RYMAN '■v/'- -mm Cbergman €t)erj>tnan A MORAL PLAY NEW YORK f 0JC3 j^uffielD anD Company 1903 Copyright, 1903 By Fox, Duffield and Company Published, April, 1903 University Press • John "Wilson and Son • Cambridge, U. S. A. UNDERGRAO. LIBRARY FOREWORD HE Morality or Moral Play of " Everyman," here re- printed, was published first by John Scott, or Skot, of London, about the year 1529. A second edition by Scott and two editions by another Tudor printer or pub- lisher, of the name of Pynson, appeared dur- ing the sixteenth century. Since then it has been not more than two or three times re- printed, most notably by Hawkins and by Hazlitt. The copy of the play in Hawkins's "Origin of the English Drama" was taken from a black-letter copy preserved in the library of " the church of Lincoln," sold afterwards, it is said, with others, to Dibdin, the bibliographer, for five hundred guineas. A German scholar, Goedeke, traces the de- [ V ] velopment of the theme of the morality in his " Every-Man, Homulas and Hekastus," published in Hanover in 1865; and W. Carew Hazlitt added " Everyman '' to his edition of Dodsley's " Old Plays," published in London in 1874. The text here used is that of Hazlitt's version, which was based upon a collation of the two editions of Pynson with one of Scott. The originals of the cuts here shown are the title-page and four figures of the Scott edition. The composition of " Everyman " is of a much earlier date, probably, than that of the first editions. It is placed by J. Payne Col- lier, author of "The History of Dramatic Poetry and Annals of the English Stage," even so far back as the reign of Edward IV. The piece seems early to have had considerable vogue and popularity. It was translated into Dutch as well as into German and Latin, and no doubt in its own England was a favorite subject of representation by travelling companies at feasts and holidays, or by noblemen's troupes of players in the halls of castles. Within the last two years the Elizabethan Stage Society of London, under the direction of Mr. Ben Greet, has revived this beautiful morality and given [ vi ] notable and touching performances of it, viewed by many hundreds of persons, in England and America. "We may bring ourselves into relation with the motive of this play," says the late Mr. J. A. Symonds, in his " Shakespere's Predecessors in the English Drama," "by studying the wood-cuts in Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book, or any one of the Dances of Death ascribed to Holbein. The frontis- piece to ' Everyman ' recalls one of those remorseless meditations on the grave. A^ fine gentleman of the court of Henry VII. is walking, with his hat upon his head and a chain around his neck, among the flowers of a meadow. Death, the skeleton, half- clothed in a loose shroud and holding in his arm the cover of a sepulchre, beckons to this gallant from a churchyard full of bones and crosses. Life is thus brought into abrupt collision with the ' cold " Hie- jacets " of the dead,' and him who rules there." The theme of " Everyman " is that of universal mortality. " The summoning of Everyman called it is." Every man that Lives must some day die. The play begins with a sort of prologue, spoken by a mes- [ vii ] senger, calling upon the audience to give ear to '' our Heaven King." God speaks and condemns,- thje world for its worldly.- mindedness, covetousness, and sloth. He summons Death, his " mighty messenger," to go to Everyman and bid him make his pilgrimage. Death finds Everyman and de- livers his message to him when he has Death least in mind. He offers Death gold to be let off, but gets only the privilege of asking certain of his friends if they will go with him upon his journey. He accosts, with this rej quest, first Fellowship, then Kindred, Goods^ and Good Deeds. Fellowship has no mindj however, for anything but dicing and drink! ing. Kindred sees no reason why he should follow *' Cousin Everyman " on a way so weary, and Goods, greedy and of the world, will "follow no man in such voy- ages." Only Good Deeds would follow Everyman, but, alas ! as she says : _ " Here I lie, cold in the ground ; Thy sins have me so sore bound That I cannot stir." She is, however, of service to Everyman. She sends him to jCnowledge, who in her turn leads him to Confession. When Con- r^iii ] fession has shriven Everyman and given him a brown cloak of sorrow and penance, Good Deeds is strong again and " can walk and go/* and accompanied by Strength, Dis- cretion, Beauty, and Five Wits, Everyman, with Knowledge and Good Deeds, sets out on the inevitable path to the tomb. Yet at the brink of the grave Strength, Discretion, Beauty, and Five V^its too take fright and abandon him, as Fellowship, Kindred, and Goods had done. Everyman grows feeble- hearted at the desertion of these four false friends, but turns to Good Deeds with a new light: "^" Gramercy, Good Deeds, now may I true friends see. They have forsaken me every one ; I loved them better than my good deeds alone." Good Deeds stands by him even in the grave. " All earthly things is but vanity, Beauty, Strength, and Discretion do man forsake, Foolish friends and kinsmen, that fair spake ; All fleeth save Good Deeds, and that am I." Supported and chastened by Good Deeds Everyman, dying, commends his spirit into [ ix ] T\i^j('j^\iv\i. the Lord's hands, and descends into the grave. As the grave closes at last over him and Good Deeds, an angel sings, wel- coming his cleansed soul " into the heavenly sphere." S. M. C X ] HERE BEGINNETH A TREATISE HOW THE HIGH FATHER OF HEAVEN SENDETH DEATH TO SUMMON EVERY CREATURE TO COME AND GIVE ACCOUNT OF THEIR LIVES IN THIS WORLD, AND IS IN MAN- NER OF A MORAL PLAY PRAY you all give your audience, And hear this matter with reverence, By figure a moral play; The Summoning of Everyman called it is. That of our lives and ending shows. How transitory we be all day: This matter is wonders precious. But the intent of it is more gracious, And sweet to bear away. The story saith: man, in the beginning Look well, and take good heed to the ending. Be you never so gay: Ye think sin in the beginning full sweet, Which in the end causeth thy soul to weep. When the body lieth in clay. [• ] [ I ] Here shall you see how Fellowship and Jollity, Both Strength, Pleasure, and Beauty Will fade from thee as flower in May; For ye shall hear, how our Heaven King Calleth Everyman to a general reckoning: Give audience, and hear what he doth say. a^Oti speaketh I perceive here in my Majesty How that all creatures be to me unkind, Living without dread in worldly prosperity: Of ghostly sight the people be so blind, Drowned in sin, they knew me not for their God; In worldly riches is all their mind, They fear not my rightwiseness, the sharp rod; My law that I showed, when I for them died, They forget clean, and shedding of my blood red; I hanged between two, it cannot be denied; To get them life I suffered to be dead; I healed their feet, with thorns hurt was my head: I could do no more than I did truly. And now I see the people do clean forsake me: ^They use the seven deadly sins damnable. As pride, covetise, wrath, and lechery. Now in the world be made commendable: And thus they leave of angels the heavenly company. Every man liveth so after his own pleasure, And yet of their life they be nothing sure : I see the more that I them forbear The worse they be from year to year; All that liveth appaireth fast, Therefore I will in all the haste [ 2 ] Have a reckoning of every man's person; For, and I leave the people thus alone In their life and wicked tempests, Verily they will become much worse than beasts; For now one would by envy another up eat; Charity they do all clean forget. I hoped well that every man In my glory should make his mansion, And thereto I had them all elect; But now I see, like traitors deject. They thank me not for the pleasure that I to them meant. Nor yet for their being that I them have lent; I proffered the people great multitude of mercy, And few there be that asketh it heartly; They be so cumbered with worldly riches, That needs on them I must do justice. On every man living without fear. Where art thou. Death, thou mighty messenger? Almighty God, I am here at your will, Your commandment to fulfil. Go thou to Everyman, And show him in my name A pilgrimage he must on him take. Which he in no wise may escape; And that he bring with him a sure reckoning Without delay or any tarrying. [ 3 ] Beat!) Lord, I will in the world go run over all, And cruelly out-search both great and small; Every man will I beset that liveth beastly. Out of God's laws, and dreadeth not folly: He that loveth riches I will strike with my dart, His sight to blind, and fro heaven to depart, Except that alms be his good friend. In hell for to dwell, world without end. Lo, yonder I see Everyman walking: if * Full little he thinketh on my coming : His mind is on fleshly lusts and his treasure; And great pain it shall cause him to endure Before the Lord, heaven's King. Everyman, stand still; whither art thou going Thus gaily? Hast thou thy Maker forgot? iSbetfiman Why askest thou? Wouldest thou wit? Brat)) Yea, sir, I will show you; in great haste I am sent to thee Fro God out of his Majesty. iSbrrgman What! sent to me? Brat)) Yea, certainly: Though you have forgot him here, [ 4 ] He thinketh on thee in the heavenly sphere; As, ere we depart, thou shalt know. What desireth God of me? That shall I show thee; A reckoning he will needs have Without any lenger respite. iEbetgman To give a reckoning longer leisure I crave; This blind matter troubleth my wit. Beat!) On thee thou must take a long journey. Therefore thy book of count with thee thou brings For turn again thou cannot by no way: And look thou be sure of thy reckoning ; For before God thou shalt answer and show Thy many bad deeds, and good but a few, How thou hast spent thy life, and in what wise. Before the chief lord of paradise. Have ado that we were in that way, For, wit thou well, thou shalt make none attorney. ISbetijman Full unready I am such reckoning to give: I know thee not; what messenger art thou? [ 5 ] I am Death, that no man dreadeth; For every man I 'rrest, and no man spareth, For it is God's commandment That all to me should be obedient. Death, thou comest when I had thee least in mind ; In thy power it lieth me to save ; Yet of my good will I give thee, if thou will be kind. Yea, a thousand pounds shalt thou have, Andjthou] defer this matter till another day. lirati^ Everyman, it may not be by no way; 1 set not by gold, silver, nor riches, Ne by pope, emperor, king, duke, ne princes; For, and I would receive gifts great, All the world I might get; But my custom is clean contrary; I give thee no respite, come hence, and not tarry. iHbetsman Alas! shall I have no lenger respite? I may say Death giveth no warning: To think on thee it maketh my heart sick; For all unready is my book of reckoning: But, [for] twelve year and I might have abiding, My counting-book I would make so clear, That my reckoning I should not need to fear. Wherefore, Death, I pray thee for God's mercy, Spare me, till I be provided of remedy. [ 6 ] Thee availeth not to cry, weep, and pray: But haste thee lightly, that thou wert gone this journey ; And prove thy friends, if thou can ; For, wit thou well, the tide abideth no man, And in the world each living creature For Adam's sin must die of nature. fSbergman Death, if I should this pilgrimage take. And my reckoning surely make. Show me, for Saint Charity, Should I not come again shortly? Uratf) No, Everyman, and thou be once there, Thou mayest never more come here. Trust me verily. SSbrrgman O gracious God, in the high seat celestial. Have mercy on me in this most need. \ 3^ Shall I have no company from this vale terrestrial Of mine acquaince, that way me to lead? Yea, if any be so hardy, That would go with thee, and bear thee company: Hie thee that thou were gone to God's magnificence, [ 7 ] Thy reckoning to give before his presence. What, weenest thou thy Ufe is given thee, And thy worldly goods also? I had ween'd so verily. Nay, nay; it was but lend thee; For, as soon as thou art gone. Another awhile shall have it, and then go therefro. Even as thou hast done. Everyman, thou art mad, thou hast thy wits five, And here on earth will not amend thy life; For suddenly I do come. iSbersman O wretched caitiff, whither shall I flee? - That I might escape this endless sorrow! Now, gentle Death, spare me till to-morrow, That I may amend me With good advisement. Nay, thereto I will not consent. Nor no man will I respite; But to the heart suddenly I shall smite Without any advisement. And now out of thy sight I will me hie: See thou make thee ready shortly, [ 8 ] For thou mayest say, this is the day That no man living may 'scape away. Alas! I may well weep with sighs deep: Now have I no manner of company To help me in my journey, and me to keep; And also my writing is full unready. How shall I do now for to excuse me! I would to God I had never be got ; To my soul a full great profit it had be; For now I fear pains huge and great. The time passeth: Lord, help, that all wrought! For though I mourn, it availeth nought; The day passeth, and is almost ago; I wot not well what for to do. To whom were I best my complaint to make? What, and I to Fellowship thereof spake, And showed him of this sudden chance ! For in him is all mine affiance ; We have in the world so many a day Be good friends in sport and play, I see him yonder certainly; I trust that he will bear me company, Therefore to him will I speak to ease my sorrow, Well met, good Fellowship, and good morrow. iFellObJSflCp speakeih Everyman, good morrow, by this day: Sir, why lookest thou so piteously? If anything be amiss, I pray thee, me say, That I may help to remedy. [ 9 ] Yea, good Fellowship, yea; I am in great jeopardy. My true friend, show to me your mind; I will not forsake thee, to my life's end. In the way of good company. iSbevgman That was well spoken and lovingly. Sir, I must needs know your heaviness ; I have pity to see you in any distress: If any have you wronged, ye shall revenged be. Though I on the ground be slain for thee; Though that I know before that I should die. iSbersman Verily, Fellowship, gramercy. iFellotosJip Tush! by thy thanks I set not a straw; Show me your grief, and say no more. ISbetgman If I my heart should to you break. And then you to turn your mind fro me. And would not me comfort, when ye hear me speak. Then should I ten times sorrier be. [ 10 ] Sir, I say as I will do in deed. Then be you a good friend at need; I have found you true here-before. And so ye shall evermore; For in faith, and thou go to hell, I will not forsake thee by the way. iSljergman Ye speak like a good friend, I believe you well; I shall deserve it, and I may. iFellotDSjip I speak of no deserving, by this day; For he that will say and nothing do, Is not worthy with good company to go: Therefore show me the grief of your mind. As to your friend most loving and kind. ISberfitnan I shall show you how it is: Commanded I am to go a journey, A long way, hard and dangerous; And give a strait account without delay Before the High Judge Adonai; Wherefore, I pray you, bear me company, As ye have promised in this journey. [ II ] That is matter indeed; promise is duty; But, and I should take such a voyage on me, I know it well, it should be to my pain: Also it make[s] me afeard certain. But let us take counsel here as well as we can. For your words would fear a strong man. Why, ye said, if I had need. Ye would me never forsake, quick ne dead, Though it were to hell truly. So I said certainly; But such pleasures be set aside, the sooth to say, And also if ye took such a journey, When should we come again? iSbrrgman Nay, never again till the day of doom. In faith, then will not I come there : Who hath you these tidings brought? IBijetfiman Indeed, Death was with me here. Now, by God that all hath bought, If Death were the messenger, [ 12 ] (O^u, \ i For no man that is living to-day I will not go that loath journey, Not for the father that begat me. Ye promised otherwise, pardy. I wot well I said so truly, And yet if thou wilt eat and drink, and make good cheer, Or haunt to women the lusty company, I would not forsake you, while the day is clear, Trust me verily. iStetstnan Yea, thereto ye would be ready ; To go to mirth, solace and play. Your mind will sooner apply Than to bear me company in my long journey. iFrllotosljip Now, in good faith, I will not that way; But, and thou will murder, or any man kill. In that I will help thee with a good will. iSijetfitnan Oh, that is a simple advice indeed: Gentle fellows [hip,] help me in my necessity; We have loved long, and now I need. And now, gentle Fellowship, remember me. [ 13 ] Whether ye have loved me or no, By Saint John, I will not with thee go. Yet, I pray thee, take the labour, and do so much for me. To bring me forward, for Saint Charity, And comfort me, till I come without the town. Nay, and thou would give me a new gdwn, I will not a foot with thee go; But, and thou had tarried, I would not have left thee so: And as now God speed thee in thy journey! For from thee I will depart, as fast as I may. lEtjtrsntan Whither away. Fellowship? will you forsake me? Yea, by my fay ; to God I betake thee. ISbetgman Farewell, good Fellowship ; for this my heart is sore : Adieu for ever, I shall see thee no more. iFtUotDSl)Cp In faith, Everyman, farewell now at the end; For you I will remember that parting is mourning. [ 14 ] Alack! shall we thus depart in deed, Lady, help, without any more comfort, Lo, Fellowship forsaketh me in my most need: For help in this world whither shall I resort? Fellowship here before with me would merry make; And now little sorrow for me doth he take. It is said, in prosperity men friends may find, Which in adversity be full unkind. Now whither for succour shall I flee, Sith that Fellowship hath forsaken me? To my kinsmen I will truly. Praying them to help me in my necessity; 1 believe that they will do so; For kind will creep, where it may not go. I will go say ; for yonder I see them go : Where be ye now, my friends and kinsmen [lo?] Here be we now at your commandment: Cousin, I pray thee, show us your intent In any wise, and do not spare. mtonnin Yea, Everyman, and to us declare If ye be disposed to go any whither; For, wot ye well, we will live and die together. In wealth and woe we will with you hold; For over his kin a man may be bold. [ IS ] Gramercy, my friends and kinsmen kind, Now shall I show you the grief of my mind. I was commanded by a messenger, That is an high king's chief officer; He bad me go on pilgrimage to my pain. But I know well I shall never come again : Also I must give a reckoning strait; For I have a great enemy that hath me in wait, Which intendeth me for to hinder. What account is that which ye must render? That would I know. SEbergmau Of all my works I must show. How I have lived, and my days spent; Also of ill deeds that I have used In my time, sith life was me lent, And of all virtues that I have refused: Therefore, I pray you, go thither with me To help to make mine account, for Saint Charity. What, to go thither? Is that the matter? Nay, Everyman, I had liever fast bread and water. All this five year and more. iSbrr^tnan Alas, that ever I was bore! For now shall I never be merry, If that you forsake me. [ i6 ] Ah, sir! what, ye be a merry man! Take good heart to you, and make no moan. But one thing I warn you, by Saint Anne, As for me ye shall go alone. fSbrrgman My cousin, wiii you not with me go? No, by our lady, I have the cramp in my toe: Trust not to me; for, so God me speed, I will deceive you in your most need. It availeth not us to tice : Ye shall have my maid with all my heart; She loveth to go to feasts, there to be nice, And to dance, and abroad to start: I will give her leave to help you in that journey. If that you and she may agree. iEbtrgman No, show me the very effect of your mind ; Will you go with me, or abide behind? Abide behind! yea, that will I, and I may; Therefore farewell till another day. ISljtrgman How should I be merry or glad? For fair promises men to me make; [^] [ 17 ] But, when I have most need, they me forsake; I am deceived, that maketh me sad. (Ktonnin Cousin Everyman, farewell now; For verily I will not go with you : Also of mine own life an unready reckoning I have to account, therefore I make tarrying; Now God keep thee, for now I go. Ah, Jesu, is all come hereto? Lo, fair words maketh fools fain; They promise, and nothing will do certain My kinsmen promised me faithfully, For to abide with me steadfastly-^. And now fast away do they flee: Even so Fellowship promised me. What friend were best me of to provide? I lose my time here longer to abide; Yet in my mind a thing there is: All my life I have loved riches; If that my Good now help me might. It would make my heart full light : I will speak to him in this distress: Where art thou, my Goods and Riches? Who calleth me? Everyman? what, hast thou haste? I lie here in comers trussed and piled so high, And in chests I am locked so fast. Also sacked in bags, thou mayest see with thine eye, [ i8 ] I cannot stir; in packs, lo, where I lie! What would ye have, lightly me say. iSbetfittian j Come hither. Good, in all the haste thou may ; For of counsel I must desire thee. Sir, and ye in the world have sorrow or adversity, That can I help you to remedy shortly. ISbetgman It is another disease that grieveth me ; In this world it is not, I tell thee so, I am sent for another way to go, To give a strait account general Before the highest Jupiter of all : And all my life I have had my pleasure in thee. Therefore I pray thee now go with me; For, peraventure, thou mayest before God Almighty My reckoning help to clean and purify, For it is said ever among. That money maketh all righxthat is wrong. Nay, nay, Everyman, I sing another song; I follow no man in such voyages, For, and I went with thee. Thou shouldest fare much the worse for me : For because on me thou diddest set thy mind, Thy reckoning I have made blotted and blind, [ 19 ] That thine account thou cannot make truly; And that hast thou for the love of me. ISbergman That would grieve me full sore, When I should come to that fearful answer: Up, and let us go thither together. Nay, not so; I am too brittle, I may not endure: I will follow no man one foot, be ye sure. iSijer^man Alas! I have thee loved, and had great pleasure All my life-days on my good and treasure. That is to thy damnation without lesing, For my love is contrary to the love everlasting ; But if thou had me loved moderately during. As to the poor give part for the love of me, Then shouldest thou not in this dolour have be. Nor in this great sorrow and care. iSbtrsman Lo, now was I deceived, ere I was ware. And all, I may wete, mis-spending of time. What, wenest thou that I am thine? fSbergman I had went so. [ 20 ] Nay, Everyman, I say no: As for a while I was lent thee; A season thou hast had me in prosperity; My condition is man*s soul to kill, If I save~one, a thousand I do spill: Weenest thou that I will follow thee ? Nay, not fro this world, verily. I had weened otherwise. Therefore to thy soul Good is a thief. For when thou art dead, this is my guise. Another to deceive in the same wise. As I have do thee, and all to his soul's reprefe. iSbersman Jalse^Good, cursed may thou be, Thou traitor to God, thou hast deceived me, And caught me in thy snare. Marry, thou brought thyself in care. Whereof I am right glad: 1 must needs laugh, I cannot be sad. igbtrgman Ah, Good, thou hast had long my hearty love; I gave thee that which should be the Lord's above [ 21 ] But wilt thou not go with me indeed? I pray thee truth to say. No, so God me speed; Therefore farewell, and have good day Oh, to whom shall I make my moan. For to go with me in that heavy journey? First Fellowship he said he would with me gone; His words were very pleasant and gay. But afterward he left me alone. Then spake I to my kinsmen all in despair. And also they gave me words fair, They lacked no fair speaking; But all forsake me in the ending. Then went I to my Goods that I loved best, In hope to have found comfort; but there had I least For my Goods sharply did me tell, That he bringeth many in hell. Then of myself I was ashamed, And so I am worthy to be blamed: Thus may I well myself hate. Of whom shall I now counsel take? I think that I shall never speed, Till that I go to my Good Deed; But, alas! she is so weak. That she can nother go nor speak: Yet will I venter on her now. My Good Deeds, where be you? [ 22 ] Here I lie cold in the ground; Thy sins have me so sore bound. That I cannot stir. Good Deeds, I stand in great fear; 1 must you pray of counsel, For help now should come right well. Everyman, I have understanding, That thou art summoned account to make Before Messias of Jerusalem King; And you do by me, that journey with you will I take. iSb^rgman Therefore I come to you my moan to make: I pray you, that ye will go with me. I would full fain, but I cannot stand verily. iSijfrgman Why, is there an5^hing on you fall? Yea, sir, I may thank you of all; If ye had perfectly cheered me, Your book of account full ready now had be. Look, the books of your works and deeds eke! [ 23 ] Behold how they lie under the feet, To your souFs heaviness. Our Lord Jesus help me. For one letter herein can I not see. Here is a blind reckoning in time of distress ! IStJcrgman Good Deeds, I pray you, help me in this need. Or else I am for ever damned indeed; Therefore help me to make my reckoning Before the Redeemer of all thing, That king is, and was, and ever shall. Everyman, I am sorry of your fall, And fain would I help you, and I were able. iSbttsman Good Deeds, your counsel, I pray you, give me. iSfootr BeeTrs That shall I do verily : Though that on my feet I may not go, I have a sister that shall with you also, Called Knowledge, which shall with you abide. To help you to make that dreadful reckoning. [Enter Kn