THE GIFT OF FLORENCE V. V. DICKEY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE DONALD R. DICKEY LIBRARY OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY EK BS//, ^LOSANCELfx^ JNtUBRARYO/ LIBRARY^ BRARi THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, INCLUDING CEYLON AND BUKMA. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. EDITED BY W. T. BLASFOKD. FISHES. Vol. I. BY FRANCIS DAY, C.I.E., LL.D V ETC., DEPUTY SURGEON- GENERAL MADRAS ARMY (RETIRED). LONDON: TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. CALCUTTA : BOMBAY : THACKEB, 8PIXK, & CO. | THACKER & CO., LIMITED. BERLIN : R. FRIEDLANDER & BOHN, H CARLSTRASSE. 1889. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, BED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. wt INTRODUCTION.*' THE present work is chiefly an abridgment of the author's ' Fishes of India/ published in 1876-78. Several additions and alterations have been made, most of which were pub- lished in 1888, in a Supplement to the work just mentioned. The synonymy, having been already quoted in full, has not been repeated in these volumes, but under each species will be found a reference to the original specific description, and to the page in the ' Fishes of India ' where full details are given. The illustrations in the present work are, with very few exceptions, copies of those in the ' Fishes of India/ The state of Dr. Day's health has unfortunately prevented him from correcting the proofs of the present publication beyond the middle of the first volume, and it is probable that some mistakes or omissions may have escaped detection in consequence. The manuscript of the work had been prepared before the author's health gave way; but some additional compression was required, and this the editor Las carried out to the best of his ability. The limits of the area of which the freshwater fauna is here IV INTRODUCTION. described have been already defined in the Introduction to the volume of Mammals belonging to the same series (' The Fauna of British India'), and are those of British India and its dependencies, such as Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Manipur, Nepal, Kashmir, Baluchistan, &c., together with Ceylon. The marine fishes included are all known to inhabit the seas around British India. ABBREVIATIONS. I. FINS. D. Dorsal : the fin or fins along the back. The numerals following the letter in this and other fins indicate the number of fin-rays of various kinds. Numerals separated by a horizontal line signify variation in the number; an oblique line indicates a distinction into two different kinds of rays, the anterior being generally spines or unbranched rays, the posterior branched rays ; a vertical line implies that the numbers on the two sides of it refer to two distinct dorsal fins. The first number or numbers refer to anterior fins or rays. Thus D. 7-8 | 1/10-12 means that there are two dorsal fins, the first consisting of 7 or 8 rays all of one kind (probably spines), the second of one ray at the commencement, or anterior end, of the fin of one kind (spine), followed by from 10 to 12 rays of another kind (branched rays). A. Anal : the fin (occasionally, but not often, more than one) along the lower border of the body behind the vent. This, like the dorsal, is often composed partly of unbranched rays or spines, partly of branched rays. C. Caudal : the fin at the end of the tail. The above are known as vertical fins. P. Pectoral fins, one on each side, inserted immediately behind the gill-open- ing. They are homologous with the fore limbs in other Vertebrata. V. Ventral fins, one on each side, very rarely united, inserted lower on the body than the pectoral fins, and known as abdominal if situated ABBREVIATIONS. behind the pectorals, thoracic if below them, jugular if before them in position. The ventrals correspond to the hind limbs of Batrachians, Eeptiles, Birds, and Mammals. The ventrals and pectorals are called paired or horizontal fins. II. OTHER PAETS OF THE BODY. B. Branchiostegal rays (see cut of Perch's head on p. vii). Bony rays sup- porting the membrane within the gill-cover that serves to close the gill-opening. They are attached to the lower portion of the hyoid arch. L. 1. Lateral line : a series of perforated scales running along each side in most Teleostean fishes, and generally conspicuous. The numeral re- presents the number of scales in the lateral line ; two numerals with a horizontal line between represent the known extremes of variation: thus L. 1. 50-55 means that the number of scales on the lateral line is known to vary from fifty to fifty-five. L. r. The number of transverse rows of scales between the head and caudal fin. When two numerals are given, thus 88/66, the first represents the number of scales above the lateral line, the second that below. When three numbers are given, as 50/48/45, the second figure enume- rates the scales on the lateral line, the first those above, and the third those below. L. tr. The number of longitudinal rows of scales between the back and abdomen, usually counted, unless some other part of the side is specified, from the anterior end of the dorsal fin to the ventral. Caec. pyl. or C. p. Pyloric caeca or pyloric appendages ; sacs attached to the duodenum. They may be seen, on opening a fish, just beyond the pyloric end of the stomach. Vert. Yertebrae. The first numeral signifies abdominal, the second caudal vertebrae. Thus Vert. 10/14 implies 10 abdominal vertebras, 14 caudal. The abdominal vertebras are those between the head and the point of suspension of the anal fin; the majority support ribs, and in none do the parapophyses or processes, one attached low down on each side, unite below to form a haemal spine. The caudal vertebrae have a haemal spine below corresponding to the neural spine above. ABBREVIATIONS. Vll The terms applied to the head-bones are largely used in descriptions of Acanthopterygians. The accompanying woodcut, representing the skeleton of a Perch's head, and copied from Cuvier and Valenciennes's great work on Fishes, shows the position and names of the principal bones affording generic and specific characters. Skeleton of Head of a Perch. /, frontal. t, turbinal. po, preorbital. io, infraorbital ring. mx, maxillary. pmx, premaxillary. m, mandible. of, dentary bone. pt, posttyrnpanic. s, suprascapula. o, opercle. so, subopercle. pr, preopercle. iop, interopercle. br, branch iostegal rays. There are a few other words of frequent use in descriptions of Fishes that require explanation. Pscudobranchi(g are a series of lamince attached, in many Teleostean fishes, to the inside of the gill-cover opposite the gills, and are the remains of a Via AIHJBEVIATIONS. gill which was functional during embryonic 'life. Whenever present, they may be detected by turning back the gill-cover. In Chondroptery- gian fishes the pseudobranchiaj are differently situated, within the spiracles. Gill-rakers. Horny processes on the inside of the branchial arches or bony supports to the gills. Lower pharyngeal bones. The dwarfed fifth pair of branchial arches ; the 4 anterior pairs bearing gills. These bones often support teeth. hthnms. The small space beneath the throat between the two gill-openings. Teeth. There are several kinds of teeth in fishes. Those of the tipper jaw are borne by the premaxillarybones.Hhere being no teeth in the maxillaries; the lower-jaw teeth are attached to the dentary bone of the mandible. Besides these, teeth (watering) are often found on the vomer situated in the middle of the roof of the mouth, articulating on each side in front with the maxillary bones, and behind on each side with the palatines, which aleo bear teeth in many fishes. Teeth likewise occur on other bones of the skull or hyoid apparatus, or on the tongue. Villiform teeth are very fine conical teeth arranged in a band ; cardiform teeth are coarser or mixed with coarser teeth. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Subclass i Group Zygee-nina. 4. Zygaena, Cuv. CHONDROPTERYGII . . 1. blochii, Cuv 2. malleus, Shaw . . 22 99 3. tudes, Vol. . Order PL AGIOSTOM ATA . . 3 4. mokarran, Hit pp. . . 23 Suborder Selachoidei 3 Group Mustelina 5. Mustelus, Cuv ?,3 1. manazo, Sleeker Group Carchariina. 6. Trisenodon, Miill. $ Henle 1. obtusus, Day . 24 1. Carcharias, Mull. # Henk. 1. laticaudus, Milll. $ Henk 7 9 Fam. LAMNTD.S: 1. Lamna, Cuv. 25 2. acutus, Hupp 10 1. spallanzanii (Bonap.) . . 26 3. walbeehmi, Bkeker . . . . 10 2. Odontaspis, Agass 27 4. miilleri, MW. $ Henle 5 acutidens. Rilpp 11 11 1 . tricuspidatus (Day) .... 3. Alopias, Safin, 27 98 6. macloti, MW. $ Henle 7. hemiodon,M^/. # Henle 8 sorrah Miill 8f Henk 12 12 12 1. yulpes (Gmel.) Fam. KHINODONTIDJE 28 9. dussumieri, Mull.Sf Henle 13 1. Rhinodon, Smith 90 10. gangeticus, Mutt, fy 1. typicus, Smith .... . . 99 Henle . . 13 11. melanopterus, Quoy 8f Fam. NOTIDANID;E .... 99 Gaim 14 1. Notidanus, Cuv 99 12. bleekeri, Dumertl .... 15 1 "> 1 . indicus, Agass 30 14. murrayi, Giinther .... 16 Fam SCYLLIID^E 30 15. memsorrah,Miill.fyHenle 16 17 1 Scyllium, Cuv. . . 30 17. temminckii, Miitt. fy Henk . ... 17 1. marmoratum, Bennett. . 2. capense,AfM#. SfHenle. . 31 31 2. Hemigaleus, Sleeker 18 18 2. Ginglymostoma, Miitt. 8f Henk 3. Galeocerdo, Miill. $ Henk 1 rayneri. McDonald & 19 1. concolor (Riipp.) 2 miilleri, Giinther 32 S3 90 3. Stegostoma, Miitt. $ Henk 33 2 tiTinu3 Miltt 8f Henk 21 1 tigrinum (Gmel.). . 33 b SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 4. Chiloscyllium, Mull. $ Henle 34 1. indicuiu (Gmel.) 34 Suborder Batoidei 35 Fam. PIUSTIDJE 36 1. PristiSjJM 37 1. cuspidatus, Lath 37 2. perrotteti, Miitt. % Henle 38 3. zysron, Sleeker 38 4. pectinatus, Lath 39 Fam. RHINOBATID,*: 39 1. Rhyncbobatus, Mull. Sf Henle 40 1. djeddensis (Forth.) .. 40 2. ancylostomus (Bl. Schn.) 41 2. Rhinobatus, SI. Schn 42 1. granulatus, Cuv 42 2. hakvi (Forsk.) 43 3. thouini (Lacep.) 44 4. columnae, Bonap 44 Fam. TORPKDINID^: 44 1. Narcine, Henle 45 1. timlei (SI. Schn.) 45 2. Astrape, Mull. Sf Henle . . 46 1. dipterygia (SI. Schn.).. 46 Fam. 47 1. Platyrhina, Mil II. Sf Rente 47 1. schonleinii, Mull, fy Henk .............. 47 Fam. 48 48 48 1. Urogymnus, Mull. Sf Henle 1. asperrimus (Bl. Schn.). . 2. Trygon, Adanson ........ 49 1. sephen (Forsk.) ...... 50 2. beiinetti, Mutt. Sf Henk 52 3. kuhlii, Miitt. Sf Henle . 62 4. imbricata (SI. Schn.) . 52 5. zugei, Mutt. Sf Henle 62 6. uarnak (Forsk.) ____ 53 7. marginatus, Blyth . . 54 8. bleekeri, Blyth ...... 54 9. walga, MM. $ Henle 55 3. Teeniura, Miitt. $ Henle 55 1. melanospilos, Sleeker 56 4. Pteroplatea, Mull. Sf Henle 56 1. micrura (Bl. Schn.) ____ 56 lymna, Forsk ......... 56 Page Fam. MYLIOBATID^; ........ 57 1. Myliobatis, Cuv ......... 58 1. nieuhofii (Bl. Schn.) . . 58 2. maculata, Gray Sf Hardw ............. 59 vespertilio, Sleeker .... 59 2. Aetobatis, Milll. $ Henle. . 59 1. narinari (Euphrasen) . . 59 3. Rhinoptera, Kuhl ........ 60 1. adspersa, Mull. Henle 61 2. javanica, Mull Sf Henle 61 4. Dicerobatis, filainv ....... 61 1. eregoodoo Cantor ...... 62 2. kuhlii (MM. Sf Henle) . . 63 Subclass TELEOSTEI .... 64 Order PHYSOSTOMI, Mull. 66 Fam. STHBBAKCHIDJI ...... 67 Group Amphipnina. 1. Amphipnous, Mull ....... 68 1. cuchia (Ham. Such.) . . 69 Group Symbranchina. 2. Monopterus, Lacep ....... 70 1. javanensis, Lacep ..... 70 3. Symbranchus, Block ...... 71 1. bengalensis (McCM.) . . 71 Fam. KfUBJHNma .......... 72 Group Murcenida Engyschisttc. 1. Mursena, Artedi .......... 74- 1. meleagris, Shaiv ...... 76 2. tile (Ham. Such.) ____ 76 3. sathete (Ham. Such.) . . 77 4. punctata (SI. Schn.) . . 77 5. rueppellii (McClell.) . . 77 6. reticularis (Sfoch) ____ 78 7. punctatofasciata (Sleek.) 78 8. tessellata, Richardson . . 78 9. fimbriata, Bennett ____ 79 10. pseudothyrsoidea, Sleek. 79 11. undulata (Lacep.) ____ 80 12. flavimarginata, liiipp.. . 80 13. afra(jKocA) .......... 80 14. macrura, Sleeker ...... 81 15. thyrsoidea, .Richardson . 81 1C., picta, AM ............ 82 17. zebra (Shaw) ........ 82 18. nebulosa, Alii ........ 83 19. polyzona, Richardson . . 83 20. nigra, Day .......... 84 2. Gymnomuraena, Lace"p. . . 84 1. tigrina (Lesson) ...... 84 2. marmorata, Lacep ..... 85 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Group Mmtmidm Platyschista. 3. Anguilla, Ouv 86 1. bengalensis (Gray fy Hardw.) 86 2. bicolor, Mcdett 87 4. Congromuraena, Kaup .... 88 1 . anago ( Te mm. $ Schleg.) 88 o. Uroconger, Kaup 89 1. lepturus (Richardson). . 89 (5. Muramesox, McClett 90 1. talabou (Cuv.) 90 2. talabonoides (Meeker) . 91 3. cinereus (Forsk.) 91 7. Saurenchelys, Peters 92 1. peterei, Day 92 8. Mureenichthys^eAer. ... 92 1. schnitzel, Sleeker 98 2. vermiforruis (Peters) . . 93 9. Ophichthys, AM 94 1. boro (Ham. Buck.) 94 2. microcephalus, Day .... 95 3. colubrinus (Boddaert). . 96 4. orientalis (McClell.) .. 96 5. ornatissimus (Kaup) . . 97 10. Moringua, Gray 97 1. raitaborua (Ham. Such.) 98 2. macrocephala (Sleeker) 98 Fam. SILUHID^S Group Hypostomatina. 1. Sisor, Ham. Such 105 1. rhabdophorus, Ham. Such 105 2. Pseudecheneis, Blyth 100 1. sulcatus (Medea.) .... 107 3. Exostoraa, Blyth 108 1. labiatum (McClett.) . ... 108 2. blythii, Day 109 3. berdmorei, Blyth 109 4. stoliczkaj, Day 110 Group Chacina. 4. Chaca, Guv. $ Vol. Ill 1. lophioides, Cuv. $ Vol. Ill Group Plotosina. 5. Plotosus, Laccp 112 1. camus, Ham. Such 113 2. arab (Forsk.) 113 Group Clariina. ('). Clarias, Gronovius 114 1. magur (Ham. Such.) . . 115 Page 2. teysiuanni, Sleeker .... 116 3. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Vol. 117 4. assamensis, Day 117 Group Silurina, 7. Silurus, Artedi 118 1. wynaadensis, Day .... 119 2. afghana, Giinther 119 3. cochinchinensis, Cuv. 8f Val 120 8. Olyra, McdeU 120 1. longicaudata, McClell. 121 2. burmauica, Day 121 3. laticeps, McClell 122 9. Aniblyceps, Blyth 122 1. mangois (Ham. Such.) 123 10. Saccobranchus,Ct;.#Fa. 124 1. microps, Giinther 126 2. fossilis (Bloch) 125 11. Wallago, Sleeker 126 1. attu (SI. Schn.) 126 12. Eutropiichthys, Sleeker . . 127 1. vacha (Ham. Such.) . . 128 13. Callichrous, Ham. Such. 129 1. gangeticus (Peters) 130 2. sindensis, Day 130 3. bimaculatus (Bloch) . . 131 4. pabo (Ham. Such.) 132 5. macroplithalmus (Blyth) 132 6. malabaricus (Cuv. fy Val.) 133 7. pabda (Ham. Such.) .. 133 14. Ailia, Gray 134 1. coila (Ham. Such.). ... 134 15. Ailiiclithys, Day 135 1. punctatus, Day 135 16. Pseudeutropius, Sleeker. . 136 1. goongwaree (Sykes) .... 137 2. taakiee (Sykes) 138 3. acutirostris, Day 139 4. murius (Ham. Such.) . . 139 5. sykesii (Jerdon) 140 6. atherinoides (Bloch) .. 141 7. garua (Ham. Such.) . . 141 17. Pangasius, Cuv. $ Val. . . 142 1. buchanani, Cuv. 8f Val. 142 18. Silundia, Cuv. 8f Val. . . . . 144 1 . sykesii, Day 144 2. gangetica, Cuv. # Val 145 19. Macrones, Dumeril 146 1. cbryseus (Day) 148 2. aor (Ham. Buch.) .... 149 3. seenghala (Sykes) .... 150 4. blythii, Day 151 5. gulio (Ham. Such.) . . 151 6. punctatus (Jerdon) .... 153 xii SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 7. corsula (Ham. Such.) . . 153 8. microphthalmus, Day . . 154 28. Glyptosternum, McC'lell. 1^5 1. lonah (Sykes) . . . 196 9. cavaaius (Ham. Such.) 165 10. tengara (Ham. Such.) . . 156 11. oculatus (Cuv. iff Vol.} 156 12 vittatus (Sloch) 157 2. trilineatxmi (Slyth) 197 3. conirostre, Steindachner 198 4. botium (Ham. Such.) . . 198 5 telchitta (Ham Such ) 199 13. leucophasis (Blyth) 158 14. montanus (Jerdon) .... 159 15. keletius (Cuv. $ Vol.) . . 160 16. malabaricus (Jerdon) . . 160 17. armatus (Day) 161 18. bleekeri, Day 162 6. striatum, Me Clef 1. 200 7. inadraspatanum, Day . . 200 8. pectinopterum, McClell. 201 9. cavia (Ham. Such.) . . 202 29. Euglyptosternum, Sleeker 202 1. lineatum Day 20 9 20. Liocassis, Sleeker 162 30. Erethistes, Miill. $ Trosch ^03 1. rama (Ham. Such.) ... 163 2. fluviatilis, Day 164 21. Rita, Sleeker 164 1. buchanani, Sleeker . . . 165 1. hara (Ham. Such.) 204 2. conta (Ham. Such.) . . 205 3. jerdoni (Day) 206 4. elongatus (Day) 207 2. pavimenta (Fa/.) 167 31. Gao-ata, Sleeker . . 207 3 chrysea, Day . . 167 1 cenia (Ham Such ) y 08 4. hastata ( Val.) 168 2. itchkeea (Sykes) ' 209 22. Arius, Day 169 3. batasio (Ham Such ) ^09 1. burmanicus, Day 173 2. nenga (Ham. Such.) . . 173 4. tengana(/fam. Such.). . 210 32. Nangra, Day 210 3. cfelatus, Cuv. $ Vol. . . 174 4. acutirostris, Day 175 5. sumatranus (Sennett) . . 176 6. venosus, Cuv. $ Vol. . . 176 1. buchanani, Day 211 2. punctata, Day 212 3. vmdescens(Ham.Buch.) 212 Fam CYPRINID^E ^13 8. subrostratus, Cuv. $Val. 178 Subfam. Cobitidinte . . 214 9. sagor (Ham. Such. ) 178 10 sona (Ham Such ) 179 1 Botia, Gray . 215 11. serratus, Day 180 1. nebulosa, Slyth 216 12. thalassinus (Riipp.) 181 13 buchanani, Day 181 2. dario (Ham. Such.) . . 216 3. geto (Ham. Such.) . . 216 14 falcatus Richardson 182 4. almorhse, Gray , 217 15. malabaricus, Day 183 o. berdmorei (Slyth) 217 16 platystomus, Day . 183 6. histrionica, Slyth 218 17. nelkCCwv.^FO .... 184 18. macronotacanthus, Sleeker 184 19. gagora (Ham. Such.). . 185 20. jatius (Ham. Such.) . . 186 2. Acanthopsis, v. Hasselt .. 218 1. choerorhynchus, Sleeker 218 3. Somileptes, Swainsan 219 1. gongota (Ham. Such.) . 219 4. Lepidocephalichthys, Sleeker . 2'>0 22 jella Day 187 1. gun tea (Ham Such ) 20 23. dussunrieri, Cuv. Sf Val. 188 23 Ketengus, Sleeker ... . 188 balgara 221 2. thermalis (Cuv. fy Val.) . 221 1. typus, Sleeker 189 24. Osteogeniosus, Bkeker . . 189 1. militaris (Linn.) . . 190 3. berdmorei (Slyth) 221 5. Acanthophthalmus. v. Has- selt .'. .. 22 ; > 2. sthenocephalus, Day . . 191 25 Batrachocephalus, Sleeker 191 1. pangia (Ham. Such.) . . 222 6. Apua, Blyth . . . ^22 1 mino (Ham. Such.) . . 192 1. fusca, Slyth . ... 223 26. Akysis, Sleeker 192 1 pictus, Gunther 193 7. Jerdonia, Day 223 1. maculata (Day} 223 27. Bagarius, Sleeker 193 l.ynne\\n(Ham. Such.).. 194 8. Nemachilichthvs, Day .. 223 1 . rueppelli (Sykes) 224 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 9. Nemachilu?, v. Hasselt . . 224 1.. eyezardi, Day 226 2. pavonaceus(JfcC'/eW.). . 226 3. rubidipinnis (Blyth) . . 226 4. botius (Ham. Buck.) . . 227 5. monoceros (McClell.) . . 227 0. pulchellus, Day 228 7. sinuatus, Day 228 8. guentheri, Day 228 9. semiarmatus, Day .... 229 10. corica (Ham. Buck.} . . 229 11. rupicola (McClell.) 229 12. niontanus (Me CM.) . . 2:30 13. striatus, Day 231 14. nmltifasciatus, Day 231 15. denisonii, Day. : 231 16. notostigma, Meeker 232 17. zonalternans (Blyth) . . 232 18. ladacensis, Giinther 232 19. zonatus (McClell.) 233 20. cincticauda (Blyth) .... 233 21. triangularis, Day 234 22. savona (Ham. Buck.). . 234 23. beavani, Giinther 234 24. spilopterus (Cuv.fyFal.) 235 25. marmoratus (Heckel) . . 235 26. stoliczkse (Steindachner) 235 27. blytbii, Day 236 28. butanensis (McClett.) . . 236 29. gracilis, Day 237 30. turio (Ham. Such.) . . 237 31. guttatus (McClell.) .... 237 Subfam. Cyprinina 238 1. Ilomaloptera, v. Hasselt. . 242 1. brucei (Gray $ Hurdw.) 243 2. maculata (Gi'uy <$' Hardw.) 243 :}. bilineata, Blyth 244 2. Psilorhynchus, McClell. . . 244 1. balitora (Ham. Buch.) . 244 3. Discognatbus, Heckel 245 1. lamta (Ham. Buch.) . . 246 2. jerdoni, Day 247 :;. inodestus (Day) 247 4. Oreinus, McClell 248 1. sinuatus (Heckel) 248 2. ricbardsonii ( Gray fy Hardw.) 250 3. plagiostomus (Heckel) . . 250 5. Schizopygopsis, Stcind. . . 251 1. stoliczkje, Steind 251 6. Schizothorax, Heckel 252 1. progastus (McClell.) . . 253 2. esocinus, Heckel 254 Page 7. Ptychobarbus, Steind 254 I. conirostris, Steind 254 8. Diptychus, Steind 255 1. maculatus, Steind 255 9. Labeo, Cuvier 256 1. nandina (Ham.Buch.). . 258 2. firobriatus (Bloch) 258 3. nigrescens, Day 259 4. calbasu (Ham. Buch.) . . 259 5. stoliczkse, Steind 260 6. gonius (Ham. Buch.) . . 261 7. dussumieri(C'wv.# Val.) 202 8. rohita (Ham. Buch.) . . 262 9. porcellus (Heckel) .... 263 10. potail (Sykes) 264 II. kontius (Jerdon) 264 12. caeruleus, Day 265 13. diplostoraus (Heckel) . . 265 14. dyochilus (McClell.) .. 266 15. pangusia (Ham. Buch.) . 266 16. angra (Ham. Buch.) . . 267 17. bata (Ham. Buch.) .... 268 18. microphthalmus, Day. . 268 ' 19. boggut (Sykes) 269 20. boga (Ham. Buch.). ... 269 21. nukta (Sykes) 270 22. nigripinnis, Day 271 23. sindensis (Day) 271 24. ariza (Buchanan) 272 25. kawrus (Sykes) 272 10. Osteockilus, Giinther 273 l.chalybeatus(CHV.#Fa/.) 273 2. neilli (Day) 274 3. cephalus (Cm. $ Val.) . 275 11. Dangila, Cuv. Sf Val 275 1. burmanica, Day 275 2. berdmorei, Blyth 276 12. Cirrbina, Cuvier 277 1 . cirrhosa (Bloch) 277 2. mrigala (Ham. Buch.) . 278 3. latia (Ham. Buch.) 279 4. reba (Ham. Buch.) 279 5. fuluugee (Sykes) 280 13. Semiplotus, Bleeker 281 1. inodestus, Day 281 2. mcclellandi, Bkeker . . 281 Carassius, Nilsson 283 auratus (Linn.) 283 14. Scaphiodou, Heckel 283 1. watsoni, Day 284 2. irregularis, Day 284 3. thomassi, Day 285 4. nasbii (Day) 285 6. brevidorsalis (Day) 286 15. Catla, Cuv. Sf Val 287 1. buchanani, Cuv. $ Val. . 287 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 16. Thynnichthys, Meeker . . 288 1. sandkhol (Sykes) 289 17. Amblypharyng<>dou,Z?fce/c. 290 1. atkinsonii (Blyth) .... 290 2. inola (Ham. Buch.) . . 291 3. microlepis (Sleeker) . . 291 4. melettina (Cuv. Sf Val.) . 292 18. Matsya, Day 292 1. argentea (Tickett) 293 19. Barbus, Cuv. $ Val 293 a. Barbodes 299 1. chagunio (Ham. Bmh.) 299 2. clavatu.s, McClell. 300 3. sarana (Ham. Buck.) . . 300 4. chrvsopoma, Cuv. & Val. 301 5. pinnauratus (Day) .... 301 0. pleurotsema (Bleeker).. 302 7. goniosoraa (Bleeker) . . 302 8. roseipinnis, Cue. $ Val 303 9. dubius (Day) 303 10. micropogon, Cuv. # Val. 304 11. chilinoides, McClell. . . 304 12. carnaticus, Jerdon .... 305 13. hexagonolepis, McClell. . 305 14. dukai, Day 306 15. tor (Ham. Buck.) 307 16. hexastichus, McClell. . . 308 17. bovanicus, Day 308 18. sophore (Ham. Buck.) . 309 19. stracheyi, Day 309 20. curmuca (Buchanan) . . 310 21. lithopidos, Day 310 22. thomassi, Day 311 23. spinulosus, McClell. . . 311 24. pulchellus, Day 311 25. dobsoni, Day 312 26. jerdoni, Day 312 27. 'wynaadensis, Day 313 28. stevensoni, Day 313 29. neilli, Day 314 30. malabaricus, Jerdon .... 314 31. iimominatus, Day 315 32. compressus, Day 315 33. blvthii, Day 315 34. melanampyx (Day) 316 b. Capoeta 316 35. macrolepidotus (Cuv. fy Val.) 316 36. chola (Ham. Buck.) . . 317 37. parrah (Day) 317 38. burmanicus, Day 318 39. tetrarupagus (McClell.) . 318 40. dorsalis (Jerdon) 319 41. kolus, Sykes 319 42. denisonii (Day) 320 43. melanostigma, Day ____ 44. arenatus, Day ........ 45. puckelii (Day) ........ 46. aniphibius (Cue. # Val.) 47. arulius (Jerdon) ...... 48. mahecola (Cuv. Sf Val.). c. Puntius ............ 49. apogon, Cuv. $ Val. . . 50. anibassis, Day ........ 51. cor\ckomus(Ham.Buch.) 52. ticto (Ham. Buch.) ____ 53. stoliczkanus, Day .... 54. punctatus (Day) ...... 55. gelius (Ham. Buch.) . . 56. phutunio (Ham. Buch.) 57. cumiugii, Giinther .... 58. nigrofasciatus, Giinther 59. guganio (Ham. Buch.) . 60. stigma (Cuv. $ Val.) . . 61. chrysopterus (McClell.) . 62. thernialis (Cuv. $ Val.) 63. terio (Ham. Buch.) ____ 64. punjabensis, Day ...... 60. uniuiaculatus (Blyth) . . 66. waageni, Day ........ 67. cosuatis (Ham. Buch.) . 68. vittatus (Day) ........ 69. filamentosus (Cuv. 8f Val.) .............. 70. puntio (Ham. Buch.) . . 20. Nuria, Cuv. $ Val. ...... 1. danrica (Ham. Buch.). . 21. Rasbora, Bleeker ........ 1. elanga (Ham. Buch.) . . 2. &&mconius(Ham.Buch.) 3. buchanani, Bleeker ____ 22. Aspidoparia, Heckel ____ 1. morar (Ham. Buch.) . . 2. jaya (Ham. Buch.) ____ 23. Rohtee, Sykes .......... 1. bakeri, Day .......... 2. neilli, Day .......... 3. cotio (Ham. Buch.) ____ alfrediana ........... 4. vigorsii, Sykes ....... 5. belangeri (Cuv. $ Val.) 6. ogilbii, Sykes ....... 7. cunma (Tickell) ..... 24. Barilius, Ham. Buch ____ 1. vagra (Ham. Buch.) . 2. modestus, Day ..... 3. radiolatus, Giinther. . . 4. shacra (Ham. Buch.) . 5. bendelisis (Ham. Buch.) 6. barila (Ham. Buch.) . . 7. bakeri, Day .......... Page 320 321 321 322 322 323 324 324 324 325 325 326 326 327 327 328 328 328 329 329 330 330 331 331 332 332 333 333 334 334 334 335 336 336 337 338 338 339 339 340 340 340 341 341 342 342 343 343 345 34-"> 346 346 347 348 348 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. XT 8. gatensis ( Cup. fy Fa/.) . . 9. canarensis (Jerdon). . . . 10. barna (Ham. Buck.) . . 11. guttatus (Day) 12. tileo (Ham. Such.} 13. evezardi, Day 14. bola (Ham. Buch.) .... 25. Dauio, Ham. Buck 1. devario (Ham. Buck.). . 2. spinosus. Day 3. malabaricus (Jerdon) . . 4. flequipinnatus (McClell.) 5. dangila (Ham. Buck.) . . 6. durysops (CWv. $ Vol.).. 7. neilgherriensis (Day) . . 8. rerio (Ham. Buck.). . . . 9. albolineatus (Blyth) . . 10. nigrofasciatus (Day) . . 26. Perilampus, McClell 1. atpar (Ham. Buck.) . . 2. laubuca (Ham. Buck.) . 3. ceylonensis ( Giinther) . . 27. Chela, Ham. Buck hoalius (Ham. Buck.) . . borelio (Ham. Buck.) . . solio (Ham. B^^ch.) .... jorah, Sykes alkootee, Sykes 1. gora (Ham. Buch.) .... 2. sladoni, Day 3. sardinella (Cuv. 8f Val.) 4. untrahi, Day 5. argentea, Day 6. punjabensis, Day 7. phulo (Ham. Buch.) . . 8. boopis, Day 9. clupeoides (Bloch) .... 10. bacaila (Ham. Buch.) . . Fam. CHIROCENTRIDJE .... 1. Chirocentrus, Cuv 1. dorab (Forsk.) Fam. CLUPEID^: 369 Group Clupeina. 1. Clupea, Artedi 370 1. brachysoma (Bleeker). . 371 2. atricauda, Gunther .... 372 3. kunzei (Bleeker) 372 4. leiogaster (Cuv. $ Val.) 372 5. longiceps (Cuv. $ Val) . 373 6. firabriata (Cuv. $ Val.) . 373 7. sindensis, Day 374 Page 349 350 350 351 351 352 352 353 354 355 355 356 356 357 357 358 358 359 359 359 360 361 361 361 361 361 361 362 362 364 364 365 365 366 366 367 8. lile (Cuv. # Val.) .... 374 9. variegata, Day 375 10. chapra (Ham. Buch.) . . 375 11. ilisha (Ham. Buch.) . . 376 12. kanagurta (Bleeker) . . 377 13. toll (Cuv. 8f Vol.) 377 14. melanura (Cuv. # Val.) . 378 2. Corica, Ham. Buch 378 1. soborna, Ham. Buch. . . 378 3. Pellona, Cuv. $ Val 379 1. filigera, (CMV. $ Val.) . . 380 2. elongata (Bennett) 380 3. motius (Ham. Buch.). . 381 4. indica (Sivains.) 381 5. ditchela, Cuv. fy Val. . . 381 6. hoevenii, Bleeker 382 7. brachysoma, Bleeker . . 382 8. megaloptera (Swains.) . . 382 9. sladeni, Day 383 10. leschenaultii, Ctiv.fy Val. 383 4. Opisthopterus, Gill 383 1. tartoor (Citv. $ Val.) . . 384 5. Raconda, Gray 384 1 . russelliana, Gray 384 Group Chatoessina. 6. Chatoessus, Cuv. $ Val. . . 385 1. chacunda (Ham. Buch.) 386 2. modestus, Day 386 3. manminua (Ham. Buch.) 386 4. nasus' (Bloch) 387 7. Engraulis, Cuvier 388 1. hamiltonii (Gray fy Hardw.) 389 2. malabaricus (Bloch) .... 389 3. mystax (Bl. Schn.) 390 4. kammalensis, Bleeker . . 390 5. baelama (Forsk.) . , 391 6. setirostiis(Broussonet). . 391 7. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val. 391 8. telara (Ham. Buch.) . . 392 9. breviceps, Cantor 392 10. taty, Cuv. Sf Val 393 11. purava, Cuv. $ Val 393 12. commersonianus(Zc^p.) 394 13. indicus, v. Hassett .... 394 14. tri, Bleeker 395 8. Coilia, Gray 395 1. reynaldi, Cuv. $ Val. . . 396 2. ramcarati (Ham. Buch.) 396 3. cantoris, Bleeker 396 4. quadrigesimalis, Cuv. Se Val.?. 397 5. dussumieri, Cuv. Sf Val. 397 6. borneensis, Bleeker 398 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page Group Dussumierina. 9. Dussumieria, Cuv. $ Val. 398 1. hasseltii, Blacker 399 2. acuta, Cuv. $ Val 399 10. Spratelloidea, Sleeker .... 400 1. malabaricus, Day .... 400 Group Albulina. 11. Albulus, Gronovius 401 1. conorhynchus, Bl. Schn. 401 Group Elopina. 12. Elops, Linn. 401 1. saurus, Linn 401 13. Megalops, Commerson .... 402 1. cyprinoides (Brottssonet) 402 Group Chanina. 14. Chanos, Lacep 403 1. salmoneus (Bl. Schn.). . 403 Fara. GALAXIDJE 405 1. Galaxias, Cuvier 405 1. indicus, Day 405 Fam. NOTOPTERIDJE 406 1. Notopterus, Lacep 406 1. kapirat (Pallas) 406 2. chitala (Ham. Buck.) . . 407 Fam. SCOPEUD^E 408 1. Saurus, Cuvier 408 1. indicus, Day 2. myops (Bl. Schn.) . . 2. Saurida, Cuv. 8f Val. . . 1. tumbil (Block) 2. nebulosa, Cuv. $ Val. 3. Harpodon, Lesueur 409 409 410 410 411 411 1. nebereus (Ham. Buch.) 412 4. Scopelus, Cuvier 413 1. indicus, Day 413 Fam. CYPBINODONTID^E .... 414 1. Cyprinodon, Lacep 414 1. dispar (RiippeU) 414 2. Haplochilus, McClell. 415 1. melanostigma (Me CM.) 415 2. rubrostigma (Jerdon) . . 416 3. lineatus (Cuv. $ Val.). . 416 4. panchax (Ham. Buch.) 417 Fam. SCOMBRESOCID^ 417 1. Belone, Cuvier 418 1. melanostigma, Cuv. <$ Val. 418 2. annulata, Cuv. $ Val. . . 4*19 3. choram, RiippeU 419 4. liura, Sleeker 420 5. cancila (Ham. Buch.) . . 420 6. strongylura, v. Hasselt. . 421 2. Hernirhamphus, Cuv 422 1. longirostris, Cuv 423 2. leucopterus, Cuv. & Val. 423 3. cantori, Bleeker / 423 4. georgii, Cuv. & Val. . . 424 5. far (Forsk.) 424 6. reynaldi, Cuv. $ Val. . . 425 7. xanthopterus, Cuv.cf Vol. 425 8. unifasciatus, Ranzani . . 426 9. limbatua, Cuv. 8f Val. . . 426 10. dispar, Cuv. Sf Val 426 11. buffonis, Cuv. % Val. . . 427 12. ectuntio (Ham. Buch.) . . 427 13. brachynotopterus, Bleek. 428 3. Exoccetus, Artedi 428 1. micropterus, Cuv. fy Val. 429 2. evolans, Linn 429 3. furcatus, Mitchell 429 4. pcecilopterus, Cuv. 8f Val. 430 5. altipinnis, Cuv. fy Val. . . 430 6. bahiensis, Ranzani .... 431 7. mento, Cuv. $ Val. 431 Order ACANTHOPTER YGII 432 Fam. PERCIDJE Group Percina. 1. Lates, Cuv. $ Val. .. . . 440 1. calcarifer (Bloch) 440 Psammoperca 440 waigiensis 440 Group Serranina. 2. Cromileptes, Swains 441 1. altivelis (Cuv. $ Val.) . . 441 3. Serranus, Cuv 442 1. stoliczkse, Day 445 2. areolatus (Forsk.) 445 3. coromandelicus, Day . . 445 4. un(lulosus( Quoi/fyGaim.) 446 5. gilberti, Richardson 446 6. hexagonatus (Bl. Schn.) 447 7. maculatus (Bl.) 447 8. flavo-cseruleus (Lacep.) . 448 9. fasciatus (Forsk.) 448 10. boevenii, Bleeker 449 11. diacanthus, Cuv. 8f Val. 449 12. sexfasciatus, Cuv. 8f Val... .. 449 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 13. lanceolatus (Block) 450 14. erytlmirus, Cuv. $ Vol. 450 15. pantheiinus (Laccp.) . . 451 10. corallicola, Cuv. # Vol. 451 17. salmoides (Laccp.) .... 452 18. semipunctatus, Cuv. $ Veil 452 19. summana (Forsk.) .... 453 20. dermocliirus, Cuv. $ Vol. 453 21. morrhua, Cuv. $ Val. . . 453 22. angularis, Cuv. fy Val. 454 23. fuscoguttatus (Forsk.). . 454 24. latifasciatus, Sckleacl . . 455 25. boenack (Block) 455 20. polleni (Sleeker) - 450 27. miniatus (Forsk.) 456 28. guttatus (Block) 457 29. leopardus (Laccp.) 457 30. sonnerati (Laccp.) 457 31. boelang, Cuv. $ Val. . . 458 4. Variola, Sivains 459 1. louti (Forsk.) , 459 5. Grammistes, Bl. Schn 400 1. orientalis, Bl. Schn 460 2. punctatus, Cuv. $ Val. . . 461 0. Myriodon, Barneville .... 401 1. waigiensis (Quoy 8f Gaim.) 461 7. Diploprion, Cuv. Sf Val. . . 462 1. bifasciatum, Cuv. $ Val. 462 8. Lutjanus, Block 463 1. sebfe (Cuv. $ Val.) .... 465 2. niger (Forsk.) 465 3. malabaricus (Bl. Schn.) 400 4. annularis (Cuv. $ Val.) 406 5. dodecacanthus, Bleeker . 467 6. kasmira (Forsk.) 408 7. fulvus (Bl. Schn.) 408 8. biguttatus(CMy. $ Val.) 409 9. lineolatus (Riipp.) 409 10. lemniscatus (.# Fa/.) 470 11. chrysotrenia (Bleeker). . 470 12. rivulatus (Cuv. $ Val.) 471 13. argentimaculatus(.For.s&.) 472 14. roseus, Day 472 15. sillaoo, Day 473 10. lioglossus, Bleeker 473 17. jahngarah, Day 474 18. cseruleolineatus (Riipp.) 474 19. lunulatus (Mungo Park} 475 20. fulviflamma (Forsk.) . . 475 21. unimaculatus (Quoy Sf Gaim.) 476 22. johnii (Block) 476 23. gibbus (Forsk.) 477 24. bohar (Forsk.) 477 Page 25. marginatus (Cuv. fy Val.) 478 26. yapilli (Cuv. % Val.) . . 479 27. quinquelinearis (Block) 479 28. vitta (Quoy 8; Gaim.). . 480 29. madras (Cuv. Sf Val.) . . 480 30. decussatus (Cuv. $ Val.} 481 Group Priacanthina. 9. Priacanthus (Cuv. 8f Val} 481 1. hamrur (Forsk.) 482 2. holocentrum, Bleeker . . 482 Group Apoaom'na. 10. Ambassis, Cuv. $ Val. . . 483 1. nama (Ham. Buck.) 484 2. ranga (Ham. Buck.) . . 485 3. baculis (Ham. Buck.) . . 485 4. thomassi, Day 486 5. nalua (Ham. Buck.) . . 486 6. intcrrupta, Bleeker 487 7. dayi, Sleeker 487 8. comruersoni, Cuv. Sf Val. 488 9. myops, Giinther 488 10. gymnocephalus (Lacep.) 489 11. urotaenia, Bleeker 489 12. thermalis, Cuv. Sf Vol.. . 490 11. Apogon, Lacep 490 1. multitteniatuSjCttB.^FaJ. 491 2. calosoma, Bleeker 492 3. nigricans, Day 492 4. frenatus, Val. 493 5. taniatus, Cuv. Sf Vol. . . 493 6. tkurstom, Day 494- 7. quadrifasciatus, Cuv. & Val 494 8. fasciatus ( White) 494 9. bandanensis, Bleeker . . 495 10. wassinki, Bleeker 495 11. aureus (Lacep.) 496 12. bifasciatus, Rupp 497 13. ellioti, Day 497 14. maculosus, Cuv. Sf Val. 497 15. nigripinnis, Cuv. Sf Val. 498 16. glaga, Bleeker 498 17. auritus, Cuv. $ Val. 499 18. tickelli, Day 499 19. lineolatus, Cav. 8? Val.. . 499 20. sangiensis, Bleeker 600 21. hyalosoma, Bleeker 500 22. orbicularis, Cuv. Sf Val. 500 23. ceramensis, Bleeker .... 501 12. Chilodiptorus, Cuv. $ Val 501 1. macrodon (Lacfy.) .... 601 2. quinquelineatus. Cuv. 8f Val. 502 3. liueatus (Funk.) 502 c SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Group Grystina. 13. Dules, Cuv. $ Val Page 503 503 504 504 505 505 506 507 507 508 508 509 510 510 510 511 511 512 512 513 513 514 514 515 516 516 517 517 518 518 519 519 519 520 521 521 522 4. ghanam (Forsk.) 5. monogramma, Cuv fy Val 6. caucellatus ( Cuv. $ Val.) 7. vosmeri (Bloch) Page 522 522 523 524 524 526 525 525 526 526 527 528 528 529 529 530 530 530 531 531 681 532 532 533 533 533 534 0:J4 535 536 536 537 538 538 638 639 539 540 540 1. niiirginatus, Cuv. 8f Val. 2. argenteus (Bennett) .... Group Theraponina. 8. leucotaenia (Sleeker) , . 9. ciliatus (Lacep ) 20. Dentex, Cuv 1. puta, Cuv. $ Val 1. rivulatus, Rilpp 2. jarbua (Forsk.) 3. theraps, Cuv. $ Val. . . 4. quadrilineatus (Bloch) . . 5. argeuteus (Cuv. $ Fa/.) Group Pristipomatina. 15. Pristipoma, Cuv 1. stnatus (Cuv. 8? Val.) .. 2 japonicus (Block). 3. tolu (Cuv. 8f Val.) 4. bleekeri, Day 5. taeniopterus (Cuv. # Val) 2'^ Pentapus Cuv 1. stridens (Forsk.) 2. olivaceum Day 1. aurolineatus (Laccp.) . . 23. Aphareus, Cuv. # Val 1 . rutilans, Cuv. $ Val. . . 24. Smaris, Cuv 1. balteatus, Cuv. $ Val... 25. Csesio, Lacep 1. pinjalo, Bleekcr 2. cunino- (Block) 3. nmculatum (Block) .... 4. furcatum (Bl. Schn.) . . 5. hasta (Block) .... 0. argenteum (Forsk.) .... 7. dussutnieri, Cuv. fy Val. 8. guoraca, Cuv. fy Val. . . 9. operculare, Play/air . . 16. Hapalogenys, Richards. . . 1. petersi, Day 17. Diagramina, Cuv 3. chrysozoua, Cuv. fy Val. 26. Aprio'n, Cuv. $ Val 1. pristipoma (Hleeker) . . Group Gerrina. 27 Datnioides Bleekcr 1. crassispinum, Rilpp. . . 2. lineatuin (Ginel.) 4. orientale (Block) 5. cinctum, Teinm. fy Sckl. 6. griseum, Cuv. fy Val. . . 7. pictuni (Thuiib ) 1. quadrifasciatus (Sevast.) 28. Gerres, Cuv 1. setil'er (Ham. Buck.) . . 2. oblongus, Cuv. Sf Val. . . 3. tilameutosus, Cuv 8. punctatum, Cuv. $ Val., 18. Lobotes, Cuv 5. abbreviates, JJleeker. . . . 6. poeti, Cuv. $ Val 7. Jucidus, Cuv. $ Val. . . 8. limbatus, Cuv. % Val. . . 29. Pentapriou, Bleeker .... 1. surinamensis (Block) . . 19. Scolopsis, Cuv. $ Val. 1. biniaculatus, Rilpp 2. phaeops (Bennett) 3. biliiieatus (Block) 1. lougiiiianus (Cantor) . . PISCES. VERTEBEATE animals . adapted for an aquatic life, having their extremities modified into fins ; respiring, almost invariably, solely by means of gills * ; possessing a heart with only two (in one instance three) cavities, and being cold-blooded. They are scale- less, or partially or wholly scaled, the scales being sometimes in the form of osseous plates. Synopsis of Subclasses occurring in India. Skeleton cartilaginous. Skull without cranial sutures. Gills at- tached by their outer edges to the skin, with a gill-opening intervening between every two gill-laminse. Conus arte- riosus contractile. Optic nerves not or only partially de- cussating. A spiral valve to intestines. I. CHONDROPTERYGII, Skeleton osseous. Skull with cranial sutures. Vertebra? com- pletely separated, and the posterior extremity of the vertebral column bony, or having bony plates. Branchiae free, and the water discharged through a single aperture on each side, protected by a bony gill-cover or opercle ; branchiostegal rays present. A non-contractile bulbus arteriosus, having a pair of valves at its commencement. Optic nerves decussating. H. TELEOSTEI. Skeleton membrano- cartilaginous and notochordal. Skull and brain absent. Pulsating sinuses present in place of a heart. III. LEPTOCARDII. * Certain fish, as the Ldbyrinthici and Ophiocephalida, provided they are able to obtain direct access to atmospheric air, can live in water even with a bandage fastened round their gill-covers, entirely preventing their gills being employed for respiratory purposes. Such a proceeding would, however, be fatal to the majority of fishes, thus showing that some forms possess means of depurating their blood which are n ot present in all. B Subclass CHONDROPTERYGIL Skeleton cartilaginous ; no cranial sutures. From one to seven external gill-openings on each side ; the gills are attached by their outer edges to the skin, with a gill-opening intervening between each two lamina) ; no gill-cover. Two or more series of valves at the conus arteriosus. The optic nerves, although united, do not decussate, or do so only slightly. Body with vertical and paired fins, the posterior pair abdominal ; caudal fin with an eloDgated upper lobe. Intestines with a spiral valve. Male sex with intro- mittent organs attached to the ventral fins. Ovaries containing large ova, which are fertilized, and sometimes likewise developed internally. Embryo with external deciduous gills. No air-bladder. This subclass includes the sharks, rays, and chiinaoras, and is divided into two orders, the second of which does not appear to have representatives in India. Geologically speaking, these fishes existed prior to the Teleosteaus. Synopsis of Orders. Five to seven external gill-openings, and no cartilaginous gill-cover. Jaws distinct from the skull 1. PLAGIOSTOMATA. A single external gill-opening having a rudimentary cartilaginous gill- cover ; four branchial clefts inside the gill-cavity. Palatal and maxil- lary apparatus attached to the skull 2. 1IOLOGEP1IALA. Order I. PLAGIOSTOMATA. Syn. Elasniolratwhii. Body more or less cylindrical or depressed ; the trunk may or may not pass gradually into the tail. From five to seven gill- openings, which may be lateral or inferior. Jaws distinct from the skull. This order has been subdivided as follows : A. Trunk gradually passiug into the tail. Gill-openings lateral . . SELACIIOIDEI or Sharks, 13. Gill-openings inferior. Pectoral fins largely developed and con- stituting a flat disk BATOIDEI or Skates and Bays. These fish are employed as food, and portions of them, especially the fins, are largely exported from the Indian to the Chinese markets. In China Dr. Cantor observed that the fins were not exclusively selected from the sharks, SelacJioidei, but equally from the rays, Batoidei. Among those examined at Pinang were found to be fins taken from fishes belonging to the following genera: Carcliarias, Zygcena, Stegostoma, Pristis, JRhinobatus, Trygon, and Myliobatis. Gelatine is obtained from the larger fins, glue from the smaller. All except the caudal fins are cut from the fish at the root, so as to leave as little flesh as possible. The root is dipped into wetted lime (Chunam) and then the fins are dried in the sun, and according to their value they are divided into two kinds, " white " a,nd " black." The white consist exclu- sively of the dorsal fins, which are on both sides of a uniform light colour, and expected to yield more gelatine than the other fins. The pectoral, ventral, and anal fins pass under the denomina- tion of black fins ; the colour, however, varies from buff to grey or brown, and most of them are of two different colours, the upper surface being dark and the lower light. The black fins of course are the most numerous, and supposed to yield a comparatively small quantity of gelatine. Suborder A. SELACHOIDEI. Body more or less cylindrical, the trunk gradually passing into the tail. Gill-openings lateral. The gills in these fishes are not situated in a common cavity but in separate sacs that do not communicate one with another. In those which possess five sacs BSi 4 CHONDEOPTEEYGII. SELACHO1DEI. the four anterior ones are lined in front with parallel rows of adherent gills, whilst in the fifth these processes are found solely on its proximal side. Water taken in by the mouth for respiratory purposes passes backwards through the pharyngo-branchial slits into these sacs, from whence it emerges by the external gill- openings or stigmata. The scapular arch, which is suspended to the front part of the vertebral column, divides these respiratory sacs from the abdominal cavity. Although opercular pieces are absent, cartilaginous rings are sometimes present surrounding the gill-openings. The size to which these fish attain is not an invariable index to their character, which is better shown by an examination of the teeth with which they are armed. Some powerful forms have small teeth, whilst the obtuse teeth of particular genera are more calculated for crushing shells and Crustacea than for waging war with other fishes. The scales are peculiar, being generally small papillae that have a coating of enamel : this, under the designation of shagreen, is sometimes employed in certain trades, as for covering small boxes or the scabbards of swords, or even for smoothing down wood. The tail-fin is flexible and of great power, terminating much like the blade of an oar, and giving the bearer great facilities in pursuit ; when seizing their prey, if it is large, sharks generally turn on one side. When breeding, a congress takes place between the sexes, the arrangement of the sexual organs being somewhat similar to what obtains among the higher vertebrates. The male organs are com- pact, placed far forwards in the abdominal cavity, while attached to the ventral fins are claspers which have intromittent functions. In the females, different parts of the oviduct may be functionally modified, for although the ova are fertilized within this oviduct, the development of the young is not invariably carried out on the same plan, some being perfected prior to extrusion, while in others the ovum is encased in a horny covering and so deposited in the sea. In such forms as produce their young alive, a modified placenta exists. Geographical Distribution. Sharks are spread throughout the seas and estuaries of cold, temperate, and tropical regions, being most numerous in the last ; and some ascend rivers even far beyond the influence of the tides *. They are common along the coasts of India, and some species have a wide range, although they do not appear to descend to any great depth. They seem to scent blood or offal from long distances, but their carrying off human prey is * Not only sharks but saw-fishes occasionally reside in pieces of fresh water, when the communication with the sea has been cut off. Professor Meyer (' Nature,' Dec. 30, 1875) remarked on this subject that " an accurate comparison (between marine and freshwater forms) showed no difference at all, and therefore the changed conditions seem to have had no influence on the external features of the species." SELACHOIDEI. 5 not of frequent occurrence. Among the most savage species are the ground-sharks of the rivers, as Carcharias yangetiais, which seldom loses an opportunity of attacking the bather. The Galea- cerdo rayneri is likewise greatly dreaded along the coast or in the harbours. Though stationed several years at Cochin, I could only ascertain a single instance of a living human being having been carried off by these fishes, and Col. Tickeli mentions that while in Burma for many years he only heard of one such case. The most frequent accidents occurring are after the fish has been hooked and lifted into the fisherman's boat, or else while entangled in a net when attempts are made to seize it or cut it adrift. Corpses are almost immediately eaten by sharks, while it may be said in their favour that they devour 'the poisonous sea-snakes (Hydro- pJiidce). Along the coast of Sind, as at Kurrachee, there are considerable shark-fisheries, one form, the Mhor, being harpooned while basking on the surface, and Dr. Buist observed in 1850 that this species was often captured 40 and sometimes 60 feet in length. The largest shark I saw there in 1870 was about 20 feet long, but I was told that others up to 30 feet had been recently taken. Here sharks are likewise netted, the nets being a quarter of a mile or more in length, constructed of strong twine and having a six-inch mesh ; floats of light wood are affixed along the upper line, while the lower edge of the net is weighted by stones. These nets are sunk in deep water (from 80 to 150 feet) and well out to sea, where they remain until the following day ; they are set two or three times a week according to the weather and local circumstances. Small sharks are eaten by the lower classes, and their flesh is considered along the Malabar coast as very nourishing food for mothers after child- birth, while in Bombay they are largely purchased by the African sailors. The fins of the sharks are removed and dried in the sun. Strips of flesh are also salted as food, and the livers boiled down for the oil they contain. Fins of sharks and rays, along with fish-maws or fish-sounds, were exported from Kurrachee to Bombay during the 5 years ending 1872-73 to the declared annual average value of about 7415 ; from Bombay they were re-exported to China. Some forms of large sharks, as Galeocerdo, which have the edges of their broad teeth sharp or coarsely serrated, cannot be captured by nets, as they at once cut their way out. But nets are suitable for such species as possess conical teeth ; these last may likewise be taken by baited hooks attached to cords composed of many strands, through which the teeth penetrate but do not cut. Further down the Western coast, as at Calicut, medicinal fish- liver oil of an excellent quality was formerly manufactured, a small factory for this purpose 'having been constructed at that station in 1854, and the livers of sharks and saw-fishes were pur- chased from the fishermen. The abundance or paucity of these fishes evidently depended to a very great extent upon whether sardines were or were not present, for these latter forms of Clu- 6 CHONDROFTEBYGII. SELACIIOIDEI. peidce are very capricious, sometimes forsaking the coast for several successive years, and then as suddenly reappearing in countless millions (see Clupea lonyiceps). No livers under 40 Ib. weight were accepted at the factory, as the larger ones gave propor- tionally a greater amount of oil than the smaller ones ; sometimes li vers of a great size were purchased. One weighed 290 Ib., and another from a female saw-fish 14 feet long 185 Tb. The division Selachoidei among the Plagiostomata has been further subdivided into nine families, the following only of which have as yet been recorded from the seas of India : I. A nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and an anal fin Carchariidae. IT. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and an anal fin; nostrils not confluent with mouth, which last is inferior. Spiracles absent or minute . Lamnidae. III. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals nnd an anal fin. Mouth near the extremity of the snout. Teeth small and conical Rhinodontidae. IV. No nictitating membrane to eye ; only one dorsal and an anal fin Notidanida?. V. No nictitating membrane to eye ; two dorsals and au anal fin. Mouth inferior. Teeth small, several rows being generally in use at the same time .... Scylliidae. Family I. CAECHARIID^E. The snout may be produced longitudinally or laterally. Spiracles absent or present. Eye with a nictitating membrane. A small pit may or may not exist above the root of the tail, and a groove at the angle of the mouth may be present or absent. Mouth crescentic, inferior. The teeth may be erect or oblique, with a single cusp, having smooth or serrated edges ; or they may be small, the cusps being obsolete ; or with one central and one or two lateral cusps. The first dorsal fin, destitute of a spine, is placed opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral; anal fin present. The most abundant species of this family along the coasts of India undoubtedly are such as belong to the genus CarcJiaricw, the immature of which are very destructive to herrings and other edible fishes. It has been observed that one of the remarkable results which has followed the construction of the Suez Canal has been the introduction into the Mediterranean sea of sharks, which were formerly almost unknown there. The number of species of this family found in the Red Sea by Klunxinger, as recorded in his ' Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres' in 1871, was as follows : Carcharias 6, Loxodon 1, Galeo- cerdo 2, Dirrhizodon 1, which does not show that these fishes are a large element in the fish-fauna. As, however, the more open Indian Ocean is reached, the number of these destructive fishes largely CARCHABIIDjE. 7 increases, and innumerable young swarm along the shores, while they are exceedingly numerous off the low coast and muddy seas of Burma. In fact I shall have to describe double the number of forms given by Klunzinger : Carcliariaa 17, Hemigalew 1, Galeo- cerdo 2, Synopsis of Genera. First group. CAECHABIINA. Snout produced longitudinally. Teeth erect or oblique, with a single cusp, which has smooth or serrated edges. A pit at the base of the caudal fin. No spiracles .................................... 1, CABCHARIAS. Spiracles small. Distinct labial folds. Teeth ser- rated or notched in the upper jaw. Caudal fin with a single notch ...................... 2. HEMIG ALETJS. Spiracles small. Teeth serrated in both jaws. Caudal fin with a double notch ...................... 3. GALEOCEBDO. Second group. Head produced laterally into the shape of a hammer. Nostrils on front edge of head. Teeth oblique, with a single cusp, having sharp smooth edges. A pit at the base of the caudal fin. Spiracles absent ................................ 4. ZYGUENA. Third group. MTJSTELINA. Teeth small, obtuse, or having a central and one or two smaller lateral cusps. Spiracles small; labial folds well developed. Teeth obtuse. No pit at base of the caudal fin ........ 5. MUSTELUS. No spiracles. A pit at base of the caudal fin ........ 6. TBUENODON. First group. CARCHAEIINA. 1. Genus CARCHARIAS, Muller & Henle. Syn. Scoliodon, Aprion or Aprinodon, Physodon, Ilypoprion, Prionodon, Muller & Henle ; Priotiace, Cantor ; Eulamia, Isogomphodon, Lamiopsis, Platypodon, Jfypopn'onodon, Isoplagiodon, and Cynocephalus, Gill. No spiracles. A pit before the root of the caudal fin. Snout longitudinally produced. Mouth crescentic or angular ; the labial fold or groove rarely extends beyond the angle of the mouth. Teeth erect or oblique, with a sharp more or less compressed cusp, sometimes triangular, the edges of which may be serrated or smooth*. The first dorsal fin, destitute of a spine, is placed * In some forms these characters alter considerably with age. CHONDEOPTERYGII. SELACHOIDEI. opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; caudal with a distinct lower lobe. Eespecting the colours in these fishes, I have observed that black spots or marks on the fins frequently become fainter in examples which have been preserved some time in spirit, more especially if they have been removed from the alcohol and per- mitted to dry. The fishes constituting this large and widely distributed genus have been subdivided by some authors into several genera, by others into the like number of subgenera or divisions, which latter is the course that I have adopted. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Teeth with smooth edges; all oblique and without swollen bases. (Scoliodon.) Pectoral fin not reaching to below dorsal ; length of base of anal nearly equalling its distance from the ventral ; second dorsal posterior to base of anal. Groove at angle of mouth not extending on to the upper jaw 1. C. laticaudus, p. 9. Pectoral fin reaching to below origin of dorsal ; length of base of anal nearly equalling half its distance from the ventral ; second dorsal over end of base of anal. Groove at angle of mouth not extending on to the upper jaw 2. C. acutus, p. 10. A well-marked groove at the angle of the mouth extending a short distance along both jaws 3. C. walbeehmi, p. 10. B. Teeth with smooth ed^es ; those in the centre of the lower jaw smaller than those at the side, the latter swollen at their bases and having an oblique and narrow cusp. Upper teeth flat and oblique. (Physodon.} Snout elongated ; end of base of first dorsal above origin of ventral ; second dorsal small and' posterior to the base of anal 4. C. miillcri, p. 1 1 . C. Teeth with smooth edges ; all narrow and standing on a broad base, the upper erect or slightly oblique; the lower erect. (Aprionodon.) Second dorsal as large as the anal and nearly equal in size to the first dorsal. Nostril with a distinct valve inferiorly. Teeth 5. C. ncutidem, p. 11. D. Teeth with smooth edges, except the bases of the upper ones, which are serrated. (Hypoprion.) Snout pointed. The bases' of the teeth in the upper jaw serrated on both sides . . 6. C. madoti, p. 12. CARCHABIID^. 9 Snout rounded. Only the outer sides of the bases of the upper teeth serrated .... 7. C. hemiodon, p. 12. E. Some or all of the teeth serrated both Teeth in both jaws serrated. Second dorsal much shorter than anal .............. 8. C. gorrah, p. 12. Teeth in both jaws serrated. Second dorsal not much smaller than the anal. Fins darkish with light edges ............ 9. C. dussumicri, p. 13. Snout obtuse. Teeth in both jaws serrated. 10. C. ganyetiaus, p. 13. Teeth in both jaws serrated. All the fins black-edged ..................... 11. C. melanoptcrus, p. 14. Fins, except the first dorsal, with black ex- tremities .......................... 12. C. bleekeri, p. 15. Teeth coarsely serrated in upper jaw ; awl- shaped in lower, some with a basal cusp .............................. 13. C. ellioti, p. 15. Upper teeth serrated. Second dorsal oppo- site to but larger than the anal. A black spot on the second dorsal ............ 14. C. murrayi, p. 10. Upper teeth serrated. Second dorsal oppo- site the anal. A black spot on second dorsal ............................ 15. C. menisorrah, p. 10. Upper teeth serrated and on rather a broad base ; lower more slender. Ends of some of the fins black .................... 16. C. limbatus, p. 17. Teeth in both jaws slender, and from thirty- six to forty in number .............. 17. C. temminckii. p. 17. 1. (1.) Carcharias laticaudus. (Pig. 1.) Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus, Mull. 8? Ifenle, Plagios. p. 28, t. viii. Carcharias laticaudus, Day, Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 1 (see synonymy). Dan-da-nee, Sind. ; Nulhan sorrah and Palah sorrah, Tel. Length of preoral portion of snout exceeding the width of the mouth by one fifth, and equal to or slightly more than the distance Fig. 1. Carcharias laticaudus. between the eye and the first gill-opening (longer in the imma- ture) ; the groove at the angle of the mouth scarcely extends on to the upper jaw. Nostrils very much nearer to the mouth than to the end of snout. Teeth those in upper jaw rather oblique, not swollen 10 CHONDROPTBBTGII. 8ELACHOIDEI. at their bases : those in the lower jaw very oblique, especially near the syraphysis : none are serrated. Fins the length of the base of the anal fin is nearly or quite equal to its distance from the ventral : the pectoral does not extend so far as to below the origin of the dorsal ; its posterior edge is nearly straight, its internal edge one third of the length of its outer margin. The length of the caudal fin is contained 3f to 4 times in the total length, but is rather more in adults than in immature specimens. Colour uniform grey superiorly, white beneath : the pectoral of a deep grey, having a white outer edge, as have also the ventral and anal ; posterior portion of caudal fin dark grey or nearly black. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. This species attains to at least two feet in length. 2. (2.) Carcharias acutus. Carcharias acutus, Rilppett, N. W. Fische, p. 65, t. xviii, f. 4 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.). Purrooway sorrah, Tarn. ; Parl sorrah, Mai. ; Sem sorrah, Tel. Length of preoral portion of snout one fourth longer than the gape of the mouth, and equal to or slightly less than the distance between the eye and the gill-opening : a groove at the angle of the month not, or but slightly, extending on to the upper jaw. Nostrils nearer to mouth than to the end of the snout. Teetli the upper and lower ones oblique, without swollen bases and none serrated. Fins the length of the base of the anal fin is one half its distance from the ventral or less : the pectoral extends to at least below the origin of the dorsal, its posterior edge is concave, and its internal edge about two fifths the length of its outer : second dorsal small, situated over the posterior half of the anal. Length of caudal fin contained about 3^ to 3| times in the total length. Colour grey or bronze above, white below : fins grev, the posterior edge of pectoral, outer edges of ventral, anal, and posterior half of caudal, white; upper edge of caudal dark, as is also its posterior lobe. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond ; said to attain to a considerable size. 3. (3.) Carcharias walbeehmi. Carcharias (Scoliodon) walbeehmi, Bleeker, Nat, Tyds. Ned, Ind. x, p. 353. Carcharias walbeehmii, Day, Fish. India, p. 712, pi. clxxxv, fig. 2 (see synon.). Ei-dah, Andamanese. Length of the preoral portion of the snout exceeding the width of the mouth by nearly one third, and equalling the distance between the eye and the second gill-opening. A well-marked groove at the angle of the mouth extending on to the upper jaw and along a portion of the mandible. Nostrils rather nearer to the CABCHAEIID^. 11 mouth than to the end of the snout, the distance between the outer edges of the nostrils equal to the extent between them and the end of the snout. Teeth oblique and flat in both jaws, without any serration. Fins the pectoral extends to nearly beneath the middle of the first dorsal fin, it has its posterior edge rather concave, and its inner edge equals one third of the length of its outer; second dorsal rather small, with its posterior lobe produced, it is situated over the last half of the anal. Length of the base of the anal equal to two fifths of its distance from the base of the ventral : caudal fin 3| times in the total length. Colour light brown superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Fins grey and mostly with light outer edges. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Japan. 4. (4.) Carcharias miilleri. Carcharias miilleri, ( Valenciennes) Mull, fy Ilenle, Plagios. p. 30, t. xix, f. 1 (teeth) ; Day, Fish. India, p. 713 (see synon.). Snout elongated and pointed. Nostrils nearer to the angle of the mouth than to the end of the snout. Mouth nearly as long as wide. Fins the end of the base of the first dorsal situated opposite the origin of the ventral ; second dorsal very small and commencing above the last third of the base of the anal. Pectoral extending to below the origin of the first dorsal. Colour brownish, becoming lighter beneath ; fins a little darker. Hob. Bengal. 5. (5.) Carcharias acutidens. Carcharias acutidens, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 65, t. xviii, fig. 3 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxix, fig. 1 (see synon.). Snout obtuse and rounded, the length of its preoral portion equal to two thirds of the width of the mouth and much less than the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. Nostrils rather nearer mouth than to the end of the snout. A very short groove at the angle of the mouth not extending on to the upper jaw. Eye small, Gill-openings much wider than the orbit. Teeth |p|- *, those in both jaws rather slender, erect or oblique, and with the bases rather swollen ; none serrated. Fins the base of the first dorsal situated midway between the inner angle of the pectoral and the commencement of the ventral ; second dorsal nearly as large as the first, rather larger than the anal and situated above it. Caudal fin 4| in the total length. Pectoral falciform, its inner edge two sevenths the length of its outer, it reaches to beneath the middle of the base of the first dorsal. Colour of a dull reddish brown, becoming lightest on the sides and beneath. Hal), lied Sea, coasts of Sind and the Indian Ocean, attaining at least to six feet in length. * Twenty-seven to twenty-nine teeth in each jaw. 1 2 CHONDEOPTEEYGII. SELACITOIDEI. 6. (6.) Carcharias macloti, Carchariag (Hypoprion) macloti, Mull Sf Ifenle, Plagios. p. 34, t. x. Carcharias' macloti, Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 2 (see synon.) Pala son-ah and Sorrah Kowah, Tel. Length of the preoral portion of the snout exceeding the width of the mouth by one third, and equalling the distance between the eye and the second gill-opening. A short groove at the angle of the mouth, not extending on to the upper jaw. Nostrils nearer to the opening of the mouth than to the end of the snout. Teeth the bases of those in the upper jaw denticulated on both sides ; those in the lower jaw erect, with smooth edges and a broad base. Fins the length of the base of the anal is equal to about twice its distance from the origin of the ventral ; the pectoral extends to nearly below the hind edge of the first dorsal, its posterior margin is rather concave, its internal equals about one third of the length of its outer edge ; caudal 3| to 3g in the total length. Colour grey or brown, becoming dull white beneath ; the fins grey, the caudal nearly black in its posterior half ; outer half of first dorsal dark ; pectoral and ventral with a light edge. Hab. Seas of India to New Guinea. 7. (7.) Carcharias hemiodon. Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon, (Vol.} Milll. Sf ITenlc, Plagio*. p. 35, t. xix, f . 2 (teeth). Carcharias hemiodon, Day, Fish. India, p. 714 (see synon.). Ngamdn ngheppyan, Burmese. Snout obtusely rounded ; the distance between the end of the snout and the mouth equals the interspace between the outer angles of the nostrils. No groove at the angle of the mouth. Teeth in the upper jaw oblique, with the outer side of their bases serrated. Fins the pectoral reaches to below the middle of the first dorsal ; the second dorsal commences opposite to or rather behind the origin of the base of the anal. Caudal fin 4 3 in the total length. Colour grey, becoming lighter beneath. Hal). Seas of India, ascending rivers, as the Hooghly at Cal- cutta. 8. (8.) Carcharias sorrah. Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah, (F/.) Milll. $ Hank, Plagios. p. 45, t. xvi. Carcharias sorrah, Day, Fish. India, p. 714, pi. clxxxv, fig. 1 (see synon.). Length of the preoral portion of the snout about equal to the width of the mouth and nearly equal to the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. No groove at the angle of the mouth. Nostrils about midway between end of snout and mouth. Gill-openings rather wider than the orbit, Teeth |?, those in the CABCHAIIIIDJ5. 13 upper jaw oblique, serrated, and with a toothed notch on their outer edge ; those in lower jaw a little oblique, rather narrow, situated on a broad base and serrated. Fins pectoral falciform, extending to beneath the hind third of the base of the first dorsal fin, its internal margin equalling about one fourth or two sevenths of its outer. Origin of first dorsal slightly posterior to the base of the pectoral, and not extending to above the ventral. The second dorsal smaller than and slightly posterior to the origin of the anal, the latter rather nearer the caudal than the ventral. Caudal fin 34 in the total length. Colour dull brown superiorly, and whitish beneath ; fins grey, lower caudal lobe and pectorals with black extremities. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 9. (9.) Carcharias dussumieri. CarcharicOS (Prionodou) dussumieri, (Valenciennes) Mull, fy Henle, Plagios. p. 47, t. xix, f. 8. Carcharias dussumieri, Day, Fish. India, p. 714, pi. clxxxvii, tig. 2 (see synoii.) Choti musi, Marathi. Length of the preoral portion of the snout very slightly exceed- ing the width of the mouth, and equalling the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. A very short groove at the angle of the mouth, only slightly extending on to the upper jaw. Nostrils nearer the opening of the mouth than to the end of the snout. Gill-openings wider than the orbit. Teeth ^, those of the upper jaw oblique and serrated, having a notch on the outer side ; those in the mandibles smaller, oblique, narrow, serrated, and with a broad base. Fins pectoral extends to opposite the hind edge of the base of the first dorsal, its posterior margin is slightly concave, its internal margin equals two fifths of the length of its outer edge. Origin of the first dorsal a very slight distance behind the base of the pectoral, and its base not extending to above the ventral. The second dorsal slightly smaller than the anal. The length of the caudal about 4 in the total length. Colour grey or dull brown, becoming white beneath ; fins grey with white outer edges ; upper two thirds of second dorsal blackish. Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 10. (10.) Carcharias gangeticus. Carcharias (Prionodon) gauge ticus, Mutt. 8f Henle, Plagios. p. $), t. xiii. Carcharias gangeticus, Day, Fish. India, p. 715, pi. clxxxvii, tig. 1 (see synon.) Mundah mayur, Ooriah ; Nga man young wyn, Burmese. Length of the preoral portion of the snout only two thirds of the width of the mouth, and equalling half of the interspace between the eye and the middle gill-opening ; a very slight groove at the 14 CIIONDROPTEBYGII. SELAOHOIDEI. angle of the mouth. Nostrils in the front half of the distance between the end of the snout and the mouth. Gill-openings wider than the orbit. Teeth twenty-seven to thirty in each jaw, all serrated; the upper almost triangular, their outer edge with a notch, very distinct in the immature, but becoming almost lost with age ; those in the lower jaw narrow, erect, and having broad bases. Fins pectoral elongated, falciform, and extending to beneath the middle of the first dorsal ; its internal margin % of the length of its outer. Origin of the first dorsal slightly posterior to the hind edge of the base of the pectoral, its base not extending to above the ventral. The second dorsal of about the same size as the anal, the latter nearer to the caudal than to the ventral. Length of the caudal 3| in the total length. Scales small and with rough edges ; they are hardly above half the size of those in C. melanop- terus. Colour grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Fins grey, the pectoral, ventral, and anal with white edges ; pos- terior portion of caudal rather dark. Hcib. Seas of India to Japan, ascending rivers to above tidal influence. It is the commonest form along the Burmese coasts and attains at least nine feet in length. This is one of the most ferocious among Indian sharks, and frequently attacks bathers even in the Hooghly at Calcutta, where it is so dreaded that a reward is offered for its destruction. 11. (11.) Carcharias melanopterus: Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopterus, Quoy Sf Gaimard, Voy. Uranie fy Physicienne, Zool. p. 194, pi. 43. Carcharias melanopterus, Day, Fish. India, p. 715, pi. clxxxv, fig. 3 (see synon.) Caval sorrah, Nella vekal sorrah, Raman sorrah, Muklian sorrah, Boka sorrah, and Ran sorrah, Tel. ; Nydman toungmt, Arracan ; Hitnyur, Chittagong. Length of the preoral portion of the snout two thirds the width of the mouth and considerably less than the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening ; a very short groove at the angle of the jaws. Nostrils nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the end of the mouth. Snout rounded and very obtuse. Teeth !^|(|i), the upper broad, flattened, oblique, with a very slight notch or rather concavity on the outer side and serrated ; the lower much narrower, pointed, on a broad base and also serrated, these serrations being generally minute, sometimes only on one side of the tooth, and occasionally wanting, especially in the lower jaw. Fins pectoral falciform, extending to beneath the middle or even hind edge of the base of the dorsal, its outer edge three times as long as its inner one. Base of first dorsal a little nearer the pectoral than its posterior end is to the ventral. Second dorsal opposite and similar to the anal. Length of caudal 3| to 4| in the total length. Scales comparatively large, lineated, but with almost smooth edges. Colour brown or bluish grey superiorly, 15 fading to dull white beneath ; ends of all the fins deep black. Iris grey, stained darker superiorly. It may be remarked, as showing the size to which this species attains, that the liver of one at the Government fish-oil factory at Calicut weighed 270 Ib. Hah. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. This form is very common. 12. (12.) Carcharias bleekeri. Carcharias (Prionodon) bleekeri, Dumtril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, p. 3G7. Carcharias bleekeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 715 (see synon.). Length of the preoral portion of the snout equal to the width of the mouth. Nostrils midway between the end of the snout and the mouth. Teeth |j, the upper triangular with a slightly notched outer border ; the lower nearly erect, narrow, and on a broad base. Fins the dorsal commences a short distance behind the angle of the pectoral ; second dorsal opposite to, nearly as long as, but lower than the anal, and elongated posteriorly. Pectoral with its upper edge 4| to 5 times as long as its lower ; caudal one fourth of the total length. Colour a deep black spot at the lower edge of the end of the pectoral fin ; a second at the end of the inferior lobe of the caudal ; no black spot on the first dorsal. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India. 13. (13.) Carcharias ellioti. Carcharias ellioti, Day, Fish. India, p. 716, pi. clxxxix, tig. 2. Puducan or Aduyu-pal sorrah, Tamil ; Pal sorrah, Tel. Length of the preoral portion of the snout equal to the width of the mouth. A well-developed labial groove along the outer side of the maxilla, and a slight one on the mandible. Eyes rather small. Nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Gill-openings much wider than the orbit. Teeth f^fi the upper nearly triangular without any notch or basal enlargement, very coarsely serrated on both edges ; those in the mandible obliquely erect, awl-shaped, becoming smaller and more triangular at the angle of the mouth ; the awl-shaped ones have a cusp at either side of the base, below which the outer edge has a few serrations ; the external triangular ones are serrated externally. Fins the first dorsal commences just behind the root of the pectoral, its base being nearer to it than to the ventral ; second dorsal smaller than the first, but larger than the anal, before which it commences. Pectoral falciform, its internal margin the length of its outer, the fin reaches to beneath the end of the base of the dorsal. Anal below the last two thirds of the second dorsal. Caudal 3| in the total length. Colour grey superiorly, becoming nearly white beneath. Hob. Seas of India. At Kurrachee it is not uncommon. 16 CHONDBOPTEBYGir. 8ELA.C1IOIDEI. 14. (14.) Carcharias murrayi. Carcharias murrayi, Giinther, A. M. N. II. (5) xi, p. 137 (1883); Day, Fish. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 809. Snout short and obtuse ; the distance between the mouth and the end of the snout being less than that between the inner angles of the nostrils. Nostrils nearly midway between the end of the snout and the mouth. Teeth in the upper jaw of moderate size, the anterior equilateral, rather longer than broad, those on the side oblique with the posterior edge concave and both edges finely serrated; twenty-nine rows in the lower jaw, lanceolate, their edges smooth, with a broad base, two-rooted, and some with an additional minute lobe. Fins first dorsal commences opposite the axil of the pectoral ; the second only one third the size of the first, but conspicuously larger than the anal, which is small. Origin of anal behind that of the second dorsal. Pectoral large, exceeding the distance between the first gill-opening and the end of the snout ; the length of its hind margin only one fourth of that of its outer. Caudal of moderate length, rather longer than the distance between the two dorsal fins. Colour uniform, top of first dorsal appears to have been black. Hob. Kurrachee, where an example 6 feet 8 inches long was captured. The specimen, which is in the British Museum, is stuffed and not in a very good condition; it seems only to differ from G. ellioti in the size of the second dorsal and anal fins. /-- V f. 1. lo. (15.) Carcharias memsorrah. Carcharias (Prionodon) menisorrah, (Fa?.) Mull, fy Henle, Plagios. p. 46, t. xvii. Carcharias menisorrali, Day, Fish. India, p. 710, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 1 (see synon.) Karamoottee sorrah and ('if/a sorrah, Tel.; Nga man nee, Arracan. Preoral portion of snout nearly or quite as long as the mouth is wide ; the width of the head equals the distance from the angle of the mouth to the end of the snout. A very small groove at the angle of the mouth extending a short distance on to the upper jaw. Teeth twenty-eight in the upper jaw ; they are oblique, triangular, notched externally, and serrated in the whole extent of their cusps ; lower teeth erect, slender, lanceolate, not serrated, and having broad bases. Fins pectoral not so long as head, one fifth longer than broad at its extremity, it is scarcely emarginate, its inner margin equals about half the length of the outer; base of the second dorsal slightly more than half of that of the first dorsal, it is opposite, and almost as large as the anal. Posterior end of the dorsal fin at the same distance from the ventrals as its anterior end is from the root of the pectoral. Upper edge of the caudal almost straight, its length being slightly more than the interval between its base and the origin of the ventral. Colour grey above, 17 white below ; upper half of the second dorsal generally deep black. llab. Eed Sea to the Malay Archipelago. Attains twelve feet or more in length. 16. (16.) Carcharias limbatus. Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus, Mull, fy Henle, Playios. p. 49, t. xix, f. 9 (teeth). Carcharia-s limbatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 710, pi. clxxxiv, fig. 2 (see synon.). Length of preoral portion of the snout about equal to the width of the mouth, and slightly less than the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening ; a short groove at the angle of the mouth scarcely extending on to the upper jaw. Eyes small; gill- openings about twice the size of the eye. Teeth erect, somewhat constricted above the base, which is broad, the upper teeth broader than the lower, although all are of somewhat similar shape, and serrated, but most distinctly in the upper jaw ; in the young the teeth in the mandibles usually appear to have smooth edges, but under the microscope the rudiments of serrations are perceptible. Fins the length of the base of the anal is equal to about two thirds of its distance from the base of the ventral ; the pectoral extends to below or even to beyond the hind edge of the dorsal fin ; the posterior edge is slightly concave ; the internal edge is y\ to ^ the width of the outer. Dorsal commences over the inner angle of the base of the pectoral ; second dorsal arises above or slightly pos- terior to the origin of the anal, than which it is somewhat smaller. Caudal 83 to 3 in the total length. Colour grey superiorly, becoming white on the sides and beneath. Pins dark grey; in the immature the outer extremity of pectoral, lobe of caudal, and the margins of the fins dark black ; ventral and anal white-edged. As age advances, the second dorsal becomes black-tipped and the anal has a darker edge. Hob. This shark is very common along the sea- coasts of India, and appears to frequent the tropical parts of the Atlantic, and of the Pacific coast of Central America, and to extend throughout the Indian Ocean. It attains at least six feet in length. 17. (17.) Carcharias temminckii. Carcharias (Prionodon) temminckii, Milll. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 48, t. xviii. Carchavias temminckii, Day, Pish. India, p. 717 (see synon.). Length of the preoral portion of the snout about four fifths the width of the mouth. Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Teeth !^~^, upper rather narrow with a broad base, erect and serrated; the lower erect, entire, awl-shaped ; the teeth near the outer angle of the jaws very small. Fins first dorsal inserted midway between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins : 18 C1IONDEOPTERYUII. SELACIIOIDEI. pectoral with its upper edge nearly three times the width of the lower. Second dorsal opposite anal, and nearly as large as the first. Colour uniform. Hab. Seas of India. 2. Genus HEMIGALEUS, Bleeker. Syn. Chccnoyaleus, Gill. Spiracles minute and behind the eye. Nictitating membrane present. A pit before the root of the caudal fin both above and below. Snout longitudinally produced. Moutli crescentic, with labial folds. Teeth in the upper jaw denticulated, not so in the lower. The first dorsal fin, which is destitute of a spine, is placed opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; caudal with a single notch. These fishes have been divided from Carcharias on account of the existence of a rudimentary spiracle behind the eye, and like- wise because the labial folds, which are rare in Carcharias, are developed in all known species of the present genus. Geographical Distribution. Coromandel coast of India to the Malay Archipelago. 18. (1.) Hemigaleus balfonri. (Fig. 2.) Hemigaleus balfouri, Day, Fish. India, p. 717, pi. cLxxxv, fig. 4. Fig. 2. Hcmiyalcus balfuuri, Length of the preoral portion of the snout slightly exceeding the width of the mouth, and not quite equalling the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening. Spiracle minute, situ- ated about one half the diameter of the eye posterior to the orbit. A groove at the angle of the mouth extending some distance along each jaw. Nostrils situated nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. The distance between the outer angles of the nostrils equal to the width of the mouth. Gill-openings at least twice the width of the orbit. Teeth g, those in the upper jaw smooth, notched externally, or with about three denticulations along the outer side of the base ; those in the lower jaw of a slightly smaller size, erect and smooth. Finn pectoral falciform, extending to below the first third of the base of the dorsal fin, the CABCIIABIID.i:. 19 inner nearly equalling one third of the outer margin. First dorsal (with about 24 rays) having its base almost midway between the end of the base of the pectoral and the origin of the ventral fins. Second dorsal (with about fifteen rays) commencing slightly in advance oF the anal; the length of its base equal to rather above one half of that of the first dorsal, while it is a little larger than tbe anal. Caudal fin equal to about of the total length. Colour dark brown ; fins grey, the second dorsal with a dark summit. Ilab. Coroinandel coast of India. 3. Genus GALEOCERDO, Miiiler & Henle. Spiracles small. Nictitating membrane present. Mouth cre- scentic. Teeth large, flat, triangular, and oblique, serrated on both edges, and with a deep notch on the outer margin. The first dorsal spineless, placed opposite the interspace between the pec- toral and ventral fins ; caudal with a double notch. A pit on the tail both above and below, at the base of the caudal fin. Sharks of this genus are much dreaded in India, the native fishermen distinguishing those forms with long conical teeth from others having elongated or triangular cusps with serrated edges. The former can be captured by lines and even by nets; but the latter immediately cut through nets and sever lines, ren- dering it necessary to attach the hooks to chains. Sharks seem to prefer their food a little high, and therefore the natives bury the bait in the ground for a day or more before using it. It was apparently a fish belonging to this genus which was referred to in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius, vii. 1873. Col. Pike observed of the specimen that it was 13 feet 9 inches long, and had " a terrible incident connected with it. The men of M.M. steamer 'Emirne' caught it, and it was exposed for sale in the bazar. When cut open, a clasp knife and belt, with the bone of a man's arm, were found in it. This, of course, gave rise to the most horrible surmises, especially as it was rumoured that a few days previously a sailor had deserted from a vessel in the harbour, and was supposed to have been attacked by a shark before he could reach the shore " (p. 27). Geoyrcqiliicul Distribution. Seas of the Tropics, also of tempe- rate and Arctic regions. Synopsis of Indian Species. Caudal tin 3 to 4 in the total length. Teeth denticulated, and of equal size in both jaws. 1. G. rayneri, p. 20. Caudal tin 3 to 3 in the total leu. Eed Sea, seas of India to Japan, and beyond. Second group. ZYG-JENINA. 4. Genus ZYGJENA, Cuvier. Syn. Cestracion, Klein ; Cestrorhinvs, Blainv. ; Sphyrna (Raf.), Miill. & Ilenle ; Eusphyrna and Reniceps, Gill. Combun sorrah. Tarn. The anterior portion of the head is broad, flattened, and laterally elongated, with the eyes situated at its lateral extremities and the nostrils at its fore border. A nictitating membrane present. Spiracles absent. Mouth crescentic. Teeth similar in both jaws, oblique and notched. The first dorsal fin spineless, situated above the interspace between the pectoral and the ventral ; caudal with one notch, and a pit at the commencement of the fin. This genus of sharks is reputed to be very dangerous in some localities. The young are captured along the shores of India and Burma in large numbers. Synopsis of Indian Species. \ . \ groove along front edge of head. Kuril lateral expansion of the side of the head two or three times as long as broad 1. Z. blochii, p. 22. The length of the hind edge of each lateral expansion of the head nearly or quite equal to its width near the eye. ... 2. Z. malleus, p. 22. Anterior edge of head curved but not continuous with the lateral one ; the length of the hind edge of each lateral ex- pansion is less than its width near the eyes 3. Z. hides, p. 23. B. No groove along front edge of bead. Anterior edge of head nearly straight; length of hind edge of lateral expansion exceeds width 4. Z. mokarran, p. 23, ClIONDItOPTERYGII. SELACIIOIDET. 21. (1.) Zygsena blochii. (Fig. 4.) Zygfena bloohii, Citrifr, /.'///'"' -l/tini. ii, p. 127; Tr//. J/t'm. 3/>/s. ix, p. 227, pi. i, f. 2 ; J%, .!&/*. 7wftVi, p. 711), pi. clxxxiv, tig. 4 (see eynon.). Kinrtn sorrah, Tarn.; S;>pa sorrah, Tel.; .%a wzaw &M<*y, Burmese. Each lateral expansion of the side of the head from twice to thrice ns long as broad, and with a deep groove along the anterior edge, reaching externally nearly as far as the orbit. The posterior edge of the lateral expansion about as long as its anterior edge, while the external edge is nearly straight. Nostril much nearer the mouth than the eye. Eyes situated near the upper angle of the Fig. 4. Zyffeena blochii. external edge of the lobe of the head. Teeth oblique, externally notched and smooth in their entire extent. Fins the dorsal arises slightly behind the base of the pectoral, extending nearly halfway to above the ventral ; second dorsal arising above the posterior half of the anal, than which it is much smaller. Colour of a deep grey or brownish -grey, becoming lighter beneath ; the fins are usually of a slightly deeper colour than the body. Unit. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. Blyth observed that it rarely exceeded 4 feet in length. This is the commonest form on the Malabar coast, where the fishermen consider it attains to a very large size. 22. (2.) Zygsena malleus. Squalus zygsena, Linn. Syst. Nat,, p. 300. Zygrena malleus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. viii, pi. 207 Day, Fish. India, p. 719, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 4 (see synon.). Nga man thamvoot, Burmese. The hind edge of the lateral expansion of the head nearly equals its width near the eye, and has a groove along almost its entire anterior margin. Nostrils close to the eye. Colour body and fins slaty-grey ; under surface white. In a female taken at Pinang, ( 'union observed 37 living young, of which 20 were males and 17 females. J/nfi. Tropic.-il and temperate sens. CARCnARIIDJE. 23 23. (3.) Zygaena tildes. Zyprrena tudes, Val. Mem. Mus. ix, p. 22o, pi. ii, f. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 720, pi. clxxxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Koma sorrah, Tel. Anterior edge of head curved, but the front margin is not con- tinuous with the lateral ; the length of the hind margin less than the width near the eye. Eyes situated just below the junction of the anterior and outer edges of the snout. Nostril close to the eye. A groove running along the anterior edge of the head. Teeth oblique, with a notched outer edge. Fins dorsal arises above the hind margin of the inner edge of the pectoral fin, its height equals the length of the pectoral ; second dorsal over the hind half of the anal ; length of the base of the anal extends | of the distance to the ventral ; caudal 3 to 3j in the total length. Colour grey, becoming lighter beneath ; first dorsal fin very dark, the upper portion of the second dorsal and the lower caudal lobe deep black in newly captured examples, the colour fading after they have been some time in spirit. One example, captured at Cochin, Dec. 27, 1872, besides the black marks on the fins men- tioned, had the hind edge of the dorsal and the end of the pectorals dark. Hob. Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Archipelago, also tropical parts of the Atlantic. It attains several feet in length. 24. (4.) Zygaena mokarran. Zj'gnena mokarran, Riippcll, N. W. Fische, p. G6, t. xvii, f. 3 ; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 8C9 (see synon.). Anterior edge of head nearly straight, forming a more or less right angle with the lateral margin. Length of hind edge of one of the lobes equal to its width near the eye ; no groove running along the anterior edge of the head. Eyes near nostrils. Teeth oblique, as broad at their base as long, with an indistinct lateral notch, and serrated on both . edges. Colour brownish-grey, becoming white beneath. Hab. lied Sea to Kurrachee. Third group. MUSTELINA. 5. Genus MUSTELTJS, Cuvier. Nictitating membrane present. Small spiracles behind the eyes. Mouth crescentic, with long labial folds. Teeth small, numerous, similar in both jaws, and pavement-like, obtuse, or with indistinct cusps. The first dorsal fin spineless, situated above the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; the second nearly as large as 24 CHOXDKOPTEEYQII. SELACHOIDEI. the first ; caudal without a distinct lower lobe, and no pit at the commencement of the fin. Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions*. 25. (1.) Mustelus manazo. (Fig. 5.) Mustelus mannzo, Meeker, Batav. Gen. Verhand. xxvi, Ichtli. Japan, p. I2(i ; Day, Fuh. India, p. 720, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 3 (see svnon.). Pah sorrah, Tel. Fig. 5. Mustelus manazo. Snout produced and pointed, the length of its preoral portion equalling the width of the mouth (or \ more in the foetus), which latter is somewhat angular. A well-developed labial fold at each angle of the mouth. Teeth rhombic, and destitute of any distinct cusps. Fins the first dorsal arises opposite the posterior end of the base of the pectoral, and does not extend to above the anal ; the second dorsal smaller than the first, but the length of the bases of the two about the same. Pectoral reaches to below centre of first dorsal ; anal commences beneath the posterior half of the second dorsal and is smaller than it. Caudal -| of the total length, its lower lobe moderately developed and notched. Colour reddish grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Posterior extremity of the caudal of a dark colour. Hal). Seas of India to Japan. I obtained at Kurrachee a female (16-5 inches in length) which had several young inside. 6. Genus TRIJENODON, Miiller & Henle. No spiracles. Nictitating membrane present. Mouth crescentic, with a pit behind its angle. Teeth numerous in both jaws, and consisting of one central cusp and a smaller lateral one on each side. First dorsal spineless, placed opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral fins. Lower caudal lobe distinct. A pit at the root of the caudal tin. * Mustelus vuJgaris and M. la-vis hate both been captured in the Red Sea. 25 26. (1.) Trisenodon obtusus*. (Fig. 6.) Trisenodon obtusus, Day, Fish. India, p. 720, pi. clxxxix, fig. 3. Snout short and rounded, the distance between the mouth and the end of the snout about half the width of the mouth. Nos- trils nearer end of snout than the mouth, each with a flap. Eye of moderate size. Gill-openings rather wider than the orbit. No spiracle. Teeth with one central and a small lateral cusp on each side. Fins the first dorsal commences behind the inner angle of Fig. 6. Triesnodon obtusus. the pectoral and the base does not extend to above the ventral. Second dorsal not quite half as large as the first and situated above the anal. Pectoral reaches to below the middle of the first dorsal ; caudal fin nearly | of the total length. Colour dark above, becoming lighter beneath. Hob. A young male, nineteen inches in length, was obtained at Kurrachee. Family II. LAMNID^. Spiracles, if present, minute. No nictitating membrane. Mouth inferior and crescentic. Nostrils not communicating with the mouth. First dorsal spineless, and placed opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral fins ; an anal fin present. Synopsis of Indian Genera. A keel along the side of the tail .................. 1. LAMNA. No keel along the side of the tail. Caudal fin less than one third total length ........................ 2. ODONTASPIS. No keel. Caudal fin nearly one half total length .... 3. ALOPIAS.] * Tri4, pi. xviii, f. 2. Snout very short and obtuse. Nostrils with a short tentacle. Fins first dorsal close to the root of the ventral ; the second upwards of half the size of the first and opposite the annl. Summits of dorsal and caudal fins white. Hub. Eed S. Red Sea and Indian Ocean, also the Atlantic and Medi- terranean. This species attains to a very large size. 2. Genus ODONTASPIS, Agassi/. Syn. Triykchis, Miiller & Henle. Spiracles minute and above the angle of the mouth. No nicti- tating membrane. Mouth wide and crescent-shaped. Teeth large, awl-shaped, and with one or two cusps at the base. Gill-openings of moderate size. Two spineless dorsal fins, the first opposite the interspace between the pectoral and ventral ; the second dorsal and the anal not much smaller than the first dorsal. A pit present or absent at the root of the caudal fin. Geographical Distribution. Temperate and tropical seas. 28. (1.) Odontaspis tricuspidatns. (Fig. 8.) Carcharias tricuspidatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 713, pi. clxxxvi, fig. 1. Dundatiee, Sind. Length of preoral portion of the snout equal to half the width of the mouth, and not equal to half the distance between the eye and the first gill-opening; no groove at the angle of the mouth. Fig. 8. Odontaspis tricu$pidatus. Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Gill- openings much wider than the orbit. Teeth j*|^*, very large, awl- shaped, smooth except at the base, where there exists a small basal cusp on either side. The fourth tooth on each side of the sym- physi s of the upper jaw very much smaller than those next to it ; the central tooth on each side of the symphysis of the mandibles slender; the last few lateral rows in both jaws small. Finn pector al reaching to below the base of the first dorsal ; the inner edge o ne fifth of the length of the outer. First dorsal very slightly- larger than the second, its base situated nearer to the ventral than to th e pectoral. The second dorsal slightly in advance of and 28 CTTONDBOPTEKYGTI. SF.LACITTODET. about the same size as the anal ; length of base of anal equal to its distance from the ventral. Caudal fin 3| in the total length. Colour brown superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Hob. Seas of Sind, where they abound attaining at least twenty feet; one on board a native craft measured that length. A spe- cimen, 10| feet long, from South Australia, is in the British Museum ; also several jaws. 3. Genus ALOPIAS, Kafinesque. Mouth crescentic. No nictitating membrane to the eye. Spiracles minute, close behind the orbit. Teeth of rather small size, flattened and triangular, having smooth edges. Gill-openings of medium size. The first dorsal fin spineless, inserted above the interspace between the pectoral and ventral fins ; the second dorsal above the interspace between the ventral and anal, the latter being very small ; caudal very long, with a pit at its commencement. No keel on the side of the tail. 29. (1.) Alopias vulpes. (Fig. 9.) J synon.). Squalus vulpes, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1406. Alopias vulpes, Day, Fi&h. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 810 (see Fig. 9. Alopias vulpes. . Body fusiform, gradually decreasing in size to the caudal fin, the great length of which is about half the total. Eyes rather large. Nostrils beneath and nearer the anterior border of the mouth than the end of the snout. Gill-openings of medium size, the two last being over the pectoral fin. Teeth about g, the third or fourth tooth on either side of the centre of the upper jaw being smaller than the others. Hob. Both shores of the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean. One example from the Cape is in the Paris Museum. Mr. Haly (' Taprobanian,' 1886, i. p. 167) recorded one 8 feet 8 inches long from Ceylon : it was procured in the Colombo market in Feb. 1884, where it was quite unknown to the fishermen. It has also been obtained from San Francisco Bav, California, and New Zealand. BHIXODONTID.E. NOTIDANID.E. 29 Family III. EHINODONTID^. Spiracles minute. No nictitating membrane. Gill-openings wide. Two spineless dorsal fins, the origin of the first opposite to the ventral or somewhat in advance of it ; the second small, placed nearly opposite the anal ; lower caudal lobe well developed. A keel along the side of the tail. A pit at the root of the caudal fin. 1. Genus RHINODON, Smith. Definition as in family. Mouth and nostrils near the extremity of the snout. Teeth small and conical. Grill-rakers similar to those of the Basking Shark of northern seas. Geographical Distribution. Ceylon, Seychelles to the Cape of Good Hope. This shark has been said to exceed fifty feet in length, and some authors even assert seventy. It is a harmless form. 30. (1.) EMnodon typicus. Rhinodon typicus, Smith, Illust. Zool. South Africa, Pisces, pl.xxvi; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see synon.) > Snout broad, flat and short. Eyes small. Upper jaw with a long labial fold. Colour brown, with white dots and narrow transverse lines. Hah. One example recorded by Haly from the west coast of Ceylon. Family IV. NOTIDANID^. .Spiracles small and on the side of the neck. No nictitating membrane. Gill-openings six or seven. A single spineless dorsal fin placed nearly opposite to the anal; lower caudal lobe present. No pit at the root of the caudal fin. 1. Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuvier. Syn. Hcxanckus and Heptanchus, Rafin. ; Mtmaptprktmu, pt., Blainv. Spiracles small and on the side of the neck. No nictitating membrane. Mouth crescentic. No labial fold. Gill-openings six or seven, and wide. Teeth in the upper jaw consisting of one or two pairs that are awl-shaped, followed by six broader ones, which have one strong and several smaller casps. In the lower jaw six large comb-like teeth on each side, and some smaller lateral ones. A single, spineless dorsal fin placed opposite the anal ; lower caudal lobe present. No pit at the root of the caudal fin. Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions. 30 ClION-UliOPTERYGII. SELACHOIDEI. 31. (1.) Notidanus indicus. (Fig. 10.) Notidanus indicus, Ayatwiz, 1'aixx. l<\ms. iii, pp. 1)2, i'17, t. E, f. 1 (teeth); Day, Fish. lndia,p. 723, pi. clxxxix, fig. 4 (see syuon.). Fig. 10. Notidanus indicus. Snout rounded and obtuse. Cleft of mouth wider than deep. Teeth opposite the symphysis of the upper jaw is a tooth having a single cusp, those on either side being stronger and denticulated. The central tooth in the lower jaw has no median cusp, but two or three lateral cusps on each side. Colour grey, with dark blotches and marks. Hab. Seas of India and South Africa to California. Family V. SCYLLIID.E. Spiracles present. Eye without any nictitating membrane. Mouth inferior. Teeth small, several rows being generally in use. The first dorsal fin spineless, placed above or behind the ventrals ; an anal present, which may be in front of, below, or behind the second dorsal. St/nof>sis of Indian Genera. A. Nasal and buccal cavities separate ; upper edge of caudal tin smooth 1. SCYLLIUM. B. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Minute spiracle behind each eye; second dorsal fin nearly opposite anal ...... 2. GINGLYMOSTOMA. Spiracle behind eye and equal to it in size. Caudal portion of body and fin very long 3. STEGOSTOMA. Spiracle below eye and well developed; anal fin behind second dorasl 4. CIIILOSCYLLIUM. 1. Genus SCYLLIUM, Cuvier. Syn. Scylliorhinus, Haltclurus, Poroderma, and CephaloscyUium, Gill. Spiracles behind the eye. Nasal and buccal cavities distinct. Teeth small, in several rows ; usually with a central and one or two lateral cusps. Origin of arial fin in advance of that of the second dorsal ; upper edge of caudal not serrated. These sharks, or " dog fishes," do not attain to any large size, but are much dreaded by fishermeu, as they get entangled in their SCYLLILD.E. 31 nets, from which great injury occurs. The eggs are somewhat similar to those of the rays. The skins form tine shagreen. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. Synopsis of Indian Species. Nasal valves confluent, with a single transverse uninterrupted flap and a well-developed labial fold 1. S. marmoratum, p. 31. Nasal valves separated from one another by a considerable interspace 2. S, capense, p. 31. , 32. (1.) Scyllimn marmoratum. (Fig. 11.) Scvllium marmoratum, Bennett, Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 693 j Day, 'Fish. India, p. 724, pi. cxc, tig. 2 (see synon.). Fig. \\..Scyllium marmoratum. Length of the snout equals the width of the mouth. Nasal valves confluent in the form of a single broad flap, with a free posterior edge, and no cirrus. A well-developed labial fold. Gill- openings as wide as the orbit. Teeth small. Fins the first dorsal commences just behind the ventral; the second dorsal slightly larger than the first, and has the anal beneath its anterior one half or two thirds. Colour of a tawny brown, becoming lighter beneath. Lines of spots, some of which occasionally become con- fluent, exist along the body; there may also be bands or ocelli. Hob. Seas of India, where it is rare, to the Malay Archipelago. 33. (2.) Scyllimn capense. Scvllium capense (Smith), Muller $ Henle, Plagios. p. 11 ; Day, 'Fish. India, p. 724, pi. cxc, fig. 1 (see synon.). Snout obtuse. Nasal valves distinct, separated from one another by a considerable interspace, and having no prominent cirrus. No labial fold to the upper jaw, but a short one on the lower. Gill- openings narrow, not so wide as the orbit. Teeth minute. Fins the first dorsal is inserted rather nearer to the anal than to the base of the ventral ; the second dorsal situated entirely behind the anal. Colour brown, lightest beneath. Body with light vertical bands and some white blotches. Hah. An Indian example, about 40 inches in length, is in the British Museum. 32 CnOXDHOPTEKYGII. SELACHOIDEI. 2. Genus GINGLYMOSTOMA, Miiller & Henle. Syn. Nebrius, Riippell. A minute spiracle behind the eye, which also is minute. A quadrangular flap formed before the mouth by the conjoined nasal valves, and which has a free cirrus on either side. A superior and an inferior lip, the latter not extending across the syruphysis. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Teeth either in many rows with a strong median and one or two smaller lateral cusps ; or else in merely about three rows, of which the foremost only is in use, and each tooth with a convex and serrated edge. Fourth and fifth gill-openings situated close together. Dorsal fins spineless, the first above or behind the ventrals, the second rather in advance of or opposite to the anal. Geoyrapliical Distribution. Red Sea, Indian Ocean to the Malay Archipelago; also tropical parts of the Atlantic. Synopsis of Indian Species. Teeth in three rows, with one central and four or five lateral cusps; second dorsal fin larger than the anal 1. G. concolor, p. 32. Teeth in many rows, with one central and three or four lateral cusps ; second dorsal fin smaller than the anal 2. G. miilleri, p. 33. 34. (1.) Ginglymostoma concolor. (Fig. 12.) Nebrius concolor, Itiippelf, A". W. Fischc, p. 02, t. xvii, f. 2. Ginglymostoma concolor, Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see synon.). Snout short. The nasal cirrus nearly reaches the lower lip. Teeth in three rows, with one central and four or five lateral cusps, having serrated edges. Fins angles of dorsal and of all paired Fig. 12. Ginglymostoma concolor. fins pointed ; second dorsal much smaller than the first, but larger than the anal, and placed nearly opposite to the latter. Caudal one third of the total length. Hah. Ked Sea, and through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. SCYLLIIDdE. 33 35. (2.) Ginglymostoma miilleri. Ginglymostoma miilleri, Gilnther, Catal. viii, p. 408; Day, Fish. India, p. 725 (see synon.). Snout very short, its length not equalling the width of the mouth. Nasal cirrus short, reaching to the edge of the upper lip. Teeth in many rows, each with a large central cusp, and three or four lateral cusps on each side. Fins first dorsal opposite the ventral, angles of all the paired fins pointed ; second dorsal slightly in advance of the anal, but rather smaller than it or than the first dorsal. Caudal nearly one third of the total length. Hab t Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Said to attain 8J feet in length. 3. Q-enus STEGOSTOMA, Miiller & Henle. Spiracles about the size of the small eyes, behind which they are situated. Fourth and fifth gill-openings close together. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent. Snout obtuse ; upper lip thick, with a cirrus on either side. A well-developed labial fold round the angle of the mouth. Teeth small, sometimes trilobed, the dental plate being almost quadrangular. Two spineless dorsal fins, the first above the ventral, the second anterior to the anal, which is near the caudal, the latter being very elongate. Geographical Distribution. From the Eed Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and Formosa. 36. (1.) Stegostoma tigrimim. (Fig. 13.) Squalus tigrinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 1493. Stegostoma tigrinum, Day, fish. India, p. 725, pi. clxxxvii, fig. 4 (young) (see synon.). Pollee-makum, Konyarasi and Oorookoolti sorrah, also Potrava (when young), Tel. ; Corungun sorrah, " monkey-mouthed shark," Tarn. } ShawdMj Marathi. Head as broad as long. Eye small, with the spiracle just behind it. Upper lip very thick, like a quadrangular pad, with a Fig. 13. Stegostoma tigrinum. barbel on either side. A distinct labial fold round the angle of the mouth, which is slightly nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout. Teeth small and trilobed. Fins the origin of the first dorsal is a little posterior to the base of the ventral, it is about D 34 CHONDIIOPTEETOII. SELACHOIDEI. as high in front as its base is long, and larger than the second dorsal, which commences a short distance behind it and anterior to the anal. Caudal fin very long, being about one half of the total length and with a notch below near its extremity. A low median, tubercular dorsal ridge, and sometimes a second on either side of dorsal fin. Colour (youncf) white or buff, in the form of markings, the fish appearing black, with narrow white lines or bands, between which are white spots, across the head and body ; these markings take on various forms in different examples. Adults tawny, or with more or less transverse bands of rounded spots, the colour of the fish being brownish. Hob. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond; attaining to 10 or 15 feet in length. This species is common at Madras. Its favourite food consists of mollusks and Crustacea. 4. Genus CHILOSCYLLIUM, Miiller & Henle. Syn. Hemiscyttium, Miill. & Henle. Spiracle below the eye. Fourth and fifth gill-openings close together. Nasal and buccal cavities confluent ; nasal valve with a barbel. Lower lip continuous or interrupted in the centre. Teeth small, triangular, with or without lateral cusps. Two spineless dorsal fins, the first above or behind the ventrals, the second con- siderably anterior to the anal, which is near the caudal. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago, and Australia. 37. (1.) Chiloscyllium indicum. (Fig. 14.) Squalus indicus, Gmcl. Syst. Nat. p. 1503. Chiloscyllium indicum, Day, Fish. India, p. 726, pi. clxxxviii, tig. 3 ynon.). Sokee-sorrah or Ra-sarrah, Tel. ; Corungun sorrah, Tam. ; Ettee, Mai. ; Poos-hee, Belooch. ; Bdlavdla, Marathi ; Nya man ingmyouny, Burmese. Head rather depressed and flatter below than above. Eye small, with the spiracle (which is of about the same size) below and slightly posterior to it. Lips surround the mouth, the lower Fig. 14. Chiloscyllium Mimim. labial fold being continuous; the mouth at its angle one third nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout, which is obtuse. Nasal valve with an elongated barbel. Teeth small, triangular BATOIDEI. 35 with lateral cusps. Fins the origin of the first dorsa is just posterior to the base of the ventral, the anterior edge of the former exceeds the length of its base, which latter distance equals the length between the t\vo dorsal fins, both of which have their anterior and upper edges rounded; the second fin somewhat smaller than the first and ending some distance anterior to the origin of the anal. Anal notched, terminating close to the caudal fin, which is also notched posteriorly, and is contained about 5 times in the total length. Erom one to three smooth or tuber- cular ridges may exist along the back, or may be entirely absent. Colour this varies exceedingly : usually grey with dark, or even black, cross-bands, which may or may not include white spots ; sometimes the cross-bands break up into spots or bands, having dark edges ; or the fish is simply of a reddish-brown colour. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. Suborder B. BATOIDEI. Spiracles present ; gill-openings in five pairs, and on the ventral surface of the body. Body depressed, forming, with its largely developed pectoral fins, a more or less flat disk, and usually having a thin and slender tail. Dorsal fin, when present, in the caudal portion of the body ; anal absent. Some of these fishes approach the sharks in external form, the tail portion not being so sharply contracted behind the trunk as in most rays. Skates and rays exist in enormous numbers in the Indian seas, where they attain to a great size, and some are dreaded by fisher- men because of the wounds inflicted by their caudal spines, while others cause great injury to the oysters and other mollusks. Skates are gregarious, and may suddenly arrive, to the dismay of the owner of an oyster-bed, as they appear to remain so long as any mollusks are to be obtained. Eays lie concealed in the sand, and are reputed to be able to suddenly encircle fish or prey swimming above them with their long whip-like tails, and then wound them with their serrated tail-spines. They are observed in aquaria to cover their victims with their expanded body and sub- sequently convey their prey to their mouths by movements of their pectoral fins. Their skins were formerly valuable as shagreen, being considered superior to those of sharks. Irrespective of this use, they are occasionally employed as rasps or sand-paper, to give the first surface to wood or horn which it is desired to polish. Their fins are exported, along with those of the sharks, to China, where they are in request for soups, while from their livers an oil is extracted (see pp. 5, 6, ante). The thin horny cases, inside which are the foetal rays, are more quadrangular in form and comparatively smaller than what are observed among the sharks ; such cases have a horn-like projection from each corner. 36 CBONDR01-TEBYOII. BATOIDEl. Synopsis of Indian Families. I. A flattened snout, having lateral teeth, ren- dering it saw-like. Trunk passing gra- dually into the tail Pristidae. II. Pectoral fins not continued to the snout. Trunk gradually passing into the tail, which has two dorsals and a caudal fin Rhinobatidae. III. Trunk a broad smooth disk. Usually dorsal and caudal fins. An electric organ Torpedinidae. IV. Trunk a broad and generally a rough disk. Pectoral fins extend on to the snout. A fold along each side of the tail ; no serrated caudal spine. No electric organ : Raiidae. V. Pectoral fins extend on to and are confluent at the snout. No fold along side of tail, which latter is usually armed with a serrated spine Trygonidae. VI. Pectoral fins do not extend on to the side of the head; snout with a detached pair of fins ,. Myliobatidae. Family I. PRISTID.E. (Saw-fishes.) Snout much produced, flattened, and having a saw-like appearance, due to the existence of large teeth on its lateral edges. Trunk passing gradually into the tail. The endoskeleton of a tooth of the saw of one of these fishes consists of from three to five hollow tubes, tapering towards their extremity, and covered with an osseous deposit which is perforated with fine holes. The teeth vary both in size and number in the same species, rendering them unsuitable as specific, but admissible as individual distinctions. Great injuries can be inflicted by these fishes, which strike side- ways with their formidable snouts : and although not personally a witness to the fact, I have been informed on native authority that large ones have been known to cut a bather completely in two. Tbe largest example I saw was off tbe coast of Sind (Pristis zysron) ; it measured over 16 feet, the rostrum being 4 ft. 2 in. in length. A P. cuspidatus, 14 feet long, captured at Calicut, was found to have a liver weighing 185 lb., which was taken to the oil-factory when I was present. At (xwadur, on the Mekran coast, 1 found that the fishermen of all religions presented the saws of these fishes at a small temple, where they were hung up inside or piled round the outside. The priest was expected to pray for success for the fishermen in their takes and a safe return to shore. At the Andamaii Islands the aborigines wishing to make a suitable offering to their superinten- dent, attacked an enormous saw-fish, which they harpooned, and eventually secured at the risk of their lives. They presented him with the rostrum, which I now possess. Geographical Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions. P1USTIDJE. M7 1. Genus PRISTIS, Latham. Body elongated and depressed. Gill-openings inferior and of moderate width. Spiracle wide and posterior to the eye, which latter has no nictitating membrane. Nostrils inferior. Teeth minute and obtuse. Dorsal fins spineless, the first opposite or nearly opposite the ventrals ; front edge of pectoral free. Synopsis of Indian Species, A. Caudal fin with a distinct lower lobe. From 23 to 35 pairs of teeth on the snout; in the younp their hinder edge is barbed. Dorsal fin arises behind the root of the ventral . . 1. P. cuspidatus, p. 37. B. Caudal fin without any distinct lower lobe. Prom 17 to 20 pairs of teeth on the rostrum, commencing at its base. Dorsal fin almost entirely in advance of ventrals 2. P. perrotteti, p. 38. From 25 to 32 pairs of teeth on the rostrum, commencing near its base. Dorsal fin almost entirely posterior to the ventrals 3. P. zysron, p. 38. From 24 "to 27 pairs of teeth on the rostrum. Dorsal fin opposite ventral 4. P. pectinatus, p. 39. 38. (l.) Pristis cuspidatus. (Fig. 15.) Pristis cuspidatus, Latham, Tr. L. S. 1794, ii, p. 279, pi. 2H, fig. 3 (rostrum) ; Day, Fish. India, p. 728, pi. cxci, fig. 3 (see synon.). Yahla, Tel. ; Vela meen, Tamil. Eostrum narrow and of about the same width throughout, armed with from twenty-three to thirty-five pairs of broad teeth, those on one side (generally the right) often exceeding in number those on the other. This dentition is absent in the foetus, while Fig. 15. Pristis cus-pidatus. in the immature it only exists in the anterior three quarters of the snout, and in the adult a considerable portion of the base is unarmed. Usually the anterior six pairs of teeth are opposite one another, and the posterior teeth in the immature are mostly barbed behind. Mouth transverse, with a membranous valve (fringed in the young) behind the teeth in the upper jaw, and with a deep notch near the symphysis. The pupil is transverse, with a semicircular flap above and another below ; these flaps are easily raised, depressed, or expanded, according to the stimulus of light received, which they can partially or entirely exclude ; lens very soft. Spiracles large, nearly transverse, posterior to the eyes, 38 CHONDROPTEKTOn. BATOIDEI. half a diameter of the eye in width. Nostrils situated about one and a half transverse lengths from the mouth ; they have long triangular narrow valves in their upper, and a hem-like one at their lower margins ; their distance asunder posteriorly equals their length, and is twice as much anteriorly. Teeth small, longer than broad. Fins the first dorsal commences just behind the ventral ; the second dorsal midway between the posterior extremity of the first dorsal and the base of the caudal. The two dorsals are of equal size, their upper margins concave, and the posterior lobe of each produced. Posterior margin of the caudal deeply excavated so as to form two lobes. A keel passes along the tail, dividing the lateral from the abdominal surfaces. Colour greyish-yellow above, whitish beneath. Iris golden, with a black Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, ascending rivers ; attaining 20 feet and upwards in length. The flesh is equally esteemed with that of the sharks. The fins are prepared and sent to China : oil is extracted from the livers, whilst the skins are useful for sword-scabbards or for smoothing down wood. 39. (2.) Pristis perrotteti. Pristis perrotteti, Mutt. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 108 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 729, pi. cxci, fig. 1 (see synon.). Kundah, Ooriah. Rostrum of moderate breadth, rather narrow anteriorly, armed with from seventeen to twenty pairs of teeth, mostly about the same number on either side, and commencing at the base of the snout ; the first four pairs being opposite one another, and the breadth of the base of each anteriorly being about equal to one third of the interspace. Spiracles placed very obliquely, from 1 to 1| diameters behind the orbit. Teeth larger than in P. cus- pidatus or P. zysron, oval, longer than broad. Fins the first dorsal almost entirely in advance of the ventral ; second dorsal commences nearly midway between the posterior extremity of the first dorsal and the base of the caudal ; these two fins are of about equal size ; inferior margin of the caudal with a faint indi- cation of a lobe. Colour reddish brown superiorly, becoming dull white along the abdominal surface ; iris golden, with a black Hob. Tropical seas, entering rivers. In the Mahanadi river, Orissa, I observed it at least forty miles from the sea, far beyond the influence of the tides, where I obtained several specimens 4 ft. in length. In Orissa it is only eaten by the sweepers and the very lowest castes. 40. (3.) Pristis zysron. I Vetta torrah, Tamil. Pristis zysron, Sleeker, Eotav. Gen. Verhand. xxiv, Plagios. p. 55 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 729, pi. cxci, fig. 2 (see synon.). PRISTLD^E. RHINOBATID2E. 39 Eostrum intermediate in width between P. cuspidatus and P. perrotteti, of about the same breadth throughout, and armed with from twenty-five to thirty-two pairs of teeth, of mostly the same number on either side ; they commence just in front of the base of the snout, the posterior ones are much further apart than the anterior. Teeth intermediate in size between P. cuspidatus and P. perrotteti. Fins first dorsal almost entirely behind the ven- trals ; second dorsal as large as the first, or larger, is situated rather near to the root of the caudal, to which its posterior lobe almost reaches ; caudal without a lower lobe. Colour sandy- brown, becoming lighter beneath. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 20 ft. in length. This species is perhaps more common in the seas of India than P. cuspidatus. It is especially abundant along the Mekran and Sind coasts, where it is much dreaded. 41. (4.) Pristis pectinatns. Pristis pectinatus, Latham, Tr. L. S. 1794, ii, p. 278, pi. 26, fig. 2 (siiout) ; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, p. 811 (see synon.). Nga-tat-way, Burmese ; Khurra mach, Chittagong. Eostrum nearly twice as wide at its termination as at its base, and armed with from twenty-four to twenty-seven pairs of , generally , long teeth, not placed opposite one another. Fins first dorsal commences opposite ventral, the second dorsal of about equal size to the first ; no lower caudal lobe. Colour as in the last. Hob. Eed Sea and through the Indian Ocean. One 24 ft. long asserted by fishermen to have been taken at Akyab. Family II. RHINOBATID^E. The disk slightly dilated laterally ; the rayed portion of the pectoral fin not continued on to the snout. Trunk gradually passing into the tail, which is thickened and has a longitudinal fold along each side. Two well-developed dorsals, likewise a caudal fin. No electric organs. These fishes are very destructive to marine Crustacea and mollusks ; and are said to congregate in large droves. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. Synopsis of Indian Genera. Two dorsal fins, the anterior opposite the ventrals 1. RHYNCHOBATUS. Two dorsal fius, the anterior situated far behind the ventrals 2. RHINOBATUS. 40 CHONDHOPTEBTGII. BATOIDET. 1. Genus RHYNCHOBATUS, Miiller & Henle. Syn. Rhina, sp., and Rhinobatiw, sp., Bl. Schn. ; Rhamphobatis, Gill. Body depressed and elongated. Gill-openings inferior, narrow, and inside the base of the pectoral fin. Spiracles wide and behind the eyes, which latter have no nictitating membrane ; snout rather elongated and acute ; nostrils inferior, oblique, wide slits. Teeth obtuse, ridged ; the dentary plate having an undu- lated surface. Dorsal fins spineless, the first opposite the ventrals ; front edge of pectoral free, not extending to the head ; caudal with a well-marked lower lobe. Geographical Distribution. From the Red Sea and east coast of Africa through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. Synopsis of Indian Species. Snout elongated ; few tubercles or spines on head or body. A black shoulder-spot and numerous white spots on upper surface 1. R. djeddensis, p. 40. Snout broad, having a semicircular outline. Rows of large tubercles and spines on head and trunk. Brown 2. R. ancylostomus, p. 41. 42. (1.) Rhynchobatus djeddensis. (Fig. 16.) Raja djiddensis, Forsk. Descrip. Anim. p. 18. Rhynchobatus djeddensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxcii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Walawah Tenkee, Nul Ulavi, or Tipi Ulavi, Tel. ; Rdnja, Marathi ; Paluiiga or Parangan, Tarn. Snout elongated, the distance between the mouth and end of snout equals one fourth to one fifth of the entire length excluding Fig. l. Rhynchobatus djeddensis. the caudal fin, being shortest in adults. Eyes rather large ; the spiracle close behind the orbit. Teeth oval, wider than broad, with a horizontal cusp across the centre of each ; ^~& twenty to twenty-five vertical rows across the middle of both jaws. Dental plate with a central and a smaller lateral elevation ; corresponding emarginations exist in the upper jaw. Fins the first dorsal EHINOBATID^B. 41 commences opposite the centre of the base of the ventral. The second dorsal is half as far from the base of the caudal as from the posterior extremity of the first dorsal; and is smaller than the latter fin, but of the same shape. Scales minute, of irregular shapes and sizes, keeled; a number of tubercles, directed back- wards, exist in rows in some parts of the body ; a supraorbital row extends from the anterior margin of each orbit round its upper edge to above the spiracle ; a second passes from a central point between the termination of the last two and proceeds along the back to the base of the first dorsal, the tubercles on it being much further apart than hi the other lines ; from slightly behind the commencement of the dorsal line of spines is a short diverging row on either side, also a row on the shoulder, and two or three spines on the scapula. The lateral keel commences a little above the termination of the ventrals. Colour the immature are dull grey above, whitish, sometimes tinged with red, beneath. A dark or black band on the upper eyelid and a dark spot beneath on either side of the snout ; also there is usually, but not invariably, a black spot at the root of the pectoral, which may have several small white spots round it. The body and sometimes the pectoral fins are spotted with whitish or light grey. Iris golden. The adult is of a dull grey above and lighter on the abdomen. ffab. Bed Sea and east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. The flesh is considered nourishing whether eaten salted or fresh, and oil from the liver is much esteemed. The young are captured along the Coromandel coast in large numbers about the month of March. This fish grows to at least six feet in length. 43. (2.) Rhynchobatns ancylostonms. Rhina ancylostomus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 352, t. Ixxii. Rhynchobatus ancylostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxciii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Mun ulava, " mud skate," Tarn. ; Nalla dindi, or PottHa sora, Tel. Snout very broad with a semicircular outline. A longitudinal row of tubercles on each side of the head above the eyes continued on to the shoulders, and a median one along the back, with two short lateral rows between the last and the pectoral fin ; a few tubercles round the front edge of the eye and below the spiracle. Teeth ^; twenty-two vertical rows in the centre of the upper and twenty-seven in the centre of the lower jaw. The dental surface deeply undulated, with one large median and a smaller lateral elevation in the lower jaw and with corresponding emar- ginations in the upper. The teeth are largest on 2* A central and lateral elevation in the lower, with corresponding depressions in the upper jaw : 20 to 22 vertical rows in the upper and 13 in the lower jaw opposite the symphysis. Scales tubercles on the back, and a row of compressed spines along its middle, which become obsolete with age ; some spines on the edge of the orbit and on the shoulder. In the young a row likewise along either side of the upper edge of rostral ridge. Colour reddish grey superiorly, becoming dull white beneath. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Australia. This ray attains at least seven feet in length. 45. (2.) Ehinobatus halavi. Raja halavi, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 19. Rhinobatus halavi, Day, Fish. India, p. 731, pi. cxciii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Pare, if young Padangan, Tarn. Snout rather obtuse, its length contained 7 to 8 times in the total. The width of the interorbital space 2| to 2% times in the length of the snout. Anterior nasal valve not dilated laterally. The distance between the outer angles of the nostrils four fifths the preoral length of the snout ; the length of the nostrils about equals the distance their bases are asunder. Eostral ridges diver- gent posteriorly, becoming confluent in their anterior half or two thirds. Teeth transversely oval, with a slight ridge along the centre, the width of the plate above the symphysis of both jaws being one eighth of its length ; -^ rows of teeth, and fifteen vertical rows in the median line in either jaw. The dental plate almost straight. Fins the two dorsals of about the same size, their distance asunder equalling the interspace between the second dorsal and the base of the caudal, the latter being 7| to 8^ in the total length. Scales somewhat trefoil-shaped and flattened, being rather largest along the median line of the back, which, however, is not spined, although a few tubercles almost form spines. Colour reddish grey superiorly, becoming white beneath ; fins and snout with a reddish tinge. Large examples have occasion- ally black blotches over them. Hab. From the Mediterranean, west coast of Africa and Cape of (rood Hope : also from the Red Sea through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. This species attains at least aix feet in length. 44 CHONDROPTEKYGII. BATOIDEI. 46. (3.) Rbinobatus thouini. Raie thouin, Lactptde, H. N. Poiss. i, p. 134, pi. i, figs. 3-5. Rhinobatus thouini, Mull. Sf Henle, Plagios. p. 120; Day, Fish. India, p. 732, pi. cxc, fig. 4 (see synon.). Snout of moderate extent, contained 5 or 6 times in the total length ; the width of the interorbital space 2| in the length of the snout. Anterior nasal valves not dilated laterally. The distance between the outer angles of the nostrils equals two thirds of the length of the preoral portion of the snout ; the length of the nostrils is more than twice the extent their bases are apart. Mouth straight. Rostral ridges confluent in almost their entire length. Teeth small, upwards of one hundred rows in either jaw. Fins the two dorsals of about the same size, high and pointed, the first if laid flat nearly reaching the base of the second dorsal ; caudal 6 in the total. Scales skin granulated with a row of compressed spines along the middle of the back and smaller ones over the shoulders and above the eyes. Colour brown, becoming yellowish white beneath. Hob. From the Red Sea through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This species attains to 6 feet in length, according to Bleeker. 47. (4.) Rhinobatus columns. Rhinobatus columnae, Bonaparte, Faun. Hal. iii, pi. 152 ; Mull. 8f Henle, Plagios. p. 113; Day, Fish. India, Supplement, 1888, p. 811 (see synon.). Snout rather elongated, the distance between the outer angles of the nostrils is equal to two fifths of the length of the preoral portion of the snout. Each anterior nasal valve connected to a fold of skin that passes towards the median line and so nearly joins that of the opposite side. The upper rostral ridges are convergent in front. Back finely granular, with a median row of small tubercles. Colour brown ; young examples have a white snout. Hob. Mediterranean, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Family III. TORPEDINID^E. Trunk broad and disk smooth. Anterior nasal valves confluent and forming a quadrangular flap. Body gradually passing into the tail, which latter has a rayed dorsal (except in Temerti) and caudal fin ; a longitudinal fold along both sides. An electric organ situated between the pectoral fin and the head. The upper surface of the electric organs in these fishes is positive and the lower negative. Geographical Distribution. Tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas. In India the species of this family do not appear to be used as food. Synopsis of Indian Genera. Two dorsal fins ; spiracles immediately behind the eyes .. 1. NAHCINK. One dorsal fin 2. ASTRAPE. TOEPEDINIDjE. 45 1. Genus NARCINE, Henle. Disk distinct from the tail, which has a lateral fold on each side and is longer than the disk. Spiracles close behind the eyes : nasal valves confluent, forming a quadrangular flap. Teeth nearly flat, with a central point. Two dorsal fins, the anterior behind the ventrals and usually smaller than the posterior. An electric apparatus present. It must be noted that an apparatus exists in fishes of the genus Raia which presents the anatomical characters of electric organs, and has been known for a long period. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas. 48. (1.) Narcine timlei. (Fig. 18.) Kaja timlei, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 359. Narcine timlei, Day, Fish. India, p. 733, pi. cxcii, fig. 3 (see synou.). Temeree and Nalla Temeree, Tel. Outline of disk somewhat rounded, broader than long ; along the side of the tail is a broad skinny keel reaching the base of the caudal fin. Caudal portion of fish rather longer than the body. Nasal valves confluent, forming a quadrangular skinny flap which is rather elongated in the middle. Spiracle just behind the orbit and not tuberculated on the edge. Teeth flattened anteriorly, the internal ones with a small median cusp ; the dental plate only embraces the central half of each jaw, the lips being thickened and continuous at the angles. The*form of the dental plate varies, being either angular in the mandible, the angle pointing downward & Fig. \9>.Xarcine timlei. or similar to what obtains in the upper ja\v. F'uis the first dorsal usually commences just behind the ventrals, but occasionally over their posterior extremity, it is somewhat smaller than the second ; in the young its apex forms an angle, which in the adult becomes rounded. The distance between the two dorsals equals that between the posterior dorsal and the caudal. The size and shape of the two dorsals is similar. Caudal with its hinder edge rounded 46 CHONDROPTERYGII. BATOIDEI. and confluent with its lower edge. Colour body and fins reddish brown above, with numerous irregularly sized chocolate-coloured spots ; lower surface white. Pupil triangular, apex below. Iris golden. In the immature the spots have a white margin. Some examples are marked all over with large brown blotches much wider than the ground-colours ; in others no spots at all exist. These differences in colour do not depend on sex or age. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This fish attains at least eighteen inches in length. 2. Genus ASTRAPE, Miiller & Henle. Tail with a fold on either side. Spiracles close behind the eyes, which last are minute. Nasal valves confluent, forming a large quadrangular flap. Teeth flattened or with a central elevation, the dental plate extending slightly beyond the outer edge of the jaws. A single dorsal fin on the tail ; caudal well developed. An electric apparatus on the side of the head between it and the pec- toral fin. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago and China, also the Cape of Good Hope and Madagascar. 49. (1.) Astrape dipterygia. (Fig. 19.) Raja dipterygia, SI Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 359. Astrape dipterygia, Day, Fisk. India, p. 734, pi. cxcii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Zinzina, Marathi ; Timiri tiki, Tel. Disk rounded, as wide as long, extending posteriorly to over the anterior margins of the ventrals. Tail shorter than the body ; a Fig. 19. Astrape dipterygia. low keel along the lateral edge of the former. Snout short. Spi- racles smooth, close to and much larger than the eyes ; vent slightly nearer to the head than to the posterior extremity of the caudal fin. Teeth pointed, with tetragonal bases ; they project slightly beyond the margin of the jaws. Fins ventrals with their angles acute in the young, rounded in the adult. Caudal rounded, its RAIIDJE. 47 upper and lower portions confluent. Colour dull reddish olive above, whitish below. A white spot near each side of the posterior end of the head, another above the end of the ventral, and generally a third at the root of the caudal ; ventral with a white edge. Hal. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, China and Japan. This species attains at least ten inches in length. Family IV. Disk broad, rhombic ; tubercules or spines usually present. The pectorals extend to the snout. The body passes gradually into the tail, which has a longitudinal fold on either side. No serrated caudal spine. Electric organs absent *. In the year 1815 Colonel Montagu drew attention to a sexual character which was observable in some species of these fishes, in which the teeth were blunted in the females and pointed in the males. Another sexual character is that of spines on the body which are temporarily developed during the breeding-season. Geographical Distribution. Seas of both hemispheres, but more numerous in the northern ; it possesses but few representatives along the coasts of India, and seems to be absent from the Bed 1. Genus PLATYRHINA, Miiller & Henle. Disk rhombic, with a fold on either side ; tail distinct. Nasal valves distinct. Two dorsal fins on the tail ; caudal well developed ; ventrals separated one from the other. Body covered with rough asperities and spines. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to China and 50. (1.) Platyrhina schonleinii. Platyrhina schonleinii, Mull, fy Henlt >, Plagios. p. 125, t. xlv ; Day, Fish. India, p. 735 (see synon.)- Disk subcircular; snout obtuse; tail as long as the disk. Den- tal plate undulating; three elevations in the lower and three corresponding depressions in the upper jaw. Nostrils wide apart. A row of strong spines and also smaller lateral ones along the median line of the back and tail ; some more along the edge of the orbit and on the shoulder. Colour brown, covered with light blotches ; said sometimes to have dark cross bands and large dark spots. Hab. Coromandel coast of India. A male example, 27 inches in length, was in the Madras Museum. * See remarks to genus Narcine, p. 45, ante. 48 CHONDKOPTERYGII. BATOTDEI. Family V. TRYGONID^E. Disk wide ; the pectorals continued to the extremity of the snout, where they become confluent. Tail long and slender, without any lateral folds. Vertical fins, if present, imperfectly developed, or they may be modified into a serrated spine. The forms with armed tails, generally termed " sting rays," occasion exceedingly dangerous injuries, not merely owing to the jagged nature of the caudal spines, but apparently also to the presence of some irritating foreign substance, which is carried into the wound. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. Synopsis of Indian Genera. Tail long and spineless. Body densely covered with tubercles 1. UROGYMNUS. Tail long, armed with a serrated spine. Teeth flattened 2. TRYGON. Tail long, armed with a serrated spine, and having a broad lower cutaneous fold continued to its termi- nation 3. T^ENIURA. Body very broad, tail very short and armed with a serrated spine. Teeth with from one to three cusps 4. PTEROPLATEA. 1. Genus UROGYMNUS, Miiller & Henle. Syn. Anacanthus, Ehren. ; Rhachinotus, Cantor. Disk subcircular ; tail long and distinct, destitute of any spine, but with a narrow inferior fold ; pectorals united anteriorly. Teeth flattened. Body covered with osseous tubercles, amongst which are sharp conical spines. Geoywipliical Distribution. From the Red Sea and east coast of Africa, throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 51. (1.) Urogymmis asperrimus. Raja asperrima, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 307. Urogymnus asperrimus, -Day, Fish. India, p. 730, pi. cxcv, fig. 1 (see synon.). Moollan tiriki, Tarn. Disk nearly as wide as long ; snout scarcely projecting. Body densely covered with small heart-shaped scales, between which are numerous thorns which are generally erect, and are continued pos- teriorly to the first fifth of the tail, where they cease. On the pectoral fins are numerous small conical spines, irrespective of those over the body amongst the tubercles. Colour greenish above, white beneath. TRYGONIDJE. 49 Hob. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. One, 2 feet across the disk, existed in the Madras Museum. This species is said to attain to 4 or 5 feet in length. Fig. 20. Uroyymnus asperrimus. 2. Genus TRYGON, Adanson. Syn. Himantura, Hcmitrygon, and Hypolophus, Miill. & Henle ; Para- tryyon, Duineril. Pdkat, Marathi. Disk oval or rhomboidal ; tail elongated and tapering. Nasal valves coalescent, forming a quadrangular flap. Teeth flattened, or with a central point or transverse ridge. Pectoral fins united an- teriorly ; tail destitute of a fin, or if with a cutaneous fold, such does not extend to its extremity ; it is armed superiorly with one or two lanceolate spines that are serrated on both sides. Body smooth or with tubercles. In this genus the colours in individuals of the same species are subject to considerable variation, and this is not invariably due to age. The character of the tubercles and their extent have also been (as I think erroneously) employed to characterize some species : thus one, Trygon chindrnkee (Cuv.), Bleeker, is a form without tubercles or spines, except on the tail; T. polylepis, Blt-ckcr, has small tubercles in the interorbital space, a narrow band along the back with a few indistinct enlarged ones, but none 50 CIIONDROPTERYOJI. TUTOIDEl. on the tail: T. wnlf/a, Miill. & ITenle, has the interorbital space and back covered with small tubercles, no larger ones in the median line, but a series of short spines between the root of the tail and the larger spine. Now all these forms, with every intermediate variation, occur, and the smooth body usually confined to the young may be persistent in the adult. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Lower dental laminae somewhat pointed, the upper being angularly bent for their reception. Tail Tail with a cutaneous fold. A broad fold along lower surface of tail. Upper part of bodv covered with tl,-it tubercles .... 1. T. sephen, p. 50. B. Dental laminae transverse ; if undulating, slightly so. Tail with a cutaneous fold. ( Tryyon.} Snout pointed. Tail three times as long as disk. Tubercles few 2. T. bennetti, p. 52. Tail half longer than disk. Body nearly smooth. Blue ocelli on upper surface 3. T. kuJdii, p. ">"_'. Tail scarcely as long as body. Tubercles fuw . . 4. 7'. imlricata, p. 52. Snout very pointed and produced. A few tubercles in median line of back 5. T, zugei, p. 52. C. Dental laminae transverse ; if undulating, slightly so; tail without a cutaneous fold. (Himantura.) Snout rather pointed. Tail very long. One or more large tubercles in middle of back. Brown or spotted 0. T. uarnal-, p. 53. Tail twice as long as disk. A row of pointed tubercles on the back, which is spined all over 7. T. maw/hiatus, Snout very pointed. Tail three to four times [p. 54. as long as disk. A central and several smaller tubercles on the back 8. T. llcckeri, p. 54. Snout pointed. Tail rather longer than disk. Tubercles variously disposed 9. T. vtilt/a, p. 55. 52. (1.) Trygon sephen. (Figs. 21, 22.) Raja sephen, Forsk. Descr. An. p. 17. Trygon sephen, Day, Fish. India, p. 740, pi. cxcv, fig. 2 (fee synon.). Adavalan tiriki, Tamil ; Volugiri tenkee and Wolaa tcnkee, Tel. ; Govdl pdkat, Marathi. Disk rather broader than long ; the length of the tail three to four times that of the body. Snout most obtuse in adults. Teeth lower dental laminae somewhat pointed, the upper angularly bent for their reception; ^ rows transversely, and ~ vertically opposite the symphysis : they are all flattened, those in the centre of the upper jaw being the smallest. Fins tail with a broad lower cutaneous fold ; there may be one or two serrated spines TliVGOXTDJE. 51 situated rather behind its anterior third. Scales upper surface of the head and body and base of tail covered by thick, concave, or flat-headed, several-sided tubercles ; in the scapular region and Fig. 2l. Tryyon sephen. central line of the back are two large, smooth, approximating tubercles in the young, and three in the adult, the middle and largest of which is usually oval, the second in size posterior and heart-shaped, the anterior or smallest round or heart-shaped. Colour the upper surface of the immature is reddish brown : but in the adult lead-coloured, becoming black in the posterior two thirds of the tail. Some examples have a row of black blotches near their outer margin. Fig. 22. Teeth of '/'/////<- repJirn. ffufi. "Red Sea, through the seas of India to lli pelngo, and beyond. This fish grows to ;i \;\r^c represented in (lie figure (--) wen- from an exai Malay Aivhi- i/.e. The j;i\\ s >le ."> ft. |() in. 52 CHO^DROPTERTGII. BATOIDEI. across the disk. In its stomach were found Crustacea, mollusks, &c. T. sepJten is most common during the south-west monsoon, when it approaches the shore. 53. (2.) Trygon bennetti. Trygon bennetti, Mull Sf Henle, Playios. p. 160, t. liii; Day, Fish. India, p. 739 (see synon.). Disk about as broad as long ; tail about three times as long as disk, and with a low cutaneous fold along its inferior surface. Snout somewhat pointed. Eyes nearer together than to the end of the snout. A tubercle in the middle of the back in adults, with some flat ones around it, which extend backwards to the caudal spine ; but the young are quite smooth. Colour a pale fleshy-red, which becomes almost white in parts, the tail being darker near its extremity. Hftb. Seas of India to China and beyond. 54. (3.) Trygon kuhlii. Trygon kuhlii, Mutt. Henle, Playios. p. 1C4, pi. li ; Day, Fi*h. India, p. 739, pi. cxciii, lig. 2 (see synon.). Kunnoo tirike and Shemen tenkee, Tel. Disk broader than long ; tail about one half longer than the disk. Snout somewhat obtuse, its length equal to or slightly exceeding the breadth of the interorbital space. Two appendages on the floor of the mouth. Teeth dental plate more undulated in the upper than in the lower jaw. Fins a cutaneous fold along the tail both above and below, caudal spine well developed. Colour above of a dull brown, covered with numerous small black spots and larger rounded blue ocelli, each having a rather dark outer edge. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This ray attains to at least 5i inches across the disk at AJadras. 55. (4.) Trygon imbricata. Raja imbricata, Bl. Schn. Si/st. Ich. p. 366. Trygon imbricata, Dai/, Fm. India, p. 739 (see synon.). Disk as broad as long, snout produced and pointed ; tail scarcely as long as the body, with low upper and inferior cutaneous folds. Small tubercles on the nape and back, with a row of conical spines on the shoulder and back ; while along the tail as far as the spine are large tubercles intermixed with smaller ones. Hob. Coromandel coast of India. 56. (5.) Trygon zugei. Trygon zugei, Mull, fy Henh, Plaaios. p. 165, t. liv ; Day, Fixlt. 'India, p. 739, pi. cxc, tig. 3 (see synon.). Cfntmbara kah, Tam. Disk about as broad as long, with the snout very much produced TRYGONIDJS. 53 and acutely pointed, its length being about 3 that of the disk ; tail equal to 1| or twice the length of the disk. Eyes small ; interorbital space concave. Teeth dental laminae undulated. Fins a distinct cutaneous fold along the lower surface of the tail, com- mencing opposite the base of the spine ; there is likewise a fold along the upper surface of the tail. A strong and long spine, serrated in its last third, is situated at about the commencement of the second quarter of the tail, and anterior to it a row of small spines ; the body otherwise smooth. In some examples a row of tubercles exists along the median line of the back. Colour dull brown superiorly, the edge of the fins black. Hub. >eas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and Japan. 57. (6.) Trygon narnak. Raja uarnak, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 18. Trygon uarnak, Miill. $ Henle, Playios. p. 158 $ Day, Fish. India, p. 737, pi. cxciv, fig. 1 (see synon.) . Sana kah tiriki, Tarn. ; Pulitenke, Tel.; Sankush, Ooriah ; Lek kyouk, Burmese ; Hankoos, Chittagong. Disk about as broad as long, snout pointed and rather promi- nent ; tail from three to four times as long as the body. Iris with a well-developed superior flap. Teeth dental laminae undulating. Fins no cutaneous folds on the tail, which is armed with a serrated spine situated about | the length of the disk from the root of the tail. Tubercles vary in different specimens, absent in the very young : in those with a disk of about 6 inches across there are two or three rows of widely separated oval tubercles on either side of the head, internal to the eyes, and meeting on the occiput, from thence towards the scapula is a single row of larger and more widely separated ones. In the middle of the back three large closely approximating scales or tubercles, the centre one heart- shaped, the anterior round, and the posterior almost heart-shaped. In some specimens, of a large size, there are also numerous distant thorns on the tail, which may disappear with age. In specimens with a disk of 3 feet across, the head, back, and sides are covered with smooth, roundish scales, having intermediate smaller ones. Colour varying according to age : up to the period when the breadth of the disk is about 9 inches the body is of a yellowish brown, darkest along the back, and the abdomen white : a short distance beyond the commencement of the tail it is irregu- larly annulated with alternate narrow light brown, and broad or narrow dark brown rings. With increasing age black spots commonly appear on the body, and when it has attained the width of 3 feet across its disk it is light brown or greenish olive, covered with lighter and in some almost white spots, or reticulated with white lines, whilst the anterior extremity of the tail also shows the remains of the rings. The adult is uniformly brownish or greenish olive. Iris golden. Occasionally there are light spots on the posterior portion of the disk. 54 ClIOXJJUOi'TKHVUll. B.VTOIDEI. l/d!>. K"d Sea, si -as and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi- pelago, and China, also the Cape of Good Hope. The immature are frequently captured in the back-waters, and wounds from their caudal spines are much dreaded. The species attains a large size ; 5 feet or more across the disk. The late Sir W. Elliot observed that from a female of this species 13 feet long (including the tail 8 feet 9 in.) a young was removed perfectly formed and of the same colour as its mother. In the cold season, as about October, these fish are frequently perceived springing out of the water for some distance in the same manner as trout do just prior to brri'ding. They devour large quantities of small fish, Crustacea, mollusks, &c. 58. (7.) Trygon marginatus. Trygon marginatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 18 JO, p. 38; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 738 (see synon.). Disk slightly broader than long, tail from one half longer than the disk to nearly twice as long. The width of the interorbital space equals the length of the snout. Tubercles sparsely set all over the upper surface, but a little larger along the median line, where they appear like small limpets ; an irregular row of pointed tubercles on either side of the middle line of the back ; tail tuber- culated as far as its spine, but destitute of any fin. Colour grey above ; buffy white below, with a dark border, except in front. Eah. Hooghly at Calcutta. I examined an example in which the disk was 16 inches across and 15 long; Blyth observed one specimen which was 52, and another 60, inches across the disk, and the tubercles were extended on to the edge of the disk and even to its under surface. This would therefore appear to be a result of age. 5U. (8.) Trygon bleekeri. . Trygon bleekeri, Blyfh, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 41 ; Day, Fi*h. 'India, p. 738, pi. cxcv, fig. 3 (see synon.). Pakat, Marathi ; Seman tirike, Tarn. Tail from three to four times as long as the disk. Snout pro- longed and pointed. Width of interorbital space equal to i or $ the length of the snout anterior to the eye. A large round tubercle in the middle of the back, and commonly before it three smaller ones triangularly disposed, and three similarly placed behind it. Tubercles sometimes present along the upper surface of the tail to the caudal spine, from whence, in adults, they are continued to its extremity. Colour " Brown above and below, with a narrow white median longitudinal patch on the abdomen " (Blyth). Some- times this ray is brown above with the margins of the disk dark. Hab. Bengal. Blyth observed one 25 inches long to base of tail, the tail 72 inches ; another 15 and 56 inches. TBYGONLIXE. 55 60. (9.) Trygon walga. Try gi m walga, Milll. $ Henle, Plagios. p. 159, t. li; Day, Fish. India, p. 738, pi. cxciv, fig. 3 (see syncm.). Isacurrah tenkee, Tenkee shindraki, Tel. Disk about as broad as long, with the snout pointed and acutely projecting, more so in some examples than in others. Eyes smaller in the adult than in the young. Interorbital space concave. Teeth small, having a transverse elevated ridge along each. Dental laminae undulated. Fiiis no cutaneous folds on the tail, the length of which is rather longer than the disk. One or two (sometimes more) large serrated spines on the tail at the commencement of its second third ; between this and the base of the tail exists a median line of about seven short spines. Scales interorbital space, and a varying width along the middle of the back and also on the tail covered with numerous fine tubercles ; there are usually no larger ones, but in some examples there is one larger on the centre of the shoulder, in others a few more anterior to it. Neither the number, size, character, nor extent of the distribution of the tubercles and spines depends on age or sex, adults even may be without any of either. In one example (a male) the band of tubercles along the back is very narrow, a row of large ones exists in the median line of the scapular region, and four along the back of the tail. This would be intermediate between T. wcilya and T. polylepis. Another example has a row of small spines all along the first third of the back of the tail, and a moderately sized, rather compressed median scapular spine with six smaller ones anterior to it ; a very wide band of tubercles exists along the back. One example has the smaller caudal spine very well developed, a very narrow row of tubercles along the back, and a central scapular tubercle. Another has only a few small tubercles and one central spine in the scapular region, some between the eyes, and some fine spines between the base of the tail and the two large spines. Young examples are often destitute of tubercles or armature except the caudal spines, and this immature character may be seen in some adults. Colour dull grey or brown superiorly, white beneath. Blyth has observed that the males are larger than the females and have proportionately longer tails ; very commonly the second caudal spine (more especially of the females) does not extend beyond the first one. Some have a small lauceolated tubercle on the centre of the dorsal surface, others two or more, even to a series of five or six along the median line. Hob. From the Bed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 3. Genus TJENIURA, Mull. & Henle. Disk oval or rhomboidal ; tail elongated and tapering. Nasal valves coalescent, forming a quadrangular flap. Pectoral fins united anteriorly ; tail with a broad lower cutaneous fold continued 56 CHONDliOPTERYGII. BA.TOIDEI. to its extremity. Body and tail either smooth or furnished with tubercles. Geographical Distribution. From the Eed Sea and east coast of Africa through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and tropical America. 61. (1.) Tseniura melanospilos *. Tseniura melanospilos, Sleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. 2nd. 1853, iv, p. 513 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 740 (see synon.J. Jtiwja tirike, Tel. Disk rather broader than long ; its upper surface smooth. Tail very thick at its base, with two strong flattened elongated spiues (upper 9, lower 5 inches long) serrated externally. From opposite these spines on the lower surface of the tail commences a broad cutaneous fold, which is continued to the extremity of the tail, and on its upper surface are numerous tubercles of the same character as on the tail. The colours have not been noted. Two examples were captured in 1853 off the Coromandel coast, where they were said by the fishermen to be very rare. One had its disk 4 ft. 11 in. long and 5 ft. 11 in. broad ; the other disk was 4 ft. 1 in. long by 5 ft. 11 in. wide. Inside the stomach of the latter were found the remains of some small crabs and a squilla. It was, however, expressly stated that the body was smooth, but the tail covered with rough tubercles, all of which had a stellated base. Hob. Eed Sea and Coromandel coast of India to Batavia. 4. Genus PTEROPLATEA, Mull. & Heule. Syn. JEtoplatea, Mull. & Henle. Body at least twice as broad as long ; tail thin, generally shorter than the body, with or without a rudimentary iin, but having a serrated spine ; spiracles with or without a tentacle ; nasal valves confluent, and forming a quadrangular flap. No papilla at bottom of the mouth. Teeth with from one to three cusps. Pectoral fins united in front. Skin smooth or tubercular. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. 62. (1.) Pteroplatea micrura. (Fig. 23.) Kaja micrura, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 360. Pteroplatea micrura, Day, Fish. India, p. 741, pi. cxciv, fig. 2. * TJSNIUUA LYMMA, Forsk&l. Disk rather longer than broad ; a few spines along the middle of the back. Two long papillse at the bottom of the mouth. Colour grey, with round blue dark-edged spots ; a bluish band along either side of the tail. Hab. Eed Sea, coast of Africa to the Malay Archipelago ; this ray con- sequently may probably be found off the coast of India. MYLIOBATIDJE. Peroom tirik, or Tappor kouti tiriki, Tamil ; Tappu cooti and Tenkee kunsul, Tel. ; Lek kyouk temenynce, Burmese. Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail as long as disk in young, but shorter in adults. No tentacle to spiracle. Teeth with a single pointed cusp. Fins one or two small spines on caudal fin. Skin smooth. Colour reddish brown ; tail annulated with white and brown ; superiorly, in the centre of each light ring, there is generally a brown spot. The young are covered all over with small brown spots. A figure exists amongst Sir Walter Elliot's drawings of Madras fish of an example covered with light rouud . Fig. '23. Pteroplatea micmra. Nab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. Jerdon obtained one in which the disk was 6 feet across and 3 feet long. Family VI. MYLIOBATID^E. Pectoral fins large, developed along the sides of the body, occa- sioning the latter to appear very broad ; these fins are not present on the sides of the head, but reappear at the end of the snout as a pair of detached fins. These fish, many of which attain to a large size, are variously known as " Devil-fishes," "Sea-devils," "Bat-fishes," "Eagle- rays," &c. 58 CIIONDBOPTEUYUII. BATOIDEI. Synopsis of Indian Genera. A. Teeth large, flattened, tessellated. Fins on head meet in the form of a soft appendage in front of snout. Teeth in several series, the middle being the broadest 1. MYMOBATIS. Only one series of very broid teeth '2. \K ron.vris. Fins on either side of snout form a lobe 3. KIIINOPTKBA. 13. Teeth small ; cephalic fins forming an appandage on either side of snout. Teeth in both jaws 4. DICKIIOBATIS. 1. Genus MYLIOBATIS, Cuvier. Head distinct from disk ; snout with a soft prolongation, in- ternally supported by fin-rays ; nasal valves coalescent, forming a quadrangular flap. Teeth hexagonal, flat, the central broader than long ; the external rows narrow *. Tail very long and whip- like, having a dorsal fin near its base, and usually a serrated spine posterior to the fin. Body smooth or tuberculated above. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. Synopsis of Indian Species. Body smooth. The young with five blue cross bands on the upper surface, disappearing with age 1. M. nieuhofii, p. 53. A row of small tubercles in the median. line of the scapular region. Ocelli with brown margins in the posterior half of the upper surface of disk 2. M. maculata, p. 59. 63. (1.) Myliobatis nieuhofii. llaja uieuhofii, El. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 304. Myliobatis nieuhofii, Day, Fish. India, p. 742 (see synon.). Tuppa koollee or Chuppa tirike, Tamil ; Mookarah tenkee, Tel. Disk about twice as broad as long ; tail about three times as long as disk. Fleshy prolongation of snout short : no horn on orbit. Body smooth. Fins dorsal situated at commencement of base of tail, opposite the end of the insertion of the ventrals ; no spines posterior to it. Colour olive superiorly, tinged externally with a reddish hue and a dark outer margin to the disk. The young have about seven blue bands across the disk and two more between or close to the eyes. As the fish increases in size, first the bands on the head disappear and finally those on the body. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Japan. In the young the rows of teeth are of equal size and regularly hexagonal. .WVM015ATID.E. 59 64. (2.) Myliobatis maculata *. Myliobatis maculata, Gray Sf ILtrdw. III. In I. Z-jol. ii, pi. 101 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 742 (.see synon.). Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail more than three times as long as the disk. Fleshy prolongation of snout short, no horn on orbit. Body with a row of small tubercles along the median line of the back in the scapular region. Fins dorsal situated at the commencement of the base of the tail, behind the end of the insertion of the ventrals ; no spine posterior to it. Colour greenish brown, with round blue spots in the posterior half of the disk. /Tail white with black rings. Hal. 8eas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 2. Genus AETOBATIS, Mull. & Henle. Syn. Stoasodon, Cantor. Head distinct from disk ; snout with a soft prolongation, in- tsrnally supported by fin-rays. Nasal valves usually distinct, each 1'orinini* a long flap, or they may be united into one quadrangular flap. Teeth in a single row, hexagonal, broad, flat, with the lower dental laminso projecting beyond the upper. Tail very long and whip-like ; dorsal fin present near its base, and a serrated spine posterior to the fin. Geographical Distribution. Seas of the tropics. 65. (1.) Aetobatis narinari. (Fig. 24.) Raja narinari, Euphrasen, Vet.-Ak. Nya Ilandl. 1790, xi, p. 217. Aetobatis narinari, Day, Fish. India', p. 743, pi. cxciv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Eel-tenkee, Tel ; Currooway tiriki, Tarn. ; Ra-ta-charm-dah, Andam. The comparative proportions of this fish vary greatly with age ; the distance from the mouth to the anus equals about half the width of the disk. Nasal valves in some examples separate, each as a long flap ; in other examples the valves unite and form a quad- rangular flap the lower edge of which is fringed ; the spiracle wider than the orbit. Teeth broad, flat, and in a single row, those in the lower jaw may be angularly bent or nearly straight ; the lower dental plate projects beyond that in the upper jaw. Fins the dorsal arises opposite the base or centre of the ventral, * MYLIOBATIS VESPERTILIO, Blecker. Disk at least twice as broad as long ; snout somewhat produced ; no horn on orbit. No tubercles on back. Fins dorsal begins close to the end of ven- trals, beyond which it does not extend. Colour a network of black lines on the back and root of the pectoral (in. Hub. Kcd Sea and the Malay Archipelago ; therefore probably exists off the coast of India. 60 ClION DBOPTEEYGII. BATOIDEI. the latter fin being about three times as long as broad. Tail three or four times as long as the body, triangular in shape as far as the spine, which is serrated and situated just behind the termination Fig. 24. Aetobatis narinari. of the dorsal fin ; beyond the spine the tail is compressed ; in this, as well as in some other species, there is occasionally a second spine on the tail a little behind the root of the first. Body smooth. Colour greyish olive, sometimes greenish olive or leaden grey above, and usually covered from beyond the occiput with numerous dirty-white or bluish spots edged with black ; abdominal surface white; tail black. Iris golden green, teeth greenish yellow. In the immature the back is of a deep leaden colour, and the spots hardlv apparent. Hob. Red Sea, seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi- pelago, and beyond. Eaten by the natives. Is captured to upwards of 6 feet in width. 3. Genus RHINOPTERA, Kuhl. Syn. Mylorina and Micromesus, Gill. Head distinct from the disk, but with a pair of rayed appendages Fig. 25. Teeth of Rhiiwptcrajavanica. on the lower edge of the snout. Nasal valves confluent, forming MYLIOBATlDjE. 01 a broad flap. Teeth broad, flat, in five or more rows, the central being the broadest. Tail whip-like, having a dorsal fin armed with a serrated spine. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and contiguous seas. Synopsis of Indian Species. Nine series of teeth in upper jaw, and seven in the lower 1. It. adspersa, p. 61 . Seven rows of teeth in each jaw, the three central series being much the longest 2. JR. Javanica, p. 61. 66. (1.) Rhinoptera adspersa. Rhinoptera adspersa, Mull, fy Henle } Plagios. p. 183 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 744 (see synon.). Mutta tiriki or Kurivi tiriki, Tamil. Disk about twice as wide as long ; tail about three times as long as disk. Notch on snout shallow. Teeth nine rows in the upper and seven in the lower jaw, the .teeth in the central row of the upper jaw 2| to 3 times wider from side to side than from back to front, but not so wide as those in the next row. Fins dorsal, situated at the base of the tail, and immediately behind it a strong serrated spine. Upper surface of body covered with fine stellate tubercles. Colour greenish brown superiorly, becoming lighter at tbe edges of the disk. JIab. 8eas of India. 67. (2.) Rhinoptera javanica. (Fig. 25, teeth *.) Rhinoptera javanica, Muller Sf Henle, Plagios. p. 182, t. Iviii ; Day, Fish. India, p. 744, pi. cxcv, fig. 4 (teeth). Disk from about If to twice as broad as long; tail nearly twice as long as disk. Notch on snout shallow. Teeth seven rows in both jaws, those in the central row being four or five times wider than long (in the antero-posterior direction), and rather more than twice as wide as the row on either side. The outer rows are hexa- gonal and narrow ; those in the lower jaw rather narrower than those in the upper. Fins dorsal situated at the base of the tail, and immediately behind it a serrated spine. Colour greenish superiorly, white beneath. Jfab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 4. Genus DICEROBATIS, Blainville. Syn. Cephaloptera and Mobula, A. Dume'ril. Pectoral fin not extended on to the sides of the head, which latter is truncated in front, whilst on either side is a forwardly- * Mr. A. S. Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1888, i. p. 281) has shown that the dentition of these fishes may be abnormally altered. 62 CHONDBOFTTOTOII. UATOIDKI. pointing horn-like projection, \\ Inch is internally supported by fin- rays. Nostrils not confluent. Teeth in jaws very small, flat, or tuberculated, and in many rows. Tail whip-like, with a dorsal fin situated above and between the ventrals, armed with or destitute of a serrated spine. The designation Sea-devils has been given by some authors to fishes belonging to this genus ; it is also frequently applied to several other forms of armed rays and fishes which inflict dangerous wounds. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas. Synopsis of Indian Species. Teeth numerous in both jaws L I), rrcyoodoo, p. 02. Teeth D. kuhlii, p. 63. 68. (1.) Dicerobatis eregoodoo. (Fig. 20.) Eregoodoo tenkee, Rtisscll, Fish. Vizay. i, pi. ix. ; Cumer, Kcync Anim. ed. 2, 1829, ii, p. 442, note. Dicerobatis eregoodoo, Cantor, Cat. Mai. Fish. p. 438 ; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 744, pi. cxciii, fig. 1 (see syr.on.). Eregoodoo tenkfe, Tel. ; Shiny pdkut, Mavatlii ; Yeliki or Komiin tirikt, Tarn. MYI.IOIUTIDJE. '"' Disk about twice as broad as long ; tail in the young 1| times the length of the body, but in adults only a little more than half the same length. Body smooth. The horns or cephalic portion of the pectoral fin have a convoluted appearance, and " are used by the animal to draw its prey into its mouth, which opens like a huge cavern between them. The fishermen say they see them swimming slowly along with their mouth open and flapping these great sails inwards, drawing in the smaller Crustacea on which they feed " (Sir W. Elliot, MS.). Teeth small, like flattened, quad- rangular tubercles as broad as wide in adults, twice as broad in the young, with a backwardly directed point ; |^, in a jaw twelve inches across the gape taken from an example upwards of eighteen feet across the disk, and ~ vertical rows opposite the symphysis. In a pair of jaws four inches across, from an example captured at Kurrachee, there are |j. Cantor found in an example thirty inches across the disk ^, and six or seven vertical rows. It may therefore be supposed that the number increases with age, and perhaps alters in shape. The band of teeth reaches nearly to the angle of the mouth. Fins no spine on the tail posterior to the dorsal fin. Colour of a deep purplish superiorly ; white beneath. Nab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago; attaining to 1 8 feet and upwards across the disk. 69. (2.) Dicerohatis kuhlii. Cephalopiera kuhlii, Miilkr $ Henle, Pfaf/ios. p. 185, t. lix, fig. 1. Uicerobatis kuhlii, Day, Fish. India, p. 745 (see synon.). Disk more than twice as wide as long ; tail not so long as the disk. Body and tail smooth. Teeth wider than broad; jjJ| series, the band ceasing some distance from the angle of the mouth. Colour brown or greenish. Hob. From the east coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. Subclass TELEOSTEI. Skeleton osseous. Skull with cranial sutures. Vertebrae com- pletely separated, and the posterior extremity of the vertebral column bony, or having bony plates. Branchiae free, and the water discharged through a single aperture on each side, protected by a bony gill-cover or opercle ; branchiostegal rays present. A non-contractile bulbus arteriosus, having a pair of valves at its commencement. Optic nerves decussating. The fishes which compose this subclass form the great bulk of those existing at the present day, and are popularly known as the " true fishes." In geological sequence they appeared subsequently to the Chondropterygii, their first traces being found in the Cre- taceous period towards the close of the Mesozoic epoch. Syncqjsis of Orders * amonyst Indian Teleostei. All the fin-rays articulated, with the exception of the first in the dor- sal and pectoral which sometimes are more or less ossified. Ven- tral fins, when present, abdomi- nal and spineless. Air-bladder, if existing, having a pneumatic duct (except in Scombresocida>) . 1. PHYSOSTOMI. A portion of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins unarliculated, form- ing spines f. Air-bladder, when present, completely closed in adults, not possessing a pneu- matic duct 2. ACANTHOPTEEYGII. All the rays of the vertical and ven- tral fins articulated ; the latter, when present, being jugular and thoracic 3. ANACANTHINL * The above Orders are given in accordance with commonly received views or those of Miiller somewhat modified ; but they are of very different values, and must be largely altered when the developmental and general anatomy of fishes becomes better known. t There are some genera in which the fins can hardly be said to possess any true spines, aa amongst the Trachinidce, Aulostoma, &c. TELE08TEI. A dermal segmental skeleton; the opercular pieces reduced to a single plate. Gill-openings small. Gills consisting of small rounded tufts, attached to the branchial arches. Muscular system very slightly developed 4. LOPHOBRANCH11. The bones of the head completely ossified, those in the remainder of the body incompletely. Ver- tebrae few. Gill-openings small, situated in front of the pectoral fins. Gills pectinate. Mouth narrow ; the bones of the upper jaw mostly united, sometimes produced into the form of a beak. There may be a single soft-rayed dorsal fin, belonging to the caudal portion of the vertebral column, and situated opposite the anal ; in some a rudimental spinous dorsal is also present : the ven- trals, when existing, have the form of spines. Skin either smooth, with rough scales, or ossified in the form of plates or spines. Air-bladder destitute of a pneumatic duct 5. PLECTOGNATHI. Order I. PHYSOSTOMI, Muller. All the fin-rays articulated with the exception of the first in the dorsal and pectoral, which are frequently more or less ossified. Ventral fins, when present, abdominal and spineless. Air-vessel, if existing, having a pneumatic duct (except in the family Scom- bresoddce). This order contains the largest proportion of the freshwater fishes of India. The family Siluridce or sheat-fishes are destitute of scales ; the carps, Cyprinidce, have scaled bodies but no teeth in the jaws ; while the herrings, Clupeidce, are likewise scaled, and have some teeth in the jaws and a carinate abdominal edge. Synopsis of Indian Families. I. Fishes with eel-like bodies. Margin of upper jaw formed of the premaxillaries, the maxillaries being internal and parallel to them. Vertical fins rudimentary, and no paired fins. Gill-open- ings in the form of a single slit. Scales, if present, minute. Accessory breathing-organs may be pre- sent. No air-bladder. Stomach without a blind sac ; no pyloric caeca. Ovaries with oviducts. Symbranchidae. II. Fishes with eel-like bodies. Margin of upper law formed anteriorly by the premaxillaries and laterally by the maxillaries. Pectoral fins present or absent; no ventrals. No accessory breathing-organs. Stomach with a blind sac; no pyloric caeca. Ovaries without oviducts . . Muraenidae. III. Subopercle absent. Margin of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries. Skin scaleless and smooth, or covered with osseous plates or scat- tered tubercles. Adipose dorsal usually present. Siluridae. IV. Pseudobranchiae, when present, glandular. Mar- gin of the upper jaw formed by the pre- maxillaries. Opercular pieces complete. Mouth toothless, teeth in lower pharyngeals. Head scaleless ; body scaled or scaleless, never covered by osseous plates. Air-bladder present or absent. Cyprinidae. V. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries and maxillaries, which are toothed. Opercular pieces complete. No barbels. Dorsal fin in caudal portion of body. Stomach with blind sac; intestinal canal short, and furnished with spiral folds. No pyloric caeca. An air-bladder Chirocentridae. VI. Pseudobranchiae usually well developed. Mar- gin of the upper jaw formed by premaxillaries and maxillaries. Opercular pieces complete. SYMBBANCHID.E. 67 Abdomen usually keeled. No adipose dorsal. Scales on body, none on head. Pyloric append- ages numerous Clupeidae. VII. No pseudobranchiae. Margin of upper jaw mostly formed by premaxillaries, behind and parallel to which are the maxillaries. No scales or barbels. Abdomen rounded. Dorsal opposite anal. No adipose fin. Few pyloric caeca ; large air-bladder. The ova fall into the abdominal cavity before exclusion Galaxidae. VIII. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries and maxillaries. Opercular apparatus incomplete ; a parieto-nias- toid cavity on either side, leading into the interior of the skull. A single rayed dorsal fin ; a long anal. Head and body scaled. Two pyloric appendages Notopteridae. IX. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Margin of upper jaw formed by^ premaxillaries. Opercular Sieces sometimes incomplete. No oarbels. ill -openings very wide. Scales present or absent. Adipose dorsal present Scopelidae. X. Pseudobranchiae absent. Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries. Barbels absent. Teeth in both jaws, and in superior and inferior pharyngeals. One spineless dorsal in posterior half of body. Air-bladder simple Cyprinodontidae. XI. Pseudobranchise glandular. Margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillaries and maxillaries. Lower pharyngeals united. No adipose dorsal. Scales present. Air-bladder, when present, des- titute of pneumatic duct Scombresocidae. Family I. SYMBEANCHID^. Gill-openings confluent into a single slit, which is situated on the abdominal surface. Gills well developed or rudimentary. Body elongated. The humeral arch may or may not be attached to the skull. Margin of the upper jaw formed by tbe premaxillaries, the maxillaries being internal and parallel to them. Barbels absent. Palatine teeth, when present, in a single row or a narrow band. Vertical fins rudimentary, in the form of mere folds of skin, and no paired fins. Scales, if present, minute. Vent far behind the head. An accessory breathing-sac present or absent. Air-bladder absent. Ribs present. Stomach destitute of a blind eac. No pyloric appendages. Ovaries with oviducts. The families Symbranchidw and Murcenidce belong to the Apodcs of many authors. The first is fairly represented in the fresh waters on the continent of India, whereas the latter is more numerous in F2 68 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. the seas than in the fresh waters. Among the Apodes the spined freshwater eels (RhynchoMellidce) and the NotacantJtidee, Giiuther, have been placed. Geographical Distribution. Fresh and brackish waters of tropical Asia and America; also Western Australia and Van Diemen's land. Synopsis of Indian Genera. First group. AMPHIPNINA. Humeral arch not attached to the skull ; an accessory breathing- apparatus. Scales present. Palatine teeth in a single row 1. AMPHIPNOUS. Second group. SYMBRANCHINA. Humeral arch attached to the skull. No accessory breathing- apparatus. Scales absent. Gills rudimentary 2. MONOPTEBUS. Gills well developed First group. AMPHIPNINA. 1. Genus AMPHIPNOUS, Miiller. Syn. Pneumabranchus, McClelland. Branchiostegals six. Gill-membranes almost entirely grown to the isthmus, and having a single transverse opening. Three bran- chial arches with the laminae rudimentary, divided by. narrow slits. A respiratory air-sac exists on the neck behind the head and com- municates with the gill-cavity. Palatine teeth in a single, well- developed row. Scales present and arranged in longitudinal rows. This amphibious fish, when kept in an aquarium, may be observed constantly rising to the surface for the purpose of respiring atmo- spheric air direct. It usually remains with its snout close to the surface, and in like manner lies in the grassy sides of ponds and stagnant pieces of water, so that without trouble it may obtain access to air. In Amphipnous cuchia we find that " of all the arches, the second alone possesses laminae for the purposes of breathing ; and these consist merely of a few long fibrils attached to the middle of the arch, and occupying but a very small extent of its surface ; the third supports, in the place of laminae, a thick and semi-transparent tissue, which in large individuals of the species possesses a fringed or denticulated appearance at its edge ; whilst the first and fourth are bare, having only the membrane that fills up the space between SYMBBANCHIDJE. 69 the arches reflected over them. The principal organs of respir- ation are two small bladders, which the animal has the power of filling with air, immediately derived from the atmosphere. They are placed behind the head, one on each side of the neck, above the superior or vertebral extremities of the branchial arches, and are covered over by the common integuments, presenting externally, when distended with air, two protuberances of a round shape. .... They present, when separated from their surrounding attachments and inflated with air, thin, semi-transparent, membranous parietes, resembling the posterior portions of the lungs of serpents. . . . Of the whole volume of blood contained in the branchial artery, one-third passes through the gills and respiratory bladders, whilst the otheV two-thirds are conveyed directly from the heart to the aorta without being exposed to the action of the air." Taylor^ Gleanings in Science, ii, p. 173, and Edinb. Journ. of Sc. v, 1831, p. 33 ; Hyrtl, Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1858, xiv, p. 39, c. tab. 70. (1.) Amphipnous cnchia. (Fig. 27.) Unibranchapertura cuchia. Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 16, 363. pi. 10, fig. 4. Amphipnous cuchia, Day, Fish. India, p. 656, pi. clxvii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Cuchia, Ooriah and Beng. ; Nga-sheen, Burmese ; Dondoo paum, Tel. Length of head (from gill-opening) contained 6 to 8 times m the distance between the snout and the anus ; length of tail 4 to 4| in the entire length. Eyes two to three diameters from end of snout and situated in the anterior one fourth or one fifth of the length Fig. 27.- Amphipnous cuchia and its upper teeth. of the head, about midway between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the jaws ; a valved nostril opens above the orbit ; a second, round and patent, in front of the snout. Upper jaw slightly the longer ; lips fleshy. Teeth a single row of small ones in the premaxillaries, except opposite the symphysis ; a single band of large, curved, compressed and backwardly directed ones on either palatine; and a single row of moderately large ones on either ramus of the mandible. Fitis a rudimentary dorsal commences slightly before a vertical line drawn through the anus. Scales distinct and longitudinally arranged. Gill- 70 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMJ. openings inferior, the membrane adherent to the isthmus. Ver- tebrae 106/65. Colour greenish, or of a chestnut-brown, becom- ing lighter on the abdomen ; numerous black spots over the body ; occasionally individuals are flesh-coloured. " Natives reject it as food and imagine that its bite is fatal to cattle, although less powerful on the human kind a supposition highly improbable." (Ham. Buck.) Hab. Fresh and brackish waters of the Punjab, Bengal, Orissa, Assam and Burma ; attaining at least two feet in length. Second group. SYMBEANCHINA. 2. Genus MONOPTERUS, Lacepede. Syn. Fluta, Bl. Schn. ; Ophicardia, McClelland ; Apteriyia, Basilewski. Branchiostegals five or six. Gill-membranes almost entirely attached to the isthmus, having a single transverse opening. Three branchial arches separated by moderately wide intermediate slits, with the laminae rudimentary or absent. Palatine teeth in a narrow band. Scales absent. No accessory breathing-sac. Dareste observed a complete absence of branchial lamina? in three examples of Monopterus javanensis. 71. (1.) Monopterus javanensis. (Fig. 28.) Monopterus javanensis, Lacfpede, II. N. Poiss. ii, p. 139 ; Day, Fish. India, p. G50, pi. clxix, fig. 1 (see synon.). Length of head contained 9 to 12 times in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent : length of body about four or five times that of the tail. Eyes situated about midway between Fig. 28. Monopterus javanensis and upper teeth. angle of mouth and end of snout, diameter one eighth of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout and 1 to 1| apart. Greatest diameter of fish at the occiput. Profile of upper surface of head descending somewhat suddenly from above the eyes to the snout, which last is pointed and somewhat compressed. Extent of cleft of mouth equal to about one third the distance bet\veen end of snout and gill-opening. Tail narrow and tapering to a point. Teeth conical, and in a band tapering towards the angle of the mouth ; STMBRANCIIID^E. 71 the palatine band resembles that in the jaw. Fins dorsal com- mencing above or a little before the vertical from the vent. Colour light greenish, with or without dark spots ; or else the whole body nearly black. " This eel is numerous at Chusan, in streamlets, canals, and estuaries. As it is a favourite article of food it is kept by the inhabitants of Cbusan in large jars, with fresh water. But it is capable of living a considerable time out of water. It is of voracious habits, feeding on smaller fishes, and it takes hooks baited with earthworms/' (Cantor, I. c.) Hab. This fish is confined to the fresh or brackish waters of Burmah, the Malay Archipelago, and China. 3. Genus SYMBRANCHUS, Block Syn. Unibranchapertura, Lace"pede ; Pneumabranchus and Ophisternon, McClelland ; Tetrabranchus, Bleeker. Branchiostegals six. Gill -membranes not attached to the isthmus, having a single transverse opening. Four branchial arches with well-developed gills. Palatine teeth in a band. Scales absent. No accessory breathing-sac. Geographical Distribution. Fresh and brackish waters of India to the Malay Archipelago and Australia : also tropical America. 72. (1.) Symbranchus bengalensis. (Fig. 29.) Ophisternon bengalensis, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. H. v, pp. 197, 220, pi. xi, tigs. 1, 2. Symbranclius bengalensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 657, pi. clxvii, tig. 2 (see synon.). Length of bead contained 9 to 12 times in the distance between end of snout and anus. Eyes diameter about one twentieth of Fig. 29. Symbranchus bevyalensis and upper teeth. length of head. The girth of the body is equal to about three times its height. Snout anteriorly rounded, lips fleshy, the upper jaw rather the longer; cleft of mouth extending to some distance behind the orbits. Teetli in upper jaw fine and pointed, not continuous at the symphysis ; those on either side terminating in 72 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. a triangular patch, with a narrow edentulous interspace ; those in the lower jaw rather larger, with a narrow edentulous interspace between those of each side, laterally they are in a single row : palatine teeth in a band. Fins the dorsal commences before the anal, which is situated in the last fourth or fifth of the total length, the caudal is hardly conspicuous : all the fins are low. Lateral line conspicuous. Colour a dull dirty brownish red in estuaries, lightest on the abdomen. In clearer water this fish is greenish or blackish green, the abdomen being paler. Hab. Estuaries and fresh waters within the influence of the tides along the coasts of India and the Malay Archipelago, to the Philippines : attaining to several feet in length. Apparently more common in Bengal than in Malabar. Family II. Body elongated, cylindrical, or band-shaped : the humeral arch not attached to the skull. The branchial openings in the pharynx may be narrow or wide slits. Margin of upper jaw constituted anteriorly by the premaxillaries, which are more or less coalescent with the vomer and ethmoid, while the sides of the upper jaw are formed by the maxillaries, which are furnished with teeth. Ver- tical fins, when present, confluent or separated by a projecting tail : pectorals present or absent : ventrals absent. Scales, when present, rudimentary. The vent may be situated close to the root of the pectoral fins, or a long distance posterior to the head. The heart may be situated just, or a long distance, behind the gills. Stomach with a blind sac. No pyloric appendages. Ovaries destitute of oviducts. Eels (Anguilla) are not, as sometimes supposed, hermaphrodites, but they breed in salt water. Large sterile females are found in Fig. 80. The above figure, from Sir W. Elliot's drawing, is a common Leptocephalus of some mursenoid form. A number of larval fishes have been termed LeptocepJutli, or " glass eels " (fig. 30). The development of some of them, it has been suggested, may have been arrested at an early age, the fishes dying before attaining their perfect state. L. spallanzanii is said by Dareste to be a young conger : and Delage in 1886 (Compt. Eend. 73 ciii, p. 698) traced the development of one of these fishes into a conger; but some cannot be the offspring of mursenoid fishes. " Stomiasunculus, Kaup, is the young of Stomias ; Porobronchus, Kaup, the young of Fierasfer acus and Esunculus, Kaup, probably that of Alepocephalus." (Gunther.*) Eels are generally known as Velangoo or Paniboo meen in Tamil (snake fish). Synopsis of Indian Genera. First group. MUBJENIDJE ENGYSCHIST.J;. A. Branchial openings in the pharynx are narrow slits. Pectorals absent; vertical fins well deve- ' loped. Posterior nostril a round and patent opening 1. MURJENA. Fins absent, except a rudimentary one round end of tail 2. GYMNOMTJR^ENA. Second group. MUEJENID^E PLATTSCHISTJE. B. Branchial openings in the pharynx are wide slits. a. Heart close behind gills. Tail longer or scarcely shorter than the trunk. Nostrils lateral or superior. Tongue free. Caudal fin continued round the end of tail ; pecto- rals present or absent. Scales present or absent. Pectoral fins present ; dorsal commences some distance behind the nape. Rudimentary scales 3. ANGUILLA. Pectoral fins present; dorsal commences above gill-opening. Cleft of mouth reaches to below middle of eye. Large muciferous cavities on skull. Teeth in bands. Scaleless 4. CONOR OMUR.&NA. Pectoral fins present ; dorsal commences above gill-opening. Cleft of mouth reaches to behind middle of eye. Maxillary teeth biserial ; vomerine uniserial. Scaleless . 5. UROCONGER. b. Heart close to gills. Tail not shorter than trunk. Nostrils lateral or superior. Tongue not free. Caudal fin continued round the end of tail; pectorals present or absent. Scaleless. Pectoral fins present. Canine teeth in jaws anteriorly ; strong teeth on vomer. Pos- terior nostril opposite upper part ormiddle of eye 6. MURJENESOX. Pectoral fins absent. Posterior nostril lateral and in front of orbit 7. SAURENCHEI.YS. c. Heart close to gills. Nostrils labial. Tongue not free. Caudal fin continued round the end of tail ; pectorals present or absent. Scaleless. Pectoral fins absent. Body elongated, ver- miform . . 8. MURJSNICHTHYS. 74 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. d. Heart close to gills. Nostrils labial. Tongue not free. End of tail free, being without fin-rays. Pectorals, when present, rudi- mentary. Scaleless. Vomerine teeth present 9. OPIIICHTHYS. e. Heart placed a long distance bahind the gills. Tail shorter than the trunk. Posterior nostril in front of the eye. Vertical fins little developed ; pectorals, if present, rudi- mentary. Eyes small. Cleft of mouth narrow. Teeth in a single row 10. MORINGUA. First group. MUR.ENID.E ENGYSCHIST^. 1. Genus MUKENA, Artedi. Syn. Gymnothorax, Bloch ; Murainophis, Lace"p. ; Echidna, Forst. ; ThccrodontiSj Strophidon, and Lycodontis, McClell. ; Sideru, Eurytnyctera, Thyrsoidea, Limamureena, Polyuranodon, Pcecilopkis, Gymnomurtena, Priodonophis, and Ta-niophis, Kaup ; Pseudomurcena, Johnson. Body moderately or exceedingly elongate. Gill-openings narrow. A tubular nostril on either side of the upper surface of the snout; the posterior nostril a round foramen between the eyes or opposite the antero-superior edge of the eye, it may or may not be furnished with a tube. Teeth well developed and acute or molariform ; the maxillary teeth may be in one or t\vo rows. Dorsal fin elevated or not so ; the end of the tail surrounded by fin, which is occasion- ally rudimentary. Pectorals absent. Geof/rapMcal Distribution. Seas of tropical and temperate regions : a few species ascend tidal rivers. The dentition in some of these fishes alters considerably with age, whilst in others it is not constant in every individual of the Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Teeth pointed. The posterior nostrils not tubular. a. Tail and trunk of about the same length. Teeth biserial. Black, with numerous yellow dots 1. M. meleagris, p. 70. Teeth biserial. Brownish yellow, with fine white spots, streaks, or marks, which may be lost in the adult 2. M. tile, p. 70. Teeth biserial. Greenish olive, with silvery dots along the lateral line 3. M. sathete, p. 77. Teeth uniserial. Dark purplish, covered with fine white spots 4. M, punctata, p. 77. Teeth uniserial. Yellow, with 18 to 20 dark bands, 3 of which are on the head 5. M. rueppettii, p. 77. MURjENIDJE. 75 Teeth uniserial. About 16 dark bands encircle body, none being on the head . . 6. M. reticularis, p. 78. Teeth uniserial. From 28 to 35 more or less complete dark bauds ; head with [p. 78. dark marks 7. M. jwnctatofasciata, Teeth uniserial. Dark spots on head, body, and fins, separated by narrow light lines or interspaces 8. M. tessellata, p. 78. Teeth uniserial. Olive-brown ; a few dark spots on head, and many irre- gular spots on body and fins 9. M.fonbriata, p. 79. Teeth uniserial. Brown, covered with fine spots on head and body, amongst jwhich are reticulated yellow lines ; a black spot usually at the gill- [p. 79. opening , 10. M. pseudothyrsoidea, Teeth uniserial. Light brown, covered with irregular dark blotches and usually reticulated lines, most dis- tinct in the posterior half of the body 11. M. undulata, p. 80. Teeth uniserial ; vomerine band bifur- cated in front. Light brown, marbled with darker ; gill- open ing in a black spot; fins usually with a light outer [p. 80. edge 12. M. jlavimarginata, Teeth uniserial. Brownish black or blotched 13. M. afra, p. 80. b. Tail at least twice as long as trunk. Teeth biserial. Uniform brown ; the fins nearly black 14. M . macriira, p. 81. B. Teeth in jaws pointed ; globular on vomer. Teeth biserial. Light brown, covered with closely-set purplish spots and light intermediate lines forming a network ; anal fin sometimes with a light outer edge 15. M, thyrsoidea, p. 81. Teeth in jaws uniserial. Grey, with ar- borescent black markings and mar- bling 16. M. picta, p. 82. C. Teeth generally obtuse or molariform. Tail one third of the total length. Brown, with from 30 to 100 narrow white or yellow rings 17. M. sebra, p. 82. Tail a little shorter than the trunk. Brown, with from 20 to 25 dark blotches along the side, with some white spots in the centre of each 18. M. nebulosa, p. 88. Tail one third longer than the trunk. Brown, with from 25 to 30 narrow, yellow, whole or half bands 19. M. polyzona, p. 83. Tail about as long as trunk. Black 20. M. nigra, p. 84 76 TELEOSTET. rilYSOSTOMl. 73. (1.) Mnrsena meleagris. Muraena meleagris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. p. 220, and General Zool. iv, pt. i, p. 32 ; Day) Fish. India, p. 608 (see synon.). Length of head contained 3g to 3f times in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail rather longer than the trunk. Eyes small, 2| diameters from the end of the snout ; an- terior nasal tubes very short. Length of cleft of mouth 2f in the length of the head. The mouth can be completely closed. Gill- opening narrow. Teeth in two rows, except on the vomer and on the sides of the mandible. Canines rather small. Colour brownish black, covered with numerous yellow dots that are smaller than the eye. ffab. From the east coast of Africa, the Seychelles, and the Mauritius throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific. This species attains a large size. 74. (2.) Muraena tile. (Fig. 31.) Mursenophis tile, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 18, 3G3. Mursena tile, Day, Fish. India, p. G68, pi. clxx, fig. 4 (see synon.). Length of head 3f to 4| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail rather shorter than the trunk, or about the same length. Eyes rather small, about 2 to 2| diameters from /If Fig. 31. Mitrana- tile and upper teeth. end of snout and situated slightly nearer to the angle of the mouth than to the end of the snout; length of cleft of mouth about 3g in that of the head ; anterior nasal tubes short. Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Teeth in two rows, except at the sides in the lower jaw; canines small. Colour brownish yellow or greenish, becoming lighter beneath; the body covered with small white spots, specks, or marks, which sometimes have a dark border, or they may be entirely absent in adults. Hab. Bourbon, seas and estuaries of Bengal to the Malay Archi- pelago. M. tile ascends tidal rivers and is common in the Hooghly at Calcutta, where it attains about 2 feet in length. MURYENIDJE. 77 75. (3.) Muraena sathete. Murjenophis sathete, Ham. Huch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 17, 363. Mtmeua sathete, Day, Fish. India, p. G68 (see synon.). Length of head 4| to 5 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent : tail rather longer (considerably according to McClelland) than the trunk. Eyes small, 2J to 2| diameters from the end of the snout, 2 apart, and midway between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Length of the cleft of the mouth about 3if times in the length of the head ; jaws nearly equal in length anteriorly. Teeth the maxillary, anterior vomerine, and anterior mandibular teeth biserial, the rest uniserial. Colour Head, body, and fins dark greenish olive, becoming of a greenish yellow infe- riorly ; silvery dots along the lateral line. Hob. Bay of Bengal, Piuang. 76. (4.) Muraena punctata. Gymnothorax punctatus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 526. Muraena punctata, Day, Fish. India, p. 669, pi. clxxiii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Calamaia paum, Tel. Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail rather longer than the trunk. Eyes of moderate size, situated midway between the angle of the mouth and end of the snout ; anterior nasal tubes about half as long as the orbit. Length of cleft of mouth equal to half the length of the head ; the mouth can be completely closed. Gill-opening about twice as large as the orbit. Teeth in a single row, from 18 to 22 on each side of the mandible, the anterior longest. Canines of moderate size. Colour purplish black, with black streaks radiating from the eye ; the whole of the fish covered with pure white spots each having a dark edge, they are largest posteriorly, but nowhere exceed the size of the pupil of the eye. Hob. Coromandel coast of India. This fish attains to a large size. Ilussell observed that it was not eaten, and it was considered to be of a poisonous nature, whilst its flesh smelt very rank even when it was just captured. 77. (5.) Muraena rueppellii. Dalophis rupelliae, McClelland, Cal. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, p. 213. Mureena ruppellii, Day, Fish. India, p. 069 (see synon.). Length of head 3J- to 3| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail about one fifth longer than the trunk. Eyes rather above half the length of the snout, and situated nearly midway between angle of mouth and end of snout ; anterior nasal tubes scarcely half the length of the eye. Snout slightly com- pressed ; extent of cleft of mouth 2|- in the length of the head. Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Teeth in a single row (the young may have one or two extra teeth forming an inner maxillary row), from 20 to 23 in each ramus of mandible ; canines 78 TELEOSTEI. PI1YSOSTOMI. of moderate size ; the mouth can be completely closed. Colour yellowish, with from 18 to 20 black rings encircling the head and body ; they are narrower than the ground-colour ; the first three are on the head, the others sometimes become less distinct as age increases. Hub. Andamans and Malay Archipelago. 78. (6.) Muraena reticularis. Gymnothorax reticularis, Block, Ausl. Fische, t. 416. Mursena reticularis, Day, Fish. India, p. GC9 (see synon.). Length of head 3j in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail a little longer than the trunk. Eyes diameter two thirds of the length of the snout, situated rather nearer angle of mouth than end of snout. Anterior nasal tubes very short ; snout short and very slightly compressed. Extent of cleft of mouth one third of the length of the head. Gill-opening of about the same size as the eye. Teeth in a single row, some being slightly serrated ; about 13 in each ramus of mandible ; the canines small ; the mouth can be completely closed. Colour head and back spotted and dotted with brown ; about 16 dark cross bands on the body, wider than the ground-colour, and most distinct in the lower half of the body and on the dorsal fin ; the first well- marked ventral baud is behind the gill-opening. Hob. Seas of India to China and Japan. 79. (7.) Muraena punctatofasciata. Gymnothorax punctato-fasciatus, Bleaker, Gymnoth. Intl. Ar<:h. p. 107, and Ail. Ich. iv, p. 99, pi. clxxv,. fig. 4. Mursena punctato-fasciata, Day, Fish. India, p. GG9, pi. clxix, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kills, Marathi. Length of head 3| to 4| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail slightly longer than the trunk. Eyes situated midway between the end of the narrow snout and the angle of the mouth, two thirds the length of the snout. The mouth can be completely closed ; the extent of its cleft equals one third of the length of the head. Gill-opening about the same size as the eye. Body rather slender. Teeth pointed and in a single row, without any basal lobe, occasionally there are 2 or 3 teeth forming an inner maxillary row ; canines of moderate size ; 16 to 17 teeth on each side of the mandible. Colour reddish brown, darkest along the back ; from 28 to 35 dark, more or less complete, rings of an irregular character on the body and fins. Head and ground-colour between the rings with blotches, spots, and fine lines. Hub. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 80. (8.) Muraena tessellata. Mursena tessellata, RicJtardsoti, Voy. Sulphur, Ich. p. 109, t. Iv, figs. 6-8 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 070, pi. clxxi, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kyouk nga phayoon. Arracan. MUB^ENIIXE. 70 Length of head to gill-opening 3 to 3| in the distance between the end of the smout and the vent ; tail slightly longer or shorter than the trunk. Snout compressed. Eyes situated slightly before the middle of the distance between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Length of cleft of mouth 2 \ to 2^ in the dis- tance between the end of the snout and the gill-opening. Anterior nasal tubes half as long as eye. Teeth large, compressed, pointed, and in the adult in a single row : occasionally in the young there is a short internal row in the maxilla. Fins dorsal commences above the gill-opening. Colour dark polygonal or rounded spots, which are separated by narrow light lines or interspaces on the head, body, and fins ; most or all of the spots are wider than the intervening areas. Hab. Prom the east coast of Africa and the Mauritius, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and China. 81. (9.) Muraena fimbriata. Murama fimbriata, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 168 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 670, pi. clxxii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Chukapdm, Tel. Length of head 3 to 3| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail one third longer than the trunk. Eye rather nearer the angle of the mouth than the end of the narrow snout, from which last it is distant from If to 2 diameters. Extent of cleft of mouth equal to one third of the length of the head. Gill-opening smaller than the eye. Teeth pointed, and in a single row, without any basal lobe, occasionally there are 2 or 3 teeth in a second inner maxillary row. Colour olive-brown, with a few black spots on the head, and numerous irregularly formed ones on the body, dorsal and anal fins; many of the spots take a vertical direction, and a few are larger than the eye. Pins with a white* edge. In some examples the spots are in 2 or 3 regular longitudinal rows. Hab. Madagascar, Coromandel Coast of India, Andaman Islands to the Malay Archipelago. 82. (10.) Mursena pseudothyrsoidea. Muraena pseudothyrsoidea, Bleeker, Balavia, Nat. Tijdschr. iii, p. 778, and Murom, p. 44 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 070, pi. clxxiii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Jlesdl, Marathi. Length of head 3J to 3 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail a little shorter than the trunk. Eyes nearer end of snout than angle of mouth, \\ to 2 diameters in the length of the snout, and l- apart. Cleft of mouth 2\ in the length of the head. The gill-opening about one third wider than the eye. Teeth in a single row, about 18 or 20 on each side of the mandible, the 2 anterior being canines and of moderate size ; one or two teeth of anterior vomerine scries subulate and 80 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI. larger than those in the preraaxillaries. The mouth can be com- pletely shut. Colour brownish, covered with fine dark spots on the head and body, intermixed with reticulated yellow lines, most distinct in the caudal region. Sometimes a white edge to fins. Gill-opening usually surrounded by a black spot. Hab. Coasts of Sind and India to the Malay Archipelago. 83. (11.) Mnraena undulata. Muraenophis undulata, Lacfyede, H. N. Poiss. v, pp. 629, 644. Muraena undulata, Da;/, Fish. India, p. 671, pi. clxxi, fig. 5 (young), & pi, clxxiii, fig. 2 (adult) (see synon.). Length of head 3^ to 3j in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail a little longer than the trunk. Eyes If to 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and about midway between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Length of cleft of mouth 2 to 21 in the length of the head. Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Anterior nasal tube short. The mouth cannot be completely shut ; snout pointed. Teeth in a single row, occasionally one or two additional, forming an inner row in the maxilla ; normally 4 pairs of canines in the mandibles, and 18 to 20 teeth in either ramus of mandible ; two canines in the maxilla. Colour light brownish, covered with irregularly sized blotches, and usually with light reticulated lines over the body, most distinct posteriorly ; no black spot at gill-opening ; no white edge to fins. Hab. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Pacific Ocean. 84. (12.) Murasna flavimarginata. Muraena flavimarginata, Rilppell, Atl. p. 119, pi. xxx, fig. 3; Day, Fish. India, p. 671 (see synon.). Length of head 3| to 4 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent : tail rather shorter than the trunk. Eyes small, from 2 to 2| diameters in the length of the snout, and situated about midway between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Anterior nasal tubes very short: snout rather elevated. Length of cleft of mouth 2| in the length of the head. The mouth can be completely closed. Gill-opening wider than the eye. Teeth in a single row, except the vomerine band, which is bifurcated anteriorly; canines of moderate size. Colour light brown or yellowish brown, marbled or spotted with darker : the head and end of tail nearly black. Gill-opening in a black spot. Fins usually with a light edge. Hab. lied Sea, Seychelles Archipelago, Bourbon, Mauritius, and seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 85. (13.) Muraena afra. Gymnotnorax afer, Block, Ausl. Fischc, t. 417. Muraena afra, Day, Fish. India, p. 071 (see synon.). 81 Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail slightly longer than the trunk. Eyes diameter about half the length of the snout ; situated slightly nearer to angle of mouth than to end of snout. Length of cleft of rnouth about 2| in the length of the head. Snout pointed ; anterior nasal tubes about half as long as the orbit. Gill-opening not quite so wide as the eye. Teeth in old examples in one row, but in the young usually in two rows in both jaws. Coloui a light ground, blotched and marked all over with brown, or of a general brownish black. Hah. Recorded from Tranquebar (Bl. Schn.), Indian Ocean, Australia, and tropical parts of the Atlantic. 86. (14.) Murama macrura. (Fig. 32.) Murnena macrurus, Bleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. vii, p. 324 ; Day, fish. India, p. 072, pi. clxx, fig. 5 (see synon.). Seram pambu, Tamil. Length of head from snout to gill-opening one fourth of the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail from 1$ to twice as long as the trunk. Eyes situated in the front half of Fig. 32. Munena, macrura and upper teeth. the distance between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout, about 2 diameters from end of snout. Teeth pointed, those in the maxilla and mandible in two rows : canines badly developed. Fins the dorsal anteriorly is low and densely enveloped in skin ; it commences midway between the gape of the mouth and the gill- opening. Colour uniform brown, the fins tinged with black. The variety Imyisrima, Kaup, has the body comparatively longer than in macrura. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. It attains upwards of 10 feet in length. 87. (15.) Muraena thyrsoidea. Muraena thyrsoidea, Ilidiardson, Voy. Sulphni; Ich. p. Ill, pi. xlcx, tig. 1 ; Day, Fisfi. India, p. 672, pi. clxxii, tig. 3 (see synon.). 82 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. Length of head 3 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent; tail from one sixth to one third longer than the trunk. Eyes lj diameters from end of snout, to which they are nearer than to the angle of the mouth. Anterior nasal tubes equal in length to two thirds of the vertical diameter of the eye. Length of cleft of mouth 3^ in the length of the head. Gill- openings rather larger than the eye. Teeth conical and laterally biserial on the maxilla; about 23 on each ramus of the mandible; vomerine teeth globular and in two rows ; no large canines ; the mouth cannot be completely shut. F'ois dorsal more than two thirds as high as the body. Colour light brown, covered all over with closely-set purplish spots, amongst which are light lines forming a network ; gill-opening sometimes with a black mark around it ; no white edge to fins. Hob. Andamans and Burma to the Malay Archipelago, China and the Tonga Islands. 88. (16.) Muraena picta. Mursena picta, AM, De Mur. et Ophich. in TJmnb. Dixs. iii, p. 0, t. ii, fig. 2; Day, Fish, fndia, p. 672, pi. clxxii, tig. 4 (see synon.). Length of head 3| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail about as long as the trunk. Eyes small, about 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and situated over about the centre of the cleft of mouth, which latter is about one third of the length of the head : the mouth cannot be completely closed. Ante- rior nasal tube not quite so long as the vertical diameter of the orbit. Gill-opening about as large as the orbit. Teeth maxillary and premaxillary teeth in a single row; vomerine ones posteriorly rounded and generally anteriorly bifurcated in a row ; the anterior 2 or 3 vomerine teeth are rather curved, sharp, not subulate, and about the same size as those in the premaxillaries. Mandibular teeth in one row, except anteriorly where it is double. Colour there are many different forms of colour, usually the ground tint is grey or greyish yellow covered with black spots, which are connected together by a network of dark lines, causing the fish to appear marbled. Hob. East coast of Africa, Madagascar, Bourbon, and seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. 89. (17.) Muraena zebra. Gymnomursena zebra, Shatv, Gen. Zool. iv, p. 31. Mura3na zebra, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 673 (see synon.). Length of head 6| to 7| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail one third of the total length. Eyes small, and rather nearer the end of the snout than to the angle of the mouth. Teeth consist of bands of obtuse molars. Colour rich dark brown, ornamented with from 30 to 100 narrow white or yellow rings, which are sometimes incomplete. 83 Hub. Red Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific. This species attains a large size. 90. (18.) MnraBna nebulosa. (Fig. 33.) Murnena ne.bulosa, AM, De Mur. et Ophich. p. 5, t. i, fig. 2; Day, Fish. India, p. 073, pi. clxxii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Sattlinga Pain, Tel. Length of head 4| to 4| in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail a little shorter than the trunk. Eyes nearly 2 diameters from end of snout and situated midway between it and cleft of mouth, which last equals about one third of the length of the head. Gill-opening rather smaller than the eye. Teeth most of the teeth obtuse or molariform. Fins vertical ones rather well developed and commencing a little in front of gill- opening. Colour brownish or olive, darkest along the back. A , Fig. 33. Mur&na nebulosa aiid upper teeth. row of from 20 to 25 black blotches along the upper surface of the head and back extending on to the dorsal fin, and nearly as wide as the ground-colour ; there are some white spots in the centre of each. A similar row of blotches along the abdominal surface. Intermediate ground-colour of fish covered with small black stars, spots, or vermiculated lines. Vertebra? 65/57. Hob. Eed Sea, Madagascar, Bourbon, Seychelles Archipelago, through the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is said to attain 5 feet in length. 91. (19.) Murana polyzona. Muraena polyzona, Richardson, Voy, Sulphur, Ich. p. 112, pi. Iv, figs. 11-14; Day, Fish. India, p. 673, pi. clxix, fig. 5 (erroneously marked M. schultzei) (see synon.). Budlde pdm, Tarn. Length of head one fourth of the distance between the end of the snout and the vent; tail about one third longer than body. Eyes of moderate size, placed about midway between angle of mouth and end of the snout. Length of cleft of mouth 3| in the length of the head. Gill-opening small, scarcely so large as the eye. Teeth with rounded crowns, their form changing considerably with o2 84 TBLBOSTBI. PHYSOSTOMI. age. Fiiis dorsal rudimentary, commencing a little behind the vertical from the branchial opening. Colour deep brown, encircled with 25-30 fine narrow (yellow) whole or half bands, which usually increase in width as they descend. Hab. Eed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific. 92. (20.) Muraena nigra. Mursena nigra, Day, I. Z. S. 1870, p. 702, and Fish. India, p. 674, pi. clxxi, tig. 3. Length of head 4 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent; tail nearly one half of the total length. Eyes situated nearer to the snout than to the angle of the mouth, .small, diameter half that of the snout ; anterior tubular nostril of moderate length. Gill-opening about as wide as the eye. Cleft of mouth equals one third of length of the head; the mouth cannot be completely closed. Teeth biserial, except in the mandible, where there are three rows in some places ; all are obtuse except those of the inner maxillary row, which are pointed and finer than the outer row; premaxillary and vomerine teeth of equal size and with globular heads ; mandible with about 20 teeth on each side. Fim dorsal and anal moderately developed ; the former commencing just behind a vertical line from the gill-opening, and half as high as the body. Colour uniform black, no light edge to the fins. Hab. Andamans. The specimen, 16 inches long, was discovered alive under a large stone at low water at Port Blair. 2. Genus GY1INOMURJENA, Lacepede. Syu. Muranoblenna, Lace"p. ; Ichthyophis, Lesson ; Uropterygius RUpp. ; Channomurcena, Richardson. Gill-openings of moderate width or narrow. Two pairs of nostrils on the upper surface of the snout, the posterior being a round foramen, or with a short tube. Teeth small, pointed, and numerous. Fins absent, except a rudimentary one round the end of the tail. Scales absent. Geographical Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans. Synopsis of Indian Species. Tail nearly twice as long as trunk. Brownish, with dark blotches 1. G. tigrina, p. 84. Tail rather longer than trunk. Grey, marbled with arborescent dark lines 2. G. marmorata, p. 85. 93. (1.) Gymnomuraea tigrina. Ichthyophis tigrinus, Lesson, Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, iv, p. 399. Gymnomurjena tigrina, Day, Fish. India, p. 674 (see synon.). 85 Length of head 4% in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail nearly twice as long as the body. Eyes small. Posterior nostril slightly tubular in the adult. Extent of cleft of mouth 24 in the length of the head. Teeth no distinct canines ; the maxillary and anterior mandibular teeth in two rows. Colour brownish, with various sized irregularly shaped or rounded black spots and blotches. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago and beyond. An example in the British Museum from the Mauritius is 4 feet in length. 94. (2.) Gynmomnraena marmorata. (Fig. 34.) Gymnomimena marmorata, Lacepede, H. N. Poiss. v, pp. 648, 650 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 674, pi. clxxii, fig. 5 (see synon.), Length of head 4 to 4^ in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; taif rather longer than the trunk. Eyes small, about H or 1| diameters from the end of the snout, to Fig. 34. Gymnomurcena marmorata. which they are nearer than to the angle of the mouth. Extent of cleft of mouth from 2| to 2| in the length of the head. The gill- opening wider than the eye. Anterior nasal tubes short, the posterior nostrils with a raised edge in adults. Teeth pointed, in a band in each jaw, the inner row the larger ; no large canines ; in a single row in the vomer, the anterior two rather enlarged and acicular. Fins the vertical fins only exist round the end of the tail, the fin-rays being rudimentary. Colour brownish grey, marbled all over with arborescent dark lines. The variety O. xantliapterus has the fins yellow. Hal>. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. 86 TBLEOSJET. PIIYSOSTOMT. Second group. MUBJENIDJE PLATYSCHIST^. 3. Genus ANGUILLA, G'uvier. Syn. Murcena (sp.), Artedi ; Terpolepis (pt.), McClelland ; Panmytiillu, Bleeker. Gill-openings of moderate extent, situated near the base of the pectoral fins. Upper jaw not projecting beyond the lower. Teeth small and in bands. The dorsal fin commences at some distance behind the nape ; pectorals present. Small scales present, which are imbedded in the skin. Geographical Distribution. Fishes of this genus appear to be distributed in fresh waters throughout the habitable globe, being reputed to be only absent in the Arctic regions, and probably in cold districts such as Turkestan. Numerous species have been recorded and more are almost yearly being added to the present mass of synonyms. There appear to be two distinct forms in India, but they are subject to variation in the relative position of the origin of the dorsal fin to the vent ; and likewise, but to a minor extent, in the character of the bands of teeth and the position of the eye. The comparative size of the bodies of these fish also varies with age and the existence of suitable food in the localities they inhabit. Eels attain a large size in India, but not the immense length (300 feet) attributed to those of the Ganges by Pliny. Being seldom eaten except by the lower classes, there is but little demand for them. " The natives have an easy way of taking them. They leave small-mouthed earthen pots with a bit of sheepskin in each over night, and draw them up in the morning, with their fish lying coiled up most comfortably in them " (Thomas, ' Tank Angling in India,' p. 100). In Java the eel, according to Bleeker, is considered by the natives to be a serpent, and they say it attacks small goats and even children. It migrates overland from one river to another when desirous of change. Synopsis of Indian Species. Origin of dorsal fin situated about midway between the gill-opening and origin of anal fin 1. A. bengalensis. p. 80. Origin of dorsal fin situated above, rather in front of, or slightly behind the vent .... 2. A. bicolor, p. 87. 95. (1.) Anguilla bengalensis. (Fig. 35.) Muraena anguilla, Ham. Bvch. Fish. Gatu/ef;, p. 22. Munena bengalensis, Gray fy Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. (from II. S.'s MSS.). Anguilla bengalensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 659. pi. clxviii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Ahtr, Marathi ; T'eUangoo, Tamil ; Nya-mce-town/, Arracan ; ft of mouth equals rather less than half the length of 92 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. the head. Eyes 2 to 21 diameters in the length of the snout, and 1 diameter apart. Teeth the vomerine are straight, com- pressed, and with a basal lobe anteriorly and posteriorly : the mandibular teeth are very much smaller than the vomerine, and those in the external row are not bent outwards (as in M. talabo- noides). Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the gill- opening; pectoral contained 3 times in the length of head. Colour silvery, becoming white on the abdomen; vertical tins yellowish, with either a narrow or wide outer black edge ; pectoral yellow or black. Hah. Eed Sea, seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archi- pelago and Australia. This is the most common species of the genus in the seas of India. 7. Genus SAURENCHELYS, Peters. Gill-openings of a moderate width. Snout much produced. Nostrils lateral, the front one near the end of snout, the hind one close in front of orbit. Teeth rather small and in several rows. Pectoral fins absent ; vertical fins well developed. Air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent. Scaleless. Geographical Distribution. Coromandel coast of India and the Mediterranean. 102. (1.) Saurenchelys petersi. (Fig. 39.) Saurenchelys petersi, Day, Fish. India, p. 663, pi. ckviii, fig. 6. Length of head 2| times between end of snout and vent ; length of trunk 31 times in that of the tail ; extent of the cleft of the mouth half the length of the head. Eyes 3 diameters in the Fig. 39. Saurenchelys petersi. length of the snout, and one diameter apart. Teeth canines present anteriorly ; the vomerine teeth large, compressed, but without any basal lobes. Fins the dorsal commences a short dis- tance behind the gill-opening; itislowanteriorly,becominggradually more developed, and is continuous posteriorly with the anal. Pec- torals absent. Colour dorsal fin with a dark edge ; it and the anal become almost black in the last one fourth of their extent. Hob. The single example was taken from the sea in Orissa. 8. Genus MUILENICHTHYS, Bleeker. Body elongated and cylindrical. Gill-openings narrow. Eyes small. Nostrils on the edge of the upper jaw. Dorsal fin low 93 or rudimentary, commencing a long distance posterior to the gill- opening ; caudal continued round the end of tail. Pectorals absent. Scaleless. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. Dorsal fiu commences before the vent ...... 1. M. schultzei, p. 93. Dorsal fin commences behind the vent ...... 2. M. vermiformis, p. 93. 103. (1.) Maraenichthys schnitzel. (Fig. 40.) Munenichthys schultzei, Sleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. xiii, p. 366 ; Visch. Batav. p. 506 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 603, pi. clxix, fig. 3 * (see synon.). Length of head 2| to 3 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; length of the trunk three fifths that of the tail. Extent of cleft of mouth equals one third of the length of Fig. 4Q.Mur(enichthys schultzei and upper teeth. the head. Eyes of moderate size, situated midway between the angle of the mouth and the end of the snout. Upper jaw some- what the longer. Teeth in jaws pointed, in three rows, the inner the larger ; the palatine teeth in two rows, with obtuse crowns. Fins the dorsal low, commencing in the last sixth of the distance between the gill-opening and the vent. Pectorals absent. Colour brownish along the back, becoming of a yellowish greea on the sides and below. Hob. Andaman Islands to the Malay Archipelago. 104. (2.) Mnraenichthys vermiformis. Chilorhinus (Muraenichthys) vermiformis, Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1806, p. 524. Muraenichthys vermiformis, Day, Fish. India, p. 663 (see synon.). Angle of the mouth slightly posterior to the eye. Teeth in the jaws and on the vomer in a single row. The origin of the dorsal fin behind the vent. Hob. Ceylon. * A mistake has been made in the plate quoted. The name given for fig. 3, Mur&na polyzona (ante, p. 83), belongs to fig. 5 and vice ven>d. 94 TELEOSTKI. PHYSOSTOMI. 9. Genus OPHICHTHYS, Ahl. Syn. Ophisurus, Fcccilocephahis, and Gzcilia, Lace"p. ; Cacula, Vahl ; Siikar/ebranchus, Bl. Schn. ; Mwtenopsis, Lesueur ; Dalophi*, Kaf. ; Li'p- tognafhus, Swainson ; Apterichthys, Dumeril ; Leptorkyncnut, Smith ; Ichthi/apus, Bris. de Barneville ; Centrurophis , Pcecilocephalui, Micrndo- nop/iis, Coscilopis, Herpetoichthys, Brachysomophia, Elapsopis, Myttriophis, Echiophis, Scytalophis, Leptorhinophis, Pisoodunophis, Lamnostoma, Anr/ui- Echiophis, Scytalophis, Leptorhinophis, Pisoodunophi mtrits, Cirt'himurcena, Callechelys, Ichthyctpus, Opsuraps, i'oaopsx, Kaup ; Achirophichthys, Bleeder ;. Mucrodonophis and Urnnichthys, Poey. The gill-openings may be close together. Snout greatly or mode- rately produced. Cleft of mouth wide or of medium width ; lips may or may not be fringed. Teeth in jaws and on vomer, either pointed and granular, or small and conical ; in the maxilla they may be in from one to four rows or in bands, while in the mandibles they may be in one or two rows ; canines present or absent, Dorsal fin, when present, commences either in advance of or nearly above the gill-opening, or behind the root of the pectoral ; the pectorals, when present, may be rudimentary, or only developed in the adult, or else of moderate size ; anal present or absent. Extremity of tail free. This genus has been regarded by some authors as a Family ; in all the species the extremity of the tail is free, and there are vomerine teeth. Synopsis of Indian Species. A.. Teeth obtuse or granular. Pectorals present or absent. Head 3| to 4 times in length of trunk ; body nearly two thirds of total length ...... 1. O. boro, p. 94. Head 7^ to 8 times in length of trunk ; body rather above a third of the total length . . 2. O. inicroccphalus, p. 9o. Head 8 to 9 times in length of trunk; body about half of total length. Body sur- rounded by brown rings, between which are sometimes spots .................. 3. O. colubnnus, p. 90. B. Teeth pointed and in a single row. Pec- torals absent. Head 3| to 4 times in length of trunk ; body half of total length ................. 4. O. orientalis, p. 90. Head 7 in length of trunk ; body about as long as tail. 10 to 17 large dark spots along the lateral line ................ 5. O. ornati^hnxs, p. 97. 105. (1.) Ophichthys boro. (Fig. 41.) Ophisurus boro, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Gang. p. 20, t. v, fig. 5. Ophichthys boro, Day, Fish. India, p. 664, pi. clxxi, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. xxix-xxxi. D. 320-400. P. 13. A. 250-270. Length of head (to gill-opening) from 3| to 4 times in the dis- 95 tance between the snout and the vent ; length of trunk nearly two thirds of the total. Eyes from 2 to 2| or even 3 diameters from end of snout, and slightly nearer angle of mouth than end of snout. Upper jaw the longer ; cleft of mouth extending some distance Fig. 41. Ophichthys boro and tippet teeth. behind the eye. Snout rather depressed in the 'young and obtuse in the adult. Teeth granular, in a large patch on maxilla, and in several smaller rows on premaxillaries ; large and in several rows on the vomer ; two outer granular rows in mandible, with an inner pointed row. The form of the teeth is subject to considerable variation : thus they are usually conical in the young, which cha- racter *iay be retained in the adult age (O.hyald)', or the young in some instances have globular-headed teeth ; the number of rows of teeth is not constant. Fins dorsal low ; it commences about the length of the pectoral behind the posterior margin of that fin, and does not quite reach the tip of the tail. Pectoral rounded or pointed, its length equals about one fourth of the distance between the snout and its base. Anal low, not extending to the tip of the tail. Colour greenish olive above, with many minute black spots, becoming greenish white below ; the dorsal fin with a dark edging. The natives in some parts of Bengal imagine that this fish proceeds from the ear of a porpoise. Sir Walter Elliot was informed that in some parts of Madras those captured in salt-water creeks were eaten by the natives as a remedy for weakness or pains in the loins. When breathing this fish distends its gill-cavities with air taken in at the mouth, while it can also respire that contained in the water. If its gill-openings are kept firmly closed, it takes in air by its mouth ; should its mouth be kept shut it struggles until released so as to be able to respire. If the gills are exposed by removing the gill-membranes, it slowly. moves its branchiae, and is able to respire without taking in air by the mouth. Hub. Seas and estuaries of India and Malay Archipelago, ascending large rivers to far above tidal reach. It attains to at least 24 inches in length. 106. (2.) Ophichthys microcephalus. Ophichthys microcephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 665 pi. clxx, fig. 2. Length of head from 7 3 to 8 in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; tail nearly twice as long as trunk (1&). Eyes of moderate size, situated behind the middle of the distance 96 TKLEOSTKT. PHYSOSTOMI. between the snout and the angle of the mouth. Extent of cleft of mouth from end of snout 3^ in the length of the head. Anterior tubular nostrils well developed. Teeth obtusely conical and in three rows. Fins low, the dorsal commences over the last third of the pectoral fin, neither the dorsal nor anal is continued round the end of the tail. Pectoral 3^ to 3| in the length of the head. Colour olive above, becoming of a dull yellow on the sides and beneath ; fins externally stained with black. Hob. Three examples, none less than 25 inches in length, were captured in Malabar. 107. (3.) Ophichthys colubrinus. Muraona colubrina, Boddaert, Pallas' 's Neue Nord. Beytr. ii, 1781, 456, pi. 2, fig. 3. ichthys colubrinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 065, pi. clxvii, fig. 4 (see synon.). " B. xxv. circ. D. 510, circ. A. 318, circ. P. 10, circ." Bleeker. Length of head 8 to 9 times in the distance between the end of the snout and the vent ; length of trunk about equal to that of the tail ; snout projecting. Extent of cleft of mouth equals about ^ to | of the length of the head. Eyes rather small, situated behind the middle of the cleft of the mouth. Snout rather pointed. Teeth with rounded crowns and in two rows. Fins the dorsal fin commences in front of the gill-opening, just behind the nape ; it and the anal are rather low ; pectoral rudimentary. Colour numerous (25 to 35) brown rings surround the body. In some examples a dark round spot exists in the interspace between each ring on the body. Hob. Eed Sea, Andamans to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 108. (4.) Ophichthys orientalis. Dalophis orientalis, McClelland, Cal Journ. Nat, Hist. 1845, v, p. 213. Ophichthys orientalis, Day, Fish. India, p. 665, pi. cbcxi, tig. 1 (see synon.). Manti-bukaro-paumbu, Tel. Length of head 3| to 4 in the distance between the end of the snout and the anus ; tail as long as the trunk. Eyes small, placed rather behind the middle of the length of the head. The gill- openings are longitudinal slits almost parallel one to the other. Snout projecting, extending beyond the lower jaw, and the openings of the nostrils are on the lower surface. Teeth pointed and in a single row. Fins the dorsal commences at a short distance behind the gill-openings, it and the anal being low; pectorals absent. Colour olive, becoming lightest beneath ; one or two rows of round whitish spots across the occiput, having a short line of similar spots directed forward on either side. 97 " Very common at Madras. The boys catch it at the edge of the surf by bruising a crab in their hands and throwing it into the water, then walking about over the spot, and when they feel an eel about their feet they stoop down and suddenly dash it on to the sand with both hands. If thrown on the moist sand they bur- row themselves, tail foremost, almost instantaneously." (Jerdon.) Hob. Seas and estuaries of Ceylon and up the Bay of Bengal, certainly as high as Orissa. It attains at least a foot in length. 109. (5.) Ophichthys ornatissimus. Herpetoichthys ornatissiinus, Kaup, Cat. Apodal Fish. p. 7, fig. 4. OpHichthys ornatissimus, Day, Fish, India, p. 660 (see synon.). Length of head from snout to gill-opening 7 in the length of the trunk ; length of tail rather less than that of the trunk. Head depressed. Eyes near end of snout. Jaws of nearly equal length. Teeth pointed, those on the maxilla and front of the vomer in a double, the remainder in a single row. Fins dorsal low, com- mencing behind the end of the pectoral, the latter with 24 rays and about one fourth the length of the head. Colour irregular dark spots on the head. One transverse and two longitudinal rows of white spots on the occiput ; two curved whitish lines between the eyes ; sixteen to seventeen large, round, black spots along the lateral line, which are separated by another band of spots of dif- ferent sizes. Dorsal fin with black marginal spots and stripes. Hob. Malabar, whence an example 20-8 inches long was brought by Dussumier. 10. Genus MORINGUA, Gray. Syn. Raitaborua, Gray ; Ptyobranchus, McClell. ; Pterurus, Swainson ; Apldhalmichthys, Kaup ; Pscudomoringua, Bleeker. Body subcylindrical, with the trunk considerably longer than the tail. Gill-openings rather narrow and inferior; heart far pos- terior to the branchiae. Cleft of mouth narrow. The posterior nostril situated in front of the eye. Teeth in a single row. Vertical tins limited to the tail ; pectorals, if present, small. Scales absent. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Japan. Synopsis of Indian Species. Length of head G to G in that of the trunk ; trunk longer than the tail 1. M. raitaborua, p. 98. Length of head 6J in that of the trunk ; trunk at least f longer than the tail . . 2. M. macrocephala, p. 98. 93 TELEOSTEI. PITYSOSTOMI. 110. (1.) Moringna raitaborua. (Fig. 42.) Munena raitaborua, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 2o, 364. Moringua raitaborua, Day, Fish. India, p. GG6, pi. clxx, fig. 3 (see synon.). Length of head from snout to gill-opening 6 to 6| in the distance from snout to vent ; length of tail from two fifths to three eighths of the entire length. Height of body equals one third of length of head. Eyes rather high up, and 2 to 3 diameters from end of snout ; jaws of equal length in front, or the lower slightly the longer. Fig. 42. Morinyua raitaborua and upper teeth. Cleft of mouth extends above 1 diameter of the orbit behind its pos- terior margin. Gill-opening a slit at the side of the pectoral fin. Teeth in a single row directed backwards, pointed. Pirn dorsal slightly developed, it commences about the length of the head pos- terior to the anus ; the anal arises a short distance behind the anus ; both fins are interrupted in the middle, but posteriorly de- veloped and join the caudal. Pectoral equals about one sixth of its distance from the snout. Lateral line distinct. Colour coppery, olive, or even purplish above, becoming silvery under- neath ; some black dots. Vertebra) 90 -f 14. Hub. Estuaries of the Ganges to the Malay Archipelago ; attain- ing at least 22 inches in length. 111. (2.) Moringna macrocephala. Aphthalmichthys macrocephalus, BleeJccr, Atl. Ich. iv, p. 17, t. 147, fig. 2. Moringua macrocephala, Dai/, Fish. India, p. GOG (see synon.). Length of head from snout to gill-openjng 5| in the distance from snout to vent ; trunk at least two thirds longer than tail. Cleft of mouth about one fifth of the length of the head. Fins a few rays at the end of the tail, otherwise the vertical and pectoral fins are reduced to mere cutaneous folds. Hob. India and the Malay Archipelago. 99 Family III. SILUKID.E. Margin of the upper jaw formed mainly by the premaxillaries ; the maxilla rudimentary, often constituting the base of a barbel ; no subopercle. The rayed dorsal fin or the adipose dorsal may be present or absent. Skin scaleless, aud either smooth or covered with osseous plates, or scattered tubercles. Air-bladder, when present, either free in the abdominal cavity or more or less enclosed in bone ; it communicates with the organs of hearing by means of the auditory bones. Csecal appendages absent. The Siluroid, or scaleless, fishes are popularly termed Cat-fishes, owing to most of them being provided with feelers or long barbels arranged around the mouth. They mostly prefer muddy to clear water, and the more developed the barbels, the more these fishes appear to be adapted for an inland or muddy freshwater residence. The wider and deeper the rivers, the more suited they are for the Siluridce, consequently the larger forms are comparatively rare in the south of India, whilst they abound in the Indus, Juiniia, and Ganges, also in the Irrawaddy and other Burmese rivers. . Owing to their usual resort, these fishes appear to employ their feelers in moving about in muddy places, and consequently have less use for their eyes than forms that reside in clear pieces of water. This is one reason why the size of the eye as compared with the length of the head is much greater in the young than in the adult. The eye in fact atrophies, it does not increase in size in proportion with the remainder of the head. In some species, the skin of the head passes over the eye without any trace of a free orbital margin. In the genus Arius and some allied marine forms, the males appear to carry the ova in their mouths perhaps until the young are produced. Many of these fishes are credited with causing poisonous wounds, and we frequently find such cases admitted into hospitals. The injuries may be divided into two classes, (1) those in which the wounds are of a distinctly venomous description, (2) those in which the jagged spines occasion intense inflammation often of a dangerous character. The respiration of these fishes is effected in two ways, and it may be appropriate here to refer to the amphibious fishes of India, as the Lalnjnntliid and Qphiocephalidai. Kespiration in fishes is carried out normally, (1) by their using the air which is in solution in the water to oxygenate 'the blood at their gills, (2) by taking in atmospheric air direct, which is employed at a special organ, where it oxygenates the blood, which can be returned for use into the gen- eral circulation without going through the gills. The true amphi- bious fishes respire by the latter method. No doubt we observe that fishes which normally oxygenate their blood solely at their crills, do rise to the surface in very hot weather, when the water is H 2 ] 00 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI. foul, or insufficiently charged with air, and take in air by the mouth ; likewise we find that those which mainly take in atmospheric air direct by the mouth may, to a certain extent, be able to use their gills. If fishes having these two different modes of respiration are placed in a globe of water, across which a diaphragm of net is in- serted below the surface, so as to prevent their obtaining access to the atmosphere, those of the first class which oxygenate their blood at the gills are unaffected, whereas those which have accessory breathing-organs and take in air direct, or amphibious fishes, die from blood-poisoning. Amongst the Siluridce, Clarias has a dendritic apparatus attached to the branchia} (see fig. 48, p. 114), and Saccobranchus has a long air or respiratory sac passing backwards amongst the muscles of the back from behind the gill-cavity proper. The blood from the heart goes up the bulbus arteriosus, and divides into branches on either side, one of which goes to each respiratory air-sac, the anterior on the right, the posterior on the left side. The one on the right goes along the upper wall of the sac, whilst that on the left traverses the lower wall, giving off numerous lateral branches. From this respiratory air-sac the purified blood is returned by a vessel which conveys it direct to the aorta. It is thus evident that blood can be purified at these respiratory air-sacs, and these fishes can be kept alive hours, and even days, without being in water, thus enabling them to traverse considerable distances where aquatic respiration would be impossible. They are also able, when in water, to depurate some of the blood at the gills, if occasion should render it necessary for them to do so. The air- or swim-bladder (not respiratory air-sac) exists in two forms amongst the Siluridce. In marine species it is thick and not enclosed in bone, likewise in most of the freshwater forms found in the waters of the plains ; but as we approach the hills a change occurs, and in most of the genera the air-bladder possesses an osseous covering. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas and rivers. Fishes of this family are very abundant in the fresh waters of India, likewise in the estuaries and sea ; they are not so common, however, in the clear waters around the Andamans. and are nearly absent from the Red Sea. Uses. As a rule (excluding Pseudeutropius^ Callichrous, and Ailia), the Siluroids are more eaten by the poorer than by the richer classes, and for two reasons first, they are forbidden to Jews and Mahomedans, and secondly, they are very foul feeders. Sacco- brancTius and Clarias, however, are deemed nourishing and often prescribed for patients recovering from illness. The air-bladders of the marine forms are collected for export to China, as they afford a coarse isinglass. SILURID^E. 101 Synopsis of Indian Genera. First group. HYPOSTOMATINA. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus; gill-openings small. The rayed dorsal fin, if present, belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column, being in advance of the ventrals. Adipose dorsal present. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal. Air- bladder partially or wholly enclosed in bone. i plates along the back. The adipose fin ui the form of a short spine. Upper caudal ray very elongate 1. SISOB. An adipose fin. An adhesive apparatus form- ed of transverse folds of skin situated on the chest between the bases of the pec- toral fins 2. PSEUDECHENEIS. No long caudal ray, osseous dorsal plates, nor adhesive apparatus. A low adipose tin. . 3. EXOSTOMA. Second group. CHACINA. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-openings small. Rayed dorsal and anal fins consisting each of two portions ; a strong serrated spine in front of the first dorsal fin, while the posterior portions of both fins are confluent with the caudal. No adipose fin. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone. Mouth very wide. Eyes rudimentary 4. CHACA. Third group. PLOTOSIKA. Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-open- ings wide. Rayed dorsal fin in two portions ; the anterior with few rays, and armed with a pungent spine, the posterior long and confluent with the caudal, as is also the long anal. No adipose dorsal. Ventral many (12) rayed. A dendritic post-anal organ. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone. Teeth on the palate. Pectoral with a spine. 5. PLOTOSUS. Fourth group. CLABIINA. Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus ; gill-open- ings wide. Rayed dorsal fin single, spineless and elongated, pos- teriorly neither it nor the anal confluent with the caudal. No adi- pose dorsal. A dendritic accessory branchial apparatus attached to the convex side of some of the branchial arches, and received into a recess above and behind the true gill-cavity. Air-bladder transverse, lobed, and enclosed in bone. Teeth on the palate. A pectoral spine. Ventral with six rays 6. CLARIAS. Fifth group. SILURINA. Gill-membranes more or less separate from the isthmus, which they overlap, their hind edges being freo even if united to ono another. L ( )2 TELEOSTEI. 1'H I8OSTO.M I. The rayed dorsal fin, if present^, belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column, ueing in advance of the veutrals. Adipose fin present or absent. a. Length of the anal fin nearly equal to that of the caudal portion of the vertebral column. Gill-openings wide. Teeth on the palate. Barbels four or six. Rayed dorsal fin without spine ; no adipose fin. Pectoral with a spine. Ven- tral with eight or more rays ; anal with from sixty to ninety rays. Air- bladder free , 7. SILURUS. Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. , Rayed dorsal fin with a short spine, an adipose fin; j&a pectoral spine. Ventral with six, anal with from fifteen to about twenty-three rays. Caudal rounded or lanceolate. Air-bladder free 8. OLYBA. No teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. Dor- sal fin with one spine and six rays ; a small pectoral spine. Anal rather short (eleven to twelve rays). Ventral with six rays ; caudal forked. Air-bladder enclosed in bone 9. AMBLYCEPS. Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. A short spineless dorsal, also an adipose fin ; an elongated anal one (sixty to eighty rays). A strong pectoral spine. Ventral with six rays. An elongated, respiratory air- sac, extending backwards amongst the muscles of the back on either side of the neural spines. Air-bladder enclosed in bone 10. SACCOBRANCJU *. Cleft of mouth deep, extending to behind the eyes. Teeth on the vomer. Barbels four. Rayed dorsal fin short, spineless ; no adipose fin. A pectoral spine. Ven- tral with nine or ten rays ; anal with sixty-five to ninety-five rays. Air- bladder free " 11. WALLAGO. Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. A short dorsal fin with a spine, also an adipose fin. A pectoral spine ; an elongated anal fin (forty-seven to fifty rays). Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder partially protected by bone 12. EUTBOPIICHTHY.S. Cleft of mouth does not extend to the eye. Teeth on the vomer. Barbels two or four. Rayed dorsal fin when present small ; no adipose fin. A pectoral spine. Ventral with ten or less rays ; anal with from about forty-five to ninety-five -rayt - Air-bladder free .". . 13. GALLIC HBOUS. Teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. No rayed dorsal, but an adipose fin. Pec- toral with a spine ; an elongated anal (sixty to seventy-five rays) ; a pectoral SILUBID.-E. spine. Ventral with six rays. Air- bladder partially protected by bone 14. AILIA. Similar to Atlia but destitute of ventral tins. . 15. AiLiic Teeth present on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal and pectoral spines. An adipose dorsal. Ventral with six or eight rays; anal with from about twenty- seven to fifty-five rays. Air-bladder free. 16. PSKUDEUTROPIUS. Teeth present on the palate. Barbels four. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose dorsal. Ventral with six, anal with trora about twenty-nine to thirty-nine rays. Air-bladder free ". 17. PANOASIUS. Teeth on the palate. Barbels two or four. A short dorsal having a spine, also an- adipose fin ; an elongated anal (forty or fifty rays). A pectoral spine. Ven- tral with six rays. Air-bladder partially protected by bone . . . 18. SLLUNDIA. b. Length of the anal fin much less than the caudal portion of the vertebral column. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, but overlapping one another, being cleft nearly to the chin. Teeth present on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal and pec- toral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with from about eight or nine to twenty or more rays. Air- bladder free 19. MACHONES. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not confluent with the ekin of the isthmus, but overlapping one another, being cleft nearly to the chin. Teeth present on the palate. Barbels six or eight. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with from about fifteen to twenty rays. Air-bladder free 20. LIOCASSIS. Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and scarcely or not notched. Teeth present on the palate. Barbels six or eight. Strong dorsal and pectoral spines, an adipose tin. Ventral with seven or eight rays, anal with twelve to thirteen. Air- bladder free 21. RITA. Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and scarcely or not notched. Teeth present or absent on the palate. Barbels six. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with from ^ about fourteen to at least twenty-four fayir~5Ir-bladder free 22. ABICS. Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con- 104 TELEOSTEI. PHISO8TOMI. fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and not notched. No teeth on the palate. Barbels six. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with about twenty rays. Air-bladder free 23. KETENGUS. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, but overlapping one another, being notched. Teeth on the palate. Barbels, one semi-osseous maxillary pair. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ven- tral with six, anal with from about nineteen to twenty-four rays. Air- bladder free 24. OSTEOGENIOSUS. Gill-openings wide, the membranes not con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus, and not notched. Teeth present on the palate. Barbels two. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with about twenty rays. Air-bladder free 25. BATHACIIOCEPIIAI.US. Gill-openings of moderate width, not con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus. No palatine teeth. Barbels eight. Dorsal and pectoral spines ; an adipose fin. Ven- tral with six, anal with few (8-10) rays . 26. AKYSIS. Gill-openings wide, the membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus. No teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal fin with one spine and six rays. A pec- toral spine ; an adipose fin ; anal rather short. Ventral with six rays. Air- bladder enclosed in bone 27. BAGAIUUS. Gill-openings wide, the membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus. No teeth on the palate. Barbels eight. Dorsal fin with one spine and six or seven rays ; an adipose fin. A pectoral spine. Anal short. Ventral with six rays. An ad- hesive apparatus formed of longitudinal plaits of skin, situated on the chest between the bases of the pectoral fins. Air-bladder enclosed in bone 28. GLYPTOSTKRNUM. As in last genus but having palatine teeth . . 29. EUGLYPTOSTERNUM. Gill-openings narrow, the membranes being confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Mouth narrow. Occipital, scapular, and humeral processes well developed. No palatine teeth. Barbels eight. Dorsal and pectoral spines present; an adipose fin. Ventral with six, anal with about ten rays Air-bladder free 30. ERETHISTES. Gill-openings rather narrow, the membranes being confluent with the skin of the isthmus. No teeth on the palate. SILUBIDjE. 105 Barbels six or eight, the two mandibular pairs arising on a transverse line. Dorsal with one spine and six rays ; an adipose fin ; a pectoral spine. Anal rather short. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder en- closed in bone 31. GAGATA. Gill-niembranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, or only slightly adherent. No palatine teeth. Barbels eight, the two mandibular pairs not arising on a transverse line. Dorsal fin with one spine and six to eight rays; an adipose fin. Anal rather short. Ventral with six rays. Air-bladder enclosed in bone 32. NANGHA. First group. HYPOSTOMATINA. 1. Genus SISOR, Hamilton Buchanan. Branchiostegals four. Gill-openings narrow and mostly lateral, the gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Head and anterior portion of the trunk broad and depressed. Eyes small. Mouth small, transverse, the upper jaw the longer. Nostrils round and approximating, but separated by a valve. One maxillary pair of barbels with broad bases, and about five mandi- bular pairs. Teeth absent. A short dorsal fin destitute of a distinct spine ; pectoral with, a strong spine. Ventral having seven rays, and situated below the last portion of the dorsal fin. Upper portion of body covered with bony plates. Anal with six rays. Caudal with its upper ray very prolonged. Air-bladder enclosed in a bony capsule. An axillary pore. Geographical Distribution. Indus and upper portions of the Jumna and Ganges rivers. 112. (1.) Sisor rhabdophorus. (Fig. 43.) Sisor rhabdophorus, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 208, 379 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 491, pi. cxv, figs. 1, la, \b (see synon.). Chennuah, Hind. ; Kir^ri-dee, Sind. B. iv. D. 1/6. P. 1/8. V. 7. A. 6 (2/4). C. 11. Length of head 5|, of caudal 11, height of body contained 11 times in the total length, excluding the caudal filament, which in some specimens equals the length of the body. Eyes small, nearer the gill-opening than the end of the snout, which is rather pointed. A median longitudinal groove on the head reaches to the base of the occipital process. The greatest width of the head equals two thirds of its length. Numerous rough ridges exist on the head, which is covered by very thin skin. The basal bone of the dorsal fin has an anterior and two lateral processes covered 106 TELEOSTEI. PHY8OSTOMT. with rough ridges. Mouth small, transverse, inferior, the upper jaw the longer. Barbels the maxillary reach the pectoral spine, and are dilated at their bases. From the lower lip there is a sort of flap, having a rather long barbel at either side, which reaches the gill-opeuing ; and two more intermediate but shorter ones ; between these flaps are several sh'ort "barbels 6ii a transverse line across the chin. There are five plates on either side o the base of Fig. 43. Sisor rhabdopho the dorsal fin, behind which the back has six elevated scale-like plates along the median line ; the last forms a spine before the Vertical from the anal fin. The last half of the body is covered by 12 osseous rings, having a sharp edge above and on each side, as is seen in the pipe-fishes. The lateral line has also a series of smaller rough bony plates. Fins dorsal rather higher than long, its first undivided ray weak, and finely serrated anteriorly. Pectoral spine compressed, not quite so long as the head, serrated on both edges, but in general strongly so externally. The ventrals arise u-nder the posterior dorsal rays. The anal commences behind the vertical from the spine on the back. Upper caudal ray with a long prolongation. Colour blackish above, lighter below. Hob. Indus, JSind, Ganges, and Jumna rivers in Northern India, Bengal, and Behar : the largest I have seen was about 8 inches long, excluding the caudal filament. Not uncommon at Delhi. This fish is only eaten by the lowest and poorest classes. It is said to lie under stones when young. 2. Genus PSEUDECHENEIS, Blyth. Gill-openings small, not extending on to the lower surface of the head, the gill-membranes being attached to a very broad isthmus. Body somewhat elongate ; head rather depressed. An adhesive apparatus formed of transverse folds of slun situated on the thorax between the bases of the pectoral fins. Eyes small, subcutaneous, on the upper surface of the head. Mouth trans- verse, small, inferior. Nostrils on either side approximating, divided by a barbel Barbels eight, the maxillary pair with broad bases. Teeth villiform in the jaws, palate edentulous. Dorsal SILTHUtt/E. 107 lin with one spine and six rays; the adipose of moderate extent. Pectoral with its inner third vertical, its lower two thirds horizontal, its spine feebly serrated. Ventral horizontal, having six rays, and situated- below the dorsal. Caudal einarginate. Air-bladder in rounded lateral portions enclosed in bone. This genus 1 is evidently adapted for an existence in rapids. 113. (1.) Pseudecheneis snlcatus. (Fig. 44.) Glyptosternon sulcatus, McClelland, Cal Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 587, pi. vi. . Pseudecheneis sulcatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 500, pi. cxvi, fig. 1 (see synon.). D. 1/6 1 0. P. 1/13. V. 6. A. 11-13 (2-4/7-9). C. 17. Length of head 7|, of caudal fin 6, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes small, situated midway between the hind edge of the opercle and the nostrils ; the width of the interorbital space 3| in the length of the head. Lower surface of the head with numerous papillae, especially near the symphysis. The width of Fig. -44'. P&eutkch&neis si'Jcattis. the head equals its length, Barbels the maxillary pair equal to about one third of the length of the head. Fins spine of anterior dorsal broad, weak, crenulated posteriorly; base of the adipose dorsal as long as the interspace between the two dorsal fins. Pectoral large and extending to above the base or first third of the ventral ; pectoral spine broad, finely ctenoid externally in its lower half, crenulated internally, especially in its posterior soft termination. 108 TBLEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. In some specimens the under surface of the pectoral spine aud first ventral ray are striated. Caudal emarginate, lower lobe the" longer. The thoracic sucker has about 14 transverse folds. The free portion of the tail about three times as long as deep at its base. Colour blackish, with some large, irregular, yellowish blotches. Fins yellow, with black bands. Hob. Darjeeling and Khasi hills, attaining 7 to 8 inches in length. 3. Genus EXOSTOMA, Blyth. Syn. Chimarrichthys, Sauvage. Gill-openings narrow, the membranes confluent with the skin of a broad isthmus. Head depressed and covered superiorly with soft skin. No thoracic adhesive apparatus. Mouth inferior, with the lips reflected around the whole or most of its circumference, and usually covered with tubercles. Nostrils close together, separated by a barbel. Eight barbels. Teeth in the jaws in several rows ; palate edentulous. Anterior dorsal fin with a rudimentary spine and six rays ; adipose fin long and low. Pectorals vertical in their upper, horizontal in their lower half, the spine enclosed in skin. Ventral composed of six rays, inserted some distance behind the rayed dorsal, shaped like the pectoral. Caudal square, emarginate or forked. Air-bladder enclosed in bone. This peculiar mountain genus has its lips adapted for a sucker, the chest likewise appears to form a flat adhesive surface, bounded by the striated rays of the pectoral and ventral fins. Geographical Distribution. From the upper waters of the Indus, along the Himalayas and the Mishmee Mountains in East Assam, to Eastern Tibet on the confines of China ; also in Tenasserim. Synopsis of Indian Species. Lower labial fold uninterrupted. Anal com- mences much nearer the base of the caudal than that of the ventral 1. E. labiatum, p. 108. Lower labial fold interrupted. Anal com- mences in last third of the distance between ventral and base of caudal 2. E. blythii, p. 100. Snout more pointed. Caudal forked 3. E. berdmwei, p. 10Q.' Lower labial fold interrupted. Anal com- mences nearer the base of the ventral than that of the caudal 4. E. stoliczlxc, p. 110. 114. (1.) Exostoma labiatum. Glyptosternon labiatus, McClell. C. J. N. If. ii, p. 588. Exostoma labiatum, Day, Fish. India, p. 501 (see synou.). SILUJiID.13. 109 D. 1/6 I 0. P. 1/11-12. V. 6. A. 1/5. C. 17. Length of head 5, of pectoral 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 8 in the total length. Eyes small, situated in the posterior two fifths of the head. Mouth small, inferior, transverse : jaws in the form of a double crescent or c/c-shape. Lips broad, with a median and a lateral lobe on either side, having a barbel between. Nasal barbels reach the end of the snout : the maxillary extend to the pectoral fin. Fins as in the next species. Caudal slightly forked. Colow uniform. Hab^ Mishmi Mountains, East Assam. 115. (2.) Exostoma blythii. Exostoma blythii, Day, Fish. India, p. 501, pi. cxvii, fig. 2, D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/17. V. 6. A. 8 (2/6). C. 13. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 6|, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes small, situated on the upper surface of the head : the width of the interorbital space nearly equals the length of the snout, which is broad and depressed. Mouth inferior and trans- verse, sulcus behind lower lip interrupted. Gill-openings not continued on to the lower surface of the head. Barbels the nasal about three times as long as the orbit ; a fleshy appendage to the maxilla having a rudimentary barbel ; two pairs behind the lower lip arising on a transverse line. Teeth none on the palate. Fins pectoral subhorizontal, its rays plaited below; base of adipose more than twice as long as that of the rayed fin. Dorsal arising slightly in advance of the ventrals, its spine weak. Ventrals subhorizontal. Caudal with its outer rays slightly produced, rendering it almost lunated. Air-bladder small, in two rounded lobes, both enclosed in a bony capsule. Colour yellowish brown. Hob. Rivers below Darjeeling ; up to at least 3 inches long. 116. (3.) Exostoma berdmorei. Exostoma berdmorei, lilyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, I860, p. 155 ; Day, ffish. India, p. 502 (see synon.), D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 6. C. 14. Maxillary barbels reach the base of the pectoral fin. The snout is much more pointed than in the other species. Fins caudal rather deeply forked. Colour " dingy olive-brown, with obscure dark broad bands, presenting more or less of a clouded appearance : the fins mostly darker, below pale." Hob. Tenasserim. The typical specimen (4 inches long) in the Calcutta Museum is in such a very bad state of preservation that I am unable to add to Blyth's description. 1 1 <.) TELEOSTE1. PIIYSOSTOMI. .MIT; (4) Exostoma stoliczkae.. (Fig. 45.)" ." Exostoma stoliczkae, Day, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 782, and Fish. India, p. 502, pi. cxvii, fig. 3. D.l/G | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 6. 'C. 15. Length' of head from 4 in the young to 5| in the adult, of ; caudal fin 8, height of body 7 5 in the total length. Eyes minute, situated in the middle of the length of the, head : the width of the interorbital space equals half the length of the snout, or the distance between the eye and the front nostril. Head depressed, as broad as long, and obtusely rounded. Mouth inferior : lips thick, and studded with small tubercular elevations ; the upper and lower lips continuous at the angle of the mouth, but the transverse fold across the lower jaw is interrupted in the middle. Nostrils close together, the anterior round and patent, the posterior tubular ; a barbel divides the two nostrils. Barbels the nasal reach the hind edge of the eye ; the maxillary have broad basal attachments, and reach the root of the pectoral. Of the mandibular barbels the anterior are situated just behind the inner end of the lower labial fold ; they are shorter than the outer pair, which latter extend to the gill-opening. Gill-opening situated on the side of the head in front of and above the base of the pectoral fin. Teetli several rows of pointed ones in each jaw, of which the outer are slightly the larger, rather wide apart, and with rather obtuse summits. ~Fig~45.Exosfomastoliczk8 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. an uninterrupted semilunar band across the palate. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body, its spine bait' as long as the head, with two or three teeth anteriorly in the young, while it is finely serrated posteriorly ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal variable, in some specimens it is equal to that of the inter>pace between the two fins, and a little more than the length of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout, denticulated internally with about 10 coarse teeth. Ventral reach- ing from half to two thirds of the distance to the base of the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Coloui silvery or golden ; old specimens at Madras have a light bluish band along the middle of the side, and a narrow light one above and below it, a dark shoulder- spot, and sometimes another near the base of the caudal fin. More to the eastward, as in Orissa and Bengal, the colours are more vivid, usually of a golden hue, with a black shoulder-spot, a narrow black band along either side of the lateral line, a lighter parallel one below, and two wider ones above. Sometimes these fish appear to be dark, with five longitudinal silvery bands. Tips of fins usually dark. This fish is termed " the fiddler " in Mysore ; I touched one which was on the wet ground, at which it appeared to become very irate, erecting its dorsal fin and making a noise resembling the buzzing of a bee, evidently a sign of auger. When I put some small carp into an aquarium containing one of these fishes it rushed at a small example, seized it by the middle of its back and shook it like a dog killing a rat ; at this time the barbels of the Macrones were stiffened out laterally like a cat's whiskers. Hub. Throughout Sind, the continent of India, Assam, Burma, Siam, also Ceylon ; attaining 7 or 8 inches in length. 167. (13.) Macrones leucophasis. Bagrus leucophasis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 148. Macrones leucophasis, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. c, fig. 2 (see synon.). Nf/a-}Kt-lek and Nffa-nottk-thatca, Burmese (signifies " topsy-turvy," as the tish is believed to swim in that position). Also Nga puUcy or pa-Uy at Moulinein. B. xi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/8-10. V. 6. A. 11-12 (3/8-9). C. 17. Length of head 4^ to 5, of caudal fin 3 to 4|, height of body 41 in the tola! length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, II to 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 to 1^ apart. The greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the nostrils. Snout rounded, the upper jaw slightly the longer. Median longi- tudinal groove on the head does not quite reach the base of the occipital process, which last is twice as long as wide at its 'base, while between it and the basal bone of the dorsal fin is a pyriform bone about twice as long as wide. Upper surface of the head rather rugose. Barbels the nasal reach to the front edge or the middle of the eye, the maxillary to the anal fin, the external man- SILUUID2E. 159 dibular to the middle of the pectoral, and the internal to the gill- openings. Teeth in an uninterrupted creseentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal spine moderately strong, as long as the head posterior to the nostrils or angle of the mouth, finely serrated nteriorly in the upper fourth ; the adipose tin. commences just ind the first dorsal, and the length of the base is from twice to two and a half times that of the base of the first dorsal. Pectoral spine much stronger than that of the dorsal, a little shorter, and denticulated internally. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes having filamentous prolongations. Air-bladdei large. Colour when alive the lower surface is olive-green or yellow and the head white, but after death it becomes purplish black over the body and fins ; some white dots exist on the body. Hob. Itivers of Burma ; attaining a foot or more in length. > 168. (14.) Macrones montanus. Bagrus inontanus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 337. Macroues moiitanus, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. ci, fig. 4. B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/6. V. 6. A. 12 (3/9). C. 19. Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in the 'length of the head, rather above 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 11 apart. A very slight rise in the profile from snout to base of first dorsal fin. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw slightly the longer; the width of the mouth equal to two fifths of the length of the head. Upper surface of the head roughened in granulated lines which extend on to the occipital process. Median longitudinal groove extending to mid- way between the eye and the base of the occipital process, which is narrow, about four times as long as wide at its base, and reach- ing the basal bone of the dorsal fin ; opercle with roughened radiating lines ; shoulder-bone rather longer than deep at its base and with roughened lines. Barbels the nasal extend to rather behind the hinder edge of the eye, the maxillary to the anal fin, the external mandibular to the end of the pectoral, the internal are shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted creseentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal nearly as high as the body, its spine rather weak, half as long as the head and posteriorly serrated ; length of base of adipose dorsal one third more than that of rayed fin, which equals that of the interspace. Pectoral spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout, and with about 16 strong denticulations internally. Ventral does not reach anal ; upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour silvery superiorly, with a tinge of yellow on the under surface of the head and along the abdomen, a bluish shoulder-spot, and a silverv line along the side ending in a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, one or two light bands alonp the side above the lateral line ; fins tinged with green. J/dl>. Wynaad range of hills and Manantoddy. 160 TELEOSTEI. PH YSOSTc )M I . 169. (15.) Macrones keletius. Ikgrus keletius, Cuv. $ Val If. N. Poiss. xiv, p. 411. Macrones keletius, Day, Fish. India, p. 449, pi. xcviii, iig. 5 (see synon.). Tengali, Marathi. B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 9-10 (2-3/7-8). C. 17. Length of head 4f , of caudal fin 5 to 5| , height of body 6 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in the length of the head, ] | diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout. Upper jaw slightly the longer. The upper surface of the head roughened in closely set tubercular lines continued on to the occipital process, opercle likewise striated with similar lines. Median longitudinal groove rather constricted in its centre, it reaches to opposite the hind border of the preopercle. Occipital process narrow, three times as long as wide at its base, and not quite reaching the basal bone. Barbels the nasal reach the opercle, the maxillary the middle of the anal fin, the external maudibular the end of the pectoral spine, while the internal are shorter. Humeral process rather short and pointed. Teeth, in an uninterrupted crescentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal as high as body, its spine with two or three teeth anteriorly near its summit and serrated posteriorly, it equals three sevenths of the length of the head ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal equal to that of the rayed fin or of the interspace between the two. Pectoral reaching two thirds of the way to the ventral ; pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal, and equal to the length of the head excluding the snout. The ventral does not reach the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. A well-marked pre-anal papilla. Colour silvery along the back, becoming dull white beneath. A dark shoulder- spot, a light band along the lateral line, and a silvery one above and another below it ; dorsal and caudal black-tipped, anterior half of anal dark. Hob. Madras to Pondicherry and inland to Coirabatore, also Ceylon ; attaining about 4 inches in length. Jerdon observed that this species is also found in Mysore. 170. (16.) Macrones malabaricus. Bagrus malabaricus, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 338. Macrones malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. 450, pi. ci, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. x. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 10-11 (2-3/8). C. 18. Length of head 4| in a Wynaad specimen to 5|, of pectoral 6 to 7, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 to 7 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of head, 1^ diameters from the end of snout, and 1| apart. Scarcely any rise in the dorsal profile from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin. SILURIDJE. 161 Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper surface of the head nearly smooth. Median longitudinal groove extending to midway between hind edge of the eye and the base of the occipital process, which last is about twice as long as wide, whilst there exists a considerable interspace between it and the basal bone of the dorsal fin. The triangular portion of the shoulder-bone curves rather upwards, and is one fourth longer than deep at its base. Barbels the nasal reach to a little behind the orbit, the maxillary to the middle or end of the ventral fin, the external mandibular to the end of the pectoral, while the internal are a little shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted cre¢ic band across the palate. Fins dorsal nearly as high as the body ; the spine weak, finely serrated or almost entire pos- teriorly, with one denticulation anteriorly near the summit, the length 'of the spine equal to that of the postorbital portion of the head ; length of base of adipose dorsal one third more than that of the rayed fin, or of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine strong and equal to the length of the head excluding the snout, internally with about eight or ten strong denticulations, roughened externally. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour deep leaden, usually with a dark blotch on the shoulder surrounded by a lighter edge, another at the base of the caudal fin ; a dark band along the lateral line ; abdomen of a dull white. Fins with minute dark spots, making the upper portion of the dorsal and the lower third of the anal blaqkish. Hub. Malabar coast of India and the "Wynaad ; attaining up- wards of 6 inches in length. 171. (17.) Macrones armatus. Ilypselobagrus armatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 289. Macrones armatus, Dai/, Nsh. India, p. 450, pi. ci, fig. 3. Cuaree, Mai. B. x. D. 1/7 j 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 11 (3/8). C. 17. Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of the head, 1| from end of snout, and 2 apart. A considerable rise from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin. The greatest width of the head equals its height or its length excluding the snout. Upper surface of the head roughened, the median longitudinal groove almost reaching the base of the occipital process, which last is about three times as long as wide, and reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin ; shoulder- bone roughened in lines and half longer than deep at its base. Barbels the nasal nearly reach the opercle, the maxillary the end of ventral fin, the outer mandibular the end of pectoral spine, while the internal are shorter. Teeth in an uninterrupted cre- scentic band across the palate. Fins dorsal as high as the body below it, its spine very finely serrated posteriorly, or entire, and four ninths of the length of the head ; length of base of adipose dorsal exceeding that of the rayed fin, or of the interspace between 162 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. the two. Pectoral spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout, and having from ten to fourteen strong denticulations in- ternallv. Upper caudal lobe the longer. An anal papilla before the fin. Colour leaden or brown superiorly, lighter beneath, with or without a brown band along the side, and a dark blotch at the base of the caudal fin. Upper halt' of dorsal fin darkish, and a dark band along the anal. Hub. Malabar and the "Wynaad range of hills. 172. (18.) Macrones bleekeri. Bagrus keletius, Bleeder, Batav. Genootsch. Vcrhand. xxv, Ich. Beny. p. 115 (not Cuv. 8f Veil.}. Macrones bleekeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 451, pi. ci, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. x. D. 1/7 ] 0. P. 1/9-10. V. 6. A. 9-10 (3/6-7). C. 17. Length of head 5^ to 5|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in length of head, nearly 2 diameters from end of snout, and lg apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the hind nostril. Snout some- what obtuse. Width of the gape of the mouth nearly equals half the length of the head. Upper surface of head, opercles, occipital bone, and humeral process granulated. Median longi- tudinal groove on the head shallow, and reaching to the base of the occipital process, which is twice as long as broad at its base, and reaches the basal bone of the, dorsal fin. Occipital process not grooved, but with ridged lines. Barbels nasal reaching the hind edge of the eye, maxillary the anal fin, external mandibular the base of the pectoral, internal a little shorter. Teeth on the palate in an uninterrupted semilunar band. Fins dorsal fin rounded, not so high as the body, the spine smooth and equal to half the length of the head (in Sind specimens the spine is slightly serrated posteriorly, and I once saw a specimen that had eight branched dorsal rays) ; adipose dorsal commencing just behind the rayed fin, and having its base twice the length of the head. Pec- toral spine stronger than that of the dorsal, and as long as the head excluding the snout ; denticulated internally. Caudal with pointed lobes, the upper being the longer. Colour brownish- grey, with two light longitudinal bands, one above the other, below the lateral line ; some specimens have a dark shoulder-spot and a dark band along the middle of the anal fin. The fins are mostly darkest at their edges. In a specimen from Burma there is a dark spot at the end of the lateral line and light longitudinal body-bands. Hob. Sind, Jumna, upper waters of the Ganges, and Burma, not attaining to a large size. It descends the rivers as low as Bengal. 20. Genus LIOCASSIS, Bleeker. Syn. Kama, Meeker; Macrones, pt., Giinther. Branchiostegals six. Gill-openings very wide, the membrane 163 not being confluent with the skin of the isthmus, and notched as far as the chin. Mouth of moderate size, anterior, the upper jaw the longer. Nostrils distant one from the other. Barbels con- sisting of a short maxillary pair, and either two pairs or none on the mandible. Teeth villiform in both jaws, and in an uninter- rupted band across the palate. One spine and six rays in the first dorsal; adipose h'n present, it and the anal of moderate length. Ventral with six rays, situated behind the base of the dorsal ; caudal forked. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone. GeoyrapJiical Distribution. Eastern Bengal, Assam and Burma, to the Malay Archipelago. * Synopsis of Indian Species. A. 16. A dark shoulder-mark. Body with short vertical dark marks. 3 pairs of barbels. ... 1. L. rama, p. 163. A. 11. Two black blotches on the lateral line. A pair of maxillury barbels only 2. L.flnviatilis, p. 164. 173. (1.) Liocassis rama. (Fig. 65.) Pimelodus rama, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 176, 377, pi. 3, fig. 55. Leiocassis rama, Day, Fish. India, p. 451, pi. cxv, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9.' V. 6. A. 16 (3/13). C. 18. Length of head 4 to 4, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes subcutaneous, diameter 3 to 3| in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of the snout, and also apart. The greatest width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout. There is a considerable rise in the dorsal profile to the base of the rayed fin. Upper jaw the longer. Upper surface of Fig. 65. Liocassis rama, the head covered with skin ; a rather wide median longitudinal groove extends up the first third of the occipilal process, which is twice as longns \\kle at its base, and a distinct oval interneural M2 1 G4 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. shield exists between the process and the basal bone of the dorsa fin. Scapular process well developed ; humero-cubital process rather longer than high at its base. Barbels a short maxillary pair, two pairs behind the syraphysis o f the lower jaw. Teeth in an uninterrupted, semicircular villiform band across the palate. Colour dull yellow, with short, vertical, brown marks and a dark shoulder-spot. Hub. Eastern Bengal and Assam. This fish appears not to exceed 2 or 3 inches in length. The figure is twice the natural 174. (2.) Liocassis fluviatilis. Liocassis fluviatilis, Day, Fishes of India, Supplement, 1888, p. 805. B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/7. V. 6. A. 11. C. 18. Length of head 4^, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes rather small, high up and in the anterior half of the head. The greatest width of the head equal to two thirds of its length. There is a moderate rise from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin. Upper jaw the longer ; upper surface of head smooth. Barbels a maxillary pair reaching to the posterior edge of the orbit, no others were detected. Tenth in an uninterrupted villiform band across the palate. Fins dorsal spine smooth and nearly as long as the fourth ray, which is four fifths as high as the body below it. Adipose dorsal rather long, commencing a short distance behind the base of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine denticu- lated internally. Colour yellowish horny, with darker shades of olive-brown on the snout and along the back, also some cloudy markings. A large black blotch on the lateral line above the anal fin, another between the pectoral and first dorsal. Tip of dorsal and ends of both caudal lobes black. Hob. Col. Tickell obtained four examples, the largest 3| inches long, from the Anin, a stream rising near Weywoon, Wagroo, in the Tenasserim Provinces. 21. Genus RITA, Bleeker. Syn. Gogrius, Day. Branchiostegals eight. Gill-openings with a free posterior edge and not confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Mouth transverse, upper jaw the longer ; nostrils on either side subcontiguous, but the pair on one side widely separated from that on the other. Eyes subcutaneous, without free circular margins. Barbels six, a minute pair at the posterior nostrils, a maxillary and a mandibular pair. Teeth villiform in both jaws or mixed with molariform ones in the mandibles, molariform on the palate. One strong spine and six rays in first dorsal fin, the adipose and the anal of moderate length. Ventral posterior to the base of the dorsal, and having SILUBIDjE. 165 seven or eight rays ; caudal forked. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone, with or without a posterior prolongation. The ova are much larger than in Macrones, but very much smaller than in Arius and its allies. A strong cubito-humeral process protects the pectoral spine when it is flexed along the side of the body. Geographical Distribution. Large rivers of Sind, India (except its southern portions), and Burma far above Mandalay. Uses. Food for the lower classes. These fishes retain life long after their removal from water, and can be conveyed fresh for long distances. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Some of the posterior teeth in the lower jaw* molariform. Eye 8 to 10 diameters in length of head. Patches of teeth in palate wide apart. Dorsal spine in the adult as long as the head or longer, entire anteriorly . . 1. R. buchanani, p. 165. Eye 5 1 to G diameters in length cf head. Patches of teeth in palate close to- gether. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding the snout, entire anteriorly 2. R. pavimentata, p. 167. Eye 4 diameters in the length of head. "Patches of teeth in palate close to- gether in their front halves. Dorsal spine longer than the head, coarsely serrated anteriorly in its whole extent 3. R. chrysca, p. 167. B. Teeth in lower jaw villifbrm or cardi- form. Eye 4.7 to 5 diameters in length of head. Patches of teeth in palate wide apart. Dorsal spine as long as the head or longer, serrated anteriorly in its lower third 4. R. hastata, p. 168. 175. (1.) Eita buchanani. (Fig. 66.) Pimelodus rita, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 165, 376 pi. xxiv, fig. 53. Rita buchanani, Sleeker, Batav. Gcnootsch. Vcrhand. xxv, Ich. lieny. p. 123, t. 3, fig. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 454, pi. ciii, fig. 1 (semi- adult), fig. 2 (immature), and pi. civ, fig. 2 (young) (see synon.). Nya-htivay, Burmese. B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 8. A. 12-13 (4-5/9). C. 19. Length of head 4 to 4^, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5i to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 8 to 10 in the length of head, .'3 diameters from the end of snout and 41 apart. The greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the nostrils, whilst its height is a little less. Upper surface of the head covered with skin except a strip anterior to the base of the occipital process, that bone, the scapular and cubito-humeral processes granulated ; 166 TELEOSTEI. P1IYSOSTOMI. the occipital process nearly as long as wide at its base, notched anteriorly to receive the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is nearly as long as the occipital process. Upper jaw the longer ; width of the mouth nearly equal to half the length of the head. Cubito- humeral process more pointed in young than in adult specimens and about three fourths the length of the head. Barbels the nasal short ; the maxillary nearly reaching the end of the head, and the mandibular almost as far. Teeth villiform in the upper jaw, also in the anterior portion of the mandible, and in an outer row along either ramus, while internally are two or three rows of rounded teeth, the posterior of which are the largest ; two elliptical patches of rounded teeth on the palate, which are wide asunder along the median line but coalesce anteriorly. Fins dorsal spine very strong, and slightly serrated posteriorly in its upper portion ; its length varies, being shortest in the immature, it is generally as long as the head (except in the young) or even one third longer in adults, especially in those from the Indus ; base of adipose fin half or two thirds that of the rayed fin, or of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine (except in the very young) somewhat shorter than that of the dorsal and denticulated on both edges. Ventrals arising just behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Fig. 66. Rita buchanani. Anal one half higher than its base is long. Colour lurid green, lightest below, and the hind edge of the dorsal sometimes blackish. Air-bladder with a thick outer covering, and of an almost quad- rangular form, whilst posteriorly it is continued into two horn-like prolongations nearly as long as the abdominal cavity, the right one generally passing over to the left side and curving across the com- mencement of its fellow, whereas the left one passes backwards, and is then as a rule recurved on itself. On the inferior wall being removed a longitudinal median partition is seen in the posterior half, dividing it into two lateral chambers which anteriorly communicate together, while posteriorly they are continued down the two horn-like processes. Hob. Indus and affluent rivers, Jumna and Ganges, also the Irrawaddy ; attaining at least 4 feet in length. This fish is esteemed as food by the natives, but is a very foul feeder. 8ILURID.E. 167 176. (2.) Rita pavimentata. Arius pavinientatu*, Vul. Jacquemont, Voy. 2nd.. Atlas, 2; Poiss. jUT^fe*, Rita pavimentata, Day, Fish. India, p. 455, pi. ciii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Sanki yeddu, Tel. ; Pilah-gokttndu, Hind. ; G/ioffra, Marathi. B viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 8. A. 12-13 (4/8-9). C. 17. Length of head 3| to 4, of caudal fin 6, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes covered by skin which, however, forms a rather free margin along their lower edges ; diameter 5| to 6 in the length of head, 2 to 2^ diameters from the end of snout and 2 apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the mouth equal to three^tenths of the length of the head. Upper surface of the head and occipital process smooth, covered by skin. Occipital process rather more than twice as long as wide at its base, it is notched anteriorly to receive the V-shaped basal bone. Scapular process short, the cubito-humeral one pointed, as long as the head behind the middle of the eyes, or even a little longer, and rough- ened in lines. Barbels the maxillary do not quite reach the poste- rior end of the head, the mandibular pair extend a little further ; the nasal are very short. Teeth in villiform or cardiforin rows in both jaws ; the posterior rows in the lower jaw, commencing behind the symphysis, with rounded crowns, their size augmenting laterally. Those in the palate in two semi-elliptical patches of rounded ones, which are almost continuous along the median line, the posterior being much the largest. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as the head excluding the snout, and finely serrated posteriorly in almost its entire extent ; length of the base of the adipose three fourths of that of the rayed fin and nearly equal to the extent of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine stronger and a little longer than that of the dorsal, denticulated on both edges, not reaching so far as the ventral fin. Anal rays appear to be sometimes deficient in number. Colour of a dull yellowish colour, with dark or even black fins. A drawing and description of this species exists amongst Sir W. Elliot's collection ; the locality is not given, but was probably the Kistna ; the fish is termed " Ghogra." Hob. From Poona and the rivers in the Deccan and affluents of the Kistna. 177. (3.) Rita chrysea. Rita chrysea, Day, Fish. India, p. 455, pi. civ, fig. 1. B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 8. A. 12 (2/10). C. 18. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 4^, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes covered by the skin, which, however, is a little reflected along its lower edge, diameter 4 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. The greatest 168 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. width of the head equals its length excluding the snout, its height is slightly less. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the mouth equals four thirteenths of the length of the head. Upper surface of the head mesially and posteriorly, also the occipital and scapular processes, rough. Occipital process as wide at its base as it is long, notched anteriorly to receive the basal bone. Cubito-humeral process as long as the head excluding the snout. Barbels nasal short, the maxillary reach the base of the pectoral fin, the man- dibular slightly shorter. Teeth villiform in both jaws, and two or three of the inner rows in the mandibles with globular crowns ; two patches of globular-headed teeth on the palate converge an- teriorly so as to touch one another in their front half. Fins dorsal spine strong, reaching to about the middle of the adipose fin and nearly one half longer than the head, coarsely serrated an- teriorly in its whole extent, and very finely serrated posteriorly. Pectoral spine rather longer than the head, and denticulated on both sides. Caudal deeply forked. Colour yellowish, the ends of the fins stained greyish. Hah. Orissa, where a single specimen was captured. 178. (4.) Rita hastata. Arius hastatus, Vol. Jacquemont, Voy. Ind., Atlas, Potss. pi. 18, fig. 2. Rita hastata, Day, Fish. India, p. 450, pi. ciii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kurdu, Marathi ; Mussayahri, Ooriah. B. viii. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 7-8. A. 13-14 (5/8-9). C. 17. Length of head 4| to 4f , of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes covered with skin, pupil oval, diameter 4| to 5 in the length of head, lj diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth ; upper jaw the longer ; the width of the mouth three eighths of the length of the head. Upper sur- face of the head (except just anterior to the occipital process) covered with skin, the portion in front of the occipital process and the process itself with roughened lines, the latter half longer than wide at its base, anteriorly emarginate to receive the basal bone of the dorsal fin. Scapular process rough but not elongated. Cubito- humeral process as long as the head, sharply pointed posteriorly, and rugose in lines. Barbels the maxillary reaching the base of the pectoral fin, the mandibular to below the hind edge of the eye ; the nasal short. Teeth in villiform or cardiform rows in both jaws ; in two elliptical patches on the palate, converging anteriorly, and widely asunder along the median line, they consist of pointed ones anteriorly and more granular ones behind. Fins dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as, or even longer than, the head, finely serrated posteriorly in its upper portion, and also anteriorly along its lower third ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal two thirds of that of the rayed fin ; pectoral spine stronger SILUBID.E. 169 and a little longer than that of the dorsal, denticulated on both edges ; caudal forked. Colour brownish along the back, silvery on the sides. Hob. Deccan, Poona, Tungabhadra and Kistna rivers. 22. Genus AEIUS, Cuvier and Valenciennes. Syn. Sciades, sp., and Ariofos, Miill. & Trosch. ; ffe.vanemattchthys, Guiritinga, Hemiarius, Cephalocassis, Netuma, and Paeudarius, Bleeker. Branchiostegals from five to six. Gill-inembranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, and scarcely or not notched. Head osseous superiorly, or covered with very thin skin. Eyes with free orbital* margins. Mouth anterior ; upper jaw generally the longer. Anterior and posterior nostrils placed close together, the latter being provided with a valve. Barbels six one maxillary, and two mandibular pairs. Teeth in the jaws villiform ; there are nearly always palatine, and sometimes vomerine teeth, these may be villi- forui or granular. First dorsal with one spine and seven rays ; the adipose of moderate length or short ; pectoral spine strong and serrated ; ventral fin with six rays, situated behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the rayed dorsal fin ; caudal forked or emarginate. An axillary pore. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone. Considerable stress has been laid in this genus upon the charac- ter of the teeth, and whether they are villiform or granular forms a good method of division. Further subdivisions, dependent upon the groups being continuous or not, appear unadvisable, because in some species the size of the patches of palatine teeth increases with age, thus altering their original conformation, and causing one patch to impinge on its neighbour. There is likewise another question regarding the palatine teeth in these fishes ; in Ariusjatius there are usually two small patches of palatine teeth widely separated along the median line, but in some specimens they are entirely absent as was stated by Hamilton Buchanan, but subsequently denied by others. Consequently the genus Hemipimelodus, Bleeker, has representatives in India, but they are abnormal specimens in which either the palatine teeth were absent from birth, or else have become lost through age. Such species would appear to be amongst those having globular teeth. The air-bladder is not enclosed in bone, is large, heart-shaped, and internally subdivided into five chambers, which communicate together anteriorly : the front one, which is the largest, occupies the anterior portion ; behind this a median septum divides the bladder down the centre, and lateral partitions subdivide the posterior chambers into four. (See A. gayora, p. 185.) The breeding of these fishes is peculiar and deserves attention. The eggs of Arius are largo, averaging about 0'5 to 0-6 of an inch in diameter, and I have found many males of the genus, and also 170 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. of Oxteoyeniosus, with from 15 to 20 eggs in their mouths. Some of these eggs were in an early stage of development, others nearly ready to be hatched ; while in the mouth of one specimen was a hatched fry having the yolk-bag still adherent. The eggs filled the cavity of the mouth and extended far back to the branchiae. In the female organs of generation the eggs seemed to come to maturity in batches of perhaps 50 at a time. On examining the conformation of the ventral fins, those of the females appeared to be larger than those of the males ; the rays were thickened by a deposit of fat, whilst the innermost one had a large pad attached to its posterior edge. These fins can be expanded into a cup-like surface, the use of which may be to receive the eggs as extruded, which may be vivified there by the male. Whether the male carries about these eggs in his mouth until hatched or only removes them when danger is imminent from some spot where he is guarding them is questionable, but in none of the specimens which I examined did I find a trace of food in the intestines of the males which had been engaged in this interesting occupation. This has been observed likewise elsewhere by Mr. Boake in Ceylon, and Dr. Hensel has recorded the same of a Brazil species, A. commersonii ; Dr. Gunther of Arias fissus from Cayenne ; and the same facts have been remarked in other Siluroid fishes. Geographical Distribution. Seas and estuaries of tropical regions, ascending to within tidal influence or even entering fresh waters. Arius appears to be almost as unknown in the lied Sea as the Sciceiiidce, and probably from the same cause. Uses. As food of an inferior quality. On the western coast of India species of this genus are largely salted and a considerable amount of coarse isinglass is procured for export to China by drying their air-bladders. /Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Villiform teeth on the palate. A. 19-22. Head 3| to 3 in total length. Eye 7 to 8| in length of head. Mouth spatulate. One patch of teeth not as large as eye on either side of palate .... 1. A. burmanicus, p. 173. A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye 6 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach last third of pectoral fin. Two triangular patches of teeth approximating superi- orly.' Dorsal spine as long as head. Dull yellow, fins blackish ............ 2. A. ne>u/a, p. 173. 9 in length of Lead. Maxillary barbels reach middle of pectoral fin. Two some- what triangularpatches of teeth, approxi- mating anteriorly. Dorsal spine about as long as head .................... 3. A. ccelatus, p. 174. SILUJIID.E. 171 A. U>. Head 3 in total. Eye 7 iu length of head. Snout much produced. Max- illary barbels reach hind edge of eye. Teeth iu two obliquely ovate diverging patches. Dorsal spine half as long as head 4. A. acutiroati'is, p. 17o. A. 18-19. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye 5 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach eud of head. Palatine teeth in two triangular patches diverging poste- riorly. Dorsal spine not so long as head 5. A. sumatratuts, p. 17(3. A. 18-19. Head 5 in total. Eye 4| in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach base of pectoral fin. Teeth on palate in triangular patches as large as the eye, as broad as long. Dorsal" spine as long as the "head behind the angle of the nijuth. 6. A. cenostts, p. 176. A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye of in length of head. Maxillary barbels reanh the end of the pectoral fin. Palatine teeth in two pear-shaped patches, the small ends forwards and converging, widely diverg- ing posteriorly. Dorsal spine nearly as long as the head 7. A. parvininnis, p. 177. A. 17-20. Head 3^ to 4 in total. Eye 5 to 6 in length of head, and 2^ to 3 dia- meters from end of snout. Maxillary barbels do not quite reach the eye. Teeth on the palate in a patch on either side not longer than the eye, and wide asunder. Dorsal spine rather above half as long as head 8. A. subrostratus, p. 178. A. 17-19. Head 4 to 4| in total. Eye G to 7 in length of head. Head very broad ; basal bone of dorsal fin large and butterfly-shaped. Maxillary barbels reach middle or end of pectoral spine. Teeth in two confluent patches on either side meeting anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long as the head excluding the snout 9. A. sagor, p. 178. A. 17. Head 4 in total. Eye 7 to 9 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach end of head. Palatine teeth on either side in a large triangular patch, emargi- nate posteriorly, and anteriorly conjoined by a small vomerine patch. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 10. A. sona, p. 179. A. 16. Head 5| in total. Eye 4 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach middle of pectoral fin. Teeth on vomer and palatines in three patches on either side converging in median line anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long as head behind middle of eyes 11. A. serratus, p. ISO. A. 15-17. Head 4\ to 5 in total. Eye 5 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach base of pectoral tin. Teeth on 172 TELKOSTEI. PIIl'SOSTOMI. vomer and palatines in three patches on either side joining anteriorly in the median line. Dorsal spine nearly or quite as long as the head 12. A. thalassinus, p. 181. B. Globular teeth on the palate. A. 22. Head 4f in total. Eye 7 to 8 | in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach first third of pectoral spine. Teeth on palate in two oval patches placed far back. Dorsal spine as long as head be- hind angle of mouth 13. A. buclianani, p. 181. A. 18-20. Head 4 to 5 in total. Eye 5 to 6 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach end of head. Teeth on palate in two semi-triangular patches, parallel along median line. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 14. A.falcarius, p. 182. A. 20. Head 4 in total. Eye 6| in length of head. Gape of mouth two fifths of length of head. Maxillary barbels as long as head. Teeth on palate in two oval patches well forwards and slightly con- vergent anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long as head behind angle of mouth 15. A. malabaricus, p. 183. A. 19. Head 4 in total. Eye 7 in length of head. Width of gape of mouth four sevenths of length of head. Maxillary barbels reach j ust beyondbase of pectoral. Teeth on palate in a pyriform band, placed well forward, slightly converging anteriorly. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 16. A. pfatofawtu, p. 183. A. 19. Eyes small, in front half of head . 17. A. nella, p. 184. A. 18-19. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye 5 to 6 in length of head. Maxillary barbels reach middle of pectoral spine. Teeth on palate in a pyriform band, placed w T ell forwards, and widely divergent poste- riorly. Dorsal spine as long as head [p. 184. ehind nostrils 18. A. macronotacanthus, A. 18. Head 4 to 4 in total. Eye 7 to 8 in length of head. Maxillary barbels not quite so long as head. Teeth on palate in a large semi-ovate patch on either side. Dorsal spine as long as the post-orbital portion of the head 19. A. gayora, p. 18o. A. 18. ^ Head 4 in total length. Eye 4| to 5 in length of head. Maxillary barbels shorter than head. Teeth in a small ovate patch posteriorly on either side or else absent. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 20. A. jatiut, p. 186. A. J 8. Head 3 in total. Eye 7 in length of head. Maxillary barbels as long as head. Teeth on palate absent (? two pear-shaped globular patches normally). 21. A. tcnuispinisj p. 187. SILUBID.*:. 173 A. 17-18. Head 4f in total. Eye in length of head. Maxillary barbels nearly as long as head. Teeth on palate in two convex, oblong ovate patches, rather convergent behind. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 22. A.jella, p. 187 A. 14-16. Head 4 to 4 1 in total. Eye 6| in length of head. Maxillary barbels rather longer than head. Teeth on palate in two patches on each side. Dorsal spine as long as head excluding snout 23. A. dussumieri, p. 188. 179. (1.) Arms burmanicus. Arms burmanicus, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 618, and Fish. India, p. 458, pi. cv, fig. 4. Nga-kyouny, Burmese. B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. Y. 6. A. 19-22 (4-6/15-16). C. 15. Length of head 3| to 3f , of caudal fin 5, height of body 7 in the total length. Eyes without free orbital edges, diameter 7 to 8| in the length of head, 2| to 3 diameters from the end of snout, and 1 \ to 2 apart. Head depressed, snout spatulate, upper jaw the longer; the greatest width of head equals two fifths of its length, while its height is less. The median longitudinal groove on the head narrow and not extending so far as to the base of the occipital process, which is keeled and rather wider at its base than it is long, while superiorly it reaches a Y-shaped basal bone. Upper surface of the head with roughened lines, which are closest together at the posterior end of the median groove and on the occipital process. Barbels short, the maxillary do not quite reach the base of the pectoral fin, the outer maudibular are nearly as long. Teeth those on the palate villiform in two small, oval, obliquely set patches (not so large as the eye) diverging poste- riorly. Fins the dorsal half as high again as the body, its spine strong, half as long as the head, and serrated anteriorly and pos- teriorly ; base of adipose dorsal about as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine of the same length as the dorsal, stronger, serrated on both edges. Yentral nearly reaching the anal. Colour purplish, dashed with copper, becoming dull white on the sides and beneatb. Both dorsal fins externally stained with black. Hab. Tidal rivers of Burma ; attaining at least a foot in length. 180. (2.) Arius nenga. (Fig. 67.) Pimelodus nenga, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 171, 376. Arius nenga, Day, Fish. India, p. 458, pi. civ, fig. 3 (see synon.). Shiiiydlpetdda, Marathi. B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (6/13). C. 17. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the total 174 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. length. Eyes diameter 6 in the length of head, 2| diameters from the end of snout, and 3 apart. The greatest width of the head exceeds its height by one third, and is one sixth less than its length. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the month Fig. 07. Arius nenga. equal to half the length of the head. The median longitudinal groove on the head is shallow anteriorly, but becomes narrow pos- teriorly and does not quite extend to the base of the occipital process, which is keeled, nearly as broad at its base as it is long ; basal bone of dorsal tin narrow and crescent-shaped. Upper surface of the head, almost as far forward as the eyes, and the occipital process studded with coarse granules. Barbels the maxillary pair reach the posterior third of the pectoral fin, whilst the outer mandibular pair are as long as the head. Teeth on the palate villif orm in two triangular patches, approximating superiorly and parallel along the median line. Fins dorsal much higher than the body, the dorsal spine strong, as long as the head, and having an elongated soft prolongation, it is granulated anteriorly in its lower half, serrated in its upper, and also posteriorly ; base of adipose dorsal nearly as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral fin almost reaching the ventral ; pectoral spine nearly as long as the head, rough, granulated externally and denticulated internally. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour dull yellow, the fins being externally stained with black. This species is closely allied to A. ccelatus, its maxillary barbel is longer, the dorsal spine more produced, and the colours different. It may be only a variety. Ilab. Hooghly at Calcutta. Blyth says this fish attains 12 or 13 inches in length. 181. (3.) Arius caelatus. Arius cselatus, Ouv. fy Vol. If. N. Poiss. xv, p. 66; Day, Fish. India, p. 459, pi. cv, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 19 (5-6/13-14). C. 15. Length of head 4j to 4|, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 to 9 in the length of the SILURID.E. 175 head, 2 to 2 diameters from the end of snout, nnd from 3 to 4 apart. Head broader than high, its greatest width being equal to its length behind the nostrils, the width of the mouth equals the postorbital length of the head or a little more. Upper jaw the longer, the angle of the mouth does not extend so far posteriorly as to below the orbit. Upper surface of the head and occipital process strongly granulated, the median longitudinal groove nar- row and deep posteriorly and not quite reaching the base of the occipital process, which is a little keeled, as broad at its base as it is long or slightly broader, its anterior extremity slightly concave and extending to the basal bone, which is V-shaped and rather narrow. Barbels the maxillary reach the middle of the pectoral fin, whilst the external mandibular pair are one fifth shorter. Teeth villiform in two- somewhat widely separated triangular patches/the vomerine being confluent with the palatine. Fins dorsal spine very strong especially in its lower half, which is granulated both laterally and anteriorly, serrated in its upper portion, also posteriorly in its whole extent, it is nearly or quite as long as the head and has a sofb prolongation ; base of adipose dorsal shorter than that of the rayed fin, and equal to about half the extent of the interspace between the two fins. Pectoral spine as strong as, but rather shorter than, that of the dorsal, granu- lated externally, serrated internally. Ventral not reaching the anal. Upper caudal lobe sometimes the longer. Colour bluish along the back and sides, becoming white beneath. Adipose dorsal black, with its inferior and posterior margins yellow. Superior portion of dorsal, the end of the pectoral and ventrals black, as is also the anterior part of the anal. Hub. From Bombay through the Indian Seas to the Malay Archipelago, not uncommon at Calcutta; attaining to a consider- able size. 182. (4.) Arras acutirostris. Arius acutirostri?, Day, Fish. India, p. 459, pi. cvii, fig. 1. B. v. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (5/14). C. 17. Length of head 3|, of caudal fin 6, height of body 7 in the total length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 3 diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the head equals about half its length, and is one sixth more than its height. Snout fleshy and elongated, extending some distance beyond the mouth ; mouth inferior, the extent of its gape equalling one third of the length of the head. Upper surface of the head granulated, or with roughened lines. Median longitudinal groove on head not extending to the base of the occipital process, which is slightly keeled, is rather longer than wide at its base, and reaches the narrow V-shaped basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels short, the maxillary reach beyond the hind edge of the eye; the outer mandibular are about one third of the length of the head ; the 176 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. inner are shorter. Teeth the villiform band in the premax- illaries is about one third as deep as wide ; those on the palate likewise villiform in two somewhat obliquely oval patches diverg- ing anteriorly. Fins dorsal spine rather strong, half as long as the head and serrated on both sides ; the base of the adipose fin is two thirds as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine of about the same length as the dorsal and serrated on both edges ; the fin reaches two thirds of the distance to the ventral ; the latter does not extend to the anal. Colour upper portion of rayed and upper two thirds of adipose dorsal black ; pectoral, ventral, and anal stained grey. Hob. The Sal ween river at Mouhnein in Burma. Tickell ob- served that this species was one of the commonest fishes in the Moulmein bazaar. It attains a foot or more in length. 183. (5.) Arius sumatranus. Bagrus sumatranus, liennett. Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 691. Arius sumatranus, -Day, Fish. India, p. 4GO, pi. cvii, fig. G (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. G. A. 18-19 (5/13-14). G. 17. Length of head 4% to 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of head, 1| dia- meters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the head exceeds its height and equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper surface of the head with scattered granu- lations, which are more lineated on the occipital process. Median longitudinal groove narrow posteriori)', nearly reaching the base of the occipital process, the edges in the last portion of the groove are raised. Occipital process slightly keeled, as broad at its base as it is long ; basal bone crescent-shaped and narrow. Barbels the maxillary reach end of head, the outer mandibular the base of the pectoral fin. Teeth in palate villiform, in two triangular patches diverging posteriorly. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, and serrated on both edges ; base of adipose dorsal two thirds of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine as long as the head excluding the snout, externally roughened in the lower, serrated in the upper portion, internally denticulated, not reaching the ventral. Ventral extending two thirds of the way to the anal. Colour bluish green above, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; edges of fins stained grey, very little black on adipose dorsal. Hub. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. 184. (6.) Arms venosus. Arius venosus, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Pom. xv, p. 09 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 400, pi. cvi, %. 2 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18-19 (5-6/13). C. 17. Length of head 5^, of caudal fin 5, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1^ diameters 177 from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Snout rather obtuse, and the upper jaw the longer ; the width of the gape of the mouth equal to one half the length of the head. The greatest width of the head equal to its length excluding the snout, and slightly exceeding its height. Upper surface of the head with scattered granulations, which are more numerous on the occipital process. Median longi- tudinal groove on the head shallow except in its posterior portion, which is narrow and deep as far as the base of the occipital process, this is keeled and as broad at its base as it is long. Basal bone V-shaped, and laterally narrow. Barbels the maxillary extend to the base of the pectoral fin, the outer mandibular are shorter. Teeth villiform on the palate, in two triangular patches, the points of which are directed backwards, the patches are about as large as the eye, as broad as long, and approximate somewhat anteriorly. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, its spine rather strong and as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth ; an- teriorly the spine is serrated in its upper, granulated in its lower half, posteriorly it is serrated ; base of adipose dorsal equal to half that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine as long as that of the dorsal, granulated and serrated externally, denticulated internally. The ventral reaches the anal ; upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour bluish. Hob. From Burma to the Malay Archipelago. 185. (7.) Arius parvipinnis. Arius parvipinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 460, pi. cxiii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Chintajella, Tel. B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 19 (5/14). C. 18. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes in anterior half of the head, diameter 5| in the length of the head, If diameters from the end of snout, and 3 apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the nostrils, and exceeding its height by one fourth. Upper jaw somewhat the longer ; the width of the gape of the mouth equal to that of the postorbital length of the head. Upper surface of the head and occipital process studded with coarse granulations. Median longitudinal groove on head well marked, lanceolate, its last portion deep and not extending so far as the base of the occipital process, which has a granulated keel along its centre, is as long as wide, arid reaches a narrow crescentic basal bone. Barbels the maxillary reach the end of the pectoral fin. Teeth villiform in two pear-shaped crescentic patches placed well for- wards, diverging, and their small end anterior. Fin* dorsal spine strong, laterally roughened, serrated anteriorly in its upper half, also posteriorly, as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth. Pectoral spine stronger than the dorsal, of the same length, and serrated on both edges, it reaches two thirds of the distance to 178 TELEOSTET. PHTSOSTOMI. the ventral ; the latter is very small, a little above half as long as the pectoral, and does not reach the anal. Caudal deeply lobed, with its upper lobe rather produced. Colour on the upper surface dull leaden, sides and abdomen whitish, adipose dorsal with a black blotch ; pectoral, ventral, and outer half of anal dark. Hob. Coromandel coast of India. 186. (8.) Arins subrostratus. Arius subrostratus, Cuv. $ Vol. If. N. Poiss. xv, p. 62 ; -Day, Fish. India, p. 461, pi. cvi, fig. 6 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/9. V. 6. A. 17-20 (5-6/12-14). C. .17. Length of head 3| to 4, of caudal fin 6 to 7, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in length of head, 2-J to 3 diameters from the end of snout, and 2 to 2 apart. The greatest width of the head rather exceeds its height and equals four sevenths of its length. Snout elongated and a little depressed, the upper i'aw the longer, the width of the gape equals two sevenths of the ength of the head, cleft short, extending one third of the distance to the orbit ; median longitudinal groove on the head shallow, an- teriorly becoming narrow, and posteriorly deep, extending nearly to the base of the occipital process. Upper surface of the head behind the middle of the orbit granulated, as is also the occipital process, which is rather wider at its base than it is long, has nearly straight lateral edges, and reaches the narrow basal bone of the dorsal fin. Barbels short, the maxillary pair do not quite reach the eye, the outer raandibular are still shorter, and the internal the shortest. Teeth those on the palate villiform, in two small patches wide asunder, one on either side of the palate, not longer than the diameter of the eye. Fins dorsal one fourth higher than the body, its spine not very strong, rather above half as long as the head, rugose anteriorly, serrated posteriorly ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal equal to two thirds of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral scarcely reaching the ventral ; pectoral spine as long as that of the dorsal, or a little longer, serrated internally. Ventral reaching the anal ; caudal forked. Colour silvery leaden along the back when fresh, a series of about fifteen minutely spotted vertical bands seen on the body. Fins stained with grey. Hab. Malabar coast of India ; attaining to a foot in length. 187. (9.) Arius sagor. Pimelodus sagor, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 169, 376. Arius sagor, Day, Fish. India, p. 461, pi. cv, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 I 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 17-19 (3-4/14-15). C. 15. Length of head 4| to 4|, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter. 6i to 7 in the length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, and 3| apart. Head depressed, much broader than high, its width equal to its length or a little SILURIDJ;. 179 less. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth half the length of the head. The median longitudinal groove on the head shallow, extending to a little behind the posterior edge of the eye. Upper surface of the head granulated in radiating lines. Occipital process one half wider at its base than it is long, its posterior extremity rounded where it meets the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is large and somewhat butterfly-shaped. Barbels the maxillary reach to the middle or end of the pectoral spine, the outer mandibular to its base or middle. Teeth ou the palate in two confluent villiform patches on either side, meeting in the mesial line, each of these patches has a convex inner edge. Fins dorsal higher than the body, the spine strong and as long as the head excluding the snout, granulated or serrated anteriorly, serrated posteriorly ; the base of the adipose nearly as long as that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal and equally long, serrated externally along its outer fourth and denticu- lated internally, its outer ray often prolonged. Ventral nearly reaching the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour greenish brown, becoming lighter on the abdomen ; some specimens have narrow vertical bands of spots on the body. Fins tinged with dark. Hub. From Bombay through the seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago. Said to be very common at Batavia, where it is largely consumed. This species attains to at least 3 feet in length. 188. (10.) Arms sona. Pimelodus sona, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 172, 376. Arius sona, Day, Fish. India, p. 462, pi. cv, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 17 (6/11). C. 17. Length of head 4, of caudal fin 5 to 6, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 7 to 9 in the length of head, 2| to 3 diameters from end of snout, and 3| to 4| apart. Head one half broader than high, and almost as wide as long. Upper jaw the longer ; the extent of the gape of the mouth equal to two thirds of the length of the head. Median longitudinal groove on the head wide, but not extending so far as the base of the occipital process ; the latter keeled, convex at its posterior extremity where it reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin which is somewhat narrow, especially in its centre, while each side is slightly bent into an S- shaped form. The occipital process is as wide at its base as it is long or rather wider ; it and also the crown of the head from behind the eyes are granulated, these granulations have somewhat of a radiating direction. Barbels the maxillary reach to the end of the head, the outer mandibular are shorter. Teeth on palate villiform, those on each palatine in a large somewhat triangular patch which is emarginate posteriorly, anteriorly two small patches on the vomer connect the two palatine ones together. Fins dorsal spine strong, granulated anteriorly, serrated posteriorly, and as long as the head excluding the snout, but not so high as the N2 180 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. rays, which are higher than the body ; length of the base of the adipose dorsal equal to that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine stronger and usually slightly shorter than that of the dorsal, rough externally, sometimes even with a few serrations near its tip, serrated internally. Ventrals not reaching the anal. Caudal forked. Colour brownish above, bluish on the sides where it is glossed with gold, and of a dull white beneath. Fins with a bluish- black tinge. Young specimens are of a brownish colour, superiorly glossed with purplish and yellow, the fins nearly black. Hob. From Bombay through the seas of India, entering estuaries and tidal rivers ; attaining at least 3 feet in length. 189. (11.) Arius serratns. Arius serratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 462, pi. cv, fig. 3. B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 16 (5/11). C. 17. Length of head 5|, of caudal fin 4|, height of body o| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equal to half the length of the head. Upper surface of the head granulated or with rough lines, most distinct on the occipital process. The median longi- tudinal groove on the head does not quite reach posteriorly to above the hind edge of the opercle ; from the groove commences a serrated ridge, which is continued along the occipital process. Occipital process with a serrated keel, a little longer than wide at its base. Basal bone narrow and crescent-shaped. Barbels the maxillary reach to the middle of the pectoral fin, the outer man- dibular to the gill-opening. Teeth in the palate villiform in three distinct patches on either side, the two vomerine patches round, small, and with an interspace between them, outside each there is another rather longer oval patch ; the third or posterior patch is parallel to the one on the opposite side. Fins dorsal higher than the body ; its spine, which is serrated on both edges, is as long as the head behind the middle of the eyes, and has a soft termination ; the length of the base of the adipose half that of the rayed fin. Pectoral reaching rather above halfway to the ventral; pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal, but not quite so long ; externally the former is rough in its lower, serrated in its outer half, internally it is denticulated. The ventral does not reach the anal. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour upper surface of the head copper-coloured shot with gold, sides silvery. Fins yellowish, rayed dorsal stained with dark in its outer half; adipose fin with a black spot ; a dark band, edged with white, along the outer half of the anal ; both caudal lobes dark at their extremities. This fish is nearly allied to A. tJtalaxsimts, but has much shorter pectoral fins and longer maxillary barbels. "Whether the serrations along the occipital ridge are merely due to the specimen being young is questionable. Hob. Sind. STLTJRID2E. 181 190. (12.) Arms thalassinns. Bagrus thalassinus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 75, t, 20, fig. 2. Anus thalassinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 408, pi. civ, fig. 4, and pi. cvi, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/12. V. 6. A. 15-17 (3-5/12-13). C. 17. Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes longest diameter obliquely transverse, 5 in the length of the head, 1| to If diameters from end of snout, and 2| to 3 apart. Width of head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth, breadth exceeding the height. Upper surface of the head granulated ; the median longitudinal groove, which is narrow posteriorly, extends to opposite the hind edge of the opercle. The occipital process is granulated, keeled, rather longer than wide at its base, and extends to the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is small and crescentic in shape. Barbels the maxillary extend nearly or quite to the base of the pectoral fin, the outer mandibular are a little shorter. Teeth on the palate villiform, those of each side forming a triangle composed of three patches, two in front and a larger one behind. Fins dorsal spine as long as the head without the snout, or even a little longer, granulated anteriorly (with some serrations in the young), serrated posteriorly ; base of adipose dorsal two fifths of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine strong, but a little shorter than the dorsal, rough externally, feebly serrated internally ; caudal with the upper lobe usually the longer. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly ; the upper half of the adipose dorsal black. In some specimens the dorsal surface is of a rich brown, and each of the granules on the head appears to be tipped with gold. Hob. From the Eed Sea, through the seas of Africa and India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond, entering tidal rivers. Attains a large size. 191. (13.) Arms buchanani. Pimelodus arius, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 170, 376. pl. Arius buchanani, Day, Fish. India, p. 463, pl. cv, B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 22 (6/16). C. 17. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5|, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5| in the length of head, If diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Greatest width of the head equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Upper jaw the longer, width of gape of mouth three eighths of the length of the head. Median longitudinal groove on the head rather shallow, and not reaching the base of the occipital process. Upper surface of the head lineated in roughened lines, which are rather close together on the occipital process ; the latter is scarcely keeled, and as wide at its base as it is long. Opercle higher than wide. Barbels tlie maxillary extend to the first third of the pectoral fin, the outer mandibular almost to its base. Teeth on the palate in two oval patches, one on either side, each as large as the eye, placed far back and parallel to one another, the teeth have large globular 182 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. heads. Fins dorsal higher than the body, its spine as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, anteriorly roughened in its lower two thirds, and serrated in its upper, posteriorly very feebly serrated; base of the adipose dorsal three fourths of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral reaching the base of the ventral, the spine stronger than that of the dorsal but of equal length, serrated on both sides. Ventral almost reaching the anal ; upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour silvery along the back, lighter on the sides and below, pectoral and dorsal edged posteriorly with blackish ; adipose dorsal with a well-defined black spot. Hob. Hooghly at Calcutta ; also in Burma. 192. (14.) Arms falcarius. Arius falcarius, Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Ich. p. 134, pi. Ixii. figs. 7-9; Day, Fish. India, p. 463, pi. cvi, fig. o (see synon.). B. vi. D. 1/7 | 0. P. 1/10. V. 6. A. 18-20 (5-6/13-14). C. 17. Length of head 4 to 5, of caudal fin 6, height of body 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5i to 6 in the length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, and" 3 to 3^ apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth, and exceeds its height by about one sixth. Upper jaw the longer, the width of the gape of the mouth equal to three sevenths of the length of the head. The median longitudinal groove on the head, which is wide anteriorly, becomes suddenly narrow midway between the front edge of the eye and the hind edge of the opercle, and does not quite reach the base of the occipital process, which is keeled, rather longer than wide at its base, and reaches the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is V-shaped, narrow 1 , and short. Upper surface of the head behind the eyes (except in the groove) strongly granulated, as is also the occipital process. Barbels the maxillary pair, which are black, reach to the hind edge of the head, the outer mandibular to the gill-opening, while the inner are shorter. Teeth the villiforrn band in the premaxillaries four times as long as wide ; those on the palate granular anteriorly, becoming globular posteriorly, in two elongated subtriangular patches, longer than wide, parallel to one another along the median line, their external edge is convex, anteriorly they nearly reach the pre- maxillary teeth. Fins dorsal higher than the body, its spine usually ending in a soft point, it equals the length of the head excluding the snout, anteriorly it is serrated in its upper, rough in its lower half, and serrated posteriorly ; the base of the adipose fin equals three sevenths of that of the rayed fin. Pectoral spine a little longer than the dorsal, serrated externally in its outer half, rough in its lower; externally it is denticulated; it nearly reaches the ventral, whilst the latter extends to the anal or even to as far as the third ray of that fin. Colour bluish grey above, becoming dull white beneath ; fins greyish, dorsal black-tipped ; a black blotch on the adipose dorsal, and sometimes one on the anal. Hob. Calcutta, and seas of India, to China. Very numerous along the Malabar coast. SILUBID| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1 diameters from the end of snout, and 1^ apart. The greatest width of the head is equal to its length behind the angle of the mouth. Snout compressed, overhanging the mouth, which is transverse. Gill- Fig. 76. Nangra punctata. openings rather wide, the skin not confluent with that of the isthmus. The median longitudinal groove on the head deep, with raised sides, extending to the base of occipital process, which is four times as long as wide, and almost reaches the basal bone. Osseous processes from back of skull and above base of pectoral tin well developed. Barbels the maxillary reach the base of the pectoral spine ; the mandibular are shorter than the head, the internal pair placed anterior to the external pair. The nasal pair are rudimentary or wanting Teeth those in the upper jaw placed in front of those in the lower jaw. Fins dorsal spine strong, smooth, half as long as the head. Pectoral spine very strong, as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth, and with about twelve denticulations internally ; it is roughened in its lower half externally. Colour coppery, glossed with gold on the sides ; a black blotch on the occiput, and three or four along the back descending halfway down the sides. A black band on the dorsal, and some black markings on the caudal. This fish in appearance is very similar to the young of Gagata cenia, but may be at once recognized by the position of the barbels and the broader head. Uab. The Sone river at Beerbhoom, in Bengal. 228. (3.) Nangra viridescens. Pimelodus viridescens, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 173, 377 pi. xi, fig. 66. Nangra viridescens, Day, Fish. India, p. 494, pi. cxv, fig. 7 (see synon.). Huddah, Hind. D. 1/6 | 0. P. 1/8. V. 6. A. 11 (2/9). C. 21. Length of head 4 to 4|, of caudal 5, height of body 6 in the CYPKINID.E. 213 total length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of the head, ] diameters from the end of snout, and 1 apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the angle of the mouth. Snout overhanging the mouth, which is transverse. Gill-openings wide, the membranes being notched. Median longitudinal groove on the head deep, having raised edges, and reaching the base of the occipital process, which latter is three times as long as wide, and does not quite reach the basal bone. Osseous processes from occiput and over base of pectoral fin well developed. Barbels the maxillary reach the root of the pectoral spine ; the inner maudibular pair are anterior to the external pair. Teeth none on the palate. Fins dorsal spine strong, smooth, and half as long as the head. Pectoral spine strong, externally rough in its lower half, denticulated internally. Colour glossy gr"eehieh brown on the batk, with two very light green bands, passing one from the base of each dorsal fin to the middle of the depth of the body. A dark band on the dorsal fin, and spots on either lobe of the caudal. JJab. Rivers of Northern Bengal, not uncommon in the Jumna at Delhi, and also found at Poona'in the Deccan. Family IV. CYPRINID^. Branchiostegals three ; pseudobranchise generally present. Body oblong or elongate ; abdomen usually rounded, but, if compressed and cutting, destitute of ossicles. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries. Opercles in four pieces. Mouth toothless, but from one to three rows of teeth in the inferior pharyngeal bones, which latter are strong, free, and parallel to the branchial arches. A single, rayed dorsal fin. Head scaleless; body scaled or scaleless, never covered by osseous plates. No " cul-de-sac " to the stomach, nor pyloric appendages. Air-bladder, if present, large > it may be divided into two lateral portions partially or entirely enclosed in a bony capsule (Cobitidince) ; or by a constriction into an anterior and posterior portion, neither of which is enclosed by bone (Cyprinintx). Geographical Distribution. Fresh- waters of the Old World and North America. Carps (Cyprinidce) are well represented in the fresh waters and estuaries of India, Ceylon, and Burma, as they and the Siluridce compose the great mass of fish residing there, especially if we omit the migratory Clupeidce. "Wh'ereas Siluroids, as a rule, appear to prefer muddy water, carps thrive best in those which are clear ; still many species of this family obtain their subsistence in dirty waters, for which purpose their barbels may prove of considerable assistance. There are few members of this family which are such foul feeders as the Siluroids, consequently carps may be deemed more whole- some and would be greatly preferable as food were it not for the 214 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. numerous bones with which they are provided. Natives, however, do not seem to object much to this, and as these fish are very abundant in places, they enter largely into the diet of the indigenous population. Indian carps do not appear to restrict themselves so much to a vegetable diet as do those in Europe. Those which prey upon their neighbours, as might be anticipated, are largely represented ; whilst those small forms that were apparently produced to be preyed upon are the most prolific. Synopsis of Indian Subfamilies. Air-bladder enclosed partially or entirely in a bony capsule Cobitidina;. Air-bladder not enclosed in bone, and sometimes absent Cyprinince. A. Subfamily COBITIDINA. Pseudobranchire absent. Body elongate, oblong, compressed, or cylindrical, but never depressed. Snout and lips fleshy. Mouth small, inferior, and furnished with from six to twelve barbels. Pbaryngeal teeth few, and in one row. Vertical fins spineless. Dorsal fin with a varying number of rays (8-30) ; anal with few (7-8) ; ventrals present or absent. Scales small and cycloid when present, and usually immersed in mucus ; rarely present on the head*. Lateral line single. Air-bladder entirely or partially enclosed in a bony capsule. Geographical Distribution. Loaches are found in tanks and rivers throughout the hills and plains of India and Burma, but apparently are absent from the Andaman Islands. These fish are mostly taken by baling out tanks commencing to dry up, but as they move about in the mud, they are usually difficult to capture. Synopsis of Indian Genera. A. An erectile spine near the orbit. Barbels 6 to 8 ; 4 rostral, 2 maxillary, and sometimes 2 mandibular. Spine euborbital. Dorsal fin (10 to 15 rays) commencing before the ven- tral ; caudal forked 1. BOTIA. Barbels 8; 2 maudibular. Spine before the orbit. Dorsal fin (12 rays) oppo- site the ventrals ; caudal forked .... 2. ACANTHOPSIS. * Lepidoccphalichthys has scales upon its sub- and post-orbital regions, us well as on the upper portion of the opercles. CYPBINID-E. COBITIDIN^I. 215 Barbels 6 ; none on mandibles. Eyes pro- minent. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin (10 rays) commences slightly behind the ventrals ; caudal entire . . 3. SOMILEPTES. Barbels 8 or more ; 4 rostral, 2 maxillary, the rest mandibular. Spine sub- orbital. Dorsal h'n short, commenc- ing nearly opposite the ventrals; caudal entire or slightly emarginate. Scales on the head 4. LEPIDOCEPHALIOHTHYS. Barbels 0; 1 rostral and 2 maxillary pairs. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin short, in the last third of the body, but before the anal; ventrals present. 5. ACANTHOPHTHALMUS. Barbels 8 ; 1 rostral, 2 maxillary, and 1 mandibular pairs. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin short (8 rays'), in the last third of the body, but before the anal ; no ventrals 6. APUA. Barbels 8, 2 being mandibular. Spine suborbital. Dorsal fin long (30 rays), commencing before the ventral .... 7. JEBDONIA. B. No erectile spine near the orbit. Barbels 6 ; 2 pairs rostral, 1 maxillary. Snout elongate. Eyes elevated. Dorsal fin of moderate length (13 rays), above the ventrals; caudal forked 8. NEMACHILICHTHYS. Barbels ; 2 pairs rostral, 1 maxillary. Dorsal of moderate length or short (8 to 17 rays), commencing opposite the ventrals . . . . 9. NEMACHiLrs. 1. Genus BOTIA, Gray. Syn. Hymenophysa and Schistura, McClelland ; Diacanthw, Swainson ; Syncrossus, Blyth. Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal profile more or less elevated. Eye with a free, circular eyelid. Barbels six to eight ; four on the snout united at their bases, two on the upper jaw ; when there are eight the extra pair are on the mandibles. A bifid, erectile, suborbital spine present. Dorsal fin commencing before the root of the ventral ; caudal forked. No scales on the head. Air- bladder in two divisions, the anterior partially enclosed in a bony capsule, whilst the posterior portion is free in the abdominal cavity. Geographical Distribution. Found throughout the valley of the Ganges, the Sind hills, the Himalayas, Assam, and Burma to the Malay Archipelago. 216 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 15. A. 7. Barbels 6 . 1. B. nebulosa, p. 216. 1). 12-13. A. 7-8. Barbels 8 2. B. dario, p. 216. I). 12. A. 7. Barbels 8 3. B. geto, p. 21G. 1). 1 1-12. A. 7-8. Barbels 8 4. B. almorhec, p. 217. I . 1 :5-ir>. A. 7. Barbels 8 5. B. btrdmorei, p. 217. L>. 10. A. 7. Barbels 8 0. B. histrionica, p. 218. 229. (1.) Botia nebulosa. Botia nebulosa, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 165; Day, Fish. India, p. 606 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 15 (3/12). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes in middle of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout and the same apart. Barbels two rostral pairs extending to the anterior margin of the orbit; the maxillary are slightly longer. Fins caudal lobes slightly rounded. Scales small. Colour brownish, with a leaden band along the side. Dorsal and caudal barred in spots. An ocellus at the upper margin of the base of the caudal fin. Hab. Darjeeling. 230. (2.) Botia dario. Cobitis dario, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 354, 394, pi. xxix, fig. 95. Botia dario, Day, Fish. India, p. 60(3, pi. cliv, fig. 1 (see syuon.). Sahinga, Punj. ; Bucktea, Hind. B. iii. D. 12-13 (3/9-10). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 1.9. Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes in about the middle of length of head, 5 diameters in the length of the head, 2 to 2| diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Suborbital spine reaching to ,below the hind edge of the eye. Barbels eight. Scales very in- distinct. Colour seven or eight oblique bands descend from the back to the abdomen, and two or three, or even more, cross the lobes of the caudal fin. Hab. Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Assam, and Cachar. 231. (3.) Botia geto. (Fig. 77.) Cobitis geto, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 355, 394, pi. xi, fig. 96. Botia geto, Day, Fish. India, p. 606, pi. cliv, fig. 2 (see synon.). Shec-nharo, Sind. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5j, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 7 in the length of head, 4 diameters CYPBINID.E. COBITIDIN^:. 21 from end of snout. Barrels eight. Fins the cnudal has sharp lobes. Colour body in the adult with irregular and partly Fig. 11. Botia gcto. confluent brown cross bands, which enclose variously sized round yellowish or bluish spots. Ventral fin with two, the other fins and each lobe of the caudal with three black cross bands. In the youncj the bands on the body form arches, four or live in number, passing over a dark vertical band or mark. Hah. From Sind, through the Punjab, Himalayas, valley of the Ganges, Jumna, and Sone rivers to Assam. 232. (4.) Botia almorhae. Botia almorhae, Gray, Zool. Misc. -1831, p. 8; Day, Fish. India, p. 607, pi. cliv, fig. 5 (see synon.). B.iii. D. 11-12(2/9-10). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 19. Length of head 4|, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5 in the total length. Eyes rather behind the middle of the length of the head. Barbels eight. Colour body reticulated with grey oh a yellow ground; fins yellow; the dorsal, pectoral, and anal with four transverse dark bands, the pectoral and each caudal lobe with five. Sometimes examples are vertically banded, each band being reticulated. Hob. Kashmir, Almora, and Khasi hills; attaining 6 inches in length. 233. (5.) Botia berdmorei. 860, . 166. (see Syiicrossus berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. E. xxix, 1860, p. 166. Botia berdmorei, Day, Fish. India, p. 607, pi. cliv, fig. 3 synon.). Nga-tha-lay-doh and Shoay-zagay, Burmese. B. iii. D. 13-15(2/11-13). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7(2/5). C. 17. Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes in about the middle of the length of the head. Barbels eight, the four rostral united at the base. Colour buff, with 10 or 11 vertical darkish bands, extending from the back 218 TELEOSTEI. PIT YSO8TOMI. to the abdomen. Head likewise banded, and a dark line from the eye to the snout. Numerous oblong blotches over the body, sometimes commencing opposite the orbit and ceasing about the end of the pectoral fin, in other examples continued all over the body. Dorsal fin with three or four rows of spots, and some- times a large one at the base of the last three or four rays ; caudal with five or six ; anal with two. Hdb, The Irrawaddy river in Burma, and waters in its vicinity, certainly as high as Mandalay ; also Tenasserim. 234. (6.) Botia Mstrionica. Botia histrionica, Blyth, J. A. S. . xxix, 1800, p. 106 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 007, pi. cliv, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 15. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5, of caudal fin 5, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes small, diameter one sixth of length of head, 2^ diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Barbels eight. Fins caudal deeply forked. Colour olive, with five dark vertical bands on the body, and two on the head. All the fins with two broad brown bars. Hob. Burma. 2. Genus ACANTHOPSIS, v. Hasselt. Syn. Prostheacanthus, Blyth. Body very elongate, snout long and compressed. Barbels eight, two being mandibular. A small, bifid, erectile spine, situated in advance of the orbit. Dorsal fin opposite to the ventrals ; caudal forked. Geographical Distribution. Burma to the Malay Archipelago. 235. (1.) Acanthopsis chcerorhynclras. (Fig. 78.) Cobitis choirorhynchos, Sleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. vii, p. 95. Acanthopsis choirorrhynchus, Day, Fish. India, p. 608, pi. civ, fig. 1 (see synon.). Naa-tha-lay-doh, Burmese. B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 11. V. 7. A. 8(3/5). C. 11. Length of head 5, of caudal 6, height of body 9 in the total Fig. 78. Acanthopsis chcerorhynchus. length. Eyes diameter one sixth of the length of head, 4 dia- meters from the end of snout. Barbels eight, all short. Fins CYPRINID.E. COBITIDIN^!. 219 dorsal commences slightly in advance of the ventral. Caudal lobed, the lower slightly the longer. Colout brownish, with 12 bands across the back, and the same number of blotches along the lateral line; two rows of blotches along the dorsal, and three across the anal fin. Hob. Burma, and the eastern portion of Sumatra. Col. Tickell says it attains a foot in length in the hill-streams of Burma. 3. Genus SOMILEPTES (Swainson), Bleeker. Body elongate and compressed, dorsal profile nearly horizontal ; snout elongate. Eyes prominent. Six barbels four on the snout, and two on the upper jaw. A small erectile, bifid, sub- orbital ^pine. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind the ventral ; caudal entire. Geographical Distribution. From 'Orissa through Bengal to Assam . 236. (1.) Somileptes gongota. (Fig. 79.) Cobitis gongota, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 351, 394. Somileptes gongota, Day, Fish. India, p. 608, pi. civ, fig. 2 (see synon.). Assam. B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P, 10. V. 7. A. 7(2/5). C. 16. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes rather behind the middle of the length of the head. Snout with its upper edge rather concave, it and the rest of the head covered with tine warty excrescences. Barbels rather short, extending nearly halfway to Fig. 79. Somileptes gongota. below the eyes. Fins caudal entire. Colour an undulating band along the side of the body, giving off vertical bars towards the back, or else oblique blotches with light edges descending from the back or placed irregularly on the body. Dorsal and caudal fins with transverse rows of blackish dots. Hob. Beerbhoom, Assam, and Khasi hills. L'1_ J (I TKLKOSTK1. PHYSOSTOMJ. 4. Genus LEPIDOCEPHALICHTHYS, Bleeker. Syn. Platacanthus, Day ; Misgurnus, sp., Giinther. Body elongate and moderately compressed, back not elevated. Six or eight barbels, four of which belong to the mandibles. A large, erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. The sub- and post-orbital regions, and also the upper part of the opercle scaled. Dorsal fin short, commencing opposite, or nearly so, to the ventral ; the internal ray of the pectoral fin may be modified into a flat osseous spine; caudal truncate or slightly emarginate. This genus is separated from CoUtis not only by the mandibular flap being provided with barbels, but also by the existence of scales on the head, in the sub- arid post-opercular regions. * Geographical Distribution. India, Burma, Ceylon r and the Malay Archipelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. 25 to 30 rows of scales between the base of the anal fin and back 1. L. guntea, p. 220. 30 to 40 rows of scales between base of anal fin and back 2. L. (hennalis, p. 221. About 40 rows of scales between base of anal fin and back 3. L. berdmorci, p. 221. 237. (1.) Lepidocephalichtliys gnntea. (Fig. 80.) Cobitis guntea, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 353, 394. Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Day, Fish. India, p. (50U, pi. civ, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kondaturi and Jupkari, Ooriah. B. iii. D. 8-9 (2/6-7). P. 8. V.7-8. A. 7 (2/5). C.16. L.I. ca. 115. Length of head 6| to 6|, height of body 5| to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter one fifth of length of head, 1| diameters Fig. 80. Lepidoccphaliehthys guntea. from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Barbels two rosfral and one maxillary pair, all longer than -the orbit. Fins caudal . COBITIDIX.H. 221 generally entire, its median , rays, however, may be somewhat shortened or even lengthened. Inner pectoral ray sometimes modified into a flat spine having a branched termination. Scales 25 to 30 rows between the base of the anal fin and the back. Colour generally dirty yellowish, with a light band extending from the centre of the snout, and ending in a black ocellus above the middle of the base of the caudal fin ; below this band are a series of dark blotches festooned interiorly, whilst the back is simi- larly marked. Dorsal and caudal with numerous rows of dark spots, but only about four on the caudal in Deccan examples, aud often two rows on the anal fin. The variety, L. balgara (Fishes of India, pi. clvi, fig. 12), (Jubbi cowri, Ooriah), closely resembles the above, but has its body a little more elongated, and its caudal fin is sometimes cut rather more square ; in a few examples the ventral fin is slightly in advance of the dorsal, but not so in others. Hab. Punjab, throughout India (except Mysore and south of the Kistna, and also the Malabar coast). I have specimens from Darjeeling, and several localities on the Himalayas. 238. (2.) Lepidocephalichthys thermalis. Cobitis thermalis, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 78. Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, Day, Fish. India, p. 010, pi. civ, ng. 3 (see synon.). Assaree, Tarn. ; Jubbi coiori, Ooriah ; Bdlu, Hind. ; Chickani and Mtira, Marathi. B. iii. D. 8 (2/6). P. 7. Y. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 16. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes almost entirely in the anterior half of the head. Barbels eight, the longest ex- tending to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Fins caudal slightly emarginate. The inner pectoral ray is modified in some adult males into a flat osseous spine which is used for diving down into the mud. Scales distinct, about 30 rows between the base of the anal fin and the- back. Colour sandy, with irregular blotches on the lateral line, and others along the back ; a black spot generally exists at the base of the upper half of the caudal fin. Dorsal fin with black spots or bars, caudal with four bands. A dark streak often extends from the eye to the end of the snout. Hub. Southern India, the Malabar coast, the Wynaad, and Ceylon. 239. (3.) Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei. Acanthopsis berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. li. xxix, 1860, p. 168. Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei, Day, Fish. India, p. 610, pi. cliii, li#. -'5 (see pynon.), Xya-tha-lay-doh, Burmese. 222 TELKOSTKI. I'll YSOSTOMJ. B.iii. D. 8(2/6). P. 10. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 17. Length of head 6 to 6| in the total length. Eyes situated just before the middle of the length of head. Barbels two pairs of rostral and a maxillary pair extending to below the hind edge of the orbit. Fins the caudal is slightly emarginate. The pectoral does not reach quite halfway to the ventral. Scales small, about 40 rows between the anal fin and the back ; several rows (about 12) along the suborbital ring of bones. Colour of a rich yellow- ish brown, with a dark line along the body composed of spots, upper surface of body covered with fine markings ; a black spot at the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal fins lineated with tine spots ; some also on the outer portions of pectoral, ventral, and anal. Hib. Moulmein in Burma, where it is common. 5. Genus ACANTHOPHTHALMUS, v. Hasselt. Syn. Panyio, Blyth. Body elongate and strongly compressed. An erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. Six barbels, one rostral and two maxillary pairs. Dorsal fin situated in the posterior third of the body, anterior to the anal, buir posterior to the ventrals. 240. (1.) Acanthophthalmus pangia. (Fig. 81.) Cobitis pangia, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 355, 394. Acanthophthalmus pangia, Day, Fish. India, p. 010, pi. civ, fig. o (see syuon.). Panyya, Beng. ; Nga-tha-lay-doh, Burmese. .B. iii. D. 8 (2/6). P. 10. V. 6-7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 7g to 8 in the total length. Eyes minute. Barbels six, the longest about two fifths of the length of the head. Fins caudal entire. Scales distinct. Colour light cinnamon. Fig. 81. Acanthophthalmus pa Hob. North-east Bengal, the northern portions of Pegu and Upper Burma. 6. Genus APUA, Blyth. Body elongate and compressed. A small, erectile, bifid, sub- orbital spine. Eight barbels one rostral pair, one maxillary pair, and two mandibular pairs. Dorsal fin in the posterior third of the body, but anterior to the anal. Ventral fins absent. 223 241. (1.) Apuafusca. Apua fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 169; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 611, pi. civ, tig. 6 (sea synon.). B. iii. D. 8(2/6). P. 11. A. 8(2/6). C. 16. Length of head 7| to 8 in the total length. Eyes small. Barbels six, the longest one third the length of the head. Fins caudal rounded. Scales minute. Colour brownish, with a longitudinal darker band. Hab. Pegu in Burma ; attaining at least 2| inches in length. 7. Genus JERDONIA, Day. Syn. Platacanthus, sp., Day. Body elongate and moderately compressed. Eight barbels, two of which are maudibular. A free, erectile, bifid, suborbital spine. Dorsal lin long (twenty-seven branched rays), commencing before the ventrals ; the internal ray of the pectoral fin modified into a flat osseous spine ; caudal slightly emargiuate. 242. (1.) Jerdonia maculata, (Fig. 82.) Tlatacanthus maculatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 941. Jerdonia maculata, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 700, note ; id. Fish. India, p. 611, pi. cliv, fig. 6. B. iii. D. 30(3/27). P. 5/1. V. 8. A. 9 (3/6). C. 21. Length of head two elevenths of the total length. Eyes diameter one sixth of length of head, 2 diameters from end of Fig. 82. Jerdonia maculata. snout. Scales small, but distinct. Colour greyish, becoming dirty white along the abdomen. A dark lateral band extends from the eye to the tail ; along its first half are three black spots, whilst the whole extent of the back is irregularly lineated. Ems yellow. Dorsal with four black bands. Caudal with three bands and a dark margin. A black mark at the base of the tail, with a smaller one above and another below it. Uab. Madras. 8. Genus NEMACHILICHTHYS, Day. Body elongate. Dorsal profile not elevated. Snout rather compressed and elongate. Eyes rather prominent. Barbels six, 224 TELEOSTEI. PUYSOSTOMI. two rostral and one maxillary pairs. . No spine on the head. Dorsal fin of moderate length, commencing somewhat in advance of the ventrals. Caudal forked. The appearance of this form is very similar to Acanthopsis, except that there is no spine on the head. 243. (1.) Nemachiliclithys rueppelli. (Fig. 83.) Cobitis riippelli, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 3GG, pi. 64, fig. 1. Nemachilichthys riippelli, Day, Fish. India, p. 612, pi. civ, fig. 7 (see synon.). B.iii. D. 13(2/11). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). 0.19. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes slightly behind the middle of the length of the head. Barbels two well-developed rostral pairs, also a maxillary pair. Scales moderately developed. Fig. 83. Nemachilichtkys rueppelli. Colour greenish yellow except on the abdomen, which is white ; short brown bars along the lateral line, and the rays of the dorsal and anal barred. Caudal with four posteriorly directed V-shaped brown bars. A black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe. Hab. Deccan. 9. Genus NEMACHILUS, van Hasselt. Syn. Aconra and Acourus, Swains. ; Acanthocobitis, Peters ; Orcias, Sauvage ; Diplophysa, Kessler. Body elongate. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal. Barbels eight or six, when the former number is present, the extra pair belongs to the posterior nostrils ; none on the mandibles. No spine on the head. Dorsal fin of moderate length, or short, situated opposite the ventrals. Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of Europe and Asia ; inhabiting India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malay Archipelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Barbels 8. D. 9. Greenish, with small dark blotches. 1. N. evezardi, p. 226. B. Barbels 6. D. 16-20. Body barred; caudal slightly notched 2. N. pavonaceus, p. 226. CTPRINID^;. COBITIDINJE. 225 D. 15-16. Body with 12 to 15 bands. Caudal emarginate 3, N. rubidipinnia, p. 226. D. 11-14. Body irregularly blotched. Caudal entire or slightly emarginate . . 4. N. botius, p. 227. D. 12. Caudal and dorsal fins barred. Caudal rounded 5. N. monocero*. p. 227. D. 12. Caudal forked. Yellow blotches on body. Fins barred G. N. pulchellus, p. 228. D. 10-11. Caudal cut square. Vertical brown bands, with shorter intermediate ones. Dorsal and caudal barred 7. N. sinuatus, p. 228. D. 10-11. Reticulated with brown. Caudal forked 8. N. guentheri, p. 228. D. 10-11. Irregular spots and bars on the body and fins. Caudal forked 9. N. semiarmatus, p. 229. D. 10.* About 13 blotches along the side. Caudal forked 10. N. corica, p. 229. D. 9-11. Eleven to 17 brown bands on the body, as wide as the ground-colour or wider. Dorsal and caudal banded or spotted. Caudal forked 11. N. rupieola, p. 229. D. 9-10. Eleven or 12 vertical bands. Caudal emarginate 12. N. montanus, p. 230. D. 10-12. Sixteen to 20 vertical bands, wider than the ground-colour. Caudal emarginate 13. N. striatus, p. 230. D. 10. Snout compressed, eye small ; nu- merous vertical bands, widest in last half of body. Caudal lobed 14. N.multifasciatus,p.23l. D. 10. Mouth of moderate width. Nine to 12 vertical bands wider than the ground-colour. Caudal lobed 15. N. denisonii, p. 231. D. 10. Snout compressed; eve of mode- rate size. Ten to 14 vertical bands wider than the ground-colour. Caudal lobed. 16. N. notostigma, p. 232. D. 11. Ten or 11 vertical bands, with intermediate ones superiorly. Dorsal and caudal spotted. Caudal entire .... 17. N. zonalternans, p. 232. D. 10. Sixteen to 18 interrupted and sinuous bands. Caudal lobed or emar- ginate 18. N. ladacensis, p. 232. D. 9. Eleven to 15 dark zones encircle the body, which are not half the width of the ground-colour. Caudal forked 19. N. zonatus, p. 233. D. 1 0. Ten brown zones encircle the body, usually wider than the ground-colour. Caudal slightly forked 20. N. cincticavda, p. 233. D. 10. Seven black-edged angular bands on the body. Caudal emarginate 21. JV. triangular^, p. 234. D. 10-11. fen to 12 very narrow white bands. Caudal slightly emarginate 22. 2V. savona, p. 234. D. 10. Dark bands, wider than the inter- spaces. Caudal forked 23. N. beavani, p. 234. D. 9-10. Eleven to 15 irregular bands. Caudal slightly emarginate 24. N. spilopterus, p. 235. D. 9. Mottled with brown. Caudal entire 25. N. mannorattu, p. 235. Q 220 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. D. 9. Marbled with brownish black. Caudal emarginate 26. N. stoliczka, p. 235. D. 9. Brownish. Caudal forked 27. N. Uythii, p. 23G. D. 9. Caudal rounded 28. N. Imtanensis, p. 236. D. 9. Brownish. Caudal emarginate. ... 29. N. gracilis, p. 237. D.8(10?). Spotted and blotched. Caudal emarginate 30. N. turio, p. 237. D. 8. Dark blotches. Caudal entire 31. N. auttatus, p. 237. 244. (l.) Nemachilus evezardi. Nemacheilus evezardi, Day, Fish. India, p. 613, pi. cliii, fig. 11. B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes just before the middle of the length of the head and rather minute. Barbels well developed, one pair nasal, reaching to opposite hind edge of the eye ; two pair rostral, and one maxillary pair. Fins upper edge of dorsal fin slightly convex. Caudal rounded. Colour greenish, with small dark blotches having a vertical direction, a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin, which has four V-shaped bands ; some spots on dorsal fin ; outer half of pectoral dark. Hob. Poona. 245. (2.) Nemachilus pavonaceus. Cobitis pavonacea, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2, 2nd. Cyp. pp. 305, 437, pi. 52, fig. 1. Nemacheilus pavonaceus, Day, Fifh. India, p. 613, pi. cliii, fig. 12 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 16-20 (2-3/14-18). V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5f- in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head. In some specimens the preorbital forms a blunt spine. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, which latter is slightly emarginate. Colour body crossed by about twenty half-bars of a darkish grey ; a dark ocellus surrounded by a light margin exists upon the upper portion of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal and caudal barred. Hob. Assam. 246. (3.) NemacMlns mbidipinnis. Cobitis rubidipinnis, lilyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 170. Nemacheilus rubidipinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 614, pi. cliii, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 15-16 (2/18-14). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head. Barbels the two rostral pairs reach to below the front edge of the eye. The maxillary pair are of about the same length. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin. Scales 15 rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Caudal nearly entire. . COBITIDIN.S:. 227 Colour reddish brown, with 12 to 16 irregular darkish bands descending from the back and ending in dark spots below the lateral line; 4 to 6 oblique bauds on the dorsal fin; 6 to 8 irregular vertical bars on the caudal, which has a black ocellus on the upper half of its base. Hob. Tenasseriin. 247. (4.) Nemachilus botius. Cobitis botia, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 350, 394. Nemacheilus botia, Day, Fish. India, p. 614, pi. clvi, fig 1 . 5 (see synon.). Sil-turi and Balli-potiah, Assam ; Soon-da-lee, Punj. ; Teli-mura, Manithi. B.iii. D. 12-14 (2/10-12). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 4| to 5-g- in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of head, 1^ to 1| diameters from end of snout and 1| apart. The preorbital has in some specimens a projection, which is movable, below the orbit (N. botius), whilst in others it is entirely concealed by the skin (N. bilturio). Barbels long, the maxillary pair reaching to below the posterior edge of the eye. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin, its upper edge nearly straight ; caudal slightly notched. Scales distinct. Lateral line complete, 12 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour greyish, with from 10 to 14 short bars on the lateral line, and a number of irregular blotches above it, sometimes forming bands over the back. Dorsal fin orange and with rows of black spots ; caudal with about seven irregular bars bent at an angle, and a black ocellus on the upper portion of the base of the fin. Variety Nemachilus aureus, Fishes of India, p. 614, pi. clvi, fig. 4. D. 1 1-12 (2/9-10). Dorsal fin of much less extent than in N. botius. Lateral line ceases opposite the posterior end of the dorsal fin. Hob. Sind, Punjab, and throughout India (except the Malabar coast and south of the Eiver Kistna) and Ceylon ; common in Assam. Although the variety N. aureus is found in Assam, it is more abundant than N. botius in the upper portion of the Ganges and Jumna. It is also the form in the Nerbudda, and throughout the Deccan, where the N. botius is likewise to be obtained. 248. (5.) Nemachilus monoceros. Colitis raonocera, McClell. Ind. Cyp. pp. 305, 438, pi. 52, fig. 2. Nemacheilus monoceros, Day, Fish. India, p. 015 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 12. P. 12. V. 8. A. 6. C. 18. Length of head one fourth of the total without the caudal fin. Eyes situated behind the middle of the length of the head. / Y V//.v caudal rounded. Colour body greenish yellow with a silvery lustre; opercles tinged with green. Caudal and dorsal streaked with numerous small brown bars. Hab. Assam. Q2 228 TELEOSTEI.- PHTSOSTOMI. 249. (6.) Nemachilus pulchellns. Nemacheilus pulchellus, Day, Journ. L. S. xi, p. 528 ; Fish. India, p. 615, pi. clvi, fig. 7. B. in. D. 12 (2/10). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 21. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes rather small, in the middle of the length of the head. Barbels six, the rostral thicker than the maxillary pair. Fins. dorsal equals the height of the body below it. Colour this beautiful little loach is of greyish colour, becoming whitish below; there are along the side between the head and middle of the dorsal fin two rows of large, vertical, canary-yellow spots, having deep black margins; posterior to the dorsal they become wide vertical bands two thirds as wide as the ground-colour. Caudal with three or four oblique black bands, and a deep black spot at the centre of its base. Dorsal yellowish orange at its upper anterior portion, two wide black bars along its centre, and one across the anal. Hob. Bhavani Eiver ; growing to 2| inches in length. 250. (7.) Nemachilus sinnatus. Nemacheilus sinuatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 371 ; Fish. India, p. 615, pi. clvi, fig. 3. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2/8-9). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes situated slightly before the middle of the length of the head. Barbels long and thin. Fiiis dorsal arising slightly in advance of the ventrals; caudal cut square. Scales distinct ; 10 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Lateral line ceases opposite the middle or end of the dorsal fin. Colour olive, with irregular vertical brown bands, having shorter intermediate ones. A black ocellus at the upper portion of the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal yellow, with three or four rows of black spots. Caudal orange, with four angulate bars, the angle in each of which is directed backwards. Hob. Wynaad. 251. (8.) Nemachilus gnentheri. Nemacheilus sruentheri, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 285; Fish. India. p. 615, pi. dfvi, fig. 10. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2/7-8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7(2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5| in the total length. Ei/es situated just before the middle of the length of the head. Fins the dorsal fin commences about midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which is lobed. Scales small, but distinct. Lateral line incomplete. Colour pinkish, coarsely reticulated with olive-brown markings, leaving three rows of large spots along the side ; a black band at the. base of the caudal fin, which has two indistinct dark bands across both lobes, the extremities of which are (3YPRINIDJE. COBITIDINJE. 229 stained. Two rows of fine black dots along. the dorsal fin, and one across the anal. Jfab. Elvers along the lower slopes and base of the Nilgiri hills. 252. (9.) Nemachilns semiarmatus. Nemacheilus semiarmatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 286 ; Fish. India, p. 616, pi. clvi, fig. 11 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 12. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1 diameters from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length excluding the snout. Fins origin of dorsal midway between the snout and the base of the caudal. Caudal lobed in its last half. Lateral line complete. Colour light brown, with numerous irregularly shaped spots and bars proceeding from the back towards the lateral line ; head brownish, with a dark line from the snout through the orbit. Dorsal fin with about three rows of dark "spots; caudal irregularly barred ; a dark line runs along the centre of the back. 'Hob. Bbavani and Sigur rivers along the base of the Nilgiri hills ; also imported into tanks on those mountains. 253. (10.) Nemachilus corica. Cobitis corica, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 359, 395. Nemacheilus corica, Day, Fish. India, p. 616, pi. clvi, fig. 1 (see synon.). Klwrika, Beng. B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head. Barbels thin, the external rostral pair longer than the orbit. Fins the dorsal commences anterior to the ventral and nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, which last is lobed in its posterior half. Scales^ visible in the posterior half of the body. Colour bluish, with about thirteen black blotches along the middle of the side, and smaller ones above and descending to between them ; usually a silvery band along the middle of the side. Hab. N.E. Bengal, Punjab, and Assam. 254. (11.) Nemachilus rupicola. 148, pi. 55, 9> Schistura rupecula, McCclland, J. A. S. B. vii, p. 948, pi. 65, %. 3. Nemacheilus rupicola, Day, Fish. India, p. 616, pi. cliii, fig. synon.). Saant-al, 1'unj. B. iii. D. 9-11 (2-3/7-8). P. 10. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. Length of head 51 in the total length. Eyes in the middle of 230 TELE08TEI. PHYSOSTOMI. the length of the head. Fins dorsal commences midway between the nostrils and the base of the caudal fin. Caudal emarginate. Scales absent, or minute in the posterior half of the body. Lateral line complete. Colour yellowish, with 12 to 17 vertical brown bands, much narrower than the intermediate ground-colour, and decreasing in width below the lateral line, they are sometimes incomplete ; a wide dark band across the base of the caudal, which fin as well as the dorsal has several rows of spots forming bands ; a dark mark at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, sometimes another at the base of the middle ones. Hob. Himalayas and ? Tibet at 16,000 feet above the sea. 255. (12.) Nemachilus montanus. Schistura monlaua, McCelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2; Ind. Ci/p. pp. 307, 440, t. 67, fig. 1. Nemacheilus montauus, Day, Fish. India, p. 016, pi. cliii, fig. 6 (see synonl). Saant-al, Punj. B. iii. D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 10. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5| to 5| in the total length. Eyes small, situated before the middle of the length of the head. The pre- orbital is in the form of an obtuse movable projection, which is sometimes covered by skin. Barbels short, but stout. Fins dorsal commences midway between the posterior margin of the orbit and the base of the caudal fin. Caudal lobed. Scales minute. Colour eleven or twelve vertical brown bands, each from nearly as wide to three times as broad as the buff interspaces. Caudal with a black band at its base and a bar across each lobe. Dorsal with a black base and a black mark at the base of its two first rays, and a dark bar across its centre. Hab. Himalayas ; attaining at least 4| inches in length. 256. (13.) Nemachilus striatus. Nemacheilus striatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 347 ; Fish. India, p. 017, pi. cliii, fig. 8 (see synon.). Cul-irum and Kul-nnkura, Tamil. B.iii. D. 11-12 (2/9-10). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 5 1 to 7 in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head. Barbels well developed. Fins dorsal arises slightly in advance of the ventrals ; caudal slightly lobed. Scales 15 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Lateral line well marked. Colour light reddish brown, with narrow vertical bands darker than the ground-colour, and most distinct in the posterior portion of the body, where there are from 12 to 16 behind the commencement of the dorsal fin, and several more between that and the head, which last is marked all over with black CYPKINID.E. COBITIDINjE. 231 lines and spots. A black band at the base of the caudal fin. Dorsal brilliant orange, with a black edge having a light external margin and a dark base ; or else one or two rows of spots. Anal orange, with some dull black spots ; caudal likewise yellow and spotted in two rows. Hob. Wynaad at 3000 feet elevation; it attains 2| inches in length. 257. (14.) Nemachilus multifasciatus. Nemacheilus multifasciatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 617, pi. cliii, fig. 7 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes situated partly before the middle of the length of the head. Barbels the max- illary pair rather longer than the eye, the two rostral pairs slightly shorter. Fins caudal lobed in its last fourth. Pectoral reaches halfway to the ventral. Scales small. Lateral line complete. Colour vertical bands, as wide as the ground-colour, pass from the back to the lower surface of the abdomen ; those between the head and the dorsal fin are numerous, whilst there are about five pos- terior to the latter ; in some examples the anterior bands coalesce. A dark band at the base of the caudal and dark marks on the head radiating from the eye. Fins yellow, the dorsal with four bands of spots and an equal number or more on the caudal. Ventral and anal with two bands each. Hah. Darjeeling and Assam. 258. (15.) Nemachilns denisonii. Nemacheilus denisonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 287 ; Fish. India, p. 617, pi. cliii, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the anterior half of the head. Barbels the maxillary extend to the opercle, the rostral pairs are shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between end of 'snout and base of caudal, which last is lobed. Pectoral extends rather above one half the distance to the ventrals. Scales minute. Lateral line complete. Colour reddish brown, having from nine to twelve dark vertical zones, those anterior to the dorsal fin sometimes coalescing rather irre- gularly across the back. Dorsal fin with three rows of fine black spots and a black base. Caudal irregularly spotted in bands. Some dull spots on the ventral and anal fins. Most of the head marbled with black dots. Hab. Nilgiri and Coorg hills, and rivers at their bases ; Mysore and the Deccau. 232 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOM1. 259. (16.) Nemachilus notostigma. Nemachilus notostigma, Sleeker, Verh. Hull. Maattch. Hawl. 1864, Cobit. et Cyp. Ceylon, p. 5, t. i, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 618 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). V. 7. P. 13. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19. Length of head 5 3 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 2 diametera from end of snout, 1| apart. Barbels all rather longer than the eye. Fins dorsal arises a little in advance of the ventrals ; it is not quite so high as the body below it. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal lobed in its posterior third. Scales indistinct. Colour ten to four- teen vertical bands on the body, broader than the interspaces. A dark mark at the base of the caudal, which is banded. A black spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, and a bar across the lower portion of the fin in its last half, a single band across its centre. Hob. Ceylon. 260. (17.) Nemachilus zonalternans. Cobitis zonalternans, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 172. Nemacheilus zonalternans, -Day, Fish. India, p. 618 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Eyes of moderate size, rather above one diameter from end of snout. Fins dorsal arises anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; caudal entire. Scales distinct. Colour ten or eleven bars descend down the lower two thirds of the body to the abdomen, with intermediate half-bands superiorly between them. Dorsal and caudal fins spotted in bands. Hob. Tenasserim Provinces. 261. (18.) Nemachilus ladacensis. Nemacheilus ladacen sis, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 356; Day, Fish. India, p. 618- (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19. Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5| in length of head, 2^ diameters from end of snout and 2 apart. Barbels of moderate length. Fins dorsal commences halfway between the front edge of the eye and the root of the caudal, which latter is emarginate. Pectoral extends rather above half- way to the base of the ventral. Scales. absent. Colour of a light fawn, with 16 or 18 interrupted darker and sinuous bands passing from the back down the sides; a silvery lateral band. Dorsal and caudal finely spotted in lines ; a darkish band on pec- toral, ventral, and anal fins. Hob. Tibet, whence two specimens were procured. OTPBINID^. COBITIDINjE. 2W 262. (19.) Nemachilus zonatus. Schiatura zonata, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2; 2nd. Cyp. pp. 308, 441, pi. 63, fig. 1. Nemacheilus zonatus, Day, Fish. India, p. G18, pi. clvi, fig. 2 (see synon.). Mugah, Beng. B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7-8 (2/5-6). C. 17. L. 1. 110. Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter one fifth of length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Barbels all about as long as the eye. Fins dorsal arises midway between snout and base of caudal, its upper margin is straight ; pectorals extend a little above halfway to the base of ventrals; caudal forked. Scales small, but distinct. Lateral line commences by two roots, which soon coalesce ; it is continued to the base of the caudal. Colour yellowish, with a green tinge ; about fifteen brown bands, one third as wide as the groundcolour, pass across the back and descend on either side below the lateral line ; a few near the head, and some in the posterior third of the body are interrupted. ' Upper surface of head marbled with black. Fins immaculate, but the first two anal rays are black anteriorly, and there are also slight black marks near the end of the ventrals and on the outer side of the pectorals. Rostral barbels orange. The young have a wide silvery band along the side, ending in a dark mark at the base of the caudal fin. Hob. Throughout the Jumna and Granges rivers and their affluents, Beerbhoom, Assam, and Orissa ; attaining at least two inches in length. 263. (20.) Nemachilus cincticauda. Cobitis cincticauda, Blyth, J. A. 8. S. xxix, 1860, p. 172. Nemacheilus cincticauda, Day, Fish. India, p. 619, pi. clvi, fig. 6 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 11. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the middle of the length of the head. Barbels well developed. Fins-^ dorsal arises nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, which last is slightly forked with pointed lobes. Scales minute. Colour yellowish, with ten regular brown zones encircling the body, and sometimes but riot always broader than the ground-colour, or the bands may be broken up and irregular ; a dark bar at the base of the caudal and a dark band between the eye and the snout ; occa- sionally a dark mark on the opercle. Dorsal with some black spots. Hab. Burma, 234 TELEOSTBI. PlIYSOSTOMI. 264. (31.) NemacMlus triangularis. Nemacheilus triangularis. Day. P. Z. S. 1805, p. 295. and Fish, India. p. 619, pi. cliii, tig. 10. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5g in the total leugth. Eyes diameter 4| iii length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout and 1 apart. Barbels of moderate length. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which latter is emarginate. Scales small but distinct in the last portion of the body. Lateral line complete. Colour yellowish, with about seven black-edged bands on the body and head, each bent angularly at the lateral line. Dorsal with three irregular rows of black spots. Pectoral, ventral, and anal unspotted, but stained at their margins. Several oblique bars across each lobe of the caudal, which has a black mark at its base. Hob. Travancore hills. 265. (22.) NemacMlus savona. Cobitis savona, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 357, 394. Nernacheilus savona, Day, Fish. India, p. 019, pi. civ, tig. 8. Savon-khorka, Beng. ; Mura, Marathi. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 10. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. Length of head 4| to 4- in the total length. Eyes rather large, rather behind the middle of the length of the head. Barbels long. Fins dorsal arises before the origin of the ventrals. Caudal very slightly emarginate, its lobes being rounded. Lateral line incomplete. Scales small. Colour purplish, becoming lighter on the abdomen, with from ten to twelve very narrow vertical white bands, not above one eighth to one sixth as wide as the ground- colour ; a black band at the root of the caudal tin ; a black blotch at the base of the first few dorsal rays, on to which the white body- bands are continued, and four or five rows of dark spots on the tin. Caudal with narrow bands of dark spots ; two bands also on the ventral and anal fins. Hab. Bengal and N.W. Provinces. 266. (23.) NemacMlus beavani. Nemachilus beavani, Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 3oO ; Day, Fish. India, p. 020, pi. clvi, fig. 8. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes small, just before the middle of the length of the head. Barbels six. Fi-ns dorsal arises slightly nearer end of snout than base of caudal. Caudal lobed. Scales minute. Colour body with nine dark cross bands, CTPRINID^E. COBITIDIN-S:. broader than the lighter interspaces, a black streak across the root of the caudal. Dorsal and caudal rays with blackish dots. The bands appear to be absent in some specimens. Hob. Bhavani river in Madras and Mysore, also Orissa. 267. (24.) Nemacbilus spilopterus. Cobitis spiloptera, Cuo. $ Val H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 27, pi. 522. Neiuacheilus spilopterus, Day, Fish. India, p. 020, pi. clvi, fig. 9 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 15. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5-| to 6 in the total length. Eyes near the summit ojE the head and in or rather before the middle of its length. Barbels short. Fins dorsal commences midway between end of snout and root of caudal. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales absent. Colour greenish yellow, with from eleven to fifteen irre- gular bands crossing the back, and a black band across the root of the caudal fin. A black blotch at the base of the first three dorsal rays, two bauds along the fin, another along its base, and three on caudal. Hob. Himalayas, Assam, and Cochin China. 268. (25.) NemacMlus marmoratus. Cobitis marmorata, Heckel, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 76, t. 12, figs. 1, 2. Nemacheilus marnioratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 620, pi. civ, fig. 9 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 11. V. 7. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. Length of head 4-| to 5 in the total length. Eyes situated in the middle of the length of the head. Fins dorsal commencing mid- way between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal, which latter is somewhat convex or cut square at its extremity. Scales absent. Colow marbled or irregularly blotched and mottled with. brown. Tins more or less spotted. In some specimens a dark band exists along the body and some bars over the back of the tail. JIab. Kashmir Lake. 269. (26.) Nemachilus stoliczkae. (Fig. 84.) Cobitis stoliczkai, Steindachner, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 793. ' Nemacheilus stoliczkoe, Day, Fish. India, p. 620, pi. civ, fig. 10 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 15. Length of head 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 8 in length of the head, 3 diameters from end of snout and 2 apart. 236 TELEOSTEI . PH YSOSTOM I . Barbels the maxillary are the longest, and reach to below the hinder edge of the eye. Fins origin of dorsal nearer root of caudal than end of snout. Caudal slightly emargiuate. Scales absent. Fig. 84.Nemackilus stoliczka. Colour greyish along the back, becoming lighter beneath, marbled all over with dark green or black spots or bands. Dorsal, caudal, and sometimes outer pectoral rays barred. Hob. Leh or Ladak and waters going directly into the Indus near its source, and Tibet; also Tarkand where the streams go into the Tarkand river. 270. (27.) Nemacbilus blythii. Nemacheilus blythii, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 552, and Fish. India, p. 621. B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5, of caudal 5, height of body 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter two ninths of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, 1| apart. Barbels longer than the orbit. Fins dorsal commences midway between snout and base of caudal h'n, which latter has sharp lobes. Scales minute. Colour brownish, becoming lighter on the abdomen ; a dark band at the base of the caudal. Hab. Doubtful. Two specimens, 3 inches long, exist in. the Calcutta Museum. 271. (28.) Nemachilns butanensis. Cobitis boutanensis, McClell. Calc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 586. Nemacheilus butanensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9. V. 7. A. 7. Length of head 5^, of caudal 5-i in the total length. Eyes small, in the middle of the length of the head. Fins dorsal com- mences nearer to end of snout than to root of caudal, which latter is rounded. Scales distinct. Colour doubtful. CYPBINIDJE. COBITIDIN^. 237 flab. Bhutan, where it attains 5 inches in length. McClelland's type in the British Museum is in a bad state. 272.. (29.) Nemachilus gracilis. Nemacheilus gracilis, Day, P.Z. S. 1876, p. 798; Yark. Miss, Fish, pi. iv, tig. 5, and Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 13. V. 8. A. 8 (2/6). C. 17. Length of head 5, of caudal 63 in the total length. Eyes diameter 11 in length of head, 4 diameters from end of snout, and 2^ apart. Barbels the maxillary about twice as long as the; eye, the outer rostral pair reach the hind nostril, the inner are shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between eye and base of cauda} fin. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales absent. Colour brownish along the back, becoming yellowish beneath; dorsal and caudal with dull spots. llab. Basgo, on the head-waters of the Indus. 3 273. (30.) Nemachilus turio. Cobitia turio, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 358, 395. Nemacheilus turio, Day, Fish. India, p. 621 (see synon.). Turi, Assam. B. iii. D. 8 (10?). P. 12. V. 8. A. 7. C. 19. Length of head about ^ of the total length. Eyes of moderate size. Back elevated. Fins dorsal commences midway betweeri the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin; pectoral nearly reaches the ventral. Caudal emarginate. Colour- body irregularly spotted and blotched. Hab. Assam, said to have been taken at Goalpara. 274. (31.) Nemachilus guttatus. Cobitis guttata, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2 j Ind. Cyp. pp. 305, 438, pi. 52, figs. 5, 6. Nemacheilus guttatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 622 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 8. This species is said to have only four barbels. Colour light green with dark blotches. llab. Jorhat in Upper Assam. 238 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. B. Subfamily CYPRININ^E. Air-bladder when present (it is absent in Homalopterd) not enclosed in bone. In the subfamily Cyprinince, as existing in Asia, considerable difficulty arises in dividing the genera into groups. In forming such, a very distinctive characteristic may be found by observing whether the scaled edge or margin of the abdomen is rounded or cutting, for in the majority of the Indian Cyprinince the abdominal edge is rounded or smooth, even when somewhat compressed ; whilst in a few genera the abdominal edge posterior to the ventral fin is compressed, cutting, and may even be cariuated as in the Clupeidce : this trenchant edge is in some continued in front of the ventral fins along the thorax. The mouth is variously formed ; it may be transverse and inferior, with or without a sucker ; the latter, if present, may occur either on the lower lip or on both ; it may be narrow, of medium size, or wide : anterior, and either antero-lateral or oblique. The lower jaw again may be prominent, sharp or rounded, shorter than the upper, or sometimes provided with a knob at the symphysis ; a movable articulation may exist there, or there may be lateral prominences on the mandibles. The lips may be exceedingly, moderately, or but slightly developed, sometimes absent from one of the jaws, or closely investing both, or reflected from off one, or either. There may be an uninterrupted labial fold across the mandible, or portions of the lip may be much developed, fringed, or crenulated. In some genera a horny or cartilaginous covering to one or both lips is invariably or generally present, especially in forms from the bills. The existence of a transverse groove across the snout can scarcely be distinctive of a species, much less of a genus. Thus in Discognathus lamia we find examples with rounded and smooth snouts, and all intermediate forms to those with very deep trans- verse grooves. The same may be seen in Labeo nukta and several fishes of that genus, and even in some species of Barbus, as B. dorsalis. The nearer the hills the more is the groove developed. The number of barbels, though not in itself character enough for defining a genus, is frequently sufficient to distinguish sub- genera : good examples of this may be seen in the genus Barbus, or Barilius. On the other hand, in some species these appen- dage smay be abnormally absent, as in Danio ; consequently sub- divisions of the genus founded solely on this character would lead to erroneous results. Groups founded on the position of the fins have for convenience' sake been adopted in the following synopsis. The last undivided dorsal ray is variously formed, being articu- lated or osseous, and in the latter case may be smooth or den- ticulated; but all these varieties are present in a single genus, as Barbus. The anal fin sometimes shows peculiarities, as in the Barbus apogon, C. & V., where the undivided rays are spiny. CYPKIXIDJ3. CTPEININJE. 239 The size of scales cannot by itself be depended upon for dis- tinguishing genera, because large, moderate, and small-sized scales are all occasionally found represented in a single genus. But certain modifications may exist, as in the mountain barbels, ScJiizo- ihorax and its allies, where a row of tile-like scales encloses the excretory outlets and the base of the anal fin ; or portions of the body may be naturally left scaleless. The pharyngeal teeth are in from one to three series, but these numbers alone do not always suffice for the definition even of genera : thus in Chela some species have teeth in two and others in three rows. Even the form of the teeth is not invariably similar in all the species of the same genus : thus in the Kohtee microlepis, Blyth, the teeth have serrations on their edges, and the two largest of the anterior row are molariform, whereas crooked and pointed teeth are the rule in the genus. Likewise the teeth are deciduous, being constantly shed and replaced ; they may be- come blunted with age, although they had at first been sharp and pointed. I have not retained the subfamily Homalopterince, or carps des- titute of an air-bladder, because Psilorhynclius links it very naturally with Discognathus. The principal distinctive characters consist of the single row of pharyngeal teeth and the absence of the air- bladder. In many families these are deemed insufficient even to characterize genera. Homaloptera leads very naturally from some of the mountain siluroids to the true carps on the one hand, and to the loaches on the other. Bleeker observed that the subfamily of ffomalopterince is well dis- tinguished from other cyprinoids by the central position of the mouth on the lower surface of the head, and the character of the pectoral ray. Synopsis of Indian Genera. A. Abdomen rounded, not cutting. a. Dorsal fin 'commencing nearly opposite the ventrals. And short (5 to 7 branched rays). Anterior portion of body depressed; snout .spatulate ; mouth on lower sur- face of head ; 6 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in one row. Outer pectoral rays unbranched or simply bifurcated. Scales small 1. HOMALOPTERA. Anterior portion of body somewhat de- pressed; snout rather spatulate. Mouth inferior ; no barbels. Outer pectoral rays unbranched. Scales of moderate size 2. PSILOEHYNCHUS. Mouth inferior, with a suctorial disk on the chin ; 4 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Scales of moderate size. Pectoral fins subhorizontal 3. DISCOGNATHUS. 240 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. Mouth inferior, with the mandibles loosely joined together; a suctorial disk on the chin ; 4 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Scales small, with the vent and base of anal fin enclosed by a tile- like row. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, sometimes serrated 4. OREINUS. Mouth inferior ; mandibles with a sharp horny covering. No barbels. Pharyn- geal teeth in 2 rows. A serrated dorsal ray. Scales present in scapular region, a tile-like row enclosing vent and base of anal fin 5. SCHIZOPYGOPSIS. Mouth antero-inferior ; 4 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. A serrated dorsal ray. Scales small. Vent and base of anal fin enclosed in a tile-like row 6. SCHIZOTHORAX. Mouth anterior or inferior; 2 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows. Dorsal with or without a feeble osseous ray, which is sometimes serrated. Scales small ; vent and base of anal fin en- closed in a tile-like row 7. PTYCHOBARBUS. Mouth inferior ; lower jaw with a horny covering ; 2 barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 rows. Dorsal fin without any osseous ray. Scales small, not im- bricated ; a sheath to vent and base of anal fin . 8. DIPTYCHUS. Mouth anterior or inferior; lips thick, those of the two jaws continu- ous at the angle, and one or both with an inner fold ; sometimes a lateral lobe to the snout ; barbels 4, 2, or none. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin rather or very elongated and with- out any osseous ray. Scales large, of moderate size, or small 9. LABEO. Differs from Labeo in its lips being re- flected from off the mandible, leaving it uncovered as a sharp, hard, trans- verse prominence 10. OSTEOCHILUS. Snout somewhat depressed ; mouth more or less inferior; upper lip fringed; lower jaw sharp, covered by a thin lip, and with a tubercle above the symphysis ; barbels 4- or 2.- Pharyn- geal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin elon- gated and without any osseous ray. Scales large, of moderate size, or small 11. DANGILA Mouth transverse ; snout somewhat de- pressed; lips thin, those of the two jaws not continuous, a small tubercle above the symphysis of the lower jaw. Barbels 4, 2, or none. Pharyngeal teeth CYPRINID;E. CTPEININ^;. 241 in 3 rows. Dorsal fin short or of mo- derate length, without any oaseous ray. Scales large, of moderate size, or small. 12. CIIIIIHINA. Snout thick ; mouth inferior, with a knob at the symphysis ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin long, with a strong osseous ray that is serrated or entire. Scales large 13. SRMIPLOTUS. Snout rounded ; mouth transverse, in- ferior ; a horny layer inside lower jaw which is not covered by lit) ; 4, 2, or no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin of moderate extent, with its last undivided ray articulated, or else osseous and serrated, or entire. Scales of varying size 14. SCAPITIODON. Head broad ; snout with thin integu- ments; lower lip with a continuous transverse fold ; lower jaw with a movable articulation at the sym- physis ; gill-rakers long ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal rather long, without any osseous ray. Scales of moderate size 15. CATLA. Upper lip absent ; mouth antero-lateral ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth molari- form, compressed, and in 3 rows. Dorsal fin without any osseous ray and inserted opposite the ventral. Scales small. Lateral line complete 1C. TIIYNNICIITIIYS. Differs from Thynnichthys in having the crowns of its pharyngeal teeth flat or concave; the dorsal fin extending to nearly or quite above the anal; and the lateral line incomplete 17. AMBLYPITABYNGOPON. Mouth inferior; jaws closely invested by lips ; no barbels. Dorsal fin short, its last undivided ray osseous and serrated ; a forwardly directed spine at the base of. tho fin. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line complete 18. MATSYA. Mouth anterior or inferior ; jaws closely invested by lips, which may or may not have leathery lobes. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin short. Scales of large, moderate, or small size. Lateral line complete or incomplete . . 19. BAUBUS. l>. Dorsal fin commencing very distinctly posterior to the ventrals, but not ex- tending to above the anal, which last is short or of moderate length (5 to 11 branched rays). Mouth narrow, directed obliquely up- wards; 4 barbels, the maxillary pair ver}' long. Pharyngeal teeth in 1 row. Dorsal fin without osseous ray. Scales of moderate size 20. NuniA. 242 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. Mouth oblique, lower jaw wilh 1 central and on either side a lateral prominence fittinginto corresponding emarginations in the upper jaw ; a pair of rostral barbels or none. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin without any osseous ray. Scales large or of moderate size. 21. RASBOHA. Mouth small, inferior; lower jaw with a sharp crescentic edge but no 'lip ; no bar- bels. Pharyngeal teeth iu 2 or 3 rows. Dorsal fin without osseous ray. Scales of moderate size 22. ASPIDOPAIUA. c. Dorsal fin commencing above the inter- space between the ventral and the anal, generally extending to over the latter, which is of moderate length or elon- gated (7 to 33 branched rays). Mouth anterior ; lips thin. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin with an osseous serrated ray ; anal elongated. Scales small 23. ROHTKK. Mouth anterior or oblique, with a deep cleft; jaws compressed. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 or 3 rows. Dorsal fin with- out osseous ray. Scales of moderate or of small size. Lateral line concave . . 24. BAUILTUS. Mouth directed obliquely upwards ; cleft shallow ; mandibles rather broad. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin without osseous ray and extending to above a long anal. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line concave .. 25. DANTO. B. A portion or the whole of the abdominal edge cutting. Mouth directed obliquely upwards ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows. Dorsal fin without osseous ray, inserted over the anterior anal rays. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line concave. . 26. PERILAMPUS. Mouth directed upwards with a knob above the symphysis of the lower jaw ; no barbels. Pharyngeal teeth in 2 or 3 rows. Dorsal tin without osseous ray, a portion or the whole situated above the anal ; pectorals long. Scales of moderate or small size. Lateral line concave 27. CHELA. 1. Genus HOMALOPTERA, v. Hasselt. Syn. Balitora, Gray ; Platycara, McClelland ; Octonema, Martens. Head and anterior part of body depressed ; snout more or less spatulate. Mouth small, inferior, with two pairs of rostral barbels, and one or two at either angle of the mouth. Pharyngeal teeth CYPBITTIDjE. CYPIUXIN^. 243 small, from 5 to 16, in one row. Pectoral and veiitra fins with many rays, the outer of which are simple. Dorsal short, situated opposite to the ventrals ; anal likewise short. Geographical Distribution. Through some of the hilly districts of the Himalayas to the Wynaad and Bhavani river in the Madras Presidency ; also found in the fresh waters of Java and Sumatra. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 70. Lower caudal lobe the longer. Brown, blotched with a darker tinge ................................ 1. H. bmcei, p. 243. D. 10, A. 2/5, L. 1. 78 ...................... 2. H. maculata, p. 243. D. 9, A. 6. Horizontal bands .............. 3. H. bilineata, p. 244. , 275. (1.) Homaloptera brucei. (Fig. 85.) Balitora brucei, Gray and Hardw. III. 2nd. Zool. i, pi. 88, fig..l. Homaloptera brucei, Day, Fish. India, p. 520, pi. cxxii, fig. 1 (see synon.). ( 'ul-cundee, Tamil, "Stone Carp." B.iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 21. V.ll. A. 7(2/5). C. 17. L.I. 70. L. tr. 10/7. Length of head 6| in the total length. Eyes 2| diameters from end of snout, 1 diameter from end of opercle. Snout broad and depressed, with sharp margins ; rostral and maxillary barbels small. Teeth pharyngeal, conical, 15 in one row. Fins Fig. 8o.Hvmaloptera brucei. pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, its anterior nine rays are unbranched, as are also the first two of the ventral. Lower caudal lobe much the longer. Scales absent from chest and abdomen as far back as the posterior margin of the base of the ventrals. Colour dark brown with darker blotches ; caudal banded. Hob. Wynaad and Bhavani river in Madras, Himalayas from about Darjeeling through Bhutan, Assam, and the Khasi Hills. 276. (2.) Homaloptera maculata. Balitora maculata, Gray and Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i, pi. 88, fig. 2. Homaloptera maculata, Day, Fish. India, p. 520, pi. cxxii, tig. 2 (see synon.). B.iii. D. 10(2/8). P. 19. V.9. A. 7(2/5). C. 17. L. 1. 70. Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter one H2 244 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. fifth of length of head, 3 diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Lips fringed. Rostral barbels short, the pair at the angles of the mouth thicker and slightly longer. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, in one row. Fins dorsal arising rather nearer end of snout than base of caudal. Pectoral nearly reaching the ventral, its outer 8 rays unbranched. Two outer ventral rays simple. Caudal lobed in its posterior third, lobes equal. Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete. Colour dull olive, becoming yellowish beneath. Large brown blotches on the body. Dorsal fin with three rows of dull spots; pectoral and ventral with three or four, anal with two, caudal with three irregular bands, and black tips. Hob. Wynaad, the Bhavani river, also the Himalayas. 277. (3.) Homaloptera bilineata. Homaloptera bilineata, Elyih, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 172 ; Day, ^> ^ Fish. India, p. 526, pi. cxxi, fig. 8 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 64. L. tr. 12/17. Length of head one fifth of the total length. Eyes small, behind the middle of the length of the head. Snout pointed. Barbels short, six in number. Fins dorsal arises slightly in advance of the ventrals. Pectoral has its five outer rays un- branched ; it reaches two thirds of the distance to the ventral, and the latter above halfway to the anal. Caudal deeply emar- ginate, its lobes pointed. Lateral line complete. Air-bladder absent. Colour brownish, with a wide dark chestnut band passing from the snout through the orbit to the base of the dorsal fin, which last has a black centre. Caudal deep brown with white margins. A black bar across the base of the ventrals. Hob. Northern Bengal and the Tenasserim provinces. 2. Genus PSILORHYNCHUS, McClelland. Back somewhat elevated, head moderately depressed ; snout more or less spatulate. Mouth small, transverse, inferior. Lips entire, not continuous, reflected from off both jaws, and studded with glands. Barbels absent. Dorsal fin with few rays, commencing opposite the ventrals. Pectorals horizontal, with their outer rays unbranched. Anal short. Scales of moderate size, none on the chest. Lateral line complete, continued direct to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Air-bladder present. 278. (1.) Psilorhynclms balitora. (Fig. 86.) Cyprinus balitora, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 348, 394. Psilorhyncbus balitora, -Day, Fish. India, p. 527, pi. cxxi, fig. 7, and pi. cxxii, fig. 3 (see synon.). B. iii: D. 9-10 (2/7-8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. L. 1. 35. L. tr. 4/4|. CTPHINIDJE. CYPEININJE. 245 Length of head 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4$ in the length of head, 1 \ diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Head somewhat depressed. Edges of lips covered with round hard pores. Some fine pores also on the cheeks and snout. Fins dorsal commences in advance of the ventrals; pectorals and ventrals nearly horizontal, the outer seven rays of the former and / Fig. 8Q.PsiZorhynchus balitora. two of the latter unbranched; caudal forked. Scales 2| rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Air-bladder- rather large, divided by a constriction into an anterior and posterior portion, and not enclosed by bone. Colour reddish brown, with irregular black blotches forming badly-defined bands, in places passing over the back. Three bars on the caudal and some black on the anterior half of the dorsal. Hob. Hill-streams and rapids in N.E. Bengal and Assam. 3. Genus DISCOGNATHUS, Heckel. Syn. Garra, Ham. Buch. ; Platycara^ McClelland ; Discognathichtiiys et Lissorltynchus, Bleeker; Mayoa, Day. Body elongated, subcylindrical. Mouth transverse, semi- circular, and inferior ; upper and lower lips continuous ; no lateral lobes to snout, which projects beyond the mouth. A suctorial disk on the chin, formed on the lower lip ; upper lip fringed. Barbels four (Garra, Ham. Buch.), or one pair only at each angle of the mouth (Discognathus, Heckel). Pharyngeal teeth uncinate and in three closely approximating rows, 2, 4, 5/5, 4, 2, or 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5. Dorsal fin with few rays, commencing slightly in advance of the ventrals, its base scaleless; pectoral horizontal; anal short. Scales of moderate size, no enlarged anal row. Lateral line continued to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers few, short, and widely-set. Air-bladder small. Geographical Distribution. Rivers, more especially mountain- streams, of Asia and Abyssinia; extending throughout India, Ceylon, and the Tenasserim Provinces. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 11, A. 7, L. 1. 33-30. 4 barbels. Inter- orbital space convex. Head 4 to 5 in the total length. A black spot behind ^ill- opening and generally a band along the side. 1. D. lamia, p. 246. 246 TELEOSTEI. PHISOSTOMI. D. 10, A. 7, L. 1. 30. 4 barbels. Interorbital space concave. Head 6 to 6| in the total length 2. D.jerdoni, p. 247. D. 10, A. 6, L. .1. 35. 4 barbels. Interorbital space flat ; 5 outer pectoral rays unbrauched 3. D. modestus, p. 247. 279. (1.) Discognathus lamta. (Fig. 87.) Cyprinus lamta, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 343, 393. Discognathus lamta, Day, Fish. India, p. 527, pi. cxxii, tig. 4, and pi. cxxiii, tig. 1 (see synon.). Kul korava, Tarn. ; " The stone Ophiocephalus, Pandi-pakkee, Can." ; Koraji-kaoli,Ilin&. (Mysore); Putter-chettah, Hind. (N.W. Provinces); Choak-si, Beng. ; Dhoyuru and Khooka, Ptmj. ; Malavya, Marathi. B. iii. D. 11 (3-2/8-9). P. 15. V. 9. V. 7 (2/5). C. 17. L. 1. 32-36. L. tr. 4-41/5. Vert. 18-14. Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the commencement of the last half of the head, more rarely in its centre ; diameter 5 to 8 in the length of head, 2| to 3 diameters apart. Interorbital space convex. Snout very diversified, either smooth or covered with pores, and having or not having a deep Fig. 87. Discognathus lai/i'a. transverse depression : iu some specimens, as from the Salt Range in the Punjab, or from the Chumba State, there is a regular spiny covering to a gland on either side of the snout ; in some all the glands are thus constructed. Fins the dorsal arises anteriorly to the origin of the ventral, and is usually less in height than the body. The pectoral shorter than the head. In some forms, and those mostly from rapid streams, the five outer pectoral rays are thickened by a wide layer of skin, the ray itself being either undivided or branched out just at its outer extremity or near to it ; caudal slightly lobed. Air-bladder small, its posterior portion minute. Ova small, numerous. Colour greenish, with a bluish- green band along the centre of the body, and extending along the middle of the caudal fin. Generally a dark spot behind the gill- opening. Abdomen yellowish green. Fins yellowish, stained darker at their margins. In some specimens a black spot exists at the base of each dorsal ray, and all the fins are occasionally tipped with black. In Malabar and Canara some have a dark band along the side, with an orange one above and another below it. CYl'lUNID.E. CYPHINIITZ. . 247 Hab. From Syria throughout India and Ceylon to the Tenas- serira Provinces, and likewise found in Abyssinia and at Aden. It attains at least 8 inches in length. 280. (2.) Discognathus jerdoni. Discognathus jerdoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 523, pi. cxxii, fig. (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C.17. L. 1. 36. L. tr. 4|/2. Length of head 6| to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 iii the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. Interorbital space rather deeply concave. Snout in the young smooth, but in larger specimens it has a depression across it and some pores. Barbels two pairs. Fins dorsal arising about midway between the end of snout and com- mencement of the origin of the anal fin. The pectoral is rather longer than the head, but does not quite reach the ventral, which is equally long. Anal does not quite reach the caudal, which is deeply forked. Colour olivaceous, becoming yellowish on the sides and beneath. A black spot behind the gill-opening. Pectoral and ventral tins yellowish, with the outer portion dark grey margined with orange. Dorsal, anal, and caudal yellowish, with grey markings ; the lower caudal lobe grey, with a light outer edge. Hab. Bhavani river at foot of Nilgiris in the Madras Presidency, also the Wynaad. '281. (3.) Discognatlms modestus. Mayoa modesta, Day, P. Z. S. I860, p. 553. Discognathus modestus, Day, Fish. 2nd. India, p. 528, pi. cxxii, tig. 5. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 6 (1/5). C. 19. L. 1. 35. L. tr. 4J/3|. Length of head 5^ in the total length. Eyes near the upper surface of the head, diameter one fourth of length of head, 2 dia- meters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Head broad, depressed. Tnterorbital space flat. Lower surface of head and chest flat. The snout overhangs the mouth, which is rather small, transverse, and nearly semilunar in shape. The lips are reflected from off both jaws, and have a tuberculated surface. Barbels four. Teeth pharyngeal, uncinate, 5, 3, 1/1, 3, 5. Fins pectorals and ventrals horizontal, the former extending to the latter, which reaches the anal. First five outer pectoral rays simple. Dorsal arises in advance of the ventral. Caudal slightly forked. Scale? none on the chest. Colour greenish brown, with no marks except a dark blotch under the dorsal fin and a mark at the base of the caudal. 1 l>. Probably Northern India; two specimens exist in the Calcutta Museum, the longest measuring 3^ inches. 248 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. 4. Genus OREINUS, McClelland. Schisothorax, Sect. A, and BtcHtopyye, sp., Heckel. Abdomen rounded. Snout rounded ; mouth inferior and trans- verse, mandibles short, broad, and flat, loosely joined together at the symphysis ; margin of the lower jaw having a hard, horny covering, thickest internally, and a thick fringed lower lip with a free posterior edge, forming a sucker. Barbels four. Dorsal fin rather short and arising opposite the ventrals, its last undivided ray osseous or articulated, serrated or entire ; anal short. Scales very small ; the vent and base of the anal fin in a sheath covered by an enlarged imbricate row of scales. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Geographical Distribution. Eivers and some lakes in the Hima- layan and sub-Him.alayan region, extending to the confines of China. These fishes are rarely found in the rivers of the plains at any distance from the base of the mountain-ranges. The present and the four succeeding genera, Schizopyyopsis, ScJiizothoraA\ Ptycobarbus, and Diptychus, consist of carps scale- less or more or less covered with minute scales. A membranous slit exists anterior to the anal fin, which is laterally bounded by a row of vertically-placed scales, like eave-tiles, continued along the base of the anal fin. These genera form the Schizothoracince of McClelland. Synopsis of Indian Species. ]). 4/7, A. 3/5. Anal scales about half as large as orbit. Black spots on body 1. O. sinuatus, p. 248. D. 3/8, A. 3/5. Anal scales two thirds as large as orbit. Colours uniform 2. 0. richardsonii, p. 200. D. 3/8, A. 3/5. Anal scales about as large as orbit. Osseous dorsal ray weak. Colours uniform 3. O.plagiostomus^.-2'jO. 282. (1.) Oreinus sinuatus. (Fig. 88.) Schizothorax sinuatus, HccM, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 21, t. 2. Oreinus sinuatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. cxxiv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Gool-goolli and Saul, Punj. ; Jis, Cash. B. iii. D. 3-4/8. P. 17. V. 10. A. 2-3/5. C. 19. L. 1. 105. Vert. 24/23. Length of head 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter two ninths to one sixth of length of head, 2 to 2 diameters apart, and almost entirely situated in the front half of the head. Inter- orbital space rather convex ; snout rounded, with a very slight appearance of pores. Mouth inferior, transverse ; lower lip well developed, rugose, entire, having a free posterior edge, and forming an adhesive sucker. The posterior edge may be concave or slightly lobed in the middle or even straight. Inner side of lower CYPBINIDJE. CYPBININ.E. . 249 lip covered with cartilage, which is extended on to the inferior surface, where, however, it is not so horny. Barbels of about Fig. 88. Oreinus sinuatus. equal length, aud not quite so long as the eye. Preopercle with an emarginate posterior border. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5, crooked, pointed. Fins dorsal commences a little before the ventrals, and slightly nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin; its spine is rather strong, moderately serrated, and rather longer than the head without the snout ; the fin is rather higher than the body below it. Pectoral four fifths as long as the head, and extending above halfway to the ventral, which last reaches two thirds of the distance to the anal, its last ray divided to its base. The anal has a narrow base and its length slightly varies, reaching, when laid flat, the whole or only three fourths of the distance to the base of the caudal, which is lobed in its posterior half. Free portion of tail slightly longer than deep. Scales rows above the lateral line about equal in size to those of the pierced row, rather smaller below it : about 16 to 20 rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin, and 21 to 25 between it and base of dorsal ; tile-like row to vent minute, each scale in it being from one third to half the diameter of the orbit. In May (at Chumba) the ova of these fish inhabiting the main stream were almost fully developed, being numerous and of a large size. Colour greyish, becoming white below, preopercle dashed with golden ; lower fins tinged red. After death two or three rows of dark grey blotches appear above the lateral line. Some have scattered black and occasionally red spots, and these have been termed Trout. I fab. Afghanistan, Himalayan rivers, but not extending in the plains to far from the base of the mountains. This fish adheres to rocks by means of its sucker, and is thus enabled to reside in mountain rapids. It attains at least 2 feet in length, is pretty good eating, but bony ; it is too rich for some people, but does not deleteriously affect those used to it. 250 TELEOSTEJ. VHY9OSTOMI. 283. (2.) Oreinus richardsonii. Cyprinus richardsonii, Gray $ Hardw. III. Iwl. Zool. i, p!. i)l, fig. -2. Oreinus richardsonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 530, pi. cxxv, lig. 4 (see synon.). " Kemaon Trout," Asia, Nepaul. B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 17. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 98-100. L. r. 140. Length of head 4 to 6 in the total length. Eyes in the middle or rather before the middle of the length of the head, diameter 5 to 6 in the length of head ; width of interorbital space in adults almost flat, and nearly equal to one half length of head. A well- developed lower lip, which has its posterior free edge straight or convex. Barbels about one half as long as eye. Teeth pharyn- geal, 4, 4, 2/2, 4, 4, crooked, pointed. Fins dorsal commencing about midway between the snout and base of the caudal, its spine moderately strong, toothed, becoming nearly smo>th in large specimens, and as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral four fifths as long as the head. Ventral not reaching anal, nor the latter the caudal. Scales 24 rows between the lateral line and base of the dorsal fin, and 19 between lateral line and ventral ; the scales of the tile-like row equal two thirds of the diameter of the eye in the young, and are as high as the diameter of orbit in adults. Free portion of tbe tail as long as deep. Colour bluish along the back, becoming silvery shot with gold on the sides and beneath. Head likewise glossed with purple and gold. In some specimens there are black spots on tbe sides and head. Hob. Nepal, Bhutan, and the sub-Himalayan range. 284. (3.) Oreinus plagiostomus. Schizothorax plagiostomus, Heckel, Finch. Caschmir, p. 16, pi. 1. Oreinus plagiostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 630 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 17. V. 11. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 110. L. r. 170. Length of head 5| to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 8 in the length of head, and in or rather before the middle of the length of the head. Interorbital space nearly flat, and equalling about one half length of head ; lower lip with a nearly straight and free posterior margin, and studded with glands ; some specimens have glands on the snout. Barbels not so long as the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal osseous ray weak, its stiff portion as long as the head without the snout, its serrature feeble, almost absent in adults ; the fin is not so high as the body, it commences midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal ; anal when laid flat reaches the base of the caudal ; the scales along its base well developed, the largest being about the size of the orbit in the young, exceeding it in the adult. Colour uniform silvery, or with black spots. Hub. Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Bhutan. CYPBINUJJ5. CIPHININ.E. 251 5. Genus SCHIZOPYGOPSIS, Steindaehner. Abdomen rounded. Snout obtusely conical. Mouth transverse, inferior, with a slight cleft ; mandible with a sharp anterior edge, having a horny covering, and the upper lip continuous with a short lateral one. Barbels absent. Pharyngetil teeth compressed, 4 or 3, 3/3, 3 or 4. Dorsal fin short, with a serrated ray, and situated nearly opposite to the ventrals ; anal short. Scales small, few, and only present in the scapular region, except a scaled sheath to the vent and along the base of the anal fin. Lateral line continued to the centre of the base of the caudal. Ova comparatively large. 285. (1.) Schizopygopsis stoliczkaB. (Fig. 89.) Sehizopygopsis stoliczkae, Steind. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 786 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 531, pi. cxxiv, fig. 2. B. iii. D. 10-11 (3-4/7-8). P. 13. V. 11. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lg diameters from the end of the snout, and 1| to 2 apart. The greatest width of the head equals its length behind the middle of the eyes, and its height equals its length excluding the snout. The maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the eye. An anterior, sharp, horny edge Fig. 89. Schizopygopsis stoliczkce. to the mandible. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, it com- mences about midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal tin, its last undivided ray osseous and finely serrated. Pectoral not quite so long as the head, and reaching rather above halfway to the ventral, which latter arises below the middle of the dorsal and does not reach the anal. Anal rather above twice as high as its base is long, it extends to the caudal when laid flat. Caudal deeply forked. Colour olive superiorly, becoming white on the sides and beneath, the whole covered with irregular blackish spots. Hal. Leh and head-waters of Indus, also tributaries of the Yarkand and Oxus rivers. 2,52 TELEOSTEI. MIY8OSTOMI. 6. Genus SCHIZOTHORAX, Heckel*. Syn. Schizopyge, sp., Heckel ; Racoma, sp., McClell. ; Opistocheilus, pt., Bleeker. Abdomen rounded. Snout conically rounded, and laterally somewhat compressed, with the mouth arched and antero-inferior ; mandible neither broad, flattened, nor with a sharp margin, its edge sometimes having a thin, deciduous horny covering. Barbels four. Pharyngeal teeth pointed, hooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Dorsal h'n rather short, with a strong, osseous, serrated ray, and arising opposite the ventrals ; anal short. Scales very small, the vent and base of the anal fin in a sheath, covered by an enlarged row ar- ranged like tiles. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Geographical Distribution. Mountain-streams and rivers of the Himalayan region, also Afghanistan and Turkestan. * The following species of this genus hare also been recorded : A. Lower labial fold uninterrupted. a. Dorsal spine strong, serrated. 1. SchizotJiorax larbatus, McClelland, Calc. Jour. N. H. ii, p. 580. Afghan- istan. b. Dorsal spine feeble, serrated. 2. 8. ritckcana, McClelland, 1. c. p. 580. Afghanistan. 3. 8. cdeniana, McClelland, 1. c. p. 579. Cabul river. 33. Lower labial fold interrupted. Dorsal spine strong, serrated. 4. & niger, Heckel, Fische aus Caschmir, p. 29, pi. v. Kashmir. 5. 8. punctatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 785. Kashmir. 0. 8. micropogon, Heckel, 1. c. p. 41, t. viii, fig. 1. Kashmir. 7. 8. planifrons, Heckel, I. c. p. 44, t. viii, fig. 2. Kashmir. 8. S. huegclii, Heckel, I. c. p. 36, pi. vii. Kashmir. 9. 8. curvifrons, Heckel, 1. c. p. 25, pi. iii. Kashmir. 10. 8. intermedia, McClelland, I. c. p. 579 ; Day, I. c. p. 786, pi. cxxiv, fig. 1. Afghanistan and Turkestan. 11. S. nasus, Heckel, I. c. p. 32, pi. vi. Tvashmir. 12. 8. microcephalus, Day, 1. c. p. 787, pi. cxxv, fig. 2. From a tributary of the Oxus Panja. 13. S. longipinnis, Heckel, I. c. p. 27, t. iv. Kashmir. 14. S. chrysochlorus, Day, I. c. p. 784 ; Racoma chrysochlora, McClelland, 1. c. p. 577, t. xv, fig. 3 ; -S. biddulphi, Giinther, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, xvii, 1876, p. 400. Afghanistan and Turkestan. 15. S. nobilis; Racoma nobilis, McClelland, I. c. p. 577, t. xv, fig. 4. Afghan- istan. 16. 8. labiatus, McClelland, 1. c. p. 578, t. xv, fig. 1. Afghanistan. 17. S. gobioides ; Racoma gobioides, McClelland, I. c. p. 576, t. xv, fig. 3. Af- ghanistan. 18. 8. brcvis ; Racoma brevis, McClelland, 1. c. p. 578. Afghanistan. Amongst the foregoing 18 species it is most probable that several will turn out to be synonyms ; some of those described by McClelland may belong to the genus Oreinus. CYPRINIDJE. CTPEININJE. 253 Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 11-12, A. 7, L. 1. 150. Snout elongate. Lower lip with a free posterior edge 1. S. progastus, p. 253. D. 12, A. 7. Lower labial fold interrupted. ... 2. S. esocinus, p. 254. 286. (1.) ScMzotiiorax progastus. (Fig. 90.) Oreinus progastus, McClell, As. Res, xix, pt. 2 ; 2nd, Cyp. pp. 274, 343, pi. 40, fig. 4. Schizotkorax progastus, Uay, Fish. India, p. 532, pi. cxxii, fig. 7 (see synon.). Dinnawah, N. W. Prov. ; Adoee and Loh-one, Assamese. B. iii. D. 11-12 (3/5-9). P. 19. V. 11. A. 2/5. C. 19. L. 1. 150-160. Length of head 5| to 5| in the total length. Eyes from 4| to 6 diameters in the length of the head and situated in its middle. Snout pointed. Depth of cleft of mouth equals the width of the gape. Upper jaw projecting ; lip thick and fleshy, having a free posterior edge in its whole circumference, upper lip elevated in the centre, lower with a central lobe and a lateral one on either side. Lips internally covered with a thin, deciduous, cartilaginous layer. Barbels four, the rostral about as long as the orbit, the maxillary pair rather shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between Fig. 90. Schizothorax progastus. end of snout and root of caudal fin, its osseous ray strong, coarsely serrated, and as long as the head behind the angle of the mouth. The pectoral does not reach the ventral, nor the latter the anal. Anal when laid flat nearly reaches the base of the caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales in tile-like rows but little developed, the largest not being half as broad 'as the orbit. About 18 rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour uniform silvery, sometimes having a few fine spots; fins with darkish edges. Ifab. Himalayas, from the head-waters of the Ganges to Sadiya in Upper Assam. Common at Hardwar, where the Ganges de- bouches into the plains. It attains at least 20 inches in length. 254 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. 287. (2.) Schizothorax esocinus. Schizothornx esocinus, Ilcckel, Finch. Caschmir, p. 48, t. ix ; Day, Fish. India, p. 533, pi. cxxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 12 (4/8).". P. 20. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5). C. 20. Length of head 4| to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6| in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and also apart. The upper jaw the longer ; the maxilla reaches to nearly below the front edge of the eye. Lower labial fold inter- rupted in the middle. A horny covering to inside of the lower jaw. Barbels the rostral more than halt' longer than the eye, the maxillary a little shorter. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, commencing slightly nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the snout ; its last undivided ray osseous, coarsely serrated posteriorly, whilst its bony portion is as long as the head excluding the snout. The pectoral does not quite reach the ventral ; the latter, which arises beneath the second or third undivided dorsal ray, extends two thirds of the distance to the anal. Length of base of anal about three sevenths of its height, when laid flat the anal reaches the caudal, which is deeply forked, Free portion of the tail as high at its base as it is long. Colour silvery, with nume- rous black spots, most distinct in the upper half of the body. Hob. Leh or Ladak and head-waters of the .Indus, also Kashmir and Afghanistan. 7. Genus PTYCHOBARBTJS, Steindacbner. Abdomen rounded; snout conical; mouth arched, anterior or inferior. Two maxillary barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed 4. 3/3, 4. Dorsal fin situated opposite the veutrals, without or with a feeble osseous ray, which is smooth or serrated ; anal short. Scales small, covering the body, and forming a sheath at the base of the vent and anal fin. Lateral line continued to the centre of the base of the caudal. Geographical Distribution. Head-waters of the Indus, Tibet and Kashgar. 288. (1.) Ptychobarbus conirostris. (Fig. 91.) Ptychobarbus conirostris, Steind. Verli. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 18C6, p. 790, pi. 17, fig. 4 ; Day, Full. India, p. 533, pi. cxxv, fig. 3. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 22. V. 10. A. 7-8. 0. 19. L. 1. 95. L. tr. 24/ . Length of head 4| to 5 in total length. Eyes diameter from 4| to 5| in the length of head, 2 diameters from the eud of snout, and l;j apart. Mouth rather overhung by the snout ; the maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the orbit. Lower labial fold very broad, uninterrupted. Barbels a maxillary pair, which in the adult reach to the hind edge of the preopercle. Fins the dorsal, situated midway between the snout and the base of the CYPRINIDJS. CYPBININ.E. 255 caudal fin, has no osseous ray, and is as high as the body below it. The pectoral is as long as the head behind the nostril, and does not quite reach the ventral, which latter arises beneath the last few dorsal rays, and extends two thirds of the distance to the base of. the anal. Anal when laid flat reaches the base of the caudal, its Fig. 91. Ptyckobarbits conirostris. base is 2g in its height. Scales the tile-like row small, not one third the diameter of the eye. Colour -silvery, darkest on the back and upper half of the body, where most of the scales have dark edges. Upper surface of the head spotted with black. Some dark spots on the dorsal fin, and sometimes a few light ones on the caudal. Hub. Head-waters of the Indus and Tibet. 8. Genus DIPTYCHUS, Steindachner. Abdomen rounded ; snout obtuse ; mouth inferior, transverse, curved ; lower jaw sharp, with an internal horny covering ; lips continuous and having an uninterrupted labial fold across the mandible. Two maxillary barbels. Gill-opening narrow. Pha- ryngeal teeth compressed 4, 3/3, 4. Dorsal fin without osseous ray, commencing anterior to the ventrals : anal short ; caudal forked. Scales small, not imbricate but scattered along the upper two thirds of the body, the thoracic region, the sides and the tail, also a scaly sheath to the vent and base of the anal fin. Lateral line continued to the centre of the base of the caudal. 289. (1.) Diptychus maculatus. (Fig. 92.) Diptychusmaculatus, Steind. Verh. z.3>. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 788, 1. 13, lig. 5; -Day, Fish. India, p. 534, pi. cxxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 80-90. Length of head 5 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ iu the young to 6 in the adult in the length of the head, \\ to 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and 1^ apart. Lower labial fold interrupted in the middle. Barbels a pair on the maxilla hardly so long as the eye. Fins dorsal as high as the body, 250 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. arising rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal fin, the last undivided ray articulated. Pectoral not quite so long as the head and reaching rather above halfway to the ventral, which latter commencing below the last dorsal ray extends halfway to Fig. 92. Dipfychus maculatus. the anal. Height of anal nearly three times the length of its base, laid flat the anal reaches the caudal. Settles scattered over the upper two thirds of the body and pectoral region. Tile-like row well developed. Free portion of tail one half longer than high at its base. Colour bluish, lightest inferiorly, indistinctly blotched and spotted in the upper half of the body ; often a narrow dull band along the lateral line, and a second below it. In some spe- cimens the dorsal and caudal fins are much spotted. Hob. Head-waters of the Indus, Tibet, Nepal, and affluents of the Yarkand river. 9. Genus LABEO, Cuvier. Syn. Bangana, pt., Ham. Buch. ; Rohita, pt., Cuv. and Val. ; Tylognathus, Heckel ; Nandina, Gray ; Ifypselobarbus, Diplocheihis, Dijtlocheilic/tfJiys, LobocheihtSjIiohitichthys, Murulius, SchismatorJiynchus, and Gobionichtkys, Bleeker ; Gobiobarbtis, IJybowski ; Paralytoynathus, Sauvage. Body moderately elongated, abdomen rounded; mouth sometimes anterior but mostly inferior, transverse, and semi-oval. Lips thick, covering the jaws, continuous at the angle of the mouth, and one or both having an inner transverse fold. A soft and movable horny covering, with a sharp margin on the inner side of one or both lips. Snout rounded, generally projecting beyond the mouth, mostly covered with tubercles, and sometimes having a lateral lobe or projection. Barbels, when present, four or two ; if there is only one pair they are on the maxilla, the second being on the snout. Pharyngeal teeth hooked and in three rows, generally 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Dorsal fin of moderate length or elongate, destitute of any osseous ray, and arising anterior to the commencement of the ventral. Anal short. Scales of large, moderate, or small size. Lateral line running along the middle of the side of the tail. Gill- rakers usually short. CYPK1NID.E. CYPllINIffjE. 257 The horny layer, which is so common inside of the lips of the Schizothoracince., is still perceptible in the fishes of this genus, but in many of those of the plains takes on the character more of a thin cartilaginous than of a horny covering. The snout has sometimes a deep depression across it as observed in Discor/nathus. The fins frequently increase in height and length more rapidly than do the proportions of the body ; in adults the upper edge of the dorsal fin is often more concave than in the young. The largest species are found near the coldest hills, pointing to their probable. Palaearctic origin. In some species having the least number of dorsal rays, the lips are much thinner than in the typical Labeos ; should such have only t\vo barbels these are maxillary, whereas in Cirrhina they would be rostral. Geographical Distribution. Tropical Africa, 83^1, throughout the fresh writers of India, Ceylon, and Burma, to the Malay Archi- pelago, &c. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 24-20, L. 1. 42-44, L. tr. 6-7/8. 4 bar- bels ............................ 1. L. nandina, p. 258. D. 19-22, L. 1. 44-47, L. tr. 9-10/8-9. 4 barbels .......................... 2. L.fimhriatm, p. 258. D. 17-18, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 6/7. 4 barbels. Nearly black ...................... 3. L. nigrescens, p. 259. D. 16-18, L. 1. 40-44, L. tr. 7|/8. 4 bar- bels. Slate-colour ................ 4. L. calbasu, p. 259. D. 17, L. 1. 46^7. 2 maxillary barbels. Dark grey ........................ 5. L. stoliczkcs, p. 260. D. 15-17, L. 1. 71-84, L. tr. 16/17. 4 barbels .......................... 6. L. gonius, p. 261 . D. 15-16, L. 1. 53-55, L. tr. 8-9/9. 4 barbels .......................... 7. L. dussumieri, p. 262. D. 15-16, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 6|/9. 4 bar- bels ............................ 8. L. rohita, p. 262. D. 15-16, L. 1. 39, L. tr. 7/8. 4 barbels . . 9. L. porcellus, p. 263. D. 14, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 8/7. A pair of maxillary barbels .................. 10. L. potail, p. 264. D. 15-16, L."L 38-41, L. tr. 7/8. 4 bar- bels ............................ 11. L. kontitis, p. 264. D. 14, I,. 1. 40, L. tr. 6/11. 2 barbels. ... 12. L. cceruleus, p. 266. D. 13, L. 1. 41-44, L. tr. 8/9. JMouthwjda. 2 barbels ........................ 13. L. diplostomus, p. 265. D. 13, L. 1. 43, L. tr. 8|/7. 2 barbels . . 14. L. dyochilus, p. 266. D. 13, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 7^/8. 2 barbels . 15. L. pangusia, p. 266. D. 12-13, L. 1. 42, L. tr. 7/8. 2 or 4 bar- bels ............................ 16. L. angra, p. 267. D. 11-12, L. 1. 37-40, L. tr. 7/7. 2 bar- bels ........................ 17. L. bata, p. 268. D. 12-13, L. 1. 41-43, L. tr. 8/9. 2 bar- bels .............................. 18. L. microphthalmus,]). 268. D. 12, L. 1. 60, L. tr. 12-14. One pair of maxillary barbels .................. 19. L. boggtit, p. 269. !). 11-12, L.'l. 37-39, L. tr. 7/7. One pair of small maxillary barbels. Silvery . . 20. L. boga, p. 269. 258 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. D. 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 8/9. One pair of maxillary barbels; a deep groove across snout 21. L. nukta, p. 270. 1). 11, L.I. 40-42, L. tr. 8/8. 2 barbels. . 22. L. niffripmnit, p. 271. D. 12-13, L. 1. 43, L. tr. 8/9. 2 barbels. . 23. L. simlensis, p. 271. 1). 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 7/8. 2 barbels 24. L. atiza, p. 272. D. 11, L. 1. 38, L. tr. 6/6. 2 barbels .... 25. L. kawrus, p. 272. 290. (1.) Labeo nandina. Cyprinus nandina, Ham. Bucli. Fish. Ganges, pp. 300, 388, pi. viii, tig. 84. Labeo nandina, Day, Fish. India, p. 535, pi. cxxvi, figs. 1 & 2 (variety macronotus) (see synou.). Nandin, Beng. ; Nya-ohn-don, Nya-net-pyah, Nya-yin-pounsa, and Nya-thyn, Burmese. B. iii. D. 24-26 (2-3/22-24). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 42-44. L. tr. 6-7/8. Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 4| to 4|, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1^ diameters from end of snout, and 2J- apart. Dorsal profile rather concave above the eyes ; interorbital space flat ; the width of the mouth one third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse, slightly projecting beyond the jaws, no lateral lobe ; a few fine pores on snout. Lips thick and fringed, with a distinct inner fold above and below. Barbels four, short. Phis the dorsal commences midway be- tween the snout and the end of the base of the anal fin ; its upper edge is somewhat convex. Caudal deeply forked. Scales five rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour dark greenish above, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; a few cloudy blotches along the sides ; the centre of many of the scales reddish. Hub. Bengal, Assam, and Burma. I have obtained this species as high up the Irrawaddy as Mandalay. Said to attain 3 feet in length, and 30 or 40 pounds in weight. 291. (2.) Labeo fimbriatus. Cyprinus fimbriatus, Block, Ich. xii, p. 50, pi. 409 ; Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 441. Labeo tinibriatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 536, pi. cxxvi, fig. 3 (see synon.). S/iaal, Tain. ; Ruchu and. Gandumenu, Tel. ; Bahrum, Ooriah ; Tambra, Marathi. B. iii. D. 19-22 (3-4/15-18). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 44-47. L. tr. 9-10/8. Length of head 6^ to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4| in length of head, 1| to H diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. The mouth slightly overhung by the snout, which is obtuse, rather swollen, aud studded with minute pores, but destitute of u lateral CYPRINIDJE. CYPRININJE. 259 lobe. Lips thick, continuous, and having an inner fold above and below, both fringed. Barbels rostral and maxillary pairs short. Teeth phaiyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences some- what nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, it is two thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, it' does not reach the ventral. The ventral nearly extends to the anal, and the latter to the caudal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 6 or 7 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery along the back, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. Pins, more especially the ventral, anal, and lower caudal lobe, stained with black. Sometimes a diffused dark blotch, almost invariably present in the young, at the base of the caudal. Hab. Sind, Punjab, the Deccan, and probably N.E. Bengal; also Southern India at least to Orissa, not recorded from Malabar or Canara. Attains a foot and a half in length, and is good eating, but bony. 292. (3.) Labeo nigrescens. Labeo nigrescens, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 371 ; Fish. India, p. 536, pi. cxxvii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Mul-vel and Kurri-minu, Canarese. B. iii. D. 17-18 (2-3/14-15). P. 19. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19-21. L. 1. 36. L. tr. 6/7. Length of head 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout and also apart. Snout rather swollen and rounded, and somewhat projecting over the lower jaw ; a small lateral lobe ; glands over the whole of the snout. A very distinct labial fold both above and below ; a deep transverse groove across the chin ; lower lip deeply fringed. Barbels maxillary as long as the orbit, rostral rather shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between front end of snout and posterior end of base of anal fin. The pectoral reaches to above the ventral ; the latter, which is inserted beneath the fourth dorsal ray, reaches to the anal. Anal rather elongated anteriorly, being three fifths higher than its base is long ; if laid backwards it reaches the base of the caudal, which latter fin is deeply forked. Scales 4}j rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Colour deep brown, each scale with a black spot at its base. Fins black. Hub. Mangalore and South Canara ; said to attain 18 inches in length. 293. (4.) Labeo calbasu. (Fig. 93.) Cyprians calbasu, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 297, 387, pi. ii, "fig. S3. Labeo calbasu, Day, Fish. India, p. 636, pi. cxxvi, fig. 4 (see synon.). urmenUfToluga ; Kiilbasu and Kund/ia, Jieiig., and Cuggera ; Multlee, Assam; Kula-beinse, Ouriali and lliiid. ; Di, 1'unj. ; s2 200 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. Dl-hee, Sind. ; K'inoihi, Mavathi ; Dai, ditch; Kurri-minu, Canarese ; Nya-nek-pya, Nya-noo-than, Nya-ony-tony, and Nja-yyeen-boo, Burmese. B. iii. D. 16-18 (3/13-15). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40-44. L. tr. 7 1/8. Length of head 5 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, \\ to 2 diameters from end of snout, and 2^ apart. Mouth rather narrow ; snout obtuse and depressed, destitute of a lateral lobe but with pores. Lips thick, fringed (more especially the lower one), and each having a distinct inner fold. Barbels four, the rostral slightly the longer, and about equal in length to the diameter of the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences in advance of the Fig. 93. Labeo calbasu. ventrals, and midway between the snout and the base of the caudal, its upper margin somewhat concave. Ventral commences below the fourth or fifth dorsal ray. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 51 to 6 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. In some districts, adults have very elongated fins, the first few dorsal rays reach even to the base of the caudal, the ventral extends to the end of the base of the anal, whilst the anal when laid flat reaches the middle of the caudal. Colour blackish ; some- times, especially in examples from clear streams, many of the scales have a scarlet centre. Fins black, occasionally the end of the upper lobe of the caudal white. Hal. Punjab, Sind, Cutch, Deccan, Southern India and Malabar, from the Kistna through Orissa, Bengal, and Burma. It grows to 3 feet in length ; were it not for its numerous bones, it would be excellent eating. 294. (5.) Labeo stoliczkae. Labeo &\x>\\czkte,Stemt1achnei',Sit.ztmg8b. k.k.Akad. JfVrw,lxi, Abth. 1, 1870, p. 634 : Day, Fish. India, p. 637, pi. cxxxv, fig-. 1 (see synon.). i Burm. CYPRINID.E. CYPRiyiyJE. 261 B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. J. 44. L. tr. 9/13. Length of head 4^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4 in the length of head, about 1 diameter from end of snout, and 2 apart. Snout not swollen, destitute of a lateral lobe, and not overhanging the upper jaw. A deep groove across the chin, with a distinct labial fold. Lower lip very finely fringed. Pores on the snout. Barbels a very short maxillary pair concealed in the labial fold. Fins upper edge of dorsal fin concave, the fin com- mences midway between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin ; it is two thirds as high as the body below it, and the length of its base equals its greatest height. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout ; ventral inserted below the fifth dorsal ray. Anal laid flat does not reach the caudal, which is forked. Lateral line 7 to 8 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour of a deep leaden silvery along the upper half of the body, white shot with gold beneath. A black mark behind the gill-openings, and in the young another on the side of the tail. Hah. Irrawaddy river, and also Moulmein. 295. (6.) Labeo gonius, Cyprinus gonius, Ham. Buck. Fishes of Ganges, pp. 292, 387. Labeo gonius, Day, Fish. India, p. 537, pi. cxxvii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Mosoo, Tel. ; Cursua, Ooriah ; EurcM and Goni, Beng. ; Cursa and Colloose, Hind. ; Cowrie and Bahtoor, Assam ; Cir-re-oh, Sind ; Nga-dane and Nya-hoo, Burmese ; Nga-pay, Tenasseiim. B. iii. D. 15-17 (2-3/13-14). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 71-84. L. tr. 16/17. Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from the end of snout, 2 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth rather narrow, its width equalling 3J in the length of the head ; no lateral lobe, but numerous pores on the snout. Lips thick, and with a distinct inner fold in their entire circumference, both fringed. Barbels rostral and maxillary present but short. Teeth pharyngeal, plough- shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins the dorsal commences much nearer the snout than the base of the caudal fin ; it is two thirds as high as the body, and its upper edge is concave. Pectoral nearly or quite as long as the head. Ventral commences under the middle of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales from 9 to 13 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour greenish along the back, becoming lighter on the sides ; scales darkest at their margins, many having red lunules on them. This fish is extensively used for the purpose of stocking tankf. 262 TELEOSTEI. 1'IIYSOSTOMI. At Calcutta the form L. yonius is most common with D. 2/13, but I luive seen two specimens with D. 2/14 from the locality. In Orissa and Ganjam the rows of scales along the lateral line are about 74, with only about 9 rows of scales between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. To the north, as at Saharanpur, the scales along the lateral line only number 71, while there are 10 or 11 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. In the Brahmaputra the form L. gonius is found as high as Gauhati, where it mostly has D. 2/14 ; with it is another variety (L. cursis} with D. 2/14, a rather higher body than is normal, the scales in rather irregular rows, some red spots on the sides, and about 15 rows of scales bet.weeu the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Hob. Indus in Sind, through the N.W. Provinces, Bengal, and Orissa to Ganjam, as low as the Kistna ; Assam and Burma. This species attains nearly 5 feet in length. 296. (7.) Labeo dussumieri Rohita dussumieri, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 258, pi. 475. Labeo dussumieri, Day, Fish. India, p. 538, pi. cxxvi, tig. 5 (see synon.). Toolee, Mai. B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 53-00. L. tr. 8-9/9. Length of head 5|- to 7 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4-| in length of head, 1^ diameters from end of snout, and 3 apart. Body elongated and compressed, the abdominal profile rather more convex than the dorsal. Mouth of moderate width and somewhat inferior, surrounded by fleshy, fringed lips, having a distinct inner fold above and below, but no lateral lobe. Some- times numerous pores on the snout, extending posteriorly as far as the orbits, and below the nostrils. Barbels four, minute. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and end of base of anal fin ; its upper edge concave. Caudal very deeply forked. Scales 5 or 5 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour greyish, lightest beneath ; scales with a reddish centre, edged with a darker shade. Usually a dull diffused dark spot on either side of the tail. Pins dusky. Hob. Rivers of South Malabar, Ceylon, and perhaps Bombav ; attaining at least 13 inches in length. " 297. (8.) Labeo rohita. Cyprinus roLita, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 301, 388, pi. 30, fig. 85. Labeo rohita, Day, Fish. India, p. 538, pi. cxsvii. tig. 4 (see syuon.). Ruhu, Ooriah ; Kuce, Beng. ; Nya-myit-chhi, Ni/a-myit-tsan-nee, and Nya-thyn, Burmese ; Dum-bra, Sind. B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 6^/9. CTPRINID^. CTPRININ^. 203 Length of head 4.4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 6 in the length of the head, 1-J to 2 diameters from end of snout, and 3 apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdo- men, somewhat concave over the orbit. Snout obtuse, depressed, not or scarcely swollen, but projecting beyond the jaws ; no lateral lobe ; lips rather thick, fringed, and with a distinct inner fold above and below. Barbels a short and thin maxillary pair ; a rostral pair said to be sometimes present. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fim the dorsal arises about midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; it is not quite so high as the body, and its upper edge is moderately concave. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout. Ventral inserted below the third or fourth dorsal ray. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 6 to 6|- rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour bluish or brownish along the back, be- coming silvery on the sides and beneath ; sometimes there is a red mark on each scale. In some specimens the fins are black. Hdb. Fresh waters of Sind, and from the Punjab through India and Assam to Burma. Not found in Madras nor on the Western coast. This fish attains 3 feet or more in length. It is esteemed excellent as food, and propagated with care in ponds in Bengal. 298. (9.) Labeo porcellns. Tylognathus porcellus, Heckd, in Hiigel\<* Kashmir, iv, p. 385. Labeo porcellus, Day, Fish. India, p. 639, pi. cxxviii, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 15-16 (2/13-14). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 39. L. tr. 7/8. Length of head 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in the length of head, 2 diameters from the end of snout and also apart. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Snout rather projecting. Lips thick, with a distinct inner fold to both jaws, which have each a thin cartilaginous internal covering. Gill-rakers small and rather closely set. Barbels four, the maxillary rather longer than the rostral pair. Fins dorsal not quite so high as the body ; it commences midway between the snout and the posterior end of the base of the anal fin, its upper edge is rather concave. Pectoral as long as the head; ventral rather shorter. Scales 5 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour greyish superiorly, becoming dull white on the sides and beneath ; most of the scales darkest at their edges. A dark spot usually present at the base of the caudal fin. Be- hind the centre of the opercle is a bluish spot, which may be continued on to the shoulder. Fins greyish, darkest along their centres. Hab. Poona and Bombay. Found also in Ceylon (Haly). 264 TELEOSTET. P1IYSO8TOMI. 299. (10.) Labeo potail. Cyprinus potail, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 354. Labeo potail, Day, Fish. India, p. 539, pi. cxxvii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Dotondi, Mahr. B. iii. D. 13-14 (2/11-12). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 39-40. L. tr. 8/7. Length of head 51 in the total length. Eyes situated in the commencement of the posterior half of the head, from 4 to 6 diameters in the length of the head. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth narrow. Snout over- hanging the mouth, with a slightly produced lateral lobe ; lower labial fold entire, a deep groove existing across the chin. Snout smooth, or with fine pores. A cartilaginous layer to inner side of both jaws. Barbels a maxillary pair. Fins dorsal commences rather nearer the snout than the base of caudal fin, its upper margin is a little concave ; the height of the fin two thirds that of the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, and equal to the ventral in length. Anal much highest anteriorly ; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe the longer. Scales 5^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral. Colour greyish, each scale with a red lunule ; fins stained grey along their edges, and dorsal along its centre. Hob. Deccan, from Poona to Tungabhadra river. 300. (11.) Labeo kontius. Cyprinus kontius, Jerdon, Maff. Jour. L. S. xv, p. 302 (1849). Labeo kontius, Day, Fish. India, p. 539, pi. cxxvii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Currumunnee condee and Curoo-moolee-candee, Tarn. B. iii. D. 15-16 (3-4/12-13). P. 15. V. 10. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 38-41. L. tr. 7/8. Length of head 6 to 7 in the total length. Eyes in the imma- ture usually in the middle of the length of the head, in the adult in the commencement of its last half, diameter 4% to 5 in the length of the head. Profile above the eyes rather concave. Dorsal profile more convex than the abdominal. Muzzle blunt truncated, covered with pores, and having a short fleshy lateral prolongation. Width of mouth 2j in the length of the head. Lips thick, with a distinct inner fold below ; the lower one is fringed. Snout over- hanging the mouth. Barbels four, short. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences midway between snout and hind end of base of anal, its upper margin is concave. Pectoral reaches to nearly above the ventral ; the latter does not reach the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5 rows between lateral line and base of ventral. Colour a general reddish or fleshy tinge, darkest along the back. In most of the CTPEINID^E. CYPRINIXJE. 265 specimens obtained from the Coleroon river, each scale had a red centre. Hah. Eivers along the base of the Nilgiris, and the Cauvery and Coleroon in all their branches down to the coast. Grows to two feet in length. 301, (12.) Labeo caBruleus. Labeo cseruleus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxix, fig. 3. B. iii. D. 14 (2/12). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40. L. tr. 6/11. Length of head 4f in the total length. Eyes 4 diameters in the length of head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Mouth narrow, its width equalling two sevenths of the length of the head. Snout overhanging the mouth ; no lateral lobe. Lips continuous, and having a distinct inner fold in their entire circumference ; both lips fringed. A horny inner covering to either lip. Barbels a, short pair to the maxilla. Fins dorsal arises anteriorly to the ventral, and slightly nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the caudal fin, in front it is two thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, it docs not reach the vantral nor the latter the anal. Anal when laid flat reaches the base of the* caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales 6 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour bluish, with a yellowish tinge on the sides and be- neath. Outer half of anal nearly black, and a blackish lunule on the caudal. Hub. Biver at the base of the Sind Hills. 302. (13.) Labeo diplostomus. Varicorhinus diplostomus, Heckel, Fisch. Caschmir, p. 07, pi. xi. Labeo diplostomus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxix, fag. 2 (see synon.). Nepura, Assam ; Kul-ka-batta, Beng. ; Gid and Giddah, Punj. ; Muhaylee, Hind. (Hurdwar), and Gaywah, Saharanpur. B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/9-10). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 41-44. L. tr. 8/9. Length of head 5 to Q\ in the total length. Eyes situated either in or (in the voung) rather before the middle of the length of the head, diameter 5 to 6^ in the total length of head, and 2^- to 3 diameters apart. Dorsarprofile more convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth rather narrow; snout overhanging the jaws, generally with a groove across it, and covered with pores ; no lateral lobe. Lips thick and continuous, but the fold across the lower jaw is interruped. A cartilaginous layer on inside of both lips. Gill -rakers closely set, about one third as long as the eye. a small maxillary pair. Tetth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 206 TKI/KOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal arises midway between the front of the snout and the end of the bass of the anal fin ; its upper edge is slightly concave in the young, becoming deeply so in the adult. The pectoral does not extend to the ventral, nor the latter to the anal. Caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. Scales six or seven rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour greyish, darkest along the back, each scale tinged with red ; a darkish band along the side, or short grey bars passing to the lateral line. Fins with a faint reddish hue. Outer edge of dorsal rather stained. Hub. Along the ISincl hills and Himalayas, also in the Brahma- putra in Assam. 303. (14.) Labeo dyochilus. Cyprinus dyocheilus, McClelland, As. lies, xix, pt. 2 ; Ind. Cyp. pp. 268, 330, pi. 37, fig. 1. Labeo dyocheilus, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxx, fig. 1 (see synon.). Boalla, Hind. ; Heel-yorya, Assamese; Nu-ga-dee, Sind. B. iii. D. 13 (2/11). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 43. L. tr. 8l/7i Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the commencement of the posterior half of the head in the young, still further back in the adult; diameter from 6 to 9 in the length of the head, and from 31 to 5 apart. Width of head equals two thirds of its length ; its lower surface being very broad and flat. Snout conical, projecting, and with a distinct lateral lobe. Mouth wide, its gape equal to one half to two fifths the length of the head, it is directed downwards when the upper jaw is protruded. Lips of both jaws continuous, the fold across the lower jaw interrupted. A horny inner covering to both lips. Pores on snout. Bat-Ids one short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4. 5. fins dorsal commences midway between end of snout and posterior end of base of anal fin ; its upper margin con- cave, especially in the adult. The pectoral reaches the ventral, and the latter the base of the anal. Caudal deeply forked, its inner rays about one third of the length of the outer. Scales five rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour dull green, darkest above; fins darkest in the centre. Hob. Sind hills and along the Himalayas to Sikkim and Assam. Common in Assam. Attains at least 3 feet in length. 304. (15.) Labeo pangusia. Cyprinus pangusia, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 285, 386. Labeo pangusia, Day, Fish. India, p. 541, pi. cxxxi, fig. 1 (see syuon.). Loannee, Beng. CYPRINID.E. CYPRININ^:. 267 B. iii. D. 13 (2/11). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 7|/8. Length of head 5| to 6, of caudal 4^ to 5, height of body 4^ in the total length. Eyes in or rather behind the middle of the length of the head; diameter 4 to 5^ in the length of the head. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. The greatest width of the head equals two thirds of its length. Suborbital ring of bones narrow, about one fifth the diameter of the eye. Mouth narrow, its width 3^ in the length of the head. Snout obtuse, projecting over the jaws, and having a very distinct lateral lobe. Lips not fringed, but thick, with a distinct inner fold, which is not continued across the lower jaw. Snout covered with large pores. A cartilaginous covering to inner surface of both lips. Barbels a, short maxillary pair, concealed in the labial fold. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal com- mences nearer the snout than the base of the caudal ; it is nearly or quite as high as the body, and in the adult its upper edge is concave. The pectoral does not quite reach the ventral, nor the latter the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5-1- to 6 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour of a dull green, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath, sometimes the base of each scale has a dark mark. Hub. Himalayan range and generally throughout Sind, the Deccan, and N.W. Provinces, to Bengal, Cachar, and Assam. 305. (16.) Labeo angra. Cyprinus angra, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 331, 391. Labeo angra, Day, Fish. India, p. 541, pi. cxxviii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Nga-loo, Burmese ; (Khdrsd, Hind, at Purneah ; Mochhna on the Ma- hanadi, II.B.'s MSS.). B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/10). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 42. L. tr. 7/8. Length of head 5-J in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4-| in the length of the head, 1| to 1$ diameters from the end of the snout, and 2 to 2^ apart. Dorsal profile a little more convex than that of the abdomen. Snout overhanging the jaws, having a distinct lateral lobe on either side, and studded with pores. Mouth rather narrow, the lips continuous and with a deep groove across the chin ; both lips fimbriated. Barbels a short maxillary pair. Fins dorsal as high as the body, arising rather nearer the snout than the base of the caudal fin, its upper edge concave. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Ventral inserted beneath the first third of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour brownish along the back, with a black or bluish stripe passing from the eyes to the base of the caudal fin, where it ends in a black blotch. In Burmese examples the black lateral band is wanting, but the blotch 2C8 TET/EOSTET. PHTSOSTOMT. at the side of the tail is present, and some have a second blotch at the commencement of the lateral line. Instead of a maxillary barbel there exists a fleshy flap inside the groove. Hub. Assam, Bengal, and Orissa. Also Mandalay in Upper, and Sittoung in Lower Burma. 306. (17.) Labeo bata. Cyprinus bata, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 283, 386. Labeo bata, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxix, fig. 5 (see synon.). Dunyuda-porah, Ooriah ; Dommarci-batta, Beng. ; Gootellah, Hind.; Bango, N.W. Prov. ; Chirri, Cutch ; Royddi and Tambte, Marathi. B. iii. D. 11-12(2-3/9-10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 37-40. L. tr. 7/6-7. Length of head 5 to 5f in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4j in the length of head, 1| to lj diameters from the end of snout, 2 to 2L apart. The dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomon. The width of the mouth 3^ in the length of the head, and in the adult about three times the depth of the cleft ; snout slightly in advance of the jaws in theyoung, but hardly so in the adult, in which it is often covered with pores. Lips thin, con- tinuous, the lower reflected from off the mandible, and with a shallow groove along its hind edge. No horny covering inside jaws. Barbels a very short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped or molariform, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins the dorsal as high as the head is long, and with a concave upper edge ; it com- mences slightly nearer the end of the snout than the base of the caudal fin. Pectoral about as long as the head and reaching the ventral, which is rather shorter. Scales 51 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour varying wilh the age of the fish ; generally silvery, darkest along the back, and with the lower fins stained orange; fine black dots on all the fins. In specimens about four inches long there are three or four small black spots on the fifth and sixth scales of the lateral line, which gradually and almosb entirely fade as age advances. Hub. From the Kistna and Godavari rivers through Orissa, Lower Bengal, and Assam. This fish (which attains nearly two feet in length) is extensively used for stocking tauks. 307. (18.) Labeo microphthalmus. Labeo microphthalmus, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxxii, fig. 4 (see synon.) B. iii. D. 13 (3/10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 41-43. L. tr. 8/9. Length of head 6 in the total lergtb. Eyes diameter 5^ in length of head, 2 diameters from end of snout, and ^\ apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Sr.out . CYPBININ.E. 209 overhanging the mouth, but not swollen, having a very indistinct lateral loba ; some spacimsns have a few small pores oa the snout.- Lips continuous ; the groove across the lower jaw interrupted ; mouth transverse, inferior ; a cartilaginous or horny covering to inside of the lower jaw. The suborbital ring of bones compara- tively wide, being two thirds the width of the orbit. Barbds a shorb maxillary pair. TVeZ/i pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. fins the height of the dorsal equals or exceeds the length of the head, its upper edge is very concave, it arises midway between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin. The pectoral does not reach the ventral. Scales 6L rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. The scales covering the thorax are very small. Colour silvery, darkest in the upper half of the body ; sometimes the scales are marked with red. Hob. Himalayas, from the Punjab, Murree, and Kangra, also Kashmir. 308. (19.) Labeo boggut. Chondrostoma boggut, Sykes, Tr. Z. 8. ii, p. 359. Labeo boggut, Day, Fish. India, p. 542, pi. cxxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Sande and Kolees, Mahr. ; Lot, Cutch. B. iii. D. 11-12 (3/8-9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 60-65. L. tr. 11-12/14. Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ to 5 in length of head, 1^ to If diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Snout thick, somewhat projecting beyond the jaws, but without any lateral lobe. A few pores ou the snout. Lower labial fold complete ; lower lip fimbriated ; a horny covering to the inside of the lower lip. Barbels a short maxillary pair, fins the dorsal commences nearer to the .snout than to the root of the caudal, it is as high as the body, its upper edge concave. The pectoral is nearly as long as the head and does not reach the ventral ; the latter is inserted under the middle dorsal rays. The ventral does not extend to the anal, nor the latter to the caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales 8 or 9 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly. Fins orange. In some specimens a few light lines run along the sides, or a bluish band along the body. A dark spot usually present near the base of the caudal, and sometimes a smaller one on the lateral line above the last third of the pectoral fin. Hob. Bengal, the Punjab, Central Provinces, Bombay, the Deccan, common at Jubbulpore and in Cutch, also found at Madras. It attains at least 7 inches in length. fig. 4 (see synon.). (20.) Labeo boga. k. Fish. Ganges, pp. India, p. 543, pi. cxxviii, fig. 3, and pi. cxxxi, Cypriuus boga, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 28(3, 380, pi. 28, fig. 80. Labjo boga, Day, Fish. 270 TELEOSTEI. P1IYSOSTOMI. Kimla-mcen, and Coal-rtn'iiza-candee, Tarn. ; Arisa, Tel. ; Kata-battali, Ooriah; liangum-batta, Beng. ; Month, Punj.; Kyouk-nya-loo,]$\\.rm. B. iii. D. 11-13(2-3/9-10). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1.37-39. L. tr. 6|-7/7. Vert, 17-15. Length of head 5| to 5^ in the total length. Eyes somewhat before the middle of the head, 3f- to 4 diameters in length of head. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Mouth rather narrow, its width equalling one third of the length of the head. Snout projecting moderately beyond the jaws, no lateral lobe. Lips rather thick. A thin layer of cartilage to inner surface of lower lip. Snout occasionally covered with large pores. Barbels a minute maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5, plough- shaped. Fins origin of dorsal commences nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, upper margin concave ; caudal deeply forked, lobes of equal length. Scales 5 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour orange, with the fins of a reddish tinge ; sometimes a dark spot on the shoulder. Hob. [Rivers of Gangetic Provinces, Madras, and Burma ; said to attain a foot in length. PL cxxviii, fig. 3, ' Fishes of India,' is from a Uurmese specimen, and PI. cxxxi, fig. 4, is from an example from the Jumna. 310. (21.) Labeo nukta. Cyprinus nukta, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 355. Labeo nukta, -Day, Fish. India, p. 543, pi. cxxviii, n'g. 5 (see synoa.). NaTita and Nanktashendva, Marathi. B. iii. B. 11 (2/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 37-38. L. tr. 6/9. Length of head 5 to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 in the length of the head, 2^ diameters from the end of snout, and also apart. Snout projecting over the mouth, and having a deep groove passing from one orbit to the opposite one, thus presenting the appearance of a blunt com pressed knob between and before the orbits. Mouth of moderate width ; the snout with a well-developed lateral lobe and a distinct inner fold to the lips at the angle of the mouth, extending across the outer third of the lower jaw, from which the lip is reflected and studded with pores, but neither lip is fringed. Both lips with a thin deciduous horny layer internally. Some large pores on snout, on forehead, and in the rostral groove. Barlels a rudimentary maxillary pair. Lateral line badly marked, 41 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Fins dorsal arises midway between the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin, its anterior three rays are much elevated and higher than the body, the last besides being divided to its root is also somewhat prolonged, making the upper margin of the fin concave : the ventral arises under the middle of the dorsal and scarcely reaches the anal, which fin is much higher anteriorly. CYPJMJUDjE. CYPHlNINjE. 271 Pectoral as long as the head. Caudal deeply forked. A row of scales along the base of the dorsal. Colour silvery, wifch some red marks on the scales. Fins reddish, caudal edged with grey. Hob. Poona and rivers of the Deccan ; attaining at least 12 inches in length. 311. (22.) Labeo nigripinnis. Labeo nigripinnis, Day, Fish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, fig. 3. B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 8/8. Length of head 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes situated in the middle of the length of the head in the young, rather before it in the adult, diameter 4g in the length of the head. Dorsal profile Somewhat elevated, abdominal nearly straight. Snout pro- jecting over the mouth, which is inferior, and the width of which equals one third of the length of the head ; the lips continuous at the angle of the mouth ; the lower lip thin and reflected from off the mandible, which has a thin cartilaginous covering. Large pores on the snout, which in some specimens has a groove across it. Barbels a minute maxillary pair. Fins dorsal commences mid- way between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal fin ; it is as high as the body and has a concave upper edge. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, or even a little more. Ventral commences below the first third of the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales from 5 to 5g rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour bluish along the back, becoming dull white on the sides and beneath. In some specimens the bases of the scales are dark coloured, some have a dull band along the side. Fins black in tbe adult, not always so in the young. JJab. Sind hills and rivers at their bases. 312. (23.) Labeo sindensis. Cirrhina sindensis, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, 1872, p. 319. Labeo sindensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, n'g. 2. B. iii. D. 12-13 (2-3/10). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 43. L. tr. 8/9. Length of head 6J in the total length. Eyes rather nearer to snout than to hind edge of opercles, diameter 5^ in the length of the head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 2^ apart. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the aSdomen. Snout rather overhanging the mouth. No lateral lobe to snout, which in some specimens has a deep groove across it, and is covered with glands. Lips continuous at the angle of the mouth ; the lower lip thin with a smooth edge, and reflected from off the mandible, which lias a thin cartilaginous covering. Barbels a short maxillary pair. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and the posterior extremity of the base of the anal, it is rather higher 272 TEWOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. than the body, its upper edge concave. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout. Ventral inserted under the middle of the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 61 to 7 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a reddish tinge, the bases of the scales darkest; fins reddish. JJ((b. Sind, the Punjab (at Lahore and Hardwar), also the Dec- can at Poona. This species attains at least 8 inches in length. 313. (24.) Labeo ariza. Cyprinus ariza, Buchanan, Journey Mysore, iii, p. 344, pi. 31. Labeo ariza, JJay, Pish. India, p. 544, pi. cxxxii, fig. 5 (see ayiioii.). Kavdasha, Marathi ; and Coal, Tamil. B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 6-7/8. Length of head 65 to 5| in the total length. Eyes rather nearer snout than hind edge of opercle, diameter 51 in the length of the head, 2 diameters from the end of snout, and 2\ apart. Dorsal profile slightly more convex than that of the abdomen. The width of the mouth equals one third of the length of the head. Lips smooth, .with a thin cartilaginous covering inside the lower jaw. A few pores on snout. Barbels a very short maxillary pair. Fiiis dorsal commences slightly nearer the snout than the base of the caudal fin, it is three fourths as high as the body, and has a concave upper margin. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Ventral inserted below anterior third of dorsal fin, and not so long as the pectoral. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 5^ rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour leaden grey above, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath. Jfab. Wynaad, the Bhavani river at the foot of the Kilgiri hills in Madras, and the Cauvery river. This fish attains to about 9| i iches in length, 314. (25.) Labeo kawrus. Chendrostoma kawrus, Sykcs, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 358, pi. Ixii, fig. 2. Labeo kawrus, Day, Fish. India, p. 545, pi. cxxxi, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 38. L. tr. 6/6. Length of head 5^ to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3f in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and li apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally convex. Snout very obtuse and not overhanging the jaws. Lips continuous at the angle of the mouth, the lower one very thin and reflected off the mandible, which is rounded and has a thin cartilaginous covering; edges of lips smooth. Barbels a minute maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences midway between end of snout and posterior extremity of base of anal fin ; it is rather higher than the head is long. its upper edge is CYPRINID.T;. CYPRINIWJE. 273 concave. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 4| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, dorsal and caudal fins externally stained with grey ; sometimes a dark blotch on the scales near the commence- ment of the lateral line. Hob. Poona and the Deccan. 10. Genus OSTEOCHILUS, Giinther. Syn. Rohita, sp., Cuv. & Val. Abdomen rounded. Mouth of moderate width, directed more or less downwards ; lips thickened, continuous, fringed or crenu- lated, the lower being reflected from off the mandible, leaving it uncovered in the form of a sharp and hard, transverse, prominence. No tubercle at syrnphysis. Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels four or two. Pharyngeal teeth usually 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Dorsal fin without osseous ray, with a moderate number of branched rays (10 to about 20), commencing in advance of the ventrals. Anal with few rays. Scales of moderate or small size ; no tile-like row at base of anal fin. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers short. Geographical Distribution. Burma and the Malay Archipelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 2/18, A. 3/5, L. 1. 64. Four barbels. Colours uniform 1. O. chalybcattis, p. 273. D. 2-3/15-16, A. 2/5, L. 1. 34. Four barbels. A darkish band near commencement of lateral line, and a dark mark before base of caudal fin 2. O. neilli, p. 274. D. 3/13, A. 3/6, L. 1. 40. Two barbels. Colours uniform 3. O. cephalns, p. 275. 315. (1.) Osteochilus chalybeatus. Rohita chalybeata, Cuv. # Val. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 271. Osteochilus chalybeatus, Day, Wsh. India, p. 545, pi. cxxix, fig. 1 (see synon.). Nya-leh, Burmese. B.iii. D. 20(2/18). P. 18. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C.I!). L. 1. 54. L. tr. 8/10. Length of head 5, height of body 4| in total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, \\ diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Snout overhanging the jaws and without any lateral lobe. Mouth rather narrow, its width being about one third of length of head. Lips thick and fringed, with an inner fold above and below. Barbels the maxillary pair half as long as the orbit, the rostral shorter. Fins the dorsal commences midway between T 274 TELEOSTEI. - PIIYSOSTOMI. the end of the snout and the posterior margin of the base of the anal fin, its upper edge is straight. Pectoral rather longer lhau the head excluding the snout ; it does not reach the ventral, nor the latter the anal. Anal laid flat just reaches the caudal, which is moderately forked. Scales six rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin. Colour grey, becoming lighter below, narrow dark lines along the body ; fins black. Hub. Irrawaddy and Salween rivers in Burma. 316. (2.) Osteochilus neilli. (Fig. 94.) Labeo neilli, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 99. Osteochilus neilli, Day, Fish. India, p. 545, pi. cxxx, fig. 2. B. hi. D. 17-18 (2-3/15-16). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 34. L. tr. Length of head 5|, height of body 3| in total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, lg diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Snout rounded and smooth, it scarcely overlaps (lie mouth, which is of moderate width ; no lateral lobe. Both lips fringed with two, three, or more rows of well-developed papilla) internally; groove across the mandible not complete; a cart i la- Fig. W. Osteochilus neilli. ginous covering internally to the lower jaw. Barbels the rostral do not reach the orbit, the maxillary extend to beneath its centre. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins the dorsal commences before the ventral, and much nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal, its upper border is somewhat con- cave ; caudal deeply forked. Scales 4 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour greyish yellow, deepest supe- riorly, every scale being darkest at its base. A dull spot near the root of the caudal fin, and another ill-defined one near the com- mencement of the lateral line. Fins yellowish orange, dorsal darkest at its basal half. CYPBINID.E. CTPEININ^E. 275 Uab. Sittoung, Billing, and Rangoon in Burma. The largest specimen, out of seven, measured six inches in length. 317. (3.) Osteochilus cephalus. Labeo cephalus, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xvi, p. 347, pi. 487. Osteochilus cephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 546. B. iii. D. 16 (3/13). P. 20. V. 9. A. 9 (3/6). C. 19. L. 1. 40. L. tr. 7/7. Length of head 4|, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes one fifth of length of head, two diameters from end of snout. The snout projects beyond the jaws, it is rather swollen and has many pores opening on its surface ; the mandible has a transverse free edge, with thick lip, both the upper and lower lips fringed. Barbels yone short maxillary pair. Fins the dorsal commences midway between the snout and base of caudal, and in advance of the ventrals, its upper border is concave. The anal laid flat reaches the caudal. Scales 4| rows between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour greenish, with the base of each scale darkest. Ilal>. Pegu, attaining one foot in length. 11. Genus DANGILA, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Syn. Cyrene, sp.. Heckel. Abdomen rounded. Snout moderately depressed and obtusely rounded. Mouth transverse, more or less inferior. Lower jaw sharp, covered with a thin lip, and having a tubercle above the symphysis ; upper lip fringed. Barbels small, one maxillary and one mandibular pair. Pharyngeal teeth, 5, 4 or 3, 3 or 2/2 or 3, 3 or 4, 5. Dorsal fin rather long, without any osseous ray, and commencing in advance of the ventrals. Anal short, without a tile-like row of scales. Scales of large, small, or moderate size. Lateral line continuous, passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Grill-rakers short. This genus, which differs from CirrJiina in possessing a few more rays in the dorsal fin, does not appear to extend into ludia proper. Geographical Distribution. Burma to the Malay Archipelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 26-38, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 7/9 1. D. litrmanica, p. 275. 1). -2(J, L. 1. 31, L. tr. G/ ? 2. D. berdmorei, p. 276. 318. (1.) Dangila burmanica. (Fig. 95.) Dangila bumianica, Day, Fish. India, p. 546, pi. cxxxi, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 26-28 (2-3/24-25). P. 16. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr. 7/9. T2 270 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. Length of head 7, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Mouth transverse, with the snout slightly depressed and rounded ; upper lip fringed ; a small tubercle inside the lower jaw above the symphysis. Barbels the maxillary pair as long as Fig. 95. Dangila burmanica. the eye, the rostral pair shorter. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences above the ninth scale of the lateral line, its upper edge concave, and its highest rays four fifths of the height of the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, not reaching the ventral. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Scales five rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, some of the scales with dark spots at their bases forming rows or horizontal bands. Pins orange, the edges of the caudal stained. Hub. Moulmein and Tavoy (where it does not seem to be un- common) ; several specimens obtained measured up to 10 inches in length. 319. (2.) Dangila berdmorei. Dangila berdmorei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxix, 1860, p. 162 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 546. B. iii. D. 20 (3/23). V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). L. 1. 31. L. tr. O/? Length of head 5, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter two fifths of length of head, three fourths of a diameter from end of snout. Pores on front of snout large. A distinct tubercle above symphysis. Lower lip rather thick, not fringed. Barbels rostral equal to the length of the orbit. Fins dorsal arises in commencement of second third of total length ; the pectoral does not quite reach the ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 3| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour uniform in spirit. According to Blyth's description each scale is tipped by a black spot. Halt. Tenasserim Provinces of British Burma. ClTltlNID.t. CYPRINJ tiJE. 277 12. Genus CIRRHINA, Cuvier. Syn. Vanyana, pt., Ham. IJuch. ; Danyila, sp., Guv. & Val. ; Cyrene, sp., Heckel ; Mriyala, sp., Bleeker ; \Crossochilus, pt., Giinther. ^ l^^,^ >-, / Abdomen rouuded. Snout depressed and obtusely rounded, with the soft coverings extremely thin. Mouth broad, transverse. Upper lip fringed or entire, and not continuous with the lower lip. Lower jaw rather sharp, without any lip or with a thin one, generally destitute of any horny covering, but having a small tubercle above the mandibular symphysis. Barbels small, four, two, or none. Dorsal fin rather short or of moderate length, without any osseous ray, and commencing in advance of the ven- tral s. Ajial fin short, without a row of tile-like scales. Scales of large, small, or moderate size. Lateral line continuous, passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Gill-rakers short. Geographical Distribution. Fresh waters of Baluchistan, Sind, India, generally throughout Burma, and the East Indian Archi- Bynopsis of Indian Species. D. 17-19, L. 1. 42-44. Four barbels. Upper lip entire 1. C. cirrhosa, p. 277. D. 15-16, L. 1. 40-45. Two barbels. Upper lip entire 2. C. mrigala, p. 278. D. 10-11, L. 1. 38-40. Four barbels. Upper lip fringed 3. C. latia, p. 279. D. 10-11, L. 1. 35-38. One pair of short rostral barbels. Upper lip indistinctly fringed or entire 4. C. relm, p. 279. D. 10, L. 1. 48. Two barbels 5. C.fulungee, p. 280. 320. (1.) Cirrhina cirrhosa. Oyprinus cirrhosus. Block, Ich. xii, p. 52, t. 411 ; Block Schn. Syst. Ick. p. 450. Cirrhina cirrhosa, Day, Fish. India, p. 547, pi. cxxxi, fig. 3 (see synon.). Ven-candi, Tarn, j Aruzii, Tel. B. iii. D. 17-19 (3-4/14-15). P. 19. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 42-44. L. tr. 8/9. Vert. 21/17. Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Width of mouth equals one third of the 278 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. length of the head. Usually some fine pores on the snout, which does not project beyond the jaws. Barbels the maxillary are about one third as long as the eye, the rostral pair are rather longer. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped and with the sides of the outer ones roughened, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins the dorsal as high as the body, it arises considerably in advance of the ventrals, and mid- way between the snout and the posterior portion of the base of the anal fin, its upper margin concave ; in some large specimens the first few rays are very elongated. Caudal deeply forked or lunated. Scales 5| to 6| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, every scale having a red centre, except along the abdomen, where they are of a dull yellowish white. Dorsal and caudal stained with grey, also the outer end of the anal and pectoral. Nab. Godavari, Kistna, and Cauvery rivers, and generally in Southern India. Grows to 1| feet in length. Is a very active fish and fair eating but bony. 321. (2.) Cirrhina mrigala. Cyprinus mrigala, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 279, 38G, pi. 6, fig. 79. Cirrhina mrigala, Day, Fish. India, p. 347, pi. cxxix, tig. 4 (see synon.). Mirrgah, Ooriah ; Mrigala, Beng. and Hind. ; Nairn, Hind. (N. "W. P.) > Nga-kyin and Nga-yyein, Burm. ; Mor-ah-kee, Sind and Cutch. B. iii. D. 15-16 (3/12-13). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 15. L. 1. 40-45. L. tr. Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 4 to 5^ in the total length. Eyes in the anterior half of the head, diameter 3L to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 1 \ diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Width of the mouth equals two fifths of the length of the head. Pores present or absent on the snout. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 5, 4, 2/2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal nearly as high as the body, it arises rather nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin, and opposite the twelfth scale of the lateral line; upper margin of fin slightly concave, in Sind examples deeply so. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, not reaching the ventral. Caudal with sharp and deeply forked lobes, which have convex edges internally. Scales 51 to 6 rows between lateral line and base of ventral. Colour silvery, dark grey along the back, sometimes having a coppery tinge ; the pectoral, ventral, and anal orange stained with black. Eyes golden. Hab. Elvers and tanks in Bengal, Deccan, N.W. Provinces, Punjab, Siud, Cutch, and Burma, growing to 3 feet in length. It is an excellent species for stocking tanks with. I have taken it in Bangoon 18 pounds in weight. CYPIMNIDvE. CYPRININ.-E. 279 322. (3.) Cirrhina latia. Cyprinus latins, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 345, 393. Cirrhina latia, Day, Fish. India, p. 548, pi. cxxx, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kctla-batta, Bengali and Ooriah ; Behrah and Tellarrec, Punj. ; Curru, Sind. B. iii. D. 10-11 (3/7-8). P. 15. Y. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 38-40. L. tr. 6/6. Vert. 15/17. Length of head 6 to 6, height of body 5i to 7 iu the total length. Eyes rather behind the middle of the head in the adult; diameter 3^ to 5 in the length of the head, about 2 diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Upper surface of the head rather broad ; snout overhanging the jaws and having a small lateral lobe. Upper lip deeply indented on the edge, and each indentation (in some specimens) having a tricuspid termination ; this is most seen in examples from Calcutta and Orissa. least so in those from Sind, the Punjab, and Central Provinces ; the surface rough as in Dis- coynaihus. Lower lip with a strong sharp horny covering, the lip at the angle having a sort of pendulous lobe ; the under surface of the jaw with a round, callous, and rather elevated spot, which in the adult has a free anterior edge. Barbels a rostral pair and sometimes a short maxillary pair. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 4, 2 2, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences about midway between the end of the snout and base of the caudal h'n in the young, but rather nearer the snout in the adult. Pectoral as long as the head, its outer three or four rays rather thickened. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe sometimes the longer. Scales 3 to 4^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour brownish olive, irregularly spotted with black marks. Dorsal and caudal fins yellowish, stained with grey, the others orange. This fish has much the character of a loach or of a Disco ynathiu, adhering to stones in the beds of rivers. Jfab. Sind, Orissa, Bengal, N.W. Provinces, Punjab, Deccan, and along the Himalayas ; attaining 8 inches in length. 323. (4.) Cirrhina reba. (Fig. 96.) Cyprinus reba, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 280, 380. Cirrhina reba, Day, Fish. India, p. 549, pi. cxxx, fig. 3 (see synon.). Eekmose and CJiittahri, Tel. ; Pil aringam, Tamil ; Chetchua-porah, Ooriah; Batta, Bengali ; Rewah, Hind. ; Soonnee, Punj . and Sind ; Lasseem, Assam. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8-9). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 35-38. L. tr. 7/9. Length of head 6 to 6|, height of body 4 to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of head, 1 to 1 ^ diameters from the end of snout, and nearly 2 apart. Snout slightly pro- jecting, more distinctly in the immature. Upper lip fringed in the young, sometimes entire in the adult. A thin cartilaginous layer 280 TELEOSTKI. rilYBOKTOMI. covering inside of lower jaw. Pores on snout present or absent Barbels a short rostral pair, which may be absent ; none on the maxilla. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 4, 1/1, 4, 5. Fins dorsal com- mences anteriorly to the ventral, upper margin of the fin concave. Pectoral nearly as long as head. Caudal with deep, sharp lobes. Fig. $$. Cirrhina retxi. Scales hexagonal ; five or six rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, scales generally darkest at their edges, forming bluish longitudinal bands above the lateral line. The young have sometimes a leaden-coloured baud along the side, or even a black tip to the dorsal fin. Hub. Throughout India, attaining a foot in length. 324. (5.) Cirrhina fulungee. Choudrostouia fulungee, Si/kes, Tr. '/,. S. ii, p. 358. Cirrhina fulungee, Day, Fish. India, p. 540, pi. cxxxii, tig. 1 (see synon.), also Supplement, p. 807. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 44-48. L. tr. 8/9. Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of head, two thirds of a diameter from the end of snout, and 1 to 1^ apart. Snout slightly over- hanging the mouth. The upper lip scarcely fimbriated, the two lips not continuous ; the lower is reflected from off the mandible, which is transverse, sharp, having a tubercle above the symphysis, but no cartilaginous covering. Barbels a very short rostral pair ; none on the maxilla. Fins the dorsal nearly as high as the body, its upper edge concave, it commences midway between the end of the snout and the posterior end of the base of the anal fin. Pectoral almost as long as the head, ventral of equal length. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 6^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour brownish along the back, divided by a light bluish band from a silvery abdomen ; dorsal and caudal stained with grey. llab. Poona and the Deccan. CYPB1NID.4;. CYmiNlN^E. 281 13. Genus SEMIPLOTUS, Bleeker. Abdomen rounded. Snout thick and prominent. Mouth wide, trausverse, inferior, with a knob at the symphysis. No barbels. Pharyngeal teeth plough-shaped, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Dorsal fin long, its last undivided ray strong, osseous, and either serrated or entire. Anal rather short. Scales large ; no tile-like row at the base of the anal fin. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Grill-rakers short. Geographical Distribution. Assam and Chittagong Hill-ranges, as well as Burma. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 24, A. 9-10, L. 1. 32^34. Last undivided dofsal ray serrated .................... 1. & modest us, p. 281 . D. 27-28, A. 9, L. 1. 27. Last undivided dorsal ray entire ............................ 2. & macclellandi, p. 281. 325. (1.) Semiplotus modestus. Semiplotus modestus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 101 j and Fish. India, p. 550, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 1. B. iii. D. 24 (4/20). P. 15. V. 9. A. 9-10 (3/6-7). C. 19. L. 1. 32-34. L. tr. 7/7. Length of head 5| to 5^, height of body nearly 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, 1^ diameters apart. Snout broad, obtuse, overhanging the mouth ; several open pores on either side. Mouth inferior, transverse, a thin cartilaginous covering to the lower jaw. A small knob at the symphysis. The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends to beneath the middle of the orbit. Barbels absent. Fins dorsal commences anteriorly to the origin of the ventral, and extends to above the anal ; its last undivided ray is osseous, serrated, and as long as the head excluding the snout. The pectoral reaches the ventral and the latter the anal. Caudal forked. Scales 3* rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, darkest in the upper half of the body. Ventrals and anal tipped with orange. Hab. Hill-ranges near Akyab ; two specimens obtained, up to 5 inches in length. 326. (2.) Semiplotus macclellandi. (Fig. 97.) Cyprinus Semiplotus, McClell. As. Res. xix, pt. 2 ; 2nd. Cyp. pp. 274, 346, pi. xxxvii, fig. 2. Semiplotus macclellandi, Sleeker, Ail. Ich. iii, Cyp. p. 25; -Day, Fish. India, p. 550, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Sundaree, Sentorec, and Lah-bo-e, Assam. B. iii. D. 27-28 (3/24-25). P. 16. V. 10. A. 9 (2/7). C. 19. L. 1. 27-33. L. tr. 6/6. 282 TKLEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOM I . Length of head 5>- to 6, height of body 3J- in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head, diameter from 4 to 6 in the length of head, the width of the interorbital space equalling rather above half the length of the head. Snout obtuse and thickened, with a row of about 6 open pores passing across it and towards the orbit. A horny covering to lower jaw. Barbels Fig. 97. Scmiplotus macclellcmdi. absent. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and the end of the base of the anal fin, its height slightly exceeding half of that of the body ; its last undivided ray strong, osseous, entire, and rather longer than the head excluding the snout. Pectoral nearly as long as the head ; it reaches to above the ventral, which is inserted below the fourth or fifth dorsal ray. Anal laid flat nearly reaches the base of the caudal, which latter is deeply forked. Lateral line nearly straight, 3^- rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour leaden silver, darkest superiorly ; the pectoral, ventral, and anal orange. Griffith observes that the smaller examples are usually found near rapids, the larger in deeper water, where of an evening they are seen rising, but refuse all baits. McClelland states that this fish is reckoned the most delicious in Assam. I can, however, record from personal observation that it is rich and very liable to set up intestinal irritation. Hob. Rivers in Assam, especially in the upper portions of that district, but found as low as Goalpara : also Burma. This species is often termed Rajah-mas, or " kings' fish," in Upper Assam, as it is asserted that when captured it had to be taken to the Rajahs for their own consumption. As it is very common, this explanation is improbable. More likely a tax was levied on its capture. It attains at least two feet in length, CSTRINID.E. CTPRININ^. 283 14. Genus SCAPHIODON*, Heckel. Syn. Capoeta, sp., and C/tondrostotna, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Dillonia, Gymno- stomus, sp., Heckel. Abdomen rounded. Snout rounded. Mouth transverse, in- ferior, with the mandibular edge nearly straight and sharp ; without any knob above the symphysis. The mandibles angularly bent inwards. A horny layer inside the lower jaw, which is not covered by lip. No lower labial fold. Barbals four, two, or absent. Pharyngeal teeth plough-shaped, 5 or 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4 or 5. Dorsal fin of moderate extent, its last undivided ray being osseous and serrated or entire, or else articulated. Anal rather short. Scales large, of moderate or small size, and sometimes irregularly disposed. Lateral line passing to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Geographical Distribution. Rivers of Western Asia extending from those of Eastern Arabia to those in Sitid and along the Western Grhats, as low as the Nilgiri hills and rivers at their base. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. A pair of maxillary barbels. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, serrated. D. 13, L. 1. 33, L. tr. 6/6 1. S. toatsoni, p. 284. D. 13, L. 1. 36, L. tr. 9/9 2. S. irreyularis, p. 284. B. Barbels absent. D. 14-15, L. 1. 39. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated. Silvery 3. & thomassi, p. 285. * Genus CAEASSIUS, Nilsson. Abdomen rounded. Snout obtuse and rounded. Mouth anterior, arched, and rather narrow ; lips thin. No barbels. Pharyngeal teeth compressed and . in a single series, 4/4. Dorsal fin long, commencing opposite the ventrals, and having its last undivided ray osseous and serrated ; last undivided anal ray osseous and normally serrated. Scales of moderate size. Lateral line complete. Geographical Distribution. Temperate portions of Europe and Asia. CARASSIUS AURATUS. Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Syst. Rat. vol. i, p. 527. Carassius auratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 552 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 19-21 (3/16-18). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). 0. 19. L. 1. 27-29. L. tr. 6/10. Vert. 18/13. The gold carp is too well known to require any detailed description. Domesticated forms exhibit almost endless variation. Mr. Masters is said to have sent three adult specimens from Bombay to the British Museum. Dr. J. Anderson brought examples from high up in Upper Burma, or rather within the borders of China. I doubt whether this fish haa ever been found wild in India or Burma. i 284 TKLEOSTEI. 1'HYSOSTOMI. D. 14-15, L. 1. 40-43. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated. A black band aloug the side ; fins with black marks 4. S. nashii, p. 285. D. 14, L. 1. 40. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, entire. Silvery 5. S.brevidorsalis,^. 286. 327. (1.) Scaphiodon watsoni. Scaphiodon watsoni, Day, J. A. S. S. xli, pt. 2, 1872, p. 324 ; Fish. India, p. 551, pi. cxxxv, fig. 2 (sue synon.). B.iii. 0.13(3/10). P. 15. V.8. A. 9 (2/7). C. 19. L.I. 33. L. tr. 0/6. Length of head one fifth, height of body two ninths of the tolal length. Eyes situated in the last part of the anterior half of the head, diameter two ninths of length of head, lg diameters from end of snout. Interorbital space rather convex. Snout rounded, rather overhanging the mouth, and covered with glands; mouth transverse, inferior; mandibles sharp, not enveloped by lip, and having a horny layer inside. Barbels a maxillary pair as long as the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, plough-shaped, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal commences rather in front of the ventrals, its last undivided ray strong, osseous, serrated, as long as the head without the snout, and nearly as long as the branched rays, which are two thirds as high as the body. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, but not reaching the ventrals. Caudal forked. Lateral line very slightly curved, 3| rows of scales between it aud \cnlrul fin. Colour silvery, dashed with gold; lightest on the abdomen. Various and very irregular black spots on the body. Hob. Eivers on Sind hills and Salt Eange of the Punjab. 328. (2.) Scaphiodon irregularis. Scaphiodon irregularis, Day, J. A. S. B. xli, pt. 2, p. 324; Fish. India, p. 551, pi. cxxxv, fig. 3: also Suppl p. 807. B. iii. D. 13 (3/10). P. 17. V. 8. A. 2/7. C. 19. L. 1. 36. L. tr. 9/9. Length of head one 6fth, height of body one fifth of the total length. Eyes situated rather before the middle of the length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Inter- orbital space nearly fiat. Snout somewhat rounded, covered with glands and having a depression across it from eye to eye. Mouth transverse; upper jaw slightly the longer. Barbels a maxillary pair nearly as long as the eye. Fins dorsal commences rather before the ventrals : its third undivided ray is osseous, weak, and serrated, nearly half as long as the head, whilst the fin is three fourths as high as the body. Pectoral nearly as long as the head Caudal forked, its lower lobe the longer. Scales two or three rows above the lateral line are of a large oblong form, above these are numerous little irregular ones continued forwards to the head ; CYPKINIDvE. CYPRININ.E. 285 4| rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour olive, shot with gold. Hob. Sind hills to 3500 feet elevation. 329. (3.) Scaphiodon thomassi. Scaphiodon thomassi, Day, Fish. India, p. 551. pi. cxxxiv, fig. 1. B. iii. D. 14-15 (3/11-12). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19. L. 1. 39. L. tr. 7/7. Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in the length of the head, 2 to 2| diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Height of head almost equals its length ; its width is much less. Snout obtuse, overhanging the mouth, which is transverse ; its width equalling that of the head behind the middle of the eyes. Mandible anteriorly with a horny covering. Lips not continuous ; the upper one fringed. Large pores on the snout and upper lip, and a line of them continued to under the eye. Barbels absent. Fins dorsal arises slightly nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal ; it is three fourths as high as the body, its last undivided ray weak, articulated. Pectoral as long as the head. Ventral arises under the fourth or fifth dorsal ray ; it does not quite reach the anal ; the latter when .laid flat extends to the caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales 4 rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour of a dull silvery colour along the back, with an indistinct silvery band along the side, and of a dull white beneath. A dark band along the dorsal fin, and caudal with a dark outer edge. f/(ff>. South Canara. 330. (4.) Scaphiodon nashii. Hsu-bus nashii, Day, P. Z. S. 1808, p. 584. Scaphiodon nashii, Day, Fish. India, p. 552, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 3. 13. iii. D. 14-15 (2-3/11-12). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 20. L. 1. 40-43. L. tr. 7/7. Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length. KIJCK diameter 3 to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 1^ diameters from the end of snout, and 1-^- to 1 apart. Mouth broad, inferior, transverse, and overhung by the snout. In the young the jaws are compressed, each with a cartilaginous covering; the lips at the angle are thick and continuous, not continued across the chin. As age increases the mouth widens, the cartilaginous covering becomes more horny, and the colours of the fish alter. Lips thin, \\i1hout any transverse fold across the lower one. Snout in the adult covered by papillae. A thick horny covering inside the lower jaw in adults. Barbels absent. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, sharp, 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal commences nearer to the snout 1 han to the base of the caudal ; it is three fourths as high as tho body, its upper edge concave; no osseous ray. IVctoral alxmi MS long as 286 TET.EOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMT. the head. Ventral arises below the middle of the dorsal fin, and does not quite reach the anal, nor the latter the caudal, which is deeply forked. Scales 4\ rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour reddish brown along the back ; abdomen silvery. A black band passes from the eye to the centre of the caudal fin. A dark band along, the middle third of the dorsal, which is edged above by scarlet; a dark band on anal having a light anterior edge ; a dark edging to the caudal. The young are silvery grey along the back, becoming silvery on the sides ; the lateral band terminates in a black blotch at the base of the caudal fin. Hob. Coorg, hill-streams of South Canara, and the Wynaad. 331. (5.) Scaphiodon brevidorsalis. (Fig. 98.) Semiplotus brevidorsalis, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 239. Scaphiodon brevidoi sails, Uuy, Fiali. India, p. 552, pi. cxxxiii, fig. 2. Mean-candee, Tamil. B. iii. D. 14 (3/11). V. 9. A. 7. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr. 7-8/9. Length of head 6, height of body 3.V in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4 in tbe length of head, and situated in or rather before tbe middle of its length, and 2-i- diameters apart. Dorsal profile much more convex than that of the abdomen. Snout Fig. 98. Scaphiodon brevidorsalis. swollen, overhanging the jaws ; mouth inferior, transverse ; three rows of large pores across the snout, and extending on to the pre- orbital bone ; knob at symphysis badly developed : a thin car- tilaginous covering to both jaws. Upper lip crenulated. Barbels absent. Fins last undivided dorsal ray osseous, very strong, entire, longer than the head by a distance equal to one diameter of the orbit. Dorsal fin commences midway between the snout and the CYPIUNTU.T:. CYPKIXIX.T. 287 base of the caudal ; the fin two thirds as high as the body below it. Pectoral falciform, extending to over the ventral, which last is long, reaching to the anal ; caudal deeply forked. Settles 4^ rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, darkest along the back, tins stained with grey. Hab. Rivers below the Nilgiri hilis in the Madras Presidency. 15. Genus CATLA, Cuvier and Valenciennes. Syn. Gibelion, Ileckel ; Hypselobarbus, Bleeker. Head broad ; snout with very thin integuments, upper lip absent, the lower moderately thick, having a continuous and free posterior margin. The lower jaw with a movable articulation at the symphysis, but destitute of any prominent tubercle. No barbels. Gill-rakers long, fine, and closely set. Eyes with free orbital margins. Pharyugeal teeth plough-shaped, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Dorsal fin rather long, without osseous ray, commencing somewhat in advance of the ventrals ; anal short ; caudal forked. Scales of moderate size, no tile-like row along the base of the anal fin. Lateral line continuous to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. 332. (1.) Catla buchanani. (Fig. 99.) Cyprinus catla, Ham. Buck. Fi*h. Ganges, pp. 287, 387, pi. 13, fig. 81. Catla buchanani, Cuv. fy Val. xvii, p. 411, pi. 515; Day, Fish. India, p. 553, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 5 (see synon.). Bolchee, Telugu ; Catla, Bengal, Hind, and Punj. ; Barkur, Ooriah ; iktmtff, Burmese; Tamlra, Iliud. in Bombav; Boaasa, Hind, in .. Provinces; Tay-lee, Siud. B. iii. D. 17-19 (3-4/14-16). P. 21. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1.40-43. L. tr. 7|/9. Vert. 17/18. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes iu the anterior half of the length of the head, diameter 6 to 7 in the length of the head, 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and 3 apart. Mouth wide, lower jaw prominent; in large specimens some pores on the snout. Fins dorsal com- mences in advance of the ventrals, is two thirds as high as the body, and has a concave upper edge. Pectoral extends to the ventral, and the latter, in males, to the anal. Anal laid flat reaches to beyond the commencement of the caudal. The fins in some specimens are much elongated. Seal's from 5| to 6| rows between lateral line and base of ventral tin. Colour gre\ ish above, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath. Fins dark-coloured, in some specimens nearly black. This fish is largely employed for stocking tanks. Iu May 1875, Mr. Mitchell had a tank, 65 x 58 feet and 13 feet deep, dug upon his ground at Gurdm Ixrurh. near Calcutta; into it were put some 288 TEr-EOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI. fry of this species, from ^ to 1 inch or less in length. Sep- tember 22nd the tank was netted, and several dozens captured, one of the largest weighing 14 oz. and measuring 11 inches in length ; the others were 1 or 2 oz. lighter. (' Nature,' Dec. Oth, 1875, xiii, p. 107.) Fig. 99. Cutla bitchanani. Hob. Sind, Punjab, throughout India to the Kistna, and east- wards through Bengal, and Burma to Siam ; not known to occur in India south of the Kistna, nor in Tenasserim. This fish attains at least 6 feet in length, and is much esteemed as food when not exceeding 2 feet, larger ones are coarse. It resides in fresh or brackish water, being found within tidal influence. "It is a very strong active animal, and often leaps over the seine of the fisher- men, on which account, when fishing for the Catla, they usually follow the net in canoes, and make a noise by shouting and splashing with their paddles " {Ham. Buchanan). 16. Genus THYNNICHTHYS, Bleeker. Syn. Mola, pt., Blyth. Pseudobranchiae present. Abdomen rounded. Head somewhat compressed ; integuments over snout thin ; upper lip absent ; only a short labial fold on the side of the mandible. Mouth rather wide, antero-lateral, with the lower jaw somewhat prominent. No barbels. Gill-rakers short or absent. Eyes in the middle of the depth of the head, and without any adipose lid. Pharyngeal teeth molariform, compressed, close together, 5, 3 or 4, 2 or 3/3 or 2, 4 or 3, 5. Dorsal fin, short, without osseous ray ; ventral 289 commencing below the dorsal ; anal short and entirely posterior to the dorsal. Scales small. Lateral line complete, running to the centre of the base of the caudal fin or a little below. Intestinal tract narrow, and with numerous convolutions. Geographical Distribution. The Kistna and Godavari rivers from the Deccan to their terminations ; also the Malay Archipelago. 333. (1.) Thynnichthys sandkhol. (Fig. 100.) Leuciscus sandkhol, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 363. Thynnichthys sandkhol, Day, Fish. India, p. 554, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 2 (see synon.). Kala-tala and Akhu-chappah, Tel. ; Bareing, Ooriah. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. r. 120. L. tr. 25-30/25. Length of bead 4 to 41, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lj diameters from the end of snout, and 1^ to 2^ apart. The width of the head equals one half, and the height four fifths, of its length. Teeth pharyngeal 5, 4, 3/3, 4, 5. Fins dorsal three fourths as high Fig. 100. Thynnichthys sandkhol. as the body, its upper edge concave, its origin slightly in advance of that of the ventral, and about midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin, which latter is deeply lobed, the lower lobe being the longer. Anal at some distance behind the vertical from the pos- terior end of the dorsal. Scales 17 to 19 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour silvery ; head purplish. Hob. Godavari and Kistna rivers, also the adjacent tanks; attaining above 18 inches in length. 290 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. 17. Genus AMBLYPHARYNGODON, Bleeker. Syn. Mola, Heckel and Blyth ; Bracliyyramma, Day. Pseudobranchiae present. Abdomen rounded. Head somewhat compressed; integuments over snout thin; upper lip absent ; only a short labial fold on the side of the mandible. Mouth rather wide, antero -lateral, with the lower jaw prominent. No barbels. Gill-rakers short or absent. Eyes in the middle of the depth of the head, and without any adipose membrane. Pharyngeal teeth molariform, with the crowns flat or concave, 3, 2, 1/1, 2, 3. Dorsal fin short, without osseous ray, and extending to nearly or quite above the commencement of the anal ; ventral in advance of the dorsal. Scales small. Lateral line incomplete. Geographical Distribution. From Sind throughout the plains of India, Ceylon, and Burma. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 9-10, L. 1. 55-65. 9 or 10 rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Height of body 3| in the total length 1. A. atkinsonii, p. 290. D. 9, L. I. 05-75. 9 or 10 rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Height of body 4 to 4| in the total length 2. A. mola, p. 291. D. 9, L. 1. 55-00. Five rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Height of body 4f to 5 in the total length 3. A. microlejns, p. 91. D. 9-10, L. 1. 50-57. Four rows of scales between lateral line and base of ventral tin. Height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. 4. A. melettinus, p. 292. 334. (1.) Amfclypharyngodon atkinsonii. Mola atkinsonii, Blyth, J. A. S. II. xxix, 1860, p. 164. Amblypharyngodon atkinsonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxiv, fig.4(seesynon.). Nga-pan-ma, Burmese. B. iii. D. 9-10 (2-3/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (2/6). C. 19. L. 1. 55-65. L. tr. 14/12. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3j in the total length. Eyes in the front half of the head, 4 to 4| diameters in the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Abdo- minal and dorsal profiles about equally convex. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave, it commences slightly behind the origin of the ventral. Anal arising on the vertical just posterior to the end of the dorsal. Lateral line ceases after 19 scales; there are 9 or 10 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a golden gloss about the head. Hob. Throughout Burma ; attaining at least 6 inches in length. CTPRINIDA CTPB1N1NI. 291 335. (2.) Amblypharyngodon mola. (Fig. 101.) Cyprinus mola, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 334, C92, pi. 38, fig. 92. Amblypharvngodon mola, Lay, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Talla-maya, Tel. ; Morant, Ooriab ; Moah, Assam ; Miikni, Punj. ; Nya-leh-byoo and Nya-zen-zap, Burmese. B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 65-75. L. tr. 12/12. Length of head about 5, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in length of head. | to 1 dia- meter from end of snout," and 1^ apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Fins origin of dorsal behind Fig. 101. Amblypharyngodon mola. the insertion of the ventral, upper edge concave. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line extends along about 15 scales, and there are 9 or 10 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour a silvery lateral band, and usually dark markings on the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. Hub. From Sind throughout India (except the Malabar coast), Assam and Burma. 336. (3.) Amblypharyngodon microlepis. Leuciscus microlepis, Bleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxv, Seng en Hind. p. 141. Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxv, fig. "6 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 14. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 55-60. L. tr. 11/8. Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 4f to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3f to 4 in length of head, less than 1 dia- meter from end of snout. Dorsal profile rather more convex than that of the abdomen. Fins origin of dorsal slightly behind the origin of the ventral, its upper edge concave, its last ray divided to its base ; caudal forked, lower lobe the longer. Lateral line ceases after a few scales, 5 rows between it and base of ventral fin. Colour a rather broad silvery lateral band. JI. From the Hooghly through Orissa and down the Coro- mandcl coast to Madras. u2 292 TET.EOSTFJ. PH YsOSTOM T . 337. (4.) Amblypharyngodon melettina. Leuciscus melettina, Cue. # Veil. II. N. Pimn. xvii, p. 804, pi. 501. Amblypharyngodon melettinus, Day, Fish. India, p. 555, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 3 (see synon.). Wuniboo, Mai. ; Oolaree, Tarn. ; Kali-Twritfi, Hind. ; Paraya, Can. B. iii. D. 9-10 (2-3/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 50-57. L. tr. 10/8. Length of Lead 5 to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes 4 diameters in the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and lj apart. Teeth pharyngeal, with rather concave summits. Fins origin of dorsal behind the insertion of the ventral, its upper edge concave ; caudal rather deeply forked. Lateral line extends along 15 to 20 rows of scales, 4 rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. Coloui greenish along the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath ; a bright greenish-yellow band divides the colours of the back from a silvery line passing along the side. Hub. (Bombay, according to Cuv. and Val.) Malabar coast, and Southern India, from the Nilgiris to Madras, also Ceylon. 18. Genus MATSYA, gen. nov. Syn. Acanthonotus, Tickell, nee Bloch & Schneider. Mouth arched, anterior; barbels absent, eyes without adipose lids. Dorsal fin rather short, commencing slightly in front of the root of the ventral, its osseous ray strong, serrated and preceded Fig. 102. Matsya arycntea. at its base by a small forwardly directed spine; anal short. Scales large, no enlarged row at base of anal fin. Lateral line complete and continued to opposite the centre of the base of the caudal. CYPUINIDJS. CYPRIXIN 1. 293 338. (1.) Matsya argentea. (Fig. 102.) Acanthonotus argenteus, Tickcll, MSS. ; Dai/, Fish. India, SUJIJM- ment, p. 807. D. 9 (1/8). P. 14. V. 8. A. 7. C. 18. L. 1. 30. Length of head as delineated 6, height of body 3J in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of the snout. Snout blunt, rather overhanging the mouth, body compressed ; profile with a considerable rise from snout to base of dorsal fin. F'uis dorsal spine strong and posteriorly serrated, caudal deeply forked, its lobes acutely pointed. A small hori/.ontal spine in front of the dorsal fin pointing forwards and scarcely prof ruding from beneath the skin. Lateral line complete. Colour brilliant silvery,- with lilac and blue shades and a tinge of olive-yellow on the back. Dorsal fin orange-scarlet, superiorly bordered with black except on the last tsvo rays, the other fins lemon-yellow. Dorsal ridge black in its upper portion. Hub. Very common in the streams of the interior of the Tenasserim district, the largest obtained being about 5 - 4 inches in length. 19. Genus BABBITS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Syn. Puntius, pt., Ham. Buch. ; Labeobarbu*, Varicorhinus, pt., Riipp. ; Systomus, pt., McClell. ; Cajweta, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Pseudubarbus, Bielz. ; Lttciobarbusi Heckel ; Clicilubarbus, sp., Smith ; Balantiocheilus, Heini- barbus, CycIuchcilicJithys, Siaja, Anematichfhys, Hypselobnrbm, Gono/irok- topterus, Gnuthopoyon, Ifampala, sp., Bleeker ; Enteromhis, sp., Cope. Mouth arched, and anterior or inferior ; jaws closely invested by the lips, which may have leathery lobes, but no horny covering *. Barbels four (Barbodes, Bleeker); or two (Capoeta, Cuv. & Val.); or none (Puntius, H. Buch.). Eyes without adipose lids. Pharyn- geal teeth 5 or 4, 3 or 4, 2 or 3/3 or 2, 3 or 4, 4 or 5. Dorsal'fin rather short, commencing nearly opposite the root of the ventral; its last undivided ray either ossified and serrated or entire, or articulated and not osseous ; anal rather short, in some species its second ray ossified, or its last undivided ray may even be serrated (B. prodozyson, Bleeker). Scales large, of moderate or small size ; anal scales not enlarged. Lateral line complete or incomplete t, when complete it is continued to opposite the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Barbus mahecola, C. V., which has two barbels, is very similar to * Barbus lithopidos is an exception. t The number of rows of scales between the lateral line and insertion of the ventral fin, in species in which the former is incomplete, is counted from the row of scales on which the lateral line would have existed had it been complete. 294 TELBOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. B.Jilameiitosus, C. V., with none. If a number of examples are examined, it will be found that in some these appendages are minute, the barbels being as a rule smallest in specimens obtained furthest from the hills. In South Oanara, the Wynaad, and base of the Nilgiris, where the barbels are large, the B. mahecola abounds ; towards Cochin and up the Coromandel coast as far as Madras that species is small or absent, and the B. filamentosus is the type. Here, undoubtedly, the question must force itself on one's notice, Are we dealing with two distinct species, or one in a state of transition? The adults of Barbus punctatus and B. pliutunio are often exactly similar, but in the immature form the first retains its original colour, not so the second. Barbus chola and B. tetrarupurjus are similar, except as to the presence of a black spot behind the opercle in the latter ; whilst Barbus ticto shows considerable variations. Great changes evidently occur in some species if they are removed to another locality : thus Barbus conchonius, which has been imported from the plains and introduced into the Naini Tal lake, is evidently losing the serrature of its dorsal spine ; in time, if this change goes on, the species will become more like B. torio than the original form. The majority of those species which constitute the subgenus Barbodes (4 barbels), provided they are soberly coloured, attain a large size ; the brilliantly coloured forms are mostly residents in clear and rapid mountain-streams or rivers contiguous to hills and are generally small. A strong dorsal spine is usually (if not invariably) a sign that the species lives in the vicinity of high mountains, up the streams of which it ascends to breed ; an exception, however, has to be made of those forms having serrated dorsal spines, and which are usually residents of waters of the plains. Considerable individual variations exist as to the comparative length and size of the dorsal spine ; as a rule it increases in strength in the adult. Species of the subgenus Capoela (2 barbels) never attain the size reached by many of the Barbodes ; some, more especially when residing in mountain-streams, have vivid colours. The species of the subgenus Puntius are mostly of small size ; a few are brilliantly coloured. Geographical Distribution. Europe, and throughout Asia and Africa. Eepresentatives of this genus exist in most, if not all, Indian and Burmese rivers and tanks, the larger species being generally termed Mahseers. Some attain an enormous size, as much as 90 Ib. and upwards ; these are more frequently residents in rivers along the bases of hills or in large rapids, but a few have a more extended range. The number of species appears to di- minish as the Malay Archipelago is approached, whilst those forms having 4 barbels and also an osseous and serrated dorsal ray increase largely in proportion to the others. 295 Syno2>sis of Indian Species. A. With four barbels. (Barbodes.) a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous and serrated. D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 44-47. Pores on snout and head. Colour uniform . . 1. D. chayunio, p. 299. D. a/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 42. Pores on snout. Colour uniform .......... 2. B. cluvatus, p. 300. D. 3-4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 32-34. Colour uniform ; in Burma the caudal has a dark inner edge ................ 3. B. sarana, p. 300. D. 4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28-30. A dark lateral blotch .................. 4. B. chrysopoma, p. 301. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 29-30. A black lateral blotch, fins orange ........ 5. B. pinnauratus, p. 301. D. 3*/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28. A black band from eye to middle of tail ........ 0. B. pleurot&nia, p. 302. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24. Serrated dorsal ray weak. Colour uniform . . 7. B. yoniosoma, p. 302. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 22. Caudal, anal, and ventrals red ..... ..... ...... 8. B. roseipiunis, p. 303. b. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous and entire. 1). 4/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 42. No pores on snout. 5 scales between I. 1. and ventral. Dorsal spine strong, nearly as long as head ................ 9. B. dubius, p. 303. D. 4/9, A. 2-3/5, L. 1. 39-41. Dorsal spine strong, a little longer than head, 3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral ........................ 10. B. micropoyon, p. 304. D. 3/7-8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 32-35. Lower lip with a continuous transverse fold. Dorsal spine strong. 3 scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral .......... 11. B. chilinoules, p. 304. D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 30-32. Lower labial fold interrupted. Dorsal spine strong. 3^ scales between 1. 1. and ventral .................. 12. B. atrnaticus, p. 305. D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 28-31. Lower labial fold interrupted. Dorsal spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout. 2| scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral .......... 13. B. hexaqonolepis, p. 305. D. 4/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 28-29. Lower labial fold interrupted. Large pores on cheeks. Dorsal spine strong, as long as head excluding the snout. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral 14. B. dukai, p. 306. D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 25-27. Dorsal spine strong, as long as the head excluding the snout. Upper jaw the longer, lips lobed. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral .......... 15. B. tor, p. 307. 296 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. D. 3-4/9, A. 2/5-6, L. 1. 25-20. Dorsal spine strong. 2| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 16. B. hexasiichus, p. 308. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-26. Lower labial fold entire. Dorsal spine of moderate strength and as long as the head excluding the snout. 2| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 17. -B. bovanicus, p. 303. D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 2-5. Dorsal spine weak, 2\ scales between 1. 1. and ventral 18. B. sophore, p. 309. D. 2/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23. Dor sal spine strong. 2| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 19. B. xtracheyi, p. 309. c. Last undivided ray articulated, or if osseous very weak. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 41. 3| scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral 20. B. curmuca, p. 310. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 38-39. 4 seal es between 1. 1. and ventral. Of a slate colour 21. B. lithopidos, p. 310. D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 31/34. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Each scale with a red mark ; dorsal and caudal fins lake colour 22. B. thomasgi, p. 311. D. 3/9, A. 3/7 23. B. spinulosus, p. 311. D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 30-32. 3i scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Upper- half of body dark; a light band from eye to tail 24. B. jmlchellus, p. 311. D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 30-32. Length of head 6 in total. 3| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 25. B. dobsoni, p. 312. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 27-28. Length of head 6 to 5 in total. 2| to 3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral .... 20. B. ferdoni, p. 312. D. 4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 26-28. 2 to 3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral .... 27. B. wynaadensis, p. 313 D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 27. 2 scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral 28. B. stevemonii, p. 313. I). 4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-26. 3| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 29. It. neilli, p. 314. D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24. 1 scales between 1. 1. and ventral 30. B. malabaricus, p. 314. D. 3/9, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24. 3 scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral 31. B. innominatus, p. 315. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 22. 3| scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral 32. B. compressus, p. 315. D. 3/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 22. 2 scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral 33. B. blythii. p. 315. D. 3/8 A. 2/5, L. 1. 20. 2 scales be- tween 1. 1. and ventral. Red, with three vertical black bands 34. B. melanampy.r, p. 316. CTPBINID.E. CYPRIflTNJE. 297 li. With two barbels. (Capoeta.) a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, serrated. D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26. 2J scales between 1. 1. and ventral 35. B. macrolepidotus, p. 316. b. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, entire. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26-28. Narrow suborbitals. 3 to 3| scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A lateral blotch, and two bands on dorsal tin 36. B. chola, p. 317. D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 25. Wide sub- orbitals. 3J scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A dark lateral blotch. ... 37. B. parrah, p. 317. D. 4/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 26. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral 38. B. bunnanicus, p. 318. D' 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 24-26. 3J scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A black spot behind gill-opening, a second near base of caudal fin; a band on dorsal fin 39. B. tetrarupayus, p. 318. D. 3-4/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24-25 2| scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A black spot at end of base of dorsal fin. 40. B. dorsalis, p. 319. c. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated, or if osseous very weak. D. 3-4/9, A. 3/5, L. 1. 40-43. 4 to 5 scales between 1. 1. and ventral 41. B. kolus, p. 319. D. 2-3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 28. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Body longitudinally banded 42. B. denisonii, p. 320. D. 2/8, A. 2/5. 3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A light band along the side ; a deep black lateral blotch . . 43. B. melatwstiyma. p. 320. D. 2/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 26. 3| scales between 1. 1. and ventral 44. B. arenatus, p. 321. D. 2/7, A. 3/5, L. 1. 24. 2\ scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A black mark along base of dorsal. A dark lateral blotch sometimes present . . 45. B. puckelli. p. 321. D. 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23-24. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A dark lateral blotch sometimes present . . 46. B. amphibius, p. 322. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23. 2| scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Body vertically banded 47. B. arulius, p. 322. D. 3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 21. 2 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A deep lateral blotch 48. B. mahecola, p. 323. C. Without barbels. (Puntius.) a. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, serrated. D. 4/8, L. 1. 36, complete. 5 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Each scale with a dark base 49. B. apoyon. p. 324. D. 3/8, L. 1. 36, incomplete. 6 scales 298 TELEOSTEI. 1'HTSOSTOMI. between 1. 1. and ventral. A black lateral blotch, another at base of anterior dorsal rays 50. B. umbassis, p. 324. D. 3/8, L. 1. 2(5, incomplete. 4| scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A black spot on side over anal tin 51. B. conchonius, p. 325. D. 3/8, L. 1. 23-26, incomplete. Two black spots, one at commencement of 1. L, another at side of tail .... 52. B. ticto, p. 325. D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 25, complete. Two black marks on lateral line 53. B. sto'iczkanus, p. 320. D. 3/8, L. 1. 23, complete. Two black apots, one below commencement of 1. 1., the other near its termination. . 54. B. punctatus, p. 326. D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 23-24, incomplete. A black band over tail, a black spot across the bases of the first six dorsal rays, and another over base of anal . 55. B. gelius, p. 327. D. 2-3/8, L. 1. 20-23, incomplete. Four vertical black bands on a brown body, and a dark one down the centre of the, dorsal fin 56. B. phutunw, p. 327. D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 1. 21, incomplete. 3 scales between 1. 1. and ventral. Two dark vertical bands. ...'.... 57. B. cumint/ii, p. 328. D. 3/8, L. 1. 20, complete. Three ver- tical black bands on body 58. B. nif/rofasciatus, p. 328. D. 2/8, L. 1. incomplete 59. B. yuyanio, p. 328. 6. Last undivided dorsal ray osseous, entire. D. 3/8, L. 1. 23-26, complete. A dark mark near posterior extremity of 1. 1., another across base of middle dorsal rays 60. B. stigma, p. 329. D. 3/8, L. L 23-25, complete. Fins black-tipped 61. B. chrysopt.erus, p. 329. D. 3/8, A. 3/5, L. 24, incomplete. 3| scales between 1. 1. and ventral. A dark mark at side of base of tail . 62. B. thennalis, p. 330. 1). 3/8, L. 1. 22-23, incomplete. A black mark on side above anal, some- times continued by a band to the caudal, a second indistinct one under posterior end of dorsal 63. B. terio, p. 330. c. Last undivided dorsal ray articulated, or if osseous very weak. D. 3/8, L. 1. 43, incomplete. A silvery band along side, a black spot at base of caudal, and two first dorsal rays black. 64. JB.punjabensis, p. 331. D. 3/8, L. 1. 24, incomplete. A black mark at base of each dorsal ray. . . . 65. B. unimaculatus, p. 331. D. 2-3/8, A. 2/5, L. 1. 23, incomplete. A lateral blotch 66. B. waa>, Can. ; Kannaku, Tel. ; Sarana, Ooriah and Beng. ; Jundoori, Punj. ; Knilali and Pitule, Marathi ; Poppree and Kuh-nah-nee, Sind. ; Sen-nee, Assam ; Nga-khon-mah-gyee and Nya-chong, Burmese. B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 32-34. L. tr. 51-6/6. Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 3] to 3| in the total length, Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in the length of head, 1 to lj diameters from the end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. No pores on the snout. Barbels the rostral pair about as long as the orbit, the maxillary pair longer, sometimes equalling li diameters of the orbit. Fins dorsal commences slightly nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin, and opposite the insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided ray osseous, strong in the adult, finely serrated posteriorly, and with its stiff portion two thirds as long as the head, the fin is one half to two thirds as high as the body, with its upper edge concave. Lateral line complete, from 3| to 4 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin : 10 to 11 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, darkest superiorly, opercles shot with gold ; the young have occasionally a dull blotch on the lateral line before the base of the caudal fin. CYPRTNIDvE. CYPBININ^. 301 Mostly some dark spots behind the opercle. When the fish is fresh there are sometimes horizontal bands along the rows of scales in the upper half of the body. Fins whitish or yellowish white, and externally stained with grey. Hob. Sind and the Punjab, throughout India, Assam, and Burma, in which latter country the caudal tin has sometimes a black upper and lower edge and a dark mark at the base of each scale. This fish attains at least a foot in length. 342. (4.) Barbus chrysopoma. Barbus chrysoporaa, Cuv. $ Veil. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 165, pi. 466 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 561 (see synon.). Munduttee, Mai. ; Pungela, Tamil. B.iii. 1). 12(4/8). P. 17. V.9. A. 8 (3/5). C.19. L.I. 28-30. L. tr. 6/6. Length of head 4^ to 5, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 3| in the length of the head (in a specimen 2-6 inches in length the eve is at least 2^ in the length of the head), 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1 to lj apart. Barbels the rostral very thin, not so long as the eye ; the maxillary as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal commences midway between the front edge of the eye and the base of the caudal fin and opposite the insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided ray osseous, of moderate strength, finely serrated posteriorly, and with its stiff portion as long as the head excluding the snout; the height of the fin is two thirds to three fourths that of the body below it, the upper edge concave. Lateral line complete, and a little more concave than in the next species, whilst it is sometimes sinuous in the last part of its course ; 4 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 12 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour dark silvery, lightest beneath, opercles shot with purple and gold. A dark vertical band behind the opercles and a dull spot on the lateral line just anterior to the base of the caudal fin. Upper and lower margins of the caudal greyish ; the other fins golden. The eyes in this species are larger than in B. sarana, and not so far apart. Hob. Eresh waters along the coasts of India from Cutch to Bengal, also the Deccan, Mysore, and Madras. I have likewise received this species from Darjeeling. 343. (5.) Barbus pinnauratus. Puntius pinnauratus, Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 209, pi. xv, tig. 2. Barbus pinnauratus, Day, Fish. India, p. 561, pi. cxxxix, tig. 3 (fee synon.). B.iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 17. V.8. A. 7 (2/5). C.19. L.I. 29-30. L.tr. 5|-6/6. Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 3^ to 3| in the total 302 TELEOSTEI. PHT8O8TOMI. length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, nearly or quite 1 diameter from the end of snout, and \\ to If apart. Body compressed. Barbels the maxillary pair are one half longer than the orbit, the rostral pair a little shorter. Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the insertion of the ventral, and two thirds as high as the body, having its upper edge concave, its last undi- vided ray osseous (weak in the young, but strengthening with age), as long as the head excluding the snout, and posteriorly serrated. Lateral line complete, 3| or 4 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery along the back and upper half of the body, becoming white shot with gold beneath ; most of the scales with black bases. A dark band behind the opercles and a black blotch on the lateral line, commencing about the twenty-fourth scale. Opercles and fins orange, caudal with a black superior and inferior edge. Hob. From fresh waters at Cocanada down the East coast of India to Ceylon, and inland as far as the Nilgiris, also along the "Western ghats and rivers at their bases. The largest example obtained was 10| inches in length. 344. (6.) Barbus pleurotaenia. Puntius (Barbodes) pleurotaenia, Bleeker, Cubit, et Cyjn-. Ceylon, in Haarlem, Nat. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. xx, 18C4, p. 13, t. 3, fig. 2. Barbus pleurotaenia, Day, Fish. India, p. 562 (see synon.). B.iii. D.I 1(3/8). P. 14. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 27-29. L. tr. 5/4|. Length of head about 5|, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter two sevenths of length of head, 1 to 1| diameters from end of snout, and slightly more apart. Barbels both pairs somewhat longer than the orbit. Fins dorsal commences over the ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal ; its last undivided ray is osseous, very strong, ser- rated posteriorly, and as long as the head, the upper margin of the fin concave ; caudal forked. Lateral line complete, 2^ rows of scales between it and the root of the ventral ; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour a black band extends from the eye to the ter- mination of the central caudal rays. Hub. Ceylon. 345. (7.) Barbus goniosoma. Puntius (Barbodes) goniosoma, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. iii, p. 105, t. 31, fig. 1. Barbus gcniosoma, Day, Fish. India, p. 502, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24. L. tr. 4|/4|. Length of head about 5, height of body 3| in the total length. 303 Eyes diameter two sevenths of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Body elevated to the base of dorsal fin, whilst it is strongly compressed. Eostral barbels extend to below the middle of the eye ; maxillai-y to opposite the posterior margin of the orbit. Fins origin of dorsal slightly posterior to the insertion of the ventrals ; dorsal spine osseous, strong, as long as the head without the snout, and finely serrated posteriorly in its whole extent ; the fin is one half as high as the body. Caudal forked, the lower lobe the longer. Scales 2| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal. Colour silvery, fins orange. Hob. Mergui to Sumatra, growing to 6 inches in length. 346. (8.) Barbus roseipinnis. Barbus roseipinnis, Cuv. $ Vol. If. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 169 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 562 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). A. 7(2/5). C. 20. L. 1. 22. Dorsal profile elevated. Eyes large. Barbels four, thin and long. Fins dorsal with its last undivided ray osseous, of moderate strength and serrated. Colour silvery ; ventral, anal, and caudal fins reddish, the lower border of the last tinged with black. Hob. Pondicherry, whence M. Belanger brought specimens 4| inches in length. 347. (9.) Barbus dubius. Puntius (Barbodes) dubius, Day, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 291. Barbus dubius, Day, Fish. India, p. 662, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Collee-anngean candee, Tarn. B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). L. 1. 42-45. L. tr. 9/8. Length of head 5|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, lj diameters apart, and also from end of snout. Barbels rather short, the rostral pair being about equal to half the diameter of the orbit, whilst the maxillary are a little longer. Snout somewhat elevated. Fitis doi'sal spine osseous, smooth, and strong ; it is nearly as long as the head, the fin com- mences somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the caudal, and a little in advance of the insertion of the ventral. Lateral line complete, 4| to 5 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 14 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour uniform silvery, with the bases of the scales darkest. Hal). Bhavani river at the foot of the Nilgiris. 304 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. 348. (10.) Barbus micropogon. Barbus micropogon, Guv. fy Vol. If. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 188 ; Day Fish, India, p. 668, pi. cxxxvi, fig. 3, and pi. cxxxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Coatee candee, Tamil. B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 10. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 39-41. L. tr. 6-7/7. Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length. Eyes in the middle of the length of the head, diameter 3| to 4| in length of head, 1| diameters apart and also from end of snout. Snout conically pointed, and adults have pores on the preorbital, and even all across the snout. Cleft of mouth extend- ing about half the distance to below the anterior margin of the orbit. Barbels the rostral extend to below the anterior third of the orbit, the maxillary to below its posterior margin. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal com- mences slightly before insertion of ventrals, and midway between end of the snout and base of caudal fin ; its osseous ray is strong, smooth, and somewhat compressed, the stiff portion being slightly longer than the head. Pectoral three fourths as long as the head. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, but becomes lost in old specimens ; 3 to 3| rows of scales between it and the ventral fin; 15 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour cheeks golden, body with a greenish tinge superiorly, becoming white tinged with gold below the lateral line, the base of each scale somewhat the darkest. Fins darkest along their centres. Hob. Rivers around the base of the Nilgiris, and "Wynaad and South Canara range of hills, also Mysore, attaining a large size. Some were introduced by myself into the Ootacamund lake. The example figured in ' The Fishes of India,' on plate cxxxvi (7'5 inches in length), was from the Wynaad ; the specimen on plate cxxxviii (life size) was from the Bhavani. 349. (11.) Barbus cMlinoides. Barbus cheilynoides, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. 2, 2nd. Cyp. pp. 271, 340, pi. 57, fig. 5. Barbua chilinoides, Day, Fish, India, p. 503, pi. cxxxix, fig. 5 (see synon.). Chit-rah-too, Punj. B. iii. D. 10-11 (3/7-8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 32-35. L. tr. 5|/6. Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of head, 1 1 diameters from end of snout, and 2 diameters apart. The snout overhangs the mouth. Some examples have a depression across the snout; numerous fine glands over the cheeks and opercles ; lips moderately thick, the lower without a lobe, but with a continuous transverse fold. CYPBINID^E. CYPBININ^E. 305 the rostral and maxillary pairs of about the same length, equal to 1| diameters of the orb't. Fins dorsal commences about midway between end of snout and base of caudal fin ; its last un- divided ray is osseous, very strong, entire, the stiff portion being about three fifths of the length of the head. Anal laid flat reaches the base of the caudal, which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete; there are 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the caudal fin. Colour golden above, becoming silvery beneath, the margins of the scales with numerous fine black dots ; a black mark behind the opercle. Fins reddish. Hah. Himalayas, as far to the east as Assam ; also found in the Granges. This fish attains 21 feet in length. > 350. '(12.) Barbus carnations. Barbus carnaticus, Jerdon, Mad. Jdur. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 311 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 503, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Poaree candee, Saal candee, Shellee, Tamil; Giddi-kaoK, Hind.; Gid- pakke, Can. B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 32. L. tr. 5/6. Length of head 5|, height of body 3 to 4 in total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4 in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and ! to 2 apart. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed, curved, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Barbels thin, both pairs shorter than the eye. Fins the dorsal three fourths as high as the body, with a concave upper edge ; it commences in front of the insertion of the ventral, and midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided ray is a strong, broad, smooth spine, nearly as long as the head in the immature, and sometimes longer in the adult, especially in specimens from Canara. Pectoral as long as the head or rather longer. Anal laid flat reaches the caudal. Lateral line com- plete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour greenish brown along the back, becoming dull white glossed with gold on the sides and beneath. Fins greyish. Eyes golden. Hab. llivers aloiig the bases of the Nilgiris, Wynaad, and South Canara hills, attaining at least 25 Ibs. in weight. Some have been introduced into the Ootacamund lake. 351. (13.) Barbus hexagonolepis. Bnrbus hexagonolepis, McClelland, As. Res. xix, pt. "2, Ind. Cyp. pp. 270, 336, pi. 41, fig. 3; Day, Fish. India, p. f>G4, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Bokar and Boolooah, Assam. B.iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 28-31. L. tr. 4/4|. x 306 TELEOSTET. P1IYSOSTOMT. Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in the length of the head, 1| to 2 diameters from the end of the snout, and 2^ apart. Lower labial fold interrupted. Sometimes pores on the "cheeks. Barbels the maxillary reach nearly to below the hind edge of the preopercle, the rostral are shorter. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body, it commences somewhat in front of the insertion of the ventral; its last undivided ray is strong, osseous, smooth, with its stiff portion as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, and not reaching the ventral. Anal laid flat does not extend to the base of the caudal, which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2L rows of scales between it and the ventral; 10 to 31 rows before the dorsal. Ex- posed portion of scales somewhat hexagonal. Colour deep bluish grey, fins darker. Hab. Assam in the larger rivers, and in those from the Hima- layas. This fish attains upwards of 2 feet in length, and takes a fly or bait freely. McClelland considered Cyprinus putitora. Ham. Buch., a variety of this species; it is said to attain 9 feet in length. 352. (14.) Barbus dukai. Barbus dukai, Day, Fish. India, p. 5G4, pi. cxliii, fig. 3. B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 28-29. L. tr. 4/4. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from the end of snout and lg apart. Sides of snoufc and area below the eye with large open tubercles. Barbels the rostral pair are slightly longer than the orbit, the maxillary almost reach the angle of the preopercle. Fins the dorsal commences a little in advance of the insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided ray is strong, osseous, with its stiff portion as long as the head ex- cluding the snout ; the fin is three fourths as high as the body below it, having its upper edge very concave. Lateral line com- plete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. The scales covered with numerous horizontal striae. Colmr of a leaden tinge along the upper por- tion of the body, becoming dull white shot with gold on the sides and beneath, edges of scales darkest. Fins yellow, with a dark band having a lighter outer edge along the upper and lower edge of the caudal fin. Hab. Teesta river, Darjeeling, whence Dr. Duka sent me several examples. CYPRINID.il. CTPEININ-I!. 3.07 353. (15.) Barbus tor. (Fig. 104.) Cyprinus tor, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, p. 305. Barbus tor, Day, Fish. India, p. 564 ; pi. cxxxvi, fig. 5, and pi. cxl, fig. 1 (see synon.). Burapatra, Assam ; Poo-meen-candee, Tarn. ; Naharm, Hind. ; Kukhiah, Pun.].; Joon-gah, Petiah, and Eurreah, Sind; Khadchi and Mdsta, Ma- rathi ; Cooriah, Layl-cooriah or Leld, Ceylon. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 19. V. 9. A. 7-8 (2-3/5). L. 1. 25-27. L. tr. 4/4. Length of head 4 to 5, height of body 4 3 to 5| in tbe total length. Eyes diameter 6| to 7| in the length of the head in moderately sized specimens, but much larger in the young (in specimens 3-5 inches long being 3^ in the length of the head ; in those 5 inches long 4|), 2 to 2| diameters from the end of snout, and 2 apart. Lips thick, with an uninterrupted fold across the lower jaw, and with both the upper and lower lips in some spe- cimens produced in the mesial line. Barbels the maxillary pair Fig. 104. Barbus tor. longer than the rostral, and extending to below the last third of the eye. Fins the dorsal arises opposite the ventral, and is three fourths as high as the body; its last undivided ray is smooth, osseous, strong, and of varying length and thickness. Himalayan, Bengal, and Central Indian specimens generally have the spine strong, and from one half to two thirds the length of the head, it rarely exceeds this extent. In Canara, Malabar, and Southern India, where the lips are largely developed, the spine is very much stronger and as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout ; it reaches the ventral, which is little shorter. Anal laid flat does not reach the base of the caudal, which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the dorsal. Colour silvery or greenish along the upper half of the body, becoming silvery shot with gold on the sides and beneath. Lower fins reddish ellow. 308 TELEOSTEI. P1IYS08TOMI. This fish is the celebrated " Maha seer " (or Mahseer) of sportsmen in India. The various large barbels in Assam are termed "Petiah," with a specific name prefixed to denote the species alluded to. llab. Generally throughout India, but found of the largest size and iu the greatest abundance in mountain-streams or those which are rocky ; also found in Ceylon. 354. (16.) Barbus hexastichus. Barbus hexasticlius, McClelland, A*. Res. xix, pt. 2; Inil. Cyp. pp. 209, 333, pi. 39, tig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 505, pi. cxxxvi, tig. 4 (see synon.). Lobura, Assam. B. iii. D. ] 2-13 (3- 4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 4/5. Length of head 5 to 6, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter one fifth of length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, 2 diameters apart. Lips moderately thick, the lower one without or with a badly developed lobe, but having a shallow and continuous transverse fold. Sometimes pores on the cheeks. Barbels longer than the eye. Fins dorsal fin with its osseous ray strong, smooth, and from half as long as the head to as long as the head without the snout, it commences somewhat nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, the latter being deeply forked, with the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout. Lateral line complete, 2 to 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour brownish, tinged with green along the upper edge of the body, becoming dull white shot with yellow on the sides and below ; caudal and anal reddish. The fry have a black spot before the base of the caudal fin. Hob. Eivers on and around Himalayas, Kashmir, Sikhim, and Assam ; growing to 3 feet in length. Specimens from the plains appear to have the head comparatively longer than those from the hills. 355. (17.) Barbus bovanicus. Barbus bovanicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 1 . B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 4^/4^. Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 to 1| diameters from the end of snout, and If apart. Dorsal profile somewhat more convex than that of the abdomen. Lower labial fold in the adult complete, with a moderately developed median lobe, which is not apparent in the young. Barbels rostral pair extend to beneath the first third of the eye, the maxillary pair to the posterior edge of the preopercle. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the CYPHINIDJ:. CYPHININ^. 309 body, with a concave upper edge, it commences in front of the ventrals ; its last undivided ray is osseous, of moderate strength, its stiff portion being as long as the head excluding the snout. Pectoral as long as the head posterior to the nostrils and longer than the ventral. Anal laid flat reaches the caudal. Lateral line complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour greenish, with a golden tinge, darkest along the back. Hob. Bhavaui (Bowany) river, at base of Nilgiri hills in Madras. The largest specimen obtained was 5 inches in length. 356. (18.) Barbus sophore. Cyprinus sophore, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 310, 389 (part), '(pi. 19, fig. 86 is not the same species). Barbus sophore, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxliii, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. iii D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). L. 1. 25. L. tr. 3i/4|. Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes 3 to 3| in the length of the head, nearly 1 diameter from end of snout, and also apart. Barbels long and thin, the maxillary pair one half longer than the eye ; the rostral pair slightly shorter. Fins dorsal ray weak, osseous, entire, and as long as the head without the snout ; the fin arises slightly before the ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal. Lateral line complete, 2| rows between it and the base of the ventral; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Scales with numerous longitudinal striae. Colour silvery, with a lateral blotch. Hab. Assam and Khasi hills. 357. (19.) Barbus stracheyi. Barbus (Barbodes) stracheyi, Day, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 307. Barbus stracheyi, Day, Fish. India, p. 566, pi. cxxxix, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (2/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. L.I. 23. L. tr.3i/5. Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, 2| diameters apart. Mouth without enlarged lips : lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels long, the rostral pair reaching to below the centre of the orbit, and the maxillary pair to beneath its posterior margin. Fins dorsal osseous ray strong, smooth, and as long as the head without the snout, the fin commences mid- wav between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fins. Colour uniform silvery. //<(!>. Akyab and Moulmein. 310 TELEOSTEI. 1'llYSOSTOMI. 358. (20.) Barbus curmuca. Cyprinus curmuca, Buchanan's Journey in Mysore, iii,p. 344, pi. xxx. Barbus curmuca, Day, Fish. India, -p. 500, pi. cxli, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 16. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 18. L.I. 41. L. tr. 8/7. Length of head 5, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of the head, 1^ diameters from the end of the snout, and also apart. Snout conical, head compressed, interorbital space transversely concave. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. In adults there is a band of open pores from the preorbital along the cheek. Barbels two maxillary pairs, the lower as long as the eye, the upper half as long. Fins dorsal as high as the body, its upper edge concave, it arises in front of the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray weak and articulated. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes pointed. Colour silvery, lightest on the sides and beneath ; tips of the caudal blackish. In the young the middle third of the caudal is orange, and it is tipped with black. Hab. Western Ghats of India; attaining to at least 4 feet in length. 359. (21.) Barbus lithopidos. Barbus (Barbodes) lithopidos, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 708. Barbus lithopidos, Day, Fish. India, p. 507, pi. cxxxviii, fijr. Kuri meen, Canarese. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 38-39. L. tr. 7/7. Length of head 5| to 65, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes 3| to 4| diameters in length of head, 1 to 1| diameters from end of snout, and lg apart. Body compressed, dorsal and abdominal profiles equally and moderately convex. Lower labial fold interrupted ; a thin cartilaginous covering internally to either jaw. Large examples have pores on the preorbital. Barbels both pairs thin, and about as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal high in front, equalling the height of the body, its upper edge concave, its origin anterior to the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray weak and articulated. Pectoral and ventral of equal length, and as long as the head. Caudal very deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 4 rows of scales between it and base of ventral fin ; 14 rows before the dorsal. Free portion of the tail as high at its base as it is long. Colour slaty, as are the fins, having their outer rays whitish. Pectoral yellowish, tail greenish. Adults are more yellow, with a grey band behind the opercle, and some of the scales scarlet. Hab. South Canara, where it is not uncommon in the rivers, and attains 2 feet in length. CYPRINIDJE. CYPKININ/E. 311 360. (22.) Barbus thomassi. Barbus (Barbodes) thomassi, Day, P. Z. S.1873, p. 707. Barbus thomassi, Day, Fish. India, p. 567, pi. cxxxvii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Kem-pu-per-ru-wid, Canarese (Red Mahaseer). B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 17. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 31-34. L. tr. 6/6. Length of head 5| to 6|, height of body 4 to 4^ in the total length. Eyes high up, diameter 3^ to 4 in length of head, 1^ diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Dorsal profile about equally convex with that of the abdomen. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels thin, the maxillary not so long as the eye, the rostral pair shorter. Fins dorsal high anteriorly, equalling the height of the body ; its origin is anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; its upper edge very concave, and its last undivided ray weak and articulated. Pectoral and ventral of equal length, and four fifths as long as the head ; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer. Lateral line complete, 2i rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the dorsal. Colour silvery along the back, each scale with a red lunule ; dorsal and caudal fins lake-colour, the last being usually edged with black. Ventral and anal also lake-colour, stained with greyish-black. Most of the scales with a dark base. Hob. South Canara; attaining at least 3 feet in length. 361. (23.) Barbus spinulosus. Barbus spimilosus, McClelland, Cal Journ. N. H. v, p. 280, pi. 21, fig. 3 j Day, Fish. India, p. 567 (see synon.). B.iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 10 (3/7). C. 19. L. 1. 32. Length of head 5, height of body 41 in the total length. Back a little elevated. Eyes before the middle of the length of the head. Dorsal profile but slightly arched. Snout short. Fins dorsal without osseous ray, commencing midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal. Colour greenish above, white below ; fins pale. Nab. Sikhim, w : hence a single specimen, 7 inches long, was obtained by McClelland. 362. (24.) Barbus pulchellus. Barbus (Barbodes) pulchellus, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 372. Barbus pulchellus, Day. Fish. India, p. 5C8, pi. cxl, fig. 3 (see synon.). Khatladi, Canarese ; Tulu, Mai. ; Ehudia, Marathi. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 30-32. L. tr. 5-fi -V,. Length of head 6 to 6-1, height of body 4 to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1| diameters from the end of the snout, and 1 j apait. Pores on the snout. Barbels four, the maxillary pair being the longest, equalling one third of 312 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. the length of the head. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal arises slightly before the ventral; its upper border is concave, it is two thirds the height of the body, having its last undivided ray weak, smooth, and articulated. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 3^ rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. Colour all the scales above a line going direct from the eye to centre of the caudal fin are deep grey, with dark bases ; below all are silvery grey ; fins with dark edges. Hob. South Canara, frequenting the inland streams, attaining at least 174r inches in length. 363. (25.) Barbus dobsoni. Barbus (Barbodes) dobsoni, Day, Jour. L. S., Zool. xii, 1876, p. 574. Barbus dobsoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 5C8, pi. cxxxix, fig. 6. B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 14. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 30-32. L. tr. 5$-6/5|. Length of head 6, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3j in the length of the head, nearly 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Snout a little obtuse. Mouth narrow. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels thin, the maxillary as long as the eye, the rostral somewhat shorter. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked and pointed, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences somewhat in advance of the insertion of the ventral ; it is about two thirds as high as the body, its last un- divided ray articulated and smooth. Pectoral as long as the head. Lateral line complete, 3 rows of scales between it and the ventral fin ; 12 rows anterior to the dorsal. Colour bluish above, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; fins edged with grey, upper corner of dorsal and ends of caudal blackish. ffab. Deccan. 364. (26.) Barbus jerdoni. Barbus (Barbodes) jerdoni, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 372. Barbus jerdoni, Day, Fish. India, p. 508, pi. cxxxvSii, fig. 5. Say-meen, Can. ; Cha-meen, Tel. ; Ta-mecn, Mai. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 27-28. L. tr. 6/4. Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 31 in length of head, 1 to 11 diameters from end of snout, and H apart. A considerable rise to the com- mencement of the dorsal fin. Mouth narrow. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels thin, the maxillary as long as the orbit, the rostral slightly shorter. Fins last undivided dorsal ray arti- culated, weak and not enlarged ; the fin, which is four fifths as high as the body below it, commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal. Pectoral as long as the head and nearly reaching the ventral, which is of the same length. CYPBINIDjE. CYPRININJE. 313 Anal laid flat reaches somewhat beyond the root of the caudal fin, which is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, rather concave : 2- to 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral ; 12 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery; the fins have an orange tint, tipped with black. Hab. Rivers in Canara below the Ghats, attaining at least 18 inches in length. 365. (27.) Barbus wynaadensis. Barbns (Barbodes) wynaadensis, Day, Jour. L. S., Zool. xi, 1873, p. 528. Barbus wynaadensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 568, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 3, and pi. cxxxix, fig. 2. B. iii. D. 13 (4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.'l. 26-28. L. tr. 4/6. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1 to 2 diameters from end of snout, and 1| apart. Snout conical. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels the maxillary pair as long as the orbit or longer, the rostral one fourth shorter. Fins the dorsal two thirds as high as the body, its origin a little anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; its last undivided ray weak, osseous, with an articulated extremity. Lateral line complete, 2^ to 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin : 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour leaden silvery along the back, with a dark band running from behind the eye to the middle of the base of the caudal fin, where it sometimes ends in a round black blotch. Abdomen of a Jight orange colour. Fins stained with grey at their edges. Hab. Vithry in the Wynaad, where it is common in the larger streams, attaining at least 8 inches in length. 366. (28.) Barbus stevensonii. Barbus (Barbodes) stevensonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 100. Barbus stevensonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 569, pi. cxxxv, fig. 6. B. iii. D. 12(3/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 27. L. tr. 4|/5. Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length. Kyes diameter t\vo sevenths of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout and apart. Body elongated and compressed. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels the maxillary extend to below the posterior extremity of the orbit; the rostral are shorter. Fins dorsal with a smooth, weak, osseous ray, as long as the head excluding the snout ; its height is rather less than that of the body, and it arises slightly in advance of the ventrals. Lateral i; n , complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin, and 9 before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, upper por- tion of body darker ; numerous black specks along the side ; a black spot at the base of the caudal, and a dark band along the dorsal fin. J/ab. Hills near Akyab. 314 TELE08TEI. PH Vs-OSTOM 1. 367. (29.) Barbns neUli. Barbus neilli, Day, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 581; and Fis/t. India, p. .1<5!>, pi. cxl, fig. 4 (see synon.). B.iii. D.13(4/9). P. 15. V.10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 4i/4. Length o head 4| to 5, height of body 3 to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1 diameters from end of snout and also apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally convex. Snout conical. Lower labial fold con- tinuous. Barbels the rostral pair reach the front edge of the eye, the maxillary pair equal 1| diameters of the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, curved, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins origin of dorsal anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; the fin is two thirds as high as the body, its upper edge concave, its last undivided ray osseous, entire, and very weak. Pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout, and longer than the ventral. Anal laid flat reaches the base of the caudal, which is forked. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the ventral fin ; 9 rows anterior to the dorsal. Colour silvery above the lateral line, with a tinge of yellow below it. .Fins with a bluish tinge in some specimens, reddish in others. The young have a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin. Eyes golden. Hub. Kurnool on the Tungabhadra river. The largest specimen seen by myself was 38 Ibs. in weight, but this species is said to attain to 50 or 60 Ibs. 368. (30.) Barbns malabaricus. Barbus malabaricus, Jerdon, Mad, Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. .'!!:>: Day, fish. India, p. 569, pi. cxxxviii, fig. 6. B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 17. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 24. L. tr. 4/4. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 4f in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles about equally and moderately convex : lower labial fold complete, and with a median lobe. Barbels the maxillary pair reach to below hind edge of eye; the rostral pair are shorter. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body : its origin is anterior to the insertion of the ventral ; its upper edge concave, its last undivided ray osseous, weak, with its bony portion equalling the postorbital length of the head. Lateral line complete, 1| rows of scales between it and the ventral fin ; 9 rows anterior to the dorsal. Colour bluish, becoming white on the abdomen. Fins usually blue. Eyes red. Sometimes the fish is brown ; and the dorsal, pectoral, and ventral red ; or the front edge of the dorsal and anal and upper and lower borders of the caudal may be dark. Hab. From South Cauara down the Western Ghats to the Travancore hills ; attaining at least 18 inches in length. CYI'HIMD-E. CYPRINlNjE. 315 369. (31.) Barbus innominatus. Barbus (Barbodes) innominatus, Dai/, P. Z. S. 18C9, p. 556. Barbus innominatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 570 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. L. 1. 24. L. tr. 4|/4i. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout and also apart. Barbels the rostral nearly reach the orbit, the maxillary pair are shorter. Fins dorsal commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal ; its last undivided ray osseous, weak, and entire. Caudal forked. Scales 3 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin. Colour a black spot at the base of the caudal fin ; none now apparent on the dorsal. Hub. ,Ceylon, whence Mr. Blyth received specimens up to I'l inches in length. 370. (32.) Barbus compressus. Barbus (Barbodes) compressus, Dai/, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 555. Barbus compressus, Day, Fish. Indiaf'p. 570. B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 17. L. 1. 22. L. tr. 4/5. Length of head 5, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter two ninths of length of head, 1 diameters from end of snout, and also apart. Head much compressed : the whole of the cheeks covered with pores. Barbels the rostral reaches to beneath the centre of the orbit, the maxillary to the angle of the propercle. Fins dorsal half as high as the body ; it arises midway between the snout and the base of the caudal, commencing slightly in advance of the ventrals ; its last undivided ray is osseous, not enlarged, and entire. Upper caudal lobe the longer. Lateral line complete, 3|- rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, fins stained darker. Hob. The native country of the type specimen is uncertain, but the fish was found in a bottle in the Calcutta Museum with an Oreinus labelled as from Kashmir. 371. (33.) Barbus blythii. Barbus (Barbodes) blythii, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. .V,.->. Barbus blythii, Day, "Fish. India, p. 570 (see syuon.). B. iii. D. 12 (3/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 17. L. 1. 22. L. tr. 4/5. Length of head 4, height of body 3i in the total length. Eyes diameter two fifths of length of head, three fourths of a diameter from the end of snout, and also apart. Preorbital covered with pores. Barbek well developed, the rostral reaching the eye, and the maxillary to below the centre of the orbit. 316 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. Fins dorsal arises midway between the snout and the base of the caudal, its last undivided ray articulated : it commences slightly in advance of the ventrals. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2i rows between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour uniform silvery in spirit. Hob. Tenasserim provinces. Specimen 2 inches long. 372. (34.) Barbus melanampyx. Labeo melanampyx, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 298. Barbus melanampyx, Day, Fish. India, p. 570, pi. cxxxix, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 15. V.8. A. 7 (2/5). C. 15. L.I. 20. L. tr. 3|/3|. Length of head 4|, height of body 3 to 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, from | to 1 diam- eter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Numerous pores on the snout. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels rostral short, the maxillary equal in length to one diameter of the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, in three rows, curved, sharp, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Pirn dorsal scarcely higher than long, no osseous ray; it commences midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, which latter is deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 7 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour of a deep dull red, with three black cross bands, the first from below the whole of the base of the dorsal to just beneath the lateral line, the second commences four scales beyond the posterior extremity of the base of the dorsal and descends to one scale below the lateral line, whilst the last is just before the base of the caudal and often wanting. Fins pinkish, edged with black. Hob. The "Wynaad, Nilgiri and Travancore ranges of hills and streams along their bases ; also the Cauvery river. This fish rarely attains 3 inches in length. B. With two barbels (Gapoeta). 373. (35.) Barbus macrolepidotus. Capoeta macrolepidota, Cuv. 8f Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 280, pi. 477. Barbus macrolepidotus, Day, Fish. India, p. 571, pi. cxlii, fig. 1 (see synou.). B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7(2/5). C. 19. L.I. 26. L. tr. 5/5. Length of head 4|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5^ in length of head, 1| diameters from end of snout and also apart. Snout pointed, without pores ; head com- pressed. Barbels the maxillary as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal commences slightly nearer the snout than the base of the caudal, and opposite the insertion of the ventrals, its last undivided CYPJUNIDJE. CYPBININjE. 317 ray is weak (scarcely osseous), and finely serrated in nearly its whole extent. Caudal deeply forked. Scales 2| rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin ; 1.0 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, lightest on the sides and below ; fins orange, anterior edge of the dorsal and outer margins of the caudal black. A badly developed darkish baud from the dorsal to the ventral fin. Hab. Tavoy to the Malay Peninsula. 374. (36.) Barbus chola. Cyprinus chola, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 312, 389. Barbus chola, Day, Fish. India, p. 571, pi. cxlii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Koroon, Tain. ; Kerrundi, Beng. ; Nya-khon-ma and Nya-loivah, Burmese ; Pittha-kerrundi, " bitter carp," Ooriah ; Chadda paddaka, Tel. ; Katcha karawa, Hind. B. lii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 26-28. L. tr. 5J/5. Length of head 4| to 4f, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, | to 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Suborbital ring of bones narrow, their depth not being one third of that of the uncovered portion of the cheek. Barbels a single maxillary pair not so long as one diameter of the orbit. Fins dorsal three fifths as high as the body, it commences opposite the ventrals and midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, its last undivided ray is osseous and smooth, with the stiff portion moderately strong and as long as the bead excluding the snout. Lateral line complete, from 3 to 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 to 12 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, opercles shot with purple and gold. A dark blotch is usually present on the side of the free portion of the tail from the 23rd to the 25th scales of: the lateral line; in some Malabar examples this blotch is intensely black. A dark mark along the base of the anterior dorsal ray, and a row of dark spots along its centre. Occasionally there is a dark mark behind the gill-opening, especially in Bengal and Assam examples. Hab. From Malabar and the Wynaad, through Madras, Orissa, the Punjab, Bengal, and Gaugetic Provinces, the Central Provinces, Assam, also Akyab and Burma to Mergui. This fish grows to about 5 inches in length. As food it is bitter ; in some localities in Burma oil is obtained from it during the breeding- season. 375. (37.) Barbus parrah. Puntius parrah, Day, P. Z. S. 18Go, p. 301. Bavbus parrah, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxlii, fig. 3 (see synoii.). Parrah perlee, Mai. ; Kutcha karawa, Hind. B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8(3/5). C. J9. L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 5/5. Length of head 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. 318 TELEOSTEI . PH YSOSTOM T . Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of the head, | to 1 diameter from end of snout, 1 \ diameters apart. The third suborbital bone two thirds as deep as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it. Barbels fine, and equal to two thirds of the length of the orbit. Fins dorsal commences midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided ray is osseous, weak in the young but strengthening with age, and as long as the head without the snout ; height of fin two thirds of that of the bodv. Lateral line complete, 3^ rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 8 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour back greenish, divided from the silvery abdomen bv a dark bluish line. Cheeks golden red. Pectoral, ventral, and anal tinged with yellow ; dorsal and caudal dusky. A diffused black spot on the lateral line extending from the twentieth to the twenty-second scales. Eyes golden. Nab. Malabar, Mysore, and Madras ; attaining at least 6 inches iu length. 376. (38.) Barbus burmanicus. Barb us burmanicus, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxli, fig. 4. B. iii. D. 12(4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 17. L.I. 26. L. tr. 4/4. Length of head 41 to 5, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3-j to 3^- in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the end of snout, and 1| apart. A considerable rise from the snout to the base of the dorsal tin. Snout pointed. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels a very short maxillary pair. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body, it commences opposite the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray is osseous, strong, entire, and about as long as the head. Scales 2 rows between lateral line and base of ventral fin; 10 rows before dorsal fin. Colour silvery along the back, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath ; a dull blotch before the base of the caudal fin. Fins silvery, with a dull band down the centre of the dorsal. Hob. Burma. 377. (39.) Barbus tetrarupagus. Systoinus tetrarupagus, McCkll. As. Res. xix, pt. 2; Ind. Cyp. pp. 285, 381, pi. 44, tig. 3. Barbus tetrarupagus, Day, Fish. India, p. 572, pi. cxlii, fig. 6 (see synon.). Tit -pungti, Bengali ; Borajalee, Assamese ; Pet-toh-ee, Sind. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 17. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 5-51/5. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter f of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and lj apart. Dorsal profile considerably elevated. Barbels a maxillary pair, thin, and equal to two thirds of the CYPRTNJD.*:. CYPRINIX.T:. 319 length of the orbit. Fins dorsal two thirds as high as the body, it commences opposite the insertion of the ventral ; osseous dorsal ray of moderate strength, and the stiff portion as long as the head excluding the snout. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral; 8 to 10 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour a round black spot on the lateral line behind the gill-openings, and a second midway between end of anal and base of caudal tin, and rather more forward than in B. chola, being on the 18th to 20th scales of the lateral line. Dorsal and anal tipped with black, sometimes the upper half of the former stained darkish, and a black band along its centre, most distinct anteriorly, and more so in Assam than in Bengal specimens. Ifab. Orissa, Bengal, Assam, N.W. Provinces, Punjab and Sind, also the Deccan ; attaining nearly 5 inches in length. 378. (40.) Barbus dorsalis. Systomus dorsalis, Jet-don, Mad. Jour. L. Sc. xv, 1849, p. 314. Barbus dorsalis, l)ay, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxlii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Lambi kaoli, Ilin. ; Saal candee, Tarn. ; Mar-paJcke, Can. B. iii. D. 11-12 (3-4/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-25. L. tr. 4|/4. Length of head 4|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to4| in length of head, from 1| to H diameters from end of snout, 1| diameters apart. Third suborbital bone as wide as the cheek below it. Snout pointed. Lower labial fold interrupted. Barbels a maxillary pair two thirds as long as the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal commences rather in front of ventral, and nearly midway between the end of the snout and base of the caudal fin ; its last undivided ray is osseous, smooth, moderately strong, and the stiff portion of the ray as long as, or a little longer than, the head without the snout. Caudal forked. Lateral line complete. Scales 8 or 9 rows between occiput and base of dorsal fin ; 2| rows between lateral line and base of ventrals. Colour uniform silvery, frequently the scales iu the upper two thirds of the body with dark bases. A black spot at the posterior portion of the base of the dorsal, which dis- appears more or less in spirit. Nab. Kurnool, Mysore, throughout Madras as low as the Cauvery and Coleroon rivers, and Ceylon. This species does not attain a large size. 379. (41.) Barbus kolus. Barbus kolu.9, Sykes, Tr. Z. S. ii, p. 357, pi. 62, fig. 1 ; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxli, fig. 2 (see synon.). Niluju, Telugu ; Roll's and Kolashi, Marathi. B. iii. D. 12-13 (3-4/9). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 40-43. L. tr. 10/8. Length of head 5| to 5|, height of body 4 to 4| in the total 320 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. length. Eyes upper margin near the profile, diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, 1 \ diameters from end of snout and also apart. Body compressed, a considerable rise in the profile from the occiput to the dorsal fin. Barbels extend rather beyond the middle of the eye. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed, uncinate, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins the dorsal three fourths as high as the body, inserted in advance of the ventral. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 4 or 5 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a tinge of yellow ; dorsal, caudal, and anal tipped with grey. Hob. Central Provinces, Deccan, and throughout the Kistna, Tungabhadra, and Godavari rivers ; attaining upwards of a foot in length. 380. (42.) Barbus denisonii. Labeo denisonii, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 299. Barbus denisonii, Day, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxliii, fig. 2 (see synon.X B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 28. L. tr. 4|/4|. Length of head 6, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles slightly and about equally convex. Snout obtuse. Barbels a maxillary pair one third longer than the orbit. Teeth pharyngeal, pointed and curved at their extremities, 4, 3, 2/2, 3, 4. Fins dorsal arises rather before the ventrals, none of its rays osseous. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal fin. Colour silvery, with a black band, above which runs a horizontal scarlet stripe passing from the snout to the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Caudal with an oblique black band crossing the posterior third of each lobe. Hah. Mundikyum in the Travancore hill-ranges. This fish attains 6 inches in length. 381. (43.) Barbus melanostigma. Barbus melanostigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 573, pi. cxliii, fig. 1 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 26. L. tr. 5/4. Length of head 4| to 48, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Mouth narrow ; lower labial fold interrupted. Third suborbital bone as deep as the uncovered portion of the cheek below it or rather deeper. Barbels a maxillary pair about half as long as the orbit. Fins dorsal three fourths as high as the body, having a concave upper edge, com- mencing rather in advance of the insertion of the ventral; last CYPKINIDJE. CYPRININ^B. 321 undivided dorsal ray very weak, osseous interiorly, and articulated in its upper half. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, very slightly concave ; 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 8 rows before the dorsal. Colour silvery above, becoming white on the sides and beneath, a light band along the side ; a deep black blotch on the side of the tail, commencing on the twenty-first or twenty-second scale ; dorsal and caudal stained with grey, sometimes a dark band along the side. Hab. Wynaad bills in Malabar. Jerdon also obtained specimens in the Bhavani river and from the Cauvery. 382. (44.) Barbus arenatus. Bar feus arenatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxlii, fig. 7. B. iii. D. 10 (2/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L. 1. 26. L. tr. 4/6. Length of head 4|, height of body 4 in the total length. _%es- diameter 4| to 5 in the length of the head, 1| diameters from end of snout, and 2 apart. Suborbital ring of bones very narrow Body thick, its width equalling four sevenths of its height. Barbels a single maxillary pair whicli reaches to beneath the first third of the eye. No pores on the head. Fins last undivided dorsal ray fine, smooth, osseous inferiorly, becoming articulated superiorly ; the fin commences before the insertion of the ventral. Lateral line complete, 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 11 rows anterior to the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, without any markings. In some examples a darkish band along the dorsal fin. Hab. Madras. 383. (45.) Barbus puckelli. Puntius (Capoeta) puckelli, Day, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 197. Barbus puckelli, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxliii, fig. 5. B. iii. D. 9 (2/7). P. 15. V. 9. A. 8 (3/5). 0. 19. L. 1. 24. L. tr. 4/5. Length of head 5|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, two thirds of a diameter from end of snout, and 1| diameters apart. No pores on the head, its summit rather convex. Barbels a thick maxillary pair, reaching to beneath the anterior edge of the eye. Teeth pharyn- geal, plough-shaped, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins last undivided dorsal ray weak and cartilaginous, the fin commences before the ventral. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 10 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour greenish yellow along the back, with a red mark on the opercle, and a scarlet stripe extending along the middle of the side. A deep black mark on the dorsal fin from the base of the T 322 TELEOSTET. PIIYSOSTOMI. third to that of the sixth branched ray. Very fine dark spots over the scales, especially at their bases. An indistinct black mark on the lateral line from the nineteenth to the twenty-first scale. Hal. Bangalore, where it is said to be common. 384. (46.) Bar bus amphibius. Capoeta amphibia, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xvi, p. 282, pi. 478. Barbus amphibius, Day, Fish. India, p. 574, pi. cxlii, fig. 8 (see synon.). Oolee pcrlce, Mai. ; Bhondgi, Mardthi. B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 5/4. Length of head 4| to 5; height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Barbels a thin maxillary pair reaching to below the centre of the eye. Fins the dorsal two thirds as high as the body, with its osseous ray feeble, smooth, and half as long as the head ; the fin arises somewhat in advance of the ventrals. Caudal fin deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin; 8 rows before the dorsal. Colour upper half of body steel-blue, becoming white tinged with golden on the sides and beneath. Sometimes a dark band along the side, and a black spot on either side of the tail anterior to the caudal fin, this becomes indistinct after specimens have been long macerated, but is very apparent in fresh ones, especially those from the Malabar coast ; it is not well-marked, and often absent, in those taken in Bombay. Fins yellowish, upper edge of dorsal usually stained with black. In the monsoon time a crimson band along the sides is sometimes present. Hob. Central India, Deccan, Bombay, and the Western coast of India, Madras and up the coast as high as Orissa ; attaining to at least 6 inches in length. 385. (47.) Barbus arulms. Systomus arulius, Jcrdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv, 1849, p. 317. Barbus arulius, Day, Fish. India, p. 575, pi. cxlii, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. L. 1. 21-23. L. tr. 4|/4|. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of the head, 1 diameter from end of snout and also apart. Barbels a long maxillary pair. Teetli pharyngeal, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5, sharp and curved at their extremities. Fins no osseous dorsal ray ; the fin, which is two thirds as high as the body, commences midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which last is deeply emarginate. Lateral line complete, 2| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the base of the dorsal fin. Colovr olive-green on the back, becoming silvery CTPHINIDJE. CYPRIN1NJE. 323 white clashed with reddish green over the abdomen. A black blotch, about two scales in width, passes from below tbe origin of the dorsal fin as low as the lateral line ; a second from just below the posterior extremity of the dorsal to the base of the anal ; and a third across the free portion of the tail before the caudal fin. Dorsal, caudal, and anal pinkish with a black bar across the summit of the first, whilst the caudal is stained at its edges. Hob. Wynaad and Kilgiri range of hills and the rivers at their bases, and at least as far south as Kotayam in Travancore ; also in the Cauvery, from whence this fish has been procured at Seringapatam, where it is termed Aruli. It attains 4 inches or more in length. 386. (48.) Barbns mahecola. (Fig. 105.) Leuoiscus mahecola, Ctiv. fy Val. H.' N. Poiss. xvii, p. 305, pi. 502 (barbels omitted). Barbusmahecola, -Day, Fish. India, p 575, pi. cxl, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 21. L. tr. 5/4. ' Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 3% to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, 1 1 diameters apart. In some specimens the snout is covered with large pores. Barbels a thin maxillary pair extending Fig. 105. Barbus mahecola. to below the centre of the orbit in some specimens, very minute in others (see remarks, p. 294). Fim last undivided dorsal ray articulated, smooth, feeble ; the branched rays are elongate in the adult ; the fin commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin. Caudal deeply lobed. Lciteral line complete, 2 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral. Colour silvery white, with a deep black oval mark on the lateral line from about the fourteenth to the eighteenth scale. A dark band along the dorsal fin. Caudal red, tipped with black. Holt. Prom Canara down the Western coast and along the base of the Nilgiris, and Travancore hills, also Ceylon ; attaining at least 6 inches in length. 324 TELEOSTEF. PHYSOSTOMI. C. Without barbels (Puntius). 387. (49.) Barbus apogon. Barbus apogou, (KuM) Cnv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xvi, p. 392 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 575, pi. cxli, fig. 3 (see synon.). Nga-ta-zee and Nga-lay-toun, J3urmese. B. iii. D. 12 (4/8). P. 17. V. 10. A. 8 (3/5). C. 19. L.I. 36-37. L. tr. 7^/7. Length of head 5%, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 4 in the length of the head, 1 to 1^ diameters from the end of snout and also apart. Body strongly compressed, and rising abruptly from the nape to the base of the dorsal fin. Fiiis dorsal arises rather behind the insertion of the ventral, its last undivided ray strong, serrated, and the stiff portion rather shorter than the bead. First three anal rays rather stiff. Caudal deeply forked. Lateral line complete, 5| (4 in some specimens) rows of scales between it and the ventral fin; 15 rows of scales before the base of the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, each scale with a dark spot at its base. Hob. Tenasserim and throughout Burma (certainly as high as Mandalay) to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 8 inches in length. 388. (50.) Barbus ambassis. Barbus ambassis, Day, P. Z, S. 1808, p. 683, and Fish. India, p. 576, pl.cxlv, fig. 1. Eunkuai, Ooriab. B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L.I. 36. L. tr. 6/8. Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter nearly two fifths of length of head, | diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Teeth pharyngeal, sharp, crooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins dorsal spine osseous, strong, and posteriorly serrated, having about 15 teeth ; the fin commences slightly before the ventral, and midway between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal, which last is deeply lobed. Scales small and deciduous. Lateral line incomplete, becoming indistinct in the posterior two thirds of the body, 6 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 15 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour light greenish, with a silvery baud along the side. A small black spot at the base of the anterior dorsal rays, and a black blotch at the side of the tail. Hob. Madras, Orissa, Bengal, and Assam at least as high as Sadiya; attaining about 3 inches in length. CYPBINID.E. CYPKININ.E. 325 389. (51.) Barbus conchonius. Cyprinus conchonius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 317, 389. Barbus conchonius, Day, Pith. India, p. 576, pi. cxliii, fig. 7 (see synon.). Kunchon pungti, Bengali. B. iii. D. 11(3/8). P. 11. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 5|/6|. Length of head 5, height of body 2| in the total length. Eyes diameter one third of length of head, nearly 1 diameter from end of snout, and 1| apart. Fins the dorsal three fifths as high as the body, its last undivided ray osseous, moderately strong and serrated, as long as the head without the snout ; the fin commences rather before the insertion of the ventral. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing after 8 or 10 scales ; 4 to 4| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before dorsal fin. Colour a, large round black spot on the middle of the side above the posterior portion of the anal fin ; opercles lake-colour. Tins orange, dorsal with its upper half blackish. Nairn Tal specimens have the dorsal spine much less coarsely serrated than those from the plains, from whence they were introduced not many years since ; they have also a darkish band along the side. Hal. Assam, Lower Bengal, Orissa, Behar, N.W. Provinces, Punjab, and the Deccan ; attaining at least 5 inches in length. 390. (52.) Barbus ticto. Cyprinus ticto, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 314, 889, pi. 8, fig. 87. Barbus ticto, Day, Fish. India, p. 576,' pi. cxliv, fig. 7 (see synon.). Kaoli and Kotree, Hind. ; Kah-nee potiah, Assam ; Wennatte, Tamil ; Kudyi-kerundi, Ooriah. B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1.23-26. L. tr. 5-6/6. Length of head 5, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, f of a diameter from end of snout, 1 diameter apart. Teetli pharyngeal, crooked, pointed, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins osseous dorsal ray strong and serrated, three quarters as long as the head, fin half as high as the body. Caudal forked. Lateral line incomplete, -ceasing after 6 or 8 scales ; 4 or 5 rows of scales between it and base of the ventral fin, and 11 before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, sometimes stained with red, a black spot on the side of the tail before the base of the caudal fin and immediately behind the anal ; a smaller one (fre- quently absent) at the commencement of the lateral line. Fins often black, sometimes orange. Hob. Sind, throughout India and Ceylon. This fish rarely exceeds 4 inches in length. 326 TELEOSTEI. 1'IIYSOSTOMI. 391. (53.) Barbus stoliczkanus. J 'mi-bus (Puntius) stoliczkanus, Day, J. A. S. It. xl, 1871 , pt. 2, p. 328. Barbus stoliczkanus, Day, Fish. India, p. 577, pi. cxliv, fig. 8 (see synon.). B. iii. D. 10-11 (2-3/8). P. 14. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 19. L. 1. 25. L. tr. 5/6. Length of head one sixth, height of body one third of the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | to | of a diameter from end of snout, 1| apart. Teeth pharyngeal, crooked, 5, 3, 2/2, 3, 5. Fins osseous dorsal ray nearly as long as the head ex- cluding the snout, serrated, but less strongly than in B. ticto, the serratures are likewise rather irregular ; thelin commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal, which latter is forked. Lateral line complete, there are 3| rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin ; 9 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour silvery, an oblong black mark on the lateral l.ne about the third scale, and a deep black mark, yellow anteriorly, extending upwards almost to the back, above and a little behind the posterior extremity of the anal fin on the 18th and 19th scales. Pins orange. Hob, Eastern Burma, where this species supersedes B. ticto. It attains 4 inches in length. 392. (54.) Barbus punctatus. Puntius punctatus, Day, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 302. Barbus punctatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 577, pi. cxliv, fig. 5 (see synon.). Putter perlee, Mai. B. iii. D. 11 (3/8). P. 15. V. 9. A. 7 (2/5). C. 18. L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 5/5. Length of head 5|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in the length of head, | diameter from end of snout, and 1 diameter apart. Fins dorsal fin commences over ventral and midway between end of snout and base of caudal, its upper border is slightly concave, its last undivided ray osseous, strong, serrated, and about as long as the head; the fin two thirds as high as the body. Caudal forked. Lateral line complete, 3 rows of scales between it and the base of the ventral fin, 8 rows before the dorsal fin. Colour olive-green superiorly, becoming white on the abdomen. A diffused black spot on the 20lh and 21st scales of the lateral line. The anterior half of the third or fourth scale from the opercle, in the row next below the lateral line, black. Fins yellowish, dorsal and anal tipped with orange. Dorsal with two rows of black spots, and in Malabar examples a short intermediate one anteriorly. In some specimens there is a light edge round the caudal blotch, and a silvery band along the sides. CYi'lilNID.E. - CrPllININJi:. 327 1 1 . East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago ; rare in India. * In some instances these are lost, occasionally they are very minute or even nut developed. 2n2 372 TELKOSTEI. 1'JIYSOSTOiU. 461. (2.) Clupea atricauda. Clupea atricauda, Giinther, C'atal. vii, p. 420; Day, Fish. India, p. 636, pi. clxiv, fig. 5 (see synon.). D.18. P. 17. V.8. A. 17-19. C.20. L. 1. 44-45. L.tr. 11. Length of head 4-|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of the head, about 1 diam. from end of snout and $ diam. apart. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Fiiis ventral inserted beneath the middle of the dorsal fin. Last two anal rays thickened and slightly elongated. Lower caudal lobe sometimes slightly the longer. Gill-rakers numerous, closely set, and about one third as long as the eye. Scales regu- larly arranged, with crenulated outer margins : scutes small ante- riorly, becoming stronger under the middle of the base of the pectoral fin ; 13 behind the base of the ventral. Colour dark steel-blue along the back and upper third of the body, divided by a yellowish line from the silvery sides and abdomen, which are glossed with blue and purple. Caudal with its extremity deep brown or black. ffab. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. 462. (3.) Clupea kunzei. Harengula kunzei, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. xii, p. 209. Clupea klunzei, Day, Fish. India, p. 636, pi. clxiii, fig. 1 (see synon.). D. 17-18. P. 16. V. 8. A. 17-18. C.20. L.1.45. L.tr. 11-12. Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 4| to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of the head, 1 diam. from end of snout and f diam. apart. Lower jaw prominent. Fins ventral inserted below the middle of the dorsal fin. Last two anal rays rather thickened and slightly elongated. Gill-rakers fine, about one third as long as the eye, about 38 in the outer branch of lower branchial arch. Scales in regular rows, with the edges roughened. Thirty badly developed scutes, about 13 behind the base of the ventral fin. Colour bluish along the back, becoming silvery white shot with purple on the sides and below. Hob. Ceylon, Andaraans, and Nicobars to the Malay Archipelago. 463. (4.) Clupea leiogaster. Sardinella leiogaster, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 270. Clupea leiogaster, Day, Fish. India, p. 636 (see synon.). B. vi. D. 17-18. P. 17. A. 18-20. C. 17. L. 1. 40. L. tr. 11-12. Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 5 to 6 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3j to 4 in the length of the head, 1 diam. from end of snout and -f to 4- diam. apart. Fins ventral inserted beneath the second fourth of the dorsal. Scales with indistinct transverse CLUPEID^E. 373 striae and rough edges : scutes badly developed, about 32 in number. Colour bluish green above, becoming silvery white on the sides and beneath : sometimes a brownish mark on the shoulder. A longi- tudinal band along the body, with from 13 to 20 intensely blue spots. Hob. Ceylon, to the Malay Archipelago. 464. (5.) Clupea longiceps. Sardinella longiceps, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Pom. xx, p. 273. Clupea longiceps, Day, Fish. India, p. G37, pi. clxi, fig. 2 (see synon.). Lee-gur, Baluch. ; Louar, Sind ; Mutthi, Canarese and North Malabar ; Char/ay, South Malabar ; ".Oil Sardine." D. 16-17. P. 17. V.9. A. 14-16. C. 17. L.I. 45-48. L.tr. 13. Length of head 3 to 4, height of body 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, 1| diam. apart and 1 to 1^ from end of snout. Lower jaw slightly the longer. Fins dorsal commences nearer to snout than to base of caudal ; ventral inserted in a line rather behind the middle of the dorsal. Anal low ; its last two rays thickened and rather elongated. Scales indistinctly crenulated and regularly arranged ; about 18 badly developed scutes before and 13 or 14 behind the base of the ventral fin. Gill-rakers very numerous, about one half longer than the eye. Colour bluish along the back, with golden reflexions ; abdomen silvery shot with purple ; sometimes a golden line divides the colour of the back from that of the sides : a large greenish-gold spot on the upper margin of the opercle and preopercle ; dorsal greenish ; caudal stained with green, the other fins transparent. Hob. Sind, down the Western coast of India, mere rarely on the Eastern, Ceylon, the Andarnans to the Malay Archipelago. These fish attain about 8 inches in length, and large quantities of oil are made from them in Malabar ; l)ut along the Coromandel coast they never appear to arrive in sufficient quantities, while those that come are rarely fat as in Malabar. Abundant in some years, they occa- sionally forsake their haunts for several consecutive seasons, returning again in enormous quantities. 465. (6.) Clupea fimbriata. Spratella fimbriata, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 359, t. 600. Clupea fimbriata, Day, Fish. India, p. 637, pi. clxi, fig. 3 (see synon.). Kich-uk-louar, Sind ; Cuttay-charlay, Malabar ; Poonduringa, Tani. ; Chai-ree-addee, Hind. ; Kowal, Tel. D. 18-19. P. 15. V.8. A. 19-20. C. 20. L. 1. 45-48. L.tr. 11-12. Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 4 to 4| or even 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, nearly 1 diam. 374 TELEOSTEI. PIITSOSTOMI. from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw slightlv prominent. Fins ventral inserted under the middle of the dorsal. Last two anal rays thickened and a little prolonged. Scales regularly ar- ranged, with their free edges jagged. Scutes moderately developed, 14 or 15 posterior to the ventral fin, and 10 or 17 before it. Colour bluish green, the sides silvery. Dorsal fin with numerous line black dots, and a black mark at the base of its anterior rays. Caudal with bluish reflexions and tipped with dark. Hab. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This species abounds in certain years off the Malabar coast. 466. (7.) Clupea sindensis. Clupea sindensis, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 638,' pi. clxiii, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 16-17. P. 15. V.8. A. 18-19. C. 21. L.I. 41-44. L.tr. 11. Length of head 4|- to 5, height of body 4| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in the length of head, 1| diarn. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Lower jaw prominent. Preorbital with a raised and branched ridge. Fins ventral inserted below the middle of the dorsal. Scales with their edges a little rough (especially in large examples) and having some vertical lines. Scutes not well developed, 13 to 14 behind the base of the ventral fin. Gill-rakers closely set, nearly as long as the eye. Colour back deep blue ; sides golden, shot with purple and blue. Pins yellowish, a black spot at base of dorsal anteriorly, and its upper edge dark ; the end of the caudal lobes sometimes dark. There are also lines along the rows of scales in the upper two thirds of the body ; a small dark shoulder-mark, which is more or less lost in the adult. Hob. Seas of the Seychelles, Sind and Bombay ; attaining at least 8 inches in length. 467. (8.) Clupea lile. Meletta lile, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 378. Clupea lile, Day, Fish. India, p. 638, pi. cixii, fig. 1 (see synon.). D. 14-15. P. 13. V. 8. A. 17-20. C.21. L.I. 38-40. L. tr. 9-10. Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3| to 3f in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to b| in the length of head, f diam. from end of snout and apart. Dorsal profile nearly horizontal, abdo- minal very convex. Lower jaw slightly the longer. Fins ventral inserted under the anterior dorsal rays. Gill-raiders closely set and half as long as the eye : pseudobranchiae well developed. Scales rather adherent and in regular rows ; their edges smooth. Scutes strong, from 16 to 18 anterior, and 11 to 12 posterior to the base of the ventral fin. Pree portion of tail as deep as long. Colour golden shot with purple, a brilliant silvery baud along the side, as CLUPEID*:. 37o deep as one scale. Caudal dark-tipped, shot with blue. A brilliant bronze-coloured spot on occiput. Hab. Seas of India and Burma, to the Malay Archipelago; attaining to about 4 inches in length. Found in vast numbers along the Western coast of India. 468. (9.) Clupea variegata. Clupea variegata, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 623 ; Fish. India, p. 630, pi. clxi, fig. 4. D. 15-18. P. 17. V. 8. A. 24-29. C. 17. L. 1. 90. L.tr.35. Length of head 4| to 4f , height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, | diam. from end of snout, above 1 apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal. Jaws of about equal length. Fins ventrals situated below the first third of the dorsal fin. Scales regularly arranged behind a line from the opercles to the base of the anal fin, anterior to which they are very irregular. Serrated scales commence under the middle of the pectoral ; 10 are posterior to the ventral fin, and about 10 anterior to it. Colour silvery, glossed with gold and bronze. A dark humeral spot. A row of about 18 bars passes across the back and descends a short way over the sides. Dorsal fin with a basal black band in its posterior half. End of tail tipped with black. Hab. Irrawaddy and its branches. Many specimens procured up to 7 inches in length. 469. (1Q.) Clnpea chapra. Clupanodon chapra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 248, 383. Clupea chapra, Day, Fish. India, p. 39, pi. clki, fig. 1 (see synon.). Coon, Bengali ; Gudua, Ooriah. D. 14-16. P. 13. V. 8. A. 21-24. C. 17. L. 1. 80-110. L. tr. 33-35. Length of head 4j to 4| (4 in the young), height of body 3 to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in the length of head, diam. from end of snout, and 1 to 1-J- apart. Abdominal profile more convex than, dorsal, fins origin of dorsal opposite or slightly before that of the ventral ; anal highest in front. Gill- rakers closely set, very numerous and rather shorter than the eye. Scales smooth ; 18 to 19 scutes anterior and 9 to 10 posterior to the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with gold ; back rather dark, and edge of caudal stained darkest ; a dark spot, which is some- times absent, on the shoulder. Hab. IVesh waters of rivers and tanks in Sind and throughout India as far south as the Kistna River; absent from the Malabar coast and Madras. This fish attains to at least 8 inches in length. 376 TELEOSTEI. I'HYSOSTOM I. 470. (ll.) Clupea ilisha. (Fig. 115.) Clupanodon ilisha, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 243, 382, pi. 19, fig. 73. Clupea ilisha, Day, Fish. India, p. 040, pi. clxii, fig. 3. " Sable fish " and " Ililsa " of Europeans ; Palasah, Tel. ; Pitlla, Sind ; Oolum, Tamil ; Nya-tha-louk, Burmese ; Hilsa, Beng. ; Ilisha, Ooriah. D. 18-19. P. 15. V. 9. A. 19-22. C. 19. L. 1. 46-49. L. tr. 17-19. Length of head 4| to 4|, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes situated some distance before the middle of the length of the head, 1 to 1 g diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. The pos- terior extremity of the maxilla reaches to below the middle or even Fig. 115. Clupea ilisha. hind edge of the orbit ; lower jaw not projecting beyond the upper. Width of opercle equals about two thirds its height. Fins ventral inserted beneath the anterior halt" of the dorsal. Caudal peduncle as deep as long. 'Grill-rakers numerous and as long as the eye. Scales in regular rows ; 16 to 17 scutes before and 14 to 15 behind the insertion of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with gold and purple ; no spots in the adult, but a row of them along the upper third of the body in the immature, the most distinct of which is behind the upper third of the opercle. C. ilisha swarms up all the larger rivers of India and Burma, generally as soon as the mousoon commences ; but the rapidity af the current affects the time of migration. Amongst such rivers as I have examined, the following appear to be the periods when these fish commonly ascend. In the Cauvery and Coleroon they appear about the first or second week of June, and continue for the suc- ceeding four months, but in smaller quantities. In the Kistua, which is very rapid, a few fish arrive at the end of September, when the strength of the current is subsiding ; but it is in the middle of October and in the two following months that the main body ascends. In the neighbouring river, the Godavari, which has a less rapid current, the fish ascend earlier, being most numerous from July to September. In the Hooghly they continue their ascent throughout the south-west monsoon to nearly the end of the year. 377 In the Indus they ascend in March and April, when the river is swollen by the melting of Himalayan snow. They have been observed in the Irravvaddy in Burma as high as Mandalay, in October. They are excellent as food until they have deposited their ova, when they become thin and unwholesome. Weirs in India are destitute of fish-passes, and migratory fishes will probably soon be exterminated in rivers spanned by these obstacles. Hob. Persian Gulf (ascending the Tigris), the coasts of Sind, India, and Burma, passing up the large rivers to breed ; also the Malay Archipelago. I have taken this fish as high as Delhi, and Hamilton Buchanan records it from Agra and Cawnpore. 471. (12.) Clupea kanagurta. Alosa kanagurta, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Haring. 'p. 34. Clupea kauagurta, Day, Fish. India, p. 640, pi. clxii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Keelee, Tel. D.17. P. 16. V.8. A. 20-21. C. 19. L.I. 42-45. L.tr. 13-14. Length oT body 4^, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and about 1 apart. Abdominal profile more convex than that of the back. Width of opercle about | its height. Lower jaw scarcely projects beyond the upper. The maxilla extends posteriorly to below the hinder third of the orbit. Fins ventral situated rather behind the middle of the dorsal. Scales regularly arranged : scutes 27; 11 behind the base of the ventral fin. CoLur bluish green above, gold dotted with purple on the sides and beneath. Generally a row of about six or eight oval spots pass in a line from behind the upper edge of the opercle along the side. Upper edge of dorsal with a dark mark. Hab. East coast of Africa ; Sind, coasts of India to the Malay Archipelago. 472. (13.) Clupea toll. Alausa toli, Cut: 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 435. Clupea toli, Day, Fish. India, p. 041, pi. clxii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Oolum, Tamil ; Doung danna, Arracan ; Nur hilisha, Chittagong. D. 16-17. P. 14. V.9. A. 19-20. C, 24. L. 1. 39-40. L.tr. 13-14. Length of head 5 to 5, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw rather projecting beyond the upper, which latter is notched at its extremity. Width of opercle to | its height. Fins ventral inserted under the commencement of the last half of the dorsal fin. Caudal lobes longer than the head, especially in adult examples. Scales regularly arranged, striated, and \\ith erenulated edges. Scutes well developed, 17 to 18 before, 378 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. and 12 to 13 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobranchue well developed. Colour silvery, shot with yellow and purple ; a dark shoulder-spot in the young. Hub. From Bombay through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. This species attains at least 3 feet in length. It does not appear to ascend rivers to breed, but is some- times found at their mouths. 473. (14.) Clupea melanura. Alausa melanura, Cuv. < Vol. li. N. Poiss. xx, p. 441. Clupea melauura, -Day, Fish. Iniia, p. G41 (see synon.). D. 15-16. P. 13. V.8. A. 18-19. C.19. L.I. 38-40. L. tr. 10-11. Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 5 in the total length. Eyes with very narrow adipose lids, diameter 3 to 3| in length of bead, 1 diam. from end of snout, apart. Lower jaw rather longer than the upper. Fins dorsal commences opposite to or slightly in front of ventral. Scales in regular horizontal rows, with two or three raised lines along their base, 25 serrated scales along the abdominal edge. Colour back blue shot with purple, a fine yellow line dividing it from the silvery sides and abdomen ; a blue spot on the opercle ; outer third of caudal lobes black. Hob. Seas of India and the Malay Archipelago. 2. Genus COKICA, Hamilton Buchanan. Syn. Clupeoides and Clupeichthys, Bleeker. Body oblong, compressed. Lower jaw the longer. Teeth, when present, rudimentary and deciduous. Anal fin of moderate extent. Caudal forked. Scales of medium size. Abdomen serrated ; serration usually commencing behind the pectoral fins. Geographical Distribution. India to the Malay Archipelago. 474. (1.) Corica soborna. (Fig. 116.) Corica soborna, Ham. Buck, Fish. Gang. pp. 253, 383; Day, Fish. India, p. 642, pi. clxii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Cutwaal Alise and God-haee, Ooriah. Fig. 116. Corica soborna. B. vi. D. 15-16. A. 14-15 + ii. C.19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 10. Length of head 5% to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total CLTJPEIDJ5. 379 length. Eyes diameter f- of length of head. Body strongly compressed. Fins dorsal arises rather nearer to base of caudal than to snout, and rather behind the origin of the ventrals ; the anal has its last two rays detached. Lower lobe of caudal the longer. Scales anterior to the ventral fin there are 10 or 11 ser- rated scales, and 7 or 8 posterior to it. Colour silvery, with a light band. Hub. Orissa and Bengal. Rarely attaining above 2 inches in length . 3. Genus PELLONA, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Syn. IHsha, Gray ; Platygaster, Swainson. Brartchiostegals six. Body strongly compressed, the thoracic and abdominal edges serrated. Mouth of moderate size. Upper jaw generally emarginate, and shorter than the lower. Fine sharp teeth in the jaws, palatines, aud pterygoid bones, also on the tongue, but none on the vomer. Dorsal fin small, median. Veii- trals small, inserted more in front than the dorsal ; anal elongate. Scales large or of moderate size, rarely small. Owing to individual variation, species of this genus are difficult to distinguish. Geographical Distribution. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and some Indian rivers. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Dorsal fin almost or entirely in advance of the anal. . Occipital ridges subparallel behind. L. tr. 15-16. Height of body 3 to 4 in total 1. P.filigera, p. 380. L. tr. 16. Height of body 4J to 4 in total 2. P. elongata, p. 380. L. tr. 12-13. Head 5, height of body 4 to 4J in total 3. P. motius, p. 381. ' L, tr. 13-14. Head 4$, height of body 31 to 3 in total 4. P. indica, p. 381. b. Occipital ridges converging behind. L. tr. 14. Head 4|, height of body 4J in total. Scutes 23 before ventrals. . 6. P. ditchela, p. 381. Scutes 13 before ventrals 6. P. Jioevenii, p. 382. B. Dorsal fin situated entirely or partially over the anal. L. 1. 43-44, L. tr. 14-15 7. P. brachysoma, p. 382. L. 1. 48-50, L. tr. 14-15 8. P. megaloptera, p. 382. L. 1. 48, L. tr. 10 9. P. sladeni, p. 383. L. 1. 70 10. P. leschenaultit, p. 383. 380 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. 475. (1.) Pellona filigera. Pellona filigera, Cuv. $ VaL II. N. Poiss. xx, p. 322 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 643, pi. clxv, fig. 4 (see syuon.). D. 18-19. P. 17. V.8. A. 46-50. C. 19. L. 1. 50. L. tr. 15-16. Length of head 5|, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | diam. from end of snout, and 5 apart. Abdominal profile much more convex than that of the back. The posterior portions of the ridges on the occiput are parallel. Fins ventral fins very short. Length of base of anal fin 2| in total length excluding caudal. Caudal lobes elongated. Scutes well developed, 22 to 23 before, and 10 or 12 posterior to base of ventral fin. Colou'i a coppery tinge along the back ; sides silvery, with mother-of-pearl reflexions. Dorsal and pectoral fins black-tipped. Hab. Bombay; growing to 1 foot in length. 476. (2.) Pellona elongata. (Fig. 117.) Alosa elongata, Bennett, Life of Sir S. Raffles, p. 691. Pellona elongata, Day, Fish. India, p. 043, pi. clxiv, fig. 3, and pi. clxv, fig. I (see synon.). Nga thyngye and Khebowk thyn, Arracan ; Ram Ganha, Chittagong ; Ngapya, Burmese. D. 15-17. P. 15. V.7. A. 40-49. C.I 7. L. 1. 46-56. L.tr.14-16. Length of head 4| to 5|, height of body 4| to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, arid | apart. Abdominal profile more convex than that of the back. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput Fig. 117. Pellona elongata. are nearly parallel. Ventral minute. Length of base of anal 3 to 3| in total length excluding caudal. Scales abdominal scutes well developed, 20 to 24 anterior, and 8 or 10 posterior to the base of the ventral fin. Colour silvery, shot with mother-of-pearl. Fins yellowish, edge of dorsal black-tipped. Hab. Seas of India, to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan. CLUPEIDJS. 381 477. (3.) Pellona motius. Clupanodon motius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 251, 383. Pellona motius, Day, Fish. India, p. 643, pi. clxv, fig. 3 (see synon.). Ursi or Alise, Ooriah. D. 16-17. P. 15. V. 7. A. 40-41. L. 1. 43-45. L.tr. 12-13. Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 4 1 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | diain. from end of snout, and | apart. Abdominal profile more convex than that of the back. The posterior halves of the ridges on the summit of the head are nearly parallel. Teeth on jaws, tongue, and palate. Fins length of base of anal 3 of total excluding caudal ; ventral fin nearly as long as the eye. Scales 7 or 8 scutes posterior to base of ventral, and 15 or 16 anterior to it. Colour silvery, with mother-of-pearl reflexions ; a burnished lateral band. Some fine dots on the fins and along the edges of some of the scales. Caudal fin with a dark outer edge ; a dark band along the middle of the dorsal. Hab. Assam, Bengal, and Orissa, descending as low as the coast. This fish does not appear to exceed about 4 inches in length. 478. (4.) Pellona indica. Platygaster indicus, Swainson, Lardner's Cab. Cycl., Fishes, fyc. ii. p. 294. Pellona indica, Day, Fish. India, p. 644, pi. clxiv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Poo-na-no-dah, Andamanese ; Ditchoee, TeL D. 17. P. 16. V. 7. A. 39-40. C. 17. L. 1. 44. L. tr. 13-14. Length of head 4^, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in length of head, diam. from end of snout, and \ apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput are parallel. Teeth in the jaws, tongue, palatine, and pterygoid bones. Fins length of base of anal 2| to 3 in total excluding caudal. Ventral small, shorter than the eye. Scales with the edges rather rough- ened ; 25 or 26 scutes, 18 between the throat and base of ventral fin. Colour greenish along the back, becoming silvery shot with purple and gold on the sides and below ; dorsal fin often tipped black. Hab. East coast of Africa ; seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago. 479. (5.) Pellona ditchela. Pellona ditchela, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 314 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 644, pi. clxv, fig. 5 (see synon.). Ditchfllee, Tel. D. 18. P. 16. V. 6. A. 36-40. C. 19. L. 1. 40-44. L. tr. 14. Length of head 4, height of body 4^ in the total length. Eyes 382 TELEOSTEI. WIYSOSTOMI. diameter about ^ of length of head, nearly 1 diam. from end of suout, and apart. Abdominal profile rather more convex than dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput converge. Teeth in jaws, tongue, and palate. Fins ventral nearly as -long as the eye. Length of base of anal 3| in total excluding caudal. Scales scutes well developed, 23 anterior and 10 posterior to base of ventral fin. Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band, the upper edge of the dorsal fin rather dark. Hob. Coromandel coast of India. 480. (6.) Pellona hoevenii. Pellona hoevenii, Sleeker, Satav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny. p. 21 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 644, pi. clxv, tig. 6 (see synon.). D. 18. P. 17. V. 7. A. 36. L. 1. 43. L. tr. 13. Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in the length of the head, | diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Abdominal profile rather more convex than dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput meet posteriorly. Teeth on the jaws, tongue, palatine, and pterygoid bones ; also along a small accessory bone between the premaxilla- ries and the superior maxillary. Fins length of base of anal 3j in total excluding caudal. Ventral small, shorter than the eye. Scales with the edges almost smooth ; 22 scutes, 13 anterior to base of ventral. Colow greenish "along the back, becoming silvery with mother-of-pearl reflexions on the sides and beneath. ffab. Coromandel coast of India (where this fish abounds) to the Malay Archipelago. 481. (7.) Pellona brachysoma. Pellona brachysoma, Sleeker, Satav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny. p. 22 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 645, pi. clxiv, fig. 2 (see synon.). Paunia jmiee, Ooriah. D. 16-17. P. 16. V. 7. A. 46-51. C. 17. L. 1. 43-44. L. tr. 14-15. Length of head 41 to 4|, height of body 3| to 31 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in the length of bead, -| diam. from end of snout, and | apart. Abdominal profile more convex than dorsal. The posterior halves of the ridges on the occiput are nearly parallel. ' Fins last few dorsal rays extend over anal. Ventral small. Length of base of anal 2^ to 2| in total excluding caudal. Scales 18 scutes anterior to ventral fin, and 8 posterior to it. Colour golden glossed with purple. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 482. (8.) Pellona megaloptera. Platygaster uiega'opterus, Stcainson, Lardm-r's Cub. Cycl., Fishes, 4*c. ii. p. 294. CLUl'EID.E. 383 Pellona megaloptera, Day, Pish. India, p. 045, pi. clxv, tig. 2 (see synon.). Jangaiioo, Tel. D. 17-18. P. 17. V.7. A. 43-50. C. 17. L. 1. 48-50. L.tr. 14-15. Length of head 4| to 4f , height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in the length of the head, diatn. from end of snout, and \ apart. Abdominal profile slightly more convex than dorsal. The posterior Halves of the occipital ridges are parallel. Fins last few dorsal rays are above the commencement of the anal. Pectoral reaches to above the ventral, which last is not half so long as the eye, and is sometimes entirely absent. Length of base of anal nearly 3 of total excluding caudal. Scales 22 scutes anterior, and 8 posterior to the ventral tin. Hal}. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 483. (9.) Pellona sladeni. Pellona sladeni, Day, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 623 ; Fish. India, p. 045, pi. clxiv, fig. 1. D. 13. P. 11. V. 7. A. 44. C. 21. L. 1. 48. L. tr. 10. Length of head 5, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout. Badges on the occiput slightly diverge behind. Fins first two dorsal rays in advance of anal, the remainder of the former fin over the latter. Pectoral reaches to nearly the end of the ventral, which is small. 23 spiny scales on the abdominal profile anterior to the ventral fins, and 10 posterior to them. Colour silvery, opercles golden ; caudal edged with black. Hob. Irrawaddy, as high as Mandalay. 484. (10.) PeUona leschenaultii. Pellona leschenaultii, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 31] ; Day, Fish. India, p. 646 (see synon.). D. 21. P. 17. V. 8. A. 42. C. 27. L. 1. 70. Height of body nearly 4 in the total length. Teeth very distinct in premaxillaries and mandibles. Fins pectoral large and rounded towards its extremity, and extending beyond the insertion of he ventrals, which are small, and arise about eight or nine rows of scales nearer the head than the origin of the dorsal. Anal elon- gated. Colour silvery. Hob. A single dried example (20 inches long) was brought from Pondicherry. 4. Genus OPISTHOPTERUS, Gill. Syn. Fristiy aster, sp., Cuv. Branchiostegals six. Body oblong, compressed. The lower jaw 384 TELEOSTEI. PUY8OSTOM1. projecting. Small sharp teeth in the jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue ; none on the vomer. Dorsal fin situated above the anal, which has many rays ; ventrals absent. Scales of moderate or small size, very deciduous. Abdominal serration well developed. This genus is closely allied to the last, the chief difference being absence of ventral fins. Occasionally examples of Pellona are seen in which these fins are deficient. 485. (1.) Opisthopterus tartoor. (Fig. 118.) Pristigaster tartoor, Cvv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xx, p. 328. Opisthopterua tartoor, Day, Fish. India, p. 646, pi. clxiii, tig. 5 (see synon.). D. 15-17. P. 14. A. 56-63. C. 17. L. 1. 50. L. tr. 12. Length of head 5| to 5f , height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2f to 3 in length of head. Fins the pectoral, somewhat longer than the head, reaches to over the first anal ray ; caudal forked. Scales 28 to 32 spines along the lower Fig. 118. Opisthopterus tartoor. profile. Gill-rakers about 28, and nearly as long as the eye. Pseudobranchiae well developed. Colour silvery. Hab. From Gwadur in Baluchistan and Sind, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 9 inches in length. 5. Genus EACONDA, Gray. Syn. Apteryyia, Gray. This genus differs from the last in having no dorsal fin. The only species is more abundant along the coast of India than in the Malay Archipelago. 486. (1.) Raconda rasselliana. (Fig. 119.) Raconda russeliana, Gray, Zuol. Misc. p. 9 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 646, pi. clxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Nga thendoony, Burmese. CLUPEIDjE. 385 P. 13. A. 92. C. 19. L. 1. 64. L. tr. 12. Length of head 6^ to 7, height of body 4| to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head. The end of lower jaw forms a portion of the dorsal profile, which is concave above the orbit, whilst the anterior portion of the abdominal pro- file is very convex. Fins upper pectoral ray enlarged ; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer. Scales bom. 31 to 38 Fig. 119. Baconda russelliana. weak scutes along the abdominal edge. PseudobranchiaB well developed. Colour a narrow dark bluish band along the back, succeeded by a light bronze line, which is divided by a lighter and wider band from a broad silvery one passing from the head to the caudal fin. A deep brown or black spot on the shoulder. The young are purple with a silvery band along the side. Hob. Bay of Bengal to the Malay Archipelago. The young are common in the Sundarbans. Second group. CHATOESSLNA. 6. Genus CHATOESSUS, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Syn. Dorosoma, Rafinesque ; Gonostoma, v. Hasselt ; Anodontostoma, Bleeker. Branchiostegals from four to six (six in Indian species). Body oval, short, deep, and moderately compressed ; with a sharp, ser- rated abdominal edge. Snout overhanging a rather narrow trans- verse mouth. Teeth absent from jaws. Anal fin commencinp- behind the dorsal ; caudal forked. Air-bladder large, rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly. Ca3cal pylori numerous. Pseudo- branchia3 well developed. Geographical Distribution. Coasts and rivers of India, Burma, Malayasia, and North and Central America. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Last dorsal ray not prolonged. L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 13-14 1. C. chacimda, p. 386. L. 1. 47, L. tr. 17 2. C. modesty p. 386. L. 1. 58-03, L. tr. 22-24 3. C. manmitwa, p. 386. B. Last dorsal ray prolonged 4. C. nasus, p. 387. 2c 386 TELEOSTEI. PR YSOSTOM I. 487. (1.) Chatoessus chacunda. Clupanodon chacunda, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 240, 383. Chatoessns cliacunda, Day, Fish. India, p. 632, pi. clx, %. 3 (see synon.). Muddeeru, Tel. ; Kore-paiy-dah, Andauiancse ; Nev, Marathi ; Nya- tcy-mee, Arracan. D. 17-19. P. 15. V. 8. A. 19-20. C. 19. L. 1. 40-42. L. tr. 13-14. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 2| to 2 in the total length. Fins dorsal without elongated ray. Ventral inserted below the middle of the dorsal fin. Scales with smooth edges, regularly arranged ; 28 spines along the abdominal and thoracic edge, 16 or 17 of which are anterior to the ventral fin. Colour- golden shot with purple, lines formed of spots along the rows of scales in the upper third of the body ; a black spot on the shoulder. Hob. Seas and estuaries of India and Burma to the Malay Archi- pelago ; attaining at least 8 inches in length. 488. (2.) Chatoessus inodestus. Chatoessus modestus, Day, P. Z. S. I860, p. 022 ; FlsTi. India, p. (533, pi. clx, fig. 1. D. 14-16. P. 16. V. 8. A. 27-28. C. 21. L. 1. 47. L. tr. 17. Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 2| to 3 in the total length. Profile above the nape slightly concave, then a great rise to the base of the dorsal fin ; abdominal profile equally convex with dorsal. Fins ventral insei'ted somewhat in advance of the origin of the dorsal. Scales regularly arranged, with smooth edges, 17 or 18 serrations anterior to the ventral fin, and 11 to 12 posterior to it. Colour yellowish shot with purple. Hub. Along the Bassein liiverashigh as the Een-gay-gyee Lake, also the Sal ween at Moulmein. Many specimens were taken up to 5 g inches in length. 489. (3.) Chatoessus manminna. Clupanodon manmSnim, Ham. Buck. Fish, Ganges, pp. 247, 383. Chatoessus manminna, Day, Fish. India, p. 033, pi. clx, n'g. 2 (see synon.). Mackundi, Ooriah. D. 14-15. P. 15. V. 8. A. 22-24. L. 1. 58-63. L. tr. 22-24. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 3 in the total length. Fins dorsal commences slightly in advance of the origin of the ventral, its last ray is .slightly prolonged. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer. Scales irregularly arranged ; scutes strong, 17 between throat and base of ventral fin, and 13 behind it. Coloui silvery glossed with gold ; cheeks purplish ; CLUPEID.E. 387 back with a bluish-green tint, and usually a black spot on the shoulder. Fins yellowish, the dorsal and caudal with dark outer edges. Hob. Fresh waters of Sind, and the districts watered by the Indus and its branches, also the affluents and main streams of the Ganges, Jumna, Brahmaputra, and Mahanadi. This fish attains at least 11 inches in length. 490. (4). Chatoessus nasus. (Fig. 120.) Clupea nasus, Block, Ich. t. 429, fig. 1. Chatoessus nasus, I)ay, Fish. India, p. 634, pi. clx, fig. 4 (see synon.). Noonah, Mai. ; Mitddu candai, Tarn. ; Kome, Tel. and Ooriali. D. 15-17. A. 22-24.' C. 19. L. 1. 46-50. L. tr. 18-19. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3| to 3 in the total length. Fins last dorsal ray elongated, in some examples reach- ing to the base of the caudal fin. Ventral inserted under the anterior dorsal rays. ' Scales with serrated edges, regular ; 28 scutes along the abdominal and thoracic edge, about 15 of which are anterior to the ventral fin. Colour back greyish green, the Fig. 120. Chatoessus nasus. centre of each scale in the first seven rows the darkest, thus form- ing horizontal lines, the lower of which do not extend to the caudal. Abdomen whitish, shot with gold. A bluish spot (some- times absent) on the shoulder. Preopercle of a brilliant golden tint. Dorsal greenish yellow, the posterior margin stained blackish. Pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal yellowish, the last with a dark extremity. Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and Philippine Islands. This species is good eating, but bony. 2c2 388 TELEOSTEI. PHTSOSTOMI. Third group. ENGKAULINA. 7. Genus ENGRAULIS, Cuvier. Syn. Stolephorus, Lace"pede : Thi-i/ssa and Telara, Cuvier ; Sctipinna, Swainson ; Pterengraulis, Lycenyraulis, Lycothrisaa, and HetentkrittUf Gunther. Branchiostegals short and rather numerous. Gill-openings wide, the membrane connecting the two sides short, thus leaving the isthmus uncovered. Body oblong or elongated, compressed, and serrated along the abdominal edge. Cleft of mouth deep, oblique ; snout conical ; the upper jaw generally the longer ; maxillaries of varying length, but always long, having a membranous attachment to the cheeks. Teeth small, sometimes of unequal size, usually present on the jaws, vomer, palatine and pterygoid bones. Scales large or of moderate size. Geographical Distribution. Temperate and tropical seas and rivers. Synopsis of Indian Species, a. Dorsal fin in advance of anal. A. 40-41, L. 1. 44, L. tr. 11-12. Snout slightly projecting. Maxilla nearly reaches base of pectoral fin 1. E. hamiltonii. p. 389. A. 40-43, L. 1. 39-40, L. tr. 11-12. Height of body 3f in total. Maxilla reaches gill-opening 2. E. malalaricus, p. 389. A. 35-38, L. 1. 45, L. tr. 12. Maxilla reaches base of pectoral fin 3. E. mystax, p. 390. A. 34-38, L. 1. 36-38, L. tr. 9-10. Maxilla reaches gill-opening 4. E. kammalcnsis, p. 390. A. 29-32, L. 1. 41, L. tr. 8 '. 5. E. beelama, p. 391. A. 34-38, L. 1. 36-44, L. tr. 11. Maxilla reaches end of ventral fin 6. E. setirosfris, p. 391. A. 34-36, L. 1. 40-42, L. tr. 9-10. Maxilla reaches to origin of ventral fin 7. E. ditssvmieri, p. 39 L V j Dorsal fin partly or entirely above anal. a'. Upper pectoral ray elongate. A. 70-80, L. 1. 52, L. tr. 14. Snout slightly projecting 8. E. tclara, p. 392. A. 60-64, L. 1. 54-56, L. tr. 14. Lower jaw slightly prominent 9. E. breviccps, p. 392. A. 51-57, L. 1. 42-46, L. tr. 12. Snout slightly projecting 10. E. taty, p. 393. V. Upper pectoral ray not elongate; abroad silvery lateral band. A. 45-47 11. E. purava, p. 393. P. 15-16, A. 19-21. Maxilla reaches gill-opening 12. E. commersmiiamts, A. 19. Maxilla enlarged and truncated [p. 394. opposite mandibular joint 13. E. indicus, p. 394. P. 13. A. 20-22. Maxilla reaches gill- opening 14. E. tri, p. 395. CLUPEID.E. 389 491. (1.) Engraulis hamiltonii. Thryssa hamiltonii, Gray Sf Ilanlw. III. Intl. Zool. ii, pi. 92, fig. 3. Engraulis hamiltonii, Day, Fish. India, p. G25, pi. clvii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Poorawah, Tel. B.xii. D.I + 13. P. 12. V.7. A. 40-41. C. 19. L.I. 44. L. tr. 11-12. Length of head 5| to 5, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes 4 diameters in length of head, -3- diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout slightly in advance of the end of the lower jaw ; the maxilla nearly reaches the base of the pectoral fin. Fins pectoral reaches to above the middle of the small ventral. Anal commences behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Scales scutes strong, 16 anterior to the ventral, and 10 posterior. Pseudo- branchi* rudimentary. Colour bronze along the back, divided in the fresh state by a silvery band from the purple-and-gold tinted abdomen. Black venules on the shoulder behind the upper half of the opercle. Fins yellow, dorsal sometimes edged with black. Hab. Sind, through seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 492. (2.) Engraulis malabaricns. (Fig. 121.) Clupea malabarica, Bloch, Ich. pi. 432. Engraulis malabaricus, Day, Fish. India, p. G25, pi. clvii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Monanyoo, Mai. ; Poor-relan, Tarn. ; Poorwa, Tel. B. xii. D. 1 + 14-15. P. 14. A. 40-43. C. 20. L. 1. 39-40. L. tr.l 1-12. Length of head 5> height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, f diain. from end of snout, and H Fig. 121. Engraulis malabaricus. apart. Snout slightly in advance of the lower jaw. Maxilla ex- pands posteriorly to the gill-opening. Fins anal commences behind the vertical from the last dorsal ray. Pectoral reaches the 390 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMf. base of the ventral. Scales regularly arranged ; 17 scutes before and 9 or 10 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobrauchite rudimentary. Colour silvery shot with gold and purple ; black venules on the shoulders. Fins yellow ; dorsal and end of caudal edged with dark ; pectoral sometimes, but not usually, black. Hcib. Coasts of Sind and through the seas of India. 49.3. (3.) Engraulis mystax. Clupea mystax, 2ft. Schn. St/st. Ich. p. 426, t. 83. Engraulis mystax, Day, Fish. India, p. 025, pi. civil, fig. 3 (see synon.). Ram pyshia, Chittagong. B. xii-xiv. D. 1 + 13-15. P. 12. V.7. A. 35-38. C. 19. L.I. 45. L.tr.12. Length of head 5, height of body 4 to 4f in the total length. Eyes diameter 4J in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1^ apart. The maxilla extends backwards to opposite the base of the pectoral fin. Fins anal commences just posterior to the last dorsal ray ; pectoral extends to the last third of the small ventral. Scales 9 strong scutes behind the ventral fin and 16 or 17 weaker before it. Pseudobranchise rudimentary. Colour black venules over the scapular region ; the xlorsal and caudal yellow, the latter having a black upper and posterior end, at least in the young. Nab* Seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. 494. (4.) Engraulis kainmalensis. Engraulis kammalensis, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxii, Madura, p. 13 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 026, pi. clvii, fig. 1 (see synon.J. B.x.-xi. D.I + 13-14. P.12. A.34-38. C.19. L.l.36-38. L.tr.9-10. Length of head 4^, height of body 4 in the total* length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout and also apart. Maxilla extending backwards to opposite the gill- opening. Fins pectoral reaches to base of small ventral, which is inserted rather in advance of dorsal ; anal commences a short dis- tance behind the last dorsal ray. Scales 14 scutes before and 8 behind the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobranchirc rudimen- tary. Colour silvery, tinged with gold ; the upper portion of the head, dorsal, and caudal fins yellowish, with numerous fine black dots. Dark venules on the shoulder, extending indistinctly over the back. Hob. Ceylon, Bay of Bengal to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining about 6 inches in length. CLUPEID-E. 39 L 495. (5.) Engraulis baelama. Ulupea bnolama, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 72. Engr.uilia boelami, Day, Fish. India, p. G2G, pi. clviii, fig. 7 (see synon.). B. xi. D. 14-16. P. 13. V. 7. A. 29-32. C. 20. L. 1. 41. L. tr. 8. Length of head 4J, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, nearly 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout pointed, and projecting considerably beyond the end of the jaws. Maxilla reaching slightly beyond the mandi- bular joint. Fins anal commences a short distance behind the last dorsal ray. Pectoral nearly reaches the ventral, which is in- serted below the anterior dorsal rays. Scales regularly arranged ; scutes very indistinct, not- extending above halfway between bas3 of the p'ectoral and ventral fins, 4 or 5 being before and 8 or 9 behind the base of the latter. Colou) bluish above, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath ; head glossed with gold. flab. Prom the Ked Sea and coast of Zanzibar, through the seas of India to the Andamans ; also recorded by GKitither from Mysol and Manado. 496. (6.) Engraulis setirostris. Clupea setirostris, JBrottssonct, Ich. dec. i. tab. Engraulis setiroatris, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 626 (see synon.). Yeka-pooraioah, Tel. B.x-xi.D.l + 14-16.P.14.V.6.A.34-38.C.17.L.1.36-44.L.tr.ll. Length of head 5f to 6|, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, | diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout hardly projecting. The maxil- lary very prolonged, extending to the posterior end of the -ventral h'u or even beyond. Fins the anal commences just posterior to the last dorsal ray. Abdominal edge spiny; 17 spines before and 9 behind the insertion of the ventral fin. Colour greenish along the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath. Black venules in the region of the scapula. Hab. From the Eed Sea through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 497. (7.) Engraulis dussumieri. Engraulis dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 69 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 027, pi. clviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). B.xii. D.I 4-13-15. P.12. V.7. A.34-36. C.17. L.l.40-42. L.tr.9-10. Length of head 4% to 4|, height of body 4| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, if diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. The snout projects considerably over the 392 TELEOSTBI. PHYSOSTOMI. mouth. The maxilla elongated posteriorly and almost or quite reaching the ventral fin. Fins dorsal situated entirely in advance of anal. Pectoral as long as head without the snout. Ventral in- serted slightly in advance of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Lower caudal lobe the longer. 7 or 8 strong spines behind the ventral fin, and 13 or 14 anterior to it. Pseudo- branchiae rudimentary. Colour coppery, becoming silvery below, a large black shoulder-spot passing over the back. Caudal straw- coloured, with a dark extremity. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 498. (8.) Engraulis telara. Clupea telara, Ham. Buch. Fish. Ganges, pp. 241, 332, pl.ii, fig. 72. Engraulis telara, Day, Fish. India, p. 027, pi. clviii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Tampara, Ooriah ; Nga pyd, Nya tannSt, and Nga out pha, Burmese. B.xii-xiii.D.l + 14-15. P.15.V.7. A. 70-80. C.19. L.I. 52. L.tr.14. Length of head 6 to 7, height of body 4*- in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, f diam. from end of snout, and 11 apart. The maxilla extends to opposite the gill-opening. Fins origin of dorsal slightly posterior to that of anal, much nearer to snout than to base of caudal fin. Pectoral with its upper ray elongated to opposite the centre of anal fin (in some examples this ray is only slightly produced), whilst the fin itself extends to opposite the posterior end of the ventral ; lower caudal lobe the longer, the upper truncated ; base of the anal fin considerablv more than half the total length without the caudal fin. Scales 7 spiny scales behind the ventral and 15 or 16 before it. Pseudob ranch ia? rudimentary. Colour greenish along back, becoming silvery dashed with gold along the abdomen ; dorsal and caudal yellow, the upper lobe of the caudal and the upper margin of the dorsal stained black ; pectoral in the young yellowish, but in the adult of a deep blue- black, except the elongated ray, which is usually uncoloured in its posterior three fourths ; ventral and anal uncoloured. Hub. Orissa, Bengal, Cachar, and Burma, in which latter country I have taken it as high up as Mandalay. This fish attains at least 16 inches in length. 499. (9.) Engraulis breviceps. Engraulis breviceps, Cantor, J. A. S. B. xviii, p. 1288 ; Catal. Mai. Fish. p. 306 ; Day, Fi*h. India, p. 628 (see synon.). B. xvi-xix. D. 1 + 17. P.14. V. 7. A. 60-64. C. 17. L.l.54-56. L.tr. 14. Length of head 7 to 7, height of body 4 to 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5^ to 6 in length of head, ^ diam. from end of snout, and 1 to 1-L apart. Lower jaw slightly the longer ; maxilla truncated opposite the mandibular joint. Fins pectoral CLUPEID^E. 393 with its upper ray prolonged. Anal commences somewhat in ad- vance of the dorsal, the length of its base being equal to half the total length excluding the caudal fin. Scales the whole of the abdominal edge serrated. Colour greenish yellow on the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath ; the body with som3 dark blotches in its upper half. Fins yellow, the dorsal, caudal, and last half of the anal having dark margins. Hab. Bay of Bangal to the Malay Archipelago. 500. (10.) Engraulis taty. Engraulis taty, Ouv. 8? Val. II. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 60 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 628, pi. clviii, fig. 5 (see synon.J. B. xi-xii. D. 1 + 13-15. A. 51-57. C. 19. L.I. 42-40. L.tr. 12. Length of head 6 to 6| (5| in the very young), height of body 33. to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, ^ to | diam. from end of snout, and \\ apart. The maxilla extends backwards beyond the mandibular joint, posteriorly it is truncated. Fins the anal is nearly half as long as the total length excluding the caudal fin ; it begins belo\v the middle of the dorsal; first pec- toral ray having (but not invariably) a long filamentous ending. Caudal lobed, the lower the longer. Scales 12 scutes posterior to the base of the ventral fin, and about 23 anterior to it. Colour upper surface of head and back green or greenish yellow, sparingly dotted with black ; sides, abdomen, cheeks, and opercles silvery ; dorsal, caudal, and anal yellow, some black dots on dorsal. Ventrals and pectorals yellowish, the latter sometimes dark. The edges and posterior margins of the caudal blackish. Hab. Seas and estuaries of India and the Malay Archipelago. This fish attains at least 6 inches in length, and is eaten either fresh or salted. 501. (11.) Engraulis purava. Engraulis purava, CUD. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 65 j Day, Fish. India, p. 628, pi. clvii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Ptissai, Ooriah ; Nga bah and Showk-a-thin, Arracan ; Feddah-poor- awah, Tel. B.xii. D.I + 13. P. 15. V.6. A.4.3-47. L. 1. 46. L. tr. 12. Length of head 5| to 6, height of body 4^ to 4^- in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| to 5 in length of head, diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. The maxilla reaches nearly to the base of the pectoral tin. Fins pectoral reaches the ventral, which does not extend halfway to the base of the anal. Anal commences be- neath the posterior dorsal rays. Scales in regular horizontal lines, with a fine row at the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; there are 15 or 16 spiny scales between the throat and the base of the ventral fin, and 10 or 11 between the ventral and the base of the 394 TELEOSTBI. P1IYSOSTOMI. anal. Colour silvery, steel-blue along the back, and with a golden tinge about the head. Dorsal and caudal fins yellowish ; the others uncoloured. ffab. Seas and estuaries of Sind and both sides of India, also the Malay Archipelago; attaining at least 12 inches iu length. 502. (12.) Engraulis coinmersoniamis. Stolephorus commersonianus, Laytpede, H. N. Poiss. v, p. 332, t. xii, fig. 1. Engraulis commersouianus, Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. clviii, fig. 1 (see synon.). B.xi-xiii. D.14-16. P.15-16. A.19-21. C.19. L. 1.38-40. L.tr.8-9. Length of head 5 to 5^, height of body 51 to 5| in total length. Ey?s 3| diameters in length of head, | to | diam. from end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Snout projecting considerably beyond ana overhanging the mouth. The maxilla continued to the gill- opening. Fins dorsal commences behind ventrals. Anal com- mences below middle of dorsal. PseudobranchiaD well developed. Colour silvery, greenish above ; opercles shining silvery shot with gold. A large black spot, sometimes indistinct, just behind the occiput. A broad silvery band passes from the centre of the gill- opening to the tail, becoming wider behind. Abdomen light buff- colour. Fins yellowish, with minute black dots. Eyes silvery ; orbital margin dark. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. This attains to about 8 inches in length, and is much esteemed for eating. It is known as "Whitebait" amongst Europeans, and is captured in India in great numbers. In the Straits Cantor states that large quantities are preserved for exportation to China and India. 503. (13.) Engraulis indicns. Engraulis indlcus, V. Hasselt, Algem. Konst.-Letterb. 1823, p. 329; Day, Fish. India, p. 629, pi. clviii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Nattoo, Tel. ; NetteUee, Tarn. ; Zoo-roo-cartrdah, Andam. B. xi-xiii. D. 15-16. P. 15. V. 7. A. 19. C. 19. L.I. 40. L.tr. 8-9. Length of head 4f to 5, height of body 6 to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, f to f diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Maxilla truncated opposite the man- dibular joint. Fins first half of dorsal in advance of the origin of the anal. Scales very deciduous ; 4 scutes before the base of the ventral fin. Pseudobranchiae present. Colour silvery, dashed with green along the back, and sometimes some dark spots behind the occiput. A brilliant silvery band passes from opposite the upper edge of the eye to the middle of the caudal fin. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, ascending tidal CLUPEIDJE. 395 504. (14.) Engraulis tri. Eograulis tri, Blether, Baton. Oenootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Haritiy. p. 40 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 630, pi. clviii, fig. 6 (see synon.). B. xi. D. 1 + 14-15. P. 13. V. 7. A. 20-22. 0. 17. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 8. Length of head 5 to 5|, height of body 5 to 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3- in length of head, % to f diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout projecting considerably beyond the jaws. Maxilla reaching to the gill-opening. Fins ventrals in- serted on a lino anterior to origin of dorsal. Anal commences under middle of dorsal. Soaks regularly arranged and not very decidu- ous. Four long slender scutes before ventral fin. Colour silvery shot with purple. A silvery baud passes from opposite the eye to the base of the caudal fin ; a dark spot behind occiput. Sab' From Bombay through the seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago. This fish ascends the Hooghly as high as Calcutta. It attains about 4 inches in length. 8. Genus COILIA, Gray. Syn. Afystus, Lacep. ; Trichosoma, Swains. ; Chcetomus, McClelland ; Collia, Schleg. ; Leptonurus, Bleaker. Branchiostegals nine to eleven. Body elongated, compressed, and tapering to a pointed tail ; abdomen trenchant and serrated. Snout pointed and projecting. Mouth cleft to behind the eye ; the maxilla produced behind. Teeth on the jaws, vomer, palatine, and pterygoid bones, also on the tongue. A single rather short dorsal fin placed in the anterior portion of the back ; anal elongated and confluent with the caudal; some of the upper pectoral rays pro- duced into moderately thick filaments. Scales of moderate or small size. Geographical Distribution. Indian and Chinese seas and estuaries. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. The maxilla does not extend behind the head. P. 5-6+xii, A. 116, L. 1. 55 1. C. reynaUi, p. 39C>. P. 6+vi, A. 1)5-110, L. 1. 70 2. C. ramearati, p. 396. P. 6+vi, A. 75, L. 1. 58 3. C. cantoris, p. 3915. P. 6+vi, A. 42 4. C. quadrigesimalis, p. 397. B. The maxilla extends behind the head. P. 9+v-vi, A. 105. Two or three rows of rftund yellow spots 5. C. dussumieri, p. 397. p. 6+ix-xii, A. 77-95. No spots 0. C. borneensis, p. 393. 396 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOM1. 505. (1.) Coilia reynaldi. Cuilia reynaldi, CUD. Sf Val. H. N. Puiss. xxi, p. 81 ; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 030' (see synon.). B.ix. D.l + 14. P.5-6 + xii. V.6. A.116. C.10. L.1.55. L.tr.10-11. Length of head 7, height of body 6 in the total length. E>/es diameter 4 in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. The maxilla extends nearly to the end of the opercles~. Finn the dorsal commences in the first fourth of the total length ; the anal under the dorsal or slightly behind its posterior margin ; a spine just before the dorsal. Pectoral short, the upper rays prolonged nearly to the middle of the body. Anal more than two thirds the total length. Scales 12 sharp spines along the abdominal edge, which is serrated in front of the ventrals. Colour silvery white, with pinkish reflexions. Hab. The Hoogbly at Calcutta. 506. (2.) Coilia ramcarati. Mystus ramcarati, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 233, 382. Coilia ramcarati, Day, Fish. India, p. 631, pi. clix, fig. 2 (see synon.). B.xi. D.l + 14. P.O + vi. V.12. A. 95-110. L.I. 70. L.tr.9-10. Length of head 6, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, -|- diam. from end of snout, and 1 apart. Maxilla dilated above the mandibular joint, behind which it is truncated. The distance between the snout and dorsal fin is one fourth of the total length. Fins the six lower pectoral rays are very short and almost concealed in a scaly sheath ; the free ones reach to about the middle of the length of the fish. Ventral inserted slightly before the front edge of the dorsal. The length of the anal is about two thirds of the distance between the gill- opening and base of the caudal fin, the upper ray of the latter fin being the longest. Scales 5 spiny before and 10 or 11 behind base of ventral fin. Pseudobranchia? present. Colour generally golden, with a darkish stain behind the gill-opening. The last half of the anal and the whole of the caudal blackish. Hob. Eivers and estuaries of Bengal. 507. (3.) Coilia cantoris. Coilia cantoris, Sleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Vet-hand, xxv, Beng. pp. 74, 148; Day, Fish. India, p. 631. Nga kyang ut, Burmese. B.ix. D. 14-13. P.6 + vi. V.7. A. 75. C. 10. L: 1. 58. Length of head 6, height of body 63 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, | diam. from end of snout. The maxilla not extending to the branchial aperture. Fins dorsal commencing in the second fourth of the length of the body. CLUPEID.S. 397 Pectoral rays short, the free ones not reaching so far as to the anal fin. Length of base of anal rather above one half the total length. Scales 5 spines on the abdominal edge before the ventral h'n and 10 behind it. Colour without marks. Hab. One young example, nearly 4 inches long, was captured in the Hooghly. The above description is from the type. 508. (4.) Coilia qnadrigesimalis. Coilia quadragesimalis, Cuv. 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 83 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 631 (see synon.). B. x. D. 15. P. 6 + vi. V. 8. A. 42. C. 25. Height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes small. Mouth obtuse*, the maxilla does not extend posteriorly behind the angle of the jaw. Fins dorsal inserted at the posterior end of the first third of the body. Pectoral short, its six free rays equal to one half the total length. The anal commences a little before the middle of the total length. Colour silvery shot with gold, and having nacreous reflexions ; fins yellowish. Hab. One example, 6 (French) inches long, from the Ganges. 509. (5.) Coilia dussumieri. (Fig. 122.) Coilia dussumieri, Cuv. $ Val. It. N. Poiss. xxi, p. 81, pi. 610 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 631, pi. clviii, fig. 8 (see synon.). Oorialli, Ooriah ; Mdndeli, Marathi. B. xi. D. 1+13-14. P.9 + v-vi. V. 7. A. 105. C. 12. L. 1. 80. L. tr. 9. Length of head 6 to 6J, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, f diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. Maxilla extending posteriorly to the gill- Fig. 122. Coilia dttssumieri. opening. Snout projecting beyond the mouth. The distance be- tween the snout and the first dorsal ray is one fourth of the total length. Fins 6 upper pectoral rays produced to about the middle of the length of the fish. Ventral inserted below middle of dorsal fin. Length of base of anal nearly equal to three fourths of dis- tance between gill-opening and base of caudal fin, the upper ray of 398 TELEOSTEI. PHY8OSTOMI. which is the longest. /Scales 5 or 6 spiny before ventral fin, and 8 behind it ; they commence just behind the insertion of the pec- toral fin. Pseudobranchise absent. Colour golden, with two or three rows of round burnished golden spots along the lower half of the side. Hob. Seas and estuaries of India to the Malay Archipelago ; very numerous at Bombay. Attaining at least 7 inches in length. 510. (6.) Coilia borneensis. Coilia borneensis, Bleeker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxiv, Hariny. p. 45 ; Day, Fish, India, p. 032, pi. clix, fig. 1 (see synou.). B. x. D. 1 + 14. P. G + ix-xii. V. 7. A. 77-95. L. 1. 76. L. tr. 9. Length of head 5| to 6|, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5| in length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. Maxilla continued backwards as far as the gill-opening. The distance between the snout and the dorsal h'n is one fourth of the total length. Fins the 6 lower pectoral rays short ; the 12 upper ones extend almost to the middle of the length of the fish. The base of the anal equals two fifths of the distance between the snout and the base of the caudal. Scales 4 or 5 fine spines along the abdominal edge between the bases of the pectoral and ventral fins; 5* behind the latter. Colour golden ; fins yellowish, without any black marks. Hob. Madras, Burma (where it is common in the Irrawaddy river), also the Malay Archipelago. Fourth group. DUSSUMIEEINA. 9. Genus DTJSSUMIEKIA, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Branchiostegals numerous; pseudobranchiae well developed. Gill-membranes entirely separate. Body somewhat elongate, compressed ; abdomen rounded, not serrated. Snout pointed ; upper jaw not projecting ; cleft of mouth moderate. Eyes with broad adipose lids. Small fixed teeth in the jaws, and villiform teeth on the palatines, pterygoids, and the tongue, but absent from the vomer. Dorsal fin opposite to the ventral ; anal of moderate length. Scales of medium or rather small size, very deciduous. Pyloric appendages numerous. Geographical Distribution. From Sind throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. Synopsis of Indian Species. L. 1. 52-5G 1. D. Jiasscltii. p. 309. 1,. 1. 40-42 2. D. actita, p. 31)9. 511. CL) kai OOTCp.13; D. 17-2. P. 15. A. 15-1S. G. IS. L. L 52-38L I*, te. 12. Length of k^d 4| to 5, fceipfct of bodjSf to 6| m tte iMgtf,: 2^^-din^cr41b i^rtadtei^aih the krtlolf of UK .iiriya^tfe kge MUdanthekrarl "77-- ^--- -' tkas acain slvay one dot ^iflfc p^k OnU sta* mtth |!R, j " -pr gOOCL L p>pcr MBBMBB Ol JMM1 UH. tCTt wUcfc has m fittfe Uark on it. mil jji i ni li Ey*s wtitte. FromOuiakajiid tlbe nd Ctea. ITbe :.-:;. .:-.> jye.-.rs (-) J%& 1<^ ]v ^, ]& dlra, %. L14-17. C.2L LL4iMt. L.*r,ll-li. of head 5 to t fcwly 5 to 5| tfe trttal II 400 TELEOSTBI. PHT8O8TOM1 . termed a Sardine by the inhabitants and residents in Malabar, where it is very common and is excellent eating. Hob. From Sind through the seas of India to the Malay Archi- pelago ; attaining at least 7 inches in length. 10. Genus SPRATELLOIDES, Bleeker. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchiae well developed. Gill- membranes entirely separated. Body elongated, moderately com- pressed or subcylindrical ; abdomen rounded. Snout compressed ; the upper jaw not overlapping the lower. Eyes without adipose lids. Teeth small and deciduous, but sometimes present on the jaws, vomer, pterygoids, and tongue. Dorsal fin placed opposite the ventrals ; anal of moderate length or short. Scales of medium size, rather deciduous. Geographical Distribution. Western coast of India, Malay Archi- pelago to Australia, also the North Pacific. 513. (1.) Spratelloides malabaricus. (Fig. 124.) Spratelloides malabaricu8, Day, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 240 j Fish. India, p. 648,. pi. clxi, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 13-14. P. 13. V. 8. A. 18-19. C. 19. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 9. Length of head (propoi'tion increases with age) 4j to of, height of body 5 1 in the total length. Eyes diameter one third of length of head. Fins dorsal commences slightly in front of the Fig. 124. Spratelloides malabaricus. origin of the ventral ; caudal deeply forked. Colour light yellowish green above, a silvery stripe along the side, abdomen silvery ; upper caudal lobe with a bluish posterior edge ; some fine black points along the back ; upper edge of eye dark green. Hob. "Western coast of India, in rivers and estuaries, attaining 3 inches in length, and not uncommon. CLUPEID.E. 401 Fifth group. ALBULINA. 11. Genus ALBULA, Gronovius. Syn. Butyrinus, Lace"p. ; Glossodus (Guv.), Agassiz ; Conorhytichus (Nozeman), Bleeker, Atl. Ich. Gill-membranes entirely separated. Body oblong or elongate. Abdominal edge rounded and not keeled. Snout pointed, project- ing beyond the mouth. Eyes with a broad annular adipose mem- brane. Villiform teeth on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones ; granular on the tongue, pterygoid and sphenoid bones. Dorsal fin situated opposite to the ventrals ; the anal shorter than the dorsal. Scales rather small, not deciduous ; lateral line present. Pseudo- branchiao well developed. 514. (1.) Albula conorhynclms. Albula conorhynchus, SI. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 432, t. 86 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 648 (see synon.). B. xiv-xvi. D. 17-19. A. 9. L. 1. 75-80. L.tr. 9-8/11-9. Vert. 41/26. Caec. pyl. 22. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 5| to 6| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, 1 to lj diam. apart. The maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the eye. Fins the ventral inserted beneath the last half of the dorsal. Colour silvery. Hub. Coasts of India and all tropical and subtropical seas. Sixth group. ELOPINA. 12. Genus ELOFS, Linnaeus. Branchiostegals numerous ; pseudobranchiae. Gill-membranes entirely separated. Body rather elongate and compressed. An osseous gular plate is attached to the symphysis of the mandibles and covers the intermediate area. Mouth wide, anterior ; lower jaw slightly the longer. Villiform teeth in the jaws, vomer, pala- tine and pterygoid bones, also on the tongue and base of the skull. Ventrals opposite to the dorsal, which has a few rays more than the anal. Scales small. Lateral line distinct. Pyloric appendages numerous. 515. (1.) Elops saurus. (Fig. 125.) Elops saurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 518 ; Day, Fi*h. India, p. 640, pi. clxvi, fig. 1 (see synon.). JaUuyu and Jinnagow, Tel. ; Ullahti, Tarn. ; Shonas, Marathi. B. xxix-xxxv. D. 22-24. A. 15-17. C. 19. L. 1. 95-100. L. tr. 12/14. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ to 5 in length of bead, | to 1 2 D 402 TELEOSTEI. PlIl'SOSTOMI. diam. from eiul of snout, and the same apart. Cleft of mouth oblique ; the maxilla extends to rather behind the posterior margin Fig. 125. Etopa saurus. of the orbit. Fins anal rather more concave than the dorsal ; caudal deeply lobed. Scales a few fine rows form a sort of sheath to dorsal and anal fins, also some over the root of caudal. Colout silvery; fins yellowish, with a greenish tinge. Hob. Tropical and subtropical seas ; attaining a considerable length. 13. Genus MEGALOPS, Commerson. Branchiostegals numerous : pseudobranchise absent. Gill-mem- branes entirely separated. Body oblong and compressed. Mouth anterior, lower jaw prominent. A narrow bony plate adherent to the symphysis of the mandibles, and covering the space inter- mediate between the two bones. Villiform teeth in the jaws, vomer, palatine and pterygoid bones, also on the base of skull and on the tongue. Geographical Distribution. All tropical seas and many fresh waters. 516. (1.) Megalops cyprinoides. (Fig. 126.) Clupea cyprinoides, Broussonet, Ich. t. ix. Megalops cyprinoides, Day, Fish. India, p. 650, pi. clix, fig. 3 (see synon.). Kimdittga, Tel. ; Punnikowu and NaJutrm, Ooriah ; Cunnay, Mai. ; Moran cundai, Tamil ; Nya-tan-youet and Nya Koonya, Burmese. B.xxiv-xxvi. D. 19-21. A. 24-27. C. 19. L. 1. 37-42. L.tr. 5-6/6. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes with narrow adipose lids, diameter 3| to 3 in the length of head, about | a diameter from end of snout and also apart ; the size of the eye in large specimens is frequently comparatively larger than in small ones. Fins dorsal commences opposite the ventral, and is two thirds as high as the body below it, its upper edge concave, and its last ray prolonged. Caudal deeply lobed. Colour back bluish green in the adult, lighter in the immature. Abdomen silvery, CLUPEID/E. 403 with bluish reflexions. The margins of the scales of a brilliant silver, as are also the lateral line and the sides of the head. The 126. Megalops cyprinoides. centre of the ja\vs black. Dorsal and caudal greyish, minutely dotted with black, and the margins blackish, as is also the last elongated dorsal ray. Pectoral, ventral, and anal diaphanous, with some black dots, the last anal ray dark. The pupils are oval, pointing downwards. Hal. Indian and Pacific Oceans, waters and estuaries of India, Ceylon, ey6nd the mem- brane. Caudal rounded. Colour dull green along the back, becoming dull white on the abdomen, outer portion of anal rays white-edged. A narrow dark line along the middle of the side, terminating iu a dull spot at the centre of the base of the caudal fin. Hab. Wynaad, and Madras Presidency, Orissa, Lower Bengal and Burma; attaining about 1| inches in length. 529. (2.) Haplochilus rubrostigma. Aplocheilus rubrostigma, Jerdon, Mad. Jour. L. S. xv. 1849, p. 331. Haplochilus rubrostigma, Day, Fish. India, p. 522, pi. cxxi, fig. 5 (see synon.). B. v. D. 8. P. 15. V. 6. A. 17-18. C. 15. L. 1. 33. L. tr. 9. Length of head 4|, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, l| diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. Teeth on vomer. Fins ventral with its second ray elongate and reaching to the middle of the anal. Anal much lower in front and increasing in length to the last ray. Central caudal rays rather prolonged. Colour a silver occipital spot. Body reddish brown above, becoming yellowish on the sides and beneath. Each scale along the side with a central red spot. A row, sometimes two, of red spots along the base of the anal fin, some on the dorsal, and a few dark spots on the caudal. Hub. Malabar coast of India, and the lower portion of the Coro- rnandel coast ; attaining to at least 3 inches in length. 530. (3.) Haplochilus lineatns. (Fig. 135.) Panchax lineatum, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xviii, p. 381. Haplochilus lineatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 522, pi. cxxi, fig. 6 (see synon.). B. v-vi. D. 8-9. A. 15-17. C. 19. L. 1. 32-34. L. tr. 9. Length of head 4|, height of body 5 to 5^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in the length of head, lj diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. Teeth a single row across the palate. Fins second ventral ray elongate, reaching to nearly the middle of the anal fin ; anal high, the last rays about the same length as the first ; central caudal rays rather prolonged. Colour varying with the seasons and sex ; greenish with a gloss of purple on the cheek and along the abdominal surface. A golden green spot in the CRYPRINODONTlD.i:. 417 centre of each scale. Eight to ten vertical black bands pass down the sides to the abdomen. lu a Ceylon specimen in the British Fig. 135. Haplochilus lineatus. Museum there are dark blotches and not distinct bars as seen in Malabar examples. Hab. This species is found in Coorg and the Wynaad, down the Malabar coast and in Ceylon. It attains 4 inches in length. 531. (4.) Haplochilus panchax. Esox panchax, Ham. Bitch. Fish. Ganyes, pp. 211, 380, pi. iii, fig. 69. Haplochilus panchax, Day, Fish. India, p. 523, pi. cxxi, fig. 3 (see synou.). Pang-chax, Beng. ; Kanakuri and Bor-ro-guddi, Ooriah ; Nya-saki, Mugh ; Cho-to-dah, Andainanese. B.v-vi. D.7-11. A. 15-17. C. 13. L. 1. 31-34. L. tr. 9-10. Length of head 4 to 4^, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3j in the length of head, 1 diam. from end of snout, and 1| apart. Teeth in a broad band on the vomer. Fins ventral small and without any elongated ray. .Anal nearly square. Caudal rounded. Colour a white occipital spot. Upper surface greenish, becoming dull white on the sides and beneath. Fins yellowish, lower third of dorsal covered with a large black spot. Dorsal, caudal, and anal margined with orange. A variety exists on the Sind hills, and in Cutch, which has less scales (28) along the lateral line, numerous silvery spots along the sides, and a black spot behind the eye, the dorsal and anal fins are likewise more elongate. Hab. From Orissa, through the lower province of Bengal, Burma, Siam to the Malay Archipelago, also the Andamans. (? Also Siud hills.) This species attains at least 3 inches in length. Family XI. SCOMBRESOCIMl. Syn. Fharynaognathi malacopterygii, Miiller. Pseudobrauchiflo concealed, glandular. Margin of the upper ja\v formed mesially by the premaxillaries, laterally by the maxilhiries. Barbels present or absent. Lower pharyngeals united into a single 2E 418 TELEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. bone. Dorsal fin rayed, sometimes with finlets posterior to it, situated opposite the anal, arid in the caudal portion of the ver- tebral column ; no adipose dorsal. Scales present, frequently a keeled row along either side of the free portion of the tail. Air- bladder generally present, sometimes cellular, and destitute of a pneumatic duct. Stomach and intestines in one straight undivided tube. Pyloric appendages absent. Geographical Distribution. Tropical and temperate seas, some of the species being resident in fresh water. Synopsis of Indian Genera. Both jaws elongated into a beak. No finlets .... 1. BELOXE. Upper jaw short, the lower elongated into a beak . 2. HEMIRHAMPHFS. Jaws short ; pectoral fins elongated into organs for flying 3. EXOCCETUS. 1. Genus BELONE, Cuvier. Syn. Mnstacembelus (Klein), Bleeker ; Rhamphistoma, Eaf.; Tylo- surus, Cocco ; Potamorrhaphis, Giinther. Branchiostegals rather numerous. Gill-openings wide. Body elongate, subcylindrical or compressed. Eyes lateral. The jaws prolonged into a beak, the upper formed by the premaxillaries. Fine rugosities in both jaws, and a single row of long, widely- set, conical teeth ; palate toothless in Indian species. The anterior dorsal rays vary in elevation, sometimes forming a lobe to the fin : no fiulets ; caudal usually forked. Scales small. Lateral line on free portion of tail, with or without a keel. Uses. These Gar-fish are indifferent as food; their bones are green, as observed in the European forms. In very young specimens the jaws are said not to be prolonged, and as age increases the mandibles are considerably advanced before the premaxillaries. Distinct varieties appear to be present in some species, as Belone cancila, some of the inland forms of which have an elevation along the back. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Caudal forked. A. 25-27 1. B. melanostigma, p. 418. A. 20-22. C. 15 2. B. annulata, p. 419. A. 19-20. C. 18 3. B. chorum, p. 4]9. B. Caudal truncated or rounded. D. 19. A. 22-24. Tail rounded 4. B. liura, p. 420. D. 15-18. A. 16-18. Tail truncated 5. B. candla, p. 420. D. 13-16. A. 16-18. Tail rounded 6. B. xtronyylura, p. 421. 532. (1.) Belone melanostigma. Belone melanostigma (Elircnb.}, Cur. $ Val. II. JV. Toiss. xviii, p. 450; Day, Fish. India, p. 509 (see synon.). SCOMBRESOCIDJE. 419 B. xiii-xiv. D. 24-26. P. 14. V. 6. A. 25-27. C. 15. Length of head 4|, height of body 14 in the total length. Eyes the diameter 2| in postorbital length of head. A wide median groove along the summit of the head ; superciliary region slightly striated longitudinally. Tongue without asperities. Fins the anterior dorsal rays from the second to the fourth produced; the anal commences rather in advance of the dorsal, and is of the same shape ; caudal forked. Free portion of tail somewhat com- pressed. Lateral line not forming a keel. Scales minute. Colour pectoral nearly black externally ; from one to seven large black blotches along the side, which appear to be occasionally absent in females. ffab. Red Sea to the Malay Archipelago; attaining at least 3| feet in length. t 533. (2.) Belone annulata. Eelone annulata, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Foiss. xviii, p. 447, fig. 550 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 510, pi. cxx, fig. 1 (see synon.). Pahmum kolah, Tamil ; Wahlah Kuddera, Tel. B. xii-xv. D. 22-24. P. 12-15. V. 6. A. 20-22. C. 15. Length of head 3f, height of body 13-20 in the total length. Width of body equals its height. Eyes diameter 2J in postorbital length of head, f diam. apart. Interorbital groove broad and shallow, striated along its anterior portion. Teeth strong. Tongue covered with tubercular asperities. Fins dorsal elevated in front, and its middle and last rays also rather elongate. Anal commences very slightly in advance of the dorsal, and is of some- what similar shape. Caudal lobed, lower lobe the longer. Scales thin and small, some present on the preopercle. Free portion of the tail tetrahedral, rather higher than broad. Lateral line forming a badly- developed keel on the side of the free portion of the tail. Colour upper surface of the head and back green, minutely dotted with black, fading into silvery white on the ab- domen. The side of the upper jaw dark olive, of the lower silvery. Cheeks and opercles silvery. Membranes of dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins light greenish grey, minutely dotted with black, es- pecially at the margins. Anal and ventral white in front, dotted with black. In young specimens the colours vary. Hub, Red Sea, seas and estuaries of India, Malay Archipelago, China, and North Australia. Grows to at least 2 feet in length. 534. (3.) Belone choram. Esox belone, Forsk. Descr, Anim. p. 67. Belone choram, Riippell, N.W., Fische, p. 72; Day, Fish. India, p. 610, pi. cxviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). B. x. D. 22-23. P. 14. V. 6. A. 19-20. C. 18. Length of head 31 to 3, height of body 12 to 14 in the total 2E2 420 TELEOSTEl. KIYSOSTOMI. length. Eyes diameter 2 in the postorbital length of the head, and from 1^ to 1^ diameters apart. A wide shallow groove exists along the summit of the head, superciliary region striated. Fins dorsal rays longer iu front, the hind rays reach nearly or quite the base of the caudal. Anal of the same character as the dorsal. Caudal forked, lower lobe the longer. Free portion of tail nearly as wide as high. Scales absent from the opercles, some on groove on head. 25 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal fin. Lateral line forming a narrow keel along the side of the free portion of the tail. Colour bluish green above, becoming lighter below ; a silvery stripe along the side ; upper edge of dorsal and pectoral fins usually black. Hob. From the Bed Sea and East coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 3| feet in length. 535. (4.) Belone liura. Belone leiurus, Bleeker, Batavia, Nat. Tijdsch. i, p. 94; Day, Fish. India, p. 511 (see synon.). Penlay-nga- toung-knyeen, Burmese. B. x. D. 19. P. 11. V. 7. A. 22-24. C. 17. Length of head 3 to 31, height of body 14 in the total length. Eyes 3 diameters in the postorbital length of the head, 1| apart. A wide shallow groove on the head, broadest in front. Super- ciliary and parietal regions striated. Tongue smooth. Fins dorsal commences considerably behind the anal, its anterior rays the highest ; upper surface of the fin concave. Anterior anal rays the longest ; fin concave ; its last ray, when laid flat, extends one third of distance to the base of the caudal, which is rounded. Scales small over body and cheeks; 12 rows between the lateral line and base of the dorsal fin. Free portion of tail compressed, with- out any distinct lateral keel. Colour bluish green, becoming light on the sides and beneath, with a silvery lateral band ; the posterior half of the pectoral dark, as is also the lower half of the caudal fin. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 536. (5.) Belone cancila. (Fig. 136.) Esox cancila, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 213, 380, pi. 27, fig. 70. Belone cancila, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Pom. xviii, p. 455 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 511, pi. cxviii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Kutra, Marathi ; Qongituri, Ooriah ; Rung-gab, Cotca, Sona, and Kw- haan, Punj.: N(/a-oh-poung-yoh and Nga-phon-yo, Burmese ; Pissu kula/t, Tam. ; Ko-ki-lah, Assam. B. x. D. 15-18. P. 11. V. 6. A. 16-18. C. 15. Length of head 2| to 2f, height of body 8 to 12 in the total length. Eyes 3 to 3 diameters from the hind edge of the opercle, and 1 apart. A deep longitudinal groove along the upper SCOMBEESOCID/E. 421 surface of the head. Supraorbital margin smooth, fins dorsal commences opposite the anal. Caudal slightly emarginate. The last dorsal and anal rays not elongate. Scales small over the body and in irregular rows, some over front end of groove on head, also on sides of head except on opercles. Free portion of the tail compressed. Colour greenish grey above, becoming whitish along the abdomen : a silvery streak having a dark margin extends Pig. 136. Belone cancila. along the body from opposite the orbit to the centre of base of caudal fin. The whole upper two thirds of the body closely marked with fine black spots ; along the side between the pectoral and anal fins there are 4 or 5 larger blotches, these are absent in the young. Eyes golden. There is a variety at Hardwar and in the Central Provinces, having a hump along the first part of its back, sometimes continued as an elevated ridge as far as the origin of the dorsal fin. Hab. Fresh waters of Sind, India, and Ceylon, also throughout Burma ; attaining at least 12 inches in length. 537. (6.) Belone strongylura. Belone strongylura, V. Hasselt, Alg. Konst. en Letterb. 1823, p. 131 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 512, pi. cxviii, fig. 6 (see synon.). Cunyur, Sind. ; Ooshee-collarchee and Coco-mecn, " Long-nosed fish," Tarn. ; Wodlah-muku and Kuddera, Tel. ; Thook-o-doo-noo-dah, Andam. ; Coplahj Mai. ; Tol, Marathi ; Nga-toiing-pnie-goung-khyoung, Arracan ; Burra toonchia, Chittagong ; Nga-p'houng-yo, Burmese. B. xii. D. 13-15. P. 11. V. 6. A. 16-18. C. 15. Length of head 2| to 3, height of body 13 to 14 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in postorbital length of head, 1 to 1| apart. A shallow median groove along the head, the superciliary region scarcely striated. Fins first 4 rays of anal in advance of the dorsal, which is highest in front, with the upper margin con- cave, its posterior rays do not extend nearly to the root of the caudal fin; anal of the same shape. Caudal rounded. Scales small, on the opercles and groove on the head ; 11 transverse rows between lateral line and anterior rays of dorsal fin. Lateral line double. The free portion of the tail much compressed. Colour summit of head and back yellowish green, with minute brown dots, fading into silvery on the sides, and white on the abdomen. A deep blue longitudinal band, bordered beneath by another broader one of silver, along the posterior half of the sides. Caudal yel- 422 TELEOSTEI. PHYSOSTOMI. lowish or greenish, minutely dotted with black, and having a round bluish-black spot in the centre near the root. Hob. Seas and coasts of India and Burma to the Malay Archi- pelago. Sometimes taken in estuaries and tidal rivers : not un- common at Calcutta. This fish attains 2 feet or more in length. 2. Genus HEMIRHAMPHUS, Cuv. Syn. Hyporhamphus, Euleplorhamphus, Zcnarchoptems, aud ().ri//><>- rhamphut, Gill ; Dermatogenys (K. & v. Hass.), Petera ; Hemirhampho- don, Bleeker; Arhamphus, Giinther. Parl kollarchee, Tamil ; Toll, Marathi. Branchiostegals rather numerous. Grill-openings wide. Body subcylindrical and elongate. Eves lateral, tipper jaw, formed by the premaxillaries, short and more or less triangular in form ; the lower jaw, in the adult, is elongated far beyond the upper. A nasal barbel usually present. Teeth villiform in both jaws. No finlets posterior to the dorsal fin. Caudal mostly forked or emar- ginate, sometimes rounded. Scales of moderate, or large, size. Air-bladder large, occasionally cellular. Some species are viviparous. No pyloric appendages. During the cold season of the year the roes of these fishes are largely collected and salted on the Malabar coast of India, where they are esteemed a great delicacy. The scales of species of Hemirhamphi and Exocceti are counted in a straight line between the head and base of the caudal fin and not along the lateral line, consequently the letters L. r. or lateral rows are employed. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Pectorals thrice as long as caudal fin. ... 1. H. longirostris, p. 423. B. Pectorals short. a. Tail forked. a'. Ventrals arising much nearer to caudal than to pectorals. a". No scales on anal fin. D. 18 (16), A. 15 (14) 2. H. kucaptei-us, p. 423. b". Some scales on anal. D. 15-16, A. 15 3. H. canton, p. 423. c". No scales on anal or dorsal. D. 14-15, A. 13-14 4. H. georyii, p. 424. d". A few scales on anal and dorsal. D. 13-14, A. 10-12 5. H.far, p. 424. V. Ventrals arising about halfway be- tween base of caudal and pectorals . 0. //. reynaldi, p. 425. c'. Ventrals arising about halfway be- tween base of caudal and eye. a". Beak red-tipped 7. H. xantJiopterus, b". Beak uniformly coloured. [p. 425. a'". Scales on anal and dorsal .... S. If. unifasciatm, p. 426. b'". No scales on anal or dorsal . . 9. //. limbatus, p. 426. SCOMBKESOCID.E. 423 b. Tail square or rounded, not forked. a'. Dorsal arising nearer head than anal, a". Some rays in middle of anal elon- gate 10. H. dispui; p. 420. b". No anal rays produced. '". Beak beyond upper jaw f of total length ! 11. H. buffbnis, p. 427. A'". Beak about ^ of total 12. H. ectimtio, p. 427. b'. Anal arising nearer head than dorsal. 13. H. brachynotopterus, [p. 428. 538. (1.) Hemirliamplms longirostris. Ilemirhamphus longirostris, Cuv. Reg. Anim. 6d. nouv. 1829, ii, p. 286 ; CUD. 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 52 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 513 (see synon.).. D. 21-22. P. 8. V. 6. A. 18-20. C. 26. Length of head 3, of beak 4|, of caudal fin 10, height of body 18 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1^ in postorbital length of head, and nearly 1 apart. Body narrow and compressed. Upper ja\v convex in both directions and one fourth wider at its base than it is long. Fins dorsal much elevated in front, it com- mences somewhat in advance of the origin of the anal. Pectoral 3 If in the length of the body, its upper ray broad and compressed. Ventrals very small, one sixth the length of the pectoral. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer. Colour a silvery lateral band, the fins with dark outer margins. Hob. Coromandel coast of India ; attaining at least 1O5 inches in length : Leschenault refers to this species individuals up to 3 feet. 539. (2.) Hemirhamphus leucopterus. Hemirhamphus leucopterus, Cuv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 48 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 514. D. 18 (16). P. 11. V. 6. A. 15 (14). C. 14. Length of head 2|, of beak 4|, height of body 12 in the total length. Eyes diameter lj in postorbital length of head, 1| apart. Upper jaw slightly wider at its base than it is long, keeled, not scaled ; no barbels. Fins anal commences under the third dorsal ray. Ventral inserted in commencement of last third of distance between eye and base of caudal fin. Lower lobe of caudal the longer. Scales none on dorsal or anal fins. Colour a silvery lateral band ; fins colourless ; beak black. Hob. Bombay ; growing to 6 inches or more in length. 540. (3.) Hemirhamphus cantori. (Fig. 137.) Hemirhamphus cantori, Blcekei; Ncdtrland. Tijds. Dierk. iil, p. 14o; Day, Fish. India, p. 514, pi. cxix, tig. 1 (f^ee synon.). B. xiv. D. 15-16. P. 10-12. V. 6. A. 15. C. 16. L. 1. 62. 424 TELEOSTEI. PnYSOSTOlil. Length of head 2 ; f, of beak 3f, height of body 12 to 13 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1| in postorbital length of head and 1] apart. Body compressed. Upper jaw pointed, one third longer than wide and rather convex. Fins dorsal fin commences before the anal. Ventral inserted in commencement of last third Fig. 137. Hemirhamphus canton. of distance between front end or middle of premaxillaries and base of caudal fin, which is forked, its lower lobe the longer. Scales none on dorsal fin but some on anal ; 6 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal fin. Colour greenish blue above, having a burnished silvery stripe along each side. Hob. Bombay, Malabar, Madras, and seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. 541. (4.) Hemirhamphus georgii. Hemirhamphus georgii, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 37, pi. 555 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 515, pi. cxx, fig. 2 (see synon.). B. xii. D. 14-15 (16-17). A. 13-14. C. 16. L. 1. 54-58. Length of head 2f , of beak 4| to 5, height of body 10 to 13 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1| to 1| in -postorbital length of head, lj apart. Upper jaw about one diameter of eye in length, rather pointed and a little longer than wide at its base, convex, scarcely keeled and not scaled. Fins dorsal commences in last fourth of distance between front edge of eye and base of caudal and a little in front of the anal. Ventral inserted in commence- ment of last third of distance between angle of mouth and base of caudal fin. Length of base of anal two thirds that of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales none on dorsal or anal fins ; 5 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal. Colour a broad silvery stripe rather wider than a scale. Fringe on lower jaw black. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 542. (5.) Hemirhamplms far. Esox far, Fork. Descr. Antni. p. 67, no. 98 b. Hemirhamphus far, Day, Fish, India, p. 516, pi. cxx, fig. 3 (see synon.). B.xii-xiv. D. 13-1 L A. 10-12. C. 15. L. 1. 50-54. Vert. 38/16. Length of head 2| to 3, of beak 5 to 5, height of body 8 to 12 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1| in postorbital length SCOMBRESOCIDjE. 425 of head, 1 apart. Greatest width of body one half to two thirds of its height. Triangular portion of upper jaw much wider than long. Fins dorsal commences considerably in advance of anal. Ventral inserted in last third of distance between middle of eye and base of caudal. Anal about one half as long as dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer. Scales a few on front portion of dorsal and anal fins. Colour back dark bluish green ; a silvery lateral band, and four dark blotches or spots along the sides. Hab. Red Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond ; said to attain over 18 inches in length. 543. (6,) Hemirhamphus reynaldi. Hemirhamphus reynaldi, Ctiv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 39 ; Day, Fish, India, p. 515 (see synon.). B.xiii-xiv. D. 14-15(16). A. 14-15 (17). C. 15. L. .1. 52-54. Length of head 3, of beak 6|, height of body 11 to 13 in the total length. Eyes diameter equals postorbital length of head, and also width of interorbital space. Upper jaw keeled, scaled, rather broader at its base than it is long. No barbels. Body nearly as wide as high. Fins anal commences below the third or fourth dorsal ray. Ventral commences rather nearer to the base of the caudal than to that of the pectoral, or else midway. Caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer. Scales none on dorsal or anal fins. Colour a silvery lateral band ; upper edge of dorsal blackish. Hab. East coast of Africa, seas of India and of Malay Archi- pelago ; growing to 9 inches or more in length. 544. (7.) Hemirhamphus xanthopterus. Hemirhamphus xanthopterus, Cuv. fy Val. H. N> Poiss. xix, p. 47 Day, Fish. India, p. 514, pi. cxix, fig. 2. B.xii. D. 14-15. P. 13. V.6. A. 16-17. C. 15. L. r. 56-53. Length of head 3^ to 3|, of beak 7 to 7|, height of body 12 in the total length. Eyes diameter lj in postorbital length of head, and f to 1 apart. Upper jaw rather longer than wide at its base. No barbels. Fins anal commences opposite dorsal, the anterior portion of both rather elevated. Ventral inserted midway between hiud edge of the eye and base of caudal. Lower caudal lobe the longer. Scales none on dorsal or anal fins, or a few very fine ones on their anterior portion ; 7 rows between lateral line and base of dorsal fin. Colour a brilliant lateral band two thirds as wide as a scale in its widest part. End of beak coral-red. Hab. Malabar coast of India, growing to 6 inches at least in length. 42U TELEOSTEI. P1IY8OSTOMI. 545. (8.) Hemirhamphus unifasciatus. Ilemirliamphus unifasciatus, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. List. Bonon. v, 1842, p. 320, t. 25 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 514 (see synon.). B. x. D. 15-16. P. 12. V. 6. A. 15-17. C. 16. L. 1. 52-58. Length of head 3, of beak 6|, height of body 11 - in the total lengbh. Eyes diameter 1| in postorbital length of head, and 1| apart. Fins dorsal commences in last fourth of distance between angle of mouth and base of caudal. Ventral inserted midway between base of caudal and front edge of eye. Caudal forked, lower lobe the longer. Scales present on dorsal and anal fins ; 5.| to 6 rows between base of dorsal and lateral line. Colour bluish, with a rather narrow silvery band. Hab. Malabar, Andamans, to the Malay Archipelago and beyond ; attaining to 8 inches or more in length. 546. (9.) Hemirhamphus limbatus. Hemirhamphus limbatus, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 44 ; Day. Fish. India, p. 516, pi. cxix, fig. 3 (see synon.). Gomjaturi, Ooriah. B. x. D. 13-14. P. 10. V. 6. A. 13-15. C. 14. L. 1. 50-52. Length of head 3| to 3, of beak 6^ to 6|, height of body 9 to 10 in the total length. Eyes diameter lj to If in postorbital portion of head, nearly 1 apart. Width of body jf of its height. Upper jaw short, one half wider at its base than it is long, and keeled along mesial line. Fins dorsal commences very slightly in advance of anal, both fins having their outer edges concave. Ventral inserted about midway between eye and base of caudal. Anal slightly shorter than dorsal. Caudal lobed, the lower the longer. Scales 5 rows between base of dorsal and lateral line. None on dorsal or anal, or a few on their front portions. Colour a brilliant silvery lateral band, which behind becomes as broad as one scale. Dorsal, anal, and extremity of caudal sometimes stained blackish. Hab. This is by far the most common species off the Coromandel coast of India, and extends to Burma ; it is also found, but more rarely, on the Malabar coast. It ascends tidal rivers, and may be captured in fresh waters ; it attains at least 7 inches in length. 547. (10.) Hemirhamphus dispar. Hemirhamphus dispar, Cuv. $' Vol. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 58, pi. 558 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 517, pi. cxix, tig. 5 (see synon.). B. x-xi. D. 11-12. P. 10. V. 6. A. 11-12. C. 15. L.I. 40. Length of entire head 2-L to 2|, of beak 4^, height of body 11 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1| in postorbital length of head, and 1| apart. Upper jaw as broad at its base as it is lo.ng. A nasal barbel two thirds as long as the eye. Fins dorsal com- mences about 3 rays in front of the anal, one of its rays may be SCOMB11ESOCID.E. 427 modified. Ventral inserted in commencement of last third of distance between end of upper jaw and base of caudal fin. Anal with some of its rays, especially the sixth and sometimes the seventh, much thickened and elongate. Caudal cut square or slightly rounded. Scales none on dorsal or anal fins ; present on upper jaw. Cobur a silvery band along the side. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. Common at the Audamans in protected bays. 548. (11.) Hemirhamphus huffoiris. Heinirhamphus buffonis, Cuv. $ Val If. N. Poiss. xix, p. 43 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 516, pi. cxix, tig. 4 (see synon.). Koo-door-rock-o-dah, And .imanese. B. xi. D. 14. P. 10. V. 6. A. 10-12. C. 13. L. r. 42. Length of head 2 to 2|, of beak 3^ to 3 J, height of body 8| to 9 in the total length. Eyes diameter 1| in postorbital extent of head, 1^ apart. Upper jaw one fourth wider at its base than it is long. A barbel at posterior nostril one half length of eye. Fins dorsal with a rather oblique upper edge. Ventral small, inserted in commencement of last third of distance between eye and base of caudal fin. Anal commences under the third or fourth dorsal ray, and the length of its base is from one half to one third as long ; some of its rays are sometimes thickened. Caudal rounded, its lower rays very slightly produced. Scales on upper jaw, none on the vertical fins. Colour a narrow silvery streak along the side ; upper half of dorsal black. Hub. Bombay, Hooghly, Andarnans, waters of the Malay Archi- pelago and perhaps China. This fish ascends tidal rivers for some distance. It attains at least 8 or 9 inches in length. 549. (12.) Hemirhamphus ectuntio. Esox ectuntio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 212, 380. Hemirhamphus ectunctio, Day, Fish. India, p. 517, pi. cxix, fig. 6 (see synon.). Nya-poung-nyo, Burmese ; Gongieturi, Ooriah. B. x. D. 13-14. P. 9. V. 6. A. 10-12. C. 15. L. 1. 46-48. Length of head 2| to 2|, of beak 5|, height of body 1 1 in the total length. Eyes 2| to 2| diameters in postorbital length of head, and 1| apart. Head and body compressed. Upper jaw twice as long as broad at its base. Upper surface of the head flat. A short barbel, which is sometimes absent, at the nostril. Fins the dorsal commences somewhat in advance of the anal. Ventral inserted in commencement of last third of distance between eye and base of caudal. Anal rays thickened in the male. Caudal rounded. Scales on upper jaw, none on vertical fins. Colour dull greenish brown, with a narrow and indistinct lateral baud ; end of upper jaw milk-white. 428 TKLEOSTEI. PIIYSOSTOMI. It is curious to observe these fish in tidal rivers, they swim near the surface, with their milk-white upper jaw generally visible. Hcib. Hooghly, tidal stream at Akyab, Burma, Siam, and the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 6 inches in length. 550. (13.) Hemirhamphus brachynotopterus. Hemirhamphus brachynotopterus, Sleeker, Batav. Gcnootsch. Ver- hand. xxv. Beng. en Hind. p. 140 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 517 (see synon.). D. 9. A. 15. C. 16. Length of head 3, of beak 4|, height of body 12 in the total length. Et/es 2 diameters in postorbital length of head, rather above 1 apart. Body elongate and compressed, a little higher than wide. Upper ja\v rather wider than long. Upper surface of head flat. Fins first ray of the dorsal over the fifth of the anal, length of the base of the anal not quite twice as long as that of the dorsal. Anal not lower than the body, its inferior edge concave. Caudal rounded. Hob. Eiver Hooghly, whence Dr. Bleeker received a single small specimen, which unfortunately is now in a bad state. 3. Genus EXOCCETUS, Artedi. Syn. Cypsilurus, Swains. ; Halocypselus, Weiuland ; Pare.roccetus, Bleeker. Body moderately oblong. Gill-openings very wide. Jaws short ; the premaxillaries and maxillaries separate. Mandible in some species with a tubercular prolongation. Barbels present or absent. Teeth, when present, minute and rudimentary. Pec- torals elongate, used as an organ for flying. Air-bladder large. Pyloric appendages absent. As many species of flying-fish are only known from young specimens, the size of the eye and tbe length of the fins as given in descriptions must be accepted witb reservation. Barbels in some species may be an indication that the fish is immature, so may vertical bands on the body. Geographical Distribution. Seas of temperate and tropical regions. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Ventrals short, not nearly reaching anal. a. Ventrals inserted nearer to tail than to head 1. E. mt'cropterus, p. 429. 6. Ventrals inserted nearer to head than to tail 2. E. evolans, p. 429. B. Ventrals long, reaching to root of caudal. 3. E.furcatus, p. 429. C. Ventrals reaching middle or end of base of anal, but not to caudal. a. Pectorals spotted black 4. E. pceciloptcrus, p. 430. SCOMBEESOCID.E. 429 b. Pectorals blackish, with an oblique white band 5. E. altipinnis, p. 430. c. Pectorals neither spotted nor banded . . 6. E. bahiemis, p. 431. D. Ventrals only just reaching or not quite reaching anal 7. E. mento, p. 431. 551. (1.) Exoccetus micropterus. Exoccetus micropterus, Cm. 8f Val. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 127, pi. 503 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 518 (see synon.). B. xiii. D. 15-16. P. 11-12. V. 6. A. 14-15. C. 15. L. 1. 50. Length of head 5|, height of body 7| in the total length. Eyes 3| diameters in length of head, nearly 1 from end of snout. A pair of short barbels under symphysis of lower jaw, which is prominent. Fins dorsal commences a little anteriorly to anal, and in the 'last fourth of the body, the highest dorsal rays scarcely exceed 1| diameters of orbit; upper edge of fin rather convex. Pectoral not reaching so far as to the ventral, the latter, which is inserted midway between pectoral and caudal, not extending to anal. Anal of same shape as dorsal. Lower caudal lobe the longer. Colour bluish above ; silvery on the sides and beneath; fins dark. Hob. Malabar to the Malay Archipelago. 552. (2.) Exoccetus evolans. Exocoetus evolans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 521 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 519, pi. cxx, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 12-14. P. 14. V.6. A. 13-15. C.17. L. 1. 40-42. Vert. 25/19. Length of head 5, height of body 6 in the total length. Eyes 3| diameters in length of head, from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins dorsal arises above or slightly in advance of origin of anal. Pectoral reaches to base of caudal. Ventral short, reaching half- way to base of anal. Caudal lobed, the lower lobe much the longer. Scales 6| rows between origin of dorsal and lateral line. Colour bluish along the back, becoming lighter on the sides and beneath. Pectoral grey or black, and with a light edge. Nab. Indian and other tropical and subtropical seas ; attaining at least 9 inches in length. 553. (3.) Exoccetus furcatus. Exocoetus furcatus, Mitchell, Lit. and Phil. Trans. New York, i, p. 449, pi. v, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 519 (see synon.). D. 13. P. 13. V. 6. A. 9-10. A pair of barbels at symphysis of lower jaw. Fins dorsal moderately high, but its longest rays do not extend to caudal. Ventrals reach root of caudal, and pectorals nearly as far ; the former arise slightly nearer to base of caudal than to snout. Colour posterior part of ventrals and lower part of anal black. Young with three broad vertical bands across the anterior half of 430 TELEOSTKI. PIIVSOSTOMT. the abdomen; opercles and pectorals marblod with black; lower caudal lobe with three dark cross bands (.Qwnthtr). llnl>. Indian and Atlantic Oceans. A small specimen, 2| inches in length, is in the British Museum, and reputed to have been brought from India. 554. (4.) Exoccetus pcecilopt'rus. (Fig. 138.) Exoccetus pcecilopterus, Cuv. Sf Vol. II. N. Pom. xix, p. 112, pi. 501 : Day, Fish. India, p. 518, pi. cxx, fig. 4 (see synon.). Parrawy-kolah, Tamil. D. 12-14. P. 14. V. 6. A. 9-10. C. 15. L. 1. 54. Length of head 5 to 5g, height of body 6| in the total length. Eyes 2| to 3 diameters in length of head, | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Upper surface of the head roughened. Lower jaw the longer. Barbels absent. Fins dorsal commences some way in front of the anal. Ventral arises somewhat nearer to base of Fig. 138. Exoccetus pcecilopte caudal than to hind edge of head, and reaches to end of base of nnal ; pectoral reaches as far as end of dorsal. Scales 7 rows between base of dorsal fin and lateral line. Colour bluish along the back, becoming silvery on the sides and beneath. Pectoral with many rounded and oval spots, black spots sometimes upon the dorsal fin ; ventral white or with spots. flab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 555. (5.) Exoccetus altipinnis. Exocoetus altipinnis, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. xix, p. 109, pi. 5(JO ; Bleeker, An. Ich. vi, Sccml. pi. i, fig. 8 (ventral fin too short). Exocoetus katoptron, Bleeker, Ail. Ich. vi, p. 72. B.xi. D. 13. P. 14-15. V. 6. A. 10. C. 14. L.I. 52. I. tr. 7-8/2. Length of head 5| to 5|, height of body 7 to 7 in the total length. Eyes 2| diameters in length of head, from end of snout, and rather more than 1 apart. Fins dorsal commences halfway between hind edge of eye and end of lower caudal lobe, anteriorly it is two thirds as high as the body. Ventrals com- mence midway between hind edge of eye and base of caudal, and SCOMBRESOCIDjE. 431 reach to the end of the base of the anal. Anal begins below the middle of the dorsal fin. Colour bluish, becoming silvery along the abdomen ; pectoral nearly black, with the first ray white and an oblique wide white band passing from its outer margin to a little in front of its base. Hab. Two specimens up to 11 1 inches long received from Bombay. The range of this species extends to the Malay Archi- pelago." 556. (6.) Exoccetus bahiensis. Exocoetua bahieusis, Ranzani, Nov. Com. Acad. Sc. Inst. Botion. v, 1842, p. 362, t. 38; Day, Fish. India, p. 519, pi. cxxi, fig. 10 (see synon.). B. xi. D. 12-13. P. 15. V. 8. A. 9-10. C. 19. L.I. 50. Length of head 5|, -height of body 6^ in the total length. Eyes 3 diameters in length of head, nearly f from end of snout, and 1| apart. Fins dorsal commences halfway between front edge of eye and extremity of lower caudal lobe, anterior dorsal rays one half as long as head. Ventral arises midway between front end of snout and end of upper caudal lobe, and reaches to centre of base of anal. Pectorals reach to end of base of dorsal. Anal commences below last third of dorsal. Colour dorsal some- times with a dark mark on its summit ; the pectorals darker than the remainder of the fins. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. 557. (7.) Exoccetus mento. Exoccetus mento, Cuv. Sf Val. H. N. Poi*s. xix, p. 124 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 520, pi. cxxi, fig. 9 (see synon.). B.xi. D. 10-11. P. 13. V.6. A. 10-11. C. 17. L.I. 44. L. tr. 6/2. Length of head 4|, height of body 5| in the total length. Eyes 2| to 3 diameters in length of head, about one half from end of snout. Lower jaw a little the longer ; interorbital space smooth, with two grooves which diverge from the snout towards the occiput, ceasing opposite the middle of the orbit. Fins dorsal fin elevated as high as the body, and its membrane deeply cleft ; it commences opposite to or slightly before the first anal ray. Ventrals in some specimens reaching to the anus, in others to the anal fin, arising midway between anterior edge of orbit and base of dorsal. Pectoral reaching to opposite middle or end of dorsal. Lower caudal lobe the longer. Colour bluish, becoming silvery along the abdomen ; dorsal fin black ; upper half of pectoral black, having a white edge ; ventral, anal, and upper lobe of caudal white. Hab. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. In the cold season this fish is occasionally numerous at Madras ; I never obtained it above 4-3 inches in length, but it is said to attain to 10 inches. 432 Order II. ACANTHOPTERYGII. A portion of the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins unartieulated, forming spines. Air-bladder, when present, completely closed* in adults, not possessing a pneumatic duct. Synopsis of Indian Families f. First group. PEECIFOEMES. Body rarely elongate. No superbranchial organ. Spinous dorsal well developed, the soft dorsal similar to the soft anal ; veutrals thoracic, 1 /4 or 1/5 J . I. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Body mostly oblong. Neither molars nor cutting- teeth. Vertical fins generally scaleless. Late- ral line almost invariably present and un- interrupted Percidae. II. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Body mostly elevated and compressed. Neither molars nor cutting-teeth ; setiform teeth may exist in the jaws, or villiform on the palate. Vertical fins scaled. Lateral line uninter- rupted Squanripinnes. III. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Teeth feeble, jaws and palate variously armed or edentulous. Two long and stiff' barbels below the chin MuUidae. IV. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Either rows of cutting or conical teeth in the front of the jaws, or a lateral row of molars, or both conjoined Sparidae. V. Preonercle not articulated with orbit. Neither cutting nor molar teeth. Lower pectoral rays unbranched Cirrhitidge. VI. Preopercle articulated with orbit by means of a process from the suborbital. Some of the bones of the head armed. Dentition feeble. . Scorpaenidae. * This merely refer8 to the pneumatic duct, which, when present, must at an early age have been pervious, as it is an offshoot from the intestinal canal. It may frequently be perceived abnormally open even in adults. t This synopsis of the families of Indian Acanthopterygian fishes is taken, with as slight alterations as possible, from that in the British Museum Catalogue of Fish. Much investigation is, however, necessary before a satisfactory natural classification can be eliminated. t There are exceptions; thus in some genera amongst the ScorptcnidcB the rays are rudimentary, and in Teuthididce the ventral fin has 1/3/1. For exceptions, see genus Ambassis ; also Poey has recorded from Cuba a genus nearly allied to Lutjanus, but having an interrupted lateral line. ACANTHOPTERYGII. 433 VII. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Teeth feeble, but dentition more or less complete. Lateral line interrupted or absent. Nandidac. VIII. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. A posterior canine tooth in premaxillaries, no teeth on palate. Dorsal and anal fins with many rays, the first few of the former being simple. Body elongate Malacanthidae. IX. Preopercle not articulated with orbit. Each ventral fin having a spine at each end and three intermediate soft rays Teuthididae. Second group. BERTCIFORMES. Body oblong or elevated. Head with large, subcutaneous, muciferous cavities. Ventral tins thoracic, each with a spine, and less or more than five soft/rays. X Berycidae. Third group. KUKTIFOKMES. Body strongly compressed. A single dorsal fin, much less developed than the anal. XI Kurtidae, Fourth group. POLYNEMIFOEMES. Body oblong, rather compressed. Mouth on the lower side of a pro- minent snout; muciferous system on the head well developed. Two rather short dorsal fins ; several free and articulated filaments below each pectoral. Scales more or less covering the vertical fins. XII Polynemidae. Fifth group. SCI^ENIFORMES. Body rather elongate, compressed. Muciferous system on the head well developed. The second dorsal fin much more developed than the first, or the anal ; no pectoral filaments. XIII '.'. Sciaenidae. Sixth group. XIPHIIFOEMES. The upper jaw produced into a long sword-like process. XIV Xiphiidae. Seventh group. TEICHIUEIFOEMES. Body band-like and compressed. Cleft of mouth deep. Teeth in jaws and valate, several being strong and conical. Doreal and anal fins many- rayed ; ventrals, when present, generally in the form of a pair of scales ; caudal absent or forked. XV. . Trichiuridae. 2* 434 TELEi STEI. Eighth group. COTTO-SCOMBRIFORMES. Dorsal fins placed close together or continuous, having fewer spines than rays, or the spinous portion may be modified into tentacles, detached spines, or a suctorial disk ; anal similar to the soft dorsal, sometimes both fins are modified posteriorly into finlets ; ventrals, when present, jugular or thoracic, never forming a sucker. No prominent anal papilla. XVI. A single dorsal fin, with fewer spines than rays. One or more bony spines on either side of the tail in the adult Acanthuridas . XVII. Body more or less compressed. Teeth, when present, villiform or conical. Spinous portion of the dorsal sometimes rudimentary; the posterior ravs of the dorsal and anal may con- sist of detached finlets ; ventrals, when present, thoracic. Vertebrae 10/14 (Naucrates 10/16). Carangidae. XVIII. Body oblong and compressed. Dentition feeble. Barbed teeth extend into the oeso- phagus. One long dorsal fin without any distinct spinous portion. Vertebrae exceed 10/14 Stromateidas. XIX. Body compressed. No teeth in the ceso- Shagus. One long dorsal fin without any istinct spinous portion. Vertebrae exceed 10/14 Coryphaenidae. XX. Body oblong or slightly elongate, scarcely compressed. Two dorsal fins, the first being sometimes modified into free spines, or an adhesive disk, whilst the posterior dorsal and anal rays may be in the form of tinlets. Scales, if present, small Scombridae. XXI. One or two dorsal fins, the spinous portion less developed than the soft, which is similar to the anal. Eyes on the upper surface of head Uranoscopidae. XXII. Body low and more or less elongate. One or two dorsal fins. Vertebrae exceed 10/14 Trachinidae. XXIII. Preopercle articulated with the orbit. Dorsal fin single. Lateral line incomplete or interrupted Pseudochromides. XXIV. Body low and more or less elongate. First dorsal fin consisting of a few free spines ; ventrals jugular, 1/2 Batrachidae. XXV. The spinous dorsal, when present, composed of a few isolated spines which may be modi- fied into tentacles ; carpal bones forming a sort of arm for the pectoral fin ; ventrals, when present, jugular, having four or five rays Pediculati. XXVI." Preopercle articulated with the orbit by a bony process from the supraorbital ring. Body more or less elongate. Pectoral fins with or without filamentous appendages ; ventrals thoracic. Body scaleless, scaled, or with a single row of plate-like scales Cottidae. ACANTHOPTERTGII. 435 XXVII. Preopercle articulated with the orbit. Head and body more or less angular, cuirassed with plates, or keeled scales covering the body Cataphracti. Ninth group. GOBIIFOEMES. Spinous dorsal short and composed of flexible spines, the soft dorsal and anal being of equal extent; ventrals, when present, thoracic or jugular, having 1/5 or 1/4. A prominent anal papilla. XXVIII. Ventrals either united so as to form a disk or else placed close together ; anal spines may be present Gobiidae. XXIX. Two dorsal fins, the first with from four to six flexible spines ; ventrals wide apart . . Callionymidae. Tenth group. BLENNLIFORMES. Body elongate and more or less cylindrical. Spinous portion of dorsal fin, when distinct, may be as fully developed as the soft part, or even more so ; anal more or less elongate ; ventrals, if present, thoracic or jugular ; caudal, when present, sometimes subtruncated or rounded. XXX. Ventral fins, when present, jugular; anal spines few, or absent. Often a prominent anal papilla Blenniidae. XXXI. Ventrals jugular. One or two spineless dorsal fins; no anal spines; no anal papilla. . Trichonotidae. "**" XXXII. Ventrals thoracic, with one spine and 5 rays. Body elongate and band-like. A single long dorsal and anal fin, both of soft rays Cepolidae. XXXIII. Body eel-like. Anterior portion of the dorsal fin consisting of numerous free spines ; ventrals absent. No prominent anal papilla. . Rhynchobdellidae. Eleventh group. MUGILIFOBMES. Two distinct dorsal fins, the anterior short or similar to the posterior; ventrals well developed, abdominal, 1/5. XXXIV. Body elongate, subcylindrical. Teeth large and cutting. Lateral line continuous. Vertebra 24 Sphyraenidae. XXXV. Body more or less elongate and somewhat subcylindrical. Lateral line indistinct. Den- tition feeble or moderate. Vertebrae usually exceeding 10/14 Atherinidae. XXXVI. Body more or less elongate and some- what subcylindrical. No lateral line. Den- titiou feeble. First dorsal consisting of four stiff spines. Vertebrae 24 Mugilidae. 436 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEttYGII. Twelfth group. GASTEROSTEIFOKMES. The spinous dorsal, when present, short or formed of isolated spines ; veutrals abdominal, sometimes imperfectly developed. XXXVII. Anterior bones of the head forming a tube having a small mouth at its extremity. Ventrals with 6 rays Aulostomateidae. XXX VI II. Anterior bones of the head forming a tube having a small mouth at its extremity. Ventrals imperfectly developed CentriscicUe. Thirteenth group. CHAN1STFORMES. Body elongate. No labyrinthiform superbranchial organ, but a pro- minence on the epitympanic bone. Dorsal and anal fins long, all destitute of spines. XXXIX Ophiocephalidae. Fourteenth group. LABYRINTHIBRANCHIL Body compressed, oblong or elevated. A labyrinthiform superbranchial organ arising from the branchial arches, and employed for respiratory purposes. XL Labyrinthici. Fifteenth group. TRACK YPTERIFORMES. Body elongate and strongly compressed. Skeleton soft. Dentition feeble. Anal fin absent ; caudal not in the longitudinal axis of the fish or else rudimentary ; ventrals thoracic. XLI Trachypteridae. Sixteenth group. LABRIFOEMES. The lower pharyngeal bones coalesced along the median line, and with or without a median longitudinal suture. A single dorsal fin, the number of spines and rays being nearly equal j soft anal similar to the soft dorsal ; ventrals 1/5, thoracic. XLII. Pseudobranchise present ; scales ctenoid . . Glyphidodontidae. XLIII. Pseudobranchise present ; scales cycloid .. Labridae. XLIV. Pseudobranchiae absent . . . Chromides. Family I. PERCIME. Pseudobranchiae present. Body generally oblong, never elon- gate. Muciferous system of head rudimentary, or but slightly developed. Eyes lateral. No superbranchial organ. Preopercle entire or serrated ; cheeks not cuirassed. Mouth moderately or PEECID^!. 437 in some cases very protractile. Teeth present or absent on the vomer and palatines, in the jaws villiform, with or without canines. Anterior portion of the dorsal fin spinous ; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and four soft rays, or sometimes 1/4. Scales ctenoid or cycloid. Lateral line, when present, continuous (except in some species of Ambassis). Air-bladder usually present and more or less simple. Pylozic appendages in varying numbers. Geographical Distribution. World-wide, in seas and freshwater. The Indian Percida? are almost entirely marine fishes. It is by no means uncommon to capture specimens of Lates long distances above salt water, but it is unusual to find any of the genera Sen-anus, Lutjanus, Therapon, Pristipoma, Lobotes, Datnioides, or Oerres many miles beyond tidal influence. The remainder of the genera are almost entirely marine, the most constant exception being species belonging to the genus Ambassis, in which, however, some are exclusively found in salt water ; the majority are spread through the larger rivers and tanks of the plains. The colours and tints of fishes vary in different waters ; if, for instance, the water is opaque or muddy, its finny inhabitants will be found to be dark, whilst, on the other hand, in clear water they are brighter and generally lighter. Age and season likewise exer- cise an influence in this respect. In stuffed examples, or in those which have been long in spirit, marks become more or less oblite- rated. Irrespective of the foregoing, the period intervening between capture and examination has a considerable bearing upon fugitive colours, as well as whether the fishes have been sodden in water or kept dry by their captors ; for instance, if a dark-coloured fish is placed in a dry situation, and any moist substance laid over it and kept wet, the portions of the body which have not been allowed to dry will be found to be of a lighter tint than those not so treated, and this appearance, which can be so easily produced, is indelible. Synopsis of Indian Genera. First group. PEBCINA. B. vii. Body oblong. Opercles strongly denticulated or armed. Cleft of mouth rather oblique. Two dorsal fius ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate size, usually ctenoid. Pyloric appendages few. No canines. Preorbital and preopercle serrated, the latter den- ticulated at its angle 1. LATES. Second group. SEBBANINA. B. vii. Body oblong, sometimes elevated. Opercles serrated or armed. Cleft of mouth rather oblique. One or, more rarely, two dorsal fina. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palate. Opercle armed. No canines. A single elevated dorsal fin ; three anal spines 2. CEOMILEPTKS. Opercle armed. Canines present. One dorsal tin ; three anal spines. Caudal rounded, square 438 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEEYGII. or emarginate. Scales small, cycloid or ctenoid 3. SERRANUS. Opercle armed. Canines present ; lateral conical teeth in lower jaw. One dorsal fin ; three anal spines. Caudal deeply forked. Scales small, ctenoid 4. VARIOLA. Opercle spiny. Two dorsal fins ; no anal spines. Scales minute 5. GRAMMISTKS. Branchiostegals seven. Opercles armed. One dorsal fin ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate size G. MYRIODON. Opercle armed ; preopercle with a double denti- culated edge. Two dorsal fins; two aual spines. Scales small, adherent 7. DIPLOPRION. Opercle scarcely spiny ; preopercle serrated, its vertical border in some species notched to receive an interopercular knob, which is some- times present. Generally canines in both jaws, and an outer row of conical lateral teeth. One dorsal fin ; three anal spines 8. LUTJANUS. Third group. PBIACANTHLNA.. B. vi. Lower jaw prominent. Cleft of mouth almost vertical. Scales ctenoid, small. Pyloric appendages few. Eyes large 9. PRIACANTHUS. Fourth group. APOGONINA. Form of body more or less elevated and compressed. Opercles mostly denticulated or armed. Preopercle with a double border. Cleft of mouth oblique or even nearly vertical. Two dorsals. Scales deciduous. B. vi. Opercle without a prominent spine. No canines. A recumbent spine anterior to the first dorsal fin ; three anal spines. Scales of moderate or small size, deciduous 10. AMBASSIS. B. vii. Opercle with a spine. No canines. Two anal spines. Scales large, deciduous 11. APOGON. B. vii. Opercle without spine. Canines present. Two anal spines. Scales large, deciduous . . 12. CHILODIPTERFS. Fifth group. G-ETSTINA. Body oblong or elevated. Opercles entire or variously serrated. Cleft of mouth more or less oblique. One dorsal. B. vi. Preopercle serrated ; opercle with spines. No canines. A single dorsal, deeply notched between the ninth and tenth spiues ; three anal spines 13. DULES. Sixth group. THEBAPOXINA. B. vi. Opercle with spines ; preopercle serrated. Cleft of mouth somewhat oblique. Dorsal fin single, but more or less notched ; three anal spines. Air-bladder divided by a constriction into an anterior and posterior portion. 439 Teeth deciduous on vomer and palate, or absent from them. Dorsal with 12 or 13 spines 14. THEBAPON. Seventh group. PRISTIPOMATINA. Preopercle serrated or entire. Mouth moderately protractile. Teeth in the jaws. Dorsal single ; three anal spines. Air-bladder destitute of any constriction. B. vii. Preopercle serrated. Mouth horizontal ; a median groove along the under surface of the lower jaw 15. PHISTIPOMA. B. vi-vii. Preopercle serrated ; opercle with short points ; barbel-like papillae on the man- dible. Villiform teeth in jaws, vomer, and palate, with an outer enlarged row in the former. Spinous dorsal low and deeply cleft ; aual with three spines. Fins covered with fine scales 16. HAPALOGENYS. B. vi-vii. Preopercle serrated. Mouth small ; head very convex above ; pores on under sur- face of lower jaw, but no median groove .... 17. DIAGRAMMA. B. vi. Upper profile of the head concave. Pre- opercle serrated. Lower jaw the longer 18. LOBOTES. B. v. Preopercle serrated. A backwardly-directed spine on the infraorbital ring of bones; opercle with a weak spine 19. SCOLOPSIS. B. vi. Preorbital high. Preopercle entire. Generally strong canines. More than three rows of scales on the preopercle. Air-bladder notched posteriorly 20. DENTEX. B. vi. Preorbital high. Preopercle serrated or entire. Canines not very strong, at least in the upper jaw. Three rows of scales on the preopercle 21. SYNAGEIS. B. vi. Preorbital low. Preopercle entire. Gene- rally strong canines. Three or more rows of scales on preopercle 22. PENTAPTJS. B. vii. Preopercle entire. Canine teeth absent. . 23. APHABEUS. B. vi. Preopercle entire. Vomer edentulous. Mouth protractile 24. SMAEIS. B. vi-vii. Preopercle entire or finely serrated. Palate edentulous 25. CJESIO. B. vii. Preopercle entire. Villiform teeth in jaws, vomer, and palate. Canines present. Scales of moderate size . . 20. APIUON. Eighth group. GEEKJNA. B. vi. Body elevated or oblong. Preopercle serrated or entire. Mouth very protractile. No canines. A single dorsal. Air-bladder simple. Preopercle serrated. A deeply notched dorsal fin ; caudal rounded. Anal spines 3 27. DATNIOIDES. Preopercle mostly entire. Inferior pharyngeal bones generally united by a suture. Dorsal 440 TELEOSTEI. ACAJfTIIOPTERYQII. fin with a scaly sheath. Caudal forked. Aual spines 3 28. GF.RRES. Preopercle serrated along lower edge. Inferior pharyngeal bones not united by a suture. Dorsal with scaly sheath. Anal spines 5 . . 29. PENTAPRIOX. First group. PEKCINA. 1. Genus LATES, Cuv. & Val. Syii. Cnidon, Mull. & Troschel ; Pseudates, Alleyne & Macleay. Brachiostegals seven.- Body oblong and somewhat compressed. Preorbital and shoulder-bone serrated ; preoperele with strong spines at its angle, and denticulated along its horizontal border ; opercle spiny. Teeth villiform on jaws, vomer, and palatine bones ; tongue smooth. Two dorsal fins united at their bases, the first with 7 or 8 spines, the anal with 3 ; caudal rounded. Scales finely ctenoid and of moderate size. Caecal pylori few. Geographical Distribution. Mouths of the Nile ; the coasts of Baluchistan and Sind, and throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, China, and Australia ; absent from the Red Sea. These fishes in India are marine forms, largely frequenting brackish water and occasionally ascending into fresh waters. Uses. Excellent as food. The air-bladders or sounds are dried, and made into rough isinglass, much of which is exported from India to China, and some to Europe. 558. (1.) Lates calcarifer *. (Fig. 139.) Holocentrus calcarifer, Sloch, Ich. t. 244. Lates calcarifer, Day, Fish. India, p. 7, pi. i, fig. 1, Suppl. p. 779 (see synon.). Dangara, Sind. : Fitdda, Marathi ; Nuddee-meen or Nair-meen, Mai. ; Painnee-rneen or Koduwa, Tarn. ; Pandit kopah or Pandu menu, Tel. ; Durruah and Beltkut, Ooriah ; Beyti, Beng. ; Nga-tha-dyk, Arracanese ; Nga-ka-kadyt, Burmese; Koral, or if large Baor, Chittagong; Todah, Andam. ; Cock-up of Europeans. D.7-8 | 1/10-12. P. 17. V. 1/5. A. 3/8-9. L.I. 52-00. L.tr. 6-7/13. Length of head from 3| to 4, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes 5 to 6 diameters in the length of head, 1 to 1| from end of snout, and f apart. Fins dorsal spines strong, the third the highest ; third anal spine longest and strongest ; pectoral shorter than ventral, and rounded. Colow grey, with a dash of green along the back and silvery on the abdomen, during the mon- soon with a tinge of purple. The immature are usually darker than adults. * Whilst these pages were passing through the press, Mr. Boulenger called attention to two specimens of Psammopcrca waiyiensis, recently obtained at Madras. P. uaigiensis is very similar to L. calcarifer, being chiefly distin- guished by baving the inferior margin of the preoperele entire, not toothed, and by the 2nd anal spine being nearly as long as the 3rd. PERCID^E. 441 Hob. Seas, backwaters, and mouths of tidal rivers, from the coast east of the Persian Gulf to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. This fish is excellent eating when from the vicinity of large rivers. Large quantities are sold either fresh or partially Fig. 139. Lates cakarifer. salted in the Calcutta markets. It has been recorded up to 5 feet in length and 200 Ib. in weight. Second group. SEREANINA. 2. Genus CROMILEPTES, Swains. Syn. Serranichthys, Bleeker; Lioperca, Gill. B ranch iostegals seven. Body oblong, compressed. Eyes lateral, of moderate size. Preopercle with its vertical border finely serrated, its horizontal margin entire. Opercle with two or three spines. Teeth fine in the jaws, vomer, and palate ; no canines ; internal row in maxilla not fixed. Dorsal fin single, elevated, with ] or 1 1 spines, anal with 3 ; caudal rounded. Scales small, cycloid. 559. (1.) Cromileptes altivelis. (Fig. 140.) Serranus altivelis, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 324, pi. 35. Cromileptes altivelis, Day, Fish. India, i, p. 9, pi. i, fig. 2, Suppl. p. 779 (see synon.). D.10-11/18-19. A.3/9-10. C.17. L.r. 100-1 20/85-1 10. L.tr.36/ . Length of head 3, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes 5 to 5| diameters in length of head, rather above 1 from end of snout and f apart. Upper profile of head somewhat con- cave. Lower jaw much longer than the upper. Fins dorsal spines moderate, the last slightly the longest, but only two thirds or three fourths as high as the highest dorsal ray ; soft portions of dorsal and anal fins angularly rounded ; second anal spine stronger than the third, but not quite so long. Colour head and body greyish, becoming lighter on the abdomen; fins grey; everywhere 442 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII. ornamented with round, black, white-edged spots, those on the body, dorsal, and caudal fins being the largest. Fig. 14Q.Cromileptes altivelis. Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China; attaining two feet or more in length. 3. Genus SERRANUS, Cuv. Syn. Epinephe!us,si).,~Bloch; Cephalopholis,8ip.,'B\. Schn.; Parasaranus and Serranichthys, Blkr. ; Labroperca, Mycteroperca, Bodianus, Ennea- centnw, Petrometopon, Promicrops, Schistorus, and Menephorus, G ill ; Prospinus, Poey ; Alphestes, Dermatolepis, Jordan & Swain. Cullawah, Tamil. Brachiostegals seven. Preopercle with its hinder margin more or less serrated, its lower edge generally entire ; opercle with two Fig. 141. Head of young Serramis latifasdatus, from an individual 1 '6 inch long, showing preopercular spine. or three flat spines, that in the middle largest. Teeth villiform in the jaws, voiner, and palate, the outer maxillary and the inner PEKCID^E. 443 manclibular row generally larger ; canines present. Tongue smooth. Dorsal fin single, having from 8 to 12 spines ; anal with 3 ; caudal generally rounded, sometimes cut square, or emarginate. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid. Pyloric appendages varying in number. The colour of these fishes varies extensively in the same species, and can hardly be accepted as a trustworthy guide for grouping. The form of the preopercle is not invariably identical in every speci- men of the same species, nor even on the opposite sides of a fish ; a spine is occasionally present at its angle in the immature, becoming more or less absorbed in the adult (such a spine is figured in the ac- companying woodcut, fig. 141). The sub- and inter-opercles may be serrated or smooth, as in Serranus boenack. The fins also alter with age, owing to the spines not increasing in length so rapidly as the rays, and even the latter may be comparatively shorter in the adult than in the young. The second anal spine is sometimes the longest in the immature, but becomes shorter than the third in the mature, especially when the second spine is the stronger. Occasionally there is an excess of one spine and a deficiency of a ray in the dorsal fin. The number of transverse rows of scales is very important amongst these fishes. Geographical Distribution. The seas of temperate and tropical regions. The members of this genus in India are entirely marine ; a few, it is true, ascend rivers, not for breeding but for predaceous purposes, restricting their range, however, to within tidal in- fluence*. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Dorsal with 11 (rarely 12) spines. L. tr. 14/40. Brownish red, with 4 vertical darker bands and subdistant small dark spots 1. S. stoliczka, p. 445. L. tr. 19/47. Close reddish-brown spots, with bluish-white lines intervening .... 2. S. areolatus, p. 445. L. tr. 25/56. Dark purplish above, lighter below, with numerous dark-edged yellow spots ; tail square or emarginate 3. S. coromandelicus, L. tr. 20/48. Reddish grey, with nume- [p. 445. rous narrow brown (blue ?) longitudinal stripes ; tail square 4. 8. undulosus, p. 446. L. tr. 16/32. Reddish brown, with large darker brown spots 5. S. gilberti, p. 446. L. tr. 13/36. Reddish brown, with a net- work of light lines 6. S. hexagonatus, p. 447. L. tr. 20/45. Deep grey, with small, rather distant, black spots 7. S. maculatus, p. 447. * The statement, made more than once, that Serramis and other marine Percidae have been taken near Nepal is simply an error, due to several fishes captured in the tidal Hooghly having been given to the National Collection with erroneous habitats on them. Blyth, Jerdon, and myself have all ineffec- tually' tried to get the error corrected. A flying-fish, Exoccetus, was among Schlagintweit's collection from Tibet ! 444 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTERYGII. L. tr. 22/ . Deep purplish blue, tail and fins yellow ; tail emarginate 8. S.Jlavo-cc.pyl. 50-60. Length of head 3^ to 3|, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 6 in length of head, 1 to 1| from end of snout, and the same apart. Vertical limb of preopercle slightly emarginate, finely serrated, more coarsely so at its rather square angle, where there exist from four to seven coarse teeth ; occasionally there are two or three serrations on the interopercle. Fins the dorsal spines from the third are of about the same height, but not so high as the rays ; the second anal spine in most estuary specimens is as long as the third, but in marine ones it is often slightly shorter; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid. Colour brownish, fading to grey or dirty white on the abdomen ; the whole of the fish, even to the branchiostegal rays, covered with bright yellow or orange spots, which often become brown after death ; three large blotches on the inter-opercle. The var. S. ma- labaricus, Bloch, is vertically banded. This variety is the commonest, mostly marine, and the bands are uuusally well-marked in the young. In the variety S. bontoo the bands when present bifurcate and the spots are all black ; this is marine and the rarest form, never appearing to attain to a large size. In the variety S. coioides, H. B. = /S. suillus, C. V., the bands are absent, or else indistinctly visible ; this is mostly taken in estuaries or large rivers, as the Hooghly at Calcutta. Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, China, and beyond; attaining to a very large size. Kussell recorded one taken at Vizagapatam in January 1786 which measured 7 feet in length, 5 in girth, and weighed upwards of three hundred pounds. 575. (16.) Serranus corallicola. Serranus corallicola (Kultl $ v. Ilass.), Cuv. # Vol. ii, p. 336; Day, Fish. India, p. 20 (see synon.). D. 11/15-16. P. 18. A. 3/8. L. r. 95/85-90. (Caec. pyl. 9, Kner.) 452 TELEOSTEI. ACANTlIOPTEltYOII. Length of head from 3f to 3|, height of body 3^ to over 4 in total length. Eyes diameter from 4^ to 5 in length of head, and from | to 1 apart. Vertical edge of the preopercle serrated. Fins dorsal spines increase to the third or fourth, which are about f the height of the body, and i lower than the rays ; second anal spine the strongest, a little longer than the third, and equal in length to the last in the dorsal fin ; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid on the body, about 14 rows between the lateral line and the base of the sixth dorsal spine. Colour greyish brown, covered all over with black spots ; soft dorsal, anal, pectoral, and caudal with a light edge. Hfib. Stated by Kner to have been taken at Madras ; also found ill the Malay Archipelago. 576. (17.) Serranus salmoides. Iloloceutrus salmoides, Lacep. H. N. Poiss. iii, pi. xxxiv, fig. 3, iv, p. 346. Serranus salmoides, Day, Fish. India, p. 20, pi. iv, fig. 3 (seesynon.). D. 11/15-16. P. 18. A. 3/8. C. 17. L. r. 105/90. L.tr. 24/50. Length of head 3^ to 3|, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 6| in length of head, \\ to 2 from end of snout, and 1| apart. Preopercle slightly emarginate, serrated along its vertical margin, with five or six denticulations at its angle. Fins third dorsal spine one third of the length of the head, they gradually decrease to the last, but none are so long as the rays ; second anal spine the strongest, but not so long as the third ; caudal rounded. Scales cycloid on the head, ctenoid on the body. Colour dark reddish brown, having round black spots over the head, body, and fins, those on the head and jaws small. Large blotches or ill-defined bands on the body. Hdb. Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; not common in India. 577. (18.) Serranus semipunctatus. Serranus semipunctatus, Cuv. fy Vol. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 341 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 20 (see synon.). D. 11/16. P. 17. V. 1/5. A. 3/8. C. 17. Length of head 3j, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 in length of head, lj from end of snout, 1^ apart. Serrations on preopercle strong ; three coarse teeth at its angle, but they are not spiny as in S. sexfasciatus. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, increasing in length to the fifth ; third anal spine a little the longest, and equalling the third of the dorsal ; caudal large, fan-shaped, and equal to the pectoral in size. Colour body reddish brown, with six or seven broad darker vertical cross bands ; head and first portion of the body, as well as the free portion of the tail, with some small well-marked spots ; dorsal and anal yellow, and likewise spotted ; ventral grey. Ilab. Pondicherry ; attaining at least 12 inches in length. PEBCIDJE. 453 578. (19.) Sen-anus summana. Perca summana, Forsk. Defter. Anim. p. 42. Serranus summana, Day, Fish, India, p. 21, pi. iv, fig. 4 (see synon.), D. 11/15-16. P. 17. A. 3/8. C. 17. L.r. 100/90. L.tr. 21/48. Length of head from 3^ to 3|, height of body from 83 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter from 4 to 5 in length of head, lg from end of snout and also apart. Preopercle with a very shallow emargination above its angle, its vertical border finely serrated. Fins dorsal spines moderate, the third to the fifth being the longest ; second anal spine the strongest, rather longer than the third, and equalling the highest in the dorsal fin ; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid on the body, about 13 rows between the lateral line and the base of the sixth dorsal spine. Colour brownish, the body and vertical fins covered with small round white dots, which are minute on the head or even absent, a black spot above the maxillary ; soft portions of dorsal and anal fins with dark edges, having white margins. ITdb. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; very common at the Andamans. 579. (20.) Serranus dermocbirus. Serranus dermochirus, Cuv, # Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 513; Day, Fish. India, p. 21. B. vii. D. 11/16. P. 17. V. 1/5. A. 3/8. C. 17. Length of head 3J, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1 from end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Preopercle with its vertical margin finely serrated. , Fins dorsal spines strong, increasing in length to the fourth. Colour the specimen appears to be covered with fine white spots along each row of scales. It much resembles S. suvnmana, and is probably identical with it. Hob. Malabar. 580. (21.) Serranus morrhua. Serranus morrhua, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. ix, p. 434; Day, Fish. India, p. 21, pi. v, fig. 1, Suppl. p. 780 (see synon.). D. 11/1 4-15. P. 19. A. 3/8. C. 17. L.r. 130/115. L.tr. 21/46. Length of head nearly 3, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in the length of head, 1 from end of snout, and ^ apart. Vertical limb of preopercle slightly oblique, serrated, and with three or four strong denticulations at its angle. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, increasing in length to the third, which is nearly as high as the rays ; third anal spine the strongest, the second of nearly similar length and about equal to the third of the dorsal fin ; caudal rounded. Scales on body ctenoid, 14 rows between the lateral line and the base of the sixth dorsal spine. 454 TELEOSTEI. ACAXTIIOPTEBYGIT. Colour (in the young) greenish olivo, becoming dull yellow on the abdomen, and marked on the side with broad longitudinal or oblique irregular-shaped bluish-white bands. Spinous dorsal nearly 'black, soft dorsal and other fins yellow. Eyes golden. Hob. Red Sea, through those of India to Japan ; attaining to a considerable size, but it is not a common species. 581. (22.) Serranus angnlaris. Serranus angularis, Cuv. fy Vol. If. N. Poiss. ii, p. 35 Day, Fish. India, p. 22, pi. v, fig. 2, Suppl. p. 780 (see synon.). D. 11/15-1 7. P. 17. A. 3/8. C.17. L.I. 70. L.r.105. L.tr. 23/40. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 3^ in the length of head, 1^ from end of snout, and f to 1 apart. Preopercle serrated, angle slightly produced, having two or three strong denticulations (more developed in some specimens than in others), the inferior of which sometimes is directed downwards ; occasionally there are a few denticulations upon the sub- and interopercles. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, increasing in length to the third, which equals three sevenths of the height of the body, and is rather longer than the rays ; second anal spine strongest, but not quite so long as the third, which equals one and a quarter diameters of the orbit ; caudal emarginate. Scales ctenoid. Colour greyish, becoming dirty white along the abdomen; head, body, and fins studded rather closely with yellow spots, which become brown in preserved specimens ; all the fins with a black margin edged with white. Hob. Bed Sea, seas of India and Ceylon to the Malay Archi- pelago ; attaining 2 feet or more in length. 582. (23.) Serranus fuscognttatus. Perca fuscoguttata, Forsk, Descr. Anim. p. 42. Serranus fuscoguttalus, Day, Fish. India, pp. 22, 101, pi. v, fig. 3 (see synon.). D. 11/14-15. P. 19. A. 3/8-9. C.17. L. r. 100/90. L.tr. 22/56. Length of head 3 to 3^, height of body 3^ to 3=| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4i to 6 in the length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Preopercle usually convex, but in some specimens with a very shallow emargination above its rounded angle, serrated in its whole extent, most coarsely so at its angle. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, the third equals about two sevenths of the length of the head ; third anal spine equal in length to the third dorsal one, and though longer, not so strong as the second ; caudal rounded. Scales cvcloid (Bleeker observed that they are ctenoid .in the young). Colour greyish, with brown spots of a larger or smaller size irregularly disposed, sometimes hexngonal on the head. There are some larger blotches on the head and body, and one across the free portion of the tail. In some 455 specimens only the large cloudy blotchings or markings are present on the body. Hob. Ked Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago and beyond. 583. (24.) Serranus latifasciatus. Serranus latifasciatus, Schleyel, Faun. Japan, Fishes, p. 6 ; Day, Fish. India, Suppl. p. 780 (see synon.). Serranus grammicus, Day, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 700 ; Fish. India, p. 23, pi. v, fig. 4. D. 11/12-13. A. 3/8. C.17. L. 1.85. ' L. r. 105/86. L.tr. 17/44. Length of head about 3.V, height of body SL in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1^ from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical limb of preopercle oblique, finely serrated in its upper two thirds, becoming coarser lower down, and having several largo denticulations at its projecting angle, which is slightly pro- duced. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, the fourth slightly the longest, but not so long as the rays ; second anal spine the strongest, the third one fourth longer and equal to the second in the dorsal fin ; caudal very slightly rounded. Scales feebly ctenoid or cycloid ; 12 or 13 rows between the base of the sixth dorsal spine and the lateral line. Colour greyish, with a golden gloss about the head. Four narrow black lines on hinder part of head, one extending to the tail and two to base of dorsal fin. Dorsal and caudal with black spots ; anal with a black edge. Eyes golden. Hub. Madras and Sind ; also Japan. 584. (25.) Serranus boenack. Bodianus boenack, Block, Ich. iv, p. 44, t. 226. Serrauus boenack, Day, Fish. India, p. 23, pi. \i, fig. 1 (see synon.). Verri-cullaioah, Tam. ; Kyouh-nga-towktoo, Arracan. D. 9/16-18. P. 15. A. 3/8-9(10). C.17. L. 1. 90-95. L.tr. 22/43. Length of head 3, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5| in length of head, rather above 1 from end of snout, and f apart. Vertical limb of preopercle rather convex, and a little emarginate above its angle in the adult, but not in the young ; its upper two thirds finely serrated, more coarsely so at its angle, where the serrations are rather irregularly disposed. Fins dorsal spines from the third are of about the same length, the longest being three fourths the length of the longest ray ; second anal spine the strongest, equal in length to the third in the adult or even longer in the young ; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid. Colour when alive very brilliant, but fading after death. Generally yel- lowish brown, snout pale blue, lips and throat spotted with deeper blue, whilst about five fillets of the same colour diverge from tho i orbit and cross the opercles and branchial membranes. Blue and 456 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII. rather tortuous horizontal lines on the side from the head towards the tail, some continued on to the dorsal and other lins, except (occasionally on) the ventrals, which, however, become nearly black at their extremities. Hab. Seas of India and Malay Archipelago to China. 585. (26.) Sen-anus polleni. Epinephelus polleni, Bleeker, Amsterdam Verslag. Akad, 2nd Rks. ii, p. 330. Sen-anus polleni, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. 1888, p. 781 (see synon.). D. 9/15-16. P. 17. V. 1/5.- A. 3/9. C. 17. L. 1. 115-120. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 in length of head, 1^ from end of snout. Pre- opercle serrated, most coarsely so along its lower edge. Fins dorsal spines increasing in length to the fourth, the posterior ones four fifths as high as the rayed portion of the fin. Second anal spino somewhat the longest. Caudal fin slightly rounded. Settles 9 or 10 rows between the base of the sixth dorsal spine and the lateral line. Colours closely approaching those of Serranus boenack, being generally reddish brown, with 5 or 6 narrow blue lines on the head passing backwards, 10 or 12 horizontal blue lines along the body, those in the upper third interrupted and contorted, some ending on the soft portion of the dorsal, others on the caudal and anal fins. Caudal externally edged with reddish brown. Hab. Mauritius. The coloured figure of a Madras specimen termed Sembarra punnee, Tarn., exists in the late Sir Walter Elliot's collection made at Madras. 586. (27.) Serranus miniatus. Perca miniata, Forsk. Dcscr. Anim. p. 41. Serranus miniatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 24, pi. vi, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 9/15-16. A. 3/9. C. 17. L. 1. 90. L. r. 106/96. L. tr. 1 4-1 0/40. Length of head from 3^ to 3^, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter from 5 to 6 in length of head, 1 to 1 from end of snout, and \ apart. Vertical limb of preopercle usually somewhat emarginate above its angle, the whole finely and evenly serrated, as are also the sub- and interopercles. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, the fourth or fifth somewhat the longest, and equal to one third the height of the body, the last nearly as high as the first ray ; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid. Colour scarlet; body, cheeks, opercles, dorsal, caudal, and anal fins covered with large blue spots, the size of which equals the extent of from 2 to 5 scales ; two blue spots opposite the base of the pectoral. Two dark streaks from the orbit along the snout. The fins darkest at their margins. I fab. lied Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. PEECIDJE. 457 587. (28.) Sen-anus guttatus. Bodianus guttatus, Block, Ich. t. 224. Serrauus guttatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 24, pi. vi, fig. 3, Sitppl. p. 782 (see synon.). D. 9/15-16. C. 17. L. r. 107/102. L. tr. 21/43. Caec. pyl. 8. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter from 5 to 6| in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical limb of preopercle rounded and finely serrated, lower limb entire ; a few serrations on the interopercle. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, increasing in length to the fourth and fifth ; second anal spine strongest, and slightly longer than the third : caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid. Colour usually reddish brown, and mostly with darker vertical bands'; head, body, and all the fins (except occasionally the pectoral and ventral) covered with numerous small blue spots ; dorsal, anal, and caudal with a fine white border. Hob. Eed Sea, East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, China, Australia, and beyond. 588. (29.) Serranus leopardus. Labrus leopardus, Lac6p. H. N. Poiss. in, p. 517, t. xxx, fig. 1. Serranus leopardus, Day, Fish, India, p. 25, pi. vi, fig. 4, Suppl.. p. 782 (see synon.). D. 9/13-15. A. 3/8-9. C. 17. L. r. (70/65)88/80. L.tr. 10/26. Length of head 3^, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes high up, diameter largest in the immature, from 5 to 6 in length of head in adult, 1 to 1J from end of snout in adult, and nearly 1 apart. Vertical limb of preopercle rounded and very finely ser- rated ; interopercle usually with a few fine serrations along its posterior half. Fins dorsal spines strong, the fifth the longest, but not equalling the length of the rays ; second anal spine the strongest and slightly the longest ; caudal rounded. Scales rather strongly ctenoid on the body, 8 rows between the lateral line and the sixth dorsal spine. Colour varying, red or yellow pre- dominating. The body whitish, covered with round or oval red spots, which are extended over the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. A dark band passes from the eye to above the upper oper- cular spine ; one or two black bands over the free portion of the tail. Caudal generally with a white or blue spot at each of its outer angles, and a triangular black baud, sometimes broken up or even replaced by white, across its last third. Hob. Bed Sea, through those of India to China ; attaining to at least 15^ inches in length. 589. (30.) Serranus sonnerati. (Fig. 142.) Ilolocentrus sonnerat, Lac6p. H. N. Poiss. iv, p. 389. Serranus sor.norati, Day, Fish. India, p. 25, pi. vii, fig. 1 (see eynon.). 453 TELKOSTEI. ACANTnOPTERTGII. Siygapu citllawah, Turn. D. 9/14-15. A. 3/8-9. C. 17. L. r. 130-140/116-120. L.tr. 27/40. " Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5^ to 6| in the total length, 1| to 1^ from end of snout, and | apart. Vertical margin of preopercle sometimes slightly oblique above its angle ; it is very finely serrated in its whole extent. Lower limb with irregular notches and serrated, occa- sionally coarsely so. Sub- and interopercles finely serrated ; the Fig. 142. Serranus sonnerati. two upper opercular spines more developed than the lower. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, increasing in length to the third, from whence they slightly augment in height to the last ; the rayed portion is about one fourth higher than the spinous ; second anal spine the strongest, but not quite so long as the third, which nearly equals the third of the dorsal ; caudal rounded. Scale* cycloid on the head, ctenoid on the body ; fine ones are continued for some distance up the bases of the soft dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. There are 14 or 15 rows of scales between the sixth dorsal spine and the lateral line. Colour dull lal Vol. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 240. Lutiauus lemiiiscatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 30 (see synon.). D. 10/14. P. 17. V./15. A. 3/8. C. 17. L. 1. 56. L. tr. 8/21. Length of head 3, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, lj from end of snout, and | apart. Dorsal profile more convex than that of the abdomen. Vertical border of preopercle serrated and with a shallow emargin- ation; iuteropercle with a badly developed knob. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, increasing in length to the fourth, which is a little higher than the rays ; the second and third anal spines of about the same length and equal to the third of the dorsal fin ; caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line, horizontal below. Colour apparently dark red or yellow, with a wide brown or black band from the eye to the centre of the caudal fin, and another less defined and narrow parallel band below. Hob. Ceylon to the Malay Archipelago. 606. (11.) Lntjanus chrysotaenia. Mesopvion chrysotsenia, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch, ii, 1851, p. 170. Lutianus chrysotnenia, Day, Fish. India, p. 30, pi. xi, fig. 3 (see synon.). D. 10/15. P. 16. A. 3/9. C.17. L.I. 52. L.r. 75/70. L. tr. 8/22. Length of head 3j, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3-| in length of head, lg from end of snout, and 1 apart. Jaws of nearly equal length. Vertical border of pre- opercle having a very shallow emarginatiou, its angle rounded but not produced, both margins finely serrated. No interopercular knob. Opercular points indistinct. Fins dorsal spines weak, in- creasing in length to the third, from that they decrease to the last ; soft portion of fin rounded, and much lower than spinous portion. Pectoral pointed, reaching to nearly above anal spines ; first anal 471 rays highest, lower edge of anal rounded, caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line, horizontal below. Colour olive-green, with 3 dark bands from the eye, two running to the dorsal, the third to upper half of caudal, the latter has a golden band below it, below this is another dark horizontal band, and the abdomen beneath it golden ; a deep black spot in the axil of the pectoral. Fins golden, a light margin to the spinous dorsal and first five or six rays ; caudal with a darkish edge. Hob. Nicobars to the Malay Archipelago. 607. (12.) Lntjanns rivnlatus. Diacope rivulata, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 414, pi. 38. Lutianus rivulatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 37, pi. xi, fig. 4 (see synon.). Cutty pirium, Tarn. D. 10/15. A.3/8-9. C.17. L.l.45-50. L.r.56/50. L.tr.8/19. C.pyl.5. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1^ from end of snout, and rather above 1 apart. Vertical margin of preopercle finely ser- rated, even in the well-developed notch that is above its angle to receive the interopercular knob ; horizontal margin more coarsely serrated in its posterior portion than it is on its vertical border. Interopercle with a large triangular tuberosity directed a little upwards and backwards. Fins dorsal spines strong, increasing in length to the third, fourth, and fifth, which are not quite so long as the highest of the dorsal rays, from the fifth the spines decrease in length ; soft portion of the fin angularly rounded ; ventral reaches the anus. Anal spines strong, the second equals the high- est of the dorsal ; soft portion of fin angular and one third longer than the dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line, horizontal below, a strongly serrated shoulder scale, and two rows of broad scales over the nape. Colour (in the immature) back olive, with a slate-coloured spot in centre of each scale ; abdomen greyish with horizontal golden lines crossing the centre of each scale, and vertical dark ones along their bases. Several bright blue lines on preopercle, opercle, and snout. A white blotch four scales long on the lateral line opposite the third to the fifth soft dorsal ray, having a wide black edge to its upper third. Dorsal slate-coloured, above reddish with a narrow white edge ; pectoral reddish ; ventrals slaty with a dark edge ; caudal bluish, tipped with red. Generally vertical bands are more or less distinct. In the adult about 15 inches in length the mark on the lateral line becomes indistinct, the golden shade is wanting, but the blue spots remain. The white edge to the fins is also usually absent. Hab. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago, and beyond. 472 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTERYtUl. 608. (13.) Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Scisena argentimaculata, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 47. Lutianus argentimaculatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 87, pi. xi, fig. 5 (see synon.). Tdnib, Mahr. ; Rangoo, Tel. ; To-go-re-dah, Andam. P. 10/13-15. A.3/8. C.17. L.I. 45-50. L.tr. 7-8/16. Cuec.pyl.4. Length of head 3| to 3|, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 5 in the length of head, 1 to lg from end of snout, and f to 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a very shallow emargination, a rounded angle, and an oblique lower limb, the vertical border very finely serrated, most coarsely so at its angle and especially along the lower margin. A slight swelling on the interopercle. Fins dorsal spines not very strong, increasing in length to the third, fourth, and fifth, from these they decrease to the last ; soft portion of fin rather angular. Pectoral reaching to above anal spines. Second anal spine the strongest and nearly equal to the sixth of the dorsal ; soft portion of anal angular ; caudal emarginate, in some specimens rather deeply lunate. Scales in horizontal rows above the lateral line, in some specimens (especially young) they are a little sinuous but do not become regularly oblique until under the soft portion of the dorsal fin ; below the lateral line they are horizontal. Colour cherry-red, darkest at the bases of the scales.. The front edge of the anal fin pinkish white, as also the first ventral ray. Upper margin of spinous dorsal orange. In some specimens there are dark spots on the dorsal, caudal, and anal fins. The very young have from six to nine narrow, vertical, silvery-white bands, which become more or less lost as age increases. Hob. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago and beyond. This fish attains upwards of two feet in length and is good eating. 609. (14.) Lutjanus roseus. Lutianus roseus, Day, Fish. India, p. 38, pi. xi, fig. 6 (see synon.). D. 10/14. P. 16. A.3/8. C.17. L.I. 48. L.r. 57/50. L. tr. 7/18. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, 1 from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle emarginate, lower limb oblique, the whole finely serrated, most coarsely at the angle and along the lower edge. No tuberosity on the interopercle. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, the fourth the highest ; from it they decrease to the last, the soft portion of the fin rather rounded, as high as the fourth spine. Ventral reaching nearly two thirds of the distance to the anal ; second anal spine stronger and rather longer than the third and equal to the sixth dorsal, soft portion of fin one fifth higher than that of the dorsal; caudal rounded. Scales in horizontal rows below the lateral line, and also above it so far as to below the middle of the dorsal spines, here the rows com- PERCIDE. 473 mence running obliquely to the base of the soft dorsal, but become horizontal beyond the base of that fin. Colour dark reddish brown, becoming dull cherry-red below the lateral line ; fins with dark edges. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 610. (15.) Lntjanns sillaoo. Lutianus sillaoo, Day, Fish. India, p. 39, pi. xii, fig. 2 (see synon.). Nga-wet-pa-nee, Arracan. D.10(ll)/14. P.16. A.3/8-9. C.17. L.I. 44. L.r. 48/42. L.tr.6/15. Length of head 3, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4- in length of head, 1^- from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle with scarcely any trace of emargumtion, angle rounded, lower limb very oblique ; the whole vertical edge very finely serrated, with a few coarser serrations at the angle. No interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines weak, the third and fourth about equal, from these they decrease to the last, which is only a little above half the height of the fourth ; soft portion of the fin angular, and nearly as high as the spines. Pec- toral reaching to above the last anal spine ; ventral extending to the vent ; second anal spine stronger than the third but not so long, the third equals the seventh dorsal spine. Caudal slightly emarginate. Scales rows above lateral line rather oblique ; below the lateral line they are horizontal. Colour back greyish brown, chest orange, abdomen and sides light violet, each scale having a white edge. Spinous portion of dorsal greyish, soft portion with a more yellow tinge ; pectoral reddish ; caudal red with a black edge. Hob. Seas of India ; attaining at least four feet in length. 611. (16.) Lutjanns lioglossus. Lutianus lioglossus, Bleeker, Amsterdam, Verhand. Kon. Akad. xiii, 1873, Lutjanus, p. 74 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 39, pi. xii, fig. 1 (see synon.). D. 10/13-1 4. P.16. A.3/8-9. C.17. L.r. 60-52. L.tr. 6-7/15. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4| in length of head, 1 to 2 from end of snout, and | apart. Vertical" border of preopercle with a very shallow emargination, and serrated in its whole extent ; a very obscure interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines moderate, increasing in length to the fourth, the last spine one third shorter ; soft portion of the fin somewhat rounded. Ventral reaching rather above half the distance to the anal. Anal spines rather short, the third slightly the longest, soft portion of the fin highest in front, lower edge straight ; caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above lateral line, horizontal below. Colour roseate, lightest below, with a black blotch on lateral line below first portion of soft dorsal. Hob. Red Sea, seas of India and Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 18 inches in length. 474 TELBOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII. 612. (17.) Lutjanus jahngarah. Lutianus jahngarah, Day, Fish. India, p. 40 (see synon.). Purruwa, Ooriah. D.10/14-15. P. 16. A. 3/8. C. 17. L.I. 46. L.r. 48/42. L.tr.6/17. Length of head 3|, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1 ^ from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a shallow emargination above the rounded angle, which appears continuous with the oblique lower edge ; the whole of the vertical margin finely serrated, about the angle the serrations increase in size, and along the lower edge are further apart. A distinct though small interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, the third the longest, from it they decrease to the last, which is only half as high ; soft portion of fin rather rounded, not so high as the spinous. Pectoral not reaching to above anal spines, ventral reaches a little above half- way to anal. Second anal spine stronger but shorter than third, which equals in length the seventh dorsal, soft portion of fin angularly rounded ; caudal emarginate, lobed in its last fourth, the upper lobe slightly the longer. Scales in rows almost parallel to the dorsal profile both above and below the lateral line, but becom- ing a little irregular below the soft dorsal. Colour back brownish- red, the base of each scale darkest, lake-colour below the lateral line, with a tinge of orange along the lower surface of the body. A blue zigzag line crosses the preorbital. Spinous portion of dorsal and anal greyish, the soft portions scarlet tinged with orange ; pectorals scarlet ; front edge of anal whitish. Hob. Seas of India, attaining two feet or more in length. This species is esteemed good eating. 613. (18.) Lutjanus casruleolineatus. Diacope cseruleolineata, Riipp. N. IF., Fische, p. 93, t. 24, f. 3. Lutianus quinquelineatus, l)ay, Fish. India, p. 40, pi. xii, tig. 3 j Suppl. p. 783 (see synon.). Mungav, Marathi. D.10/13-14. P. 16. A.3/8-9. C.17. L.1.51. L.r.68/60. L. tr.8/21. Length of head 3^, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4^ in length of head, lg from end of snout, and | apart. Body rather strongly compressed. Preopercle with a shallow emargination above the angle, whole vertical border finely serrated, most coarsely so at the angle, lower limb entire ; no interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, increasing in height to the fourth ; they subsequently gradually decrease to the last, which is two thirds the height of the longest ; soft portion of the fin rounded, as high as the spinous. Ventral does not quite reach the anal. Second anal spine stronger but shorter than the third, which equals in length the last dorsal, soft portion of fin with the lower edge rounded; caudal lunate. Scales in oblique rows PERCIDjE. 475 above the lateral line, horizontal below. Colour six blue stripes from the eye to the dorsal fin and tail. A dark mark at the base of the pectoral, a black blotch on the lateral line below commence- ment of soft dorsal fin. Hob. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, and seas of India. 614. (19.) Lutjanus lunulatns. Perca limulata, Mwiyo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, p. 35, pi. 6. Lutianus lunulatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 41, pi. xii, tig. 4 (seesynou.). D. 10/13- 14. A. 3/8-9. C. 19. L.I. 55. L. r. 63/54. L.tr.7/21. Length of head 3^, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1^ from end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a shallow emar*gination and finely serrated, the angle more coarsely serrated, lower edge oblique, entire. No interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines weak, the fourth the longest, from it they decrease to the last, which is about two thirds as high ; soft portion of fin rounded, its highest ray not so high as the fourth spine. Ventral reaching two thirds of distance to anal. Second anal spine longer and stronger than third ; anterior rays highest, the lower edge straight ; caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above lateral line and horizontal below. Colour reddish crimson above, becoming silvery white on the abdomen ; golden lines along each row of scales ; dorsal, caudal, and anal with a black outer edge and an external white margin ; a lunate black band at the base of the caudal fin extending along its outer edges to the end of the fin ; pectoral and ventrals yellow. Hob. Coast of Sind to the Malay Archipelago. 615. (20.) Lutjanus fulviflamma. ScicGiia fulviflamma, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 45. Lutianus fulviflamma, Day, Fish. India, p. 41, pi. xii, fig. ; tii/j>j>/. 1888, p. 783 (see synon.). D.10/13-14. A. 3/8. C.17. L.I. 48-50. L.tr.7-8/16. CSDC. pyl.4-6. Length of head 3|, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, | to 1 1 from end of snout, and f apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a shallow emargiuation, the angle rather produced, lower edge oblique, the whole finely serrated, most coarsely so at the angle, the serrations are continued halfway along the vertical limb but become almost lost with age. No interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines not very strong, the third, fourth, and fifth highest and one third higher than the rays ; rayed portion rounded. Ventral not reachiug the vent. Third anal spine slightly shorter than second, which is of equal length with first ray, and twice as long as last, lower edge of fin concave; caudal slightly emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line, horizontal below. Colour yellow or 476 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTERYGII. rosy along the back, with a light golden band from the head to the tail along each row of scales. A large black blotch on the lateral line, mostly below it, opposite the commencement of the soft dorsal fin. Hob. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago, and beyond. 616. (21.) Lntjanus unimaculatus. Mesoprion unimaculatus, Quay fy Gaim. Voy. Uranie fy Phys. p. 304. Lutianus' fulviflamma var. russellii. Day, Fish. India, p. 42, pi. xii. fig. 5, Suppl 1888, p. 783. Vella chembolay, Mai. ; Shemhara and Currumay, Tamil. D.10/13-14. A. 3/8. C.17. L.l.50-54. L.tr.7-8/18. Oec.pyl.5-6. This form is so similar to the last that I consider it to be merely a variety, the proportions being the same. The distance from the eye to the snout and the size of the lateral blotch are a little more than in L. fulviflamma. Colour yellow or rosy along the back, with three or four narrow brilliant golden bands passing obliquely upwards and backwards from the lateral line to the base of the dorsal fin, and three or four similar horizontal golden bands below the lateral line. A large black blotch on and mostly above the lateral line from the 22nd to the 31st scales. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 617. (22.) Lntjanus johnii. Anthias johnii, Sloch, Ich. t. 318. Lutianus johnii, Day, Fish. India, p. 42, pi. xiii, fig. 1 (see synon.). Chembolay, Mai. ; Nya-pa-nee, Burm. D.10/13-14. C.17. L.1.48. L.r.50/46. L.tr.7/13. (Cajc.pyl.4, Kner.) Length of head 3 to 3.J-, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 5 or even 6 in large specimens in length of head, 1^ to 1| from end of snout, and from to 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle finely serrated, more coarsely so at the angle, which is somewhat produced and rounded, lower border with a few serrations and crenulations. A very indistinct tuberosity on the in- teropercle is sometimes present. Fins dorsal spines strong, in- creasing in length to the fourth, from this they decrease to the last, which is about one fourth shorter ; soft portion of fin somewhat rounded, its longest rays exceed the highest spine. Ventral reaches the vent ; second anal spine equals third spine of dorsal, the rayed portion of anal rounded and rather higher than that of the dorsal ; caudal slightly ernarginate. Scales rows above lateral line parallel with profile of back, those below horizontal. Colour yellowish, lightest on the abdomen, with a large black mark, of varying depths of colour, on the lateral line between the 22nd and 31st scales ; age, season, and locality all exercise an influence on this PEECID.E. 477 blotch ; a dark line is almost invariably present along each row of scales. Kns yellow dashed with red ; anal with a light front edge. In the young the ocellus on the side is larger, and is surrounded by a light ring. This is Serranus pavoninus, Val. JIab. Seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and beyond, ascending some distance up tidal rivers. This fish attains a foot or more in length. 618. (23.) Lutjanns gibbns. Scisena gibba, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 46, no. 48. Lutjanus gibbus, Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 326 j Day, Fish. India, p. 43, pi. xiii, tigs. 2 & 3 (see synon.). D. 10/14. P. 18. L. 1. 50-55. L. r. 70/65. L. tr. 8/23. Ctec. pyl. 4-5. Length of head 3f , height of body 83 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 3 (in young) to 4| (in adult) in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of 'preopercle with a very deep emargination succeeded by a broad and deep angle, its height half that of the vertical limb, above the notch the serrations are very fine, on the rounded, produced angle they are coarse, and a few are continued along the oblique lower edge. Interopercular knob well developed. Fins the third to the fifth dorsal spines the longest, behind they gradually decrease, the last being three fourths of their height ; soft portion of fin rounded in young, more pointed in adult. Pectoral reaches to nearly above the anal ; ventral reaches the vent. Second anal spine strongest, it equals the highest in the dorsal fin ; soft portion of fin angular. Caudal slightly notched in young, more emargiuate in adult, the upper portion the longer. Scales in oblique rows, above and below the lateral line. Colour uniform crimson, dorsal and anal fins having a black edge with a white external margin ; a white tip to caudal lobes ; dark bands along bases of dorsal and anal fins ; pectorals and ventrals yellow, the latter with a dark tip ; caudal dark purple. In the young body crimson, with a black band commencing at end of dorsal fin, and covering part of the tail and caudal fin, the latter having a white outer edge. Hob. Red Sea, Andaman Islands and south seas. This fish attains at least 16 inches in length. 619. (24.) Lutjanus bohar. Sciaena bohar, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 46, no. 47. Lutianus bohar, Day, Fish. India, p. 44, pi. xiii, fig. 4. D. 10/14. A. 3/8. C. 17. L. 1. 50-55. L. r. 62/52. L. tr. 7/18. Length of head 3|, height of body 3 in the total length Eyes diameter 3^ in length of head, 1| from end of snout and also apart. Vertical margin of preopercle with a shallow notch, the whole serrated, most strongly at its rounded and slightly produced angle, lower edge oblique and likewise serrated ; interopercle with a very small knob. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, the 478 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEBTGII. fourth the longest ; soft portion of the fiu rounded. Pectoral reaching to nearly above the anal, ventral scarcely so far ; second anal spine strongest and somewhat the longest, equalling the third dorsal ; soft portion of fin rounded, its lower edge straight ; caudal somewhat deeply emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above lateral line, horizontal below. Colour brownish along back, becoming whiter on sides and below ; two milk-white spots at base of dorsal fin, the first below 6th to 8th spines, the second below the last third of the soft dorsal; dorsal blackish brown; outer edges of caudal and front edge of anal blackish, the latter having a narrow white anterior margin ; ventral black with a white outer edge. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 620. (25.) Lutjanus marginatus. Diacope marginala, Cuv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 425. Lutianus marginatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 44, pi. xiii, fig. 5 (see synon.). Sunyarah, Tarn. D.10/13-14. P.16. C.17. L.1.50. L.tr.6-7/15. (Caec.pyl.7, Kner.) Length of head 3| to 4, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle finely serrated above the emargination, which is deep, angle rounded where the serra- tion is coarsest, it is continued along the horizontal edge ; sub- and interopercles entire, the latter having a large tuberosity directed upwards and slightly outwards. Fins dorsal spines strong, the fourth the longest, from it they gradually decrease in length ; soft portion of fin rounded, three fourths as high as the fourth spine. Pectoral reaching to above the first anal spine ; ventral reaches the vent. Second anal spine the strongest and as long as the highest dorsal ; soft portion of anal fin one third higher than that of the dorsal ; caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above lateral line to opposite end of dorsal fin, where they become horizontal, as they likewise are below the lateral line. Colour purplish yellow above the lateral line and golden below it. Generally no lateral blotch ; lower third of dorsal fin coloured like the back, then a dark grey longitudinal band with a lighter one above it, followed by black and edged with white ; caudal dark purplish red with a white edge ; pectoral, ventral, and anal flesh-coloured with a yellowish tint. On the Malabar coast of India specimens are frequently taken with a black lateral blotch ; on the Coromandel coast a few r have the lateral mark faintly developed, but it is more commonly absent. This does not depend upon size or season, but may upon sex or locality; in specimens preserved in spirit the mark is liable to disappear. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India, and the Malay Archi- pelago ; attaining at least 16 inches in length. PERCIDJ5. 479 621. (26.) Lntjanns yapilli Mesoprion yapilli, Cuv. Sr Vol. H. N. Pom. ii, p. 483. Lutianus yapilli, Day, Fish. India, p. 45, pi. xiii, fig. 6 (see synon.). D. 10/14. P. 17. A. 3/8. C. 17. L. 1. 47. L. r. 48/47. L. tr. 6/14. Length of head nearly 4, height of body 3f in the total length. Eyes diameter 3f in the length of head, 2 from end of snout, and 1^ apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a very shallow emurgination above the rounded angle, the whole border finely serrated, the serrations a little more coarse and widely separated at the angle and along the horizontal border. No interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines strong, the third three-quarters the height of the fourth, they decrease to the ninth which is only T 4 T of the fourth spine ; soft portion of dorsal rounded ; ventral does not reach halfway to the anal. Second anal spine the strongest but not quite so long as the third, lower edge of anal rounded. Scales in rows parallel to the back above the lateral line, hori- zontal below it. Colour silvery grey on the back, becoming yellowish white on the abdomen ; longitudinal yellowish bands along each row of scales; cheeks dashed with purple. Pins yellow ish, dorsal, anal, and caudal edged with orange. Hob. Coromandel coast of India and Island of Timor. It is closely allied to L. jolinii. 622. (27.) Lutjanns qninquelinearis. Holoceutrus quinquelinearis, Block, Ic-h. iy, p. 84, t. 239. Lutianus quinquelinearis, Day, Fish. India, p. 40, pi. xiv, tig. 1 (see synon.). Karkntla tdmb, Marat. ; Kashaldr, Arabic. D. 10/13-16. A. 3/8-9. C.17. L.I. 56. L.tr.8/19. CSEC. pyl. 5. Length of head 3L, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3^ in length of head, about 1 from end of snout, and | apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a very deep emargination and a rounded angle, the whole serrated, the serrations at the low er angle coarse, lower edge also serrated. A strong interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, increasing in length to the fourth, from it they slightly decrease to the last ; soft portion of fin rounded, second anal spine rather longest and strongest, the rayed portion of anal highest in front, lower edge of fin rounded ; caudal emarginate. Settles in oblique rows above lateral line, horizontal below. Colour olive- yellow, with, as a rule, a deep black mark on lateral line below the last few dorsal spines and the first few rays ; some lines above the nape formed by a dark spot on each scale. Five blue bands from the eye : the three upper to the dorsal fin or its termination, the two lower unite on the hinder end of the opercle and run to the middle of the tail ; the lowest band of all from the snout below 480 TE1EOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEETGII. the eye is continued past pectoral fin to end of base of soft anal ; fins yellow ; caudal with a light tip. Hob. Seas of India and Malay Archipelago. The species is common at Madras. 623. (28.) Lntjanus vitta. Serranus vitta, Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. Uranie Sf Phys. [p. 315, pi. 58, fig. 3. Lutianus vitta, Day, Fish. India, p. 46, pi. xiv, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 10/13. A. 3/8. C.17. L. 1. 50. L. r. 65-70/55-60. L.tr.8/12. Length of head from 3| to 3f , height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 4 in length of head, 1| to 1^ from end of snout, and f apart. Vertical border of preopercle with a shallow emargination, the angle slightly rounded but not produced, the lower edge rather oblique ; preopercle finely serrated along both edges, most coarsely at the angle. Sometimes there is a very indistinct interopercular swelling. Fim dorsal spines of moderate strength, the fourth the longest, from it they gradually decrease to the last, which is two thirds as high as the first ray, whilst the soft portion is slightly lower than the third spine ; caudal lunate. Scales in oblique sinuous rows above lateral line as far as end of dorsal fin, beyond which as well as below the lateral line they are horizontal. Colour yellowish red along the back, rosy below the lateral line; olive stripes along each row of scales above the lateral line and brilliant yellow below it. Pins orange ; dorsal, anal, and tips of caudal margined with white. Sometimes, but not invariably, a broad black band from eye to above centre of caudal fin, and in such specimens the olive stripes in the upper third of the body are nearly black. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. 624. (29.) Lntjanus madras, Mesoprion madras, Cuv. $ Vol. II. N. Poiss. vii, p. 446. Lutianus madras, Dai/, Fish. India, p. 47, pi. xiv, fig. 3. D. 10/13-14. A. 3/8-9. C. 17. L. 1. 50. L. r. 65/52. L. tr. 6/16. Length of head 3i, height of body 3 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head, ] from end of snout, and | apart. Vertical limb of preopercle not emarginate, the angle slightly produced and rounded, lower limb oblique, the whole serrated, most coarsely so at the angle ; no interopercular knob. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, increasing in length to the fourth, they subsequently decrease to the last, which is rather above half the same length ; soft portion of fin rounded and much lower than spinous. Pectoral not reaching to above anal ; ventral reaches two thirds of distance to anal spines, the second of which is as strong as the third but slightly shorter ; last anal ray half the height of first, lower edge of fin straight ; caudal emarginate. Scales in oblique rows above and horizontal below PERCIDJE. 481 lateral line. Colour roseate, with oblique lines above the lateral line ; below the lateral line the sides and abdomen are yellow, with narrow red horizontal bands. One specimen, captured December 1869, had a lateral band as in L. vitta. Hab. Seychelles, Indian seas, and Malay Archipelago ; attaining about a foot in length. 625. (30.) Lutjanus decussatus. Mesoprion decussatus, Cuv. fy Val. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 487. Lutjanus decussatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 47, pi. xiv, fig. 4 (see syrion.). D.10/13-14. P.15. A.3/8. C.17. L.l.50-54. L.tr.6-7/17. Cscc.pyl.3. Length of head 3| to 3f , height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. , Eyes diameter 4 to 4| in length of head, 1| diameter from end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Snout pointed, lips rather thick ; jaws of equal length in front. Yertical limb of preopercle with a shallow emargination, having fine serrations which are lost at the angle ; a slight interopercular knob. Fins third to fifth dorsal spines the longest ; behind they decrease to the last ; soft portion of fin rounded and lower than spinous ; ventral reaches two thirds of distance to anal ; first anal rays highest, lower margin of anal rounded ; caudal forked, upper lobe the longer. Scales in oblique rows above the lateral line, and in horizontal below. Colour whitish, with six longitudinal black bands along the body, and six badly marked short vertical ones in its upper third descending from base of dorsal fin and crossing the former; a deep black spot at root of caudal. A white band across the occiput. Fins greyish, anal with a white front edge. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. Third group. PEIACANTHINA. 9. Genus PRIACANTHUS, Cuv. & Val. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobrauchiao. Body oblong and some- what elevated. Eyes large. Lower jaw prominent. Preopercle serrated behind and below as well as on the angle, which is produced into a flattened spine-like point; opercle with a point. Teeth villit'orm in the jaws, vomer, and palate, none on the tongue. A single dorsal fin, with nine or ten spines ; anal with three. Scales small and ctenoid, extended on to the snout. Geographical Distribution. Tropical seas. Synopsis of Indian Species. Light lake-red, vertical and ventral fins with narrow black edges 1. P. hamrur, p.482. Ventrals spotted with brown ; a dark edge to dorsal and anal 2. P. Jiolocenfmm, p. 482. 2i 4S2 TELBO8TEI. ACANTIIOPTEKTGII. 626. (1.) Priacanthus hamrur. Sciaena hanirur, Forsk. Dcscr. Anim. p. 45. Priacanthus blochii, Day, Fish. India, p. 48, pi. viii, fig. 2, Sitppl. 1888, p. 783 (see syno'n.). B. vi. D. 10/13-14. P. 18. A. 3/14. C. 17. L.r. 110-120. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes large, in middle of length of head, 5 diameter from end of snout. Preorbital serrated along both its upper and lower borders. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, increasing in length to the last, which, however, is not quite so long as the rays. Pectoral short; ventral spine serrated on both edges ; anal spines serrated anteriorly, the third the longest ; caudal cut square. Colour light lake-red, all the vertical as well as the ventral fins having a narrow black border. Hah. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, and Malay Archipelago. 627. (2.) Priacanthus holocentrum. (Fig. 148.) Priacanthns holocentrum, BlceJccr, liatav. Gcnootsch. Verhand. xxii, Perc. p. 48 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 746, Sujtpl. p. 784 (see synon.). Pasuwa, Tamil. B. vi. D. 10/12-13. P. 17. A. 3/12-13. C. 16. L. 1. 55. Length of head 3^, height of body 3^ in the total length. EIJI-S diameter 2| in length of head, \ from end of snout, and Fig. 148. Priacanthus folocentrum. about | apart. Preorbital serrated below. Preopercle serrated, having a large, flat, and serrated spine, equal in length to half the diameter of the orbit. Two opercular spines ; subopercle ser- rated, a shoulder-spine. Fins second dorsal spine two thirds as high as the last, which is the longest; third anal spine the PERCIDjE. 483 longest, the two first serrated anteriorly. Colour rose-coloured above, becoming nearly white on the sides and beneath ; ventral fins spotted with brown ; a dark edge to dorsal and anal fins. JJab. Madras to the Malay Archipelago. Fourth group. ArOGONJNA. 10. Genus AMBASSIS (Comm.), Cuv. & Val. Syn. Cfianda, pt., Ham. Buch. ; ILamiltcnia et Ambassus, Swains. ; lioyoda, Parainlassis, and Pseudambassis, Bleeker. Branchiostegals six; pseudobranchiae well developed. Body compressed, more or less diaphanous. Lower limb of preopercle with a double serrated edge ; opercle without prominent spine. Villifoyn teeth on jaws, vomer, and palate, sometimes on the tongue ; canines rarely present. Two dorsal fins, the first with 7 spines, the anal with 3 ; a forwardly directed recumbent spine in front of the base of the dorsal. Scales cycloid, of moderate or small size, frequently deciduous. Lateral line complete, interrupted, in- complete or absent. Geographical Distribution. Shores of Indian Ocean. Some of the smaller species are exclusively found in fresh water. Uses. This genus consists of little bony fishes, which rarely ex- ceed six inches in length, and are generally far less. The poorer classes eat them, and owing to their shape they are easily dried without salt. The species are distinguished with difficulty. The relative length of the second or third dorsal spine to that of the body often varies with the size of the specimen. The number of soft rays is not constant. The lateral line is subject to variation. Colours like- wise are not constant. The characters least subject to change appear to be the serrations on the sub- and interopercles, the pre- orbital, and around the orbit ; those on the vertical border of the preopercle are inconstant in some species. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Anal elongate, 3/13-17; interopercle not serrated ; scales very small. Large teeth near symphysis of mandible ; a shoulder-spot 1. A. nama, p. 484. Teeth small ; a dark shoulder-spot 2. A. ranga, p. 485. Teeth small ; no shoulder-spot ; a golden spot on occiput 3. A . bacidis, p. 485. B. Anal shorter, 3/9-12 ; scales moderate; 1.1. 26-41. a. Interopercle serrated. Lateral line 35-41, continuous 4. A. tltomassi, p. 480. L. 1. 2C-28, continuous ; height of body I total length 5. A. nuhia, p. 480. L. 1. interrupted 0. A. intei-ntjtta, p. 487. L. 1. 0, continuous ; height ^ total length 7. A. dayi, p. 487. 484 TELEOSTEI. ACANT1IOPTERYGII. ft. Interopercle not serrated. [p. 488. L. 1. continuous ; eyes J a diameter apart . 8. A. commersoni, L. 1. continuous ; eyes f diaru. apart 9. A. myojis, p. 488. ' L. 1. interrupted ; 2 rows of scales on sub- orbitals 10. A. gymnocephalus, L. 1. semi-interrupted ; 1 row of scales on [p. 489. suborbitals 11. A. uroteenia, p. 489. c. Imperfectly known 12. A. thennalis, p. 490. 628. (l.) Ambassis nama. (Fig. 149.) Chandanama, Hum. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 109, 371, pi. 39, fig. 39. Ambassis nama, Day, Fish. India, p. 50, pi. xiv, fig. 5 (see synon.). Mucknce and Ched-chi-ah, Punj. ; Son-dah, Assam. ; Pud-du and Put- to-lah, Sind. ; Gdude-chiri, Marat. ; Ak-ku-ratt, Tel. ; Buck-ra and Pom- pi-ah, N.W. Prov. ; Cart-kana and Goa-chuppi, Ooriah. D. 7 | 1/13-17. P. 13. A. 3/14-17. C. 17. Length of head 4 to 4^-, height of body from 2| to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter about 3 in length of head, f to f from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw much longer than upper. Posterior-superior margin of preorbital denticulated. Vertical Fig. 149. Ambassis nama. border of preopercle entire, except near the angle; the double border very slightly denticulated at its lower edge in the young, often entire. Sub- and interopercles entire. Teeth two or three large crooked canines on either side of the lower jaw ; an outer and an inner enlarged row in both jaws. Fins second dorsal spine the longest (in a few specimens the third), and as long as first ray, the rays gradually decrease in height ; the third anal spine the longest and strongest, equalling the height of the longest in the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply forked. Scales minute. Lateral line always in- distinct, entire in some specimens, in others soon terminating or absent. Colour yellowish olive, covered all over with minute black dots, which on the shoulder are collected into an oblong patch, having its longest diameter vertical ; summit of the head PERCID.E. 485 and top of the eyes black. Fins orange, upper half of first dorsal deep black ; a dark upper edge to second dorsal ; caudal dark with a light outer margin ; anal with a black mark over the bases of the spines. In some specimens taken at Hurdah the caudal was black- tipped. This fish shows considerable local variations, which have caused its being described under more than one name. Hob. Throughout the fresh waters of India, Assam, and Burma ; attaining 3 or 4 inches in length. 629. (2.) Ambassis ranga. Chanda ranga, Ham, Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 113, 371, pi. 16, fig. 38. Ambassis ranga, Day, Fish. India, pp. 51, 746, pi. xiv, fig. 6 (see synon.). Changes, Beng. and N.W. Prov. ; Pee-dah, Sind. ; Laal-chandee, Ooriah. D.7 | 1/13-15. P. 11. A. 3/1 4-16. C. 17. L.r. 60-70. L.tr.13/ . In the adult, length of head 3| to 4, height of body 2| to 2 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, from end of snout, and |- apart. Vertical border of preopercle sometimes entire, more commonly finely serrated, but in some specimens rather coarsely so; the double margin of horizontal border of pre- opercle serrated; sub- and interopercles entire. Preorbital with denticulations on its inferior edge, a strong tooth on its anterior superior angle directed towards the eye, and about five more along the upper edge of that bone. Another spine at the middle of the posterior edge of the orbit, with five more, decreasing in size, along its upper half. Teeth all small, none on the tongue. Fins second dorsal spine generally as long as the third ; second anal spine slightly shorter than the third. In Burma the second anal spine is comparatively shorter than in Indian specimens. Colour olive, with a dark mark composed of spots on the shoulder, being the remains of a band present in the young. The margins of the vertical fins are usually somewhat dark. In the young, termed by Buchanan Jala, the fish is of a bright yellow or orange colour, with four or five dark vertical bands which are formed of fine black dots. This species appears to vary more with age than any other species of Ambassis. Hob. Throughout India and Burma ; growing to a few inches in length. 630. (3.) Ambassis baculis. Chanda baculis, Ham. Buck. Fish. Ganges, pp. 112, 371. Ambassis baculis, Day, Fish. India, p. 51, pi. xv, fig. 1 (see synon.). Kuny-gi, Punj. ; Nga-koun-ma or Nya-zin-zat, Burm. D. 7 | 1/13. P. 12. A. 3/13. C. 17. L. r. 80. Length of head 4, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, g to if from end of snout and also 486 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII. apart. Lower jaw rather shorter than the upper. Preorbital strongly serrated along its lower edge, and having a sharp spine directed towards the orbit at its anterior-superior angle, followed by several more along its upper edge. The whole upper edge of the orbit generally serrated, but in some examples merely its posterior half. Vertical margin of preopercle entire, the whole lower edge of the horizontal limb strongly serrated, and a few serrations near the angle on the upper edge ; sub- and interopercles entire. Pins second spine of dorsal highest. Third anal spine slightly the longest; caudal forked, lower lobe slightly the longer. Lateral line complete. Colour yellowish olive ; a golden spot on the occiput ; black along the top of the first dorsal fin ; second dorsal and anal darkest externally ; front of each anal ray blackish ; caudal dark along its base and also with blackish tips to each lobe. Ambassis baculis principally differs from A. nama in its form being higher, the lower jaw shorter and not crooked to one side, in the vertical margin of the preopercle being strongly serrated, and in possessing no canine or enlarged teeth in the jaws. Hub. Fresh waters of Orissa, Bengal, and as far north as the Punjab ; also in Burma. 631. (4.) Ambassis thomassi. Ambassis thomassi, Day, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 369 ; Fish. India, p. 52, pi. xv, fif?. 2 (see synon.) Mullu-cherii, Mai. ; MuUu-tharu, Tel. ; MuUu-jubbu, Cauarese. D. 7 | 1/10-12. P. 15. A. 3/9-10. C. 15. L. 1. 35-41. L. tr. 7/17. Length of head 3g to 41, height of body 3 to 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter from 3 to 3| in length of head, from end of snout, and | apart. Lower jaw the longer ; a slight concavity over the orbits. Vertical margin of preopercle finely serrated, its lower double edge more coarsely so, especially at the angle ; poste- rior half of lower edge of interopercle strongly serrated. Lower edge of preorbital denticulated ; a raised usually serrated edge along its upper third. One spine at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit (becoming bifurcated with age), and the lower two thirds of its margin serrated (the serrations becoming blunted with age). Teeth an outer rather enlarged row in both jaws, none on tongue. Pins second dorsal spine longest; second anal spine equals the third. Lateral line continuous. Colour greyish, spotted with silvery ; brownish basal spots on many of the scales, more especially along the back. Hob. The coasts of Canara as low as Cochin ; found some dis- tance inland, even in elevated localities ; attaining to at least 6 inches in length. 632. (5.) Ambassis nalua. Chanda nalua, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gaiu/cs, pp. 107, 371, pi. 6, fig. 36. Ambassis nalua, Day, Fish. India, p. 53, pi. xv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Kyoung-ma-sah, Burni. PEKCID.E. 487 D. 7 j 1/10-11. P. 15. A. 3/9-10. C. 15. L. 1. 26-28. L. tr. 3/12. Length of head 4, height of body 2| iu the total length. Eyes diameter 2| iu length of head, nearly | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital rather strongly serrated ; two short spines directed backwards at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit. Vertical margin of preopercle entire, except a few serrations just above the angle, its double horizontal edge strongly serrated, also the posterior half of the lower border of the inter- opercle. Teeth a narrow band along the middle of the tongue. Fins dorsal spines strong, the second longest ; second and third anal spines of the same length, and almost equal to the third of the dorsal fin. Lateral line continuous. Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band ; interspinous membrane dark between the second and third dorsal spines ; a dark longitudinal band along either Caudal lobe. Uab. Calcutta in fresh and brackish water ; Malabar coast and Andamaus to the Malay Archipelago. 633. (6.) Ambassis interrupta. Ainbassis interrupta, Sleeker, Bataoia Nat. Tijdsch. iii, 1852, p. 696 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 53, pi. xv, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9-10. P. 13. A. 3/9-11. C. 18. L. 1.28. L. tr. 6/8. Length of head 3^, height of body 2| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, | from end of snout, and -^ apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital with both its upper and lower edges serrated. Anterior edge of orbit serrated, and two spines at its posterior-superior angle. Vertical margin of preopercle entire, the double edge of its horizontal limb serrated ; interopercle with four denticulations at its angle. Fins second dorsal spine longest ; third anal spine slightly the longest. Lateral line interrupted. Colour silvery, with a narrow lateral band ; second dorsal spine bright orange, the membrane between it and the third black ; a dark longitudinal band along either caudal lobe. As in other species of this genus, the comparative length of the highest dorsal spine varies with age. Sob. Sea at the Andamans and Batavia. 634. (7.) Ainbassis dayi. Ainbassis dayi, Bleeker, Nat. Verh. d. Holland. Maats. d. Weten. 3de Verz. Deel ii. no. 2, 1874, p. 95; Day, Fiih. India, p-;.f)4, pi. xv, fig. 7 (see synon.). D.7 | 1/10-11. P. 16. A. 3/10. C. 16, L. 1. 30. L. tr. 4/ . Length of head 4|, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 to 4 in length of head, | to 1 from end of snout and also apart. Snout pointed, lower jaw the longer. Vertical margin of 488 TELEO8TEI. ACANTIIOPTEUYGII. preoperele minutely serrated, the lower limb serrated along both edges ; interopercle serrated in its posterior half ; subopercle entire. One spine at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit. Fins second dorsal spine longest ; second and third anal spines about equal in length, but the second is the stronger. Lateral line continuous. Colour silvery glossed with purple, a broad lateral burnished band ; interspinous membrane between the second and third dorsal spines dark ; second dorsal, anal, and caudal stained dark at their edges. Hob. Malabar coast of India ; attaining at least 7 inches in length. 635. (8.) Ambassis commersoni. Ambassia commersonii, Cuv. fy Val. H. N. Puiss. ii, p. 170, pi. 25 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 52, pi. xv, fig. 3 (see synon.). D. 7(1/9-11. P.13. A.3/9-10. C.15. L.I. 30-33. L.tr.4/9. Vert.9/15. Length of head about 4, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3^ in length of head, | from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital rather strongly serrated, the serration being directed downwards and slightly backwards. Vertical margin of preoperele entire, the lower double edge serrated, with two or three coarser teeth at the angle ; lower margin of interopercle entire ; in some rare cases, however, it has 2 or 3 badly marked serrations. Teeth tongue usually with a narrow band along its centre. Fins dorsal spines strong, transversely lineated, second the longest ; second anal spine the strongest and nearly as long as the third, which almost equals the third of the dorsal. Lateral line continuous. Colour silvery, with purplish reflexions ; a bright silvery line from the eye to the caudal fin ; interspinous membrane between the second and third dorsal spines dark. Hob. This common species extends from the Red Sea through the seas of India to North Australia ; it ascends rivers and estu- aries, attaining to 6 inches in length. 636. (9.) Ambassis myops. Ambassis miops, Gunther, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 655. Ambassis myops, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. p. 784. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 12. A. 3/9. C. 17. L. 1. 29. L. tr. 4/9. Length of head 4, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, from end of snout and the same apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital with seven strong teeth along its lower edge ; a spine at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit. "Ver- tical margin of preopercle entire ; its horizontal double edge ser- rated, the lower most coarsely. Sub- and interopercles entire. Teeth & small central band at the root of the tongue. Fins second dorsal spine longest; third anal spine longer and weaker than second, but half shorter than third dorsal spine. Lateral line uninterrupted. Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band. Liters piiious PERCID.E. 489 membrane between the second and third dorsal spines spotted with black. Hub. Madras, Malay Archipelago, and Cook's Islands. 637. (10.) Ambassis gynmocephalus. Lutjanus gynmocephalus, Lacep. H. N. Pom. iii, t. 23, fig. 3, and iv, p. 216. Ambassis gynmocephalus, Day, Fish. India, p. 54, pi. xv, fig. 6 (see synon.). Chandee, Ooriah. D. 7 | 1/9-10. P. 15. A. 3/9-10. C. 17. L. 1. 27-29. L. tr. 3/8. Length of head 4 to 4g, height of body 3^- in the total length. Eyes diameter dependent on age, in the young 2|, in the adult nearly 3 in the length of the head, | from end of snout and also apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital with six or seven den- ticulations directed downwards and backwards on anterior-inferior edge, and a few serrations on posterior margin ; double edge on inferior limb of the preopercle finely serrated, vertical margin entire. Sub- and interopercles entire. Two or three strong spines directed backwards at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit, and another rather larger posterior to them, occasionally a small spine on shoulder just before commencement of lateral line. Teeth a band along the centre of the tongue. Fins dorsal spines strong, the second nearly or quite as high as the third, or in a few cases a little longer, all the spines striated ; the third anal spine is longer than the second, but not quite so strong, and equal to the fourth dorsal. Lateral line interrupted after about eighth to twelfth scale, in some specimens it ceases entirely. Colour silvery, with a bright longitudinal lateral band, some brown spots on the upper third of the body in its front half ; blackish between its second and third dorsal spines, also a black edge to the caudal. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and China ; attaining at least 4 inches in length. Although generally captured in the sea or saline backwaters, I obtained a specimen from the fresh water in the Cochin State several miles inland. 638. (11.) Ambassis urotsenia. Ambassis urotaenia, Bleeker, Batavia Nat. T/j'dsch. iii, p. 257 ; Dai/, Fish. India, p. 55, pi. xv, fig. 8 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9-10. P. 13. A. 3/9-10. C. 18. L.I. 27-28. L.tr. 3-4/10. Length of head 4, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2 in length of head, | from end of snout, and f apart. Lower jaw the longer. Preorbital with seven sharp teeth along its inferior edge, a spine at the posterior-superior angle of the orbit. Vertical margin of preopercle entire except two serrations just above its angle ; the horizontal double edge serrated, the lower the more coarsely ; sub- and iuteropercles entire. Teeth a small 490 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYUII. central band at the root of the tongue. Fins second spine of the dorsal longest ; third anal spine usually slightly the longest, but not equalling the longest of the dorsal. Scales a single row along the suborbital ring of bones. Lateral line curves downwards under the middle of the soft dorsal, but in an interrupted or semi- interrupted manner. Colour silvery, with a burnished lateral band ; the interspinous membrane between second and third dorsal spines black ; a dark longitudinal band along either lobe of caudal. Hah. Seychelles, Andamans, and the Malay Archipehigo. This species nearly resembles A. gymnocephalus, but the lateral line is entire ; there is only one row of scales along the suborbitals and the comparative height of its body differs. It appears to be com- mon at the Andaman s. 639. (12.) Ambassis thermalis. Ambassis thermalis, Cuv. $ Val. II. N. Poiss. iii, p. 493 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 746. D. 7 | 1/9. A. 3/9. Height of body not quite one third of the total length, excluding the caudal fin. Scales large. Colour greenish, with a silvery lateral band. A blackish longitudinal streak along each caudal lobe. Hal. AVarm springs of Cauuia in Ceylon. 11. Genus APOGON, Lacep. Syn. Amia, Gronovius; Ajmgonichthyn, Bleeker; MoHOgrion, Poey; Mionorus, Krefft ; Archamia, Lcjridamia, and Glossamia, Gill ; Pristinjiu- yon, Klunz. Branchiostegals seven; pseudobranchiae present, usually well developed. Opercle not spiny. Preopercle with a double edge, either or both of which may be serrated, crenulated, or entire. Teeth villiform in the jaws, vomer, and palatines, without canines ; tongue smooth. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with six or seven spines ; the anal with two. Lateral line distinct and entire. Scales ctenoid, as a rule large and deciduous, but occasionally rather small. Caecal appendages when present few. Geographical Distribution. From the Red Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India and Malay Archipelago to Aus- tralia, and even beyond. These small fishes are marine, and are numerous in sheltered spots, as inside harbours ; some have been captured at the months of, or even a short distance up, tidal rivers and backwaters. They are most numerous off the Sind and Bombay coasts and the Andaman Islands, still they are by no means uncommon at Madras. Uses. Although small, they are eaten fresh, dried, or salted by the natives of India. I'EHCID.E. 491 is of Indian Species. A. First dorsal with 7 spines. a. Lateral line with more than 30 scales ; fins scarlet. [p. 491. Body with many faint longitudinal bands. . 1. A. mu'.ttteeniatus, Three dark longitudinal bands on sidj 2. A. calosoma, p. 492. b. Lateral line with less than 30 scales, a'. Caudal fin forked. Grey, several indistinct transverse dark bands ; vertical tins black 3. A. niyricans, p. 492. 3 or 4 longitudinal dark bands; both edges of interopercle serrated 4. A.frenatits, p. 493. Two black bauds round body ; 4th dor- sal spine longest 5. A. hcniatus, p. 493. Two black spots on side, one beneath t 1st dorsal, the other at base of caudal. 6. A. thurstoni, v>. 494. Two longitudinal dark bands on each [p. 494. side 7. A. quadrifasciatus, Four longitudinal dark bands ; inner edge of opercle not serrated 8. A. fasciatiw, p. 494. Olive, with 4 or 5 dark transverse bands ; [p. 495- fins grey 9. A. bandanensis, Golden, head black ; 4 white longitudinal bands , 10. A. wassinki, p. 495. Pinkish ; a broad black band round root of tail '. . . . 11. A. aurens, p. 496. Grey, with 2 transverse dark bands ; 3rd dorsal spine longest 12. A. bifasciatus, p.497. Golden ; vertical fins with broad black bands 13. A. ellivti, p. 497. Brown, with 4 rows of brown spots on sides 14. A. maculosus, p. 497. b'. Caudal fin rounded or square. Greyish, dorsal and anal black, caudal yellow with a black edge 15. A.niyripinnis, p.498. Yellowish green above, redder below ; D. and C. with black edges 16. A. ylaya, p. 498. Spotted or marbled with brown through- out 17. A. auritus, p. 499. B. First dorsal with 6 spines ; always a black sp -t at base of tail. . Caudal rounded 18. A. fickelli, p. 499. b. Caudal forked. a'. A. 2/14-27 19. A. lineolatus, p. 499. b'. A. 2/8-9. A dark band from snout through eye to opercle or shoulder 20. A. sangiemis, p. 500. No marks on head or side except caudal spot 21. A. hyalosoma, p.SOO. A single dark band round body 22. A. orbiculari8,p. 500. A dark lateral line from he.id to tail. . . . 23. A. cmwienw,p.501. 640. (1.) Apogon multitaeniatns. Apogon multitseniatus (Ehrenb.), Cuv. $ Val. II. N. Poits. ii, p. 159 ; Day, Fish. India, pp. 57, 101, pi. xvi, tig. 1 (see synon.). 492 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEKYGII. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 37-38. L. tr. 3^/12. Length of head 3g, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, from end of snout, and 4- apart. The outer edge of both vertical and horizontal margins of the preopercle finely and nearly evenly serrated; a small flat oper- cular spine. Fins dorsal spines stout, the third and fourth the highest; second dorsal a little higher, its upper edge nearly straight ; pectoral rounded ; ventral not reaching the anal, which equals in height the second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate. Colour a slaty tinge along the back, becoming reddish on the head, sides, and abdomen ; violet lines along the body, between the rows of scales, narrower than the ground-colour, most apparent after death. Fins scarlet ; second dorsal, anal, and caudal with light edges and black tips ; first dorsal black at the base and in the upper three fourths, also between last two spines. Eyes scarlet in their anterior halves, with some black markings. Hal. Eed Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 641. (2.) Apogon. calosoma. Apogon kalosoma, Bleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. iii, 1852, p. 448 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 57, pi. xvi, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 35-36. L. tr. 3/13. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| to 2| in length of head, | from end of snout and also apart. Both vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle finely and evenly serrated along their outer edges. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, the first two short, the third and fourth of nearly the same height, first spine of second dorsal two thirds as high as rays, and equal to longest in first dorsal ; the caudal slightly emarginate. Colour reddish, more especially over the head : three dark bands on each side, one from above the eye to upper portion of tail ; a second from snout through the eye, and a large black spot at the base of the caudal fin to the end of the tail ; a third from lower edge of eye to behind base of anal fin. Fins reddish, the front half of the first dorsal and the upper portion of its last half black, the remainder scarlet. A black band along the base of the second dorsal and anal; second dorsal, anal, and caudal scarlet with black tips. Hob. Madras to the Malay Archipelago. 642. (3.) Apogon nigricans. Apogon nigricans, Day, Fith. India, p. 58, pi. xvi, fig. 3. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 13. A. 2/8-9. C. 17. L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head 3^, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1 from end of snout, and | apart. Both vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle finely serrated on their outer edges, shoulder also serrated. Fins dorsal spines rather weak, the first two short, third nearly as long as fourth. PEECIDJE. 493 Spine of second dorsal much higher than third of first dorsal and rays much more elevated than spine; pectoral and ventral both reach as far as anal, the rays of which are as long as those of the dorsal ; caudal notched. Lateral line nearly straight. Colour greyish shot with yellow, several badly-marked vertical dark bands on the body and the free portion of the tail. Head covered with dark brown spots, some of which have a light centre ; opercles with purplish reflexions. The whole body finely spotted with brown. Vertical fins black ; pectoral with a dark base. Hob. Madras. 643. (4.) Apogon frenatus. Apogon frenatus, Vol. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. i, 1832, p. 57, pi. iv, fig. 4 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 68, pi. xvi, fig. 4 (see synon.). D. 7 1 1/9. P. 16. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 27-28. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head 3, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, from end of snout, and | apart. Both inner and outer edges of preopercle serrated, also some ser- rations along the lower edge of the orbit ; a small opercular spine. Fins third dorsal spine nearly as long as fourth, which is the highest ; caudal notched. Colour reddish, a dark band from eye to middle of caudal ; a narrower one from upper edge of the orbit to the upper part of the tail ; a third from below the eye to the lower portion of the tail. A black band along the bases of the second dorsal and anal; dorsal, caudal, ventrals, and anal black- tipped. A black spot sometimes at base of caudal fin. Hob. Mauritius, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 644. (5.) Apogon taeniatns. Apogon taeniatus (Ehrenb), Cuv. # Vol. H. N. Pom. ii, p. 159 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 59, pi. viii, fig. 4 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 27. L. tr. 2/8. Length of head 3^, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, nearly 1 from end of snout, and f apart. Outer edges of both vertical and horizontal limbs of preopercle and the shoulder-bone serrated ; orbit entire. A flat opercular spine. Fins first dorsal spines rather strong, the fourth the longest ; soft dorsal much higher than spinous ; ventral reaching the anal ; caudal forked. Colour reddish brown shot with gold ; two black bands round body, one through bases of first 3 dorsal spines and axil of pectoral fin, the second through middle of second dorsal and commencement of anal ; a black spot near end of lateral line ; inner third of ventral nearly black ; a dark band across soft dorsal fin. Hub. Bed Sea and Madras. 494 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTERTGII. 645. (6.) Apogon thurstoni. Apogon thurstoni, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. 1888, p. 784. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 14. A. 2/7. C.17. L.I. 26. L.tr.2/'6|. Length of head 3|, height of body 2 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, -J from end of snout, and 1 apart. Snout a little elevated. Both borders of preopercle serrated, and the shoulder scale serrated. Fins dorsal spines strong, the third slightly the longest ; rays of second dorsal as long as longest dorsal spine and one fourth longer than those of the anal tin. Pectoral reaches to above anal, and the ventral nearly as far. Caudal somewhat square. Colour greyish, darkest along the back, a dark band behind the base of the second dorsal fin ; an oval black spot nearly as large as the orbit and surrounded by a narrow- yellow ring below the lateral line under the first dorsal. Vertical fins black, caudal yellowish. Hal. Madras. 646. (7.) Apogon quadrifasciatus. Apogon quadrifasciatus, Cm: Sf Vol. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 153; Giin- ther, Cutal. i, p. 239 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 59 (see syuon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 14. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 26. L. tr. 2/6. Length of head 3J, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3-} in length of head, f from end of snout and also apart. Outer edges of vertical and horizontal limbs of preopercle rather strongly serrated, inner edges entire. Fins dorsal spines moderate, third about the same height as the fourth and fifth, and two thirds of that of the rays ; soft portion of the fin with its upper edge cut square or slightly emarginate ; ventral reaches anal ; caudal emarginate. Colour a broad brown band from the snout through the eye, continued to the end of the caudal fin ; another from the upper edge of the eye to above the tail. A badly de- veloped basal band along soft dorsal and another on anal fin ; no black spot at base of caudal. Hub. Seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 647. (8.) Apogon fasciatus. Mullus fasciatus, White, N. S. Wales, p. 268, fig. 1. Apogon fasciatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 60. Apogon endekataenia, Day, Ush. India, p. 9, pi. xvi, fig. 7 (not Sleeker) (see synon.). Bakor, Marathi. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 13. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 25. L. tr. 2/6. Length of head 3, height of body 3^ to 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, f from end of snout and the same apart. Outer edge of preopercle serrated along both margins, intramarginal crest entire ; shoulder serrated. Fins dorsal spines PERCTD^. 495 rather stout, third longest, and nearly as high as the rays ; soft portion of fin with upper edge oblique ; the ventral does not reach the anal ; caudal emarginate. Colour reddish brown, with four lateral longitudinal bands, the third commencing at the snout passes through the eye to the centre of the caudal fin, this band is usually edged below by a narrow white one commencing at the pupil of the eye. The second and fourth bands also extend to the caudal fin. A dark band runs along the first dorsal fin, aad is continued along the middle or base of the second dorsal ; the anal has also a basal band. Hob. Seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 648. (9.) Apogon bandanensis. Apogon bandanensis, Bleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. vi, 1854, p. 05. Apogon savayensis, Gunther, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 056; Day, Fish. India, pp. 00, 101, pi. xvi,fig. 5 (see synon.). Apogon banlianensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 101. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 12. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 26. L. tr. 2/6. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2^ in length of head, 5 from end of snout, and \ apart. Vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle serrated on their outer edges. Fins dorsal spines weak, the 3rd not so high as the 4th. The pectoral reaches the anal, as does also the ventral ; caudal slightly notched. Colour olive, with four or five narrow dai-k vertical bands from first dorsal and first half of second dorsal descending to the abdomen ; a dark band, three scales wide, over free portion of tail, only reaching half a scale below lateral line. A black streak from lower edge of eye to angle of preopercle ; numerous small brown spots on head and also on body, especially above lateral line. Fins grey, anterior half of first dorsal black ; caudal with a dark edge externally margined with white. Jfctb. Eed Sea, coast of Africa, seas of India and beyond ; attain- ing at least 3 inches in length. 649. (10.) Apogon wassinki. Apogon .wassinlii, Bleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdach. xxii, 1860, p. 258 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 61 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 14. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head 3^ to 3i, height of body 3.^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 2j to 2| in length of head, \ from end of snout and also apart. Vertical and horizontal borders of preopercle serrated on their outer edges. Fim third and fourth dorsal spines the longest, and less than the longest ray ; upper edge of first dorsal slightly emarginate. Ventral nearly reaching the anal. Anal rays similar to those of soft dorsal. Caudal lobed. Colour brilliant golden with a black head. A silvery-white median band along the top of the head ; it divides, one branch pro- ceeding along the back on either side to the upper half of the tail ; 496 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTEHYCIT. a second band from above the orbit to the middle of the tail ; a third through the orbit to the lower half of the tail ; and a fourth from the angle of the mouth to below the base of the pectoral. Fins orange. This fish is very common amongst the coral-reefs on the Anda- man Islands. The largest specimen I obtained was only a little above 1^ inches in length. It may be the young of A. cyanosomn, Bleeker. Hub. Andamans and Nicobars. 650. (11.) Apogon aureus. (Fig. 150.) Centropomus aureus, Lacep. II. N. Poiss. iv, pp. 253, 273. Apogon aureus, Day, Fish. India, p. 61, pi. xvi, fig. 8 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 14. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 25-26. L. tr. 2/6. Crcc. pyl. 4. Length of head 3|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2^ to 2| in length of head, ^ from end of snout, and | apart. Outer edges of vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle serrated. Fins dorsal spines rather slender, 3rd not quite so long as 4th ; soft portion of tin highest, and cut square or even slightly emarginate, especially in large specimens; caudal Fig. 150. Apoyon aure emarginate. Colour body pinkish shot with gold ; a rather broad, black band at root of caudal fin over free portion of tail ; some minute black spots around jaws, on upper portions of opercles, and on crown of head. Fins reddish, first dorsal black-tipped ; ventral spine and outer ray black, and a narrow black edge to second dorsal, anal, and caudal. The variety A. roseipinnis has a violet band along the base of the anal fin. Hob. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, the seas of India and Malay Archipelago. Very common at Madras up to 5 or 6 inches in length ; in June and July they are usually abundant. PERCIDA'. 497 651. (12.) Apogon bifasciatus. Apogon bifasciatus, Riippe1l, N. W., Fi*cht>, p. 80, t. 22, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 02, pi. xvi, fig. 9, Suppl. p. 784 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. L. 1. 25. L. tr. 2/7|. Ca>c. pyl. 3 (4 Kner). Length of head 3| to 3|, height of body 2| in the total length. EIJVS diameter 2| of length of head, 3 from end of snout, and if apart. Outer edge of vertical margin of preopercle distinctly, of horizontal margin indistinctly serrated. Fins dorsal spines strong, the third and fourth of about the same height. The pec- toral reaches to above the anal ; caudal emarginate in the adult, more rounded in the young. Colour slaty grey with bronze reflexions ; 2 dark vertical bands, one from the first half of the dorsal fin to below the pectoral fin, and a similar band from the first half of the second dorsal ; a black spot at the root of the caudal. Tins, except the pectoral, blackish, or with black edges, due to fine black points, which are also spread over the jaws, head, and very finely over the body. Hub. Eed Sea, seas of India, Malay Archipelago and China. Very common at Madras up to 6 inches in length. Klunzinger (Fisch. Roth. Meer. p. 21) considers this species to be merely a form of A. twniatiis ; but the latter has a much lower first dorsal fin, and it would be well to obtain a series. 652. (13.) Apogon ellioti. Apogon ellioti, Day, Fish. India, p. 63, pi. xvii, fig. 1, Suppl. p. 784. D. 7 | 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. C. 16. L. 1. 26. L. tr. 2/6|. Length of head 3J, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, ^ to ^ from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle entire, or very finely serrated on its lower half and outer edge, more distinctly round the angle and on the outer edge of the horizontal border, there may also be a few serrations along the inner angle. Fins spinous much lower than soft dorsal, 3rd, 4th, and 5th spines the highest ; upper edge of second dorsal and of anal rounded. Pectoral as long as ventral, which does not reach the anal ; caudal rounded. Colour golden ; upper surface of head and jaws, also upper portion of opercle, with black spots ; a greyish band along side, terminating in the young in an indistinct lateral blotch on the tail. First dorsal white, its upper half deep black ; second dorsal yellow, with a black band along the centre and a black outer edge ; anal likewise with a black median band ; caudal grey, with a white band margined with black, and an external white edge. Hob. East coast of Africa, Madras, and seas of India, China, and Japan ; attaining to a little over 4 inches in length. 653. (14.) Apogon macnlosus. Ajidgon maculosus, Cur. # Vul- II- A r . Poiss. vi, p. 493 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 04 (.*ee synoii.). 2K 4US TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYUII. D. 7 | 1/8. A. 2/7. Colour brown, darkest anteriorly, having four rows of brown spots along either side, but none on the head. Fins brown, spotted with black. Hob. This fish is said to have come from the seas of India, whence M. de Ketlitz, a Russian naturalist, brought figures (? speci- mens) ; from him Cuvier and Valenciennes obtained their infor- mation. It is stated to attain 3 inches in length. 654. (15.) Apogon nigripinnis. Apogon nigripinnis, Cuv. Sf Vol. It. N. Po/ss. ii, p. 152 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 60, pi. xvi, fig. 6 (see synon.). D. 7 j 1/9. P. 15. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 26. L. tr. 2|/6|. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3 to 3J in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3 in length of head, | to | from end of snout, and | apart. Vertical and horizontal limbs of pre- opercle strongly and evenly serrated along their outer edges ; shoulder-bone serrated. Teeth wn. outer slightly enlarged row in each jaw. Fins dorsal spines strong, and 3rd not so high as 4th. Pectoral does not reach anal, but ventral does ; caudal rounded. Colour greyish, a dark vertical band from in front of base of first dorsal passes backwards and downwards, increasing in width to behind pectoral fin ; a second from base of second dorsal to lateral line, and a third over free portion of tail. No black spots or streaks on the head, vertical fins black except the caudal, which is yellow and has a dark edge. Hob. Madras, where it is common ; growing to at least 3 T 2 inches in length. 655. (16.) Apogon glaga. Apogon glaga, Blceker, Batav. Genootsch. Verhand. xxii, Perc. p. 29 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 62, pi. xvi, fig. 10 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 16. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 24-25. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, | from end of snout/, and 1 apart. Both borders of preopercle entire, outer edge of horizontal limb somewhat crenulated, its outline sinuous. Teeth outer row in maxilla rather enlarged, and a few canine-like in mandible ; those in the vomer and palate in a single row and rather larger- sized than in the jaws. Fins dorsal spines weak, the fourth the highest; soft dorsal fin considerably higher than spinous. Pec- toral reaches to above anal. Caudal rounded. Colour yellowish green above, more roseate along the abdomen ; a dark baud between the orbits. Edges of scales with minute black dots, forming hori- zontal lines, most distinct along the back ; each scale in the second and third rows have a pearly-white spot at the base. Upper half of first dorsal black ; second dorsal and caudal black-edged. A 499 moderately wide band along the middle of the second dorsal, which appears to be sometimes spotted with blue. Hub. Madras, growing to 3f inches in length; Malay Archi- pelago. 656. (17.) Apogon auritus. Apogon auritus, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vii, p. 443; Day, Fish. *.< India, p. 63, pi. xvii, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 7 | 1/9. P. 12. A. 2/7-8. C. 17. L. 1. 23-24. L. tr. 2/6. Length of head 3, height of body 3 to 4 in .the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in the length of head, ^ to 3 from end of snout and also apart. Edges of all bones of the" head and shoulder entire. Fins 3rd and 4th dorsal spines the highest, and three fourths as high as the rayed fin. Ventral reaches two thirds of the way to the anal. Caudal rounded or cut rather square. Lateral line either ceases under middle of soft dorsal, or reappears lower down, going direct to centre of base of caudal. Colour body and head spotted and marbled all over with brown. A circular black spot on the opercle enclosed by a narrow white ring, which is present even in the fry. Nab. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago and beyond. 657. (18.) Apogon tickelli. Apogon tickelli, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. p. 785 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/10. P. 13. A. 2/8. C. 15. L. 1. 24 (26). L. tr. 3/8. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, nearly 1 from end of snout, and | to 1 apart. The posterior edge of the preopercle finely serrated. Fins first dorsal spine one third the length of the second, which is equal to the third ; second dorsal fin somewhat higher than first. Caudal rounded. Colour pale horn above and below, with a slight golden tinge on the opercles ; caudal and ven- tral both having a dark hinder edge. A round black spot at root of caudal. flab. Col. Tickell procured two examples at Akyab. 658. (19.) Apogon lineolatus. Apogon lineolatus (E/ir.), Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 160. Apogon macropterus (K. $ v. H.), Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. ii, p. 160; Day, Fish. India, p. 64, pi. xvii, fig. 4 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/9. A. 2/14-17. C. 17. L. 1. 22-26. (C. pyl. 0, Cantor.) Length of head 3, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2^ to 3 in length of head, ^ from end of snout and apart. Outer edge of vertical and horizontal limbs of pre- opercle finely serrated. Fins dorsal spines weak, the 3rd the highest. The pectoral reaches to above the 3rd or 4th anal ray ; 2K2 500 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOi'TEEYOII. caudal forked. Colour whitish, with a pink tinge, fins pinkish ; a round black spot at base of caudal fin. Hab. East coast of Africa, seas of India and Malay Archipelago, very common at Madras. Length in India not more than 3 or 4 inches. 659. (20.) Apogon sangiensis. Apogon sangiensis, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. xiii, p. 375 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 04, pi. xvii, fig. 3 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/9. P. 13. A. 2/8-9. C. 17. L.I. 24-25. L. tr. 11/7. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, f from end of snout and apart. Outer edge of both vertical and horizontal limbs of preopercle very finely serrated. Fins dorsal spues very weak, the third generally the longest. Ventral almost reaches the anal ; caudal notched. Colour golden tinged with red ; a wide brown band from snout, through eye, ending on posterior edge of opercle, or else in a black spot a little below the shoulder ; a round black spot on side close to base of caudal ; a minute black spot on back, close behind base of last dorsal ray. Upper half of first dorsal black. The anal fin is said to be sparingly spotted with blue in specimens from the Malay Archipelago. Hab. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. 660. (21.) Apogon hyalosoma. Apogon hyalosoma, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdich. iii, p. 03 ; Day, Fish. India, p. G4, pi. xvii, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/9. P. 12-14. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 24-25. L. tr. 2J/81 Length of head 3 to 34, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ to 3|| in length of head, | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Both borders of preopercle serrated along their outer edges. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, the second and third about the same length and highest, but not so high as the soft dorsal. Pectoral rather longer than ventral, which reaches two thirds of distance to base of anal ; soft anal as high as soft dorsal ; caudal lobed. Colour olive, with a darkish blotch at the base of the caudal fin ; blackish between the second and third dorsal spines ; fins grey. Hab. Seas of India and Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 6 inches in length. G61. (22.) Apogon orMcularis. Apogon orbicularis (Kuhl $ r. Hass.~), C'uv. fy Vol. II. N. Pvis*. ii, p. 155 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 65, pi. xviii, fig. 7 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/8-9. P. 12. A. 2/8-9. C. 17. L. 1. 24-26. L. tr. 21/7. Length { head 3|, height of body 21 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2 to 2| in length of head, | to from end of snout, and | apart. The outer edges of both margins of the preopercle PEBCIDjE. 501 serrated, also the shoulder-bone. Fins second dorsal spine highest and about equal to rays in second dorsal. Ventrals reach anal, the rays of which are similar to those of the soft dorsal. Caudal forked. Colour olive-brown, a dark zone round the body from in front of the first dorsal fin, and behind the ventral. Head spotted black. A cloudy band below the second dorsal ; free portion of the tail with some black spots and blotches. First dorsal with some dark spots ; ventral nearly black. Hab. Andamans, Malay Archipelago and beyond. 6G2. (23.) Apogon ceramensis. Apogon ceramensis, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. iii, p. 256; Day, Fish. India, p. 65, pi. xvii, fig. 6 (see synon.). D. 6 | 3/9. P. 14. A. 2/9. C. 17. L. 1. 23-25. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes 85 diameters in length of head, |-from end of snont, and f apart. Both borders of preopercle serrated along their outer edges. Fins third dorsal spine slightly the highest, ventral does not reach anal. Caudal notched. Colour greenish brown, with some dark spots on the head ; a narrow blackish-brown band from the head to the root of the caudal fin, where it ends in a round black blotch; in its anterior half it is bordered on either side by a bluish-white streak, which gradually decreases in width ; there is a brownish blotch on the shoulder. The membrane between the second and third dorsal spines is black. Hab. Nicobars and Malay Archipelago. 12. Genus CHILODIPTEKUS (Lacep.), Cuv. & Val. Syn. Paramia, Bleeker. Branchiostegals seven; pseudobranchise well-developed. Opercles spineless ; preopercle with a double edge, both, or the outer only, serrated. Villiform teeth in jaws, vomer, and palate; canines present generally in both jaws, and lateral teeth like canines. Two dorsal fins separated by an interspace, the first with six spines, the anal with two. Caudal forked. Scales ctenoid, large and deci- duous. Lateral line distinct. Geographical Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans. Abun- dant off Sind and the Andamans and Nicobars. Synopsis of Indian Species. Seven or 8 narrow black longitudinal hands . 1. C. macrodon, p. 501. Four or 5 bands 2. C. quinquelincatm, p. 502. Fourteen to 16 bands 3. C. lincatm, p. 502. 603. (1.) CMlodipterus macrodon. Centropoimis macrodon, Lacdp. H. N. Poiss. iv, p. 273. Cheilodipterus lineatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 66, pi. xviii, fig. 8 (not Fvrsk.). Cheilodipterus macrodon, Lay, Fish. India, Suppl. p. 785 (see synon.). D. G | 1/9. P. 13. A. 2/8. C. 17. L. 1. 26-27. L. tr. 3|/7g. 502 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERTGIT. Length of head above 3, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter from 4 to 4^ in lenglh of head, 1 to 1| from end of snout, and | to 1 apart. Outer edge of vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle serrated, the former more finely ; other bones of head entire. Fins dorsal spines weak, second and third equal to each other and to two thirds the height of the body. Coloui silvery red, with about seven horizontal black bands along the head and body, but the number appears to increase with age, and in adults intermediate bands appear between those existing in the young. One black band from above the snout to the base of the dorsal. A black spot surrounded by a light edge at base of caudal, fins red, the first dorsal black between second and third spines. Hub, Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Andamans, Malay Archipelago and beyond. 664. (2.) CMlodipterus quinquelineatos. Chilodipterus quinquelineatus, Cuv. fy Vol. II. N. Poisa. ii, p. 1G7 ; Day, fish. India, p. 66 (see synon.). D. 6 | 1/9. V. 1/5. A. 2/9. C. 17. L. 1. 25. L. tr. 2/7. Length of head about 3|, height of body 4| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | from end of snout and also apart. Vertical border of preopercle serrated along its outer edge. Fins dorsal spines weak, second and third of same height, and about half that of body. Colour reddish, with five black bands along the head and side ; a black spot surrounded by a yellow ocellus at root of caudal fin. ffab. Bed Sea, seas of India, and Malay Archipelago. 665. (3.) Chilodipterus lineatns. . Same as the last. PERCID.E. 503 Fifth group. GKYSTINA. , 13. Genus DULES, Cuv. & Val. Syn. Moronoi&is and Plectruplites, Gill ; Paradtdes, pt., Bleeker. Branehiostegals six ; . pseudobranchiae. Preopercle serrated Opercle with spines. Villiform teeth in the jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canines. A single dorsal fin with ten spines ; anal with three. Scales ctenoid and of moderate size. Geographical Distribution. Intertropical seas, some species being said to enter fresh waters. Uses. Owing to their small size, these fishes are of but little economic value. Synopsis of Indian Species. A dark band across caudal 1. D. Marginatus, p. 503. Two oblique bands across each lobe of caudal. . 2. D. aryenteus, p. 504. 666. (1.) Dnles marginatus. (Fig. 152.) Dules marginatus, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. iii, p. 116, pi. 52, and vii, p. 474 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 07, pi. xviii, tig. 1 (see syiion.). D. 10/11. P. 15. A. 3/10. C. 17. L.I. 42. L. tr. 5/8. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3g in length of head, 1 from end of snout and also apart. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, the fifth the highest, tenth longer than ninth; third anal spine the longest; caudal moderately forked. Colour back greyish, sides and abdomen silvery white ; a dark grey band across the posterior third of the Fig. 152. Dules marginatus. caudal fin, the border of which is white ; a similar but darker band, with a white upper edge, along the -soft dorsal; the other fins tinged externally with grey and edged with white. Hob. Seas of India, the Malay Archipelago and beyond; attaining at least 8 inches in length. 504 TELEOSTET. ACANTnorTEttYGII. 667. (2.) Dules argenteus. Perca argentea, Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, p. 22, pi. 22. Dules argeuteus, Day, Fish. India, p. 67, pi. xviii, fig. 2 (see synon.). D. 10/9-10. P. 15. A. 3/10-11. C. 17. L. 1.52. L.tr. 6/12. Length of head nearly 4, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2,^ in length of: head, | from end of snout, and f apart. Fins dorsal spines not very strong, fifth and sixth the highest ; second anal spine slightly shorter but stronger than third ; caudal forked. Colour bluish, becoming silvery white on the sides and abdomen ; soft dorsal greyish black along its upper third and with a white outer margin ; caudal milk-white, with two oblique yel- lowish-black bands on each lobe and a narrow central black longi- tudinal one. A young specimen 1 inches long is blue with two narrow black lines on each sichj, one at the base of the dorsal fin, the other a little below ; anal and dorsal black-tipped. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago and beyond ; attaining 6 inches or more in length. Sixth group. THERAPONINA. 14. Genus THEKAPON, Cuv. Syn. Pelatcs, sp., Cuv. ; Datnia, Cuv. & Val. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchiro. Eyes of moderate size. Opercle with spines. Preopercle, and sometimes preorbital, ser- rated. Teeth villiform in both jaws, the outer row sometimes the larger; deciduous teeth on the vomer and palatines. Dorsal fin single, but more or less notched, having from 11 to 13 spines; anal with three. Scales of moderate or small size. Air-bladder divided by a constriction. Pyloric appendages few or in moderate numbers. Geographical Distribution. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archipelago, and Australia. These fishes in India are marine, but some are occasionally found in brackish water within tidal influence ; they may even live temporarily in brackish or even freshwater ponds. Uses. Species of this genus are not esteemed as food, as they are reputed to feed on carrion, but they are eaten by the poorest class of natives. The colour of these fish is usually silvery, with longitudinal bands ; but in some species cross bands are present in the im- mature. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Dark oblique bands on caudal fin. L. 1. 90-100. Lateral bands straight, no mark on anal 1. T. pitta, p. 505. L. 1. 80-90. Lateral bands curved .... 2. T. jarlva, p. 505. L. 1. 50-55. Lateral bands straight, a black mark ou anal 3. T. thcraps, p. 500. PBRCID^E. 505 B. No oblique bands on caudal. L. 1. 70. Second anal spine much shorter than dorsal spines 4. T. quadrttineatus, p. 507. L. 1. 56. Second anal spine longer and stronger than dorsal spines 5. T. argenteus, p. 607. 668. (1.) Therapon puta. Therapon puta, Cuv. # Vol. H. N. Poiss. iii, p. 131 j JDay, Fish. India, p. 08, pi. xviii, fig. 3 (see synon.). Kove keetchan, Tarn. (Madras) ; Keelputa, Tel. ; Keetchan, Tam. and Mai. D. 11-12/10. P. 15. A. 3/8-9. L. 1.90-100. L. tr. 13-14/24. C. pyl.7. Length of head 4 to 4j, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 83 to 3| in length of head, 1 from end of snout, and f apart. Preopercle with five or six strong denticulations on its vertical border, the two lower larger than the upper ; the serra- tions are continued along the horizontal border. Teeth jaws with an outer enlarged row. Fins dorsal spines rather slender, the fourth to the sixth about equal and longest ; second anal spine a little shorter than the third ; caudal emarginate. Colour greyish, with three or four longitudinal straight blackish-brown bands ; upper three quarters of dorsal blackish between the 3rd or 4th and 7th or 8th spines. Two dark oblique bands across the upper caudal lobe, and one, sometimes two, across the lower one. The young are similar to the adult, except that they look as if light spots were present between the first three horizontal bands. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. 669. (2.) Therapon jarbua. (Fig. 153.) Sciaena jarbua, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 50, no. 57. Therapon jarbua, Day, Fish. India, p. 69, pi. xviii, fig. 4 (see synon.). Palin keetchan, Tam. ; Gahrm, Ooriah ; Nga-sabasa-sa, " Paddy-eating fish," Arrac. ; Hooryooni and Jeerpye, Bengali, Chittagong. D. 10-12/9-10. A. 3/8-9. L.I. 80/90. L.tr. 15/30. Vert. 10/15. Length of head from 3| to 4, height of body 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, 1 from end of snout and also apart. Preorbital serrated in the hinder two thirds of its lower edge. Vertical limb of preopercle with from 12 to 14 serrations, the two at its rounded angle being much the strongest, along the lower limb are about eight weaker ones. Upper opercular spine small, the lower large and strong. Sub- and interopercles, shoulder-bone, and bone in the axilla serrated. Teeth an outer somewhat enlarged row in the jaws. Fins dorsal spines moderately strong, the 3rd and 4th the longest ; 2nd anal spine usually the strongest, and slightly shorter than the 3rd ; caudal forked. Colour back bluish grey, becoming white on the abdomen, a tinge of gold along the cheeks and snout. Three longitudinal reddish-brown bands, having a slight convexity down- 506 TELEOSTEI. ACAXTHOPTERYGII. wards on each side. Sometimes there is a fourth band along the abdomen. Ventral and anal with a yellow tinge along their centres. Dorsal inlerspinous membrane milk-white, with a black mark in its upper two thirds between the 3rd and 6th spines; a second commences at the 8th spine, and is continued along the Fig. 153. Therapon jarbtia. base of the soft dorsal ; upper edge of first three dorsal rays tipped with black ; caudal with two oblique bands across each lobe ; eye yellowish red. Hob. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, the seas and estuaries of India, the Malay Archipelago, and north coast of Australia. A common fish, attaining 12 or 13 inches in length. Not uncommon at Calcutta in the tidal Hooghly. 670. (3.) Therapon theraps. Therapon theraps, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. iii, p. 129, pi. 53 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 70, pi. xviii, fig. G (see synon.). KuttakeetcJum^Hm.-. Nfjasabdsd, " Paddy-eating fish," Arracan; Boor- ffooni and Jeerpi/e, Chittagong. D. 12/10. P. 15. A. 3/8. L. 1. 50-55. L. tr. 11/16. Vert. 10/15. Length of head 4, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 3| in length of head, 1 from end of snout and also apart. Preorbital very finely serrated on its lower edge. Pre- opercle nearly evenly serrated ; sub- and interopercles entire in adults. Lower opercular spine long. Teeth an outer somewhat enlarged row. fins fourth dorsal spine slightly the longest, second anal spine stronger but rather shorter than the third ; caudal emarginate. Scales above the lateral line a little smaller than those below it. Colovr silvery, with 4 (sometimes 3) hori- zontal blackish-brown linos. Dorsal fin with a black blotch between its 3rd and 7th spines, and a dark band along upper portion of rays. A horizontal black band along first half of anal. Caudal with two oblique bands across each lobe, the higher band 507 on the upper lobe interrupted in adults, the lobe Las likewise a black tip. In the young the colour is dark with two light bands only half the width of the darker ones. A large black shoulder- spot is sometimes visible. There are teeth on the vorner. Hob. East coast of Africa, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago and China ; attaining at least 10 inches in length. 671. (4.) Therapon quadrilineatus. Ilolocentrua quadrilineatus, Block, Ich. t. 233, fig. 2. Therapon quadriliueatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 70, pi. xviii, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 11-12/10. P. 15. A. 3/10. L.I. 70. L.tr. 13/26. Caec.pyl.18. Length of head 4, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, f from end of snout and also apart. Preorbital slightly serrated on its lower border. Pre- opercle serrated along both margins, most coarsely at its rounded angle. Teeth external row in maxilla enlarged. Pins fifth dorsal spine highest ; second anal spine strongest, the third longest ; caudal emarginate. Pyloric appendages very short. Colour silvery, with 5 (sometimes 4) horizontal black bands. A large black blotch on the shoulder. Dorsal fin with a black blotch between its third and seventh spines, a black mark along the middle of the soft dorsal, and a black tip. Pectoral, ventral, and anal canary- colour, the last darkest externally, and with a dark basal band ; caudal yellowish, with a dark edge, but no bands. The young have six light vertical cross bands from the back to the fourth horizontal band. Hub. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China ; attaining at least 6 inches in length. 672. (5.) Therapon argenteus. Datnia argentea, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. iii, p. 139, pi. 54 ; Day, Pish. India, p. 71, pi. xviii, fig. 7 (see synon.). D. 12/10. P. 14. A. 3/8. L. 1. 56. L. tr. 30-35. Ca?c. pyl. 11. , Length of head 4, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and apart. Snout pointed. Preorbital serrated along the last half of its lower edge. Preopercle serrated along its vertical margin. Fins 4th and 5th dorsal spines the longest ; second anal spine very strong, longer than the third, and exceeding the length of the longest in the dorsal fin ; caudal notched. Colour silvery, darkest along back ; a narrow black outer edge to dorsal fin ; a band along middle of anal, which also has a dark margin. The young appear to have longitudinal bands. This fish has a more elevated body than the typical Therapom, the dorsal spines are stronger, and there is a very slight notch between the last two. Jlc.pyl.5. Length of head 3|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 to 5| in length of head, J from end of snout, and lg apart. Snout pointed. Fins the fourth dorsal spine the highest. Pectoral as long as the head ; the second anal spine the strongest and longest, equal to the third dorsal spine; caudal emarginate. Cereal appendages very long. Colour silvery, with a black blotch at the upper posterior corner of the opercle ; upper half of body with numerous black spots, sometimes forming undu- lating bands ; a black spot at the base of each dorsal spine and ray; dorsal and caudal dark-edged ; anal blackish in its front half. Hob. East coast of Africa to Sind, where it is common ; attaining at least 15 inches in length. PKUCIIXE. 513 16. Genus HAPALOGENYS, Richards. Syn. Pw/onias, sp., Teinm. & Schleg. Branchiostegals six or seven ; pseudobrancbiac. Body compressed. Cleft of mouth horizontal ; the anterior and under surfaces of the lower jaw and the lips covered with fine barbel-like papilla. Pre- opercle serrated ; opercle with short spines. Villil'orm teeth in the jaws, vomer, and palatines ; an outer row of conical but some- what obtuse teeth in each jaw, but no canines ; tongue smooth. Dorsal fin with eleven spines ; anal with three ; caudal convex or slightly notched. Scales ctenoid, of moderate or small size, and extended over the fins. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Seas of Siud to China and Japan. 632. (1.) Hapalogenys petersi. (Fig. 155.) Hapalogenys petersi, Day, Fish. India, p. 77, pi. xx, fig. 3. D. 11/19. P. 19. A. 3/13. C. 17. L. 1. ca. 100. Length of head 3|, height of body 3 in the total length. diameter 3^ in length of head, rather above 1 from end of snout, and j apart. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, very low- Fig. 1 55. Hapalotj cays pet erst. in proportion to the rays, third highest ; soft portion of the fin highest anteriorly; third anal spine much longer and stronger than the second, soft portion of the fin similar to that of the soft dorsal ; caudal emarginate. Colour blackish grey, with the fins darker. Hob. Sind and Mekran coast, being termed Dah-ri at Gwadar. The species was not uncommon and the specimens were large, the smallest being 18 inches in length. 2L 514 TELEOSTEI. ACANTllOlTEKTOir. 17. Genus DIAGRAMMA, Cuv. Syn. Plectorhynchus, pt., Lace"p. Branchiostegais six or seven ; pseudobranchiac. Body oblong, compressed, with the upper profile of the head very convex. Eyes moderate. Mouth small, slightly protractile ; lips thick and folded back. Preopercle serrated ; suborbitals entire. Four or six open pores on the under surface of the lower ja\v, but no median groove. Teeth in jaws villiform, without canines ; palate edentulous. One dorsal fin more or less receivable into a groove along its base, having from nine to fourteen spines ; anal with three. Scales ctenoid, usually small. Air-bladder simple, destitute of any con- striction. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. From the Eed Sea and east coast of Africa, through the seas of India to the Pacific. These fishes are much more abundant off Sind and Bombay than they are on the Malabar or Coromandel coasts of India. Uses. Generally not in much esteem as food, but some are good eating. The species forming this genus are subject to considerable varia- tions in the number of dorsal rays, whilst a spirie more or less may exist. The colour, too, varies almost as widely as amongst the Serrani. The form of the caudal fin often varies considerably in the same species, and this does not appear to be simply due to age. Synopsis of Indian Species. Dorsal with 14 spines 1. D. crassispinum, p. 514. D. 12-13/18-20, L. tr. 13/24. Longitudi- nally banded 2. D. lineatum, p. 515. D. 12-13/17-19, L. tr. 11/30. Longitudi- nally banded 3. D. cuvieri, p. 516. D. 13/17-18, L. tr. 13/25. Longitudinal bands, or rows of spots, or upper half dark with large white spots 4. D. orientale, p. 51(5. D. 12/16-17, L. tr. 14-20. Upper parts and vertical fins spotted 5. D. cinctum, p. 517. D. 11-12/18-21, L. tr. 13/26. Uniform grey, fins blackish 6. D. griseum, p. 517. D. 9-10/22-23. Longitudinally banded, caudal rounded 7. D. pictnm, p. 518. D. 9-10/22-25. Yellow spots throughout, caudal emarginate 8. D. jnmctatum, p. 518. D. 12/19, L. tr. 16-17/31-32. Black above, with 4 large light blotches 9. D. picoides, p. 519. 683. (1.) Diagramma crassispinum. Diagramina crassispinum, Hiippell, N. W., Fisclie, p. 125, t. 30, fig. 4; Day, Fish. India, p. 78, pi. xx, fig. 4 (see synon.). Taivooloo jrinnel, Tamil. B.vii.D.14/15-16. P.17. A. 3/7. L.I. 50-60. L.tr. 10/17. Csec.pyl.6. PERCI1XE. 515 Length of head 3|, height of body in adult 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter in the adult 4| in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and more than 1 apart. Ventral margin of preopercle finely serrated in adult, more coarsely in young, angle rounded, posterior half of horizontal margin serrated. Fins dorsal spines strong, alternately thicker on each side, the fourth the highest. Second anal spine much stronger than the third, and equal to the highest of the dorsal fin. Colour greyish, or slaty grey, with a violet tinge on the head and a brassy one on the body ; fins nearly black. A few irregular coppery spots on the body ; fins, except the spinous dorsal, of a violet slate-colour, lightest along their centres. In the youny the caudal is yellowish white. This fish appears to alter considerably with age. The height of the body is at first equal to nearly half of the total length. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago and beyond. This fish attains two feet or more in length and is good eatiug. 684. (2.) Diagramma lineatum. Perca lineata, Gmel. Syst. Nat p. 1319. Diagramma lineaturn, Day, Fish. India, p. 78, pi. xx, fig. o (see synon.). B.vi. D.12-13/18-20. P.19. A. 3/7. L.I. 59. L.r.86/66. L.tr. 13/24. Length of head about 4, height of body from 3| to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 to 3| in length of head, 1 fi-jin end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Vertical limb of preopercle very slightly emarginate, its angle rounded, and the whole finely and evenly serrated. Fins dorsal spines strong, every alternate one broadest on one side, they increase in height to the fourth, the last about one fifth shorter ; soft portion of the fin gradually in- creasing in height, its middle third higher than the spiuous ; second anal spine stronger and slightly longer than the third ; caudal rounded or cut rather square. Colour yellowish white above, becoming white on the sides and abdomen ; about six hori- zontal chestnut-coloured bands, the upper wider than the ground- colour, extend from the head along the body ; fins yellow, with sometimes one or more dark blotches ; dorsal with a dark edge ; three oblique bands occasionally broken up into blotches across either caudal lobe ; a band along the middle of the anal fin. Variety (I), albovittatum). Silvery white above, yellowish white below ; a dark chestnut median baud from the occiput to the dorsal fin, continued along base of spines until it joins the second band, which passes above the eye, and gradually increasing in width, arrives at the soft dorsal, and terminates on the fin in a wedge- shaped form ; the third band extends from the snout through the eye, becomes the widest, and arriving at the centre of the base of the tail is continued in a wedge-shape to the termination of the fin. In some specimens a wide chestnut band covers the abdomen, caving only a very narrow whitish interspace between it and the 2L2 516 TELEOSTEI. ACAMHOPTEBYGII. band above ; in such specimens the colour of the body is chestnut, with three narrow white or light longitudinal bands. Hob. Eed Sea, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 685. (3.) Diagramma cuvieri. Bodian cuvieri, Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, p. 13, pi. xiii. Diagramma cuvieri, Day, Fish. India, Suppl. 1888, p. 785 (see synon.). B. vii. D. 12-13/1 7-1 9. P. 18. A. 3/7. C. 15. L.I. 70. L.tr. 11/30. Length of head 3| to 4, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 21 to 3| in length of head, lj from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical limb of preopercle serrated. Fins dorsal spines slightly higher than the rays, the second to the fourth being about equal and longest ; second anal spine the longest and strongest. Colour silvery, with horizontal greyish or brownish bands, the upper of which are wider than the ground-colour ; the bands unite anteriorly over the nape and snout, and the upper terminate behind on the base of the dorsal fin. Fins yellowish ; caudal and anal with some dark spots and dark outer edges. Hub. From the east coast of Africa to Ceylon and the Malay Archipelago. 686. (4.) Diagramma orientals. Anthias orientalis, Bloch, Ich. t. 326, fig. 3. Diagramma orientale, Day, Fish. India, p. 80, pi. xx, fig. (see synon.). B.vi. D. 13/17-18. P. 17. A. 3/7. L. r. 100/85. L.tr. 13/25. Length of head from 4g to 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter from 3 to 3^ in length of head, 1 from end of snout. Vertical border of preopercle serrated. Fins dorsal spines moderate, every alternate one broader on one side, 2nd nearly as high as 3rd, which is the longest, the last one third to one half shorter ; soft portion of fin gradually increasing in height, its middle third being higher than the spinous ; second anal stronger and longer than third ; caudal rounded or cut rather square. Colour yellowish above, white on the sides and beneath, the body with several chestnut bands nearly or quite as wide as the ground-colour ; sometimes upper half of fish dark with large whitish spots, but more often there are 4 or 5 complete or inter- rupted horizontal bands along the snout and head, which form 3 or 4 on the body. Spinous dorsal with a narrow dark upper edge ; a dark angular band along the base ; a similar wedge-shaped band on the soft dorsal. Pectoral yellowish, a dark blotch covering all but the margin ; a black band along the middle of the anal and an oblique one across each lobe of the caudal, the lower sometimes divided into two, or having a light spot in its centre. Bah. Eed Sea, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 517 687. (5.) Diagramma cinctnm. Diagramma cinctum, Temm. Sf Schley. Faun. Japon., Poiss. p. Gl, pi. xx vi, fig. 1 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 81, pi. xxi, fig. 1 (seesynon.). B. vii. D. 12/16-17. P. 17. A. 3/7. L. 1. 56. L. tr. 14/20. Length of head 3f , height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical margin of preopercle and shoulder-bone serrated. Fins dorsal spines strong, increasing in length to the fourth and fifth, then decreasing ; soft portions of dorsal and anal rounded. Pectoral does not reach so far as the ventral ; second anal spine much stronger and longer than the third ; caudal cut square. Colour slaty grey, upper half of anterior and whole posterior portion of body, with the vertical fins, covered with large black blotches. Dorsal, caudal, and anal with black margins; ventral nearly black ; pectoral yellow. Hob. Sind, where it is not uncommon, attaining to two feet in length ; also China and Japan. 088. (6.) Diagramma griseum. (Fig. 156.) Diagramma griseum, Cuv. # Val. H. N. Poiss. v, p. 306 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 81, pi. xxi, fig. 2, Suppl. p. 785 (see synon.). B. vii. D. 11-12/18-21. P. 17. A.3/7-9. L.1.63. L.tr.13/26. C.pyl.9. Length of head 3| to 4, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter from 3i in the young to 4 in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Vertical border of preopercle rather strongly and evenly serrated, angle rounded and also serrated. Fig. 156. Diagramma griseum. Shoulder-bone serrated. Fins dorsal spines moderate, the third or fourth highest. Pectoral about equal to ventral ; second anal spine strongest and longest ; caudal slightly emarginate. Colour uniform grey or olive-grey, with the fins nearly or quite black. In 518 TELEOSTEI. ACAXTIIOPTERYGII. the 7/oMHr/the general colour is olive, with some sinuous and narrow light blue lines, which usually fade shortly after death. Jfab. East coast of Africa, Baluchistan coast, and seas of India, attaining at least 18 inches in length ; very common in Sind and Bombay. 689. (7.) Diagramma pictum. Perca picta, Thunb. K. Vet.-Akad. Nya Handl. Stockholm, xiii, 1792, p. 142, pi. v, fig. 1. Diagramma pictum, Day, Fish. India, p. 81, pi. xxi, fig. 3 (see synon.). B.vi. D. 9-10/22-23. P. 17. A. 3/7. L.r. 120/100. L.tr. 15/26. Length of head 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ (in the young) to 4| in length of head, 1 j to 2 from end of snout, and nearly 1 apart. Fins dorsal spines moderate, 3rd usually highest, 2nd and 4th spines are nearly the same ; last spine less than one half length of third, the rays are a little higher than the spine ; second and third anal spines about the same length ; caudal cut nearly square, or with rounded angles. Colour this species has been divided into several on account of variations in colour. Ground-colour orange-yellow or white, with chestnut- brown or black straight longitudinal bands, varying in number and breadth, sometimes bifurcating. The bands usually are from 4 to 7 in number and are occasionally broken up into spots. Dorsal fin with a narrow black margin, and a broad dark band from the upper two thirds of the second spine backwards and downwards to the base of the fin ; this band is sometimes interrupted, if con- tinuous it coalesces with the upper body-band, and is continued in a wedge-shaped form to the extremity of the soft dorsal fin. Caudal with a central wedge-shaped dark band, and cross bands over its upper and lower angles ; lower half of anal and end of ventral black. Hob. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 690. (8.) Diagramma pnnctatum. Diagramma pnnctatum (Ehrcnberg), Cuv. $- Vol. H. N. Poiss. v, p. 302 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 83, pi. xxi, fig. 2 (see synon.). Hotya, Marathi. B.vii. D.9-10/22-25. P.17. A.3/7. L.r.105-109/90-95. L.tr.15/20. Length of head from 4| to 41, height of body 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter from 4 to ty in length of "head, 1| to 2 from end of snout, and about 1 apart. Vertical border and rounded angle of preopercle serrated. Fim dorsal spines moderate, the second and third the longest ; second anal spine slightly the strongest, but the third a little the longest ; caudal lunate. Colour greyish, several rows of large brilliant golden spots along the upper half of the body ; bluish bands on sides of head continued PERCIDJE. 519 on to the body between the rows of spots ; dorsal, caudal, anal, and ventral spotted, the latter greyish externally ; pectoral golden. Hal). Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. C91. (9.) Diagramma picoides. Diagramma picoides, Peters, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 18GG, p. 94 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 83. B.vii. D. 12/19. P. 17. A. 3/7. L. 1. 100. L. tr. 16-17/31-32. Length of head 4, height o body 4% in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, if from end of snout, and lg apart. Fins dorsal spines moderate, 3rd a little more than one third height of body ; second anal spine slightly longer and much stronger than the third, and one third longer than the highest in the dorsal fin. Colour upper half of body black, with four Jarge light blotches, one over the snout, a second across the nape, a third under the commencement of the dorsal rays, and the last over the free portion of the tail. Line of division between white abdomen and black of back zigzag or wavy. Tail with a row o black spots. Dorsal fin with a black base and upper edge, and a white median longitudinal band. Anal and caudal with irregular black spots. Hal. Most probably the East Indies, but possibly the Mauritius, or the Cape of Good Hope. 18. Genus LOBOTES, Cuv. BranchiostegaJs six ; pseudobranchiao. Body and fins somewhat elevated. Eyes rather small. Mouth moderately protractile, its cleft oblique, lower jaw the longer. Opercle with obtuse points ; preopercle serrated. Villiform teeth in the jaws with an external enlarged row ; no canines ; palate edentulous. One dorsal fin with twelve stout spines ; anal with three ; caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, extended over the head. Air-bladder simple, without constriction. Geographical Distribution. Seas of India, China, and Atlantic coasts of America. 692. (1.) Lobotes surinamensis. (Fig. 157.) Holocentrus surinamensis, Bloch, Ich. t. 243. Lobotes surinamensis, Day, Fish. India, p. 84, pi. xxi, fig. 6 (fee synon.). Parrandec, Mai. ; Musalli, Tain. ; Chota bckktit, Ooriah. D. 12/15-16. A. 3/11-13. L. tr. 9-1 1/22. Cffic.py 1.4. Vert. 13/11. Length of head from 3=| to 3|, height of body 21 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 6 to 7 in the length of head, 1 from end of snout, and 1| to 2 apart. Fins dorsal spines strong, 4th to 7th subequal and longest; soft portion of fin higher than spinous ; third anal spine longer than second ; caudal rounded. 520 TELEOSTEI. ACANTirOPTEBYGII. Colour brassy brown blotched darker, the extremity of caudal and pectoral dirty yellowish white ; the other fins slate-coloured. This fish varies considerably with age. Fig. 157. Lobotes suriiiamensis. Hal. East coast of Africa, seas of India, the Malay Arch i pel n go, and beyond ; likewise in the Mediterranean ; attaining at least 2- feet in length. Excellent as food. 19. Genus SCOLOPSIS, Cuv. & Val. Syn. Scolopside?, Cuv. Branchiostegals five; pseudobranchirc. Body oblong. Eyes moderate or large. Mouth moderately protractile ; jaws of nearly equal length ; cleft of mouth horizontal. Infraorbital arch with a spine directed backwards ; preopercle as a rule serrated, and often the suborbital ring ; opercle with a weak spine. A single dorsal fin with ten spines ; anal with three ; caudal emarginate or forked. Scales ctenoid. Air-bladder without any constriction, simple. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Indo-Pacific Ocean. On the coasts of Sind and Bombay, the Andamans and Nicobars several species occur abundantly. Synopsis of Indian Species. One or two black blotches on the lateral line. 1. 8. bimaculatus, p. 521. A bent blue band from the upper jaw through the eye to the axilla 2. S. phaops, p. 521. A curving wide yellow, black-edged band from the mouth to the soft dorsal .... 3. S. bilineahts, p. 522. Four light bands on head and side ; a black spot in the axilla ; scales below lateral line with black spots 4. S. yhanam, p. 522. PEBCID.E. 52] A deep black band from the eye to above the base of the caudal fin 5. S. monogramma, p. 522. Longitudinal white streaks on sides. Several irregular and wide dark vertical body- bands 6. S. cancellatus, p. 623. A light band over the opercles, and a longi- tudinal light line along the body 7. S. vosmeri, p. 524. A. dark-edged light band from eye to tail . . 8. S. leucotcenia, p. 524. A silvery line between lateral line and dor- sal, no other light bands 9. S. ciliattis, p. 525. 693. (l.) Scolopsis bimacnlatus. Scolopsis bimaculatus, Riijypell, Atl. Fische, p. 8, t. ii, fig. 2 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 85, pi. xxi, fig. 1 (see synon.). D. 10/9. P. 18. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 48. L. tr. 4|/14. Length of head about 4, height of body 3| to 3^ in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 1 from end of snout, and apart. Fins dorsal spines strong, the fourth the highest ; second anal spine stronger but shorter than the third; caudal lunate. Colours greyish, becoming dull white on the abdomen ; a broad light opercular band. Branchiostegal membranes blood- red. A brownish band over the snout, and one or two blotches on the lateral line, the first large, or the two may be joined. Pins orange, becoming reddish externally. Eyes silvery. Hob. Bed Sea, seas of India and China. 694. (2.) Scolopsis phaeops. Scolopsides phjeops, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, i, p. 165. Scolopsis phaeops, Day, Fish. India, y. 85, pi. xxii, fig. 2 (see synon.). D.10/9. P. 16. V.l/5. A. 3/7. C. 17. L.I. 46-48. L.tr.5/16. Length of head 4 to 4, height of body 3f to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4| in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and lj apart. Fins dorsal spines moderate, increasing in length to the fourth, which equals one third of the height of the body ; third anal spine longer than the second but not quite so strong, and equalling two sevenths of the height of the body ; caudal forked, upper lobe somewhat the longer. Colour greenish olive above the lateral line, becoming yellowish white below ; a narrow light band along the back close to the base of the dorsal fin. A wide bright blue band from the eye to the upper jaw, and from the posterior edge of the eye to the axilla, where it ends in a blue spot. Fins reddish. Hal. East coast of Africa, seas of India ; not uncommon off Sind. Specimens were taken 9 inches in length. 522 TELEOSTEI. ACANTnOPTERTGII. 695. (3.) Scolopsis bilineatus. Anthias bilineatus, Block, Ich. t. 325, fig. 1. Scolopsis bilineatus, Day, Pish. India, p. 85, pi. xxii, fig. 8 (see synon.). D. 10/9. P. 16. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 46. L. tr. 4/14. Case. pyl. 5. Length of head 4 or a little less, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2=| to 2 in length of head, if from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins dorsal spines not strong, increasing iu height to the fourth, which equals three sevenths of the height of the body. Pectoral extends nearly to above anal spines, the second of which is very strong, longer than the third, and equal to rather more than half of the height of the body : soft dorsal and anal angularly rounded ; caudal forked. Colow a white band from snout to origin of dorsal; a second, parallel, from above orbit to below last dorsal spine ; a third from upper edge of eye to lateral line. A wide, yellow, black-margined band curves upwards from the mouth to the commencement of the soft dorsal. A large yellow blotch below last half of soft dorsal, which fin is edged with black ; anal black in its front half and white behind. Hob. Andamans and Malay Archipelago. 696. (4.) Scolopsis ghanam. Sciaena ghanani, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 50, no. 56. Scolopsis ghanam, Day, Fish. India, p. 80, pi. xxii, fig. 4 (see synon.). D. 10/9. P. 17. A. 3/7. L. 1. 46. L. tr. 4/14. Ca?c. pyl. 6 (4). Length of head 4 to 4, height of body 3^ to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, - from end of snout, and 1 apart. Scaleless portion of the head covered with numerous small pores. Fins the dorsal spines, which are rather weak, in- crease in length to the fifth ; second and third anal spines equal ; caudal deeply forked. Colour back olive ; three yellowish-white band?, parallel with the lateral line, on the upper part of each side, a fourth shorter band from below the eve to the base of the pectoral fin, which has a black spot in its axil. Most of the scales below the lateral line in the anterior two thirds of the body have each a black spot at its base. A violet mark is present at the base of either lobe of the caudal fin. Hob. Bed Sea and Andaman Islands, where it is very common. 697. (5.) Scolopsis monogramma. Scolopsides monogranima (Kuld $ v. Hass.\ Cut: $ Val. II. N. Poiss. v, p. 338. Scolopsis monogranima, Day, Fish. India, p. 86, pi. xxii, fig. 5 (see pynon.). D.10/9. P. 17. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 44. L. tr. 5/14. Length of head 4, height of body 3f in the total length. Eyes PERCID.E. 523 diameter 3 in length of head, nearly 1 from end of snout and also apart. Fins dorsal spines slender, increasing in length to the fourth, which equals three sevenths of the height of the body. Second anal spine stronger but shorter than the third, which equals three tenths of the height of the body ; caudal forked. Colour olive, with a deep black band, one scale wide, from the snout through the eye to above the base of the caudal fin. Fins imma- culate. Hab. Andamans to the Malay Archipelago. At least 5 inches long. 698. (6.) Scolopsis cancellatus. (Fig. 158.) Scolopsides cancellatus, Cuv, 8f Val. 11. N. Poiss. v, p. 351. Scolopsis cancellatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 86, pi. xxii, fig. 6 (see synon.). to. 10/9. P. 15. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 44. L. tr. 3|/14. Length of head 4, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, | from end of snout, and f apart. ScaMess portion of the head studded with fine open pores. Pre- orbilal spine moderate, fluted. Fins dorsal spines weak, increas- ing in length to the fifth ; second anal spine stronger but a little shorter than the third. Colour greyish above and whitish below the lateral line ; a white streak from snout to base of first dorsal Fig. 158. Scolopsis cancellatus. spine ; a second from over orbit to posterior end of dorsal ; a third from the eye to opposite the end of pectoral ; a fourth from middle of eye to upper third of caudal. Several wide but irregular dark vertical bands from the back to the middle of the body. A black spot between the first and third dorsal spines in their lower half. The longitudinal bands are more distinct and regular in the young than in the adult, and the black spot on the spinous dorsal usually disappears with age. h 'ab. Andamans, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 524 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEBYGJI. 699. (7.) Scolopsis vosmeri. Anthias vosmeri, Block, Ich. t. 321 ; Bl. Schn. Syst. Ich. p. 304. Scolopsis vosmeri, Day, Fish. India, p. 87, pi. xxiii, fig. 1 (young), fig. 2 (semi-adult), fig. 3 (adult) (see synon.). Kundul, Tarn. D.10/9. A. 3/7. L. 1.42-44. L.tr.3|-4/13-14. (Ca;c.pyl.3,Kner.) Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 2 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 21 to 3 (in the adult) in length of head, | from end of snout, and f to 1 apart. Preorbital armed supe- riorly with one strong fluted spine projecting backwards ; above this spine is another directed both forwards and backwards : in some specimens these are very small, especially the anterior one. Fins dorsal spines strong, each alternate one broader ; they in- crease in length to the fourth or fifth, from these they continue about equal ; the rays are of about the same height. Anal spines strong, the third nearly equal to the highest in the dorsal fin, but shorter than the second ; caudal forked. Colour adult a pale dull red, usually with a whitish band round the opercles, from the upper edge of which a longitudinal wide white line passes back- wards below the lateral line, being lost beneath the end of the base of the dorsal fin. Every scale ou the body has generally a dark basal mark. In the medium-sized fish (S. japonicus) the ground- colour is often the same as in the adult, but in others it is an ashy grey; the opercular band is generally distinct and of a cream-yellow colour. There is a deep arterial blood-red spot behind the opercular spine, and the fins are pale yellow. In the young (S. torquatns) the band on the opercles is very distinct and of a light lemon- yellow colour, whilst the blood-red spot behind the opercular spite is very well marked; the inside of the mouth is likewise red. Hob, Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, the Malay Archipelago, and beyond ; attaining at least 12 inches in length. 700. (8.) Scolopsis leucotaenia. Scolopsides leucotaenia, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. iii, p. 451. Scolopsis leucotsenia, Day, Fish. India, p. 88, pi. xxiii, fig. 4 (see synon.). D. 10/9. P. 17. A. 3/7. L. 1. 39. L. tr. 3|/13. Length of head equals one fourth less than height of body. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins dorsal spines strong, increasing in length to the fourth ; second anal spine much the strongest and considerably the longest. Colour a broad yellowish-white streak from eye to tail, margined above and below with a dark purple stripe ; above it the body is reddish brown, below yellowish ; a dark purplish vertical band extends down the opercle. Tins reddish, the dorsal with a fine black upper edge and a dark band along the centre of its spinous portion. Hob, Bombay to the Malay Archipelago. 525 701. (9.) Scolopsis ciliatus. Holocentrus ciliatus, Lactp. H. N. Pom. iv. pp. 333, 371. Scolopsis ciliatus, Day, Fish. India, p. 89, pi. xxiii, fig. 5 (see synon.). D. 10/9. A. 3/7. L. 1. 44. L. tr. 3^-4/15. C3c. pyl. 5. Vert. 10/14. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eye* diameter 2| to 2| in length of head, | from end of snout, and 1 apart. A prominent ridge having a serrated edge on the maxilla. Fins dorsal spines slender, increasing in length to the fifth ; anal spines not strong, the third weaker but longer than the second, and nearly equalling the longest in the dorsal fin ; caudal forked. Colour greenish olive above, becoming lighter on abdomen ; a longitudinal silvery-white band between the lateral line and back, from near head to opposite commencement of soft dorsal ; the position of this white line, Bleeker observes, is liable to change with age. The scales below the lateral line have a golden spot. Fins reddish. Hob. An damans, Malay Archipelago, &c. 20. Genus DENTEX, Cuv. Syn. Gymnocranius, pt., Khmz ; Paradentex, pt., Blkr. ; Synagris, (Klein), Bleeker. Branchiostegals six or seven ; pseudobranchiae. Body oblong, rather elongate, and a little elevated. Mouth moderately protrac- tile, its cleft more or less horizontal ; jaws of about equal length. The distance between the eye and the angle of the mouth consider- able. Generally strong canines in both jaws ; a conical outer lateral row in either jaw ; vomer, palate, and tongue edentulous. One scaleless dorsal fin having from ten to thirteen spines, anal with three ; the spines generally weak, and more or less provided with a scaly groove. Caudal forked. Scales ctenoid, of moderate size, more than three rows between the eye and the angle of the preopercle, none on the front of the snout, jaws, or preorbital. Air-bladder not constricted, but notched posteriorly. Pyloric appendages few. This genus has been subdivided from Synagris, mostly because of the existence of more than three rows of scales across the pre- opercle. Geographical Distribution. The fishes of this genus are found in , .the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Red Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans. 702. (1.) Dentex rivulatus. Dentex rivulatus, Ritpp. N. W., Fische, p. 116, pi. xxix, fig. 2; Day, Fish. India, p. 90 (see synon.). D. 10/10. P. 15. A. 3/10. C. 17. L. 1. 48. L. tr. 7/20. Length of head 4|, height of body 3^ in the total length. 526 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTEKIUII. Eyes diameter 3f in the length of the head, If from end of snout, and 1| apart. Hind limb of preopercle almost vertical and entire ; a few serrations along its rounded angle. Tenth an outer row of strong canines .in the upper jaw ; lower jaw with six canines. Fins dorsal spines rather strong, increasing in length to the fourth, from which they decrease to the last ; height of the fourth equals distance from eye to end of preorbital bone ; the last dorsal spine is slightly longer than the ninth ; second anal spine two thirds as long as the third; caudal deeply forked. Scales live rows on the cleeks. Colour greenish, glossed with golden on the sides; wavy blue lines along the snout and over the pre- orbital. Hah. Eed Sea and Ceylon. 21. Genus SYNAGRIS (Klein), Giinther. Syn. Dentex, pt., Cuv. & Val. ; Nemipterus, Swains. ; Spondyliosoma , sp., Cantor ; Heterognathon, pt., Steind. ; Dentex (Cuv. & Val.), Bleeker. Koondul, Tamil. Branchiostegals five or six ; pseudobranchia?. Body oblong. Mouth moderately protractile; jaws of about equal length. Pre- opercle entire or feebly serrated ; opercle without any or with a not very prominent spine ; the distance between the eye and the angle of the mouth considerable. Moderately-sized curved canines in the upper and generally feeble ones in front of the lower jaw ; an inner villiform band in either jaw and usually an outer conical row ; vomer, palate, and tongue edentulous. Dorsal 10/9 ; anal 3/7, both scaleless ; all the spines weak ; caudal forked. Scales ctenoid, three rows on the preopercle, none along its outer border, on the snout, preorbital, or jaws. Air-bladder not constricted, but notched posteriorly. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Eed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. Synopsis of Indian Species. Upper caudal ray with filamentous prolongation. First two dorsal spines with soft prolongation. 1. striatus, p. 526. Dorsal spines not prolonged 2. S. jajionicus, p. 527. No prolongation to caudal. Dorsal spines longer than rays 3. S. tolu, p. 528. Dorsal spines shorter than rays. A blue spot on opercle . .*. 4. S. bleckeri, p. 528. No spot on opercle 5. /20. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, f from end of snout, and 1 apart. A serrated ridge outside middle portion of upper t wo thirds of maxilla. Teeth about six canines in front of each jaw, the outer pair enlarged. Fins dorsal spines rather weak, increas- ing in length to the fourth, which is two tilths the height of the body, the hinder ones are a little shorter, the rays are rather higher than the spines, interspinous membrane slightly notched; pec- toral nearly as long as the head; ventral nearly reaches the anal. Anal spines not strong, third the longest but not quite equal to fourth dorsal : caudal deeply forked. Colour silvery, with four or five horizontal golden bauds along the sides, and a silvery mark on the back behind last dorsal ray ; fins rosy, the dorsal, caudal, and anal being margined with red. Hob. Mauritius, Ceylon to the Malay Archipelago, and beyond. 23. Genus APHAREUS, Cuv. & Val. Branchiostegals seven ; pseudobranchia}. Body oblong. Cleft of mouth wide and oblique, the lower jaw the longer. Preopercle and preorbital entire. Canines absent, palate edentulous. A single dorsal fin, with the front portion the highest, spines (10-12) feeble ; caudal forked. Scales small. Air-bladder simple. A respiratory cavity behind the branchia?. Pyloric appendages few. 709. (1.) Aphareus rutilans. Aphareus rutilans, Cuv. $ Val. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 400 ; Day, Fish. India, Suppl. 1888, p. 782 (see syiion.). D. 10-12/9-11. P. 16. A. 3/8. C. 17. L. 1. 65-70. Ctec.pyl.5. Length of head 4, height of body 4| to 5 in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, lj from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins fourth and fifth dorsal spines the highest in the fin, last dorsal and anal rays prolonged to twice the length of the penultimate : caudal deeply forked. Colour rosy, deepest along the back, with a yellow blotch between each two rays of the dorsal fin near their bases. Caudal lobes with dark tips. Hah. lied Sea to the Malay Archipelago ; obtained in Ceylon by Mr. Haly. PERCID.E. 531 24. Genus SMARTS, Cuv. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchia). Mouth very protractile. Preopercle entire. Teeth in the jaws, none on the vomer. A single, sometimes deeply notched scaleless dorsal fin, with from nine to fifteen feeble spines; anal with three. Caudal forked. Scales ctenoid, rather small. Air-bladder not constricted, but generally forked posteriorly. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean ; one species from Ceylon. 710. (1.) Smaris balteatus. Sinaris balteatus, Cuv. $ Val II. X. Poiss. vi, p. 424 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 94 (see synon.J. I). 15/10. P. 17. V. 1/5. A. 3/10. Length of head 4^, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, f of a diameter from end of snout. Body cylindrical and somewhat elongate ; the maxilla reaches to below front edge of orbit. Fins division between spinous and soft portions of dorsal well marked. Colour reddish brown along back, dotted with small brilliant silvery spots; the coloured part of the back streaked with brilliant silver, below this coloured portion a wide silvery longitudinal band passes from the superciliary region across the opercle to the tail. Fins pale- coloured. Hab. Ceylon ; growing to 4 inches in length. 25. Genus O2ESIO, Lacepede. Syn. Casio, sp., Cuv. & Val. ; Paracasio, Bleeker ; Odontonectes, Giinther. Branchiostegals six or seven ; pseudobranchiae. Body oblong, occasionally somewhat elevated. Mouth moderately protractile, its cleft oblique. Preopercle entire or minutely serrated. Fine teeth in the jaws, sometimes deciduous ones on the vomer or palate. A single dorsal fin, with from 9 to 13 feeble spines ; anal with 3. Scales very finely ctenoid, of moderate or small size, and as a rule extended over the bases of the vertical fins. Air-bladder not con- stricted. Geographical Distrifwtion. From the Eed Sea, through the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago. Synopsis of Indian Species. D. 11/14, L. tr. 9/18 1. C. pinjalo, p. 53:?. D. 10/15, L. tr. 7/13. Bluish green above, rosy below 2. C. cutting, p. 632. D. 10/15, L. tr. 8/16. A golden longitudinal band 3. C. cfnysozona, p. 533. 532 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII. 711. (1.) Caesio pinjalo. (Fig. 160.) Ceesio pinjalo, Sleeker, Batavia Nat. Tijdsch. i, p. 10; Day, Fish, India, p. 94, pi. xxiv, fig. 4 (see synon.). Polei-oolavai, Mette mirrei, Tamil. B. vii. D. 11/14. A. 3/10. C. 17. L. 1. 50-55. L. tr. 9/18. Length of head 4^, height of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| to 4 in length of head, | to 1 from end of snout, and also apart. Body oval and compressed. Lower jaw the longer. Vertical limb of preopercle serrated, most coarsely so at the angle, which is considerably produced. Opercle with a weak, flat spine. Teeth villiform, with one or two, sometimes three, small conical ones on either side of middle of upper jaw, in a narrow band in a A-form on vomer, and also on palatines, occasionally absent from both the latter. Fins dorsal spines weak, fourth and fifth the highest, from these they slightly decrease to the last, which Fig. 160. Casio vinjalo. nearly equals the first ray, rays shorter than longest spine ; pec- toral pointed. Second anal spine about equal in length to third ; caudal lunate. Colour yellowish red on back, rosy below lateral line ; stripes along rows of scales above lateral line dark olivaceous, yellower below it ; pectoral, ventral, and anal orange ; dorsal and caudal yellowish edged with black. Hob. Coromandel coast of India, Malay Archipelago; attaining at least 16 inches in length. 712. (2.) Caesio cuning. ' Sparus cuning, Block, Ich. t. 263, fig. L Csesio cuning, Day, Fish, India, p. 95 (see synon.). Cul Mchi, Tamil. B. vi. D. 10/15. A. 3/11. L. 1. 53. L. tr. 7/13. Vert. 10/14. C. pyl. 5. Length of head 4| to 5, height of body 3 to 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 4 in length of head, f to 1 from end of snout, and 1| apart. Preopercular angle rounded and finely PEECID^!. 533 serrated. Teeth small on vomer, and deciduous on palatine bones. Fins 4th dorsal spine longest ; 2nd and 3rd anal spines nearly equal ; caudal deeply forked. Colour bluish green above, rosy along abdomen. Hab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. 713. (3.) Csesio chrysozona. Cajsio chrysozona (Kuhl # v. If ass.), Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 440;*Dy, Fish. India, p. 95, pi. xxiv, fig. 5 (var. uurolineatm) (see synon.). Peroom kilcM and Woonyooni, Tarn. B. vi. D. 10/14-15. A. 3/11-15. C. 15. L.I. 65-72. L.tr. 8/16. Length of head 4|, height of body 4^ in the total length. Eyes diaAieter 2 in the young to 3| in adult in length of head, | to 1 from end of snout, | apart. Body rather elongate and com- pressed. Lower jaw the longer. Preopercle striated and irregu- larly serrated on both edges ; in the adult the angle is rather produced. Opercle with a moderate spine. Fins 3rd and 4th dorsal spines longest, equal to half height of body ; rays of about equal length. Pectoral reaching to opposite anus. Second anal spine slightly shorter than third, which equals second dorsal. Caudal deeply lobed, the lower lobe largest and longest. Scales a few rows along bases of dorsal and anal. Colour bluish, with a golden band along the lateral line and a black tip to each lobe of caudal ; a black spot in axilla. In the var. C. aurolineatus, above the lateral line is light lake-colour ; from eye to base of caudal below lateral line there is a shining golden band, 3 scales deep in front, decreasing to one behind ; below this band pinkish white. Hob. Bed Sea, seas of India. 26. Genus APKION, Cuv. & Val. Branchiostegals seven ; pseudobranchise. Body oblong, rather elongate, and compressed. Preorbital of moderate height, entire. Preopercle entire or finely serrated. Opercle with two spines. Villiform teeth on the vomer and palate and in both jaws, canines in front, and an outer enlarged row laterally ; none on the tongue. Dorsal fin single, with ten or eleven spines ; anal with three ; pectorals pointed ; caudal rather deeply forked. Scales of moderate size. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Eed Sea, seas of India and Malaysia, also Seychelles and Madagascar. 714. (1.) Aprion pristipoma. (Fig. 161.) Dentex pristipoma, Bleeker, Batnvia Nat. Tijdsch. yii, p. 240. Anthias multidens, Day, Fish. India, p. 27, pi. vii, tig. 4, Sujtpl. > p. 782 (see synon.). 534 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTERYGII. D. 10/11. P. 16. A. 3/8-9. C. 16. L. 1. 52. L. tr. 7/17. Csec. pyl. 5. Length of head 3, height of body 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3| in length of head, 1$ from end of snout, and 1 apart. Seven rows of scales between eye and angle of the pre- opercle. Fins dorsal spines slender, 5th longest ; last dorsal and anal ray nearly twice as long as the preceding ; second anal spine Fig. Ifil. Aprion priittpoma. strongest, third longest. Colour rosy, with about six longitudinal yellow bands along the body, a golden one from inferior angle of eye to snout, and another across the forehead. Hub. Bed Sea to Malay Archipelago and New Guinea ; attaining a large size. Common at the Audamans. Eighth group. GEEEINA. 27. Genus DATNIOIDES, Bleeker. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchia\ Body elevated. Pre- maxillaries very protractile. Preopercle serrated. Villiform teeth in the jaws without canines ; vomer, palate, and tongue edentulous. A single dorsal fin having 12 stout spines ; anal with 3. Scales ctenoid. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages few. Geographical Distribution. Mouths of large rivers from India to the Malav Archipelago. Rarely found beyond tidal reach. 715. (1.) Datnioides quadrifasciatus. (Fig. 162.) Chsetodon quadrifasciatus. Sevastutn, Mem. Acad. Peters. 1800, i. p. 448, t. 18. $ . * 7**. Datnioides polota, SHeeke/r, liatavia Nat. Tijdsch. v, p. 441 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 90, pi. xxiv, fig. 6, Suppl. p. 786 (see synon.). Nya-Jcya and Nga-icet-ma, Burm. ; Nya-pree-gryn and Nya-thak-lioiv, Arrac. : Beydha, Chittagong. PERCID.*;. 535 D. 12/13-14. A. 3/8-9. L. 1. 48. L. r. 72/60. L. tr. 12/25. C. pyl. 5. Length of head 3 to 3|, height of body 2 to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 5 in length of head, 1| from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins every alternate dorsal spine thickened 011 one side, 5th and 6th the longest ; second anal spine longest, equalling highest in dorsal ; caudal rounded. Colour brownish, glossed Fig. 162. Datnioides quadrifasciatus. with copper; six or seven narrow vertical brown bands on body and others radiating from orbit. Hob. Estuaries of the Ganges, rivers of Burma and the Malay Archipelago; attaining at least 1 foot in length. Though not esteemed as food it is eaten by the poorest classes. 28. Genus GERRES, Cuvier. Syn. Diapterm, Ranz ; Chanda, sp., Ham. Buch. ; Catocheenum, Cantor ; Synistius, Gill ; JSucinostomits, Baird, Gir. Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchiac. Body elevated or oblong and compressed. Mouth very protractile and descending when produced. Preopercle as a rule entire, rarely serrated. Eyes comparatively large. Villiform teeth in the jaws ; no canines. Inferior pharyngeal bones firmly united by a suture in some species but not so in others*. Bases of the spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin nearly equally long, the whole fin having a scaly sheath into which it can be wholly or partially received ; pectorals long, pointed, generally reaching to above the anal. D. 9-10/10-11. A. 3/7. Caudal forked. Scales of moderate size. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric appendages few. * Peters, MB. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, p. 257. 536 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTEEYOII. Geographical Distribution. All tropical seas, entering estuaries. Some species apparently are mostly confined to the latter, and ascend into brackish or fresh water as high as tidal influence extends. Uses. These fishes are eaten by the indigent classes, being little esteemed whilst fresh. As they salt ami dry well, large numbers are prepared in this manner for use. Synopsis of Indian Species. A. Dorsal with 10 spines 1. G. setifer, p. 530. B. Dorsal with 9 spines. a. Height of body 4 in total length 2. G. oblongus, p. 536. b. Height of body 2| to 3 in total length. '. Longest dorsaf spine prolonged, ex- ceeding height of body 3. G.JHumentvsus, p. 537. b'. Longest dorsal spine moderate, less than height of body, but much exceeding longest anal. L. tr. 5/10. Longest dorsal spine as long as head without snout 4. G. oyenn, p. 538. L. tr. 6/11. Longest dorsal spine almost as long as head 5. G. abbreviates, p. 538. L. tr. 6/11. Longest dorsal spine as long as head without snout 6. G. poeti, p. 538. c'. Longest dorsal spine scarcely, or not longer than longest anal. L. tr. 5/10. Indistinct vertical bands 7. G. lucidus, p. 539. L. tr. 4/10. No bands 8. G. limbatus, p. 539. 716. (1.) Gerres setifer. Chanda (?) setifer, Ham. Such. Fish. Ganges, pp. 105, 370. Gerres setifer, Day, Fish. India, p. 97, pi. xxv. tig. 1, Suppl. p. 786 (see synon.) D. 10/10. P. 17. A. 3/7. C. 19. L. 1. 38. L. tr. 5/JP . Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body 2| to 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, nearly 1 from end of snout, and 1 apart. Lower margin of preopercle serrated in its last half. Fins dorsal spines moderate, third and fourth longest and two fifths height of body ; last dorsal spine rather longer than the preceding, and one third shorter than the third or fourth. Anal spines of about equal length, or the second slightly the longer ; caudal deeply forked. Colour silvery, with a narrow dark edge to the dorsal interspinous membrane, and a brown spot on each dorsal ray just above the sheath. Hob. River Hooghly at Calcutta, where this fish is common, attaining to 4| inches in length ; also Madras. 717. (2.) Gerres oblongus. Gerres oblongus, Cuv. Sf Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 479 j Day, Fish. India, p. 98, pi. xxv, fig. 2 (see synon.). PEECID^E. 537 D. 9/10. P. 17. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 48-50. L. tr. 5|/ . Length of head 4j, height of body nearly 4 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, | (in the young 1) from end of snout, and 1 apart. Preopercle entire. Fins dorsal spines not very strong, compressed, the second curved and much the highest, being almost as long as the head ; anal spines weak, the third rather the longest ; caudal deeply forked, with some fine scales upon it. Colours silvery, eye golden. Hab. Apparently throughout the seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. The young are sometimes captured at Madras ; I have also taken this n'sh at the Andaman Islands, up to a little over 9 inches in length. 718. (3.) Gerres filamentosus. (Fig. 163.) 'Gerres tilamentosus, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 482; -Day, Fish. India, p. 98, pi. xxv, tig. 3 (see synon.). Jag gar i, Tel. (Ganjam) ; Oodan, Tarn. ; Nga zeeng fyoo, Arrac. D.9/10. P. 15. A.3/7. ' L.I. 45-48. L. tr. G/14. Cajc.pyl.3. Length of head 4 to 4|, height of body rather above 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3 in length of head, 4 to 1 from end of snout and also apart. Preopercle entire. Fins 2nd dorsal spine prolonged, sometimes, especially in the adult, extending to the caudal fin ; second anal spine stronger but shorter than third ; caudal deeply forked. Colour silvery in the adult, with rows of Fig. 163. Gerres filamentosus. short oblong horizontal bluish spots along the upper half of the body, on the scales being rubbed off the spots are found to be continuous, forming lines ; snout black ; a blackish spot anteriorly on the ba.se of each dorsal spine and ray just above the scaly sheath, and usually a dark edge to the soft dorsal ; caudal greyish exter- nally ; the other fins yellow, with numerous line dots on the fin- 538 TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYG1I. membrane. The youny have verlical bands, the alternate ones being the shortest. Hull. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond ; attain- ing 8 inches or more in length. 719. (4.) Gerres oyena. Labrus oyena, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 3<5. Gerres oyena, Day, Fish. India, p. 99, pi. xxv, fig. 4 (see synon.). D.9/10. P. 15. A. 3/7. C.19. L.I. 38-40. L.tr. 5/10. C.pyl.3. Length of head 4, height of body 20 in the total length. Eyes diameter 3^ in length of head, 1 from end of snout and also apart. Preopercle roughened along its vertical limb but not serrated. Pins dorsal spines pretty strong, the anterior some- what compressed, the second longest and equal to nearly the length of the head without the snout. Second anal spine strongest, but shorter than the third, which equals half the length of the head ; caudal forked. Scales fine ones covering the caudal fin. Colour silvery ; dorsal fin black-edged, and a dark spot on each spine and ray at about half their height ; sometimes a darkish mark over the free portion of the tail ; a narrow black posterior edge to the middle of the caudal ; the fins yellow. ffab. Red Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. 720. (5.) Gerres abbreviates. Gerres abbreviates, Bkeker, Ratavia Nat. Tijdsch. i, p. 103 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 99, pi. xxv, fig. (see synon.). D.9/10. P. 15. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 37-40. L.tr. 6/11. Length of head 4, height of body 2| to 2| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| to 3 in length of head, f to from end of snout, and 1 ayfirt. Snout somewhat spatulate. Preopercle entire or finely serrated on its vertical limb. No median suture between the inferior pharyngeal bones. Pins second dorsal spine longer than the third, and almost equal to the length of the head, both rather curved. Second anal spine the strongest, the third slightly the longest, as long as the distance from the posterior edge of the orbit to the end of the snout ; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the longer. Colour silvery white, darkest along the back, each scale with a rather indistinct spot, forming longitudinal bands ; fins yellowish, dorsal with a blackish edge and a spot on each spine and ray just above the sheath. Hob. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; growing to 71 inches in length. 721. (6.) Gerres poeti. Gerres poeti, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 468 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 100, pi. xxv, fig. 1 (see synon.). Munyav, Maratlii. PERCIDJ3. 539 D. 9/10. P. 15. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 40. L. tr. 6/11. Length of head 4, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fins the second and third dorsal spines compressed and somewhat arched, the second slightly the longer, and equal to the length of the head excluding the snout. Second anal spine the strongest, and differing but little in length from the third, which is three fourths of the height of the second dorsal; caudal forked. Colour silvery, with a dark edge to the dorsal fin, and the outer edge of the caudal greyish ; spots along the base of each dorsal spine and ray, and more or less distinct lines along the rows of scales on the body. Ilab. Bed Sea, east coast of Africa, seas of India, Malay Archi- pelago, and beyond ; growing to at least 7 inches in length. 722. (7.) Gerres lucidus. Gerres lucidus, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 477 ; Day, Fish. India, p. 99, pi. xxv, fig. 5 (see synon.). D.9-10. P. 15. A. 3/7. C. 17. L.I. 40. L.tr.5/10. Csec.pyl.3. Length of head 4, height of body 3 in the total length. Eyes diameter 2| in length of head, 3 to | from end of snout, and 1 apart. Preopercle entire. Fins dorsal spines of moderate strength, the third slightly the longest, equal to length of head behind middle of orbit ; second anal spine stronger, but generally rather shorter than third, which is a little longer than the third dorsal ; caudal forked. Scales dorsal sheath rather more developed than anal ; a few scales over the caudal. Colour silvery, an in- distinct vertical dark band over the nape, and three more below the dorsal fin ; snout black ; fins canary-yellow, dorsal dark-edged with a black margin ; a row of dark spots along the dorsal spines and rays at half their height ; caudal grey-edged, the inferior caudal lobe with a very narrow white lower edge and a white tip. As this fish increases in length the height of the body diminishes proportionately. flab. Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and China. This is the most common Indian species, visiting the coasts in enormous numbers. 723. (8.) Gerres limbatus. Gerres limbatus, Cuv. $ Vol. H. N. Poiss. vi, p. 476; Day, Fish. India, p. 100 (see synon.). Nt/a-wet-sat, Arracan. D. 9/10. P. 15. A. 3/7. C. 17. L. 1. 35. L. tr. 4/10. Length of head 4, height of body 3^ in the total length. Ki/es diameter 3 in length of head, f from end of snout, and 1 apait. Fins dorsal spines not very strong, the third slightly the longest, 540 TELEOSTEI. ACANTIIOPTEKYGII. and equal to length of bead behind middle of orbit, the last spine nearly equal to half the height of the rays ; second anal spine much the strongest, but slightly shorter than third, which nearly equals second dorsal ; caudal deeply forked. Scules numerous tiue scales over caudal tin. Colour silvery, with a dark margin to the dorsal and anal tins, and a spot on each spine and ray of the dorsal fin about its middle. llab. ISeas of India ; 5 inches in length. 29. Genus PENTAPRION, Bleeker. Syn. Clara, Gill. This genus has the inferior pharyngeal bones separate, and differs from Gerres in possessing 14 or 15 rays in the dorsal tin ; 5 anal spines, and 13 or 14 rays. 724. (1.) Pentaprion longimanus. (Fig. 164.) Equula longimamis, Cantor, Catal. p. 152 (/". A. S. B. xviii, p. 1 1 '!-!). Pentapricn longimanus, Day, Pish. India, p. 1U1, pi. lii, lig. (> (see synon.). B. vi. D. 9-10 (11)/(14) 15-16. P. 15. A. 5/13. C.17. L.I. 40. Length of head 4g, heigh b of body 3| in the total length. Eyes diameter 2j in length of head, from end of snout, and 1 apart. Fig. 164. Pentaprion longimanus. Lower prcopercular edge serrated. Teeth villiform in the jaws ; vomer and palate edentulous. Fins dorsal spines weak, the first very short, the second one-third the height of the third ; second anal spine the longest ; upper caudal lobe the longer. Colour silvery, with a silvery stripe from the eye to the base of the caudal tin. Hub. Madras to the Malay Archipelago. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. abbreviate (Gerres), 538. Acanthophtualmus, 222. Acanthopsis, 218. Acanthopterygii, 432. acus (Fierasfer), 73. acuta (Dussumieria), 399. acutidens(Carcharias),ll . acutirostris (Arius), 175. acutirostris (Pseudeu- tropius), 139. acutus (Carcharias), 10. adspersa (Rhinoptera), 61. ripinnatus (Danio), Aetobatis, 59. afghana (Silurus), 119. afra (Murana), 80. Ailia, 134. Ailiichthys, 135. Air-breathing fishes, 1, 99. Akysis, 192. albolineatus (Danio),358. albovittatum (Diagram- ma), 515. Albula, 401. Albulina, 401. Alepocephalus, 73. alfrediana (Bob tee), 341. alkootee (Chela), 362. aliuorhae (Botia), 217. Alopiaa, 28. alta (Nuria), 335. altipinnis(Exocoetu8),430. altivelis (Crouiileptes), 441. Ambassis, 483. ambassis (Barbus), 324. Amblyceps, 122. Amblypharyngodon, 290. amphibius (Barbus), 322. Amphipnina, 68. Amphipnous, 68. anago (Congromuraena), 80. ancylostomus (Rhyncho- batus), 41. angra (Labeo), 267. AnguiUa, 86. angularis (Serranus), 454. annularis (Lutjanus), 466. annulata (Belone), 419. aor (Macrones), 149. Aphareus, 530. Apodes, 67. Apogon, 490. apogon (Barbus), 324. Apogonina, 483. Aprion, 533. Apua, 222. arab (Plotosus), 113. arenatus (Barbus), 321. areolatus (Serranus), 445. argentea (Chela), 364. argentea (Matsya), 293. argenteum (Pristipoma), 511. argenteus (Dules), 504. argenteus (Therapon), argentiinaculatus (Lut- janus), 472. Arius, 169. ariza (Labeo), 272. armatus (Macrones), 161. arulius (Barbus), 322. asperrimus(Urogymnus). 48. Aspidoparia, 338. aasamensiB (Clarias), 117. Astrape, 46. atherinoides (Pseudeu- tropius), 141. atkinsonii (Amblypha- ryngodon), 290. atpar (Perilampus), 359. atricauda (Clupea), 372. attu (Wallago), 126. auratus (Carassius), 283. aureus (Apogon), 496. auritus (Apogon), 499. aurolineatus (Pentapus), 530. bacaila (Chela), 367. baculis (Ambassis), 485. bselama (Engraulis), 391. Bagarius, 193. bahiensi s (Exocoet us), 43 1 . bakeri (Barilius), 348. baked (Rohtee), 340. balfouri (Hemigaleus), 18. balitora (Psilorhynchus), 244. balteatus (Smaris), 531. bandanensis (Apogon), 495. barbatus (Schizothorax), 252. Barbodes, 299. Barbus, 293. barila (Barilius), 348. Barilius, 343, 361. barna (Barilius), 350. bata (Labeo), 268. batasio (Gagata), 209. Batoidei, a r ). Batrachocephalus, 191. beavani (Nemachilus), 234. Begti, 440. belangeri (Rohtee), 342. Belone, 418. bendelisis (Barilius), 347. bengalensis ( Anguilla),86. bengalensis (Symbran- chus), 71. So 542 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. bennetti (Trygon), 52. buchanani (Arius), 181. chacunda (Chatoessus), berdmorei (Botia), 217. buchanani (Catla), 287. 386. berdmorei (Dangila), 276. berdmorei (Exostoiua), buchanani (Nangra), 211. buchanani (Pangasius), chagunio (Barbus), 299. chalybeatus (Osteochilus), 109. 142. 273. berdmorei (Lepidocephal- ichthys), 221. buchanani (Rasbora), 337. Chanina, 403. Chanos, 403. bicolor (Anguilla), 87. bifasciatum (Diploprion), buchanani (Rita), 165. buffonis (Heruirham- chapra (Clupea), 375. Chatoessina, 385. 462. phus), 427. Chatoessus, 385. bif'asciatus (Apogon), 497. Bummaloh, 412. Chela, 361. biguttatus (Lutjanus), burmanica (Dangila), chilinoides (Barbus), 304. 469. 275. Chilodipterus, 501. bilineata (Homaloptera), burmanica (Olyra), 121. Chiloscyllium, 34. 244. burmanicus (Arius), 173. Chirocentridse, 368. bilineatus (Scolopsis), burmanicus (Barbus), Chirocentrus, 368. 522. 318. chitala(Notopterus), 407. birnaculatus (Calli- burmannicus(Eutropiich- chcerorhynchus (Acan- chrous), 131. t-hys), 128. thopsis), 218. bimaculatus (Scolopsis), butanensis (Nemachilus), chola (Barbus), 317. 521. 236. Chondroptei'ygii, 2. bleekeri (Carcharias), 15. choram (Belone), 419. bleekeri (Macrones), 162. cselatus (Arius), 174. chrysea (Rita), 167. bleekeri (Synagris), 528. cajruleolineatus (Lut- chryseus (Macroncs), 148. bleekeri (Trygon), 54. janus), 474. ch,rysochlorus (Schizo- blochii (Zygama), 22. cicruleus (Labeo), 265. thorax), 252. blythii (Barbus), 315. Ctesio, 531. chrysopoma (Barbus), blythii (Exostoma), 109. calbasu (Labeo), 259. 301. blythii (Macrones), 151. calcarifer (Lates), 440. chrysops (Danio), 357. blythii (Nemachilus), Callichrous, 129. chrysopterus (Barbus), 236. calosoma (Apogon), 492. b29. boelang (Serranus), 458. canarensis (Barilius), 350. chrysotaeuia (Lutjanus), boenak (Serranus), 455. cancellatus (Scolopsis), 470. boga (Labeo), 269. 523. chrysozona (Casio), 533. boggut (Labeo), 269. bohar (Lutjanus), 477. cancila (Belone), 420. canius (Plotosus), 113. ciliatus (Scolopsis), 525. cincticauda (JNemachilus), bola (Barilius), 352. cantori (Hemirhamphus), 233. Bombay duck, 412. 423. cinctuin (Diagramnui), boopis (Chela), 366. boreliD (Cvprinus), 361. cantoris (Coilia), 396. capense (Scyllium), 31. 517. cinereus (Murtvnesox), borneensis" (Coilia), 398. Capoeta, 316. 91. boro (Ophiehthys), 94. Botia, 215. Carassius, 283. Carcharias, 7. Cirrhina, 277. cirrhosa (Cirrhina), 277. botiiun (Glyptosternum), Carchariidiu, (i. Clarias, 114. 198. Carchariina, 7. Clariina, 114. botius (Neuiachilus),227. bovanicus (Barbus), 308. carnations (Barbus), 305. Carps, 213, 238. clavatus (Barbus), 300. Clupea, 370. brachynopterus (Hemi- Cat-fishes, 99. Clupeida, 369. rhamphus), 428. Catla, 287. Clupeina, 370. brachysoma (Clupea), cayasius (Macrones), 155. clupeoides (Chela), 356. 371. cavia (Glyptosternum), Cobitidina;, 214. brachysoma (Pellona), 202. cochinchineusis (Silurus), 382. cenia (Gagata), 208. 120. breviceps (Engraulis), cephalus (Osteochilus), coila (Ailia), 134. 392. 275. Coilia, 395. brevidorsalis (Scaphio- don), 286. ceramensis (Apogon), oUl. colubrinus (Ophichthys), 96. brevis (Schizothorax), 252. ceylonensis (Perilampus), columnte (Rhinobatus), brucei (Homaloptera), Chaca, 111. commersoni (Ambassis), 243. Chacina, 111. 488. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 543 conimersouianus (En- diacanthus (Serranus), Esunculus, 73. graulis), 394. 449. Euglyptosternum, 202. compressus (Barbus), 315. Diacope, 463. Eutropiichthys, 127. concnonius (Barbus), 325. Diagramma, 514. evezardi (Barilius), 352. coucolor (Ginglymo- Dicerobatis, 61. evezardi (Nemachilus), stoma), 32. Diploprion, 462. 226. Congromuraina, 88. diplostomus (Labeo), 265. evolans (Exocoetus), 429. conirostre (Glyptoster- num), 198. dipterygia (Astrape), 46. Diptychus, 255. Exocoetus, 428. Exostoma, 108. oonirostris (Ptychobar- Discognathus, 245. bus), 254. dispar (Cyprinodon), 414. falcarius (Arius), 182. oonorhynchus (Albula), 401. dispar (Hemirhamphus), far (Hemirhamphus), 424. conhi (Erethistes), 205. ditchela (Pellona), 381. fario (Salmo), 404. oorallicola (Serranus), djeddensis (Rhynchoba- fasciatus (Apogon), 494. 451. tus), 40. fasciatus (Serranus), 448. Corica, 378. dobsoni (Barbus), 312. Fierasfer acus, 73. corica (Nemachilus), 229. cornuoica (Lamna), 26. dodecacanthus (Lut- janus), 467. filamentosus (Barbus), 333. coromandelicus (Ser- dorab(Chirocentrus),368. filamentosus (Gerres), ranus), 445. dorsalis (Barbus), 319. 537. corsula (Maci-ones), 153. dubius (Barbus), 303. filigera (Pellona), 380. cosuatis (Barbus), 332. cotio (Rohtee), 340. dukai (Barbus), 306. Dules, 503. fimbriata (Clupea), 373. fimbriata (Muratna), 79. crassispinum (Diagram- ma), 514. dussumieri (Arius), 188. dussumieri (Carcharias), fimbriatus (Labeo), 258. flavimarginata (Muraena), Cromileptes, 441, 13. 80. cuchia (Amphipnous),69. dussumieri (Clarias), 117. flavo-caeruleus (Serranus), cumingii (Barbus), 328. dussumieri (Coilia), 397. 448. cuning (Cassio), 532. dussumieri (Engraulis), fluviatilis (Liocassis), 164. cunma (Rohtee), 343. 391. Flying-fish, 428. curmuca (Barbus), 310. dussumieri (Labeo), 262. fossilis (Saccobranchus), curvi frons(Schizothorax), dussumieri (Pristipoma), 125. 252. 511. frenatus (Apogon), 493. cuspidatus (Pristis), 37. cuvieri (Diagrainma),516. Dussumieria, 398. Dussumierina, 398. fulungee (Cirrhina), 280. fulviflamma (Lutjanus), Cypriuidae, 213. Cyprininas, 238. dyochilus (Labeo), 266. 475. fulvus (Lutjanus), 468. Cyprinodon, 414. ectuntio (Hemirham- furcatum (Pristipoma), Cyprinodontidae, 414. phus), 427. 510. cyprinoides (Megalops), edeniana (Schizothorax), f urcatus (Exocoetus), 429. 402. 252. fusca (Apiia), 223. Eels, 72, 86. fuscoguttatus (Serranus), Dangila, 275. elanga (Rasbora), 336. 454. dangila (Danio), 356. daniconius (Rasbora), Electric rays, 44. ellioti (Apogon), 497. Gagata, 207. 336. ellioti (Carcharias), 15. gagora (Arius), 185. Danio, 353. elongata (Pellona), 380. Galaxias, 405. danrica (Nuria), 334. elongatus (Erethistes), Galaxidae, 405. dario (Botia), 216. 207. Galeocerdo, 19. Datnioides, 534. Elopina, 401. gangetica (Silundia), 145. dayi (Ambassis), 487. Elops, 401. gangeticus (Callichrous), decussatus (Lutjanus), Engraulina, 388. 130. 481. Engraulis, 388. gangeticus (Carcharias), denisonii (Barbus), 320. eregoodoo (Dicerobatis), 13. denisonii (Nemachilus). 62. Gar-fish, 418. 231. Erethistes, 203. garua (Pseudeutropius), Dentex, 525. erythrurus (Serranus), 141. dermochirus (Serranus), 450. gatensis (Barilius), 349. 453. esocinus (Schizothorax), gelius (Barbus), 327. devario (Danio), 354. 254. Genyoroge, 463. 544 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. georgii (Hemirhamphus), Herrings, 369. kanagurta (Clupea), 377. 424. hexagonatus (Serranus), kapirat (Notopterus), Gerres, 535. 447. 400. Gerrina, 534. geto (Botia), 216. hexagonolepis (Barbus), 305. kasmira (Lutjanus), 468. kawrus (Labeo), 272. ghanam (Scolopsis), 522. hexastichus (Barbus), 308. keletius (Macrones), 160. gibbus (Lutjanus), 477. Hilsa, 376. Ketengus, 188. gilberti (Serranus), 446. histrionica (Botia), 218. kolus (Barbus), Sl'.i. Ginglymostoma ; 32. hoalius (Cyprinus), 361. kontius (Labeo), 204. gaga (Apogon), 498. hoevenii (Pellona), 382. kuhlii (Dicerobatis), 63. lyptosternum, 195. hoevenii (Serranus), 449. kuhlii (Trygon), 52. gobioides (Schizothorax), holocentrum (Priacan- kunzei (Clupea), 372. 252. thus), 482. Gold carp, 283. Homaloptera, 242. Labeo, 2r>0. gongota (Somileptes),219. goniosoma (Barbus), 302. huegelii (Schizothorax), labiatum(Exostoma),108. labiatus (Schizothorax), gonius (Labeo), 261. goongwaree (Pseudeutro- hyala (Ophichthys), 95. hyalosoma (Apogon), 252. Labyrinthici, '.)9. pius), 137. 500. ladacensis (Nemachilus), gora (Chela), 362. Hypostomatina, 105. 232. gracilis (Nemacbilus), IfEvis (Mustelus), 24. 237. ilisha CClupea), 376. Lamna, 26. Grammistes, 460. imbricata (Trygon), 52. Lamnidae, 25. granulatus (Ehinobatus), indica (Pellona), 381. lamta (Discognathus), 42. indicum (Chiloscyllium), 246. griseum (Diagrainma), 34. lanceolatus ^Serranus), 517. indicus (Engraulis), 394. 450. Grystina, 503. indicus (Galaxias), 405. Lates, 440. guentheri (Nemachilus), indicus (Notidanus), 30. latia (Cirrhina), 279. 228. indicus (Saurus), 409. laticaudus (Carcharias), guganio (Barbus), 328. indicus (Scopelus), 413. 9. gulio (Macrones), 151. innominatus (Barbus), laticeps (Olyra), 122. guntea (Lepidocephalich- 315. latifasciatus (Serranus), thys), 220. intermedius (Schizo- 442, 455. guoraca (Pristipoma), thorax), 252. laubuca (Perilampus), 512. interrupta (Ambassis), 360. guttatus (Barilius), 351. guttatus (Nemachilus), 487. irregularis (Scaphiodon), leiogaster (Clupea), 372. lemniscatus (Lutjanus), 237. 284. 470. guttatus (Serranus), 457. itchkeea (Gagata), 209. leopardus (Serranus), gvmnocephalus (Ambas- 457. sis),489. Gymnomuraena, 84. jahngarah (Lutjanus), 474. Lepidocephalichthys, 220. halavi (Ehinobatus), 43. hamiltonii (Engraulis), japonicus (Synagris), 527. jarbua (Terapon), 505. jatius (Arius), 186. Leptocephalus, 72. lepturus ( Uroconger), 89. leschenaultii (Pellona), 389. javanensis (Monopterus), 383. hamrur (Priacanthus), 70. leucophasis (Macrones), 482. javanica (Ehinoptera), 61 . 158. Hapalogenys, 513. Haplochilus, 415. jaya (Aspidoparia), 339. jella (Arius), 187. Leucopsarion petersii, 406. hara (Erethistes), 204. jerdoni (Barbus), 312. leucopterus (Hemirham- Harpodon, 411. jerdoni (Discognathus), phus), 423. hasseltii (Dussumieria), 247. leucotaenia (Scolopsis), 399. hasta (Pristipoma), 510. jerdoni (Erethistes), 206. Jerdonia, 223. 524. levenensis (Salmo), 404. hastata (Eita), 168. johnii (Lutjanus), 476. lile (Clupea), 374. Hemigaleus, 18. jorah (Chela), 361. limbatus (Carcharias), 17. hemiodon (Carcharias), limbatus (Gerres), 539. 12. kammalensis (Engraulis), limbatus (Hemirham- Hemirhamphus, 422. 390. phus), 426. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 545 lineatum (Diagramma), 515. madras (Lutjanus), 480. madraspatanum (Glyp- microcephalus (Ophich- thys), 95. lineatum (Euglyptoster- tosternum), 200. microcephalua (Schizo- num), 202. magur (Clarias), 115. thorax), 252. lineatus (Chilodipterus). mahecola (Barbus), 323. microlepis (Ambly- 502. Mahseer, 308. pharyngodon), 291. lineatus (Haplocbilus), malabaricus (Arius), 183. microphthalmus (Labeo), 416. malabaricus ( Barbus), 268. lineolatus (Apogou), 49'.). 314. microphthalmus (Ma- lineolatus (Lutjanus). malabaricus (Calli- crones), 154. 469. chrous), 133. micropogon (Barbua), Liocassis, 162. malabaricus (Danio), 304. lioglossus (Lutjanus), 355. micropogon (Schizo- 473. malabaricus (Eneraulis), thorax), 252. lithopidos (Barbus), 310. liura (Belone), 420. 389. malabaricus (Lutjanus), microps (Saccobranchus), 125. Loaches, 214. 466. micropterus (Exocoetus), Lobotes, 519. malabaricus (Macrones), 429. lonah (Glvptosternum), 160. micrura (Pteroplatea), 196. malabaricus (Spratel- 56. longicaudata (Olyra), loides), 400. militaris (Osteogeniosus), 121. malleus (Zygaena), 22. 190. longiceps (Clupea), 373. manazo (Mustelus), 24. miniatus (Serranus), 456. longimanus (Pentaprion), mangois (Amblyceps), inino (Batrachocephalus), 540. 123. 192. longipinnis (Schizo- manminna (Chatoessus), modestus (Barilius), 345. thorax), 252. 386. modestus (Chatoessus), longirostris (Hemirham- marginatus (Dules), 503. 386. phus), 423. marginatus (Lutjauus), modestus (Discognathus), lophioides (Chaca), 111. 478. 247. louti (Variola), 459. lucidus (Gerres), 539. marginatus (Trygon), 54. marmorata (Gymnomu- modestus (Semiplotus), 281. lunulatus(Luijanus), 475. rttna), 85. mokarran (Zygama), 23. Lutjanus, 463. marmoratum (Scyllium), mola (Amblypharyn- 31. godon), 291. macclellandi (Semiplo- marmoratus (Nema- monoceros (Nemachilus), tus),281. chilus). 235. 227. macloti (Carcharias), 12. macrocephala (Morin- Matsya, 292. Megalops, 402. monogramma (Scolopsis), 522. gua), 98. megaloptera (Pellona), Monopterus, 70. macrodon (Chilodipter- 382. montanus (Macrones), us), 501. melanampvx (Barbus), 159. macrolepidotus (Barbus), 316. montanus (Xemachilus), 316. melanopterus (Carcha- 230. Macrones, 146. rias), 14. morar (Aspidoparia), macronotacanthus melanospilos (Trygon), 338. (Arius), 184. 56. Moringua, 97. macrophthalmus (Cal- melanostigma (Barbus), morrhua (Serranus), 453. lichrous), 132. 320. motius (Pellona), 381. macrura (Muraena), 81. maculata (Homaloptera), melanostigma (Belone), 418. mrigala (Cirrhina), 278. miilleri (Carcharias), 11. 243. melanostigma (Haplo- mulleri(Ginglvmo8toma), maculata (Jerdonia), 223. chilus), 415. 33. maculata (Myliobatis), 59. melanura (Clupea), 378. multifasciatus (Nema- maculatum (Pristipoma), meleagris (Murama), 76. chilus), 231. 510. uielettina (Amblvpharyn- multitaeniatua (Apogon), maculatus (Diptychus), godon), 292. 491. n~? 2o5. menisorrah (Carcharias), Muraena, 74. maculatus (Serranus), 16. Muromesox, 90. 447. maculosus(Apogon), 497. mento (Exocoetus), 431. Mesoprion, 463. Murffinichthys, 92. Murwnidw, 72. 546 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. murius (Pseudeutropius), obesus (Carcharias), 25. petersi (Saurenchelys), 139. obesus (Trisenodon), 25. 92. murrayi (Carcharias), 16. Mustelina, 23. oblongus (Gerres), 536. obtusus (Trironodon), 25. petersii (Leucopsarion), 406. Mustelus, 23. oculatus (Macrones), 156. phaeops (Scolopsis), 521. Myliobatidaj, 57. Odontaspis, 27. phulo (Chela), 365. Myliobatis, 58. ogilbii (Eohtee), 342. phutunio (Barbus), 327. rnyops (Arabassis), 488. olivaceum ( Pristipoma), Physostomi, 66. myops (Saurus), 409. 509. picoides (Diaerainma), Myriotlon, 4G1. Olyra, 120. 519. raystax (Engraulis), 390. operculare (Pristipoma), picta (Muncna), 82. 512. pictuni (Diagramma), nalua (Ambassis), 486. nama (Ambassis), 484. Ophichthys, 94. Ophiocephalida?, 99. 518. pictus (Akysis), 193. nandina (Labeo), 258. Opisthopterus, 383. pinjalo (Csesio), 532. Nangra, 210. orbicularis (Apogon), pinnauratus (Barbus), Narcine, 45. 500. 301. uarinari (Aetobatis), 59. Oreinus, 248. Plagiostomata, 3. nasbii (Scaphiodon), 285. orientale (Diagramma), plagiostomus (Oreinus), nasus (Ohatoessus), 387. 516. 250. nasus (Schizothorax), orientalis (Grammistes), planifrons (Schizothor- 252. 460. ax), 252. nebulosa (Botia), 210. orientalis (Ophichthys). Platyrhina, 47. nebulosa (Muncna), 83. 96. platystomus (Arius), 183. uebulosa (Saurida), 411. orientalis (Salmo), 404. pleurotsenia (Barbus), nehereus (Harpodon), ornatissimus (Ophich- 302. 412. thys), 97. Plotosina, 112. neilgherriensis (Danio), Ostebchilus, 273. Plotosus, 112. 357. Osteogeniosus, 189. pcecilopterus (Exoccc- neilli (Barbus), 314. oxianus (Salmo), 404. tus), 430. neilli (Osteochilus), 274. oyena (Gerres), 538. poeti (Gerres), 538. neilli (Rohtee), 340. polleni (Serranus), 456. nella (Arius), 184. pabda (Oallichrous), 133. polyzoua (Mursena), 83. Netnachilichthys, 223. pabo (Callichrous), 132. porcellus (Labeo), 263. Nemacbilus, 224. panchax (Haplochilus), JPorobronchus, 73. nenga (Arius), 173. nieuhofii (Myliobatis), 417. Pangasius, 142. potail (Labeo), 264. Priacanthina, 481. 58. pangia (Aeanthophthal- Priacanthus, 481. niger (Lutjanus), 465. mus),222. Pristidae, 36. uiger (Schizothorax), 252. pangusia (Labeo), 266. Pristipoma, 508. nigra (Murrena), 84. nigrescens (Labeo), 259. pantherinus (Serranus), 451. pristipoma (Aprion),533. Pristipomatina, 508. nigricans (Apogon), 492. parrah (Barbus), 317. Pristis, 37. nigripinnis (Apogon), parvipinnis (Arius), 177. progastus (Schizothorax), 498. parvimentata (Eita), 253. nigripinnis (Labeo), 271. 167. Psammoperca waigiensis, nigrofasciatus (Barbus), pavonaceus (Neniachilus), 440. 328. 226. Pseudecheneis, 106. nigrofasciatus (Danio), pectinatus (Pristis), 39. Pseudeutropius, 136. 359. pectinopterum (Glypto- pseudothyrsoidea (Mu- nobilis (Schizothorax), sternum), 201. rsena), 79. 252. Pellona, 379. Psilorbynchus, 244. Notacanthidaj, 68. Penteprion, 540. Pteroplatea, 5(i. Notidanida?, 29. Pentapus, 529. Ptychobarbus, 254. Notidanus, 29. Perches, 436. puckelli (Barbus), 321. Notopteridse, 406. Percidaj, 436. Puffta, 129. Notopterus, 406. Percina, 440. pulchellus (Barbus), 311. notostigma (Nemachilus), Perilainpus, 359. pulchellus (Nemachilus), 232. perrotteti (Pristis), 38. 228. nukta (Labeo), 270. petersi (Hapalogenys), Pullah, 376. Nuria, 334. 513. punctata (Mura;na), 77. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 547 punctata (Nangra), 212. Ehynckobdellidas, 68. Scylliidae, 30. punctatofasciata (Mu- richardsonii (Oreinus), Scyllium, 30. rama), 78. 250. sebae (Lutjanus), 465. puuctatum ( Diagranima) , Eita, 164. seenghala (Macrones), 518. ritcheana (Schizothorax), 150. punctatus (Ailiichthys), 252. Selachoidei, 3. 135. rivulatus (Dentex), 525. semiarmatus (Nemachi- punctatus (Barbus), 326. punctatus (Grammistes), rivulatus (Lutjanus), 471. rohita (Labeo), 262. lus), 229. Semiplotus,281. 461. Eohtee, 339. semipunctatus (Serra- punctatus (Macrones), roseipinnis (Barbus), nus), 452. 153. 303. sephen (Trygon), 50. punctatus (Schizothorax), roseus (Lutjanus), 472. Serranina, 441. 252. rubidipinnis (Nemachi- Serranus, 442. punjabensis (Barbus), lus), 226. serratus (Arius), 180. 331. rubrostigma (Haplochi- setifer (Gerres), 536. puujubeusis (Chela), 365. lus), 416. setirostris (Engraulis), puntio (Barbus), 334. Punbius, 324. rueppelli (Neinachilich- thys),224. 391. sexfasciatus (Serranus), purava (Engraulis), 393. puta (Therapon), 505. rueppellii (Muraena), 77. rupicola (Nemachilus), 449. shacra (Barilius), 346. 229. Shark-fisheries, 5. quadrifasciatus (Apogon), russelliana (Eaconda), Sharks, 3. 43. 98. sardinella (Chela), 363. Smaris, 531. rama (Liocassis), 163. sathete (Muraena), 77. soborna (Corica), 378. raincarati (Coilia), 396. Saurenchelys, 92. solio (Cyprinus), 361. ranga (Ambassis), 485. Saurida, 410. Somileptes, 219. Easbora, 335. Saurus, 408. sona (Arius), 179. rayneri (Galeocerdo), 20. saurus (Elops), 401. sonnerati (Serranus), Eays, 35. savona (Nemachilus), 457. reba (Cirrhina), 279. 234. sophore (Barbus), 309. rerio (Danio), 358. Saw-fishes, 36. sorrah (Carcharias), 12. reticularis (Mura>na), 78. reynaldi (Coilia), 396. Scaphiodon, 283. Schizopygopsis, 251. spallanzanii (Lamna), 26. spallanzanii (Leptocepha- revnaldi (Hemirham- Schizothoracinae, 248. lus), 72. phus), 425. rhabdophorus (Sisor), Schizothorax, 252. - schonleinii (Platyrhina), spilopterus (Nemachilus), 235. 105. 47. spinosus (Danio), 355. Ehinobatidae, 39. schultzei (Muraenich- spinulosus (Barbus), 311. Ehinobatus, 42. thys), 93. Spratelloides, 400. Ehinodon, 29. Scolopsis, 520. Stegostoma, 33. Ehinodontidse, 29. Scombresocidae, 417. stevensonii (Barbus), 313. Ehinoptera, 60. Ehynchobatus, 40. Scopelidse, 408. Scopelus, 413. sthenocephalus (Osteo- geuiosus), 191. 548 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. stigma (BarbuB), 329. tetrarupagus (Barbus), uuiiuaculatus (Lutjanus), Sting rays, 48. 318. 476. stoliczk:v(Exostoma), 110. teysrnauni (Clarias), 116. untrahi (ChelaJ, 3(54. Bloliczkns (Labeo), 260. thalassinus (Arius), 181. TJroconger, 89. stoliczkae (Nemachilus), Therapon, 504. Urogymnus, 48. 235. Theraponina, 504. urotsenia (Ambassis), 489. stoliczka; (Schizopygop- theraps (Therapon), 506. sis), 251. thermalis (Ambassis), vacha (Eutropiichthys), stoliczkae (Serranus), 445. 490. 128. stoliczkanus (Barbus), thermalis (Barbus), 330. vagra (Barilius), 345. 326. thermalis (Lepidocephal- variegata (Clupea), 375. Stomias, 73. ichthys), 221. Variola, 459. P Stomiasunculus, 73. thomassi (Ambassis), 486. venosus (Arius), 176. stracheyi (Barbus), 309. thomassi (Barbus), 311. vermiformis (Muranich- striatum (Glyptoster- thomassi (Scaphiodon), thys), 93. num), 200. ' 285. vespertilio (Mvliobatis), striatus (Nemachilus), thouini (Rhinobatus), 44. 59. 230. striatus (Synagris), 52(5. thurstoni (Apogon), 494. Thynnichthys, 288. vigorsii (Rohtee), 341. viridescens(Nangra),212. stridens (Pristipoma), thyrsoidea (Muraena), 81. vitta (Lut janus), 480. 508. tickelli (Apogon), 499. vittatus (Barbus), 333. strongylura (Belone), 421 . ticto (Barbus), 325. vittatus (Macrones), 157. subrostratus (Arius), 178- tigrina (Gynmornurrcna), vosmeri (Scolopsis), 5i'l. sulcatus (PseudeoheneisX 84. vulgaris (Mustelus), 24. 107. tigrinum (Stegostoma), Tiilgaris (Tinea), 353,404. sumatranus (Arius), 176. 33. vulpes (Alopias), 28. sinmnana (Serranus), 453. tigrinus (Galeocerdo),21. surinamensis (Lobotes), tile (Mursena), 76. waageni (Barbus), 332. 519. tileo (Barilius), 351. waigiensis (Myriodon), sykesii (Pseudeutropius), timlei (Narcine), 45. 461. 140. Tinea, 404. waigiensis (Psammo- sykesii (Silundia), 144. toli (Clupea), 377. perca), 440. Symbranchidse, 67. tolu (Synagris), 528. walbeehmi (Carcharias), Synibranchina, 70. tor (Barbus), 307. 10. Symbranchus, 71. Synagris, 526. Torpedinidse, 44. torquatus (Scolopsis), walga (Trygon), 55. Wallago, 126. 524. wassinki (Apogon), 4!).">. taakree (Pseudeutropius), tri (Engraulis), 395. watsoni (Scaphiodon), 138. Trianodon, 24. 284. taeuiatus (Apogon), 493. triangularis (Nemachi- wynaadensis (Barbus), taeniopterus (Svnagris), lus), 234. 313. 529 tricuspidatus (Odontas- wynaadensis (Silurus), Tseniura, 55. pis), 27. 119. talabon (Muraenesox), 90. trilineatum (Glvptoster- talabonoides (Muraene- num), 197. xanthopterus (Gyinno- sox), 91. Trygon, 49. mura?na), 85. tartoor (Opisthopterus), 384. taty (Engraulis), 393. Trygonidse, 48. tudes (Zygaena), 23. tumbil (Saurida), 410. xanthopterus (Hemi- rhamphus), 425. telara (Engraulis), 392. turio (Nemachilus), 237. yapilli (Luljanus), 47'.. telchitta (Glyptoster- tvpicus (Rhinodon), 29. yarrellii (Bagarius), 194. num), 199. typus (Ketengus), 189. TeleostH, (54. zebra (Muraena), 82. temminckii (Careharius), uarnak (Trygon), 53. zonalternans (Nenuichi- 17. undulata (Muraena), 80. lus), 232. ^ Tench, 353. undulosus (Serranus), zonatus (Nemachilue), tengana (Gagata), 210. 44(5. 232. tengara (Macrones), 156. unifasciatus (Hemirham- zugei (Trygon), 52. tenuispinis (Arius), 187. phus), 426. Zyga^na, 21. terio (Barbus), 330. uniiuaculatus (Barbus), Zyg83nina, 21. tessellata (Mursena), 78. 331. zysron (Pristis), 38. FEINTED BY TATLOK AND FEANCIS, EED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. SEP BIOMED 2Wbfr NOV251988 QLOCT17 1- ILL INTERL1 Form L'