed ; but a difpute arofe concerning the menfura- tion of thefe twelve miles. Lord Baltimore's commiffi- oners alledged, that thefe miles ought to be meafured fuperficially - 9 the Penns commifiioners alledged, that X 4 confidering 312 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. confidering the various inequalities of the ground, fuch radii could not extend equally, confequently from them no true arch of a circle could be formed, and infilled upon geometrical and aflronomical menfurations. Thus the proceedings of the commiflioners ftopt, and they wrote to their refpective principals for further in- ftrudtions relating to that point, and adjourned to April 25, The confiderable rivers in Penfylvania are Delaware (Schyl-Kill river falls into Delaware at Philadelphia) ^nd the Sefquahana. Delaware-Bay begins at Lewis's near cape Henlopen [/] , from thence with the various turnings of the bay and river or publick road to New- caflle are about ninety three miles ; from Newcastle to Philadelphia are thirty-five miles ; from Philadelphia to Trent-town falls are thirty-five miles; thefe are the firil falls in this river, and the tide reaches up fo high ; thefe falls are practicable, and the river navigable with boats that carry nine or ten tons of iron forty miles higher to Durham iron works , this river proceeds from the weft fide of the Cat-kill mountains of the province of New-York. From Trent-town falls, this river is pra- cticable upwards of 1 50 miles for Indian canoe naviga- tion, feveral fmall falls or carrying places intervening. Mr. W - d, a late noted vagrant enthufiaftick preacher purchafed a confiderable quantity of lands in the fork of Delaware river, about fifty miles above Trent-town falls, for the education and civilizing of negroes, as he pre- tended ; but as he could not anfwer the purchafe money, he was obliged to relinquifh it. All his fchemes were ill projected and ill founded : his grand church or meeting-houfe in Philadelphia, by him declared to be free to all chriftian itinerants, as he was a man of no pe- netration, he was not capable of finifhing it, and it was transferred to a fociety for propagating of literature, a {/] At cape Henlopen 1 748, the variation of the compafs was four degrees well decreafing, mucli SECT. XIV. Of PEN s Y LVAN IA. much more laudable inftitution than that of propagating enthufiafm, idlenefs and fanctified amours. His orphan houie in Georgia in South-Carolina, in a barren infalu- brious country, his firft project, pretence for itinerant begging, is almoft come to nothing. The other confiderable river is part of Sefquahana ; fee vol. II. p. 282. Its main branch comes from fbme ponds a little fouth of the Mohawks river in the pro- vince of New- York , from the head of this branch to the falls below Wioming [] there is no obftruction, and good Indian canoe navigation ; and thence to Paxton are five or fix falls which may be Ihot pretty fafely with a frefh : this river has many good branches for Indian fkin trade, fome of thefe branches communicate with the countries beyond the mountains. Sefquahana river is wide but fhaliow. Delaware, Sefquahana, and Po- tomack, are fordable by the Indian traders in the fum^ merfe^fon. The Indian traders fet out the beginning of May, and continue three or four months out; they buy the fkins not of the Indians, but of fettlers who deal with the Indians, called by the Dutch name of handelaars or tra- ders i they purchafe only with gold and filver, and carry their fkins in waggons to Philadelphia ; the road is about twenty miles below the foot of the blue moun- tains. They travel from Philadelphia to Lancafler fixty miles (Lancaster is ten miles eaft of Sefquahana river) thence forty miles to Paxton or Harris's ferry, thence forty miles to Shippenfburg in the province of Penfyl- vania, thence forty-five miles to Potomack river (the width of Maryland is here about twenty miles) which divides Maryland from Virginia. A few miles well of Potomack river in Virginia for fome years have been ufed with good effect, by bathing and drinking, fome tepid medicinal waters ; they have no mineral tafte, [u] About fifty miles below Wioming is the Indian tribe of Shamo- fcin in the fork of Sefquahana, and about fifty miles below Shamokin is Paxton or Harris's ferry. 4 and 314 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. and do not offufcate the glafs like Briftol hot well water. In Penfylvania there is no real fea line excepting the weft fide of Delaware bay. The navigation of Phila- delphia is almoft every winter ftopt up by ice for two or three months. The coaft of New-York, Jer- feys, and Penfylvania is free from fhip-worms or te- redines. Land winds blow almoft three quarters of the year. The Blue or Kittatinny mountains begin in Penfyl- vaniai are about 900 miles in length and from feventy to 100 miles acrofs, not in fcattered peaks, but in uni- form ridges , the farther ridges are much the largeft and higheft. Concerning Indian affairs. I mall here mention fome additional obfervations con- cerning the Indians in general, and fome of their late treaties with the Britifh governments, particularly that of Lancafter and Penfylvania, anno i744> as confifting of the greateft variety of articles negotiated with three diftin6t Britim provinces or colonies. When tribes or nations of Indians go to war againft one another, they feldom make it up (the Indians are the moft implacable of mankind) but by the deftrudion of the one or the other fide, or by a flavifh fubmiffion. The Iroquois or Six nations of Mohawks, as we call them, have for many years been at war (thefe wars are pnly clandeftine incurfions with maflacres and depreda- tions) with the Catawbas and Cherokees; the Cherokees and Six nations as being too diftant to annoy one ano- ther much, have come to fome accommodation, but the ftate of war with the Catawbas continues. The Penfylvanians never loft one man by any French or Indian war, but in perfonal broils and encounters per- fons have loft their lives on both fides. The SECT. XIV. O/PENSYLVANIA. 315 The Mohawks by the Englilh give name to all the Six nations, though the fmalleil of the tribes. The Tuf- caroras are an adventitious tribe, being emigrants or profugi in the North- Carrlina wars 1712 and 1716^ they were allowed to fettle by the ancient five confederate na- tions amongft them. For fome time pad, a kind of party divifion hath fub- fifted among the Six nations : the Mohawks, Ononda- gas and Senecas formed one party ; the Oneidas, Tuica- roras and Cayugas the other party. The Six nations fay that the Delaware and Sefquahana Indians were conquered by them, and therefore have no right to difpofe of lands. The Indian delegates at the congrefs of Lancafter well obferved to the commifTioners from Virginia, Ma- ryland, and Penfylvania , that what the Indians received of them were goods foon perifhable, but what they re- ceived of the Indians were lands which endured for ever. The Indians are fupplied by the Englifh with provi- fions coming and going in all treaties [#]. They have their guns, hatchets, and kettles mended gratis. In all congrefies the Indians approve of each article by a Yo hah, the Englilh ufe a huzza. The Indians ufe peculiar appellations for the governors of the feveral provinces or colonies ; for inftance, the governors of Virginia are called afiaragoa ; thofe of Pen- iylvania, onas ; thofe of Canada, onando ; and lately they have fixed the name of tocarry hogan (fignifying excellent) for the governors of Maryland. [x] In the Appendix to a late hiftory of the Five Indian r,< !:ions, we have a p!eafant or ludicrous ftory of this nature; in the Lancafter con- grefs with the Indians, 1741, the commifiioners of Virginia, Mary- land, and Penfylvania, having told the Indian delegates of the Six na- tions, that the king of Great- Britain had lately beat the French both by fea and land ; the Indian delegates obfened, that in coniequence, the Englifh muft have taken a great deal of rum from the Krcnch, therefore you can the better fpare lome of that liquor, to make us re- joice with you in thefe vidories. We 316 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. We may here obferve the great variety in the humours of diftant nations , we fhall here inftance that of their fpeech or words. In the Eaft-Indies and China, their words are generally monoiyllables ; in the Weft-Indies their words are generally polyfyllables of an uncouth length , thus the Six nations at the Lancafter congrefs lay, all the world knows, that they had conquered (con- fequently their lands at our difpofal) feveral nations on the back or weft fide of the great mountains of Virginia, viz. the Conoy-uch-fuch-roona, Coch-now was-roonon, Tohoa-irough -roonon, and Conutfkin-ough-roonaw. The Six nations by natural inclination are difpofed to warlike enterprizes, and are never at peace with all their neighbours. In a fpeech at a congrefs with theEnglifh, they faid, that if chriftians go to war againft one another, they in time make peace together; but it is not fo with the Indians. The Indians when they pafs by a friendly fort march in a fmgle line, and falute the fort by a running fire. Nanandagues is a fecond fettlement of deferters from the Six nations , they live near Montreal. The Britim northern colonies are the frontiers and defence of all other Britifh colonies, againft the warlike robuft northern Indians. Thus it has in all times been in Europe and Afia; the hardy robuft Goths, (Getas of Afia) Vandals, &c. from the northern climates, over- run the effeminate, indolent, relaxed foutherly people if not checked j the Indians of the higher latitudes in North-America, and in Chili in South-America, make a much better ftand againft the European intrufions, than the Indian of Mexico and Peru, who live between or near the tropicks. It is conjedluredthat fix hundred fighting men may be afforded by the Indian fettlements on Sefquahana river and its branches. In all our northern colonies, there are or have been re- ferved lands for feveral bodies or villages of intermixed Indians. SECT. XIV. Of PEN SYLVAN IA. 317 Although the northern Indian tribes as to numbers are contemptible, when compared with the European nations, they ought to be kept in a political awe to pre- vent their fkulking incurfions and depredations upon our frontiers when pumed on by a rival European pow- er ; this cannot be done by ridiculous feints ; for in- fiance, when we tell the Indians in fome congrefs, as it happened in 1746, that all the united force of our colo- nies with mips of war and foldiers from Great-Bri- tain, are to mufter to reduce Canada, but foon after nothing is done, or fo much as attempted ; thus we lofe our credit with the Indians, and in fact, they have impune infulted us ever fince, in Nova-Scotia and New-England, at the infligation of the Canada French. The Indians are a falfe but crafty people. In our late war with the French nation and their American colonies, feveral diflant tribes of Indians in expectation of prefents, faid they would, though they really did not defign it, relinquifti the French intereft -, fuch were the Shawanees town upon Ohio river, the MafTafegues near Les Etroits between lake Erie and lake Huron, con- futing of five caftles or villages of about 800 men-, and the Twightwees on the Oubeck river in a treaty at Lan- cafter, July 1748. The moil noted congrefs with the Indian delegates for many years, was that in June 1744, held at Lan- cafter in i'enfylvania, con filling of commifiioners from the three provinces of Penfylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia, concerning a great variety of articles, fuch as quit-claiming large tracts of lands to thefe govern- ments refpeftively, and receiving prefents upon their promife to affifl the Britifh intereft in the war lately commenced againft the French. i. They confirmed to the proprietors of Penfylvania all the lands each fide of Sefquahana river fo far north as the Blue mountains. They fettled the affair of fome Delaware 3i 8 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Delaware Indians killing and robbing Mr. Armftrong, a trader, and his two fervants. 2. The Indians complain, that the Maryland and Vir- ginia people had fettled fome land back of Virginia and Maryland, without confent of the Six nations, or of any purchafe made from them, which lands belong to the Six nations by their conqueft over the antient In- dian pofTefTors. Hereupon the Indians by an inilrument in writing releafed all their lands in Maryland [y] to the Maryland commifTioners for 300 /. in goods valued in Penfylvania currency ; we mall here give this as an inflance of the advance generally put by the Englifh upon the Englifh prime cofts of goods. Strouds from 5 to 7 /. Vermilion 9 s. Shirts 6s. Flints per m. i8j. Half thicks 3/. 13^4^. Jews Harps per doz. Duffil blankets jL Boxes per doz. is. Guns i I. 6s. Bar lead per ct. wt 40 s. Barrel gunpowder 2 6 /. Shot 40 s. 3. The commiffioners of Virginia gave the Indians 200 /. Penfylvania currency in goods, and 200 /. in gold, as a consideration for their deed, recognizing the king of Great-Britain's right to all the lands that are or fhall be by his majefty's appointment in the colony of Virgi- nia ; and the Indians defire that they may have a further confederation when the fettlements increafed much far- ther back, which the commiffioners agreed to. The Six Indian nations complain, the treaty above twenty years fmce made at Albany was not obferved, viz. the middle or ridge of the hill on the back of Virginia was fixed as a boundary between the Indians who live upon the referv- ed lands in Virginia, and the Indians of the Six nations. Another article was to fettle an Indian road to pafs fouth- ward on the back of Virginia. Another article was to fy] About i oo years fince, the Sefquahana or Conaftagoe Indians, by treaty granted all the land now poffefled by the people of Maryland to them and their heirs from Pataxen river on the weft fide of Chefepeak> Bay, and from Choptank river cm the eaft of the laid bay. burj SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 319 bury in oblivion, a fkirmifh which happened in the back parts of Virginia, between fome of the Virginia militia there, and a party of the Indian warriors of the Six na- tions ; upon this account the commifiioners of Virginia preferited the Indians with goods to the value of ioo/. fieri. 4. As the French about this time were declaring war againft Great-Britain; to retain the Six nations in the Britifh interefl, after a proper fpeech to the Indians, Penfylvania made them a prefent in goods to the value of 300 /. Penfylvania currency : Virginia gave them goods to the value of i oo /. fieri, and ioo/. in gold, with a defire that they would fend fome of their children to be educated in Virginia, who might ferve as interpreters in times to come : the Indians anfwered, that they were not inclined to bring their children up to learning : the commifTioners of Maryland prefented the Indians with ioo/. in gold. There are frequent congrefles of the Britim provinces with their neighbouring tribes or nations of Indians, ef- pecially of the provinces of New- York and Penfylvania with the Six nations of Iroquois or Mohawks, to re- tain the Indians in the Britim interefl , thefe have a good effect, though generally they are only a piece of formality with this conclufion, that the Indians were pleafed with their prelents and promifed fidelity : fome- times affairs of conlequence are tranfadled. Thus at Al- bany in Auguil and September 1 746, there was a treaty between governor Clinton and the council of the province of New- York, with commifTioners from the province of MafTachufetts-Bay, on the one part, and the Six united nations of Indians depending upon the province of New- York on the other part-, to engage thefe Indians in the Britifh interefl, againfl our enemies the French, to be aflifling in the expedition againft Canada, to be furnifhed with arms, ammunition, cloathing, and pro- vifions, and in their abfence their wives and children to be 320 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. be taken care of. 1 749, Middle of Auguft, there arrived in Philadelphia the deputies of many different nations, in order to tranfacl: fome affairs with the government. The deputies were of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Ononda- gas, Cayugas, Tufcaroras, Senecas, Shawanees, Nan- ticokes, Dtlawares, Mohagins, and Turlos - 9 the whole number of Indians arrived in Philadelphia, women and children included, were about 260. Concerning the city and port of Philadelphia, tie numbers of the Inhabitants in the province and territories of Penfyl- vania. Mr. Penn's charter creeling Philadelphia (lying be- tween Delaware and Schuyl-kill rivers,) into a corpora- tion and city, is figned in Philadelphia, by William Penn, October 25, 1701, the thirteenth year of the reign of king William the third, and the one and twentieth year of my government, to confifl of a mayor, recorder, meriff, and town clerk, eight aldermen and twelve com- mon council men, by the name of the mayor and com- monalty of the city of Philadelphia , the firit let to be ap- pointed by Mr. Fenn ; and yearly thereafter on the firft day of the third week in the eighth month, the corpo- ration to meet, the mayor or recorder prefent with five or more of the aldermen, and nine or more of the com- mon council, to chufe one of the aldermen to be mayor for that enfuing year, and to fill up vacancies of alder- men and common council; all officers to take the de- claratipns and profeffions directed in the provincial charter. The mayor, recorder and aldermen, to be juftices of the peace and of oyer and terminer ; any four or more of them (whereof the mayor and recorder to be two) to hear all cafes capital or otherwife criminal, and with the fherifF and town clerk to hold a court of record quarterly for determining of pleas and other matters. The mayor and recorder mall be of the quorum of the juftices of the county courts, quarter feffions, oyer and terminer SECT. XIV. OF PENS YL VAN i A; 321 terminer and goal delivery in the fatd county of Phila- delphia ; and fhall have power to take cognizance of debts there according to the ftatute of merchants, and of action burnel. The mayor to appoint the clerk of the market. The meriffto be the water bailiffof the province. The corporation have power to remove any officer of their own for inifbehaviour. No meeting fhall be deemed a common council unlefs the mayor, recorder, at leaft three of the aldermen, and nine of the common council, be prelent ; a power to admit freemen into the corpora- tion, to make by-laws for the government of the city, to impofe fines for the ufe of the corporation ; none to be admitted freemen, butfuch as have been refident in the city for two years, and fhall have an eflate of inheritance or freehold therein worth fifty pounds in money. To have two market days every week, the fourth and fe- venth day, two yearly fairs (each to continue three days) May 1 6, and November 1 6. Philadelphia fhall be a port comprehending all creeks and landings of the province. The fituation of Philadelphia is bad, being at the con- fluence of two large frefh water rivers, Delaware and Schuyl-kill, which renders their people obnoxious to pleuritick, peripneumonick, dyfenterick, and intermit- ting fevers ; communibus annls^ in proportion, they bury near double the number of people that are buried in Bofton of New-England. It is well planned or laid out, in a plain, confifting of eight long ftreets of two miles, and fixteen crofs ftreets of one mile each, at right angles, with proper fpaces for publick buildings. As we obferved before, the long ftreets were laid out with much exacl;- nefs 1682. N. i8d. Ej and anno 1742, in fome law controverfies, Mr. Parfons furveyor general of Penfyl- vania, found them to be i5d. E. which is a difference of three degrees in fixty years, decreafing. Philadelphia is nearly in 40 d. N. lat. and about five hours or 75 d. weft of London. In thefpring 1749, the dwelling houfes in Philadelphia, in curiofity were num- bered by twelve perfons, who each undertooka part j pub- VOL, II. Y 322 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II lick buildings, ware-houfes, andout-houfes not included* in the feveral wards, they were as follows, in all 2076. South fuburbs 150 Dutch ward 245 Walnut ward 104 South ward 1 1 7 Cheflnut ward 1 1 o Middle ward 238 High-flreet ward 147 North ward 196 Mulberry ward 488 Upper Delaware ward 109 Lower Delaware ward 1 1 o North fuburbs 62 There were eleven places of publick religious worfhip, viz. one church of England, two prelbyterians, two quakers, one baptift, one Swedifh manner, one Dutch Lutheran, one Dutch Calvinifl, one Moravian, one Ro- man catholick. I fhall here interfperfe fome account of a laudable academy in Philadelphia [2], with a publick-fpirited de- fign of encouraging literature ; that is, political and na- tural knowledge > fome good deferring gentlemen, by voluntary fubfcriptions, promife to pay annually for five years, in proportion to each fubfcription ; which fum in grofs may amount to 5000 /. Penfylvania currency. The fubfcribers elect out of their numbers fifteen truflees to manage the flock, appoint matters with their falaries, make vifitations, &c. At prefent they have three mailers and one ufher ; the firfl mafter is called rector, with an ufher under him, he teaches latin in all its gradations, even from the rudiments if required, with a falary of 200 /. Penfylvania currency per ann. befides the per- quifites from his fcholars, which is twenty ihillings en- trance, and four pound per annum for each boy's fchool- ing: his ufher has fixty pound per ann. with fome per- quifites of fchooling fees. There is an Englifh fchool- mafler at an allowance of 150 /. per ann. befides perqui- fites from his fcholars at the fame rate with the latin fchool. A mathematical and writing mafter in the fame perfon, allowed ioo/. per ann. with perquifites from fcholars as the other mafters have. The boys at this time (May 1751) are from fixty to feventy, increafing confi- (V) As this is a kind of common-place, the reader may excuie my deviating from theltrift formal iliff rules of fome pedamick hiftorians. derably SECT. XIV. O/ PENS YL VAN i A; 323 derably. The Englifh matter teaches in fome manner grammatically to conftrue fentences, to point out the verb with its proper antecedents and relations. ,They have purchafed at a cheap rate, a fine commodious build- ing-, it is that meeting houfe upwards of 100 feet long and feventy feet wide, built in the enthufiaftick times of Whitefield. The truftees at the beginning were chiefly prefbyterians of the new-light kind, but in a few years one half of them became Moravians, and adifpute arofe amongft them, which party mould eftablifh a minifter, but as the prefbyterians had it originally, they kept it to the laft : this divifion fubfifting, and the workmen not above half paid, both fides agreed to difpofe of it for the ufe above-mentioned, and the workmen were paid off. The fubfcribers and their truftees hope before the expiration of the five years, to fall on ways and means to render it perpetual , they have applied to the chief proprietor Thomas Penn, Efq. to render it perpetual, begging his afiiftance and countenance ; but it feems Mr. Thomas Penn had in view the eftablimment of fuch a feminary, entirely on his own foundation, but not in the city -, therefore its doubted whether he may ingraft his fcheme with this, or purfue his firft intentions. There is little or no hopes of receiving any encourage- ment from the publick legiflature, the majority of the afTembly being Quakers, who have a large publick ilock of their own for fuch a purpofe, and have finifhed a good commodious houfe of their own for a fchool ; the preceptor is a Quaker, with lool. fieri, per ann. befides fees for teaching ; he is to teach twelve of the poorer fort gratis [a], That the reader may make fome eftimate of the pro- portions of the various fectaries in Philadelphia, I fhall [a] As I formerly mentioned, vol.11, p. 283. in New Jerfey there is a college lately erefted by governor Belcher, with ample charter privi- leges, but without any fupport from the publick; they depend entirely on donations and benefactions, excepting that by mean< o a lottery they raifed from i ooo /. to i 200, to make a beginning ; a fixed place has been much controverted. They have afdirinity profeffor, a profeffor of natural philofophy, and a matter of a grammar fchool, all poorly provided for. Y 2 here 324 BRITISH Settlements m AMERICA. PART II. here obferve that in the laft fix months of 1750, there were buried in Philadelphia, Swedes 13 Dutch Lutherans 28 Prefbyterians 26 Dutch Calvinifls 39 Baptifts 9 Roman catholicks 15 Quakers 104 Burials for the twelve months of 1 750, Chrift church parifh, church of England 129. Negroes 84. Anno 1751, in Philadelphia were eftimated about 1 1 ,000 whites, 600 blacks. In the province ofPen- fylvania and its territories, no regular eflimate can be made of the inhabitants, becaufe there is no poll tax, nor any militia lift allowed for alarums, or common train- ings, as in the other colonies, to form eftimates by. There is only one cuflom-houfe collection in the pro- per province of Penfylvania, called the port of Phila- delphia , to form fome notion of the extent of its trade and navigation, I have inferted the following table by way of a fpecimen of what may be compofed for each cuftom-houfe port in Britifh North-America, from the cuflom-houfe quarterly account fent home. Delaware river or the port of Philadelphia is generally frozen up, and has no navigation in the months of Ja- nuary and February. The following is an account of entries and clearances ofvejjels at Philadelphia, from March 2, 1748-0, to December Entered inwards, from Cleared out, for Antigua 12 Antigua *4 Anguilla 5 Auguftine 3 Auguftine 4 Amboy 2 Amboy 3 Anguilla 3 Barbadoes 29 Barbadoes 22 Bofton 39 Bofton 41 Briftol i Bermudas 7 Bermudas ii Cadiz 2 Cadiz 5 Cape-Breton I Cagliaria 2 Curacoa 6 Chebufto SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 3*5 Entered inwajds, from Curacoa 2 Cowes 2 1 Deal, i Glafgow i Hifpaniola 5 Havanna 4 Ireland 1 7 Jamaica j 3 Lifbon 5 Liverpool 3 London 9 Lewis- town 2 Madeira 7 Maryland 4 New- York 15 North-Carolina 5 Nantucket 4 New-London i Portfmouth i Plymouth i Providence 8 Rhode-Iiland 23 South-Carolina 10 St. Chriftophers 5 St. Euftatia 3 Salem 3 Turks-Ifland 8 Tortola i Teneriffe 2 Virginia __7 In all 303 In the above lift, is Ships Brigs Snows Schooners Sloops 62 72 25 25 Ifg Total 303 Cleared out, for Chebucto 3 Fiall 2 Ireland 19 Jamaica 22 Lifbon 2 London 5 Lewis -town i Madeira 15 Maryland 8 Newfoundland 5 New- York 6 North Carolina 6 Nantucket 2 New-London i Providence 8 Rotterdam i Rhode-Iiland 25 South-Carolina 23 St. Chriftophers Surinam i St. Euftatia 6 Salem 1 Teneriffe i Virginia 1 2 Weft- Indies J> In all 291 In this lift, is Ships 64 Brigs 68 Snows 2 6 Schooners 2 1 Sloops 1 12 Total 291 There are now remaining in the harbour, 19 (hips, 9 fnows, 8 brigs, 2 fchoon- ers, and i floop. In all 39. Y 3 As 326 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. As in the province of Penfylvania, there is no poll tax nor any m litia incorporated and regulated ^ we can give no eftimate of their numbers of whites and (laves by proportional calculations. There never was any militia within this colony on a legal eitablimment - 9 what not long ago appeared and made iuch a fhow by their numbers, were only volun- teers commiffioned by the governor. The Quakers have always been about three quarters of the aflembly, though in number perhaps not exceeding one quarter of the people ^ the Quakers artfully periuade the Dutch and Germans, that if they chuie others than Quakers for their repreientatives, they would immediately have a militia law impofed on them, which would fubject them to greater flavery, than what they fuffered in their own country. This colony by importation of foreigners and other ilrangers in very great numbers, grows prodigioufly ; by their laborious andpenurious manner of living, in confe- quence they grow rich where others flarve, and by their fuperior induftry and frugality may in time out the Bri- tim people from the colony. The greateft year of im- portation of Germans, Irifh, a few Welfh and Scots, was from December 25, 1728, to December 25, 1729, be- ing about 6200 perfons. In the year 1750, Germans imported into this province and territories, were 4317 ; Britifh and Irifh paflengers and fervants above 1000, We omitted to obferve, that fome Palatines who came over to New-York by queen Anne's bounty, 1707, in the province of New-York, were not allowed a fuf- ficient encouragement of quantities of land; and by en- couragement of Sir William Keith governor of Penfyl- vania, they removed to Penfylvania. The numbers of foreigners, principally Germans, im- ported into this province or colony, in the courfe of about twenty five years laft pail, has been fo excefiive ; that if it is not limited by a provincial act, or by the dernier refource, an act of the Britifli parliament, the province SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 327 province and territories of Penfylvania may foon dege- nerate into a foreign colony, endangering the quiet of our adjacent colonies. The legiflature. In the colony are only two negatives in the legiflature, the governor and houfe of repreientatives, called theaf- fembly. The council fo called, is only the proprietor's council to the proprietor's governor, but not a icing's council ; they have no concern in the legiflature other- ways than by advifing the governor in his negative. The acts of legiflature run thus ; " Be it enacted by the ho- " nourable Efq. lieutenant governor of the pro- " vince of Penfylvania, and of the counties of Newcaftle, * c Kent and SulTex on Delaware river ; by and with the '* confent of the reprefentatives of the freemen of the " faid province, in general aflembly met." The governor of Penfylvania is only the proprietary Penn's deputy, and is ftiled lieutenant governor and his honour ; his falary in late years has been per annum 1000 /. currency out of the excife duty for the province of Penfylvania, and 2Oo/. per ann. from the territories called the three lower counties. By act of parliament, all lieutenant governors or deputies nominated by lords proprietors, or principal hereditary governors of Britifh colonies in North- America, muft have the royal appro- bation. The proper province of Penfylvania was at firft di- vided into the three counties of Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chefter, each fending eight repreientatives to the arTem- bly; about twenty years iince was added the county of Lancafter, fending four reprefentatives ; and lately an addition is made of two new counties back inland, by the names of York and Cumberland; they are allowed only two members each; with two reprefentatives from the city of Philadelphia, making thirty-four reprefentatives, which compofe the houfe of afTembly. The qualification for an elector or elected, is a freeman refident in the Y 4 country 328 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. country for two years, and worth in real or perfonal eftate, or both jointly, the value of fifty pounds their currency, which if required, is to be declared upon oath or affirmation. The three lower counties on Delaware river called the territories, are a diftinct jurifdiction, and their afiembly of reprefentatives confifts of fix members from New- caftle county, fix from Kent, and fix from Suflex coun- ties, in all eighteen members. Their general aflemblies are annually elective on the firft day of the month of October. The reprefentatives are not by towns or parifh elections (Philadelphia except- ed) as in New-England colonies, but by county elections. Penfylvania proper, called the province, for many years, confided of only three counties called the upper coun- ties, viz. Buckingham county, chief town Briftol, nearly over-againft Burlington of thejerfeys; Philadelphia county, chief town Philadelphia, in about forty d. N. lat. and Chefter county, chief town Chefler, about fif- teen miles (on the river) below Philadelphia; and a few years fince was made the inland county of Lancafler, chief town Lancafter-, lying both fides of Sefquahana river 5 and very lately two more inland counties, York and Cumberland. The territories are called the three lower counties on Delaware river, viz. Newcaftle county, chief town Newcaftle, about thirty -five miles below Phi- ladelphia; Kent county, chief town Dover ; and Lewis county, chief town Lewis or Hore-kill, near cape Hen- lopen of Delaware bay, Courts of judicature. Juries are all returned by the fheriff, excepting in par- ticular cafes, but not often, when there may be a ftruck jury by confent of parties, and thatmuft be in the pre- fence of one of the judges, the merifF, and the parties. The meriffs and coroners are annually elected at the fame time with the reprefentadves, by a county election; the people elect two for each office, out of which the go- vernor SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 329 vernor chufes one, who in the fame manner may be re- elected for three years running, but after three years, cannot be re-elected, but by the intervention of three years out of office, and then is capable of a new election. Juftices of the peace, are all of the governor's appoint- ing, and fit in quarter fefiions, conformable to the laws and initiations of England. The judges of the common pleas are the juftices of the peace in each relpedive county ; when the quarter feffions are finifhed, they continue to fit in quality of the judges of common pleas by commiffion from the gover- nor. Their preient times of fitting are, For the county of Philadelphia, at Philadelphia, the firft Monday in March, June, September, andDecember. For the city of Philadelphia, the mayor's courts are the firft Tuefday in January, April, July, and laft Tuef- day in Oftober. , For the county of Buckingham, or Bucks, at New- Town (eleven miles weft from Briftol) on the eleventh day following the courts of Philadelphia county. For the county of Chefter, at Chefter, the laft Tuef- day in May, Auguft, November, and February. For the county of Lancafter, atLancafter, firft Tuef- day in February, May, Auguft, and November. For the county of SufTex, at Lewes, the firft Tuefday in February, May, Auguft, and November. For the county of Kent, at Dover, the fecond Tuefday of the laft faid months. For the county of Newcaftle, atNewcaftle, the third Tuefday of the laid months. The fupreme court confifts of a chief juftice and two affiftant judges commiflioned by the governor: they have all the authority of the King's Bench, Common- Pleas, and court of Exchequer in England, in the words of the provincial law ; they not only receive appeals, but all cauiesonce commenced in the interior courts, after the firft 33O BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. firft writ, may be moved thither by a habeas corpus, certiorari, writs of error, &c. The judges of this fupreme court have alfo a {landing and diftinc~fc commiflion, to hold as to them (hall ieem needful, courts of oyer and terminer, and general goal delivery throughout the province, and are juilices of the peace in every county. The fupreme courts in Penfylvania are held at Phila- delphia, the tenth day of April, and the twenty-fourth day of September. There is an officer called the regiiter general, for the probate of wills and granting letters of adminiflration, whofe authority extends all over the province, but exe- cuted by a deputy in each refpe&ive county, except at Philadelphia, where he is obliged to refide himfelf. He or his deputies, in cafe of any difpute or caveat entered, may call two of the juftices of the peace to aflift him in giving decifions. The authority of this officer, and of all the others abovementioned, is founded on a<5ts of afiem- bly, impowering the governor to commifiion and appoint fuchas feem to him qualified for thatpurpoie. The court of vice- admiralty, is, as in the other colo- nies, by commiflion from the admiralty in England. The jufticiary court of admiralty, is, as in the other colonies, by commiflion under the broad feal of England, fomeof the neighbouring provinces being included in one and the fame commiflion ; the judges are the gover- nors, councils, captains of men of war, principal officers of the cufloms, and fome juftices of the peace. ^he prefent taxes, or provincial re-venue. This confifts of, i . Excife, which is thirty millings per pipe of wine, and four pence per gallon of rum fold in publick houfes j may amount to about 3Ooo/. currency; it would be much more if properly collected. 2. The intereft money of their paper currency let out by the loan SECT. XIV. O/PENSYLVANIA. 331 loan office on land fecurity, which may be about 5000 /. per ann. Thefe two articles have hitherto been fufficient to pay the governor, and other officers of the govern- ment, to defray the charges of treaties and prefents to the Indians, and in general for all publick charges what- foever. Moreover there is in each refpective county, a county tax towards their courts of juftice, high-ways, bridges, &c. and a poor tax. Yearly at the fame time with the election of representatives in each county, are elected fix aflfeflbrs, and three others, called a court of delegates ; thefe delegates are to fit and receive appeals from peo- ple who think themfelves aggrieved in their afieffments. The affrfTors without any further enquiry, by the af- fiance of the former year's books, make what judgment they think proper of every man's eftate and faculty, and rate them-from two pence to three pence in the pound ; they cannot go higher by law. Here, as every where, the affefied are under rated ; thus a perfon in truth worth 10,000 /. is returned upon their lift worth from 2CO/. to 3Oo/. and to pay two pence in the pound ; thus this tax falls heavieft upon the lower fort of people. Produce^ manufactures, trade^ and navigation. Their produce is all forts of Britifh grain of the bread kind, Indian corn, buckwheat, hemp, and flax; flax feed is a confiderabie exportation to Scotland and Ireland; fome tobacco, and bees-wax. This may be called a grain or corn country, and adapted to flax and hemp. They manufacture wheat into flour, and flour into bifket; the largeft branch of their export is flour, which bears a better price abroad, than that of New-York. Five bufhels of wheat yield about one hundred and three quarters merchantable flour ; the garnel or fecond flour pays BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. pays for cafk and all other charges. They manufacture their barley into malt, and malt into beer and ale for ex- port. The Irifh manufacture confiderably of \b~] linen cloth For fale, befides for home confumption; perhaps ir this country, the farmers, that is, the hufbandmen, make nine tenths of all their wearing apparel. At prefent the flax-feed from Penfylvania, Jerfey, New- York, Connecticut, and other parts of New-Eng- land, anfwers better at home, in cultivation, than what has been imported for many years from Holland. Befides the above-mentioned commodities of exporta- tion, the Penfylvania Indian traders purchafe deer-fkins and a few furs from the Indians of Delaware and Sefqua- hana rivers, and from the handelaars, back of Mary- land and Virginia; they export confiderably iron in pigs, bars, and pots : fhip building, but their oak is not durable : cordage, linfeed-oil, ftarch, foap, candles ; fome beef, pork, butter, (laves, heading and hoops, walnut logs and plank. [] Concerning the Britim confumption of linen cloth, we may ob- ferve, i. That the linen cloth flampt in Scotland for fale is very much upon the increafe, as appears by eflimates made in the following periods. N. B. The cloth at a medium is valued at eight pence to eleven pence fterl. per yard. Years Yards . 1729, 2,183,978 value 103,3 2 fieri. 1739, 4,801,537 196,068 I749 7,360,286 3 2 z>45 2. Irifh linen imported into England for feven years from Chriftmas 1 741 , to Chriftmas 1 748, as per cuftom-houfe books, at a medium, is about fix millions of yards per ann. 3. Befides all thefe, the Britifh demand or imports of foreign linen is about thirty millions of yards per ann. Here is a large field of encouragement for our northern American colonies, proper for the production of flax and hemp, to fuperfedethis large importation of German linen : this cannot be effected, but by a great encouragement of our grain and pafture colonies to lower the too great 'plantation price of labour, and the better manuring of their lands. The SECT.XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA. 333 The commodities imported for confumption and re- exportation, are dry goods from Great-Britain ; wines from Madeira, and the other wine iflands ; fait from Great-Britain, France [Y], Spain, Lifbon, Mediterranean, and Weft-India iflands ; from the Weft-Indies or fugar iflands and other colonies, fugar, rum, molafles, cotton, indigo, coffee, dying woods, mahogany plank, &c. from the Spanifh coaft and Carolinas, hides, rice, pitch, tar, turpentine, &c. they import many blacker horned cattle far and near, from South- Carolina fouthward, and from 300 miles weftward, and from the Jerfeys. Moft of the Dutch hufbandmen have ftills, and draw a fpirit from rye malted, from apples and peaches. There may be from 7000 to 8000 Dutch waggons with four horfeseach, that from time to time bring their pro- duce and traffick to Philadelphia, from ten to 100 miles diftance. Their navigation may bediftinguifhed into fmall craft, that keep within the capes, and only bring produce to market : as the produce of Penfylvania reaches only fifteen miles below Philadelphia, moft of this fort of trade is carried on from the three lower counties on the weft fide of the great river of Delaware, and all the Weft- Jerfeys which lie along the eaft fide of that river : thefe are noc comprehended in the cuftom-houfe entries and clearances of the pore of Philadelphia. To iiluftrate the gradual increafe of the trade of the port of Philadelphia, we obferve, that anno 1736, the entries were 212, clearances 215 veffels; a little before the late French war, anno 1742* entries were 230, clearances 281. The number of vefTels cleared from % [c] By an aft of parliament for the encouragement of the fiftiery 1727, fait is allowed to be imported in Penfylvania, from any part of Europe. There is a like aft of parliament for the. encouragement of the curing of filh in New-York Though there may be a miftake in alledging the fifheries of New- York and Penfylvania, becaufe there are no fifh cured there ; yet in fundry other things it may be beneficial. chat BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA." PART If. that port for twelve months preceding March 12,1 750- 1 , is 358 ; thofe that were bound to the northward of Dela- ware capes, viz. to New- York, Rhode-Ifland, Bofton with its out ports, Halifax, and Newfoundland, make about ninety of that number; to Virginia, Maryland, North and South-Carolina, and Georgia, about twenty- nine ; the remainder fail for Europe and the Weft-India fugar iflands and colonies ; the craft that go to the fouth- ward, Virginia, Maryland, &c. are of no great value, but thofe which go to the northward, efpecially to Bofton and Rhode-Ifland, are generally of more value than the vefTels that go to the Weft-Indies, fome of them carry from 500 to 600 barrels of bread and flour. They build about twenty, or upwards, veflels that go to fea from Philadelphia. The cuftom-houfe officers in this colony, have the largeft falaries of any in North- America: the collector of the port of Philadelphia is a patent officer ; in the pro- per province this is the only collection; in the territories called the three lower counties are two collections, New- caftle and Lewes. I cannot account for the many cuftom-houfe col- leftions upon the river of Delaware ; there are two on the Jerfey fide, and three on the Penfylvania fide : excepting the cuftom-houfe of Philadelphia, the others are nominal and fine-cures, and might have been called branches and creeks of Philadelphia : befides ufual officers, there is on the Penfylvania fide, an extraordinary officer who may be called a comptroller general, a riding officer to examine and fign the accounts of the refpe&ive collectors. Before any bills of publick credit were emitted, the currency of Penfylvania was proclamation money, a heavy piece of eight was fix fhillings in denomination ; but by the emiffions of publick credit bills [d], as in all the co- [/| The publick bills of credit in the plantations were called a paper currency, becaufe they were transferable ; and in feveral of the colo- nies enacted to be a tender in law. Ionics, SECT. XIV. O/ PEN SYLVAN i A. 335 lonies, who went into a paper currency, their denomina- tions were depreciated, and at prefent a dollar or weighty piece o eight pafTes for feven fhillings and fixpence deno- mination ; but by the good management of their paper loan office, the intrinfick value of their denominations, has not been depreciated farther. The intereft of this loan mo- ney produces about 5000 /. currency per ann. which with the 3000 /. excife, defrays the charges of government. Their firft emifiion of a paper currency was about twenty- feven years ago. Religions feftaries. The various plantation fectaries have been already men- tioned, in a general digreflion in the fection of Rhode- Ifland; but as the Moravians and Dumplers are peculiar to this colony, what is further to be obferved concerning them, is here inferred. In vol. II. p. 155, we mentioned that the Moravians had lately obtained a Britifh act of parliament indulging them in many things ; particularly, that their affirmation, quaker-like, (hall be equivalent to an oath, but with fomc redactions. There are about 800 to 900 Moravians who have already tranfported themfelves to this colony, and many more may be expected, becaufe fince the paf- fing the act of parliament in their favour, the feveral tole- rations they had in Germany, Holland, and Denmark, are taken from them : the reafons for fo doing, I have not as yet learned j but by edicts, their books, hymns, and publick worfhip, are ordered to be fuppreiled. In vol. II. p. 150, we mentioned a branch of the Ger- man Anabaptifts called Dumplers : they are generally ig- norant people, but fome of their heads are not fo ; for inftance, Peter Miller, a German, writes elegantly in Latin upon religion and mortification : they have a printing prefs, and are continually printing ; they arc very curious in writing fine, and delight much in fcrolh of writing on religious fubjects, (tuck up in their halls and cells ; the initial letters are beautifully illuminated with 336 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. with blue, red, and gold, fuch as may be feen in old monkifh manufcripts. I am again fallen into thedifagreeable fubject (where of- fence to fome or many is unavoidable) of feftaries or par- ties in religious affairs: what here follows was defigned for the Appendix -, but as I now find that a long Appen- dix containing many loofe, not connected matters, may be tedious to the reader , I fhall in the feveral fections following, occafionally interfperfe many things defigned for the Appendix. Some years fince, viz. 1722, there was a confiderable feceflion in the S. W. parts of Connecticut, of congre- gationalift minifters and candidates, to better themfelves in livings by church of England miflions: from this incident, there has lately been revived a fophiftical dif- pute, whether the eftablifhed old congregationalift mi- niilers, or the late new converts, church of England mif- fionaries, are to be deemed the Separatifts. The deci- fion feems to be eafy, by relating only matters of fact. By a fundamental, in the articles of union, 1707, of England and Scotland, the church of England in exprefs plain words, is declared to be eftablifhed in all the Eng- lifh plantations; but this feems to be only as to church government, and that only amongft the people of the church of England : the other fedtaries can have no ec- clefiaftical jurifdidtion even amongft themfelves, as ap- pears by the annexed determinaton of the lords juflices anno 1725; but in their various modes of worlhip (Roman catholicks excepted) all chriftian profeffions are tolerated in perpetuity, and in as ample manner, as if they were churches eftablifhed by law. If any feds which prevail in the legiflature of any colony, impofe upon the other fectaries, they are checked by the king in council, all the colonies being under the immediate infpe&ioh of the king in council. We here infert the annexed cafe of the act of the affembly of Connecticut, againft quakers, &c. i A true Of P EN S YL V Afo I A 337 A true copy of a letter from their excellencies the krds jufticeS) to the hon. W . D , Efq. lieute- nant governor of his majeftfs province of the Maffa- chufetts-Bay. Whitehall, Goober 7, 1725* S I R, " fTpHE lords juftices being informed from fuch " JL good hands, as make the truth of this advice * not to be doubted, that ac a general convention of nif- " nifters., from feveral parts of his majefiy's province of the Maflachufetts-Bay, at Bofton, on the 27th of May " laft, a memorial and addrefs was framed, dire&ed to " you as lieutenant governor and commander in chief, once for all, I de- \g\ May we not hope, that in future times, fome epidemical con- tagious diftempers, fuch as the plague, fmall-pox, and the lilce, may be prevented or extinguifhed in femiiiio by proper antidotes : time pro- duces furprifing difcoveries in nature, fuch as the various phaenomena of magnetifm and eleclricity ; in the fmall-pox the late improvement of conveying it by inoculation, is found more favourable than the receiving of it the chance or natural way, as fruit from trees inocu- lated, furpaifes natural fruit : this practice of inoculating for the fmall-pox, was introduced in a very rafti indifcreet manner, and by weak men ; we may obferve that many of the juvantia or la^dentia in medicine, were difcovered or rather introduced by ralh fools and mad- men, inftance, Paracellus's mercurial remedies. clare, SECT. XIV. Of PENSYLVANIA.' 351 clare, that I have no lucrative views, becaufe mihi tan- tum fuppetit viaticas quantum vise. I here infert fome remarks upon the medical practice in our colonies j as no man's name is expreffed, and fome gentlemen practitioners of candour, probity, in- genuity, and good practical knowledge are excepted, thefe reflections may be taken in good part without fur- ther apology. In our plantations, a practitioner, bold, rafh, impu- dent, a lyar, bafely born and educated, has much the advantage of an honefl, cautious, modeft gentleman. In general, the phyfical practice in our colonies is fo pernicioufly bad, that excepting in furgery, and fome very acute cafes, it is better to let nature under a pro- per regimen take her courfe (naturas morborum cura- trices) than to truft to the honefly and fagacity of the practitioner ; our American practitioners are fo rafh and officious, the faying in the apocrypha, Ecclefiafticus xxxviii. 1 5. may with much propriety be applied to them. " He that finneth before his maker, let him fall into the " hands of the phyfician." Frequently there is more danger from the phyfician, than from the diftemper : a country where the medical practice is very irregular, is a good fchool to learn the Jsedentia, a good article in practice ; but fometimes notwithftanding male prac- tice, nature gets the better of the doctor, and the patient recovers. Our practitioners deal much in quackery, [] and quackifh medicines, as requiring no labour of thought or [] I lhall mention one remarkable inftance of colony quackery, advertifed in the New York gazette, December 16, 1751. " In July 1751, was committed to the care of do&or Peter Billing, an expe- rienced phyfici.in, and man mid-wife, and formerly in the king's fervice, the moil extraordinary and remarkable cafe that ever was performed in the world, upon one Mrs. Mary Smith, fingle woman, filler to capt. Arthur Smith, on James river, in the county of Surry in Virginia, art. forty- fix; me had been upwards of eighteen years out of he- fenfes, (mod of the time raving mad) eat her own excrements, and was compleatly cured by him in two months, con- com- 352 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART 11. competition, and highly recommended in the London quack bills (in which all the reading of many of our practitioners confifts) inadvertently encouraged by patents for the benefit of certain fees to fome offices, but to the very great damage of the fubject. How diirnal is it to obferve fome apothecaries fhops wainfcotted or papered with advertifment?, recommending quack medicines for the profit of the mop, but deftruction of their neigh- bours ? this is vending of po lions for gain. In the moft trifling cafes they ufe a routine of practice : when I firft arrived in New- England, I afked G. P. a noted facetious practitioner, what was their general me-* thod of practice , he told me their practice was very uni- form, bleeding* vomiting, blithering, purging, anodyne, &c. if the iilnefs continued, there was repetendi, and finally murderandi; nature was never to be confulted, or allowed to have any concern in the affair. What Syden- ham well obferves, is the cafe with our practitioners ; seger nimia medici diligentia ad plures migrat. Blood-letting and anodynes are the principal tools of our practitioners; thefe palliate any diilemper for amort time, while^ at the fame time they confound the inten- tions of nature, and fix the malady , they follow Syden- ham too much in giving paregoricks, after cathanicks, which is playing fait and loofe. trary to the opinion of all that knew her, no do&tfr in the province daring to undertake her. N. B. The contagious diilemper fo fre- quently happening to the bold adventurers in the wars of Venus, when recent, will be cured by him for three piftoles in hand, though the common price is five pound all over North- America. And all other cafes curable in phyfick and furgery, proportionable accord- " ing to the circumftances of people." He has alib other matters to publifh, particularly an elegant medicine to prevent the yellow fever, and dry gripes hi the Weft-Indies ; this is incomparable, if we ex- cept a quack advertifement publimed in Jamaica (immediately after the laft great earthquake) of pills to prevent perfojis or their effects fuffering by earthquakes. SECT SECT. XV* Of MARYLAND. 353 SECT. XV. Concerning the province of Maryland. i ALthough recapitulations or repetitions are reckoned tedious and not elegant, I find that our fections or colonies may be more agreeably introduced by fome ge- neral accounts or tranfadtions with a little variation, than by an abrupt entrance into the colony affairs. The Cabots of Venetian extract obtained 1 495, a patent from king Henry VII. of England, of all lands to be by them difcovered weft of Europe, as to property ; with a refervation of a certain royal perquifite , this kingunder- ftood perquifites : the father John, and afterwards the fon Sebaftian, fitted out from Briftol , in their firft voyage upon the difcovery of a N. W. pafTage to China, and the Eafl-Indies, being obftructed by the ice, the failors mutinied and returned to England, without effecting any thing of confequence. Anno 1498, Sebaftian ranged the continent of North- America from 40 d. to 67 d. N. lat. and at feveral places took a nominal occupancy from difcovery, with- out making any fettlement ; thus notwithftanding the difcoveries, we had no poffefiion for near a century of years. Sir Walter Raleigh, a noted difcovery projector, fee vol. I. p. in, anno 1584, March 25, obtained of queen Elizabeth a patent for difcoveries and fettlements in America. Upon the return of the vefiels of the firft adventure, in honour to the virgin queen Elizabeth, the name of Virginia in general was given to the North part of the continent fo far as the gulph of St. Laurence north, to Florida fouth. In procefs of time the French made fome fmall fettlements in the north parts of North- America, and called them Nova Francia, or Nouvelle France-, at this time known by the name of L'Ac- VOL. II. A a cadie, 354 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. cadie, (Nova-Scotia) and Canada. The Swedes, Fins and Dutch introduced by Huclfon, made fettlements upon Hudfon's or Kord rivier, and Delaware or Zuyd rivier, and called it Nova-Belgia or New-Netherlands. Thus in the beginning of the laft century the eaftern coafl of North-America was divided into, i. Nova-Francia, 2. North- Virginia, comprehending the colonies of Nova- Scotia and New-England. 3. Nova-Belgia or New-Ne- therlands, at prefent known by the names of New- York, New-Jerfeys, and Penfylvania. 4. South-Virginia, which comprehends Maryland^ Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia. Upon the new difcoveries, many feparate grants of diftricts were made to private proprietors ; but afterwards for the regularity and eale of jurisdiction, the crown af- fumed the jurifdiclions, and reduced them to more com- venient models of government. Maryland is properly a fprout from Virginia, therefore the connexion of this fettlement with the firft diicoveries muft be referred to the fection of Virginia ; here we mall only obferve how and when it did fprout. See vol. I. p. 288, the Newfoundland feclion. Towards the end of king James I. reign, Sir George Calvert principal fecretary of ftate, afterwards lord Bal- timore, obtained a patent for fome fifhing harbours in Newfoundland ; by reafon of the civil troubles in Eng- land, thefe fettlements were difcontinued ; being a zea- lous Roman catholick, with other difTenting zealots of various fectaries, he left England and retired to Virginia: as the Virginians were generally bigo's to the church of England fectary, they did not ufe him fo well as he expected , and as the Virginians had not fettled far- ther north than Potomack river, lord Baltimore went home and obtained from king Charles I. a grant of all the lands from the mouth of Potomack river in about 38 d. jom. N. to the Swede and Finland fettlements, which were reckoned to the bottom of Chefepeak bay, in about the latitude of 39 d. 45 m. or fifteen Englifh miles fouth 4 of SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. 355 of Philadelphia parallel : th$ account of controverfies con- cerning the boundaries between the properties and jurif- dictions of Maryland and Penfylvania, we refer back to the fe&ion of Penfylvania. The banditti Dutch, Swedes, and Fins, were prior to the Englifh in their fettlements upon Delaware river and weftward inland. Upon a new royal regulation in Vir- ginia, feveral families went over from England to fettle there -, amongft thefc was lord Baltimore, a rigid Roman catholick , for the advantage of a more free extrcife of his religion, he retired thither ; but being ill ufed by the church of England fectaries, and finding that the humour of petitioning for large traces of land was encouraged by the court at home, and that the Virginia fettlers had not extended farther north than Potomack river, lord Balti- more petitioned for a grant of vacant lands from the north of Potomack river to the Swedifh and Finlanders fettle- menis between the bottom of Chefepeak bay and Dela- ware river, and obtained the promife of a grant for the fame; but dying foon, his fon and heir obtained the pa- tent, dated June 20, 1 632 : that part of the patent which regards the boundaries, in the Engliili tranflation from the original Latin inftrument runs thus : " Know ye v called a Spanifh dollar. The people of Maryland have been happy, in not being expoied to the incurfions and rapines of the cutland Indians; they are covered by the neighbouring provinces; their opening between the provinces of Vir- ginia and Fenfylvania is very fmall. Anno 1677, the Indians at war with Virginia, by miftake committed A a 4 fom$ 360 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. fome outrages in Maryland. A few years fince, the Indians upon refervtd lands, principally in the county ofDorchdter, eaft of Chefepeak bay, upon fome difguft fctmed to be mutinous, but being fenfible of their own inability, that humour foon fubfided. Therefore we can have no article of their wars with the French, Spaniards, and Indians. The hiftory of the viciffitudes in grants and confe- quential governments or jurifdi&ions is of permanent ufe , but the provincial or municipal als as to divifions of diftricls and counries, are variable and fluctuating ac- cording to the humours of the afTembly men. During the civil wars, the Baltimore family were deprived of their jurlldiftion in Maryland ; after the reftoration 1661, they obtained a confirmation of their royal patent, but the proprietor being a Roman catholick, the court of England appointed the governor and other civil officers. Upon the revolution the crown or court of England retained the jurifdiction of the province of Maryland. The prefent lord Baltimore is of the proteftant denomina- tion, and is veiled in the jurifdidion as well as property of Maryland. Into Maryland and Virginia are imported about 4000 negro fiaves per ann. fome planters have 500 flaves ; col. Carter of Virginia is faid to have had 900, and Mr. Bennet of Maryland 1300 at one time. A peck of Indian corn and fome fait is their weekly allowance of provifion for each negro , they are reckoned to raife i pop Ib. wt. of tobacco befides fome barrels of corn per head, 6900 tobacco plants are reckoned to yield ippolb. wt. of tobacco. The planters by a&ofafiembly in Virgi- nia and Maryland, are inhibited from planting more than 6oop plants of tobacco per negro. It is reckoned, there may be 300 to 400 felons or rnifcreants imported yearly to Maryland from England ; this importation of vile levies is fufficicnt to corrupt any SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. 361 any plantation fettlement or improvement ; it is expected that the government at home are contriving a more falu- tary method of punifhing fome criminals, than by fowing them in the colonies. As the colonies or provinces of Virginia and Maryland lie in the fame long bay of Chefepeak, we cannot avoid giving a joint account of them upon fome occafions, principally with regard to their trade and navigation. Rivers and mountains. The gradual foundings in the ocean before vefTels enter Chefepeak bay, render the navigation of Virginia and Maryland very fafe ; by the many navigable rivers, bays and creeks, which communicate with the great bay, the water carriage is very commodious. This fine bay reaches from cape Henry, at its entrance in about 37 d. lat. to the bottom of the bay where it receives the river Sefquahana in about 39 d. 45m. lat. Virginia lies upon this bay from cape Henry in lat. 37, to rhe mouth of Potomack river, which divides Virginia from Maryland in lat. 38. Maryland lies upon the other pare of this long bay. Upon the eaft fide of this great bay are many fmall bays, creeks, and rivers, but of fhort courfe, becaufe the neck of land between this bay and the ocean is narrow; in the Virginia part there are ro rivers-, in the Maryland part there are fcveral fhort navigable ri- vers, which generally and naturally ferve as boundaries of counties, viz. Pokomoke, Witomoco, Nanticoke, Chaptank, Wye, Chefter, Safaphras, Elke, and north eaft rivers. Upon the weft fide of this long bay are many long navigable beautiful rivers ; in the Virginia pare are James river, York river, Rapahanock river, and the fouth fide of Potomack river , by thefe the weftern fliore of Virginia is divided into four necks of land; the 362 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. the property of three of thefe necks is in the crown; the property of the northern neck is in lord Fairfax, who married the heirefs of lord Colpepper, as ihall be related more at large in the fediori of Virginia ; in the Mary- land part are the north fide of Potomack river, Pataxen river, South river, Severn river, Patapfco river, Gun^ powder rm r. The two capes of Virginia which make the entrance of the bay, are about 20 miles diftant, and were called by capt. Smith, Henry and Charles, the names of king James I. two ions ; the direct courfe of the bay is N. by W. and S. by E. From Bahama landings at the bottom of the bay to Newcaftle on Delaware river, are thirty miles good travelling. Sefquahana river, as we mentioned in the ftction of Penfylvania, comes from fmall ponds a little fouth or Mohawks river in the province of New- York, crofies the province of Penfylvania, and falL into the bottom of Chefepeak bay in the northern parts of Maryland. The other great rivers of Virginia and Maryland all lie W. fide of the bay \ only James river and Potomack river reach the great Apalachian mountains, called the Blue hills. In Virginia and Maryland the tides are very fmall. Maryland and Virginia are flat countries, excepting the Apalachian great mountains to the weftward, which begin in the province of Penfylvania, and run 900 miles S. W. at about 150 or 200 miles diilance trom the eaftern fhore of the Atlantic ocean, and terminate in the bay of Apalachia near Penfacola, in the gulph of Mexico. Col. Spotfwood, lieut. governor of Virginia^ was the firft who pafTed the Apalachian mountains, or great Blue hills, and the gentlemen his attendants were called knights of the horfe-fhoe, having dilcovered a horfe-pafs. At prefent there are two paries crofs thefe mountains; the north pafs is in Spotfylvania, the fouth pafs is near Brunfwick. Some rivers have been flifcovered on the weft fide of the Apalachian moun- tains, SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. 363 tains, which fall into the river Ohio, which falls into the river Mifilffippi below the ri'ver Ilinois. For feme further account of the ApaJachian. mountains, fee the feclion of Penfylvanla, vol. II. p. 313. The Irifh who had made fettlements in the weftern parts of Penfylvania, are exceeded by the Germans of late years imported into Penfylvania. Thefe Germans by a fupe- rior induftry and frugality (notwithftanding of the north oflreland proteftants being noted for induftry and fru- gality) have purchafed moil of the Irifh fettlements there, and the Irifh move ' farther into Maryland, Vir- ginia, and North-Carolina, along the foot of the Apa- lacian mountains, where the land is good and very promifing, being the warn of thefe hills and moun- tains: the Indian traders travel this road, to head many of the rivers ; here are feveral congregations of Irifh prefbyterians, to be defcribed in the fedtion of Virginia. The alarum lift, and the training militia, are nearly in the fame manner, and under the fame regulations as in the colonies already mentioned, As to the number of white and black people in the province, we may make fome eftirr.ace from the polls of taxables as found 1734 upon an exact icrutiny, when every taxable was allowed thirty (hillings out of a large emiffion of paper currency ; they were at that time about 36,000 perfons of white men fixteen st. and upwards, and black men and women from fixteen set. to fixty set. perhaps at prefent the taxables may be about 40,000. The proprietor's quit rents arc two (hillings fieri, per ann. for every 100 acres j he in rime patented vacant lands at four millings per looaoes , lately he has endea- vouied to let vacant lands ten (hillings qirt- rent per 100 acres, but it did not take; he manages the patenting of lands, and collecting of the quit-rents, by agents. Not many years fince, the affembly, with confent of the lord prop* ictor, by way of experiment, during the term of the three years, granted their proprietor in lieu of quit-rents, a revenue 364 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. a revenue of three fhillings and fixpence fieri, duty per hogfhead of tobacco, to be paid by the merchant or fhipper. Thus the planters or afiembly to eafe themfelves laid the burthen upon trade; this amounted to about 5000 /. fieri, per arm. but upon the expiration of the three years, this project was dropped, and the proprietor found it more for his interefl to revert to the revenue ari- fing from the quit-rents. The governor's allowance of falary is as per agreement with the proprietor. The council are paid by the country 180 lb. tobacco per diem, which is much grumbled at, becaufe they are of his appointment, and his creatures, The repreientatives are paid by the country, or publick revenue, 160 lb. tobacco per diem. The proprietor has feveral referved good manors in many parts of the province, which he lets to farm. By his patent the proprietor is not obliged to tranfmit the provincial laws home for approbation. Anno 1704, the afTembly laid a duty of two (hillings per hogfhead tobacco, one half to the proprietor, the other half towards the charges of the government. There is an impoft upon negro flaves of twenty millings fieri, and twenty fhillings currency. As in other Brit.ifh colonies, they have diftindl pro- vince, county, and parifh rates or taxes. The pro- vincial taxes are polls of taxables at 90 lb. of to- bacco per head or upwards, according to exigencies ; upon the Cuba or Spanifh Weft-India expedition, it was 1 20 lb. impoft upon fervants, flaves, and liquors, ex- cife, &c. Currencies. The principal currency of Maryland and Virginia is tobacco per lb. or hundred weight, as it is dated from time to time by ads of affembly, or tacit ge- neral confent of the people. In Maryland before 17345 the currency was reckoned at proclamation value, fix fhUiings per heavy piece of eight; but that year the affembly went into the iniquitous fcheme of paper cur- rency, which fraudulently had been praclifed in many of our SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. 365 our colonies; they emitted 90,000 /. in bills of publick credit, whereof thirty fhillings to every taxable, being 36,000 taxables, is 54,000 /. the remaining 36,000 /. was to build a governor's houfe, and to be let upon loan : the fund for calling in thefe bills of publick credit was a duty upon liquors, &c. to be paid in fterling, and lodged in the bank of England ; all thefe bills to be cancelled in the fpace of thirty years. Thefe bills were not (by an act of aflembly) receivable in the proprietor's quit- rents, and fundry publick fees, becaufe an enfuing depreciation was obvious to people of forefight; and accordingly from thirty-three and three quarters difference of exchange with London, it gradually rofe to one hundred and fifty difference. Anno 1 740, the Penfylvania eight millings was equal to twelve millings Maryland ; but as the fund for cancelling thefe bills of credit was regularly tranfmitced to the bank of England, they gradually recovered their value, and anno 1748, 200 Maryland was equal to 100 fieri. The firft period for calling in and cancelling one third of thefe bills was in September 1748 , and by aft of af- fembly there was allowed from September 29, 1748, to March 29, 17495 to bring in all the bills to be burnt ; accordingly of the 90,000 /. 83,962 /. 165. were brought in (the remaining 6000 /. was fuppofed to be annihilated by being torn, loft, &c.) and burnt, the poflefibrs were paid one third in bills of exchange upon the bank of Eng- land, and two thirds in new bills ; after fixteen years more, the pofMbrs of the two thirds will receive fifteen fhillings fterling, for every twenty millings currency. Courts legiflative and executive. The firfl: fettlement was at St. Mary's, near the mouth of Potomack river : the legiflative court or general aflem- bly, and the provincial fupreme court of judicature, were kept there many years ; but anno 1699, ^ or l ^ e ^ etter conveniency of the whole province, they were removed to Annapolis at the mouth of the river Severn, as being nearly the center of the province. At $66 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART If. At firft the province was divided into ten counties, being five each fide of the great bay. St. Mary's, y Somerfet, 1 Charles, f Dorcefter, f Calvert, \weftfide. Talbot, Veaftfide. Anne Arundel,( Kent, ( Baltimore, j Cecil, ) Anno 1695, Prince George, an additional county, wa s conftimted on the weft fide of the bay, and all the counties were divided into thirty parifhes. At prefent 1752, the province of Maryland is divided into fourteen counties, that is, feven counties each fide of the great bay. St. Mary's, x Worcefler, -\ Calvert, \ Somerfet, ) Prince George, f Dorchefler, f Charles, Weftfkfe. Talbot, ^ eaft fide. Anne Arundel,f Q^ Anne's, C Baltimore, \ Kent, \ Frederick, J Cecil, J Formerly in Maryland, the afTembly or legiflative lower houfe (the council is called the upper houfe of af- fembly) was triennial j at prefent they are called, ad- journed, prorogued, and diilblved at the governor's plea- fure ; the reprefentadves are called the lower houfe of affembly. In the government of Maryland, there are four nega- tives in the legiOature, viz. the lower houfe or houfe of reprefentadves where all bills for acls originate, the go- vernor's council, the governor, and lord proprietor. Of the four negatives in the leglflature, the proprietor may be faid to have three, viz. the proprietor's own ne- gative, that of his governor or deputy, and that of the council nominated by himfelf. The complement of the council is twelve, appointed by the governor general, principal, or proprietor j but paid by the province, iSolb. tobacco per diem. The SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND, 367 The lower houfe of aflembly, or houfe of reprefenta- tives, confifts of four from each of the prefent fourteen counties, and two from the metropolis or provincial town of Annapolis, paid i6olb. tobacco per diem. With regard to the executive courts,* we may begin with the parifh. veftries, who not oniy manage the affairs of the parifh church, but alfo manage the prudential mat- ters of the diftricl, as the felect men, fo called in New- England, manage their townfhip affairs *, they are alfo affeffors of rates or taxes. In each parifh they are twelve in number for life, and upon a demife, the furvwors top- ply the vacancies after the manner of the Unedfchap, of the towns in Holland. The county courts in Maryland are held in the months of March, June, Auguft, and November j at prefent they are as follow, 'Talbot co. i ft tuefday of ) Baltimore faid mon. in )Sr. Mary's Worcefter co. laid mon. in Somerfet Dorchefter co. Cecil Anne Arundel Charles rj A Queen Anne's 4th tuefday oQ Q , & i /Frederick, ad tuefday of faidmon. in faid mon. in In the month of April and September, there is a cir- cuit court of affizes for trying titles of land, and of crimi- nal cafes : one diftinct court each fide of the bay confid- ing of a chief judge, anafliftant judge, and proper juries, who fit in the refpedive county court houfes. From the county courts, there is appeal to the provin- cial court of Annapolis, which is held 3d Tuefday of May, and 3d Tuefday of Odober, in perfonal debts of fifty pound or upwards. In the city of Annapolis are held quarterly mayors courts, viz. laft Tuefday in January, April, July, and O&ober. From the provincial courts, held at Annapolis, there is allowed an appeal, in cafes of3OO/. fterl. value or upwards, 368 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. upwards, to the king in council ; the appeal is firft brought under the deliberation (this is a regulation for all the colonies) of a committee of council called the lords of appeals, and from thence reported to the king in council for a final determination. Thecommiffary, a place of about iooo/. per ann. is not a fuperintendant of the clergy ; he is a judge concern- ing the probate of wills, granting of adminiftrations, and the like. The lieut. governor is chancellor, he grants licences for marrying, which are given out or fold at twenty-five Ihillings, by a minifter or parfon in each county, whereof twenty millings to the governor, and five millings to this parfon ; he has fees for the great feal of the province, and fundry other perquifites -, the falary allowed him by the proprietor is per agreement and feldom known , the country generally gives three half-pence per hogfhead of tobacco exported. The court of vice admiralty is of the fame nature as in the colonies already defcribed ; as is alfo The jufticiary court of admiralty for trying cafes of piracy, robbery, and other felonies committed on the high leas, appointed by a com million from queen Anne, pur- fuant to an act of parliament, 1 1 and 1 2 Gul. called an act for the more effectual fuppreffion of piracy. The proprietors and deputy governors. We have already hinted, vol. II. p. 355. that Sir George Calvert, afterwards lord Baltimore, obtained from king Charles I. a promife of a grant of thefe lands now called Maryland ; and afterwards his fon Cecilius lord Baltimore had a royal patent for the fame, 1632. During the civil wars in England, and the ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell, the concerns of the Baltimore family in Maryland lay dormant, the family being bi- gotted Roman catholicks. Soon after king Charles II. reftoration, 1661, Charles lord Baltimore, fon of Cecilius, obtained a royal confirmation of the 1632 grant; SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. grant; he went to Maryland, and continued there fome time. Notwithftanding the Baltimore family being rigid Roman Catholick zealots, K. James II. fuperfeded their jurifdidion there , the fchemeof theEnglim court at that time was, to Deduce all proprietary and charter govern- ments to the jurifdiclion of the crown. After the revolution of K. William III. the Baltimore family had better ufage, and at prefent they are become good proteftant fubjeds ; for the fucceffion of the lords Baltimore, fee vol. JI. p. 309. Charles lord Baltimore, member of the Britim parliament for the county of Sur- rey, died in April 1751, and was fucceeded by his fon Frederick lord Baltimore. Upon the revolution, Sir Edmond Andros was ap- pointed governor of Maryland, and was fuperfeded by col. Nicholfon : Andros died in London 1714, in a greac age. Col. Nat. Blakifton, fucceeded col. Nicholfon [/]. Col. Blakifton was fucceeded by col. William Seymour 1704 : Seymour put into Barbadoes by ftrefs of weather, and had an eight months voyage. Col. Corbet fucceeded as lieut. governor in the place of col. Seymour. [z] Col. Nicholfon was a knight errant governor ; by his curfing, fwearing, and hypocritical devotional exercifes, he was at times made ufe of by the court in dirty affairs j particularly when any new encroach- ments upon the privileges of a people were defigned with harfh ufage ; forinftance 1686, he was appointed lieuf. governor of the dominions of New-England under Sir Edmond Andros : 1710, upon the much faulted revolution in the miniftry of queen Anne, he was fent to the northern colonies of Britim North-America, with an unprecedented commiflion as infpeftor general of all affairs, ecclefiaftick, civil, and military ; and in that capacity did much intimidate fome governors and their councils ; governor Hunter of New-York, a gentleman of fpirit, told me, that if col. Nicholfon had proceeded to New-York, and acted in the fame manner as he did in the province of Maflachufetts-Bay; he Would at all rifks have fent him home, to be tried by the judicatories there, as a diflurber of the peace of the colony under pretext of an an- ticonftitutional unprecedented commiffion. VOL. II. B b Col. 370 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Col. Hunt arrives lieut. governor, and upon K. George's acceffion he was continued governor. I fhall only mention the fuccefiion of governors of note. Benedict Leonard Calvert, Efq. homeward hound, died at fea 1732, and was fucceeded by Samuel Ogle, Efq. 1746-7 in March arrives Samuel Ogle, Efq. appointed lieut. governor of Maryland in the place of Thomas Bladen, Efq. Mr. Ogle continues lieutenant governor at this writing, 1752. Produce and manufactures. Thefe are nearly the fame in the provinces of Mary- land and Virginia; this article may krve for both. Tobacco [k] is an aboriginal American plant or herb, and is faid to have been nrft found among the Florida [/] As the ufe of this plant or herb by an unaccountable whim is become the general amufement of Europe and of the European fettle- ments on the eaftern fide of North-America, by fmoaking, fnuffing, and chewing; and as no authors hitherto have given us an exact de- fcription or icon of this plant ; I do here defcribe it from the life, by my own obfervations as it grows. There are many curious Virginia gentlemen planters, who as bota- nifts cultivate varieties of tobacco ; but as this is not a botanical effay, I jnuft drop them, and mail only defcribe that fpecies which is cultivated and manufactured for exportation in trade. Nicotiana major latifolia. C. B. P. M. H. 2, 492. Nicotiana major, iive tabaccum majus. J. B. 3, 629. Hyofcyamus Peruvianus. Dod. p. 450. tobacco: the icons of John Bauhine and ofMorifon are not exact. It is an annual plant ; when it is at its full growth, it is about the height of an ordinary man; the flalk is ftraight, hairy, and clam- my, like that of the hyofcyamus niger vel vulgaris. C. B. P. common black henbane; the whole habit is of an obfolete yellowifh green; leaves alternate, fome of the lower leaves are a cubit long and nine inches wide entire, but waved ; the lateral coftae of the leaf arch into one another near the margin; the leaves have no pedicles (the major anguftifolia has long pedicles) and by an auriculated bafe embrace the flalk ; towards the top, the flalk branches from the finufes of the leaves, and higher from the fin us of a (lender foliculum proceed fafcicles of Indians SECT. XV. Of MARY LAND. 37* Indians, who fmoak to fatisfy their hunger : fbme write, that it came from the ifland Tobago, one of the Weft- India iflands of nearly the fame name ; but mod proba- bly it came from Peru, becaufe in North- America it is not fpontaneous ; the aboriginal Indians of North- America do not cultivate it, they purchafe it of the Englifh. planters and fmoak it with pleafure. Its claffical or tribe name is Nicotiana, fo called from John Nicot, a Frenchman, embafTador to the court of Portugal; he fent fome of its feed, which he had from a Dutchman, to the court of France. It has been faid by fome writers, that Sir Francis Drake firil brought it to England from the ifland Tobago of the Weft-Indies. The name is Indian ; we have no certain account of tobacco, till Sir Walter Raleigh's [/] arrival in England from Virginia, 1585^ it was called Indian henbane: it was ufed by the aboriginal American flowers: the flower is flender and tubulous, one and half inch long, yel- lowifh, with an obfolete diluted purple brim, not divided but expanded into four or five angles ; the calix is tubulous of four or five narrow feg- ments ; the piftillum which becomes the feed veflel is conoidal, five or fix lines diameter at bottom, and near an inch long, bicapfular with a middle fpungy double placenta, and contains many fmall round brown- ifli feeds; the feed is ripe the end of September. In New-England it is planted in cows pens, it is hotter and does not fmoak fo agreeably as that of Virginia. In trade there are only two fpecies of tobacco, viz. Aranokoe from Maryland, and the northern parts of Virginia, and fweet-fcented from the fouth parts of Virginia, whereof the beft kind is from James and York rivers : the firfl is the ftrongeft, and is in demand in the northern markets of Europe ; the other is milder and more pleafant : the diffe- rence feems to be only from the foil : fweet fcented which grows in fandy lands is beft for fmoaking when new, or only from two to three years old ; that from fliff land, if kept five or fix years, much exceeds the former. [/] Sir Walter Raleigh upon his return from Virginia to London 1585, having pra&ifed tobacco fmoaking, in a gay humour in his clofet, ordered his fervant to bring him fome fmall beer; in the mean time having lighted his tobacco pipe, and collected a mouthful of fmoak, let it fly in the fervant's face to furprize him ; the fervant ima- gining that his matter's face was on fire, threw the fmall beer in his face, and innocently returned the jeft. B b 2 Indians, 372 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Indians, both in Nor; h and South- America, before the Europeans arrived there. Imported com. annis to Great Britain from Virginia about 35 v ooo hogfheads of 800 Ib. to 950 lb. wt. per hogfhead; from Maryland about 30,000 hogfheads oi 700 lb. and upwards. It is an enumerated com- modity, and cannot be exported from Britifh America to any ports than Great-Britain, and its plantations. The neat duty upon tobacco imported into Great- Britain is about 200,000 /. fieri, per ann. and 14,000 /. feizures. Anno 1733, when Sir Robert Walpole, firft commiflloner of the treafury, was projecting a reduction of fundry cufToms or imports upon goods to an excife ; he propofed in parliament, that the duty upon tobacco, which at that time was fixpence one third per pound, fhould be only four pence three farthings per pound, whereof four pence was for excife and three farthings duty; this fcheme did not fucceed [ni]. By a convention or agreement between the courts of Great-Britain and France, during the late war with France, the farmers of tobacco in France did contract with merchants in Great-Britain (Mr. Fitz-Gerald was the general French agent in Britain,) for fome Britifh tobacco fhips with pafsports, and to return to Great- Britain in ballaft ; the fhipping ports in Great-Britain were London, Briftol, Liverpool, Whitehaven, and Glafgow: the delivery ports in France were Dieppe, Havre-de-Grace, Morlaix, Bourdeaux, Bayonne, and Marfeilies. Virginia and Maryland fometimes produce more to- bacco than they can vent to advantage, by glutting the markets [] too much, and occafions a mutinous difpo- [m] Sir Robert Walpole was very intenfe upon bringing moft duties partly into excife, and partly into cuftoms, the better to multiply re- venue officers, creatures of the miniftry, towards carrying parliament elections, &c. [] This is fometimes the cafe with the Dutch Eaft-India fpices, and the Weft-India fugars. fition SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. fition among the planters, as happened in Bacon's re- bellion in Virginia ; and at times to keep up the price of tobacco they burn a certain quantity for each taxable, as was done in Maryland upon the firft eoiiffion' of paper money. The tobacco is generally cultivated by negroes in fetts, feven or eight negroes with an overfeer is a fett ; each working negro is reckoned one (hare ; the over- leer has one and a half or two fhares. The charge of a negro is a coarfe woollen jacket and breeches, with one pair of fhoes in winter; victualling is one peck of Indian corn and fome fait per week. To prevent to- bacco from becoming a drug, no taxable is to cul- tivate above fix thoufand plants of tobacco, befides grain. The plantation duty is one penny fieri, per pound, upon tobacco exported to the other colonies, and is about 200 /. towards the revenue of the college ofWiJliam- fburg in Virginia. Tobacco is not only their chief produce for trade, but may alfo be called their medium or currency , it is re- ceived in taxes or debts : the infpector's notes for tobacco received by him, may be transferred, and upon fight of thefe notes the infpector immediately delivers to the bearer fo much tobacco. Formerly the tobacco affair was managed by receivers at culling houfes near the fhipping places, where the planter delivered his tobacco to the merchant ; at pref-nt in every river there is a certain number of country flores where the planters tobacco is lodged; every hogfhead is branded with the marks of the planter, ftore, and river. The common culture of tobacco is in this manner. The feed is fowed in beds of fine mould, and trani plant d the beginning of May -, the plants are fet at three or tour feet intervals or diftances ,. they are hilled and kept con- tinually weeded ; when as many leaves are (hoc out as the foil can nourifh to advantage, the plant is itopt and B b 3 it 374 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. it grows no higher , it is wormed from time to time ; the fuckers which put forth between the leaves are taken off from time to time till the plant arrives to per- feclion, which is in Auguft, when the leaves begin to turn brownifh and fpot ; in a dry time the plant is cut down and hanged up to dry, after being fweated in heaps for one night ; when it may be handled without crum- bling (tobacco is not handled but in moift weather,) the leaves are ftript off from the (talk, tied up in little bundles and packt up in hogmeads for tranfportation. No fuckers nor ground leaves are allowed to be mer- chantable. An induftrious man may manage 6000 plants of to- bacco, and four acres of Indian corn. The fmall quantity of tobacco which fome people raife in Penfylvania and North-Carolina is generally fhipt off from Maryland and Virginia. Tobacco is injurious to the nerves, it is fomewhat [0] anodyne, and intoxicates perfons.not ufed to it. Pork, Vaft number of fwine or hogs run wild or ram- ble in the woods of Maryland, Virginia, and North- Carolina; they are generally fmall , falted and barrelled , they make a confiderable branch of the export of thefe colonies; they feed moftly upon nuts of all kinds, called Hiaft; they eat oily and rank. Maft [p] or foreft nuts of many kinds are very plenty every fecond or third year, and the following year not fo plenty ; thus it is with apples and cyder in New- Eng- land ; the plenty and consequently the price of pork from Maryland, Virginia, and North-Carolina, depends upon [0] The Europeans ufe wine, and other fermented liquors, as alfo fpirits diftilled from them ; the Turks, Perfians, and other oriental na- tions, ufe opium, bang, betel, &c. all which occafion a fort of indo- lence or relaxation of mind: thus mankind by a natural tacit content allow, that the intenfe application of mind, the cares and inquietudes of life, require fome fuch expedients of alleviation. [p] This word or term feems to proceed from the latin word rnafti- care. the SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. the goodnefs of their matting years; anno 1733, a good maft year, one man a planter and merchant in Vir- ginia, faked up three thoufand barrels of pork. Next to the pork fed with Indian corn as in New-England, acorns make firmed pork , beech nuts make fweet pork, but flabby, foft and oily. In Weftphalia, the hogs in the woods feed moftly upon cheftnuts. Grain. Wheat in Maryland and Virginia is fubjecl: to the weevel, afmall infect of the fcarabeous kind, wh.ch fometimes takes to it in the ear when growing. The Maryland and Virginia wheat weighs fome 56 Ib. to 60 Ib. wt. per bufhel, and cafts white ; that from Penfyl- vania does not weigh fo much -, the wheat formerly im- ported from Nova-Scotia was light and caftdark like rye j at prefent the prairies, as they are called, or the diked in wheat lands are wore out. May the prefent political di- verting publick amufement of improving Nova-Scotia, become intentionally real, towards a fifhery, a place of arms for our navies, a nurfery of hufbandmen, and a northern frontier for the protection of our Britim colonies. Good land in Maryland and Virginia may yield per acre 15 bufhels wheat, or 30 bufhels Indian corn, which cafts whiter than that of New-England. Calavances are exported to feveral of the other colonies. Phafeolus ereclus minor femine fphaerico albido et rubro, hilo nigro. C, B. P. white and red calavances, or Vir- ginia peafe ; they yield better than the common pea.fe of Europe, and are good profitable food for the poorer fort of white people, and for negro flaves. Maize or Indian corn has been already defcribed. They raife in the uplands, quantities of hemp and flax. Anno 1751, in October, from the back fettlements of Maryland, there came into Balcimore town near the bot- tom of Chefepeak bay, fixty waggons loaden with flax feed. In fome counties of Maryland are erefted charity working fchools, B b 4 Towards 376 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. Towards the mountains there are fome furnaces for run- ning of Lon ore into pigs and hollow caft ware, and forges to refine pig iron into bars. Timber and other wooden lumber. Their oak is of a ftraight grain, and eafily rives into flaves; in building of veflels it is not durable, they build only fmall craft; fome years fince they built a very large Ihip called the Britifh merchant, burthen one thoufand hogmeads; with many repairs me kept in the Virginia trade thirty-fix years. Their black walnut is in demand for cabinets, tables, and other joiners work. Maryland and Virginia produce large beautiful apples, but very mealy ; their peaches are plenty and good ; from thefe they diftil a fpirit, which they call cyder brandy and peach brandy. The Maryland affairs, concerning their cuftom houfes and naval officers, the number of entries and clearances of veflfels, the quality and quantity of their exports and imports, and the tribe of officers thereto belonging, are not hitherto fully come to my knowledge: I do not chufe to infert any thing that is not in fome regard perfect, therefore at prefent, I mall only copy a few lines from the Lteft prefent Hate of Great- Britain. I obferve their falarics are fmall. North Potomack A collector and to keep a boat Patuxent A collector and to keep a boat Annapolis A furveyor Potomack A collector and to keep a boat Both fides of the bay A riding furveyor "Williamftade A furveyor Bohama and Saflefras A riding furveyor Wicomoc and Munia A furveyor Delaware bay A furveyor i MlSCEL- SECT. XV. Of MARYLAND. 377 MlSCE L L AN I ES. As many things defigned for a general append ix,muft be loofe, incoherent, and not fluent; for the cafe of common readers, we fhall annex fome part of it to each of thefubfequent fedtions by the name of mifcellanies, being of things omitted, or that were not come to my knowledge at the times of writing, or not reduceable to particular feclions. As I have all along given it the cha- racter of common-place, the fummary in propriety may admit of this latitude. In the Rhode-Ifland faction was omitted an authentick court paper, dated Windfor, Sept. 13, 1686, concerning the furrender of Rhode-Ifland charter. " His majefty < c has gracioufly received the addrefs of the colony of feems to be faulted as conniving at fuch anti-conftitutional proceedings -, as this gentlemaa was noted for his fidelity to the crown, and probity to- wards the people under his direction, when in the adrni- niftration of that colony, I cannot avoid publifhing his vindication of himfelf in a letter to the board of trade and plantations. " My Lords, " By a fhip lately arrived, I received from their ex- " cellencies, the lords juftices, an inftruction for my " future proceedings with refpect to a fynod propofed " to be held by the minifters of this his majefty's pro- *' vince, which fhall be punctually obeyed as there fhall " be occafion ; their lordfhips were alfo pleafed to e'en- " fure the proceedings already had in that affair. Where- 4 c fore I think myfelf obliged to acquaint your lord- tc fhips, that I did not pafs a confent for a fynod, but " only to a vote of the council and aflembly, referv- " ing the confideration thereof to the next feffions, bay, fo far as Sefquahana river, in quertof mines, but in vain. 1009, many peop.e were fen t over with c.attle, artillery, and tfores, but were much harraffed by the In- dians and Ticknefs. 1 619, in the compafs of one year, eleven ihips with 1 216 men, women and children, arrived from England, and made many fettlements upon James and York rivers. C c 3 he 390 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. he fell in with Penfylvania-bay, inftead of Chefepeak or Virginia-bay, and gave name to it (this was be- forr the Dutch fettled) which it retains to this day ; he foon returned to England. Lord Delaware in his fecond voyage to Virginia 1618, died in the paf- fage -, in his firft voyage he arrived in Virginia, June 9, 1610, and continued governor until March fol- lowing. 1626, Becaufe of the bad conduft of the managers, and hardfhips fuftained by the fettlers, by a quo warranto the patent was fued out, both property and jurifdiction became veiled in the crown, where it remains to this day ; the iettiers pay two {hillings fterling per annum quit-rent per 100 acres, under the direction of a king's governor and council, with an aflembly or houfe of repre- fentatives chofen by the people ; thefe three negatives compofe the legiflature or general court. When capt. Smith, fome time prtfident of Virginia, wrote his hiftory 1624, within fixty miles of James-town, the principal fettlement, there were not above 1500 fen- cibie n.en, and for want of raifing provifion fufficient, th;-y could not upon any exigency bring above 700 men together, Becaufe of notorious bad management, the company was difTolved by king Charles I. and the colony was brought under the immediate direction of the crown as above, and fettlers flocked over ; particularly fome of good condition to enjoy the liberty of worfhipping God in their own manner ; lord Baltimore, a Roman catholick, retired thither, but the people of Virginia, rigid prote- Itants, did not ufe him well, and he was difcouraged from continuing in Virginia, as we have more at large related in the feclion of Maryland. The firft fettlers intent upon taking up large tra&s of land, occafioncd the feveral fettlements to be difperfed at confiderable diftances from one another, and not in towns or villages, At SECT. XVI. Of VIRGINIA. At prefent the jurifdidion or government is bounded fouth by a line W. by compafs (the variation there be- ing fmall, is neglected) dividing Virginia from North- Carolina, beginning at a certain great tree in the north latitude of about 36 d. 40 m. (in its progrefs it in- terfefh the river Roanoke many times in its meanders,) and continues weft indefinitely ; the weftern boundary is the South-Sea, or lands in a prior occupancy of any chriftian prince ; it is bounded northerly, on the eaft fide of Chefepeak bay by a line running due eaft from Watkins-Point, near Wighco river on Chefepeak in about the latitude of 38 d. lorn, to the ocean; on the weft fide of Chefepeak bay it is bounded by Poto- mack river to a certain head thereof, and thence by a weft line indefinitely in lat This Maryland line of jurifdi&ion with the province of Virginia, and of pro- perty with lord Fairfax, is not hithrrto finally fettled ; eaft and fouth, Virginia is bounded by the great ocean. K. Charles II. having gratified fome noblemen with two large grants called the northern and fouthern grants or necks; when thefe noblemen claimed them, it gave f'eat uneaiinefs to the fettlers, and the colony agents in ngland agreed with thefe grantees of two necks, for a fmail confideration. Virginia is divided by the great rivers of Potomack, Rapanahock, York, and James, into four necks, the two counties eaft of Chefepeak bay make the fifth great di- vifion; the divifion between Potomack and Rapahan- nock rivers, is called the northern neck, and is at prcfcrtt the property of lord Fairfax of Cameron,, an Englifhman with a Scots title. Lord Colp?pper, who came over governor of Virginia 1679, was one of K. Charles II. patentees of the north- ern neck ; having got alignments from the other pa- tentees, 1688, 4th Jac. II. he obtained a patent for all the northern neck ; and by inveigling the tenants to pay the quit-rents to his agents, he became pof- fefled of all the cju it- rents, and his heirs at prcfeiK C c 4 joy 39 2 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. joy them by a kind of prefcription, but without any fhare in the jurifdiftion, becaufe chargeable : he relin- quifhed the government thereof to the crown. Lord Colpepper of Thorfway in England died 1719, having no male heir, the heritors are extinct ; his daughter and heirefs married lord Fairfax : thus Virginia confifts of two properties in one government. Here we muft obferve, that the continuation of this hiftorical efTay was interrupted for fome months, by the unlucky incident of an epidemical diftemper : the fmall-pox, after about twenty- two years abfence, being imported, and prevailing in Bofton of New-England ; the printer and his people in fear of the fmall-pox, left their printing office in Boftori, and retired into the country. We may alfo obferve, that the writer from an entire and unavoidable avocation of mind from all other mat- ters but thole of his profeffion, finds the thread of his narration affected, which with the growing remotenefs of the provinces to be treated of, will render the following accounts lefs minute, but always" avoiding any deviation from truth. A DigreJJion concerning the fmall-pox. The appendix [b] according to ourfirft fcheme would have been out ot proportion too large -, therefore we fhall occasionally interfperfe fome things defigned for the appendix, more efpecially relating todiftempers at times epidemical or endemial in the Britilh North-America [] This hiftory or rather thefe minutes (as we have frequently hinted) were originally defigned as a common place loofely put together, but in an hiftorical manner; if they prove informing and ufeful, fome fubfequent writers may digefl them : it is as much as my leifure time does allow, to draw the plan, and lay in the materials j a good artificer may with eafe ereft the edifice. i colonies : SECT. XVI. Of VIRGINIA. 393 colonies: as the fmall-pox has lately been epidemical or very general in. Bofton of New-England, from the begin- ning of April, to near the end of July 1752, I mail here infert fome particular o'oiervations concerning the fame, while recent in my mind. I. There are many things infcrutable in the nature of this diftemper. i. Why it did not emerge, or at lead why it is not mentioned in hiflory fooner than 'the beginning of the Saracen conquefts ? 2. Seeing it is univerfally agreed, that a perfon who has had the fmall pox once, is not liable to it again, the feminium thereof being fuppofed exhaufted : how is it that pa- rents who have procreated after having had the fmall- pox, their progeny is notwithftanding liable to receive the fmall-pox in fedion? 3. How is it that a woman having the fmall-pox when pregnant, the foetus does not receive the fmall-pox from the mother, but may receive it many years after being born ? this was the cafe of capt. B doge of Salem and others in my knowledge, 4. How is it that the difpofition of the air (Sydenham calls them, various fmall-pox conftitutions) in fundry years is more or lefs conducive to propagate the fmall- pox infection, and to render that di (temper more or Jefs deleterious; thus we find by the bills of mortality of London, Edinburgh, and other great towns where the fmall-pox is never abfent, that the number of imali- pox burials in various years differs much [r], withourfe- gard to the varieties of feafons and weather, and with- out regard to the more or lefs pernicious modes and fafhions of managing the fmall-pox-, modes or au- thorities of leading phyficians have from time to time per- nicioufly been introduced into medicine, witnefs in the fmall-pox, Morton's alexipharmicks, Sydcnham's opiates, [c] Within the London bills of mortality there died anno 1 746, of the fmall-pox 3336; anno 1751, there died of rhe fmall pox 998 : ia Edinburgh and Weft-Kirk parifti, there died anno 1743, of the fmall- pox 249; anno 1 747, there died 71. and 394 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. and the repeated blood-lettings of fome prefent noted practitioners in Great-Britain. May phyficians in writing avoid all fafhionable whims and cant of the times ; fuch as were formerly occult and fpecifick qualities, chemical reafonings, mechanical powers, and the like: they are of no ufe, and foon become obfolcte. II. I have been a fcdulous attendant and obferver of the fmall-pox, which in Bofton happened to be epi- demical anno 1721, 1730, and 1752. In the year 1721, being a fort of novice in the fmall-pox practice, I confided too much in the method of the celebrated Dr. Sydenham, particularly his cold regimen, and fre- quent ufe of vitriolicks and opiates, but from their bad fuccefs I gradually corrected myfelf: 1730 I abandoned the cold regimen, and fubftituted a moderately cool regimen : I laid afide the frequent ufe of fp. vitrioli, as occafioning naufeas in the ftomach, and of opiates as a remora or clog of the courfe of any diftemper, and as it folicits the morbid affection to the brain ; with fuc- cefs I followed the purging method in the declenfion of the fmall-pox ; I had the hint from the accidental natural purgings in that period which faved the lives of many, and was confirmed therein by the obfervations of Freind and Mead. 1752, I depended almoft entirely upon the fund or ftock of my own obfervations, and my principal indications were from the juvantia and l^dentia [d\. [4] Where thefe are not followed, medicine becomes a mere whim, and aludibrium of the people; as in the f mall pox, fome follow a hot regimen, feme a cold regimen, fome ufe repeated blood-let- tings, fome a frequent ufe of opiates; others declare them pernicious ; fome keep the body coftive, fome ufe the purging method, &c. it is only the juvamia and lasdentia can determine the queftion, as they have in the inftances of Sydenham's grand miftakes of keeping the body bound, and frequent ufe of opiates. The miftakes of the moft celebrated practitioners ought to be more canvafied, as their authori- ties are dangerous precedents. HI. lam SECT. XVI. O/ V i R c i N i A. 395 III. I am perfuaded that during the laft twenty- two years abfence of the fmall-pox in Bofton, from 1730 to 1752, if it had been allowed its free courfe, confi- dering that perfons when children would have been the funjecls of it, fewer would have died of it, than have died of it in a few months 1752. If it is not al- lowed its free courfe when it does invade Bofton epidemi- cally, particular perfons not qualified to receive it may avoid it, by retiring into the country for a few months. The not qualified are infants, their ftamina vitse are too tender ; pregnant women ; pubefcentes and for a few years after puberty, while their juices are in a juvenile fret; perfons upwards of forty-five vet. (I write from obfervation, not from abftracled imagina- tion) becaufe their juices become rancid ; and all perfons under any conftitutional or habitual diftem- perature of body, particularly the fcrophulous or ftru- mous, who generally fuffer much in this diftemper ; we may remark that the fmall-pox fometimes leaves fcrophulous difpofitions in perfons formerly not fcrophu- Jous. All others to render the fubfcquent parts of their life more eafy, may run the rifk in the natural, that is, accidental way (by the pores of the fkin, by infpiration, deglutition, &c.) or by the more favourable way of in- oculation, IV. Before I proceed farther, I (hall give a general numerical hiftory of the Bofton New-England periods, &c. of epidemical fmall-pox. From the firft fettling of the province of MaiTachufetts-Bay the fmall-pox has been epidemical in Bolton only eight times, 1 649, 1666, 1678, 1689, 1702, 1721, 1730, and 1752: I mall enumerate the periods which happened in this current century. 1 702, beginning of July, the fmall-pox appeared alter thirteen years abfence ; the alexipharmick method and hot regimen were ufed j about 300 white peope died of this 396 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. this fmal!-pox [e] ; the mofl burials were in the month of December, 74 [/]. 1721, it was imported (from EUrbadoes) by the Sal- tortugas fleet middle of April; u continued fkulking about until the middle of June, when the eruptions ap- pearing in many families, the watches appointed to prevent its fpreading were cHi continued, and it was al- lowed to take its courfe. In the next pa' eel of decum- bents, the eruptions appeared about the feventh or eighth of July. In the end of July it fpread much; in October was the highcft number of deaths, and about the middle of October final I- pox burials began to decreafe. ./Eneas Saiter, employed by the feltct men of Bolt an (the prudential manager of town affairs) to make a fcrutiny after the (mall-pox ceafed, by a book. in feveral columns of lifts, he found that the number of perfons who con- tinued in Bofton (many fled into the country) were 10,567, whereof about 700 cfcaped ; the fmall-pox de- cnmbents had been 5989, whereof 844 died, which is nearly one in fev-en. Th ; s fmall-pox continued in Bofton eight months , about eighty died with purples and haemorrhages, which is about one in ten of the deaths. In and about Bofton 286 were inoculated, whereof the inoculators acknowledge fix to have died, which is about one in forty-eight. The fmall-pox of 1730 was imported from Ireland intheautum 1729, and was fhut up in a few families during winter , beginning of March following it fpread much ; the watches were removed, and the fourth of [e] Hitherto petechiae (purple fpofc) and hemorrhages, of which many died, were called a mortal fcarlet fever invading the town at the fame time with the fmall-pox, but an entirely diftinft diftemper : 1721 I was the firft who in New- England introduced them as deleterious fymptoms in the fmall-pox. [/] In the beginning of this century, the inhabitants of Bofton, blacks included, were about 6750, and the burials cpmmunibus annis about 230. Anno 1720, the inhabitants were archer u,pco, and burials communibus annis about 350. Anno 17^5, (1729 and 1730 were meafles and fmall-pox years) the inhabitants were .about \ 5,000, and burials communibus annis 500. March SECT. XVI. O/ VIRGIN i A, March 1729-30 it had afreecourfe, and inoculation was allowed. The htgheft number of burials after nine years abfence was in June, it ended with the month of Oc- tober. The decumbents were eftimated at about 4000 (no exact fcruriny was made) whereof about 500 died, which is nearly one in eight, and of thde about feventy- five with purples and hemorrhages, Of not quite 400 inoculated in Bofton twelve died, which is about one in thirty-three-, the inoculated fmall-pox was not fo fa- vourable as 1721, they were loaded, and a more pro- tracted confinement ; many of their incifions fuffered much, and required the fpecial care of a furgeon for a confiderable time ; of the twelve deaths three proceeded from the incifions ulcerating and putrifying, S ry W~ d'schild, col.Ch ley's child, Mr. G -e's foreman. The fmall-pox of 1752. A fhip from London, capt. Coufins, w-ith the fmall-pox aboard, was bulged Dec. 24, 1751, in Nahant bay near Bofton; the people of Chelfey, the adjacent town, compafiionately afilfting to fave the {hip's crew, received the fmall-pox ; about one in four or five died ; v. f. or blood-letting was blamed and happily loft its reputation in the fubfequent Bofton fmall-pox. It arrived in Bofton in January following, by a failor belonging to the fhip, and got into five or fix families, but did not much fpread till the twentieth of March 1752, and Monday the twenty- third, inoculation was let loofe ; fome greedy practi- tioners indifcriminately inoculated any perfons who could be perfuaded to receive it, even pregnant women, puerpeas, old negroes, and the like; upon a fcrutiny made July twenty-fourth, by the felect men and the over- feers of the poor in the feveral wards, the felect men re- qutft the practitioners to inoculate no more after the twen- ty-feventh of July. To take at one view the ftate of the fmall-pox in Bofton from January 1752, to July 24, the following table may ferve. Small- BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PAH T If. Whites Blacks Small-pox in the natural way 5059 485 Whereof died 452 62 By inoculation 1970 139 Whereof died 24 7 Sick in feventeen families 23 Perfons who have not received it 1 74 There died of inoculation thirty-one perfons, not in- cluding the dubious deaths of Mr. Coleman's fon, who died by fubfequent nervous diforders and fore eyes, and the two daughters of Mr. Goldthwait who died under inoculation, but as it is faid by the fore throat illnefs. The fcrutiny reported, that the total of refidenters, fo called, atthattime were 15,734, including 1544 negroes, and about 1800 abfentees who had fled from the fmall-pox. Died of an inoculated fmall-pox, about one in eighty-two whites, and one in twenty blacks. V. The fmall-pox in cold countries is more fatal to blacks than to whites. In the Bofton fmall-pox of 1 752, there died whites in the natural way about one in eleven, by inoculation one in eighty , blacks in the natural way one in eight, by inoculation one in twenty. In hot countries it is more fatal to whites than blacks. In Charles-town of South-Carolina, when the fmall-pox prevailed 1738, upon a fcrutiny, it was found that in the natural way, of 647 whites, died 157, is one in four; by inoculation of 156 whites, died nine, is one in twenty: of 1024 blacks in the na- tural way there died 138, is one in feven and half; of 251 blacks by ^inoculation there died feven, is one i^ thirty-fix. VI. In autumn the fmall-pox is the m oft deleterious; in all autumnal fevers there is a putrid complication from the declining and lefs vegete feafon; in winter the feafon does not allow it to fpread ; the fpring, if not too SECT. XVI. Of VIRGINIA. too wet, and the fummer, if not too hot, are the moft fa- vourable feafons for the fmall-pox. VII. We improve in the management of the fmall- pox : in the natural way 1721, died about one in feven ; 1730, about one in eight ; 1752, nearly one in eleven, which may be attributed to the gradually relinquifhfng alexipharmicks, and a hot regimen formerly recom- mended by many, being one extreme ; and of a cold management the other extreme : by this Sydenham has done much damage : as nature's helmfmen, we have va- ried from a more cool to a more cordial regimen, ac- cording to the conftitutions of different patients, and the various ftadia, and other circumftances of the fame pa- tient : v. s. or blood-letting, was feldom tiled; fcarce any ufe of opiates ; the patient was kept in a natural tem- perature with a plentiful ufe of diluters ; the body kept foluble in all the ftadia, and when the maturation was completed, cordial purges for two or three days. VIII. The greater or fmaller mortality in the fmall- pox is not principally owing to the feafons, regimen, and the like ; but fomewhat infcrutable in the various conftitutions of families and individuals: 1721, Mr. Bond, a carpenter, and five of his children, died with purgles and haemorrhages in Bofton ; 1752, four chil- dren of Mr. Wier of Charles-town died, whereof one was inoculated. The commonly received notion of the fmall-pox being fatal to the New-England born, is not true and juft, and is of bad effect in deprcffirtg the fpirits of New-England men when feized abroad : 1752 of the fmall-pox decumbents in Bofton died about one in eleven , it is feldom fo favourable in any part of Great- Britain. The fmall-pox is a malignant contagious eruptive puf- tulary fever, obfefving certain ftadhi, communicable only by pcrfonal infection : it is not known to be ende- 4 mial 4OO BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART Ij. rnial in any country as the plague is in Turkey ; it was not known in America until the colonies from Europe itroduced it. In the natural way, from infection received to the firft eruptions, allowing a latitude of varieties of ages and conftitutions, are fourteen to twenty-one days ; in the inoculated way, are feven to fourteen days ; but I fufpect thefe of fourteen days, to have received the infec- tion in the natural way from the inoculator, or from the effluvia of his variolated doflils. The 1 mall-pox general- ly is not infecting, until a concocted pus is formed. In the fmall-pox time 1752, the chicken or fpurious pox was frequent, and fometimes pafied for the fmall-pox, and fome perfons have ineffectually been inoculated from thence : but it there has been an apparatus of two or three days, though the puftuies are watery or ichorous with a thin cyftis, if the bafes be red with a circular florid cuticu- Jar expanfion, we may pronounce it a genuine fmall-pox. There are v.aft varieties of the genuine fmall-pox ; in ge- neral, the fooner the feveral ftadia are accompli (hed, the more benign is the fmall-pox, and frequently the danger is in proportion to the number of puftuies, efpecially in the face. In the fmall-pox natural and ingrafted, fome patients a few days before decumbiture, have tranfient intermitting complaints; fome after the genuine fmall- pox poftulary eruption is completed, have eruptions of fpurious puftuies. To form a general idea of the fmall-pox, we may take the diftinct plump kind as a STANDARD. It begins with the common fymptoms of a fever (in the ap- paratus of many, there are no chills, rigors, and hor- ripilations perceivable \ a. cough is no fymptom) par- ticularly with a pain in the head, back, and limbs j oppreffion e regione ventriculi, naufea, or vomitings, fore throat in general, but no dangerous fymptom, it gradually vanifhes after maturation j nervous affections, deliria, SECT. XVI. O/ VIRGINIA. 401 deliria, phrenfies, and fometimesconvulfions in children; [g] the end of the third or beginning of the fourth day^ the fmall-pox puftules begin to appear ; in fome few, the eruptions make their appearance without any apparatus fymptoms ; generally, the younger the fubjecl, the fooner all the fladia of any diftemper, particularly of the fmall- pox, are performed -, the fifth day they are round and en- large their bafes of a lively red ; the fixth day they come to a point; the feventh day the points or apices turn white ; the eighth they turn yellow; the ninth there is a Jaudable digeited pus ; the tenth they begin to crufl or fcab ; the twelfth they are dry fcabs. X. There are fo many varieties of the fmall-pox appearances, they cannot be reduced to clafles; we may obferve, that the very young and very old are fcarce fufceptible of the fmall-pox, perhaps their vis vit^e is too feeble for bringing the variolous leaven received, to leaven the whole lump. I fhall enumerate fome of the moft noted varieties, i. A diftinct dry fort, few, not large, bafis fcarce inflamed, very fmall digeftion, being warty or horny ; the fifth or fixth day from eruption, they begin to dry and foon vanifh, leaving no pittings, only freckles. 2. The diftincl: plump kind as above defcribed for a itandard. 3. The coherenr, not well defcribed by the writers concerning the fmall-pox ; I fuppofe they mean a frequent or cluttered fmall-pox de- prefled, generally pitted or umbilicated in the center, and upon the maturation frequently attended with a fecond or fecondary fever. 4. The confluent, which are very irregular in their fir'ft appearances and fubfequent fladia ; frequently they appear eryfipelas like, and after [g] SydenHam and fome others reckon them a good progr.cdick, whereas many fiich die in the apparatus and beginning of eruption ; all praditioners obferve that purgings and convulfions are generally the moil fatal diftempers of children, therefore they muft be bad fymptoms in the apparatus 6f their fmall-pox: I know of no diitemper where con- vulfions areV'favourable pragnoftick. Vot. II. D d the 4O2 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. the period of maturation, they become an afh-coluured cruft or white ikin; their fecond fever frequently be- comes a heclic k, not mortal until after forr.e weeks, months or ytars. 5. The fmall-pox interfperfed' with pciech-se, veficulae miliares, or fmall bliflxrs of a limpid or biuifh ferum , with purple fpots more or Ids diluted ; ar^d haemorrhage^, which are more mortal than the plague itfeif. N. B. In fome there is at firft, a flufh or rafh- like formidable appearance, but foon difappearing, the f>ra:l pox looks favourable. N. B. A round turgid fmall-pox with florid interfaces is the bed. XL Among the bad fymptoms in the fmall-pox, we may enumerate the following [] : mild fymptoms in a fmall-pox of a bad appearance -, univerfal feeblenefs or proftration of ftrength , pain from the nape of the neck all along the fpine; naufea, and averfion to any drink ; fetid anhelous breathings , groans, vigilise, inquietudes or languid rollings, comas, a fparkling piercing bright eye threatening a phrenfy, colliquations of any kind in the eruption, fuch as profufe fweatings, many ftools, menftruatio tempore non debito, purples and haemorrha- ges/ A miliary eruption, or like rank meafles, or ery- fipelas like; a fpanifh brown unequal eruption, a cry- ftaline fmall-pox: a filiquous fmall-pox, where the pu- ftules of a cream colour run togeiher, waved of various figures, fpungy not mellow ; a feffile fmall-pox ; where the confluent fort dry in the beginning of maturation ; after the eruption is compleated, miliary bliflers or pur- ples appearing in the interfaces containing a dark red ferum; a fudden fubfidence of the puftules and fwelling oftheface; the eyes (hut up, opening fuddenly; puftules [] Excepting in bad cafes of the fmall-pox, in Europe, phyficians are feldom called upon; it is left to the management of the matrons and to nature : it is reckoned a diftemper of children, fuch as are red gum, toothing, worms, and the like ; the Dutch with good propriety call it kinderen packies, but few of the adults are to receive it, becaufe when children they are allowed to have it in common courfe. fefiiie SECT. XVI. Of VIRGINIA. 403 feffile dry fubfiding in the center; interftices Jivid or pale; in the defquamation or declenfion, where a famous gleeting fcab returns with a tedious expectoration of vifcid phlegm, and heclick; a cold refpiration ; carrion like fetid ilools ; a ftrong vibration of the carotide arte- ries ; the firft eruptions more general in the extremities than in the face and neck: fcarce any die but in the dry- ing defquamation or declenfion period ; this drying fome- times happens in the firfl of maturation, or any time of the maturation protracted but not perfected ; indigo co- loured Mains in the puflules; fcabs or crufts of a bees- wax colour are the mod laudable, the afh-coloured are bad, the black are very bad ; where the puflules after maturation feem to be at a ftand, and do not fcab or cor- rugate, the patient is weak, and the cafe dubious. The management of the fmall-pox in general. To receive the fmall-pox, when expected, in the natu- ral or inoculated way ; keep an eafy undiflurbed mind, avoid catching of cold, refrain from violent exercife, ufe a foft diet, take a mercurial purge or two. i. In the beginning [t] of the apparatus fever, give a gentle vomit (a rude vomit hurrs as much as does violent ex- ercife) it not only cleans the ftomach, but by its mocks removes obftruftions, renders the ceconomy meable for a regular circulation. 2. When the defign of nature is obvious, and her intentions laudable, give no difturbance by medicines, dilute plentifully becaufe of the cauftick acrimony, let nature keep its courfe ; if any extra- ordinary fymptom happen, as is the cuftom in Great- Britain, call in the advice of a neighbouring honeft prac- [/] When the fymptoms of the fmall-pox appear -, the temper ought not to be too much lowered by a cold regimen, by v. f. or any unne- ceffary evacuation ; occafioning a late, imperfeft, unequal, fecondcrop eruption, of bad confequence ; neither Ihould the temper be raifed by cordials and a hot regimen to force the circulating juices to a feparation of a greater load of fmall-pox than nature intended. D d 2 tiling 404 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. tifing apothecary or furgeon-, or rather of fome ex- perienced difcreet phyfician. 3. During the eruption and maturation periods, keep the belly rather foluble than bound, (Sydenham by a grand miftake recommends coflivenefs even to the thirteenth day) and upon ma- turation, a purging natural or procured, arefakitary and have faved the lives of many, particularly in rigors and anhelous breathings. 4. In the whole courfe of the diftemper, the patient is to be kept in a moderate or natural temper ; an increafed heat inflames the habit, cold depreffes the fpirits too much. 5. Give vegeta- ble acids (mineral acids I have found too rude, and do hurt by occafioning a naufea or vomituition) becaufe there is a notorious animal or urinous acrimony in the cafe. 6. When the maturation is compleated, to prevent or alleviate afecond fever from fome part of the variolous pus being abforbed by the circulating fluids, give fome cordial purges [] for two or three days^ upon any un- Jucky tranflation, it is eafier to folicit the inteftines to a difcharge, (as being more under command, than any other fecretion or evacuation) than the falivary duels or urinary paffages: this purging moderates the fuppuration, and confequently prevents much pittings and fears; moreover it procures deep like an anodyne, and more benignly, becaufe opiates protract all the ftadia : a protracted deiquamation, with a fharp fanies or corrofive ichor, gleeting from under the fcabs, occafion pitcings and fears-, fo does picking and fcratching of the fm all- pox fcabs, before a new icurf fkin is formed undcr- [J] In the fmall-pox of 1730, I obferved fome patients with violent fecond fever fymptoms, upon maturation compleated, feized with a natural purging which gave great relief ; but as a blind follower of Sydenham, I checked it by opiates, which occafioned a return of the violent threatning fymptoms ; until the effcft of the opiate being over, the purging returned with great relief, and fo toties quoties: this gave me a flrong hint, that purging upon maturat on compleated was falu- tary: I ufed it with faccefs, and introduced the good opinion of it with many practitioners, to the faving of many lives j foon afcer 1 found this purging method recommended by Dr. Mead, Fremd, and other phyficians in England. neath. SECT. XVI. Of VIRGINIA. 405 neath ro prevent the injuries from the external air. 7. Towards the end of the defquamation give a mer- curial purge or two to defecate the blood and other juices [/]. We may further obferve, i. That there are fuch ano- malies in confutations, that a few extraordinary inftances proof againft all pernicious management, are by no means to be adduced as precedents for forming o/ a regimen: Dr. Fuller in hisExanthematologia, writes, that a fon aet. 15, of Dr. Hooper, bifhop of Bath and Wells, in a very bad (mall-pax, for twelve days when awake, every half hour drank a bumper of ftrong beer, mountain, wine, or brandy ; he recovered : fome drank only cold water and did well : Sydenham's hiftory of a young man, who in the abfence of his nurfe was thought by the (land- ers by to have died and was laid out on a cold board, the nurfe upon her return, perceiving fome figns of life, put him to bed and he did well. 2. Let not numbers of decumbents be put up in one clofe room ; the congeries of putrid effluvia renders the ambient air a puddle of corruption, and without a proper fpring to con- tinue the circulation of our juices, which is the life of animals. 3. Let not nature or the fpirits (this ought to be regarded in all acute didempers) be difturbcd by noife or confabulation. 4. Where medicines are re- quired, adminifter no medicine that continues to be dil- agreeable to the ftomach. 5. Any violent fymptom appearing, muft be immediately obviated ; delays here are dangerous. 6. Let the belly be kept folublc , for- merly from an implicit faith in Sydenham, I lapfed into that error, that the belly ought not to be kept foluble, left nature mould be confounded in her proper courfe ; whereas in truth, nature is thereby alleviated. 7. Avoid grief, intenfe thinking, or the like, particularly avo;d fear; they hinder perforation, and all other tenden- [/] Sometimes a he&ick fever remains to the twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth day or longer, and the patient dies heflick or confumptive; fometimea fcrophulous diipofuion remains for life. D d 3 cies 406 BRITISH Settlements in AMERICA. PART II. cies to the fur face or ad extra of the body. 8. Upon the maturation, where the circulation is much crowded, the fweiling of the face and arms, a ptyalifm, a diabe- tiral prof! uvium are of great relief , cordial purges an- fwcr the fame intention, and are more at our command; ipitting frequently begins with the eruption, and ought not to decline until about the eleventh day of illnefs ; it gradually becomes thick and ropy and requires plentiful diluting. 9. Purples and haemorrhages are more mortal than the plague itfelf. Concerning inoculation of the fmall-pox. The novel practice of procuring the fmall-pox by inoculation, is a very confiderable and moft beneficial improvement in that article of medical practice. It is true, the firft promoters of it were too extravagant, and therefore fufpected in their recommendations of it ; and fome medical writers inftance fundry diforders arif- ing in the animal ceconomy from fome foreign liquids be- ing directly admitted into the current of blood : thefe confiderations made me, 1721, not enter into the prac- tice, until further trials did evince the fuccefs of it ; but now after upwards of thirty years practice of it in Great-Britain, and the dominions thereto belonging, we found that the fmall-pox received by cuticular in- cifions has a better chance for life and an eafy decum- biture ; that is, the fmall pox fo received is leis mortal, aqd generally more favourable, than when received in the accidental or natural way, by infpiration, deglu- tition, ports of the fkin, and the like. We muft ftill acknowledge, that it falls fhort of the recommenda- tions given by its firft promoters, being no abfolute fecurity againft death and other calamities of the fmall-pox j it produces all the varieties as in the natural way, from the moft favourable dry horny diftin6t kind, to the moft deleterious attended with purples and haemorrhages; the confequential boils and impoiluma- i tions SECT. XVI. O/ VIRGIN i A. 407 tions are more than iri the natural way, befides their incifions ulcerating and putrifying. We hinted before that in Bofton ,730 of the twelve inoculated deaths three were occafioned by their incifions 5 two in three a few days after inoculation complain in their axiliary inguinal, or parotid glands [>], before the apparatus fe- ver makes its appearance. We are informed that of the hril inoculations in England, nine in ten were afflifted with fores, fo as to require the immediate care of a fur- geon ordrefier for fome time []. To alleviate the crifis and deleterious fymptoms of the mall-pox, i. We find good fuccefs in the Circaffian way of procuring it by variolous pus applied in any manner to frefh cutaneous incifions. The manner which I happen to ufe, is a fmall cuticular fcarification by the point of a crooked biftoury or fcalpel, in the in- fide of the upper arm, and in this incifion I lodge a very fmall variolated doffil in the form and bignefs of a barley corn [ Firft Mondays in every month s Second Mondays. Third Mondays. (Fourth Mondays. > Firft Tuefdays. i Second Tuefdays. Third Tuefdays. Fourth Tuefdays: 416 BRITISH Weftmoreland, A ceo mack, Charles city, Warwick, Me of Wight, Hanover, New-Kent, Southampton; Norfolk, Culpepper, Gloueefter, Orange, Chefterfield, King George, Lancafter, Carolina, King William, Amelia. Settlements in AMERICA. PART II, JLaftTuefdays. Firft Wednefdays* ( Firft Thurfdays. Second Thurfdays. Third Thurfdays. Fourth Thurfdays. Firft Fridays. Second Fridays. > Third Fridays each month. Thus the government is divided into forty-five coun- ties, whereof fix hold quarterly courts, and thirty-nine hold monthly courts ; lee the proper article of legiflative and executive courts. The country between James river and York river is the beft inhabited, cultivated, and produces the beft tobacco. Lunenburgh, their remoteft fettlement, is about 100 miles S. W. from Hanover ; Hanover is fixty miles from Williamfburg, the metropolis, The lands weft of the Virginia fettlements are claimed by the Six nations, called by the French Iroquois, and by the Britifli, Mohawks ; they are alfo claimed by the fouthern Indians; fee vol.1, p. 187 ; and by the French of Canada. The beft lands are above the falls of the rivers ; the firft falls of each river muft be the barcadiers for the back or inland countries, and in time become great towns or corporations. The END, GENERAL LIBRARY - U.C. BERKELEY 8000111272 I