m f<5*. \ LIBRARY OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC FRONTISPIECE. RELIEF MAP OF CALIFORNIA. W. B. No. 292. Price 5O cents. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "WE -A. T IS E IK Bnlletm L. CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. Prepared under the direction of WILLIS L MOORE, Chief D. S. Weather Bureau, BY ALEXANDER G. McADIE, Professor of Meteorology. \\ WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1903. 2 Astron. uaftt. ASTRONOEi CONTENTS. Fae. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 CONTROLLING FACTORS 7 Pressure 7 Precipitation, San Francisco 9 High and !ow pressures 12 West Pacific storms 13 Ocean effect 15 Topography 16 CLIMATE OP NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST 25 Eureka and Northern California 33 San Francisco 33 Some maximum and minimum temperatures 41 Notes from record of G. H. Gibbons, M. I) 42 The great rainstorm of 1866. Mr. L. J. Le Conte, C. E 46 Rainfall. Mr. John Pettee 48 CLIMATE OP SOUTHERN COAST 59 San Luis Obispo 59 Santa Barbara 64 Los Angeles 68 San Diego 81 CLIMATOLOGY OP THE GREAT VALLEY 93 Red Bluff 93 Sacramento 97 Fresno 106 CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY Ill Mount Tamalpais, San Francisco, Lick Observatory, San Jose, Menlo Park, San Mateo. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY 123 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES 167 SNOWFALL 215 PRECIPITATION AT HIGH LEVELS 224 FROST 227 FOG 239 THUNDERSTORMS 251 EARTHQUAKES 259 701306 I LLUSTR ATI O NS. Frontispiece. Page. FIG. 1. Rainfall at San Francisco, 1849-1902 ! 10 2. Seasonal rainfall at San Francisco. 1850-1902. Intensity, or amount in inches. (Normal, 23 inches).. 11 3. Seasonal rainfall at San Francisco, 1850-1902. Frequency, or number of days. (Average, 71 days).. 11 4. Seasonal rainfall at Eureka, from 1887 to 1901 27 5. Sketch map of Humboldt Bay 33 6. Monthly curves of hourly wind velocities 47 7. Hourly wind velocities at San Francisco 47 8. Mean relative humidity upper, 5 a. m. ; lower, 5 p. m 47 9. Percentage of annual rainfall each month 47 From Bulletin D, by Prof. A. J. Henry. 10. Seasonal rainfall at San Diego, from 1850 to 1901 84 11. Seasdhal rainfall at Sacramento, from 1849 to 1901 102 12. Seasonal rainfall at Fresno, from 1882 to 1901 109 13. Wire baskets in citrus grove 230 14. Wire baskets hung from limbs of orange trees - 230 15. Wire baskets in lemon and orange grove 231 16. Mr. Priestly Hall's device for smudging 17. Eight miner's inches of warm water in orange grove at Meacham ranch 232 18. Lath screen at ranch of Mr. A. J. Everest, Riverside (view from above) 233 19. Lath screen at ranch of Mr. A. J. Everest, Riverside (under view ) 234 20. Fog service at San Francisco. Corner of large map standing in main corridor of Ferry Building. By means of frequent reports from Point Reyes and Mount Tamalpais the extent and character of fog over Drakes Bay, the roadstead, and the Gate itself are known in the city 244 21. Morning fog over valleys. ( PI. I) 245 22. Lifted fog. Height above ground about 500 meters. (PI. I) 245 23. Sea fog pouring over Sansalito Hills and through Golden Gate. (PI. II ) 245 24. Fog waves. (PI. II) 245 25. Fog lifting. View from United States Weather Bureau, Mount Tamalpain, Cal. ( Pi. Ill ) 245 26. Helmholtzian fog billow. View from United States Weather Bureau observatory, Mount Tamalpais, Cal. (PI. IV) 245 27. Fog billows. (PI. V) 245 28. Fog billows. (PI. V ) 245 29. Fog drifting from sea inland. (PI. VI) 245 30. Fog stratum; clear above and cloudy below. (PI. VI) 245 31. Probable condition at time of the Rio de Janeiro wreck, February 22, 1901 249 CHARTS I to IX. Pressure, wind, and rainfall during the winter months of January and December, 1899; Decem- ber, 1901 ; January and February, 1902 9 CHARTS X to XII. Track of a disturbance across the Pacific Ocean from the Ladrone Islands to the coast of California from November 20, 1895, to January 14, 1896 15 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The following-named gentlemen have assisted in the preparation of this volume: Mr. George H. Willson, local forecaster, and the following members of the office force at San Francisco: Mr. Horace E. Smith. Mr. William Norrington, Mr. Walter H. Scholl, Mr. William J. Reed. Mr. Herbert E. Wilkinson, Mr. Hugo Legler, Mr. Walter J. Bennett, and Mr. William H. Fahlbusch. Mr. George E. Franklin, local forecaster, Los Angeles, Cal., contributed the article upon the "Climate of Los Angeles;'' Mr. James A. Barwick that upon the "Climate of Sacramento;'' Mr. Ford A. Carpenter, the "Climate of San Diego;" Mr. Maurice Connell, the "Climate of Red Bluff;" Mr. Aaron H. Bell, the "Climate of Eureka;" Mr. J. P. Bolton, the "Climate of Fresno;" Mr. J. R. Williams, the data for San Luis Obispo, and Mr. J. J. McLean the data for Independence. The Southern Pacific Company has for many years had its agents keep a daily record of rainfall and temperature, which records have been compiled by the Weather Bureau office at San Francisco. Data from 181 stations in California have been thus collected. Through the courtesy of the Santa Fe System reports from ten stations in the San Joaquin Valley are received. Due credit must also be given to the voluntary observers of the State; and in particular to Mr. Samuel H. Gerrish, Sacramento: Mr. J. A. Edman, Edmanton: Mr. J. C. Stanton, Rio Vista; Mr. C. W. Hendel, La Porte; and Dr. C. Max Richter, of Santa Barbara. The records, journals, and diaries of Thomas Tennent, Dr. G. H. Gibbons, Dr. T. A. Logan, and Mr. John Pettee have been generously drawn upon for data. To these records we are indebted for all data preceding the period of regular Weather Bureau observations. Mr. J. B. Lippincott, of Los Angeles, resident hydrographer of the United States Geological Survey, has kindly placed at our disposal the rainfall data at high altitudes used by him in his engineering practice. Jn California seasonal rainfalls and data showing probable water supply in various drainage basins are of the utmost importance to the engineering profession. In the present paper many fragmentary rainfall records had to be omitted in order to keep the volume within reasonable limits. Many of these can be found in " Irrigation and Water Storage" by Glassford. The diagrams of rainfall in this memoir show the seasonal amounts, because for engineering and other purposes the seasonal rather than the calendar year totals are desired. In the various tables, however, it was thought best to continue the usual yearly amounts. The table of elevations has been materially changed and many corrections made by Prof. George Davidson and Prof. Joseph N. Le Coute, both of the University of California. 5 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. CONTROLLING FACTORS. The general climatic conditions of the Pacific coast, and particularly the climate of California, mav he said to be controlled by four great factors. These are 1. The movements of the great continental and oceanic pressure areas the so-called perma- nent "highs" and "lows." Under this head we include also the most active factor in climatic development, namely, the movements of individual pressure areas, since there is now good ground for believing that the paths of these individual disturbances large-sized whirls and counter whirls are largely determined by the general relations of the permanent pressure areas; 2. The prevailing drift of the atmosphere in temperate latitudes from west to east; 3. The proximity of the Pacific Ocean with a mean annual temperature near the coast line of about 13 C. (55 F.), a great natural conservator of heat, and to which is chiefly due the moderate range of temperature along the coast from San Diego even to Tatoosh Island; and 4. The exceedingly diversified topography of the country for a distance of 200 miles from the coast inland. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION. It was early shown by Hoffmeyer that the distribution of the great so-called permanent- pressure areas over the North Atlantic Ocean determined largely the character of the seasons in northern Europe. Teisserenc de Bort, discussing the causes of an abnormal winter in central Europe, called attention to the fact that during this period the great high-pressure area ordinarily overly- ing the Atlantic Ocean between latitudes 20 and 40 C north had moved somewhat from its normal position. Eliot, Blanford, and others have shown that the great atmospheric movements over India are more or less connected with the chief features of the weather there, particularly with respect to the monsoons and rainfalls. Fassig has recently shown that the weather condi- tions prevailing in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains during March may be con- nected with the movement of the large pressure areas; and, in brief, that the weather of the Middle Atlantic States" " is cold when the continental high controls, warm when the Atlantic high extends its influence westward beyond the coast, and normal when there is a fairly equal development in strength and extent of the two high areas, in which case now one, then the other, is in control of the wind direction, bringing alternately cold and warm air to the region. The paths of storms lie within the trough between the two high areas; when the trough is wide the storm paths are widely scattered; as the high areas approach one another the storm paths are contracted within narrower limits." Over the North Pacific Ocean in winter there exists an area of low barometer covering the region between the latitudes of -tO = and 60 C north and 130 west to 110 C east longitude. An area of high pressure overlies the greater part of North America with a southwest extension to the Tropics and west to the one hundred and sixtieth meridian. We shall find that typical wet winters on the California coast occur when this great North Pacific low extends well eastward overlying the continent west of a line drawn from San Francisco to Calgary. At the same time the great continental high area apparently recedes to the southeast. On the other hand, the Am. Jour, of Science, Vol. VII, Xov., 1899. 8 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. pressure distribution characteristic of a dry winter on the California coast is marked by the prevalence of the continental high over the entire country west of the Rocky Mountains. This relation is very clearly shown in the series of four charts following taken from Prof. A. J. Henry's "Rainfall of the United States." Professor Henry states "The prevailing winds and the pressure distribution shown on the chart for December, 1889, are favorable for heavy pi'ecipitation in California and the plateau region. The pressure distribution is abnormal, as is also the rainfall; * * * the chart represents an extreme condition, viz, a transfer of the usual track of low- pressure areas of the northern boundary southward to central California and the plateau region of Nevada and Arizona, * * * this region being ordinarily covered by an area of high pressure." This relation of permanent pressure distribution and rainfall is more plainly shown on the series of charts for December, 1901, January and February, 1902. December and January were months of marked deficiency in rainfall, and it will be noted that during this period the continental " high " overspread nearly the entire country west of the Rocky Mountains. The prevailing air movement in California under such conditions is from the north or northeast and, as might naturally be inferred, such a circulation is accompanied by scanty precipitation. During February, however, there is a noticeable change in pressure distribution. The continental "high" is now well to the east of the Rocky Mountains, while the North Pacific "low" has apparent! y moved well in over Vancouver Island and Washington. The general air movement is now from the south and southwest and the rainfall very heavy, especially in the northern coast counties of California. At some places in the redwood section the rainfall amounted to as much as 40 inches during the month. No one who has not lived in California can realize the relief which this generous rainfall of February brought to an anxious community. The extensive record of rainfall at San Francisco, covering a period of fifty-three years, may be studied to advantage in connection with the pressure distribution. There were six Decembers during which the rainfall exceeded 10 inches, the normal December rainfall being 5 inches. These months were in 1852, 1866, 186T, 1871, 1880, and 1889. The pressure distributions for the earlier years are not available, but the conditions for the month of December, 1889, are characteristic and are shown in detail in the charts here given. The mean rainfall for December at this station is about 5 inches; the greatest rainfall was in 1866, when 15 inches fell. In 1871 14 inches fell. The driest December on record was that of 1876, when no rain fell during the entire month. Pressure charts are not available, but the probabilitj^ is that the chart would greatly resemble that given for December, 1901. There were seven Decembers in this period in which the total monthly precipitation did not exceed 1 inch. For January a similar relationship is found to exist. In 1862 the rainfall exceeded 24 inches, or nearly five times the normal amount. In 1866 over 10 inches fell; in 1878 nearly 12 inches, and in 1890 over 9 inches. The driest January of recent 3 r ears was in 1891, when less than 1 inch fell. The pressure distribution is that of the type shown by 1892 and 1889. For February the mean rainfall is about 3 inches. In 1878 over 12 inches fell; in 1887 over 9 inches. In 1891 the February rainfall was 7.26 inches and in 1902, 7.27 inches. It is interesting to note that the pressure charts for these years closely resemble each other over the country west of the Rocky Mountains. On the Atlantic seaboard the pressure distributions are not alike. CHART I Pressure, Wind, and Rainfall during a Dry winter month. January, J889. Pressure, Wind, and Rainfall during a Wet winter month. December, 1889. CHART II $ \\ m s. 3 J GHAUT III !U i <*- Ui & CHART IV CHAKT V . "' c B IS 3 ill i 5 S *| c s * o E ; o 1 : J - - '- S 3 - ^ s * s I s * S g j ;= = i .= s I !*-? f > a ; " I .S 5 o * * - a i S ? 5 = ^ / o " ! Q 1 \ 1 1 / X z 1 - o \ / D or < i 1 ? c i - 1 1 \ ^> / i z u, 1 1 / K I i / UJ ! > i ^ \ /: ! . 00 3g i _ < i i (C J / - < u; Uy" ^r / ^ 1 -. ,^* / TjT/ /, \_3 .-- *> wT/ / ^-7^ ! \ X yv ^> smmSi : : :: i? '\r\*^r \^ 'L /0 !; ;: i ;:S : r v/" s * J /I * s j ; i : : ''KLs\ k^- r x I * ! !i; ; I'l^y^x >, x ( : w , r- P^^ F 5*1 -<^ {V >-^ *-*"! >*/** yT " h *5-'"^>*^r \ T^ c^ ^V 7 y^ CHART VII \ \ CHAKT VIII 1 fc a. q aj as a. I-* t- L. O O Ij 33 ^ . > <* -p _. > O o V r; O N -o 5! li H> Eagle Tower Mariposa . 2, 183 Kririv Wnnn;nin Kfekivnn ,, 2,790 Fl Cajon Mountain -"^an PiPgo 1 ( 12? El Capitan Mariposa 2,137 Elephants Back Alpine . 2, 937 Ellis Mountain Placer... ' 2,666 Flwptt Mountain ' Plumas 2,391 Fnglieh Mountain ! JCPVarla. i 2 ( 5fil F^reka Mountain ... Pl'"" 2,2^3 FA!! Crppk Mountain Xprada 2,29fi Fpathpr I jikp i Lassen ....1 1 , ***& Fillmore Mountain Sierra ' 2 382 Findley Peak Nevada. 2,277 Fire Place Bluff Mariposa 2,039 Fish Vallev Peak Mono 3,275 Franklin Hill Plumas !, Freel Peak . El Dorado 3,319 Gavilan Peak San Benito I 030 Glacier Point . Mariposa . 2 199 Glass Mountain Siskivou . ?,393 Goddard Mountain Fresno ... 4,124 Gonsp Lakf Modoc 1 -130 Gonsp Xpst Mountain Siskivou , ? 575 cirass Vallpv Hill Plumas 1 887 Grayback Del Xorte 1,777 Grizz'.v Hill Plumas . 1 958 Grizzlv Peak Shasta 2,073 Do Plumas 2,343 I'" Mariposa 1,892 Guide Peak Placer i 2, 447 Half Dome Mariposa 2 688 Hamilton Mountain Santa Clara 1283 HarknessPeak .. . Plumas... 2.705 20 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. TABLE OP ELEVATIONS EXCEEDING 1,000 METERS (3,281 FEET) IN CALIFORNIA Continued. Place. Haskells Peak Hat Peak Hawkins Peak Hayden Hill Haystack Peak Hepsidam Highland Peak Hoffman Mountain Do Hoopah Mountain Hot Springs Peak Houghs Peak Hulls Mountain Humboldt Mountain ' laqua Butte Ingalls Mountain Indian Kock Iron Mountain Jackson Mountain Jackson Peak Jeff Davis Peak Jobs Peak Jobs Sister Jura Mountain Kai-al-au-wa Hill Kettle Rock Keystone Mountain King Peak Kivet Mountain Lady Bug Peak Larrabce Butte Lassen Peak County. Elevation. Latitude. Meters. Feet. Sierra Lassen Alpine Lassen Tuolumne San Benito Alpine Siskiyou Tuolumne-Mariposa. . Ilumboldt Lassen Plumas Mendocino Humboldt ...do... Plumas Mariposa . . Humboldt . Plumas Nevada Alpine .do do Plumas Mariposa . . Plumas Sierra Humboldt. ...do... Lassie Moun tain Leaning Tower Leavitte Peak Leek Spring Hill Leviathan Peak Limestone Point Lincoln Mountain Linn Mountain Little Antelope Peak Little Klamath Lake Lola Mountain 1. 1 1) MM Prieta (Mountain Bache) Lone Star Hill Lookout Hill Lookout Peak Lovers' Leap Lyell Mountain Maggies Peaks Magee Peak Malurango Peak Markleeville Peak McDonald Peak McGill Peak McKesick Peak McKinstry Peak Mocho Mountain Mokelumn* Mono Pass.. Moore Hill . Needle Peak Sierra Humboldt Shasta-Tehama-Pl u- mas. Humboldt-Trinity Mariposa Tuolumne Eldorado Alpine Plumas Placer Tehama Mono Siskiyou Nevada... Santa Clara. Inyo do.... Alpine Eldorado . Fresno Eldorado . Shasta Inyo Alpine. Lassen . Ventura . >eak Placer-Eldorado Peak Amador Invo... 2,477 2,338 3,068 1,940 3,008 1,35V 3,339 2,444 3,314 1,234 2,344 2,210 2,107 1,013 1,091 2,586 2,579 1,238 2,019 2,557 2,743 3,231 3,299 1,920 2,734 2,392 2,115 1,300 1,274 2,548 1,225 3,181 1,794 1,777 3,522 2,329 2,739 1,771 2,561 2,623 2,863 1,273 2,794 1,156 1,497 1,284 2,926 2,129 4,028 2,659 2,284 2,696 2,885 2,424 2,808 2,159 2,413 1,245 2,856 3,281 1,398 2. 160 8,126 7,676 10,060 6,367 9,867 4,438 10,955 8,018 10,872 4,050 7,692 7,254 6,914 3,325 3,580 8,484 8,462 4,060 6,625 8,390 9,000 10,600 10, 820 6,300 8,969 7,849 6,938 4,265 4,180 8,361 4,020 10, 437 5,885 5,830 11,553 7,640 8,985 6,811 8,403 8,604 9,392 4,175 9,167 3,793 4,911 4,214 9,600 6,985 13, 217 8,725 7,494 8,844 9,465 7,9&4 9,214 7,083 7,918 4,085 9,371 10,765 4,588 7,086 39 40 41 4 38 44 41 38 6 36 19 38 33 41 37 37 52 41 5 40 22 40 3 39 31 40 59 40 40 3959 37 47 39 48 39 51 39 27 38 38 38 51 38 51 40 4 37 46 40 8 39 32 40 9 41 14 39 29 40 25 40 30 40 20 37 43 38 16 38 37 3841 39 51 39 18 40 1 38 20 41 55 39 26 37 7 36 13 36 14 38 31 38 48 37 38 56 40 45 30 6 38 39 40 56 34 48 40 10 39 2 37 29 38 32 37 51 37 26 35 55 Authority. 120 33 120 5 119 52 120 50 119 41 120 49 119 45 121 32 119 30 12347 120 7 120 53 122 57 123 58 ! 123 52 120 38 119 33 123 29 120 39 120 33 119 53 119 52 119 53 120 48 119 39 120 44 120 40 124 7 123 46 120 3 12342 121 30 123 33 119 38 119 41 120 17 119 36 120 54 120 20 122 47 119 37 121 44 120 22 121 51 117 26 117 26 119 52 120 8 118 80 120 7 121 33 117 30 119 54 120 25 119 8 120 15 120 21 121 33 120 6 119 11 120 1 117 7- Wheeler. Do. U. S. G. S. Do. Wheeler. U.S.C.andG.S. U.S.G.S. Do. Whitney. U. S. C. and G. 8. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. U.S.C.andG.S. Do. Do. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. U.S.C.andG.S. U. S. G. S. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. Do. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. U. S. C. and G. S. Do. U.S.G.S. U. S. C. and G. S. Wheeler. U.S.C.andG.S. Wheeler. Do. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. Do. Do. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. U. S. C. and G. S. Wheeler. Do. U.S.G.S. Do. Whitney. U.S.G.S. Do. Wheeler. U. S. G. S. Wheeler. Do. Do. U.S.G.S. U. S. C. and G. S. U. S. G. S. Whitney. Wheeler. Do. CONTROLLING FACTORS. 21 TABLE OF ELEVATIONS EXCEEDING 1,000 METERS (3,281 FEBT) is CALIFORNIA Continued. Place. Elevation. County. Meters. Feet. SicholsPoint ' Kern ; 1,900 Nipple Alpine 2,862 Noble Pass Shasta 1,818 North Dome Mariposa 2,294 North Peak (Diablo) Santa Clara.).] 1,095 Observation Peak Lasscn .'..; 2,441 OlcttPeak San Bernardino 2,248 Old Baldy. or San Antonio Peak Los Angeles 3,085 Old Man Mountain Sierra 2,377 Om jumnin Peat ! Plumas , 2, 528 Ophir Mountain Inyo j 1,848 Oso Mountain Stanislaus 1, 031 12 482 2, 486 Pah-utePeak Inyo 2,543 Paxtoa Mendocino 1,041 Penmen Peak Plumas 2.219 Pierce Mountain Humboldt 999 Pike Co. Peak Yuba 1,120 Pilot Hill Plumas 1,889 Pilot Knob San Bernardino 1,684 Pilot Peak Plnmas-Sierra 2,289 Do Mariposa 1,836 Pinto Peak Inyo 2,215 Preston Peak Del Korte 2,142 Profile Cliff Mariposa 2,262 Promontory Point | Tehama 1, 105 Pyramid Peak Eldorado 3,054 Do j Inyo i 2,059 Rainbow Mountain Humboldt ' 1,046 Rattlesnake Butte i Modoc 1,516 Raymond Peak Alpine 3,072 Red Lake Peak Eldorado 3,033 Red Mountain (Signal Peak) Placer 2,396 Red Peak Eldorado 2,119 Relief Peak Tuolumne 3,300 Rhett (orTule) Lake Siskiyou 1,263 Richardson's Peak Eldorado 3,021 Richardson Tuolumne 2. 985 Rickey's Teak Mono 3,043 Robb'sPeak Eldorado 2,050 Rocky Butte San Luis Obispo 1,055 Round Mountain Shasta ; 1, 048 Round Top or Alpine Peak Amador 3,179 RubiconPeak Eldorado 2,802 Saddle Back Mountain Sierra 2,060 j Saddle Mountain Eldorado 1,599 St. Helena Mountain Sonoma-Lake 1, 322 San Antonio Peak Los Angeles 3, 085 San Bernardino Peak San Bernardino 3,078 San Carlos Peak San Benito 1.517 San Fernando Peak Los Angeles 1,156 San Gabriel Peak do 1,900 San Jose Mountain ' San Luis Obispo 1,151 Santa Alia San Benito 1,101 Santa Lucia Monterey 1,788 Sand Mountain Eldorado 1,464 Sanhedrim Mendocino ...I 1,890 I Sauel Mountain do 1,026 Saw Mill Peak Butte 1,021 6,233 9,390 5,963 7,525 3,593 8,009 7,374 10,120 7,800 8,293 6,063 3,383 8,142 8,157 8,344 3,414 7,280 3,278 3,675 6,198 5,525 7,509 6,024 7,265 7,028 7,425 3,627 10,020 6,754 3,432 4,973 10,075 9.950 7,860 6,952 _ 4,143 9,910 9,794 9,983 6,725 3,462 3,439 10,430 9,193 6,760 5,245 4,337 10,120 10,100 4,977 3,793 6,232 3,777 3,613 5,867 4,802 6,199 3,365 3,351 Latitude. : Longi- tude. Authority. 35 37 3839 40 34 37 45 37 24 40 46 3559 34 16 39 22 39 56 36 17 37 30 37 41 35 29 39 8 39 49 40 25 39 28 39 45 35 23 39 47 37 45 36 26 41 45 37 43 39 59 38 50 3623 40 25 41 27 38 35 38 43 39 15 :t9 38 14 41 55 3853 38 5 38 15 3856 3540 40 46 3839 38 59 39 38 38 51 3840 34 17 34 11 36 26 34 20 34 15 35 19 ; 36 54 36 9 38 52 39 31 38 57 39 49 HI -. 119 56 121 36 119 34 121 53 120 10 11524 117 39 12031 120 16 117 36 121 21 Wheeler. C.S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. Whitney. Wheeler. Do. Do. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. Whitnev. 119 36 Wheeler. 119 22 123 19 120 36 124 8 121 12 120 30 117 14 120 52 119 56 117 20 123 33 119 36 121 44 120 10 116 37 124 10 120 45 119 50 11959 120 32 120 21 119 44 121 30 120 9 119 41 119 23 120 24 121 4 121 58 120 120 8 120 51 120 35 12238 117 39 11756 120 39 118 36 118 6 120 16 121 14 121 25 12040 123 6 123 13 121 33 Do. U.S.C.andG.S. C.S.G.S. U.S.C.andG.S. U.S.G.S. Do. Wheeler. l\S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. U. S. C. and G. S. Wheeler. U.8.G.S. Do. Wheeler. U.S.C.andG.& U.S.G.S. Do. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. T.S.G.S. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Wheeler. Do. U.S.G.S. U.S.C.andG.S. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. Do. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. Wheeler. Do. Whitney. Wheeler. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. Da Do. U.S.G.S. U.S.C.andG.S. Do. U.S.G.S. 22 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. TABLE OP ELEVATIONS EXCEEDING 1,000 METERS (3,281 FEET) IN CALIFORNIA Continued. Place. County. Elevation. Latitude. Longi- tude. Authority. Meters. Feet. 2,377 2,744 2,476 3,004 2,092 f 4,863 ( 4,402 4,285 2,325 2,626 2,396 3,543 1,580 3,333 1,193 4,084 2,220 2,453 2,134 2,933 3,499 2,257 2,148 2,204 1,161 2,731 3,390 2,768 3,079 1,833 1,110 1,158 1,905 1,055 2,533 1,009 3,589 1,895 1,717 1,169 2,128 1,897 2,982 2,239 2,456 1,611 1,143 3,333 2,781 1,011 3.008 2,363 2,743 1,567 1,678 2,749 2,065 1,239 7,800 9,202 8,122 9,856 6,864 14,350 14,444 14,059 7,628 8,615 7,860 11,623 6,183 10,935 3,915 13,400 7,285 8,048 7,000 9,623 11,479 7,406 7,047 7,231 3,810 8,960 11,123 9,080 10,100 6,014 3,643 3,799 6,250 3,462 8,311 3,309 11, 778 6,217 5,619 3,836 6,980 6,225 9,785 7,345 8,056 5,285 3,750 10,938 9,125 3,318 9,870 7,752 9,000 5,142 5,505 9,020 6,775 4,065 , 41 10 41 5 37 43 36 6 40 27 41 25 36 34 40 41 39 36 39 20 36 50 37 26 38 33 38 49 37 31 38 53 39 15 39 23 38 15 38 21 41 9 39 56 39 56 40 6 39 11 38 23 37 42 38 44 34 14 35 37. 39 2 41 21 38 46 39 42 39 31 38 26 39 58 39 31 41 44 39 42 39 00 38 54 40 00 35 2 35 00 34 55 36 10 38 57 37 40 38 40 40 15 41 1 41 37 41 45 39 15 40 5 41 30 o / 122 40 123 10 119 35 117 5 120 21 122 12 118 9 120 14 120 39 120 31 118 20 119 45 119 45 120 41 118 56 120 17 120 28 122 45 119 45 119 38 120 33 121 8 121 14 123 41 120 16 119 40 119 31 119 59 117 15 118 46 120 44 122 20 122 51 120 8 121 18 119 18 121 25 120 51 122 17 120 53 120 00 120 6 120 49 118 35 119 30 118 65 117 05 120 15 120 00 120 4 120 33 123 1 120 45 120 45 120 18 122 47 323 56 U.S.G.S. U. S. C. and G. S. Wheeler. Do. Do. JU.S.G.S. [Whitney. Le Conte. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Whitney. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Whitney. U.S.G.S. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. U.S.G.S. Do. U.S.C.andG.S. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. U. S. G. S. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Wheeler. Whitney. S.C. (Kerr). Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Do. Do. Do. Do. U. S. C. and G. S. Trinity Sentinel Peak Shaffer Peak Sierra Butte Sierra Tulare Mariposa-Madera Silver Peak . Slate Peaks . . . . Slick Rock Glenn Sonora Peak Mono South Fork Peak . Spanish Bluff Plumas do Kern Do Do Si^kivou Sunset Hill Butte Butte Do Sierra Table Rock . . . Siskivou Sierra Tahoe Lake < . ... Placer-Eldorado Taylor Rock . . . Plumas Tejon Passrf San Luis Obispo Tells Peak Texas Hill Thimble Peak Eldorado Trinity . .do Tehama Toorup Mountain , . DelNorte a A series of barometer observations placed Mount Shasta 14,511 feet (4, 423 meters), but results above are more reliable. 6 Sheep Mountain, also called Whitney No. 1 and Mount Corcoran. c Portion of Lake Tahoe is in Nevada. rf A high ridge in Kern County near Tehachapi Peak is erroneously called Tejon Pass. 'Sometimes called Stewarts Fork Peak. CONTROLLING FACTORS. 23 TABLE OF ELEVATIONS EXCEEDING 1,000 METEBS (3,281 FEET) is CALIFORNIA Continued. Place. County. Elevation. Latitude. Longi- tude. Authority. Meters. Feet. 1,063 3,546 2,376 2,056 1,920 2,720 1,530 1,433 4,279 1,046 1,917 2,268 2,641 2,947 1,785 2,499 2,470 2,336 4,426 4,410 2,156 4,090 4,350 1,814 3,554 11,634 7,794 6,747 6,299 8,924 5,020 4,700 14,038 3,430 6,290 7,440 8,665 9,668 5,856 8,200 8,102 7,665 14,522 14,470 7,069 13,415 14,245 5,950 / 36 31 i 38 9 40 00 3752 41 23 39 7 J 36 3 36 39 37 10 37 44 37 27 39 9 41 22 37 44 37 46 39 28 39 51 36 35 3635 34 36 37 38 37 38 34 13 O ' 121 37 11931 120 47 11929 121 7 120 14 121 29 118 10 121 53 119 35 119 31 12015 120 13 119 34 119 31 120 26 120 31 118 20 118 20 119 8 118 15 118 15 118 5 U.S.C.andG.S. Wheeler. U.S.G.S. Wheeler. C.8.G.S. Do. U.S.C.andG.8. LeConte. Do. Wheeler. Do. C.S.G.S. Wheeler. Do. Do. C.S.G.S. Wheeler. Langley. Wheeler. Do. U.S.C.andG.8. Do. Do. Turret Peak Modoc Twin Peaks . Placer Trndall Mountain Tulare ... ..... Wamelo Rock Madera Wards Peak . . Placer Warren Peak Modoc Webber Peak Sierra Wellington P^a t ..... Plumbs Whitnev Mountain" 1 ^5" I Tiilare White Granite Peak Ventura White Mountains: Mount McBride Mono South Peak do Wilson b Los Angeles c This is the peak formerly known as Fisherman's. t> Approximate elevation. Prof. E. C. Pickering. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE OF ELEVATIONS DETERMINED BY JOSEPH N. LE CONTE, JULY AND AUGUST, 1903. Flace. Feet. Place. Feet. Place. Feet. Williamson 14,396 Split . ! 14,076 ! Middle Palisade 14,000 14,212 13,784 13,988 13,352 13,625 13,777 13,822 12,331 12,133 12,925 13,185 12,875 12,684 13,030 13,178 12,704 13,875 12,240 12,425 11,229 12,955 9,103 7,768 Sill 14 128 Keith 14,015 Jordan 13,985 Tvndall .. 14038 Darwin . 13 916 Goddard 13 532 Stanford 13,629 Goat Mountain 12,206 North Guard 13 573 Peak south of Brewer 13 576 j Table 13,679 Milestone 13655 Xo. 1 Kaweah Xo 2 Kaweah 13, 825 Xo. 3 Kaweah ... . 13, 872 Mount Kaweah Red Spur 12 786 Saw Tooth 12 345 Gu vot . . 13 416 Cirque Peak 1 942 Olancha 14059 LeConte 13983 Lone Pine Peak . White Mountain Peak 14,273 Railroad Station . . 3,727 Pinchot 13608 \rrowPeak 12948 King 12928 Barnard. . . 13525 East Vidette 13 334 Rixford 12, 906 Gould High peak on Wood's Creek 13127 Pvramid Peak .. . 13,767 Striped 12, 775 Table Palisades 13, 504 Peak Marion 12602 Agassiz Xeedle . 13,747 Dusv Peak Flat peak on head Middle Fork 13 520 Devil's Crag 12 595 Woodworth 13 088 Scvlla 12,948 ! ; Blue Can von Peak 9587 Peak at junction of King** 9439 Mount Sillman Cliff 11 tjf Avalanche Peak n "fi Om Mountain 13049 Harrison Pa<*s 12720 Sphinx (head of) 9180 Palmer 10, 128 Tehipitee Dome CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. CLIMATOLOGY OF EUREKA, AND WEATHER CONDITIONS ALONG THE COAST OF NORTH- ERN CALIFORNIA. By Mr. A. H. BELL, Observer, Weather Bureau. The city of Eureka stands on the south shore of Humboldt Bay about 7 miles from the entrance and some 215 miles from San Francisco, latitude north 40 48' and longitude west 124 11'. A few miles east of the city we have the forest-covered foothills of the coast range, while on the west the shore is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Equable and apparently health-giving is Eureka's climate. Since establishment of the sta- tion the highest recorded temperature is 84 and tb.3 lowest 30 above. Fogs and overcast skies prevail at all seasons along the coast. They preserve a uniform temperature and a humid atmos- phere, and, to a large extent, determine the character of our industries and productions. In summer, however, cloudless skies and a high temperature are characteristics of the higher lati- tudes and of the region east of the redwood belt. From October until April is the rainy season, but the wet period is by no means a season of continuous precipitation. Sometimes a rainy sea- son will embrace much pleasant weather. While the prevailing winds are in summer northerly, seldom indeed do they attain the velocity of a gale, usually rising before noon and subsiding before nightfall. These winds are extremely liable to ensue on two or three consecutive days. In winter, on the other hand, the prevailing winds are southeasterly. Humboldt Bay has a varying width of from half a mile to -i miles and a length of 14 miles, and possesses a tidal area of about 28 square miles. It lies nearly parallel with the coast, and between it and the ocean there intervenes a sand peninsula with a width of from one-fourth mile to H miles. So narrow is the entrance and so peculiar are its relations to the body of water within in other words so completely landlocked is our harbor that tempestuous weather outside affects it very little. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Annual. 1887 46. 6 41.0 49.3 48.5 51.9 52.4 52.5 54.7 54.0 53.0 50.5 47.7 50.2 1888 . ... 44.6 48.4 47.7 50.9 53.5 59.4 58.0 57.4 57.4 54.6 51.2 52.2 52.9 1889 46 9 48.2 52.2 53.2 54.8 55.0 55.6 55.4 56.0 56.2 53.2 46.6 52.8 1890 . .. 42.2 44.4 46.9 49.0 54.0 55.2 56.7 55.8 53.2 5L6 50.0* 48.4 50.6 1891 48.0 45.4 49.0 50.9 53.2 56.4 56.0 59.4 56.7 54.1 52.4 45.4 52.2 MR. 48 47.8 48.6 49.0 52.8 53.6 55.4 56.2 56.2 53.6 49.6 46.6 51.4 1893. . 44 ~ 45.2 47.8 47.8 51.4 53.7 55.9 55.2 56.0 51.4 50.9 47.4 50.6 1894 45. 6 43.6 46.4 48.6 51.0 54.4 54.4 57.3 56.0 53.9 50.7 46.0 50.7 1895.... 4i',. 4 49.4 47.9 49.8 53.0 52.8 56.0 51.0 53.7 52.0 48.8 46.8 ' 50.9 1896 50.0 48.4 50.0 48.3 51.5 54.0 57.2 59.9 55. G 52.6 49.1 51.0 52.3 1897 48.1 47.2 45.2 51.0 52.8 55.8 55.8 56.5 55.2 53.8 49.4 48.6 51.6 189* 44 50.0 45.6 48.8 50.4 56.3 54.6 55.9 53.0 53.9 48.3 46.2 50.8 1899 47.5 44.4 48.0 48.2 49.6 52.0 54.8 55.9 54.8 52.0 55.9 48.0 50.9 1900 ' 50. 4 48.6 50.5 50.5 54.4 56.2 56.4 57.0 56.6 53.8 53.3 50.8 53.2 Mean 46.6 46.6 4S.2 49. 6 Z2.4 54.8 "=> 7 53.3 51 4S.O 51 5 25 26 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUMMARY OP MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. Month. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maxi- mum. Absolute mini- mum. Greatest daily range. Mean daily range. Mean varia- bility. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. 1900 1898' 1889 1889 1889 1888 1888 1896 1888 1889 1889 1888 60.4 50.0 52.2 53.2 54.8 59.4 58.0 59.9 57.4 56.2 53.2 52.2 1890 1887 1897 1893 1899 1899 1887 1895 1890 1893 1898 1891 42.2 41.0 45.2 47.8 49.6 52.0 52.5 54.0 53.2 51.4 48.3 45.4 26,1888 2, 1898 26,1895 26, 1891 24, 1890 17, 1898 16,1888 27, 1894 17, 1897 5, 1897 16, 1895 15, 1891 77.0 70.0 75.0 73.0 78.0 75.0 73.0 79.0 82.0 84.0 74.0 70.0 14,1888 4,1899 3,1896 5, 1895 1,1887 26, 1887 15,1887 31, 1890 22, 1895 17, 1893 27, 1896 22, 1895 20.0 24.0 29.0 31.0 35.0 40.0 43.0 45.0 36.0 38.0 27.0 30.0 25.0 29.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 18.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 34.0 26.0 24.0 12.2 12.7 12.0 11.3 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 11.2 12.2 12.6 12.6 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.9 2.8 February April Mav . . June July . ... September. 18% 59.9 1887 41.0 a!897 84.0 61888 20.0 34.0 11.2 2.3 a October 5. 6 January 14. WEATHER. Month. Average number of days. Month. Average number of days. Clear. Partly cloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. Clear. Partly cloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 15 13 14 12 12 8 10 17 15 16 13 11 7 1 7 9 9 8 7 13 12 11 10 9 11 9 11 12 15 2 5 10 13 16 February September March November Mav June 88 135 142 126 Julv . . MONTHLY, ANNUAL, AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND" HUNDREDTHS). [The capital letter "T" indicates the rainfall was but a trace and was too small to measure. The total rainfall for tbe seasons are the totals from July 1 of one year to June 30 of the next year.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Season of Seasonal. Annual. 1887 8 86 9 07 2 28 5 65 3 51 1 92 06 07 21 55 2 66 5 43 40 17 1888 12 95 1.98 4 09 1 05 0.76 4.66 0.44 T. 0.06 1.15 3.41 5.93 1887-88 34.78 36 48 1889 4.25 1.93 5.91 3.49 7.20 0.37 0.15 0.13 0.32 8.36 3.71 12.88 1888-89 33.98 48.70 1890 1891 18.26 3.33 13.88 9.81 11.57 5.83 2.26 6.37 1.71 1.55 0.87 '1.53 0.08 0.29 0.02 0.31 0.79 1.45 0.44 1.64 0.18 2.72 5.48 10.97 1889-90 1890-91 73.92 35.91 55. 54 45.80 1892 3.29 2.53 5.32 5.54 3.63 0.45 0.00 0.09 0.99 2.90 8.19 6.55 1891-92 37.63 39.48 1893 3.65 6.27 10.59 7.16 2.43 0.33 0.00 0.00 2.39 4.33 9.87 6.69 1892-93 49.06 53.71 1894 12 38 6.13 7.46 2.97 1.31 1.67 0.02 0.04 1.84 3.12 2.03 12.31 1893-94 55 26 51 28 1895 * 9.37 3.60 5.31 2.88 5.39 0.06 0.23 0.11 3.14 0.05 3.88 7.50 1894-95 46.25 41.52 1896 . 8 14 4 61 6.93 11.13 6.22 0.51 0.00 0.70 1.60 2.37 8.00 9.41 1895-% 52.81 59 62 1897 3 04 11 23 9 85 2 55 75 1 60 03 15 1 05 2.63 5 44 6.18 1896-97 50 58 44 50 1898 3.23 8.00 1.80 2.78 2.62 1.21 T. O.C6 1.48 2.13 4.43 3.17 1897-98 35.00 30 91 1899 6 50 5 03 8 53 1 91 1 73 75 00 42 0.88 4 28 14 80 7 05 1898-99 36 08 51 88 1900 6.63 6.04 3.42 4.43 2.08 1.70 T. 0.07 0.21 7.07 8.06 5.27 18C9-1900 51.33 44.98 Average for 14 years 7.42 6.44 6.35 4.29 2.92 1.26 0.09 0.16 1.17 2.92 5.53 7.49 45. 59 46.04 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 27 FIG. i. Seasonal rainfall at Eureka, Cal., from 1SS7 to 1901. 28 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. DATES OF FIRST AND LAST LIGHT AND KILLING FROSTS, WITH LOWEST TEMPERATURE. [Record began January 1, 1887.] Year. First light frost of sea- son. First killing frost of sea- son. Last light frost of sea- Last killing frost of sea- son, son. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. 1887-S8 f. f. May 11,1888 Mar. 21,1889 Apr. 14,1890 Apr. 11,1891 Apr. 26,1892 Apr. 18,1893 May 16,1894 Apr. 18,1895 May 12,1896 Apr. 7, 1897 May 7, 1898 June 6*1899 May 27,1900 June 12,1901 j>. 44 39 35 40 38 36 36 38 38 36 39 40 43 42 Mar. 27,1888 Feb. 19,1889 Mar. 11,1890 Mar. 29,1891 Apr. 4, 1892 Apr. 8, 1893 Mar. 22,1894 Apr. 5, 1895 Mar. 31,1896 Mar. 30,1897 Mar. 22,1898 Feb. 7, 1899 F. 38 34 31 34 36 33 36 31 31 32 30 33 1888-89 Nov. 4,1888 Sept. 13, 1889 Oct. 3, 1890 Sept. 30, 1891 Oct. 17,1892 Oct. 17,1893 Nov. 13,1894 Aug. 8, 1895 Sept. 13,1896 Oct. 15,1897 Oct. 24,1898 Oct. 14,1899 Oct. 6,1900 38 40 40 43 40 38 46 46 43 39 41 39 43 Nov. 27,1888 Dec. 11,1889 Nov. 7,1890 Dec. 5, 1891 Nov. 17,1892 Nov. 17,1893 Dec. 10,1894 Nov. 23,1895 Nov. 27,1896 Dec. 19,1897 Nov. 25,1898 Dec. 13,1899 35 34 35 34 37 35 36 32 27 32 34 35 1889-90 1890-91 . 1891-92 1892-93 1893-94 1894-95 1895-9G 1896-97 1897-S8 1898-99 1899-1900 1900-1901 April 7,1901 34 In the table below will be found the greatest monthly precipitation and date; least monthly precipitation and date; number of times monthly precipitation has exceeded the normal in fourteen years: Number of times Number of times Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. precipitation has exceeded normal in 14 Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. precipitation has exceeded normal in 14 years. years. Month. Month. In In In In Amount. Date. Amount. Date. first 7 ond 7 Total. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. fl -" 7 ond C 7 Total. years. years. years. ^ 1 In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. January 18.26 1890 3. 04 1897 3 3 6 ( 18921 February 13.88 1890 1. 93 1889 I -2 6 July 0.44 1888 0.00 I 1893 \ 3 1 4 March 11.57 1890 1.80 1898 2 4 6 \ 1896 | April . 11.13 1896 1 05 1888 4 2 Q 70 18% 00 1893 May 7.2:) ISSfl 0.75 1897 3 2 5 3 14 1895 06 1888 2 June. . 4 66 1888 06 1895 3 2 5 8 36 1889 05 189> November . . 9.87 1893 0.18 1890 2 5 7 December . . 12.88 1889 3.17 1898 2 .> 4 AVERAGE HOURLY WIND VELOCITY [IN MILES PER HOUR]. [Record began January 1, 1888.] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1888 G.8 6 9 4 5 9 6 7 6 3 7 3 4 6 4 8 4 3 3 9 5 1 1889 5. 1 4 8 6 3 7 5 7 9 6 4 5 3 5 1 5 2 4 C 4 1 5 7 1S90 7. 7 7.5 6 3 8 3 7 8 8 6 6 9 5 3 3 9 5 1 4 4 5 1891 5. 7 7 8 8 6 8 8 6 4 9 4 6 4 2 4 5 7 1892 5 2 4 1 C 5 7 6 8 4 7 5 5 Q 4 4 3 5 4 1893 4. 5 7 6 6 7 8 9 1 8 5 6 4 9 6 3 4 9 6 4 1894 7 6 5 7 4 8 2 7 5 7 8 *) 5 5 1 6 6 5 4 1895 7. 4 5 7 3 7 i 9 1 8 2 6 4 4 9 4 2 4 5 2 ^ 5 18% 7 3 6 1 8 3 8 3 9 8 8 3 -) 4 5 8 4 4 4 6 6 4 5 6 1897 .... 4. 7 5 9 8 4 7 1 7 3 6 7 8 2 4 8 5 2 5 1 4 7 5 7 1898 5. 4 6.7 7 2 8 9 7 " 8 7 6 4 5 4 8 4 5 4 7 3 9 1899 5.8 6 6 6 8 7 8 H 6 8 6 6 3 ft 4 4 5 4 6 4 5 1903 4 1 5 7 9 6 7 C 7 3 6 3 5 8 6 3 6 4 6 4 6.1 7 3 7 9 8 7 8 6 4 5 1 4 9 4 8 4 9 5 5 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 29 HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY, DIRECTION, AND DATE FOR EACH MONTH FROM JANUARY 1, 1888. Months. Veloc- ity. Direc- tion. Day and year. Months. Veloc- ity. Direc- tion. Day and year. Months. V:loc- ity. Direc- tion. Day and year. Jfifeu. 44 g 1 1S94 Mav MOee. 46 NW. 14,1896 September Mikt. 44 NW. 21,1900 48 NW 29 1896 47 N. 22,1892 October 38 N. o!5, 1888 March 46 NW 2,1894 Julv 44 NW. 17. 1897 November 40 s. 27,1892 42 N 11 1890 36 NW. 27.1892 December 50 sw. 24,1892 a Also on October 3, 1895. AVERAGE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). [Record began January 1, 1887.] Month. A.M. P.M. A ~ Month. A.M. P.M. A ver- age. j Month. A.M. P.M. Aver- age. 91 83 87 j' Mav 92 80 mi September 94 83 88 91 80 86 i June | 93 80 86 October 93 85 89 90 79 84 1! Julv... ' 94 82 88 I November 92 84 88 91 80 86 1 August 95 85 90 ! December 89 82 86 NUMBER OF FOGGY DAYS AND THUXDER STORMS IN FOURTEEN YEARS. [Record began January 1, 1887.] Month. Number of Month. Number of Month Number of Foggy days. Thun- der storms. Foggy days. Thun- der storms. Foggy days. Thun- der storms. 52 22 32 12 2 1 2 22 25 109 96 4 1 3 September 25 118 56 25 1 1 3 9 F bruarv October March Julv November Anril August December TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION SINCE JANUARY 1, 1887. Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. i Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 10 ' 17 10 11 11 7 13 7 i; 01 to 10 65 ! 65 65 62 i 68 47 11 25 34 57 56 6" Oil to 025 40 | 53 42 52 34 25 3 3 13 30 29 5 ^G to 50 63 i 49 58 35 21 13 I 11 25 47 4, 51 to 1 00 45 < 29 42 21 | 16 4 | 5 15 31 3 1 Over 1 00 inch 23 24 19 14 1 10 3 i 3 9 15 31 GREATEST PRECIPITATION IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS FOR EACH MONTH. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. n-^ Greatest annual. 1887 2.19 2.88 0.88 1.64 1.05 1.55 0.02 0.03 0.20 0.34 0.91 0.88 2.88 1S88 ' 3.91 0.80 0.97 0.30 0.30 1.99 0.44 T. 0.04 0.42 1.18 1.71 | 3.91 1889 1.58 tt 65 1.71 1.02 1.54 0.36 0.04 0.09 0.13 3.06 0.79 2.43 3.06 1890 8.72 4.91 2.90 1.37 0.83 0.35 0.06 0.01 0.68 0.41 0.08 2 21 j 4.91 1891 0.94 1.96 1.24 2.09 0.76 0.48 0.14 0.24 0.73 0.52 0.99 2.22 2 22 189 ... 1.18 0.72 1.27 1.10 1.40 0.14 0.00 0.05 0.63 1.27 2.33 2 73 2 73 1893 0.98 1.57. 2.06 1.18 68 22 00 00 81 2.12 3 70 2 46 3 70 1894 3 72 1.05 1.60 1.27 0.52 0.51 0.02 04 1 51 1 07 1 19 3 47 i 3 72 1S95 2.20 1.77 1.86 0.53 2.24 0.04 0.12 0.07 2.77 0.03 1 32 1 88 2. 77 1896 1 34 1.31 1.86 2.87 1.36 0.27 0.00 60 1 46 94 3 04 2.69 3 04 1897 1.16 2.48 1.56 0.99 0.25 0.62 0.02 08 0.75 1 09 1 54 1 88 2.48 1898 68 2.14 0.62 1.85 86 60 T 06 80 62 1 02 80 2 14 1899 . 1.16 3.17 1.60 0.55 1.23 36 0.00 24 74 1 90 3 38 1 37 i 3 38 1900 2 16 2.02 1 10 1 91 1 40 1 26 T 07 10 2 05 2 67 1 52 2. 67 Greatest 3.91 4.91 2.9U 2.87 2.24 1.99 0.44 0.60 2.77 3 06 3 70 3 47 Date . . ... 30 3 4 12-13 25-26 13-14 11-12 30-31 11 12 7-8 . - * - 20-21 Year... ; tt 1890 18% >-- :-" tm '-- '-- 1893 1894 . 30 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOE THE YEARS 1899 AND f900. a [A = 40 48' N.; if = 124 11' W.; gravity corr., - 0.01.] Date. Pressure. Temperature. Moisture. Monthly mean. Extremes. Mean. Extremes. Dew- point. Rela- tive hu- midity. Vapor pressure. Precipitation. Cloudiness. Maximum. Minimum. a rf 00 a A 00 Maximum. Minimum. Monthly. i a "S 4 61 55 64 58 59 61 62 67 74 76 69 61 a | "3 i o 34 24 35 38 37 40 46 48 46 39 41 33 a a oo o 41 39 42 41 43 46 50 51 50 45 48 42 a a. 00 o 45 41 43 44 44 48 51 52 52 48 51 46 a a 00 * 87 88 90 88 88 92 92 92 94 88 83 91 a ft 00 a si 00 a c. 00 1 Maximum in 24 hours. a of oo a c. 00 4 ~ & 1 O 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 3.0 6.3 5.8 6.7 5.5 7.3 6.2 1899. In. 30.06 30.19 29.98 30.06 30.07 30.03 29.99 29.96 30.01 29.99 29.92 30.08 In. 30.44 30.47 30.42 30.29 30.27 30.22 30.13 30.13 30.15 30.29 30.28 30.53 In. 29.25 26.68 29.47 29.64 29.59 29.82 29.84 29.83 29.80 29.55 29.53 29.55 O 44.8 42.1 44.8 44.6 46.7 48.5 51.8 53.0 51.7 48.7 53.9 44.4 51.0 46.8 50.9 51.5 51.6 55.1 57.0 58.5 57.2 55.5 58.4 51.7 63.0 48.9 53.4 53.3 53.4 56.2 58.6 59.8 59.2 57.9 61.3 54.1 42.0 40.0 42.5 43.2 45.7 47.8 51.1 52.0 50.5 46.1 50.5 41.8 47.5 44.4 48.0 48.2 49.6 52.0 54.8 55.9 64.8 52.0 55.9 48.0 * 80 82 76 75 76 76 80 80 83 78 78 82 In. 0.259 0. 241 0.269 0.261 0.282 0.314 0.354 0.369 0.360 0.301 0.345 0.269 In. 0.299 0.268 0.281 0.285 0.290 0.330 6.375 0.392 0.386 0.336 0.377 0.313 In. 6.60 5.03 8.53 1.91 1.73 0.75 0.00 0.42 0.88 4.28 14.80 7.05 In. 1.16 3.17 1.60 0.55 1.23 0.36 0.00 0.24 0.74 1.90 3.38 1.37 4.9 5.0 6.8 4.9 7.2 5.4 8.5 7.6 3.3 3.3 5.7 4.7 6.0 5.9 6.0 4.9 5.5 2.1 5.3 4.5 4.9 5.0 7.2 5.5 February May July September November December Year 1900. 30.03 30.53 ; 28.25 47.9 53.8 55.8 46.1 60.9 i 76 24 45 47 89 79 0.302 0.328 51.88 3.38 5.6 5.2 5.9 30.07 30.13 29.99 29.97 30.01 29.95 29.92 29.96 29.94 29.95 29.96 30.09 30.42 30.41 30.22 30.19 30.23 30.12 30.10 30.18 30.15 30.28 30.34 30.32 29.63 29.88 29.68 29.72 29.72 29.78 29.74 29.79 29.75 29.49 29.42 29.53 47.6 46.0 47.6 46.7 50.9 53.0 53.6 53.8 52.7 50.3 50.1 49.0 53.6 51.7 52.8 53.7 57.2 58.5 59.2 59.8 59.8 56.7 55.8 54.2 55.6 53.5 55.2 56.0 59.0 60.0- 60.5 61.1 61.6 59. 1 58.6 56.2 45.3 43.8 45.8 45.0 49.7 52.5 52.4 52.8 51.7 48.4 48.0 45.5 50.4 48.6 50.5 50.5 54.4 56.2 56.4 57.0 56.6 53.8 53.3 50.8 66 63 64 68 66 70 66 66 69 67 72 65 35 36 37 36 43 48 48 47 45 39 36 34 45 43 45 43 46 51 51 52 50 48 48 45 48 46 47 45 50 52 62 53 53 53 52 48 91 90 91 87 86 93 91 92 91 93 93 86 82 81 81 74 76 80 77 78 78 86 88 79 0.302 0.280 0.300 0.280 0.318 0.373 0.374 0.382 0.363 0.341 0.339 0.302' 0.337 0.310 0.323 0.305 0.357 0.394 0.386 0.401 0.399 0.398 0.393 0.332 6.63 6.04 3.42 4.43 2.08 1.70 T. 0.07 0.21 7.07 8.06 5.27 2.16 2.02 1.10 1.91 1.40 1.26 T. 0.07 0.10 2.05 2.67 1.52 4.9 6.7 5.7 5.8 6.6 7.2 7.7 5.0 5.5 4.8 3.7 5.5 5.3 5.7 8.0 4.6 6.1 5.5 3.3 2.8 3.1 5.4 7.2 4.5 6.5 6.3 7.0 4.8 6.4 6.1 4.6 4.7 4.3 5.7 6.5 5.3 February March April May June July September November December. . . Year.... 30. 00 30. 42 29. 42 50.1 56.1 58.0 48.4 53.2 72 34 17 50 90 80 0.330 0. 361 44.98 2.67 5.8 5.1 5.6 a From observations at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 75th meridian time. Local mean time 3 h. 17 m. slow. CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOB THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900. (H = 62ft.:ht = 60ft.: h r = 521t.; ha = 69 ft.] 31 Date. Wind. Xumber of days. By self-registers. Xumber of winds, 8 a. m. and 8 p. m J Partly cloudy. f o Precipi- tation. I 1 1 Maxi- mum temp. c Elec- tricity. Average hourly vekK'lty. Prevailing direc- tion. Maximum velocity. Directional time of maximum velocity. Number of days with galcn. a ~ K Northeast. East. Southeast. a 1 Southwest. ^ Northwest. 3 0.01 Inch nndovre. 0.04 Inch and over. I VboveflO Minimum tempera low i. Thunderstorms. Auroras. 1899. Januarv Xilrt. 5.8 6.6 6.8 7.8 8.6 8.6 6.3 5.4 4.0 5.4 6.4 5.0 Mi. SE. i 39 XW. 36 SE. 35 XW. 38 XW. 36 XW. 38 XW. 30 XW. 36 XW. 29 SE. 34 SE. 39 SE. 39 SE. XW XW XW. X. XW. XW. XW. XW. XW. SE. SE. o o o 4 5 4 14 7 4 4 10 9 6 1 4 3 3 4 1 3 3 1 6 3 2 2 5 18 23 11 17 9 5- 3 1 4 7 13 31 23 3 2 7 3 1 2 4 3 4 7 2 9 5 6 9 10 12 11 16 11 8 15 9 2 1 2 3 3 3 5 2 5 5 1 3 14 26 16 21 21 29 33 31 20 12 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 36 6 5 10 8 5 16 10 7 5 10 2 7 91 7 12 6 14 16 11 5 13 9 7 12 10 18 11 15 8 10 3 16 11 16 14 16 14 18 16 20 10 9 3 5 3 12 20 14 16 11 19 9 5 3 4 3 10 19 14 o 2 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 13 5 1 O o o 2 o 2 2 1 3 - 1 1 1 March April Mav July September October November December Year 6.4 XW. 39 SE. 76 29 H7 38 121 35 230 122 152 130 113 3 7 38 ' 1900. 4.1 5.7 6.0 9.6 7.6 7.3 6.3 5:8 6.3 6.0 4.0 6.4 SE. \ 28 SE. 39 XW. 32 XW. 40 XW. 33 XW. 36 XW. 28 XW. 33 XW. 44 XW. 33 SE. 26 SE. 36 SE. X. XW. X. X. XW. XW. XW. XW. XE. SE. SW. 1 : 4 8 7 8 14 7 2 3 9 5 6 7 12 4 1 10 3 4 5 3 3 5 1 1 1 ; 1 1 17 16 17 10 3 4 5 - 15 14 17 4 3 4 2 3 2 1 2 5 5 4 1 5 8 7 10 6 9 12 10 8 14 10 2 1 2 4 i ' 7 4 6 7 12 10 19 15 19 26 28 30 23 16 7 5 5 4 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 8 8 6 4 12 7 8 12 : 6 5 10 9 10 10 9 15 9 18 14 1'J 12 11 12 14 12 17 9 9 13 4 5 3 13 14 9 17 12 11 11 11 5 1 4 14 12 9 16 11 10 10 8 i 1 3 12 12 8 1 : 5 1 2 2 2 i " 4 - 1 1 1 1 Februarv March Mav July.. August September October November December Year 6.3 XW. j 44 XW. 2 80 50 10 132 36 108 54 211 49 100 141 124 107 95 2 - 7 3 32 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUNSHINE DURING THE YEARS 1898, 1899, AND 1900. [N. lat. 40 48'.} Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending (local time) Total (hours). Per- centage of pos- sible. 511 a. m. 6>> 7* S 9>> 10k Ilk Noon Ik 2k 3k 4k 55 31 58 47 54 58 64 47 51 56 51 52 5'' 6 7 h 8' 1898. January . . 33 19 45 32 40 44 13 8 19 40 30 37 37 33 51 43 42 51 19 13 24 41 36 38 46 43 50 50 46 55 30 25 34 49 41 46 52 40 62 56 53 47 44 26 42 59 42 44 49 41 64 59 58 50 55 38 37 68 42 58 59 41 70 55 63 57 59 49 52 70 46 61 57 41 70 58 66 63 55 61 47 67 46 58 61 39 66 47 60 61 56 55 45 65 51 58 46 19 59 47 49 52 51 39 49 65 54 44 41 9 51 41 50 47 56 40 42 49 149.4 99.0 213.7 181.6 210.3 219.2 179.7 135.1 140.2 188.9 124.7 144.7 50 33 58 45 47 49 39 32 37 55 42 50 February 15 42 30 25 31 9 3 13 30 86 March . . . 60 25 18 28 8 11 57 37 44 47 46 34 50 14 26 4 May 40 48 46 15 June July August September October November December I Sum 44 140 233 360 30 428 36 515 43 567 47 619 j 682 52 67 689 57 664 55 614 51 564 47 426 315 148 1, 986. 5 165.5 537 45 Percentage o f possible 1899. January . . . 28 15 30 41 36 43 17 28 17 33 16 19 26 30 38 48 41 52 24 31 23 41 52 30 35 43 46 69 45 61 27 35 21 43 42 36 42 52 59 72 58 73 30 47 37 47 42 43 45 52 58 68 61 78 45 49 46 58 43 54 45 44 53 64 56 89 48 CO 51 CO 33 56 42 50 59 70 65 88 49 63 58 67 35 57 45 46 60 71 68 87 52 65 57 59 32 46 39 43 55 71 62 87 49 60 65 57 32 46 37 41 41 63 56 78 48 56 47 51 19 39 71 40 32 50 44 75 50 50 42 51 116.3 123.2 173.0 230.9 212.9 300.3 167.8 195. 5 144.9 172.6 96.9 125.2 39 41 47 58 47 66 37 46 39 50 33 44 February 9 27 34 28 39 13 21 13 31 18 March ... 17 30 18 27 13 22 19 55 33 45 36 73 48 49 52 34 72 49 55 18 23 12 May July September October November December Sum 53 201 233 323 27 436 36 503 42 602 50 667 65 659 55 703 58 688 57 656 55 576 48 505 336 210 2, 059. 5 171.6 547 46 Percentage o f possible 1900. January 24 14 27 51 50 23 20 32 31 28 18 27 31 21 34 56 48 34 28 42 48 40 30 30 41 32 40 60 59 45 44 54 54 50 39 47 50 51 47 59 65 46 58 61 59 56 39 54 48 54 52 64 64 53 68 69 69 55 42 51 51 54 44 66 58 58 77 74 78 61 43 50 54 49 44 64 60 64 79 70 74 51 37 52 48 46 36 60 61 60 79 73 71 47 36 53 42 51 29 63 66 53 76 75 74 42 21 45 38 34 26 62 51 47 71 73 65 38 15 38 59 25 18 60 45 42 67 75 54 38 129.5 117.4 130.6 232.4 223.6 184.4 246.4 255.2 214.3 154.3 95.7 131.1 43 39 35 58 50 41 54 60 59 45 32 46 Februarv 3 25 45 30 18 15 33 25 21 17 March 33 47 24 13 12 32 20 17 54 33 34 65 69 50 48 32 65 95 April 28 13 14 100 May.. July August October November December Sum . . 155 181 232 345 29 442 37 565 47 645 54 689 57 714 60 698 58 670 56 627 52 558 46 483 322 240 2,114.9 176.2 562 47 Percentage o f possible CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. Some time ago the observer at Eureka arranged with the Humboldt Jetty office for gratui- tous daily information respecting the approximate force and direction of the wind and the con- dition of the ocean adjacent to the bay. To the harbor entrance is a distance of about 7 miles, and the two jetties there extend out into the ocean 7.000 feet. Very often when outside there is a gale with an extremely rough sea; inside there is a calm or a wind from a different direction. Herewith is a rough sketch of the coast from Cape Mendocino to Patricks Point, a distance of about 40 miles. The coast line is some 10 miles east of a line joining the bluff points of Cape Mendocino and Patricks Point. Still farther to the east the hills form a greater curve, placing the lowlands on which Eureka stands in a protected position from the northwest, east, and southeast, and greatly modifying the conditions prevailing beyond the limits of the area shown in the sketch. By running a line from the cape to the point one will probably discover that during a severe southeast storm from, sa\-, 20 to 50 miles off coast there is often inside the line or near the coast but a moderate wind. Moreover, a west to northwest wind is much more severe out- side than inside this line. The force of southeast winds is no doubt frequently broken by Cape Mendocino and the adjacent hills. Greatly mod- ified in intensity and somewhat deflected, they again approach the coast north of Patricks Point: but in a heavy south wind the resistance of the cape seems inconsiderable. Often in summer, during a moderate wind of 15 miles or more at sea, near the coast and even on the bay it will blow quite strongly. On this coast only seldom does a wind for any great length of time blow directly from the southwest. On its approach to the land it will veer either to the south or to the northwest. During a southeast wind along the coast there is invariably a southwest wind at sea. After a southeast storm a heavy sea from the southwest causes the bay to become rough and extremely dangerous for vessels. Frequently on approaching the coast northwesterly winds will be met by warm currents of air from the land. The result in every instance is fog, and generally a material reduction in the force of the wind. In forecasting southeast storms the high hills east and southeast of this station and extending to Cape Mendocino should be allowed for. FIG. 5. Sketch map of Eureka and vicinity. CLIMATE OF SAN FRANCISCO. On the coast of California there is a city justly famed for the abnormalities of its climate. Overcoats and heavy wraps are worn in midsummer, while the lilies bloom in December. From May until September very little rain falls, yet during this period with clock-like regularity great banks of fog march in every afternoon and cover the bare, brown hills. The city of San Fran- cisco, the gateway to the Orient, as it has been termed, is strangely situated with respect to ocean, bay. mountain, and valley. It may perhaps be said of this city that nowhere else can such a strange mixture of marine and continental climates be found. The topography is such that marked contrasts can be found within comparatively short distances. Certainly the clima- tologist finds in the vicinity of San Francisco sj many climatic anomalies^ that he feeis as if he 1176 Bull 1^03 3 34 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. were in fact present in a great natural aero-physical laboratory where daily experiments were being performed on a large scale. In building this meteorological laboratory at San Francisco nature also provided seats wheref rora we can obtain excellent views of the experiments while in progress. From the Weather Bureau station on Mount Tamalpais elevation of station, 2,373 feet one looks down on the broad expanse of the Pacific, nearly 20,000,000 square miles of water, to the north, west, and south. From the open roadstead of Drakes Bay the eye passes over the Sausalito hills to the headlands of Points Bonita and Lobos, marking the entrance to the Golden Gate. This passage plays an important role in > onnection with the winds, tempera- tures, and fogs of the San Francisco Bay region. At mean tide the area of San Francisco Bay is about 450 square miles. Far on the eastern horizon, especially on clear winter days, the snow of the Sierra 155 miles distant can be seen glistening. These mountains van' in height from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. Extending from the slopes of the Sierra to the Coast Range is a great basin 500 miles long and about 50 wide. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, flowing through this basin, unite in Suisun Bay. This great inland basin, surrounded by mountain walls, is connected with the Pacific Ocean by the gate at San Francisco, San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay, Carquinez Straits, and Suisun Bay. Here, then, is an aero-physical laboratory par excellence. Now for the results. When a native of San Francisco is asked which is the coldest month of the year, he is generally at a loss for an answer; and if asked which is the warmest he may say November. This confusion arises from the comparatively small range of temperature. The mean annual temperature, as determined from the records of the Weather Bureau for thirty-one years is 56.1 F. May and November have practically the same temperature. The warmest month is September, 60.8; the coldest, January, 50.2. The other months have mean temperatures as follows: February, 52; March, 54; April, 55; May, 57; June, July, and August, 59; October, 60; November, 5(5; December, 52. The highest temperature ever recorded at San Francisco was 100, on June 29, 1891, and the lowest 29, on January 15, 1888. Abnormally warm and cold periods last, as a rule, about three daj's. The mean of the three consecutive warmest days at San Francisco has never exceeded 76.3. A period of warm weather during the summer months is, as a rule, brought to a close about the evening of the third day with strong west winds, dense fog, and temperatures ranging from 49 to 54. The mean of the three consecutive coldest days was 40.7. The greatest daily range of temperature was 43, on June 29, 1891. This was the date when the temperature reached 100. The range of temperature was from 100 to 57. The morning was calm and very warm, while at 5 p. m. the temperature was 80 and next morning 74. In the past thirty years the number of days on which snow has fallen can be counted on the ten fingers. Thunderstorms likewise are infrequent, but not altogether unknown. Earth- quakes, meaning by this all slight shocks and tremors, average about 7 per annum. Very little damage has been done by earthquakes during the past fifty years. The people in San Francisco have long realized that winter and summer are purelv relative terms. Thus at any of the ferries on a midsummer day one can see summer fabrics worn with heavy wraps, and it is not unusual to see white duck and sealskin in combination. Visitors to the city should by all means wear heavy wraps or overcoats during the summer afternoon. The experiments of the observers of the Weather Bureau during the past two years with kites have thrown much light upon the causes of the climatic abnormalities experienced at San Francisco; and, among other things, it has become evident that in summer as we ascend from the ground the temperature rises. For each 155 feet of elevation the temperature is 1 F. warmer, and so on any of the hills or mountains in the vicinity of San Francisco one can find with very little effort the climate best suited for him. In other words, the citizen of the San Francisco Bay section can regulate the temperature to suit himself, having a choice between these limits: 55 at sea level and 85 at 2,000 feet abo've. CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 35 With regard to rainfall, during the summer months, San Francisco is practically rainless. By referring to the accompanying charts it will be seen that in June, July, August, and September showers are very rare. The average rainfall is about 23 inches, and most of this falls during the months of November. December, January, February, and March. Looking over the records of the past fifty years we find that the year 1898 had but 9.31 inches, while in 1883 there was 38.82 inches. In 1861 there was 38.51 inches. SEASONAL RAINFALL. The annual rainfalls do not, however, fairly represent the amount of rainfall determining crop yield. Both with fruits and grains it is the seasonal rainfall rather than the annual which is to be considered. In the wheat fields summer fallowing is resorted to chiefly for the reason that the rain of two seasons can be utilized. As may be seen by the tables of annual and seasonal rainfall, published in following pages, the amounts during the growing season vary from the totals for the calendar year; thus, in 1889-90 the seasonal rainfall was 15.85 inches. The annual rainfall for 1890 was but 25.43 inches, an unusually heavy rainfall in December, 1889, having contributed to materially increase the seasonal amount. Frequency as well as intensity should also be taken into account in considering the relation of rainfall and crops. MONTHLY MEAX TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 51.3 53.3 54.3 56.9 '56.6 57.9 60.4 61.8 55.1 52.9 56 1872 52.2 54.2 54.3 53.4 56.0 59.8 57.9 59.8 59.3 58.8 56.0 52.1 56.2 1873 54.8 50.9 54.5 54.6 55.4 571 58.1 59.5 58.3 59.7 57.7 50.7 55 9 1874 49.3 51.2 50.9 54.9 57.6 59.1 57.8 59.0 61.4 59.8 56.1 50 3 55.6 1875 49.0 52.0 51.8 55.4 57.2 59.4 58.8 58.8 59.2 62.0 57.4 51.4 56 1876 48.8 52.8 53.2 55.4 56.8 61.4 59.1 59.6 61.5 59.9 58.0 53.0 56.6 2877 . 54.3 55.8 57.2 54.4 56.2 62.0 60.8 59.8 62.5 59.2 57.2 52.7 57 7 1878 52.8 53.3 55.9 56.6 58.0 58.8 58.6 59.1 60.2 61.6 57 1 51 6 56.9 1879 48.8 54.6 57.2 56.5 56.4 60.2 58.7 60.5 61.0 61.0 55.0 50 56 7 1880 48.0 48.8 49.4 53.3 57.7 57.2 58.8 59.1 58.9 59.8 54.2 53.2 54 9 1881 54.0 55.3 51.4 57.9 58.0 58.6 59.7 58.8 59.7 56.6 55.1 51 56 6 1882 49.4 48.8 53.4 53.0 57.0 57.9 59.5 58.6 59.8 58.8 53.2 52.8 55 2 1883 47.0 48.8 54.0 53.2 58.0 61.4 59.8 59.2 63.1 57.9 54.1 50 8 55 6 1884 50.6 50.8 54.5 56.0 59.4 60.2 61.4 60.0 59.6 58.2 57.4 52.8 56 7 1885 51.1 55.3 57.7 58.2 58.1 57.8 61.6 59.6 61.8 60.7 57.8 54 57 8 1886 . .... 51.2 56.8 53.6 55.4 59.1 59.4 60.3 60.6 62.4 58.6 56.8 53.6 57 3 1887 47.8 55.8 55.8 57.0 59.4 56.6 57.8 62.0 64.2 56 4 52.2 56 5 1888 46.7 53.9 53.4 57.8 56.9 62.4 61.4 60.8 62.6 61.6 57.0 53 2 57 3 1889 50.4 54.0 57.2 58.8 58.8 60.2 58.8 60.4 64.6 61.8 58.6 51.3 57 9 1890 46.2 49.1 53.8 54.8 59.8 59.2 59.8 61.4 60.4 62.4 59.0 49 8 56 3 1891 52.2 51.1 55.0 53.4 55.7 60.2 59.4 61.8 61.8 59.7 58.6 49.6 56 6 1892 51.7 52.4 54.2 53.1 58.0 56.8 58.1 59.4 60.2 59.6 56 9 51 1 56 1893 47.4 50.3 51.2 52.4 55.8 56.5 56.6 56.6 59.3 57.6 55.6 52.4 54.3 1894 47.7 48.4 50.6 55.2 55.4 55.9 56.4 59.2 63.4 59 6 59 4 49 7 55 1 1895 48.6 53.8 52.2 54.8 57.6 58.7 58.4 58.4 60.7 58.8 56.2 48 6 55 6 1896 52.2 55.3 54.3 51.6 56.3 57.2 59.4 59.5 59 6 58 8 53.4 52.8 > 55 9 1897 48.6 50.7 48. 9 57.4 57.4 58.9 58.2 57.4 60.8 58.4 53.1 50 7 55 1898 ... 46.7 52,6 51.2 54.4 52.6 59.0 56.2 57 59 61 2 55 4 49 7 54 g 1899 53 51 6 52.2 54.6 52.6 56 9 55 9 58 3 58 59 3 56 8 49 6 55 1900 50.7 53.6 55.2 54.0 57.0 57.6 58 2 59 7 63 3 58.8 56 3 50 2 56 2 1901 49.8 52.2 55.8 51.8 53.9 56.7 55.6 56.4 58.5 61 8 57 2 52 9 55 2 Means, 31 years, except Jan- 50 2 52 2 53.7 H.t 56.8 58 8 58 6 59 2 60 8 60 56 4 51 5 56 I 1 1 1 36 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUMMARY OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Month Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maxi- mum. Absolute mini- mum. Great- est daily range. Mean daily- range. Mean varia- bility. Mean of three consecu- tive warmest days.o Mean of three consecu- tive coldest days.a Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. 1873 1886 1885 1889 1890 1888 1885 1891 1889 1887 1894 1885 54.8 50. 8 57.7 68.8 59.8 62.4 61.6 61.8 64.6 64.2 59.4 64.0 1890 1887 1897 1891 1898 1894 1898 1893 1873 1881 1897 1896 46.2 47.8 48.9 51.6 52.6 65.9 66.2 66.6 68.3 56.6 53.1 48.6 26,1899 18, 1899 7,1892 14,1888 28,1887 23, 1891 15,1888 22, 1891 22, 1894 8,1899 16, 1895 8,1893 78.0 80.0 80.0 88.0 97.0 100.0 93.0 92.0 94.0 94.0 83.0 72.0 15,1888 5,1887 3, 1896 7, 1891 1,1899 19, 1893 31,1893 8, 1893 30, 1894 14, 1881 27, 1896 24, 1879 29.0 38.0 33.0 40.0 43.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 49.0 45.0 38.0 34.0 24.0 27.0 28.0 34.0 39.0 43.0 36.0 38.0 35.0 31.0 25.0 21.0 9.9 10.7 11.8 11.7 12.0 12.5 11.5 11.4 13.3 13.3 11.3 9.3 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.0 3.5 2.6 2.2 67.0 64.7 67.7 68.7 73.7 76.0 66.3 76.0 76.3 71.7 69.3 62.0 42.0 40.7 40.7 48.3 49.7 52.3 50.0 52.7 54.0 51.7 44.7 .42.3 February April May J une July August November 1889 57.9 . 1893 54.3 61891 100.0 (-1888 29. 43. 11.5 2.6 76.3 40.7 a Record subsequent to January 1, 1891. f) June 29. ^January 15. WEATHER. Month. Average number of Month. Average number of Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. Clear days. Partly cloudy days. cloudy days. Rainy days. January . , 11 10 11 12 13 14 11 10 10 11 12 12 11 14 10 8 9 6 6 5 6 11 10 10 7 4 2 1 August 10 14 16 15 12 15 12 11 9 10 6 4 4 6 9 2 4 7 11 March October April May December June 149 137 79 69 July AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) FOR EACH HOUR OF SEVENTY-FIFTH MERIDIAN TIME. [A=37 48' N.; > 3i" 4' 9 6 7ii 8 9>- W lit" Xoon. l b p. m. January 50.1 49.8 49.2 49.0 48.5 48.2 48.2 48.8 48.2 47.6 47.5 48.0 49 1 62.0 51.3 50 9 50.7 50 49 6 49 5 49 9 49 48 6 48 7 49 9 51 4 March 52.8 51.8 51.4 50.7 50.6 60.4 50.1 51.2 50.2 49.7 50.5 52.0 53.7 April ... 51.4 51.1 50.6 50.8 50.1 49 7 49.4 50 1 49 1 49 8 51 5 63 4 65 4 May 53 9 53 3 52 7 52 3 51 8 51 5 61 5 52 2 51 2 53 2 55 4 57 4 59 4 June . . 64.4 53.6 53.1 52.7 52.4 52.1 52 53 1 52 5 54 55 8 56 8 68 9 July- 63 8 53 6 53 5 53 1 62 8 52 6 52 6 53 5 52 4 54 7 57 1 59 60 8 August 66.8 56.4 56.0 55.7 65.1 54.9 55 1 55 8 54 7 55 6 57 5 59 4 61 3 60 69 3 58 8 58 5 58 1 67 9 57 6 58 7 67 4 58 5 60 5 62 5 64 8 October 56.1 55.8 55.1 54.6 53.9 53 7 53.5 64 7 53 5 53 9 55 2 56 5 68 7 55 5 54 9 54 2 54 53 3 52 9 52 4 53 9 52 5 52 52 6 54 1 55 4 December 49.5 48.8 48.2 47.5 47.1 46.9 47.1 48.4 47.2 46 9 47 1 48 3 49 4 Year 53.9 53.3 S2.8 52.4 52.0 51.7 51.6 52.5 51 5 52 53 3 54 8 56 5 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 37 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT > FOR EACH HOUR OF SEVENTY-FIFTH MERIDIAN TIME Continued. [h,=161 ft.; local time, & 10- slow.] I9oa Ok * , * 6 7" - 9" 10k Ilk Hid. Me -^ Mean min. January 50.3 51.6 52.8 53.4 53,9 53.6 52.9 52.5 51.9 51.3 50 5 50 3 54.7 46 7 58.2 55.0 56.9 H 58 6 57 8 56 9 55 3 54.5 53.7 53.1 5" 7 59 5 47 8 March 55 5 57.4 58.9 59.9 59 5 57 8 57 55.5 54.5 53.8 53 2 53 7 61 3 49 1 April 56 6 57 5 58.1 57 8 57 5 56 9 55 8 55 53 8 52.6 52." 53 o 59 5 48 4 Mav GO 8 61.8 62.1 61 9 61 8 68 59 57 8 56 1 54.9 54.5 56 1 63 5 50 6 60 5 62 1 62. 62 61 5 60 '2 59 6 58 3 57 55 8 55 1 56 5 63 7 51 6 Julv 61 9 62.3 62 8 62.4 61.4 60 7 59 8 -- 55 4 54.6" 56 9 64 6 51 9 August 62.8 63.6 63.7 63.2 62.5 61 4 60 7 59.5 58 6 57 5 57 2 58 5 65 5 53 9 66 4 68 3 68 3 679 66 9 65 3 64 7 63 1 6 61 3 60 5 62.0 70 4 | October 60.3 62.4 63 4 63.8 63.1 61 7 60 4 59 3 58 4 57 5 56 9 57 6 65 1 5 4 November 56.3 58.0 59.2 60.1 60.1 59.6 58.7 57 9 57 2 56.6 56 55 7 62.2 50 4 50 5 52 52.9 53 6 54.0 53 3 52.8 5"' 5 51 6 50 8 50 49 8 55 1 45 4 57 9 60 1 60 4 60 1 59 58 2 57 1 56 55 1 54 5 55 " 6 1 50 4 AVERAGE PRESSURE ( INCHES AND THOUSANDTHS) FOR EACH HOUR OF SEVENTY-FIFTH MERIDIAN TIME. [A=37 48' X.; .=li 26' W.; local time, 3 10- slow. H=155 ft.] 1900. I'a.m 2* 3k 4k 5k 6k > 8* 9k I* Ilk .Noon. l k p.m. 29.985 0.987 0.983 .-- 0.980 .- 975 969 S71 978 990 006 020 29 998 001 001 999 000 995 991 992 998 006 020 029 037 March 29 81 881 0.880 879 -- 866 8ti3 S64 871 .-, 890 900 905 29.849 0.850 0.848 0.843 0.837 0.832 0.831 0.832 843 853 860 866 871 Mav . -- 0. 861 0. 860 855 849 846 845 846 855 865 872 875 877 29.815 0.814 1 0.806 0.804 0.800 795 0.795 0.798 806 814 - - - - 0- 8^ July 9.737 0.739 i 0.737 t>.735 0.731 0.730 0.732 0.737 748 759 771 774 775 29.805 0.804 0.803 0.800 0.795 794 793 798 807 817 826 831 835 September 29.796 0.797 0.799 0.799 0.797 0.796 0.7% 800 809 820 84 831 - 29 859 0.862 ) 0.861 862 863 .-, 856 859 866 873 gg3 890 894 - - 0.899 0.896 0.892 0.892 ... --- 887' 895 904 914 923 932 30 052 054 049 048 047 044 038 029 034 034 045 056 070 Year 29.878 0. 879 0. 877 0.874 0.872 0.869 0.867 0.868 875 8S3 S94 901 906 [Correction applied to reduce to standard gravity 0.02.] 1900. 2k 3 4* 5k 6k 7k 8 9k 10k 11' Mid. Mean. Mean max. Mean min. 0.021 0.999 0.981 0.971 0.968 0.970 0.968 974 981 986 992 984 048 930 February 0.035 0.020 0.002 0.985 0.977 .-. 0.968 0.972 O.C78 0.981 988 998 062 935 0.903 0.895 0.881 - - 1.857 0.850 845 847 SC' 1 864 839 872 922 820 April 870 864 856 847 837 831 8T 82& - : 851 846 893 798 Mav 0.875 0.869 0.861 0.855 0.846 838 833 830 832 840 852 854 901 .. . , 0.828 S24 810 802 794 786 783 787 793 - . 807 846 Julv 775 772 0.764 0.754 742 733 723 723 733 741 7-15 785 707 \ugust 0.834 0.827 0.819 0.812 - 792 787 -- 783 789 - - 806 -.- 759 826 818 808 794 ~- : 777 773 781 789 795 801 847 747 0.891 , 0.883 0.855 0.849 844 840 844 850 859 866 864 913 812 927 ' 918 900 -- .-: ggo - 898 898 951 837 0.062 0.048 0.035 025 023 023 025 029 035 039 044 041 097 991 Year . . 0.904 > 0.894 883 0.872 0.864 859 855 856 860 867 S7> 876 927 826 38 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUNSHINE FOR THE YEARS 1898, 1899, AND 1900. [N. lat. 37 48'.] 5" a.m. Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending (local time) Total (hours). Per- centage of pos- sible. 6" 7t 8" 9t 10'- 11" Noon Ik 2' f 41, 61 6 71 8>> 1898. 28 7 55 54 42 68 40 36 33 54 40 31 52 28 69 83 62 77 60 46 65 82 61 58 75 46 75 90 73 81 80 73 75 95 74 74 79 64 81 100 83 87 96 91 90 94 86 76 83 76 86 100 85 94 98 99 96 93 90 86 81 72 94 100 85 95 100 99 97 96 93 87 84 75 93 100 80 95 100 99 96 96 96 85 75 76 89 98 79 94 99 97 98 92 96 83 58 70 87 92 75 92 97 93 91 88 84 75 48 54 85 80 67 83 92 86 74 76 49 39 46 18 54 75 46 70 70 65 48 36 204.9 162.3 277.5 313.3 262.9 328.3 322.5 288.3 268.6 277.0 231.0 201.3 67 54 75 79 60 74 72 68 72 . 80 76 71 26 35 27 47 36 16 27 17 31 8 23 10 32 13 3 20 10 52 40 27 54 44 30 58 29 45 40 April May 1C 22 11 July October 49 119 262 488 41 733 61 911 76 927 76 986 82 1,099 92 1,099 92 1,076 90 1,002 84 833 69 528 305 114 3, 137. 9 261.5 848 71 1899. 7 22 40 60 71 69 31 43 38 62 27 47 24 49 50 79 82 83 48 54 70 72 33 47 46 68 58 82 85 98 65 80 90 77 40 61 59 79 63 91 96 99 81 90 96 84 52 73 67 86 65 96 97 97 93 95 100 86 51 75 68 94 62 93 97 100 96 94 10ft 88 59 78 66 95 63 95 96 100 96 97 100 89 52 71 64 93 63 96 97 100 99 100 100 85 54 68 60 92 55 99 96 100 97 100 100 82 38 62 27 68 55 % 88 98 85 88 98 71 19 58 31 32 31 81 74 S6 66 62 58 76 152.1 215.7 192.9 327.7 365.1 382.4 294.1 308.4 292.5 272.5 129. 1 190.5 50 71 52 83 85 86 65 73 78 7c 42 64 30 21 53 59 60 25 38 19 64 26 17 51 58 56 17 19 23 100 07 68 79 38 47 60 64 77 30 April May 55 53 15 June July October December Sum 123 341 395 517 43 691 58 850 71 963 80 1,008 84 1,029 86 1,020 85 1,019 85 981 82 851 71 597 359 171 3,123.0 260.2 825 69 1900. I 22 32 22 53 69 40 59 65 70 53 34 39 24 58 45 61 80 49 78 70 78 65 46 48 33 . 74 69 71 83 68 92 82 84 77 62 54 41 88 69 70 92 84 97 89 87 86 79 62 59 82 79 75 93 93 95 94 87 92 88 73 67 87 82 88 97 96 99 93 95 97 84 75 68 86 87 85 98 96 98 98 92 95 88 73 67 87 81 86 93 93 '96 98 93 89 85 70 50 85 73 79 89 89 94 89 89 81 66 59 43 71 56 63 80 81 89 77 87 69 41 46 41 63 43 45 67 62 72 58 77 60 146.8 222.3 226.5 266.5 358.1 296.3 357.8 327.7 309.9 268.9 202.9 180.6 48 74 61 67 81 67 79 78 83 77 67 61 28 21 54 66 27 46 55 67 51 33 100 17 55 65 27 45 54 60 45 57 44 62 53 61 53 72 79 54 64 100 April May 84 26 55 June July August . . October December Sum 165 368 548 558 46 702 58 S49 71 944 79 1,010 84 1,060 88 ,064 89 1,038 943 79 803 67 588 402 297 3, 163. 7 263.6 843 70 Percentage of possible. . 86 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. ANNUAL MKTEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900." [A=37 48' X.; p=122 26' W.; gravity corr., -0.02.] 39 Date. Pressure. Temperature. Moisture. Monthly mean. Extremes. Mean. Extremes. Dew- point. Rela- tive hu- midity. Vapor pressure. Precipitation. Cloudiness. Maximum. Mliiinniin. a i X. = p, 3C Maximum. Minimum. Monthly. Maximum. Minimum. a a 00 s A 00 g a 00 s a, 00 a i X = 0. oc 1 Maximum in 24 hourn. 3 i 00 S a. OC Daylight. 1899. In. r.p.00 29.89 29.87 29.87 29.78 29.78 29.78 29.83 29.83 29.88 29.98 In. 30.24 30.34 30.21 30.05 30.03 29.97 29.93 29.86 29.% 30.12 30.10 30.33 In. 29.35 29.62 29.53 29.61 29.61 29.56 29.64 29.66 29.61 29.45 29.48 29.59 o 50.1 47.5 49.1 49.6 48.2 52.0 51.5 54.7 52.4 55.2 54.4 46.9 O 56.1 54.4 54.7 57.6 54.5 58.0 57.1 60.0 58.8 60.8 58.6 52.0 58.3 58.0 57. 3 61.2 58.3 63.4 61.5 63.5 65.1 66.1 61.0 54.8 47.6 45.3 47.1 47.9 46.9 50.4 50.3 53.1 51.3 52. 5 52.6 44.4 o 53.0 51.6 52.2 54.6 52.6 56.9 55.9 58.3 58.2 59.3 56.8 49.6 o 78 80 74 80 80 75 73 78 73 94 65 63 o 40 34 42 43 43 47 48 50 48 46 48 37 46 44 47 45 44 49 50 52 52 50 52 44 48 O 46 46 48 45 45 50 51 52 53 60 53 44 86 88 92 87 88 92 95 92 98 85 90 89 * 74 75 81 66 70 74 80 77 81 71 82 76 In. 0.312 0.295 0.321 0.307 0.295 0.353 0.359 0.391 0.382 0.364 0.383 0.290 In. 0.315 0.321 0.342 0.311 0.297 0.354 0.370 0.395 0.399 0.364 0.402 0.2% In. 3.67 0.10 7.61 0.62 0.86 0.01 0.00 T. 0.00 3.92 3.79 2.65 In. 0.98 0.08 2.15 0.45 0.77 0.01 0.00 T. 0.00 1.94 1.51 1.17 4.8 2.6 4.6 2.9 2.6 3.7 6.3 7.0 3.1 3.8 4.9 2.1 7.0 3.3 6.4 3.0 2.0 1.5 2.4 2.5 1.7 3.6 6.4 4.7 6.7 4.6 6.5 3.0 2.6 2.0 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.0 5.8 3.8 February April Mav Julv September October November December Year.... 1900. 29.87 30.34 29.35 51.0 56.9 60.7 49.1 54.9 94 34 49 90 76 0.338 0.347 23.23 2.15 | 4.0 I 3.7 4.0 29.97 29.98 29.85 29.83 29.84 29.79 29.73 29.79 29.79 29.85 a. n 30.03 30.17 30.20 30.12 30.00 30.03 29.96 29.94 30.03 29.98 30.07 30.15 30.17 29.63 29.62 29.65 29.54 29.67 29.63 29.54 29.59 29.41 29.56 29.28 29.68 48.8 49.9 51.2 50.2 52.2 53.2 53.5 55.8 58.6 54.8 53.9 48.4 52.9 56.8 57.0 55.8 59.0 59.6 59.8 60.7 64.7 60.4 58.7 52.8 61.3 59.5 63.5 C3.7 64.6 65.5 70.4 65.1 62.2 55.1 46.7 47.8 49.1 48.4 50.6 51.6 51.9 53.9 56.2 52. 4 50.4 45.4 50.7 53.6 55.2 54.0 57.0 .57.6 58.2 59.7 63.3 58.8 56.3 50.2 64 68 71 C9 71 74 73 82 92 83 79 63 42 44 43 45 47 47 48 50 47 48 45 40 46 46 48 44 48 51 51 52 53 51 60 44 49 48 46 49 46 49 52 52 52 51 50 50 46 49 90 88 89 81 86 94 92 90 84 88 88 86 88 84 69 76 70 70 76 75 76 66 71 75 78 0.310 0.315 0.335 0.294 0.337 0.377 0.374 0.396 0.409 0.381 0.366 0.29S 0.335 0.313 0.350 0.312 0.34S O.S90 0.381 0.398 0.380 0.368 0.361 0.311 4.11 0.64 1.91 1.08 0.32 0.05 0.46 1.48 3.91 1.37 1.92 0.50 0.90 0.36 0.22 0.04 T. T. 0.45 0.34 1.66 0.74 5.6 3.9 4.8 3.8 3.9 6.5 4.9 4.7 2.9 4.1 4.6 4.8 5.7 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.7 1.4 3.2 2.4 3.9 5.2 4.7 5.8 3.8 4.5 3.8 3.3 3.9 2.0 3.4 2.6 3.9 5.4 5.0 4.0 February April Mav July August September October Xovember December Year.... 29.86 30.20 29.28 52.5 58.2 62.1 50.4 56.2 92 40 74 0.349 0.354 15.33 1.92 4.5 4.0 i From observations at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 76th meridian time. Local mean time 3 h. 10 m. slow. 40 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMAKY FOR THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900 Continued. [H=155 ft.; ht=161 ft.; h,-=154 ft.; ha=167 ft.] Date. Wind. Number of days. By self-registers. Number of winds, 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 3 X "3 >. X I Precipi- tation. | CO ' I Maxi- mum temp. i 1 p !l s 1 '3 S Elec- tricity >* fe fj f V > j Prevailing direc- tion. Maximum velocity. Direction at time of maximum velocity. Number of days with gales. A I Northeast. j Southeast. a I Southwest. J 1 Northwest. S 3 0.01 inch and over. 0.04 inch and over. Is i Above 90. Thunderstorms. Auroras. 1899. January Miles. 7.9 8.7 9.8 11.7 13.9 14.2 15.3 14.4 12.6 8.5 6.6 8.6 SE. W. w. W. w. w. sw. sw. sw. w. SE. N. m. 47 39 36 38 37 44 41 39 40 41 30 30 SW. W. W. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. sw. sw. 2 3 1 1 1 14 6 2 3 1 3 12 18 5 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 1 11 4 7 3 2 1 1 4 11 7 2 2 9 3 5 1 1 9 6 3 6 11 16 10 13 21 35 27 23 11 6 8 10 25 25 33 41 37 27 33 35 28 16 8 10 7 1 8 1 1 3 4 15 5 11 6 18 21 23 16 18 20 21 8 18 11 10 9 10 7 5 11 11 8 5 11 6 15 7 16 2 3 2 4 2 2 5 11 7 11 2 15 5 2 1 9 12 10 9 1 10 3 2 6 11 10 1 1) 3 5 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 -o February April . . May June ... July August September October' . November December. . Year 1900. 11.0 W. 47 sw. 8 59 12 12 51 41 187 318 50 185 104 , 76 67 52 1 18 1 7.2 7.2 10.0 11.8 12.1 14.3 14.5 13.1 10.9 9.1 6.9 7.3 N. W. W. w. w. sw. sw. sw. w. w. N. N. 46 32 35 35 39 41 37 38 ::- 31 43 48 SE. w. sw. w. w. w. sw. sw. sw. sw. s. s. 1 2 1. 1 20 5 4 2 1 1 :; 12 23 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 13 5 6 5 1 ii 1 ;t 2 4 5 2 10 2 3' 3 3 2 3 4 3 7 1 6 15 13 9 25 27 28 22 12 8 1 6 24 26 31 44 32 31 31 L'S 3(1 15 3 13 9 6 1 1 4 2 16 17 1 2 1 1 ~r ' 9 13 12 16 17 15 25 18 22 15 8 11 n 10 14 8 10 11 4 10 5 10 12 11 11 5 5 6 4 4 2 3 3 6 10 9 7 6 6 6 2 2 2 9 9 6 6 2 6 6 2 1 1 6 s 5 1 1 3 6 3 I) (1 2 (1 2 1 . February April... Slav June July August September October November December Year .... 10.4 W. 48 s. 5 71 14 10 40 47 167 307 G9 181 116 08 55 43 2 12 2 , 3 | CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 41 SOME MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. The following tables showing the temperature when the thermometer registered 80 or above and 32 - or below (Fahrenheit), with dates of same, were kindly furnished by Mr. Thomas Tennent. 'The thermometers used by Mr. Tennent were self-registering instruments purchased from McAllister & Co., of Philadelphia, Pa., and brought out by him in 1849; the}' were tested and found to be correct. The thermometers were exposed on the north side of a building, on supports about 10 inches from the walls and about 6 feet above the ground. The readings were made by Mr. Tennent personally, and cover the period from September 1, 1849, to December 31, 1871: Maximum temperatures. . Sept. (5,1849 80 Oct. 13, 1849 81 Oct. 15,1849 84 Oct. 16,1849 85 Oct. 17,1849 80 Oct. 18,1849 81 Oct. 27,^849 82 Mar. 28, 1850 82 Mar. 29, 1850 82 Aug. 18, 1850 82 Sept. 18, 1850 80 Apr. 27, 1851 80 Apr. 28, 1851 85 Apr. 29, 1851 81 Aug. 18, 1851 82 Aug. 19, 1851 81 Oct. 18,1851 86 Mar. 22, 1852 81 Mar. 23, 1852 80 Apr. 17, 1852 80 Apr. 18, 1852 84 July 29, 1852 80 Sept, 1, 1852 80 Sept. 9, 1852 84 Sept. 10, 1852 94 Sept. 11, 1852 94 Sept. 16, 1852 85 Sept. 17, 1852 85 . Sept. 18, 1852 85 Nov. 1, 1852 81 June 5, 1853 85 June 6, 1853 83 June 15, 1853 85 June 16, 1853 85 Sept, 5, 1853 81 Sept. 20, 1853 80 Oct. 21, 1853 81 July?, 1854 84 July 7, 1855 88 Sept 26, 1855 84 Sept, 5, 1856 80 Sept. 17, 1856 80 Sept. 18, 1856 81 June 16, 1857 88 Sept. 27, 1857 84 Sept. 28, 1857 80 Sept. 29, 1858 80 Sept. 30, 1858 87 "f. May 6, 1865 84 June 18, 1865 82 June 19, 1865 80 Sept. 3, 1865 80 Sept. 4, 1865 87 Sept. 5, 1865 85 Apr. 23, 1866 82 June 26, 1866 80 Apr. 26, 1867 82 Oct. 1, 1859 82 Oct. 2, 1859 80 Apr. 26, 1860 81 Sept. 15, 1860 85 Sept. 17, 1860 80 Oct. 2,1864 80 Oct. 3, 1864 81 May5,1865 84 July 5, 1867 83 July 6, 1867 93 July7,1867 90 Sept, 18, 1867 80 Sept. 19, 1867 82 Sept. 20, 1867 83 Sept. 21, 1867 '.... 83 Oct. 7,1868 80 Sept. 24, 1869 81 Sept. 25, 1869 82 Sept. 26, 1869 81 May 6, 1870 84 May 7, 1870 86 July 1, 1870 82 July 2, 1870 86 Aug. 2, 1870 80 Oct. 5, 1870 80 Oct. 6,1870 83 Oct. 2, 1871 80 Minimum temperatures. . Nov. 21, 1849 30 Nov. 27, 1849 32 Nov. 28, 1849 28 Dec. 4, 1849 30 Dec. 5,1849 31 Dec.7,1849 31 Dec. 9, 1849 32 Dec. 10, 1849 32 Dec. 13, 1849 29 Jan. 13, 1850 31 Jan. 14, 1850 32 Jan. 19,1850 32 Mar. 4, 1850 30 Nov. 11, 1850 30 J)ec. 5,1850 29 Dec.6,1850 30 Jan. 17,1851 30 Mar. 20, 1851 30 Mar. 21, 1851 32 Jan.19, 1854 31 Jan.20,1854 25 Jan. 21, 1854 31 Dec. 24,1855 29 Dec. 25, 1855 32 Dec. 28, 1855 2S Dec.29,1855 29 Dec.30,1855 30 Dec. 31, 1855 30 Jan. 1.1856 30 Dec.30,ia56 31 Jan. 8,1857 29 Jan. 9, 1857 32 Feb. 7,1857 30 . 1 Feb. 9, 1857 32 Jan.7,1858 31 | Jan. 14, 1858 '. 32 i Feb. 9, 1858 32 Mar. 18,1858 32 Dec.3,1858 32 Dec.7,1858 28 Dec. 8,1858 29 Dec. 9,1858 32 Jan. 7, 1859 32 Jan.9,1859 29 Jan. 10,1859 28 Jan. 11,1859 29 Jan. 12, 1859 30 Pec. 22, 1859 32 Jan. 18, 1861 32 Jan. 3, 1862 32 Jan. 4, 1862 26 Jan. 24, 1 862 32 Jan. 25, 1862 32 Jan.26,1862 29 Jan. 27, 1862 29 Jan. 28, 1S62 22 Jan.29,1862 27 Jan. 31, 1862 25 Feb. 1,1862 29 Feb.2,1862 29 Feb. 3, 1862 32 Feb. 4, 1862 32 Feb. 7, 1862 31 Feb. 8, 1862 32 Feb. 20. 1862 32 Mar.9,1862 31 . Mar.30,1862 31 Mar. 31, 1862 32 Apr. 2, 1862.. . 32 May 11, 1862 32 Dec. 4,1862 32 Dec. 15, 1862 32 Dec.27,1862 31 Dec.29,1862 32 Dec.30,1862 32 Jan. 12, 1863 .. . 32 Jan. 17, 1863 32 Feb. 9, 1863 32 Jan.28,1864 32 Dec. 19,1865 31 Dec.28,1867 20 Jan.7,1868 30 Jan. 8, 1868 30 Jan. 11, 1868 32 Jan. 12, 1868 31 Jan.17,1868 31 Jan. 19, 1868 27 Jan.22,1868 30 Dec. 19, 1869 31 Dec. 21, 1869 30 Dec. 22, 1869 28 Dec. 16, 1870 32 Dec. 18, 1870 28 Dec. 19, 1870 31 Dec.20,1870 26 Dec.21.1870 32 Dec.22,1870 29 Dec.24,1870 28 42 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. NOTES FROM THE RECORD OF G. H. GIBBON3, M. D. 1847. [From the California Star, San Francisco.] January 19. Ice nearly one-fourth inch thick the first of the season; said to be a cold winter. February 13. Heavy rains still continue at regular intervals of four to eight days. Already more rain this season than in last three years. April 3. A number of heavy rains in last six days. Dry weather for four or five weeks preceding. Dry weather appears to have followed. May 8. During the past week a succession of showers, sufficient to moisten the earth the annual "May rains;" none to come after. San Joaquin country flooded; unusual amount of rain on the mountains hi winter. May 22. Several light showers during past week. July 2. A light but refreshing shower, barely sufficient to render the dust adhesive; a promise of more. August 21. Cold winds and heavy fogs throughout the week. August 28. A heavy shower of rain in evening, with thunder and lightning, extending some miles back. September 18. A week of hot and calm weather; 92 in shade. September 25. Sou' westers, sea fogs, etc.; "cool to overcoating" this week. October 20. A furious norther, lasting till evening. October 30. Weather dubious, inclining to "heavy wet." November 6. Winter fairly closed in. The past week cold and disagreeable, with drenching rains and cold winds. For a few days no locomotion allowed. 1848. February 26. Rain fell abundantly the past week, and snow on the mountains. March 18. Heavy rains during the week. Several weeks preceding the weather was delightful; 63. April 1. Rains have been abundant. 1849. [San Francisco Whig of September 3, 1862.] September 19. Thunderstorm on Mokelumne River. [From the Alta-California, April 17, 1850.] The first southeast blow was on November 13 and the last in March; 7 southeast blows in that period, and seventy-one days rain in those one hundred and thirty-nine days. Mean barometer 29.12; temperature 57. 1850. [From the San Francisco Herald.] September 10. Heavy rain above Marysville. September 11. Shower at Marysville. September 13. First rain of season; light shower at 6 a. m. at San Francisco. September 15. Gentle rain most of day at San Francisco. September W. Shower last night. September 20 and 22. Rain on Tuolumne; great flood. September 21. Moist and hazy. Much rain during day. September 22. Bright and warm. September 23. Rain at 2 p. m. and all the evening. October. No rain noted during month. November 19. Rain at times; began in morning; slight showers frequent through the day and night. Severe gale from southeast in p. in. ; blew down Presbyterian church on Stockton street and damaged shipping. November 22. Rain storrn. Price of carting raised from $1 and $1.50 to $2 and $2.50 from mud. November 23. Calaboose inundated 1 foot during night. CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. The tables of monthly and seasonal rainfalls for San Francisco are given on page 9. TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS ON WHICH PRECIPITATION' HAS FALLEN* FROM MARCH 1, 1871, TO MARCH 1, 1901. 43 Mouth. Less than 0.01. 0.01-0.10. 0.11-0.25. 0.26-0 JO. 0.51-1.00. Oyer 1.00. 43 113 65 56 61 37 ! 27 125 56 54 48 19 i 45 129 63 M 45 17 April 50 i 101 44 34 16 16 JJ a y ' 52 1 74 24 10 12 3 34 46 6 "5 3 J u ]y 15 i 16 1 22 13 27 32 11 7 5 25 62 22 18 17 12 31 77 47 35 22 25 31 97 58 74 49 38 | NUMBER OF HIGH WINDS, SEPTEMBER, 1881, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900/' Velocity. Velocity. 30\o3a. 36 to 40. Over 40. 30 to 35. 36 to 40. Over 40. 20 16 8 Julv 188 56 2 21 7 1 August 157 35 * 2 March 41 11 2 September 107 7 j April 82 14 2 October 35 j May 121 15 2 November , 6 1% 35 8 December 24 7 a All wind velocities are given in miles per hour. Record commencing September 1, 1881. HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY, DIRECTION-, AXD DATE FOR EACH MONTH TO DECEMBER 31, 1900. Month. Velocity. Direc- tion. Date. Month. Velocity. Direc- tion. Date. 48 SW. 26,1875 Jnly 41 W. 615,1898 48 SW "22,1891 August 42 SW. 2,1893 March 44 N. 8,1880 September 40 W. 27,1899 April 47 NW. 23,1871 October 41 W. 10,1899 Mav 45 W. 11,1897 November 56 SE. 30,1892 48 SW. 30,1873 December 60 SE. 23,1892 a Cups blew off before maximum was reached. * Also other dates. AVERAOE VELOCITY OF AFTERNOON* WINDS. Month. 2 to 3. 3 to 4. 4 to 5. Month. 2 to 3. 3 to 4. 4 to 5. Janua 8 8 8.6 8.0 July 21.0 21.6 22.0 10.5 10.8 10.8 August 20.2 20.9 20.8 March 13 4 14.1 14.1 September 17.7 18.5 18.4 April 16.7 17.3 16.9 October 13.4 14.0 14.1 Mav 18.0 18.5 18.1 November 9.2 9.4 9.6 20.8 21.3 21.0 December 8.4 8.1 44 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. GREATEST PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS FOR EACH MONTH. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. ' June. July. Aug. ' Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Greatest annual. 1871 0.57 0.73 0.54 0.65 0.45 1.59 0.56 1.01 3.31 0.57 0.69 0.86 1.63 2.21 0.55 0.65 0.52 1.34 3.08 1.86 0.68 0.90 0.98 0.34 0.67 0.84 1.42 0.13 2.15 0.90 0.67 1.28 0.35 0.36 0.70 0.06 0.60 0.08 0.61 0.72 2.21 1.09 0.44 0.76 1.66 2.03 1.36 1.45 0.11 0.30 0.55 1.20 0.38 0.71 0.30 0.89 2.43 0.20 0.19 0.45 0.36 0.88 0.13 0.15 0.00 0.23 0.14 0.24 0.18 0.14 0.93 0.84 0.17 0.15 1.23 0.12 0.04 0.21 0.03 0.19 1.29 0.53 0.61 1.15 0.14 0.68 0.27 0.34 0.61 1.23 0.77' 0.22 0.46 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.13 0.90 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.41 0.02 0.01 1.23 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.10 0.03 0.05 0.10 T. 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.18 0.01 0.04 T. 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.23 T. 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.02 T. 0.01 0.04 T. 0.00 0.00 T. 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 T. 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 T. 0.00 0.01 0.01 T. 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 T. T. T. T. 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.45 T. 0.00 0.25 0.26 0.42 0.21 0.11 0.01 0.18 0.92 T. 0.31 0.63 0.02 0.12 1.04 0.62 0.41 0.08 0.73 0.00 0.45 0.07 0.11 0.77 1.58 0.22 1.39 0.36 1.27 0.56 0.05 0.21 1.40 1.19 1.15 0.70 0.72 0.00 0.05 2.03 0.00 0.03 0.91 0.10 0.64 0.06 1.46 1.41 0.45 1.94 0.34 1.24 2.06 0.80 3.98 2.37 0.19 0.56 0.45 1.38 0.32 1.34 2.41 1.01 0.19 2.58 0.77 0.48 1.68 0.92 0.00 0.26 1.46 1.69 0.88 1.06 2.79 0.42 0.36 1.51 1.66 3.14 2.33 2.33 0.15 1.50 0.00 1.11 0.33 1.55 2.36 1.35 0.76 0.28 2.07 2.78 1.10 1.14 1.51 1.46 1.90 2.21 2.34 0.97 1.64 0.51 1.65 1.02 0.70 1.17 0.74 3.14 2.36 2.33 3.98 2.37 1.80 1.63 1.98 3.31 2.36 4.67 2.41 1.63 2.21 2.78 2.40 3.60 1.68 3.08 2.08 3.38 2.34 1.69 2.61 1.96 2.79 1.42 1.23 2.15 1.92 1872 2.36 1.02 1.61 2.19 1.76 1.63 1.98 1.04 1.03 4.67 0.57 1.30 1.44 0.97 2.40 0.80 1.58 0.81 2.08 0.75 , 1.06 1.39 2.61 1.96 1.85 1.08 0.33 0.98 1 oo 1.28 0.82 0.81 0.27 1.80 0.52 1.92 1.66 0.64 1.37 0.82 0.71 1.52 0.15 0.18 3.60 0.38 0.59 1.63 3.38 1.03 1.06 1.05 1.44 0.18 1.23 0.78 0.08 0.50 1.95 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 . ... 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 . ... 1891 1892 . . . 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 ' 1901 1.75 Greatest I " "' [date . 4.67 29,1881 3.60 4-5, 1887 3.31 4-5, 1879 2.43 23-24, 1896 1.29 4-5,1889 1.23 11-12, 1884 0.23 16,1886 0.06 29-30, 1896 1.04 29-30, 1894 2.03 17-18, 1889 3.98 23, 1874 3.14 18-19,1871 DATES WHEN PRECIPITATION EQUALED OR EXCEEDED 2.50 INCHES IN ANY CONSECUTIVE TWENTY-FOUK HOURS. Inches. December 17 and 18, 1871, from 11.43 p. in. 17th to 11.43 p. m. 18th 2. 83 December 18 and 19, 1871, from 11.43 p. m. 18th to 11.43 p. m. 19th 3. 12 November 22 and 23, 1874, from 11.08 p. m. 22d to 11.08 p. m. 23d 3.98 March 4 and 5, 1879, from 4.43 p. m. 4th to 4.43 p. m. 5th 3.31 January 28 and 29, 1881, from 11.08 p. m. 28th to 11.08 p. m. 29th 4.67 November 23 and 24, 1885, from 11 p. m. 23d to 11 p. m. 24th 2. 58 December 21, 1885, 'from 1.35 a. m. 21st to 1.35 p. m. 21st 2.78 February 4 and 5, 1887, from 3 p. m. 4th to 3 p. m. 5th 3.60 March 12 and 13, 1889, from 8.15 a. m. 12th to 8 a. m. 13th 3.08 February 14 and 15, 1891, from 8.45 p. m. 14th to 8 p. m. 15th 3.38 January 19 and 20, 1894, from 8 p. m. 19th to 8 p. m. 20th 2. 61 November 23 and 24, 1896, 6 a. m. 23d to 6 a. m. 24th 2. 79 Maximum rates of rainfall January 1, 1893, to December 31, 1900: Five minutes, 0.16; 10 minutes, 0.19; 1 hour, 0.55. On February 22, 1901: Five minutes, 0.17; 10 minutes, 0.21. On October 23, 1902: Five minutes, 0.16; 10 minutes, 0.20. On February 7, 1903: Five minutes, 0.19; 10 minutes, 0.23. GREATEST MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND DATE. Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. 1862 24 36 July 1886 0.23 1878 12 52 1864 0.21 1879 8 75 1898 1.06 April 1880 10.06 October 1889 7.28 1883 3.52 1885 11.78 1884 2.57 December 1866 15.16 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. LEAST MONTHLY PRECIPITATION AND DATE. 45 Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. 1852 0.58 July () 0.00 1864 0.00 August w 0.00 March 1898 0.24 September (") 0.00 April 1857 00 October () 0.00 May (a) 0.00 November 1890 0.00 V ' (a) 00 1876 0.00 a Many years. NUMBER OF TIMES MONTHLY PRECIPITATION HAS EXCEEDED THE NORMAL FOR FIFTY' YEARS. Month. Total. First 25 years. Second 25 years. Month. Total. First 25 years. Second 25 years. 19 9 10 July 6 2 4 22 13 9 August 7 5 2 20 10 10 September 18 4 14 18 9 9 October ; 16 5 11 Mav 18 8 10 November 23 15 8 9 1 X December 20 13 AVERAGE HOURLY WIND VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.9 9.3 9.2 8.9 6.8 5.3 5.2 6.1 2am 6.2 5.9 6.3 7.0 7.6 8.8 8.8 8.5 6.4 5.0 5.1 6.2 6.3 5.8 6.3 6.6 7.2 8.2 8.2 7.9 6.0 4.9 5.2 6.2 6.3 5.9 6.2 6.3 6.8 7.6 7.8 7.6 5.9 4.8 5.1 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.4 7.3 5.6 4.8 6.2 6.4 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.4 6.9 5.4 4.7 53 6.5 6.4 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.4 6.8 5.4 4.7 5.1 6.6 ga m 6.5 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.0 7.4 5.8 5.0 5.5 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.3 7.8 8.3 8.8 8.6 7.8 6.4 5.6 6.1 7.1 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.6 9.3 10.3 9.9 8.9 7.0 6.2 6.6 7.7 lla.m 7.9 7.6 8.4 9.7 11.0 12.4 11.8 11.1 8.3 6.7 6.7 7.8 8.2 7.8 9.2 11.6 13.3 15.2 14.7 13.3 10.7 8.1 6.8 7.9 8.4 8.6 10.6 13.9 15.4 17.8 17.4 16.0 13.3 9.9 7.4 8.2 8.7 9.6 12.2 15.6 17.0 19.8 19.7 18.5 15.7 11.8 8.6 8.5 8.8 10.5 13.4 16.7 18.0 20.8 21.0 20.2 17.7 13.4 9.2 8.4 8.6 10.8 14.1 17.3 18.5 21.3 21.6 20.9 18.5 14.0 9.4 8.1 8.0 10.8 14.1 16.9 18.1 21.0 22.0 20.8 18.4 14.1 9.6 7.7 7.6 '.'. - 13.1 15.9 17.1 20.1 20.7 19.9 17.0 13.2 8.8 7.6 7.3 9.0 11.6 14.3 15.2 18.2 18.7 17.5 14.8 11.0 7.7 7.0 6.8 8.3 9.9 12.3 13.1 16.1 16.2 15.2 12.0 9.0 6.7 6.7 6.5 7.4 8.6 10.6 11.3 13.5 14.0 18.3 10.0 7.7 6.1 6.6 10 pm 6.1 7.0 7.8 9.5 10.0 11.8 12.3 11.3 9.0 6.6 5.6 6.4 11 p. m 5.9 6.4 7.2 8.6 9.0 10.8 10.8 10.2 8.2 6.0 5.2 6.2 12 midnight 6.0 6.1 6.8 7.8 8.3 10.1 10.0 9.4 7.4 5.6 5.1 6.0 7.0 7.6 8.8 10.4 11.3 13.0 13.1 12.3 10.1 7.8 6.6 7.0 46 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOKNIA. MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PEE CENT). Month. A. M. P. M. Average. Month. A. M. P.M. Average. January 83 75 79 July 89 80 84 February 83 73 78 90 82 86 March 8'' 73 78 88 78 83 April 83 74 78 October 85 74 80 May 84 74 79 82 76 June 80 80 84 76 80 DATES OF SNOWFALL IN SAN FRANCISCO SINCE MAKCH 1, 1871. January 21, 1876. Light snow fell for ten minutes. December 31, 1882. Heavy snow fell from 11.30 a. m. to 4.20 p. m. ; amount, 3.5 inches. February 6, 1883. A few flakes of snow fell during the day. February 7, 1884-- Snow fell at intervals during the day, depth varying from 1 to 2 inches. February 5, 1887. Snow fell during the day; depth at office, 3.7 inches, while in the western portion of the city it was fully 7 inches deep. January 4, 1888. A few flakes of snow fell during the day. January 16, 1888. Light snow fell to the depth of 0.1 inch. March 2, 1894. A few flakes of snow fell during the day. March 2, 1896. Snow mixed with rain fell at intervals during the day. March 8, 1896. Heavy snow fell during the night; depth at office at 8 a. m., 1 inch. February 3, 1903. Snow and rain, large flakes, 11.16 to 11.20 a. in. THE GREAT RAINSTORM OF 1866. Mr. L. J. Le Conte, C. E., of Oakland, has kindly furnished the following relative to the great rainstorm in this city on the 19th and 20th of December, 1866: Our profession is interested in maximum rainfall in twenty-four hours. I inclose a copy of the record of the memorable rainfall of December 19 and 20, 1866, which is given in hourly subdivisions. The monthly rainfall was also the maximum on record 15.16 inches while at Sacramento the record was 12.90 inches. I think this was published in full in the Evening Bulletin in December, 1885. Following is the record referred to: Inches. December 19 11.45 a. m. to 4.45 p. m 1. 97 December 19 4.45 p. m. to 7.45 p. m 2. 27 December 197.45 p. m. to 9.50 p. m 0. 85 December 199.50 p. m. to 1 a. m 1. 20 Inches. December 20 1 a. m. to 8.15 a. m 1.47 Total in 21 hours . 7. 76 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. *fa AM. fif 1 S 3 4 S 6 7 8 JO HK>pnl 234SG7aglO1112 Miles A.M. ia34S673ff JO USk JP>K OT/ 2 8 4 S ff 7 S 9 tO 11 12 32 SI so 19 IS 17 ie 15 14 13 12 11 10 7 ^ >- k \ ' X s ^ ~ ft ( \ f ^ x X -^ ""- * ~: ^^^E -- J * ^^ ^ iV. * - rr-rr _. -- ^ -^ ' X, X --: 5 ^ s - FIG. 6. Monthly curves of hourly wind velocities. FIG. 7. Hourly wind velocities at San Francisco. \ J 1 4 1 \ f ^ 1 1 ^ 1 ai 90 ss ss S7 36 as S3 83 SI ao 79 7S 77 7O 75 74 73 72 71 ^ /\ / \ f \ / \ / A \ f f ^ \ \ ^ / 1 \ \ i s x, S / 1 \ V / A \ \ J \ \ / / \ \ \ s ' f \ \ \ W / \ V / \ / \ / \ \ \ / 7 \ T w V k I i $ & S 41 1 f s ^ 1 J 4 1 23 Z2 SI 20 19 ia 17 ie is 14 23 13 11 JO & 5 7 G S 4 3 2 1 O 1 1 1 1 FIG. 8. Mean relative humidity upper, 5 a. m.; lower, 5 p. m. FIG. 9. Percentage annual rainfall each month. From Bulletin D, by A. J. Henry. 48 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUNDRBDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902. [In this record the day commences at about 7 a. m. on the date mentioned and ends on the succeeding day at about 7 a. m.] Date. Amount. Date. Amount. 1 Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1861.-65. a 1865. 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.88 0.22 1.07 0.37 0.10 1.41 0.01 0.02 0.35 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.53 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.26 0.34 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.11 0.22 0.49 0.09 0.01 0.29 0.33 0.01 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.11 0.03 0.17 0.01 0.95 0.03 0.83 0.09 0.15 0.07 0.74 0.19 1.07 0.47 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.09 0.08 0.01 .Ram year 1S6/.-6S. 1866. 0.32 0.24 1.C2 0.53 1.C3 0.59 0.05 0.80 1.C5 0.74 0.01 O.S5 3.08 0.52 0.06 0.12 0.13 0.27 0.05 0.55 0.14 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.31 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.46 0.35 0.04 0.01 0.67 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.07 0.10 0.44 0.03 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.19 0.10 0.95 0.10 0.31 0.13 0.01 Rain year 1866-67. 1866. November 2 ... November 3 ... November 4 ... November 6 ... November 7 ... November 1C . . November 19 . . November 23 . . November 24 . . November 25 .. November 29 .. November 30 . . December 1 December 2 Decembers December 10. . . December 11... December 12... December 14... December 15... December 16... December 17... 'December 18... December 19... December 20... December 21... December 23 December 24... December 25... December 26... December 27... December 28... December 29... December CO.. . 1867. 0.28 O.C5 0. C5 0.01 0.11 ; 0.31 0.06 0.16 0.53 0.43 0.60 ; 0.17 0.70 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.69 0-01 0.02 1.03 0.10 0.16 2.41 0.14 7.67 0.67 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.78 0.10 0.41 0.28 0.20 0.01 0.39 0.64 0.02 0.24 0.75 0.04 0.08 0.34 0.46 1.14 0.34 0.70 0.04 0.17 1.03 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.56 0.65 1.74 1.76 0.14 0.04 Rain year 1866-67. 1867. February 27 February 28 ... March 1 1.02 0.60 0.21 0.42 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.20 0.92 0.22 0.26 0.04 0.70 0.53 0.01 0.04 0.01 Rain year 1867-6,1. 1868. January 13 0.05 0.53 1.07 0.04 0.50 1.00 0.81 0.82 0.77 0.87 .0.08 0.24 0.54 0.33 0.11 0.02 1.43 0.31 2.41 0.21 0.18 0.38 0.09 0.11 1.39 0.17 0.22 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.22 0.07 0.93 1.02 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.45 0.21 0.86 0.10 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.06 January 18 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 27 January 28 January 30 January 31 February 1 February 11 ... February 13 ... February 14 ... February 15 ... February 16 ... February 17 ... February 18 ... February 19 ... February 21 ... February 27 ... February 28 ... March 1 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 January 26 February 7 February 19 February 20 ... February 21 February 22 ... February 23 ... February 24 ... February 25 ... February 26 ... February 27... February 28 ... February 29 ... March 1 March 8 January 10 January 11 January 12 January 13 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 31 February 1 February 2 February 3 February 5 February 9 February 10 ... February 12 ... February 26 ... February 27 ... February 28 ... March 1 March 10 March 17 March 20 March 21 March 31 April 4 April 9 AprillO April 11 April 12 May 17 May 24 Total Rain year 1S67-6S. 1867. September 14.. 35.94 0.06 0.56 0.44 0.50 0.28 0.61 0.01 0.73 0.37 0.17 0.03 0.02 0.17 0.30 O.C3 0.36 0.02 0.10 0.54 1.75 0.73 0.80 1.21 2.03 0.72 0.83 0.03 0.11 0.68 2.40 0.47 0.05 0.14 0.13 0.58 0.90 0.43 March 3 March 2 March 1 November 5 ... November 6 ... November 18.. November 19 .. November 20 . . November 21 . . November 23 . . November 24 . . November 25 . . November 30 . . December 1 December 7 Decembers December 9 December 12... December 15... December 16. .. December 17. . . December 18. . . December 20. .. December 21 ... December 22. . . December 23... December 24. . . December 25 December 29... December 30... December 31... 1868. January 1 January 2 Januarys January 4 Januarys Januaryll January 12 March 3 March 11 March 4 March 12 March 11 March 12 March 19 April 6 March 13 April7 March 4 March 14 April 8 March 15 April 27 March 20 May 17 March 7 March 21 MaylS March 8 March 22 July 1C March 17 April 1 September 24 . . September 20 . . October 7 March 18 April 2 March 10 Aprils March 20 January 4 April 6 October 8 March 21 April 9 March 22 January 19 January 11 January 12 January 14 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 29 February 2 February 9 February 18 ... February 19 ... February 20 ... February 21 ... February 25 ... February 26 ... n Part AprillO October 23 March 23 April 11 March 24 April 13 November 13 .. November 14 . . November 16 . . November 17 . . November 18 . . November 19 . . November 20 . . November 21 . . November 22 . . November 30 . . December 1 December 7 December 9 December 13... December 21... December 23... December 24... December 25 December 26... March 25 April 14 March 29 April 29 March 30 April 30 March 31 Mav 12 April 14 Mav 13 April 18 May 18 April 29 June 12 April 30 June 22 May V June 23 Mavl7 Total .... Rain year 1868-fi9. 1868. September 30 . . October 1 October 2 October '.''2 40.62 May 22 0.12 0.08 0.02 0.02 May 25 Mav 26 Mav 27 June 21 Total .... 23.57 CLIMATE OF XOBTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 49 RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUXDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Sain year 1868-69. 1868. November 4 0.06 Rain year isea-70. 1869. July 10 0.07 Ruin year 1870-71. 1870. September 29 . . 0.04 Rain year 1871-73. 1871. 02 Rain year 1871-72. 1872. 73 November 18 . . November 19 . . 0.64 0.39 September 2 . . . i October 18 0.09 0.05 September 30 . . November 4 0.02 0.02 September 16.. October 27 0.04 0.13 February 29 ... March 4 0.15 49 November 24 .- 0.19 October 19 0.64 November 6 . . . 0.20 November 3 0.09 March 5 09 November 29 . . 0.07 October 20 1.07 November 7 ... 0.12 November 12 .. 0.02 March 8 35 December 17 . . 0.50 October 21 0.58 November 8 . . . 0.01 November 14 . . 0.15 March 10 0.25 December 19 . . 0.01 November 5 ... 0.15 November 9 . . . 0.03 November 15 0.08 March 11 17 December 21 .. 0.11 November 10.. 0.81 November 26 . . 0.03 November 24 . . 0.29 March 01 December 22 . . 0.14 November 11 .. 0.15 November 29 . . 0.08 November 25 . . 0.06 March 26 0.08 December 23 .. 1.32 November 12 . . 0.04 December 1 . . . 0.63 November 26 0.81 March 30 09 December 24 .. 0.12 November 27 . . 0.09 December '2 ... 0.40 November 27 . . 0.11 April 12 0.13 December 25 . . 0.62 December 7. 1.23 December 5 1.28 November 28 0.66 April 14 35 December 26 .. 0.61 Decembers 0.44 December 6 ... 0.31 December 1 0.11 April 15 36 December 29 .. 0.15 December 10... 0.30 December 7 . . . 0.04 December 2 0.01 April 16 20 December 30 . . 0.45 December 22. 0.38 Decembers ... 0.01 December 17 L50 April 26 18 December 31 .. 0.37 December 23... 0.61 December 13 . . 0.17 December 18. . . 2.54 MaySl 11 December 24 1.35 December 14 . . 0.20 December 19 1.28 01 January 1 0.86 December 25. .. 0.19 December 20. . . 1.22 10 Total.... 28.91 January 2 January 3 0.20 0.01 0.09 187'). January 10 January 12 0.20 0.21 1871. January 9 0.48 December 22... December 23... 1.57 1.36 Rain year 1871-73. January 10 January 11 January 13 January 22 January 23 January 25 January 26 January 27 January 28 January 29 January 30 February 2 Februarys 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.25 1.50 0.33 0.30 0.02 0.62 1.08 0.04 0.63 0.09 January 13 January 14 January 15 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 February 9 February 11 ... February 12 ... 0.59 1.13 0.03 0.03 0.88 0.13 0.32 0.15 0.07 0.02 0.46 0.16 0.02 January 10 January 17 January 18 January 22 January 23 January 27 January 28 February 3 February 4 February 6 February 7 February 13 ... February 14 ... 0.14 0.54 0.15 0.39 0.24 0.31 0.09 0.01 0.39 O.C3 0.01 0.30 0.30 34 December 24 December 26... December 27... December 28. .. December 29... December 30. . . December 31... 1872. January 2 Januarv-3 Januarys January 6 January 7 . 0.03 0.20 0.65 0.16 0.62 0.16 1.17 0.56 0.02 0.20 0.09 1.34 1872. September 25.. October 25 October 26 November 3 ... November 4 November 8 ... November 11 .. November 12 . . November 28.. November 29 . December 4... December 22... 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.49 0.01 0.62 1.60 0.04 0.75 February 7 1 Februarv 20 0.86 January 8 1.30 December 23 0.46 February 10 ... February 11 March 12 . 1.82 0.08 0.12 0.07 February 17 ... February 19... February 20 ... 0.02 0.44 0.40 February 21 ... February 22 ... February 23 ... 1.03 0.01 .' 0.22 January 10 January 11 January 12 0.07 0.01 0.01 December 24... December 25. . . December 23. .. 2.31 1.17 0.36 March 5 0.04 January 13 0.01 December 2 /... 0.94 March 6 0.22 January 30 0.04 December 28... 1.62 March 12 0.14 January 31 0.01 December 30... 0.13 March 14 0.04 ! February 1 0.01 1873. March 16 0.15 ! February 2 0.04 January 1 0.17 March 18 0.07 Februarys 0.12 ; Januarv2 0.26 March 19 0.13 February 4 0.01 ' January 4 0.12 March 22 0.19 February 7 0.80 Januarys 0.01 March 24 03 March 12 11 March 23 0.25 February 8 1.15 January 10 0.11 94 March 24 0.03 February 10 ... 0.49 January 11 0.06 March 17 01 Aprils 0.06 February 11 ... 0.01 January 12 0.07 March 22 0.30 April 4 0.68 February 13 ... 0.14 January 29 0.20 March 29 0.03 Aprils 0.81 February 14 ... 0.01 January 30 0.30 April2 0.25 April 7 0.01 February 15 24 January 31 1.31 Aprils 0.44 April 16 0.49 February 16 ... 0.31 February 1 0.33 May 17 03 April 4 n.iil May 4 0.01 February 17... 0.10 February 2 0.22 May7 0.01 February 18 ... 0.08 Februarys 0.22 Mav 22 07 May 3 May 15 0.06 February 21 ... 0.95 February 4 ' 0.06 Mav23 C3 Mav 18 09 May26 0.04 Februarv 23 ... 1.30 0.02 June 14 06 Mav 19 13 Mav 28 39 1 07 Total 20.56 Total 20.22 Total 1 13.10 February 25 ... Fi'hrurv *2fi a 19 n n? February 9 0.02 n 32 1176 Bull. L 03- 50 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1872-75. 1873. February 12 . . . February 14 . . . February 16 ... February 16 . . . February 17 . . . February 18 . . . February 23 . . . February 25 . . . February 26 . . . February 27 ... February 28 . . . 0.23 0.01 0.28 0.05 1.01 0.03 0.14 0.01 0.68 0.04 0.05 0.48 0.10 0.25 0.02 0.12 0.30 0.01 Rain year 1S7S-71,. 1874. January 21 January 25 January 26 January 27 January 28 January 30 February 2 February 6 February 8 February 9 February 10 . . . February 11 .-.. February 12 ... February 13 . . . February 16 ... February 17 ... February 28 ... March 1 0.14 0.36 0.09 0.22 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.26 0.19 0.82 0.17 0.14 0.41 0.33 0.21 0.08 0.06 0.16 0.01 0.35 0.22 0.75 0.06 0.02 0.64 0.13 0.19 0.34 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.12 0.02 0.06 0.01 0.58 0.05 0.02 0.33 0.03 0.25 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.01 Rain year lSlk-15. 1874. October 22 October 24 October 25 October 26 October 27 November 3 . . . November 4 .. . November 5 ... November "7 ... November 9 . . . November 10 . . November 12 . . November 17 . . November 21 . . November 22 . . November 23 . . November 24 . . November 30 . . December 2 December 14... December 23... December 25. .. 1875. January 11 January 13 January 14 January 15 January 16 January 17 . .'. . January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 31 February 24 ... March 1 0.03 0.59 1.26 0.17 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.98 0.14 0.02 0.0-2 0.01 0.02 0.10 1.18 2.43 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.85 0.45 0.01 0.22 1.12 1.35 0.52 0.01 0.17 1.26 0.80 0.09 0.27 0.01 0.12 0.27 0.25 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.32 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.88 0.12 Rain year 1876-76. 1875. October 31 November 1 . . . November 6 . . . November 10 .. November 11 . . November 12 . . November 13 . . November 14 .. November 15 . . November 16 . . November 17 .. November 18 . . November 20 . . November 22 . . November 23 . . November 24 . . November 25 . . November 26 . . November 29 . . November 30 . . December 1 Decembers December 18... December 24. . . December 25... December 26... December 27... December 28... December 31 ... 1876. January 2 . 0.01 0.36 0.20 0.03 0.01 0.34 0.24 0.21 0.11 1.87 1.60 0.26 0.03 0.06 0.18 0.04 0.01 1.03 0.01 0.64 0.03 0.59 0.45 0.70 0.02 0.12 0.92 0.25 0.27 1.40 0.65 0.09 0.95 , 0.65 0.36 0.17 0.26 0.72 1.37 0.16 0.03 0.42 0.02 0.01 0.02 1.12 0.73 0.05 0.62 0.62 0.31 0.03 0.55 0.36 0.40 0.94 O.lil 0.46 1.09 0.38 0.26 Rain year 1875-76. 1876. March 11 0.05 0.27 0. 15 0.06 0.25 0.54 0.03 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.26 o.oi 0.04 March 12 March 28 March 29 April 3 April 6 April 8 April 9 April 17 April 21 April 28 May 19 March 6 May 23 March 15 March 30 Total . . . . Sain year 1876-77. 1876. 28.28 April 2 April 20 0.02 0.01 0.19 0.11 0.02 0.45 0.78 0.07 0.17 1.21 0.22 0.08 0.22 0.06 0.46 0.37 0.17 0.18 0.09 0.01 0.36 0.65 0.13 1.10 0.36 0.01 0.28 0.31 0.01 0.06 0.29 0.05 0.15 0.08 0.14 0.56 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.11 April 27 Total .... Rain year 187S-7lt. 1873. July 14 March 2 19.54 March 3 ... 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.14 0.36 0.06 0.35 0.01 0.07 0.77 0.05 1.93 1.09 0.16 0.60 0.14 0.65 0.35 0.30 0.18 0.43 0.11 0.01 0.42 0.37 0.22 0.63 1.44 0.49 0.17 1.52 0.01 0.06 0.68 0.49 0.14 0.25 C.59 0.04 March 4 July 6 March 5 . . September 4 . . . September 29.. March 6 March 7 July 22 March 10 August 4 March 11 October 6 March 12 October 25 October 7 March 13 October 8 March 14 . October 27 October 28 Novembers ... November 16 .. 1877. January 15 January 16 November 5 November 12 . . November 13 . . November 29 . . November 30 . . Decembers December 4 Decembers December 6 December 7 Decembers December 9 December 13... December 14... December 15. . . December 16... December 18... December 19... December 21... December 27... December 28... December 29. .. December 30. . . December 31 ... 1874. January 1 January 2 January 14 January 15 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 March 15 March 25 March 27 March 28 January 3 April 2 April 3 April 4 January 7 April 5 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 April 9 January 18 April 10 January 20 January 21 March 2 April 29 March 3 March 5 January 28 January 29 January 30 January 31 February 2 February 11 ... February 12 ... February 20 ... February 22 ... February 25 ... February 28 ... May 4 March 24 March 26 January 27 January 30 February 4 February 7 February 8 February 9 February 10 ... February 11 ... February 24 ... February 25 February 26 ... February 27 ... March 1 May 6 March 27 March 28 April 4 April 29 May5 May 7 Total .... Rain year 1871.-76. 1874. Septembers... September 30 . . October 1 Octobers October 15 October 18 October 21 ... May 14 24.55 June 12 0.05 0. 05 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.13 0.36 June 13 June 16 March 2 Total .... Rain year 1875-76. 1875. October 25 October 26 October 27 ... 18.15 March 5 March 9 . . 0.02 0.18 0.03 March 2 March 10 March 14 March 28 April 2 March 3 March 6 March 7 . April 7 March 8 . . Aoril 14... CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 51 R.\iNFALL (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. , Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1876-77. 1877. \pril 15 04 ItuiH year 1ST7-78. 1878. February 15 ... 0.34 Rain year 1878-79. 1879. January 22 0.43 Rain year 1879-SO. 1879. November 13 .. 0.49 Rain year 1879-SO. 1880. April 21 0.36 April 18 02 February 16 16 0.79 November 28 . . 0.55 April 22 0.04 May 28 13 0.74 January 24 0.04 November 29 . . 0.66 May4 0.15 01 February 18 1 55 0.40 November 30 . . 0.63 Mays 0.01 05 01 0.02 Mav 10 0.78 Total .... 9.96 February 20 09 0.22 December 2 0.64 May 11 0.11 Rain year 98 02 0.08 May 12 0.01 1877-78. 19 82 December 5 0.39 June 23 0.01 1877. 05 February 26 ... 0.86 I February 9 0.75 06 December 7 0.35 20 Total.... 23.62 0.25 March 3 0.66 February 11 ... 1.32 December 18... 0.41 Rain year 30 March 4 0.01 ' Februarv 12 ... 0.29 December 19 0.77 188O-81. 0.01 0.26 ' February 13 ... 0.05 December 20... 0.18 1880. 07 March 6 76 49 December 21 0.57 October 7 . . 0.06 27 March 7 0.05 February 16 . . 0.24 December 22. .. 0.02 October 31 0.01 0.16 March 9 0.05 February 17 0.15 December 28... 0.22 November 22 . . 0.05 56 March 12 16 March 1 0.11 November 23 . 0.34 0.11 March 13 0.72 March 3 0.01 December 1 2.00 November 15 , . 0.15 March 14 0.01 March4 3.55 December 2 0.74 0.02 March 17 0.07 March 5 1.C5 i December 3 0.09 0.14 March 20 C.54 Marche 0.71 December 4 0.48 0.22 March24 0.51 March7 0.30 Decembers 0.05 os March 26 51 March 8 88 09 1 05 March 27 01 March 18 21 January 24 0.15 0.02 06 March 29 0.22 March 19 0.51 0.46 December 13. 0.20 31 April 2 04 March 21 31 0.09 2,00 02 April 3 0.01 March 22 0.02 February 8 0.07 December 16 0.71 41 "' April 14 0.48 March 24 0.01 , 0.27 December 18. .. 1.03 01 April 15 21 02 0.17 1.08 25 April 18 . . 0.58 March 26 0.06 < 0.14 December 20 0.19 April 19 01 Aprils 14 ! 0. 75 December 22 32 1878. April 20 0.01 April4 08 February 19 ... 0.07 0.85 Januarys 0.02 0.23 May 19 05 Aprils 60 65 January 6 0.15 Februarv 22 ... 0.17 May 20 10 05 08 January 7 0.63 February 23 ... 0.01 May 29 0.02 April 10 0.22 December 26 0.35 0.01 0.03 MaySl 0.01 April 12 0.01 1 March 1 07 December 27... 0.05 April 13 0.21 December 28... 0.14 April 18 11 01 January 14 1.24 Rain year April 19 0.64 March 3 0.11 1878-79. May6 0.08 i January 16 1.27 1878. May 13 0.03 July 9 0.01 Mavl7 0.79 January 18 0.30 July 16 0.03 May 18 0.32 January 21 0.34 September 16 . . 0.02 May 19 0.25 : September 26 . . 0.01 May27 0.30 _ January 23 1 21 September 28.. 0.07 June 9 0.04 ': March 28 02 42 anuarj . .. 13 September 29.. 0.36 Total x> 17 March 31 16 3 06 a ^ October 13 0.21 Januarys? 1.41 67 October 14 0.84 Rain year April 2 1.03 0.33 January 29 January OH. 1.93 0.28 0.41 November 4 ... 0.08 1879-80. April 3 0.04 February 1 0.01 37 November 14 .. 0.46. 1879. April 4 04 0.3 04 Decembers 0.15 July 7 .. 01 Aprils 61 49 65 December 6 0.02 September 23 . . o.oi ; April 8. 0.21 0.19 40 Decembers 0.03 October 6 40 April 9 57 01 51 December 9 0.08 October 11 0.30 April 12 18 37 0.24 December 30... 0.29 November 4 0.03 April 13 0.38 February 8 . . 0.04 02 December 31... 0.07 November 5 0.15 April 14 82 01 0.65 1879. November 7 0.08 April 15 0.75 . J?phrnnry V? 0.36 1 02 January 8 0.14 November 8 . 69 April 16 13 February 13 10 0.56 January 11 0.76 November 9 0.10 April 17 0.13 1.1 59 0.40 November 11 . 0.23 \pril 19 1 37 February 16 01 February 14 . . 1.11 January 17 .. 0.04 November 12 . . 0.05 April 20... 1.59 Februarv 24 . . 0.10 52 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. KAINFALL (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1880-81. 1881. February 25 ... February 26 ... February 28 ... March 8 0.87 0.07 0.03 0.68 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.22 0.22 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.86 O.C3 0.06 0.05 0.15 0.07 0.22 0.35 Main year 1881-82. 1882. January 23 January 25 January 26 January 30 January 31 February 9 February 10 ... February 11 ... February 12 . . - February 15 ... February 16 ... February 23 ... February 24 ... February 25 ... February 26 ... February 28 ... March 1 0.41 0.39 0.05 0.24 0.02 0.50 0.22 0.01 0.31 0.02 0.25 0.59 0.01 0.51 0.14 0.02 0.04 0.81 0.40 0.02 0.57 0.53 0.54 0.28 0.07 0.21 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.32 0.43 0.50 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.15 0.03 0.03 Bain year 1881-83. 1882. November 7 ... November 8 ... November 22 . . November 25 . . November 26 . . November 29 . . December 10... December 11... December 17 December 19... December 22... December 23... December 27... December 28... December 31... 1883. 0.13 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.25 0.56 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.01 1.18 0.11 0.01 0.03 1.08 0.11 0.01 0.12 0.46 0.11 0.02 0.28 1.42 0.44 0.45 0.18 0.07 0.08 0.51 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.28 0.62 0.07 0.75 0.91 0.76 0.17 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.56 0.07 0.03 0.02 Main year 1883-81, . 1883. October 25 October 2C October 27 0.02 1.05 0/06 0.17 0.45 0.26 0.22 0.13 0.02 0.27 0.08 0.46 O.C9 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.39 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.58 0.16 0.52 0.92 0.87 0.14 0.01 0.21 0.42 0.32 0.72 0.15 0.01 1.17 1.38 0.71 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.44 0.29 1.00 1.68 0.41 0.05 0.30 0.69 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.90 0.15 0.73 0.29 0.01 1.10 1.10 Main year 1883-81, . 1884. April 10 0.33 1.41 0.04 0.07 1.33 0.01 0.12 0.20 0.13 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.07 0.63 0.01 1.11 0.39 0.11 0.16 April 11 April 12 November 6 November 7. . . November 8... November 24.. December 2 Decembers December 21... December 22. . . December 23... December 24... December 25... December 27... December 2i... 1884. April 13 April 14 ... March 11 April 15 April 23 ... March '23 April 26 March 26 Mav 17 April 4 May 24 April 5 May 25 April 8 May 31 April 9 June 7 April 10 April 16 April 17 June 11 April 21 June 12 April 22 March 9 June 13 May 8 March 10 June 22 May 30 March 11 January 24 February 6 February 9 February 12 ... Total .... Main year 1881-85. 1884. August 4 September V ... September 30. . October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 29.12 March 12 June 3 March 13 0.06 0.21 0.12 0.04 0.98 0.38 0.80 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.23 0.01 0.29 0.59 0.38 0.32 1.48 0.04 0.38 2.03 0.40 0.65 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.24 0.06 0.92 0.32 0.41 0.02 0.11 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.01 March 14 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 27 January 28 Total.... Main year 1881-82. 1881. September 21.. September 22.. October 2 27.24 March 16 February 13 ... February 14 ... 0.18 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.26 0.11 0.11 0.18 1.05 0.28 0.08 0.05 0.35 0.10 0.23 1.11 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.16 0.28 0.06 0.51 0.26 0.07 0.45 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.07 0.06 0.22 March 17 March 18 April 2 Aprils January 30 January 31 February 1 February 2 February 3 February 4 February 5 February 6 February 10 . . . February 14 . . . February 15 . . . February 16 . . . February 17 . . . February 19 . . . March 3 ... . April 4 April 5 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 29 November 14.. November 15.. November 16.. November 27.. November 28.. November 30.. December 1 Decembers December 4 December 5 December 6 December 9 December 10... December 11... December 14. . . December 15. .. December 23... December 25 December 26... December 27 ... 1882. January 1 January 2 January 3 January 4 Januarys januarj -22 Aprils October 15 November 7 . . . November 9 ... November 14 . . November 15 . . December 16... December 17... December 18... December 19... December 20... December 21... December 22... December 23... December 24... December 25 December26... December 27. . . December 28... December 31. . . 1885. January 1 January 7 January 9 January 10 January 12 January 13 January 27 January 29 February 1 February 2 February 5 April 9 April 18 April 19 April 21 April 22 April 23 April 24 Mayl May3 JuneS May 3 Total Main year 1882-83. ' 1882. September 30.. 15.83 May 4 0.28 0.23 0.79 0.30 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.21 0.01 0.39 0.09 0.01 0.37 1.30 2.32 Mav 6 May? March 6 May 10 March 7 May 11 March 8 March 9 May 12 October 2 May 14. March 10 : March 13 October 5 Mav 16 March 14 October 6 October 7 October 10 October 12 October 13 October 23 October 30 October 31 November 1 November 2 .'.. May 29 March 18 March 21 March 22 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 28 April 8 Total Main year 1883-81,. 1883. September 29.. October 1 October 23 October 24 19.59 0.37 0.03 0.03 0.06 April 9 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 53 \ RAINFALL ( INCHES AXD HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHX PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date, Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 188L-S5. 1885. February 18 ... February 20... March 17 0.10 0.05 0.56 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.35 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.99 1.64 0.58 0.03 0.21 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.18 0.01 Rain year 1885-86. 1886. January 12 January 13 January 15 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 26 February 7 February 26 ... February 27 ... March 2 .... 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.06 l.i'"> 0.27 ! 0.49 0.45 0.65 1.37 0.63 0.89 0.02 0.04 0.17 0.24 , 0.01 0.04 0.15 : 0.24 0.35 0.01 0.48 0.20 0.14 0.44 0.17 0.11 0.50 0.09 1.05 1.14 0.02 0.41 0.15 0.16 0.22 0.40 0.03 0.13 0.13 Sain year 1886-87. 1886. December 23... December 28... December 29... 1887. 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 * 0.53 0.38 0.28 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.58 3.53 0.59 0.20 0.10 0.06 0.28 0.86 0.24 0.71 0.03 0.04 0.30 i 0.22 0.07 0.02 0.26 0.06 0.32 0.41 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.36 1.10 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.37 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 Sain year 1887-8S. 1887. September 21.. Novembers... November 28.. November 29 . . November 30 . . December 1 ... December 2 ... Decembers ... December 4 ... December 7 ... December 11 . . December 25 . . December 27 .. December 28 .. December 29 .. December 30 . . December 31 .. !--- 0.05 0.01 0.50 0.54 0.08 0.87 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.20 0.07 0.09 0.05 1.36 0.19 0.04 0.08 1.05 1.52 0.05 0.78 0.01 0.01 0.26 ; 1.17 0.33 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.37 0.71 0.04 0.34 0.18 0.13 0.07 0.06 0.03 1.33 0.27 0.05 1.56 0.01 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.42 0.09 0.11 0.18 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.01 Bain year 1887-SS. 1888. June 9 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.08 June 16 March 18 June 18 March 24 Total Sain year 1888-89. 1888. July 21 16.94 January 13 January 14 January 15 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 24 January 26 January 31 February 1 February 3 February 4 February 5 February 7 February 8 February 9 February 10... February 11 ... February 12... February 13 ... February 14 ... February 15 ... February 16 ... February 20... February 21 ... February 23 ... February 24 ... March 30 0.01 0.88 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.29 1.85 0.10 1.17 0.01 0.42 0.20 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.73 0.36 0.08 1.20 0.56 0.60 0.25 0.03 0.02 0.69 0.19 0.05 0.06 0.69 0.34 0.02 0.31 0.85 0.11 0.14 0.23 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.11 0.27 0.38 0.62 0.52 0.44 0.22 2.65 April 1 April 2 April 3 April 4 September 14 . . September 15 . . October 5 Aprilo April 6 April? October 6 Aprils October 16 April 10 October 29 April 16 November 14 .. November 15 . . November 16 . . November 17 .. November 18 . . November 20 .. November 21 . . November 22 . . November 25 . . November 29 . . December 1 December 8 ... December 9 ... December 10 . . December 12 . . December 13 . . December 14 . . December 15 . . December 16 . . December 20 .. December 21 .. December 22 .. December 23 .. December 24 . . December 25 . . December 26 .. December 28 .. December 29 .. 1889. Januarys January 10 January 12 January 17 January 20 January 21 February 5 February 14 ... February 15 ... February 17 ... February 23 ... February 24... April 17 March 3 April 26 March4 April2T March 6 May 13 March 8 June 2 March 9 January 3 June 8 March 10 June 9 March 16 January 12 January 13 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 26 January 28 January 29 January 30 January 31 Februarys February 10 ... February 11 ... February 12 ... February 13 ... February 14 ... February 29... March 17 Total Rain year 1885-86. 1885. Jnlv7 March 30 17.07 March 31 0.03 0.08 0.58 0.01 0.01 0.14 0.55 0.37 1.22 0.02 0.02 0.65 0.13 1.41 1.36 0.48 0.48 0.25 0.32 0.03 1.46 0.89 0.30 0.03 0.18 0.06 0.01 1.49 0.87 0.36 0.03 0.60 0.70 0.03 Aprill \pril5 April 6 April 7 September 23 . . October 13 April 9 April 10 October 29 November 1 ... November 3 ... November 4 November 5 ... November 6 ... November 7 Novembers ... November 9 ... November 14 . . November 15 .. November 16 . . November 17 .. November 18 . . November 20 . . November 21 . . November 22 . . November 23 . . November 24 .. November 28 . . December 6 December 10. .. December 14... December 16. . . December 20... December21... December 22... December 23... December 24 December 25... December 30 April 11 April 12 April 13 April 14 April 15 April 4 April 16 May5 May6 May7 April 12 . Total Sain year 1886-87. 1886. July 15 28.42 April 13 0.36 0.71 0.02 0.10 0.13 0.02 0.25 0.36 0.06 0.02 o.is ; 0.48 0.54 0.02 0.89 H April 28 March 2 April 29 March 3 May 6 March 4 May8 March 5 October 15 October 16 October 17 October 26 October 27 October 29 October 30 November 10 . . November 11 .. November 19 .. i November 20 . . December 6 December 7 Decembers December 22... May 9 Mav 18 March 12 Mav 19 March 13 Mav 23 March 23 Mav 29 March 30 April 3 June 12 May 2 Total.... Hutu year 1S87-8S. 1887. September 4 September 5 ... September 6 ... May 3 17.04 May 14 0.01 0.13 0.07 May 24 May 29 . Mav 30 MarchS March 10 March 11 March 12 .. June 6... 54 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1888-89. 1889. March 13 0.53 0.02 0.90 0.08 0.45 0.67 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.13 0.04 0.31 0.01 0.03 0.18 0.06 0.19 0.07 0.15 1.18 0.23 0.38 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.13 0.01 Rain year 1889-90. 1889. December 5 ... December 6 ... December 7 ... December 8 ... December 9 ... December 10 . . December 11 . . December 12 . . December 16 . . December 17 . . December 18 . . December 19 . . December 20 . . December 21 . . December 22 . . December 23 .. December 24 . . December 25 . . December 26 . . December 27 . . December 28 . . December 29 . . December 30 . . December 31 .. 1890. January 1 January 2 January 3 1.22 0.97 1.05 0.39 0.16 0.37 0.77 0.02 0.48 0.72 0.67 0.83 0.09 2.03 0.30 0.89 0.89 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.13 1.06 0.39 0.38 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.61 0.02 1.02 0.57 0.59 0.03 0.48 0.61 0.10 0.36 0.32 2.06 0.05 0.06 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.88 0.25 0.51 0.78 1.96 0.35 0.66 0.14 0.02 0.13 0.28 Rain year 1889-90. 1890. March 6 0.53 0.15 0.36 0.13 0.40 1.49 0.10 0.02 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.58 0.52 0.04 0.06 0.13 0.43 0.52 0.22 0.01 0.02 Rain year K90-91. 1891. February 27 ... February 28 ... March 1 0.51 0.68 0.08 0.01 0.14 0.17 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.27 0.39 0.10 0.01 1.24 0.13 0.29 0.12 0.23 0.20 0.03 0.46 0.74 0.01 0.18 0.39 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.01 Rain year 1891-93. 1892. January 1 January 6 January 7 January 8 January 25 January 26 January 29 January 31 February 3 February 5 February 6 February 16 ... February 17 ... February 18 ... February 19 ... February 20 ... February 23 ... February 29 ... March 1-^ March 2 0.01 0.32 0.16 0.04 1.18 0.07 0.01 0.27 0.40 0.30 0.07 0.04 0.89 0.68 0.22 0.01 0.03 0.38 0.14 0.13 0.38 0.11 0.03 0.66 0.14 0.03 0.37 0.02 0.90 0.04 0.17 0.17 0.02 0.26 0.08 0.24 0.04 0.09 0.01 0.28 0.04 0.21 0.07 0.01 0.38 0.06 0.08 1.07 March 14 March 7 March 15 March 8 March 10 March 9 March 2 ... March 17 March 17 March 3 March 19 March 18 March 5 March 26 March 22 March 9 March 27 March 24 March 10 . April 1 . . March 25 March 11 April 2 March 28 March 12 . . April 3 . . March 29 March 15 April 4 March 30 March 26 . April 5 March 27 April 8 April 17 April 4 April 18 April 6 April 12 April 29 April 7 April 13 May 6 April 9 April 14 April 10 May 1 . May 9 April 12 May3 May 10 April 13 May 4 . June 16 April 15 March 14 May 5 June 22 April 16 March 15 May 6 . Total Rain year 1890-91. 1890. July7 May5... 46.42 May 7 May 6 March 18 May 11 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.16 0.03 0.02 1.75 0.29 0.02 0.44 0.84 0.06 0.05 0.17 0.82 0.02 0.42 0.03 0.06- 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.01 1.81 2.39 0.48 0.04 0.78 0.52 0.24 0.08 0.34 May 26. March 19 May 12 .... May 27 March 22 May 13 May 29 March 26 May 14 . MaySO March 27 June 27 June 10 March 29 Total .... Rain year 1889-90. 1889. 24.26 January 6 September 27.. September 28 . . September 29.. November 21 .. November 25 . . December 2 Decembers December 4 December 18... December 29... December 30... December 31... 1891. January 1 January 4 ..... January 16 January 31 February 1 February 4 February 6 February 10 ... February 11 February 13 ... February 14 ... February 16 ... February 17 ... February 19 ... February 21 ... February 22 ... February 23 ... February 24 ... February 26 ... June 11 March 30 Total Rain year 1891-92. 1891. JulyS 0.55 0.33 0.01 2.20 0.96 0.48 1.00 0.07 0.47 0.44 0.69 0.01 0.01 0.03 1.08 0.29 0.86 0.06 0.03 0.25 0.01 0.31 0.05 0.08 0.26 0.26 1.40 Januarv 9 January 11 ..'.. January 12 January 14 January 15 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 January 28 January 29 February 3 February 4 February 6 February 15 ... February 16 ... February 17 ... February 18 ... February 19 ... February 20 ... February 21 ... February 24 ... February 25 ... March 3 18.64 April 1 0.10 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 . 0. 09 0.01 0:63 0.07 0.17 0.00 0.25 0.01 0.32 0.03 1.15 0.40 0.01 0.48 0.55 0.10 0.57 0.02 1.68 1.12 1.00 April 2 April 14 April 16 April 20 April 21 October 17 October 19 October 20 October 21 October 22 October 24 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 29 November 16 . . November 17 . . November 18 . . November 19 . . November 20 . . November 21 .. November 22 . . November 28 . . November 29 . . November 30 . . December 1 ... December 2 ... Decembers ... December 4 .. September 4 ... Septembers... September 8 ... September 12.. September 14.. September 21 . . October 28 April 23 April 24 April 28 April 29 April 30 Mavl May 4 May5...; November 4 November 18 .. November 29 .. November 30 .. December 1 Decembers Decembers December 9 December 16 December 19... December 22... December 26... December 27... December 28... December 29 December 31... May 6 May 9 May 14 . Total.... Rain year 189H-93. 1892. September 28.. October 5 Octobers October 15 October 16 October 29 October 30 November '22 .. 20. 24 0.02 0.02 0.29 0.85 0.36 0.31 0.15 0.26 March 4 . . CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 55 RAINFALL (INCHES AND HCNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MABCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Sain year 189t-9S. 1892. 0.23 Rain year 189S-9!,. 1893. September 8 13 Rain year 1895-94. 1894. March 15 0.06 Rain year 1894-95. 1895. 02 Rain year 1895-96. 1895. 18 November 25 -. 0.43 September 10 0.16 March 16 ... . 0.02 January?. 0.27 05 0.16 05 March 18 0.03 84 08 1.55 October 8 0.17 March 29 . 0.02 January 12 0.56 12 0.03 October 14 02 April 21 01 1 02 1.28 October 15 . 0.01 April 24. 0.18 January 16. . . 0.88 57 1 32 October 30 03 April 25 03 81 0.46 November 5 0.06 April 26 0.34 January 18 58 December 21 2.82 November 6 . . 0.11 i May 13 0.30 Januarv 20 0.14 December 23 O 9 24 02 May 14. 0.18 70 0.01 November 22 0.04 May 20 0.15 .Tannery ?2 0.76 1896. 03 1 33 Mav 25 0.95 February 10 63 January 12 0.03 07 November 24 0.18 Mav 26 0.30 February 11 .. 2.35 January 13 0.75 1 43 1 58 May 30 09 February 12 17 January 14 0.18 56 1 20 May 31.. . 0.02 February 21 . 15 January 15 0.96 34 November 27 0.15 June 1 0.15 February 22 ... 0.27 January 16 0.93 01 53 June 2 07 March 12 02 January 17 2.30 November 30 01 June 3 0.17 March 16 0.02 January 18 0.04 1893. 04 17 March 17 13 January 19 1.41 January 14 0.24 January 20 0.27 27 March 19 . . 72 January 15 0.19 1 16 Total . . . 24.44 March 21 53 January 21 0.02 January 25 0.45 31 Rain year March 26 37 January 22 0.64 January 26 0.64 December 22 0.01 1894-95. 1 March 27 73 January 24 0.77 January 27 0.82 51 1894 April 1 01 January 25 0.15 January 29 1.36 23 September 29 1 56 April 9 02 January 26 1.82 January 30 0.11 02 October 17 81 \pril 13 04 January 27 0.95 30 .Tuniiftry 31 19 39 October 18 05 April 26 73 February 2 0.04 42 October 19 40 April 27 57 February 20 ... 0.02 February 3 0.25 October 20 41 May 1 36 February 26 ... 0.05 February 4 0.66 1894. October 22 77 May3 03 February 27 ... 0.12 0.04 January 1 0.45 February 28 05 October 23 0.03 May 4 0.04 88 Mayo 03 0.80 February 8 1.03 January 7. . 0.02 March 2 . 80 16 Mav 25 09 0.23 January- 14 1.30 MarchS 08 01 Mav 26 16 12 January 15. 0.78 March 4 01 19 May27 09 March 3 0.62 January 16 0.04 March 5 29 02 May 28 09 March 4 0.48 January 17 0.44 March 14 0.34 March 7 0.78 January 18 0.12 December 4 0.70 Total.... 34.93 March 15 97 March 10 1.29 January 19 3.17 March 16 02 March 11 14 Januarv 20 1.01 December 6 0.37 Rain year March 19 04 March 14 0.13 January 21 0.22 December 7 0.76 1895-96. March 20 04 March 15 07 0.02 December 8 1.19 18S5. March 21 13~ March 17 05 Januarv 28 0.04 December 9 0.40 July 4 0.01 March 22 05 March 18 0.48 January 29 0.02 December 10. .. 0.31 September 9 ... 0.11 March 23 01 March 19 72 0.67 December 11... 0.04 September 10 . . 02 March 25 13 March 20 0.31 February 5 . . 0.02 December 14 0.10 September 11 . . 0.64 March 26 26 March 23 0.17 February 6 0.05 December 15. . . 0.01 September 12 . . 0.35 March 27 01 March 29 06 0.11 December 16. . . 0.03 October 14 Q7 April 4 62 April 2 0.01 February 8 0.03 December 17. . . 0.32 October 15 0.02 April 5 1 40 Aprils 95 0.20 December 18. .. 1.58 October 20 03 Vpril 6 01 April 6 06 February 11 0.02 December 19... 0.88 November 2 0.13 April 8. 40 April 7 0.03 February 14 0.01 December 20... 1.29 November 3 0.12 April 9 0.08 April 9 16 0.74 December 21... 0.32 November 5 1 28 April 13 29 April 11 0.06 February 17 0.25 December 22... 0.06 November 12 . . 0.01 April 14... 01 April 1 20 February 18 0.14 December 26... 0.29 November 26 23 06 April 22 03 February 19 1.36 December 27... 0.37 November 27 0.04 April 18. 04 May" 0.01 February 20 . . . 0.02 December 28.. . 0.19 November 28 . . 0.19 April 21 0.26 Mav 14 01 0.01 December 29... 0.20 November 29 02 April 22 14 MavlS 0.04 March 1 0.39 December 30. . . 0.45 November 30 0.01 April 23. . 3.18 May 16 18 March 2 07 1895 02 April 24 33 June -'! 0.03 March 5 0.26 January 3 2.07 December 4 0.03 April 25 0.24 March 7 0.03 1 54 26 April 28 04 Total 27.15 March 8 .. 0.03 Januarv 5. . . 0.20 Dt-oembere. .. 0.02 April 29. . . 0.05 50 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Bam year 1895-96. 1896. April 30 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.01 0.52 0.20 0.31 0.04 Rain year 1896-97. 1897. February 4 February 5 February 6 February 7 February 11 . . . February 12 . . . February 14 ... February 15 February 16 . . . February 17 ... February 18 ... February 19 ... February 28 ... March 1 . . 1.36 0.22 0.08 0.43 0.07 0.23 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.47 0.26 0.45 0.63 0.99 0.17 0.74 1.08 0.13 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.05 0.02 2.13 0.02 0.43 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.70 0.01 0.28 0.02 Rain year 1897-98. 1898. January 5 January 6 January 8 January 11 January 15 January 16 January 18 January 21 January 31 February 2 February 5 February 6 February 11 ... February 20 . . . February 23 ... February 24 ... February 25 ... February 26 ... February 27 ... March 7 0.19 0.25 0.07 0.40 0.27 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.36 0.07 0.29 0.24 0.01 0.73 0.67 0.61 0.02 0.01 0.31 0.18 0.08 0.42 0.03 0.22 0.05 0.01 1.54 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.10 0.35 0.06 0.01 Rain year 1898-99. 1899. January 1 1.08 0.12 0.94 0.06 1.25 0.67 0.25 0.78 0.39 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.02 0.49 0.25 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.06 1.32 1.43 0.15 0.05 0.79 0.14 1.01 2.29 2.03 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.89 0.13 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.24 0.15 0.03 0.08 0.% 0.01 May 1 ... May 3 January 6 May 4 May 6 January 9 January 10 January 11 January 13 January 14 January 15 January 16 January 31 February 1 February 2 February 28 ... March 1 May 10 May 20 . . May 21 Mav28 Total .... Rain year 1896-97. 1896. July 10 29.36 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.49 0.03 0.02 1.74 0.05 0.05 0.63 0.28 0.30 0.02 0.56 0.01 0.56 0.32 3.20 0.06 0.28 0.18 0.08 1.49 0.72 0.02 0.03 0.24 1.22 0.15 0.11 0.57 0.44 0.04 0.08 0.24 1.20 0.05 0.65 1.85 0.11 0.08 1.07 March 2 March 4 . March 5 March 2 ... August 29 March 6 March 8 September 18 . . September 19.. September 20.. September 21 . . October 10 October 25 October 26 October 29 October 31 November 8 ... November 9 ... November 16 . . November 17 . . November 19 . . November 20.. November 21 . . November 22 . . November 23 . . November 24 . . December 11 ... December 12 December 13. . . December 14. .. December 15... December 16... December 23... December 25... December 26... December 27 December 28... December 29... December 30... 1897. January 16 January 23 January 27 January 28 January 29 January 30 January 31 February 1 February 2 February 3 .... March 7 . March 10 March 8 March 11 March 16 March 14 March 13 March 17 March 16 March 14 March 18 March 21 March 15 March 19 April 5 March 16 March 25 May 12 March 18 March 27 Mav 13 March 19 March 28 May 14 March 20 March 31 May 15 March 21 May 21 March 22 April 18 May 26 March 23 May 13 May 27 March 24 May 16 May 31 March 28 June 14 June 8 April 17 June 19 April 22 June 20 Total.... Rain year 1898-99. 1898. April 23 13.67 Total Rain year 1897-98. 1897. September 2 ... September 30 . . 31.01 0.11 O.C5 0.15 0.72 0.32 0. 25 0.02 0.03 0.38 0.15 0.05 0.45 0.17 0.07 0.13 0. 15 0.57 0.15 0.78 0. 0(1 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.29 1.67 0.44 0.25 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.51 0.13 0.07 0.03 1.40 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.21 April 26 April 27. April 30 Mav 23 September 21 . . September 24 . . September 25 . . October 1 Mav 24 Mav 30 October 12 October 21 October 22 October 23 November 4 November 6 ... November 13 . . November 19 . . November 20 . . November 22 . . November 23 . . November 24 .. December 6.... December 7.... Decembers December 10. . . December 11... December 13... May 31 June 24 Total .... Rain year 1899-1900. 1899. October 1 to 31. November 3 ... November 8 ... November 9 ... November 10 . . November 11 .. November 15 . . November 16 . . November 18 . . November 20 . . November 21 . . 24.12 October 6 October 7 4.57 0.14 0.30 0.50 0.39 0.40 0.33 0.34 0.19 0.85 0.71 October 2J October 30 November 18 . . November 19 . . November 21 . . November 28 . . November 29 . . December 13... December 14... December 18... December 19. . . December 20... December 29... Date. Amount. Rain year 1899-1900. 1899. November 25 . . November 27 .. November 28 . . November 29 . . December 4 December" December 10. .. December 11... December 13. .. December 14... December 15. . . December 16... December 29... December 31 ... 1900. January 1 January 2 0.01 0.03 0.25 0.01 0.09 0.28 0.13 0.19 0.22 1.83 0.53 0.28 1.01 0.04 1.51 2 37 January 3 January 4 January 5 January 6 January 7 January 28 February 1 February 3 February 17 ... February 18 ... February 19 ... February 20 ... February 25 ... March 2 . 0.01 0.26 0.01 0.67 0.11 0.28 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.62 0.23 0.02 25 March 3 1 46 March 4 06 March 5 0.05 March 6 44 March 7 83 March 8 0.18 March 17 . . 0.01 March 18 0.02 April 1... 0.60 April 2 0.21 April 6 0.03 April 10 0.07 April 11.. 0.50 April 19 0.36 April 20 . 0.01 April 30 0.01 MayS 0. 05 May 4 05 May 9 0.22 May 10 0.01 June 10 0.04 0.02 Total 25. 37 Rain year 1900-1901. 1900. August 13 August 15 September 4... O.CK 0.01 0.02 CLIMATE OF NOBTH AND CENTRAL COAST. 57 RAINFALL (INCHES AND HUSDREDTHS) AS MEASURED BY JOHN PETTEE, JANUARY 1, 1865, TO MARCH 19, 1902 Cont'd. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Rain year 1900-1901. 1900. September 11 .. 0.63 Rain year 1900-1901. 1901. January 1 0.06 Rain year 1900-1901. 1901. March 24 0.03 Rain year 1901-t. 1901. 1 20 Ram year 1901-t. 1902. 04 September 14 . . 0.01 January 2 0.01 March 25 07 08 48 October 1 0.01 Januarys 0.36 April 1 0.11 22 1 06 October 2 . ... 0.51 January 4 1 26 April 2 18 09 28 October 4 0.44 Januarys 0.09 Aprils 10 16 February 10 02 October 11 0.04 January 6 1 80 April 28 1 40 01 48 October 18 0.14 January 7 0.04 April 29 75 1 gg 32 October 19. 0.51 02 April 30 34 14 1 58 October 27 0.21 January 10 0.44 May 17 0.03 November 24 .. 0.01 February 15 08 October 30 0.29 January 11 o.ao Mav 20 73 01 20 October 31 0.03 January 19 0.10 May22 0.01 November 27 10 February 19 18 November 7 0.16 January 20 0.45 May 25 18 62 46 November 15 . . 0.98 January 21 1.12 May 26.. 02 December 1 33 February 21 1 73 November 16 . . 1.03 15 January 25 0.01 01 Total.... 27.14 December 2 0.12 February 22 0.11 November 18 . . November 19 . . 0.01 0.32 2 08 Februarys February 4 0.61 0.97 0.23 Rain year 1901-t. 1901 December 5 December 9 0.56 0.02 February 24 February 25 Februarv26 0.95 0.54 0.45 November 21 . . 0.11 Februarys 0.06 September 22 . . 0.69 January 1 18 February 27 0.01 March 1 . 1 29 November 24 . . 0.02 February 13 0,22 September 23 . . 0.07 January 15 0.02 March 2 05 November 25 . . 0.11 February 16 0.10 September 25 . . 0.03 January 18 0.30 March 5 1 07 September 29 0.06 January 20 0.10 March 6 04 September 30 02 January 21 64 March 7 0.47 October 1 . 0.01 January 23 0.51 December 14... 0.41 February 20 0.08 March 8 54 October 2 0.04 January 24 03 0.17 February 22 1 64 March 13 0.01 October 23 0.01 January 30 0.07 March 18 22 October 25 0.06 February 1 0.22 December 19 0.03 March 9 0.53 79 December 20. . . 0.33 March 10 0.50 October 27 12 18 Mar 19 24 05 RECAPITULATION. 1865-66 23.57 1873-74 24.55 1881-82 15.83 1889-90. 46 42 1897-98 13 67 1866-67. . 35.94 1874-75 18 15 1882-83 19 59 1890-91 18 64 1898-99 24 12 1867-68 40.62 1875-76 . .. 1883-84 29.12 1891-92 20 24 1899-1900 25 37 1868-69 20 56 1876-77 9 96 1884-85 17 07 1892 93 27 15 1900-1901 1869-70 20.22 1877-78 . 32.81 1885-86 28.42 1893-94 24 44 1901 2 to Mar 1S70-71 13.10 1878-79 22.17 1886-87 17.04 1894-95 34 93 19 04 05 1871 72 28.91 1879-80 23 62 1887-88 16 94 1895-96 29 36 1872-73 19.54 1880-81 27.24 1888-89 24.26 1896-97 31 01 1 ' CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. SAN LUIS OBISPO. Data by Mr. JOHN R. WILLIAMS, Observer, U. S. Weather Bureau. San Luis Obispo is situated in latitude 35 18' north, longitude 120 39' west. It is distant from Port Harford, or the Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles. A range of low hills intervenes between the coast and the city. The average elevation of the San Luis Range to the west is about 1,000 feet. The San Luis Valley southwest of the city has a general elevation of less than 150 feet. Direct!}- west of the city, at a distance of about 1 mile, is a large hill (Cerro San Luis Obispo), elevation 1,292 feet. East of the city are the foothills of the Santa Lucia Range, varying in ele- vation from 1,700 feet 2 miles east of the city to 2.830 feet 5 miles east. The general elevation of the city is about 200 feet above sea level. The elevation of the Weather Bureau office is 201 feet. Owing to the topograph\ r , the range of temperature is large. Daily ranges of 40 or more are not infrequent. The lowest temperature" recorded is 24 and the highest 106. The mean annual temperature is 58.9. The mean annual rainfall, based upon Weather Bureau records covering a period of six years, is 17.22 inches. The following table, showing the seasonal rainfall at San Luis Obispo for the past twenty- eight years, is taken from the pamphlet ''On the climate and wealth of San Luis Obispo County,'' by Myron Angel: MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Season of Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.' Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Total. 1869-70 0.84 66 0.78 0.71 4.85 74 2 40 85 11 83 1870-71 0.68 0.38 2.90 1.51 4.43 2.79 0.28 12 97 1871 T> 2 40 13 93 5 16 3.45 71 1 37 27 02 1872-73 6.00 5.00 1.79 12 79 1873-74 . . 7.% 4.29 4.04 3.23 1.00 20 52 1874-75 4.28 2.05 0.48 12 10 0.28 50 19 69 1875-76 6.20 2.20 9.87 5.29 5.30 1.26 30 12 1876-77 1 16 4 83 42 1 74 8 15 1877-78 1.42 3.90 7.88 11.91 2.74 2.75 30 60 1878-79 1.50 2.58 1.78 2.15 1.60 1.80 0.25 11 66 1879-80 75 1 40 3.03 1 75 7.23 2 36 8 78 0.52 25 82 1880-81 0.48 13.35 4 71 1.90 1.40 1.85 23 69 1881-82. 0.40 1.65 0.25 2.00 0.85 3.40 6.75 1.73 17.03 1882-83 0.69 2.95 0.44 1 50 1.60 4.88 1.10 3.85 17 01 1883-84 3.56 10.57 10.21 12.41 3.39 2.26 42.40 1884-85 2 17 13 8 85 2 25 94 3.15 0.10 17 59 1885-86 0.04 12.90 3.67 5.78 0.79 2.37 3.75 29 30 1866-87 25 1 25 1 06 1 10 9 60 1 29 1 56 36 07 02 16 56 1887-88 2.05 0.25 1.40 3.15 7.02 0.28 3.84 0.14 0.16 0.04 18.33 UDB-80 4 48 3 36 1 50 2 08 7 51 61 19 54 1889-90 9.19 2 46 11 37 7 27 4.67 3.07 0.29 0.41 38 33 1890-91. 0.82 0.42 6.94 0.88 7.14 1.97 1.96 0.13 0.15 19.51 1891 92 27 20 5 15 70 2 88 4.25 60 2.23 05 16 33 1892-93 0.15 2.76 6.57 4.02 6.35 9.33 1.14 0.08 30.40 1893-94 0.03 0.82 0.45 1.64 1.83 2.31 0.79 0.41 1.32 0.21 0.05 9.86 1894-95 1.81 1.71 0.35 5.45 8.02 1.92 2.93 0.67 0.47 23.33 1895-96 T. T. 1.80 1.56 0.68 8.23 3.16 2.22 0.10 T. 0.01 17.79 1896-97 20 T 1.44 3 02 3 04 5.22 4 40 3 17 0.18 20.67 a On January 2, 1901, a minimum temperature of 22 F. occurred. Rainfall in twenty-eight years, 589.24 inches; average in twenty-eight years, 21.04 inches. 59 60 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS Continued. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1895 8.05 1.82 2,- 14 0.67 0.47 0.00 0.00 T. T. 1.80 1.56 0.68 17.49 18% 8.23 0.00 8.16 2.22 0.10 T. 0.04 0.20 T. 1.44 3.02 3.04 21.45 1897 5.22 4.40 3.17 0.18 0.04 T. 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.79 0.07 0.65 14.59 1898 1.37 2.20 0.91 0.06 1.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.39 0.08 0.64 6.93 1899 5.56 0.28 7.62 1.54 0.10 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 1.94 4.51 26.39 1900 2.13 0.16 2.18 0.98 1.38 0.01 T. T. T. 1.93 8.01 0.26 17.04 5.09 1.48 P.26 0.94 0.52 0.16 T. 0.03 0.04 1.71 2.45 1.63 17.32 WIND VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR) AND DIRECTION. Veloc- ity. Direc- tion. Date. Average hourly. Average direc- tion. Veloc- ity. Direc- tion. Date. Average hourly. Average direc- tion. 33 NW 16 1895 5.1 N. August 21 W. 14, 1899 4.4 W. 28 g 4 1898 5 3 N September 22 N. 3, 1899 4.6 W. March 28 SE 3 1896 5.6 W. October 24 N. 13, 1898 4.5 N. 30 s 24 18% 6.1 W. November 28 N. 30,1899 4.7 N. May 28 w 1 1897 6.3 W. December 27 N. 1,1900 5.0 N. June 26 w. 4,1896 5.0 w. . . July . . 21 N. 8,1899 4.4 w. January. SNOWFALL. The only snowfall at the station, one-half inch, occurred March 3, 1896. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1895 49.7 54.5 52.4 55.6 58.8 63.6 65.6 65.6 64.6 62.7 56.6 52.7 58.5 1896 54 1 56.2 56.2 51.4 58.2 63.8 67.6 66.5 64.3 62.2 56.8 54.5 59.3 1897 51.8 51.6 50.6 59.6 61.2 62.8 65.5 65.4 64.1 59.2 56.6 51.0 58.3 1898 47.6 56.3 52.9 59.7 56.6 63.4 64.5 65.6 64.8 64.6 57.6 53.1 58.9 1899 . . . . . 54 2 54.4 54.0 56.4 54.0 62.4 64.4 64.0 65.5 69.6 57.4 54.3 58.4 1900 56 2 56 2 58.2 54.2 61.6 63.9 64.2 64.9 64.4 62.8 59.8 55.6 60 2 52 3 54 9 54 56.2 58.4 63.3 65.3 65.4' 64.8 61.8 57.5 ;,- . Q 3.5 2.5 5.1 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.1 3.8 2.8 3.2 5.8 3.6 1899. January . February In. 29.92 29.91 29.86 29.80 29.82 29.73 29.72 29.73 29.75 29.78 29.83 29.89 In. 30. 16 30.25 30.04 29.98 29.94 29.90 29.86 29.80 29.88 30.02 30.00 30.18 In. 29.46 29.61 29.56 29.65 29.72 29.56 29.62 29.64 29.64 29.41 29.55 29.70 47.9 47.8 48.1 48.5 45.3 62.3 53.6 54.3 53.0 50.0 51.0 47.9 59.8 60.0 57.2 60.6 58.3 68.3 71.1 67.3 68.7 63.8 60.3 59.2 66.4 67.6 63.9 69.1 65.8 75.0 77.8 75.4 80.8 71.9 67.3 65.7 43.0 41.1 44.0 43.6 42.2 49.9 50.9 52.7 60.2 47.3 47.5 42.9 3 64.2 54.4 54.0 56.4 54.0 62.4 64.4 64.0 65.5 69.6 57.4 54.3 o 81 86 89 86 75 90 92 88 99 96 77 80 o 29 25 35 32 34 42 46 47 44 40 37 33 o 38 33 41 42 41 49 48 49 48 45 46 38 Pet. 72 60 77 80 86 88 86 84 86 83 83 71 In. 0.238 0.189 0.262 0.269 0.263 0.344 0.341 0.356 0.342 0.298 0.314 0.231 In. 0.270 0.241 0.295 0.335 0.332 0.397 0-.388 0.391 0.400 0.360 0.386 0.291 In. 6.66 0.28 7.62 1.54 0.10 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 1.94 4.51 In. 2.30 0.27 2.16 1.38 0.10 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.36 0.88 2.56 2.0 1.0 3.9 1.9 2.6 3.2 8.4 6.9 4.2 2.1 3.5 2.1 3.6 1.7 5.0 3.1 2.8 1.1 0.5 1.3 1.0 2.0 5.4 3.7 April May July September November December Year 1900. 29.81 30. 25 29.41 50.0 62.9 70.5 46.3 58.4 99 25 43 48 80 60 0.287 0.340 26.39 2.56 3.5 2.6 3.7 29.88 29.88 29.79 29.79 29.76 29.73 29.68 29.76 29.73 29.78 29.82 29.93 30.06 30.08 30.04 29.95 29.98 29.88 29.87 29.95 29.90 30.02 30.01 30.05 29.65 29.54 29.61 29.58 29.58 29.58 29.55 29.62 29.50 29.56 29.52 29.79 49.1 46.8 50.^3 45*8 53.7 54.8 53.2 57.0 56.5 55.6 49.7 47.7 61.2 60.9 61.4 58.3 64.9 68.1 70.4 68.2 69.2 64.9 64.1 60.6 66.5 69.0 69.4 64.7 74.6 76.5 77.0 75.4 78.0 74.5 73.2 67.5 46.0 43.5 46.9 43.6 48.7 51.3 51.3 54.4 50.8 51.1 46.4 43.6 56.2 56.2 58.2 54.2 61.6 63.9 64.2 64.9 64.4 62.8 59.8 65.6 80 80 84 80 88 93 93 106 94 96 92 84 36 34 37 34 42 45 46 49 41 43 38 31 43 39 44 41 46 49 50 52 46 46 43 38 48 45 49 45 49 52 53 53 49 50 48 42 80 75 80 84 75 82 87 85 70 74 79 71 78 65 58 66 61 68 57 55 60 52 62 60 54 59 0.280 0.240 0.292 0.261 0.301 0.347 0.356 0.391 0.308 0.323 0.288 0.232 0.343 0.303 0.355 0.301 0.347 0.387 0.402 0.404 0.359 0.374 0.341 0.280 2.13 0.16 2.18 0.98 1.38 0.01 T. T. T. 1.93 8.01 0. 26 1.82 0.16 2.00 0.54 0.92 0.01 T. T. T. 0.62 4.18 0.26 3.5 1.6 3.7 4.7 3.3 4.7 6.9 7.2 3.1 3.7 3.0 1.0 4.2 2.8 3.9 3.5 2.6 2.6 1.0 1.8 1.4 2.8 4.0 2.8 4.9 3.2 4.9 4.5 3.0 3.9 3.9 5.1 3.0 3.9 4.4 3.1 February April May July . August September October November December Year .... 29.79 30.08 29.50 51.7 64.4 72.2 48.1 60.2 106 31 45 49 0.302 0.350 17.04 4.18 3.9 2.8 4.0 " From observations at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 75th meridian time. Local mean time 3 h. 3 m . slow. CLIMATE OF 8OUTHEBN COAST. 63 ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOB THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900. [H = 201ft.; h, = l Date. Wind. Number of days. By self-registers. Number of winds, 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. i 6 Partly cloudy. X c 3 S O Precipi- tation. 1 CO i 1 Maxi- mum temp. Minimum temperature be- low 82. Elec- tricity. Average hourly vo- loclty. Prevailing direc- tion. >. 1 * f a 3 S s Jfi. 32 22 26 25 22 20 21 21 22 16 28 22 Direction at time of maximum velocity. Number of days with gales. A o .c X 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 Southeast, | 1 Southwest. I Northwest. a * O 0.01 inch and over. 0.04 inch and over. ti 5 M Above 90 Thunderstorms. I < a a a a 1899. .'/.. 6.1 6.0 6.6 5.5 5.7 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.9 Miki. N. ST. N. N. W. W. N. W. N. N. N. N. W. N. W. W. N. W. N. W. N. S. 29 28 22 19 20 6 23 11 25 25 26 31 2 5 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 14 3 14 8 2 8 13 8 7 13 12 6 1 1 1 1 1 8 14 16 17 28 25 15 33 15 12 11 12 6 6 4 10 6 13 7 5 8 4 7 6 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 18 21 13 15 19 19 24 15 22 18 7 17 4 6 5 12 8 8 7 12 7 10 11 6 9 1 13 3 4 3 4 1 12 Q 7 2 10 3 1 1 o 7 9 7 7 1 9 3 1 1 7 8 6 1 1 2 2 2 6 10 6 2 4 2 Q o o 1 2 4 3 3 3 o o o P March April May June July September October November Year.... 1900. 5.2 N. 32 SE. 265 9 20 18 ,108 5 206 82 17 -J08 95 62 47 43 1 37 10 6 - 1 1 1 a __. a 1 1 5.0 5.6 4.9 5.7 6.1 5.1 4.5 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.5 5.1 N. N. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. H. X. 22 25 24 28 20 20 16 20 22 23 28 27 N. W. W. W. W. X. W. S. W. N. S. N. 32 27 18 11 22 16 11 5 16 17 34 40 o 2 3 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 4 1 9 1 12 8 .9 il 13 15 4 15 11 1 1 1 1 1 10 15 23 31 27 24 28 35 26 20 9 13 2 6 4 2 2 4 6 2 3 4 3 8 4 2 1 4 2 1 6 1 3 1 11 18 13 15 20 15 15 8 18 18 14 20 11 9 7 6 5 9 12 15 8 4 9 7 9 1 11 1 6 6 4 8 4 9 7 4 4 2 5 6 : 4 i 7 6 1 4 1 4 5 A o o o 7 6 1 3 3 5 1 1 5 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 5 2 1 o o o 1 February March April. . Mav July August September October November December. Year .... 5.2 W. 28 S. 249 28 8 108 5 261 46 25 185 102 78 36 32 29 12 130 64 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOENIA. SANTA BARBARA. Santa Barbara is situated in latitude 34 23' north and longitude 119 40' west. In con- sidering the entire coast line of California from Point St. George to San Diego one is struck by several marked changes of direction. The most noticeable bend occurs at Point Arguello, where the coast runs nearly due east to Santa Barbara and there bends southeast again with a short stretch running east and west between Point Dume and Santa Monica. Santa Barbara occupies a central position on that part of the coast of California which distinctively faces southward. Santa Barbara Channel, with a depth of water varying from 25 to 365 fathoms, lies between the mainland and San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Anacapa Island. The Santa Ynez Mountains traverse this section of California running east and west, and embrace a number of valleys, the Santa Maria, Lompoc, Los Alamos, and Santa Ynez in the north and the Santa Barbara in the south. The city itself lies encircled by foothills except to the south, where it fronts the sea. Because of these topographical features the climatic conditions approach the ideal. 'For many years temperature and rainfall records were maintained by the late Mr. Hugh.D. Vail. At the request of the Santa Barbara Chamber of Commerce, Dr. C. Max Richter has carefully gone over these records and compiled the following data, covering a period of fifteen years for Santa Barbara. The records for a period of three years maintained at his own station- Pine Crest, Santa Barbara foothills are also given. To illustrate the differences in rainfall existing within short distances where topographical conditions are so varied as they are here, Dr. Richter calls attention to the rainfall at Santa Barbara during the month of October, 1901. 2.42 inches of rain fell on October 26, while at Pine Crest, 2 miles away, 2.86 inches fell on the 26th, 0.66 of an inch on the 27th, and 0.03 inch on the 28th. The rainfall at the upper station, elevation 850 feet, exceeded that at the lower station, elevation 100 feet, in the ratio of 3 to 2. The highest temperature recorded at Santa Barbara is 107 and the lowest 28.5. The tem- peratures of winter and spring months approximate 56: summer and fall months 63. The annual mean temperature is about 60. CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. THE CLIMATE OF SANTA BARBARA. [By Dr. C. M. Richter.] 65 Temperature. Mean- Least daily range. Absolute- Mean of three consecutive highest maxima. Mean of throe consecutive lowest minima. Mean number of days Months. 2 1 i S Maximum. Minimum. Warmest day. Coldest day. Three consecutive wannest days. Three consecutive coldest days. Daily range. Greatest daily range. Maximum. Minimum. With 80 or above. With 80 to 99.5. With 90 to 99.5. With 100 or above. With 32 or below. 62.4 64.4 64.1 67.0 67 ; 6 71.*0 72.8 75.9 75.0 72.4 69.6 65.1 68.9 64.0 66.2 73.2 72.3 43.4 45.2 46.4 48.8 51.1 54.1 57.2 58.4 57.1 53.4 48.7 46.1 52.1 44.9 56.6 53.1 73.5 73.0 69.5 74.5 79.8 79.0 84.0 83.3 78.8 77.0 73.0 69.0 84.0 69.8 75.0 83.8 63.5 41.0 40.5 42.5 47.0 51.5 55.0 59.5 60.0 56.7 51.7 47.5 43.5 40.5 40.5 42.5 55.0 47.5 66.4 68.7 67.3 71.8 75.8 75.7 77.4 80.1 76.9 79.4 72.1 67.3 80.1 68.7 75.8 80.1 n i 42.4 43.7 44.0 48.3 47.0 56.0 60.8 60.1 59.0 55.5 50.0 46.6 42.4 42.4 44.0 56.0 50.0 18.3 18.0 17.1 17.9 16.4 17.0 16.9 17.1 18.5 18.7 19.7 19.0 17.2 18.5 17.1 17.0 19.1 35.5 36.0 37.0 41.0 40.0 39.0 46.0 32.0 49.0 40.0 39.0 36.0 49.0 36.0 41.0 46.0 49.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 1.0 4.0 4.5 3.5 5.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.0 3.5 1.0 85.0 85.5 86.0 95.0 98.0 95.0 107.0 98.0 103.5 96.5 91.0 84.0 107.0 85.5 98.0 107.0 103.5 28.5 29.0 34.0 36.5 40.0 44.0 49.0 50.0 48.0 42.0 37.5 32.0 28.5 28.5 34.0 44.0 37.5 79.0 83.0 82.3 90.0 92.1 92.0 92.1 95.0 96.0 91.4 89.0 82.7 95.0 83.0 92.1 95.0 91.4 30.0 34.0 35.3 37.8 42.6 46.6 50.7 52.3 61.2 43.6 38.8 34.0 30.0 30.0 35.3 46.6 38.8 0.1 1.0 0.6 1.7 1.4 2.1 3.3 5.2 3.7 2.7 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 1.7 1.4 2.1 3.3 5.9 8.2 3.7 2.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 8.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 9.0 2.0 0.0 52.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 7.0 March 55.3 April 57.9 May 59 4 June 62. 6 July 65.5 August 66.9 September ( 66.1 October 62. 6 November 59. 1 December , 55. 6 A nnual -W- 9 Winter 54,4 11.0 20 Fall 62.6 21.0 Temperature Continued. Mean relative humidity. Wind. t 1 "o >> 3 .25 3 > a 1 I 1 S 8 1 X Mean number of days ut maxima. lute minima. Mean nunilior days with highest absolute minimum (10 or above. Number of days with frost. Mean number of days Mean direction of. Greatest movement In one day. Average velocity per hour. Months. I ft 1 E gj im 40 to 49.5. urn 70 to 79.5. 1 5 Partly cloudy. X c i Precipitation. 1 s - \\ I 6.0 3.6 2.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.6 15 6 20.0 19.0 16.0 17.0 10.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 5.2 16.9 20.4 4.2 5.0 5.0 7.0 6.5 13.0 22.0 21.6 20.0 13.5 10.2 5.4 48.0 50.0 i- 57.5 60.0 65.0 64.0 62.0 60.0 55.0 52.0 48.0 62.0 64.0 58.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 66.0 68.5 67.0 64.0 60.0 62.0 68.5 64.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 98.0 65.0 27.0 2.0 0.0 ao 0.0 0.0 ao 0.0 4.0 5.6 19.8 17.6 17.8 20.7 15.5 20.3 23.6 22.5 21.2 19.6 22.0 20.0 241.0 3.7 3.7 4.5 3.1 5.0 5.0 5.4 6.1 5.3 6.0 3.1 3.0 56.0 8.2 7.7 8.6 6.1 9.6 4.5 1.9 2.3 3.4 5.3 5.1 7.1 67.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 2.6 2.3 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.9 2.4 2.5 5.6 32.5 67.1 69.2 70.0 71.0 73.1 71 5 75.9 74.6 71 - 72.1 66.0 65.1 71.0 67.1 71.4 75.0 71.0 W. W. w. w. w. E. E.W. W. w. w. w. w. w. w. w. E.W. W. 363 386 402 306 337 330 196 152 258 240 355 280 402 386 402 331 258 3.4 4.0 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.6 4.0 .2.3 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 3.74 3.32 2.27 1.23 0.37 0.09 0.02 T. 0.13 0.75 1.59 3.74 17.19 February 4. 7 March 3. 5 \pril . 0. 6 May 0.0 June 0. 1.2 6.0 9.0 6.0 2.0 0.2 0.0 July. 0.0 \ugust 0. October 0. December 4. \nnual Winter 66 68.5 Fall 67 i 1176 Bull. L 03- 66 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION. (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS. ) Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Bee. Annual. 1868 3.97 2.00 1.08 2.44 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 4.26 15.72 1869 3.26 2.12 4.22 0.46 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.65 0.57 11.78 1870 0.25 5.87 0.83 0.99 0.74 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.27 1.41 11.47 1871 0.86 2.92 0.02 2.02 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 1.83 6.56 14.67 1872 2 53 1.81 0.18 1.80 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 0.00 4.34 10.87 1873 0.58 5.48 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 5.26 11.64 1874 4.54 3.17 0.78 0.28 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 1.30 0.00 12.12 1875 14.84 0.18 0.38 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.53 0.31 22.34 1876 7.56 5.67 2.73 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 16.55 1877 2.72 0.00 0.82 0.18 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 3.12 8.61 1878 .. .. 7.17 11.73 2.47 3.34 0.29 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 5.16 30.55 1879 5 24 71 0.34 1.60 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 1.62 4.57 14.70 1880 1.30 10.86 1.15 5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.28 9.73 29.30 1881 2.83 0.30 1.25 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 1.47 0.33 0.95 8.16 1882 1.13 2.38 5.7'4 1.63 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.77 0.10 12.32 1883 2 18 2.92 3.64 0.29 2.79 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.00 2.76 16.25 1884 6.33 9.68 9.77 2.60 0.39 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.79 6.62 38.82 1886 1 23 07 0.35 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 '0.19 9.84 2 47 17.15 1886 5.12 1.19 2.03 3.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.87 0.86 13.86 1887 - . 31 8 64 0.13 1.43 0.33 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.31 1.10 4.43 17 09 1888 10.15 1.30 3.86 0.16 0.02 T. T. T. 0.03 0.07 5.62 5.59 26.80 1889 0.29 1 29 7 31 0.49 0.76 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.65 3.21 10 64 32 77 1890 5 32 2 96 1 10 31 18 00 00 00 1 50 05 48 3 53 15 43 1891 0.45 7 92 1.56 1.57 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 2.43 14.38 1892 1 10 2 55 2 95 46 1 12 00 00 00 00 26 4 27 6 66 19 37 1893 4.41 3.10 7.80 0.38 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82j 07 2 94 19 61 1894 99 76 29 24 91 00 12 T 1 36 68 07 4 67 10 09 1895. 6.25 0.67 1 99 0.46 0.02 0.05 T. 00 00 0.55 77 93 11 69 1896 6 84 00 2 37 1 78 08 05 40 00 00 92 3 51 2 92 18 87 1897 4.35 3.65 2 73 02 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 1 44 00 00 12 19 1898 63 97 28 00 1 25 00 T 00 3 17 14 00 36 6 80 1899 4.48 00 2 78 64 00 0.78 00 00 00 2 06 1 97 2 35 15 06 1900 2 32 05 1 58 42 1 90 01 02 T 04 15 3 99 02 10 50 3 68 3 12 2 26 1 18 40 11 02 T 22 77 1 61 3 23 16 59 CLIMA.TE OF SOUTHERN COAST. THE CLIMATE OP SANTA BARBARA FOOTHILLS PINE CREST STATION. [By Dr. C. M. Richter.] 67 Months. Temperature. Mean- "3 1 3 Least daily range. Absolute. Mean of three consecutive highest maxima. Mean of three conseeutive lowest maxima. Mean number of days Monthly. Maximum. Minimum. Warmest day. Coldest day. Three consecutive warmest days. Three consecutive coldest days. Daily range. Maximum. Minimum. With 80 or above. With 80 to 99.5. With 90 to 990.5. With 100 or above. With 32 or below. 55.4 58.0 57.4 59.3 59.4 64.4 68.1 68.9 69.9 64.8 64.7 58.4 62.3 57.3 59.7 66.8 63.3 61.8 66.1 65.6 68.8 68.5 74.4 79.2 78.1 79.7 72.4 71.8 65.5 71.0 64.5 67.6 77.2 74.6 49.0 50.0 49.1 49.8 50.3 54.5 56.9 58.1 60.1 55.3 55.6 51.4 53.3 50.1 49.7 56.5 57.0 70.0 74.0 76.5 85.0 77.5 82.5 87.5 87.0 90.0 84.5 80.5 73.0 90.0 74.0 85.0 87.5 90.0 42.0 39.5 45.5 45.5 51.0 54.0 57.5 59.5 60.0 52.5 52.0 46.0 39.5 39.5 45.5 54.0 52.0 69.2 72.0 74.3 83.7 74.2 79.5 84.2 82.7 86.8 82.8 79.5 72.5 86.8 72.5 83.7 84.2 86.8 42.5 41.7 46.2 49.0 53.3 54.8 59.8 61.0 61.5 54.0 52.2 46.8 41.7 41.7 46.2 54.8 52.2 12.7 16.0 16.1 18.9 17.1 18.8 22.2 21.4 19.2 17.0 16.1 13.7 17.4 14.1 17.3 20.8 17.4 22.0 28.0 28.0 34.0 31.0 34.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 29.0 25.0 23.0 34.0 28.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 9.0 6.0 7.0 11.0 9.0 10.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 7.0 4.0 79.0 82.0 86.0 95.0 87.0 93.0 99.0 99.0 101.0 93.0 91.0 83.0 101. 83.0 95.0 99.0 101.0 34.0 31.0 37.0 39.0 40.0 46.0 50.0 51.0 49.0 46.0 43.0 39.0 31.0 31.0 37.0 46.0 43.0 75.7 79.3 83.7 94.7 78.7 91.7 95.3 93.3 97.3 92.0 89.0 82.0 97.3 82.0 >4.7 95.3 97.3 35.3 33.0 38.0 42.7 46.0 48.0 50.7 52.0 52.0 47.7 46.0 40.0 33.0 ( 33.0 38.0 48.0 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 I 0.6 1.7 1.7 4.3 4.3 3.0 3.0 7.0 7.0 13.8 13.3 11.3 11.3 15.0 14.3 6.3 6.3 5.7 5.7 1.7 1.7 5.8 5.8 7.0 7.0 2.7 2.7 9.5 9.5 8.1 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 17.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 7.0 21.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fphmflry March May July.. . August October December Winter . Spring Fall Months. Temperature. Mean number of days Mean relative humidity. Wind. Number of years observed Mean number of days Lowest absolute maximum. Highest absolute minimum. Mean number of days with highest ab- solute maximum 60 or above. Number of days with frost. 1 8 Partly cloudy. 5 a Mean direction. Greatest movement in one day. Average velocity per hour. Precipitation. With 40 or below. Witli minimum 82 to 39.fi. With minimum 40 to 49.6. With maximum 70 to 79.5.J Jftnnarv 3.0 2.3 2.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 7.0 10.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.7 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 7.3 5.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 16.3 13.3 16.7 21.0 17.3 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 5.3 11.3 8.8 4.1 5.5 2.7 7.3 6.3 10.0 7.7 6.7 8.0 14.7 17.3 17.0 13.0 12.7 13.0 7.0 11.1 23.3 22.3 49.0 38.7 64.0 66.0 68.0 78.0 73.0 76.0 78.0 73.0 81.0 76.0 72.0 64.0 81.0 66.0 78.0 78.0 81.0 47.0 40.0 52.0 52.0 58.0 58.0 65.0 64.0 67.0 58.0 55.0 53.0 47.0 47.0 52.0 .v.u 10. 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.7 2.0 4.7 8.0 11.0 13.7 7.7 8.7 5.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.3 20.0 17.3 16.7 21.0 22.3 26.7 25.7 23.7 20.0 23.0 23.3 25.0 6.3 4.0 8.6 6.0 4.7 5.1 4.0 3.1 3.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 60.0 7.0 4.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 51.0 3.0 1.3 5.0 3.0 2.1 0.6 1.0 0.0 1.0 4.0 2.8 1.2 2.4 62.3 52.2 67.2 68.8 68.7 72.0 70.6 72.0 59.7 61.3 60.5 46.8 63.5 53.0 68.0 71.0 60.0 H. N. N. N. N. S. S. S. s. S.N. N. N. 278 346 312 281 359 252 186 197 323 359 299 222 359 346 359 252 359 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.9 4.5 5.0 4.0 2.99 0.55 2.28 0.54 1.77 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.48 1.21 2.42 0.65 13.03 February March April May June July September October November December Annual . . Winter N. N. S. 8.N. Spring Siimmpr Fall . - 1 68 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. LOS ANGELES. By Mr. G. E. FRANK MX, Local Forecaster. Los Angeles City is located in a valley of the same name, 18 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Its chief topographical feature is a range of hills of moderate elevation on the western side, with a general trend north to south, which separates it from the Cahuenga Valley, that extends to the ocean on the west. The eastern side is slightly undulating and broadens out into the Los Angeles Valle} r , which reaches the ocean on the south. A great variety of climate may be found within a small radius. A traveler may start from the ocean at Santa Monica, Redondo, Long Beach, or other seaside places in the morning and within two or three hours' ride by rail and cable railway attain an altitude of 2,000 feet, whence by trails he can ascend to 6,000 feet. The rain storms do not last usually more than two or three days at a time; occasionally they continue a week, and are followed by periods of fine weather lasting two or three weeks. An average of three hundred and seventeen clear days, or days when the sun is but partly obscured, is the record for the past twenty-three and a half years; the sunshine averages 75 per cent. The first rains wash the atmosphere of the summer's dust, when the sky becomes beautifully clear; the later rains are heavier and snow falls in the mountains, though a light fall may occur with the first rain. The prevailing wind is west, which, coming from the ocean, causes the humidity to average quite high. The nights as a rule are cool and damp and the days warm and dry, or moderately so. Morning fogs are frequent from spring to autumn, but they disappear in the early forenoon. During heavy fogs the air is so saturated with moisture that it is not uncommon to find a precipitation of one-hundredth of an inch in the gauge. On the other hand, the humidity falls as low as 9 per cent during " northers," which occasionally occur in the summer and autumn months. These ''northers" last from one to five days, usually three, and are accompanied by high temperature, which is so modified by the dryness of the air as to be neither oppressive nor debilitating. In consulting the accompanying temperature tables it should be borne in mind that the instruments from which the data were obtained were located on roofs of buildings. 60 to 70 feet above ground, exposed in standard shelters and above the stratum of colder air which settles on low ground. The temperature so obtained is appreciably different from that on the surface, lower maxima and higher minima resulting. For the above reasons the temperature seldom falls to freezing or below at the Weather Bureau station, while in the low grounds it frequently reaches 32 or several degrees below in winter, when a much higher temperature obtains at the .station; this corresponds to the foothill belts, where frost seldom if ever happens. Frost occurs in the low sections of the city when in the hill portions there is not the least trace, and where delicate flowers, such as calla lillies, may be seen in full flower. CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 69 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Hay. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 73 71 71 64 63 57 1878 55 55 57 59 63 67 70 71 70 65 59 55 62 1879 53 56 59 60 62 68 69 72 69 66 57 53 62 1880 51 51 52 57 63 66 65 69 66 63 56 56 60 1881 53 59 57 63 64 67 72 71 70 61 57 55 62 1882 50 51 56 58 61 66 71 73 70 63 58 57 61 1883 53 52 58 58 61 71 73 72 74 6? 60 56 63 1884 M 56 56 59 63 68 73 73 67 63 61 53 62 1885 : 55 57 62 63 66 67 72 75 71 66 60 58 64 1886 55 60 55 59 65 69 72 75 68 60 57 56 63 1887 55 51 60 60 64 68 72 70 69 66 60 53 62 1888 ' ... 50 54 56 63 63 69 73 73 74 66 60 57 63 1889 52 56 59 62 63 66 71 72 73 66 61 65 63 1890 49 54 58 59 63 68 73 73 71 68 66 61 64 1891 56 53 58 59 62 66 74 75 73 66 61 53 63 1892 57 54 56 59 62 64 68 72 68 64 62 54 62 1893 57 55 54 58 63 66 70 71 66 63 57 58 62 1894 51 51 54 59 60 63 67 70 69 66 59 54 63 1895 52 57 56 59 64 66 68 69 69 66 60 56 62 18% 58 60 58 56 63 69 71 71 68 65 60 59 63 1897 56 53 53 61 63 66 70 72 70 62 62 56 62 1898 52 58 55 63 60 67 70 74 71 65 61 57 63 1899 56 54 57 60 60 65 70 69 70 63 62 58 62 1900 58 58 60 57 64 67 71 68 67 64 66 60 64 55 57 60 63 67 71 72 70 64 60 56 62 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1877 93 88 84 85 98 90 99 98 98 98 95 99 97 109 90 89 88 85 92 86 91 93 95 87 89 98 92 100 99 98 102 106 98 94 97 95 98 96 94 92 97 88 91 96 89 93 93 103 101 91 102 100 104 92 108 91 91 98 103 94 100 95 90 99 97 92 97 99 95 94 80 91 96 89 82 88 S3 89 102 82 93 98 89 99 89 96 91 96 91 90 83 91 100 83 86 81 84 85 81 81 84 88 78 85 86 84 82 96 85 90 86 92 94 84 92 94 86 96 81 88 76 80 79 82 80 76 82 85 73 79 68 82 75 81 88 75 86 84 89 83 82 85 9$ 103 104 97 102 100 101 102 108 98 100 99 103 105 109 99 92 99 100 103 97 99 100 96 1878 72 74 n 74 78 72 75 80 71 71 67 80 81 84 75 77 87 79 84 82 81 71 80 70 86 77 82 81 81 81 82 74 84 81 71 74 79 73 84 88 83 85 82 84 76 99 74 89 88 84 72 85 76 85 79 81 81 82 81 88 82 84 89 76 81 90 90 80 88 83 94 80 89 80 89 80 87 99 93 94 86 88 84 85 82 81 90 99 92 76 89 97 97 89 86 100 79 80 89 92 83 94 96 74 99 90 80 88 103 76 H 76 87 81 104 83 88 87 100 98 90 92 100 94 81 105 89 88 90 83 100 99 88 95 89 89 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 . 1885 1886 1887 1S88 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 . 1894 1895 18% 1897 1898 1899 1900 70 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov Dec. Annual. 1877 , 55 56 52 43 45 36 36 1878 37 41 41 42 47 47 52 54 50 43 37 30 30 1879 36 39 42 42 43 50 52 53 47 42 36 30 30 1880 30 34 36 40 42 50 62 52 44 44 35 38 30 1881 37 42 37 48 41 48 51 52 50 43 34 35 34 1882 33 32 35 40 42 50 52 57 46 44 36 35 32 1883 30 28 43 39 40 52 52 50 53 44 42 37 28 1884 34 38 37 42 47 50 52 52 46 43 39 36 34 1885 38 36 42 45 49 47 52 51 51 42 40 40 36 1886 32 41 37 42 44 48 50 54 48 41 34 37 32 1887 33 35 41 40 44 47 51 52 49 47 39 35 33 1888 31 39 36 44 45 50 49 51 55 44 40 41 31 1889 32 33 44 46 46 51 54 53 52 50 43 40 32 1890 34 35 40 42 43 48 55 56 54 46 41 43 34 1891 34 33 40 42 47 49 54 54 52 46 40 33 33 1892 37 38 36 40 42 46 50 53 50 40 41 35 35 1893 35 38 31 39 45 48 50 54 48 46 39 37 31 1894 32 35 35 41 46 46 51 62 49 45 38 39 32 1895 37 36 38 41 47 47 54 51 48 45 36 34 34 1896 36 36 35 38 44 48 54 54 50 47 37 42 35 1897 37 35 38 40 48 50 52 54 52 45 37 30 30 1898 31 40 36 41 46 50 56 56 48 45 41 34 31 1899 37 33 39 42 44 50 53 53 51 45 43 37 33 1900 41 40 40 40 47 52 53 51 49 47 48 37 37 MEAN DAILY RANGE IN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1877 21 22 23 19 24 19 1878 18 16 18 16 17 16 21 20 22 27 25 25 20 1879 18 17 20 18 24 20 22 24 25 25 23 17 21 1880 22 21 22 16 26 20 18 21 22 24 24 15 21 1881 20 21 23 19 22 26 28 28 29 25 27 23 24 1882 18 22 21 24 25 24 26 26 28 26 23 26 24 1883 -. .- 22 21 17 24 24 27 25 28 27 22 25 22 24 1884 22 16 16 19 18 21 28 27 26 23 25 17 22 1885 21 25 25 22 22 27 27 28 28 27 19 20 24 1886. 17 23 20 20 27 24 29 29 25 24 27 22 24 1887 25 18 26 21 26 27 25 25 24 26 23 21 24 1888 16 18 18 22 20 26 28 28 26 22 20 19 22 1889 ' 22 25 20 22 22 20 25 25 24 20 23 12 22 1890 17 21 22 20 18 23 25 22 22 29 30 19 22 1891 25 17 20 23 16 23 25 24 25 24 27 21 22 1892 24 16 19 25 19 24 24 22 25 24 25 19 22 1893 25 21 18 22 21 25 25 23 23 24 23 22 23 1894 22 21 22 22 20 22 26 23 25 25 27 16 23 1895 17 22 20 21 21 23 21 23 28 21 25 25 22 1896 20 28 22 21 23 22 21 22 24 23 21 22 22 1897 19 18 18 24 16 21 21 22 22 20 26 27 21 1898 19 22 23 23 18 21 22 24 26 27 27 24 23 1899 21 24 19 22 19 19 24 21 25 22 22 24 22 1900 22 25 20 20 21 20 21 19 24 21 24 25 22 21 21 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 24 24 21 22 CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. GREATEST AND LEAST DAILY RANGES is TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 71 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Annual. f $ Greatest. i Greatest. Least. Greatest. Lcalt. Greatest. 1 5 l Greatest. I i 1 O | 1 I 5 1 1 O ~ 1 (i reatest. | 1877 30 28 28 32 40 39 34 42 42 40 40 40 37 33 39 34 35 35 28 30 28 34 37 33 13 15 14 11 20 19 18 18 16 20 12 20 17 17 17 16 16 17 13 12 14 15 16 13 29 26 32 34 37 37 38 38 42 37 35 39 34 34 35 32 31 32 33 29 31 34 32 27 15 16 12 19 10 22 17 17 14 12 15 18 13 18 13 16 15 12 15 14 15 13 11 33 40 36 39 45 36 40 37 48 40 37 38 41 35 38 36 35 44 41 36 32 42 37 38 12 14 14 13 19 13 17 12 16 14 11 13 1 8 14 14 12 12 13 9 8 11 12 29 44 43 40 37 36 36 37 44 39 40 39 32 49 43 40 40 38 41 35 31 38 40 32 12 12 11 11 7 10 10 3 15 - 14 6 8 8 7 g 11 12 10 - 5 13 9 11 35 41 36 36 37 37 38 39 36 39 37 39 33 39 39 39 38 42 42 30 34 37 38 34 14 11 10 10 13 9 12 11 3 14 g 6 8 11 13 7 - 16 5 6 12 13 4 6 31 36 33 27 34 39 32 32 28 37 35 28 21 29 34 30 40 31 33 34 38 34 32 34 5 7 4 7 11 13 4 6 7 10 13 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 14 12 15 10 8 18 1878 25 31 32 29 28 37 37 31 28 38 30 34 25 34 34 37 38 27 39 29 32 32 34 9 6 13 5 8 8 6 11 6 16 5 6 9 13 8 c 10 5 6 8 7 6 5 23 31 34 32 31 33 30 35 33 .31 30 35 32 28 30 33 '36 34 39 31 35 36 36 7 6 6 8 9 8 6 14 9 8 5 8 7 4 6 4 8 7 12 6 6 5 11 28 38 9A 40 36 29 26 38 29 36 30 31 33 30 31 34 40 35 32 31 35 37 35 8 6 10 6 5 12 12 10 9 6 7 8 6 5 6 g 10 9 30 36 30 40 34 35 30 37 36 36 43 39 40 37 38 33 33 32 33 35 41 43 31 9 3 7 5 12 4 8 10 5 9 10 8 11 16 7 12 7 14 5 8 13 10 32 38 34 39 40 43 28 28 39 39 33 35 37 26 41 34 32 35 35 26 30 27 33 14 10 10 12 10 10 15 12 13 10 13 7 8 7 8 10 8 14 6 10 8 10 28 38 32 38 35 44 40 40 39 47 41 27 36 33 36 36 37 38 38 35 42 32 36 8 10 9 12 12 14 5 16 10 13 15 13 13 14 10 13 13 15 12 14 9 11 8 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 . 1899 1900 NUMBER OF DAYS TEMPERATURE WAS ABOVE 90 F. 1 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 3 n 1 4 1878 ... I 4 1 o 5 1879 1 o 2 3 4 5 o 18 1880 . . 1 1 o 2 1881 1 5 4 7 17 1882 1 3 5 2 o 10 1883 3 6 8 10 o o 27 1884 ' 2 5 7 1 o o 15 1885 .. ' 1 7 11 5 2 o o 26 1886 o o o 4 9 13 1 o o 27 1887 1 2 2 3 2 5 o o 17 1888 o o 2 3 g 9 2 o o 30 1889 1 1 1 5 5 - o o 20 1890 1 1 5 5 5 5 6 4 o 32 1891 ' o 9 5 9 o o 23 1892 .. ..j 3 1 4 1 3 o o 12 1893 1 * 4 1 2 8 1894 . 1 3 4 3 1 o 11 1895 1 - 1 2 o 11 1896 1 3 3 1 1 1 o o 9 1897 ' 5 5 1 o 11 1898 5 3 1 g 1 2 o 28 1899 ! 2 3 3 2 o 10 1900 1 2 o 14 72 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOENIA. NUMBER OF DAYS TEMPERATURE WAS BELOW 32 F. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 Q o 1878*. o o o 1879 o Q 1880 1 o o 1881 . o 1882 o o Q 1883... I 2 Q 1884 o o Q 1885 o o o o 1886 o o Q 1887 o 1888 4 o o o Q 1889 o Q 1890 o o o Q 1891 o Q o o 1892 o o o o o 1893 o Q 1 Q o 1894 o o o o o Q 1895 o o o o 1896 o o o Q o o 1897 o o Q Q 1898 1 o o o o Q 1899 o o o o 1900 o o o o o Q MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). 1877 64 63 64 1878 62 70 74 7^ 72 1879 64 74 71 65 62 65 70 1880 64 67 76 73 73 1881 65 63 65 1882 70 63 65 72 66 1883.. 53 61 80 1884 62 71 76 79 76 1885. 65 66 1886 78 76 81 80 74 1887.. . 66 82 78 1888 80 83 78 75 1889... 60 54 77 1890 70 66 64 76 73 1891 48 70 70 1892 60 80 79 71 75 72 1893... 69 73 79 71 1894 70 68 70 74 80 74 1895 76 , gg 77 1896 71 53 70 67 67 1897 68 74 74 73 1898 65 71 62 68 77 75 74 1899 65 68 72 7tf 76 ** 79 1900. 75 63 72 66 69 73 __ 71 CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. 73 HIGHEST AXD LOWEST MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). Jl n. F< ;b. M ir. A] >r. M *y- Ju oe. Ju iy. A! >K- Se pt. O. rt. H, ,v. Ii "C. Year. 1 1 Highest. I/OWCHt. HlghcRt. 1 1 5 1 2 Highest. 1 Highest. 1 I ~. Si S a I/OWCHt. Hlghent. 1 Highest. jnaMo'1 | a 1 1 Highest. 1 1 1 u S 1 1 1 1877 .... 78 4? 78 51 77 11 78 46 78 17 85 14 1878 90 79 9^ 40 84 48 80 49 79 53 77 61 75 61 75 57 76 14 79 24 86 27 89 16 1879 84 74 88 50 81 74 85 75 15 75 76 67 76 47 79 23 81 16 86 89 21 1880 85 18 87 45 59 89 57 84 35 87 19 80 64 81 56 83 20 85 18 80 n 87 34 1881 87 18 85 77 85 41 92 49 84 57 75 56 94 51 77 48 76 49 86 59 ?t 78 40 1882... 86 57 85 46 91 16 91 56 81 43 59 81 55 78 89 52 88 26 84 28 89 27 1883 79 78 95 30 95 4:. -, 6 28 81 77 65 57 28 M 48 81 95 34 1884 95 75 94 96 51 95 61 87 67 90 56 80 63 80 42 86 50 89 28 85 37 95 47 1885 89 10 87 -- 75 86 16 8 67 78 fi? 78 55 ff 48 90 27 87 54 93 42 91 42 1886 95 19 9" 46 90 67 97 66 84 66 84 66 84 56 87 87 71 90 66 86 B 91 " 56 1887 86 41 58 94 41 92 48 84 48 84 61 89 - 88 65 89 73 43 90 5 96 46 1888 . j 98 48 91 61 94 47 -- 11 88 68 84 57 The following table shows the actual and possible number of hours of sunshine and percent- ages of each month at Los Angeles, Cal., from October, 1896, to December, 1900, inclusive. The record is derived from the Weather Bureau photographic sunshine recorder, which forms a portion of the standard equipment of instruments at the Los Angeles Station. TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS OF ACTUAL SUXSHIXE. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Monthly average. 18% 271 226 222 1897 209 198 261 314 216 327 332 344 291 246 274 262 273 1898 205 216 290 292 278 294 365 354 303 294 287 226 281 1899 238 260 240 289 287 289 370 324 289 258 214 214 273 1900 204 255 229 242 308 282 331 286 297 254 239 275 267 TOTAL NUMBER OP HOURS OF POSSIBLE SUXSHIXE. All vears 316 307 j 372 | 392 433 432 440 416 372 351 312 ] 308 371 PERCEXTAGE OF SUXSHIXE. 1896 i 77 72 72 1897 66 65 70 80 50 76 75 83 78 70 -- 85 74 1898 65 70 78 74 64 68 83 85 81 84 92 73 77 1899 75 85 65 74 66 67 84 -- 78 73 70 74 1900 64 ! 83 61 62 71 65 75 69 80 72 89 72 74 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. NUMBER OF CLEAR, PARTLY CLOUDY, AND CLOUDY DAYS. January. Year. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. Averages . 13 16 20 17 18 21 17 o)7 13 21 14 19 10 18 14 17 21 13 9 18 12 16 10 16 10 10 10 9 6 6 8 a 10 6 10 8 6 13 11 9 7 6 14 14 13 10 8 14 February. 13 March. April. 12 18 12 10 18 9 18 18 12 10 10 8 18 20 13 ! 11 9 14 10 16 12 12 22 May. 11 22 15 9 12 12 7 4 14 a 14 5 9 5 4 10 10 5 9 14 2 8 8 12 10 10 9 11 15 11 15 16 21 14 all 18 19 18 20 6 14 20 19 16 22 18 19 16 IB June. a5 8 8 8 7 15 7 6 8' 1 7 8 4 8 7 12 11 15 8 15 a 10 17 17 1 9 15 12 16 10 9 9 10 6 7 15 24 22 16 14 12 9 14 o!6 10 12 28 21 14 17 14 20 21 21 20 22 20 18 17 12 3 1 2 5 3 13 1 a3 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 Year. July. August. September. October. November. December. Annual. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 18%. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. Averages 22 10 17 12 12 a 16 20 23 16 21 11 23 14 10 9 12 10 is II 16 16 18 16 12 is 18 22 13 10 15 22 22 ol3 21 18 21 18 8 13 19 18 16 9 22 15 20 14 13 21 7 4 10 10 14 8 7 "11 5 12 7 6 11 12 9 8 10 8 7 12 9 13 13 i 9 1 12 111 178 141 172 a!97 183 189 a!90 a!96 184 140 168 154 162 161 148 142 143 146 160 US LS8 151 146 171 154 al09 43 110 al45 a!31 n!29 118 181 j 155 172 in; 160 177 172 187 185 in 167 170 17 5 166 151 65 46 54 39 51 39 66 a 38 a 43 "39 64 44 47 39 58 44 45 51 37 35 33 36 43 48 a Record incomplete. CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. NUMBER OP DAYS WITH FROST. 75 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1877 o 2 1878 ....."* 4 n o o o o 2 8 1879 4 n o o o o o o 2 5 1880 . . . 6 7 3 1 o o o o o 1 1 1881 5 o o o o o 1 1 o 1882 1 3 o o o o o o o 1 3 1883 7 11 1 o o o o 1 1881 11 3 4 o o o o o o o o 8 1885 ' 4 o o o o 2 9 1886 7 4 o o o o o o 7 11 2 1887 7 6 o o o o o o o 4 12 1888 . 8 1 o o o o o o o 3 4 1889 13 3 o o o o o o o 3 6 1890 ; 9 3 o o o o o o 1 1 3 1891 10 2 o o o o o o o o 9 1892 3 2 2 o o o o o o 1 10 1893 .... 4 3 o o o o o o o o 3 1894 14 9 g o o o o o o o g 7 1895 10 2 6 o o o o o o o 4 12 18% ...... 3 7 4 8 o o o o o 1 8 5 1897 9 6 8 o o o o o g 19 1898 13 3 13 1 o o o o o o 1 19 1899 7 10 o o o o o o o 3 13 1900 10 9 2 o o o o o o o g NUMBER OF DAYS WITH THUXDER STORMS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 o o o o o o 1878 o o o o o o 1879 o o o o o o o 1880 o o o o o 1881. o o o o 1882 o o o o o o 1883 o o o o o o o Q 1884 1 1 1 1 o o 1 o o 5 1885 o o 1 o o o o o o 1 1886... . 1 1 1 o o o o o g 1887 o 1 o 1 o o o o o o o 2 1888 o o 1 o o o o o o 2 1889 3 1 o o o 4 1890 o o o o o o o o 1891 o o o o 1892 o o o o o o o o o o o 1893 1 o o o o 1 2 1894 o 1 o o 1 1895 1 o o o o 1 1896 o o 1 1 o o o o o o o 2 1897 o 1 o o o o o 4 1898 o o o o 1899 o o o o o o 1 o o o 2 1900 o o 1 o o o o " o 1 o 3 76 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. NUMBER OF DAYS WITH 0.01 INCH OB MORE RAINFALL. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 2 1 3 1878 7 10 9 7 10 4 3 4 54 1879 . 9 7 6 6 2 2 3 3 10 48 1880 5 8 6 13 1 2 3 13 51 1881 . 3 4 5 4 1 3 2 2 24 1882 6 5 10 6 3 4 ;: 2 39 1883 3 4 7 3 2 2 n 6 33 1884 5 14 18 9 4 6 2 3 10 71 1885 2 1 8 1 1 9 4 26 1886 10 2 8 4 1 1 1 o 1 1 3 32 1887... 2 13 2 5 3 1 2 1 1 3 37 1888 9 11 3 1 1 1 3 8 6 48 1889 4 5 7 4 3 1 1 7 4 20 56 1890 9 4 5 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 7 38 1891 1 12 4 3 2 1 4 27 1892 6 11 6 1 5 2 1 4 6 6 48 1893 7 5 12 1 1 1 4 3 6 40 1894 5 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 10 30 1895 10 5 6 5 4 1 2 5 4 42 1896 9 6 4 2 1 1 3 5 36 1897 9 9 1 3 3 1 2 35 1898 . . 6 4 4 1 2 1 2 2 3 25 1899 4 3 5 2 1 2 1 4 5 4 31 1900 .. 2 2 5 4 3 7 23 Average 6 6 4 3 1 3 3 6 39 MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1877 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.45 3.93 5 24 1878 3.33 7.68 2.57 1.71 0.66 07 0.00 T 00 14 T 4 70 90 #g 1879 3 59 97 49 1 19 24 03 00 00 00 93 3 44 6 53 1880 1.33 1.56 1.45 5.06 0.04 00 T T 00 14 67 8 40 18 65 1881 1 43 36 1 66 46 01 00 00 T T 82 27 52 5 53 1882 1.01 2.66 2.66 1.83 63 T 00 00 T 05 1 82 08 10 74 1883 1.62 3.47 2.87 0.15 2.02 0.03 T 00 00 1,42 00 2 56 14 14 1884 .. . 3.15 13.37 12.36 3.54 34 1 39 T T T 30 1 06 4 64 1885 1.05 T. 0.01 2.00 0.06 T T. T T 26 5 52 1 63 10 53 1886 7.72 1 38 2.50 3.29 00 01 4 21 00 01 1 18 18 1887 20 9 25 24 2 30 20 C 04 07 00 15 12 2 67 1888 6.03 0.77 3.15 11 02 T 03 08 T 36 4 01 6 26 1889 25 92 6 48 27 62 00 00 61 00 6 95 1890 . 7.83 1.36 66 22 03 02 00 03 06 03 13 2 32 1891 25 8 56 41 26 31 00 T 00 06 00 18P2 . . 0.88 3.19 3.39 22 2 06 06 00 01 00 33 4 40 4 18 1893 6.29 2.27 8.52 0.19 0.06 03 00 00 T 75 3 65 1894 0.94 0.49 0.37 0.13 20 T T 01 73 O 9 00 1895 5 84 46 3 77 46 19 01 T T T 24 1896 3.23 T. 2.97 0.19 30 T 02 01 T 1 30 1 66 11 80 1897 3 70 5 62 2 31 02 10 T T 00 00 2 47 1898 1.26 0.51 0.98 0.03 1 75 T 07 T 02 09 T 12 1899 2 64 04 1 81 18 04 58 00 01 T 1 59 1900 1.17 T. 0.99 0.64 1.81 T T T T 26 6 53 T Average 2.80 2.82 2.72 1.10 0.51 10 02 04 04 81 1 47 3 28 CLIMATE OF 8OUTHEKN COAST. TOTAL PRECIPITATION AT Los ANGELES, CAL., BY SEASONS. 77 Season. Amount. Season. Amount. September 1, 1877. to September 1, 1878 Inches. 20 26 September 1 1889 to September 1 1890 Inches. September 1, 1878, to September 1, 1879 11. S5 September 1 1890 to September 1 1891 13 33 September 1, 1879, to September 1. 1880 20 34 September 1 1891 to September 1 1892 September 1, 1880, to September 1, 1881 13.13 1892 to September 1 1893 26 27 September 1, 1881, to September 1, 1882 10.40 September 1, 1893, to September 1 1894 6 74 September 1, 1882, to September 1. 1883 12.11 1894, to September 1 1895 16 10 September 1, 1883, to September 1. 1884 38.13 September 1 1895 to September 1 1896 8 54 September 1, 1884, to September 1, 1885 9.12 September 1 1896 to September 1 1897 ' 16 83 September 1, 1885, to September 1, 1886 22.76 September 1 1897 to September 1 1898 7 13 September 1, 1886, to September 1, 1887 13 67 September 1 1898 to September 1 1899 5 53 September 1, 1887, to September 1, 1888 13.91 September 1 1899 to September 1 1900 7 90 September 1, 1888, to September 1, 1889 19 78 1 GREATEST PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) IN 24 HOCRS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. AU*. Sept Oct Nov. Dec. 1877 0.00 00 00 84 45 2 21 1878 1.16 1.33 0.90 0.47 0.26 04 00 00 00 13 00 3 58 1879 1.41 0.63 36 63 20 03 00 00 00 93 3,41 1880 0.68 0.57 0.75 1.43 0.04 00 T T 0.00 12 56 2 26 1881 1.27 0.19 76 37 01 00 00 T T 39 1882 0. 53 1.02 1.24 1.18 61 T 00 00 T 02 1 77 05 1883 1.55 2.04 1.67 0.08 1.53 02 T 00 00 1 37 00 1 56 1884 1.36 3.63 3.18 2.20 0.22 0.87 01 01 T 17 1 01 3.04 1885 0.89 0.01 0.01 0.83 0.06 T T T 01 26 1 80 1 02 1886 3.77 1.32 0.89 1.97 0.01 02 24 21 02 01 1 18 13 1887 0.20 3 94 23 1.05 17 04 05 T 15 12 70 1888 3.39 0.30 1.51 0.08 02 01 03 06 01 30 2 O 9 2.72 1889 0.18 0.81 2.53 0.15 0.35 01 T 61 00 3 6 73 4 30 1890 4.17 0.70 30 0.21 02 02 00 03 04 03 13 1 20 1891 0.25 2.75 0.22 0.85 30 00 T 00 06 00 00 1 04 1892 49 1 48 1 96 0.22 176 05 00 01 00 30 3 75 > 35 1893 3.29 1.33 2.51 0.19 06 03 00 00 T 39 14 1 82 1894.. 0.38 0.24 0.35 0.07 09 T T 01 71 02 00 1 33 1895 1. 81 26 2 25 0.29 13 01 T T T 20 40 45 1896 1.73 T 1 33 0.07 29 T 02 01 T 1 9 1 14 1 22 1897... 1.57 2.13 0.81 0.02 0.06 T T 00 00 I 75 01 03 1898 41 28 50 03 1 46 T 07 T 01 08 T 11 1899 ! 1.70 0.02 84 10 0.04 57 00 01 T 1 09 53 84 1900 ' 1 16 T 90 38 1 32 T T T 25 3 79 T 1 78 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. W. W. W. W. N. N. W. 1878 N. NE. N. SW. SW. SW. W. W. W. W. N. NE. W. 1879 NE. NE. SW. SW. SW. W. W. W. W. NE. NE. NE. NE. 1880 N. . NE. NE. SW. SW. SW. SW. SW. SW. SW. NE. NE. SW. 1881 NE. NE. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. SW. W. W. 1882 NE. NE. \V. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. NE. W. 1883 NE. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. NE. W. 1884 NE. NE. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. W. 1885 '- . - NE. NE, W. W. \v. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. W. 1886 E. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. NE. W. 1887 NE. SE. W. w. \v. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. W. 1888 E. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. W. W. 1889 W. W. W. W. \v. W. W. W. W. W. N. NE. W. 1890 NE. N. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. N. W. 1891 \V. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. N. W. 1892 NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. w: 1893 x\v. NE. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. W. 1894 W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. \v. W. E. w. 1895 E. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. NW. w. 1896 W. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. w. 1897 NE. W. SW. W. W. SW. W. W. W. W. W. W. w. 1898 NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. SW. W. W. W. W. \v. 1899 W. W. W. W. SW. SW. W. W. W. W. W. N. \v. 1900 W. W. W. W. W. W. W. SW. W. W. W. NE. w. NE. NE. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. NE. w. HIGHEST VELOCITY OP WIND (MILES PER HOUR) AND DIRECTION. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1877 13 SW. 16 W. 12 W. 24 N. 24 N. 24 NE. 1878 26 NW. 25 W. 20 NE. 25 SW. 16 SW. 15 SW. 15 W. 15 W. 16 W. 14 W. 21 NW. 23 E. 1879 29 E. 17 W. 22 W. 23 W. 21 W. 17 W. 14 W. 14 W. 15 W. 23 W. 24 NW. 27 SE. 1880 21 NE 26 NW 17 N 23 SW. 19 SW. 14 SW. 228. 19 SW. 14 W. 16 SW. 17 NE. 22 NW. 1881 17 SW. 33 NW. 46 SW. 24 S. 19 SW. 20 W. 19 SW. 21 W. 24 W. 24 NW. 43 NE. 26 S. 1882 48 NE. 30 NW. 30 E. SON. 26 W. 18 W. 18 W. 17 W. 28 W. 28 NW. 20 E. 28 N. 1883 34 E. 28 NW. 22 W. 42 W. 24 E. 21 W. 16 W. 17 W. 20 W. 26 W. 16 W. 28 NW. 1884 24 SW. 40 W. 30 NW. 24 W. 18 W. 20 W. 18 W 20 W. 18 W. 24 NW. 14 NW. 34 NE. 1885 20 NW. 26 NW. 20 W. 28 W. 23 W. 21 NW. 20 W. 22 W. 18 W. 17 W. 26 E. 36 N. 1886 37 W. 29 W. 25 W. 28 SE. 20 W. 17 W. 22 N. 18 W. 16 W. 24 W. SOW. 20 NW. 1887 24 NW. 32 NW. 18 W. 37 W. 30 NW. 20 W. 20 W. 18 W. 23 W. 34 NE. 18 W. 37 E. 1888 33 N. 23 NE. 30 E. 28 W. 24 W. 19 W. 21 W. 18 W. 23 W. 18 SW. 18 NE. 26 E. 1889 17 N. 24 W. 24E 24 NW. 23 W. 14 SW 14 W. 13 W. 15 W. 20 E. 22 N. 20 E. 1890 .. . 17 E. 18 W. 24 NW. 19 NW. 15 W. 18 W. 13 W. 14 W. 15 S. 15 W. 14 W. 18 W. 1891 19 NW. 24 E. 24 W. 16 E. 18 W 16 W. 15 W. 13 W. 20 NW. 16 W. 12 W. 28 N. 1892 17 E. 17 E. 21 W. 23 W. 20 W. 24 W. 13 W. 13 SW. 14 W. 16 SW. 21 N. 24 NE. 1893 23 E. 28 N. 24 E. 28 N. 14 W. 14 W. 14 W. 16 W. 13 W. 17 E. 18 E. 25 E. 1894 14 W. 25 NW. SON. 24 NW. 18 W. 18 W. 15 W. 17 SE. 18 W. 13 W. 12 W. 23 W. 1895.. 18 SW. 19 NW. 20 NW. 26 NW. 26 W. 15 W. 14 W. 12 W. 14 NW. 14 W. 12 E. 18 E. 1896 20 NW 22 NW 21 NW 24 W 15 W. 13 SW. 15 W. 15 W. 15 W. 24 \V. 20 NW. 16 E. 1897 . ... 34 E. 24 SW. 22 NW. 24 W. 20 N. 20 SW. 15 W. 15 W. 158. 20 NW. 16 W. 24 NW. 1898 24 E 17 W 24 NW 20 W. 15 W. 15 W. 15 W. 13 SW. 17 W. 20 W. 24 NE. 22 NW. 1899 30 E. 20 SW. 24 SW. 20 SW. 23 NW. 15 SW. 16 W. 13 W. 12 W. 20 SW. 16 NW. 16 NW. 1900. 23 NW 18 N. 14 W. 22 W. 22 W. 14 SW. 17 W. 15 W. 18 S. 21 W. 20 SE. 14 NW. CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. AVERAGE DAILY WIND MOVEMENT (MILES PER HOUR). 79 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. 1877 104 94 108 Ill 112 120 1878 126 141 119 114 112 105 106 98 101 92 110 126 1879 133 193 104 127 135 119 106 99 92 114 1U2 109 1880 104 128 117 136 113 106 109 102 90 78 64 78 1881 105 159 136 126 140 141 137 128 131 124 175 132 1882 . .. 152 139 143 93 125 138 134 131 130 138 131 141 1883 178 161 124 171 157 130 131 127 126 147 133 142 1884 167 189 183 150 130 128 102 119 119 120 110 140 1886 136 135 115 144 103 125 102 100 85 81 157 159 1886 169 143 147 151 138 126 130 121 112 132 149 118 1887 142 189 123 136 152 148 128 130 125 136 122 154 1888 142 121 149 138 138 136 133 124 117 110 71 87 1889 76 86 96 88 100 88 83 82 87 93 87 96 1890 95 85 100 83 86 91 81 84 77 75 90 - 1891 97 117 98 91 94 91 84 83 84 67 66 113 1892 77 78 92 98 95 93 82 79 73 74 75 89 1898 77 95 102 101 H -- 90 87 90 84 79 86 1894 81 100 101 101 99 105 85 88 83 68 49 86 1895 92 81 86 91 95 89 77 68 79 74 73 82 1896 84 -- 90 111 98 83 88 85 97 -- 94 87 1897 110 125 128 110 101 112 106 103 101 94 -- 94 1898 117 92 121 113 111 104 107 100 91 80 91 97 1899 85 107 121 113 110 107 102 100 84 106 86 81 1900 76 92 90 120 116 113 120 113 111 98 99 88 Average 114 124 116 118 115 111 106 102 100 99 100 108 AVERAGE HOURLY WIND VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR). 1885 5.7 5.6 4.8 6.0 4.3 5.2 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.4 6.5 6.6 1886 7.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.1 4.7 5.5 6.2 4.9 1887 5.9 7.9 5.1 5.6 6.3 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.1 6.4 1888 5.9 5.0 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.6 2.9 3.6 1889 3.2 3.6 4.0 3.6 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.6 4.0 1890 . . . 4.0 3.5 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.7 1891 4 1 4.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.8 2.8 4.7 1892 3.2 3.2 3.8 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.7 1893 3.2 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.6 1894 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 > 8 2.1 3.6 1895 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 1896 3 5 3.6 3.8 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.6 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.6 1897 4.6 5.2 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.9 1898 4.9 3.9 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.3 3.8 4.0 1899 3.6 4.5 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.4 1900 3.2 3.8 3.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.1 3.7 Average 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.2 80 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOKNIA. MONTHLY, SEASONAL, AND ANNUAL SUMMARIES. Temperature. Mean. Precipitation. II ** 11 January . . . February . . March April May June July August September. October November . December . Annual Winter .... Spring Summer . . . Fall . . 1900 1886 1885 1885 1885 1883 1891 1885 1888 1890 1900 1890 1890 1880 1880 1896 1899 1894 1880 1900 1880 1886 1880 1891 87 88 99 99 103 105 109 106 108 102 96 89 1896 1896 1879 1898 1896 1890 1891 1885 1885 1885 1890 1897 1883 1883 1893 1896 1883 1894 1888 1883 1880 1892 1886 1897 2.80 2.82 2.72 1.10 0.51 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.81 1.47 3.28 15.71 7.83 13.37 12.36 5.06 2.06 1.39 0.24 0.61 0.73 6.95 6.53 15.80 1890 1884 1884 1880 1892 1884 1886 1889 1894 1889 1900 1889 0.20 T. 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1887 1896 1885 1897 1886 1897 4.17 3.94 3.18 2.20 1.76 0.87 0.24 0.61 0.71 3.62 3.79 4.34 1890 1887 1884 1884 1892 1884 .1886 1889 1894 1889 1900 1879 January ... February .. March '. April May June July August September . October November . December. . Year Winter Spring Summer Fall . . Mean number of days Winds. Clear. Partly cloudy. 16 13 12 12 10 10 12 14 16 16 18 17 166 46 34 36 50 Cloudy. 9 9 12 12 15 17 18 16 13 12 9 9 151 27 39 51 34 0.01 Pre- inch or vailing more rain. direc- tion. N.E. N.E. W. W. W. W. W. W. VV. W. W. N.E. W. N.E. W. W. W. High- est ve- locity. Direc- tion. N.E. W. S. W. W. N.W. W. N. \V. W. W. N.E. E. Daily move- Year. ment, miles p. h. 1882 1884 1881 1883 1887 1892 1886 1895 1882 1887 1881 1887 114 124 116 118 115 111 106 102 100 99 100 108 Aver- Hourly age rel- move- ative ment. humid- ity. 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 4.2 71 67 73 74 69 CLIMATE OF SODTHEBN COAST. 81 SAN DIEGO, CAL. By Mr. FORD A. CARPENTER, Observer, Weather Bureau. Four elements enter into a consideration of the climate of San Diego. Named according to their importance, they are as follows: (1) Distance from the northern storm tracks, and the southern storms of the lower California coast; (2) proximity to the ocean on the west; (3) the mountains in the east; and (4) the great Colorado Desert still farther east. The number of the northern areas of low pressure sufficiently great and moving far enough south to exert an influ- ence at the latitude of San Diego are comparatively few; not one-tenth of these '"lows" have an appreciable effect on the climate. The storms from the south (" Sonoras,'' as they are locally known) have but little energy, and probably average two a year. As is the case in all marine climates, the ocean exerts by far the most powerful effect. This is noticed in the slight daily variation in temperature and the absence of either cold or hot weather. The average daily change in temperature from day to day is 2"degrees, and the extremes in temperature from a record of thirty years are 101 and 32. The temperature has exceeded 90 nineteen times in thirty years, or on an average of about twice every three years. Four times in the history of the station has the temperature touched 32 C , but has never fallen lower. Four killing frosts have occurred in San Diego since the establishment of the station, but aside from blackening tender shoots and killing delicate flowers, no damage was done. The desert winds are responsible for temperatures above 90, and they are therefore accom- panied by extremely low humidity. Records of humidity below 10 per cent are not uncommon during the two or three hours' duration of the desert wind. Three per cent is the lowest relative humidity ever recorded at this station. As the sea breeze is stronger than the desert wind, the highest point reached, whenever the temperature is above 90, usually occurs about 11 a. m. At this time the sea breeze overcomes the land breeze and the temperature drops to the normal. Nothing so clearly illustrates the strictly local character of the climate of San Diego as the humidity. While the mean annual relative humidity is 78 per cent at the Weather Bureau station, 2 miles north and at an increase of 200 feet in elevation, the humidity decreases 15 per cent. Five miles away, and at an elevation of 300 feet, there is a further decrease of 5 per cent. The temperature is of course proportionately higher. The maximum amount of sunshine occurs in November and the minimum in May and June, the winters being usually bright and warm and the summers cloudy and cool. The photographic sunshine recorder was installed in 1890, and this ten years' record shows an average of four days each year without sunshine. There is a difference of about 1 mile an hour in the average hourly velocity of the wind between the summer and the winter months: the mean annual hourly velocity is 5 miles. While the wind blows from every point of the compass during a normal day. the land breeze is very light, averaging about 3 miles per hour, reaching its lowest velocity just before the sea breeze starts in. The records show that there is an average velocity of from 6 to 9 miles from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m. During the summer a velocity of 6 miles is attained at 9 a. m., increasing to 10 miles at 2 p. m., reaching 6 miles at 7 p. m. The winter months have about five hours of wind over 6 miles, beginning shortly after noon. Winds from 25 to 30 miles per hour occur infrequently, the average annual number being two. Winds of from 31 to 40 miles have an average of less than one a year. The highest velocity ever attained was 40 miles from the northwest, in February, 1878. The record of meteorological observations began in July, 1849, and was made entirely by officials of the Government. The Army and Coast Survey kept up the record until the estab- lishment of this station by the Signal Service, November 1, 1871. Since this date the location of the observing office has been changed a number of times, but the different places have all been within a radius of a few blocks. The office is now in the Keating building, corner Fifth and F streets. The instruments have elevations as follows: Thermometer. 94 feet; rain gauge. 86 feet; anemometer. 102 feet. 1176 Bull. L 03 6 82 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TKMPERATUKK (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1852 53.1 55.9 55.0 57.6 61.2 67.1 73.2 72.5 73.6 65.0 57.3 51.9 62.0 1853 53.8 53.0 57.7 62.6 63.3 68.4 72.8 72.9 70.7 68.8 60.4 56.2 63.4 1854 5'l.2 55.0 56.4 63.3 60.7 64.1 73.1 72.1 66.7 64.0 68.7 55.5 62.0 1855 52.6 56.2 58.4 62.3 64.0 68.8 70.9 72.0 68.3 66.6 66.4 52.4 62 4 1856 51.0 53.5 56.2 60.0 61.0 68.6 72.3 72.5 68.8 61.6 56.2 50.0 61.0 1857 52.4 53.6 58.8 62.6 64.4 69.1 67.3 72.8 68.4 63.9 57.2 51.8 61.9 1858 51.2 56.0 55.1 57.8 62.8 66.5 69.2 69.8 69.6 63.5 58.6 53.1 61.1 1859 54.5 54.8 55.3 56.2 60.1 C7.0 69.7 68.4 66.6 65.1 60.1 55.3 61.1 I860 51.4 53.9 59.0 60.4 61.9 64.5 68.8 70.8 69.1 63.6 56.9 55.2 61.3 1861 51.4 56.5 67.7 63.8 65.7 67.6 73.1 72.3 69.3 64.6 59.8 58.1 63 3 1862 55.6 51.8 66.8 59.4 62.7 68.2 71.2 72.9 69.4 65.8 60.4 55.4 62.5 1868 52.8 52 8 59.9 61.0 62.6 64.6 68.0 68.1 68.9 65.7 59.0 65 8 61 6 1864 56.0 66.2 58.6 61.8 65.2 69.0 69.7 75.1 69.2 64.6 59.1 56.5 63.4 1865 55.6 54 7 57.8 59.8 64.3 65.7 67.7 71.8 68 2 65.2 62.1 52 2 62 1 1866 54.5 57.0 57.9 62.7 60.5 66.6 69.7 73.1 69.6 65.0 60.4 68.6 63.0 1867 55.2 53 2 55.4 61.7 63.6 69.1 70.5 74.5 71.7 64.0 63.2 63 3 63 8 1868 54.5 56.5 57.4 61.3 62.3 65.7 69.4 74.1 72.2 66.1 62.1 55.4 63.1 1869 56.6 65 6 59.8 62.1 62.2 64 4 68.8 70.3 68.3 66.3 61.1 50 6 62 2 1870 55.6 57.5 56.3 58.8 61.4 64.6 68.3 70.5 66.9 63.6 59.4 51.4 61.2 1871 53.5 52 2 66.7 57 7 63 6 65 1 71.4 72 1 68 3 65 6 58 3 56 8 61 8 1872 52.7 55 2 56.4 66.0 60.4 64.9 66.6 68.9 66.0 62.5 59.4 55.4 60.4 187S 56.7 53 3 56 7 58 60 62 7 67.0 69 67 7 62 60 3 54 3 60 1874 54.7 52 6 62.6 56.2 60.5 63.2 68.3 68.1 65.7 63.2 56.7 53.3 69 6 1875 53.4 54 6 56 67 8 62 6 64 6 68 3 71 2 67 7 67 2 60 3 56 9 61 6 1876 51.9 55.9 54.9 59.0 60 9 65.2 68.3 68.8 66.3 64.6 59.4 66 8 61.0 1877 57.4 57 9 58 9 58 3 60 3 66 3 68 4 68 4 68 63 9 60 6 56 8 62 1 1878 . . 55.6 56 56.7 68.1 61 5 64.1 66.8 68.3 67.3 62.0 57 5 53 5 60 6 1879 52.3 54.8 67.9 53.1 00.1 64.1 65.7 68.6 66.6 62.6 56.2 53.9 60.1 1880 62.5 50 8 52.1 56 5 60 6 63 63 4 65 8 63 1 61 2 56 2 56 9 58 5 1881 52.8 55.7 54.3 60.8 62.3 64.1 67.2 68.2 66.7 61.5 66.8 55 60 4 1882 . 50.4 61 2 55.1 56 6 61 9 64 3 66.7 70 2 66 8 62 57 55 7 59 8 1883 53.4 53.9 57.4 57.4 60.6 66.6 68.7 68.9 69.7 61 7 68.7 67 5 61 2 1884 65.0 55 9 56 5 57 6 61 4 64 4 68 4 69 5 65 1 61 3 58 6 54 4 60 7 1885 64.0 55.4 59.6 62.0 63.3 64 3 67.6 71.8 68 63.9 59 6 57 1 62 1886 55.9 58 5 55 57 2 60 4 63 1 67 1 70.5 66 6 59 7 56 56 GO 5 1887 54.3 52.9 57.2 59.0 62.1 64 6 66.5 66.2 65 7 64.6 59 2 64 6 60 6 1888.. . 51.6 54 9 55 8 60 8 61 2 66 68 4 69 2 69 7 65 59 9 58 2 61 7 1889 54.8 58.0 59.2 60 4 60 8 64 67 6 70 8 70 2 65 4 62 57 4 62 6 1890. . . 51.0 54 3 56 4 58 6 60 4 64 1 68 5 69 8 69 1 64 6 63 8 60 8 61 8 1891 54.6 53.3 66.9 58 2 60 8 65 6 69 72 4 70 2 63 8 59 2 61 5 62 1892. 55.1 55 56 57 8 61 62 64 9 67 8 66 4 62 7 60 9 54 2 60 '* 1893 57.4 54 4 54.2 57 5 61 63 4 67 4 70 64 6 62 7 57 6 57 4 60 6 1894 49 5 50 5 52 6 56 4 58 6 61 4 64 8 67 65 9 62 8 57 1 54 8 58 4 1896 53.2 65 8 55 4 57 8 61 9 65 65 6 61 7 67 4 64 4 59 4 55 60 5 1896 65 5 67 7 58 2 56 5 6 64 8 68 6 69 4 66 7 64 2 59 7 59 61 9 1897 55.8 54 7 54 2 59 8 60 9 63 4 67 69 9 68 1 62 4 60 2 55 61 1898 50 8 55 2 54 5 59 1 58 8 63 8 66 7 70 6 68 5 62 3 59 4 56 6 60 5 1899 55.5 53 4 56 4 58 2 57 7 61 4 66 6 65 8 65 5 62 7 GO 8 58 7 60 1 1900 57.8 57 6 59.2 56 8 60 9 64 4 67.6 66 2 65 6 63 1 64 6 60 4 62 1901 66.2 57.5 60.0 57.4 60.0 62.5 65.8 68.2 64.8 Mean (50 years) 53 9 54 8 56 5 59 1 61 6 65 1 67 2 70 68 63 9 59 2 55 6 61 4 CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. 83 Ja n. R b. M ar. A E>r- Ml IT- Ju ne. Ju iy. Ai W. Se pt. O :t. N< )T. D. x. E = = g ~ S' r a s g j S d , H = a s S = z ~ z z "Z - ^ - Z a - S s B 'K X -= K = X a X ~K = "x c "x "x x ~ x 5 x - ~ e z. & ^ 2 3 7. tz 3 7. 7. 3 s 7. ta ~- ~~ 2 *z ~ 1872 71 17 68 44 71 ;; 74 43 5? 80 55 - H 85 60 80 54 -7 45 81 42 77 40 1873 75 44 77 17 7? 40 H 4' 78 V 75 58 60 78 61 8? 55 76 49 85 49 68 44 1874 71 4? 64 4] 61 ; 71 43 74 50 76 5? 79 59 83 56 78 54 90 46 75 45 8* 39 1875 68 4? 70 44 71 19 77 19 8- TO 77 51 79 61 81 61 88 57 88 51 7ft 50 7=> 38 1876 65 19 77 19 jg 43 87 43 76 50 88 51 78 60 81 60 82 <>4 80 48 79 43 77 45 1877. 78 4? 75 4.S 70 - 67 44 68 il 94 55 86 59 8? 58 91 58 71 47 78 46 78 40 1878 68 V 69 44 68 : 77 ^| 7S 48 76 51 77 56 80 55 100 51 87 44 77 40 79 35 1879 76 15 74 18 99 44 - 45 94 47 91 V 78 58 81 54 92 54 qo 46 79 43 71 32 1880 7i 1? 61 15 69 51 7> 51 76 51 80 =>7 82 56 86 5? 72 46 76 38 77 39 1882. . 54 34 70 17 79 19 70 41 71 48 75 55 78 17 81 6*> 80 50 81 49 80 42 78 41 1883 76 1*> 83 16 71 48 85 42 89 45 81 56 80 59 84 60 101 59 80 48 ff 43 78 42 1884 78 19 79 1 68 41 69 45 7? 47 Rl 50 Rl 51 f> 5( 78 51 87 47 74 42 68 36 1885 68 18 76 40 81 4? 81 47 71 5? 74 5? 8? 58 89 6? 10 56 88 47 76 42 79 40 1886 74 IT 80 44 68 41 71 45 77 50 75 54 81 57 82 61 78 60 47 77 40 76 40 1887 74 18 76 18 8? 44 80 44 79 48 78 54 79 60 77 54 79 58 85 50 8? 44 74 36 1888 64 Tt 67 4? 77 41 91 47 70 V 76 54 77 55 82 V7 82 58 80 53 75 46 71 44 "1889 -- 36 85 17 NO 45 R1 47 80 50 7? 56 84 59 89 6 1 ' 91 54 80 52 81 46 69 40 1890 66 15 77 18 74 41 85 45 75 46 91 51 80 56 89 58 81 60 90 49 91 46 " 79 47 1891 76 15 70 14 76 41 77 44 67 51 78 51 88 58 85 60 89 55 84 50 8-> ft 32 1892 . 7: '18 68 4? 71 44 80 41 87 47 75 51 75 57 80 57 80 54 81 46 84 71 36 1893 80 3S 40 75 40 78 41 88 49 75 53 79 57 81 59 77 51 88 50 " ft' 38 1894 69 T 69 14 7? 16 81 41 7? 45 71 50 77 57 55 90 5? 87 45 45 70 41 1895 77 16 - 19 74 38 81 44 80 51 77 51 74 57 78 51 90 54 84 '.; 85 38 79 34 1896 -- 19 83 19 85 41 74 42 98 48 89 54 80 56 88 59 54 79 - 76 43 7R 46 1897 71 40 76 1R 70 40 88 46 67 50 70 54 79 59 89 60 83 58 76 51 81 45 80 36 1898 7- 36 75 4? 77 18 86 45 69 51 88 54 77 60 81 61 91 81 5] 76 41 79 43 1899 -; 41 76 34 86 44 91 46 66 48 70 55 m 57 76 58 92 55 93 ;- 81 50 80 45 1900. . 79 46 7fi 45 80 46 67 45 75 49 87 56 84 60 80 59 87 51 7? 50 89 51 79 44 1901 40 81 41 8? 47 66 46 67 51 86 5.1 74 57 79 58 7? 56 [From 1875 to 1900, 9,496 days, there were 9,181 days of temperature not above 80 nor below 40.] 84 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. FIG. 10. Seasonal rainfall at San Diego, Cal., from 1850 to 1901. CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. 85 MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). [Record began January 1, 1S71.] Month. A.M. P.M. Aver- age. Month. A. M. I'. M. Aver- age. Month. A.M. P.M. Aver- age. 74.9 74.0 74.4 May 82.5 74.8 78.6 September 84.7 78.0 81.5 77 6 73 5 75 6 83 8 75 2 79.5 October . . 81.3 76.2 78.8 March 81.2 73 9 77.6 July 85 9 76.4 81.2 November 72.4 72.8 72.6 April 82.2 73.4 77.8 August 85.4 76.4 80.9 December 73.2 72.9 73.0 NUMBER OF HIGH WINDS IN TWENTY-EIGHT YEARS. [Record began January 1, 1873.] Month. Velocity. Month. Velocity. Month. Velocity. J5to30 mile*. 21 to 40 miles. 25 to 30 miles. 21 to 40 miles. 25 to 30 miles. 21 to 40 miles. o 8 9 8 2 11 9 - 5 j 3 1 1 3 1 |> 2 1 1 November 5 10 3 5 July December March August 2 2 April September May October SUMMARY OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. Highest monthly mean. monftlTSean. Absolute maximum. Absolute minimum. Mean of Mean of Greatest Mean Mean threeeon threecon- Month. t dailv daily varia- secutive secutive Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- range. range. bility. warmest coldest pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. days. days. ture. ture. ture. ture. 57.8 1900 49.5 1894 80.0 2,1893 32.0 131,1880 35.0 16.9 2.4 65.7 40.2 February 58.5 1886 50.5 1894 85.0 12,1889 34.0 10-11,1894 37.0 13.7 2.1 69.2 41.9 16,1880 1 March ! 59.9 1863 52.1 1880 99.0 29,1879 38.0 \ 43.0 14.2 2.3 71.3 44.3 14,1898 1 April 63.8 1861 51.7 1901 93.0 12,1888 39.0 7,1875 40.0 14.2 2.2 74.3 50.5 Mav *s 7 1861 57. 7 1899 98.0 25,1896 39.0 7,1875 36.0 12.2 1.6 72.1 52.6 69.1 1857 1867 | 61.4 r 1894 1 1899 1 94.0 10,1877 50.0 f 14,1884 { 13, 1894 35.0 12.1 1.9 75.8 55.4 July 73 ' 1852 63.4 1880 88.0 25,1891 54.0 16,1894 24 11.6 1.7 78.0 59.5 75.1 1864 65.8 J 1880 t 1889 | 92.0 15,1884 54.0 29,1879 28.0 11.4 1.7 81.1 60.8 September ' 73. 6 1852 63.1 ; 1880 101.0 22,1883 50.0 18,1882 35.0 13.0 2.0 82.9 57.0 October 58- s 1853 59.7 i 1886 92.0 26-28, 1879 44.0 | '.". 37.0 14.1 1.8 79.0 49.8 November 64.6 1900 56.0 1886 91.0 4,1890 38.0 f 8,1881 { 24, 1895 38.0 17.7 2.3 75.6 44.9 December ; 63.3 1867 50.0 1856 82.0 6,1874 32.0 25,1879 40.0 16.2 1.9 75.6 42.8 Annual . 53. g 1867 58.4 1894 101.0 Sept. 22, 1883 32.0 (Jan. 31,1880 JDec. 25,1879 43.0 13.9 2.0 82. i 40.2 < Also, 21st, 1883; 7th, 1894. WEATHER. Month. Average number of Month. Average number of Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days." Rainy- days. Clear days. Partly cloudy days. 'Cloudy days. Rainy days. 17 13 11 13 9 10 15 8 9 10 10 11 14 12 6 6 10 7 11 6 4 6 8 8 : 3 1 A ugust 12 16 17 18 15 15 11 10 8 10 4 3 4 4 6 2 t fr February September October November Mav December June A 165 129 71 41 July 86 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY, SEASONAL, AND ANNUAL PHECIPITATION IN INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. Season of Seasonal. 1850 0.00 1.13 1.00 0.09 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 2.82 1.93 7.84 1849-50 1851 0.03 1.51 0.34 0.87 0.71 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.25 3.74 7.49 1850-51 8.41 1852 0.58 1.84 1.87 0.85 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.06 1.45 4.50 11.87 1851-52 9.88 1853 0.50 0.20 1.52 0.25 2.10 0.05 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 1.28 1.77 7.88 1852-53 10.84 1854 0.99 2.56 1.88 0.89 0.18 0.01 0.07 1.36 0.09 0.27 0.04 3.29 11.63 1853-54 10.99 1855 1.97 3.59 1.30 1.52 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.11 2.15 0.41 11.15 1854-55 12.17 1856 1.27 1.86 1.59 2.17 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.22 1.30 9.77 1855-56 9.85 1857 0.26 1.76 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.49 2.16 1.30 6.15 1856-57 4.78 1858 1.52 0.44 1.24 0.17 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.04 0.10 0.47 0.28 3.10 7.55 1857-58 7.56 1859 0.00 1.89 0.20 0.36 0.17 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.49 1.79 6.10 1858-59 6.59 1860 , 0.72 1.49 0.15 0.65 0.04 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.88 2.99 9.11 1859-60 6.70 1861 0.82 0.79 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.59 0.05 1.19 3.20 7.92 1860-61 7.76 1862 5.56 1.39 0.97 1.05 0. Ifi 0.48 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.05 0.93 11.59 1861-62 15. 75 1863 0.32 1.09 0.33 0.13 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.73 0.04 3.02 1862-63 3.76 1864 0.04 2.50 0.20 0.01 1.25 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.04 2.41 1.04 7.61 1863-64 5.26 1865 1.28 3.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.01 1.29 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.52 0.84 7.52 1864-65 9.63 1866 5.05 3.43 1.47 0.11 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.24 1.82 12.31 1865-66 11.63 1867. . 2.32 0.85 7.88 0.48 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.34 0.45 3.06 15.72 1866-67 13.93 1868 3.C7 1.63 0.73 1.20 0.15 0.00 0.51 0.00 0.05 0.00 2.00 1.52 11.16 1867-68 11.44 1869. . 2.88 1.88 1.98 0.53 0.33 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 2.32 0.94 10.96 1868-69 11.22 1870 0.54 0.77 0.33 0.20 0.28 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.00 1.54 0.18 0.42 4.37 1869-70 5.54 1871 0.52 1.35 0.01 0.70 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 1.39 5.64 1870-71 5.06 1872 0.99 2.63 0.46 O.C6 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.40 6.04 1871-72 7.36 1873 0.44 4.15 0.11 0.10 0.03 o.co 0.00 1.95 0.00 0.00 0.77 5.46 13.01 1872-73 8.18 1874 3.11 3.73 1.20 O.C4 0.34 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.11 0.53 0.88 0.55 10.91 1873-74 15.07 1875 2.38 0.37 0.45 0.12 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.39 0.00 2.25 0.41 6.80 1874-75 5.82 1876 2.47 2.44 1.78 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.15 7.24 1875-76 9.99 1877 1.05 0.18 1.44 0.26 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 O.Oti 3.89 8.12 1876-77 3.66 1878 1.45 4.83 1.41 2.91 0.58 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.00 1.57 13.87 1877-78 16.10 1879 3.54 1.04 0.10 0.60 T. 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 2.77 6.30 14.71 1878-79 7.88 1880 0.61 1.50 1.43 1.34 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.32 0.00 0.53 0.28 4.15 10.37 1879-80 14.77 1881. 0.52 0.45 1.88 1.35 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.24 0.12 0.30 5.00 1880-81 9.26 1882 4.53 2.55 1.02 0.45 0.18 0.07 0.00 T. 0.01 0.41 0.39 0.13 9.74 1881-82 9.50 1883 1.09 0.96 0.41 0.31 1.14 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.01 0.20 1.82 8.01 1882-83 4.92 1884 1.34 9.05 6.23 2.84 2.17 0.31 0.00 T. 0.07 0.35 0.11 5.12 27.59 1883-84 25.97 1885 0.35 0.02 0.78 1.20 0.61 0.06 T. 0.13 T. 0.31 1.56 0.71 5.73 1884-85 8.80 1886 6.95 1.51 O "7O 1.95 0.04 0.07 T. T. 0.00 0.05 0.95 0.10 15.35 1885-86 16.83 1887 0.04 4.51 0.02 2.14 0.47 0.04 0.01 T. T. T. 2.08 1.14 10.45 1886-87 8.33 1888 1.96 1.48 2.79 0.10 0.22 0.04 0.01 T. 0.04 0.26 1.83 2.84 11.57 1887-88 9.82 1889 1.72 1.80 2.20 0.19 0.03 0.10 T. 0.04 T. 2.12 0.12 7.71 16.03 1888-89 11.05 1890 2.79 1.70 0.41 0.05 0.08 0.00 0.00 T. 0.65 0.01 0.72 1.61 8.02 1889-90 14.98 1891 1.21 4.84 0.27 0.76 0.35 0.05 T. 0.00 0.08 0.04 T. 1.29 8.99 1890-91 10.47 1892 1.58 2.96 0.96 0.41 1.15 0.13 0.00 0.05 T. 0.22 0.94 0.69 9.09 1891-92 8.65 1893 0.78 0.47 5.50 0.22 0.39 T. T. 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.91 1.91 10.29 1892-93 9.21 1894 0.29 0.49 1.05 0.11 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 T. 0.00 2.26 4.35 1893-94 5.01 1895 7.33 0.53 1.43 0.11 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.27 1.19 0.27 11.33 1894-95 11.86 1896 1.27 0.02 2.89 0.25 0.03 0.01 T. 0.13 T. 0.97 0.98 2,18 8.73 1895-96 6.34 1897 3.13 2.72 1.53 0.02 0.12 T. 0.01 T. T. 1.06 0.02 0.32 8.93 1896-97 11.66 1898 1.71 0.06 0.91 0.22 0.66 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.15 0.87 4.67 1897-98 4.98 1899 2.34 0.30 0.85 0.29 0.10 0.27 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.35 0.86 0.65 6.08 1898-99 5.31 1900 . . 0.69 0.03 0.53 1.26 1.45 0.08 0.00 T. T. 0.30 1.43 0.00 1899-00 5.90 1901 2 08 4.77 1.07 0.01 0.77 0.02 T. T. 0.06 0.28 0,41 0.02 9.49 1900-01 10 45 1.75 1.91 1.37 0.64 0.34 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.33 0.96 1.97 9.52 CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. 87 MONTHLY EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION. Month. Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. Number of times precipita- tion has exceeded normal in 50 years. Month. Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. Number of times precipita- tion has exceeded normal in 50 years. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Jnnnnry . , Inehft. 7.33 9.05 7.88 2.91 2.17 0.68 1895 1884 1867 1878 1884 1850 Inchet. 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 01850 <>1885 <"1857 01864 a!850 1852 16 17 17 14 10 July Inchet. 1.29 1.95 1.69 2.12 2.88 7.71 1865 1873 1861 1889 1860 1889 Inchet. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ol850 ol850 ol850 01853 01872 01900 8 10 7 15 20 16 F*hniary . March April October Mav JoAQ a Also in other years. GRKATEBT PRECIPITATION, IN INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS, IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. ; ' Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. Greatest annual. 1872 0.53 1.12 0.29 0.15 0.10 00 00 09 00 00 00 53 1 12 1873 20 1 25 05 10 02 00 00 1 80 00 00 54 *> 52 1 80 1874 1.35 1.24 0.28 0.33 0.21 00 09 00 10 18 31 55 1 35 1875 95 35 30 11 08 02 00 fl 21 29 00 52 32 95 1870 0.55 1 53 0.80 05 05 05 03 06 03 06 03 10 1 53 1877 0.41 0.18 0.52 0.16 0.20 0.00 00 00 00 0.78 0.06 1 09 1 09 1878 55 1 11 36 82 28 07 00 00 00 '.*', 00 58 96 1879. . . i 1. 53 0.80 0.05 0.17 0.00 07 00 00 00 16 2.75 2 56 2.75 1880 0.31 0.82 0.44 0.38 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.28 0.00 0.48 0.17 1 29 1 29 1881.. " .so 0.18 83 0.70 02 05 00 01 04 21 07 19 83 1882 ' 2 W 0.99 0.55 0.13 0.17 0.05 00 00 0.01 0.21 31 11 2.94 1883 98 43 19 18 69 00 00 00 1 82 20 63 1 82 1884 0.92 1.-89 1.71 1.01 1.45 24 00 T 07 23 10 1 66 I 89 1885 0.20 0.01 0.56 0.80 0.54 0.04 T. 0.13 0.00 0.21 0.59 0.48 80 1886 1.76 0.69 1 38 1 20 02 04 m ' wm T T 00 05 74 06 1 76 1887 . 0.04 1.96 0.02 0.94 0.44 0.04 0.01 T T T. 1.80 0.74 1.96 1888 0.75 66 1 25 C8 15 04 01 T 04 20 60 1 04 1 25 1889.. 67 0.95 1.16 0.14 0.02 10 T 04 T 1 54 08 2.31 2 31 1890 1 32 1 04 35 03 04 00 00 T 37 01 72 1 23 I 32 1891.. . 1 08 1.35 0.17 0.55 34 05 T 00 0.06 02 09 69 1 35 1892 1.25 1.25 0.34 0.41 0.95 0.13 0.00 0.04 T. 0.10 0.82 0.43 L25 1893 0.45 43 > 00 22 22 T T 00 00 11 81 74 2.00 1894 0.20 0.15 0.65 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.01 T 0.00 59 65 1895 2.15 29 70 08 15 00 00 00 01 22 46 15 2 15 1896 0.57 02 1.32 0.12 0.03 0.01 T 09 T 64 ,, 1 10 1 32 1897 1 62 1 04 55 02 04 T 01 T T 67 02 0.17 1 62 1898 .. 0.55 06 0.47 0.09 0.26 02 00 00 06 00 0.11 71 0.71 1899 1 33 24 " 52 28 07 25 00 07 00 20 42 54 1 33 1900. 66 03 48 79 1 35 05 00 T T 20 52 50 1 35 1901 ' 0.74 2.39 0.53 0.01 0.52 0.02 T. T 0.06 0.18 0.37 0.01 2.39 Greatest ' 2.94 2.39 2.00 1.20 1.4.T 0.25 09 1 80 37 1.82 2. 75 2.55 2.94 Date 12 8-9 11-1' 14-1 5 1 22 12 --.'.. B 9 27 Jan 12 Year ' 1882 1901 1893 -... 1884 1899 1874 1873 1890 1883 1879 1879 1882 TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION SINCE NOVEMBER 1, 1871. Janu- ary. Febru- ary. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sep- tember. Octo- ber. Novem- ber. Decem- ber. 19 71 31 35 20 14 22 66 33 30 i! 10 38 82 31 39 " 16 57 35 16 10 43 78 8 8 5 2 B 31 3 11 4 1 17 10 1 2 12 14 2 1 25 36 23 3 4 1 15 42 17 15 10 2 22 62 35 30 20 13 O.OltoO.IO 0.11 to 25 0.26to0.50 51 to 1 00 Over 1.00 inch . . 88 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. DATES WHEN PRECIPITATION EQUALED OR EXCEEDED 2.50 INCHES IN ANY CONSECUTIVE TWENTY-FOUR HOURS, LOCAL TIME. Inches. December 4, 1873, 10 p. m. 3d, during night 4th 2. 52 November 9, 1879, during a. m. 9th, to 8.10 p. m. 9th 2.75 December 27, 1879, 6 a. in. to 6 a. m. December 28 2. 55 January 12, 1882, 3.50 a. m. to 3 a. m. January 13 j. . . 2. 94 No snow is reported to have fallen at San Diego since the beginning of the record of observations in 1850. Maximum rate of rainfall from recording rain gauge; record since 1893: December 28, 1896, in one minute, 0.19; in five minutes, 0.32; in ten minutes, 0.47; in one hour, 0.79. HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY, DIRECTION, AND DATE FOR EACH MONTH DURING THE PAST TWENTY-SEVEN YEARS. [Record began January 1, 1873.] Months. Velocity. Direc- tion. Day and year. Months. Velocity. Direc- tion. Day and year. 37 (a) al873 July 30 NW 2 1881 40 NW a!878 24 W bjg 1885 37 (a) ol876 September 28 NW. 7 1881 April 39 (a) ol877 October 32 NW 29 1877 May 28 (a) ol877 November 32 NW < 12 1877 24 sw. 11,1886 December 36 NW rf2 1887 ("Direction and date missing. ("Also on August 25, 29, and 31, 1877. "Also on November 21, 1886. rfAlso, west, on December 23, 1888. AVERAGE HOURLY WIND VELOCITY (!N MILES PER HOUR). [Record began January 1, 1873.] Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. A. M. 1 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.6 2 7 3 1 3 6 2 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.5 2 3 2 6 2 7 3 2 3 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.2 2.6 2 9 3 3 3 9 4 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.1 2.4 2 3 2 7 2 8 3 2 6 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.5 2 3 2 7 2 9 3 4 3 9 6 4 1 4.1 4.0 3.6 3 5 3.2 2 6 2 4 '' 7 '2 9 3 5 7 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.2 2.6 2 3 2 8 2 9 3 4 8 3 9 4.1 4.0 3.7 3 4 3 2 2 7 2 4 2 7 3 2 3 5 9 3.9 4.1 4.0 3.7 o 3.2 2.8 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 6 10 4 4.2 3 8 3.5 3 6 3 4 3 1 2 6 2 8 3 3 5 11 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.1 4.0 3 4 3 2 3 'i 1 12 ( noon ) 3 3 3 8 4 3 4 8 5 6 5 6 5 7 5 4 6 Q a 3 1 P. M. 1 3.5 4.7 5.6 7.0 7.8 7.7 7 7 7 1 6 7 5 5 4 4 2 4 5 5 9 7 8 7 9 9 2 9 1 8 9 8 7 7 4 5 8 3 5 9 7.5 8.5 9.9 10 10 10 1 9 9 10 9 7 4 4 7 3 8 8 9 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 3 10 3 10 5 9 6 8 7 5 8.0 9.6 10.0 10.6 10 5 10 5 10 4 10 2 10 4 9 g 9 1 6 8 3 9 7 9 9 10 3 10 3 10 1 10 9 8 9 4 7 8 1 9 2 9 4 9.6 9 6 9 4 9 3 9 2 9 8 4 7 6 8 6 7 8 8 5 8 7 8 8 8 6 8 4 8 3 9 4 9 6 1 6 9 7 4 7 6 7 4 7 5 8 3 6 3 4 8 3 9 10 4 4 6 5 1 5 7 6 1 6 6 1 7 1 3 5 11 3 8 4 4 1 4 6 4 9 4 9 4 7 5 4 3 6 3 12 (midnight) . . 3 8 4 3 8 3 8 4 o 3 8 3 6 Average 4 8 5 4 5 6 5 9 6 5 8 5 6 CLIMATE OF SOUTHERN COAST. NUMBER OP DAYS WITH ONE HOUR OR MORE OP FOG, AND NUMBER OF THUNDERSTORMS IN ELEVEN YEARS. [Record began January 1, 1890.] 89 'V Month. Foggy days. "^ Month. Foggy days. Thunder- storms. Num- ber. Aver- age. Num- ber. Aver- age. Num- ber. Aver- age. Num- ber. Aver- age. January 22 17 10 16 3 6 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 July 6 6 24 26 22 11 3 3 1 2 3 6 i i 1 February March April May June AVERAGE PRESSURE, IN INCHES AND THOUSANDTHS, FOR EACH HOUR OP SEVENTY-FIFTH MERIDIAN TIME. [Correction applied to reduce to standard gravity, -0.03. A=32 43' N.; .p=117 10* W.; local time 2 b 49" slow. H=87 ft.] 1900. I' a.m. 2 3* 4h 5>- 6" 7 8" 9<> 10" 11' Noon. 1* p.m. 29.981 29.918 29.862 29.881 29.885 29.817 29.762 29.832 29.813 29.847 29.890 29.971 0.981 0.920 0.861 0.881 0.885 0.816 0.763 0.832 0.812 0.846 0.891 0.972 0.974 0.917 0.859 0.879 0.882 0.807 0.761 0.830 0.813 0.844 0.889 0.971 0.971 0.913 0.857 0.874 0.876 0.799 0.758 0.827 0.811 0.844 0.887 0.966 0.971 0.910 0.850 0.865 0.869 0.792 0.752 0.819 0.808 0.843 0.884 0.965 0.970 0.907 0.843 0.861 0.864 0.790 0.751 0.815 0.807 0.839 0.881 0.961 0.964 0.903 0.840 0.859 0.865 0.788 0.753 0.816 0.805 0.839 0.876 0.953 0.963 0.905 0.842 0.861 0.865 0.797 0.759 0.823 0.812 0.843 0.879 0.952 0.967 0.914 0.849 0.871 0.874 0.804 0.771 0.834 0.819 0.849 0.885 0.958 0.976 j 0.991 0.921 0.930 0.856 0.868 0.882 0.892 0.884 0.888 0.813 O.S21 0.780 0.785 0.844 0.853 0.827 0.833 0. 858 0. 869 0. 895 0. 905 0. 968 0. 976 0.005 0.937 0.875 0.897 0.891 0.823 0.782 0.861 0.836 0.875 0.915 0.991 0.013 0.940 0.878 0.900 0.891 0.826 0.783 0.859 0.839 0.874 0.918 0.993 April Mav July August October 29.872 0.872 0.869 0.865 0.861 0.857 0.855 0.858 0.866 0. 875 0. 884 0.891 0.893 1900. 2 k 3>> 4h B> 6" 7" &> 9" 10>> 11' Mid. Mean. Mean max. Mean mill. . "anuary 0.002 0.937 0.872 0.895 0.890 0.825 0.781 0.857 0.832 0.867 0.910 0.982 0.975 0.918 0.857 0.889 0.889 0.821 0.775 0.853 0.822 0.851 0.885 0.954 0.951 0.900 0.845 0.881 0.882 0.814 0.768 0.845 0. 815 0.839 0.870 0.941 0.942 0.884 0.832 0.872 0.872 0.809 0.759 0.836 0.804 0.828 0.859 0.933 0.942 0.876 0.824 0.864 0.864 0.803 0.750 0.826 0.793 0.824 0.854 0.925 0.943 0.875 0.820 0.856 0.858 0.796 0.743 0.819 0.787 0.821 0.853 0.925 0.944 0.878 0.823 0.859 0.854 0.793 0.738 0.813 0.787 0.822 0.856 0.929 0.955 0.888 0.830 0.860 0.854 0.793 0.738 0.814 0.788 0.827 0.865 0.939 0.962 0.897 0.837 0.867 0.860 0.798 0.741 0.816 0.793 0.836 0.873 0.950 0.969 0.903 0.849 0.876 0.868 0.803 0.749 0.821 0.805 0.845 0.879 0.957 0.978 0.910 0.863 0.885 0.876 0.812 0.761 0.827 0.813 0.852 0.886 0.963 0.970 0.908 0.850 0.875 0.874 0.807 0.761 0.832 0.811 0.845 0.883 0.958 0.025 0.972 0.891 0.927 0.910 0.843 0.793 0.867 0.848 0.885 0.928 0.009 0.926 0.849 0.812 0.823 0.838 0.777 0.730 0.800 0.774 O.J09 O.E41 0.913 March \pril May .. June July August November 0.888 0.874 0.863 0.852 0.845 0.841 0.841 0.846 0.852 0.860 0.869 0.861 0.908 0.824 90 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) EACH HOUR, SEVENTY-FIFTH MERIDIAN TIME. [h,=94 ft.; local time, 2 h 49'" slow.] 1900. ! l k a. m. 2' I 31" 4>> 5k 6' 1 7* 8 1 ' 9k 10k 11" Noon. 1' p. m. January .56.0 55.0 58.2 56.2 59.6 62.9 65.5 64.5 63.6 61.4 60.8 57.3 55.3 54.4 57.7 55.7 59.0 62.6 65.2 64.2 63.2 60.9 60.7 56.9 54.5 53.7 57.0 54.9 58.5 62.1 65.0 63.9 62.4 60.2 60.4 56.2 54.3 53.3 56.7 54.5 58.1 61.9 64.8 63.9 62.1 60.0 CO. 2 56.0 53.9 52.8 56.2 54.2 57.9 61.8 64.7 63.9 61.5 59.9 59.6 55.1 53.8 52.5 55.8 53.9 57.6 61.6 64.5 63.7 61.2 59.6 59.5 54.7 53.3 52.1 55.6 53.5 57.5 61.2 64.2 63.5 61.1 59.3 59.4 54.4 53.1 52.1 54.7 52.7 56.9 60.6 64.1 63.2 60.8 58.9 59.9 54.4 53.1 62.2 54.5 52.8 56.7 60.7 64.4 63.1 60.9 58.6 58.8 54.4 52.6 52.3 54.9 51.1 57.9 61.5 65.3 63.9 62.1 58.8 59.0 53.9 53.2 54.0 56.7 56.5 59.1 62.6 66.5 65.3 64.7 61.3 61.4 55.0 55.8 57.6 59.5 58.1 00.7 64.0 68.0 66.5 66.6 63.3 64.1 58.7 58.8 60.0 61.4 59.5 62.1 65.7 69.5 68.0 68.7 65.5 67.4 63.2 May July Year 60.1 59.6 59.1 58.8 58.5 58.2 57.9 57.6 57.5 58.0 59.7 61.9 64.2 1900. 2* 3k 4h 5k 6* 7 h 8k 9k 10k Ilk Mid. Mean. Mean max. Mean min. 60.6 62.1 62.4 60.2 62.6 66.4 69.9. 68.4 69.3 66.5 69.5 65.5 62.3 63.4 63.6 60.9 63.7 67.3 70.7 68.6 69.9 67.1 70.0 67.0 62.4 63.3 63.4 60.9 64.3 67.2 70.9 68.7 70.1 67.2 69.6 67.2 62.5 63.6 63.3 60.5 64.5 67.1 70.6 68.8 70.1 67.2 69.9 66.6 62.3 63.2 63.2 60.8 64.4 66.9 70.3 68.6 69.7 66.9 69.5 66.8 61.5 62.4 62.7 60.1 63.8 66.6 69.7 68.0 69.0 66.2 68.7 65.7 60.3 61.3 62.0 59.3 63.8 65.8 69.0 67.5 68.3 65.0 66.7 63.7 59.4 59.8 60.9 58.6 62.8 65.4 68.3 66.4 66.9 64.2 64.9 61.9 58.5 58.6 60.0 57.8 61.6 64.6 67.1 65.4 65.9 63.5 63.7 60.3 57.3 57.0 59.5 57.3 60.7 63.8 66.4 64.9 65.0 62.9 62.8 59.0 56.5 55.9 58.8 56.8 60.2 63.3 66.2 64.6 64.3 62.1 61.9 58.1 57.1 57.2 59.1 57.1 60.6 63.9 CT.l 65.7 65.3 62.8 63.7 59.7 63.7 64.6 64.5 61.7 65.5 68.8 71.7 70.0 71.1 68.3 72.1 68.5 51.8 50.7 54.0 52.0 56.3 60.1 63.5 62.5 60.1 57.9 57.2 52.3 February April May June July August October December Year 65.3 66.2 66.3 66.2 66.0 65.4 64.4 63.3 62.2 61.4 60.7 61.6 67.5 56.5 SUNSHINE FOR THE YEARS 1898, 1899, AND 1900. [N. lat. 32 43'.] Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending (local time) Total (hours). Per- centage of pos- sible. 5k a.m. 6k 7k 8k 9k 10k Ilk Noon. lk 2k 3k 4 k 5k 6k 7k 8' 1898. 74 46 63 38 31 22 18 36 49 37 81 76 66 51 60 41 35 26 30 33 61 37 80 73 64 65 64 56 44 31 53 67 71 50 88 74 73 68 71 64 56 51 66 84 78 > 71 93 76 75 76 78 71 66 76 77 92 Bfl 89 96 79 70 86 85 76 73 87 91 % 93 93 97 82 7o 87 84 .76 77 87 93 98 96 90 92 80 72 85 85 86 83 84 93 97 95 96 93 84 74 79 81 83 82 86 93 96 95 94 95 80 71 82 75 80 76 80 90 98 94 89 94 76 60 75 70 74 72 70 83 95 91 82 93 73 60 70 71 62 63 59 80 83 88 81 88 100 921.5 229,6 276.4 255.2 260.4 248.4 299.6 317.9 306.5 268.7 287.2 241.7 70 74 74 65 00 58 69 77 a 76 91 78 February 89 35 32 20 17 31 54 67 85 52 57 40 71 41 93 80 33 68 April May 47 21 29 July August September October November December 97 345 571 48 593 49 727 61 851 71 961 80 1,027 si; 1,039 87 1,053 88 1,038 86 1,005 84 938 78 905 75 439 181 3,913.1 326.1 875 73 Percentage of pos- sible CLIMATE OF SOUTHEKN COAST. 91 SUNSHINE FOR THE YEABS 1898, 1899, AND 1900 Continued. [N. lat 32 43'.] Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending (local time) Total (hours). Per- centage of pos- sible. a.m. 6 7 8* 9' 10* 11' Noon. 1' 2 3 4* 5* 6 7 8* 1899. JftTmmy 22 47 49 37 28 9 16 17 19 44 60 68 64 54 52 40 31 24 37 36 28 54 59 68 65 63 60 54 47 42 68 74 50 60 68 77 75 79 66 70 66 52 77 91 65 72 59 I 75 79 79 89 74 66 90 94 80 78 70 78 79 88 86 86 -- 70 90 96 88 78 81 79 80 88 89 90 87 74 90 96 90 79 83 79 83 89 86 91 90 74 97 97 91 80 M 75 85 88 89 86 89 78 97 97 91 81 77 79 S 90 84 86 77 95 95 89 82 76 74 81 79 85 84 76 72 92 90 87 81 69 69 81 78 79 64 56 64 82 -- 81 80 75 18 245.4 241.0 284.7 277.6 274.8 227.6 323.4 324.4 262.4 253.8 223.6 235.6 77 78 76 n 64 53 74 78 71 72 71 76 February i March 22 40 28 10 7 17 21 60 57 51 38 87 87 87 April Mav 20 11 37 86 July October November December Sum 31 145 416 35 547 46 718 60 852 71 952 79 1,003 84 1,025 1,037 86 1,037 86 1,016 85 965 80 847 n 467 123 3,174.3 264.5 S61 72 Percentage of pos- sible 1900. January 68 42 50 _- 5 16 15 43 42 49 84 47 70 48 53 41 15 27 21 48 45 47 77 51 75 52 62 42 32 53 42 54 48 71 90 64 84 61 79 62 44 81 62 80 60 95 -j ; 66 76 74 57 85 85 80 72 78 92 80 91 n 79 82 70 90 95 83 83 82 90 81 90 79 77 80 72 . 96 92 --. 85 80 94 84 92 84 78 84 74 95 92 89 85 83 92 79 96 81 79 92 74 96 89 90 82 82 96 74 92 75 72 87 74 92 86 -- 86 70 93 65 79 64 68 76 72 88 80 87 83 60 90 60 72 61 66 71 60 79 73 87 83 100 100 224.7 262.1 244.2 269.1 280.7 215.3 306.9 272.0 282.1 248.8 226.3 282.1 n 85 66 69 65 50 70 66 76 71 72 91 pphnwrv March 44 57 27 4 13 11 33 67 68 57 68 53 66 53 100 .... April Mav 7 4 100 56 64 June July \iigint October. November December 11 256 442 37 539 45 672 56 849 941 71 78 996 83 1,015 1,032 1,036 989 912 85 86 86 82 76 912 76 465 220 3,113.1 852 259.4 71 Percentage of pos- sible EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION. Total duration. 'I'Mlill Illllllllllt Of 1 .n vi | > i t a 1 1 o n i inched). Excessive rate. \n 1 before uxcuHHivc rule In IMII ' Inch, - Accumulated depths of precipitation (in inches) during periods of time indicated. Stations and dates. From To- Began Ended d a 10 a a g c E O e I 1C 20 min 25 mill 1 8 1 3 40 min E 'i mill = 80 mill San Diego. Cal.: Jan.10,1899 6.05p.m. 1 11.59p.m. 1.20 10. 50 p.m. 11.30p.m. 0.50 0.15 0.26 0.290.37 1 0.400.46 0.55 0.60 0.62 0.65 0.70 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. RED BLUFF. Data by Mr. MAURICE COXXELL, Observer, Weather Bureau. Red Bluff is the county seat of Tehama County, at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley. The city is situated on the western bank of the Sacramento River, the average elevation above sea level being 309 feet, and is in latitude 40 10' north, longitude 122 14' west. The land slopes gently to the river, and within a radius of 5 miles the country is comparatively flat. The general movement of the air is from the north and northeast into the valley from the mountains on the north and east. During the summer months, however, there is a well- marked southerly movement of the air, which is in part due to the strong westerly indraft through the Golden Gate and its subsequent deflection northward through the valley. The highest temperature recorded is 114 and the lowest 18. The average annual precipitation is 25.56 inches. MOXTHLY AXD AXXCAL MEAX TEMPERATCRE (DEGREES F.). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. i Dec. Annual. 1878 47.3 50.2 55.5 60.4 67.4 81.0 81.6 83.2 72.9 65.4 55.6 47.4 64.0 1879 44.6 53.6 57.0 6L3 62.5 78.7 81.6 83.4 77.2 64.0 51.0 44.6 63.3 1880 44.5 46.5 49.7 55.8 64.1 73.9 83.4 77.4 74.7 65.3 50.0 49.4 61.2 1881 50.0 53.0 55.6 63.6 69.3 72.8 787 76.4 71.5 57.5 51.0 45.9 62.1 1882 . .. 44.1 44.4 52.5 56.6 67.4 75.6 84.3 81.2 60.3 58.3 51. 3 47. 5 60.2 1883 41.2 45.1 58.3 56.3 64.3 80.3 84.9 79.9 75.4 57.7 50. 6 44. 4 61.5 l&M 46.2 45.9 51.6 56.8 68.0 69.6 78.4 81.5 67.3 62.1 54. 7 47. 5 60.8 1885 47.5 53 5 61.0 62.1 70.4 71.6 80.7 83.8 74.8 65.6 52.7 49.3 64.4 1886 46.2 54.5 52.8 57.7 66.9 79.1 82.6 81.5 75.6 60.7 51.3 50.0 63.2 1887 48 7 43 4 58 9 60.2 . - - 77.1 85.9 81.3 76.4 71.1 55.2 48.2 64.4 188$ 40.9 53.9 54.5 67.0 68.1 70.7 80.9 83.7 81.2 68.2 54.8 48.3 64.5 1889 45.8 51.6 56.8 61.0 66.8 80.0 81.3 80.0 76.0 61.4 54.4 44.8 63.3 1890 39.2 45.2 50.8 60.3 67.6 72.6 80.4 79.5 74.4 65.0 57.9 45.0 61.5 1891 48.5 44.4 55.0 57.8 66.3 72.2 82.6 83.1 72.9 66.0 56.8 42.5 62.4 1892 47 1 53.0 56.0 54.1 65.6 71.8 78.7 80.4 - | 63.5 56.1 47.6 62.2 1893 43.2 46.8 49.8 54.6 65.8 73.4 80.4 81.0 67.5 61.4 53.5 i 50.2 60.6 1X94 42 4 45 3 51.5 61.4 66.8 69.1 83.0 82.0 74.8 63.9 59.0 ' 45.0 62.0 1895 43.8 52.8 52.8 59.1 66.2 78.2 80.0 81.2 68.5 67.0 53.6 i 43.4 62.2 1S96 48 8 53 2 53.8 52.2 61.0 77.4 85.3 78.8 72.8 67.2 50.8 49.0 62.5 1897 45.8 47 n 54.4 63.2 72.6 74.0 82.1 80.2 72.6 62.9 49.7 46.0 62.0 189$ 42.4 51 59 2 M,4 63.6 75 4 83.1 81 3 72.6 64.3 53.6 45.7 62.5 1899 48 8 51.6 52.2 60.8 63.2 77.9 82.0 73.8 78.0 61.0 54. 4 45. 5 62,4 1900. .- - 51 1 58 6 57.6 67 76 8 82.6 77 69 9 60 54.8 1 45.4 62.5 Means ("23 vears) 45 3 49 4 548 59.2 66 6 75 1 81 9 80 9 72.8 63.5 53. 6 46. 6 62.4 93 94 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUMMARY OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OP TEMPERATURE. Month. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maximum. Absolute minimum. Mean daily range. Mean daily varia- bility of mean temper- ature. Mean relative humidity at 5 a.m. Mean relative humidity at 5 p.m. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. / Tem- pera- ture. Date. 50.0 54.5 61.0 67.0 72.6 81.0 86.9 83.8 81.2 71.1 59.0 50.2 1881 1886 1885 1888 1897 1878 1887 1885 1888 1887 1894 1893 39.2 43.4 49.7 54.1 61.0 69.6 78.4 73.8 60.3 57.5 49.7 42.5 1890 1887 1880 1892 1896 1884 1884 1889 1882 1881 1897 1891 77.0 82.0 86.0 96.0 110.0 110.0 112.0 114.0 107.0 97.0 88.0 79.0 27, 1899 25,1888 9, 1892 24, 1898 29, 1887 30, 1891 8,1887 22, 1891 1,1891 5,1892 3,1890 5,1885 18.0 22.0 28.0 34.0 38.0 44.0 53 52.0 46.0 32.0 26.0 25.0 14,1888 14,1884 16, 1880 18,1885 11, 1892 1, 1898 1,1881 22,1881 9,1884 14, 1881 30,1880 13, 1884 15.6 18.9 19.2 22.2 24.1 27.1 30.5 30.6 26.7 24.6 21.4 13.4 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.3 39 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.5 Per cent. 87.0 82 82.0 76.0 71.0 69.0 49.0 49.0 67.0 67.0 75.0 87.0 Per cent. 68.0 56.0 53.0 43.0 38.0 26.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 38.0 .55.0 70.0 February April May.. . July September November December Annual 85.9 39.2 114.0 18.0 22.8 3.3 70.0 43.0 PRECIPITATION EXCEEDING 2.50 INCHES IN ANY CONSECUTIVE 24 HOURS. Inches. Inches. Inches. January 16, 1878 5.11 December 14 1881 2 89 December 15 18% 2 64 Decembers, 1879 5.04 November 3, 1882 2.88 January 10 1899 4 04 January 29 1881 3 25 4 73 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 20.71 16 66 4 16 2 26 89 00 00 00 49 1 56 1 66 1879 3.18 3.67 5.39 2.12 2 18 30 04 28 T 48 6 05 9 95 1880 2.01 1.66 1 70 7 05 1 04 00 00 00 00 08 1881 9.40 2.79 0.51 1 83 79 51 T 00 1 07 1 61 73 5 69 1882. 2 81 3 94 2 67 2 12 33 15 00 00 49 2 80 5 07 1883 0.87 0.39 2.60 1 96 2 96 T 00 T 1 04 2 68 74 52 1884 3 55 2 21 7 81 4 31 18 97 00 T 36 1885 .' 1.84 1.19 T 62 64 1 37 05 00 2 91 10 17 05 3 86 1886 4 85 18 1 31 4 12 73 T T T 00 1 76 1887 . . 0.57 5 21 1 13 1 76 77 26 T T 06 00 1 52 1&88 4 08 2 17 3 47 53 51 2 61 07 00 33 T 1889. 0.51 0.71 6 83 1 11 2 04 64 00 00 00 8 41 3 37 9 25 1890 6.56 3.67 6.14 1 70 2 67 11 00 00 1 65 01 00 3 20 1891 . 1 36 10 68 1 42 2 27 1 50 55 17 00 19 64 1892 4 30 3 11 2 69 2 92 3 02 27 T T 1893 . . . 3 82 3 22 6 08 1 42 61 00 03 00 1 23 1 09 1894 5 29 2 30 2 40 55 1 46 1 00 02 T 1895 8 29 2 86 2 59 34 1 65 00 16 00 1 76 T 1896 7 30 27 3 06 3 67 T 1897 3 22 6 26 1 99 1 22 06 1 25 00 T 1898 0.59 5 45 01 63 2 28 14 00 T 45 46 1 21 1 69 1899 9 29 01 6 22 72 69 94 00 1900 4 61 1 62 2 38 2 69 1 18 94 00 05 1 3 25 3 23 2 07 21 77 Average (23 years) . 4.72 3 48 3 15 2 08 1 33 51 02 04 65 1 48 2 % 5 26 25 40 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. 95 GREATEST AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDBEDTHS) IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. Greatest annual. 1878 ^5.11 2.41 0.96 0.76 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 1.38 1.20 0.45 5.11 1879 1.54 1.36 1.55 43 58 0.30 0.03 0.28 0.00 0.23 1.68 5.04 5.04 1880 0.94 0.41 0.78 2.03 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.10 1.84 2.03 1881 3.25 0.45 0.27 0.56 0.70 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.68 0.33 2.89 3.25 1882 0.91 1.38 0.99 1.03 0.26 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.37 1.05 2.88 0.62 2.88 1883 76 0.39 1 14 1 72 1 10 00 00 00 1.04 1.03 0.43 0.40 1.72 1884 1.12 1.06 2.17 1 47 0.14 0.56 0.00 T. 0.17 0.68 0.04 2.00 2.17 1885 63 45 22 58 71 05 00 2.91 0.06 4.73 1.83 4 73 1886 1.89 0.18 0.43 1 01 0.22 T. T. T. 0.00 1.35 0.21 1.81 1.89 1887 0.30 1.59 0.62 0.82 0.39 0.14 T T. 0.06 0.00 0.77 0.83 1.59 1888 66 0.96 1.25 53 15 84 04 T 0.33 T. 1.61 1.43 1.61 1889 0.16 0.45 1.95 0.31 0.85 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 1.70 1.83 1.95 1890 2.02 1.16 1.71 1 51 1 67 06 00 00 1.40 0.01 00 1 48 2 02 1891 0.92 3.80 0.56 0.82 48 0.32 0.16 0.00 0.10 0.44 0.19 0.81 3.80 1892 1.44 1.36 0.91 1.12 1.56 0.22 T. T. 0.29 0.72 2.30 1.79 2.30 1893 1.89 1.40 1.20 65 26 00 03 0.00 0.81 0.96 1.85 0.85 1.89 1894 2.00 0.86 0.85 0.41 55 0.45 0.02 T. 1.11 0.38 0.91 1.70 2.00 1895 2 36 1 70 1 05 16 1 06 T 10 T 96 T 75 1.26 2 36 1896 1.38 0.17 0.58 1.80 77 T 0.00 0.54 0.58 0.61 1.36 2.64 2.64 1897 1.04 1.12 0.90 0.83 0.04 0.70 0.00 T. 0.02 1.08 1.00 0.93 1.04 1898 0.25 1.54 0.01 41 1 09 12 00 T 0.20 0.23 0.58 92 1.54 1899 4.04 0.01 1.56 0.48 0.34 0.79 0.00 0.02 0.00 1.02 1.00 1.54 4.04 1900 1 58 0.69 83 90 43 54 00 05 14 88 1 76 1 25 1 58 Greatest monthly . . 5 11 3 80 2.17 2 03 1 67 84 10 54 2 91 1 70 4 73 5 04 WEATHER. Month. Average number of Mean cloudi- :. --. Month. Average number of Mean cloudi- ness. Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. January 11 12 13 13 17 23 28 10 9 10 11 9 6 3 10 7 8 6 5 1 11 9 11 8 6 4 1 5.0 4.4 4.6 4.1 3.5 2.1 0.5 28 24 21 17 11 _ 5 7 7 9 1 1 3 6 11 3 4 6 12 0.9 1.7 2.6 4.0 5.5 March October \pril Mav Julv 218 88 59 75 3.3 NUMBER OF DAYS WITH THUNDERSTORMS. Year. o US *-s .a 1 * x as & cj *-9 >, 3 -* If <: t J. .j CJ : | | i Year. - .a i. z h - >, - & = ^ x 1 1 i * c5 1 i e 1884 ? 1 , f l 7 1893... 1 1 1 1885 1 1 1 1 I 7 1894 2 1 1886 1 1 1 3 1895 1 1 1887 1 1 1 ? 5 1896 ? 1 1 1888 1 ? ? 1 4 10 1897 ? i 1889 . ? 1 ? 5 1898... ? 1 ? 1 1890 1 2 1 4 1899 1 i 1891 1 1 ? 1900 ? 1 1 1 1 i 1892 1 1 2 1 1 \ 7 1 96 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. ANWAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900. [\=40 10' N.; =122 15' W.; gravity corr., -0.01.] Month. Pressure. Temperature. Moisture. Monthly mean. KxtrenwH. Mean. Extremes. Dew- point. Rela- tive hu- midity. Vapor pressure. Precipita- tion. Cloudiness. Maximum. Minimum. 8 a. m. a d 00 Maximum. Minimum. Monthly. Maximum. Minimum. a d 00 o 38 32 to 14 58 44 45 11 39 40 47 38 a d 00 38 30 40 44 87 40 43 43 37 39 60 40 40 a 00 i 82 66 81 79 64 60 46 62 42 66 M SK) 68 a Q. 00 t 65 84 56 43 30 21 Hi 24 16 42 76 75 42 a a 00 a d GO I Maximum in 24 hours. a d 40 a d CO 6.2 4.1 5.5 4.1 4,3 1.1 0.3 2.2 1.0 4.2 6.7 4.8 a * *>. & 6.0 3.0 5.9 3.4 3.6 1.2 0.4 1.6 0.8 3.6 6.9 6.7 1899. 7/1, 29.78 29.79 29.66 29.63 29. 60 29. 62 29.48 29.50 29.57 29.61 29.67 29.78 In. 30.03 30.16 SO. 09 29.80 29.84 29.67 29. 63 29.61 29.69 29.91 29.90 80.17 In. 28.89 29.31 29.27 29.35 29.37 29.33 29. 81 29. 33 29.40 29.11 29.29 29.34 13. 9 43.4 45. 7 ftO.7 53.0 65.3 67.7 (12. 7 61. 63.2 49.5 41.1 53.7 60.2 68.6 69.9 72.8 89.7 97.1 86.3 92.3 68.7 58.0 49.1 o 66.2 62.0 60.7 72.2 74.5 91.6 98.2 87:3 93.8 71.4 60.8 62.5 41.4 41.1 43.6 49.4 61.8 64.2 65.9 60.4 62.2 50.7 48.0 38.5 o 48.8 51.6 52.2 60.8 68.2 77.9 82.0 73.8 78.0 61.0 54.4 46.5 77 79 75 87 (> 107 109 100 KHi 94 73 70 30 26 36 39 38 61 60 55 53 42 41 27 In. 0.231 0.185 0.250 0.291 0.252 0.294 0.304 0.297 0. 246 0.250 0.327 0.233 In. 0.236 0.173 0.261 0.310 0.226 0.261 0. 282 0.288 0.227 0.248 0.862 0.254 In. 9.29 0.01 6.22 0.72 0.69 0.94 0.00 0.02 0.00 3.02 4.08 3.80 In. 4.04 0.01 1.56 0.48 0.34 0.79 0.00 0.02 0. (K) 1.02 1.00 1.54 4.6 1.6 5.3 2.2 2.8 1.3 0.2 0.9 0.6 3.1 5.9 3.4 February March April May July August September October November December Year 1900. January 29. 63 80.17 JS. S'.l 53.4 71.4 78.4 r.i. i 62.4 109 26 41 o. -M:\ .-M] 28.79 4.04 2.7 3.7 3.5 29.78 29.77 29. 62 29.59 29.68 29.61 29.44 29.51 29.55 29. 61 29.67 29.84 29. 119 30.02 29. 93 29.78 29.75 29.73 29.70 29.76 29.83 29.89 29.99 29.99 29.45 29.47 29.40 29.33 29.37 29.35 29. 23 29. 26 29.26 29.30 29.00 29.58 49.9 45.1 50.1 49.2 66.6 64.5 68.6 66.2 60.4 61.6 47.7 41.8 52.6 58.2 67.4 66.8 76. 7 87.9 96.8 88.9 79.5 67.8 60.6 49.2 54.4 59.6 68.6 67.9 78.5 90.4 98.2 90.6 81.2 69.9 64.1 61.4 43.2 42.7 48.6 47.3 56.4 63. 1 67.0 63.5 68.6 60.1 46.4 39.5 48.8 51.1 58.6 57.6 67.0 76.8 82.6 77.0 69.9 60.0 54.8 45.4 69 73 84 84 92 104 109 104 100 87 82 7 33 85 38 39 46 53 60 56 52 10 38 29 29 43 40 42 41 45 50 48 46 45 46 44 :;'.i 45 42 45 40 42 49 46 i:: 40 46 48 42 93 83 78 76 69 60 48 53 61 83 90 92 78 60 50 43 34 M 18 22 28 49 66 78 0.277 0.248 0.278 0.261 o. :im 0.363 0.334 0.316 0.315 0.314 0.295 0.244 0.303 0.275 0.314 0.259 0.279 0.356 0.303 0.281 0.266 0.316 0.338 0. 269 4.15 1.62 2.38 2.69 1.18 0.94 0.00 0. 05 0.21 3.26 3.23 2.07 1.58 0. 69 0.83 0.90 0.43 0.54 4.6 2.8 3.8 2.7 3.6 2.0 0.3 0.6 3.3 2.8 4.1 4.2 4.2 6.2 4.8 4.4 4.3 3.0 0.5 1.4 2.4 4.0 5.2 3.9 6.6 4.9 4.2 3.8 3.9 2.2 0.3 1.0 2.3 3.8 5.1 6.3 March April. May June .. July 0.06 0.14 0.88 1.76 1.25 September October November December Year 29. 62 30.02 29.00 53.8 71.0 72.9 52.0 62.5 109 44 44 74 46 0.296 0.297 21.77 1.76 2.9 3.6 3.7 DATES OF FIRST AND LAST KILLING FROSTS FROM 1882 TO 1899, INCLUSIVE. Year Last in spring. First in nutiimn. Year. Last in spring. First in .iiiiuiiiii. Year. Last in spring. First in autumn. 1882 Mar. 20 Nov. 12 1889 Feb 17 Dec 27 1895 Mar 14 Nov 25 1883 Feb. 17 Nov. 25 1890 Feb. 27 Dec 10 1896 Apr 19 Nov 28 1884 v .. Mar. 11 Dec. 11 1891 Feb 25 ls< 17 Mar 30 1885 Feb. 9 Dec. 21 1892 Feb 9 Nov 24 1898 Mar '4 Vov '*0 1886 Mnr. 1 Nov. 21 1893 Mar 13 Nov 19 1899 Feb 7 Dec 19 1887 Feb. 27 Nov. 24 1894 Mar 4 Nov 23 1'XX) Dec tJ 9 1888 Mar. 3 Dec. 6 CLIMATOLOGY OK THE GREAT VALLEY. ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE YEAKK 1899 AXI> 1900 Continued. [H - 332 ft.; h, = 54 ft.: b, = 44 ft.; h. = 58 ft.) 97 Month. Wind. Number of day>. Bf lelf-regtoten. Number of wind*. 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. jj 8 | X Precipi- tation. i i i Maxi- mum temp. JL \ h a 3 a i Elec- tricity. ? 4 I'revallliiK direc- tion." I 5 3 aft 36 34 36 34 30 34 24 24 M 42 34 34 Dlrvctlimnt tim.< >[ maximum velocity. t, M 1 Z Northeast. 1 | I JZ 1 Northweat. a 3 0.01 Inch and over. 0.04 Inch and over. k o I Above 90. ThundcrBtomu. \ 1899. XOa. 7.8 8.6 8.1 6.9 7.5 7.9 5.1 6.1 5.4 7.4 5.4 J.2 N. N. BE. N. BE. N. 8E. BE. N. N. BE. SE. BE. SE. SE. NW 8E. N. N. V. N. BE. SE. SE. 1 21 27 14 16 18 26 11 9 18 18 6 15 1 2 1 4 1 3 A 1 3 2 5 2 1 2 2 3 5 8 18 10 21 12 27 31 17 11 22 17 203 8 * 10 14 3 8 8 10 6 8 9 3 84 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 3 3 8 5 7 4 1 2 5 5 18 6 6 12 7 14 8 6 13 14 12 11 2 1 1 1 10 19 i 19 27 31 24 30 19 6 8 6 8 12 7 7 1 7 5 7 14 15 1 11 5 5 2 7 17 9 U 1 U 4 6 2 1 8 U U 79 13 14 t 4 2 8 14 12 o e o 1 3 1 1 11 1 18 30 8 22 3 4 5 2 1 o 1 March April May June July - September October November . . Year 6.8 BE. 42 8E. 1 197 17 ! 26 22 46 127 8 219 74 72 70 1 16 82 11 2 e 1900. January 4.6 7.5 5.9 5.2 4.7 5.4 7.3 6.6 4.4 4.4 SE. N. S. N. N. SE. SE. SE. N. N. SE. 26 34 35 30 24 25 21 24 37 85 24 85 N. N. BE. N. N. N. N. N. V SE. BE. SE. 13 19 21 21 20 13 16 17 26 23 20 22 3 1 6 3 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 8 1 4 28 18 13 19 18 18 26 20 X 21 U 14 25 4 4 5 3 7 4 1 1 2 A 2 1 1 8 3 6 3 2 3 2 2 10 11 8 9 7 6 3 11 16 2 2 Q 2 3 6 12 15 18 17 22 31 21 18 14 9 9 5 7 5 2 7 4 6 6 17 8 7 7 7 3 2 10 16 12 9 7 10 5 4 1 2 9 10 9 | 5 8 & 4 1 2 8 8 8 16 2 Q 2 14 o o 3 16 29 13 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 March April May J u n*' July September October " November December Year 5.7 BE. 37 N. 231 17 240 54 15 35 3 17 212 67 86 78 63 33 5 2 * SACRAMENTO. Excellent records of temperature arid rainfall are available for the cit3 r of Sacramento. This city may in a climatological sense be called the most representative city of the great valley. San Francisco. Sacramento, and Stockton form as it were the three central points of the bay and valley district. It will be noticed that the mean annual temperatures are respectively about 56, 60 C , and 60. In other words the valley cities have a mean annual temperature about 4 higher than the coast city has. In January the mean temperature of the interior cities is nearly 4 below that of San Francisco. In March it is slightly above. In April nearly 4 above, which increase continues until October. During July there is a difference of nearlj- 15. While the annual rainfall at San Francisco is 23 inches, that at Sacramento w 19.21 inches, and at Stockton 15.54 inches. There is thus a gradual decrease in the rainfall from the coast inland. December is the month of heaviest rainfall at all stations and August the month of least precipitation. With regard to the seasonal rainfall it may be stated that years in which the rainfall is well distributed, particularly where good rains fall in March and April, are years of large wheat yields. 1176 Bull. L 03 7 98 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. The following data, showing the temperature and weather conditions of Sacramento, were compiled by Mr. J. A. Barwick, of the Weather Bureau, from the records of Dr. T. A. Logan; Dr. F. M. Hatch; Mr. S. H. Gerrish; and the Weather Bureau. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual 1853 43. 50.0 59.8 61.0 88.0 77.0 75.0 71.0 76.0 78.0 53.0 48 63 3 1854 43.0 51.0 63.0 60.0 62.0 67.0 80.6 69.5 66.0 60 55.0 47 9 59 5 1855 . 43.7 52.5 64.8 58.1 60.2 71.1 72.6 73.0 68.0 63.0 50.6 46.0 59 5 1856 48.0 62.6 57.0 58.8 63.9 71.1 75.1 69.6 70.9 58.0 52.2 43 9 60 1 1857 48.5 50.2 56.4 63.3 65.5 71.9 71.4 71.3 67.9 61.5 53.2 47.4 60 7 1858 45.0 52.2 53.7 59.8 65.2 69.4 70.8 70.6 68.9 59.5 54.2 44.5 59 5 1859 44.9 50.5 51.5 57.1 63.0 74.8 69.1 67.2 65.9 63.3 64.0 43.5 587 I860 46.2 49.8 53.3 57.8 58.5 65.6 73.2 73.5 67.6 59.8 63.5 49.3 59 1861 47.1 52.2 55.0 60.6 63.7 66.2 73.6 69.7 67.8 59.9 63.6 60 9 60 1 1862 46.4 47.5 53.6 58.0 61.2 69.3 73.2 75.0 70.4 67.6 53/2 46.4 60 2 1863 46.9 48.0 57.6 59.5 67.1 69.1 75.6 70.7 69.0 ' 62.8 52.7 46.5 60.4 1864 49.2 53.6 56.1 62.1 68.5 71.1 74.8 74.7 69.8 64.5 63.5 50.2 62 8 1865 47.4 49.0 53.6 59.4 70.2 73.5 74.0 71.7 68.8 63.1 56.9 .44.1 61.0 1866 46.5 63.5 54.2 61.9 63.1 72.2 76.2 76.0 72.2 65.2 63.8 50.2 62 1 1867 48.2 47.8 60.7 59.7 64.4 70.3 73.8 71.7 68.8 62 7 54 8 46 8 59 9 1868 47.0 50.5 55.0 60.1 64.2 69.5 73.8 71.2 68.3 62.0 63.9 47 60 1 1869 47.6 49.9 53.6 59.0 64.2 70.8 74.4 71.3 69.9 63 1 54 46 5 60 4 1870 48.6 51.1 53.0 57.0 61.0 69.3 71.8 72.6 68.0 63.6 53.4 45 5 59 6 1871 48.3 49.4 56.0 59.2 61.5 70.1 70.2 72.0 67.4 62.2 50.2 48.7 59 6 1872 48.5 53.3 66.8 57.6 67.0 69.2 71.4 73.1 68.8 58.9 51.2 49 60 4 1873 i 52.7 48.2 56.8 60.0 67.9 71.7 73.2 66.3 69.9 61.4 57.5 47.7 60 7 1874 45.7 49.3 62.9 59.5 64.7 70.2 72.8 70.9 70.7 61.7 63.9 45 59 8 1875 46.9 52.7 58.7 63.0 68.1 70.6 73.3 72.5 65.7 69.9 56.7 48.0 62 2 1876 48.8 50.2 54.6 69.5 65.7 76.9 74 72.8 70.1 63 5 53.3 45 5 61 2 1877 ... 49.1 55.0 59.0 60.2 ' 64.5 72.5 75.6 73.0 72.3 62. 1" 53.5 47.8 62 1878 48.6 51.0 56.5 58.9 66.6 72 2 73 6 73.7 68.7 61.9 54 3 46 60 9 1879 44.8 54.4 57.0 60.4 60.8 72.8 72.6 75.6 71.3 61.3 60.8 43.5 60 4 1880 43.0 45.7 49.2 55.0 62 67.8 72 7 71.1 69.1 62 4 49 3 50 58 1 1881 49.0 53.5 55.8 62.3 66.6 68.2 73.0 70.4 68.9 57.6 50.2 46 2 60 1 1882 45.8 46.5 53.6 56.6 66.0 69.6 75.3 74.1 69.9 58.8 49.6 47.9 59 4 1883 41.8 45.9 68.2 56.6 63.6 74.1 75.7 74.0 73.5 59.0 51.2 44 8 59 9 1884 46.8 47.5 53.7 57.6 65.6 67.0 72.7 74.9 66.6 60.8 56.1 48.9 69 8 1885 47.8 64.4 60.4 61.3 67.3 67 9 73 75.9 72.2 65.6 64.8 49 3 62 5 1886 46 2 54.2 52 5 56 8 63 8 71 2 74 3 74 4 70 6 68 8 50 8 49 9 60 3 1887 48.6 44.9 58.2 59 2 63 2 69 8 71 4 69.8 70.8 66 5 54 5 46 5 60 3 1888.. 42.8 53.0 53.6 63.0 62.7 68.0 73.3 76.8 75.5 65.2 54.2 48 5 61 4 1889 44 7 60.2 57 4 61 2 64 2 70 1 72 8 74 71.9 61 V 54 2 48 5 60 9 1890 42.6 47.4 52.6 59.0 65 4 67.8 73 8 72.8 70.4 63.4 54.8 43 2 59 4 1891 46 9 48.2 56 57 62 7 69 76 4 76 1 69 8 64 5 55 9 44 2 60 6 1892 48.4 52.2 55 9 55 4 63 2 68 72 73.0 68.8 62 55 3 48.2 60 2 1893 42.1 48.3 52.0 55.7 63.7 68.5 74 74.1 65.4 60.2 53.6 48.6 58 8 1894 44 4 47.2 53 3 61 3 63 7 64 8 74 74 6 71 8 63 4 58 2 46 9 60 3 1895 46.4 53.4 53.5 58.4 63 6 72 9 71 4 72.6 67.0 64.7 53.1 44.8 60 2 1896 50 2 54 1 55 4 53 3 60 71 5 76 5 72 68 65 4 52 6 49 4 60 7 1897. . 44.2 48.8 49 4 62 6 67 69 8 75 6 73 4 69.6 60.7 50.8 45.4 59 8 1898 42 51 8 61 9 61 4 59 9 69 6 74 2 73 8 68 8 63 4 63 4 44 2 69 5 1899 49.0 51.5 52.8 59 4 59 3 71 2 72 1 68 72.9 60.4 54.9 43.9 69 6 1900 47 2 51 7 57 3 56 7 64 5 69 4 73 6 70 2 67 60 8 55 2 45 2 59 9 47 5 51 2 55 58 5 62 7 70 3 73 1 70 3 69 8 61 3 54 5 45 4 60 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. 99 Year. Number of days maximum temperature 90 or above. Number of days mini- mum temperature 35 or below. Number of days mini- mum temperature 40 or below. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Nov. 1877 22 14 13 6 11 19 16 8 11 14 14 17 14 14 23 14 15 20 8 18 20 19 13 16 18 13 18 7 5 14 17 14 20 17 10 23 21 13 23 16 16 17 15 10 14 14 3 6 13 6 11 4 7 9 10 1 13 9 11 17 11 8 8 6 15 6 2 8 10 20 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 12 18 12 8 4 15 7 C 11 1 9 14 9 5 4 12 1 16 15 8 4 3 6 13 18 13 14 14 5 2 24 11 9 5 16 11 10 10 4 6 8 15 13 18 3 1878 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 9 11 3 5 12 2 3 6 10 3 8 5 6 9 5 1 12 9 9 9 11 5 8 17 13 1 16 18 11 1 10 10 16 11 13 9 4 6 11 5 5 5 25 4 2 13 10 15 11 2 6 4 7 6 3 5 2 1 7 1 1 1 18 8 8 5 5 8 4 1 4 8 7 6 6 10 16 6 1 i ii ] j. : i 3 1 4 3 2 6 1 1 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 ISM 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893. . . . . . . . 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900.. . SUMMARIES OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. Month. Highest month- ly mean. Lowest month- ly mean. Absolute maxi- mum. Absolute mini- mum. Greatest daily range. Mean daily range. Mean varia- bility. Mean of 3 consecu- tive warmest days. Mean of 3 consecu- tive odderi days. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. 52.7 55.0 60.4 63.3 70.2 77.0 80.6 76.8 76.0 78.0 58.2 50.9 1873 1877 1885 1857 1865 1853 1854 1888 1853 1853 1894 1861 41.8 45.7 49.2 53.3 58.5 64.8 69.1 66.3 65.0 57.6 49.3 43.2 1883 1880 1880 1896 1860 1894 1859 1873 1854 1881 1880 1890 72.0 80.0 80.0 89.0 "98.0 106.0 106.0 110.0 106.0 98.0 /78.0 69.0 30,1899 18, 1899 30,1882 28,1888 26,1883 30,1891 21, 1891 11,1898 11,1888 3,1885 1,1890 8-9,1893 "19.0 21.0 29.0 636.0 rf39.0 44.0 48.0 48.0 <44.0 36.0 27.0 924.0 14-15,1888 13,1884 15,1880 17,1892 12,1880 1,1890 17, 1887 30,1887 18, 1882 14, 1881 28,1880 29, 1878 30.0 35.0 34.0 37.0 41.0 42.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 39.0 36.0 32.0 14.5 16.4 17.0 20.2 22.4 26.3 30.3 31.3 28.5 24.7 21.3 14.0 2.5 2.4 2.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.7 52.8 56.6 63.8 62.0 75.0 78.3 81.7 81.5 77.2 69.8 60.4 54.4 39.5 43.3 48.1 51.8 55.9 62.2 67.1 67.1 62.9 55.1 42.0 40.5 February April Mav Juno Julv Sepiember November Annual 80.6 1854 41.8 1883 110.0 () "19.0 C) 44.0 22.2 2.7 67.8 53.0 a Also January, 1854. ("Also April 15. 1896. c Also May 29, 1885, and May 28.1887. d Also May 7, 18S7, and May 9, 1896. e Also September 12, 1893. / Also November 4, 1892, and November 7, 1894. a Also December 14, 1883. >> August 11, 1898.' i January 14-15, 1888. 100 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. WEATHE:!. Month. Average number of Month. Average number of Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. 12 12 14 15 19 23 29 8 9 9 10 8 5 2 11 7 8 5 4 2 9 8 5 6 4 1 29 25 22 18 11 2 4 7 7 9 1 2 5 11 2 3 6 9 April . May June 229 80 56 53 July DATES OF FIRST AND LAST LIGHT AND KILLING FROSTS, WITH LOWEST TEMPERATURE AND SNOWFALL, AND DATES OF BLOOMING FRUIT TREES, FROM 1869 TO 1901. [From the records of Mr. Samuel H. Gerrish, voluntary observer of the Weather Bureau.] Year. First light frost of season. First killing frost of season. Last light frost of season. Last killing frost of season. First appear- ance of blos- soming fruit trees. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. Date. Minimum tempera- ture. 1869-70 Nov. 8, 1869 Oct. 24, 1870 Oct. 25, 1871 Oct. 22, 1872 Oct. 16, 1873 Oct. 29, 1874 Oct. 28, 1875 Nov. 3, 1876 Oct. 31, 1877 Oct. 18, 1878 Nov. 8, 1879 Oct. 31, 1880 Oct. 4, 1881 Oct. 5, 1882 Oct. 16, 1883 Sept. 30, 1884 Oct. 11, 1885 Oct. 9, 1886 Oct. 20, 1887 Oct. 19, 1888 Oct. 29, 1889 Oct. 11, 1890 Oct. 29, 1891 Oct. 13, 1892 Oct. 11, 1893 Oct. 28, 1894 Nov. 4, 1895 Oct. 13, 1896 Oct. 15, 1897 Oct. 1, 1898 Oct. 15, 1899 Oct. 29, 1900 F, 40.0 36.0 37.0 37.0 33.0 39.0 38.0 36.0 33.0 37.0 39.0 35.0 36.0 42.0 39.0 41.0 38.0 40.0 37.0 37.0 36.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 34.0 39.0 36.0 41.0 41.0 40.0 38.0 41.0 Nov. 30, 1869 Oct. 27, 1870 Nov. 6, 1871 Nov. 10, 1872 Oct. 17, 1873 Nov. 20, 1874 (6) Nov, 13, 1876 Nov. 1, 1877 Oct. 28, 1878 Nov. 27, 1879 Nov. 13, 1880 Nov. 11, 1881 Nov. 13, 1882 Nov. 4, 1883 Nov. 30, 1884 <"> Nov. 4, 1886 Nov. 25, 1887 Nov. 6, 1888 Dec. 29, 1889 Nov. 7, 1890 Nov. 14, 1891 Nov. 16, 1892 Nov. 3, 1893 Dec. 25, 1894 Nov. 24, 1895 Nov. 26, 1896 Nov. 8, 1897 Nov. 23, 1898 W Dec. 28, 1900 t. 31.0 30.0 30.0 27.0 31.0 29.0 35.0 29.0 31.0 29.0 25.0 28.0 30.0 27.0 31.0 31.0 34.0 32.0 28.0 28.0 27.0 28.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 31.0 30.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 34.0 32.0 May 17, 1870 Apr. 19, 1871 Apr. 12, 1872 Apr. 6, 1873 Apr. 14, 1874 Apr. 7, 1875 Apr. 8, 1876 Apr. 23, 1877 Mar. 9, 1878 Apr. 15, 1879 Apr. 18, 1880 Mar. 18, 1881 May 15, 1882 May 2, 1883 Apr. 17, 1884 Apr. 22, 1885 Apr. 14, 1886 May 10, 1887 Apr. 26, 1S8 Mar. 19, 1889 Apr. 14, 1890 Mar. 30, 1891 May 11, 1892 Apr. 12, 1893 May 16, 1894 Apr. 12, 1895 May 17, 1896 Apr. 2, 1897 Apr. 7, 1898 May 18, 1899 Apr. 13, 1900 Apr. 10, 1901 Of. 41.0 40.0 38.0 34.0 38.0 31.0 38.0 42.0 39.0 41.0 37.0 33.0 41.0 41.0 43.0 41.0 39.0 34.0 38.0 34.0 35.0 34.0 34.0 33.0 37.0 41.0 41.0 39.0 39.0 42.0 40.0 40.0 Mar. 8, 1870 Mar. 18, 1871 Jan. 9, 1872 Apr. 5, 1873 Mar. 19, 1874 Apr. 6, 1875" Jan. 16, 1876 Feb. 11, 1877 Jan. 12, 1878 Feb. 6, 1879 Mar. 30, 1880 Mar. 17, 1881 Mar. 9, 1882 Feb. 18, 1883 Feb. 18, 1884 Jan. 26, 1885 Jan. 10, 1886 Feb. 26, 1887 Feb. 3, 1888 Feb. 19, 1889 Feb. 28, 1890 Feb. 25, 1891 Apr. 26, 1892 -Mar. 13, 1893 Mar. 4, 1894 Feb. 5, 1895 Mar. 4, 1896 Feb. 23, 1897 Mar. 26, 1898 Feb. 9, 1899 (") Apr. 4, 1901 F. 31.0 31.0 27.0 27.0 28.0 24.0 29.0 32.0 30.0 27.0 28.0 31.0 29.0 29.0 31.0 31.0 27.0 26.0 28.0 26. 25. 26.0 32.0 28.0 30.0 33.0 32.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 34.0 33.0 Feb. 21, 1870 Feb. 8, 1871 Feb. 26, 18?2 Feb. 16, 1873 Feb. 14, 1874 Feb. 21, 1875 Feb. 20, 1879 Feb. 2, 1877 Feb. 1, 1878 Feb. 15, 1879 Feb. 29, 1880 Feb. 22, 1881 Feb. 28, 1882 Feb. 19, 1883 Feb. 20, 1884 Feb. 10, 1885 Feb. 8, 1886 Jan. 28, 1887 Feb. 20, 1888 Feb. 3, 1889 Feb. 13, 1890 Feb. 17, 1891 Feb. 16, 1892 Feb. 16, 1893 Feb. 12, 1894 Feb. 13, 1895 Feb. 1, 1896 Feb. 16, 1897 Feb. 16, 1898 Feb. 14, 1899 Feb. 8, 1900 Feb. 10, 1901 1870-71 1871-72 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 1876-77 1877-78 1878-79 1879-80 1880-81 1881-82 1882-83 1883-84 1884-85 .... 1885-86 1886-87 . . . 1887-88 1888-89. ., 1889-90 1890-91 . 1891 92 1892-93 . 1893-94 1894-95 . 1895-96 1896-97 . - . 1397-98 1898-99 . 1899-1900 1900-1901 "Coldest ever known. <>No killing frost; coldest on December 21, 1875. cNo killing frost; coldest on December 28, 1885. dNo killing frost; coldest December 19, 1899. Xo killing frost; coldest February 8, 1900. Dates of snowfall in Sacramento, and the amount precipitated. January 29, 1862, 0.75 of an inch. January 12, 1868, 1.62 inches. December 3, 1873, 6 inches. April 5, 1875, a trace; enough to whiten the ground before it melted. Thia was the coldest April ever known. A very light trace on January 13, 1879. January 26, 1880, estimated about 0.25 of an inch; it mostly melted as it fell. February 17 and 18, 1882, trace. December 31, 1882, estimated about 4 inches; measured 1.50 inches actual measurement. February 1 and 6, 1883, a very light fall of snow. January 4, 1888, 2.89 inches. January 5, 1888, 3 inches. The snow that fell on the 5th was very damp, and packed hard; if it had been as light as that on the 4th, I think we would have had over 6 inches. January 16, 1888, a trace. January 12 and 21, 1890, a few flakes of snow, melting as fast as they fell. March 2, 1896, during the rain the air was filled with large flakes of snow for ten minutes, which melted as it fell. A few flakes of snow fell February 2, 1899. Mr. Gerrish states that the frost of April 4, 1901, did more damage than the frost on February 11, 1901, when the temperature fell to 32. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. 101 MONTHLY, ANNUAL, AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HI'NDREDTHS). [From Dr. T. M. Logan. Dr. F. W. Hatch, and Weather Bureau Records.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Season of Seasonal. An- nual. 0.25 1.50 2.25 12.50 1850 4 50 0.50 10 00 4.25 0.25 T. T. UMH M 36.00 19.50 1851 *> f*" 1 0.35 1.88 1.14 0.69 1.00 0.18 2.14 7.07 1850-51 4.71 15.10 1852 58 0.12 6 40 0.19 0.30 T. 6.00 13.40 1851-52 17.98 26.99 1858 3.00 ' 00 7.00 3.50 1.45 T. T. T. T. 1.50 1.54 1852-53 36.35 19.99 1854 3-25 8.50 3.25 1.50 0.21 0.31 T. T. 1.01 0.65 1.15 1853-54 20.06 19.83 1855 2.67 3 46 4.20 4.32 1.15 0.01 T. 0.75 2.00 1854-55 18.62 18.56 1856 4.92 0.69 1.40 2.13 1.84 0.03 T. 0.20 0.65 2.40 1855-56 13.76 14.26 1857 1.38 4.80 0.68 T. T. 0.35 T. 0.66 2.41 2.63 1856-57 10.46 12.91 1858 2.44 2.46 2.88 1.21 0.20 0.10 0.01 T. T. 3.01 O.lo 4.34 1857-58 14.99 16.80 1859 0.96 3.91 1 64 0.98 1.04 0.02 6.48 1.83 1858-59 16.04 16.86 1860 ... 2.31 0.93 5.11 2.87 2.49 0.02 0.63 0.06 0.91 0.18 4.28 18 9-60 22.06 19.79 1861 2. 67 2.92 3.32 0.48 0.59 0.14 0.55 T. 2.17 8.64 1860-61 16.18 21.48 1862 15.04 4.26 2.80 0.82 1.81 0.01 0.01 0.36 T. 2.33 1861-62 36.10 27. 44 1863 1.73 1864 1.08 1865 4.78 2.75 0.19 0.71 2.36 1.30 0.48 1.69 1.08 1.37 0.36 0.74 0.46 0.09 T. 0.08 T. T. 0.08 0.12 0.48 1.49 6.72 2.43 1.82 7.87 0.36 1862-63 1863-64 1864-65 11.59 7.79 22.59 12.20 19.27 11.15 1866 7 70 2.01 2.02 0.48 2.25 0.10 0.02 T. 2.43 9.51 1865-66 17.91 26.52 1867 3-44 7.10 1.01 1.80 0.01 0.01 3.81 12.85 1866-67 25.32 30.03 1868 6 04 3 15 4 35 2.31 0.27 T. 0.77 2.61 1867-68 32.79 19.50 1869 4.79 1870 1.37 3.63 3.24 2.94 1.64 1.24 2.12 0.65 0.27 0.01 T. T. T. T. 2.12 0.02 0.85 0.58 1.96 0.97 1868-69 1869-70 16.64 13.57 18.19 10.21 1871 : 2 08 1 92 0.69 1.45 0.76 T. T. 0.21 1.22 10.59 1870-71 8.47 18.92 1872 4.04 1873 1 23 4.74 4.36 1.94 0.55 0.61 0.51 0.28 0.02 T. 0.02 T. T. 0.22 0.31 1.93 1.21 5.39 10.01 1871-72 1872-73 23.65 14.19 19.17 18.20 1874 5. 20 1.86 3.05 0.89 0.37 T. T. 0.05 2.26 3.80 0.44 1873-74 00.92 17.92 1875 8 70 55 0.80 T. T. 1.10 0.44 6.20 5.52 1874-75 17.70 23.31 1876 4.99 3.75 4.15 1.10 0.15 0.21 0.02 T. 3.45 0.30 1875-76 26.30 ia 12 1877 ! 2. 77 1.04 0.56 0.19 0.64 0.01 T. T. 0.73 1.07 1.43 1876-77 9.19 8.44 1878 | 9.26 8.04 3.09 1.07 0.17 0.29 0.55 0.51 0.47 1877-78 24.86 23.45 1879 : 3. 18 3.88 4.88 2.66 1.30 0.13 T. T. 0.88 2.05 3.41 1878-79 17. ?5 22.37 1880 1.64 1881 6. 14 1.83 5.06 1.70 1.37 14.20 1.64 0.76 T. 0.50 T. T. 0.30 0.55 0.05 1.88 11.81 3.27 I8A-1 1880-81 26.47 26.57 31.99 20.71 1882 1.89 2.40 3.78 1.99 0.35 0.10 T. 0.57 2.63 3.22 1.13 1881-82 16.51 18.06 1883 2.23 1.11 3.70 0.67 2.85 0.90 0.97 0.61 0.44 1882-83 18.11 13.48 1884 3 43 4 46 8 14 4.32 0.06 1.45 T. 0.60 2.01 10.45 1883-84 24 78 31 y 1885 2.16 0.49 0.08 0.68 T. 0.11 T. 0.08 0.02 11.34 5.76 1884-85 16.58 20.72 1886 7.95 0.29 2.68 4.08 0.07 0.68 0.21 2.21 1885-86 32.27 18.17 1887 1 12 6 28 0.94 2.53 T. T. 0.02 0.45 2.09 1886-87 13.97 13 43 1888 4. 81 0.57 3.04 0.10 0.40 0.08 T. T. 0.55 4.28 4.63 1887-88 11.56 18.46 1889 15 33 6 25 0.26 3.25 0.25 6.02 3.15 7.82 u 19 95 27 48 1890 6 62 4.06 3.00 1.33 1.80 T. 0.80 T. 3.34 1889-90 33.80 20.95 1891 0. 53 6.61 1.78 2.04 0.66 0.05 T. 0.10 0.10 0.48 3.28 1890-91 15.81 15.63 1892 ' 1 78 2.84 3.02 1.20 2.38 T. 0.18 0.70 6.60 4.90 1891-92 15.18 23 60 1883 ' 3. 27 2.66 3.51 1.08 1.05 T. T. 0.22 0.12 2.92 1.76 1892-93 23.95 16.59 1894 4.17 3.92 0.74 0.34 1.70 0.46 T. T. 0.88 1.06 0.48 8.86 1893-94 16.35 22.61 1895 ' 8.42 1.84 1.20 0.86 0.51 0.04 T. 1.26 0.17 1.54 1.54 1894-95 24.11 17.38 1896 9. 76 0.09 2.57 5.34 0.92 T. 0.20 0.31 0.55 3.56 1.76 1895-96 23.23 25.06 1897 3 66 4 15 2.54 0.25 0.30 0.04 0.01 0.16 1.96 0.61 1.64 1896-97 17.32 15 32 1898 0. 98 3.19 0.04 0.28 1.50 0.14 0.36 0.64 0.61 2.30 1897-98 10.51 10.04 1899. . .. 3.94 0.01 6.02 0.10 0.54 0.49 0.02 4.46 2.62 2.91 1898-99 15.04 21.14 1900 3 54 0.32 1.61 1.88 2.88 T. T. 0.06 1.74 4.50 ,. 1899-1900 20.24 17.91 1901 3. 70 5.32 0.48 2.23 0.80 T. T. 1.67 2.02 2.91 1900-1901 20.21 17.88 > 80 2 78 1.76 0. M 0.12 a 19 41 a Average for fifty-one years. 102 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. . 11, Seasonal raiufuH at Sacramento, Cal,, from 1843 to 1901. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. 103 GREATEST PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Julie. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Greatest Annual. 1877 T. T. 0.00 (I..VS 0.81 0.62 1878 1.63 1.01 0.79 0.65 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.55 0.32 0.35 1.63 1879 0.77 1.40 1.97 0.71 0.72 0.13 T. T. 0.00 0.55 0.41 1.47 1.97 1880 1.25 1.02 0.49 7.24 0.65 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.96 7.24 1881. 2.66 1.72 0.46 0.76 T. 0.45 T. 0.00 0.30 0.25 1.10 1.41 2.66 !882 0.67 0.65 1.30 0.60 0.35 0.10 T. 0.00 0.31 1.82 1.16 0.40 1.82 1883 1.90 0.98 1.61 0.32 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.80 0.55 0.25 1.90 1884 1.00 1.36 2.94 1.37 0.03 0.82 0.00 T. 0.30 1.70 0.00 2.44 2.94 1885 1.10 0.28 0.07 0.61 T. 0.10 T. 0.00 0.08 0.01 4.29 2.81 4.29 1886 2.60 0.20 1.15 1.15 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.21 0.84 2.50 1887 0.90 2.48 0.65 1.47 T. 00 0.00 T. 0.02 0.00 0.28 0.88 2.48 1888 1.90 0.20 0.90 0.09 0.36 04 T. T. 0.43 0.00 2.12 1.10 2.12 1889 0.08 0.20 2.57 0.14 1.94 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 0.96 0.98 2.57 1890 1.40 1.80 0.81 0.94 0.82 00 0.00 T. 0.80 T. 0.00 2.35 2.35 1891 . . 0.38 2.14 0.96 0.70 0.52 0.05 T. 0.00 0.06 0:06 0.26 0.86 2.14 1892 1.00 1.10 0.94 0.54 1.16 T. 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.32 3.26 1.86 3.26 1893 1.06 0.92 1.18 0.80 0.78 00 T. T. 0.16 0.12 1.04 0.76 1.18 1894. 2.25 2.20 0.32 0.20 0.72 0.38 T. T. 0.88 0.40 0.48 1.32 2.25 1895 2.66 1.34 0.42 0.60 0.16 0.00 0.04 T. 0.73 0.14 0.52 0.47 2.66 1896 1.84 0.08 0.84 2.18 0.56 00 T. 0.20 0.24 0.45 1.60 0.54 2.18 1897 ... 1.36 1.25 1.20 0.14 0.30 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.16 1.18 0.28 1.04 1.36 1898 40 1.12 04 0.24 1.00 14 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.34 0.50 1.00 1.12 1899 1.10 0.04 2.20 0.09 0.44 0.45 0.00 0.02 0.00 2.08 0.62 1.00 2.20 1900... 1.52 0.16 0.80 0.90 1.60 T. T. 0.00 0.06 0.60 2.32 0.54 2.32 Greatest 2.66 2.48 2.94 7.24 1.94 0.82 0.04 0.20 0.88 1.86 4.29 2.96 7.24 Date ] 29,1881 1 <-*, 8-9 21 5 11-12 4 30 29 21-22 17-18 2 April 21 Year... 3-4,1895 1881-95 1 1887 1884 ' 1880 1889 1884 1895 1896 1894 1889 1885 1880 1880 DATES WHEN PRECIPITATION EQUALED OR EXCEEDED 2.50 INCHES IN ANY CONSECUTIVE TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. Inches. April 19, and 20, 1880, from 8.02 p. m. 19 to 8.02 p. m. 20 5.28 April 20 and 21, 1880, from 8.02 p. m. 20 to 9.55 a. m. 21 3.09 December 1 and 2, 1880, from 12.02 p. m. 1 to 12.02 p. m. 2 2. 58 January 28 and 29, 1881, from 8.02 p. m. 28 to 8.02 p. m. 29 2. 66 March Sand 9, 1884, from 3 p. m. 8 to 7 a. m. 9 2.94 November 17 and 18, 1885, from 8.30 a. m. 17 to 7 a. m. 18 4. 29 December 21, 1885, from 4 a. m. 21 to 2.55 p. in. 21 2.81 January 23, 1886, from 8.30 a. m. 23 to 11 p. m. 23 2.50 March 12 and 13, 1889, from 4 p. m. 12 to 9 a. m. 13 2.57 November 29 and 30, 1892, from 10 p. m. 29 to 8 p. m. 30 3.26 January 3 and 4, 1895, from 6.20 p. m. 3 to 6.20 p. m. 4 2.66 MONTHLY EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION. Number of Number of times times Greatest monthly pre- cipitation. Least monthly pre- cipitation. monthly precipita- tion nas exceeded Greatest monthly pre- cipitation. Least monthly pre- cipitation. monthly precipita- tion nas exceeded normal in normal in Month. 50 years. Total. Month. 50 years. Total. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. In first 25 In sec- ond 25 Amount. Date. Amount. Date. In first 25 In sec- ond 25 years. years. years. years. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. _ 15.04 1862 0.15 1889 9 11 :; i July 0.63 1860 0.00 t a \ 2 2 4 8.50 1854 0.04 1899 12 11 23 August 0.20 1896 0.00 (a) 1 2 3 10.00 1850 0.04 1898 11 12 23 September 1.26 1895 0.00 2 12 14 11857 1 October fi.02 1889 0.00 6 8 14 \pril 14.20 1880 T. 11875 1 8 8 16 (1884 May 3.25 1889 0.00 7 9 16 November 11.34 1885 0.00 (1890 1 U 8 19 1.45 1884 0.00 () 3 8 11 December 13.40 1852 0.00 1876 10 8 18 "Many yctirs. 104 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. AVERAGE HOURLY WIND VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR). [Record began July 1, 1877, to December 31, 1900.] Hour. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. A. M. 1 . . 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.3 8.0 9.6 8.1 7.4 6.8 5.9 5.5 6.2 2 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.4 7.9 7.6 7.2 6.3 5.6 5.6 6.3 3 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.7 7.7 7.4 6.4 5.6 5.6 6.4 5 6.5 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.6 7.8 7.5 6.5 5.8 5.5 6.5 Q 6.5 7.1 7.1 6.8 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.2 6.3 5.4 5.3 6.5 7 6.4 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.0 5.5 5.2 8 6.4 6.9 7.1 6.6 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.4 5.7 5.4 5.2 6.3 9 6 4 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.5 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.2 6.4 10 6.4 6.6 7.0 6.4 7.0 7.1 6.5 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.1 6.5 11 6 5 C. 7 7.0 7.2 7.7 7.3 6.6 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.1 6.4 12 (noon) 6.7 7.1 7.9 8.1 8.3 7.5 6.6 5.4 5.8 5.5 5.3 6.7 P. M. 1 7.1 7.7 8.8 8.5 8.7 7.9 6.7 5.6 6.2 6.1 5.8 7.1 2 7 1 8 2 9 9 1 9.0 8.2 6.9 5 8 6 6 6 5 6.3 7.2 3 8.1 8.8 9.4 9.6 9.4 8.2 7.2 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.6 7.8 4 8.2 9.0 9.7 9.7 9.7 8.8 7.4 6.2 6.9 7.2 6.8 7.9 5 8.1 9.0 9.8 9.7 9.9 9.3 7.9 6.7 7.0 7.1 6.9 7.8 6 8.0 9.0 9.6 9.7 10.1 9.8 8.5 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.6 7.5 7 8 8.6 9 4 9.6 10.4 10.3 8.9 7.6 7 1 6.7 6.0 7.0 g 7.0 7.7 8.9 9.2 10.2 10.4 9.2 7.9 6.9 5.7 5.0 6.2 9 6.4 7.0 8.1 8.7 9.0 10.5 9.3 8.0 6.7 5.4 4.9 6.1 10 6.4 6.7 7.4 6.8 9.3 10.2 9.0 7.9 6.7 5.8 5.1 6.2 11 6.5 6.8 7.3 7.9 8.8 9.8 9.1 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.2 6.2 12 (midnight) 6.6 6.9 7.5 7 6 8 5 9 3 8 4 7.8 7.2 6.0 5.5 6 2 6 3 7.8 7 7 9 2 8 9 8 3 8.9 7.5 7.2 6 6 6.8 NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION, PROM JULY 1, 1877, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900. Month. Less than 0.01 inch. 0.01 to 0.10 inch. 0.11 to 0.25 inch. 0.26 to 0.50 inch. 0.51 to 1 inch. Over 1 inch. :',<> 78 43 34 37 25 33 62 35 30 30 17 47 90 46 40 30 11 April 41 59 32 30 20 6 May 38 36 22 17 10 3 22 18 4 4 1 July 16 1 13 2 1 19 1 ts 8 3 27 34 20 IS 8 23 47 27 28 19 n 35 82 51 36 48 19 Total . . 373 521 293 245 205 100 NUMBER OF CLEAR, PARTLY CLOUDY, CLOUDY, RAINY, AND FOGGY DAYS, AND TOTAL NUMBER OF THUNDERSTORMS AND AURORAS FROM JULY 1, 1877, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900. S o o d X V !g umber torms. I = / s a S o S K umber torms. ci Is Month ^ =S -c c e OJ c s Month. 3 ^fi o . BE = s >> *o >> ^.-o D . >, K*i U >i _*o _, a s ? c o 6C - 3" s 2 C be IB ",* 5 I 5 2 5 o H <2 C i ^ S 260 195 247 217 131 2 Sep'.ember 599 88 33 35 i VI 275 219 156 176 43 3 514 186 64 80 15 3 o 311 218 184 116 14 9 November 419 160 141 134 53 3 April 348 228 114 147 3 10 253 215 276 223 153 2 o May 441 182 90 88 16 D o in 548 107 35 26 1 6 (") Annual average .. 229 80 56 53 18 3 ...... July 698 40 6 1 3 Aueust . . 674 57 13 3 5 (Two in November, 1882. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. NUMBER OF HIGH WINDS FROM JULY 1, 1877, TO DECEMBER 31, 1900. 105 1 Velocity 1 "elocity. i Velocity Month. 25 to 30 miles. 31 to 40 mil&. Over 40 miles. Month. 25 to 30 miles. 31 to 40 miles. Over 40 miles. Month. 25 to 30 miles. 31 to 40 ^miles. Over 40 miles. 11 7 10 1 November 8 8 4 1 July 6 December 12 11 5 March 8 9 5 August 3 . April < 8 14 1 September 8 4 Mav > 11 9 2 October 11 8 1 HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY, DIRECTION, AND DATE FROM JULY 1, 1877, TO APRIL 30, 1901. Velocity. Direc- tion. Dav anil year. Velocity. Direc- tion. Dav and year. SE. 3,1901 July 30 NW. 1,1892 NW 10 1894 28 sw. 65,1896 March 48 SE. a29,1892 September 36 NW. 23,1889 April 40 NW. 8,1900 October 48 s. 20,1894 May 44 NW. 9,1895 November 51 SE. 21,1900 June 42 NW. 12,1886 December 60 SE. 9,1894 a Also on March 4, 1888, from the SE.. and March 2, 1896, from the S. 6 Also on August 20, 1899, from the SW. e Also on September 21, 1895, from the NW., and September 20, 1900, from the NW. GREATEST PRECIPITATION IN THE SHORTEST PERIODS OF TIME FROM JULY, 1877, TO APRIL, 1901. Date. Duration. Inches. Average inch per hour. Date. Duration. Inches. Average inch per hour. h.m. Januarv 15 1878 14 20 1.63 6.11 April21,1880 h. m. 2200 7.24 33 January 22, 1878 208 1.54 0.72 April24,1896 1200 1.60 0.13 is oo 1.29 0.16 April29,1901 1200 1.45 12 2 66 0.11 Mav 5, 1889 1200 1 14 10 1 800 1 77 0.22 May5,1900 1100 1 32 12 January 23, 1886... * 1 1540 2.58 0.17 Octobers, 1882. 800 1.10 0.14 \\ 800 Januarys 1888... 1.40 0.18 1630 1.82 0.11 1 12 30 1.86 0.15 October 21 1899 1200 1.48 0.12 1200 Januarv 15 1894 1.52 0.13 2315 2.08 0.09 1020 2.25 1.26 0.10 0.12 November 17, 1885 430 630 1.67 1.35 0.37 0.21 1200 Januarv 20 1896 2.66 1.44 0.11 0.12 700 1800 1.27 4.29 0.18 0.24 [ 1825 1.84 0.10 November 16, 1888 . 1200 1.65 0.14 1600 Februarv 5 1887 1.85 0.12 1 2400 1.95 0.08 3 46 11 November 30 1892 745 2.26 29 Februarv 23 1891 740 1.20 0.16 f 1200 1.60 0.13 November 21, 1900 . | [ 900 Februarv 19 1894 .H 1.83 0.20 I 2100 2.32 0.11 I 16 30 2.16 0.13 December 2, 1880 I 800 1.21 0.15 Februarv 5 1901 11 45 1.42 0.12 ( 2400 2.58 0.11 March 5 1879 8 00 1.00 0.13 December 4, 1881 800 1.16 0.15 March 9 1884 8 00 2.14 0.27 December 23, 1884 800 1.31 0.16 March 13 1889 12 00 2.21 0.18 December 25,1884 600 1.87 0.31 March 15 1899 11 30 1.70 0.15 December 21, 1885 1100 2.81 0.26 200 1.99 1.00 December 24, 1885 f 600 1.40 0.23 800 April 20, 1880 4.15 0.52 1 900 1.85 0.21 1600 6.35 0.40 106 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOKNIA. FRESNO. By Mr. J. P. BOLTON, Observer, Weather Bureau. Fresdo, Cal., in latitude 36 43' North, longitude 119 49' West, is situated in the fertile San Joaquin Valley, nearly midway between the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains. Its climate in a general sense may be divided into two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. During the period from October to May, comprising the wet season, Fresno County is favored with well-distributed rains at irregular intervals, aggregating for the season an averago of about 10.12 inches. The greatest number of consecutive days with rain was eight, in January, 1895, the greatest amount recorded in any twenty-four consecutive hours being 2.10 inches December 29 to 30, 1891. The annual precipitation of the Sierra Nevada Mountains is much greater than that of the valley; precipitation in those high altitudes occurs mostly in the form of snow which is pre- served by the cold of elevation in sufficient quantities to furnish abundance of , water to our rivers, creeks, and canals during the dry season. The run-off, or amount of water which may be made available for the purposes of agriculture through this process of conservation, is estimated to be about 45 per cent of the total annual precipitation on the west side of the crest of the range. A dry season prevails over this section during the period from May to September. The highest temperature ever recorded at Fresno was 114, on July 1, 1891; the lowest was 20 above zero, on January 17, 1888. MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Get. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 44.1 53.2 54.1 67.1 08.6 74.1 80.6 86.3 83.4 68.9 56.0 48.6 65.4 1889 48.6 50.5 58.4 63.5 09. 6 79.5 82.6 82.2 75.6 62.8 54.1 49.1 64.3 1890 42.3 41.2 64.6 61.2 69.4 73.4 82.5 80.8 74.6 64.5 56.9 43.8 62.6 1891 45.4 48.5 54.4 59.0 67.1 73.0 83.6 83.6 74.6 67.0 66.2 43.9 63.0 1892 48.5 53.2 65.6 57.6 67.2 72.8 79.4 81.4 73.6 63.9 66.4 47.4 63.1 1893 42.8 48.4 52.2 55.9 66.9 73.2 80.8 82.0 68.4 60.8 52.8 48.4 61.0 1894 43 8 46.8 53.0 62.2 67.6 68.9 82.7 82.1 74.0 64.0 58.6 47.6 62.6 1896.. . 45 3 52.6 53.7 60.0 67.4 77.2 79.4 80.6 70.4 66.6 52.8 43.6 62.5 1896 50 6 53.4 56.3 54.7 63.9 78.6 85.0 79.8 72.6 66.7 53.2 49.5 63.7 1897 43.7 49.2 48.6 63.5 71.7 74.3 82.8 81.8 72.8 61.2 52.0 45.1 62.3 1898 41 7 53.8 52.8 65.4 65.2 72.2 83.9 81.6 72.8 64.6 52.6 45.2 63.1 1899 50.0 51.2 54.4 61.1 63.2 78.3 81.8 75.1 77.3 60.4 54.4 43.8 62.6 1900 46 7 51.4 69.2 58.3 68.4 77.3 82.4 75.2 69.5 62.6 57.5 45.2 62.6 45 3 50.2 54.4 60.8 67.4 74.1 82.1 81.0 73.8 64.2 54.6 47.0 63.0 SUMMARIES OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maximum. Absolute minimum. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maximum. Absolute minimum. Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. pera- Date. ture. ture. ture. ture. ture. ture. ture. ture. o o o January 50.6 1896 41.7 1898 69.0 15, 1893 20.0 1,1888 August 86.3 1888 75.1 1889 113.0 11, 1898 51.0 27, 1895 February ... 53.8 1898 47.2 1890 80.0 20, 1896 24.0 6, 1899 September . 83.4 1888 68.4 1893 111.0 24, 1888 44.0 22, 1895 March 58.4 1889 48.6 1397 86.0 6,1899 28.0 1,1888 October 68.9 1888 60.4 1899 98.0 4,1889 36.0 17, 1892 April ' 67.1 1888 54.7 1896 101.0 25, 1898 34.0 5, 1895 November . 68.6 1894 52.0 1897 82.0 7, 1894 27.0 25, 1898 May 71.7 1897 63 2 1899 104 21 1892 38.0 1,1899 December.. 49.5 1896 43.6 1895 71.0 5, 1895 23.0 21,1897 June 79.5 1889 68.9 1894 112.0 30, 1891 46.0 2, 1899 Annual. 86.3 41.7 114.0 20.0 July 85.0 18% 79.4 J18921 \1895f 114.0 1, 1891 51.0 8, 1891 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. DATES or FROST. 107 Year. Last light < frost. 1 Last kill- ing frost. First light First kill- frost. ; ing frost. Year. '-". t light Last kill- 'First light rost. ing frost. , frost. First kill- ing frost. 1888 Mar 6 Mar. 1 Feb. 19 Apr. 14 Mar. 29 Mar. 28 Mar. 13 Mar. 4 ! NOT 7 ' ' 1895 ' M r. 21 Apr. 5 ; XOT. 22 pr. 15 ' Mar. 1 : XOT. 26 ar. 23 Mar. 30 j XOT. 16 P. 27 ! Mar. 22 XOT. 7 ft. 29 ; Feb. 7 I Dec. 10 ft. 9 Feb. 8 Oct. 30 XOT. 23 NOT. 29 NOT. 26 NOT. 21 1889 Feb. 20 XOT. 6 \ Dec. 21 > ; XOT. 9 Dec. 6 j j Oct. 2 : Dec. 3 I NOT. 15 NOT. 25 Xov. 16 SOT. 18 i Dec. 14 : Dec. 2 1896 i A 1890 Mar. 27 1897 M 1891 .. Apr 8 1898 M 1892 Apr. 18 1899 A 1833 ... ' Apr. 13 1900 A Dec. 28 1894 ' Apr. 17 MONTHLY, AXXTJAL AXD SEASONAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUXDREDTHS). [An accurate record of rainfall was kept by Louis Enstein from August, 1881, to August. 1887; measurements were made with a standard rain gauge. Weather Bureau records began in August, 1887.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. n'uai i Seasonal. 1882 0.54 0.54 2.54 0.63 2.82 0.40 1.75 0.34 2.12 0.88 0.48 1.04 2.27 4.14 2.89 1.93 0.42 1.92 1.52 L44 0.27 4.35 0.00 0.68 3.09 0.13 0.32 0.80 2.24 1.00 2.21 2.02 1.70 0.06 2.65 1.15 0.02 0.08 1.80 3.28 3.77 0.76 1.34 0.17 1.96 2.07 1.04 0.81 1.69 4.22 0.29 1.84 1.21 1.64 0.71 2.90 0.88 1.36 1.01 3.42 1.32 2.87 2.93 0.22 0.54 0.17 0.49 0.79 0.34 0.10 0.99 2.82 0.30 0.00 0.36 1.21 0.21 1.69 1.43 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.56 0.57 0.45 0.03 1.44 T. 1.16 0.52 0.02 0.00 0.79 0.06 1.97 0.00 0.00 1.25 T. 0.00 0.04 T. 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.66 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. T. 0.00 T. 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 T. T. T. T. 0.07 0.15 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. I 0.00 0.56 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.06 0.00 1.26 0.27 T. 0.01 0.75 0.07^ 0.06 T. 1.12 0.00 a 16 1.07 1.17 0.46* 0.11 0.57 0.15 0.00 3.17 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.02 0.37 0.16 1.28 1.19 0.03 2.01 0.33 1.00 0.17 0.08 9.54 0.80 0.32 2.38 1.39 0.22 0.21 0.39 0.16 0.27 0.19 1.46 0.22 0.34 1.52 4.61 0.42 0.56 3.93 2.06 0.44 1.16 1.71 3.87 2.30 3.99 2.56 1.40 4.09 0.78 1.00 0.48 0.43 1.09 0.33 7.89 ' 1881-82 8.69 18S2-83 21.23 j 1883-84 14.44 1884-85 9.55 : 1885-86 - --- 8.76 , 1887-88 12.27 ; 1888-89 8.36 1889-90 S.94 1 1890-91 8. 75 1 1891-92 9.40 1892-93 12.48 1893-94 10.39 1894-96 11.02 1895-96 - a 1896-97 4.99 i 1897-98 10.54 ; 1898-99 11.09 1 \m m 6.91 9.33 18.90 7.20 19.45 8.47 6.73 7.99 13.01 8.25 9.93 11.10 8.59 14.67 8.42 10.32 4.94 7.98 10.28 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1S88 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900.. Average 1.54 1.27 1.70 1.12 0.58 0.17 T. 0.01 0.26 0.65 1.33 1.72 10.31 10.13 GREATEST PRECIPITATION ( INCHES AXD HUXDREDTHS) ix TWEXTY-POCR HOCHS. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Greatest annual. 1888... 0.95 0.13 1.05 0.20 0.31 T. T. T. 0.06 00 1 33 71 1 33 1889 29 0.53 0.55 0.32 0.33 00 00 T 00 1 73 48 75 1 73 1890 71 9.30 0.33 0.15 0.43 0.00 00 T. 1 12 00 22 L21 1 21 1891 54 50 0.26 0.29 02 02 00 00 27 00 **1 2 10 2.10 1892... 24 0.38 0.53 0.43 0.82 06 00 00 T 32 22 66 82 1893 39 1 48 1 22 32 T 00 T 00 01 02 15 55 UN... 1.28 0.62 0.20 0.07 0.94 74 T T 75 28 27 1 12 1895. ' 1 16 0.96 0.52 0.84 0.52 00 T T 06 13 12 40 1 46 1896 1 05 06 50 1 68 02 00 06 15 06 1 28 1 01 56 1 fiS 1897. . 0. 73 1.16 0.50 0.30 00 T 00 T T 48 13 25 1898. 17 49 30 00 74 00 00 uO 1 12 03 34 1899. . 1 84 02 99 31 06 60 00 00 00 85 72 Greatest 1 46 1 48 1 22 - - 94 74 06 15 1 12 1 73 1 33 Date 4-5 8-9 20 24-25 14-15 30 29 22-23 16 9-30 Dec Year. . . 1895 - 1896 --, 1896 :-- 1*01 1R01 a Abo September 25-26. 1898. 108 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOBNIA. MONTHLY EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Month. Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. Times ex- ceeding normal. Month. Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. Times ex- ceeding normal. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. 4.14 4.35 4.22 3.42 1.69 1.16 1895 1884 1893 1884 1883 1894 0.34 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 1889 1885 1887 1898 1897 w 7 6 7 1 7 2 July 0.07 0.15 1.26 3.17 9.64 4.09 1896 1896 1890 1889 1885 1894 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.42 () () () 1890 1884 1882 5 7 4 4 4 6 August September. October May November December WEATHER. Month. Average number of Month. Average number of Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. Clear days. Partly clpudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. 9 15 13 19 21 26 29 8 7 10 ; 3 2 14 6 8 3 3 1 8 6 8 3 3 1 August 25 25 20 17 9 6 3 7 7 9 2 4 6 13 1 3 4 t September October April November May December June 228 77 60 46 July FOGGY DAYS AND DAYS WITH THUNDERSTORMS IN TWELVE YEARS. Month. Foggy days. Total thunder- storms. Month. Foggy days. Total thunder- storms. Number. Average. Number. Average. 144 44 25 3 o 12 4 2 1 3 6 1 3 July 1 4 15 75 160 1 6 13 1 2 12 5 1 September April October May November HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR) AND DIRECTION FOR TWELVE YEARS. Month. Year. Velocity. Direction. Month. Year. Velocity. Direction. 1898 Milet. 32 NW. July 1893 Milet. 24 NW. 1894 30 NW 1891 24 NW. 1896 38 SE 1899 28 NW. April 1894 30 NW. October 1892 25 NW. May 1894 30 NW. 1892 30 SE. 1891 30 NW. December 1891 24 NW. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY. AVERAGE MONTHLY RELATIVE HCMIDITY (PER CENT) FOR TWELVE YEARS. 109 Month. Percent. Month. Per cent. 79 July . 33 Tol August ' 34 March 68 September 42 April | October . 56 Mav 51 November 65 11 82 i m *. . :-,--* gj.t^.^-c* 155?'^. iHIJIliF'l'^' ' i * A' -,^y>' -- > ii Si Fie. 12. Seasonal rainfall at Fresnu, Cal., Iruui UK tu 1901. 110 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. SUNSHINE FOR THE YEARS 1898, 1899, AND 1900. [N. lat. 36 43'.] \ Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending (local time) Total (hours). Per- centage of pos- sible. 5k a.m. 6' 7k 8k 9k 10k Ilk Noon. Ik 2h 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 8k 1898. 56 44 41 50 55 59 65 61 63 71 61 68 70 76 62 67 75 76 66 65 ' 82 83 68 63 79 85 . 71 65 77 82 68 60 65 69 66 53 51 40 45 38 83 47 43 37 197.6 198.7 212.2 223.2 68 68 57 55 February . . . . '. . 71 38 53 March 33 49 46 40 59 May June.... 50 58 67 50 65 73 64 100 47 55 74 66 41 67 50 61 .70 68 46 60 49 63 69 75 66 63 60 45 73 69 78 77 58 67 58 70 70 78 79 55 77 71 72 75 75 83 66 80 74 80 75 76 80 58 81 77 74 71 79 78 58 70 73 73 68 70 70 64 57 67 61 52 64 66 60 49 54 54 44 55 61 44 46 60 52 41 69 66 36 64 51 71 48 57 48 56 285.4 283.0 311.2 264.2 177.2 190.6 175.2 62 60 72 70 52 66 63 July August October December Sum Percentage of pos- sible 1899. January February 84 30 80 85 85 97 87 83 40 82 43 82 95 90 100 93 89 49 11 1 97 54 87 99 93 100 96 97 64 31 11 98 69 96 98 95 100 95 99 69 38 13 100 72 95 97 99 100 96 98 77 49 14 100 73 98 97 100 100 95 100 75 53 19 100 68 96 97 99 100 95 100 81 57 23 100 74 87 97 97 100 94 100 77 61 20 100 75 87 98 96 100 94 98 75 56 23 95 67 86 97 94 100 95 98 65 44 18 84 55 . 81 95 90 99 93 89 47 25 10 70 37 60 91 90 97 88 85 31 284.5 219. 9 333.1 405.0 406.7 438.0 387.3 353.4 225.9 126.8 46.0 94 59 84 92 92 98 92 95 65 41 15 March 27 83 69 83 91 82 93 100 17 48 83 87 91 84 100 70 88 88 60 April May 61 84 81 July September October November December Sum Percentage of pos- , sible 1900. January 6 65 54 71 75 89 95 90 88 66 20 3 7 77 68 76 80 91 96 92 95 74 27 3 8 81 86 82 86 96 94 97 96 75 41 3 13 80 91 82 91 99 97 98 99 81 48 3 15 81 93 82 89 100 97 99 98 84 50 4 17 86 98 84 92 97 94 99 97 89 53 15 22 82 96 83 86 98 97 100 100 93 50 21 25 81 97 84 78 95 % 99 97 84 44 15 22 83 92 78 79 95 97 97 92 80 37 12 17 74 83 71 79 91 % 95 85 65 29 11 6 62 64 65 67 80 94 90 74 58 100 46.6 236.6 303.7 295.6 337.9 398.9 424.7 396.7 338.6 267.6 121.9 26.9 15 78 82 75 77 yi 95 94 91 77 40 9 February 72 55 62 61 86 94 87 77 59 30 March 82 52 58 83 93 89 75 50 7> 60 59 74 91 87 67 70 74 90 100 April May 78 83 95 July ... August October December i Sum 256 582 683 722 60 786 66 845 70 882 74 892 74 921 77 928 77 895 75 864 72 7% 72 760 516 334 3, 195. 7 266.3 824 69 Percentage of pos- sible j a No record. CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY. The Santa Clara Valley lies between the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west and the foothills of the Coast Range on the east. In some respects it is an ideal valley in which to study the gen- eral movements of the air and the modifications of the same due to topography. We are fortu- nately able to discuss the principal climatic factors for the following stations: Menlo Park, San Mateo. San Jose, and the Lick Observatory at Mount Hamilton. Mount Tamalpais and San Francisco should be added to the list for a proper understanding of the air movement through the valley. As has been stated before, the prevailing westerly winds are strongly intensified at the Golden Gate, and the whole effect of the topography is to force the air down the valley. Some interesting relations showing the effect of topography upon rainfall become apparent. The mountain stations show a much larger rainfall. On Tamalpais the rainfall exceeds that of San Francisco in the ratio of 3 to 2, and at Mount Hamilton the rainfall exceeds that of San Jose in the ratio of 2 to 1. The gradual increase in rainfall even in so short a distance as 50 miles is also apparent. The mean annual rainfall at San Jose is l-t.88 inches, at Menlo Park 16.43 inches, at San Mateo 20.71 inches, and at San Francisco 23 inches. In other words, within a distance of 50 miles, from San Jose to San Francisco, we find an increase of nearly 8 inches in rainfall, and this increase is nearl\ T in proportion to the distance from San Francisco. The following comparative data for the six stations for a period of three years serve excellently to show the general features of the climate of the Santa Clara Valley: N MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean. > - Mount Tamalpais 40.8 46.4 46.6 56.0 50.5 61.9 70.0 67.5 62.6 59.4 51.2 45.7 54.9 46.7 52.6 5L2 54.5 52.6 59.0 56.0 58.0 59.0 61.2 55.4 497 54.7 35.7 42.8 39.1 50.8 47.9 62.0 71.4 70.5 61.8 56.0 46.5 43.3 52.3 San Jose 43.4 53.3 5L8 57.7 57.0 65.3 65.1 65.2 63.1 61.1 55.0 46.3 57.2 Menlo Park 44.9 52.6 49.9 59.1 58.7 66.7 69.0 66.6 65.1 60.5 52.4 46.0 57.6 San Mateo 45.9 52.6 54.7 61.3 61.5 70.2 67.8 71.8 64.9 62.8 54.3 47.6 59.6 1899. 47.8 47.6 44.6 51.6 51.2 66.8 71.0 61.4 73.2 55.3 49.4 47.7 55.6 53.0 51.6 62.2 54.6 52.6 56.9 55.9 58.3 58.2 59.3 56.8 49.6 54.9 Lick Observatorv 42.5 41.0 39.6 47.6 46.3 63.7 71.6 61.3 69.8 50.2 46.9 45.6 52.2 56.4 52.2 54.7 59.1 58.4 67.8 67.4 65.5 66.0 60.4 57.6 50.4 59.7 Menlo Park 47 8 50.0 53.5 57.4 58.4 66.0 65.9 65.8 63.3 59.2 56.0 48.6 57 7 San Mateo 51.6 49.0 52.8 56.4 58.0 68.3 67.7 67.4 64.9 61.0 58.8 49.3 58.8 1900. 47.4 48.4 52.2 48.6 55.4 62.2 69.8 64.0 60.4 55.2 53.6 48.8 55.5 50.7 53.6 55.2 54.0 57.0 57.6 58.2 59.7 63.3 58.9 56.3 50.2 56 2 47.5 43.0 48.1 43.0 52.9 63.8 71.6 62.1 56.3 51.6 51.1 47.2 53.2 51.3 53.5 56.4 58.8 64.8 67.8 69.8 70.0 68.4 63.4 58.2 50.6 61 1 Menlo Park 51.4 52.6 57.6 55.9 62.4 66.5 67.3 67.3 65.6 59.4 57.4 50.2 59.5 52.2 52.0 58.3 59.2 65.8 66.9 70.0 67.7 66.1 60.7 59.4 48.6 60.6 111 112 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1898. Mount Tamalpais 6.69 0.73 0.60 4.84 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.80 1.48 1.35 1.42 1 12 2 13 0.24 19 1 44 19 00 T 1 06 86 46 1 62 9 31 Lick Observatory 2.30 4.16 2.04 0.84 2.41 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.29 1.33 1.23 2 13 17 11 9H 1.93 0.52 0.20 44 06 00 00 1 13 61 45 44 6 71 San Mateo 1.46 3.04 0.64 0.25 0.94 0.19 0.00 0.00 1 57 0.81 0.55 1.35 10 80 1.38 2.24 0.58 15 63 00 00 00 2 00 73 31 99 9 01 1899. Mount Tamalpais 5.92 0.28 10.38 1.89 1.70 0.29 0.00 0.01 0.00 4 26 7.48 4.65 36.86 3.67 0.10 7.61 0.62 0.86 01 00 T 00 3 92 3 79 2 65 23 23 5 63 75 11 11 1 40 1 47 39 00 12 T 6 37 4 g2 4 16 36 32 1.88 0.21 4.17 0.48 0.65 T 00 00 00 3 26 2 79 1 43 14 78 4 21 37 9 02 1 0'' 67 71 00 02 00 3 89 4 70 2 57 27 18 Menlo Park 3.62 0.42 6.07 0.34 0.70 0.05 00 05 00 3 08 3 22 1 87 19 39 1900. 6.04 1 91 2 91 2 52 58 31 00 00 1 10 3 44 4 31 2 82 25 94 San Francisco 4.11 0.64 1.91 1.08 0.32 0.05 T T 46 1 48 3 91 1 37 15 33 3 26 1 70 3 37 4 06 1 35 T 01 02 08 3 48 7 76 2 21 27 50 San Jose 2.05 0.44 1.36 1.66 0.96 01 02 00 17 62 4 36 1 32 12 97 6 55 84 2 19 1 23 55 00 00 00 50 1 64 5 39 2 31 20 20 Menlo Park 3.69 0.52 1.46 1 00 0.66 0.05 00 00 00 2 00 4 61 1 99 15 98 The mean annual temperature for three years at Mount Tamalpais is 55.3, and for San Francisco for the same period is 55.3, which is practically the temperature of the Pacific Ocean near the Golden Gate. The mean annual temperature for San Jose for a period of twenty -six years is 58, and for San Francisco 56. The mean annual temperature on Mount Hamilton is 52. At both of the mountain stations there is a well-marked seasonal curve of temperature. Comparing the mean annual temperatures it would appear that from sea level to 1,000 meters elevation the fall in temperature is 1.5 C. In January the mean temperatures are, from sea level up, 10.1, 7.4, and 5.5 C., or there is a vertical gradient of 1 fall for 260 meters. But in July this gradient is inverted, and the temperatures run from sea level upward as follows: 13.7, 21.3, and 22 C., or at the rate of 1 rise for 44 meters. These temperature inversions are due to the water vapor carried by the winds through the Gate from the Pacific and down the valleys. Under normal conditions ascending air cools at the rate of 1 C C. for 100 meters of ascent. But our experiments at Mount Tamalpais show that often the temperature contrasts are more marked than the general averages quoted above would indicate. Sea-level temperatures (12 or 13 C.) and fog often prevail to the 500-meter level, while at 700 meters clear weather with temperatures of 25 or 26 C. prevail. For example, on July 15, 1900, at 5 p. m., the temperature at San Francisco was 11 C. (52 F.), at Point Reyes 13 C. (55 F.), and at Mount Tamalpais 27 C. (80 F.). It is also interesting to note that the temperatures at Red Bluff, Sacramento, and Fresno were respectively 39 C. (102 F.), 33 C. (92 F.), and 38 C. (100 F.). The mean of three temperature values at different points in fog gave a temperature of 10 C. or 50 F. as the temperature of condensation or the dew-point. The maximum weight of the water vapor per cubic foot at this temperature is 4.076 grains. MENLO PARK. Menlo Park is situated about 25 miles in an air line south of San Francisco, in latitude 37 27' north, longitude 122 11' west. To the east lies the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, about 4 miles wide. The average elevation is between 50 and 60 feet. About 3 miles to the west the land rises, varying in elevation from 100 to 500 feet. To the southwest, at a distance of about 8 miles, the Montara Mountains attain heights of from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering a period of twent3 T -three years, is 57.7, which is practically the same temperature as that of San Jose and about 2 warmer than that of San Francisco. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 47.3, and the warmest is July, with a mean temperature of 67.7. The highest temperature recorded is 106, in June, 1891, and the lowest 20, in December, 1879, and January, 1888. Reliable frost data are not available. CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY. 113 The mean annual rainfall, based upon records covering twenty-three years, is 16.43 inches, or nearly 2 inches more than at San Jose and 7 inches less than at San Francisco. With the single exception of a heavy rainfall in 1886, no rain has fallen in July. December is the month of heaviest rainfall, and more than half of the annual rainfall occurs in the months of December, January, February, and ,March. During the past twenty-three years there have been but two years when the rainfall did not exceed 10 inches. In 1878 and 1898 the annual rainfall was but slightly above 9 inches. There have been five years when the annual rainfall exceeded 20 inches. In 1889 the total rainfall for the year was 26.90 inches. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 46.3 49.3 55.4 59.2 64.9 67.6 67.0 64.2 61.9 58.2 51.6 45.8 57 6 1879 44 8 52.5 55 59 9 62.5 71 9 67 6 69 2 65 59 1 50 5 45 8 58 6 1880. 441 44.7 48.9 55.3 64.2 661 67.0 66.3 63.8 57.8 49.3 50 3 56 5 1881 49.3 53.1 53.9 61.0 64.2 67.3 69.7 66.8 63.2 56.0 50.3 49.0 58 6 1882 . 46. 6 15.4 52.1 55.7 65.5 66 6 69 67.7 63.3 58.8 50 7 49 4 1883. 43. 4 45.8 54.1 55.1 62.6 67.5 65.4 64.4 65.9 55 B 49.8 46.5 56 4 1884 46.4 48.1 53 2 57 2 65 6 65 3 69 3 66 59 6 56 5 53.3 48.3 57 4 1885 47.8 51.6 55.3 58.5 62.4 63.4 68.0 66 3 64.4 58 6 54.2 49 2 58 3 1886 47 8 52.3 50 1 54.9 61 7 65 5 66 5 65.4 61 1 55 5 48 7 50 5 56 7 1887 46.4 47.1 55.8 55.4 61 66 5 64 2 63.6 64 6 60 8 53 6 48.3 57 3 188$ 45. 8 52,5 51.4 59.0 60.4 67.0 70.2 69.5 66.7 61 7 55.2 53.1 59 4 K89 . 47.5 51.2 56 3 59.1 61 9 66 4 66 67 9 66 3 61 3 55 8 50 3 59 2 1890 45.4 47.8 53.7 57.0 C2.8 63.7 66.9 66.3 64.9 58 9 54.6 48 6 57 6 1891 ... . 48.7 51.4 55.4 561 61 1 67 3 67 6 68 2 64.8 60 9 56 1 48 3 58 8 1892 50.3 52.9 56.5 55.3 64.8 66.5 67 9 68 65 4 59 6 54 6 51 4 59 4 1893 47. 5 49.1 51 5 52.8 57 2 63 1 66 2 66 9 61 1 58 1 54 4 50 9 56 6 1894. 47.0 47.7 49.9 - | 59 7 63 1 67 8 67 3 66.4 61 2 55 5 49 57 8 1895 47 5 52.3 53 56 6 60 4 66 6 64 8 66 8 63 8 61 9 55 48 2 58 1 1896 52.7 54.7 55.5 54 8 60 5 67 5 74 6 67 5 64 4 60 5 52.1 51 5 59 7 1897 47 5 50 4 50 4 60 65 - 68 6 65 5 64 3 60 '1 51 9 48 50 3 1898 44. 9 52.6 49 9 59 1 58 7 66 7 69 66 6 65 1 60 5 52.4 46 57 6 ^ao ! 17 8 50 53 5 57 4 58 4 66 65 9 65 8 63 3 59 2 56 48 6 57 7 1900 51 4 52.6 57 6 55 9 62 4 66 5 67 3 67 3 65 6 59 4 57 4 50 2 59 5 Mean (23 vears) 473 50 2 53 4 57 1 62 1 66 3 67 7 66 7 64 1 - , 53 2 49 57 7 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1878 2 98 2 21 1 72 1 36 10 00 00 T 00 00 42 25 9 04 1879 3.09 2 73 4 27 1 19 98 03 00 00 00 48 1 66 3.96 18 39 flfl 1 9? 1 79 1 65 6 44 69 00 00 00 00 00 59 8 93 22 01 1881 . 3 70 1.56 68 2 66 00 24 00 00 00 36 71 1 97 11 88 1882 0.65 1.17 I 3 71 67 18 00 00 00* 23 1 25 1 69 52 10 07 1883 . 2.38 52 2.70 76 > 49 00 00 00 20 73 28 85 10 91 1884 3. 35 4.07 4 80 3 40 00 3 16 00 05 04 1 86 7 4.92 25 92 1885 1 89 C 12 50 1 98 04 QO 00 00 02 09 6 "^ > 17 13 03 1886 4.97 37 1 1 65 3 34 08 00 24 00 00 86 40 1 26 13 17 1887 72 4 92 46 1 18 01 00 00 00 85 2.16 10 52 1888 3 *? 1 36 2.31 0* 37 1889 65 54 5 75 69 1 08 00 00 4 96 . 10 85 26 90 1890 7.45 3 27 ''76 51 1 48 00 00 00 18 00 00 2 61 18 26 1891 69 7 02 2.17 1 3 - 03 00 00 5 26 18 12 1892 . 1 07 1 39 2 91 47 1 43 00 00 00 00 1 14 4 69 6 55 19 65 1893 2,44 2.75 4 33 1 26 23 00 00 1 51 1894 4 60 2 80 57 00 99 01 00 00 1 65 1 51 46 9 65 ** 24 1895 7 12 1 59 2 30 1 44 36 00 00 1 45 1896 ... 6 76 00 15 3 65 45 00 00 85 1 13 4 67 3 14 23 33 1897. , 1 69 39"' 4 20 13 00 00 00 1 63 1898 . 1.38 2 *M 58 15 63 <0 00 00 00 2.00 73 31 99 9 QJ 1899 3 6' J 42 6 67 34 07 05 1900 3.69 5 1 46 1 00 . 05 00 00 4 61 1 99 15 98 Average (23 vears ^ 3,04 2 06 -> 6 1 .so 55 16 01 1176 Bull. L US- CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. ' Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 . 73 79 90 98 86 82 92 85 70 72 1879 70 82 82 90 94 90 98 91 82 70 66 1880 66 66 72 78 90 92 86 82 90 78 74 62 1881 66 72 82 82 88 86 90 84 90 76 70 66 1882 64 66 8J 84 85 80 92 83 90 80 73 72 1883 . 64 74 78 74 92 90 96 96 99 80 72 66 1884 60 74 72 76 86 80 % 89 82 73 70 64 1885 64 72 74 82 92 81 94 % 95 88 70 66 1886 68 70 74 78 90 88 94 93 97 80 68 70 1887 74 65 81 84 102 103 87 86 94 89 75 60 1888 64 76 76 88 88 90 101 96 91 85 72 63 1889 64 69 81 81 86 85 96 88 % 88 75 62 1890 63 65 74 82 96 92 94 92 88 86 78 67 1891 68 62 74 80 88 106 95 104 88 87 71 62 1892 65 69 79 79 96 91 102 102 90 78 75 67 1893 65 68 80 74 86 96 88 84 80 82 72 71 1894 60 62 70 84 86 90 90 98 98 88 75 60 1895 68 67 70 82 90 94 . 90 90 92 84 7 68 1896 66 72 72 72 98 94 92 84 88 87 75 62 1897 57 68 68 85 94 95 94 86 92 78 70 66 1898 58 70 75 89 85 98 97 90 86 86 78 65 1899 80 78 80 84 90 95 92 92 92 96 69 64 1900 64 68 75 73 86 91 92 99 95 84 72 66 f 80 78 82 89 102 106 102 104 99 96 78 72 1 1899 1899 01879 1898 1887 1891 1892 1891 1883 1899 al890 01878 "Also other years. MINIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1878 34 44 50 55 52 54 45 38 32 24 1879 30 35 46 46 58 54' 58 50 40 30 20 1880 26 28 30 42 48 50 56 52 52 44 28 32 1881 32 38 34 48 50 54 54 56 46 36 30 30 1882 . 26 24 32 40 52 55 58 54 45 36 30 32 1883 24 24 40 40 46 54 54 52 48 37 29 27 1884 28 24 36 45 54 56 56 53 44 40 35 24 1885 32 32 38 40 49 49 51 51 46 39 35 34 1886 . 28 37 34 37 46 50 52 50 42 38 31 32 1887 28 28 34 42 42 44 46 44 46 40 26 32 1888 20 34 36 42 50 56 52 54 50 40 33 38 1889 32 32 40 46 48 54 54 50 48 44 38 34 1890 . . . 28 30 36 40 47 52 53 52 47 41 36 32 1891 29 32 37 43 50 51 53 53 47 41 35 29 1892 36 32 38 40 46 51 52 50 48 42 38 33 1893 31 35 36 39 44 ' 48 50 50 45 40 33 30 1894 30 33 33 40 43 48 52 40 49 42 38 33 1895 . 32 35 35 38 46 48 42 56 48 46 36 29 18% 31 36 34 40 50 52 55 54 50 44 30 36 1897 32 32 35 42 50 56 56 52 49 42 34 29 1898 27 36 32 40 32 50 52 52 50 44 34 28 1899 32 26 38 44 44 52 50 50 50 40 42 32 1900 36 36 38 38 50 52 52 54 50 40 40 36 f 20 24 30 37 32 44 42 40 42 36 26 20 1 1888 01882 1880 1886 1898 1887 1895 1894 1886 01881 1887 1879 a Also other years. CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY. 115 SAN MATEO. [Data from records of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] San Mateo is situated in latitude 37 34' north, longitude 122 19' west, about 14 miles in an air line south and slightly east of San Francisco. By railroad the distance Ls about 22 miles. The elevation is about 22 feet above sea level. To the north and east, at a distance of about 1 mile, are the waters of San Francisco Bay, while to the west, stretching northwest to southeast, are the hills of the Buriburi ridge, with elevations varying from 200 to 600 feet. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering a period of twenty-seven years, from 1874 to 1900, inclusive, is 57.6, which, it is interesting to notice, is almost that of Menlo Park, 57.7, and practically the same as that of San Jose. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 47.9. and the warmest is July, 65.4. It will be noticed that July is 2.3 cooler than at Menlo Park, and 1.3 cooler than at San Jose, but 6.6 warmer than at San Francisco. The highest temperature recorded is 100, in May, 1887, and the lowest 25-, on several dates. Reliable frost data are not available. The mean annual rainfall is 20.71 inches, or about 4 inches more than at Menlo Park. With the single exception of a rain in 1886, no rain has fallen during the month of July. The month of heaviest rainfall is January, and in this respect San Mateo differs from other points in the valley, December being the month of heaviest rainfall elsewhere. In the past twenty-seven years there has been but one year when the rainfall did not exceed 10 inches. In 1877 but 8 inches of rain fell. There have been fourteen years when the annual rainfall exceeded 20 inches. In 1894 over 34 inches fell. The greatest monthly precipitation amounted to 12.44 inches, during December, 1889. MONTHLY AXD ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1874 . . 48.4 48.4 51.0 59.3 62.8 67.7 64.3 67.0 63.2 57.6 53 1 46 8 1875 47.0 48.4 53.2 57.1 61.8 61.2 59.7 58.2 57.4 57.3 55.3 50.0 55 6 1876 46.0 48.7 52.7 55.8 60.0 66.6 60.3 61.6 60 6 57 5 54.6 47 6 1877 48.7 53.6 55.5 55.5 56.4 66.4 63.8 61.2 62.8 . 58.0 52.6 50.0 57 1878 50.9 50.5 53.0 56.0 60.8 64.5 66 4 66.3 65.4 63.4 57 1 49 58 6 1879 . 48.3 53.9 58.2 60.8 60.8 68.6 65.6 68.0 64.1 61.1 51.8 46 58 9 1880 43.1 40.5 49.9 55.1 63.1 65.9 67 2 64 5 65 59 6 49 3 50 8 56 2 1881 . - 50. 8 51.7 50.8 56.5 59.2 60.5 62.0 60 58 8 51 6 46 5 45 6 54.5 1882 43.6 42.5 47.7 49.1 56.5 58.5 60.2 62.8 60.7 56.6 49.4 48 5 53.0 1883 43.2 44.9 52.3 52.9 57.6 64.5 62.1 60 9 64.3 54 9 49 1 46 1 54.4 1884 44.8 45.8 50.2 53.0 59.2 60.8 64.3 60 2 59.8 54.1 52.5 48 9 54.5 1885 47.6 5LO 53.5 56.6 60.2 61.2 68.1 65.2 66.4 61.3 57.9 53.6 58 6 1886 50.3 54.7 5S.8 57.8 64.0 66.6 - . 67 5 65 1 59 2 54.0 54.1 59 6 1887 50.3 47.0 55.1 57.2 60.6 64.9 63.6 63.6 64.3 64.4 51.2 50 1 57 7 1888 . 46 5 5L2 51.7 58.3 58 2 67 1 69 7 66 7 > 58.1 49 3 50 6 57 5 1889 45.5 49.1 54.4 > . 69.7 63.9 60.6 7 64.8 57 4 54.9 49 3 57 5 1890 44 1 44.7 49 1 53.6 60 7 59 3 60 4 65 3 61 8 57 2 55 6 47 1 54.9 1891 47.5 50 3 52.7 55.4 59 2 65 7 67 8 68 4 66 1 58.5 56.4 47 2 57 9 1892 47 7 49 5 53 2 53 1 60 2 60 3 64.0 64.5 62.4 56 5 53 8 51 3 56 4 1893 47 9 49 1 54.4 56 62 6 65 3 69 65 5 63.1 59 3 55 3 53 - : 1894 49 3 49 9 51 7 59 9 62 4 62.7 67 4 67 8 69 6 62.3 57 6 51 9 59 4 1895 .. 49 6 52.9 54.5 - , 62.3 64.6 65 63 5 65 3 61 7 56 5 50 2 58 7 1896 53.6 56.0 58.0 57.1 63.3 70.0 69 6 67 2 64 4 60 8 53 6 53 2 60 6 1897 49 7 52.2 52.5 62.7 65 6 68.4 70 5 66.0 66 4 60 9 53 9 .- 59 8 1898 45.9 52.6 54.7 61 3 61 5 70 2 67 8 71 8 64.9 . 54.3 47 6 59 6 1899 51 6 49 y 8 56 4 58 68 3 67 7 67 4 64 9 61 58 8 49 3 58 8 1900 52.2 52.0 58 3 59 2 65 8 66.9 70 67 7 66 1 60 7 59 4 48.6 60 6 Vfn l'-27 v**^ns) 47 9 49 6 53 1 56 8 ,... - 64 8 65 4 65 ' 63 7 59 53 8 49 6 57 116 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 . 64 64 68 76 80 84 86 88 92 86 70 64 1879 66 77 82 83 92 84 99 92 84 64 65 1880 60 58 70 66 86 90 88 80 89 78 80 63 1881 61 65 77 74 82 77 82 78 86 67 67 63 1882 59 58 73 73 80 76 86 81 84 76 62 64 1883 60 69 74 65 88 98 91 90 % 78 68 62 1884 59 68 65 '68 80 74 86 76 78 76 68 64 1885 66 68 75 72 86 75 88 92 92 82 74 69 1886 66 68 72 76 84 86 87 90 93 78 73 67 1887 70 65 74 80 100 92 80 83 91 89 77 61 1888 64 72 72 84 70 80 92 90 84 81 62 59 1889 62 70 76 76 84 79 88 82 90 84 71 64 1890 58 60 62 82 86 84 80 85 80 83 68 62 1891 62 60 72 80 79 99 86 98 84 78 70 60 1892 62 65 76 68 87 83 92 92 80 75 71 68 1893 60 65 76 71 83 94 86 82 72 82 69 72 1894 60 63 70 83 85 81 89 99 90 87 77 62 1895 62 69 71 75 89 94 92 88 93 86 79 64 18% 66 73 74 68 91 87 88 82 82 82 64 65 1897 59 65 65 82 91 92 90 85 92 72 65 60 1898 58 69 75 87 73 94 95 83 86 85 80 67 1899 73 67 67 84 85 88 90 92 93 71 64 1900 64 69 71 77 83 87 87 95 93 84 70 67 J 73 73 77 87 100 99 95 99 96 93 80 72 I 1899 1896 a 1879 1898 1887 1891 1898 a 1879 1883 1899 "1880 1893 a Also other years. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. Annual. 1874 5.22 1.32 2.16 0.99 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 3.71 0.07 16.72 1875 4.62 0.56 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.85 3.15 17.00 1876 6.30 4.61 4.16 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.00 0.00 17.56 1877 3.26 0.75 1.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.81 1.34 8.00 1878 9.87 9.74 3.58. 1.29 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.80 0.72 0.27 26.81 1879 3.86 3.48 5.85 1.24 1.58 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 1.77 3.14 21.53 1880 2.51 1.64 2.13 8.70 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 11.37 27.63 1881 4.26 2.34 0.80 1.58 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.69 1.16 3.01 14.25 1882 0.79 1.72 3.98 1.11 0.08 0.00 0.00. 0.00 0.18 1.50 2.98 0.84 13.18 1883 1.93 0.59 2.72 1.81 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 1.14 0.21 0.92 12.54 1884 3.40 4.87 6.38 3.40 0.05 2.91 0.00 T. 0.17 1.78 0.21 7.59 30.76 J885 2.36 0.19 0.52 4.20 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.13 6.88 2.34 16.79 1886 6.20 0.35 1.20 4.50 0.15 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.77 0.95 15.88 1887 1.21 9.16 0.72 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 1.08 3.44 17.76 1888 4.73 1.21 3.97 0.13 0.67 0.08 0.00 0.00 1.03 0.00 4.16 4.04 20.02 1889 1.17 0.75 6.94 0.84 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.98 4.01 12.44 33.21 1890 8.69 4.39 3.94 0.79 0.58 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.10 0.10 0.00 2.86 21.45 1891 0.90 9.06 2.57 1.95 0.35 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.02 0.65 7.86 24.01 1892 1.88 1.55 2.49 1.01 , 1.57 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.45 7.67 5.91 23.56 1893 3.09 3.68 6.49 1.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 2.74 2.95 21.10 1894 '. 7.42 6.62 1.07 0.94 0.61 o.oo 0.00 0.00 1.75 3.03 0.72 12. 12 34.28 1895 9.50 3.23 0.05 1.61 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.33 2.08 1.63 19.12 1896 8.89 0.24 2.94 5.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.52 1.31 4.87 2.98 28.04 1897 2.02 5.76 6.42 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.61 1.00 1.84 ]9.76 1898 1.46 3.04 0.64 0.25 0.94 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.57 0.81 0.55 1.35 10.80 1899 . .. 4.21 0.37 9.02 1.02 0.67 0.71 0.00 0.02 0.00 3.89 4.70 2.57 27.18 1900 5.55 0.84 2.19 1.23 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.64 5.39 2.31 20.20 4.27 3.04 3.14 1.76 0.55 0.16 T. 0.02 0.31 1.30 2.49 3.08 20.71 CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY. 117 MINIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. i Xov Dee. 1878 ,. 28 - 37 45 50 54 56 54 54 48' 4 30 1879 ; 34 47 52 44 55 56 50 50 48 3 25 1880 26 30 34 42 50 52 56 50 48 46 31 34 1881 34 40 36 45 50 49 49 50 48 34 3 32 1882 27 26 32 39 48 50 . 52 54 50 42 3- 31 1883 25 28 41 45 48 52 52 50 50 38 3 30 1884 . 31 28 38 43 50 54 55 51 50 43 3! 1 28 1885 34 36 41 43 50 52 58 56 54 46 4 5 ' 40 1886 34 44 40 48 54 55 57 56 50 45 3 1 1 40 1887 34 32 42 50 50 54 54 50 45 3- t I 38 1888 26 40 40 50 50 60 56 52 44 3 i 38 1889 32 32 40 50 50 55 50 50 45 46 31 1 36 1890 30 30 38 44 48 50 50 52 51 40 31 i 34 1891 30 32 39 44 50 50 55 56 52 42 a ) 30 1892 35 35 42 44 48 50 54 52 53 43 3 M 35 1893 35 36 39 46 52 55 58 56 52 44 3 i 39 1894 ... 32 36 39 n 52 56 57 54 49 it 36 1895 35 37 39 46 to 53 53 57 53 51 4 it 34 1896 ... 38 41 39 47 51 59 60 55 48 31 1 42 1897 37 36 39 50 53 58 58 56 54 46 4 1 1 34 MB 30 37 39 45 53 H 58 57 55 48 3 r 33 1899 37 32 42 48 48 56 59 57 51 45 4 I 35 1900 39 37 45 44 57 57 60 60 53 45 1 4 1 1 33 125 26 32 39 44 49 49 50 45 34 31 1 25 1883 am 1882 1882 1879 1881 1881 01879 - 1881 | 188I ) 1879 Also other years. SAN JOSE. San Jose, the county seat of Santa Clara County, lies about 50 miles southeast of San Francisco, or about 8 miles southeast of the lower end of San Francisco Bay. The elevation of San Jose varies from about 80 to 100 feet above sea level, and an elevation of 400 feet, except immediately south of the city, i.s not reached within a radius of 5 miles. Within 10 miles elevations ranging from 400 to 2,000 feet are reached. The general movement of the air is from the northwest. The influence of the Golden Gate, with its strong indraft of cool, fog-laden air is noticeable throughout the Santa Clara Valley. The valley, however, is somewhat sheltered f roiij the strong westerly surface currents prevalent on the coast of California. Summer fogs, especially when low, do not drift inland, being as a rule barred by the mountains. High fogs occasionally blow over and down the mountain sides. Low winter fogs are not infrequent, and are probably due as elsewhere to a settling of the cooler air in the lowlands. The mean annual temperature, based upon records extending over a period of twenty-six years, is 58. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 48. and the warmest is July, 66.7. The highest temperature recorded within this period of twenty six year.- was l<4 . The temperature has reached 100 but live times. The lowest temperature was 18-, or an absolute range of 86-. No frost data are available. The mean annual rainfall for twenty-six years is 14.88 inches. About half of this falls in December, January, and February. July and August are practically rainless, as only three times during July and once in August has rain fallen to an appreciable extent. The rain has exceeded 20 inches in four years and less than 10 has fallen in four years. The driest year was 1875, with 5.51 inches, and the year with greatest rainfall was 1889, with 25.55 inches. The greatest monthlv rainfall was 10.55 in December, 188t>. 118 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 78 68 75 74 83 94 90 92 86 82 75 75 1879 72 86 82 86 94 94 99 93 87 72 74 1880 66 66 78 66 89 89 91 90 92 87 75 68 1881 ' 66 72 83 85 89 82 93 84 92 84 75 54 1882 64 62 80 69 88 84 92 90 93 80 74 68 1883 66 82 82 70 99 103 92 92 96 81 71 63 1884 70 71 72 71 81 80 94 90 84 83 72 72 1885 68 68 80 76 90 78 86 95 98 90 74 66 1886 64 72 74 75 83 93 % 94 94 83 70 65 1S87 71 70 78 84 104 95 92 87 94 88 80 65 1888 65 78 76 86 82 88 96 98 93 89 74 65 1889. 62 71 78 80 89 85 93 89 95 86 75 62 1890 60 68 72 82 93 90 92 90 86 85 76 70 1891... . . 68 65 76 83 87 104 99 101 89 83 76 63 1892 65 67 76 74 95 90 100 % 87 85 78 72 1893... .. . 62 67 78 74 85 94 89 90 79 81 77 78 1894 63 64 76 86 84 89 92 98 94 87 77 60 1895. 62 71 71 81 87 96 94 92 92 86 84 70 1896 65 75 73 68 93 94 94 85 83 88 69 64 1897. 60 73 70 84 90 92 90 1 88 78 69 64 1898 60 70 73 87 76 89 93 92 87 82 78 65 1899 78 80 72 80 86 88 87 82 89 90 70 C2 Absolute maximum and year 78 82 86 87 104 104 100 101 98 90 84 78 1 a 1878 1883 1879 1898 1887 1891 1892 1891 1885 a 1885 1895 1893 a Also 1899. MINIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1878 27 38 37 40 47 41 50 5, 48 40 30 25 1879 . 30 37 41 45 50 48 62 52 42 32 24 1880 27 SO 33 40 41 50 52 50 48 42 25 32 1881 ... 34 35 35 45 48 47 52 52 47 32 31 32 1882 24 30 35 40 44 50 52 52 50 39 32 30 1883 24 24 39 37 42 54 54 52 52 41 30 29 1884 30 28 39 44 48 62 52 53 48 40 37 30 1885 35 36 40 40 48 50 50 54 50 44 38 34 1886 32 40 37 40 48 50 54 53 48 41 35 34 1887 31 32 38 42 44 46 50 50 50 45 30 33 1888 22 35 38 44 48 54 ">1 54 55 43 38 39 1889 32 32 41 47 51 56 55 52 50 46 38 34 1890 30 32 37 43 46 53 52 51 50 42 38 35 1891 30 31 38 44 " 50 51 53 55 49 43 36 31 1892 .. ... 37 35 42 4'' 47 52 53 54 48 42 37 34 1893 35 36 38 44 45 Til 48 52 45 41 37 30 1894 18 24 26 29 32 35 41 42 37 35 27 '*2 1895 '. 32 37 36 43 46 50 54 53 48 48 34 30 1896 33 38 37 42 42 62 55 53 50 43 30 37 1897 26 24 26 34 35 40 54 54 42 35 29 1898 . 30 35 36 42 50 50 48 54 59 47 36 30 1899 .' 34 30 37 46 44 63 54 52 50 45 46 36 Absolute minimum and year I W 1 1894 24 "1883 26 61894 29 1894 32 1894 35 1894 41 1894 42 1894 37 1894 32 1881 25 1880 22 1894 "Also 1894 and 1897. 6 Also 1897. CLIMATE OF SANTA CLARA VALLEY. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 119 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Annual. 1874 46.8 49.3 51.8 58.8 67.7 76.1 71.1 68.7 71.0 64.3 56.8 57.9 61.7 1875 49.8 53.3 54.4 62.1 66.6 68.5 68.8 70.1 64.7 65.5 53.5 53.1 60.9 1876 42.2 49.6 57.8 67.9. 59.2 69.6 65.2 66.1 65.2 64.0 55.5 47.6 58.3 1877 50.6 51.4 55.8 55.1 57.2 68.0 67.4 64.9 63.9 58.2 54.1 51.9 58.2 1878 53.6 52.1 54.1 54.8 50.1 64.8 64.8 65.7 62.2 56.4 52.8 46.1 56.5 1879 46.9 52.8 55.9 56.5 57.8 66.1 66.3 67.1 64.0 59.5 52.4 46.5 57.6 1880 45.0 45.7 49.0 52.9 59.0 62.1 64.7 65,7 62.1 58.9 48.5 52.6 55.5 1881 57.7 53. 2 54.5 60.0 62.3 60.5 66.3 64.3 62.2 56.8 49.7 47.1 57.9 1882 40.4 45.3 52.1 51.9 5S.9 61.9 65.6 65.6 65.4 56.6 52.0 47.3 55.2 1883 43.7 46.1 53.0 53.7 59.8 68.8 66.8 66. S 67.1 57.5 50.8 47.3 56.7 1884 48.0 48.6 52.6 55.2 60.2 61.6 65.4 65.6 62.0 56.3 54.5 51.7 56.8 1885 49.4 51.9 55.8 55.5 60.2 61.3 65.8 65.4 64.6 61.6 56.3 52.4 58.3 1886 49.1 53. 8 51.0 54.7 60.5 63.9 66.3 66.7 63.7 57.3 52.3 52.4 57.6 1887 50.3 48.2 54.8 54.3 58.6 63.9 64.8 63.3 64.7 62.5 54.6 50.5 57.5 1888 46.4 52.6 52.8 58.3 59.8 65.2 66.8 68.6 68.0 62.3 56.5 52.9 59.2 1889 47.6 50.9 56.7 59.7 61.9 66.2 66.1 67.2 67.7 61.5 56.3 50.5 59.4 1890 45.0 48.7 53.9 56.7 63.5 63.6 65.9 66.8 64.9 60.5 55.1 48.6 57.8 1891 49.0 51.3 54.4 55.4 60.0 65.2 69.4 69.4 65.4 61.9 56.5 48.2 58.8 1892 50.7 52.5 54.9 54.5 61.4 62.7 66.0 66.8 64.2 60.0 55.8 50.3 58.3 1893 47.7 50.0 53.1 54.4 58.7 61.1 65.8 65.7 62.0 58.6 55.5 52.3 57.1 1891 47.3 48.6 49.8 57.6 60.8 62.1 67.6 67.7 67.6 61.0 57.0 50.0 58.1 1895 48.7 53.6 53.5 56.8 60.2 66.2 66.6 67.3 64.0 62.1 55.0 49.3 58.6 1896 49.0 54.8 56.1 53.4 59.4 75.2 69.3 65.7 62.7 62.0 52.2 51.2 59.2 1897 47.6 49.8 48.5 59.5 62.6 65.8 68.2 65.6 64.8 58.5 51.4 47.6 57.5 1898 45.4 53.3 51.8 57.7 57.0 65.3 65.1 65.2 63.1 61.1 55.0 46.3 57.2 1899 56.4 52.2 54.7 59.1 58.4 67.8 67.4 65.5 66.0 60.4 57.6 50.4 59.7 48.2 50.7 53.6 56.4 60.1 65.5 66.7 66.4 64.7 60. 2 54.1 50.1 58.1 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HDNDREDTHS). 1874 2.61 0.77 2.83 0.87 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.81 1.91 0.08 11.19 1875 2.75 0.41 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 e.oo 0.00 0.00 1.51 5.51 1876 4.08 3.41 3.11 0.41 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.35 0.02 0.00 12. 71 1877 2.23 0.48 0.78 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 0.85 1.87 6.63 1878 5.53 6.94 2.22 1.48 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.80 0.76 0.97 19.20 1879 . 1.48 3.18 5.85 1.24 1.58 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 1.79 2.99 19.04 1880 1.52 1.34 0.96 3.66 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 5.60 14.24 1881 . . 2.12 2.04 0.80 1.28 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.45 0.88 1.83 9.54 1882 117 1.49 4.26 1.10 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.87 1.32 0.82 11.62 1883 3.86 0.94 2.70 0.66 2.18 Q.OO 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.67 0.28 0.37 11.75 1884 3.18 3.68 6.23 3.38 0.05 2.15 0.00 0.00 0.08 1.50 0.06 3.90 24.21 1885 1.83 0.18 0.86 2.75 0.11 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 7.39 2.11 15.29 1886 3.59 1.12 1.89 4.47 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.73 0.71 13.03 1887 0.68 6.81 0.63 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.61 0.03 0.70 2.53 13.29 1888 3.06 1.09 3.00 0.31 0.60 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 3.88 2.44 15.20 1889 0.50 0.70 5.80 0.79 0.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.48 1.73 10.55 25.55 1890 6.52 3.64 2.08 0.55 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 2.40 16.04 1891 . . 0.55 5.27 2.46 1.79 0.26 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.08 0.46 5.84 17.13 1892 1.11 1.60 4.75 0.65 1.60 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 4.00 7.77 22.53 1893 2.95 2.68 5.12 1.35 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 1.69 14.90 1894 4.73 2.61 0.69 0.63 1.36 0.40 0.00 0.00 1.08 1.32 0.55 7.80 21.17 1895 6.28 1.42 1.46 2.05 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.83 1.08 0.84 15.37 18% 5.17 0.27 2.22 2.79 0.44 0.00 0.01 0.74 0.32 1.30 2.82 2.55 18.63 1897 1.68 3.43 2.64 0.91 0.16 T. 0.00 0.00 0.21 1.01 0.37 1.20 11.61 1898 0.93 1.93 0.52 0.20 0.44 0.06 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.61 0.45 0.44 6 71 1899 1.88 0.21 4.17 0.48 0.65 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.26 2.70 1.43 14.78 Average (26 veara) 2.77 . 22 2.63 1.35 0.56 0.14 T. 0.03 0.20 0.89 1.39 2.70 14.88 120 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MOUNT HAMILTON. [Lick Observatory.] The director of the Lick Observatory, Dr. Wallace W. Campbell, has kindly placed at the disposal of the Weather Bureau the observations made at Mount Hamilton by different mem- bers of the observatory staff from 1888 to 1900. The following named gentlemen have at various times acted as observers: Charles B. Hill, A. J. Burnham, H. K. Curtis, A. O. Leusch- ner, A. L. Colton, C. D. Perrine, R. G. Aitken, W. H. Wright, H. K. Palmer, E. F. Coddington, and A. J. Cloud. The observatory is situated on Mount Hamilton, a peak in the Coast Range, in Santa Clara County. The elevation of the station is 1,283 meters (4,209 feet) above sea level. The observa- tory is situated in latitude 37 20' 25.6" north, longitude 121 38' 4.22" west. The mountain is about 14 miles in an air line directly east of the city of San Jose. The records for temperature at Mount Hamilton cover a period of twelve years and for precipitation twenty years. The mean annual temperature is 52. The coldest month .is January, with a mean temperature of 39.7, and the warmest month is July, with a mean temper- ature of 69.4. The highest temperature recorded is 94, on July 1, 1891, and the lowest 13, on February 4, 1899. Rain falls in every month of the year, but in July and August the showers are light and infrequent. The mean annual precipitation is 32 inches, which, it is interesting to notice, is more than double that of San Jose, where the mean, based upon records covering twenty-six years, is but 14.88 inches. The ratio of the rainfall on the mountain to that in the valley appears to be fairly constant for all months in the year. December is the month of heaviest precipitation on the mountain. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in the four months of December, January, February, and March. The annual precipitation has exceeded 30 inches during eight years of the twenty, and has fallen below 20 inches during two years. These dry years were 1885, when the rainfall amounted to but 18.23 inches, and the memorable 1898, when but 17.11 inches fell. The years of maximum rainfall were 1884, when 90.12 inches fell, and 1894, when 44.49 inches fell. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 1889 60 70 64 74 1890 55 61 60 71 1891 61 49 59 1892 60 68 66 1893 72 74 62 65 1894 54 64 -Q * 65 1895 58 64 64 74 1896 65 67 66 1897 59 60 53 73 1898 62 65 60 1899 65 61 1900 63 58 67 Absolute maximum and year I 72 1 1893 74 1893 68 1899 76 1898 84 1892 90 1895 94 1891 92 a 1889 91 1899 84 1889 88 1892 72 1899 Also other years. CLIMATE OF SANTA CLAEA VALLEY. MINIMUM TEMPERATI-RES (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 121 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1889 > 27 22 31 25 26 26 23 20 22 18 19 21 25 31 30 32 31 30 29 32 26 28 25 34 25 27 24 31 24 27 28 ; 33 27 1 33 26 26 28 30 46 32 31 33 35 31 35 34 36 33 '35 42 50 49 36 51 41 H 41 48 55 50 56 51 51 54 45 50 56 55 49 44 48 52 41 44 44 46 33 44 36 35 35 - 39 34 43 38 34 32 33 30 33 33 41 33 33 32 31 31 30 30 33 27 26 34 28 18 29 _- 32 30 24 29 17 22 26 28 23 28 a 22 27 23 1890 . ' 17 18 1891 26 21 1892 29 25 1893 25 22 1834 17 16 1895 23 32 1896 *7 25 1897 26 .!! 1898 17 27 1899 24 13 1900 30 24 ( 17 13 18 1896 24 26 1895 ; 1899 i 31 01891 36 1891 41 1899 33 i 30 1891 1892 18 1896 17 1891 ( 1883 3.10 1884. 5 fa 1885 . 1.99 MM. 4 40 1887 2.83 1888 10 04 1889 1 04 1890 '. .. 7.93 1891 1 38 ' 1892 1.97 l 1893 3 29 1894.. . 9.74 1895 10 00 1896.. 9.54 1897 . 3.50 1898 . 2 30 1899 i ft 63 1900... 3 26 Average (20 vears) 4 73 4.36 5.18 3.25 1. 78 0. 47 1 0.03 0.34 1.91 2.95 7.18 32.19 122 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1891 61.1 91.2 77.7 77.2 62.0 65.8 57.4 61.0 66.7 55.6 56.8 83.4 1892 60.8 47.9 44.7 57.8 64.4 62.3 72.7 Ig93 52.4 76.9 87.4 73.4 57.1 48.8 46.3 54.5 81.1 84.9 67.6 65.3 1894 79.2 80.7 72.3 66.8 72.8 67.9 41.9 33.1 48.8 61.7 48.2 ,87.4 1895 82.2 59.8 73.0 64.5 68.5 37.1 44.6 55.7 50.2 53.0 5S.O 65.2 1896 72.2 52.7 78.3 84.2 70.7 39.9 38.1 42.1 52.5 52.7 69.1 66.6 1897... 70.5 88.3 90.9 53.9 51.4 56.7 31.0 36.8 51.9 61.3 63.9 62.8 1898 77.9 72.7 74.1 54.7 67.6 57.5 30.8 38.2 53.2 57.6 57.3 56,3 1899 70.fi fil.4 S3. 2 04.8 66.7 45.4 33.9 54.0 40.2 67.8 78.6 67.4 1900 66 1 68 5 73 76 9 65.5 49.7 39.9 69.3 72.5 78.9 67.4 63.6 52.1 41.1 46.7 55.8 62.1 62.4 69.7 Highest monthly mean humidity 91.2, February, 1891. Lowest monthly mean humidity 30.3, July, 1898. TOTAL MONTHLY WIND MOVEMENT (MILES). 1896 a9,581 9,766 12,098 9,260 7,837 6,519 6,881 4,974 11,550 10,823 1896 14 758 10,042 8,035 9,987 9,655 10,650 8,102 6,705 6,195 9,229 9,541 12,183 1897 9,247 8,139 9,796 9,883 12,011 10,495 7,860 6,333 6,865 10,238 9,997 9,832 1898 11 309 9, 321 8,824 10, 105 8,635 7,386 6,976 8,838 12,068 11,838 1899 13,662 12, 772 11,068 10, 166 11,703 8,644 8,033 7,604 7,493 10,390 8,500' 12,236 1900 10 632 11 173 8,811 10, 953 10, 644 8,106 7,086 6,856 7,215 8,034 7,296 10,002 11 565 10 202 9,307 10, 219 10, 791 9,371 7,784 6,900 6,938 8,617 9,825 11,152 o Seven days' record missing (15th to 21st). NOTE. November 16-17, 1893, maximum hourly velocity, 80 miles; velocity of gusts probably over 100 miles. January 15, 1896, highest hourly velocity (estimated), 80 to 90 miles. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. APTOS. [Data from records of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Aptos is situated in Santa Cruz County, on Monterey Bay. about 7 miles southeast of the city of Santa Cruz, in latitude 36 58' north, longitude 121 54' west; elevation 102 feet above sea level. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering sixteen years, is 56, which is practically the same as that of San Francisco, and 2.4 lower than the annual mean at Santa Cruz. June, Julj-, and August are the warmest months, with mean temperatures of 62.5, 62.3, and 61. 4 : , respectively; September is also a warm month, with a mean of 60.9. The coldest month is January, with a mean of 48.5; the means for February and December are nearly the same. The maximum seldom exceeds 90, the highest recorded in recent years being 91 C , in June, 1898. Minimum temperatures of 26 are recorded in January. 1898, December. 1900, and February. 1901. The average annual precipitation during the past sixteen years is 25.63 inches, about 1 inch less than that of Santa Cruz. The greatest precipitation occurs in December and January, but heavy rains also fall in November. February, and March. The rainfall during June, July, August, and September is very light and infrequent. During the month of December, 1889, the rainfall was 18.29 inches, and the total of that year was 37.94 inches. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1885 49.2 51.1 55.4 57.7 61.7 65.4 64.9 63.5 60.2 59.3 56.0 53.7 58.2 1886 51.0 54.8 52.3 56.6 59.3 58.9 61.4 61.9 60.9 55.1 51.6 53.1 56.4 1887 49.1 47.0 56.5 55.7 58.9 63.4 61.0 60.1 60.1 59.6 54.5 49.2 56.2 1888 46.0 51.9 53.0 58.4 59.7 67.9 65.9 63.2 61.8 59.1 53.9 54.1 57.9 1889 48.6 51.6 56.6 59.7 59.6 62.5 63.4 61.9 62.9 60.7 56.8 52.3 58.0 1890 " 46.2 49.0 53.6 56.2 61.0 61.9 62 62.6 6L2 59.3 55.0 51.4 56.9 1891 49.1 497 53.9 55.5 57.9 63.5 62.8 62.6 62.4 57.8 55.2 47.8 56.5 1892 50.9 52.8 53.8 55.4 61.3 63.2 69.2 63.4 60.7 58.3 53.0 50.2 57.7 1893 51.1 47.4 51.8 51.6 58.8 59.5 59.5 60.7 60.5 57.3 54.5 52.4 55.4 1894 45.6 48.2 52.1 55.8 57.1 61.9 63.9 64.3 63.1 56.0 51.1 46.9 55.5 1895 44 8 47 8 48.4 50.0 55.1 56.5 57.9 56.8 66 57. 5 51.3 44.0 53.0 1896 44.9 47.9 47.0 52.3 54.6 60.2 62.7 60.3 54.0 52.7 45.8 44.6 52.3 1897 42.0 45.1 47.9 6L1 63.4 72.7 63.6 60.8 64.1 59.5 51.1 48.1 56 6 m 56.8 48.7 50.4 44.9 55.4 62.6 60.9 59.8 58 8 58.1 50.8 44.9 54.4 1899 51.8 47.4 51.6 56.2 55.0 59.9 58.9 60.3 58.0 54.8 53.0 7 54.7 1900 48 8 51.5 64.2 51.9 61.9 59.6 59 60.7 60 2 59 6 55 2 49 3 55 7 48 5 49.5 52 3 54.9 58.8 62.5 62 3 61 4 60. 9 57 8 53 49 7 56 123 124 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 1892. . 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898. . 1899.. 1900.. Average (16 years) j 4.75 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 2.86 0.19 0.43 1.78 0.13 0.00 0.18 0. 00 0. 07 0.02 10.65 3.83 20.14 7.61 0.80 4.09 7.10 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.84 1.53 22.94 0.95 8.82 0.76 1.61 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.05 1.11 ' 3.72 17.68 5.85 1.59 5.32 9.50 0.79 0.25 0. 00 0. 00 0. 45 0.00 5. 75 4. 31 24.81 0.50 0.87 5.90 0.85 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.49 2.33 18.29 37.94 10.29 4.60 3.16 1.25 1.66 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 40 9.40 0.28 2.93 24.97 1.08 13.16 3.01 2.84 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.07 0.27 7.64 29.27 0.92 4.90 2.67 1.95 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 1.36 3.66 8.72 27.30 3.40 3.41 7.97 1.54 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.33 3.16 3.48 23.93 7.56 6.05 0.92 0.89 2.50 0.24 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.93 0.71 13.32 37.12 11.80 2.95 2.85 1.88 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 1.53 2.31 24.86 9.63 0.00 2.90 5.01 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.26 1.64 5.92 4.49 32.20 1.28 0.27 4.03 0.00 0.30 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.69 0.82 1.39 15.88 1.23 3.52 1.17 0.32 1.17 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.76 0.75 1.84 12.36 6.43 0.22 13.14 1.25 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.01 4.24 4.36 36.65 4.56 0.53 2.19 1.53 0. 59 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.27 1.58 8.95 1.82 22.02 4.75 3.62 3.78 1.89 1. 02 0. 05 0.01 0.05 0.45 1.57 3.19 5.25 25.63 AUBURN. Auburn is the county seat of Placer County, a narrow county in the central eastern portion of California, extending from Lake Tahoe and the Nevada line westward to Sutter County and the southern portion of Nevada County, and is situated in latitude 38 54' north, longitude 121 50' west, a short distance southwest of the junction of the middle and north forks of the American River. The elevation is 1,360 feet, with the land sloping eastward to the American River, where the elevation of the channel is about 500 feet. The Sierra Nevada Mountains, running through the eastern portion of the county, reach an elevation of 7,000 feet. The foothills are excellent fruit-growing districts. The genei'al movement of the air is from the north, northwest, and northeast. The date of the last killing frost in the spring of 1899 was May 2, and the first in autumn, 1899, was October 15. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering a period of twenty-nine years, is 60.1. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 45.5, and the warmest is July, with a mean temperature of 76.7. During the months of June, July, August, and September the mean temperature exceeds 70. The highest temperature recorded within a period of twenty-two years was 110, which occurred during the months of July and August, 1898. The lowest temperature recorded was 12, in January, 1888. Reliable frost data are not available. The mean annual rainfall for twenty-nine years is 33.58 inches. Two-thirds of this rainfall occurs between December and April. Rain seldom falls during July or August. The rainfall has exceeded 40 inches during six years of the twenty-nine, and in 1884 exceeded 50 inches. There have been but two years in the past twenty-nine when the rainfall did not reach 20 inches, viz., 1877, when but 18.07 inches fell, and 1898, when 19.96 inches fell. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 125 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Jnlv. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 64 66 72 80 88 94 99 94 87 76 70 1879 "* 60 80 81 83 92 98 ' 100 97 86 78 65 1880 69 65 72 81 86 89 97 95 94 86 74 60 1881 69 72 79 79 85 92 99 93 94 78 70 59 1882 58 60 79 82 92 92 98 103 9ft 77 70 1883 62 M 76 72 90 100 100 99 95 79 72 69 1884 65 73 70 78 84 96 98 93 82 76 71 1885 . 65 69 77 80 95 90 96 103 97 93 73 67 1886. 63 72 72 78 89 95 101 101 96 81 69 64 1887 65 69 78 87 100 106 100 98 98 94 77 70 1888 64 77 76 89 86 94 101 105 103 91 74 69 1889 64 76 79 83 89 93 105 101 98 95 80 58 1890 59 70 72 81 99 93 105 98 94 87 84 60 1891 69 62 74 82 89 108 108 105 98 98 82 65 1892 "4 70 87 75 94 94 96 105 94 90 80 80 1893 76 77 80 78 90 95 103 102 90 87 78 79 1894 75 75 84 85 90 95 104 106 97 90 82 72 1895 66 80 81 85 89 104 102 105 93 94 95 73 1896 -. "7 85 79 72 92 104 95 92 90 68 74 1897 76 70 73 87 94 95 104 104 88 87 75 77 1898 69 72 70 89 82 93 110 110 98 85 80 75 1699 . 85 82 82 85 101 102 93 98 88 75 59 f 85 85 88 89 100 108 110 110 103 98 95 80 [ 1899 1896 1899 "1888 1887 1891 1898 tan 1888 1891 i 1895 1892 "Also 1898. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1878 26 31 32 34 49 54 54 48 45 36 27 1879 25 36 45 43 50 54 56 54 44 32 18 1880 23 28 30 36 36 50 62 55 50 46 26 35 1881 ... 28 33 32 42 50 52 54 50 52 40 27 30 1882 23 25 23 33 43 48 63 60 48 32 25 1883 ' 18 20 39 32 41 53 61 54 52 42 32 29 1884 31 20 23 40 50 50 54 56 48 40 39 23 1885 30 31 40 38 45 51 56 58 54 50 38 29 1886 25 35 28 40 46 60 58 58 53 32 30 31 1887 27 24 36 36 40 50 57 52 38 48 30 30 1888 12 28 33 42 46 52 54 54 54 46 35 32 1889 . . 27 32 38 43 46 55 56 59 46 45 40 37 1890 26 24 34 45 45 34 54 55 52 40 38 35 1891 32 32 36 42 47 52 54 56 50 44 41 28 1892 ..35 35 41 45 53 60 58 57 44 35 34 1893 33 29 34 39 47 53 59 48 53 43 39 35 1894. 25 29 29 40 43 53 62 60 50 50 40 33 1895 30 36 32 35 45 50 56 55 49 47 37 25 1896 31 37 27 38 44 58 58 55 47 30 36 1897... 33 30 30 41 50 45 59 60 42 37 25 20 1898 26 37 30 40 46 49 57 63 54 44 34 30 1899 32 25 35 43 49 52 65 62 60 42 39 33 Absolute minimum and vear. . . 1 1888 20 "1883 23 tan 32 1883 36 1880 34 1890 54 61879 48 1893 .38 1887 32 1882 25 1897 18 1879 a Also 1884. 6 Several years. c Also 1886. 126 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 47.2 45.4 52.0 58 8 61.0 74 5 77 9 79 2 77 4 64 8 50 9 48 61 4 1872 45 1 48 6 51 4 58 1 63 5 69 5 75 5 75 8 69 1 63 4 51 3 45 4 59 7 1873 48.5 42.3 53.7 64.6 63.1 70 5 80 2 75 2 74 9 61 1 56 8 43 8 60 4 1874 42 4 45 9 47 2 66 3 63 3 71 5 79 6 74 72 9 61 7 51 3 44 5 59 2 1875 . . 46.4 49.9 50.4 63.0 67 2 72 5 80 5 77 5" 73 2 69 7 53 3 46 8 62 5 1876 44 2 49 3 51 3 67 9 65 4 77 1 75 8 73 7 70 5 62 6 53 9 49 7 61 1877 49.4 53.9 57.4 57.6 61 5 74 5 78 6 75 2 71 9 60 7 52 4 47 8 61 7 1878 48 2 49 1 53 2 66 4 63 72 6 74 9 75 i 68 5 62 7 54 i 46 1 60 3 1879 43.0 52.0 53.9 57 2 57 9 69 8 73 9 77 1 70 6 60 4 50 6 43 5 59 2 t880. 43 1 44 7 45 8 51 8 60 3 68 2 76 3 72 1 71 3 62 7 47 8 47 9 57 7 1881 46.0 50 1 53.4 59.4 64 3 66 8 73 5 71 4 70 8 56 48 2 44 4 58 7 1882 39 8 40 1 48 2 51 61 7 66 7 77 5 79 o 68 6 55 3 52 5 46 6 57 2 1883 38.1 48 4 53.3 50.6 59 73 5 78 2 75 2 72 55 7 50 45 58 2 1884 45 3 43 8 48 7 51 9 62 1 63 5 72 76 6 64 2 58 7 53 6 45 3 57 1 1886... . 44 6 51 3 56 3 56 9 64 6 66 3 73 8 78 1 72 3 64 5 52 5 46 8 60 7 1886 44 51 9 47 8 53 4 61 5 72 4 76 7 77 5 70 5 55 2 47 9 48 1 58 9 1887 44 9 39 8 54 5 55 4 63 1 71 3 76 72 5 71 67 1 53 4 44 8 59 5 1888 40.4 50.9 51.3 61.4 61 66 9 76 5 76 4 76 9 64 2 52 9 47 i 60 5 1889 44 6 49 7 55 6 59 3 63 8 80 1 76 5 76 4 71 9 61 7 54 4 47 61 8 1890 40.8 44.0 48.7 58.6 63 6 68 5 75 4 75 1 72 2 63 3 57 3 47 i 59 6 1891... 48 46 4 52 2 55 61 2 67 8 79 3 79 6 70 1 66 4 57 8 44 Q 60 7 1892 50 2 52.2 55.2 56 7 64 4 68 7 75 6 76 6 71 6 64 5 58 51 5 62 1 1893. 50 6 51 9 54 55 6 64 1 71 78 3 76 6 68 1 61 5 57 o 53 7 61 9 1894 46.5 47 8 61.7 61 6 64 3 66 2 80 5 81 9 73 9 64 7 61 2 51 3 62 6 1895 46 5 51 6 52 9 56 9 62 9 76 2 75 6 77 3 66 5 64 2 57 2 47 4 61 3 1896 53 52 1 54 51 9 60 4 70 6 80 4 72 7 68 1 65 1 51 3 54 4 61 2 1897 49.7 45.2 44.9 61.6 68 3 70.3 77.6 77.5 67.8 69.4 44.1 42 6 59 1 1898... 41 4 49 5 45 8 59 1 67 6 68 1 74 1 75 8 69 2 56 4 52 8 45 57 8 1899.... 47.8 48.7 51 57 2 59 9 74 1 73 1 71.9 76.3 60 3 60.4 45 4 59 7 Mean (29 years) . 45.5 48.1 51.6 56.5 62 6 70 7 76 7 75 9 71 1 64 6 55 47 60 1 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND" HUNDREDTHS). 1871 7 21 2 36 1 85 3 57 2 06 00 00 00 00 54 2 80 13 55 33 94 1872 6 80 9 35 3 59 2.50 66 20 00 00 00 38 3 13 8 43 35 03 1873 3 74 7 44 53 1 22 32 00 00 00 00 34 1 25 11 97 26 81 1874 7 46 4 14 6 26 2 56 67 00 00 00 00 1.67 9 64 82 33 02 1875 10.00 0.44 2.73 0.10 0.61 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 11.39 6 05 33 99 1876 7 56 5 62 10 10 1 97 61 00 41 21 00 4 52 65 00 31 65 1877 6.94 1.47 2.14 0.72 1 53 27 0.00 00 0.00 0.99 2.46 1 55 18 07 1878 10 61 10 19 7 60 1 73 98 00 00 00 50 89 1 53 91 34 94 1879 6.34 7 16 8.78 5 94 2 43 46 00 00 00 2.33 3 82 7 88 45 14 1880 3.13 4.90 2.62 13.02 3.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 13.91 41 68 1881 9.61 8.20 2.43 1 38 00 1 40 00 00 0.92 2.72 3 01 6 87 35 54 1882 4.60 4.99 6.05 4.63 0.53 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.84 5.19 4.08 1.65 32 84 1883 2.86 1.06 5.19 0.70 4.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.51 1.00 2.52 21.61 1884 5.33 7.63 10.17 8.02 0.85 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.56 2.25 0.00 16.37 52 41 1885 1.74 1.27 57 2 10 00 70 00 00 64 00 15 24 4 05 26 31 1886 8.25 0.00 4.10 9.39 0.65 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.89 1 26 4.88 29 41 1887 2 04 12 38 1 60 4 34 30 00 00 T 1 09 00 1 '>2 4 90 27 77 1888 7.07 1.40 3.25 0.80 40 1 55 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 4.20 5.82 24 79 1889 33 52 9 57 1 36 4 65 00 00 00 00 6 75 4 85 11 94 38 97 1890 8.97 3.96 8.08 2.83 2 30 00 00 0.00 2.63 14 00 5 13 34 04 1891 88 6 80 5.40 2 23 88 69 00 00 00 1 33 95 7 36 26 52 1892 4.00 4.91 5.96 3.11 4.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 1.76 6.13 8.99 39 56 1893. . 5 33 4 74 9 20 3 71 78 00 00 00 70 1 11 5 32 3 88 34 77 1894 6.96 9.89 1.95 1.35 2.77 1.38 T T 67 3.87 1.09 13.56 43.49 1895. 12 74 4 14 3 09 3 38 1 88 00 T 13 2 04 12 1 04 3 39 31 95 1896 11.88 0.49 6.21 7.66 2.42 0.40 0.14 0.25 0.90 1 09 10 34 2.98 44.76 1897. 2 78 11 40 8 05 1 51 28 17 00 T 20 2 83 2 22 3 50 S 9 94 1898 1 13 6 44 32 49 2 26 97 T 00 26 1 75 3 59 2 75 19 96 1899 4 78 17 13 25 51 1 28 1 43 00 03 00 5 94 9 00 5 47 41 86 Average (29 years) i-5 90 4 95 5 19 3 20 1 53 45 02 02 49 1 78 3 84 6 21 33 58 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 127 BERKELEY. By Dr. ARXIN O. LEUSCHXER, Director of Students' Observatory. SYNOPSIS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT BERKELEY FOR THE YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1898, JUNE 30, 1899, ~AND JUNE 30, 1900, IN COMPARISON WITH THE TEN- YEAR SYNOPSIS, JUNE 30, 1887, TO JUNE 30, 1897. In 1898 a ten-year synopsis of the meteorological observations taken at the Students' Observatory from 1887, Juh- 1, to 1897, June 30, was compiled by Mr. R. Tracy Crawford, under direction of Dr. Leuschner and published in the University Chronicle, Vol. I. The ten- year synopsis is now being supplemented by a synopsis of the meteorological observations at Berkeley for the years ending June 30, 1898, June 30, 1899, and June 30, 1900, compiled by Mr. Y. Kuno. To facilitate comparison of the annual means, etc., for these three years with the ten-year synopsis the corresponding figures of the ten-j-ear synopsis are printed in the last column. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. Year ending June 30, 1898. Year ending June 30, 1899. Year ending June 30, 1900. Ten years ending June 30, 1897. Date. Barom- eter read- ing. Date. Barom- eter read- ing. Date. Barom- eter read- ing. Date. Barom- eter read- ing. Mean India. 30.049 , Inchet. 30.051 Iiiflii t. 30.028 Inehe*. 30.027 30.533 29.196 0.970 | 30.499 29.296 30.229 29.908 1.229 0.240 Highest December 25, 8 a. m. April 29, 8 p.m.... 30.486 29.565 0.921 30.385 29.602 30.211 29.944 0.782 0.293 December 24, 8 a.m. January 10, 8 a. m. 30.634 29.436 1.198 December 20, 8 a. m. October 10,8a.m. 30.511 29.627 884 December 30, 8 a. m., 1895. February 22, 8 p. m., 1891. Annual range Highest daily average .. December 24, 28... April 29 December 24 30.594 29.526 30.220 29.913 0.969 0.225 30.474 29.633 30.142 29.952 0.726 0.246 [December 6, 1891.. (December 30, 1895. February 22, 1891 . December, 1895 . . . August 1887 October 10 Greatest monthly mean Least monthly mean Greatest monthly range Least monthly range December December June March. August July . February, 1891 August, 1887 Aueust .. September August 1 TEMPERATURE. Year ending June 30, 1898. Year ending June 30, 1899. Year ending June 30, 1900. Ten years ending June 30, 1897. Ther Ther- Ther- Ther- mome- mome- mome- mome- Date. < ter Date. ter Date. ter Date. ter read- read- read- read- ing. ing. ing. ing. F. a r. F. F. Mean ' 53.3 53 5 54 1 54 4 June 30 ... | 75 5 Julvl 72 8 76 5 June 29 1891 wannest day. 32 8 38 5 Januarv 14 1888 coldest day. Maximum temperature June4 r 90.8 Julyl 94.4 Octobers 94.0 June 29, 1891 101.0 January 10 ' 32. 9 29 9 34 5 January 14 1888. -' 1 9 Annual range 57.9 64.5 59 5 58.9 JuneSO 37.4 Julvl 31 2 May 11 33 2 June 20 1892 38 1 March 2 3 5 March 23 2 3 2 5 June 60.8 58 5 59 g 62 9 Lowest monthly mean Januarv 43. 3 December 46 3 46 6 40 6 Greatest monthlv range April ... 44.4 v February 49.6 October 49 June 1891 55 1 Lowest monthlv range August 23.3 August 26.7 20 8 19 3 128 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION. Year ending June 30, 1898. Year ending June 30, 1899. Year ending June 30, 1900. Ten years ending June 30, 1897. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Inches. 14 408 : Inches. 27 662 Inches. 25.359 Inches. 28. 573 4.160 12.634 Maximum rainfall during twenty-four hours. Maximum rainfall for one month. December? 2.221 3.279 March 22 3.198 October 20-21... 3.198 5.864 February 15, 1891 December, 1894 . March ! 13 192 RELATIVE HUMIDITY. Year ending June 30, 1898. Year ending June 30, 1899. Year ending June 30, 1900. Ten years ending June 30, 1897. Date. Per cent. Date. Per cent. Date. Per cent. Date. Per cent. 84 29 85.4 100.0 54.8 45.2 87.1 82.9 100.0 27.3 62.0 60.2 89.5 68.1 69.7 20.0 Maximum humidity June 30, 8 p. m ... October 26,8 p.m. 100.0 48.0 52.0 (") October 20, 8 a. m. (July 13, 8 a. m ^January 3, 10, 8 I a. m. Octobers, 8a.m.. I 100.0 51.0 49.0 January 14, 7 a. m., 1888. January 15, 9 p. m., 1888. March 12, 9 p. m., 1889. October28,2p.m., 1890. Greatest daily variation Highest monthly mean March 10 22 39.0 87.9 80.35 46.0 20.0 October 16 37.3 91.5 79.5 44.0 20.5 February 5 38.5 91.0 83.1 46.0 17.0 September 24, 1891 January, 1895 January, 1892 October, 1890 September, 1896 .. February July January October Highest monthly range do do March a July 7, 9, 8 p. m.; August 1, 8 p. m.; September 1, 16, 19, 21, 8 p. m.; February 3, 8 a. m. WEATHER IN GENERAL. Number of Total. Foggy days. Days on which rain fell. Description of prevailing wind. Clear days. Fair days. Cloudy days. Year ending June 30 1898 171 124 88 175 87 136 126 67 107 105 151 123 365 365 365 365 48 49 52 66 52 61 88 70 South and calm. Do. Do. Southwest. Year ending June 30 1899 Year ending June 30 1900 . . For Rainfall tables see page 168. BOCA. / [Data from records of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Boca is situated at the junction of the Truckee and Little Truckee rivers, in latitude 39 25' north, longitude 120 5' west, and has an elevation of 5,535 feet; within a short dis- tance are elevations of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. It is in Nevada County, on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and has essentially a mountain climate. The general movement of the air is from the north, although southwest winds blowing down the valley of the Truckee River are frequent. Killing frosts occur late in spring and early in autumn. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering a period of thirty years, is 43.8. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 25.9. December and February are also very cold months. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of 62.7. The minimum temperatures for the last four years are as follows: Zero January 9, 1897; 12 below zero December 30, 1898; 30 below zero February 6, 1899, and zero December 31, 1900. The mean annual precipitation for thirty-one years is 20.14 inches. The month of heaviest precipitation is January, with an average of 4.30 inches. The snowfall for the past four years is as follows: 1897, 193 inches; 1898, 86 inches; 1899, 224 inches; 1900, 158 inches. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 129 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MILAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. j Feb Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 29.1 30.8 39.1 42,7 52.4 61.9 70.3 68.4 58.4 48.7 35.4 33.2 49.2 1872 S2.1 37.7 39.5 41.1 56.9 67.4 65.7 67.7 52.5 48.5 35.4 32.2 48.1 1873 36.0 28.9. 31.3 40.4 48.9 52.0 66.9 61.3 58.1 45.3 44.6 26.8 45.0 1874 ' 23.3 23.8 29.2 42.5 48.4 57.5 68.7 60.4 54.8 47.5 40.4 33.3 44.2 1875 30.3 ' 30.8 36.9 43.6 57.8 54.5 65.2 64.2 48.4 50.4 35.4 35.4 46.1 1876 19.4 25.3 32.6 38.2 48.2 63.2 63.0 60.9 57.6 50.8 37.2 21.0 43.1 1877 27.9 33.1 43.0 43.2 47.8 63.2 63.5 62.1 59.1 44.3 38.8 31.1 46.4 1878 30.8 , 30.3 35.5 42. 7 47. 6 58.0 58.9 62.7 54.4 44.5 39.2 28.1 44.4 1879 20.8 33.9 38.2 43.6 44.3 57.8 61.3 62.3 57.9 42.9 34.6 24.5 43.5 1880 18.8 18.3 24.0 38.2 45.7 56.3 63.9 58.5 52.8 44.4 31.2 31.4 40.3 1881 29.1 33.9 38.3 48.7 48.6 57.2 62.9 52.4 59.3 41.5 22.7 23.9 43.2 1882 31.5 18.1 25.7 34.4 47.3 56.4 64.2 60.6 55.1 58.2 31.6 31.3 42.9 1883 22.4 18.7 40.9 51.0 47.3 56.3 60.2 56.8 53.6 41.0 32.4 29.4 42.5 1884 22.6 18.7 30.0 37.4 49.0 56.2 60.7 64.6 51.1 46.0 35.8 31.6 42.0 1885 30.2 38.8 46.9 44.6 52.4 53.5 62.9 64.2 58.7 49.9 40.5 33.1 48.0 1886 30.0 38.1 i 36.6 46.5 52.5 57.5 62.7 62.7 54.8 45.0 28.4 34.1 45.7 1887 27.4 21.4 ' 34.3 42.9 51.8 56.4 64.9 63.5 55.9 49.6 33.5 22.4 43.7 1888 15.8 27.6 33.4 42.5 53.4 58.4 67.9 63.6 60.4 43.5 33.5 31.2 44.3 1889 26.1 31.3 33.6 48.2 48.6 63.9 63.9 61.9 56.8 43.5 41.7 28.8 45.7 1890 ... 19.2 27.2 33.4 43.0 52.5 53.9 63.6 62.1 63.6 48.9 43.8 26.9 44.8 1891 25.0 28.0 34.3 41.4 50.0 56.5 I 66.5 68.7 54.2 48.1 40.6 20.6 44.0 1892 20.5 22.2 33.1 37.1 45.3 57.1 58.9 61.1 5L3 41.0 29.7 22.2 39.9 1893 27.4 24.4 28.6 34.5 ! 47.1 56. 1 59. 9 61.5 52.5 47.9 40.0 32.1 42.7 1894 . 26.5 28.6 33.2 41.3 50.5 54.5 55.4 56.7 52.1 45.8 44.5 29.1 43.2 1895 26.1 29.3 32.2 38.8 52.7 57.4 60.1 57.9 51.6 48.2 38.7 31.2 43.7 1896 . 32.6 37.1 36.7 36.6 43.7 59.1 63.2 57.7 53.0 47.3 37.6 33.5 44.8 1897 27.8 21.8 24.1 40.9 53.7 55.3 59.3 59.5 49.2 41.3 33.4 24.4 40.9 1898 - 18.4 32.2 28.4 43.5 45.9 54.5 61.0 63.1 50.5 38.2 28.7 21.6 40.5 1899 25.5 26.6 31.4 37.2 40.6 54.6 56.7 50.8 51.5 37.0 36.1 23.7 39.3 1900 25.3 32.4 34.7 36.0 , 48.2 56.1 59.9 52.4 44.5 39.9 37.3 29.4 41.3 Mean (30 years) i 25.9 28.3 34.0 41.4 49.3 57. 4 62. 7 60.8 55.1 45.6 36.1 28.6 43.8 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1870 4.31 3.85 1.82 0.81 0.55 0.14 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.04 1.10 13.26 1871 . 2.50 2.32 1.60 0.45 0.00 0.10 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 7.30 16.87 1872 3.00 0.90 0.10 1.50 i 0.10 i 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 2.60 8.40 1873 1. 80 4.10 0.10 0.10 ! 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 U.15 1874 4.70 2.40 6.20 0.80 0.60 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.10 2.15 3.70 0.60 21.85 1875. 6.30 0.00 0.65 0.60 0.00 0.40 T. 0.00 0.00 T. 1.06 1.65 10.66 1876 . . 8. 10 3.60 4.72 0.70 0.10 0.00 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.25 0.02 0.00 17.73 1877. ' 5.22 0.00 0.46 0.95 0.36 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.30 8.89 1878 3. 94 6.74 0.86 1.30 0.00 ! 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.17 0.99 1.60 0.00 15.81 1879 5.47 2.92 4.80 2.08 0.45 ! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.98 4.18 21.08 1880 3.00 3.00 2.90 6.95 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.68 20.28 1881 4.31 3.75 2.90 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.20 1.00 14.74 1882 3 90 3.60 10.20 1.00 | 0.00 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.90 0.60 21.00 1883. 1- IS 2.20 1.70 0.90 ' 1.80 ! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 0.50 0.60 11.30 1884 4 60 6.30 5.10 1.90 ' 0.30 ; 1.40 0.00 0.00 T. 0.80 0.00 8.20 28.60 1885 .. 1.00 0.10 0.10 1.50 j 0.00 j 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 2.98 8.38 1886 8 35 0.85 4.40 1.30 ' 0.50 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.10 0.70 0.70 0.70 18.60 1887 2.40 12.70 0.00 1.80 T. ! 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.30 2.70 19.90 1888 3 75 1.00 2.40 0.10 i 0.51 0.10 0.15 0.30 0.12 0.00 0.95 1.45 10.83 1889 1.05 0.60 1.15 0.10 ; 3.90 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.ob 1.50 4.55 19.35 32.20 1890 14 60 5.40 5.45 0.60 j 0.70 ! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 3.65 31.10 1891 : 1.25 11.80 2.50 1.70 1 1.40 0.25 0.05 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.25 8.30 28.10 1892 . 70 3.35 1.70 2.70 I 3.10 i 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 8.35 6.95 29.05 1893 4.55 8.90 4.00 1.90 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.55 0.25 2.42 3.70 27.67 1894 5. 10 7.55 1.00 j 0.33 T. 0.00 T. T. 0.61 0.50 11.80 27.64 1895 8 36 1.20 0.45 70 ! 0.90 T. 0.00 0.97 0.11 0.71 3.07 16.47 1896 . ' 7.75 0.50 6.30 6.65 3.10 0.25 L15 0.18 0.35 0.00 2.47 1.80 30.50 1897 2.20 6.35 8.35 0.10 | 0.50 0.40 0.00 0.50 T. 2.10 2.80 2.72 26.02 1898 . ... 1.55 2.90 2.50 1.30 1 0.85 ' 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.28 1.84 1.58 14.81 1899 6 80 1 85 7 95 85 1 2. 40 0. 10 0.00 0.98 0.00 4.42 2.59 4.53 32.47 1900 1.57 0.60 3.52 4.27 ! 1.10 ' 2.67 T 1.22 0.66 3.04 5.73 4.58 28.96 3 S9 3 08 1 55 85 26 17 10 12 79 -> 3.74 20 14 1176 Bull. L-O3- 130 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. CHICO. Chico is situated about 5 miles east of the Sacraniento River, in the northern central portion of the valley, latitude 39 43', longitude 121 51'. The lower foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains lie close to the east. While the elevation of Chico itself is but 193 feet, 10 miles east the contours approximate 1,000 feet, and 20 miles east elevations of several thousand feet are reached. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are not quite as abrupt and lofty here as elsewhere in the range. The general drainage of the air is down the main axis of the valley, that is, from the northwest; but there must also be a considerable movement of air from the northeast and east, backward over the mountains, with the passage of certain high areas eastward. The mean annual temperature, based upon records extending over a period of thirty years, is 63.8. The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 46.7, and the warmest is July, 83.9. The highest temperature recorded within this period of thirty years was 117. Tempera- tures exceeding 100 are not infrequent during June, July, and August. The lowest temperature was 18, or an absolute range of 99. The lowest temperature recorded in April was 36, and in May 40. The first killing frost in autumn last year (1899) occurred on December 12 and the last killing frost in spring on March 30. The mean annual rainfall for twenty-nine years is 22.44 inches. More than half of this amount falls in the three months of December, January, and February. July is practically a rainless month, as only thrice in twenty-nine years has rain fallen to an appreciable extent. The rainfall is well distributed for agricultural purposes. During twelve of the twenty-nine years the total annual rainfall has not equaled 20 inches, but only twice has the rainfall not exceeded 15 inches. The driest year was that of 1898, when but 12.31 inches fell. The year of greatest rainfall was 1892, when over 36 inches fell. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 65 65 78 82 105 105 Ill 98 90 73 1879 62 74 82 84 95 104 106 108 105 92 78 62 1880 64 65 76 86 99 96 106 102 102 92 75 68 1881 74 87 92 94 108 106 102 106 86 78 62 1882. 58 60 86 94 105 106 112 110 102 84 68 68 1883 80 84 84 100 108 110 108 107 88 75 63 1884 BO 78 76 85 85 97 105 111 95 78 75 74 1885 . 68 75 86 96 104 100 107 115 105 103 1886.. 66 80 76 89 100 106 114 109 105 90 84 76 1887 69 70 80 87 107 113 114 110 105 95 80 62 1888. 62 80 80 95 98 100 110 111 109 90 73 64 1889 66 78 80 86 104 106 114 115 103 98 75 60 1890 59 66 72 86 98 ir>4 111 104 92 92 88 70 1891 72 68 78 90 98 114 117 116 99 91 78 68 1892. 70 76 84 S4 98 in4 105 110 98 95 88 72 1893 68 72 78 80 92 96 105 108 98 90 83 78 1894.. 64 70 78 88 92 10"> 105 no 106 96 90 66 1895 66 78 80 9? 98 108 108 110 98 94 80 68 1896. 64 75 78 78 94 100 108 104 105 94 76 67 1897 62 74 75 92 98 109 108 OS 100 85 78 69 1898 66 76 78 97 98 104 114 112 100 90 85 70 1899 78 84 77 90 92 107 107 103 105 102 76 73 Absolute maximum and year f 78 84 87 97 107 114 117 116 109 103 90 78 1 1899 1899 1881 1898 1887 1891 1891 1891 1888 1885 1894 1893 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 131 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 28 n 39 38 64 58 60 52 42 34 24 1879 >. 28 30 43 48 46 56 60 62 60 48 34 26 1880 25 28 34 42 46 60 68 62 60 52 22 40 18S1 46 42 54 56 66 62 68 56 36 28 32 1882 30 30 36 46 50 60 70 70 54 54 28 34 1883 26 46 47 46 60 74 70 62 40 30 30 1884 30 20 34 48 56 54 67 65 50 48 35 : 25 1885 35 35 45 48 50 58 65 64 58 46 39 33 1886 29 40 38 44 50 66 68 69 55 37 33 33 1887 30 28 40 48 50 52 75 52 54 45 30 32 1888 18 35 40 45 55 60 65 67 60 45 37 35 1889 31 27 45 48 48 60 65 65 53 50 40 32 1890 28 28 36 46 50 53 60 60 56 47 40 33 1891 31 30 38 44 53 50 60 65 58 55 38 20 1892 32 32 32 38 42 50 56 58 53 38 32 32 1893 32 30 34 36 42 52 60 58 45 40 32 30 1894 24 28 28 36 42 48 62 60 46 42 33 31 1895 33 36 40 40 54 55 64 58 50 42 30 28 1896 29 37 30 36 40 52 58 58 52 44 26 35 1897 35 30 33 41 53 58 65 58 55 42 34 28 1898 . 25 36 V 45 52 55 65 64 55 45 35 28 1899 30 25 35 45 45 57 60 t 58 44 45 i 34 Absolute minimum and year I 18 1 1888 20 1884 28 1894 36 ol893 40 1896 48 1894 56 1892 52 1887 45 1893 36 1881 22 20 1880 1891 a Also 1894 and 1896. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1870 47.8 50.9 51.3 60.1 67.4 76.3 86.8 81.6 71.7 62.6 53.8 44.6 62.8 1871 47.9 47.7 54.9 59.4 65.2 79.2 -_ | 82.9 72.3 61.5 51.6 47 4 62 7 1872 46.9 51.9 55.6 59.1 71.3 77.0 89.1 77.7 73.1 63.5 50.4 46.5 63.5 1873 50.1 46.2 57.5 60.2 69.9 77.2 84.2 75.3 75.5 61 8 52 8 38 8 62 5 1874 43.2 45.9 50.0 58.7 66.6 73.9 80.3 74.9 71.4 60.7 51.1 42.9 60 1875 42.5 48.4 52.5 66.3 71.1 72.3 81.8 83.6 76.8 71.4 45.6 48.4 63.4 1876 .. .. 44.9 48.4 52.6 61.8 65.7 79.9 74.6 73.6 76.1 70 8 55.6 47 8 62 6 1877 50.2 53.7 60.5 60.8 67.1 79.5 82.8 80.2 75.1 63.6 52.6 42.3 64 1878 49.6 51.3 57.6 66.6 70.8 83.3 85.4 86.8 74.3 66.1 56.0 46.0 66.0 1879 45.0 54.4 58.7 62.9 61.6 78.5 80.3 83.5 78.5 64.1 51.6 44 3 63 6 1880 44.6 45.4 54.0 57.6 65.7 75.7 85.2 80.8 78.9 76.1 48.1 49.5 63 5 1881 49.6 56.3 59.0 69.3 73.9 78.5 87.6 82.6 78.2 67 3 58 2 46 6 66 4 1882 . 43.0 45.1 56.8 61.2 68.8 79.5 86.5 85.8 76.6 64.9 46.4 60 8 63 7 1883 46.5 49.7 60.8 60.4 68.4 87.5 91.1 86.7 79 2 61 3 61 1 45 5 65 7 1884 46.6 44.4 53.8 60.7 71.2 70.2 84.1 86.7 69.1 58.4 57.5 50 6 62 8 1885 49.4 54.5 63.9 65.1 73.9 76.5 84 4 88 3 76 1 70 8 54 9 51 4 67 4 1886 48.5 57.1 54.7 60.2 70.5 84.0 89.0 85.1 77.9 62 5 52 9 52 6 66 2 1887 50.5 45.0 60.0 65.0 72.7 80.6 88.3 80.1 77.7 70.5 55.0 48 5 66 2 1888 42.6 54.9 56.4 70.9 71.6 75.1 86.0 82.1 88 67 2 54 7 51 4 66 3 1889 45.3 51.4 68.9 64.2 69.7 82.6 85.2 85.1 77.9 64.2 54.7 48 1 65 6 1890 42.1 46.3 51.5 61.3 68.7 71.3 80 4 79 5 70 9 63 7 67 2 45 5 61 5 1891 50.0 48.5 55.1 CO. 9 67.9 77.5 87.5 85.6 75.4 71.1 57 8 43 9 65 1 1892 47.1 49.6 53.2 56.2 64.6 70.9 77 1 76 7 72 8 65 8 58 5 52.5 62 1 1893 45.8 49.3 49.6 53.4 64.8 71.0 77.1 78.5 64 7 59 3 52 8 48 8 59 6 1894 44.8 46.2 52.7 60.1 63.9 63.2 81 3 79 5 71 3 64 58 5 48 6 61 2 1895 48.8 56.6 57.0 62.2 68.4 80.4 81.4 82 8 68 8 65 6 52 2 45 3 64 1896 49.3 53.1 55.0 53.4 62.2 77.6 84 9 78 6 71 6 65 4 52 7 52 63 1897 47.3 50.4 52.0 65.2 74.8 77.7 85.1 83 5 73 2 61 6 55 7 48 4 64 5 1898 42.4 63.2 54.0 64.7 65.6 77.1 85 2 85 3 75 65 5 53 6 ;.; | 64 1899 . . 49.6 52.6 53.4 63.2 65.6 78.2 84.6 73 2 76 8 63 3 57 8 48 63 9 1900 51.0 53.2 59.9 59.4 69 3 78.7 82 6 79 2 72 6 59 9 57 Q 47 9 64 2 46.9 50.3 55.6 61.6 68.4 77 1 83 9 81 5 74 6 64 6 53 8 47 5 63 8 132 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 . 2.36 3.53 1.17 2.13 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 2.07 10.11 22.68 1872 7.94 8.12 1.02 1.64 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.20 2.11 5.07 26.48 1873 2.51 2.04 1.50 1.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 2.16 9.36 19.38 1874 6.16 2.94 2.21 1.90 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.60 5.96 0.65 24.34 1875 . 4.77 0.38 0.86 T. 0.18 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 5.08 2.21 15.41 1876 4.76 7.49 4.59 0.00 T. T. 0.50 0.00 0.14 4.03 0.35 0.00 21.86 1877 5.70 2.04 2.64 0.31 0.33 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 2.49 2.31 17.64 1878 12.04 10.01 4.49 1.52 0.42 0.00 0.00 T. 0.54 0.96 1.11 0.27 31.36 1879 3.70 4.93 8.62 2.17 2.05 0.12 T. 0.20 0.00 0.42 3.08 4.76 25.05 1880 1.14 0.95 0.47 5.78 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.29 17.38 1881 4.36 3.94 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.00 1.55 2.65 14.56 1882 1.61 4.54 4.54 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.13 1.76 2.26 0.84 17.69 1883 0.67 0.27 3.61 1.65 5.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 3.78 0.86 0.50 17.00 1884 2.48 2.16 6.57 2.93 0.40 2.11 0.00 0.00 0.86 1.40 0.00 6.28 23.19 1885 2.26 1.01 0.30 0.75 0.63 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.27 8.99 5.42 20.41 1886 4.44 0.75 2.29 4.17 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.15 2.78 15.91 1887 0.68 6.53 1.38 2.31 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 2.53 15.44 1888 4.95 1.15 1.94 0.15 0.00 1.20 0.00 0.01 0.68 0.00 4.49 6.35 19.92 1889 0.34 0.50 5.68 0.97 1.78 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.80 2.59 9.74 29.82 1890. 5.26 2.51 5.65 1.97 1.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 3.24 21.78 1891 1 36 8.76 1.23 1.78 0.20 0.96 0.15 0.00 0.16 0.34 0.46 4.39 19.79 1892 . 5.02 3.28 4.58 3.81 3.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 6.31 9.08 36.24 1893 5.54 4.14 5.46 1.63 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 3.53 3.18 25.49 1894 7.19 2.52 1.68 0.00 1.80 0.97 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.64 0.73 11.08 30.61 1895 11.77 2.68 2.67 3.25 0.51 0.00 0.47 0.00 3.16 0.00 1.17 1.78 27.35 1896 10.08 21 2.99 5.88 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.76 0.52 5.52 5.81 33.78 1897.... 3.89 5.94 1.44 1.36 0.18 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.10 3.26 1.58 2.38 20.74 1898 85 5 30 0.19 0.47 1.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.40 1.26 1.81 12.31 1899 . 7.17 0.00 4.21 0.52 0.81 2.27 0.00 0.12 0.00 2.95 5.05 4.20 27.30 1900 3 79 95 2 CO 2 47 1.64 0.55 0.00 0.00 T. 2.22 4.75 1.77 20.14 4 46 3 32 2 70 1 79 96 0.42 0.04 0.03 0.47 1.41 2.56 4.22 22.36 CORONADO. By Mr. FORD A. CARPENTER, Observer, Weather Bureau. Coronado is practically an island; only a long and a very narrow strip of land connects it with the mainland. San Diego Bay may be likened to an inverted J lying- northwest and south- east. Coronado lies snugly within the curve of the J and has a southern exposure. It is there- fore readily seen that the climate of Coronado is substantially that of San Diego. The differences are slight and have only been determined by comparison of the records of self-registering instruments. Regular meteorological observations have been made at Coronado since the erection of the Hotel del Coronado in February, 1888, but it has only been a little over a year since a set of recording instruments has been installed. The instruments now used comprise a Richards baro- graph located in the hotel lobby (elevation 30 feet above sea level), one Richards thermograph and other recording thermometers exposed in a standard instrument shelter on the northwest lawn, 75 feet away from any building, tree, etc., and 20 feet above sea level. The rain gage is located on the lawn near the instrument shelter. The photographic sunshine recorder is mounted on the east tower of the hotel. Such is the instrumental equipment of Coronado as installed by the San Diego office of the United States Weather Bureau. The region in which Coronado is situated lies too far south to be affected very much by the areas of low pressure that enter the Pacific coast near Vancouver. Probably four-fifths of the northern storm areas of winter are too distant to cause any fluctuations of the barometer. This is also true of the summer storms of the southwest. Areas of high barometer are almost as persistent during the winter months as areas of low pressure during the summer. The highs are responsible for the relative warm, dry, and clear winter weather, and the lows for damp, cool, and cloudy summer months. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. AVERAGE AND EXTREME DATA FOR A PERIOD OF THIRTEEN YEARS. [Record began February 1, 1888.] 133 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. For the year. Temperature: 55 57 58 60 63 64 66 69 68 65 60 56 61.7 17 16 14 14 12 10 11 12 12 14 17 16 13.8 63 64 65 67 69 70 72 73 74 71 69 65 68.5 46 48 49 54 57 59 61 65 62 56 50 48 54.6 Highest 80 85 86 93 98 93 84 90 93 93 91 83 98 32 34 36 41 45 51 55 54 53 48 38 32 32 Humidity: n Average relative (per cent). Average absolute (inches).. Precipitation, average in inches. Wind: 73 0.277 2.20 N". 75 0.298 1.91 NW. 77 0.347 1.65 W. 76 0.373 ..73 W. 79 0.402 .35 W. 79 0.465 .06 W. 81 0.517 W. 81 0.555 .02 W. -_ 0.555 .04 NW. 79 0.417 .29 NW. 72 0.334 .76 NW. T2 0.310 1.90 NW. 77.3 0.404 9.81 NW. Average hourly velocity 4.9 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.0 | v 5.5 5.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.4 Weather: Average number of days Clear 20 20 20 18 18 14 24 22 21 20 23 19 239 Partlv oloudv 6 6 5 8 8 7 3 6 5 6 5 5 70 Cloudy 5 2 6 4 5 9 4 3 4 5 2 56 6 7 7 3 1 1 2 3 7 42 With fog 2 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 18 Largest number of days Clear 25 25 26 24 23 30 28 H 27 28 29 30 15 11 12 11 11 17 13 10 8 13 11 8 17 Cloudy 9 13 12 13 17 11 4 10 11 12 13 15 .17 Smallest number of days Clear 12 9 8 9 3 5 18 14 16 12 12 10 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 Cloudy 2 2 2 5 2 2 1 a Data from the San Diego Weather Bureau station, which is 2} miles northeast of Coronado and 60 feet higher. GILROY. [Data from records of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Gilroy is situated near the southern line of Santa Clara County, 30 miles southeast of San Jose, in latitude 36 C 59' north, longitude 121 33' west; elevation, 193 feet. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering twenty-seven years, is 58.4. July and August are the warmest months, with mean temperatures of 68.8 C and 67.9, respec- tively, and the coldest month is January, with a mean of 46. 5 C . The highest monthly mean recorded is 77. 3 C , in July. 1875, and the lowest 39.9, in December, 1874. Following are the maximum temperatures in the past five years: 103 in August. 1897; 107 in July, 1898; 99 in June, 1899; 106 in August, 1900, and 104 in August. 1901. The lowest temperatures recorded in recent years are 23 C in December, 1897, and 20 in December, 1898. The average annual precipitation, from 1874 to 1900, inclusive, is 19.55 inches. The rainy season extends from October to April, the greatest precipitation occurring in December and January, and frequent rains occur in May and September. The greatest monthly precipitation recorded is 12.33 inches, in December, 1880, and the greatest annual. 32.95 inches, in 1884. 134 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1874 46.5 46.5 49.0 57.3 66.8 72.4 71.6 68.5 66 4 67.7 57 2 39 9 68 3 1875 43 3 45 2 48.4 63.6 75 5 70 2 77 3 68 6 63 8 63 3 52 3 48 1 60 1876 43.2 46.0 52.9 60.8 63.7 68.9 68.J, 67.1 65 8 61.9 54 7 48 8 58 5 1877 51.3 54 8 59.1 59.0 61 8 69 4 71 1 67 7 69 5 58 52 6 47 9 60 2 1878 49.3 49.8 54.4 57.4 63.0 64.1 66.3 66.4 65.6 61.9 63.9 46.3 58 1 1879 44.6 53 2 56.6 58.5 60 6 66 4 66 4 68 1 65 8 60 9 50 6 45 58 1 1880 43.7 44.1 46.8 53.7 60.2 63.5 64. S 64.8 63.6 59.4 47.0 50.7 65 2 1881... 49.0 53 3 54.2 59.8 61 4 65 1 68 6 65 6 66 8 58 6 49 1 48 1 68 3 1882 43.7 43.8 55.3 55.1 61.7 63.9 66.5 66.8 64.5 58.4 52.1 48 66 6 1883 43 2 45 6 55.4 55 1 60 8 68 9 72 68 5 69 6 60 2 49 8 47 2 68 1884 46.5 48.4 54.1 56.8 63.0 65.2 71.1 69.9 65.6 60.0 53.8 49 6 58 7 1885. 50 52 5 58 6 59 5 65 1 65 1 69 69 6 68 4 63 4 55 50 8 60 6 1886 48.7 55.5 55.9 58.6 62.7 69.3 72.5 71.5 65.3 57.9 51.5 53 2 60 2 1887 47 7 46 8 56 5 56 9 62 4 66 6 65 63 7 67 9 64 1 52 7 46 3 58 1888 44.8 51.1 52.3 62.0 61.8 71 9 71.4 74.1 70.8 61.7 65.4 51 4 60 7 1889 46.0 49 5 56 7 61 3 63 7 67 1 68 6 69 1 67 8 61 1 54 8 48 7 58 5 1890.. . . 43.8 47.7 54.1 58.3 63.7 65 2 68.7 66.2 65.8 61.2 54.1 48 2 58 1 1891 46 9 49 3 53 7 58 60 1 68 1 67 7 71 6 67 5 60 6 54 1 47 6 58 8 1892. 49.1 51 4 54.9 53.1 61.3 66 4 68.4 69.1 66.6 61.1 54 7 48 9 58 8 1893 47 8 49 8 55 1 57 6 62 3 66 9 69 1 67 6 63 1 60 53 9 51 58 7 18v4 45.7 48 2 51.3 61 60 1 63 2 68.0 67.6 66.9 61.2 56.5 49 4 58 2 1895 47.6 51.6 52.6 57.1 61.8 67.2 67.3 67.6 63.9 58.9 48.8 44.4 57 4 1896 1897 46.0 42.1 49.1 48.1 52.9 49.4 51.1 57.3 59.2 63.2 66.8 67.2 67.6 68.3 67.9 67.3 61.4 64.7 62.6 53.6 48.4 50.0 48.2 43.5 56.8 56 2 1898 43 1 48 9 49 5 59 60 7 67-4 68.3 70.6 63 4 60 8 51 7 47 57 5 1899 51.0 51.2 53.5 59.2 58.0 67.6 67.1 63.8 68.0 60.6 55.2 49.6 68 7 1900 50 50 3 55 6 53 8 62 65 4 66 7 65 6 64 '58 8 65 8 48 58 46 5 49 3 53 7 57 8 62 5 67 68 8 67 9 66 60 3 52 8 48 58 4 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1874 5.22 7.70 6.75 3.75 8.98 3.80 2.36 6.84 1.28 2.28 2.94 2.03 6.09 0.90 5.35 2.04 0.75 3.97 0.00 11.48 4.02 1.74 1.95 2.17 1.02 6.65 0.09 0.32 5.14 0.77 1.00 5.62 6.76 1.90 4.34 3.04 .1.79 0.00 4.97 2.27 0.32 0.34 3.15 0.69 5.93 0.82 3.24 3.98 1.84 1.14 5.61 2.77 7.24 0.28 1.17 0.82 3.92 4.22 1.89 0.97 4.18 4.80 0.66 2.54 2.06 5.53 1.24 9.80 1.65 0.95 0.00 0.76 0.27 1.62 1.47 9.48 0.59 0.72 1.19 3.80 1.48 4.32 2.05 0.40 0.63 0.64 2.18 0.90 1.35 0. 55 1.90 4.02 0.45 0.32 0.51 1.60 0.16 O.CO 0.00 0.44 0.00 1.34 0.65 0.00 0.25 2.23 0.34 O.CO 0.22 0.00 0.44 2.00 0.55 0.04 1.21 0.32 1.28 1.21 4.34 0.02 1.28 1.00 0.45 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.00 1.24 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 1.46 0.27 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.32 0.00 0.20 0.03 0.00 0.06 1.04 0.00 0.09 0.05 0.15 o.oo 0.01 3.55 0.00 1.25 0.10 0.88 1.00 0.00 0.46 2.22 1.01 1.73 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.00 5.36 0.00 0.07 1.19 0.02 1.26 1.27 1.88 1.94 0.40 2.40 1.59 2.09 11. 75 0.00 1.14 0.70 1.68 0.46 0.81 1.64 0.33 0.06 6.77 0.33 1.15 3.71 2.98 0.10 0.11 5.40 0.72 0.24 1.04 3.75 0.35 0.33 3.09 9.29 0.04 1.88 0.00 1.56 0.42 3.63 12.33 2.35 0.38 0.78 s. as 2.40 1.09 4.32 2.10 10. 21 3.84 5.80 3.99 1.87 8.44 1.91 1.99 1.93 0.93 2.79 0.99 17.20 23.07 18.66 8.08 27.32 21.07 28.86 14.59 15.83 11.88 32.95 13.33 14.32 14.81 17.01 26.86 23.34 16.71 23.48 16.59 21.22 22.05 29.19 17.38 7.98 25.91 18.14 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 ' 1884 1885 1886 ... 1887 1888 1889 0.46 10.50 0.75 4.71 3.11 4.71 10.39 10.06 2.05 0.98 6.00 2.22 1890 1891 1892- 1893 1894 1895 18% 1897 . 1898 1899 1900 4.53 2.76 3.04 1.64 0.73 0.08 T. 0.04 0.17 1.12 j 2.22 3.21 19.55 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 135 HOLLISTER. [Data from records of Mr. J. N. Thompson and Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Hollister is the county seat of San Benito County, and is situated near the terminus of the Tres Pinos line of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 95 miles southeast of San Francisco, about 20 miles east of Monterey Bay, in latitude 36 C 51' north, longitude 121 C 25' west; elevation, 284 feet above sea level. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering twenty -seven years, is 58.9. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of 67. 2 = , and the coldest is January, 48.8. The highest monthly mean recorded in the last ten years is 76.7, in July, 1S91, and the lowest 42.8 C , in January, 1898. The highest temperature recorded in recent years is 105, in August, 1900, and the lowest is 19, January 1, 1901. The average annual precipitation during the past twenty-seven 3*ears is 12.31 inches, which is 7.2-i inches less than the average for the same period at Gilroy, 15 miles to the northwest. The heaviest rains occur in January and December, and the greatest monthly precipitation in recent years was 7.35 inches, in December, 1889. Very little rain falls during the months of June, July, and August. MONTHLY AXD ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1874 ' 46.3 48.5 51.4 57.0 60.9 66.6 68.3 68.7 68.6 60.5 56.6 50.4 58.6 1875 46.9 534 52.3 65.1 77.0 76.4 72.7 74.9 75.0 68.6 57.0 51.0 64.2 1876.. 45.5 48.1 49.2 61.9 67.5 74.4 69.7 70.7 68.1 62.3 58.3 47.7 60.2 1877 54.0 55.4 59.9 61.5 65.2 73.0 69.0 66.9 69.4 64.9 56.9 50.7 62.2 1878 50. 3 57.4 54.3 55.9 63.6 62.8 64.3 62.8 64.4 59.9 54.3 46.9 58.1 1879 46.3 54.2 57.2 57.4 58.6 63.4 65.3 - - 65.5 61.3 53.3 48 4 58.3 1880 45.6 46.5 49.7 55.1 61.7 6L6 62.9 63.5 62.8 59.2 51.9 52.8 56.1 1881 51.2 55.3 57.5 60.4 61.3 64.2 65.4 64.9 64.3 57.0 50.4 49.3 58.4 1KB. 50.0 49.8 55.3 59.2 61.0 60.0 66.0 66.9 64.9 58.7 51.4 51.6 57.9 1883 ; 47.4 49.8 54.9 55.5 61.4 67.1 66.0 67.3 66.3 57.6 51.6 50.8 58.0 1884 49. 6 53.5 53.1 56.0 02.9 67.4 70.6 69.5 66.2 61.6 57.3 52.4 60 1885 . ' 62.4 55.9 59.3 60.7 66.2 66.0 68.8 67.4 68.2 64.8 58.0 55.7 62.0 1886 49. 7 55.3 53.1 58.7 64.7 68.0 71.3 73.3 68.3 63.3 53.8 52.1 61 imp 51.9 49.0 59.8 59.4 65.5 68.0 64.9 62.4 65.0 62.1 56.1 52.2 59.5 1888 47.fi 54.3 54.9 60.9 61.3 67.9 68.4 68.4 63 7 59 53 9 53.5 59 - 1889 . : 47.6 48.1 58.7 64.0 65.1 61.7 6$. 8 68.5 69.6 61.4 57.0 56.1 60 *'. 1890 49.9 55.6 57.9 59.5 66.1 66.0 70.4 66.5 62.5 59.7 54.3 51.3 60.0 1891 ... 1 50.6 52.3 56.5 60.7 62.2 70.9 76.7 69.9 71.2 61.9 59.8 47 6 61 1892 51.1 54.0 56.3 55.4 61.3 63.3 65.6 65.8 63.0 58.5 51.5 47.9 57.8 1893 47.4 48.1 51.6 51.7 58.7 64.3 64.5 61.7 58 5 56 9 54.2 47 7 55 4 1894 47.0 49.1 53.1 61.9 61.8 64.4 67.3 68.9 63.S 61.9 58.4 52.1 59.1 1895 48.7 52.0 53.2 55.8 59.3 63 5 64 7 64.1 63.5 61 8 51 5 46 1896... 51.0 52.8 53.8 51.2 56.7 61.9 64.3 6L4 59.1 57.0 51 4 51.0 56 1897 46 4 48 2 48 3 57.4 60 2 64 2 65 3 65.5 64 4 57 2 50 6 46 56 4 1898 42.8 52.7 50.6 59.9 56.1 65.0 64.2 65.8 64.4 61 7 52.4 45 6 56.8 1899 50 5 50 51 8 55 8 54.5 64.' 64.2 62.6 66 6 59 2 54.6 47 2 56 8 1900 50 3 51.1 66.6 53.0 - 64.1 64.1 64 1 64 2 59 5 56 4 48.0 57 7 Mean (27 years) . 48. 8 51.9 54 5 > 62 3 65 9 67 2 66 7 65 6 60 6 54.5 50 1 58.9 136 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1874 4 04 96 2 51 36 37 00 00 00 00 2 33 1 15 1875 5.10 0.16 0.50 -0.00 00 13 00 00 00 00 7 gg 00 1876 2.13 2.77 2.63 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.00 00 00 88 00 00 8 77 1877 1.83 0.25 0.53 0.78 42 00 00 00 00 00 1 03 1 54 1878 5.98 6.61 1.56 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 00 29 20 36 16 40 1879 1.83 1.99 1.90 1.53 64 07 00 00 00 95 1 06 o 51 1880 1.20 0.86 1.83 3.47 0.51 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 80 5 52 14 18 1881 2.59 1.81 1.05 0.61 00 10 00 00 24 20 64 1 08 8 32 1882. 1.78 1.50 3.46 1.20 0.10 0.24 0.00 00 45 1 32 95 22 11 23 1883 1 44 0.86 1.84 0.99 1 54 00 00 00 25 68 35 90 8 85 1884. 1.05 3.80 4.38 2.66 0.62 1.85 0.00 05 00 1 30 00 3 62 19 33 1885 0.58 0.17 0.35 0.45 0.00 0.23 0.27 0.00 00 00 4 91 1 12 8 08 1886. 3.93 0.22 It 29 2.55 0.15 00 00 00 00 38 42 54 9 48 1887 0.57 3.63 0.65 1.32 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 43 00 60 1 54 8 70 1888 2.61 0.97 2.75 0.40 0.80 02 00 00 20 00 2 20 2 00 11 95 1889 0.88 0.87 3.06 0.81 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 2 91 2 09 7 35 19 23 1890 5.70 2.15 1.45 62 31 00 00 00 45 00 05 2 51 13 14 1891 0.46 3.22 1.35 2.01 05 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 37 4 09 11 55 1892 0.13 1.53 3 49 64 1 33 00 00 00 02 87 2 82 3 79 14 62 1893 1.50 2.87 4.25 0.98 32 00 00 00 11 04 77 1 98 12 82 1894 3.99 2 77 79 40 1 07 09 00 00 55 1 11 29 5 06 16 12 1895 5.74 1.49 1 95 1 34 1 00 00 02 00 06 82 88 1 07 14 37 1896 6 76 07 1 42 2 49 47 00 00 1 10 03 1 55 1 91 1 31 17 11 1897 1.06 2 99 3 38 51 06 14 00 03 06 1 08 46 1 47 11 24 1898 82 1 04 61 78 80 00 00 00 26 11 36 1 32 6 10 1899 2.35 25 4 01 55 00 67 00 00 00 2 19 2 32 1 70 14 04 1900 90 26 75 1 67 1 10 03 00 00 00 1 13 5 69 97 12 50 Average (27 years) 2.48 1.71 1.99 1 13 49 13 01 04 12 75 1 48 1 98 12 31 INDEPENDENCE. MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). [Data by Mr. J. J. McLean, Observer, U. S. Weather Bureau.] Years. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1894a 38 4 1895 a 37 8 45 5 49 2 57 3 66 6 71 6 78 76 68 3 60 48 3 37 8 58 1896a . . . 43.2 47.2 44 1897o 1898a 62 62 1 74.2 80 4 80 1 72 60 48 2 39 7 1899 40.2 46.5 50.5 59.4 60.0 74.2 80.4 72.6 74.6 55.4 49.4 43 1 58 8 1900 46 6 48 1 54 9 52 65 8 75 4 79 4 72 4 63 5 58 8 50 4 43 4 59 2 167 8 187 3 198 6 230 7 253 5 295 4 318 2 301 1 278 4 234 2 196 3 20 9 4 176 Mean 42.0 46.8 49.6 57.7 63.4 73 8 79.6 75 3 69.6 58.6 49.1 40 5 58 7 a Station closed. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 137 SUMMARY OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OP TEMPERATURE (DEGREE FAHRENHEIT). Month. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maxi- mum. Absolute mini- mum. Greatest daily range. Mean dailv range. Mean varia- bility. Mean of 3 con- secutive warmest days. Mean of 3 con- secutive coldest days. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Tern- Date, pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. Date. Tem- pera- ture. January 1900 1900 1900 1898 1900 1900 1898-9 1896 1899 | 1895, I 1898 1900 1900 1900 46.6 48.1 54.9 62.0 65.8 75.4 80.4 80.1 74.6 1 60.0 50.4 43.4 59.2 1895 1895 1896 1900 1899 1896 1896 1900 1900 1899 1898 1895 1896 37.8 45.5 44.0 52.0 60.0 71.6 78.0 72.4 63.5 55.4 48.2 37.8 59.0 13,1895 19,1899 11,1900 26,1898 7,1895 122,28,29, 1 1898 29,1898 1,1898 f 17, 1898 1 2,1899 12,1895 4,1898 28,1898 1896 69.0 75.0 78.0 87.0 89.0 | 99.0 105.0 104.0 | 94.0 88.0 81.0 68.0 105.0 4,1898 6,1899 14,1898 5,1895 2,1899 3,1898 1,1898 30,1895 22,1895 f 12,1899 1 20,1900 (24,1896 | 23, 1895 21,1895 1899 12.0 11.0 19.0 28.0 34.0 38.0 49.0 46.0 34.0 1 29.0 1 24.0 16.0 11.0 37.0 37.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 35.0 34.0 37.0 42.0 39.0 37.0 39.0 42.0 21.4 25.0 24.3 25.3 25.5 27.0 26.8 27.8 28.6 26.3 24.6 21.9 25.4 3.4 3.2 4.5 3.9 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.8 3.4 3.4 3.2 49.8 55.4 58.7 67.2 72.4 82.8 86.3 82.1 75.7 67.6 59.2 48.5 67.1 34.1 34.7 38.3 47.3 51.8 61.5 72.8 66.8 59.2 47.4 39.4 31.7 48.8 March April May July August September October. December WEATHER. Month. Average number Month. Average number Clear days. Partly cloudy days. Cloudy days. Rainy days. Clear days. doSdy c ' oud r K^y days. ** **"- Jannarv 15 23 18 19 20 24 24 8 4 10 8 8 5 5 8 2 2 3 1 2 6 . 2 -: - :: ! j 25 24 24 18 17 4 1 j 1 4 _ 2 6 1 : 2 8 | 3 4 10 4 j 4 March October April May Julv Annual 251 80 30 31 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HCXDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. S ^ n Seasonal. 1894 1 89 I 1895... 1.24 1.18 0.12 T. 0.01 T. T. 0.04 T. 0.83 0.67 0.08 4 17 1896 1.67 0.00 1897 1898 0.00 0.16 0.23 T. T. 0.11 0.20 0.00 0.10 0.20 1899 54 T. 0.01 02 03 0.37 0.01 06 T 0.30 85 56 2.75 1898-9 1 58 1900 0.31 0.05 0.67 0.62 0.22 0.04 0.08 T. 0.75 0.01 1.34 0.13 4 22 1899-1900 3 69 3 76 1 23 80 80 0.49 0.41 0.09 0.21 .-. 1 14 2 96 2 86 11 14 Mean. 0.94 0.31 0.20 0.20 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.05 0.24 0.28 0.74 0.57 2.78 138 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. GREATEST MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AND DATE. Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. 1896 1.67 May '. 1898 0.23 September 1900 0.75 1895 1 18 1899 0.37 October 1895 0.83 1900 0.67 July 1900 0.08 November 1900 1.34 April 1900 62 1898 0.11 December 1894 1.89 LEAST MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) AND DATE. Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. Month. Year. Amount. 1900 31 May 1900 0.01 September r 1895 } T - 1900 05 1 1895 1 T. October I 1899 1898 1 0.00 1898 00 July I 1898 f 1895 1 T. November 1898 0.10 April 1895 T 1 1898 1900 I T. December 1895 0.08 NUMBER OF TIMES MONTHLY PRECIPITATION HAS EXCEEDED THE NORMAL FOR FOUR YEARS. Month. Total. First two years. Second two years. Month. Total. First two years. Second two years. Month. Total. First two years. Second two years. 2 2 May September 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 October 1 1 1 1 July November 3 1 2 April 1 1 December L TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS WITH PRECIPITATION SINCE DECEMBER 1, 1894. Month. Less than 0.01. 0.01 to 0.10. 0.11 to 0.25. 0.26 to 0.50. 0.51 to 1.00. Month. Less than 0.01. 0.01 to 0:10. 0.11 to 0.25. 0.26 to 0.50. 0.51 to 1.00. Month. Less than 0.01. 0.01 to 0.10. 0.11 to 0.25. 0.26 to 0.50. 0.51 to 1.00. 3 14 5 3 May 5 10 1 September 5 3 2 1 5 3 1 1 4 4 1 October 1 7 1 1 1 6 1 1 July 5 3 November 2 9 1 2 2 April 9 4 2 1 August 2 5 December 9 12 3 3 1 Station closed January 1 to November 30, 1894; March 1, 18%, to February 28, 1898. FOGGY DAYS AND THUNDERSTORMS. Month. Total number of foggy days. Number of thun- der- storms. Month. Total number of foggy days. Number of thun- der- storms. Month. Total number of foggy days. Number of thun- der- storms. May September 3 3 October July 7 November April 7 December Record began December 1, 1894 closed January 1 to November 30, 1894 March 1, 1896, to February 28, 1898. NUMBER OF HIGH WINDS. Month. Velocity (miles) . Month. Velocity (miles). Month. Velocity (miles). 30-35. 36-40. Over 40. 30-35. 36-40. Over 40. 30-35. 36-40. Over 40 12 13 18 18 5 5 8 7 9 7 14 8 May 20 14 4 6 10 6 1 September 4 10 13 8 4 3 7 2 2 3 1 5 October July November April December Record began December 1, 1894 closed January 1 to November 30, 1894 March 1, 1896, to February 8, 1898. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. HIGHEST WIND VELOCITY, DIRECTION, AND DATE FOR EACH MONTH. 139 Month. Veloc- ity (miles). 2ST D *- a i Month. Veloc- ity (miles). Direc- tion. Date. Month. Veloc- ity (miles). Direc- tion. Date. (48 SE 17 1895 148 NW 27 1895 September 52 NW. 30,1898 May 48 8E. 1 2,1899 48 SE. 10,1900 October 1 ** NW. 1.1898 66 S 26 1900 June 50 W. 1,1898 \ 48 W. 28,1900 March 54 NW 1 9 1899 July 44 SW 19 1899 November 50 K. 21,1895 159 at SE !23 1899 39 W 2 1900 66 NW. 29,1898 April 52 W. 2,1900 Record began December 1, 1894 closed January 1 to November 30, 1894 March 1, 1896, to February 8, 1898. AVERAGE VELOCITY (MILES PER Horn) OF AFTERNOON WINDS. Month. 2 to 3. 3 to 4. 4 to 5. Month. 2 to 3. 3 to 4. 4 to 5. Month. 2 to 3. 3 to 4. 4 to 5. 9 1 8 9 8.4 May . . . 10.4 12.2 13.4 September 7.6 8.7 10.2 11 11 3 11 4 9 4 10 8 11.4 October . 7 8 8.4 8 6 March 11 4 12.2 12 4 July 8.8 10.5 11.7 November 8.2 8.0 8 6 April 12 12.6 13 2 8 1 10 2 11.5 December 8 4 8 3 8 7 AVERAGE HOURLY VELOCITY (MILES PER HOUR). Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 6.9 8.8 9.3 9.8 10.4 8.7 8.0 7.9 7.1 7.1 7 7 1 7 1 9 2 8 7 9 8 10 8 4 7.4 7.2 7 6 8 7 7 3 3am 7 2 9.0 9.2 9.8 9.2 7.7 6.6 6.3 7.1 7 1 7 5 7 i 7.1 9.2 9.3 9.2 10.0 7.2 6.4 5.6 7.6 7 7 6 7 4 7 1 9 9 2 9.0 9.2 7.4 6.2 5 4 7 2 7 2 7 c 7 3 6am . 7 2 9.4 9.0 8.6 8.9 7.6 5.8 5.3 6.6 7 1 7 2 7 5 6 8 9 1 8 9 8 3 8 8 7 3 5 8 5 3 6 3 7 1 6 8 7 6 Sam 6.8 8.8 8 7 8.3 8.4 7.1 5.8 5 2 6 5 6 7 6 9 7 g 9a m 7.3 8.8 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.3 5.9 5.0 6.7 6 9 7 7 8 7 3 8 4 8 2 8 9 8.3 7.4 5 9 4 9 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 7.5 8.0 - - 10.3 9.5 8.3 6.5 5.8 7 1 6 8 6 8 7 5 7 2 8 7 10 2 11 8 9 7 8 4 6.8 6 6 7 6 7 5 7 i 7 2 7 8 10.1 11 3 11.8 9.6 8.3 6 8 6 2 8 1 8 6 8 1 7 7 2 p. m 8.8 10.7 11.2 11.3 9.6 8.1 7.1 6.5 7 7 8 6 8 5 8 1 9 1 11 11 4 12 10 4 9 2 8 8 8 1 7 6 7 8 8 2 8 4 4 p. m 8.9 11.3 12.2 12.5 12.2 11.2 10.5 10 2 8 7 8 4 8 8 3 8 4 11 4 12.2 13 2 13 4 11 6 1L7 11 5 10 2 8 6 8 7 8 3 6p.m. 8.1 11.5 13.1 13.7 14.0 11.9 12.2 12.3 10 8 8.9 8 7 8 1 8 11 4 13 8 14 14.3 12 2 12 12.4 10 6 9 3 8 7 4 8 p. m . 7 7 11.0 14 14.0 14 12.7 12.0 11 5 10 7 8 3 7 6 7 5 9pm 8 1 9 7 12 6 13 3 13 6 12 1 12.4 11 9 6 7 8 7 3 7 4 10 p. m . 7 6 9 1 10 9 11 8 12 10 8 10 8 9 6 9 3 7 7 6 8 6 3 7 1 8 4 10 6 11 2 10 7 9 2 9 4 9 3 8.7 7 4 6 5 12 midnight . . 6 9 8 9 9 6 10 2 10 6 9 1 8 7 8 5 8 1 7 1 6 6 6 8 Average . 7 6 9 6 10 4 10 9 10 6 9 1 8 3 7 8 8.1 " 4 7 5 MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY (PER CENT). Month. | A.M. P.M. Aver- age. Month. A.M. P.M. Aver- age. Month. A.M. P.M. Aver- age. January 58 41 49 May.. 34 14 24 27 12 February 44 26 35 June 27 12 20 38 20 29 March 41 17 29 July 23 10 14 45 28 36 April 35 13 25 August 30 12 21 54 140 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900. [A=36 48' N.; ^=118 12' W.; gravity corr., -0.02. H=3,910 ft.; h,=51 ft.; h r =43 ft.; h,=58 ft.] Month. Pressure. Temperature. Moisture. Monthly mean. Extremes. Mean. Extremes. Dew- point. Rela- tive hu- midity. Vapor pressure. Precipita- tion. Cloudiness 0-10. Maximum. Minimum. 8 a 00 a o. CO Maximum. Minimum. Monthly. Maximum. Minimum. 6 a 00 21 14 17 19 19 33 25 28 21 21 26 19 8 d CO 18 8 3 9 11 32 18 22 17 19 26 17 B a 00 + 60 33 34 30 30 34 18 28 19 87 50 48 a p. 00 * 38 15 11 12 12 19 7 11 7 21 35 30 8 a. m. a A 00 3 I Maximum in 24 hours. a <& 00 a A 00 ' .a .SP s 2.3 1.2 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.7 2.0 3.3 2.5 1899. January In. 26.06 26.98 25.88 25.90 25.86 25.90 25.92 25.88 26.01 25.95 26.00 26.07 In. 26.38 26.27 26.32 26.14 26.08 26.15 26.08 26.07 26.24 26.26 26.20 26.39 In. 25.54 25. 45 25.56 25.54 26.66 25.62 25.79 25.66 25.74 25.43 25.62 25.68 34.4 40.0 43.2 50.1 50.4 63.3 69.7 62.6 64.4 47.8 43.0 37.2 46.6 56.0 58.5 69.2 69.0 85.6 92.6 84.6 87.0 62.6 55.2 48.1 61.2 58.8 62.4 71.5 72.0 87.8 94.0 86.9 88.8 67.5 61.0 54.1 29.2 34.2 38.6 47.2 48.1 60.7 66.8 59.4 60.3 43.3 37.8 32.1 40.2 46.5 50.5 59.4 60.0 74.2 80.4 72.6 74.6 55.4 49.4 43.1 68 75 75 83 88 96 100 91 94 84 70 67 o 12 11 26 33 34 46 62 52 51 29 30 21 In. 0.113 0.082 0.095 0.105 0.107 0.192 0.135 0.157 0.114 0.119 0.140 0.103 In. 0.107 0.063 0.053 0.070 0.082 0.194 0.106 0.123 0.095 0.111 0.144 0.098 In. 0.64 T. 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.37 0.01 0.06 T. 0.30 0.85 0.56 In. 0.44 T. 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.01 0.06 T. 0.18 0.77 0.45 2.6 0.9 2.2 1.8 3.0 1.3 0.2 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.8 1.6 3.3 1.8 4.2 3.1 2.5 1.7 1.2 1.9 0.7 2.8 4.1 3.2 February March April May July September October December Year 1900. 25.95 26.39 25.43 50.5 67.9 71.2 46.5 58.9 100 11 22 17 35 18 0.122 0.104 2.75 0.77 1.6 2.5 1.8 26.07 25.99 25.93 25.84 25.89 25.89 25.88 25.89 26.92 25.96 26.04 26.12 26.26 26.28 26.22 26.12 26.08 26.05 26.11 26.14 26.25 26.21 26.30 26.30 25.82 25.60 25.68 25.46 25.59 25.64 25.58 25.73 25.43 25.66 25.52 25.70 40.4 40.9 46.7 44.1 56.9 65.0 70.1 63.3 54.6 50.7 43.8 37.2 53.2 67.4 65.0 69.6 76.6 86.2 91.0 84.3 73.4 67.7 57.2 49.1 58.2 60.8 67.6 63.7 78.5 88.8 92.7 85.9 76.4 71.5 62.9 55.3 35.1 35.4 42.2 40.3 53.1 61.9 66.0 58.8 60.6 46.2 38.0 31.5 46.6 48.1 54.9 52.0 65.8 75.4 79.4 72.4 63.5 58.8 50.4 43.4 67 69 78 81 88 98 100 96 83 80 74 66 29 25 28 33 40 53 55 52 38 29 30 15 25 17 19 20 26 28 29 28 27 24 23 20 24 8 12 14 18 19 24 19 20 20 21 19 56 36 36 41 35 26 24 27 36 36 46 49 37 34 14 15 22 14 10 10 9 16 18 30 30 0.141 0.091 0.110 0.114 0.149 0.154 0.166 0.155 0.151 0.137 0.126 0.110 0.133 0.066 0.081 0.091 0.107 0.110 0.132 0.106 0.117 0.084 0.123 0.106 0.31 0.05 0.67 0.62 0.22 0.04 0.08 T. 0.75 0.01 1.34 0.13 0.22 0.05 0.38 0.54 0.11 0.04 0.07 T. 0.68 0.01 0.95 0.08 3.0 1.5 2.3 2.7 2.6 1.4 1.0 0.6 1.1 2.0 2.6 1.0 3.3 3.1 3.9 4.7 1.9 3.3 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.2 3.2 3.9 2.4 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.6 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.4 February April May July September November December Year 25.95 26. 30 25.46 51.1 68.4 71.9 48.6 59.2 100 15 24 18 18 0.134 0.105 4.22 0.95 1.8 2.8 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 141 ANNUAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR THE YEARS 1899 AND 1900. [H=3,910ft.; h,=51ft.; h,=43ft.; h=58 ft.] Month. Wind. Number of days. By self-registers. Number of winds, 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. 1 t I'artly cloudy. f o 5 Precipi- tation. 1 CO i Maxi- mum temp. i 11 3 S 5 Elec- tricity. * K "S -j Prevailing direc- tion. Maximum velocity. Direction at time of maximum velocity. Number of days with gales. jd o Northeast. I Southeast. 1 Southwest. 1 Northwest. a "3 0.01 inch and over. 0.04 inch and over. Below 32. Above 90. Thunderstorms. Auroras. 1899. Miles. 8.8 10.8 11.8 10.9 11.4 9.3 7.9 7.8 7.5 8.8 5.8 8.3 NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. M. 48 64 54 52 42 39 44 32 36 36 34 33 SE. NW. NW. SE. W. SE. SW. W. W. NW. S. N. 2 2 6 3 3 1 6 16 4 3 2 3 1 1 4 7 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 8 8 14 10 15 18 18 14 8 16 6 3 4 9 2 3 4 8 11 6 9 10 7 3 4 2 2 5 3 10 5 9 12 11 11 9 12 9 2 9 36 20 28 23 31 24 21 18 26 23 23 32 1 1 1 1 1 1 24 26 18 24 26 26 28 27 27 22 16 21 4 2 13 6 5 3 3 4 3 8 12 9 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 2 3 1 1 4 4 4 3 1 2 3 3 6 1 1 1 15 28 14 18 7 4 3 4 14 1 2 2 p u ii u April May June July AugTist November Year 9.1 NW. 54 NW. 17 52 7 10 139 76 27 108 305 6 284 72 9 26 15 8 1 60 50 5 II 1900. 5.9 9.5 8.3 12.1 10.1 8.7 8.4 7.9 8.6 8.0 6.5 7.3 NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. NW. SE. NW. NW. NW. NW. 40 66 44 62 48 41 28 39 48 48 36 48 N. S. W. W. SE. W. W. W. W. W. SW. SW. 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 6 9 6 4 5 3 5 3 3 9 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 10 11 12 12 17 17 15 26 16 18 10 4 14 3 3 5 7 8 7 5 7 7 2 2 2 4 2 t 5 6 3 10 6 6 4 10 4 8 12 13 U 9 10 8 6 23 27 25 30 22 17 26 14 16 18 21 32 2 1 2 16 23 17 15 22 22 26 26 22 22 19 18 13 6 10 12 7 7 4 5 7 9 8 13 100 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 5 4 4 2 2 4 1 6 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 5 2 o o 1 15 23 8 5 6 3 1 5 16 2 1 2 2 g g g g g g February April May June July September November December Year 8.4 NW. 66 : S. 15 53 10 9 168 74 41 100 270 5 248 36 22 1 46 36 1 1 7 a AVERAGE SNOWFALL SINCE DECEMBER 1, 1894. Month. Amount. Month. Amount. Month. Amount. Month. Amount. 1 82 April T. July 0.00 October 0. 00 T Mav T 0.00 November 0. 00 02 June i 0. 00 September 0.00 i December 0.68 ; 1 . 142 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. LIVERMORE. [Data from rwords of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Livermore is located in the foothills of Alameda County, about 40 miles southeast of Oakland, in latitude 37= 40' north, longitude 121- 45' west; elevation, 485 feet The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering thirty years, is 59.7 C . July and August are the wannest months, with mean temperatures of 70.1 C and 69.6, respectively, and January is the coolest, with a mean of 49.3. Maximum temperatures of 103 C have been recorded in August, 1898, July, 1899, and June, 1901. . The lowest temperature recorded in recent years is 23. December 31, 1900. Minimum temperatures below 32- occur frequently in the months of January, February, and December, and occasionally in March. The average annual precipitation from 1871 to 1900. inclusive, is 15.30 inches about the same as that of Stockton. The greatest annual rainfall, 27.65 inches, occurred in 1884. and the least, 7.94 inches, in 1877. Rain seldom falls in July and August. MONTHLY AND AXNCAL MEAN TEMPERATCRE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An*. Sepc Oct. SOT. Dec. Annual. 1871 50.0 52.9 52.5 59.8 63.2 75.9 79.0 77.9 80.2 - . 52.7 49.6 63.5 1872. . 1 48.7 54.5 52.3 54.7 61.9 65.2 - _ 70.0 71.4 66.2 58.2 49.6 60 1 1873 49 4 4.1.2 | 49 8 52.7 62.2 68.0 72.2 70.4 09.8 67.7 54.9 44.3 59 1 1874 .' 49.5 47.7 51.2 56.4 64.1 71.8 75.5 73.8 76.6 60.5 58.9 51.6 61.5 1875 52.1 56 8 53.8 64.2 71 6 70.8 72.9 73.9 72.4 70.3 57.8 52.8 64.1 1876 48.3 47.7 * 50.6 55.6 64.2 75.4 70.3 '67.0 Til 67.0 58.1 49.8 60 5 1877 52.5 53.3 58.4 57 3 60 7 73.3 77.4 09.5 71.7 64.8 59 53.6 1878 54.5 54.7 59.1 63.0 65.3 70.2 73.4 76.3 67? 63.9 58.0 49.7 - 1879 52.1 59 9 60.2 62.0 61 7 72.2 72.6 77.6 7J.7 57 7 > 49.8 1880 . 51.8 47.7 54.8 57.2 63.5 64.9 72.2 70.5 TL7 64.6 54.0 53.* 1881 54.2 56 55.7 63.3 65.4 67 - - - 68.5 61 6 55.4 51 1 61.6 1882 4&1 48.1 54.5 56.7 62.3 62.1 70.1 - 66.8 - 55.8 56.3 59 7 1883t. f 9 45 2 58 3 55.6 61 9 71 - - . 69 5 59 7 44.6 51 2 - ( 1884 49.7 49.2 54.1 54.4 . - 67.6 67.5 63.3 60.2 55.5 59.0 57.8 1885 54.4 55.5 55.9 56.4 59.2 57.1 63.3 65.7 644 60.6 54.4 51.2 57.4 1886 45.7 54.4 51 54.8 60.8 68.1 70 1 72.4 68.5 61.6 53.3 57.4 59.8 M87 52.1 45.7 57 3 56.1 60 5 65.9 . . . 67 1 66.4 57 3 52.5 59 5 MM. . 46. 9 53.7 53.7 59.9 - - 64.0 1. 66.0 64.6 59.5 51.9 47.6 57 5 1889. . 45. 6 52.8 57 2 59 62 3 64.9 . - - - 68.0 . 58.8 46.9 59 1890 42.8 49.0 52.9 55.4 57.5 61.0 69 9 71.9 70.2 56.8 52.9 - - 1891 .. 50.5 49. 1 ' 57 2 55.5 - - - 74.3 72.3 66.6 61.6 54.6 47 5 59 C 1MB 49 1 52.8 54.8 55.0 - 64.0 67 59.5 56.2 48.9 58.7 1893. 44 3 49 1 50.2 . - - 64.3 - 68.9 w. 59 2 54 3 51 8 57 5 1894 46.3 49.0 49 9 55.5 59 7 62.0 69 5 71.1 - 60.7 56.7 49.4 58.3 1895. I 47 2 51 3 52.7 55.7 60 8 69 7 - 69 3 64.3 - 53.8 47 3 58.7 1896 51.9 53.3 54 3 52.3 9.1 . - 74.4 68.4 mm*m 64.4 60.2 51.2 52.6 1897 ' 45 5 49 7 48.1 59 6 64 3 - . 7> j me - 577 ' 52.5 51 2 1898 49 1 53.1 51 57 8 54.6 62.9 61 9 59 4 59 2 51 5 48.4 56. 1899 '. 514 50.6 51 54.8 55.1 68.1 61 7 . - 67 3 59 4 55.5 46.5 - 19110. 48.6 MLS 53.8 - 65 1 64 7 60 3 53.6 50.5 57 9 Mean t30 yean) 49 3 51 6 53.8 61 4 67 6 - 69 6 . . 54.9 50 5 59 7 LOCAL CLMATOLOGT. 143 HOTTHLY AXIi AJTSTTAI. MI r ATK '.V IXCHXS- Ml. JLJNKBawaSBl. Mk. Mi. Apr. - - : - j_e . . - 4.61 .! L* . - LB7 2.K 4. OS 4.3CI '. a*c a. a a a* s.e 7.16 i. L47 2.44 l. 1.M 1.2* a& r 4. ft.* LMI t.78 iffl 1.78 *.* l.W LA 2.62 Lt 1.72 -L* | ti.CS 2.6 5u2 S.SC - fi.24 LM 11. S a ac: ' LJi - 4-lf 2. LOS ILK S.12 . J. Lie L 6.17 j l. fi.M ! 4. W L3 | U.7* .W , 2.7U &.M 1.11 . tl.C ait . a*e aw .3 LS4 .a . ; i. a L j 2.H 2.711 ll. 1.2* . 2.K . 3.> . .; am .ffl ; 2.2S | a* I a* ' L; . U.Mt l.i ; 1.56 ! L2S i 1.11 aa a a at* ae ILK a cv b.W 1.11) a . . I as: a aw ' . ] . ' . as- ant I a* ; . a . a a aa . ii aw a a a aD a LH .< a* . a : .* aw .* j aw aw aw : ami aw aw T- a . T. aw . L7 1.3B L27 aa aw La: LJI i_a - . 7.a L2 L*t ' as aw aw T. j am j a aw a is < . | T. . aw . aw ai* a aw aw aw aw a .n> aw aw ' L LM ai a ami aw aw aw .- aw a-w L6 LS XM aw a L aw L15 ' 1.W .!6 a 4.K i.a> . L L an a . 2.2 2.W Lie 4.*- 1L S.S7 .# a . - - L 7-75 i.X a* a 44 .22 * 2.21 .e t 4.42 7.27 2.14 s LJI I Si L L* - . U.C .- - a - 9b j taurv L2 U.aC ti Jf- (I. CD (I. IS 1.76 MAMMOTH TANK. - p . Mammoth Tank is rihated in Ike eastern portion of San Diego County, on the K of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and in the southern portion of the Colondo desert, in britodp 33 v7. longitude lid- IT 7 ; elevation above level, 257 feet. ".": .- : :..; : .: - ,--..--. . - - _. . - . ,, - . ---.:.-.--., years, is 76. The warmest month is July, with a mean temperature of S&S 1 , and the coldest January. 53.9. Tbe h%best temperatxire leuwiled WH 190% on Angus* 17, 1885, and the lowest ? : . in December. 1SK. makiiig an abepinfte range of 1OS. Temperatures of 14MP and over have beat recorded in every month except Janaanr, Febroary. November, and Decem- ber, and temperatures of 90 and above in every month of the year. Temperature* of 1M- and over hare oocurred in fire month* Itay. Jane. July. Augra*. and September. Temperatures of Si 1 and below bare uuuuied in January. February, and December. The n>ean annual rainfall for twenty-three jean is 1.81 inches: the greatest annual. 5.48 fell in 1889. and the least, a trace, in 1897 and 1898. The greatest monthly rainfall was - inches, in December. 1889. Jams has been practically a rainless month, no appreciable aiA^dui^1h^wtamlhmmdo^jtncKonxntxemty-Ar^yemt^ 144 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1878 76 80 96 102 106 112 116 118 114 108 94 91 1879 92 104 108 108 117 119 119 115 104 90 78 1880 . .. 78 78 84 102 104 115 114 114 114 100 88 80 1881 75 96 101 104 104 111 116 112 110 99 78 79 1882 73 78 93 104 105 112 119 118 118 112 90 84 1883 84 92 100 118 129 121 118 122 97 % 86 1884 74 86 86 101 113 128 126 128 115 105 96 84 1885 83 91 95 105 124 118 127 130 124 113 94 84 1886 90 89 99 101 120 124 128 126 120 99 88 82 1887 80 86 101 107 112 128 128 115 110 100 92 75 1888 85 85 100 105 105 111 117 114 113 103 83 75 1889 75 80 91 106 110 110 120 119 108 108 81 72 1890 80 84 92 100 111 112 118 116 115 96 94 78 1891 84 72 90 104 105 120 121 116 113 106 88 79 1892 . . 80 82 89 98 110 116 120 115 110 99 86 84 1893 80 82 93 100 106 112 115 113 106 96 85 81 1894. . 75 82 96 100 102 105 115 110 108 100 92 . 68 1895 72 85 95 98 109 113 114 117 106 98 83 81 1896 80 88 100 90 114 122 117 116 110 104 85 76 1897 74 83 87 107 110 110 115 118 108 90 87 75 1898 78 87 88 109 108 116 120 118 111 101 92 76 1899 80 85 90 100 105 118 118 111 112 100 86 78 1900 79 85 95 96 106 110 115 111 101 95 88 80 f 90 96 104 109 124 129 1-j.s 130 124 113 96 91 I 1886 1881 1879 1898 1885 1883 1886 1886 1885 1885 1883 1878 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1878 30 42 44 46 60 58 82 87 70 57 40 32 1879 42 51 52 64 69 80 88 72 60 42 30 1880 32 34 40 48 62 80 74 76 68 58 38 34 1881. 38 40 40 60 66 70 88 72 70 58 44 42 1882 28 32 36 50 63 58 80 86 67 63 44 32 1883 25 38 61 55 59 77 75 80 72 50 42 40 1884 33 30 48 52 62 73 78 85 70 53 54 40 1886 39 49 50 58 65 74 77 78 70 62 50 44 1886 37 50 48 60 64 72 84 80 80 59 42 40 1887 30 38 54 57 68 84 78 70 70 64 34 32 1888 27 40 45 55 55 70 80 83 80 62 45 40 1889 30 30 50 54 56 67 80 81 73 55 38 38 1890. 29 41 50 60 65 72 78 75 75 52 52 40 1891 28 31 48 j 56 60 60 75 85 70 62 37 25 1892.. 29 33 46 51 58 60 76 71 70 58 40 26 1893 32 32 40 50 58 75 81 81 60 58 39 37 1894 27 33 40 58 62 68 85 80 65 50 40 37 1895 35 42 50 54 60 60 80 70 70 60 36 22 1896 31 32 40 50 61 75 85 73 63 52 40 35 1897 38 40 47 52 65 70 81 82 75 57 42 32 1898 30 47 50 55 60 80 90 90 75 61 44 33 1899 35 29 50 53 50 60 70 75 80 50 50 36 1900 41 35 57 50 59 62 80 82 62 58 49 32 Absolute minimum and year 25 29 40 ,i 50 50 74 70 60 50 34 22 1 1883 1899 (") 1878 1899 1892 1880 61887 1893 (") 1887 1895 a Several years. 6 Also in 1895. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 145 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). [Elevation, 257 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 56 61 7 67 8 7"> 3 82.3 90 7 98 105 90 9 78 5 1879 56.2 67.8 75 77 7 77 9 93 g 99 103.0 95 3 78 6 64.6 53 3 78 5 1880 55 9 54.4 61 73 83.0 95 5 | . 96 5 90 8 76 9 601 T= 1881 54.4 63.2 63.8 76 9 84.0 92.1 98 1 94 3 87 3 74.3 59 9 56 6 1882 48.3 53.7 62.4 74.0 83 5 90 3 100 9 100 92.4 77 64.2 62 2 75.7 1883 54.3 58.4 74.4 73.4 82.5 99 4 97 6 99 i 94.2 74.1 64 9 60 77 7 77. / 1884 54.7 59.0 58.9 68.8 85 9*> 9 99 8 100 1 89 9 80 3 66 9 54.5 75 9 1885 54 5 64 4 67 76 8 85 90 2 98 6 98 2 90 5 . ' ' . . 61 3 7 1 1886 ... . 56.7 66.7 66 3 75.9 90 8 95 7 10 9 102 3 96 7 77 2 6 3 60 8 79 5 1887 57.7 58.0 78.4 80.4 91.2 100 2 100 5 90 4 88 4 80 4 65 8 51 78 5 1888 49.6 59.4 63.0 - - . 93 4 97 2 96 93 9 78 6 61 3 5 75 8 1889 51.2 56.5 67.1 79.3 84 2 90 3 100 2 .. . 88 6 77 4 63,0 57 76 1 1890 50.4 59.0 69 1 77 8 83 6 88 7 95 2 93 i 90 9 74 9 68 3 59 75 8 1891 54.9 53.2 65.3 77.1 81 2 92.3 101 7 99 1 9 6 81 7 64 .- 75 9 1892 52.1 57 3 64.3 74.8 84.6 - - 93 90 2 86 4 - - 64 4 73 1893 . . . 57.1 56.7 61.5 75.6 84.3 97 1 99 96 - - 74.7 60 1 56 6 75 1891 50 8 52 6 63 6 75 4 83 3 86 1 96 5 94.6 88 2 76 9 65 5 51 1 1895 50.9 58.6 64.4 76 3 81 6 88 2 93 7 90 3 86.5 77 H ; 51 2 73 3 1896 56.4 61.6 67.1 68.2 - . 93 8 102.8 97 4 87 4 78.6 63 7 57 3 76 4 1897 55.2 57.9 61 79 1 88 7 92.6 99 4 103 3 90 6 74 1 63.7 53 6 1898. . 50.4 56.1 63.8 78.5 80 6 97 5 101 8 10L6 9 9 75 5 60 51 4 75 8 1899 54 6 60 65 2 74 3 77 7 90 1 97 8 91 91 73 o 65 4 55 6 1900. 58.2 59.6 69.6 67.6 82 89 7 95 3 93 80 73 8 67 4 57 3 74.5 Mean (23 vears) 53.9 58.9 66.1 75 4 83 6 9 5 98 5 - 90 76 8 63 8 55 4 76.0 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1878 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.00 00 51 65 00 00 09 1 42 1879 0.00 0.55 0.00 00 00 00 00 00 00 68 28 13 1 rU 1880 0.08 0.00 0.15 0.02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 7 97 1881 0.00 00 22 - 00 00 28 88 00 26 00 00 2 44 1882 1.29 0.00 00 0.00 00 00 00 20 00 50 20 00 19 1883 00 75 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00 1 22 ()> 1884 T. 1.36 0.22 0.07 19 00 00 T 00 00 00 87 2.71 1885 00 02 00 00 00 00 T 62 00 00 1 01 00 1 65 1886 0.57 0.20 0.25 0.05 00 00 00 01 00 01 00 4 1 33 1887 00 1 38 00 18 00 00 00 00 33 03 20 05 9 12 1888. 0.05 0.07 0.05 03 01 00 40 10 00 43 73 87 2.74 1S89 6 03 1 37 00 00 OQ 00 00 00 17 11 3.18 5 43 1890 00 0.54 00 00 00 00 10 OQ 12 30 00 54 1 60 1891 00 2.73 00 02 00 00 00 1 65 00 00 00 4 4C 1892 28 42 50 00 00 00 00 10 10 10 00 00 1 51" 1893 0.05 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.30 00 00 00 00 00 35 02 1 8 1894 00 00 00 00 00 00 T 06 36 T 00 1 22 1 6 1 - 1895 0.80 T. T. 0.00 00 T 00 00 00 00 12 00 92 1896 T 00 25 00 00 00 00 01 T T T 00 26 1807 T. T. T 00 00 00 00 00 T T 00 T T 1898 T. 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 T T T 1899 0.06 00 00 00 00 00 15 1 10 00 00 23 T 1 54 1900 0.15 0.00 0.25 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 20 26 00 00 1 16 Average (23 vears) 0.17 0.35 0.19 0.06 0.02 T. 06 23 05 12 14 40 1 81 OAKLAND. The thriving city of Oakland is located on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. in latitude 37- 48' north, longitude 122 = 17' west, with elevations varying from 9 to 50 feet above sea level. It is the chief suburb of San Francisco, and has a population of about 75,000. The temperature and precipitation data following are from records kept by Messrs. J. B. McChesney, J. Hutch- inson. J. B. Trembly, and Prof. Charles Burckhalter. of Chabot Observatory. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering twenty -five years, is 56 C . practi- cally the same as that of San Francisco. A comparison of the maximum and minimum tempera- tures of the two cities, however, shows that as a rule the days are warmer and the nights cooler 1176 Bull. L 03 10 146 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. in Oakland than in San Francisco. July is the wannest month, with a mean of 61.8, and Janu- ary the coolest, 47.6. The temperature seldom exceeds 90 and rarely falls below 32. The average annual precipitation is 24.96 inches, or nearly 2 inches more than that of San Francisco. January and December are the months of heaviest rainfall. Kain seldom falls during the summer months. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1876 45.4 50.5 52.1 54.8 56.5 61.6 60.0 59.6 60.4 58.7 54.3 47.3 55.1 1877 WI.6 53.3 55.8 53.9 55.8 61.6 61.4 60.5 61.8 57.2 54.0 49.5 56.3 1878 50.0 50.8 54.0 55.3 57.9 69.3 59.2 59.6 58.2 58.5 53.4 46.5 55.2 1879 45.1 52.2 55.9 56.0 56.6 70.5 59.5 59.6 60.6 68.2 51.4 46.2 56.0 1880 43.9 46.1 47.6 52.6 57.5 57.8 59.5 65.6 59.3 58.1 50.8 51.6 54.2 1881 51.6 53.5 53.2 57.5 58.3 59.4 69.3 60.4 59.2 54.6 50.5 48.2 56.3 1882 46.4 45.8 52.0 52.6 57.8 59.2 60.6 60.4 60.7 57.6 51.0 49.7 54.5 1883 43.7 45.2 52.5 52.5 57.1 63.0 60.3 60.2 63.3 56.8 52.6 46.8 54.5 1884 47.0 48.3 53.2 54.3 59.3 60.8 63.4 61.5 59.4 56.4 55.4 51.2 55.8 1885 49.1 54.1 56.9 58.1 59.0 59.7 63.0 61.0 61.9 59.9 56.8 52.4 57.7 1886 49.4 54.6 51.3 54.4 59.4 60.8 62.8 61.2 61.1 57.0 62.2 52.0 56.4 1887 494. 46.1 53.9 54.8 57.3 59.6 57.5 58.5 60.7 61.0 53.4 49.5 55.1 1888 46.4 52.3 52.2 57.3 57.0 63.1 62.2 61.6 62.0 60.2 55.7 52.3 56.8 1889 47.7 51.4 56.9 59.0 59.0 61.3 59.8 61.0 63.2 61.1 57.0 49.9 57.3 1890 45.2 47.7 54.3 54.9 59.7 59.5 61.6 62.2 61.2 61.8 57.2 49.5 56.2 1891 51.2 49.4 53.5 63.4 55.3 60.4 61.2 63.0 62.2 58.7 56.9 48.~7 56 2 1892 52.2 50.0 63.3 53.6 58.4 62.2 63.8 64.1 63.0 58.2 53.5 49.4 56.8 1893 42.3 48.7 50.9 64.4 57.7 62.3 62.0 61.3 61.8 58.0 54.0 51.0 55 4 1894 44.7 47.8 51.6 57.0 58.6 60.6 59.0 59.4 60.6 69.0 55.9 48.8 55.2 1895 47.2 52.1 50.6 56.4 59.0 60.0 63.1 58.7 61.6 56.0 53.9 46.9 55 5 1896 51.0 53.4 54.7 53.6 58.3 61.5 64.0 63.2 58.0 58.2 51.0 49.3 56.4 1897 46.1 49.1 49.0 59.8 61.0 64.0 63.0 61.5 63.0 58.2 50.7 47.5 56:0 1898 44.2 51.4 51.3 56.9 56.6 63.7 62.0 61.6 60.7 60.0 53.2 46.9 55. 7 1899 ... . 51.0 50.7 52.6 56.3 57.0 61.8 60.8 62.0 60.6 57.3 65.2 47.8 56.1 1900 49 8 52 56 8 65 7 61.8 63.8 64 9 64.8 64 7 59.2 56.2 50.0 58 3 47 6 50 3 53 55 4 58.1 61.5 61 8 61 3 61 2 58.4 53.8 49.2 56 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1874 5.60 1.80 5.25 1.25 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.24 9.18 0.31 26.38 1875 6.15 0.30 1.65 0.00 0.10 1.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 7.84 4.10 22 08 1876 5.28 4 87 4 55 93 45 24 10 00 15 4.74 0.25 00 21 56 1877.. 4.19 1.42 0.96 0.22 0.30 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.45 1.62 1.75 11 09 1878 10.82 11 63 4 30 1 18 40 T 00 00 00 1 85 65 31 31 14 1879 . . 4.34 5 65 7.96 1.17 1.39 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 2.98 5.06 29 40 1880 1.71 2 19 1 70 8 46 1 04 00 00 00 67 00 35 12 57 28 59 1881 10.48 3 95 0.88 1.40 6.40 1.16 'o.oo 0.00 0.40 0.82 1.49 5.09 26 07 1882 2.42 2 05 4 20 1 51 15 T- 00 00 42 2 65 4.33 1 14 18 87 1883 1 95 70 3 33 "* 20 50 00 00 00 1 00 1 03 90 1 15 15 76 1884.. 3.81 5 25 8 59 6 79 55 3 03 T 25 35 2 80 05 7 73 38 20 1885 1 92 48 1 07 3 12 10 08 O 9 00 05 30 11 11 4 33 22 58 1886 8.12 30 257 5 11 30 00 15 00 05 1 69 45 3 60 22 24 1887 1 57 7 83 71 2 35 10 05 01 00 27 00 78 3 22 16 89 1888 6.42 1 02 4 44 10 38 46 00 00 92 06 3 52 4 82 22 14 1889 90 63 7 60 93 1 92 07 00 00 00 7 30 2 89 13 38 35 62 1890 10 22 5 72 3 52 1 18 1 17 T T T 10 00 00 3 91 25 82 1891... 95 11 37 3 10 2 77 1 go 11 15 00 87 20 55 6 64 28 31 1892 2.81 3 68 2 89 1 09 2 49 00 T T 04 2 51 5 04 6 47 26 52 1893 3 68 3 25 5 76 98 34 00 00 00 03 29 5 76 2 57 22 66 1894 9.02 3 70 79 41 1 89 95 01 00 1 66 2 64 1 34 11 78 34 19 1895 11 32 3 09 2 00 1 93 1 12 00 03 00 1 07 13 2 09 1 74 24 52 1896 11 03 24 2 64 6 88 80 00 68 82 1 72 6 11 4 ^9 35 21 1S97 3 32 6 99 6 00 52 29 42 T T 16 3 27 1 18 2 49 93 64 1898 1 30 2 85 26 19 1 50 39 00 T 1 16 1 48 60 11 21 1899 6.59 07 12 16 78 1 64 06 00 00 00 4 89 5 65 3 9 34 04 1900 4 81 87 2 67 1 48 1 07 08 00 T 06 1 60 5 00 1 58 19 22 Average (27 years) . . 5 16 3 37 3 76 2 00 95 33 02 03 38 1 69 3 03 4 25 24 96 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 147 REDLANDS. Redlands is situated in latitude 34 31' north, longitude 117 C 11' west. The elevation above sea level. 1,352 feet. The city is surrounded by mountains and nestles on the southern slope of the San Bernardino Valley. Within a distance of 15 miles are a number of towns and small cities of which may be mentioned San Bernardino, Colton, Riverside, Loma Linda, Highland, and Craftonville. Mount San Bernardino and Mount San Gorgonio, two of the highest peaks in southern California, wall in the valley to the north. The distance from Los Angeles by rail is 66 miles. The city is generally conceded to be one of the most beautiful in southern California. The mean annual temperature is 64, which is about 2 warmer than Los Angeles. The prevailing wind direction is west. Owing to proximity of the mountains and the desert, the range of temperature is large. Maximum temperatures exceeding 105 C are not infrequent during summer afternoons, but it must be remembered that the relative humidity is very low. The highest temperature recorded since 1897 is 113 on July 11, 1897. The lowest temperature for the same period, 26 on January 1, 1901. Owing to the topography, however, lower temperatures may have been experienced within short distances from the point of observation. The annual rainfall, as determined from twelve years' record, is 14.70 inches. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1893 54.2 50.7 51.9 58.7 66.0 73.1 77.0 77.5 68.4 62.2 54.0 53.6 61.4 1894 46.8 46.7 52.1 61.9 63.2 68.4 80.1 77.9 71.4 67.1 62.1 52.6 62.5 1895 47.7 62.3 55.7 62.0 68.2 73.7 72.6 76.7 68.9 65.0 60.4 52.9 63.0 1896 53.5 52.9 57.8 57.8 66.2 80.2 82.3 78.9 73.0 68.8 56.5 53.0 65.1 1897 48.7 48.2 49.9 63.0 69.3 74.7 82.2 83.0 71.7 60.4 57.1 49.7 63.2 1898 45.0 54.4 54.8 67.2 66.0 77.1 77.6 81.1 76.8 69.0 $8.2 52.4 65.0 1899 53.4 54.6 54.8 62.2 60.8 70.6 77.6 73.4 79.0 63.6 60.4 55.9 63.9 1900 56.8 57.6 60.8 55.9 66.6 72.2 77.0 71.6 67.6 63.9 62.4 55.9 64.0 Mean (8 vears) 50.8 52.2 M. 7 61.1 65.8 73.8 78.3 72.1 65.0 58.9 53.2 63.5 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). 1889 0.68 1.47 5.70 0.99 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.31 1.50 0.52 13.72 25.75 1890 4. 69 3.03 0.89 0.16 0.68 0.00 0.00 2.16 0.88 0.29 0.00 3.02 15.80 1891 0.00 9.28 1.19 0.91 1.10 0.23 0.00 1.63 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.51 16.82 1892 87 4 37 2.06 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.63 1.58 9.67 1893 3.02 3.93 7.22 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.69 0.95 0.50 3.46 20.24 1894 1 43 1 04 1 01 25 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.17 0.07 0.00 7.38 12.08 1895 8.66 1.30 3.29 1.37 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 2.03 0.52 17.77 1896 , 1.52 0.24 3.96 0.01 1.14 0.06 0.01 2.00 0.00 1.72 2.07 1.37 14.10 1897 ' 5 11 5 83 3.00 0.14 0.63 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.83 2.38 0.16 0.70 18.84 1898 .. ' 1.96 0.79 0.99 0.31 2.15 0. 00 0. 10 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.22 0.62 7.18 1899 j 1 92 71 1 50 0.08 24 0. 87 0. 00 0.04 0.05 0.65 1.28 0.46 7.80 1900 . .,1.20 T. 0.78 2.03 1.41 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.50 0.53 3.88 0.00 10.37 Mean (12 vears) .. ' 2.59 2.67 2.63 0.55 0.76 0.10 0.04 0.52 0.37 .. 2.86 14.70 RIVERSIDE. Riverside is situated in latitude 33 58' 30" north, longitude 117 22' 30" west. The elevation above sea level, 851 feet. The city lies in the valley of the Santa Ana River and is surrounded by hills and mountains. Riverside is said to be the largest orange-growing com- munity in the United States. The city is a large one in area, approximating 56 square miles. About 35 square miles are under irrigation. The mean annual temperature is 63 C , and the mean annual rainfall 10 inches. Afternoon temperatures in summer are high, often exceeding 105. The highest recorded temperature since 1897 was 112 on September 11, 1898. The lowest temperature, 2 44.0 44.9 52.4 54.7 62.8 60.8 63.0 59.5 60.1 54.9 49.2 50.9 54.8 1883 44.3 48.0 54.8 54.9 68.2 64.4 62.5 61.9 62.0 56.0 50.8 49.4 56.4 1884 46 5 49.3 53.9 56.4 63.3 63.9 63.4 63 1 61.4 58.9 52.7 49.0 56 8 1885 47.6 49.0 53.7 61.0 61.3 61.7 63.4 61.2 62.4 54.0 51.9 49.8 56.6 1886 47.9 52.0 49.8 55.2 61.8 58.4 62.7 66.1 63.5 56.5 49.2 51.8 56.2 1887 47. 7 45.2 55.1 54.6 60.5 64.2 60.1 59.3 60.3 61.1 51.3 45.8 55 4 1888 ! 44.1 49.7 48.6 56.2 58.1 68.4 66.2 60.3 59.3 57.3 50.8 52.2 55.9 1889 44 47 8 53.9 57.8 59.0 60.1 60.3 60.0 65.0 58.4 53.6 51.2 55 9 1890 - 43.9 46.2 51.7 55.7 57.5 58.8 63.1 60.4 60.8 59.9 50.8 49.3 54.8 1891 47.6 47.1 52.7 53.1 57.9 64.5 63.1 6L7 57.9 52.9 51.7 44.6 55.0 1892 47 5 50.5 53 4 57.3 64.4 62.1 63.4 62.6 59.8 53.0 49.5 47.5 55.9 1893 . J 47.1 45.1 47.7 50.0 61.2 64.6 63.9 64.8 63.1 56.6 56.9 49.7 55.9 1894 47.9 49.6 50.6 5L6 54.7 60.2 63.6 64.7 63.1 56.3 53.0 49.5 55.4 1895 46 5 53.9 55.9 58.4 62.1 63.3 63.4 60.4 61.7 58.0 50.3 45.5 56.6 1896 51.8 51.8 52.7 48.3 58.5 55.3 60.5 63.4 62.0 56.3 51.1 47.7 55.0 1897 44.7 43 9 44.1 58.7 61.0 67.6 65.8 65.6 63.1 59.2 50.6 48.2 56.0 1898 45.4 55.2 53.4 58.0 55.7 63.2 63.3 64.0 61.0 61.7 51.8 46.4 56.6 1899 50. 6 52.4 54.1 58.3 60.8 61.4 66.5 60.4 58.6 55.5 60.5 58.6 58.1 Mean 47.7 50.1 52. 5 55.7 59.9 61.9 62.6 61.6 61.1 57.1 52.6 49.5 56.0 150 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1872 47 54 56 52 47 36 32 22 1873 36 30 36 63 62 46 30 35 36 1874 31 32 33 43 45 50 52 52 48 46 33 23 1876 28 32 32 33 48 49 52 51 50 39 38 31 1876 30 30 32 40 44 40 61 52 51 42 35 31 1877 21 25 37 44 47 52 54 54 50 35 34 34 1878 30 28 37 41 48 51 51 52 50 42 30 26 1879 26 29 32 44 45 52 52 53 50 42 30 20 1880 25 25 32 41 44 49 52 52 45 41 28 38 1881 32 36 32 45 45 52 52 51 44 31 29 33 1882 22 28 32 42 44 53 53 52 50 40 30 28 1883 20 24 44 40 45 53 54 52 50 38 29 32 1884 30 25 34 44 50 54 53 54 45 37 40 26 1885 33 32 36 41 50 51 54 57 46 38 30 32 1886 29 38 35 38 49 ftl 52 54 46 39 31 39 1887 28 29 33 40 44 50 43 53 47 42 28 32 1888 22 35 30 42 51 51 54 52 47 40 31 38 1889 28 30 43 48 50 51 53 52 48 44 38 35 1890 30 30 38 47 48 50 58 55 52 42 40 40 1891 30 32 42 44 48 55 54 51 46 40 40 25 1892 32 38 42 47 48 54 55 52 52 34 36 30 1893 36 32 38 42 54 55 56 52 55 40 39 35 1894 26 34 37 40 45 50 54 52 50 44 38 32 1895 32 38 40 48 49 52 50 50 50 42 35 30 1896 29 36 37 35 45 40 45 53 52 45 32 36 1897 36 35 35 40 50 52 50 51 50 40 32 25 1898 27 31 32 43 45 51 50 52 50 49 31 27 1899 27 31 40 48 50 50 55 50 45 40 40 33 f M 24 30 33 44 40 1876 43 1 50 f 1895 44 I 30 28 ( 1880 20 I 1 1883 1883 1888 1875 () 1896 \ 1887 | 1899 \ 1881 1873 1 1887 \ 1879 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 1872 84 90 71 79 80 87 82 80 1873 76 70 84 90 78 79 76 87 84 66 1874 66 66 70 70 82 79 77 76 88 85 75 73 1875 66 71 78 80 77 78 70 76 77 79 70 68 1876 62 69 73 79 68 79 76 75 8 9 76 81 76 1877 77 73 70 64 70 88 76 79 87 79 78 69 1878 67 63 74 72 70 71 70 71 76 85 78 80 1879 64 72 80 70 75 10 78 72 87 80 90 75 71 1880 74 64 65 64 87 76 72 70 71 86 83 70 1881 68 75 78 76 73 74 86 70 78 70 74 72 1882 65 66 76 70 72 71 72 73 74 81 75 76 1883 66 81 84 68 85 94 74 78 96 76 75 75 1884 65 76 72 72 80 7 75 76 75 84 80 66 1885 70 75 82 82 76 73 73 76 8 1886 68 73 68 75 77 71 76 78 88 69 80 78 1887 70 72 82 70 70 78 7 70 78 78 1888 63 74 70 79 75 84 1889 64 76 77 76 87 75 78 75 78 65 1890 59 63 67 71 1891 62 62 65 64 76 90 90 90 70 65 68 64 1892 62 6 9 70 75 75 85 1893 58 62 70 6 70 75 80 80 74 76 70 65 1894 63 62 65 65 85 1895 62 78 72 78 1896 68 78 70 68* 95 78 6i 1897 55 62 60 to 92 1898 68 77 68 80 70 76 1899 72 75 75 76 75 76 Absolute maximum and date f " 81 84 r 1873 84 95 94 92 94 96 95 88 80 1 1877 1883 1883 1890 1896 1883 1897 1894 1883 1890 1895 1878 "Several years. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HCNDREDTHS). 151 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Annual. 1873 3.40 2.12 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.20 4.25 10.97 1874 3.42 1.03 2.15 95 00 00 00 00 00 1.83 1.42 00 10 80 1875 4.30 0.15 0.40 1.42 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 5.17 1.98 14.02 1876 6 16 3.55 4 52 1 42 T 00 00 00 0.05 1 04 05 T 16.79 1877 2.54 0.16 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.00 T T. 0.00 0.12 1.00 2.39 6.81 1878 7 05 8.77 2.57 1 92 T 00 00 T 05 60 20 35 21 51 1879 2.42 2.81 1.85 1.69 0.82 0.15 00 0.00 T 1 05 1.08 2.28 14 15 1880 1.65 1.16 1.64 3.90 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.57 5.56 14.94 1881 3 32 2.32 1 26 66 00 38 00 0.00 10 28 67 1 24 10 23 1882 17R 2.31 4.86 1.01 0.49 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.38 1.43 65 0.90 14 00 1883 91 0.95 1 28 1 98 00 00 00 19 1 19 25 1 95 10 96 1884 1 70 4 49 5 09 3.05 72 2.66 00 18 11 1 79 28 4 46 24 53 1885 1.09 0.05 0.19 1.21 0.12 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.08 6 60 1.30 10.71 1886 5.10 1.47 2.16 3 83 20 00 T 00 00 62 82 0.72 14.92 1887 0.75 4.73 0.54 1 63 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.00 98 2.16 11 57 1888 4 15 0.53 3 28 00 89 00 00 00 56 00 1 64 2 20 13.25 1889 0.65 1.65 3.33 95 0.68 00 ' 00 0.00 00 4 20 2.41 8.72 22.59 1890 6.19 3.03 1.79 0.60 0.65 0.00 0.00 T. 0.29 0.00 0.44 05 15.04 1891 75 4.28 1.05 2.93 40 00 00 00 12 30 20 5 40 15 43 1892 0.48 1.48 2.78 0.88 1.29 00 0.00 0.00 116 86 2.26 4 30 14.49 1893 98 2.93 5.12 1 25 17 00 00 00 30 02 63 1 53 12 93 1894 5.07 3.30 0.58 0.45 1.53 29 00 0.00 95 1 06 45 4 95 18 63 1895 5.05 1.33 2.07 0.94 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 1.00 0.88 12.09 1896 5.80 0.00 1.50 2.40 47 00 00 36 00 1 20 2.64 1 75 16 12 1897 0.55 3.07 3.80 0.35 0.00 0.30 00 00 0.55 1.45 43 0.82 11 32 1896 73 1.58 91 22 1 08 30 00 00 14 27 31 1 40 6 94 1899 3.94 0.50 4.19 0.72 0.71 00 0.00 00 00 1 14 2.77 I 1 62 15 59 ,\ VPTflgp . . , 2.97 2 21 2 26 1 32 50 17 T 02 18 78 1 30 2.41 14.12 SALTON. [Data from records of Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Salton is situated in the Colorado Desert, near the southern line of Riverside County, on the borders of Salton or Old Dry Lake, about 100 miles northwest of Yuma, and is 263 feet below sea level. The highest temperature in the past four years was 126 3 , July 13, 1900, and the low- est 20 C . December 16, 1897. The total rainfall in the last twelve years was only 30.77 inches, an average of 2.56 inches annually. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Ang. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Annual. 1889 64. 67. 9 67.8 79.8 79.2 92.5 95.3 95.6 86.9 74.2 61 9 57 5 7fi Q 1890 ! 50.4 57.3 65.4 73.4 81.7 88.6 97.2 89.3 87.9 72.6 62.7 58 2 73.7 1891 53.5 53.3 66.9 73.0 78.7 86.9 97.1 96.1 86.7 77.3 62.4 53.2 73 8 UK 53.2 i 59.3 66.9 73.5 82.8 .. . 94.6 96 5 92.9 81 70 3 57 8 76 5 1893 . ' 58.4 | 60.7 66.1 77.5 79.2 95.9 98.7 98 9 90.7 79 4 70 7 66 3 78.5 1894 53.2 54.6 68.6 80.4 84.1 90.3 100.1 99.3 91.4 82.7 68.3 54.2 77 2 1895 50:9 60.2 67.8 80.1 90.1 96.4 96.5 97 9 91 4 82.7 69 9 60 2 78 7 1896 63.6 ' 65.6 69.4 74.0 84.1 100.6 101.2 98 2 87.3 85 3 70 8 56 4 79 7 1897 54.0 53.8 59.2 79.1 94.0 98.6 107.0 107.4 99.0 79.0 68.7 52 5 79 4 MM . 49. 1 49.6 57.8 82.1 73.3 93.7 100.0 98 4 92 4 -- 59 1 46 2 73 3 1899 51.9 i 57.7 62.6 75.2 76.6 94.0 102.1 95.8 99 9 78 1 69 6 57 8 76 8 1900 65 7 65 9 74.0 70.3 93 5 99 4 97 90 9 85 8 78 9 67 3 53.0 78 7 Means (12 vears) 55.7 i 58.8 66.0 76.5 83.1 93.8 98.9 97.2 91.0 79.1 66 8 56 1 76 9 . 152 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 0.49 5.12 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.15 0.13 3.79 11.19 1890 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.37 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.32 2.64 1891 0.00 1.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.87 1892 2.75 0.43 0.60 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3. 8 1893 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.71 T. 2.51 1894 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 1.30 1.53 1895 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. T. 0.00 T. 1896 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.uo 0.00 0.18 0.51 0.00 0.93 0.46 0.62 2.70 1897 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 1898 45 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 1.39 1899 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.14 0.11 T. 1.00 1900 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.01) 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.43 0.62 0.21 T. 0.07 T. 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.55 2.56 SAN BERNARDINO. By Dr. A. K. JOHNSON, Voluntary Observer. Quoting from Professor Davis, of Harvard College: "The average value of the atmospheric conditions of a region constitutes its climate. The most important climatic elements are, first, temperature; second, various forms of moisture, as vapor, cloudiness, and precipitation; then, wind in cyclonic storms. The pressure of the atmosphere is not a climatic element and needs not to be considered only with the division of the wind system." Taking up the study of San Bernardino climate under this division, the following tables will show the average temperature by months for the past nine years, together with the highest and lowest record and years in which it occurred: MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1892 52.9 53.4 56.5 59.0 64.4 67.7 73.5 75.0 70.6 61.4 57.8 50.4 61.9 1893 53.9 52.6 53.8. 58.8 64.1 71 72.3 75.6 67 61.0 54 52.0 61 3 1894 47.0 47.8 54.0 60.3 62.8 65.8 74.6 75.4 70.4 64.6 60.0 49.7 61.0 1895 47.7 54.2 55.4 59.2 66 3 70 4 76 74.0 69 8 64 6 56 3 51 62 1 1896 54.2 56.4 68.0 56.0 64.2 73.4 76.8 75.2 70.4 65.4 56.0 54.5 63.4 1897 50.8 49.7 51 2 62.0 66 69 74 8 77 4 71 3 60 3 56 6 50 2 61 6 1898 46 7 56 2 52 5 63 9 61 8 70 8 76 78 6 72 6 64 4 56 2 50 6 62 5 1899 52.7 53.4 '54.3 61 2 60 4 70 75 3 71 4 75 8 62 4 58 8 54 2 62 5 Mean 50.7 53.0 54.5 60.0 63 7 tl'l S 74 9 75 3 71 63 57 61 6 6 9 HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Month. Highest. Lowest. Month. Highest. Lowest. Date. Temper- ature. Date. Temper- ature. Date. Temper- ature. Date. Temper- ature. January 1898 a 1896 M893 1898 1896 1898 1898 83 85 89 102 102 107 107 1895 1891 1898 1896 1899 1894 <-1891 23 24 27 30 33 40 47 1898 1899 1899 1898 1895 108 dllO 100 92 84 1899 el893 1899 /1892 1891 42 42 33 29 23 February March October April May Annual July 110 23 a Also in 1898. 6 Also in 18%. e Also in 1893, 1895, 1899. <*The cause of high temperature was an approaching thunderstorm, a very unusual occurrence. Also in 1894. / Also in 1895, 1897. The daily variations are considerable, averaging 20, sometimes running as high as 50. This makes the nights always cool and pleasant, and the greatest variations are in the summer months. While the temperature is pretty high during the middle of the day, yet the dryness of LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 153 the atmosphere causes evaporation from the body, so the heat is not oppressive and sunstroke is unknown. Although it is more comfortable in the shade, yet the workmen are not bothered by the heat, as the writer observed some painters at work painting a tin roof without any serious inconvenience with the thermometer standing at 107 in the shade. The temperature should be compared with the humidity table, which will show how dry the atmosphere is during the hottest part of the day. The relative humidity was observed for three years, 1892, 1893, 1894. The following table will show the monthly average (per cent) at observations taken at 8 a. m., 12 m., and 8 p. m. : Month. Time of observation. Mean. Month. Time of observation. 8 a. m. '. 12 m. 1 8 p. m. 8 a. m. 12 m. 8 p. m. January 69.6 77.9 76.5 71.8 77.1 71.8 65.8 45.3 54.6 58.8 45.8 53.0 45.1 38.7 67.5 77.7 79.2 74.9 76.6 68.5 62.2 60.8 70.1 71.5 64.1 68.9 61.8 55.5 73.2 71.6 73.3 68.7 77.2 44.5 41.5 48.3 42.0 56.3 65.6 i 61.1 68.2 | 60.4 74.4 65.3 69.0 59.9 72. 7 68. 9 February March .- October April May Annual. July 72.9 47.8 71.4 64.0 It will be seen that the mean at 8 a. m. averages 72.9 per cent and 71. -i per cent at 8 p. m., while at noon it averages 47.8 per cent. This explains why invalids should not be out of the house before 8 or 9 a. m. and be in the house before 8 p. m. The rainfall each year is mostly during the winter months, although there are eight months that average over half an inch, the heaviest fall being in January. Instead of naming the seasons winter and summer, they are called the wet and dry seasons, but the season's rainfall is dated from Julj' 1 and continues until the next June 30. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1871 6.91 2.21 0.19 0.34 11 07 00 04 13 GO 88 3 91 15 39 1872 . .. 00 2 20 37 79 06 00 00 18 04 00 1 17 4 40 1873 6 50 1 25 51 84 21 00 00 1 06 02 01 5 73 1874 5 51 8 76 1 08 48 42 00 00 00 06 1 82 1 88 o 20 1875 7.20 0.15 22 07 05 00 00 00 00 00 7 50 15 1 1876 6 55 1 92 3 41 44 03 03 00 00 00 20 40 00 1877 3.50 4 03 83 26 30 00 00 00 00 86 50 3 95 14 23 1878 r> OO 6 68 2 57 1 71 66 07 07 00 14 05 4 70 1879 3 59 1 00 50 1 20 24 03 11 02 01 94 3 40 6 50 17 54 1880 1.56 1.33 1 45 5 00 04 00 00 00 00 14 67 8 80 18 99 1881 . 1 40 36 1 66 46 01 00 00 00 00 80 27 50 5 46 18*2 1.11 2.65 3 30 2 91 00 00 00 00 00 10 15 45 10 67 1883. . 1 60 1 10 2 82 2 95 00 00 19 00 09 2 63 1884 1 63 12 20 9 95 5 68 3 17 59 00 00 00 00 11 3 75 37 08 1885 2 79 11 28 1 89 1 69 19 00 00 39 1886 6 44 2 52 4 18 2 36 32 16 00 00 00 00 11 61 16 70 1887 39 6 44 4 41 1 90 42 22 11 1 17 1888 4 01 3 60 3 41 58 52 03 00 00 00 05 4 12 4 64 1889 0.93 1 50 6 55 2 05 1 13 00 17 63 11 2 30 2 23 10 85 28 45 1890 5 44 2 52 89 00 31 00 13 2 16 88 58 1 27 3 02 1891 0.00 7 78 06 53 1 67 00 00 91 93 T T 1 67 13 55 1892 3 24 3 30 1 75 37 2 10 08 00 00 1893 4 53 3 37 8 00 48 03 00 20 00 05 1 05 30 o 28 1894 1 26 88 1 15 40 56 00 00 16 7 25 1895 7 39 1 14 3 44 64 44 00 00 00 00 00 1 14 66 1896 2 02 00 2 92 37 1 00 00 T 17 1897.. 3 40 5 40 3 41 08 1898 2 10 60 97 48 1 08 00 1899... 2 03 51 3 22 07 Mean 3 32 2 95 o 53 1 22 154 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. The following table shows the average clear, fair, and cloudy days; also days on which 0.01 inch or more of rainfall occurred: Month. Clear. Partly cloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. Mouth. Clear. Partly cloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. 18 6 7 7 24 6 1 1 17 7 4 5 September 21 8 1 1 13 12 6 7 19 9 3 2 April 19 9 2 3 November 21 6 3 2 May 19 9 3 2 December 17 10 4 4 June 24 6 1 A 1 July 23 7 1 1 1 The prevailing direction of the wind is from the west and southwest in summer time; it drifts in from the ocean 60 miles away, greatly modifying the temperature. After the sun goes down a gentle breeze comes down from the mountains from the north and east, so that the air is hardly ever stagnant. During the fall and winter north winds are frequent, but are regarded as beneficial in puri- fying the atmosphere, the same as thunderstorms in the East. SANTA CRUZ. [Data from records of Mr. RALPH SPRINGER and the Southern Pacific Railway Company.] Santa Cruz, the county seat of Santa Cruz County, is an important city on Monterey Bav, about 80 miles south of San Francisco, in latitude 37 north, longitude 122 02' west; elevation about 18 feet above sea level. The mean annual temperature, based upon records covering twenty-eight years, is 58.2, or about 2 higher than San Francisco. The warmest month is August, with a mean temperature above 64, but June, July, and September all have temperatures exceeding 63. The coolest month in the year is January, with a mean of 51.1. It is apparent that the temperatures are very equable. The winter months are pleasant. The average annual precipitation during the past twenty-three years is 26.97 inches, or nearly 4 inches more than the rainfall at San Francisco. December and January are the months of greatest rainfall, and more than half of the annual rainfall occurs during December, January, and February. The annual rainfall has varied from 13 inches to 44 inches. More, than 20 inche* of rain have fallen during eighteen of the twenty-three years. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). 155 Year. , Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M.y. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1873 86 51 9 57 58 9 82.4 64 7 63 2 66 61 3 58 4 55 3 53 2 59 1874 ^ 51.6 54.0 55.2 62.0 64.7 66 1 66 6 66 8 65 4 57 1 62.8 50 9 60 3 1875 50.0 54.4 49.5 60.4 65.2 64.4 64.3 68.7 63.3 59.8 58.5 55.7 1876 54.4 54.9 52.2 58.6 59 2 60 2 61 8 63.0 61 3 59 4 52 8 55 2 57 8 1877 56 4 57 6 60 6 61 7 60 2 63 3 64 3 64.7 63 3 59 8 55 6 , - 60 1878 51.6 55.2 56 1 59.5 61 4 63 8 61 4 59 8 61 1 59 53 6 48 5 57 8 1879 46.7 54.9 57.4 57.9 58 8 02.5 64.5 65.5 64.5 60.4 53.2 48 2 57 9 1880 46.3 47.8 49.9 55 4 60 62 7 62.7 63 5 61 7 61 3 54 1 54.3 56 6 1881 54.1 57.9 58.2 62.9 63.9 62.9 64.5 66.8 .. - 57.4 54.9 52.1 59 7 1882 48 7 47.0 53.2 55 6 51 4 62.3 64 63 7 62 2 60 54 1 53 6 56 3 1883 49.1 49.7 56.4 56.8 59 5 65 4 64 7 64 2 65.5 58.7 54.9 54 1 58 2 1884 52 5 53 5 55 7 57 7 6 6 63 9 65 1 66 1 62 6 60 1 56 3 52.7 59 i 1885 52.7 51.5 58.6 60.6 62 4 64 5 66 6 65 6 64 7 . 62.5 58 4 53.2 60 4 1886 53 6 57 8 53 7 57 8 62 4 66 4 66 6 65 59 7 56 7 55 7 54 9 59 - 1887 i 52.2 49.3 58.2 57.7 59 7 63 9 61 9 62.3 65 1 64.4 55 7 53 58 6 1888 , 49 2 53 1 54 8 59 3 59 3 67 5 66 4 64 4 65 8 66 3 58 57 1 60 1 1889. 50. 9 52.9 56 3 59.7 59 3 63 6 67 1 65 2 67 5 61 9 55 9 55 59 4 1890 49 6 5> 54 5 58 1 62 6 61 9 69 5 68 3 68 1 61 2 57 53 1 59 7 1891 . . 49 2 50 6 53 4 54.7 57 8 63 5 63 8 66 2 61 8 58 9 54 7 50 4 57 1 1892 50.5 52.4 53.9 55.4 58 60.1 61 8 61 6 61 1 58 53 7 49 7 56 4 1893 : 50 2 49 4 51 9 54 6 58.5 60 5 62.6 63 1 60 8 58 56 54 56 6 1894 48.8 49.4 52.3 58.1 59 2 62.0 63 8 65 4 64 6 61 4 58 7 54.2 58 2 1895 , 50.8 54.8 54.9 57.2 61.0 62.5 64.1 62.8 64.2 61 2 55 3 50 7 58 3 1896 53.0 55.2 55 53.1 57 2 60 6 63 9 64 8 61 3 58.3 52.6 53 4 57 4 1897. 49. 5 50.2 49.2 57.6 59.3 62.8 61.9 63.0 63 7 55 6 51 7 49 4 56 2 1898 46 " 52.5 51 6 57 4 55 8 63 ' 62.0 63 5 62.8 61 * 53.0 48 2 56 4 1899 51.8 50.4 50.6 55.2 53.6 58.6 60 62.0 61 3 56 55 4 49 6 55 4 1900 53 52.4 55 8 53 8 59 4 62 1 60 7 62.8 62.4 57 8 55 5 50 > 57 2 Mean (28 vears) 51 1 52.7 54.5 57 8 59 8 63 1 63 9 64.5 63 1 59 7 55 5 52.4 58 2 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 10 56 14.71 4.04 2.06 00 00 00 00 1 27 2.75 30 1 34 37 03 1879 4.79 4.42 3.64 2.14 1.41 05 00 00 00 1 06 3 76 2 50 23 77 1880 1 44 1 04 2 12 5 60 70 00 00 00 00 00 40 1' 59 23 89 1881 9. 38 3 28 1.74 2 26 0.00 99 00 00 39 1 64 96 5 58 26 22 1882 3.08 3.04 5.57 2.26 0.24 0.07 0.00 0.00 65 2.47 2 28 1 41 21 07 1883 3.57 76 3 65 1 63 3 18 02 00 00 54 1 42 95 1 07 16 79 1884 3.30 5.27 8. 76 6. 78 0.11 2.48 0.00 10 33 1 37 32 8 91 37 73 1885 ' 2.11 41 47 2 43 05 00 08 00 07 10 10 25 o 90 18 87 1886. . 7.60 80 3.05 7.60 0.30 0.00 00 00 00 79 1 10 2.20 23 44 1887 1 01 9 62 53 1 90 02 0.00 00 00 42 42 L21 4 58 19 71 188$ 8.00 1.93 4.61 ' 0.57 1.08 09 00 00 37 00 6 17 5 07 27 89 1889 99 1 37 6 76 84 1 78 00 00 00 00 9 50 64 20 38 44 26 1890 , 9.40 4 90 5.58 1.06 1.22 0.00 00 00 80 00 00 2.34 25 30 1891 0.77 10.68 1.35 2.57 0.60 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.70 45 58 8 10 25 90 1892 1 40 4 60 2.82 1 83 3 95 0.00 00 00 25 93 5 05 7 15 27 98 1893 5.30 4.25 9.95 1.65 0.36 T. 0.00 0.00 25 75 4 40 3 50 30 41 1894 7 02 8 60 1.64 66 2.36 72 01 T 2.77 3 59 40 13 71 41 48 1895. . . 9.11 4.07 3.08 2.02 1.15 0.00 00 00 0.18 49 1 89 2.15 24.14 18% 8.52 0.25 3.69 3.07 1.66 T. ' 0.05 0.73 0.35 1.88 6.79 4.87 31 86 1897 3.72 4.96 4.86 0.22 0.24 0.10 0.00 T 0.17 1 49 54 2 13 18 43 1898 2.17 2 67 1 39 52 1 35 06 00 T 2.21 40 86 2 4 13.87 1899 7. 27 0.45 9.31 1.21 0.95 0. 14 0. 00 05 00 7 05 3 70 4 42 34 55 1900 5.49 0.99 3.58 2.21 0.94 T. T. T 0.13 2.11 7 87 2.48 25 SO Average (23 vears) 5. 04 4.05 4. 01 2. 31 1.03 0. 21 0. 01 0.04 0.52 2.71 5 29 156 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. STOCKTON. The city of Stockton, latitude 37 52', longitude 121 18' west, lies about 60 miles east of San Francisco. As the center of the great wheat belt of California, a record of the temperature and rainfall conditions is of the highest importance. Rainfall data covering a period of forty- nine years are available, but it is not known definitely to whom credit should be given for these records. On the books of the Weather Bureau are found the names of Dr. R. R. Reed, W. M. Trivett, M. Walthal, and T. G. Brown. Doubtless there are others to whom credit should be given. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT), 1871-1900. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 46.9 49.2 57.0 60.1 64.6 74.4 73.5 74.7 70.7 63.5 52.5 49.2 61.4 1872 . . - . 49.1 54.1 56.6 57.3 67.7 72.6 75.6 77.7 71.2 64.4 54.2 46.5 62.2 1873 51.8 47.7 57.7 58.3 63.6 69.6 76.1 72.0 72.2 58.3 56.5 47.1 60.9 1874 46.0 48.6 52.4 59.7 65.7 71.8 77.7 74.3 75.2 68.8 67.3 47.0 62.0 1875 48.4 54.0 54.4 62.6 71.7 72.8 74.2 72.5 70.6 69.9 56.6 50.0 63.1 1876 45.1 50.5 55.2 60.6 65.0 77.3 75.6 72.0 69.9 63.5 53.5 45.5 61.1 1877 48.2 64.9 61.5 62.9 67.2 71.9 77.6 75.6 72.8 62.0 55.8 48.9 63.3 1878 48.3 50.9 54.1 56.7 62.0 69.0 72.5 69.2 67.6 60.5 53.6 46.0 59.2 1879 44.1 64.0 56.6 57.1 58.1 70.2 71.0 74.1 68.2 60.0 50.2 45.4 59.1 1880 . 44.4 45.4 48.8 54.2 60.6 65.1 70.5 67.6 70.0 62.0 49.0 50.0 57.6 1881 48.7 53 7 57.7 63.6 67.4 65.7 70.9 68.0 67.2 56.7 50.9 44.2 59.6 1882 43.0 47.0 54.0 60.4 66.5 67.8 74.2 74.2 68.6 55.5 50.0 48.2 59.1 1883 43.2 46.1 54.8 52.8 61.0 70.0 72.3 70.6 72.0 56.0 46.9 46.0 57.6 1884 46.4 45.9 53.1 57.8 63.1 64.1 69.9 71.6 63.0 59.4 54.7 48.6 58.1 1885 47.9 53.5 57.8 61.3 64.0 67.1 69.4 73.1 68.4 62.6 55.3 50.8 60.9 1886 48 1 54.1 63.1 57.4 63.8 72.0 74 6 73.1 68.2 59.0 51.0 50.9 60.4 1887 48.5 45.9 68.0 59.5 64.0 68.2 70.3 68.4 68.6 63.9 53.4 46.7 59.6 1888 44.8 51 1 53.6 62.3 62.0 68.1 71.1 74.9 72.3 62.2 63.3 49.6 60.4 1889 45.1 49.2 55.3 60.5 62.9 70.9 72.3 73.2 74.7 64.9 62.2 55.6 62.3 1890 46.2 50 2 51.6 59.3 67.8 70.9 74.1 76.0 56.3 64.0 63.9 45.0 60.4 1891 47 1 47 4 55 3 62.1 65 4 71 5 79 6 77 71 6 65 5 56 1 47 4 62.2 1892 '47.0 52.1 64.4 55.7 63.9 66.8 71.1 72.4 ' 67.4 60.6 53.8 47.4 59.4 1893 42 6 47 8 62 6 55 6 64 2 68 4 74 3 73 4 64 7 58 53 48 58.5 1894 44.1 46.2 62.2 60.0 63.6 64.4 73.0 73 70.0 61.7 65.6 46.4 59.2 1895 46 6 52 2 53 2 67.8 62 6 71 4 71 3 71 7 65 2 63 50 8 43 9 58.2 18% .' 49.2 52.8 55.4 53.4 59.8 70.3 75.2 71.2 66.7 63.0 60.9 48.2 59.7 1897 48.6 43.6 51 4 64 6 70 5 73 9 75 71 2 68 1 59 2 49 3 43 6 59.9 1898 40 5 51 8 51 2 61 3 60 6 69 4 69 4 71 4 67 9 61 4 51 6 42 58 2 1899 48.3 50 4 52 6 67 8 58 6 71 72 1 67 2 71 2 69 4 53 8 43 6 58 8 1900 47 2 50 1 54 8 52 8 63 8 69 3 73 7 72 8 69 2 63 4 60 2 42 8 60 Mean 46 5 50 54 5 58 9 64 1 69 9 72 6 72 5 69 61 7 53 9 47 1 60 1 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS), 1860-1900. 157 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1850 4.50 0.50 10.00 4.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. T. 19.50 1851 ~0.65 0.35 1.88 1.14 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.18 2.14 7.07 15.10 1852 - 0.58 0.12 6.40 0.19 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 6.00 13.41 27.00 1853 2.40 0.62 2.02 2.70 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 1.35 9.95 1854 2.64 8.94 3.60 3.24 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.31 0.23 19.75 1855 2.90 2.74 2.20 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.74 2.42 14.29 1856 4.50 0.02 0.26 0.16 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.83 2.90 9.39 1857 1.38 4.80 0.68 T. T. 0.35 0.00 T. 0.00 0.66 2.41 6.63 16.91 1858 2.44 2.46 2.88 1.21 0.20 0.10 0.00 T. T. 3.01 0.15 4.33 16.78 1859 0.96 3.91 1.64 0.98 1.04 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 6.48 1.83 16.89 I860 2.31 0.93 5.11 2.87 2.49 0.11 0.55 0.00 0.06 0.91 0.18 4.28 19.80 1861 2.67 2.92 3.32 0.48 0.59 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 2.17 8.64 20.93 1862 15.04 4.26 2.80 0.82 1.81 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.36 0.01 2.33 27.45 1863 1.73 2.75 2.36 1.69 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 1.49 1.82 12.20 1864 1.08 0.18 1.30 1.08 0.74 0.09 0.00 0.08 T. 0.12 6.72 7.87 19.26 1865 4.78 0.71 0.48 1.37 0.46 0.00 T. 0.00 0.08 0.48 2.43 0.36 11.15 1866 7.70 2.01 2.02 0.48 2.25 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.00 T. 2.43 9.5, 26.52 1867 3 44 7.10 1.01 1.80 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.62 2.16 6.48 22.65 1868 . . 5.07 2.28 3.51 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.62 3.45 15.62 1869 4.18 3.17 2.49 1.59 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 0.83 1.55 15.68 1870 0.37 2.35 0.99 0.07 0.12 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.67 1.35 6.38 1871 1.47 1.70 0.30 0.69 0.40 T. T. 0.00 0.00 0.14 1.09 11.49 17.28 1872 2.58 3.46 1.43 0.51 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.37 6.25 15.73 1873 0.75 3.97 0.47 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.76 3.94 10.67 1874 3.94 1.78 3.33 0.50 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 1.09 3.45 0.23 16.19 1875 4.54 0.28 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 5.86 2.85 14.86 1876 3.26 2.65 3.23 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 2.11 0.30 0.00 12.02 1877 3 32 0.23 0.75 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.72 1.31 7.01 1878 5.45 6.70 2.56 1.01 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.51 0.42 17.64 1879 2.28 2.94 2.06 1.75 0.96 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 2.05 1.67 14.49 1880 1 54 1.32 0.89 6.28 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 7.09 18.17 1881 2.83 2.50 0.82 1.11 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.24 0.73 1.65 10.17 1882 1 27 84 2.64 2.21 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.86 1.11 0.27 10 81 1883 2.55 0.35 2.55 1.23 4.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.93 0.51 1.00 14.14 1884 1 94 4 43 6 66 2 94 50 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.19 1.40 0.00 5.69 25 02 1885 . . 1 23 00 0.26 0.77 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 6.08 1.24 9.66 1886 5 36 0.04 1.21 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.84 0.82 11 92 1887 36 3 78 21 1 57 00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.52 3.06 9 80 1888 3 36 0.48 2.29 0.28 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.00 2.70 2.42 12.96 1889 31 98 3 98 14 1 52 06 00 0.00 0.00 3.39 3 27 6.17 19 go 1890 4 99 1 66 1 26 1.08 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 2.31 12 42 1891 . . 95 3.19 1.14 1.58 0.30 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.05 0.07 4.58 12 11 1892 95 1 25 2.50 0.81 1.44 0.36 0.00 T 0.08 79 3.66 2.99 14.83 1893 2.68 2.14 2.59 0.96 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.13 00 2.38 1.42 12 30 1894 3 88 4 93 45 10 1 84 70 00 00 1 76 1 32 56 6 80 22 34 1895 5 24 1.70 1.00 0.63 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 26 1 09 1.20 12 39 1896 6 09 19 1 76 2.65 96 00 T 19 T 1 11 2 30 1 12 16 37 1897 1 81 2 85 -- 37 09 T 00 01 03 1 37 39 1 23 10 93 1898 0.61 1.32 0.84 T. 1.11 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.35 88 56 1.50 7 20 1899 3 15 18 6 58 53 0.47 20 00 05 00 3 59 2 90 1 83 19 48 1900 2.39 0.24 1.73 1.74 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 04 97 4.65 1 08 14 66 Mean 2 99 2 18 2.28 1.29 0.67 0.09 0.02 01 14 62 3L76 3 36 15 40 158 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. TRUCKEE. [Data from records of Southern Pacific .Railway Company.] Truckee is situated in Nevada County, about 8 miles southwest of Boca, in latitude 39 20' north, longitude 120 11' west. Trout Creek joins the Truckee River at this point. Donner Lake lies about 2 miles west of Truckee, just north of the boundary line between Nevada and Placer counties. The elevation of Truckee is 5,818 feet, and of Donner Lake 6,095 feet. The general movement of the air is from the southwest down the Truckee Valley, but owing to the topography of the country there are many local air movements. Killing frosts occur frequently, as at Boca, and low temperatures prevail during the winter months. The mean annual tempera- ture at Truckee, based upon records covering thirty j'ears, is 43.9, and is almost identical with that of Boca for the same period. Truckee is somewhat warmer in July than Boca, and a little colder in the winter months. The average annual precipitation, based upon records covering thirty-one years, is 26.60 inches. The month of heaviest precipitation is January, with an average of 5.61 inches. The snowfall for the past four years is as follows: 1897, 218 inches; 1898, 110 inches; 1899, 246 inches; 1900, 132 inches. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1871 24.6 28.3 32.0 39.0 44.2 56.0 73.1 67.1 61.2 44.1 32.8 27 1 44 1 1872 23.6 25.1 28.3 25.7 37.6 49.0 53.0 53.0 50.5 38.7 33.3 29.9 37 3 1873 32.9 24.4 33.9 38.8 46.3 65.8 66.8 52.5 54.9 41.1 36 6 24 2 42 3 1874 21.7 22.6 26.3 36.3 46.6 53.3 67.6 59.3 58.0 45.8 35.7 28.7 41 8 1875 26.9 27.7 32.0 46.0 51.7 56.4 66.7 68.0 56.3 50.4 38 32 2 45 5 1876 22.8 28.1 30.7 38.6 45.9 60.0 62.6 60.? 64.3 45.5 37.6 31.6 43 2 1877 . ... 27.6 33.9 42.0 40.2 45.6 57.4 66.6 62.5 58.9 41.5 39 7 30 6 45 5 1878 29.5 30.4 36.6 42.0 57.7 63.3 65.7 67.8 58.1 47.1 40.8 29.8 47 4 1879 25.1 34.8 36.3 40.5 46.1 61.7 66.8 66.5 60.9 43 5 33 1 22 9 44 8 1880 21 8 21 8 25 9 35 3 46 68 9 68 2 63 4 57 6 48 5 30 3 33 1 42 6 1881 29 4 34.6 35.9 50.0 54.6 60.0 66.1 61 1 56 6 42.6 29 28 6 45 6 1882 22 22 7 28 1 34 4 51 1 58 69 9 66 6 66 8 44 8 35 8 32 1 43 4 1883 22.9 21.4 36.7 39.7 47.7 61.9 68.1 61 8 57.8 43 5 33 9 29 8 43 g 1884 25 6 21 8 29.5 39 7 50 8 56 63 2 65 6 52 3 44 1 37 3 28 1 42 8 1885. . 27.6 34.3 39.9 42 8 49.8 52.8 62.2 61 5 53 8 46 8 36 7 31 5 45 1886 25 6 32 7 29 7 38 4 51 5 68 3 64 9 61 8 52 3 39 1 3 9 35 9 43 5 1887 29.1 24.0 OD o 38.5 50.0 57 5 62 9 60 52 1 46 4 37 8 25 1 43 5 1888 20 2 29 6 33 6 46 5 51 6 66 67 3 64 9 61 6 50 6 40 34 46 3 1889 23.1 31.5 41.1 50.3 54 5 70.5 69 3 69 2 61 1 46 3 39 4 29 7 48 8 1890.. 21.7 25 1 30 8 38 8 47 2 56 4 71 3 64 9 56 6 47 1 37 9 6 7 43 g 1891 25 4 27 8 33 9 40 8 49 6 56 5 66 66 4 53 i 45 9 38 4 1892.. 26.6 32 1 33 4 37 2 48 2 53 8 60 3 66 61 2 43 9 38 3 23 7 43 7 1893 28 4 25 1 30 4 34 9 45 4 57 61 4 66 2 50 6 47 3 37 2 28 5 42 7 1894 23.2 23.7 31 41 7 47 4 48 2 65 5 65 6 58 3 46 7 38 8 25 7 43 o 1895 . 22 7 26 3 30 5 38 4 46 3 55 7 61 8 62 9 51 6 47 6 36 2 1896 27 4 30 8 34 3 34 2 43 7 60 8 68 6 54 6 47 4 1897 25 9 25 5 25 7 40 3 56 3 58 5 63 6 63 2 53 8 41 6 39 4 43 3 1898 16 4 32 6 33 o 45 2 46 2 59 71 4 1899 29 1 39 35 1 40 8 44 56 1 62 8 63 5 49 5 48 4 43 4 26 4 1900 30 6 31 5 33 4 46 48 6 55 7 60 4 58 2 53 3 Means (30 years) 25 3 28 3 32 9 40 48 4 57 4 65 4 63 4 55 9 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 159 MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTH^). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun^ July. Aug. Sept. ' Oct. NOT. Dec. Annual. 1870 5.90 6.18 4.35 0.12 2.40 0.80 1.30 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.51 1.67 23.28 1871 4.80 4.23 3.18 2.00 0.28 0.42 0.00 0.00 20 0.02 5.35 16.23 36.71 1872 3.42 10.49 3.63 4.11 0.60 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.60 3.74 27.39 1873 3.78 9 55 1 69 1 36 55 00 T 0.00 00 0.11 0.42 8.70 26 16 1874 9.54 6.15 9.35 2.61 68 0.11 0.56 0.07 0.04 2.44 3.54 0.60 35.69 1875 8 50 20 1 20 90 00 1 81 40 0.03 T. 0.62 8.94 4.90 27 50 1876 9.85 5.50 6.95 1.83 0.84 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 3.64 0.07 0.05 28.85 1877 9.45 0.39 1.84 1.03 1.12 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 1.66 0.24 16.13 1878 5.97 11.80 2.07 0.80 1.17 0.10 0.00 0.28 0.23 0.75 2.14 0.50 25.81 1879 7 70 2 68 5 25 1 55 45 00 00 00 0.07 1,40 3.78 4 98 27 86 1880 2.95 4.65 4.65 12.74 2.50 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 9.51 37.61 1881 5.71 2.13 1.86 0.49 0.40 1.26 0.18 0.00 0.25 2.50 2.70 3.80 21.28 1882 6.40 4 95 12.05 1.89 0.85 98 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.85 1.04 0.80 30.41 1883 1.55 3.05 1.65 2.19 1.13 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.12 2.46 2.50 1.62 16.80 1884 6.65 11.20 5 38 3.90 0.14 1.02 0.00 0.10 0.78 1.50 0.00 13.14 43.81 1885 1.80 0.54 0.56 2.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.47 0.00 6.95 2.22 14.91 1886 7 08 50 2 90 1 78 60 56 89 0.00 T. 0.85 1.10 2.29 18.55 1887 3.43 12.25 0.36 2.00 2.04 0.37 0.40 T. 0.00 0.00 0.30 4.80 25.95 1888 2 35 00 00 T 70 80 72 0.20 0.25 0.00 10 1.58 6.70 1889 0.80 1.40 2.51 1.01 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.13 3.29 14.39 31.04 1890 16 20 8 90 7 29 20 1 44 00 00 22 80 0.45 00 3 70 39 20 1891 1.22 8 36 3.92 2.17 2.90 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.05 0.45 6.34 26.85 1892 2.65 2.80 3.00 2.96 4.20 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.37 5.73 8.15 31.10 1893 . . 5 44 8 02 5.18 3.73 1.79 00 00 0.00 1.22 0.35 3.96 2.82 32.51 1894 8.06 10.95 2.65 2.15 1.05 T. 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.12 0.60 13.95 40.66 1895 11 73 1 92 1 72 50 2 40 00 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.34 0.50 2.96 23.39 1896 7.07 0.40 4.67 9.36 0.54 0.00 0.15 0.34 0.32 0.40 3.86 2.50 29.61 1897 2 35 7 97 9 50 30 T 18 00 0.00 T. 0.55 3.20 3.15 27.20 1898 1 05 3 65 2.05 0.25 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.06 2.95 1.50 12.21 1899 - - 2.70 9.50 1.10 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.00 6.49 2.80 1.80 33.86 1900 2 63 80 4 20 1 90 0.80 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.02 2.50 2.70 17.56 5 61 : - 1 04 2 22 1.20 0.37 0.19 0.08 0.26 1.03 o 32 4.30 26. 9S ' CLIMATE OF VISALIA. [From records of Mr. L. V. Nanscawen.] These records were kept by Mr. L. V. Nanscawen, and cover the period from January 1, TEMPERATURE. 1888, to July 31, 1898. Year. Number of days with maximum tem- perature above 90. Number of days with minimum temperature below 35. Number of days with minimum tempera- ture below 40. May. June. July. Aug. Sept Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Oct. Mar. Apr. 1888...' 7 10 6 1 8 2 4 4 7 5 20 25 11 8 5 9 * 18 18 11 15 31 31 28 26 23 26 30 18 24 21 31 31 24 26 27 22 26 23 23 24 18 18 9 9 4 3 9 3 8 11 _ 8 1 6 5 7 6 15 11 12 13 10 9 9 5 24 12 - 13 17 17 14 5 21 18 4 11 11 29 9 ' 5 10 . 4 3 3 10 10 - 3 4 4 2 - 31 9 23 21 21 21 22 22 8 18 27 12 3 10 17 16 24 5 11 6 2 7 18S9 1890 1891 ... 1892 1*93 1894 1895 . 18% 1897 . 1898 160 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. WEATHER. Month. Average number days Month. Average number days Clear. Parti y eloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. Clear. Partly cloudy. Cloudy. Rainy. Januar 11 12 12 16 19 22 22 5 2 4 3 5 3 5 15 14 15 11 7 5 4 6 5 6 3 2 August 20 20 19 15 8 6 6 4 5 5 ( 5 8 10 18 1 2 2 8 September Alarch October April November May December June 196 52 117 35 July GREATEST PRECIPITATION IN 24 HOURS FOR EACH MONTH. [Inches and hundredths.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Greatest annual. 1888 1.86 0.15 0.84 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 1.46 0.62 1.86 1889 0.42 0.24 0.89 0.27 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 2.11 0.22 0.70 2.11 1890 1.64 0.41 0.43 0.17 0.29 0.00 0.00 T. 0.40 0.00 0.47 0.89 1.64 1891 0.46 0.60 0.21 1.05 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.34 1.54 1.54 1892 0.20 0.57 0.76 0.35 0.50 0.18 0.00 0.00 T. 0.37 0.35 0.92 0.92 1893 0.47 1.26 1.47 0.26 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.64 1.47 1894 0.59 0.22 0.91 0.21 0.34 1.42 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.28 0.10 1.33 1.42 1895 .... 1.32 1.22 0.41 0.24 0.43 0.00 T. T. 0.04 0.45 0.64 0.40 1.32 1896 1.12 0.04 0.46 0.50 0.11 0.00 0.22 0.10 0.00 0.88 0.92 0.35 1.12 1897 1.00 0.54 0.67 0.39 T. T. T. 0.00 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.45 1.00 1898 0.22 39 0.48 0.06 71 0.00 T. 1.86 1 26 1.47 1.05 71 1.42 0.22 0.10 1.10 2.11 1.46 1.54 Date 1 }3 1888 9 1893 20 1893 16 1891 15 1898 5 1894 22 18% 29 1896 15 1891 23 1889 16 1888 29 1891 Year MEAN MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888 37.0 45.6 46.7 62.1 68.8 77.8 85.4 84.7 79.5 65.0 52.4 45.4 62.1 1889 42.9 50.0 57.5 62.8 68.9 81.2 83.9 81.4 76.4 57.9 49.5 45.6 63.2 1890 39.9 47 51 5 57 6 67 8 72 9 80 2 78.2 71 7 62 3 53 8 43 4 60 5 1891. 44.4 46.8 51.1 56.1 65.0 71.8 83.0 81.4 69.4 64.5 52.9 43.8 60.9 1892 46.6 50 4 51 4 54 5 64 4 67 2 79 78 4 68 9 61 8 54 1 45 1 60 2 1893 42.0 47.2 49.4 51.1 64.7 72.8 79.3 78.9 64.9 57.8 50.0 47 58.8 1894 43.0 46 9 51 7 60 6 67 67 3 82 3 79 6 71 61 54 4 46 5 61 1895 46.2 51.3 50.3 58.7 67 2 75 5 77 1 76.4 68 2 64.8 48.4 40.9 60.4 1896 49.7 53 1 58 54 64 4 77 4 83 3 78 71 7 67 2 48 7 47 7 63 6 1897 45 48 6 48 9 62 69 2 71 3 78 6 78 4 70 9 59 2 50 5 41 60 3 1898 39.4 51 1 50 6 62 5 63 3 73 4 81 4 Mean 43.3 48.9 51 6 58 4 66 4 73 5 81 2 79 5 71 3 62 2 51 5 44 6 61 1 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. SUMMARY OF MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE. 161 Month. Highest monthly mean. Lowest monthly mean. Absolute maxi- mum. Absolute mini- I mum. Greatest Mean daily range. Mean of 3 Mean of 3 consecu- consecu- tive live wannest coldest days. days. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera- ture. Date. Tempera-| .- Tempera- ran S e - ture. ture. 1896 1896 1896 1889 1897 1889 --- 1888 1888 1896 1894 1896 49.7 53.1 58.0 62.8 69.2 81.2 85.4 84.7 79.5 67.2 54.4 47.7 1888 1888 1888 1893 1898 1892 1895 1895 1893 1893 1895 1897 37.0 45.6 46.7 51.1 63.3 67.2 77.1 76.4 64.9 57.8 48.4 41.0 15,1893 24,1896 25,1896 25,1898 22,1892 f 30,1891 I 25,1898 27,1898 28,1888 1,1888 f 4,1889 [2-t, 1896 19,1897 10,1896 67 78 83 104 101 107 113 107 106 } 92 80 70 (16,1888 1 26,1898 22,1897 22,1898 | 3-5-6, I 1892 9,1892 3,1895 | 26-29- 1 30,1895 30,1894 30,1889 f 5-20, ( 1897 17 40 23 40 22 44 30 55 35 47 38 * 52 50 49 51 39 37 42 34 39 23 46 19 39 18.4 22.2 26.1 29.5 30.1 31.1 31.1 30.7 30.1 27.7 26.5 19.7 57.3 60.3 70.3 80.3 83.0 90.0 90.3 91.3 91.0 74.0 60.7 53.0 23.2 38.7 39.7 45.5 50.7 52.3 67.2 66.3 52.7 51.0 34.3 34.5 Feb March May Jnne July August September October December Annual 85.4 1888 37.0 | July 27, 1 1898 1 '- Jan. 16, 1888 Jan. 26, 1898 17 55 26.5 "Several years and dates. * Several dates in 1896 and 1897. MONTHLY, ANNUAL, AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS). Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. Season of. Seasonal. 1888 3.06 0.16 1.61 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 35 00 2 39 1 70 9 41 1889 n 36 3 46 49 1 22 00 00 00 T 4 06 1890 3 34 1 12 1 10 ' 25 4g 00 00 T 1891 57 2 85 66 1 36 07 04 00 00 1892 25 1 79 3 01 54 1 64 18 00 00 T 39 1893 ' 1 28 1 78 3 61 43 00 00 T 1894 j 1 90 1 03 1 25 21 48 1 42 * 00 00 50 1895 ' 4.30 1 68 1 61 65 47 00 T T 08 45 1896.. 3 02 04 99 1 33 23 00 40 1897 ! 3 51 2 11 1 93 39 T T T 00 40 5| 1898 0.54 0. 96 0. 74 0.08 0.73 0.00 - .- ., Mean 2.04 1.26 ] 1.82 0.53 0.48 15 04 01 32 68 69 2 04 10 40 EXTREMES OF PRECIPITATION. ' Greatest monthly Least monthly precipitation. precipitation. Month. Month. Greatest monthly precipitation. Least monthly precipitation. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. Date. Amount. January 1895 4.30 1892 0.25 0.04 0.66 0.; \ 0.00 0.00 ; Julv 1896 1896 1891 1889 ... 1894 0.40 0.10 1.10 4.08 2.39 3.75 () () \ 1893 | 1896 (') 1894 1895 0.00 0.00 } 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.61 Febmarv i 1891 2.85 1896 March . 1893 3 61 1891 September Vav i o 11 September 10 4 5 j April 7 10 12 6 October 8 4 3 5 3 J May 6 g 4 g 3 November 1 7 6 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 December 8 23 23 19 16 1 NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT). Stations. Eleva- tion. Length of record. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Bee. An- nual. Feet. 134 Years. 23 54.8 56.2 59.2 62.8 66.7 69.8 72.4 73.3 71.9 66.6 61.1 56.9 "64 3 208 1 46 22 46.5 50.8 54.4 59.7 66.1 72.0 75.8 74.5 71.1 63.4 63.8 48.3 61 4 102 16 48.5 49.5 52.3 64.9 58.8 62.5 62.3 61.4 60.9 57.8 53.0 49 7 56 616 Bakersfield 404 12 48.1 62.4 57.9 64.7 72.9 81.9 88.6 84.7 75.8 66.0 65 9 48 2 320 14 47.6 49.7 51.7 54. 0' 57.3 60.9 61.0 60.9 61.3 58.9 54.6 48.9 Biggs 98 2 Bishop 4,450 17 38.2 44.9 51.0 61.1 69.3 77.7 84.6 81.0 71.3 60.6 49.4 40 9 60 3 4,695 2 Bodie 8,248 6 20.2 23.0 25.3 33.8 41.8 51.9 57.6 54.4 47.0 37.7 30 1 20 8 37 1 5,500 Byron 33 21 46.4 50.4 56.4 61.5 67.1 75.5 80.9 77.5 71.8 63.3 63 9 47 8 62 8 1 779 5 51.0 54.7 56.1 62.2 65.0 75.6 82 9 79 1 75.5 67 5 62 6 54 Caliente 1,290 25 49.4 51.8 56.0 60.9 70.0 78.9 84.8 83.1 75.0 64.8 55 2 49 7 65 363 29 48.1 50.1 53.5 57.8 61.5 69.6 72 6 70 3 66*7 60 53 4 49 9 Campbell 194 4 4 675 7 31.5 34.9 37.3 42.3 51.9 60.5 69 2 67 9 68 6 48 9 38 9 30 2 Chino 714 9 50.4 53.5 65.6 60 8 64.7 71.6 77.1 75.2 71 2 63.8 66 8 52 2 62 8 1 200 9 49.7 51.6 53.0 57.1 60.7 66 7 71 6 70 6 69 2 62 4 57 3 51 6 Cloverdale 315 Colfax 2 421 30 44.4 45.9 49.1 54.3 61 2 71 2 75 3 76 5 69 5 59 9 51 7 46 6 Colton 965 24 50.6 53.2 57.1 61.4 67.5 73.2 78.5 78 9 73 8 64 8 57 5 53 Corning . 277 15 45.2 48.8 52.6 60 3 68.2 77 3 83 4 81 1 73 9 64 8 55 1 47 3 1 759 9 51 4 52.1 53 8 61 6 66 7 74 79 1 78 3 73 4 64 1 57 9 Crescent Citv 50 7 47.2 47.6 47.1 49 51.6 54 9 56 5 57 4 56 53 o 50 1 47 8 Cuyamaoa 4,543 2 Davisville 51 29 47.6 51.6 56 2 60 8 67.9 74 8 77 9 74 1 72 64 9 55 7 48 8 Delano 319 25 47 1 51 7 56 8 62 6 70 8 79 y 85 7 85 5 78 6 66 4 55 8 Delta 1 138 16 41 8 46 5 50 g 57 4 64 8 72 2 78 9 76 3 59 3 Drytown 790 9 45.3 49 3 51 2 56 1 61 68 5 76 3 74 6 68 59 8 65 24 46 3 49 2 55 62 4 70 3 77 9 79 7 Dunsmuir 2 285 12 38.9 40 8 44 4 49 5 57 5 63 4 69 5 66 9 60 5 52 4 Durham 180 6 45 2 50 2 51 1 57 2 63 2 73 4 79 4 75 7 4 750 g 34 2 35 9 36 5 Elcajon 463 2 Eldorado 1 609 12 45 8 48 6 52 3 57 8 Elmdale 126 1 Elmira 75 15 47 9 51 7 56 1 Elsinore 1 234 G 50 3 53 56 3 61 7 66 71 5 Escondido ..... 650 7 49 g 52 54 3 Fallbrook 700 25 50 1 51 5 53 8 57 3 61 1 Farmington 111 2 45 7 60 1 53 9 Fernando 1,066 23 50 5 53 56 3 61 1 70 1 Folsom 182 12 47 2 51 1 55 9 Fort Ross 100 g 48 3 Fruto. 624 12 Gait 49 23 47 3 Georgetown . 2 750 28 Greenville... 3.600 33.2 36.7 38 ft 4rt 5 K9 7 J R fiS A. fl9 ^ ?*fl 7 JO 7 jn A QQ R LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 163 NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) Continued. Stations. Eleva- tion. Length of record. Jan. Feb. Ma, Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. fleet. 100 Yean. 8 44.6 48.1 50.3 54.9 58.7 63.9 66.8 64.8 62.8 59.4 54.0 46.0 56.2 2,154 13 35.0 39.7 45.5 51.8 61.3 68.0 75.3 75.3 65.0 52.1 42.7 37.5 54.1 Huron 387 47.2 51.4 55.3 61.7 68.3 78.4 86.2 83.0 74.3 65.2 56.2 47.7 64.5 3,907 5 40.7 45.8 50.0 57.2 63.0 72.6 79.1 76.0 69.0 59.4 48.8 42.0 58.7 Indio - 20 23 52.9 58.7 65.3 72,5 80.1 88.3 94.5 93.0 86.5 75.4 62.6 56.6 73.7 287 23 46.6 49.2 53.9 58.7 65.0 73.6 78.6 78. i 71.6 62.5 53.4 48.2 61.6 Iowa Hill : 2,825 20 43.4 45.3 47.1 53.7 59.8 67.5 75.2 74.5 67.8 59.5 51.4 45. S 57.4 1,975 9 41.9 44.8 46.8 53.3 57.3 65.4 72.9 70.2 64.7 57.1 49.6 43.0 65.6 Keeler 3,620 16 41.8 46.5 52.9 61.7 69.4 77.9 84.7 83.4 73.6 64.3 52.5 43.8 62.7 Kennedy Gold Mine 1.500 9 43.5 46.5 48.4 53.7 59.4 67.8 75.2 73.3 66.9 59.1 51.2 43.9 57.4 King City . .. 333 14 48.4 48.8 53.5 56.2 59.6 63.7 67.0 66.4 66.0 59.3 53.8 49.0 57-6 Knights Landing 45 23 46.8 50.3 54.8 59.2 66.6 72.3 77.4 76.6 70.9' 62.7 54.1 48.4 61.7 1,325 8 44.6 47.5 49.5 55.7 60.8 69.1 76.2 74.7 67.8 '60.3 52.0 45.5 58.6 5,000 33.4 35.4 34.5 41.3 47.7 56.8 62.5 59.8 53.3 46.6 39.6 34.1 45.4 600 6 48.2 53.6 56.1 62.2 69.0 78.2 83.3 79.9 74.4 67.2 55.6 46.4 64.5 Lick Observatory 4,209 12 39.7 40.5 41.0 46.0 51.6 60.5 69.4 69.1 61.9 54.0 49.4 42.0 52.1 Lodi 35 19 46.2 50.1 54.7 58.3 63.4 69.1 73.7 73.0 69.7 62.3 53.6 47.3 60.1 LOB Banos 121 14 46.5 50.3 55.8 63.4 68.4 76.9 81.5 79.3 74.0 64.2 54.4 47.1 63.5 Los Gatos 600 14 47.6 49.6 51.8 56.0 60.3 65.3 67.7 67.2 65.6 60.7 54.3 48.8 57.9 2,850 42,4 44.6 47.5 54.9 61.2 72.3 80.1 78.4 71.2 60.1 51.1 43.4 58.9 Martinez 10 23 46.4 49.2 52.9 57.0 61.2 66.7 68.4 66.5 64.9 59.7 53.0 47.8 57.8 Marvsville 67 30 48.4 51 3 57.4 62.0 68.8 76.2 80.0 78.9 74.0 65.3 56.4 49.9 64.0 177 7 46.7 49.9 53.5 62.2 68.4 77.0 83.1 78.6 71.8 64.1 54.3 48.2 63.1 Merced 173 27 47.0 51.0 55.0 60.0 67.3 75.3 81.7 79.3 73.7 64.8 55.4 48.3 63.2 Modesto 90 29 46.6 50.1 55.9 62.2 69.4 76.6 81.5 79.7 74.7 65.3 55.8 48.1 63.8 Mokelumne Hill 1,550 8 41.6 45.1 46.8 53.0 59.5 69.3 76.9 73.1 65.8 58.2 50.5 43.4 57.0 Mojave 2,751 24 45.3 48.8 53.5 59.7 68.0 77.5 85.7 84.2 73.9 65.6 54.8 46.8 64.0 M out ere v 15 36 50.2 51.2 53.9 55.8 58.3 60.8 61.0 61.9 61.5 58.2 54.3 51.7 56.6 4 500 2 2 375 2 Napa (S. H.)... . 20 23 45.4 49.4 51.8 55.9 59.9 64.6 65.8 65.0 63.6 58.7 51.8 46.5 56.5 Needles 491 9 52.4 57 8 64.8 72.2 80.2 87 8 94.4 92.3 84.7 72.2 60.1 52.8 72.6 Nevada City 2,580 9 40.8 42.5 44.2 49.8 55.6 62.9 68.6 67.0 60.6 54.0 47.0 41.9 52.9 Newcastle 956 8 46.4 47.7 51.0 58.2 64.7 74.0 80.2 77.7 72.6 63.5 54.9 47.4 61.5 Newhall 1,200 24 47.9 50.2 54.1 58 9 64.1 70.7 76.6 77.3 71.5 62.1 54.8 49.5 61.5 Newman 92 12 48.0 51.8 56.1 63.1 70.7 78.9 84.6 81.8 74.2 64.5 57.1 49.4 65.1 Niles (near) 87 14 51.7 54.4 56.7 59.9 62.9 67.2 68.9 69.0 68.3 62.3 56.8 52.4 60.9 North Hill Vineyard Oakdale 660 156 11 7 47.0 45.7 50.8 48.7 54.0 52.7 58.6 59.3 64.6 64.9 72.6 73.9 78.6 79.7 76.5 76.3 71.5 71.4 64.2 62.5 56.3 52.9 46.9 44.9 61.8 61.1 Ogilbv 354 u 56.4 60 7 68.3 76.3 84.0 93.8 99.4 98.1 91.8 77.3 67.8 56.0 77.5 Oleta 1,510 Q 42.8 44.9 47.3 52.5 58.5 66.6 73.0 70.6 63.0 55.6 48.6 42.8 55.6 Orland 254 18 47 6 51 2 55.7 62 4 70.4 78.7 86.4 84.2 66.4 56.4 47.9 65.4 Oroville 188 17 48.1 51.5 55.8 60.7 67.2 75.2 81.3 79.3 73.8 66.6 67.1 48.8 63.8 Palermo 185 10 45.5 49.7 52.8 58.5 65.6 74.3 78.9 77.1 70.0 61.9 52.4 45.2 61.0 Palm Springs 584 12 55 3 58.7 65.1 74.6 81.1 90.6 97.7 93.2 85.2 74.5 65.1 55.1 74.7 Paso Robles (near) 723 14 44.6 47.8- 51.6 57.9 61.9 68.4 72.5 71.1 66.9 59.8 51.6 45.6 58.3 Peachland 220 5 48.0 50.5 51.8 *? 59 6 65.0 66.0 63.3 63.2 58.6 52.4 47.3 56.8 Pine Crest . . 1,000 Placerville 1,820 12 41.1 43.6 46.3 51.1 58.5 66.8 72.7 69.8 62.8 '55.5 48.1 42,0 54.8 Point Lobos 250 8 48.4 50.1 50.0 52.0 53.9 55.3 56.0 57.0 57.6 56.3 53.8 49.4 53.3 Point Reves 490 9 49.4 49.2 49.6 50.2 51.6 52.8 53.7 54.5 56.1 54.7 53.0 50.6 52.1 Pollaskv. 1 200 Pomona (near i 857 7 51.5 53.7 55.8 61.1 65.1 70.2 74.6 74.7 72.0 64.8 59.1 53.3 63.0 Porterville 461 12 48.1 51.7 56.8 64 73.2 - - -- : 84.8 76.3 64.6 54.9 48.5 66. a Powav 460 17 48.0 49.5 52.4 55.8 60.6 65.1 68.9 69.6 65.9 59.4 53.5 51.1 58.3 Quincy 3 350 6 34 6 38 41 47.6 54.3 62.4 65.9 63.6 57.0 49.6 41.1 34.5 49.1 Redding 557 26 45.2 49.3 53.8 60.2 67.4 75.6 82.3 81.0 74.0 64.5 54.1 47.0 62.8 Redlands 1 335 8 50 8 52 2 54.7 61 1 ' - 73.8 78.3 77.5 72.1 65.0 58 9 53.2 63.5 Reedlev 347 305 8 45 7 1* - 51 6 57 2 63 71.4 76.8 74.0 68.3 61.3 53.3 -45 8 59.8 Rio Vista ... 33 8 45.6 50.8 54.3 58.0 63.6 70.4 74.5 72.6 69.3 62.4 53.7 45.4 60.0 1 025 19 51 1 .V 7 55 9 60 4 65 2 70.6 76.3 76.4 72.1 64.2 58.2 53 4 62 9 Roeklin 249 30 46.6 50.1 54.9 60.4 67.8 75.0 80.0 78.2 72.7 63.6 53.9 47.9 62.5 Rosewood... - ' 42.2 4.'i. 7 49.6 ' 56.5 63.7 73.3 80.4 76.8 68.3 48.8 42.7 58.9 164 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) Continued. Stations. Eleva- tion. Length of record. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. Salton Feet. --263 Years. 12 55.7 58.8 66.0 76.5 83.1 93.8 98.9 97.2 91.0 79.1 66.8 56.1 76.9 236 14 46.4 49.4 53.0 58,4 61.9 68.2 69.4 70.0 66.2 61.1 53.9 48.0 58.9 371 12 47.7 52.8 56.8 64.2 72.6 80.8 87.9 84.4 75.2 66.1 56.8 47.6 66.1 1,500 8 49.2 51.3 53.5 57, 3 64.5 70.2 76.2 76.0 70.6 62.2 56.1 50.0 60.2 50 6 53.1 54.7 55.8 58.3 60.6 63.9 64.1 64.6 64.4 61.5 56.8 52.4 59.2 201 6 52.2 54.6 54.0 56.4 58.0 63.0 65.0 65. 64.9 61.5 57.6 53.0 58.7 616 14 46.6 49.2 53.5 58 3 63.8 70.3 75.0 72.9 68.6 61.9 53.7 47.6 60.1 500 7 53.6 54.9 53.3 55.5 56.3 58.8 60.8 60.8 60.6 60.4 57.4 54.8 57.3 137 12 55.5 57 5 60.2 64.2 68.8 72.2 75.0 75.4 73.3 68.4 61.8 57.5 66.8 130 17 53.2 54.8 55.4 58.4 60.2 63.2 65.1 66.9 65.7 62.6 59.1 55.7 59.9 18 28 51.1 52.7 54.5 57,8 59.8 63.1 63.9 64.5 63.1 59.7 55.5 52.4 58.2 996 12 43.4 46.5 49.7 55.9 60.4 67.2 70.7 69.1 65.9 59.2 60.8 45.0 57.0 220 13 51.6 52.6 55.2 57.8 59.8 62.9 64.4 64.9 64.0 62.3 57.8 53.7 58.9 92 16 54.2 54.6 57.8 61.3 64.4 66.9 69.9 70.3 67.8 64.8 60.2 57.0 62.5 286 12 52.4 54.0 55.8 60.5 63.4 65.6 68.5 68.4 66.3 62.5 59.8 55.6 61.1 181 12 48.0 50.5 52.6 56.4 62.0 66.8 67.2 65.9 64.2 59.6 53.9 48.9 68.0 311 15 45.0 50.8 54.8 62.4 70.5 79.2 85.4 83.1 77.4 64.0 54.6 46.0 64.4 3,555 12 34.0 36.7 39.7 47.9 55.3 63.4 69.7 67.6 58.2 50.0 41.1 34.5 49.7 Soledad 188 27 47.1 50.2 53.6 57.3 62.3 65.5 66.1 65.1 64.9 59.8 53.2 49.3 57.9 Sonoma 30 49.0 50.0 52.3 54.6 59.2 61.6 65.4 65.6 64.7 60.4 55.4 48.5 57.3 296 20 20 47.2 51.5 55.8 59.9 63.8 68.3 71.1 70.7 69.8 63.0 54.8 48.6 60 4 Summerdale 5,270 5 37.1 38.5 37.3 ,,3.3 49.5 61.0 68.5 65.6 60.0 49.3 43.3 39.5 49.4 7,017 28 28.0 28.8 31.4 35.5 42.6 53.2 61.0 60.3 53.7 44.0 35.8 30 5 42.1 4,195 12 81.1 34.4 39.6 47.3 55.9 63.9 71.8 70 7 61 6 50 6 41 8 32 4 60 1 3,964 24 38.2 39.3 44.1 50.2 59.2 69.4 76.4 74.5 66.1 56.1 46.5 39.5 64 9 220 80 47.0 51.0 54.9 60.7 68.9 77.6 84.1 81 3 74 3 64 4 55 1 48 6 64 Tejon Rancho 1,450 244 Tracv 64 21 46.9 50.5 54.8 60.9 69.1 75.9 79.9 77.5 72.0 63.5 64.2 49 6 62 9 Tulare (near) 274 7 47.9 53.4 55.9 62.6 68.2 77.4 83.0 80 1 71 9 63 5 54 9 46 8 63 8 Ukiah 620 8 45 1 47 7 50 2 65 60 4 67 7 73 4 71 8 65 7 58 4 51 2 44 7 57 6 Upper Lake 1,350 16 44.8 47.5 50.4 54.6 59.8 66.2 73.1 73 2 67 1 59 8 51 4 45 6 57 8 Upper Mattole 244 14 47.3 48.7 51.0 54.0 68.6 60.7 64.8 65.7 62.8 57 4 51 9 47 5 66 8 Vaca ville 175 13 46.4 51.2 54.3 59.0 65.1 71.9 76 4 75 2 71 2 64 4 65 7 47 6 61 5 Valley Springs 673 12 46 2 50 9 54 3 60 2 65 8 74 5 81 78 3 72 63 2 56 2 47 7 62 6 Ventura 50 8 52 8 53 2 53 6 56 58 6 62 1 63 5 64 6 61 4 60 1 57 54 9 58 2 Vina 213 12 46 6 49 9 54 8 61 68 78 84 9 81 5 73 7 65 1 56 1 47 i 63 9 Visalia . . . 334 13 43 6 48 7 51 6 58 6 66 3 74 81 78 8 71 4 62 52 44 g 61 1 220 12 55 3 60 6 67 5 78 9 86 8 96 4 101 3 77 9 Watsonville 23 5 52 4 52 3 55 1 56 6 58 7 62 4 63 3 6 8 60 3 58 4 56 1 51 3 57 5 Westley .. . 90 12 48 4 52 4 57 8 64 2 70 6 77 9 Wheatland 84 14 44 6 48 7 52 9 58 4 Whittier 239 12 56 5 58 5 61 1 65 4 68 6 73 2 Williams 89 24 46 1 50 54 6 61 1 Willows 132 22 45 2 48 8 Winters 136 12 46 9 51 5 56 63 1 565 7 45 4 49 2 51 6 Woodland 63 24 46 2 49 9 54 5 Yreka .. .. 2 635 10 34 8 37 3 Yuba Citv 70 9 48 1 MINIMUM WINTER TEMPERATURES OF THE HIGH SIERRA. (By Prof. J. N. LB COXTE.) The following are the results of two observations on the minimum winter temperature of the summit of Mount Lyell in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Central California. This point is situated about 18 miles in an air line and 40 miles by trail east of the Yosemite Valley. Its geo- graphical coordinates, as given in the United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hun- dredth Meridian, are: North latitude 37 44' 11". longitude 119 16' 18.*07" west. Its elevation, according to the United States Geological Survey, is 13,041 feet above the sea. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY. 165 Mount Lyell was selected principally on account of its comparative ease of access. The group of mountains of which it is one of the dominating points stands at the southern extremity of what may be called the " northern high Sierra," or that part of the crest of the great range lying between the headwaters of the Mokelumne River and those of the North Fork of the San Joaquin. In passing south along the high Sierra the summit peaks become progressively higher and more rugged, and the area above the timber line more extensive. About the head of the Merced River the northern portion culminates in a magnificent pile of snow capped peaks extend- ing between Mounts Lyell and Ritter, where the southernmost glaciers of the range are to be found. South of Mount Ritter the crest breaks down in a wide belt of rolling, forest-covered mountains for nearly 20 miles, but rises again finally at Red Slate Peak. South of this the range extends as an unbroken wilderness of alpine peaks, rugged beyond description, culminating a second time in Mount Whitney, about 100 miles south of Lyell. This latter is the high Sierra par excellence. On July 8, 1897, minimum thermometer No. 4315 of the United States Weather Bureau was left upon the summit. It was inclosed in a thin wooden box about 6 inches square and 2 feet long, one side of which was laid exactly in line with the edge of the great southern precipice, here over 1,500 feet high. Large stones were laid upon it, but one side was exposed to the weather, and in no way could it become entirely covered with snow. On June 5, 1898, the mountain was revisited, and the thermometer box was careful!}- uncovered. The ther- mometer was in perfect condition, and registered 13.6 F., 25 C. It was reset and left upon the mountain a second year. Professor Le Conte was unable to make the ascent of the mountain in 1899, but Prof. H. I. Randall, of the civil engineering department of the State University, visited the spot in July and obtained the reading. In this case it was 17.6 C F. It will be remembered that the winter of 1897-98 was an exceptionally dry one, and that of 1898-99 was not severe. It is interesting to compare these temperatures with those taken a few miles farther east and manv thousand feet lower: 1897-9$. , 1898-99. Mount Lyell: elevation, 13,040 feet -13.6 -17.6 Bodie; elevation, 8,248 feet 24.0 _ 30.0 Bishop; elevation, 4.460 feet +10.0 + 5.0 It would be instructive to obtain the minimum winter temperatures of a number of high peaks distributed along the crest of the range from Lake Tahoe to Mount Whitney. GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTH). ANAHEIM, ORANGE COUNTY. [Figures appearing in brackets ( [ ] ) are approximate.] Year. j Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Annual. 1878 . 2.19 4.07 1 49 1 93 52 00 00 1879 1 96 57 35 37 T 1880 . 1 29 1 32 1 57 20 00 00 00 1881 25 28 85 06 Mb. . , o to 1 90 2.42 48 40 00 1883 1 48 1 98 1 22 2.78 1884 -J 80 10 58 6 70 1 75 54 1885 61 00 00 64 00 QO 00 1886 4 63 82 2.70 2 51 00 T 1887.. 43 5 71 00 2 21 T 00 00 75 1888 6 29 92 5 90 T 00 00 T T 1889 14 1 28 7 97 24 57 1890 . 3 36 1 54 o 78 QO T 00 00 1891 24 9 05 59 1 81 40 00 00 00 00 00 1892.. 77 o 35 i 23 15 1 48 00 1893 : 2.98 o oe 6.07 23 00 00 00 00 1894 ' 68 35 48 13 10 00 T T 10 00 1895 . 6 92 68 2.63 05 10 00 00 1896 3 25 00 3 03 T 00 00 00 00 00 1 98 1897. 3 00 4.35 2.20 00 00 00 00 00 10 1 GO 00 1898... 1 65 10 1 00 20 1 00 00 00 00 T 1899 : 2.78 15 1 61 20 00 51 00 00 07 1 32 1900 ' 1 29 00 73 1 09 1 49 09 00 Mean (23 rears) ' 15 2 18 2.24 71 36 08 T T ANTIOCH, CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. [Elevation. 46 feet.] 1879 1.57 1 69 1 50 73 -- 05 00 00 00 77 1 38 1 51 1880.. 95 1 07 1 14 3 65 33 00 00 00 00 00 1881 1.74 1 54 1 11 1 30 T 00 00 00 T T 95 1 89 1882 95 1 20 2.35 25 00 00 00 00 1883... 1 89 48 1 99 60 2 55 00 00 00 13 70 55 33 1884 3.50 3.64 5 73 2.62 00 1 15 00 T T 1 25 T o 79 20 68 1885... 1 16 12 35 96 00 T T 00 00 00 4 87 1886 3 60 0.00 0.56 2 03 T 00 00 00 00 40 T 1 02 7 61 1887... 38 3 87 49 95 00 00 00 00 00 <* 1888 2 84 1 24 2 05 00 50 00 00 00 70 00 "-"' 1 82 2 88 1889 0.95 0.52 4.81 0.46 1 07 T 00 00 00 4 51 2 09 6,54 20 95 1890 5 16 2.97 2.45 31 54 00 00 00 04 00 1 32 13 7 1891 0.41 4.55 2.01 1.14 00 36 00 00 75 75 o 75 4 43 15 15 1892... 1 06 1 63 2.14 46 76 00 00 00 22 45 4 52 4 78 1893 2.93 1.88 2.64 1.02 41 00 00 00 0.02 06 2. 18 1 63 y> 77 1894... 4 29 2 54 37 28 1 61 84 00 00 1 07 63 18 8. 11 1895 5.57 1.52 0.75 00 52 00 00 00 15 15 1 63 65 19 94 1896.. 6 15 10 1 44 3 18 00 00 00 47 1 55 2.34 1 20 1897 1.98 3 07 3 34 12 00 00 00 00 00 1 09 35 65 10 60 1898... 79 1 32 45 15 40 10 00 00 15 84 00 72 189!) 1.61 0.03 5 22 15 45 05 00 00 00 2 66 2.36 1 03 13 56 1900.. 3 04 14 41 8 57 TO 491 00 00 00 00 70 3 43 95 Mean (*> rears) 2.39 1.60 1.97 0.95 49 12 T 01 23 80 1 48 j 54 1 57 167 168 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTIIS) Continued. BAKERSFIELD, KERN COUNTY. [Elevation, 394 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. .Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 - 0.57 0.20 1.88 0.15 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 0.22 1.75 7.03 1890 1.20 0.16 0.24 0.00 o.oe 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.47 0.00 0.00 1.34 3.50 1891 0.20 1.20 0.26 0.27 0.22 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.20 1.08 3.% 1892 l.Gl' 0.45 1.25 T. 0.41 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.55 0.76 5.42 1893 0.61 0.88 2.30 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.97 5.28 1894 0.91 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.02 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.03 0.00 1.43 3.46 1895 2.53 0.40 1.15 0.29 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 0.54 0.33 6.61 1896 1.66 0.00 1.58 0.35 0.15 0.00 0.18 0.05 0.00 0.73 0.35 0.81 5.86 1897 0.97 2.13 '0.72 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.12 0.31 5.16 Iggg 1.36 0.28 0.26 0.05 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.26 0.10 2.16 1899 0.82 0.15 0.58 0.16 0.08 0.00 0.00 T. T. 0.57 1.08 0.77 4 21 1900 0.84 0.26 0.43 0.78 0.48 0.00 [0.02] 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.00 T. 4.41 1.11 0.51 0.93 0.22 0.18 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.13 47 38 80 4 76 BERKELEY, ALAMEDA COUNTY. [Elevation, 320 feet.] 1887 1.66 9.41 0.98 2.53 0.06 0.04 0.01 00 40 00 76 2 94 18 79 1888 6.84 1.92 4.50 0.20 0.42 0.50 T. 0.00 0.59 0.02 2.71 3 79 20 49 1889 0.78 0.54 7.58 0.72 1.50 0.06 0.00 00 00 5 80 2 39 12 59 31 96 1890 . 11 16 5.70 4 74 2.18 1 44 T 00 T 25 00 00 3 32 28 79 1891. . 1.13 10.68 3.17 3.42 1.61 0.38 0.44 00 74 18 1 01 6 22 28 98 1892 2 34 4.20 3 60 1.68 2 97 00 01 00 07 1 99 6 35 6 64 28 85 1893 3.90 3.28 6.19 1.62 0.26 0.00 0.00 00 38 52 5 22 2 62 23 99 1894 9.54 3 77 91 57 2 01 1 11 00 00 1 61 3 29 1 35 12 63 36 79 1895 10 88 3 25 2 64 2 30 1 06 00 04 00 1 28 07 1 78 1896 11.40 36 2.93 6.72 94 00 T 90 76 1 91 5 15 4 92 35 99 1897 3 73 4 68 5 97 44 20 30 00 00 ^0 o 48 1 58 1898 1.54 3.28 0.31 19 1 87 24 00 04 93 1 88 97 1 22 12 47 1899 5.90 22 13 19 1 56 1 70 05 00 T 00 5 26 5 85 1900 4 18 1 02 3 00 1 58 91 08 00 02 05 5 28 3 65 4 26 1 84 1 21 20 04 07 52 1 77 BISHOP, INYO COUNTY. [Elevation, 4,450 feet.] 1884.. 62 64 94 05 00 00 1885 00 00 67 14 1886 1 03 00 50 1887 , 65 1 58 00 35 55 1888 1 37 47 05 1889 10 60 1 46 12 30 1890 4 57 30 00 1891 00 3 70 28 1892 10 70 1 10 00 1893 1 22 1 12 15 1894 30 75 1895 1 10 50 22 1896 1 07 00 1897 32 1 67 1898 05 4.89 1899 1 65 00 0.00 0.21 0.11 1.45 1900 49 01 0.17 5.38 Mean (17 years) 86 71 0.89 4.27 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (Ixcais AXD HU.VDREDTHS) Continued. BYRON. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. [Elevation. 33 feet.] 169 Year. ^ Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. . NOT. Dec. Annual. 1880 092 1.02 ! 0.79 1.68 0.91 1.02 3.11 0.25 1.91 4. 15 5. 61 0.18 0.35 0.00 1.79 4. 43 0. 19 1.25 1.77 0.72 4.24 2.35 2.16 2.83 0.40 1. 18! 2.29 2.34 2.43 2.65 0.32 1.37 0.85 0.14 1.01 2.52 2.88 1.00 0.41 0.00 5.25 0.08 | 0.79 5.13 1.91 0.72 0.17 2.50 1.02 2.23 1.21 0.00 0.49 0.38 1.60 0.40 0.90 0.10 1.02 2.11 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.57 0.18 0.00 0.00 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.98 0.20 0.00 0.82 0.38 1.59 0.37 0.31 0.00 0.57 0.40 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.00 1.63 0.53 0.27 0.00 1.03 0.18 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.97 0.86 1.23 0.00 0.89 T. 0.00 4.52 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.00 1.02 0.63 1.88 1.47 0.47 3.26 0.85 0.53 1.00 1.69 0.53 0.00 6.70 0.00 0.42 4.49 2.86 0.00 0.32 3.21 1.50 0.26 0.95 2.54 0.18 0.14 1.91 3.47 7.56 1.80 0.32 0.71 3.33 2.04 0.95 2.90 1.81 8.33 1.27 3.55 4.17 1.33 7.94 0.59 1.27 1.06 1.71 1.61 0.83 16.13 10.80 9.00 9.82 20.77 11.52 9.95 9.63 13.33 22.97 14.43 9.42 14.19 11.45 19.90 10.24 17.68 10.55 5.51 15.71 9.67 1881 3 46 1882 1 15 1883. 3 01 1884. ? -11 1885 1.23 1886 4 09 1887 0.48 1888... . 2.67 1889.. 71 1890 6 44 1891 19 1892 65 1893 2 57 1894 3.99 1895 4.28 1896 804 1897 2 44 1898 1 14 1899 2.6'' 1900 ' 2.53 Mean (21 veare) 2.62 1.48 1.88 1.10 0.45 0.13 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.92 1.56 2.62 12.98 CAL3ENTE, KERN COUNTY. 1876 [1 52] 2.02 1.66 0.47 1.08 4.47 2.69 0.34 0.33 1.51 1.09 1.54 1.91 3.30 0.73 1.76 0.82 4.98 5.00 0.00 0.45 0.66 2.62 2.76 0.07 L14 1.30 0.20 3.15 1.15 1.10 2.83 0.40 1.00 4.25 2.15 3.71 1.40 1.60 3.10 ; 1.67 0.25 3.30 4.96 2.41 0.70 1.45 0.41 3.26 0.98 U.80 0.53 1.27 3.20 1.43 3.53 0.64 1.59 2.42 2.90 3.00 2.65 2.66 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.60 0.30 0.70 0.20 0.85 1.58 0.35 0.76 0.28 1.75 T. 0.52 0.03 0.20 0.23 0.23 0.69 1.07 1.10 1.06 0.00 0.21 0.81 0.00 1.62 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.50 0.87 0.56 0.13 1.40 1.13 2.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.op 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.42 1.08 0.00 0.81 1.01 0.76 0.22 0.05 T. 0.63 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 2.31 1.02 0.90 0.00 0.25 0.00 T. 0.84 0.10 1.77 0.35 0.30 0.69 0.05 0.25 3.88 1.45 0.05 1.33 1.05 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.20 0.25 1.51 1.02 0.00 0.45 1.52 2.13 0.00 2.31 a 10 3.46 3.56 0.51 0.37 1.81 3.25 1.33 1.33 1.43 2.18 3.65 4.30 3.55 2.80 3.45 4.39 1.20, 1.93 2.02 0.68 0.64 0.00 6.25 7.57 14.82 8.85 12.64 7.68 10.45 8.81 20.98 10.06 10.30 8.22 7.83 10.59 9.94 9.42 10.60 11.31 13.14 16.79 12.53 12.02 7.21 9.22 8.51 1877. 1 08 1878 3.81 1879 20 1880 2.37 1881. J 61 1882... . 1.51 1883. 04 1884. > 00 1885. 75 1886 1 59 1887 0.38 1888 0.87 1889 59 1890 1.25 1891. 19 1892... 0.75 1893 1.00 1894 . ' 3 30 1895. 5 28 1896. ' 2 53 1897 .... 1.25 1898. ' 1 67 1899 1.73 1900. 50 Mean (25 years) 1. 49 1.76 1.88 1.39 0.63 0.12 T. 0.01 0.08 0.47 0.78 2.01 10 63 170 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. CALISTOGA, NAPA COUNTY. [Elevation, 363 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct.- Nov. Dec. Annual. 1873 0.20 4.43 1.28 1.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 2.75 10.19 20.91 1874 8.55 2.57 3.48 1.55 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.01 7.98 0.46 29.70 1875 7.89 0.56 2.18 0.00 0.00 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 6.79 4.03 23.42 1876 8.53 9.08 8.73 1.67 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 9.05 0.48 0.00 38.10 1877 6.55 2.49 1.64 0.65 0.50 0.28 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.49 2.14 3.02 18.96 1878 20.64 16.46 4.80 0.85 0.80 0.00 0.00 T. 0.49 1.56 1.30 1.57 48.47 1879 4.40 6.72 15.70 2.37 2.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 5.33 7.99 45.18 1880 3.94 1.88 1.64 15.31 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.83 40.15 1881 15.58 4.77 1.39 1.89 0.25 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.48 2.19 0.00 5.18 32.50 Ig82 3.81 5.53 3.84 1.65 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 3.57 4.70 1.42 25.40 1883 1.30 1.28 5.36 2.93 3.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.14 1.69 0.24 1.32 18.97 1884 6.57 4.42 9.78 5.98 0.42 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.19 1.83 0.05 15.08 46.38 1885 2.05 1.59 0.71 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.78 15.67 5.36 27.23 1886 9.39 T. 2.23 7.12 1.05 0.00 0.00 "o.oo 0.00 1.25 0.00 3.95 24.99 1887 2.22 11.18 1.58 2.82 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 1.50 4.82 24.30 1888 7.89 2.87 5.64 0.26 0.20 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 6.14 6.91 31.% 1889 0.96 0.72 10.87 1.23 3.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.85 4.10 17.67 49.31 1890 18.00 4.78 9.16 2.25 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 4.85 40.84 1891 1.65 13.84 1.45 3.20 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.30 0.75 8.56 31.92 1892 5.78 5.52 5.03 3.10 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.93 8.01 10.79 40.72 1893 5.35 8.37 9.91 3.21 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.51 6.93 4.40 40.39 1894 15.28 7.82 3.21 2.45 2.01 1.29 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.65 1.09 15.39 52.19 1896 22.46 2.72 3.33 1.77 1.81 0.00 0.30 0.00 1.45 T. 4.85 4.62 43.31 1896 14.05 0.25 4.25 8.88 2.30 0.00 0.09 0.15 0.78 2.35 7.78 9.88 50.76 1897 4.85 9.31 7.56 1.52 0.35 2.24 0.00 0.00 0.04 2.43 2.18 4.66 35.14 1898 1.52 8.99 0.14 0.81 3.81 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.39 0.86 1.59 18 97 1899 9.52 0.03 10.72 1.51 0.58 1.52 0.00 0.07 0.00 7.95 6.79 5.66 44.35 1900 6.84 0.85 5.34 3.19 0.61 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.36 7 61 4.81 35.68 Mean (28 years) 7.71 4.96 5.04 2.88 1.14 0.41 0.02 0.01 36 2.28 3.79 6.43 35.01 COLFAX, PLACER COUNTY. 1870 T8 811 5.55 5 41 3 19 25 00 00 00 00 1 21 2 58 3 94 30 94 1871 7.24 4.85 4.30 4.03 2.55 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 9 80 37 15 1872 10.02 13.68 4 69 3 40 61 40 00 T T 00 3 99 10 48 47 27 1873 2.90 11.12 1.24 1.81 2.04 0.00 T. 0.00 00 00 2.27 18 84 40 22 1874 10.93 6.62 10 12 3 53 1 31 00 00 00 00 3 36 1 13 89 1 12 50 88 1875 12.32 0.19 3.23 0.20 1.90 0.00 00 00 00 95 14 84 7 10 40 73 1876 10.40 7.20 14 89 3 23 1 42 T 00 00 00 7 98 62 00 45 24 1877 9 29 1 76 4 36 1 36 1 67 57 00 T 00 95 o oo 1 76 25 10 1878 13.10 12.21 9.22 1 79 42 T 00 00 56 00 2 08 85 40 23 1879. 8 73 8 87 14 62 6 57 2 91 27 o oo 00 o oo 2 94 4 (jg 9 16 58 75 1880 4 53 6 60 2 85 21 09 4 29 00 00 00 00 T 00 1881 15 59 9 30 3 83 1 53 T 1 31 00 00 1 63 1 38 3 40 8 01 45 98 1882 9 09 7 11 6 97 3 98 1 13 13 00 00 40 1883 1.68 3 23 7 98 2 93 5 92 00 00 o oo 1 08 2 97 1 34 2 32 29 45 1884.. 7 67 9 73 12 27 10 94 1 38 3 01 o oo 00 1885 2 85 1 66 68 2 2*) 00 1 18 1886 12 17 34 3 69 10 86 1 08 00 00 00 1887. . 2 99 9 24 1 51 4 92 72 00 1888 13 28 2 18 2 80 95 17 2 69 00 00 25 1889 50 90 13 90 3 00 9 14 25 00 1890 17 90 8 00 14 70 3 95 3 85 00 00 00 2 75 1891 1 95 14 60 9 60 2 45 1 70 2 60 90 1892 4.85 7 55 7 46 5 73 6 14 60 00 00 ro 531 1893 7 62 5 68 1 80 4 22 1 30 00 1894 13 43 9 76 3 63 T4 4R1 3 45 2 45 1895.. 16 47 5 55 1896 23 23 93 6 36 16 15 5 39 1897.... 4 15 15 86 1898 1 80 9 61 1 89 1 38 2 98 1899 9 29 87 20 73 1900 6 41 4 33 7 79 Mean 31 (years) 8 75 6 62 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 171 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. COLTOK, SAX BERXABDIXO COUXTY. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 1.64 T. 1.72 1 00 1 58 00 00 00 00 07 35 1 93 8 29 1878 1.94 5 16 1 38 2 99 71 00 00 00 00 24 30 1 68 14 40 1879 1.79 0.74 0.03 1 75 10 08 00 00 00 13 1 15 2.49 8 26 1880 0.99 76 1 05 > 19 00 00 00 00 00 13 27 37 7 76 1881 0.74 0.90 1 39 28 00 00 00 00 00 28 38 00 3 97 1882 2.23 1 28 1.51 1 08 00 50 50 00 o OC 50 19 30 8 09 1883.. 0.52 1.72 1 00 45 75 00 00 00 o on 60 00 > 23 7 27 1884 1 00 11 38 4 05 9 85 90 32 00 25 00 25 12 3 93 <>7 05 1885 1.00 0.00 00 2 08 22 00 00 00 00 00 1 90 52 5 74 1886 2 78 40 3 54 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 00 1887 0.21 3 64 00 1 94 T 00 00 00 00 00 70 80 a7'29 1888 4.89 0.42 3.68 0.43 00 00 00 00 00 00 2 87 3 26 15 05 1889 0.86 88 4.47 1 02 60 00 00 T 04 1 59 1 26 7 41 18 13 1890 2.94 1.15 50 0.00 00 00 08 06 67 00 19 2.45 7 9Q 1891 00 6 48 25 80 90 00 00 00 00 00 00 87 9 30 1892 2.27 3.36 80 24 1 44 00 00 00 00 :- 90 1 45 10 94 1893 2.40 2.91 6.64 0.16 00 0.00 30 00 00 1 18 22 1 93 15 74 1894 20 55 2 00 10 50 00 00 00 45 15 00 5 70 9 65 1895 ... .. .. 6.88 1.01 2.94 1.08 1 05 00 00 00 00 00 1 16 00 14 12 1896 1.10 0.00 2.91 0.25 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.10 ro.061 2.28 0.94 Lll 9 13 1897 3. 82 3 96 2.70 00 15 85 00 00 00 > 20 TO 661 30 14 34 1898 1.48 0.23 0.80 0.10 0.34 00 00 0.00 0.00 T T 45 3 40 1899 1 57 45 1 55 00 OG T 00 00 00 00 1 96 55 6 08 1900 1.06 i> 00 0.95 1.59 89 00 00 00 T 32 6 47 00 11 28 Mean (24 years) .... 1 83 1 97 1.91 95 52 07 03 (f> 05 43 93 1 74 10 47 CORXIXG, TEHAMA COUXTY. 1886 5.68 0.00 141 3.45 0.58 00 00 0.00 00 30 00 2 01 13 43 1887 0.45 6 81 1 46 2.86 - 18 00 00 00 00 1 37 3 70 17 11 1888 3 64 2 09 3 20 6 19 40 79 T 00 52 00 3 34 5 87 19 54 1889 27 76 4 37 55 1 38 65 00 00 00 5 74 3 26 10 11 27 09 1890 5.10 2.28 4.56 1.25 2 34 00 00 00 78 00 00 2 26 18 57 1891 11 80 1 52 2.13 1 15 45 00 00 00 50 10 2.91 21 26 1892 3.25 1 35 2.20 1 41 1 63 05 o oo 00 00 14 9 07 2.51 21 61 1893 2.42 3.00 5.00 1.80 0.22 00 00 0.00 0.22 0.00 2 60 2.22 17 48 1894 3 90 4 30 85 40 1 30 00 00 00 fO 231 85 00 10 85 22 68 1895 14.62 2.83 3.42 0.90 20 00 00 00 FO 231 00 1 25 2 17 25 62 1896 1 40 T 3 96 3 95 1 30 00 00 42 75 75 3 08 7 40 34.00 1897 2 29 5 69 1 90 1 63 T 60 00 00 00 2 18 65 1 60 16 54 1898 20 3 20 00 T 1 28 00 00 00 38 75 72 1 05 7 58 1899 . 8 13 00 3 03 95 1 15 18 00 00 00 6 76 4 10 3 42 27 72 1900 4.61 1.34 1.60 2.84 0.76 30 00 0.00 00 4 05 3 80 2 25 21 55 Mean (15 years) 4.51 3.03 2.56 1 62 93 21 T 03 21 1 47 o 02 3 99 20.79 a Approximated. 172 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOENIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. DAVISVILLE, YOLO COUNTY. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1872 4.34 1.92 0.06 0.00 0.11 T. 0.00 T. T. 0.00 1.50 6.50 14.43 1873 1.00 2.26 0.50 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.27 9.68 14.10 1874 3.39 1.46 2.50 0.55 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 2.50 0.10 12.35 1875 . .. 5.75 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.10 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 3.86 2.60 13.60 1876 3.53 3.69 3.67 1.01 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.02 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.32 1877 2.84 1.12 0.50 0.12 0.32 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.34 1.00 6.97 1878 8.72 6.49 1.75 0.66 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.34 1.00 0.19 19.61 1879 2.38 2.65 3.80 1.04 1.20 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 1.79 2.72 16.12 1880 1.80 1.17 1.16 7.46 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.47 22.68 1881 3.94 2.12 1.19 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.28 1.65 2.38 12.92 1882 1.28 1.92 2.76 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 1.78 2.84 0.68 12.58 1883 . . . 2.20 0.71 3.19 1.00 3.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.90 0.35 0.43 12.69 1884 3.07 3.78 5.09 3.07 0.00 1.39 0.00 0.00 0.28 1.48 0.00 5.25 23.41 1885 1.32 0.14 0.10 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 7.87 4.56 15.26 1886 5.32 0.20 1.70 4.75 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 1.81 14." 31 1887 0.99 6.14 0.78 2.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.50 2.52 13.01 1888 4.23 1.10 2.80 0.30 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 5.06 4.20 18.84 1889 0.20 0.41 6.62 1.17 1.48 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.14 3.04 9.02 30.42 1890 6.36 3. 89 3.35 1.60 2.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 5.28 23.11 1891 1 10 10 55 1.45 1.68 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 2.51 18 46 1892 1.72 2.05 2.67 0.92 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 2.78 6.77 19.50 1893 3.45 4.09 4.32 0.85 1.56 00 0.00 0.00 00 0.10 2 97 2.01 19 33 1894 3.50 2.05 0.94 0.30 1.64 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.93 1.01 0.35 7.59 19 96 1895 8.47- 1.85 1.30 0.64 0.44 00 0.50 0.00 1 00 T 1 16 1 03 16 39 18% 9 24 15 2 06 5 86 71 00 00 32 98 1 02 3 74 2 23 26 31 1897 3.23 4.13 2.63 0.28 0.23 03 00 00 T 1 66 63 1 06 13 88 1898 1 11 3 07 04 24 1 15 00 00 00 25 30 46 1 58 8 20 1899 .. .. 3.82 T 5.67 T. 0.31 80 00 02 00 3 88 1 88 1 42 17 80 1900 3 55 20 96 98 40 T 00 00 00 38 4 08 94 11 49 3 51 2 38 2 20 1 39 68 18 02 01 21 87 1 76 3 33 16 55 DELANO, KERN COUNTY. 1876 1.23 1 82 82 00 00 00 00 00 00 3 00 00 4 10- 1877 55 49 1 63 1 02 23 00 00 00 00 00 36 56 1878 1 25 1 96 1 55 1 41 00 00 00 00 1879 0.18 10 07 93 06 00 00 00 00 43 1880. 55 2 97 30 2 40 20 00 00 00 00 1881 1 85 60 1 10 50 05 1882 51 1 10 83 83 50 QO 00 1883 00 40 83 50 3 ^S 1884 1 61 2 ^8 1 98 2 31 2 27 22 1886 13 00 36 1 15 03 1886 75 20 80 1 54 00 00 00 1887 20 2 63 00 1 44 68 1888 2 21 10 94 00 15 00 1889 63 06 2 10 22 16 1890 2 67 62 42 08 61 00 1891 18 1 99 57 05 1892 0.42 85 2 07 13 43 37 1893 59 1 10 2 42 4 00 1894 47 45 64 1895 ... 2 79 63 34 31 33 1896 1 25 00 84 1897 1 35 2 29 86 1898 "... 78 62 38 00 1899 68 T 1 39 1900 69 97 51 Mean (25 years) 94 97 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 173 PRECIPITATION- OP CALJFORKIA (!XCHES AND HUNDREDTH*) Continued. DELTA. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. i Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1883 1 00 00 14.46 8.49 9 94 1884 15 57 4 55 13. 44 1885 2 91 2.53 37 2 54 67 1886 I 9 95 50 3 52 1887.. - ! 3.84 10 7 3.37 5 53 1 26 1888 10.40 4 67 1 70 00 2 45 3 30 1889 15 1 02 37 52 2.91 5 81 1890 17.18 21 11 16.50 4.78 2.33 00 1891 3. 72 13 70 2.06 ft 05 1892 555 4 01 8.34 6 31 5 22 1893 3 17 2.10 11 90 8.90 3.30 1894 14 30 3 70 2.60 o 75 3 50 1895 is. 55 7 08 7 72 1896 31 42 GO 11 81 16 7** 1897 4 66 7 13 4 63 1 30 00 2.75 1898. ! 75 13.55 00 1 35 5 85 1899 8 19 5 95 11 81 65 1 10 4.05 1900 12.25 4 60 9 45 8 59 Mean (18 vears) _ 9.09 5 95 8 96 6 01 4 01 1 59 13 01 DUXSIGAX, yOLO COtrXTY. 1877 2.19 86 31 00 1 00 T 1838. 10 50 6 28 1 94 44 52 1879 2. 35 2.10 4 39 1 22 86 15 00 1880 70 88 -- 6 06 1881.. . . 5 67 1 45 67 1 23 20 1882 1 00 2.04 2 33 1 23 00 12 00 00 1883. 2.05 35 3 65 72 4 67 00 1884 2.36 3 21 5 78 2 78 T o 59 00 1885 1 66 32 13 1 10 00 1886 ".. . 8 37 T 1 69 3 61 18 00 00 00 1887 97 6 93 1 13 o 4j 00 M8R. 4 18 1 03 3 39 00 1 6 00 00 1889 27 60 6 17 1 49 28 1890. . 7 22 3 62 3.90 1 16 1 91 00 1891 0.59 9 60 66 9 09 1 75 00 00 00 1892. o 66 -. 87 00 1893 346 3 64 4.64 94 69 00 00 1S94 5 78 9 05 93 48 1 78 1895. 10 38 76 1 23 1 46 30 00 04 1896 15. 13 11 - 5 45 79 00 04 37 1897. 3 90 4 99 1 52 42 26 35 T 1896. 2 03 3 24 25 14 1 67 09 00 00 1899 7.00 T 4 29 30 44 61 00 00 00 3 33 1900 4 15 10 2.10 1 48 * 00 00 00 Mean (24 vears) 4 36 2 35 2.40 1 54 94 20 T 174 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. DUNSMUIR, SISKIYOU COUNTY. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 1.30 0.33 4.39 2.43 7.06 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.15 11.65 20.57 69.00 1890 23.60 16.50 11.85 11.85 2.15 0.40 0.00 0.05 0.90 0.00 0.00 8.05 75.60 1891 0.55 2.59 2.70 4.95 3.07 2.88 0.67 0.07 1.52 2.13 2.32 9.65 33.10 1892 2.41 3.31 5.30 5.48 3.96 1.22 0.35 0.00 0.05 2.68 7.47 14.03 46.26 1893 - .. 3.65 6.40 13.30 8.75 4.06 0.00 0.20 0.00 3.27 1.15 11.35 5.08 57.21 1894 17.53 7.60 6.05 1.70 4.35 2.10 0.00 0.20 0.20 9.65 2.90 29.30 81.58 1895 15.30 6.50 8.15 2.55 4.40 0.00 1.55 0.00 5.75 0.05 1.40 4.39 50.09 18% 22.25 1.54 10.23 11.43 6.22 0.17 0.34 0.00 1.46 0.00 11.07 13.94 78.65 1897 4.08 10.63 6.33 1.02 0.14 2.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78 4.34 4.98 36.65 1898 9.76 10.62 0.00 1.20 4.20 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.53 1.71 2.98 11.43 43.93 1899 .-- . . 6.80 0.50 10.31 0.48 1.60 1.90 0.00 0.90 T. 7.10 15.29 7.40 52.28 1900 9.93 3.32 6.27 4.85 3.18 0.90 0.00 T. 1.20 6.13 7.16 8.29 51.23 9.76 5.82 7.07 4.72 3.72 1.21 0.26 0.10 1.24 4.46 6.49 11.43 56.30 ELDORADO, ELDORADO COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,609 feet.] 1889 0.31 0.38 8.41 1.60 7.50 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.46 6.32 14.94 47.04 1890 12.48 5.74 10.09 3.00 3.45 0.00 0.00 1.77 0.10 0.00 5.48 42.11 1891... 1.07 6.93 6.71 3.52 0.93 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.85 1.08 9.09 31. 2J 1892 . . .. 3.48 5.75 7.24 3.61 4.91 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.08 2.04 7.80 10.33 45.39 1893 5.40 2.56 8.02 3.13 1.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.14 0.65 4.58 4.26 31.25 1894 8.74 11.90 2.25 1.63 3.98 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 3.52 1.05 14.37 49.11 1895 13.80 4.18 3.94 4.06 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.78 3.79 34.30 1896 13.82 0.15 7.80 9.56 2.59 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.41 1.00 9.49 3.62 48.47 1897 3.51 4.50 7.63 1.65 0.23 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.17 2 54 2.21 2.88 25.87 1898 1 43 6 19 86 53 2 67 60 0.00 00 0.37 0.95 2.45 2.70 18.75 1899 4.60 0.57 13.10 1.02 1.80 1.57 0.00 0.06 0.00 7.18 6.19 6.73 42.82 1900 3 87 1 99 5 15 3 40 1 70 00 00 00 0.10 3 26 811 2 23 29.81 6 04 4 24 6 77 3 06 2 80 41 00 01 52 2 46 4.17 6 70 37.18 ELMIRA, SOLANO COUNTY. [Elevation, 75 feet.] 1886 8 01 00 1 35 4 22 14 00 00 00 00 38 00 1, o 72 ig 82 1887 1.01 7.10 , 0.55 2.06 00 00 00 00 00 00 76 3 41 ' 14 39 1888 . . 4.81 1 49 3 92 T 45 19 00 00 08 00 28 4 47 15 69 1889 32 88 6 32 59 1 67 15 00 00 00 6 54 9 96 9 6 63 1890 8.68 4.08 5 26 1 05 1 86 00 00 00 35 00 00 3 74 25 0*' 1891 75 8 87 1 65 1 72 60 00 00 00 35 00 27 4 92 19 OS 1892 2 81 4 04 1 94 1 77 2 82 00 1893 4.71 2 85 4 40 90 76 00 00 00 16 18 3 02 1 76 18 74 1894 8 12 4 20 97 57 1 08 63 00 3 17 1895 11.61 3 11 1 60 1 57 68 00 00 00 87 04 2 38 1 91 ' 23 67 1896 16 16 31 4 63 7 68 87 00 00 1897 3 72 7 15 4 52 39 00 1898 93 3 33 19 46 1 33 00 00 1899 5 33 00 7 60 58 03 1900 3 36 43 1 91 1 18 Mean (15 years) 5.36 3 19 3 11 1 65 85 16 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 175 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. FALLBROOK, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. [Elevation, 700 feet.] Year. - Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Annual. 1876 f ... 6.17 3.78 2.77 15 61 00 15 00 20 23 07 08 1877. 3.41 59 2 28 55 1 11 00 00 T 00 59 58 1878 3.19 8.01 2 08 4 63 1 41 33 00 T 00 32 25 1 64 1879. 3 21 90 29 83 03 23 00 05 00 42 3 61 1880 1 46 1 86 2 12 4.99 05 02 03 26 in 111 TO 741 1881. 13 511 73 93 67 00 00 00 00 00 57 L V7 1898 0.76 2.02 0.97 0.20 1.54 0.00 0.00 00 58 66 80 1 53 9 06 1899 3 00 0.14 5.33 0.78 1.07 0.10 00 10 00 3 77 3 08 2 33 19 70 1900 1.75 0.40 1.28 3.77 1.S6 0.00 0.00 00 T 1 44 5 62 1 01 16 83 Mean (24 vears) 2 94 2 43 i 49 1 84 91 13 T T 21 89 1 71 2 77 176 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. FERNANDO, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,066 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 4.15 6.89 2.08 2.55 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.09 1.20 17.48 1879 3.97 0.86 0.18 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 2.15 6.29 15. 19 1880 0.94 2.00 1.14 2.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 4.72 12.63 1881 1.28 0.34 1.75 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.16 0.32 5.30 1882 0.62 1.70 3.21 1.56 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.68 0.00 8.15 1883 1.32 3.17 1.30 0.13 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 2.76 11.50 1884 3.00 10.60 10.51 3.48 1.05 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.00 4.% 37.02 1885 0.90 0.00 T. 1.48 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.94 1.17 11.70 1886 6.70 T. 3.36 3.39 0.00 0.00 0.19 T. 0.00 0.78 0.87 0.24 15.53 1887 0.21 8.54 0.27 2.52 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 [0.04] 0.22 0.90 1.41 14.11 1888 5.09 1.39 3.40 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 3.24 5.40 19.32 1889 0.09 0.63 8.95 0.56 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.32 6.17 1.60 14.40 33.21 1890 5.40 2.72 0.53 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.18 1.61 10.95 1891 0.30 6.32 1.23 0.96 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 1.03 10.94 1892 0.57 2.53 2.65 0.21 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.48 4.40 13.92 1893 2.63 3.67 6.93 0.56 O.OH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.05 2.23 16. 76 1894 0.59 0.61 0.75 0.24 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 5.82 8.35 1895 7.62 0.54 3.72 0.55 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.90 0.61 14.43 1896 2.42 0.05 3.32 0.29 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 1.48 0.96 2.12 11.12 1897 . . . 5.39 5.58 2.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 0.00 0.00 15.51 1898 1.42 0.57 0.86 0.10 1.42 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.10 0.25 0.00 0.20 5.09 1899 1.29 0.00 1.45 0.00 T. 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.82 1.04 6.93 1900 1.31 0.00 1.45 0.25 1.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.14 6.19 0.00 11.21 Mean (23 vears) . . .. 2.49 2.56 2.69 1.05 0.44 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.73 1.31 2.69 14.19 FOLSOM, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. [Elevation, 252 feet.] 1872 5.50 4.72 1.60 0.63 0.75 T. 0.00 T. T. 0.25 2.80 6.53 22. 78 1873 1.64 4.05 0.34 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.01 T. T. T. 1.39 10.51 18.02 1874 . ... 5.26 2.63 1.82 2.03 O.S1 T. T. 0.00 T. 1.66 5.19 0.13 19. ft3 1875 6 14 0.04 1.24 T. 0.07 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 7.12 4.49 20. 59 1876 5.89 4.06 6.62 1.56 0.24 T. 0.26 0.03 0.00 3.76 0.25 0.00 22.67 1877 3.38 0.68 0.81 T. 1.02 T. T. T. 0.00 0.75 0.54 1.34 8.52 1878 8 41 8.37 4.23 1 10 26 0.00 0.00 T 0.12 0.43 0.62 0.56 24. 10 1879 4.87 4.91 5.43 3.38 1.44 0.12 0.00 T 0.00 1.21 2.20 3.19 26. 78 1880 1.51 2 13 1.40 11 39 2 06 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 T. 0.10 9.85 28.44 1881 6.70 6.07 1.38 1.13 T 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.21 1.57 3.45 22.59 1882 2.38 3.01 3.82 2.51 0.27 0.06 T. 0.00 0.68 2.81 3.95 0.74 20. 53 1883 2 11 80 5 46 1 10 4 67 00 00 0.00 1.82 1.41 0.81 0.92 19.00 1884 \3.88 5.92 8.14 5.32 1.16 1.64 0.00 T. 1.64 2.02 0.00 6.13 34.85 1885 . . 1.91 0.84 15 1 68 T 0.21 02 T 0.21 T. 10.91 4.88 20.81 1886 7 60 90 3 16 6 78 29 00 00 00 CO 1 34 0.55 3.35 23.97 1887..'. 1.27 9.21 1.30 2 84 03 22 00 T. 0.38 0.00 0.59 4.82 20.66 1888 5 83 84 3 08 12 35 27 02 01 57 00 3.71 4.32 19. 12 1889 0.32 0.68 7.07 0.61 2 89 0.23 00 0.00 0.00 5.70 4.85 9.41 31.76 1890 7.67 5.26 5 68 2 08 2 66 00 00 00 1 13 06 0.00 4.25 28.78 1891 0.60 4.56 5.29 2.22 1 58 0.46 10 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.78 4.98 20. 77 1892 2.56 3.03 4 17 1 85 3 91 07 00 T 14 1 31 6 82 5.11 28.97 1893 4 42 2 93 6 93 2 00 " 72 00 T 00 43 23 3 94 2 60 24.10 1894 5 89 6 40 1 13 51 2 81 99 Qi 03 56 2 76 89 11 74 33 72 1895 11.24 2.59 2 63 2 05 1 43 00 T T 1 43 09 2 06 1 73 25.15 1896 9 11 41 4 02 6 44 1 57 00 00 64 35 90 6 55 1 77 31 80 1897 4 57 7 95 5 26 74 51 03 CO 09 10 2 44 1 02 1 90 24 61 1898 83 3 90 22 54 1 35 30 00 T '*4 85 1 54 '' 47 12 24 1899 4 88 07 7 13 82 1 17 21 00 06 00 5 74 5 45 [4 181 29 71 1900 4.76 0.91 2 27 2 82 1 66 T T 00 28 2 17 3 99 1 67 20 53 4 52 3 38 3 51 2 22 1 23 23 01 03 33 1 36 2 77 4 03 23 61 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 177 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUJJDREDTHS) Continued. FORT ROSS, SONOMA COUNTY. [Elevation. 100 feet.] Year. j Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec, Annual. 1875. . . 9 15 69 3.41 3.11 o oo 45 1 90 1876 9 75 9 31 14 44 ** 21 1 16 1877 9 00 5 49 3 95 18 80 78 20 1878 33. 29 9 65 13 8a 3 14 00 00 00 00 1879 7 78 11 33 18 43 5 2 04 00 1880 6 85 3 53 4 05 16 59 3 13 00 00 00 1881 1999 13.88 JO.OO 2.97 2.51 94 1 83 00 00 75 3 10 93 1<<82.. 6 56 ' 11 78 3 01 4 04 o 84 13 00 00 1883 657 1 40 9 67 3 25 6 50 00 00 00 32 1884. 7 16 7.44 10 76 11 79 80 4 40 00 00 80 1 85 1 85 19 17 1885 5. 31 3 58 1 45 00 ... 97 1.77 8 35 1 54 3 17 20 00 1890 12.44 3 75 9 87 3 44 1 51 13 00 00 19 1891. 94 12 06 2. 11 5 64 1 43 *" 1 07 1 30 1892 37 3 01 1 86 00 00 1895. 28.50 6 02 6 57 2 60 3 84 00 1 31 00 3 93 5 34 1896. . 24 04 1 38 5.27 6 58 3 64 00 00 1897 4.74 11 49 10 95 78 86 2.27 00 CO 1 05 4 25 1898 ' 2.01 12 94 40 57 7 6i 63 00 00 2.98 1 8 2 74 1899 ! 20 83 85 16 11 95 3 9** 04 00 00 1900 844 4 39 6 01 5 61 1 35 44 00 00 11 7 11 6 00 * Mean (25 vears) .. 7.14 7.25 3.95 2.04 0.75 0.12 o.cr> KS 3 T> 5 tV4 X fifi =* 71 FRfTO, GLENN COUNTY. [Elevation, 624 feet.] 1889 82 1 42 6 38 92 ' L33 40 00 00 00 - x 1890* 7 58 1 94 3.28 0.81 2,11 21 00 1891.. 43 9 35 52 3 42 - 1 22 63 00 00 15 00 1892 ? 00 3.53 1 89 4.06 25 00 00 00 50 5 80 6 80 27 53 1893.- 2.70 3 80 6 40 1 00 80 00 0.00 00 **' 00 1894 5 35 1 40 38 50 1 70 95 00 00 65 80 55 9 75 22.03 1895. 9 90 1 90 1 80 l.WI 1 25 85 00 05 00 1 05 00 1896. 10 93 12 NO 4 40 1 23 65 1 30 1 IT 1 95 6.75 29 28 1897 1.95 4 95 1 55 1 10 20 1 10 00 00 00 1 03 13 39 HWft -v> 2.68 05 60 1 90 00 00 00 50 50 7 95 1899. . 7 48 00 3.95 75 75 35 00 0.00 00 2 10 3 72 2.68 21 78 1900 " 4 20 45 1.50 1.70 1.80 20 00 00 00 1 90 2.80 2.45 17 00 Meau (.12 years t 4 49 2 63 2.44 1 53 1.50 34 T 05 40 1 40 1 **"' 4 23 20 93 1 i a Data missing. 1176 Bull. L 03- 178 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. GALT, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. [Elevation, 49 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 5.62 5.55 3.67 0.89 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.27 0.60 0.63 17.38 1879 2.74 3.31 S.OO 1.42 1.40 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 1.71 2.51 16.99 IggO 1.12 1.39 1.29 7.31 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 6.35 17.73 1881 4.43 2.57 0.50 1.75 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.39 0.93 2.39 13.53 1882 1.35 1.83 3.77 1.87 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 2.17 2.24 0.25 13.68 1883 2.35 0.21 3.15 0.81 4.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 1.55 0.75 0.85 15.12 1884 1.70 4.09 5.46 2.09 0.58 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 0.00 6.06 22.65 1885 1.30 0.12 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 2.33 10.13 1886 6.04 0.00 2.69 3.58 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.85 1.76 15.99 1887 0.61 5.35 1.11 2.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.38 3.27 13.43 1888 3.97 0.46 3.14 0.40 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.92 0.00 3.87 3.14 16.29 1889 0.20 0.48 5.36 0.05 2.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.46 3.77 7.64 25.08 1890 6.83 3.31 2.76 1.90 1.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 3.08 20.64 1891 1 4.31 4.36 2.78 1.43 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.32 4.32 18'. 08 1892 0.71 1.78 3.76 1.10 3.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.78 5.37 7.96 25.61 1893 3.42 2.89 4.49 2.18 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 3.52 1.49 18.77 1894 4.02 5.93 0.66 0.61 3.60 0.63 0.00 0.00 1.32 1.11 0.70 9.29 27.87 1895 9.09 3.00 1.66 1.29 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.24 1.39 1.47 19.89 1896 10.72 0.02 2.69 5.09 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.32 T. 0.74 4.24 2.46 27.19 1897 2.74 5.87 4.55 0.27 0.27 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.17 1.85 0.49 1.17 17.43 1898 0.72 2.18 [0. 15] [0.30] [0.60] [0.05] 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.30 1.15 2.35 8.00 1899 3.50 0.00 8.00 T. 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.44 2.90 2.60 21.74 1900 2.40 0.50 1.30 1.60 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 4.22 1.20 14.72 Mean (23 vears) 3.47 - 2.40 2.87 1.71 1.06 0.11 0.00 0.01 0.26 1.07 1.95 3.23 18.17 GEORGETOWN, ELDORADO COUNTY. [Elevation, 2,650 feet.J 1873 . 4.08 13.05 3.05 3.11 0.12 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.55 16.60 41.20 1874 16.66 8.03 13.87 5.80 1.32 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.86 14.60 1.24 65.58 1875 17.87 0.04 5.07 0.31 2.03 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 24.10 10.85 64.25 1876 .... 13.09 9.97 14.54 4.78 1.22 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.00 11.47 0.80 0.00 56.64 1877 12.44 2.14 7.78 1.74 3.87 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.03 4.30 1.97 35.51 1878 16.21 22.78 10.92 2.99 0.99 0.12 0.00 o.oo 0.66 2.56 2.66 0.48 60.37 1879 11.24 12.41 17.57 9.65 3.39 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.85 6.25 11.73 76.43 1880 5 47 6 00 5.50 25 63 5.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.37 22.67 71.79 1881 20.83 12.85 3.84 2.40 0.40 2.28 0.00 0.00 2.02 4.23 3.30 10.32 62.47 1882 8.59 6.88 10.44 7.11 2.06 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.16 7.75 7.00 3.31 52. 48 1883 4.70 3.08 8.73 3.87 7.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.60 4.10 1.94 3.50 38.86 1884 7.53 13.80 19.94 15.07 1.52 3.65 0.00 0.01 0.80 3.54 0.03 33.73 99.62 1885 4 37 82 24 3 98 19 2 28 03 0.00 1.16 0.00 20.77 7.03 40.87 1886 18.32 1.16 7.75 15.04 1.76 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.43 1.79 6.90 56.21 1887 3 36 15 79 2.40 6 54 93 18 00 00 0.53 0.00 1.44 7.66 38.83 1888 12 59 2 79 5 47 1 05 38 1 66 04 00 41 00 4.67 7.99 36.95 1889 . . 0.66 0.68 12 29 2 77 7 07 25 00 00 0.00 10.45 9.70 22.94 66.81 1890 19 90 8 96 14 70 3 86 4 66 10 00 00 3 00 00 0.00 7.65 62.83 1891 06 10 39 10 00 3 79 2 71 2 22 42 00 17 1 80 1 59 3 74 36 89 1892... 5.48 8-44 7 90 7 47 7 58 38 T 00 57 3 11 33 31 15.76 70.00 1893 8 44 8 20 17 69 6 34 1 51 00 T T 2 06 1 60 10 94 7 19 63 97 1894 13.89 16 25 4.74 2 40 5.25 1 61 20 1 26 6.22 1.53 20 93 74.28 1895 20 52 7 69 4 67 4 77 4 30 00 03 07 2 64 20 2 18 7 27 54 34 1896 19.55 0.77 11.28 16.51 4 81 00 20 10 83 1 76 17.18 6.37 79.36 1897 4 83 18 26 13 65 2 40 [4 361 1 00 00 04 30 4 25 4 09 5 57 58.75 1898 . . 2 13 8 83 1 80 92 2 78 1 23 00 T 53 2 22 4 34 3 35 28.13 1899 8 59 61 21 39 1 60 2 32 1 61 00 14 00 9 87 10 33 11 91 68 37 1900 5.07 4 29 6 65 5 46 1 88 13 08 00 1 00 5 49 [6 201 4 16 40 41 Mean (28 years) 10.23 8 00 9 42 5 98 2 95 9 1 ' 09 02 70 3 41 6 28 9 39 57.22 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 179 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. ISDIO, RIVERSIDE COUNTY. [Elevation, -20 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May, June. July. Aug. Sept = Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 0.10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000 00 1 00 1 10 1879 60 30 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1880 0.00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 70 TO 1881 3 45 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1882 1 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 00 00 2 50 1883 80 1 13 11 oo 00 00 00 00 00 Ofi 1884 00 3 16 62 44 46 00 00 00 00 00 00 70 5 38 1885 00 00 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 1886 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 1887... 00 93 00 30 00 00 00 T 05 188* 75 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 10 1889 57 00 1 05 00 00 00 00 95 1890 65 06 00 00 00 00 00 10 20 00 1891 00 1 90 00 00 00 00 00 1892 2 00 43 22 04 34 00 00 00 00 1893 0.03 00 1 60 00 00 00 05 75 07 00 T 1894. 00 00 00 00 00 00 T 00 1895 6.01 00 00 00 00 T 00 00 00 00 1896 92 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1897 1.10 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.10 00 1898 10 00 30 00 00 00 00 1899 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 1900 1 00 00 30 15 T 00 00 87 35 "0 04 03 T T IONE, AMADOR COUNTY. [Elevation, 287 feet.] 1878.. 5 28 7 02 3 33 1 10 19 U.13 00 1879 2.82 3 76 3 88 2.99 1 69 15 00 00 1880.. 1 33 2 39 1 60 7 39 1 60 00 1881 3.45 3 07 1 34 1 97 00 33 00 1882.. . 2 87 - 5 10 3 00 27 04 1883 2 57 80 3 57 0.0* 1 91 3 04 00 00 1884 *>.81 6.13 7 87 6 51 39 2 03 00 00 20 1885 1 74 00 10 1 55 00 43 00 1886 5 15 07 '2 40 6 06 84 00 1887 83 7 26 t.m 1 55 1 44 10 00 00 1888 4 60 1 16 70 22 00 1889 .. 12 30 5 33 25 - -.- T 00 1890 4 94 3.75 4.87 2 50 2.05 00 00 00 1891. 40 2.30 4 14 2 11 20 30 1892 2 00 2.85 4 45 1 40 07 00 1893. 3 30 1 22 5 70 23 39 00 1894 4 44 6 03 35 51 3 39 46 00 1895. rs oo] 2 49 50 3 36 1 88 00 189G 5 49 14 4 06 3 76 2.89 00 00 1897 2 79 7 10 5 74 91 42 26 1898 68 3 30 12 41 1 71 oo 00 1899 3 29 22 9 00 05 23 1 78 1900 2 26 56 3 00 2.81 1 09 12 00 1 Mean 1,23 vearsi 2 77 3 44 '* 30 1 22 26 00 180 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTIIS) Continued. IOWA HILL, PLACER COUNTY. [Elevation 2,825 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1879 12.50 12.50 18.25 7.87 3.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 3.63 1 13.35 75.10 1880 5.00 6.10 7.88 18.87 6.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.75 20.80 66.40 1881 20.75 10.50 4.62 3.15 0.13 2.12 0.00 0.00 2.50 4.25 3.90 10.56 62. 48 1882 8.92 6.80 10.43 7.59 1.55 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.35 8.50 6.63 2.69 54.13 1883 4.37 4.24 10.63 3.67 7.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 4.54 2.02 3.75 41.19 1884 8.05 11.26 16.50 13.22 1.60 2.52 0.00 0.00 1.60 2.43 0.00 24.22 81.40 1885 : . 3.03 1.48 0.68 2.93 0.05 1.60 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 15.82 6.14 32.93 1886 10.89 0.68 6.46 12.19 1.87 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 2.28 0.80 5.75 40.92 1887 3.61 15.61 2.23 6.55 0.78 0.00 'o.oo 0.05 0.48 0.00 0.95 6.52 36.78 1888 11.73 2.41 4.59 1.47 1.14 2.60 0.06 T. 0.35 0.00 3.78 8.14 36.27 1889 0.58 0.71 12.12 4.20 8.26 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.20 8.49 21.04 64.82 1890 20.87 10.74 14. 12 3.02 3.48 U08 0.00 T. 2. 29 0.35 0.00 7.34 62.29 1891 1.96 10.52 8.28 3.55 2.03 2.13 0.83 0.00 0.30 0.98 1.51 11.64 43.73 1892 4.01 5.36 7.11 6.02 6.57 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.51 2.51 8.21 11.88 52.59 1893 6.91 5.80 12.94 6.69 1.44 0.00 T. 0.00 1.81 1.35 8.30 5.37 50.61 1894 11.07 12.25 4.20 2.10 4.03 1.64 T. 0.51 0.78 4.06 1.48 17.57 59.69 1895 18.64 5.57 4.60 3.93 3.92 0.00 0.03 0.27 2.91 0.17 1.61 5.87 47. 52 1896 17.77 0.70 10.93 14.01 4.58 0.00 O.H 0.06 1.00 0.49 13.42 5.13 68.20 1897 - -.. 3.44 15.83 11.33 2.15 0.15 1.32 0.00 0.00 0.45 3.09 3.49 5.31 16.56 1898 2.04 8.10 1.68 0.99 2.8S 1.49 T. 0.00 0.44 1.87 4.03 2.84 26.31 1899 6.93 0.83 18.06 1.15 2.41 1.15 0.00 0.32 0.00 9.18 9.08 8.15 57. 26 1900 4.43 3.39 6.40 4.59 2.59 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.99 5.67 9.65 3.16 41.02 Mean (22 vears) . 8.57 6.88 8.82 5.91 3.01 0.83 0. 05 0.06 0.83 3.74 4.89 9.42 5.'. 15 IRVINE, ORANGE COUNTY. 1877 2.14 0.23 1.18 0.60 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 4.11 9. 4."> 1878 2.51 6.53 2.19 2.55 1.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 1.35 16.88 1879 1.99 0.82 0.54 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 3.67 4.C8 12.98 1880 93 1.66 1.32 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.25 4.87 13.46 1881 1.85 0.30 1.27 0.40 0.00 0.00 o.ou o.oo O.OD 0.59 0.45 0.13 4.99 1882 1.37 1 91 2.23 0.84 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.90 0.17 8.35 1883 0.85 1.12 1.19 0.56 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.91 0.00 2.58 9.27 1884 4.46 12.13 9.33 1. 56 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.96 4.97 35.42 1885 34 00 55 2 46 00 00 00 0.00 0.00 32 3.09 1.08 7 84 1886 6.37 1.13 2.34 2.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.60 0.31 12.90 1887 40 5 23 32 1 63 0.62 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 07 1 78 10 95 1888 5.59 1.11 7.78 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 2.28 5.31 23.17 1889 ... . 0.45 1 25 4 33 30 60 00 00 12 0.00 1 39 2 32 11.86 22 62 1890 4 33 1 19 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 54 00 15 2 44 9 65 1891 0.21 9 34 0.70 0.88 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.95 14 58 1892 99 2 46 2 40 7J 2 63 00 00 00 00 17 1 33 1 67 12 35 1893 3.84 2.34 8.37 38 00 00 00 00 00 1 46 30 2 27 18.96 1894 94 43 61 14 27 00 00 00 24 09 00 5 32 8 04 1895 7.08 1.07 2.65 47 08 00 00 00 00 00 1 73 51 13 59 1896 3.44 3 76 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 1 04 1 16 1 74 11 17 1897 3 64 3 92 > 85 05 11 o oo 00 00 20 1 21 07 03 I 9 08 1898 2.07 0.14 81 44 85 00 o oo 00 00 00 00 06 4 37 1899 3 82 55 1 35 23 T 63 o oo T 12 1 14 54 68 9 06 1900 2 19 T 43 1 09 1 07 03 00 00 5 14 00 10 l r > 2 58 2 44 2 34 93 54 03 T 2 54 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 181 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HrsDREDTHs) Continued. KEELER. IXYO COfXTY. Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. > 1MB. 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.82 | 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.25 0.65 0.36 2.39 1886 0.49 0.14 0.60 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.00 1.94 1887 T 0.93 0.00 ' 1.14 0.04 T. 0.52 0.00 1.C8 0.84, 0.01 0.48 5.04 1888 0.70 1.21 0.30 ' 0.12 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.10 ! 0.06 0.00 1.68 0.82 5.66 1889 04 T 52 12 O.C6 0.01 0.00 T. I 0.08 0.56 0.05 0.56 2.00 1890 0.42 0.01 T. j 0.10 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.40 0.03 0.12 0.16 3.74 1891 00 98 16 0.10 0.37 0.30 0.06 0.02 0.19 0.04 0.00 0.31 2.53 1892 0.26 0.19 0.32 i 0.00 0.56 T. 0.00 T. T. 0.81 0.11 0.54 2.79 1893 0.71 0.73 0.84 ! T. T. 0.00 0.41 T.I T. T. 0.12 0.78 3.59 1894 T. 0.29 0.01 T. T. T. 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 1.46 00 00 T 1 75 18% 0.45 00 T. ' T 0. 15 T. 0.25 1.42 0.50 T. 0.00 0.25 3.02 1897. 10 0.27 0.13 1 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.14 0.15 T. T. 0.98 1898 00 00 00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 T. 0.30 0.35 1899 0.40 [0.45] 0.00 | 0.01 T. 0.50 T. T. 0.00 T. 1.75 T. 3.21 1900 T CO 16 i 1 25 23 T 0.10 T. ' 0.35 0.09 0.45 0.00 2.63 Mean (16 years) 25 38 20 1 27 12 07 11 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.31 o.as 2.76 " Southern Pacific Railway Company. KENNEDY GOLD MINE, AMADOR COUNTY. 1892 2.25 4 61 6.60 3.63 4.94 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.38 1.76 7.38 6.99 39.27 1893 5.81 4.91 12.04 3.10 1.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05 T. 5.98 4.81 38.93 1894 9.31 11.86 2.23 1.48 5.64 1.89 0.00 0.00 1.30 3.69 1.40 16.44 55.25 1895 13.11 5.39 4.48 5.08 3.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.71 0.19 0.90 3.62 37.06 1896 11.80 0.80 4.80 11.20 2.27 0.00 0.25 T. 0.29 1.17 10.71 4.55 47.8* 1897 6.00 13.06 7.02 1.51 0.45 1.06 0.00 0.15 0.37 3.68 2.50 3.26 39.06 1898 1.71 6.05 0.88 1.18 > 34 0.30 0.00 0.00 42 1.13 2.99 3.19 20.19 1899 4.43 0.53 12.54 1.53 2.33 0.21 0.40 0.04 0.02 0.85 6.11 6.41 42.27 1900 2.90 1.97 4.89 4.44 1.89 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.35 2.70 8.75 2.53 30.60 6.37 5.46 6.16 3.68 2.70 ,- 0.07 0.02 0.65 1.57 5.75 5.76 39.01 KING CITY, MONTEREY COCNTY. [Elevation. 333 feet.] 1887 ! 0.38 5.08 0.18 0.58 0.02 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.06 05 0.31 1.99 8.74 1888 ' 2.85 ' 0.70 2.76 0.10 0.01 ; 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00 3.73 2.52 13.37 1889 0.92 1.33 6.13 0.29 0.48 i 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.17 2.74 8.07 24.13 1890 4.34 3.01 1.13 0.00 0.13 ! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.12 1.54 11.24 1891 0.40 4.77 0.52 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 2.40 8.87 1892 0.66 1.27 2.08 0.26 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 2.78 4.78 13.33 1893 1.75 1.63 3.17 0.83 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.18 1.30 9.13 1894 1 47 0.66 0.30 0.06 0.66 0.18 0.00 o.oo- 1.13 0.41 0.25 4.15 9.27 1895... 3.89 0.35 1.51 0.40 0.13 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 1.46 0.51 0.49 8.79 1896 4.53 0.00 1.73 1.84 0.04 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.56 1.92 1.46 12.08 1897 2.07 ' 1.20 .20 0.11 0.00 : 0:07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.73 0.18 0.32 6.95 1898 54 1 30 0.54 0.05 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.27 1899 3.00 0.18 2.04 1.16 0.13 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 1.15 1.21 10.67 1900 1.89 0.06 0.85 0.82 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.52 6.33 0.17 12.50 Mean i ".4 rears) 2.05 1.51 1.80 0.52 0.29 0.03 0.00 T 0.21 0.79 1.46 2.19 10.65 182 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. KNIGHTS LANDING, SUTTER COUNTY. [Elevation, 45 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1878 3.49 5.64 2.30 1.48 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.24 0.71 0.10 14.37 1879 2.39 2.86 3.42 2.83 1.07 0.16 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.21 1.77 3.93 18.69 1880 ... 1.25 1.25 0.76 6.64 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.99 17.29 1881 4.22 2.87 1.11 1.23 0.25 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.33 2.04 2.17 15.53 1882 1.30 1.75 2.19 1.33 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.71 1.51 2.58 0.34 12.03 1883 1.48 0.66 3.11 0.87 3.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.54 0.45 11.93 1884 3.68 3.53 4.88 3.15 0.00 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.35 1.45 0.00 5.56 24.49 1885 1.42 0.00 0.48 1.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 4.93 16. 42 1886 5.63 0.00 1.37 4.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 1.60 12. 98 1887 - - 1.00 6.60 0.75 2.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 3.26 14.48 1888 4.18 0.91 2.51 0.07 0.43 0.34 0.02 0.00 0.81 0.00 5.72 4.82 19.81 1889 2.84 0.28 6.53 0.42 2.17 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.28 3.93 8.78 30.64 1890 4.80 4.18 3.37 1.02 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.00 2.37 18.07 1891 0.53 9.40 0.00 2.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 2.64 15/08 1892 ~ 1.75 2.38 2.57 0.91 2.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 5.38 5.70 21.72 1893 3 21 2.63 3.60 0.75 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.08 1.77 1.72 14.89 1894 3.42 1.64 1.24 0.32 1.91 0.49 0.00 0.00 1.10 1.02 0.70 12.52 24.36 1895 8.73 1.29 1.03 0.57 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 0.00 2.01 3.90 20.63 1896 11.65 0.21 2.25 5.99 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 1.22 4.05 2.34 29.30 1897 2.97 5.05 1.89 0.25 1.50 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.10 2.05 0.80 3.90 18.81 1898 49 3 46 2 27 0.34 1 43 0.00 00 00 36 88 66 1 44 11 33 1899 4.87 0.00 2.47 0.15 0.62 0.88 0.00 T. 0.00 5.00 3.39 3.78 23.16 1900 3 14 17 1.88 1 36 88 T 00 00 T 1 68 5 20 97 15 28 3.41 2 47 2.26 1 74 94 24 T T 32 1 01 2 18 3 66 18 32 KONO TAYEE, LAKE COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,325 feet.] 1874 1.88 9.16 6.05 3.17 14.16 3.01 6.24 5.50 1.74 1.40 4.17 3.60 0.38 4.22 2.81 11.04 3.41 3.85 6.58 3.20 0.60 1.91 4.62 0.92 8.34 1.40 4.60 9.15 4.74 0.64 2.34 3.81 5.35 2.05 0.00 0.10 0.50 [1.36] 0.47 0.48 0.95 1.54 0.95 3.88 0.45 0.84 0.00 0.00 [0. 70] 0.64 0.25 0.12 0.40 2.41 0.06 0.00 0.42 0.00 0.50 [0.53] 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 4.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.70 0.00 3.70 1.17 0.20 41.65 0.41 0.91 0.00 0.63 1.64 0.99 6.25 6.96 3.50 2.23 1.37 3.57 3.54 2.90 4.42 0.39 0.29 5.12 0.00 1.98 0.33 5.72 1.92 1.77 0.98 0.70 22.84 24.97 22.41 14.97 34.57 26.93 21.02 19.34 16.68 11.95 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1892 0.84 0.42 1.22 0.00 0.73 1.24 0.46 3.78 3.11 6.53 3.76 0.74 1.69 3.33 1.64 1.15 5.56 3.89 5.57 2.34 10.70 2.12 5.93 2.12 1.27 4.14 1.67 32.39 22.89 28.96 26.54 29.37 17.90 11.24 28.26 18.92 1893 3.84 6.92 14.45 9.42 2.85 0.71 7.74 3.10 4.15 4.32 2.32 0.25 4.01 4.19 T. 1.27 5.41 1.11 3.13 2.31 3.76 0.11 5.43 2.89 2.06 0.91 0.98 4.62 0.90 0.64 0.70 2.32 0.66 0.90 1.14 1.69 0.90 1.67 0.45 0.67 0.00 1.64 0.00 [0.53] 0.48 [0.53] 0.28 T. 0.00 0.00 0,00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 T. T. 0.27 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.71 0.29 0.00 0.51 0.00 T. 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Mean (19 years) 5.55 3.27 3.69 1.34 0.73 0.49 0.01 0.02 0.22 1.22 3.34 2.97 22.74 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 183 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. LAGRAXGE, STANISLAUS COUNTY. [Elevation, 293 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Kov. Dec. Annual. 1868 3 84 3 63 4.67 1 57 1 32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.20 3.25 18.78 1889. 4.00 5.13 3.07 1.06 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56 0.69 0.69 17.35 1870 1 87 4 32 1 43 1.85 43 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.25 2.10 12.75 1871. 2.19 2.13 0.31 2.55 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.25 6.94 16.80 1872 2.69 5.32 2.18 0.80 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 7.69 19.10 1873 1.12 4.67 30 0.45 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 4.19 10.87 1874 3.92 2.32 2.91 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 3.52 3.54 0.11 17.62 1875. 2.30 00 41 0.26 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.co 0.40 10.58 1.9* 15.93 1876 5.63 2.25 3.88 0.67 0.48 o.uo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.48 0.00 13.94 1877 2.59 45 61 00 1 06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 1.18 1.12 7.69 1878 5.58 5.54 3.09 1.67 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.90 0.50 0.20 17.57 1879 1 91 2.39 2.16 2.30 98 0.15 00 o.co 2.35 1.61 2.48 0.60 16.93 1880 2.68 1 70 6 04 2.04 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.92 4.21 4.58 22.33 1881 3.52 1.09 0.60 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.60 1.13 1.96 9.69 1882 1 10 1 67 4 72 2.25 33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 1.51 1.33 0.51 13.96 1883 2.93 1.35 3.58 1.33 2.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 1.20 0.84 0.70 15.38 1884 2.85 6 07 6 06 4 90 79 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.95 1.85 0.02 6.77 31.31 1885 0.88 03 0.17 1.19 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.60 1.48 14.38 1886 3.79 0.32 3.24 4.56 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 i.ao 0.75 14.18 1887 0.51 5 11 40 2.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.37 T. 0.20 4.02 13.43 1888 2.84 0.66 2.63 0.17 0.52 T. 0.02 T. 0.32 0.00 3.20 3.67 14.12 1889 0.17 0.61 4.24 0.58 1.64 T. 0.00 T. 0.17 4.00 4.59 7.64 23.64 1890 5.17 3.77 2.13 1.45 1.42 0.00 T. T. 0.95 T. 0.18 2.83 17.90 1892 0.50 5.25 1.19 1.48 3.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.70 5.46 2.88 20.56 1893 1.93 2.42 5.12 0.75 0.05 0.00 0.00 T. 0.57 0.12 1.70 2.82 15.48 1894 6.17 6.43 0.61 0.30 3.39 0.66 T. T. 0.67 0.85 0.60 7.60 27.28 1895 5.17 2.60 2.50 1.40 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.54 0.72 1.55 15.65 1896 4.72 20 2.65 3.25 0.45 T. 0.10 0.33 T. L50 3.73 L94 18.87 1897 2.20 6.07 3.84 T. T. 0.52 0.00 0.00 T. 1.97 0.68 1.38 16.66 1898 0.99 1.92 1.87 0.35 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.55 0.86 1.40 10.05 1899 2.51 0.35 5.04 0.35 0.90 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.00 2.60 4.25 1.79 17.96 2.85 2.77 2.64 1.41 0.78 0.08 T. 0.01 0.31 0.94 > 19 2.75 16. 71 LA PORTE, PLUMAS COUNTY. [Elevation, 5,000 feet.] 1894 ' [15 75] flO 11] [9.36] 3.05 2.00 3.49 T. 0.17 1.13 8.87 L32 15.47 70.72 1895 22.01 6.65 6.12 4.00 8.55 0.00 1.41 0.29 8.42 0.69 3.35 9.98 71.47 1896 .. 32.43 2.84 16.20 16.63 9.32 0.09 0.31 0.25 2.29 3.09 23.87 12.88 120.20 1897 6. 01 17.92 13.51 3.12 0.71 3.94 0.00 T. 1.26 4.84 9.34 6.63 67.31 1898 2.53 13.04 1.62 1.49 4.64 2.73 T. 0.04 0.94 3.31 6.67 3.36 40.37 1899 12.95 Z69 25.26 2.92 4.43 1.48 0.00 0.82 0.00 18.30 15.% 16.23 101.04 '900 . 11.95 5.66 12.24 6.51 2.57 0.36 0.06 T. 0.61 13.02 13.70 8.79 75.47 Mean (7 years) 14. 81 8.42 12. (M 5.39 4.60 1.73 0.25 0.22 ' 10 7.45 10.60 10.48 -- - 184 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTH*) Continued. LODI, SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. [Elevation. 35 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. Annual. 1888 5.09 0.44 2.59 0.11 0.61 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.00 3.C1 3.56 17 :;' 1389. . 0.35 0.65 5.07 0.20 2. 57 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.62 4.71 7.70 26 98 1890 6.67 2.90 2.71 1.94 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.00 0.00 3.65 >0 06 1891 0.44 5.03 3.52 2.45 0.34 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.18 49 4 69 17 44 1892 1.04 1.81 4.04 1.78 2.47 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.25 1.83 5.47 5.42 24 36 1893 3.42 2.66 3.88 2.04 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 T 3 11 1 91 18 09 1894 3.99 6.75 0.57 0.44 3.33 1.19 T. T. 1.78 2.14 0.73 9.27 30 19 1895 7. 46 2.35 1.45 1.24 0.63 0.00 0.00 T. 0.88 0.13 1 24 1 50 16 88 1896 9.02 0.21 2.32 2.90 82 00 T 17 04 1 19 3 86 1 87 >2 40 1897 3.41 4.29 3.88 0.40 0.10 0.04 0.04 T. 0.16 1.29 0.66 1.57 15 84 1898 1.05 1.71 0.98 0.40 1.38 0.06 0.00 00 60 45 66 1 93 9 22 1899 3 42 0.16 6 81 30 55 31 00 39 00 3 74 3 01 2 18 >0 87 1900. 2.92 0.37 1.45 2.26 2.72 T T 00 12 1 83 4 87 1 06 17 60 3 71 2 26 3 02 1 27 1 36 20 T 04 46 1 42 2 49 3 56 ' LOS BANGS, MERCED COUNTY. [Elevation, 121 feet.] 1873 1.79 1.18 1 32 84 37 14 02 T 04 23 1874 i 61 1 08 1 20 77 28 13 00 00 1875 3.72 0.00 0.33 57 T 09 25 OQ 00 00 5 06 1876 1.50 1 54 1 60 11 00 00 00 00 1877 0.96 0.25 0.16 T 04 00 00 00 03 1878 2.56 3.14 1 19 59 00 00 00 QO 1879 0.50 0.89 0.42 68 17 08 00 00 00 1880. . 0.23 83 29 1 65 31 00 00 00 1881 99 1 16 86 99 00 00 1882 0.71 0.49 2 26 35 00 00 00 1883. . ... 1.62 43 1 81 07 1 gl 00 1884 1 42 3 09 2 95 1 80 1 03 1885. 0.85 05 65 75 00 1886 3 32 05 1 32 1 46 1887 06 1 50 44 1888 1 83 06 1 33 00 1889 27 76 1 77 1890 3 11 1 03 75 1891 07 2 17 39 1892 10 1 07 1 75 85 1893 75 2 20 1894 1 80 1 50 1895 3 17 95 1 22 4.08 10.34 1896 4.34 00 67 55 1897 1 08 1 7g 1 20 1898 1 53 54 4.94 1899 1 62 0.65 4.57 1900 1 18 00 0.95 0.88 s. 71 0.55 9.51 Mean (28 years) 1 52 0.28 1.09 1.32 7.62 GENERAL PRESIPITATION TABLES. 185 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HrxDREixrHs) Continued. MAXZAXA, LOS AXGELES COUNTY. [Elevation, 2.870 feet.] Year. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1894. 21 37 33 T 1895 2 79 00 1 36 OS T 00 00 00 00 1896 1 09 00 1 70 63 T 00 1897 2 70 3.04 1 71 04 01 T T 28 00 - **1 T 1898 . 1 70 00 47 00 1899 1 15 T 1 35 04 09 04 00 00 00 1900 1 11 10 93 42 38 00 Mean(Tvears) 1.51 50 1.13 17 15 03 T 21 08 37 58 MARYSVILLE, YCBA COUXTY. [Elevation, 67 feet.] 1871 [3-""] 1 21 29 53 1 00 00 00 00 00 09 72 . 15 11 1872 ; 5 50 3 88 > 27 1 03 00 00 00 00 00 1873 . 1 75 4 30 1 04 71 32 00 T 00 00 39 1 37 1874 5.55 1.63 3.79 1 13 30 00 00 o oo CO 1 72 4 14 31 18 60 1875 1 21 04 1 20 00 06 1 97 oo 00 00 02 3 56 2.41 1876 2.79 3.32 4 06 1 05 15 00 11 OS 00 4 15 40 00 16 09 1877 3 60 1 57 yj 12 81 42 00 00 00 50 1 68 1.55 1878 9.47 5 32 3 53 1 30 39 00 CO 00 - 64 60 49 22 36 1879 1.76 2.93 3.08 3.76 1 79 09 00 03 o oo 1 04 ' 83 3.60 20 91 1880 1 27 1 28 66 7 23 99 CO 00 00 00 00 05 6 90 18 38 1881 4 33 3 90 83 1 07 T 00 00 60 1 82 93 68 16 51 1882 . 1 84 2 51 I 93 1 09 00 98 00 oo 1 00 > 40 1 57 77 15 09 1883 1 ,V> 40 2 76 30 3 50 00 00 00 1 15 75 61 40 11 1 1884 .... 2.49 2.82 3 31 2.57 0.00 1 18 00 00 09 1 71 00 4.24 18 11 1885 1 32 07 1' 42 00 15 00 1 00 15 . 3 95 14 41 1886. ., 3. 96 34 1 45 3 96 23 00 00 00 00 63 T 2.30 r* 87 1887 i 73 6.09 1 02 1.90 0.10 09 00 00 00 00 1 07 3 70 14 70 1888 4 5t< 1 65 2 55 00 41 32 00 00 00 00 4 23 6.27 20 01 1889 1 05 35 7 53 .00 2 35 50 00 00 00 5 87 3 73 9 01 31 39 1890 4.44 4.65 6.71 .85 2.55 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.73 00 00 2 2 23.65 1891 54 8 68 86 y 67 10 00 00 00 00 70 3.77 16.81 1892 2 32 3.63 .86 2.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 1 20 6 90 3.66 ,- 1 -'.<'. 1 SO 3 39 3 68 00 1 10 00 00 00 o oo . 34 2 23 1 9 15 16 1894 34 1 74 73 0.47 1 86 64 00 00 tf 1 91 80 9 13 18 21 1895 7.56 [2.851 [2.26' 1.C8 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.33 0.04 83 1 02 18 31 1896 8 32 17 1 24 4 96 70 00 00 T 61 2 66 2 07 '1 50 1897 2 22 5 80 1 75 1.53 0.36 T 00 00 00 1 60 85 1 60 15. 71 1898 1.45 5.06 0.00 0.44 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.90 1.26 1.61 12.81 1899 4 22 00 6.30 55 09 1.25 00 26 o oo 1 20 6 26 3 11 26 27 1900 8.59 0.48 1.63 2.15 1.02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.13 4.97 1.85 23.16 Mean (30 vears) 3 43 2 67 2 37 1.56 0.86 (i.-JT T 0.01 0.28 1 17 2 18 3.54 18.35 MEXDOTA, FRESXu COUNTY. [Elevation. 177 feet.] 1894 [1-39] 0.86 0.00 0.10 0.17 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.88 0.09 0.00 3.65 ! 7.93 1895. . 1.20 I* 51 1.07 0.16 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.01 0.10 0.00 5 44 UK. IV 1 00 11.44 0.51 0.20 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.07 0.49 1.21 0.50 6.11 1897 1 21 j 67 0.86 0.07 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 00 0.68 0.22 0.08 3.79 1898. 0.59 ! 1 49 0.51 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.00 1. 65 5. 05 1899 0.76 0.00 1.10 0.10 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 1.36 0.36 5.60 1900 70 0.00 0.61 0.66 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 3.89 0.14 7.44 Mean (7vears) 1.20 " "T> 0.27 0.39 0.07 0.02 - . 0. 95 5. 91 186 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFOBNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. MERCED, MERCED COUNTY. [Elevation, 173 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1872 2.16 1.62 0.36 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 5.30 10.33 1873 5.69 1.22 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.42 1.67 10.00 1874 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 1.84 1.60 0.00 7.76 1875 3.95 0.15 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.83 0.73 12.65 1876. ' 2.90 1.38 1.54 0.17 0.13 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.09 0.00 7.10 1877 1.14 0.03 0.53 T. 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 1.17 0.85 4.30 1878 3.35 2.78 1.89 1.71 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.42 0.03 10.43 1879 0.96 1.32 1.19 1.35 0.21 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.63 1.08 8.44 1880 0.69 2.06 0.64 4.71 0.48 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 4.60 13.81 1881 3.40 1.69 0.85 0.34 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.35 0.47 0.70 8.02 18*82 0.92 1.37 3.19 1.12 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.98 0.53 0.07 9.03 1883 1.55 0.50 3.11 0.41 2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.01 0.38 0.99 10.18 1884 1.64 4.39 5.38 5.60 0.86 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 0.02 3.63 23.79 1885 0.85 0.00 0.65 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.82 1.08 9.89 1886 2.64 0.10 0.94 2.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.25 0.58 '7.83 1887 0.13 2.83 0.20 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.10 1.00 6.45 1888 2.67 0.15 1.68 0.28 0.65 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 2.40 2.12 10.55 1889 0.45 0.15 1.21 0.20 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 2.80 5.59 12.78 1890 4.40 1.50 1.01 0.39 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 0.00 0.00 [2.00] 11.54 1891 0.33 2.23 1.29 1.05 0.06 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.18 2.99 8.56 1892 0.31 0.79 1.85 0.85 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.27 0.64 2.75 10.03 1893 1.05 2.31 3.49 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.65 1.13 9.07 1894 2.68 3.28 0.21 0.28 2.02 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.88 0.15 4.74 15.50 1895 2.12 1.71 1.17 0.50 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.69 1.03 8.36 18% 5.50 0.00 2 10 1.72 0.29 0.00 0.19 0.53 0.00 0.91 1.94 1.04 14.22 1897 2.49 3.20 1.29 0.41 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.17 0.75 8.80 1898 0.86 1.18 1 34 0.07 0.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.11 0.20 0.42 5.69 1899 2.18 0.00 2.64 0.30 0.70 0.60 0.00 0.14 0.00 2.16 1.74 1.80 12.26 1900 1.63 0.05 1 07 1 83 0.97 T. T. 0.00 T. 0.81 4.16 0.57 11.09 Mean (29 years) . . 2.10 1.31 1.44 1.06 0.56 0.15 0.0] 0.02 0.18 0.51 1.21 1.70 10.26 MODESTO, STANISLAUS COUNTY. [Elevation, 90 feet.] 1871 0.49 0.75 0.11 78 09 04 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.87 4.76 7.89 1872 3 16 2 20 94 78 00 00 00 T 00 00 40 3.10 10 58 1873 1.05 2.66 0.05 39 00 00 00 00 0.00 0.00 0.05 3.75 7.95 1874 4.00 56 1 00 57 1 00 43 00 00 75 1 32 1.88 00 11 51 1875 2 46 00 88 08 00 03 00 00 00 00 5 98 1 42 10 85 1876 2.36 1.55 1 71 35 T 00 15 00 00 1 38 20 00 7 70 1877 1 10 08 80 31 43 00 00 00 00 27 84 1 39 5 22 1878 3.70 2.76 1 80 75 T 00 00 00 00 42 33 57 10 33 1879 1 62 1 26 2 11 1 31 71 15 00 00 00 1 07 3 01 1 74 12 98 1880 43 1 31 70 4 11 61 00 00 00 00 00 60 3 55 11 21 1881 1 39 1 63 70 53 00 00 00 00 00 25 65 80 5 95 1882 99 62 1 85 79 50 19 00 00 58 64 2 07 12 8 35 1883 2 14 20 1 31 73 2 24 oo 00 00 25 1 39 16 44 8 86 1884 75 2 01 3 89 2 84 15 99 00 00 00 1 20 00 2 62 14 45 1885 90 00 70 1886 2 64 10 1 46 2 79 00 00 00 00 25 1 01 go 8 80 1887 09 2 16 34 1 22 1888 1 72 53 1 36 1889 45 20 1 80 1890 3 95 1 03 88 1891 16 1 91 74 1 01 7 77 1892 70 1 91 2 43 1893 1 65 2 02 1894 3 36 3 18 00 1895 4 05 1 39 18% 4 56 00 90 1897 1 19 2 90 1 83 1898 49 71 1899 2 51 21 3 46 1900 1 30 29 Mean (30 years) . . 1.84 ] . M 1.37 n CM n J7 ft in ft m T i JQ Q QA GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 187 PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDRKDTHS) Continued. MOKELUMNE HILL. CALAVERAS COUNTY. [Elevation. 1,550 feet.] Year. ^Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An*. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1882. 3.30 3.25 5.75 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 3.50 2.75 0.30 21.85 1883 2.70 0.75 4.75 2.05 3.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 1.53 1.16 1.58 19.14 1884 3.89 8.12 9.81 8.42 0.79 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.98 0.00 16.78 53.11 1885 1.62 0.25 0.51 1.89 0.09 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 15.17 3.78 24.00 1886 8.75 1.14 4.79 7.32 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 1.22 1.86 27.25 1887 1.49 9.01 0.84 4.81 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.76 4.29 22.14 1888 6.87 0.77 463 0.20 1.11 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 2.78 2.86 19.90 1889 0.51 141 6.83 1.15 4.04 0. 10 T. 0.00 0.00 5.41 5.36 15.26 40.07 1890 .. . 9.22 5.57 8.37 2.51 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 4.68 35.02 1891 0.93 6.89 5.85 4.14 1.10 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.20 1.35 9.49 31.31 1892 1.88 3.69 5.60 2.38 3.75 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.62 1.04 8.03 6.04 33.43 1893 4.31 4.50 11.83 2.31 0.77 0.00 ' T. 0.00 1.63 0.40 5.04 3.35 34.16 1894 9.32 9.38 1.73 1.36 3.41 1.62 0.00 T. 1.18 4.34 1.12 14.31 47.77 1895 10.06 4.40 3.73 4.03 2.56 0.00 0.00 T. 0.83 0.12 1.12 2.88 29.73 1896 9.41 0.66 4.66 10.06 1.09 0.00 T. 0.22 0.10 1.42 8.98 3.84 40.34 1897 5.92 9.76 9.00 0.48 077 1.02 ! 0.00 0.15 0.13 2.97 2.61 2.30 34.61 1898 1.62 4.45 1.18 0.47 2.13 0.22 T. 0.00 0.44 0.98 1.93 2.50 15.92 1899 4.52 0.70 13.27 1.11 1.58 0.20 0.00 T. T. 5.45 5.79 6.09 38. 71 1900 2.44 1.54 3.34 3.32 1.85 0.05 ; T. T. 0.19 2.25 7.60 1.76 24.34 Mean ( 19 veara) 4.67 4.33 5.60 2.74 1.69 0.44 T. 0.02 0.53 1.74 3.82 5.47 31.20 MOJAVE, KERN COUNTY. [Elevation, 2,751 feet.] 1877 0.85 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.38 3.24 1878 1.22 1.74 0.30 0.76 0.00 0.02 0.00 j 0.10 0.29 0.00 0.32 1.07 5.82 1879 0.62 0.05 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 4.1* 5.47 1880 0.40 0.50 0.71 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.03 3.24 1881 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 i 0.00 0.00 T. T. T. 0.24 1882. 0.05 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 1883 . 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.25 0.35 1881 1.77 5.69 2.17 0.61 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 [0.31] [1.59] 13.32 1885 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.61 0.14 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 1.16 3.93 1886. 1-49 T. 1.22 0.14 0.00 T. T. 0.00 0.00 T. 0.76 0.08 3.69 1887 T. 4.09 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.56 1.06 6.80 1888 2.62 1.56 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.23 10.34 1889 0.35 0.03 3.43 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.27 2.21 0.45 7.30 14.85 1890 0.85 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.15 0.67 2.95 1891 0.00 2.33 0.19 0.36 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.33 0.03 0.00 0.76 4.00 1892 1.00 0.47 1.61 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.56 4.17 1893 2. 73 0.26 1.53 0.13 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.15 0.88 7.01 1894 0.48 0.54 0.24 T. 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 3.68 4.97 1895 2.66 0.53 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.14 0.00 5.14 1896 1-31 0.00 1.45 0.00; o.oo 0.22 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.17 0.2 4.79 1897 1.86 1.17 0.82 0.00 | 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.85 1898. 0. 60 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.89 1899 0.37 0.00 0.48 0.00 i T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.88 0.31 2.72 1900 0.31 0.00 T. 0.21 : 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.66 0.00 2.61 Mean (24 Tears) 0. 90 0.84 0.71 0. 16 0. 04 0.05 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.25 0.30 1.26 4.79 188 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HTNDREDTHS) Continued. MONTEREY, MONTEREY COUNTY. [Elevation, 15 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo i.io 3.10 0.00 1 70 2 20 2 40 65 2 50 2.50 0.60 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.01 0.61 3.45 1850 2.95 2.20 1.30 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.61 2.98 10. 411 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.20 0.91 4.50 40 30 6 12 92 10 16 0.00 0.00 3.03 2.86 98 54 7.02 2.60 2.05 0.17 0.40 0.70 0.11 0.10 2.01 0.69 1864 4.28 0.04 1.60 1.23 1.35 0.06 0.00 o.io 0.00 0.30 4.13 3.99 17.0X 1865 - 1.94 1.66 0.31 0.36 0.31 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.17 0.17 1.78 1.36 8.16 1866 6.07 1.16 3.13 0.99 0.86 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.33 6.86 21.56 3 61 4 23 3 31 09 2.76 6.71 765 1 66 4 78 1.04 0.11 0.25 0.06 1.42 4.30 1869 3 83 4 13 2.69 0.94 0.03 0.01 1.36 0.72 2.42 1870 1 13 3 80 1 91 1.44 0.81 0.00 0.46 1.19 2.37 1871 1 44 2.64 0.31 0.50 0.03 11.42 1872 33 3 45 1.08 66 31 0.65 0.16 0.05 1877 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 4.60 1878 . . . 9.47 11.68 3.42 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.54- 0.18 0.77 28.55 1879 3.54 2 36 2.32 1.77 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54 1.00 3.49 15.43 1880- . [3.03] [2.55] 1.05 5.31 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 5.47 18.58 1881 2.70 2 07 1.55 1.37 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.20 2.13 11.82 1882 1.50 2.52 5.64 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 1.67 1.20 0.39 14.71 1883 2.60 2 22 5.68 1.42 99 10 0.00 0.00 0.19 71 0.39 1.16 15. 46 1884 2.60 4.34 6.08 3.75 0.36 1.80 0.00 0.07 0.03 1.81 0.30 5.33 26. 47 1885 1.22 09 0.40 1 70 0.20 03 00 00 00 00 6 55 1 73 11 92 1886 3.09 1.14 2.52 3.39 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.78 0.60 12.30 1887 i 0.35 4 92 60 1 16 00 05 00 00 25 00 1 36 1.81 10.49 1888 . . 3.95 1.09 3.29 0.23 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 1.76 2.76 14.54 1889. 0.81 94 3 58 1 15 1 22 00 00 00 00 4 28 1 62 11 54 25.14 1890 b 7 67 2 67 83 34 37 00 00 03 10 00 1 32 2 66 15 96 1891 c 1.06 3 68 95 2 3f> 09 08 00 00 11 02 19 4 72 13 26 1892 66 1 50 3 05 82 83 00 00 OD 1 25 00 5 86 3 04 17 01 1893 1 73 3 34" 5 78 1 41 46 00 00 00 12 05 00 1 g7 14 76 1894 3 25 2 05 82 60 1 86 00 00 00 ro 081 1 64 3 9 5 87 16 49 1895 6 30 T2 551 1 94 89 58 00 00 00 00 78 8' 7 1 46 15 3** 1896 3 24 12 2 20 2 17 42 00 00 50 27 65 2 13 > 51 14 21 1897 1 10 3 63 3 70 40 08 32 00 00 t!2 70 40 1 25 11 70 1898 89 1 08 1 27 24 7 24 1899 2 79 06 3 07 50 50 05 00 09 00 3 69 o 31 1 39 15 Q5 1900.. 1 34 66 1 ig 1 55 11 77 Mean (23 years, 1878-1900) . 64.89 57.86 60. 92 36.59 11.23 2.69 0.00 0.66 4.18 19.61 35. 52 64.03 358.18 Authority, Irrigation and Water Storage. o C. W. B. GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (IN'CHES AND HCXDREDTHS) Continued. XAPA, NAPA COUNTY. [Elevation. 20 feet.] 189 Year. ^Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. ! Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 5-88 1.59 10.52 6.00 1.38 3.97 2.19 1.12 3.89 0.40 0.00 10.68 1.28 0.98 6.59 8.70 3.43 2.19 2.97 2.92 0.25 5.68 3.76 T. 0.41 0.55 4.33 8.36 1.67 0.83 2.85 4.41 5.72 0.43 1.81 0.67 4.18 8.87 6.42 2.33 2.26 4.31 1.15 2.21 3.60 5.88 0.14 5.98 2.90 0.50 0.90 1.56 11.87 .14 .67 .45 .71 .51 4.42 2.27 0.65 0.52 2.08 3.54 2.14 1.05 0.61 1.11 6.28 0.33 0.34 1.00 1.60 0.69 0.25 1.50 1.16 0.06 0.00 4.04 0.13 0.00 0.38 0.17 0.88 2.17 1.91 1.37 2.73 0.49 1.49 0.85 1.10 0.25 1.64 0.40 0.31 0.04 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 2.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.09 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.37 0.47 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 T. 0.03 T 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.13 2.11 0.95 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.39 0.58 T. 0.19 1.23 1.16 0.50 0.26 0.59 0.00 0.10 0.53 1.91 0.47 0.00 1.01 0.44 1.27 0.70 0.61 1.16 0.00 0.00 5.32 0.00 0.30 1.58 0.17 1.93 0.03 1.20 2.43 0.88 3.89 1.50 1.97 0.83 2.56 0.00 1.62 3.26 2.12 0.00 8.51 0.11 1.35 2.96 3.88 0.00 0.53 5.30 4.03 1.34 1.72 5.03 1.40 0.65 4.73 6.33 1.96 ! 0.37 ! 4.76 ; 9.75 4.21 1.07 0.60 10.16 4.35 2.58 4.18 5.30 12.23 3.41 7.11 7.56 1.86 9.37 1.47 3.41 1.74 0.97 3.80 2.21 13.76 34.78 29.34 28.45 25.41 16.99 18.00 30.45 17.82 18.5ft 21.19 20.61 34.84 30.66 26.11 28.74 18.56 29.15 20.85 31.11 20.72 10.56 26.61 18.20 1878 14.18 1879 4.06 1880 . 2. 62 1881 11.69 1882 . 3. 40 1883 2. 04 1884 3.02 UK 1.96 1886 8.09 1887 1.87 1888 4.87 1889. 0.87 1890 ' 9.86 1891 1.17 189^ 3.65 1893 . 4. 27 1894 ' 8.17 UK 9.35 1896 ' 9.28 1897 2.29 1898 1.22 1S99 ! 6. 17 1900 2.84 Mean CM vear) 5.12 3.37 3.41 2.22 ; 1.00 0.23 0.01 0.03 0.43 ; 1 1.14 2.51 4.35 23.81 NEEDLES, SAX BERNARDINO COUNTY. [Elevation, 477 feet.] lS9-> 0. 83 1.31 0.00 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 T. 0.00 0.25 0.55 0.65 0.06 [0.27] 0.00 0.13 T. T. 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.09 [0.04] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.45 0.30 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.09 0.00 T. .0.00 0.00 O.OG 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.08 0.00 0.10 1.45 0.09 T. 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.00 1.10 0.00 0.52 0.14 T. [0.28] 0.36 0.69 0.00 0.00 T- 0.04 0.21 0.18 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 T. 0.10 . T. 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.00 T. T. 0.06 0.00 0.78 0.12 0.00 0.69 1.46 0.00 1.33 0.10 0.73 T. [0.62] 3.07 4.75 3.27 1.74 2.02 3.28 2.09 3.00 1.92 ISns T. 1894 0.00 1895 ' 1.38 18% 0.00 1897 1 2.34 1898. ... 0.35 1S99 0. 58 3900 0.02 Mean *9vears^ . 0.61 0.16 0.21 0.04 0.11 0.02 0.42 0. 22 0. 11 0.10 0.24 0.55 2.79 190 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PKECII'ITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. NEVADA CITY, NEVADA COUNTY. [Elevation, 2,580 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1864 0.90 0.50 5.38 3.25 2.75 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 17.05 17.42 48.00 1865 9.71 4.38 2.09 1.75 1.31 O.OD 0.00 0.00 0.59 2.03 14.29 1.95 38.10 1866 15.47 s.eo 14.24 0.59 4.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.61 32.70 82.71 1867 14.21 10.00 6.23 6.88 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.91 3.63 16.11 41.95 102.85 1868 11.01 6.36 23.30 7.22 1.50 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.43 1.49 16.62 64.54 1869 16.85 12.62 6.% 5.72 1.62 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.50 4.67 6.29 55.42 1870 9.23 14.48 7.58 4.70 0.65 0.36 0.03 0.00 0.00 3.82 4.32 5.32 50.49 1871 11.08 6.26 5.41 5.55 3.26 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 5.00 27.31 64.99 1872 18.16 16.67 5.28 3.76 0.17 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 4.05 12.25 61.97 1873 2.82 12.40 1.96 2.47 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.35 24.27 48.14 1874. 11.16 7.32 12.20 4.51 1.32 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.06 15.08 0.90 56.66 1876 16.57 2.11 3.97 0.27 1.56 2.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 16.56 5.90 51. 12 1876 12.47 12.41 13.88 2.17 1.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 9.85 1.04 0.00 53.76 1877 10.26 2.45 4.18 1.43 1.97 0.72 0.71 0.00 0.00 1.35 4.31 2.65 30.03 1878 17.62 16.61 10.05 2.80 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 2.32 2. 88 0.96 54.98 1879 11.62 10 97 19 28 5.90 QO 0.43 0.00 0.05 0.00 3.15 5.50 8.76 69 49 1880 ... . 6.67 5.48 5.09 22.54 5.58 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.28 24.78 70.63 1881 18.88 6.26 4.44 1.70 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.00 1.38 3.03 2.53 9.14 48 83 1882 7.29 5.42 9.21 4.39 0.52 0.60 0.00 0.00 2.22 7.65 5.34 3.87 46 51 1883 2.39 3.06 14.27 2.98 6.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.28 3.60 1 61 2.84 38 96 1884 9.08 12.01 14.70 12.07 1.67 2.47 0.07 0.00 1.87 3.61 0.00 27.92 85.47 1885 4.39 1.69 0.53 3.23 0.21 1.36 0.00 0.00 1.62 0.00 21 65 6 77 41 35 1893 <" 8 02 8 29 12 75 6 22 1.33 00 T. 00 1 71 1 26 7 78 5 23 52 58 1894 11.71 10.85 3.26 2.17 3.54 1.85- 0.00 T. 1 21 4 83 1 38 20 61 61 41 1895 22 87 6.53 5 12 3 82 3 42 00 15 29 3 36 00 1 87 6 14 52 57 1896 19.61 0.99 7.39 13.63 4.88 T. 0.05 0.05 1 55 2.18 12 63 6 46 69 42 1897 4.38 13.63 9.13 2 08 22 82 00 T 60 3 36 4 38 3 71 42 31 1898 1.92 9.91 0.87 0.95 2.73 1.27 0.00 T 37 1 96 3 49 2 27 25 74 1899. . . . 9.12 49 15 88 1 52 2 61 91 00 29 00 10 24 10 85 10 9 7 62 18 1900 7 81 2 36 7 51 4.83 1 90 03 00 00 55 5 52 9 2 4 00 43 73 10 78 7 57 8 40 4 70 2 22 6'> 03 05 73 2 71 6 87 11 11 55 80 NEWCASTLE, PLACER COUNTY. [Elevation, 956 feet.] 1892 3 98 3 71 5 14 2 48 4 23 03 1893 2 61 3 07 5 36 2 48 19 00 00 00 17 1894 3 55 4 68 59 1 22 1 65 1 76 00 1895 13 10 3 42 3 42 1896 10 08 66 4 81 6 92 1 79 00 04 1897?' 1898& 1899 2 63 00 9 05 05 1900. 4 95 94 3 38 Mean (7 vears) 5 84 2 35 4 54 nt\ ru\ a Data missing, 1886-1892. f> No record for 1897-98. GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 191 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HTXDBEDTHS) Continued NEWHALL, LOS ANGELES COUNTY [Elevation, 1,200 feet.] 1 Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 1.56 T 43 50 56 00 00 00 00 03 32 1 45 4 85 1878 3.78 3.23 1.02 1.46 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 2 33 11 97 1879 2 25 62 0.00 1 52 05 00 00 00 00 37 3 10 9 23 17 14 1880 0.10 t 25 1.08 3.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 26 6 22 13 30 1881 57 06 1 70 34 00 dO 00 00 00 1 23 12 4 21 8 23 1882 0.43 2.36 4.71 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.20 00 9 79 1883 1 96 2.95 3 07 00 > 28 00 00 00 00 16 00 3 34 13 76 1884 6.66 14.53 9.73 3.85 2.17 1.67 0.00 00 0.00 60 1 10 3 89 44 1885 47 00 1 75 00 06 02 00 00 00 9 01 2.25 13 63 1886 5.22 0.69 3.11 4.27 0.00 T 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 87 21 14 37 1887 00 12.38 0.15 1 96 10 03 00 00 02 65 1 46 4 26 21 01 1888. 6. 74 1.17 4.21 0.29 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40 3 69 5 64 n i 1889 35 1 11 9 39 40 56 00 00 36 00 8 19 3 36 15 70 39 4"' 1890 6.30 4.41 0.44 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.35 00 0.00 1 94 13 77 1891 31 9 99 88 1 26 66 00 T 00 13 00 00 2.12 15 35 1892 1. 32 3.02 4.07 0.06 - 0.00 00 00 00 30 4 72 4 16 19 73 1893 3.91 1.34 7.90 0.47- 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 00 3 90 18 58 1894 0.85 0.29 0.62 0.15 0.66 00 000 00 80 00 00 7 59 10 96 1895 7.11 0.31 3.66 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.OQ 0.10 1 09 00 !' 66 18% 2.15 0.15 4.04 1.03 20 00 0.00 25 00 1 55 1 00 > 23 T> 60 1897 ' 4.86 5.13 3.32 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 00 00 14 39 1898 0.45 f3. 141 00 10 93 00 00 00 14 00 00 " 4 98 1899. ! 2.77 0.00 1.98 0.08 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 63 90 64 8.25 1900 0. 89 0.00 1.97 0.25 1.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 5.24 0.00 9.74 Mean (24 vears) i 2 54 -- 2 81 1 03 51 08 T 03 06 72 1 56 3 40 15 6 NEWMAN, STANISLAUS COUNTY. [Elevation, 92 feet] 1889. ... . 0.51 0.64 3.67 0.25 0.99 o.oo 1 o.oo 0.00 0.00 4.28 4.27 5.52 20.13 1890 4.S6 3.34 0.80 ! 0.70 0.20 0.00 i 0.00 0.00 1 31 00 00 1 17 12 08 1891. . . 0.28 3.27 1.82 1.55 0.10 0.18 1 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.05 0.00 3.69 11.43 1892 27 1 45 1.77 0.55 0.81 00 0.00 0.00 00 28 1 46 4 24 10 83 1893.. 1.03 2.87 4.73 1.67 0.00 0.00 i 0.00 0. DO 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.47 11.16 1894 1.97 0.89 0.00 T. 0.83 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.35 0.00 5.28 10.45 1895 3.34 i 0.87 1.77 j 0.80 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.48 0.40 8.66 1896 5.59 ' 0.00 ' 1.32 1.91 0.43 0.00 : 0.10 0.00 0.00 1.35 1.97 0.87 13.54 1897 1.83 2.61 1.85 0.47 0.02 0.20 0.00 0.10 T. 1.37 33 1 00 9 78 1898 0.45 0.84 0.80 0.03 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.13 T. 0.41 3.48 1899 2.19 00 > 05 ' 0. 30 1.05 0.07 0.00 0.00 00 1 65 2.41 1,25 10 97 1900.- . . 1.94 1 0.10 0.45 , 1.91 1.87 T. 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.35 4.45 0.81 1Z20 Mean (12 vears) ' 2.00 1.11 1.75 ! 0.84 0.66 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.82 1.31 2.09 11.23 192 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTH*) Continued. MILES (NEAR), ALAMEDA COUNTY. [Elevation, 87 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886 5.03 0.73 1.67 4.19 0.25 0.01 T. 0.00 0.00 0.64 1.29 1.14 15.55 1887 1.07 7.62 1.01 1.87 0.14 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.65 T. 0.84 3.25 16.39 1888 3.99 1.80 3.07 0.15 0.78 0.40 0.00 T. 0.39 0.07 3.87 2.53 17.05 1889 0.55 0.42 5.59 0.95 1.59 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.30 3.44 12. 13 28.98 1890 7.18 3.63 3.03 1.12 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 3.05 19.54 1891 0.65 4.72 2.57 2. 23 1.10 o.ofi 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.06 0.37 6.45 18. 42 1892 1.12 1.41 3.71 1.10 1.98 T. 0.03 0.00 0.01 1.53 3.49 5.28 19.64 1893 2.65 2.73 5.58 1.67 0.47 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.23 2.44 2.69 18. 62 1894 7.28 4.99 1.23 0.54 1.94 0.43 T. 0.00 1.42 1.49 0.84 9.45 29.61 1895 6.81 2.55 2. 15 1.73 0.86 0.00 T. 0.00 0. 75 0.72 1.80 1.36 18.73 18% 7.46 0.30 1.66 4.47 1.07 0.00 0.10 0.83 0.57 1.22 6.16 2.91 26.74 1897 2.08 4.47 4.78 0.45 0.16 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 0:92 1.95 15. 72 1898 1.71 2. 20 0.88 0.39 1.28 0.24 0.00 0.00 t* 1.33 0.68 1.65 11.82 1899 2.78 0.49 6.09 0.26 0.66 0.49 T. 0.09 0.00 4.24 3.30 2.91 21.31 1900 3.49 0.87 1.87 0.91 0.79 0.08 T. 0.00 0.02 2.C2 4.67 1.65 If.. 37 3.3 2.60 2.99 1.47 0.94 0.13 0.01 0.06 0.40 1.35 2.27 3.89 19.75 NORTH BLOOMFIKLD, NEVADA COUNTY. [Elevation, 3,200 feet.] 1871 7.54 5.94 5.03 4.36 3.36 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.83 6.20 25.19 58.57 1872 12. 71 18.22 5.73 3.84 1.39 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.53 4.47 11.77 59.23 1873 4.16 11.09 2.50 2.40 1.57 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.67 3.37 19.00 44.86 1874 15 17 7 08 11 16 4 04 1 78 25 00 0.02 0.06 4.88 13.52 1 21 59 17 1875 0.15 0.88 3.56 0.30 2.68 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 15.53 7.64 33.46 1876 10. 98 10.20 13.02 4.03 1.06 0.01 1.76 0.01 0.31 10.46 0.85 0.00 52.69 1877 9.98 2.89 4.92 3.07 2.66 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 4.22 1.96 81.71 1878 15.72 16.97 9.23 2.44 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 3.72 1.18 53.55 1879 10. 00 9.49 16.62 6.69 3.84 0.64 00 0.24 0.00 3.03 6.43 13 57 70.55 1880 5. 96 5.66 5.45 23.31 5.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 21. 10 67.52 1881 19. 46 12.13 4.92 2.59 1 33 1.57 00 00 1.75 3 86 4.05 8 73 60 39 1882 8.02 fi. 77 10.02 5.39 1.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 6.86 5.72 3.59 50.93 1883. . 3. 69 3.94 10.45 3.39 00 00 00 00 1 79 3 60 1 48 2 84 31 24 1884 : 9 21 10 02 15 66 10 31 2 66 4 03 00 00 1 98 3 43 00 37 21 94 50 1885 ! 3.65 1.91 0.79 3.62 71 2 14 00 00 2 55 00 20 23 7 98 43 58 1897 5 06 16 57 11 15 3 70 20 1 45 00 11 57 5 05 6 1'' 5 41 65 39 1898 2.28 13.03 0.79 1.18 4 47 1 70 T T 58 2 87 5 66 4 10 36 60 1899. .... 10.88 1 01 18 24 1 98 3 91 65 00 67 00 14 5'' 13 33 13 09 78 28 1900 9 32 5 20 9 64 6 82 2 44 T 01 00 9 r > 8 3** 10 99 4 95 58 64 1901 7.73 13 46 2 97 6 27 1 73 00 T Mean (20 vears) 8 46 8 99 7 71 3 74 6 00 10 15 53 16 NORTH HILL VINEYARD, CALAVERAS COUNTY. [Elevation, 660 feet.] 1890. 5 74 2 S3 2 9 1 33 2 43 00 00 00 50 T T 2 62 1891 39 2 71 3 55 2 70 37 22 1892 '1.84 1 71 3 6 1 63 3 02 33 00 00 25 1 18 5 33 4 54 1893. . 3 70 2 87 7 51 1 32 00 1894 6 31 7 05 1 16 98 1895 8 65 2 30 2 31 2 91 1 10 00 1896 9 30 10 2 76 6 24 71 1897 3 22 6 63 5 37 47 83 58 1898 . 1 *>2 4 03 ', t'J 57 1 41 1899 4 65 24 10 88 42 1 81 40 1900 1 57 71 3 38 3 67 1 49 1 IT Mran (11 vears) 4 19 2 79 3 98 > 02 1 49 GENERAL PRECiriTATIOX TABLES. 193 PRECIPITATION- OF CALIFORNIA (IxcHES AXD Hrxi>REDTHs) Continued. NORTH ONTARIO. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. [Elevation. 1.750 fet-t.] Year. Jan. FVIi. : Mar. Apr. May. June. July. An*. Sept. ()<-t. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1897 5 24 l.-t 18% 5 28 00 1 44 J.84 53 00 00 10 00 1 61 3.07 1897 2.58 3 46 2 7'' 65 06 12 00 04 *M 1 53 54 1 25 1898 0.68 1.01 0. ii 0. 15 1.52 00 00 00 00 76 49 1 63 6 49 1899 2 28 11 4 64 04 00 1 56 00 04 00 3 1 1900 ... 1.49 0.18 ' 14 2.80 1 60 00 00 00 00 95 5 61 1 08 15 85 " 1 1 ' ' OSILBY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. [Elevation. 354 feet.] 1890 .. 0.29 | 0.36 0.00 ! 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 005 000 014 0.02 31 119 1891 00 1 30 0.00 000 000 000 000 046 002 000 000 000 178 1892 ... . .. 0.55 1.22 1.07 0.00 0.10 0.00 000 000 000 000 000 000 294 1893 T. 0.00 0.19 O.CO 0.38 0.00 1.02 0.03 0:39 000 027 023 2.51 1S94 . 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' 000' 064 000 000 000 090 0.45 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 00 00 015 015 75 1896 CO 000 000 000 0.00 000 000 000 000 000 000 100 100 l-'.'T ... - . 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 000 000 000 000 000 100 1898 00 000000 000 000 000 000 000000 000 000 T T l*'.i 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 000 000 000 000 000 000 1900 00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 T 000 000 000 T Mean 11 \var- > 21 26 14 00 05 CO 09 05 10 01 04 15 ' 1 10 1 1 -.1 U,,ll T i\Q HI 194 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. OLETA, AMADOR COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,510 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1892 3.44 4.52 7.59 3.04 4.54 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 10.70 7.51 43.09 1893 6.88 4.88 11.40 2.65 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 4.53 3.18 34.53 1894 7.23 9.01 1.11 1.13 3.69 1.06 T. T. 1.38 4.50 1.37 16.55 47.03 1895 13.25 5.75 3.94 4.25 2.25 0.00 T. T. 2.13 0.12 0.74 3.50 35.93 1896 9.94 0.87 5.41 9.55 2.41 0.06 0.00 0.24 0.12 1.06 8.05 4.51 42.22 1897 5.49 14.44 8.13 1.50 0.35 0.74 T. T. 0.12 3.00 2.20 3.01 38.98 1898 . . 1.64 5.80 1.36 0.68 1.96 0.35 T. 0.00 0.30 0.80 2.34 2.24 17.47 1899 5.29 0.96 12.43 1.33 1.01 0.71 0.00 0.17 T. 6.98 5.42 7.82 42.12 1900 2.33 2.90 4.66 3.87 1.24 0.03 T. 0.00 0.30 2.76 7.76 1.61 27.46 6.17 5.46 6.23 3.11 2.01 0.36 T. 0.05 0.48 2.34 4.79 5.55 36.54 ORLAND, GLENN COUNTY. [Elevation 254 feet.] 1883 0.52 0.27 1.49 0.86 2.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.80 1.60 0.12 0.29 8.04 1884 3.38 1.58 4.31 2.97 0.23 2.55 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.80 0.00 4.03 20. 05 1885 1.34 0.58 0.00 0.51 0.82 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 9.41 3.03 16.41 1886 4.45 0.50 1.01 2.70 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 T. 1.77 11.57 1887 0.33 3.74 1.63 2.06 0.00 0.15 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 1.14 2.64 11.69 1888 4.11 1.56 2.73 0.57 0.24 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00 2.79 3.47 16.27 1889 0.22 0.68 4.52 1.02 1.37 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.% 2.20 6.80 25.05 1890 3.29 1.63 3.59 0.53 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.46 13.25 1891 0.55 7.88 0.33 1.38 1.12 1.40- 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.63 0.36 2.21 15.95 1892 3.08 1.93 1.87 1.16 2.50 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 4.77 5.67 22.13 1893 . 4.13 3.22 3.47 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.91 0.43 1.97 1.23 17. 15 1894 3.13 2.75 0.40 0.53 1.08 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.72 0.43 7.89 18.08 1895 8.25 2.66 2.09 1.24 0.58 0.00 0.27 0.00 1.67 0.00 1.34 1.15 19.25 1896 8.54 0.05 ' 4.25 3.03 1.65 0.00 T. 0.37 0.83 1.02 2.69 6.14 28.57 1897 3 58 4 01 1 92 1.79 00 60 00 00 10 00 73 1 41 14 14 1898 0.36 3.64 T. 0.00 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.32 0.34 1.22 7.93 1899 6 98 T 4 17 45 94 57 00 00 00 2 03 4 58 2 69 22 41 1900 2 53 84 1 32 2 72 1 05 i. U.J 31 00 07 07 3 20 4 61 1 68 18 40 Mean (18 years) 3.27 2.08 2.17 1.41 0.98 0.42 0.02 0.02 0.35 1.12 2.08 3.10 17.02 OROVILLE, BUTTE COUNTY. [Elevation, 188 feet.] 1885 2.10 73 0^25 1 64 65 39 T 00 20 T 11 27 5 53 22 76 1886 5 17 36 2 70 5 48 50 o oo T T 00 63 29 2 52 17 65 1887 1.02 8.93 0.98 2 81 08 18 T 01 15 00 1 21 2 62 17 99 1888 7 72 99 3 44 14 32 1 16 07 T 63 00 4 14 7 91 26 52 1889 0.16 0.57 8 98 1 61 3 07 42 00 00 06 7 41 4 89 13 50 40 61 1890. 4 00 5 95 7 07 2 47 3 84 00 00 75 00 75 4 61 29 89 1891 2 60 9 04 69 1 73 1 30 00 00 00 03 34 1 56 4 97 1892 4 60 3.81 4 82 3 53 3 24 00 00 00 00 1 2*> 6 99 3 52 31 73 1893. 4 06 3 82 6 47 1 9 1 1 17 00 00 00 92 10 4 03 2 18 2S 96 1894 '. 5.97 3.21 95 1 20 2 85 45 00 00 86 2 40 1 07 11 48 30 44 1895 . . 11 92 85 2 60 2 65 65 00 33 00 4 25 11 1 85 2 59 27 80 1896 11 41 38 4 19 7 03 2 08 00 1897 4 20 8 60 2 23 35 30 30 00 00 80 <> 95 2 65 1 95 24 33 1898 1 01 6 03 07 58 1 63 30 1899 7 24 00 6 89 71 3 25 1 22 00 15 00 8 31 7 59 4 38 39 74 1900 5 79 1 07 2 79 3 25 1 03 35 00 00 Mean (16 years) 4 93 3 33 3 44 2 27 1 62 33 03 02 gg 27 04 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 195 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREUTHS) Continued. PALERMO. BUTTE COUNTY. [Elevation, 213 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1892 2.94 3.63 3.92 4.08 2.81 0.14 0.00 00 T. 1.19 6.44 6 29 31 44 1893 3.77 2.92 3.81 1 00 1 60 00 00 00 50 14 ' 58 1 76 18 08 1894 3.76 2.34 0.79 0.74 3.41 0.30 T. 0.00 0.83 2.46 1.07 10 20 25 90 1895 10.08 2.83 1 91 1 % 76 0.00 30 05 3.76 06 1 20 67 23 58 1896. . 10.03 0.26 2.31 3.78 0.80 0.00 0.03 0.22 1.17 ; 0.54 5 83 3 9S 28 95 1897 3.35 6 79 1 92 76 20 89 00 06 33 3 50 ' 07 45 20 32 1898 1.24 0.83 0.00 0.59 1.75 0.12 00 0.00 0.34 0.94 1 16 1 55 8 52 1899 5 45 00 5 88 16 92 1 30 1 00 18 00 5 76 6 46 3 72 "9 83 1900 5.80 0.72 2.29 1.86 0.87 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.27 3.43 3 63 2.15 21 22 5.16 2.26 2.54 1.66 1.46 33 0.04 0.06 0.80 2.00 3 38 3 42 23 W PALM SPRINGS, RIVERSIDE COUNTY. [Elevation, 584 feet] 1889 0.30 0.06 1.54 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 53 00 4.64 7 15 1890 0.52 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.38 0.00 0.00 ' 0.50 1 75 1891 0.00 7.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 1.02 0.10 00 00 23 8 82 1892 2.18 0.26 0.05 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.61 1893 0.40 00 1 18 00 10 00 35 40 0. 10 00 3 00 11 5 64 1894 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 4.25 1895 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ! 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 3.50 1896 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' 0.00 0.00 00 00 84 1897 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.09 1.09 1898 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 j 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 1.30 1899 1.21 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 T. 0.00 0.50 2.86 5.31 1900 0.80 j 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0. 00 0. 00 1.29 T. 0.00 2.09 Mean (12 vears) 0.74 0.66 0.35 T. 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.05 0.15 0.29 1.20 3.o3 1 PASADENA. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. [Elevation, 828 feet.] 1893 . 7.53 3.03 10.47 0.66 0.20 0.06 0.01 T. 0. 04 0. 71 0.18 ' 4.08 26.97 1894 ! 1.45 0.74 0.96 0.13 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.85 ! 0.02 0.01 1 5.89 10.75 1895 7. 56 [1.811 4.27 0.61 0.41 [0.01] 0.00 0.00 T. [0.98] [0.40] [2.64] 18.69 1896 ... 2.71 0.00 2.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.74 1.79 2.07 11.19 1897 3.69 4.78 2.43 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.42 0.00 1 0.62 14.08 1898 1.85 0.50 1.05 0.14 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55 5.44 1899 3.55 0.00 1.89 T. 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.98 L40 i 0.89 10.36 1900 0.88 0.00 1.15 0.48 1.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. ' 0.00 8.86 ' 0.00 13.13 Mean(Svears) 3.65 1.36 3.14 0.27 0.54 0.09 T. 0.01 0.11 0.98 1.58 2.09 13.83 . PASO ROBLES, SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. [Elevation, SOU feet.] 1 1887 . . 0. 51 6.14 0.34 1.10 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.60 2.61 11.95 1888 5.60 0.30 4.50 0.20 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 4.02 2.80 17. 71 1889 0. 78 0.98 5.55 0.45 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.61 1.69 9.13 25.44 1890 6. 75 5.40 1.74 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.30 3.34 18.43 1891 0. 52 7.27 2.51 1.72 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 4.09 16.63 1S92 0.63 1.39 3.09 0.11 1.88 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 2.06 5.02 15.02 1893 3.28 4.09 6.28 109 0.27 0.00 < 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 2.38 17. 6t 1894 1.06 0.59 0.22 0.24 1.09 (M-2 0.00 0.50 1.13 0.33 0.09 6.14 11.51 1895 6. 43 047 0.48 0.08 o.oo 1 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.61 1.53 0.55 11.43 1896 4.64 0.02 3.77 1.25 0.77 T. T. 1.19 T. 1.66 1.92 2.48 17.70 '897 3.65 4.18 2.88 T. 0.00 o.oo 1 o.oo 0.02 0.03 0.56 0.05 0.23 11.60 1898 0.82 L55 0.83 0.00 0.68 0.00 j 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.13 0.30 0.27 4.68 1899 4.16 0.08 4.99 1.37 T. 0.13 ' 0.00 0.00 T. 2.55 1.40 2.53 17.21 1900 2.11 0.08 1.90 0.42 0.67 T. T. T. T. 1.54 6.10 0:25 13.07 Mean (14 vears 1 2.92 2.32 2.85 0.60 0.55 0.05 J T. 0.12 0.17 0.92 1.43 2.92 15.00 196 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HrMiKEimis) Continued. PEACHLAND, SONOMA COUNTY. [Elevation, 220 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Au^. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 18% 17.65 0.40 3.85 6.03 2.26 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.60 2.59 5.53 8.83 47.79 1897 5.60 8.63 6.62 0.12 O.E1 1.31 T. T. 0.13 3.17 2.34 4.01 32.44 1898 2.15 8.28 0.16 0.37 3.87 0.41 T. T. 0.89 0.85 1.25 1.38 19.61 1899 16.16 0.19 10.25 0.35 1.99 0.01 T. 0.19 0.00 6.57 8.46 6.20 50.37 1900 7.88 1.15 4.88 4.16 1.03 0.31 T. T. 0.19 6.09 5.86 5.10 36.65 9.87 3.73 5.15 2.21 1.93 0.41 0.01 0.05 0.36 3.85 4.69 5.10 37. 37 PLACERVILLE, ELDORADO COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,820 feet.] 1874 12.58 4.72 10.77 3.92 1.% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 9.59 1.18 48.14 1875 12.58 0.08 2.88 0.61 1.58 1.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 17.64 6.75 45.16 1876 10.79 8.01 11.86 3.60 1.40 0.00 0.49 0.07 0.02 6.16 0.78 0.00 43.18 1880 4.38 5.81 4.66 17.52 3 95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.68 16.94 54.19 J881 15.53 7.01 3.38 2.36 T. 1.89 T. o.oo 1.08 2.80 2.87 7.70 44.62 1882 6.71 5.15 9.30 5.53 1.19 0.13 T. 0.00 0.93 5.72 4.94 1.98 41.58 1883 3.74 2.58 6.88 3.54 6.25 0.00 T. 0.00 1.67 3.38 1.67 2.63 32.34 1884 ,C.C6 11.56 14.46 11.82 1.60 2.51 T. 0.03 0.85 2.47 0.10 22.65 74.11 1885 4.15 0.97 0.33 3.32 0.27 1.42 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.00 15.97 5.22 32.20 1886 13.03 1.15 5.22 11.75 1.24 0.50 T. 0.00 0.00 1.42 0.91 5.02 40.24 1887 3.18 14.18 2.09 5.71 0.53 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.06 1.42 8 34 36 37 1888 11.27 2.39 5.26 0.91 1.10 1.50 0.04 T. 0.88 T. 5.98 7.06 36.39 1889 1.03 0.86 9.78 1.93 8.05 0.16 0.00 T. 0.00 9.07 7.77 18 18 56.83 1890 14.57 7.46 13.81 3.36 4.01 0.00 0.00 T. 1.64 T. T. 6.89 51.74 1891 1.40 9.29 8.18 4.29 1.91 1.20 0.00 O.CO 0.37 0.32 1 97 12 57 41 50 1892 4.43 6.83 8.26 4.33 5.35 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.20 2.23 ' 12.14 15.48 59.25 1893 7.14 6.94 12.39 5.31 1.71 0.00 T 0.00 1.26 0.96 5 74 4 68 46.13 1894 11.05 13.02 2.94 2.24 4.70 1.63 T. 0.10 1.52 3.93 1.C6 13.49 60.68 1895 17.85 5.07 4.43 4.75 2.58 0.00 T. T 1 79 16 77 5 24 42 64 1896 16.38 0.78 11.11 12.00 3.56 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.63 1.51 11.71 4.07 61.93 1897 4. C8 14.61 9.49 2.23 0.36 1.09 0.00 0.05 13 3 39 2 68 2 43 41 14 1898 1 78 6.18 1 28 58 2 70 66 T T 11 1 CO 2 30 2 80 19 K9 1899 5.62 0.48 14.98 2.01 1.78 0.88 0.00 0.10 CO 7 73 6 72 8 32 48 62 1900 3.92 2 89 5 84 4 32 1 15 [0 68] T 00 55 3 62 9 82 3 30 36 09 8.08 5 75 7 48 4 91 2 45 68 62 '' 54 5 21 7 83 45 GO POINT LOBOS. [Elevation, 250 feet.] 1893 3.19 2.53 3.74 1.01 0.19 0.01 T. 0.14 0.14 0.28 3.59 1.05 15.87 1894 5 17 2 48 62 15 1 71 55 T T 1 40 1 36 68 9 21 3 33 1895 5.61 2.30 1 91 1 09 75 00 03 01 88 11 9 33 1 06 Hi OS 1896 7 33 41 3 45 3 99 91 T 6 46 1 58 4 99 4 16 27 56 1897 2.91 4.47 4.91 12 71 25 o oo 0'* 09 2 13 1 20 1 51 18 35 1898 1 78 2 64 47 12 1 17 25 00 1 00 7 63 1 61 10 41 1899 4 93 18 7 86 1 05 86 00 00 3 58 3 41 05 08 1900 4 57 96 2 23 1 41 14 00 00 06 59 1 26 3 49 1 37 16 11 Moan (8 years) 4.44 2 00 3 15 1 12 80 14 01 06 57 1 33 2 56 9 93 19 10 POINT REYES LIGHT. [Elevation, 650 foet.] 1892 4.68 4 37 3 36 2 26 2 97 36 45 7 68 1 54 3 22 4 7'* 28 88 1893 3 21 2 58 8 09 1 83 91 08 1894 8.26 2 39 2 06 66 <> 31 1 16 00 00 2 64 1 04 9 50 39 44 1895 9 43 1 34 2 63 1 02 1 29 02 T o 97 1896 8 30 97 3 25 4 20 1897 2 74 4 93 5 87 1898 1 60 4 48 47 29 1899 7 11 53 5 56 1900 6 46 99 2 45 2 51 17 Moan ilt v cars') 5 75 2 51 3 75 1 57 1 53 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PKBCIPITATIOX OF CALIFORNIA ( INCHES AND HUNOREDTHS) Continued. POMONA (NEAR), LOS ANGELES COUNTY. [Elevation, 860 feet.] 197 Year. -. Jan. Feb. 1 Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NOT. Dec. Animal. 1894 > 36 0.82 1.39 0.00 6.16 0.81 0.04 0.05 0.65 3.56 4.39 3.34 1.22 2.10 1.02 0.08 0.66 0.15 T. 0.06 0.10 0.95 0.36 0.00 0.00 T. 2.22 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 O.CO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.06 1.45 1.26 0.-09 1.92 0.34 0.00 1.08 1.19 0.51 0.08 1.39 8.38 8.48 0.66 1.57 0.96 0.51 0.95 0.00 13.23 16.16 11.26 17.99 7.12 10.02 14.04 1895. i a 74 1896 2.42 189T 5 54 1896... . ' 2.13 1899 ! 2.79 1900... : 1 30 Mean (7 vears 'i 3,61 1.32 I 2.33 0.29 0.65 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.09 0.74 1.80 1.88 12.83 PORTERVILLE, TULARE COUNTY. [Elevation, J61 feet.] 1888 < 8? 0.18 0.49 2.43 1.33 1.85 0.83 1.54 T. 2.46 1.55 0.17 0.16 1.26 1.30 0.71 2.21 3.68 0.71 1.10 0.67 2.00 0.08 2.02 0.89 0.42 0.12 1.14 0.16 0.27 0.32 0.41 1.13 0.30 T. 0.19 1.94 0.89 0.20 0.29 0.65 0.00 0.42 0.35 0.13 0.42 0.55 0.10 2.41 T. 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 1.C9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.85 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. T. j 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00; 0.43 O.CO ' T. 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.10 T. j 0.00 0.00 T. 3.41 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.15 0.23 0.65 1.19 T. 1.08 O.C4 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.54 0.07 0.04 1.71 0.94 0.50 0.27 0.88 3.44 3.23 3.38 2.43 0.61 3.13 0.51 0.93 0.89 0.35 0.91 0.30 10.66 8.87 8.68 7.97 7.31 8.64 9.67 6.75 9.72 5.65 7.21 10. li 1890 , 3.43 1891 36 1892 26 1893 , o <8 1894.... : 1 52 1895 j 3.82 1896 i 1 61 1817 1 96 1898 0.75- 1899.- . 1 01 1900 097 Mean (12 vear) 1 44 1.08 1.39 0.53 0.53 O.IK 0.01 0.21 0.58 0.80 1.62 8.44 POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. [Elevation, 46) feet.] 1879 > 88 1.53 1.54 0.60 2.60 1.76 9.40 0.35 0.77 4.87 2.42 1.29 1.08 T. 4.91 0.22 0.61 0.32 ; 0.00 1.76 2.86 1.13 1.87 6.96 0.34 3.24 0.34 8.26 1.64 1.24 4.73 2.89 1.75 1.16 0.69 1.30 O.OS 3.10 ' 0.09 1.14 : 0.03 0.84 0.04 1.36 j 1.34 4.81 2.26 2.C5 0.63 2.78 0.00 2.01 0.34 0.51 0.00 0.14 0.21 0.46 0.26 0.96 0.31 0.00 0.12 0.33 1.55 0.05 0.44 1.48 1.48 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.44 0.07 0.00 0.00 T. 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.16 0.04 0.01 T. T. T. 0.02 T. 0.00 0.06 T. 0.08 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.03 0.04 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.06 T. 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05 0.00 T. 0.30 0.74 1.17 0.29 1.59 0.24 0.06 0.10 0.00 0.19 T. 0.25 1.51 1.70 0.00 0.78 0.25 2.75 0.30 0.20 0.60 0.00 0.38 2.71 1.50 2.04 1.36 0.00 . 1.44 1.54 0.08 0.29 1.29 3.19 4.72 3.56 0.73 0.27 2.40 5.91 0.90 0.20 2.70 2.49 3.06 0.57 2.42 0.72 1.87 1.29 0.00 13.73 12.44 7.96 12.40 11.20 31.99 7.83 14.95 13.02 17.07 7.34 17.95 14.05 14.74 8.84 9.11 11.35 1880. 1 1? 1881. 1 16 1882. 6.40 1883 88 1S84 1 59 1885 72 1886. f 31 1887 0.09 1893. 1 78 1S94 . 0.79 1895 12.65 1896. ? .VI 1897 4 30 1898. 2.78 1S99 2.98 1900 3 89 Mean (17 vears} 3.11 2.02 2.40 1.37 O..V1 0.09 T. 0.02 0.05 0.54 1.16 1.99 13.29 QUINCY, PLUMAS COUNTY. [Elevation, 3,400 feet.] 1895. [ 3S] [4.96] 0.65 ' 8.31 10.08 0.82 1.87 ; [6.431 2-09 7.96 11.03 0.99 0.20 1.01 9.02 1.36 7.7 3.54 3.86 4.39 0.00 3.97 2.28 ; 0.98 0.00 0.00 , 1.60 r.84 0.13 0.25 ! O.S7 0.06 0.00 0.13 0.00 T. 0.35 0.20 T. T. 1.09 T. 6.27 1.43 0.63 0.08 0.00 0.04 0.44 1.05 ; 3.01 i 1.73 11.88 7.33 1.53 11.26 6.13 2.47 9.13 ; 8.42 ! 5.07 6.36 3.97 1.56 7.60 4.70 39.75 65.18 35.94 24.28 .V>. 06 41.63 1896. .. 20.79 1897 " 77 1898 1.21 1899 8.75 1900 6. 21 Mean . il v.-ar- . 8. 10 4. 45 6. 66 3. 34 0.64 0.09 0.27 1.41 4.24 fi.49 4.SS tX 14 198 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. REDDING, SHASTA COUNTY. [Elevation, 552 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1875 6.21 0.16 1.41 0.01 0.14 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.11 13.31 9.13 32.72 1876 11.26 7.97 8.85 1.77 2.90 0.70 0.63 0.65 1.20 5.60 0.40 0.00 41. 95 1877 6.59 3.78 4.43 0.57 1.41 0.75 0.00 0.07 0.00 1.63 7.26 4.41 30.90 1878 22.69 13.78 7.20 1.66 0.74 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.32 2.15 2.59 0.59 52.77 1879 4.20 4.81 10.54 6.82 3.56 0.48 0.03 0.11 0.00 0.75 5.% 10.85 48.11 1880 4.02 2.21 1.62 9.73 1.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.13 18.39 37.52 lss| 14.64 9.09 0.99 5.63 0.71 1.09 0.00 0.05 1.12 4.05 1.50 6.07 44.94 1882 3.02 3.36 4.23 1.67 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.62 4.67 2.05 22.99 1883 1.78 0.36 3.71 1.56 4.26 0.00 0.00 O.Ot) 1.00 4.09 0.67 0.75 18.18 1884 5.45 3.94 8.20 3.05 T. 1.64 0.00 0.00 0.02 1.36 0.00 14.31 38.17 1885 2.32 1.28 0.00 3.68 0.00 1.23 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 11.90 9.00 29.36 1886 10.30 T. 2.90 8.41 2.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.13 5.34 30.38 1887 2.50 8.35 1.20 3.65 1.25 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 1.60 4.10 23.75 1888 9.35 2.70 2.95 0.00 0.73 3.52 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 [3.68] 7.33 30.71 1889 [6.34] 0.09 10.78 2.33 3.90 0.% 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.13 5.07 17.66 [62.26] 1890 10.80 6.76 7.77 3.12 2.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 0.00 0.00 3.56 35.82 1891 1.68 9.95 3.05 2.31 3.17 1.91 0.75 0.00 0.13 0.02 0.08 8.36 31.41 1892 4.08 3.52 3.96 4.27 4.44 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.04 2.10 6.30 10.79 39.63 1893 4.16 3.90 12. 16 4.19 1.86 0.00 T. 0.00 2.36 0.39 8.33 4.16 41.51 1894 9.78 5.36 2.89 1.84 2.45 0.95 T. 0.74 1.32 4.15 1.01 12.22 42.71 1895 12.84 3.08 2.78 0.99 2.61 0.00 0.95 T. 3.24 0.01 2.12 4.36 32.98 18% 14.52 0.79 4.17 4.05 8.97 0.35 T. 0.38 0.81 1.99 6.30 8.98 51.31 1897 4.42 6.80 5.29 3.02 0.00 1.59 T. 0.00 0.15 1.36 1.69 3. CO 27.92 1898 0.54 3.77 0.00 0.76 3.64 0.15 0.00 T. 0.13 1.56 2.23 1.78 14.56 1899 9.66 1.04 8.86 0.61 0.82 2.46 0.00 0.08 0.00 4.83 8.50 4.18 41.04 1900 6.45 2.86 3.68 2.59 3.12 1.38 T. 0.16 2.48 6.47 3.03 3.14 35.36 Mean (26 years) 7.29 4.22 4.75 3.01 2.19 0.79 0.09 0.09 0.67 2.48 3.79 6.74 36.11 REPRESSA, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. [Elevation, 305 feet.] 1893 [6.06] [4.34] 7.40 2.00 1.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.26 3.81 2.35 [28. 20] 1894 4.71 5.53 0.65 0.56 2.80 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.65 2.75 0.90 12.56 32.21 1895 11.36 2.64 2.50 2.26 1.83 0.00 0.00 T. 1.45 0.07 1.98 1.95 26.04 1896 9.07 0.22 4.46 6.54 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.55 0.35 0.82 5.86 1.80 31.29 1897 4.38 8.99 4.95 0.71 0.35 T. 0.00 0.18 0.10 2.61 1.11 2.04 25.42 1898 0.79 4.31 0.30 0.45 1.53 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.88 1.87 2.62 13.34 1899 5.41 0.04 . 7.88 0.74 1.12 0.43 0.00 0.04 0.00 6.39 5.52 4.39 31.96 1900 5.00 1.16 2.73 3.12 1.72 T. 0.00 0.00 0.25 2.26 4.37 1.63 22.24 Mean (8 years) 5.85 3.40 3.86 2.05 1.53 0.24 0.00 0.10 0.47 2.00 3.18 3.67 26.34 RIO VISTA, SOLANO COUNTY. [Elevation, 28 feet.] 1893 ... 3. 15 2.31 3.31 0.99 0.61 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.14 0.09 2.66 2.00 15.26 1894 6. 61 4.56 0.65 0.35 1.23 0.98 0.03 T. 1.28 1.91 0.53 8.36 25.49 1895 ' 7.96 2.60 1.00 0.91 0.84 0.00 0.00 T. 1.18 0.19 1.82 1.17 17.67 1896 . . 9. 01 0.22 1.42 4.51 0.07 0.00 T. 0.21 0.53 1.44 3.12 1.96 23.09 1897 2. 49 3.99 4.31 0.21 T. 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.11 1.79 0.30 1.24 14.50 1898 1.26 1.89 0.29 0.28 1.55 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.70 0.45 1.47 8.12 1899 . 4.21 0.00 6.94 0.28 0.13 0.90 0.00 T. 0.00 4.47 2.77 1.87 21.57 1900 3 02 42 1 46 94 1.39 0.10 T 0.00 0.01 1.59 4.77 1.35 15.05 Mean (8 years) 4.59 2 00 2. 42 1.06 0.80 0.26 T. 0. OS 0.43 1.52 2.05 2.43 17. 59 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 199 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. ROSEWOOD, TEHAMA COUNTY. [Elevation, 865 feet.] Year. j Jan. fc Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Annual. 1804. 5.80 2.30 2.40 2.00 3 20 -- 01 T 1.64 1.42 79 12.63 33.07 1895 11. 93 2.34 2.27 1 26 42 00 45 T 81 97 1 70 3 25 25 40 1896 ... 13.60 0.30 3.85 4.58 3 15 02 0.17 16 1 08 P051 3 68 7 46 [39 10] I-i'T 4 49 4.64 2.17 42 01 1 77 T T OS 1 28 1 16 2.11 18. 08 1898. 9< 3.80 0.16 40 2.79 26 00 01 26 53 1 59 1 78 12.49 1899 9 50 30 6 09 90 2 09 00 T 00 > 30 5 29 3 93 30 43 1900 2.98 1.91 2.37 2.42 2 60 70 00 08 59 3 46 r 2 71 2.77 22.59 Mean ( vears) 7.03 2.23 " 76 1 71 2.04 52 09 04 63 1 57 2 42 4 85 25 88 1 SAX ARDO, MONTEREY COUNTY. [Elevotion, 236 feet.] 1887 . ' 0.58 5 58 17 76 05 26 00 00 14 37 32 2 07 10 30 1888 3.44 28 2 91 11 27 00 00 00 00 00 3 4 2 31 12.56 1889. . 0.83 80 6 16 49 27 00 00 00 00 4 74 96 7 16 23 41 1890 3 36 3 59 99 00 43 00 00 04 1 10 00 11 1 41 11 03 1891 43 3.99 76 1 04 03 00 00 00 14 00 00 1 57 7 96 1892 0.58 0.48 1.37 0.08 1.61 00 00 00 00 15 1 80 3 40 9 47 1893 ' 1 55 1 31 3 94 62 15 00 00 00 00 00 21 1 06 8 84 1894 ' 1.18 34 13 10 68 15 00 00 65 25 V 4 42 7 92 1S95 S 8 23 94 41 02 00 00 00 00 1 48 2.86 30 10 22 1896. 1 5 10 00 2.11 2.27 25 00 00 22 00 45 2 73 1 54 14.67 1897 89 1.18 i 19 06 00 00 00 22 00 78 05 42 5 79 1898. 38 89 70 00 43 00 00 T T 13 20 15 2.88 1S99 3.24 0.03 2 81 84 T T 00 T 00 1 65 96 1.09 10 62 1900 1 68 15 1 15 39 66 T 00 T 88 4 30 08 9 29 Mean (14 vears) 1.94 1.35 1.88 0.51 0.35 0.03 T. 0.03 0.14 78 1 41 1 93 10 35 1 SANGER JUNCTION, FRESNO COUNTY. [Elevation, 371 feet.] 1889 .. .. 0.47 0.54 2.95 0.84 . 0.80 0.00 00 T 0.00 4 39 1.31 4.71 16.00 1890 4.02 1.48 1.22 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.04 2.37 9.35 1891 . 0.55 2.41 0.45 0.30 0.00 0.00 00 00 10 00 40 3 26 7 47 1892 74 85 2.57 46 1 30 00 00 00 00 o oo 93 1 23 8.08 1893 1.15 2.15 3.14 0.05 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2.17 8.92 1894 2 14 2 46 -, 21 60 1 55 00 00 38 42 40 4 38 13. 10 1895 4.14 2.16 2 37 74 59 00 00 CO 06 20 61 89 11 76 1896 4.75 00 1 46 1 13 00 00 00 33 00 1 25 1 "n 97 11 16 1897 1 94 3 97 2 32 46 00 00 00 00 00 2.22 55 66 1' 1' 1898. 66 1.01 0.79 T 0.77 0.00 00 09 1 44 03 23 5 26 1S99 2 01 16 4 14 35 00 60 00 00 00 o 79 2 08 65 12.78 1900 . 2.05 09 1 01 97 1 64 00 00 00 00 37 5 89 33 12.35 Mean (12 vears) . . 2.05 1.44 1.94 0.47 0.48 18 00 03 17 1 14 1 83 10 70 SAN I.EANDRO. A LA MED A COUNTY. [Elevation. 50 feet] 1895 ! 8.21 2.69 2.06 1.96 0.82 0.00 08 00 63 26 31 v 25 21 27 1896 9 84 25 03 5 86 91 00 04 1 34 89 1 41 5 78 31 24 1897 3 13 5 79 6 03 50 12 22 00 00 10 o 67 1 21 2 43 ?2 20 1898. 1 33 2.66 39 38 1 44 36 00 00 1 13 1 43 96 1 58 11 56 1899 . 3.68 0.20 10.85 0.82 1.18 0.21 0.00 T 00 4 38 4 76 2 76 . -i 1900 3 93 1 24 - -- 58 00 00 00 04 1 78 5 09 1 91 19 os Mpfln (fi v*>^r) 5 (f> 2 14 4 00 1 96 -: 13 02 -1 46 1 99 3 35 2 30 **** 38 200 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTH**) Continued. SAX MIGUEL, SAX LUIS OBISPO. [Elevation, 616 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1887 0.52 5.96 0.12 1.40 0.24 0.26 0.00 o.oo 0.58 0.37 0.49 2.84 12.78 Iggg 4.06 0.13 2.34 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 2.44 2.1] 11.30 1889 0.80 0.85 4.10 0.32 0.67 0.00 0.00 o.'i o.co 3.90 1.60 6.72 18.% 1890 3.79 3.13 0.81 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 O.uO 0.67 0.00 0.01 [2.50] 11.09 1891 0.42 5.20 2. C>7 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 2.21 11.54 1892 0.28 0.97 2.30 0.06 1.25 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 2.41 3.27 10.94 1893 1.37 1.31 3.99 0.79 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.30 2.09 10.08 1894 0.90 0.41 0.13 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.69 0.21 5.21 8.08 1895 4..22 0.33 1.10 0.47 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 1.05 0.56 8.38 1896 '. 3.57 0.00 3.11 1.35 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.10 0.67 1.49 1.89 13.10 1897 ... 1.14 3.62 1.78 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.27 0.03 0.27 7.28 1898 0.25 1.17 0.93 0.00 0.51 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.36 3. 46 1899 3.09 0.26 3.04 0.99 0.00 0.17 t).00 0.00 0.00 2.35 0.87 1.23 12.00 1900 1.69 0.07 1.63 0.44 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 4 45 12 9 45 1.86 1.67 2.00 0.48 0.28 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.16 0.71 1.11 2.24 10 60 SAN MIGUEL ISLAXD, SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. [Elevation, 500 feet.] 1894 [3.90] [1.07] C.40 0.34 0.34 0.11 T. 0.00 0.79 0.11 0.30 4.80 12 16 1895 4 10 0.63 2.12 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 1.27 40 48 9 15 1896 5.37 0.00 2.25 0.93 0.90 0.00 0.16 0.10 0.21 0.60 2.52 1.36 14 40 1897 4 28 3.57 1.63 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 76 00 14 10 63 1898 . ... 1.84 0.09 0.39 0.02 0.71 0.70 0.14 0.04 2.70 0.23 0.20 1 16 8 22 1899 4 25 0.35 1.89 1.33 [0 411 2 00 00 00 00 1 40 1 56 n 351 14 54 1900 1.76 0.24 0.75 0.75 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24 1 70 17 6 05 Means ( 7 vears ) 3.64 0.85 1.35 0.50 0.41 0.40 0.04 0.02 0.55 0.66 0.95 1 35 10 94 SANTA ANA, ORANGE COUNTY. [Elevation, 137 feet.] 1889. .. ... 0.31 2.07 4.65 0.66 0.45 00 00 66 00 1 88 36 12 09 23 13 1890 ' 4 75 1 66 3 22 00 35 00 00 00 25 00 30 2 35 12 88 1891 0.20 8.70 0.69 0.37 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 66 11 6 9 1892 1 23 2 26 86 25 1 92 00 00 00 00 16 1 14 1 46 9 r S 1893 ' 2.50 2 46 5 93 30 00 00 00 00 00 2 14 41 2 20 15 94 1894 50 50 63 10 13 00 00 00 1>-> 00 00 4 98 7 C6 1895 ! 7.10 90 2 % 60 10 00 00 00 00 00 80 70 13 16 1896 1 3 43 00 2 90 ro 951 00 00 00 00 00 1 38 1 45 2 27 1897 ' 2.19 4 71 2 15 00 13 00 00 00 00 1 30 00 00 10 48 1898 91 1 39 90 00 37 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 4 07 1899 3 25 20 1 24 25 00 55 00 00 42 1 90 68 1 20 9 69 1900 . 1 67 20 77 1 02 1 00 00 00 00 00 15 3 72 00 Means (12 vears) . 2 34 2 09 2 24 32 37 05 00 06 07 74 74 2 45 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 201 PRECIPITATION- OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HCXDREDTHH) Continued. SANTA CLARA, SAXTA CLARA COVXTY. [Elevation, 83 feet.] Year. 1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1881 2 69 2 33 88 1 08 00 30 QO 00 00 18 1 12 1 77 1882 1.25 1 50 4.96 1 15 25 00 00 00 12 1 18 1 9 1 68 1883 55 72 " 74 60 2.37 00 00 00 05 70 48 1~M 4.10 i 99 5 80 > 90 00 1 65 00' 05 00 1 88 05 4 32 18S5 ' 1 45 25 65 1 77 00 00 00 00 01 06 7 58 3 03 1886 1887 3.56 6 94 70 1 '* 00 00 00 00 41 40 69 2.45 16.67 1S88 3.08 1 68 3 10 12 1 28 18 00 00 58 00 4 37 3 00 1^39 1889 0.58 0.48 5.82 74 91 01 00 00 00 4 84 o 01 10 78 26 21 1890 7.02 3 35 1 99 j.sra 47 73 00 00 00 10 00 07 07 15 80 1891 0.46 6.55 2 16 2.43 17 05 00 00 25 00 43 5 39 17 89 94 1 44 3 4 54 1 62 06 00 0.00 00 1 19 4 12 7 75 21 06 1893 . . .. 3.07 2.83 4 79 1 46 38 02 00 00 T 04 83 1 16 15 03 1894 4 64 "> 16 45 49 1 10 38 T T 99 2.07 55 7 58 20 41 1895 5.93 1.24 2 03 1 94 98 00 00 00 15 49 1 17 1 14 70 1896 6.02 0.20 2.08 2.72 0.32 0.00 0.00 69 0.19 1 47 3.13 2.69 19 51 1897 1.20 3 94 3 51 15 05 00 00 00 08 1 04 56 1 29 11 82 1898 1.28 2.12 0.60 0.16 0.65 0.08 0.00 00 1.34 68 36 86 8.13 1899 2.68 27 4.02 51 19 38 00 00 00 3.69 2.23 1 59 15 56 1900 2.54 0.49 1.10 1.09 0.77 0.05 0.00 00 0.21 1 02 4.50 1 38 13 15 Means 1 19 years i .. ' 79 2.24 2.67 1.13 0.62 0.17 T. 0.04 0.24 1.10 l.sT _ 16.06 SANTA MARGARITA. SAX LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. [Elevation. 998 feet.] 1 1389. [5.27] 0.11 8.87 0.03 2.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.85 3.20 ' 15.68 46.15 tan 8.53 7.72 3.49 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 5.68 26 59 1891 .. 0.97 ' 10.% 3.18 1.80 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.06 8.21 26.22 1892. 1.54 2.19 4.49 0.67 2.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 7.40 8.15 27.39 1893. 4 50 9.05 10. CO 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 70 0.00 2.60 29.13 1894 2.99 ! 3.21 0.50 0.85 2.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 0.73 0.33 10.82 23.75 1895 13.57 2.16 2.66 1.52 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 1.05 2.25 0.77 24.55 1896 .. 11.18 I 0.10 5.07 5.25 0.20 0.00 0.18 0.19 0.00 2.00 2.85 4.08 31.10 1897 3.07 | 8.08 6.60 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 0.05 0.78 19.68 1898. 1-11 i 2-94 1.13 0.00 1.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.05 0.55 7.67 1899 5.62 j 0.26 9.70 1.79 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.19 2.15 ' 3.90 28.47 1900 . 3.27 0.02 4.00 1.25 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.50 13.54 0.68 25.22 Means i!2 vears) .. 5.14 3.90 5.02 1.25 0. 89 0. 07 0.02 0.02 0.34 1.87 2. 67 5. 16 26.33 SAXTA MARIA, SAXTA BARBARA roCXTY. [Elevation. 220 feet.] 1886 1.83 0.97 2.55 3.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.59 0.72 10.09 1887 0. 50 5.96 0.25 1.07 0.22 T. 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.40 1.09 2.69 11.47 1888 4.62 0.43 1.98 0.12 0.14 T. T. 0.00 T. 0.00 2.59 5.86. l.i.74 1889 0.42 1.35 4.20 0.97 0.60 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.53 1.80 6.71 23.63 1890 7.i.r_> 3.64 0.88 0.10 13 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.55 0.70 0.70 3.40 17.18 1^)1 0.63 3.57 0.71 1.58 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.33 2. 77 9. 82 189 . . 0.56 2.18 2.36 0. 45 1.15 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 1.95 2.52 11.52 1893 .. 2.08 3.10 6.84 0.80 05 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' 9.00 0.65 0.22 2.95 16.69 1891 1.16 1.78 0.62 0.25 0.73 0.16 0.06 T. 1.05 0.68 0.07 3. 86 10. 42 1895. 4.43 1.22 1.2.1 0.53 0.51 0.00 . T. 0.00 0.01 0.65 1.26 0.60 10.46 4.60 0.00 2.59 1.77 0.03 0.00 0.11 0.03 0.02 0.60 1.82 2.31 13.91 3.55 4.00 2.52 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.10 0.67 0.03 0.55 11.60 1.44 1.06 0.65 0.02 1.14 O.UO 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.30 0.05 0.64 6.26 1899 3.49 0.46 4.88 0.99 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 1.21 0.89 14.53 1900 0. 87 0.05 1.41 0.97 1.97 T. T. T. T. 0.65 5.40 0.35 11.67 Means 1 15 years) 2, 48 1.98 2.25 0.88 0.51 0.01 0.02 T. 0.20 1.01 1.27 2.46 13.07 202 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PBECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDRKDTHS) Continued. SANTA PA0LA, MONTEREY COUNTY. [Elevation, 286 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. ' 1889 0. 65 1.02 9.00 0.36 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 6.28 1.81 16.45 35.88 1890 6.40 2.00 0.47 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.34 2.53 11.51 1891 . 0. 48 8.73 2.40 0.82 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.54 14.29 1892 0. 70 3.99 3.24 0.54 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 [1.08] 0.00 6.58 17.93 1893 ... 4. 60 2.81 6.81 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.00 0.87 0.00 3. 64 19.13 1894 1-04 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.46 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.98 0.30 0.00 5.45 8.56 1895 6. 90 0.60 3.13 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.90 0.85 12.82 1896 5.66 0.00 3.18 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.97 1.43 3.13 15.47 1897 6. 31 4.98 3.24 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 1.07 0.00 0.00 15.05 1898 0.92 0.70 1.55 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.08 T. 0.27 5.48 1899 3. 44 0.00 2.41 0.35 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.84 1.17 1.66 11.46 1900 1. 67 0.00 1.36 0.38 1.49 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.07 4.71 T. 9.68 Means (12 years) 3. 06 2.07 3.07 0.37 0.44 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.27 1.06 0.86 3.51 14.77 SANTA ROSA, SONOMA COUNTY. [Elevation, 181 feet.] 1889 1.77 0.35 7.92 1.09 2.93 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.78 4.39 15.94 43.42 1890 12 84 4.74 6.15 1.82 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 3.93 31.08 1891 1,25 10.49 1.22 2.39 1.23 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.20 0.20 1.50 8.64 27.87 1892 3.43 5.07 4.14 2.65 3.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 3.37 6.55 30.43 1893 4.13 5.56 6.59 2.07 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.52 4.82 2.61 27.35 1894 9.61 3.78 1.31 1.08 1.84 1.30 0.00 0.00 1.50 2.55 0.89 13.41 37.00 1895 18.42 3.35 2.94 1.35 1.39 0.00 0.33 0.00 [0. 37] 0.00 1.83 2.95 32.93 1896 10.57 0.69 3.63 4.70 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 1.50 5.09 6.42 34.41 1897 2.27 6.25 5.50 1.03 0.57 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.88 2.18 [6.82] 27.43 1898 1.81 5.32 0.66 0.38 3.32 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.62 1.07 1.16 1.20 15.71 1899 8 77 0.00 8 57 67 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 5.94 5.44 4.78 36.41 1SOO 4.98 0.77 3.72 2.83 0.60 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.41 5.60 3.35 26.42 Means (12 years) 6.65 3.86 4.35 1.84 1.78 0.23 0.09 0.01 0.31 2.36 3.02 6.36 30.87 SELMA. [Elevation, 311 feet.] 1886 1.97 0.36 0.96 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 0.27 0.59 0.60 6 73 1887. 31 2 84 00 2 60 58 00 00 00 00 20 16 97 7 66 1888 2.40 T. 1.57 0.10 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 1.46 1.88 7.82 1889 0.36 53 1 85 47 70 00 00 00 00 3.60 1 09 3 98 12 58 1890 2 19 94 1 19 25 1 19 CO CO 00 95 00 50 1 89 9 10 1891 0.48 2.20 0.47 47 00 00 CO 00 07 0.00 45 2.63 6 77 1892 31 1 27 1 57 80 38 00 00 00 00 45 80 1 17 6 75 1893 1.08 1.60 3 32 23 00 00 00 00 00 00 0.01 1 58 7 82 1894 1 51 1 21 40 08 22 90 00 CO 40 35 05 3 35 8 47 1895 3 53 1 42 1 15 40 30 00 00 00 00 00 1 00 55 8 35 1896 2 52 00 1 15 1 13 32 00 00 ' 05 00 1 00 2 35 75 9 27 1897. 1 49 n in 1 56 47 oo 00 00 00 00 1 15 14 47 6 39 1898 27 93 30 00 70 00 00 00 1 33 T 10 28 3 91 1899.. 1 75 T 3 27 18 00 00 00 00 CO 2 70 92 85 9 67 1900 1.81 *' 00 u. uv 90 95 1 21 00 00 00 00 T 3 54 39 8 80 Mean (15 years) 1.47 0.% 1 31 67 39 06 00 T 19 65 88 1 42 8 01 SHASTA, SHASTA COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,148 feet.] 1896 27 67 69 6 93 12 27 9 17 27 00 43 1 06 3 92 10 17 13 10 85 68 1897 6 95 9 39 7 18 78 01 2 23 00 00 07 2 66 2 20 4 81 36 28 1898... 34 8 39 T 56 6 22 12 00 T T 67 2 89 2 15 21 34 1899 12.42 1 20 10 15 1 41 2 34 1 96 00 06 00 5 39 11 29 6 38 59 go 1900 6 69 3 99 6 81 7 47 3 00 1 85 T 21 3 43 8 91 5 82 7 45 55 63 1901 13.65 8.43 1.46 5.51 0.39 0.00 Mean (6 years) 11.29 5.35 5.42 4.67 3.52 1.07 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 203 PRECIPITATION- OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AJTD HCSDREDTHS) Continued.- SIERRA MADRE, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. [Elevation. 1,400 feet.] Year. -i Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nor. Dec. Annual. 1897 4.48 8.60 4.08 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.42 3.46 0.32 0.69 22.72 1896 - 1 63 41 1 23 90 2.42 00 00 0.00 T. T. T. 1.63 8.22 1899 3.21 0.12 2.77 T. 0.25 1.56 0.00 0.10 0.01 2. SO 1.73^ 1.01 13.56 1900 1.26 0.02 1.92 1.09 2.84 0.10 T. 0.00 0.06 0.58 10.96 0.00 18.83 1901 4.84 8.63 1 14 1 50 2.51 43 Mean (5 years) 3.08 3.56 2.23 0.72 0.43 SISSON, SISKIYOU COUNTY. [Elevation, 3,555 feet.] 1889 0.60 0.40 16.27 0.63 2.40 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.45 5.80 16.13 58.91 1890 12.99 9 33 5.30 2.98 2.75 1.74 0.00 0.00 1.20 0.13 0.00 3.18 39.60 1891.. . 0.40 7.17 0.61 3.64 2.65 [0.66] [0.06] 0.00 0.32 0.30 0.35 11.20 27.36 1892 2.34 0.66 4.19 5.38 3.74 0.39 0.00 0.00 1.71 1.03 8.75 9.57 37.76 1893 3.10 2.80 2.77 10.60 2.66 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.61 4.25 2.87 30.37 1894 10 72 2.60 3 45 0.70 2.85 2.25 0.00 0.00 [0.95] 3.65 1.70 11.13 40.00 1895 9.12 1.22 3.62 1.27 2.05 0.00 0.55 0.00 4.65 0.00 0.70 4.31 27.49 1896 19.19 0.21 2.26 3.55 3.02 0.14 0.00 0.31 0.00 1.29 6.68 13.70 50.35 1897 2.59 4.86 0.43 0.53 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.31 2.62 3.72 17.21 1898 1.00 10.45 0.00 1.05 6.13 1.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 2.10 23.46 1899 5.55 1.03 2.98 0.23 1.49 0.89 0.00 1.32 0.00 4.01 10.83 5.67 34.00 1900 .. 8.64 1.04 9.92 3.49 2.05 1.24 0.00 0.16 0.67 10.76 4.52 3.80 46.29 Mean (12 years) 6.35 3.48 4.32 2.84 2.65 0.73 0.05 0.15 0.85 3.38 3.99 17.28 36.07 SOLEDAD, MONTEREY COUNTY. [Elevation, 188 feet.] 1874 1.62 0.32 1.73 0:40 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.13 0.00 4.58 1875 4.09 0.20 0.40 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.80 0.59 8.12 1876 5.26 3.45 3.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 12.15 1877 0.87 0.25 0.28 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 1.48 4.88 1878 3.69 4.63 0.73 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.05 1.44 11.34 1879 0.63 0.34 1.04 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.47 1.57 5.09 1880 0.55 1-05 0.87 2.19 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 3.14 8.21 1881 1.52 0.61 1.14 0.09 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.56 0.79 4.92 1882 0.96 1.92 4.65 0.26 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 1.0* 0.25 10.07 1883 2.68 0.59 1.72 0.60 1.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.48 0.17 0.45 8.03 1884 2.74 4.24 3.74 1.67 1.18 1.56 0.00 0.10 0.00 1.78 0.30 1.74 19.00 1885 0.92 0.00 0.47 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.20 6.22 1.02 9.41 1886 . . . . .. 2.44 0.93 1.69 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.32 1.04 0.15 8.52 1887 0.31 3.94 0.41 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.51 L47 7.37 1S88 2.86 0.55 2.10 0.15 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 2.03 1.73 10.02 1889 0.69 1.75 3.35 0.30 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.27 8.94 18.88 1890 3.79 2.53 0.37 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.27 1.94 9.59 1891 0.31 2.43 0.42 1.40 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.20 0.00 3.10 7.95 189^ 0.20 1.47 2.03 0.29 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.75 1.70 2.97 10.31 1893 0.89 1.38 3.08 0.81 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 1.14 7.86 1894 2.05 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.71 0.20 2.73 8.32 1895 4.16 0.72 0.85 0.50 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.96 0.45 9.14 1896 3.32 0.00 1.19 1.66 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.59 1.74 1.16 9.74 1897 0.39 2.86 2.29 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.65 0.92 0.40 7.70 1898 0.52 0.70 0.52 0.06 0.42 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.27 0.30 2.85 1899 2.42 0.39 1.30 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.64 0.85 1.11 8.39 1900 1.37 0.20 0.37 0.74 0.40 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.64 5.62 0.35 9.69 1.90 1.41 1.50 0.65 O.C7 0.06 T. T. 0.08 0.50 1.09 1.50 8.97 204 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION or CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. SONOMA, SONOMA COUNTY. [Elevation, 30 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1886 7.84 0.28 1.38 7.09 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.95 0.27 2.36 20. 4(> 1887 1.94 11.77 0.93 2.53 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 2.08 4.97 24.47 1888 5.78 0.70 4.55 0.19 1.42 0.73 0.01 0.00 0.86 'o.oo 5.02 8.30 27.56 1889 0.90 0.79 3.02 2.17 1.16 0.21 0.03 T 0.33 9.09 4.36 11.47 33.53 1890 6.02 12.86 6.16 1.80 1.12 T. 0.00 0.04 0.23 0.03 0.00 3.73 31.99 1891 1.40 10.03 2.43 2.71 1.42 0.18 0.26 0.00 0.45 0.20 0.90 8.01 27.99 1892 2.61 3.57 3.04 2.01 2.55 0.00 0.00 T. T. 1.37 6.46 7.97 29.58 1893 4.68 3.53 6.78 1.89 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.27 5.30 2.93 26.48 1894 10.39 3.96 1.47 1.00 1.40 0.75 0.00 T. 0.33 1.42 2.81 5.64 29.17 1898 4.62 5.28 0.47 0.35 1.68 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.89 0.91 0.99 15.82 1899 7.76 0.34 6.85 1.30 1.32 0.09 0.00 0.05 0.00 6.27 4.75 4.23 32.96 1900 4.68 1.21 2.66 1.59 0.47 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.12 2.54 4.60 2.52 20.57 4.88 4.53 3.31 2.05 1.12 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.29 1.92 3.12 5.26 26. 72 SUISUN, SOLANO COUNTY. [Elevation, 20 feet.] 1881 7.17 3.46 1.06 1.41 0.10 0.50 0.79 0.00 0.31 0.73 1.27 4.28 21.08 188 9 t 1 78 2 53 2 57 1 53 14 00 00 00 00 2 43 2 82 57 14 37 1883 1.35 0.85 4.35 0.88 3.82 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.68 15 52 70 13 40 1884 2.64 4.48 6.33 3.78 0.30 1.69 0.00 0.00 T. 0.70 0.00 7 46 27 38 1885 1.06 1.25 0.64 1.52 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 05 22 10 38 4 43 19 57 1886 8.18 T. 1.87 4.02 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.22 1 80 16 73 1887 0.82 6.07 0.85 1.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 00 00 96 2 79 13 n 3 1888 4 28 1 58 3 97 00 65 30 00 00 70 00 3 88 4 48 1889 0.50 0.85 5.65 0.43 1.47 00 0.00 00 00 6 47 3 27 10 18 28 82 1890 7 38 4 50 5 46 1 10 1 02 00 00 00 33 00 00 2 81 1891. 0.76 8.99 1 00 2 85 94 00 00 00 1 06 00 27 6 69 92 56 1892 1 73 2 98 2 05 2 09 2 52 00 00 00 00 1 18 3 53 7 06 1893 4.19 2. 27 3.51 0.72 16 00 00 00 1 11 74 2 76 2 06 17 52 1894 6.33 2 29 88 41 1 85 77 00 00 95 1 28 53 1895 8.14 2.69 1.50 1 07 66 00 00 00 64 T 1 73 1 26 1896 9 57 11 3 04 5 53 15 00 00 56 34 1 44 5 29 1897 2.47 5.16 4 21 43 03 08 00 00 03 2 86 69 2 09 1898 1.42 2 18 14 32 1 38 27 00 00 46 88 30 1899 5 34 00 7 70 47 07 71 00 1900 4 00 53 1 65 1 48 35 02 00 00 02 65 Mean (20 years) 3.96 2 64 2 92 1 59 83 23 04 04 33 SUMMERDALE, MARIPOSA COUNTY. [Elevation, 5,270 feet.] 1896 21.56 40 6 39 9 21 1 45 00 38 1 38 1897 4 42 17 66 11 35 1 13 28 63 1898 2 60 7 25 3 36 53 3 18 1899 7 96 1 24 18 66 1 70 99 1 79 1900 7 05 72 6 36 5 50 1 87 8 72 5 45 9 22 3 61 1 55 GENEBAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDRKDTHS) Continued. SUMMIT. PLACER COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,770 feet] Year. ., - Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Xov. Dec. Annual, 1871 7.60 7.55 4.05 4.00 31 89 00 00 30 40 8 50 27 00 60 60 um 4.00 16 10 5 90 5 60 30 00 00 00 0.00 00 00 6 00 37 C 1873 2.31 16.20 6 05 2.55 2.11 00 03 T 00 00 00 11 70 40 95 1874 5 00 00 00 2.00 3 60 T 00 00 00 3 80 3 60 85 18 85 1875 8.15 0.12 4 80 0.80 1 46 > 55 T 00 03 r 231 6.50 7 25 [33 861 1876 14.65 8.70 13 80 " 60 1 60 T 1 21 10 56 2 98 50 20 46 90 1877 8.90 0.69 3 44 4.84 3 75 12 00 00 30 55 3 34 80 26 73 1878 10 00 11 50 3 05 2 40 1 60 00 00 09 44 1 21 80 1 60 32.69 1879 . .. 13.65 8.70 21 05 4 52 2 55 10 00 T CO 4 20 5 60 13 30 73 67 1880 6 60 7 50 8 90 30 40 3 60 00 80 00 00 00 50 6 20 64 50 1881 7 50 4 60 1 50 1 00 05 50 C 00 00 60 3 10 3 05 9 05 30 95 1882 7.40 9.00 19 30 3.25 60 00 C 00 00 75 1 95 3 95 4 9 1 * 62 12 18S3 1 00 2.60 7 70 3 43 3 42 00 00 oo 10 95 1 20 3 20 23 57 1884 7.60 12.70 9 10 12 60 80 4 04 00 00 1 10 3.13 00 9 40 60 47 1885 1 40 58 10 4 88 1 00 - 00 T 05 00 13.60 3 00 25 41 1886 . . 13 90 1 40 7 80 6 40 5 00 00 00 00 3 10 1.70 5.75 41 00 1887 6.25 20.70 1.40 5.80 95 1.60 10 T T 07 1.50 11.60 . . - 1888 9 20 1 29 8 05 30 104 3 72 3 51 28 00 00 1 90 5.26 36 J5 1889 1.00 1 50 9 55 1 GO 6 30 22 00 CO 00 5 65 6.80 18.50 51 42 1890 19 20 11 60 14.00 2.60 25 CO 00 00 00 00 00 7 40 55 05 1891 1.50 1 38 5 10 4 60 1 10 00 00 00 [0 201 05 30 11 90 26 13 1892 4.00 3 40 7.40 4.50 6.30 0.20 0.00 00 0.00 60 - - 9.50 44 70 1893 7 90 10 (0 14 50 9 20 00 00 00 00 00 30 3 60 6.00 52 30 1'94 15.50 15 25 3 40 4.30 2.40 00 00 0.00 50 2 r O 1.00 24.50 69 75 1S95 25 80 4 20 4 70 2.50 40 00 00 00 20 00 1 40 8.30 49 5C 1896 10 50 70 9 70 18.20 5 40 00 ro 0.55 2.45 3.13 2.22 22.95 1898 45 2.38 0.35 0.24 0.54 1.02 0.00 0.08 0.10 0.80 1.74 0.65 8.35 1899 2.90 0.31 3.32 0.92 1.42 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.00 5.21 2.70 ! 3.59 20.83 1900. 1.50 1.22 2.97 0.90 0.64 0.40 0.63 0. 02 0. 25 2.67 j 3.29 1 2.00 16.49 Mean (12 vears) 4.21 2.86 : 2.70 1.37 1.75 0.58 0.12 0.12 1 0.74 1.65 2.81 i 3.97 22.87 206 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. TEHACHAPI, KERN COUNTY. [Elevation, 3,964 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 0.56 0.14 0.89 0.60 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 T. 0.50 2.91 5.74 1&78 2.59 6.32 1.76 1.93 0.28 0.09 0.00 T. 0.00 0.30 0.04 0.64 13.95 1879 2.62 0.45 0.19 1.39 0.09 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 1.03 5.52 11.93 1880 2.81 1.94 1.47 2.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.10 2.01 11.32 1881 1.79 2.05 2.94 0.50 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.10 0.60 1.12 8.48 1882 0.65 2.91 1.40 0.63 0.20 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.18 0.50 7.36 1883 0.15 4.47 1.51 2.72 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81 0.14 0.72 12.25 1884 1.54 7.26 3.46 1.85 1.26 1.05 0.00 0.64 0,00 0.13 0.29 3.96 21.44 1885 0.10 0.00 0.26 1.48 0.30 0.00 0.05 0.31 0.00 0.00 3.70 0.52 6.72 1886 1.58 6.06 4.10 4.57 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 T. 1.15 0.60 18.16 1887 0.50 8.88 0.24 1.95 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.26 1.44 14.39 1888 2.67 2.60 1.20 1.25 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.65 11.52 1889 0.40 0.60 3.66 3.96 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.00 2.70 0.70 5.30 19.05 1890 1.75 0.70 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.oo 0.50 0.00 0.00 3.48 6.73 1891 0.03 3.45 0.80 0.90 0.70 0.00 0.00 o.oo 1.17 0.00 0.00 3.10 10.15 1892 0.92 [2.68] 2.72 0.61 0.55 o.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.40 7.88 1893 0.85 3.61 5.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 5.25 16.36 1894 2.80 1.68 0.00 [1.24] 0.32 0.27 0.00 0.00 [0.10] 0.00 0.00 3.75 10.16 1895 3.21 0.69 1.08 0.50 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.60 0.26 7.53 18% 1.57 0.00 2.80 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 0.00 1.45 0.53 1.13 8.% 1897 1.78 2.03 0.18 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.38 0.00 1.00 5.64 1898 1.20 0.34 1.35 0.10 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.20 4.01 1899 0.68 0.60 1.62 0.00 0.22 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.57 1.53 0.61 6. 21 1900 0.64 0.39 0.29 1.29 0.50 0.23 T. 0.00 0.00 0.46 1.53 0.00 5.33 1.39 2.49 1.63 1.30 0.40 0.10 0.01 0.11 0.09 0.45 0.56 1.96 10.47 TEH AM A, TEHAMA COUNTY. [Elevation, 220 feet.] 1871 3.00 1.60 0.81 1.83 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 8.04 1872 0.00 3.63 1.38 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 1.10 0.07 0.00 2.83 10.10 1873 1.46 4.64 0.77 0.08 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.63 13.58 1874 3.64 2.16 1.84 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.61 0.00 9.58 1875 3.87 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.95 5.15 2.00 12.44 1876.. 4.80 4.44 2.87 0.98 T. T. 0.75 T. 0.01 1.59 0.71 0.00 16.15 1877 1 87 1 45 1 89 04 1.84 0.42 10 02 00 2 05 1 59 1 64 12 91 1878 11.35 7.00 4.31 1.34 0.44 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 1.30 0.39 26.78 1879 2.07 0.94 1.25 1.55 1.20 0.10 01 70 00 92 3.00 4 58 16 32 1880 78 1 35 50 3 62 19 00 00 00 00 05 10 5 42 12 01 1881... 1.65 0.75 0.36 0.82 0.40 0.86 T 00 35 1 25 35 3 09 9 87 1882 1.03 2 93 2 17 1 32 05 28 00 00 08 2 72 3 77 62 14 97 1883 0.73 0.39 2.14 1.33 2 75 0.00 00 00 1 03 1 70 50 44 11 01 1884 3.15 2.08 4.94 2 61 20 1 55 00 00 00 69 00 6 16 21 38 1885 1 67 60 05 70 73 72 00 00 48 T 10 4 3 00 18 37 1886 4 08 T 98 4 00 18 00 00 T 00 T o 00 1887.. 33 4 29 1 10 1 56 45 00 00 00 00 00 1 56 2 6 9 11 91 1888 4 70 2 40 4 10 25 25 30 00 00 00 3 61 8 33 1889 0.20 0.30 10 41 62 34 95 00 n on 00 11 58 3 41 11 45 39 26 1890 4 68 1 05 3 79 75 1 45 oo 00 00 00 00 00 2 88 1891 1.08 9 00 1.50 2 26 1 96 39 1 00 00 06 50 50 4 79 03 Q4 1892 5 35 1 59 1 41 3 00 4 47 67 00 00 00 23 16 58 1893 4 68 4 99 8 03 3 76 75 00 1894 5.92 1 82 1 00 60 1 01 52 00 25 28 00 7 25 1895 11 23 2 85 32 48 80 00 1896 11 15 10 2 35 3 90 1 23 1897 2 53 5 97 1 91 1 11 08 86 00 1898.. . 55 3 20 00 25 98 1899 6 11 00 4 54 37 1900 3 59 1 35 1 42 2 85 1 19 53 3 68 2 43 2 35 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 207 PRECIPITATION OK CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. TRACY, SAX JOAQUIN COUNTY. [Elevation, 64 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. Annual. 2.32 2.07 2.15 96 0.66 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 1.55 1.97 12.27 1880 0.69 1 03 62 2.77 25 00 00 00 00 0.00 0.43 5 08 10 87 1881 1.85 1.61 0.95 76 00 00 0.00 00 T. 0.15 0.70 0.85 6.87 1882 70 50 2.43 1 48 46 00 00 00 20 75 0.70 20 7.42 1883 . . 1.90 0.40 1.83 30 1 82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.30 0.55 7.70 1884 0.90 3 43 3.27 1 65 10 2 05 00 10 00 82 0.00 2 49 14.81 1885 0.93 0.10 0.10 37 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.60 0.85 7.95 1886 2.55 35 1 40 1 55 00 00 00 00 00 40 10 0.50 6.85 1887 0.03 2 93 29 3 02 00 00 0.00 00 T. 0.00 0.05 2.43 8.75 1888 1.99 0.84 0.61 0.00 0.54 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 2.85 1.71 9.08 1889 60 55 3 20 30 75 00 00 00 0.00 3.02 2.59 6.85 17.86 1890 4.76 1.98 1.58 0.97 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.00 1.83 12.74 1891 35 1.75 1 70 1 54 57 15 00 00 27 0.00 0.10 3.57 10.00 1892 . . . 0.43 0.95 1.90 0.71 1 00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.21 12.25 1893 1 22 1 14 1 51 55 00 00 00 00 04 00 0.87 0.87 6.20 1894 2.13 2.09 0.00 03 2.00 1.14 0.00 0.00 1.28 0.43 0.36 4.46 13.92 1895 2.82 1.22 0.48 0.50 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.40 0.77 0.76 7.61 1896 3.89 0.00 61 1 98 35 0.00 12 0.17 F0.201 0.80 1.45 1.13 10.70 1897 L38 1.77 2.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.24 [2.98] 0.72 8.46 1898 70 35 00 60 00 00 00 00 0.15 0.20 1.26 3.87 1899 2.16 0.02 4.89 0.14 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.78 2.24 1.47 14.97 1900 1 88 18 1 45 1 42 2 00 T 00 00 03 0.52 . 3.45 0.65 11.58 1 64 1 16 1 53 95 55 18 01 01 19 60 1 15 2.16 10.12 TCLARE (NEAR), TULARE COUNTY. [Elevation. 274 feet.] 1893 64 1.20 3.02 0.33 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 1.07 6.76 1894 . ... 1.28 0.34 1.16 0.13 0.36 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.11 0.06 2.99 8.08 1895 3.52 1 23 0.86 60 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.43 0.98 0.36 8.78 1896 ..] L78 0.01 0.72 1.03 0.14 0. 00 0. 14 0.06 0.03 0.74 1.11 0.46 6.22 1897 2.40 1.61 L29j 0.35 0.00 O.OC J 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.59 0.26 0.79 7.87 1898 0.63 0.97 0.72 T. 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75 0.01 0.16 0.19 7.02 1899 92 14 2.28 17 02 45 00 0.00 T. 1.35 1.32 1.28 7.93 1900 1.02 0.10 0.77 1.78 2.03 0.00 T. T. 0.18 0.04 2.41 0.19 8.62 Mean (8 years) 1. 52 0.70 1.35 0.55 0.47 0.20 0.02 0.01 0.66 0.41 0.85 0.92 7.6S UKIAH, MENDOCINO COUNTY. [Elevation, 620 feet.] 1877 7.38 4.70 17.24 6.17 2.17 4.96 7.87 1.25 3.32 1.91 0.23 7.85 2.07 0.84 5.00 10.38 3.70 6.75 9.41 5.17 1.50 10.35 7.08 0.43 2.49 2.14 7.60 14.47 4.45 0.70 4.06 3.62 5.42 0.25 2.96 1.74 3.84 9.94 9.47 2.44 3.56 8.36 3.03 4.80 3.95 6.87 0.68 7.53 3.99 0.59 1.27 3.36 11.78 1.08 1.92 3.21 5.16 0.43 6.43 3.21 0.10 1.36 2.56 2.59 3.83 4.12 2.36 1.36 5.97 0.91 0.80 0.56 1.91 0.35 0.27 2.36 1.84 0.08 0.50 2.71 0.43 0.36 0.98 0.41 0.23 4.25 0.86 1.10 2.61 1.63 1.21 1.96 2.94 0.09 1.03 2.05 0.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 2.18 0.15 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 1.27 0.00 T. 1.70 0.65 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.02 T. 0.11 0.02 T. 0.00 0.00 T. 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 T. 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.60 0.00 0.22 0.73 1.15 0.40 0.15 0.00 0.30 1.51 0.00 0.49 1.00 0.00 1.85 0.77 1.70 0.37 0.10 0.82 0.00 0.35 1.50 3.70 0.87 0.00 1.00 2.70 1.85 0.76 0.53 1.27 0.00 0.00 8.05 0.05 1.00 1.80 0.64 2.45 0.21 1.14 1.87 1.24 4.06 5.00 4.38 0.00 5.92 0.15 1.00 3.95 0.64 0.17 19.24 0.86 1.52 4.07 4.17 0.20 0.86 7.19 8.81 1.37 2.81 7.00 3.02 2.02 i. 5.42 3.59 0.68 10.08 12.27 6.72 2.88 1.31 12.94 5.43 4.43 4.89 7.48 15.63 4.80 8.60 8.93 3.65 15.47 4.98 10.60 2.77 2.41 6.94 4.98 24.63 50.84 48.39 37.69 26.01 28.02 18.62 33.74 30.95 26.90 22.48 31.95 45.43 38.17 30.70 35.67 40.58 53.02 42.30 50.21 31.93 17.96 40.99 29.56 1878 19.03 1879 4.44 1889 5 03 1881 10.25 1882 3.41 1883 2.88 1884 4.12 1885 2.51 1886 . .. 9.74 1887 2 56 1888... 10 <*> 1889.. 1.04 1890 . . 14.74 1891 2.13 1892 . . 4.05 1893 4 75 1894 . 15.68 1895 19 20 1896 . . 16.68 1897 4.25 1898. . 1.23 1899 10:54 1900 4.55 Mean (24 vears 1 . .. 7.52 5.12 4. S3 2.79 1.28 0.33 O.C3 0.01 0.57 1.74 3.90 6.77 34.86 208 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDHEDTHS) Continued. UPPER LAKE, LAKE COUNTY. [Elevation, 1,360 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Annual. 1886 6.20 0.00 1.05 4.20 1.30 0.00 0.00 O.CO 0.00 0.55 0.25 2.85 16.40 1887 1.20 7.10 1.00 1.85 0.00 ,0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.85 15.00 1888 7.30 1.40 1.75 0.00 0.80 0.35 T. O.CO 0.85 0.00 3.20 3.95 19.00 1889 0.05 0.25 6. 75 0.55 2.20 0.00 0. 25 0.00 0.00 6.35 3.40 10.65 30. 45 1890 10.60 3.00 6.25 1.40 0.80 0.00 0.00 C.OO 0.60 0.00 0.00 6.00 28.65 1891 1.50 8.70 1.08 2.93 0.43 0.15 0.13 0.00 0.95 0.62 0.71 7.35 24. 55 1892 3.93 2.50 2.32 2.81 3.71 0.49 O.CO 0.00 T. 1.17 5.53 6.93 29. 42 1893 4.08 3.19 5.47 2.37 1.04 0.00 T. 0.00 0.85 0.47 4.83 2.82 25.12 1894. 10.43 6.21 1.80 1.46 1.02 1.12 0.00 T. 0.53 2.05 1.13 11.62 37.37 1895 14.89 4.15 3.20 1.41 1.39 0.00 0.05 T. 1.23 T. 2.09 3.83 32.24 1896 11.18 0.80 2.39 6.01 2.07 0.00 T. 0.87 0.42 1.04 5.07 6.47 36.32 1897 3.45 6.35 4.5 0.42 0.22 0.97 0.05 0.00 0.08 1.67 2.38 2.61 22. 7X 1898 . 0.93 4.57 0.36 0.43 1.90 0.58 0.00 T. 0.60 1.01 1.66 1.34 13.38 1899 8.16 0.25 5.59 0.90 1.00 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.00 3.49 6.33 9.79 35.59 1900 3.98 1.31 3.53 2.13 0.81 0.35 T. 0.00 0.03 3.96 5.08 3.63 24. 81 5 86 3.32 3.14 1.93 1.25 0.27 0.03 0.06 0.41 1.49 2.78 6.58 26.11 UPPER MATTOLE, HUMBOLDT COUNTY. [Elevation, 244 feet.] 1887 9.61 11. HI 3.34 9.80 [4.90] 0.59 [0.12] [0.06] 0.09 0.18 6.44 11.24 58.28 1888 41.63 4.13 8.96 1.51 0.48 4.19 0.11 T. 0.00 1.06 4.86 13.62 80.55 1889 ... 4.99 2.57 20.73 5.25 9.45 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.39 18.92 9.14 29.36 101.25 1890 33.40 20.36 17.83 4.38 0.40 0.74 0.07 T. 1.52 0.81 0.67 9.88 90.06 1891 . . 5.66 17.18 7.85 11.22 6.95 2.00 0.29 T. 2.30 4.94 4.55 17.31 80.25 1892 10. 37 5.58 8.08 9.52 5.80 0.39 0.00 0.00 1.61 4.75 13.69 24.48 84.27 1893 6. 01 8.25 18.05 10.96 4.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.09 3.65 14.93 9.50 78. 62 1894 27.56 11.97 8.45 3.80 2.05 3.09 0.00 0.00 2.75 6.12 5.52 27.77 99.08 1895 23.37 8.88 10.20 6.81 7.20 0.00 0.86 0.00 9.57 0.00 4.73 9.58 81.20 1896 26.22 3.59 8.03 17.02 9.91 0.50 0.00 0.65 0.74 3.93 13.44 18.49 102.52 1897 6.88 17.86 13.29 1.83 0.53 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.93 4.75 5.93 7.58 61.06 1898 3. 34 22.25 1.55 2.88 6.93 3.32 0.00 0.00 2.66 1.56 4.86 5.08 54.43 1899 14.30 4.24 11.25 1.47 2.84 0.12 0.00 0.22 1.00 9.54 32.85 17.84 95.67 1900 . . 12.27 8.20 9.37 6.51 3.61 1.84 0.00 0.00 0.32 15.02 6.56 12.31 76.01 Mean (14 years) 16.12 10.50 10.50 fi.iil 4. IX 1.34 0.10 0.07 1.93 5.37 9.16 15.29 81.66 VACAVILLE, SOLANO COUNTY. [Elevation, 175 feet.] 1880 3.48 2.28 2.73 8.26 7.58 1.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 21.25 47. 43 1881 15.61 4.58 1.13 2.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 1.93 5.36 31.25 1882 2 76 3 38 4 17 2 37 19 0.80 0.00 O.CO 1 10 3 11 3.77 1.15 y oo 1883 .. 2.45 2.11 6.26 2.03 6.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.co 2.24 0.49 1.63 22.84 1884 6.02 7 19 11 45 7 48 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 41 1.20 0.00 16.18 50 17 1885 1.89 0.28 0.28 1.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 15.98 5.68 25. 95 1886 8.74 17 1.32 4.84 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 27 14 2 26 17 79 1887 1 34 9 40 1 06 2 65 00 00 00 C 00 16 00 1 01 5 62 "1 4 1888 .... 6.34 0.45 4.21 0.08 04 0.11 0.00 0.00 71 0.00 5 77 5 35 23 OS 1889 44 98 7 92 80 3 04 15 00 00 00 7 98 4 26 1' 48 38 05 1890 11.74 5.49 5.74 0.96 1 40 0.00 0.00 0.00 28 04 00 > i|-> 28 57 1891 0.79 12 93 57 2 13 67 17 00 T 50 18 41 6 91 "."> "i; l.sif 2 36 3 45 2 44 2 31 3 16 08 00 00 07 1 45 ( 75 7 11 "9 IS 1893 4.50 3.13 4 54 80 55 00 T 00 18 20 :i 7<) 2 55 "0 "1 1894 8.70 4 50 1 18 62 1 55 84 00 00 1 13 3 33 63 12 80 35 28 1895 12.81 3.04 2 07 2 08 1 02 00 T 00 80 06 > 15 1 S7 "5 '111 1896 14.46 15 4 31 7 03 1 25 00 T 57 40 1 30 ''3 3 54 T>9 24 1897 6.36 4.96 5.23 24 27 09 00 02 07 2 32 1 03 2 08 22 67 1898 1.59 3 01 19 52 1 94 00 00 00 49 1 06 44 1 30 10 54 1899 7 11 20 10 26 79 1 25 32 00 16 00 3 61 3 6 3 67 30 99 1900 3.82 52 " -Hi 1 39 34 T 00 00 07 1 32 6 1J 6* 1 68 17 86 Mean (21 vi-:irs) 5.87 3 44 3 79 2 44 1 44 17 T 04 30 1 44 3 08 5 S8 >7 88 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. 209 PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HTXDREDTHS) Continued. VALLEY SPRINGS, CALAVERAS COUNTY. [Elevation. 673 feet] Year. , Jan. I > Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1888. . I B.3Z 49 1 74 1 94 23 00 1889 0.28 77 4.22 1 42 2.69 00 00 00 00 4.24 ' 4 34 1890. 7 28 3 62 5 03 1 75 2.35 00 0.00 00 9 - M 1891 058 3 15 7 45 60 70 74 00 00 23 1892. . 1 00 1 75 4.15 1 80 2.93 15 00 00 12 1893 3 24 3.46 7 32 L87 10 00 00 00 1 13 1894 . 6 91 5 86 0.91 95 4 09 1 28 1895 8.98 2.70 2.65 3 00 1 72 00 00 00 50 1896 6.43 4 3 13 6 59 90 00 1897 2 97 7 77 6 00 1.53 39 69 00 00 00 1898. 98 3 34 88 46 1 41 14 1899 2.78 21 7 04 55 G 9 8 00 09 00 1900. 1 46 96 2.62 3 19 1 41 04 Mean (13 years) 3.78 2 64 4.09 2 13 1 50 30 03 01 41 VEXTURA. VENTURA COUXTY. [Elevation, 50 feet.] 1892.. .. 1.01 4-54 2.25 57 00 00 00 00 00 70 1893 3 17 3 02 8 19 42 04 00 00 00 1894 81 50 27 17 50 00 13 T 95 - 10 T 1895 : 6.11 1.00 3 17 47 07 00 00 T T 10 74 1896 5 13 T 2 16 1 10 T 20 T 1897. . 4 07 4.83 1 77 05 04 00 00 01 50 1 50 07 1898. 1 54 74 . 00 1 40 00 1899.. 4 89 00 1 73 42 T 71 00 00 T 1 56 1900 1.90 0.10 1.19 0.38 1 40 T T 00 T 25 A 47 03 Mean(9vears) 3.18 1.64 2.38 40 38 08 04 T 28 67 1 1ft 1.18 1 88 VIXA, TEH AM A COUNTY. [Elevation, 213 feet.] 1889 09 29 6 95 1 19 1 94 50 00 00 00 7 24 1890... 6.05 3.58 4.26 0.00 2.11 00 00 00 51 00 00 2.21 1891 9" 9 29 50 2 06 80 50 08 00 00 4fl 1892. 4.13 1.13 1.50 2.30 1 67 19 00 00 00 1 06 3 41 5 88 1893 ' 99 3.24 4.62 2.21 0.70 0.00 00 0.00 63 02 I 99 | 2.15 18 55 1894 4.18 2.51 1.41 0.89 96 51 00 00 1 05 1 13 0.65 ' 8 28 1895.. 8.24 2.39 2 60 0.94 1.47 0.00 0.26 00 2.18 00 1 20 ' 1 71 20 99 1896 9 01 17 2 16 3.72 1 C3 00 00 40 96 70 1897.. 4.43 4.28 2.05 1.30 0.00 25 00 00 20 P321 88 1 88 1898 0.85 3.28 [2.89] [L62] [L19] 0.00 00 00 ro en fl 321 04 1 05 12.85 l'*99 6 68 00 3.78 59 0.96 1 13 00 00 00 n *?2i 2.62 ' 2.45 1900.. 3.07 0.77 1.55 3.30 1.65 0.35 0.00 05 T 1 96 4.45 1.65 - - ^ MP^TI (12 ypftrs) ,, 4.22 2.58 2.86 1.68 1.21 0.29 03 04 51 1 37 1 81 4 08 20 66 VOLCAXO SPRIXGS, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. [Elevation, 220 feet.] 1889 0.82 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 00 013 40 2.74 1890 09 - 00 03 000 000 003 007 00 0.00 00 47 *-' 1891.. 0.00 2.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 33 00 00 0.00 00 1892 16 59 04 00 001 0. 00 000 000 00 0. 02 00 00 1893.. 0.02 00 0.00 00 T. | 0.00 1 20 45 00 00 0.30 00 1894 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 T 00 1 08 00 1 00 1895. 1.42 00 00 00 0.00 000 000 000 00 0.00 00 00 1896 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T 00 00 00 ro 5*>i 5 1897 00 00 00 00 00 0.00 T | 03 00 00 00 T 1898 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 < [0 09] 00 00 1 00 47 56 1899. 00 00 00 00 000 000 004 007 13 19 20* T 1900.. .... 55 0.00 0.63 T 0. 00 000 008 000 03 0.60 05 00 Mean (12 vears) 0.26 32 0.11 T. T. 000 Oil 009 01 17 ' 08 43 1 59 1176 Bull. L 08 210 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. WESTLEY, STANISLAUS COUNTY. [Elevation, 90 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual 1889 0.38 0.33 2.60 0.41 0.88 T. 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.65 1.92 4.92 14.09 1890 3.48 1.69 0.89 1.13 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.75 9.27 1891 0.12 2.27 1.46 1.21 0.18 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.11 0.07 3.25 8.98 1892 0.44 1.32 1.91 0.82 o:s5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 1.74 1.77 4.11 13.42 1893 1.38 1.57 2.56 0.74 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.64 1.00 8.29 1894 1.93 1.78 0.11 0.04 1.19 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.65 0.23 4.67 12.25 1895 4.16 0.87 1.15 0.91 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.04 0.90 0.51 9.14 1896 5.62 0.00 1.42 1.45 0.38 0.00 0.35 T. 0.31 1.95 4.16 1.01 16.65 1897 1.60 2.46 2.03 0.00 0.11 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.13 0.75 8.02 1898 0.53 0.58 0.68 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.39 0.20 0.89 4.04 1899 . 2.37 0.00 3.17 0.20 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 2.31 0.88 10.93 1900 1.77 0.00 0.55 1.09 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.10 4.38 1.38 11.96 Mean (12 years) 1.98 1.07 1.54 0.67 0.66 0.09 0.03 T. 0.23 0.83 1.39 2.09 10.59 WHEATLAND, YUBA COUNTY. [Elevation, 84 feet.] 1888 4.13 1.06 2.42 0.16 0.38 0.35 0.02 0.00 0.32 0.00 2.69 5.06 16.59 1889 0.12 0.37 5.52 0.80 1.98 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.41 3.16 7.51 26. 19 1890 4.75 4 17 4 45 1.40 1.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 2.19 19.81 1891 0.52 5.72 1.41 1.72 2.10 0.16 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.14 0.75 3.14 15.76 1892 3 12 2.55 4.16 2.29 2.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 1.04 5.81 4.32 26. 32 1893 3.16 3.17 3.90 1.14 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.28 2.82 1.85 17.50 1894 5 71 3.82 1 09 0.66 2.58 0.85 0.00 0.14 0.4- 1.62 0.77 10.75 28.46 1895 8.95 2.06 1.63 1.34 1.29 0.00 0.05 0.00 2.63 10 1.59 1.51 21. 15 1896 8.54 0.29 2.37 6.21 1.14 0.00 0.00 0.28 1.12 1.18 4 91 2.40 28.44 1897 3 13 5 00 1 78 92 0.26 24 0.00 0.01 0.12 2.23 1.64 1.89 17.22 1898 0.85 4.25 0.02 0.24 1.03 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.84 1.35 1.78 10.80 1899 4 38 10 5 45 29 1 08 0.29 0.00 0.14 0.00 5.73 4.26 3.83 25.55 1900 4.67 69 1.90 1.58 2.18 T. T. 0.00 0.11 2.19 3.98 1.66 18. 9f 4 00 2 56 2 78 1 44 1 50 18 01 04 0.51 1.67 2.59 3.68 20.98 WHITTIER, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. [Elevation, 239 feet.] 1889 15 28 3 65 15 93 00 0.00 0.95 0.00 3.21 1.39 [1. 78] 12. 49 1890 ' 5 13 1 58 50 00 00 00 00 00 0.19 0.00 0.15 1.60 9.15 1891 . . .. 0.00 8 37 40 85 30 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 11.42 1892 0.90 2.15 2.25 0.21 1.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 1.40 2.87 11.58 1893 3.25 2 43 7.35 23 0.20 0.00 0.00 00 0.00 1.00 0.20 2.36 17.02 1894 0.65 0.55 0.63 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 T. T. 0.00 5.03 6.96 1895 6.71 77 3 30 0.43 33 0.00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.39 12.82 18% S.37 0.00 3.60 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 2.85 1.52 12.80 1897 4.13 4.90 3 57 0.00 00 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.50 0.00 0.00 16.10 1898 ' 1 10 30 1 41 18 2 22 00 00 00 00 00 00 0.75 5.96 1899 3.45 0.10 1.84 0.24 05 70 00 0.00 0.00 1.45 1.05 0.96 9.84 1900 1.75 0.00 1.20 0.48 2.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 13.63 Mean (12 years) ... 255 1 79 2 48 24 66 06 00 08 02 89 1.33 1.56 11.65 GENERAL PRECIPITATION TABLES. PRECIPITATION OF CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. WILLIAMS. COLCSA COUNTY. [Elevation. 89 feet.] 211 Year. Ian. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1877 2.16 115 033 05 25 T T 00 1878 8.79 6 75 2.29 64 50 1879 1 80 1 43 "37 1 48 85 13 00 1880 78 77 0.43 3 67 82 1881 402 115 050 1 65 17 20 1882 L32 137 121 1 15 05 17 00 00 20 1883 73 18 1 29 38 1 75 00 1884 301 133 3.93 1 96 T 2.96 00 00 33 1885 1 38 53 15 1 26 00 1886 3.83 000 089 3.01 00 00 00 1887 35 4.35 1 30 1888 2.22 070 172 00 08 1889 032 050 3. 42 15 95 05 00 00 rn Wl 1890 3.20 2.90 3.30 65 1 77 1891 0.24 9.62 35 1 44 30 12 00 u.w 1892 2.33 1 34 1 54 1 10 1 74 00 00 00 00 1893 3.07 2.80 'A S6 go 1 14 00 1894 327 107 086 15 1 59 60 00 00 1895 6.32 1 28 1 34 75 13 00 T 00 88 13 1 25 1896 ' 7 47 18 1 65 2.90 36 00 T ] 10 o 1* 1897 .*. 2.90 2.74 1 48 25 20 31 OQ 00 T 1898..... 35 2.3 00 20 90 00 00 1899 4.77 00 3 38 22 15 T 00 00 00 u. 1900 i 2.24 020 080 1 13 58 05 00 00 T Mean (24 years) ' 2.79' 186 159 1 09 62 25 T 05 28 68 r - 1 WILLOWS, GLEKX COCXTY. [Elevation, 136 feet.] 1879 1 68 83 1.16 1 35 56 - 02 05 00 05 1880 0.63 0.60 0.74 3 83 42 00 00 00 00 00 10 6 33 1881 3 75 1 12 56 1 64 17 18 00 00 44 47 10 1882. 67 2 00 1.47 63 00 27 00 00 00 1 10 2.30 49 8 93 1883.. 43 0.23 1.40 0.86 1.64 0.00 00 00 41 1 30 15 05 6,47 1884 5 42 3.11 4.80 -.- 12 90 00 00 13 69 00 1M 1 19 0.24 05 94 20 18 00 00 30 30 7 28 3 37 14 05 1886 4 04 1 36 35 2.45 00 00 00 00 00 00 T 1 19 1887 17 2.77 1 16 2.78 00 00 00 00 00 00 95 2.17 10 00 1888. ? 99 1.38 1.82 0.08 0.24 0.29 0.00 10 10 00 ' 43 3 61 13 04 1889 54 66 1 58 27 71 30 00 00 00 , - 2 30 8 52 1890 5.36 1 98 3.85 55 55 00 00 00 00 , ,. 00 3 45 16 62 1891 i 67 9 03 96 -- 1 99 05 00 00 04 4 51 3 59 1892... 3 45 3 20 2.93 1.71 2.95 20 00 00 00 55 5 75 6 45 27 19 1893 i 4 80 4.30 4.05 0.95 0.45 0.00 0.00 00 14 00 2.40 8 18 07 1894 3.65 0.95 1.03 0.40 1.10 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.75 98 07 9 39 19 12 1895 9 97 1.65 1.55 0.90 0.78 - 0.00 0.08 0.08 1 21 1 29 2 48 82 20 81 1896 9 96 10 2.06 3 22 88 00 00 62 75 85 2.55 5 19 26 18 1897... 2.81 4.26 0.62 0.47 0.40 30 0.00 00 00 98 54 47 10 85 1898. 70 2.46 T. 0.26 L17 T. 0.00 0.00 0.36 70 30 99 6 94 1899. . 6 58 00 3 20 50 20 24 00 T 00 *> 40 3 31 2 74 19 15 1900 2.95 15 1 10 1 33 1 15 10 00 00 T 2.13 4 37 1 00 Mean ( years) 3.29 1.93 1.66 1.34 0.72 0.18 T. 0.04 21 99 1 86 3 26 15 47 212 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PRECIPITATION OP CALIFORNIA (INCHES AND HUNDREDTHS) Continued. WINTERS, YOLO COUNTY. [Elevation, 136 feet.] Year. Jan. Feb. Mar. Ap, May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual. 1889 0.36 0.50 8.40 0.58 1.92 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.95 4.58 12.74 35.18 1890 12. 17 5.03 4.63 0.97 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 3.71 28.22 1891 0.00 13.52 1.10 2.05 0.75 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.34 3.57 22.13 1892 2.77 3.13 1.89 0.82 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.61 0.00 13.68 24.98 1893 4.47 3.87 4.93 0.93 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 2.07 2.02 18.69 1894 8.07 3.53 0.73 0.60 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 1.39 0.44 14.70 31.51 1895 13.37 1.95 1.26 1.38 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.00 1.85 0.86 22.63 18% 14.81 0.25 3.26 5.69 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.07 0.41 3.50 2.60 31.67 1897 6.59 5.54 3.96 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 0.02 1.76 19.44 1898 0.40 2.59 0.00 0.26 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.20 0.29 1.35 7.% 1899 6.81 2.59 4.98 O.G9 0.76 0.28 0.00 0.04 0.00 2.32 2.43 3.02 23.92 1900 4.87 0.38 1.23 0.97 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 6.18 1.46 16.25 6.22 3.57 3.03 1.25 1.02 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.26 1.16 1.81 5.12 23,55 WIRE BRID(iE, PLACER COUNTY. [Elevation, 565 feet.] 1894 9.18 9.07 2.19 1.27 2.65 1.02 0.00 T. 0.74 2.60 1.17 13.31 43.20 1895 14.44 3.15 3.34 3.46 2. 21 0.00 T. 0.25 1.81 0.14 1.27 2.74 32.81 18% 11.40 0.58 6.38 8.00 2.46 0.00 0.30 0.18 0.91 1.04 8.75 3.04 43.04 1897 . . . 2.20 9.% 7.13 1.60 0.17 0.28 0.00 0.10 0.29 2.43 2.47 3.26 29.89 1898 1.17 6.58 0.40 0.48 2.09 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.90 3.47 2.63 20.20 1899 6.22 0.20 13.18 0.55 1.34 1.30 0.00 0.12 0.00 6.53 8.32 6.06 43. 82 1900 5.22 1.68 4.82 3.44 2. 34 T. 0.00 0.00 0.43 4.00 5.87 1.95 29.75 7.12 4.46 5.35 2.69 1.89 0.50 0.04 |g 1S75 4 35 19 1 23 17 51 30 07 00 00 1876 > 00 1 93 07 42 65 1877 . 1 20 3.24 1 48 74 1 56 65 18 00 00 1878 6 12 3 91 -' SO 37 56 1879 1 53 1 41 3 96 1 56 1 42 39 22 1880 ? 43 61 1 20 2 23 41 00 15 00 00 13 10 1881 11 78 2.58 19 1 48 00 1 65 1882 1.81 1 96 42 1 20 1 00 00 00 90 1 88 1 89 1883 1 38 47 53 1 26 25 1884 '10 1 20 4 44 1 41 1 40 1 78 1 33 51 33 1885 1 16 9 94 00 1 12 3 65 1886 4 03 91 74 1 78 1 05 1 51 00 30 1W ? '1 3 01 41 2.35 1 42 84 1 28 31 21 00 1 04 1 99 1888. 4 90 1 19 1 16 11 1 12 24 87 1889 1.30 1 30 2 12 1 32 1 70 10 94 00 00 3 53 2 23 4 08 1890a 1891 * 0.45 3 59 1 15 93 1 48 1 36 41 00 8** 43 > 50 1892 1.65 0.15 1 02 [1 06] P291 x- 31 00 61 05 3 37 3 64 1888. 1 20 2.53 1 53 o jo 87 3 1 * 58 1 12 54 7 83 1894 : 7.5J 3 22 3 32 10 3 31 70 77 41 01 1 60 57 5 40 1895 5 30 1 03 > 26 81 1 59 43 T 1896. . .. 7 37 1 08 1 89 28 75 81 73 1 01 5 89 5 02 3 TO 1897 42 3 89 > 18 39 ~S 1896... 83 1 44 42 48 > os 10 02 05 14 51 > 74 1899 2.75 1 95 1 77 21 62 61 03 12 07 o 34 5 00 3.80 19 27 1900... 1.35 2 13 1 12 42 37 1 36 00 1 35 43 3 66 2 CO 3.23 17 42 Mean (28 vears) 3 11 1 90 1 46 1 01 1 24 64 41 YUBA CITY, SCTTER COUNTY. [Elevation 70 feet.] 1892 1 3 28 3 48 3 54 1 91 3 03 T 00 T 20 1 17 6 75 T 52 - ,. 1893 2 99 3 22 3 75 1 01 1 07 00 00 00 31 25 1894. . 4 95 2 32 89 46 2.26 70 T 00 80 1 99 86 11 15 26.38 1895 9.58 1 75 1 12 1 00 58 00 T T > 79 06 1 85 1 25 19 9g UBS. . 10 07 32 2.21 5 69 90 T T 30 97 76 5 43 > 7i 29 35 1897 4.94 4 13 2.13 1 00 42 07 00 03 23 2.23 1 30 1 78 18 23 1898. 66 4 36 T 35 L47 00 00 00 41 50 92 1 42 10 09 1899 i 5.07 11 - 63 1 54 43 00 18 00 4 42 4 82 3 62 27 49 1900 5 20 45 1 91 2 67 1 06 16 00 10 10 2 17 4 27 1 71 19 go Mean i9 vears) 5.19 2,24 2 47 1 64 1 37 15 T 07 65 1 51 3 19 3 48 1 94 No data. SNOWFALL. At the beginning of the year 1901 the weather bureau office at San Francisco made an effort to collect reports concerning the amount of snowfall in the mountains chiefly for the purpose of affording some data upon which forecasts of the probable supply of water available for irrigating, mining, and other purposes might be based. Not for many years had the snowfall been so heavy in central and southern California as during the winter of 1900-1901 and the outlook for an abundant supply of water so promising. It does not necessarily follow that a winter of heavy snowfall Ls succeeded by a season of bountiful water supply. In some States it has been found that dry ground absorbs so large a proportion of snowfall under certain favorable conditions that the anticipated run-off is not reached. Again, the melting of the snow may not occur rapidly enough and the evaporation prove excessive, especially if high north winds or mountain winds of the ''Chinook" type prevail. Finally the manner in which the snow packs as it falls will determine largely the rate of flow during the ensuing warm months. During the month of February, 1901, the snowfall generally in the mountains of California was heavy. Particularly in the southern half of the Sierra Nevada and Sierra Madre was this the case. The following forecast was made at the close of February and was amply verified: There is every prospect of an abundant supply of water during the coming spring and summer months. In the mountains of the central and southern portions of the State there is stored a sufficient quantity of well-packed snow, probably in excess of the amounts for any season for four or five years past. In northern California, while there will be an ample supply of water, the snowfall has not been as heavy as might have been expected during the wet winter. Following are the notes made by different observers who were kind enough to make snowfall reports: JANUARY, 1901. NORTH ERX CALIFOHSIA. Bear Valley (near Emigrant Gap). Snowfall heavier than last year, but considerably less than average. The weather has been too warm for snow, but have had plenty of rain. Until four years ago the snowfall was from 8 to 14 feet on a level, but since then it has not been more than 4 feet, (James Rose. ) Bodie. Snowfall last season, to January 26, 42 inches; this season, to same date, 139 inches. (Benjamin Robinson. ) Edmonton (Meadow Valley). Average snowfall, 70 inches; this season, to January 26, 136 inches; last season, to same date, 47 inches; total precipitation this season, same date, 50.34 inches; last season, 51.35 inches. (J. A. Edman. ) Greenville. Average snowfall, about 36 inches; this season, to January 3, 43 inches. The snow is melting slowly and will be of much benefit to crops. (C. H. Higbie.) lou'a Hill. The snowfall in 1890 was about 100 inches. It has been decreasing every season; last season, 8 inches. (C. F. Macy.) Laporte. Snowfall las7i' grains per cubic foot. Given a little time, therefore, on a still, clear night the loss of heat Ir- radiation from the plant surfaces and the ground will bring about a settling of the colder air to the bottom. The ground will be covered with frost, while thermometers 6 feet above the ground will record 34 or 35- F. Vegetables and flowers, therefore, unless grown upon sloping or ter- raced ground, are at a decided disadvantage compared with tree fruit in the matter of frosts. NATURE OF FROST. It can not be emphasized too clearly that it i> the low temperature and not the solidification of the water which does the damage. If there be but little vapor in the air there will be but a light frost apparent, and yet the temperature may be so low as to cause great injury. The so-called hard, dry frost, also called black frost, does, as is well known, even more injury than "Since this article was written a number of orchard-heating devices have been patented by various frost prevention companies in California. Oil fire pots have been tested and it is claimed given very satisfactory results. Gravity oil distillate is used as fuel and about eighty oil pots to the acre will insure protection. 227 228 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. heavy frosts. Water vapor at 25 F. completely saturated weighs 1.6 grains per cubic foot. In the fall from 32 to 25 nearly half a grain per cubic foot, if the saturation were 100 per cent, would be condensed, appearing in visible form as a frost flake. A certain amount of heat was given off in the transformation of this invisible water vapor into ice, and an exactly equal amount of heat (known as the latent heat of vaporization) will be in turn required to change this frost flake back into vapor. We give special attention to this point because it would appear theoretic- ally that the secret of successful protection of garden truck and delicate flowers will be found in this action of water, both in setting free heat at the time when the temperature is falling, and on the other hand in using up heat and thus acting as a retard or brake when the temperature begins to rise quickly. It is now quite generally believed that as much injury results from the sudden warming up of the dormant and thoroughly chilled flower or vegetable as from the chilling itself. In the work of protecting fruits from frost it has been found very necessary to interpose some screen early in the morning between the sun's rays and the frosted fruit. With flowers and garden truck this can be much more easily accomplished than with fruit. In this respect the gardener has a decided advantage over the orchardist. The following is an excellent statement of how the plant is injured: HOW FROST INJURES PLANTS. Low temperature congeals the watery part of the cell sap and also the intercellular water content of the plant. Within certain limits this is not or may not be injurious, providing the protoplastic contents of the cell are able to absorb the water and do this before the cell structure collapses as a result of insufficient cell turgor. Frequently the frosting of plants is followed by a sudden rising of temperature, in which case much of the water which was part of the cell sap in the normal condition of the plant escapes through the cell wall into intercellular spaces, or even from the plant entirely, and thus, the protoplasm of the cell being unable to assume its normal condition, becomes disorganized and decomposition follows. (Prof. E. R. Lake in the Oregon climate and crop bulletin, July, 1900.) PROTECTION OF ORCHARDS FROM FROST. During the past five years the Weather Bureau office at San Francisco has been called upon to give particular attention to the problem of lessening the injury to fruits by frost. I\v direction of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, during the year 1900 the forecast official for the southern half of the Pacific slope made an extensive journey through California with the special purpose of studying the methods of protecting deciduous fruits from frost. This journey was the natural outgrowth of the excellent work inaugurated by Mr. W. H. Hammon, formerly professor in the Weather Bureau, while in charge of the San Francisco office. During the years 1897, 1898, and 1899 the unusually dry winter conditions, with frequent and prolonged frosts and lower tempera- tures than had been previously reported in many of the chief fruit-growing centers of southern California, made it imperative that some steps should be taken to minimize .the injury to citrus fruits by frost. The problem as presented to the forecast official was of a twofold nature: First, a study of the conditions preceding frost, so that he might with reasonable certainty give timely warning to the fruit growers; second, a study of the methods, means, and devices for protecting fruit from injury by low temperatures. The first has been solved with a fair measure of success. In the second problem the Weather Bureau had the valuable assistance of certain practical fruit growers, who willingly and readily tested the various devices proposed for smudging and cheer- fully gave this office the benefit of the man}- practical experiments made by them in smudging, irrigating, heating, and covering. A bulletin on frost fighting, by Alexander G. McAdie (Bulle- tin No. 29), was issued on March 13, 1900, and nearly 3,000 copies distributed to those most interested in fruit growing. A previous bulletin (No. 23) upon frost, when to expect it and how to lessen the injury therefrom, by Prof. W. H. Hammon, had been issued on November 10, 1898, while a Farmers' Bulletin, No. 104, by Prof. E. B. Garriott, Notes on Frost, was issued June 15, 1899, which treated of frost protection in general. It has become evident in California that the fruit grower must possess a degree of intelli- gence certainly as high as is demanded in any one of the usual vocations of life. The successful FROST. 229 orchardist must be a skilled farmer and a good business man and, at the same time, be familiar with the chief principles of modern science. He must be chemist, entomologist, and physicist, a> well as fruit grower. In the matter of protecting his crops from frost, for example, he must know exactly what method is best suited for his crop, for the locality, and for the season, and be prepared to act promptly, or else the greater portion of the year's profits will vanish in the course of a few hours. In what follows extensive use will be made of Bulletin No. 29, since experience has shown that the principles of frost fighting laid down therein are essentially correct. While this bulletin was written chiefly with a view of protecting the citrus fruit crops of California, partic- ularly of the section south of the Tehachapi, from frost, the principles hold, as a general rule, for the protection of deciduous fruits also. In October and November, 1900, an attempt was made to extend the benefits of the Weather Bureau work in connection with frost to the fruit growers of central and northern California, particularly to the growers of almonds, apricots, peaches, prunes, pears, apples, grapes, and figs. Many fruit ranches were visited, and the details of losses by frost gathered from ranch super- intendents and others, together with all data available relative to the exposure of the fruit, the lay of the land, and th0 lowest temperatures. The following facts stand out prominent!}' from the general mass of statements. First, that in California the greatest injurj* is done deciduous fruits by the late spring frosts occurring as late as the 23d of May, when fruit is well formed, frequently resulting in the loss of three-fourths of the crop in the case of the more tender fruits, as for example, almonds and apricots. Second, in all the fruit ranches visited rough maps of the localities showed conclusively that the frost occurred chiefly in the low places, basins, and bot- toms, or where the cold air had drained down and settled. The principle laid down in Bulletin No. 29, that frost was primarily a problem in air drainage, was conclusively upheld. Wherever the air was stagnant the injury from frost was most marked; and, conversely, wherever the air was in motion there was little damage from frost. Fruit on open benches, hillsides, and ten-aces escaped. The streakiness of frost and the many apparent irregularities in its formation can be explained easily if we remember that there are currents and stream lines in the air, and that these currents mav have rather sharply defined limits. A slow-moving current of air on a still night in an orchard that appears to be nearly level may result in an absence of frost along its path, while close by, where the air is stagnant, frost will be formed. A third particular point resulting from this visit to the ranches was the confirmation of the belief that the damage from frost could be greatly lessened if some means were provided whereby the chilled fruit could be protected from the sudden warming at sunrise. Some rough tempera- ture observations made in ranches at about the time of sunrise on frosty mornings showed a rise of as much as 10 = in the air temperature within thirty minutes. It was also noted in several ranches that the areas of greatest loss by frost were those where the sun's heat came suddenly upon the trees. It is believed that much fruit can be saved even when chilled or frozen if some screen is interposed between the fruit and the sun, so that the warming may be gradual. It is even admissible to thoroughly wet the fruit with cold water, and there are numerous instances of fruit escaping serious injury even when it has been covered with a thin coating of ice. It is of the utmost importance that the thaw for an hour or two following sunrise be gradual. The following methods of protecting fruit from frost are taken from Bulletin No. 29: METHODS OF PROTECTING. Every fruit grower should put himself in communication with the nearest center of distribution of weather fore- casts. If possible he should be in daily communication with some \Veather Bureau office. Whenever frost warnings are issued for his locality he should carefully determine the temperature and dew-point, as elsewhere described, fre- quently during the late afternoon and night. A good outfit consists of a metallic thermometer so arranged as to automatically close an electric circuit and ring an alarm whenever the temperature of the air reaches 32. In addi- tion to a reliable sling psychrometer there should be some small device for testing the motion of the gentle air cur- rents in the orchard. Too much attention can not be given to this question of air motion. Many smudging devices have failed to be effective V>ecause of a slow movement of the smoke awav from the orchard. 230 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. PROTECTIVE METHODS BASED ON MIXING THE AIR. It is well known that lowlands are visited with frost while hillsides and hilltops escape. Every fruit grower should study the topography of his land and plant accordingly. Wind-breaks are, as a rule, considered detrimental. No hard and fast rule, however, can be laid down. On a well-known lemon and orange ranch at Santa Paula, the FIG. 13. Wire baskets in citrus grove. property of Mr. N. W. Blauchard, there are several large wind-breaks which have proven themselves to be of the greatest benefit in protecting fruit from frost. It would almost seem as if the citrus trees within a distance of 50 feet were directly protected by these wind-breaks. By planting a wind-break in the proper place, defects in the ' ffia t FIG. 14. Wire baskets hung from limbs of orange trees. topography may be overcome and air currents established where otherwise pools of quiet air would have formed. A wind-break dense enough and so situated as to interfere with any natural circulation and facilitating the formation of still areas or pools would, of course, prove injurious. FROST. 231 PROTECTIVE METHODS BASED OX WAKMIXG THE AIR. A large number of small fires, advantageously placed, will raise the temperature of the air several degrees. The Riverside Horticultural Club, testing the various methods which were in use in California, came to the conclu- sion that wire baskets suspended a few feet above the ground, and holding several pounds of coal or charcoal, made an efficient protector. This method was described by Mr. Edward Copely, of Riverside, Cal., in several articles published in the Riverside Press of April, 1896. The cost of the wire basket is about 10 cents, and if 40 baskets be used to the acre, the cost of fuel will hardly exceed $2.50. To this must be added the cost of labor during the night and succeeding day in refilling the baskets. In the accompanying figs. 13, 14, and 15, the baskets are shown in position. This method meets with most favor in southern California. The temperature can be raised certainly 3 or 4 with from 20 to 40 of these baskets to the acre. It has been suggested that a number of small oil lamps be used with success for this purpose. Oil pots have been used and make a hotter fire, but the deposit of lamp black upon the fruit is objectionable. Some cheap modification of the ordinary plumber's furnace might possibly be devised, which, by means cf a moderate blast, would produce a high temperature. PROTECTIVE METHODS BASED OX CLOUD OR FOG FORMATION. Damp straw, old wood, prunings, manure, etc., when burned briskly furnish an effective smoke, and if the material while burning is doused with water the result is a dense steamy smoke, which, while trying to human lungs, serves as a screen to prevent loss of heat by radiation, and as a barrier between the chilled fruit and a sudden FIG. 15. Wire baskets in lemon and orange grove. application of heat at the time of sunrise. Wet smudging has been tried in many ways with varying results. There are many reports of failure and, on the other hand, some definite results, showing the good accomplished by this method. Here, as in all other methods of protection, much will depend upon a careful study of the local conditions. Many a farmer smudges so that some neighbor get* the benefit of his work, while his own fruit remains unprotected. All motion of the air should be noted carefully, and this is sometimes difficult where the smoke is very dense. In some orchards sacks of old straw soaked with oil are so distributed as to be available for quick lighting. Portable smudges have also been devised. Fig. 16 illustrates a portable device by Mr. Priestley Hall. Mr. Hall has made an efficient form of sled operating on the wet-smudge principle. Upon a sheet-iron sled he has placed a small fire box, consisting of a grate 4 or 5 inches above the bed of the sled, over which pass iron rods bent in the form of an arch, leaving a space for the fire about 14 inches in diameter. This fire box is inclosed in a large corrugated iron box, which has the bed of the sled (about 3 or 4 feet in size) for a bottom, and sides 30 inches high. A door is made in front of the corrugated box to admit fuel to the fire. The box is filled with wet straw or manure, and a fire is maintained in the fire box when the machine is in operation. The cost is about $12; one will do for 10 acres. PROTECTIVE METHODS BASED OX IRRIGATION'. Of all methods proposed for the protection of fruit, excepting wire baskets, irrigation has the largest amount of evidence in its favor. It has been tried in many different places with different crops and has generally given satis- faction. Where water is not very plentiful, ::n,l thi? is the case strangely enough in some fruit sections, the method 232 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. may not always be practicable, but with this exception there are many decided advantages in the generous use of water. Injury from frost depends almost as much upon the condition of the tree as upon the severity of the weather. Critical periods in the life of the tree can be controlled to some degree by the use of water. Some fruit growers hold that heat is the one thing that is desired at times of frost, and that the best method is that which produces heat by the simplest and least expensive process. Water, owing to its high specific heat, forms FIG. 16. Mr. Priestley Hall's device for smudging. an excellent agency for the temporary storage of heat energy. We have seen that in the wet smudge an attempt is made to utilize the latent heat of vaporization, and theoretically this has always seemed the most advantageous method. A modification of the wet smudge is steam piped through an orchard. This experiment was made by the Wright Brothers at Riverside, Cal., with a 35-horsepower boiler and a main pipe 2 inches in diameter, from which, FIG. 17. Eight miner's inches of warm water in orange grove at Meaehaui Ranch. at right angles every 40 feet, pipes three-quarters of an inch in diameter were extended. It is claimed that the tem- perature was raised 3 whenever the steam was turned on. It is also said that the coal consumed would not be more than the amount used by the basket method. The estimated expense per acre would be about $75. The latest device for the protection of citrus fruit against frost combines the good effects of irrigation with heat- ing. This is a method known as the warm-water method, tried at Riverside. An account of the experiment follows. FROST. 233 EXPERIMENT OF MR. ERNEST A. MEACHAM, RIVERSIDE, CAL. "On the morning of February 9, 1900, at the Meacham Ranch, a test was made of the Meacham warm-water method of protecting citrus fruits against frost The experiment began at 3.45 a. m. and was conducted in the pres- ence of a number of gentlemen belonging to the Riverside Horticultural Club, nearly all of whom were orange growers. "At 6.30 a. m. the temperature of the ground 100 feet or more away from the boiler was 32. The temperatures given herewith are those obtained by Mr. McAdie, of the Weather Bureau, with sling psychrometer Xo. 70; the number of the dry thermometer was 4487 and of the wet 4486. The plant consists of a 12-horsepower tubular hori- zontal boiler, laid in a brick furnace and arranged to deliver water with or without pressure. Cold water enters the bottom of the boiler and is delivered from the top orifice directly into the flume. The fuel used was crude petroleum, of which about 50 gallons were used in three and one-half hours. At the rate of 14 gallons an hour and an estimated cost of a little over 4 cents. per gallon, the actual expense of fuel for the experiment was about 60 cents per hour. The oil is burned with a steam jet under pressure. A secondary 6-horsepower boiler, carrying 70 pounds of steam, was used. The oil is thus entirely consumed and makes but little smoke. The whole arrangement is such that not more than two men would be required to attend to all the details. "Fifty minutes from the time of beginning, the water which had an initial temperature of 55.4 was raised 30. Two sets of temperature records were made, one by Mr. Priestley Hall and the other by Mr. McAdie. In Mr. Hall's test 8 inches of water was run in 50 furrows, which barely ran the water past the ends of the furrows. In the second case 8 miners' inches of water was delivered into 25 furrows, thus carrying the heat farther down the furrows than FIG. 18. Lath screen at ranch of M r. A. J. Everest, Riverside, Cal. (view from above). iu the first experiment. According to the present laws of California, a miner's inch is - Pomona (near) Mar 14 Dec 9 Anderson Apr. 30 Gilrov \ Porterrille Mar 10 Dec 10 Angiola Feb. 10 Grand Island F Powav Feb 7 Do. Aptos Mar. 10 Greenville A Puente Do Auburn May 2 Quincv Mav '0 Aug. Banning Feb. 6 Guinda S Raymond Mav "** Dec. 1 Bavles Slav 1 Hanford .A Red Bluff Dec. 19 Ben Lomond Mar. 10 Hayward . . S Redding Mav 1 Dec. 14 Berkelev Jan. 5 Healdsburg -\ Redlands Feb. 5 Biggs Mar. 10 Hollister F Reedlev 'Apr 28 Boca Slav 1 Independence S Repressa Feb 9 Boulder Creek Iowa Hill S Riverside Mar 3 Bowman's Dam Mav 1 Jackson A Rocklin Mar 13 Buena Park Mar. 4 < Jolon A Romie Mav 16 Dec. 6 Burlingame Keene S Rosewood Mar r? Do. Bvron Feb. 12 Kernville ^ <*acramento Feb 5 Dec. 18 Cahto Mav 9 Salinas Dec. 6 C'alistoga May 1 La Grange F San Ardo Dec. 9 Campbell Mar. 10 La Porte .A Capitola do ... Laurel S Castroville ... Cedarville Mav 18 Lemon . . F San Luis Obispo Feb 4 Dec. 27 Chieo . . Mar. 30 San Mateo Feb 7 Claremont Feb. 6 Lick Observatorv & San Miguel Feb 9 Dec. 18 Colfax Mav 1 Lincoln ^ Santa Clara Mar 17 Dec. 7 Colton Feb. 7 Lodi N Santa Cruz Feb 6 Los Gatos ^ Santa Margarita Apr 3 ' Xov. 27 Covote Mav 10 Santa Paula Feb 7 Craftonville Feb 6 eb. 7 eb. 6 Dec. 18 tar. 11 Dec. 10 eb. 7 Dec. 17 Dec. 1 Santa Rosa Mar 17 Dec 19 Crescent Citv June 19 Menlo Park I Sargent Dec. 20 Cuvamaca Star. 23 Merced > Selma Feb 7 Danville Mav 20 Milbrae F Shasta Mar 13 Dec 14 Davisville Feb 7 Mills College Soledad Feb 6 Dinuba Mav Milo 1 pr. 10 Dec. 20 pr. 2S Nov. 30 . .. Dec. 20 Duarte . . Feb 7 Mokelumne Hill 1 Dunnigan do . Monterev Susanville Mav 25 Oct Durham Mar 13 Moreno Dam A lay 16 tar. 10 Dec. 10 eb. 6 Dec. 17 tar. 13 Dec. 19 eb. 5 lay 1 Oct. 15 tar. 10 Dec. 18 pr. 29 lay 2 Oct. 24 tar. 13 Dec. 9 [ar. IS lay 2 Oct. 30 eb. 5 pr. 20 Oct. 15 Edgewood Apr 29 Me .unt Eden \ Edmanton Mav ' Mount Tamalpais.. .. F El Cajon Feb 7 Napa > Ukiah Feb 5 Dec 13 El Ca.co Apr 26 Needles F Upper Mattole do... Dec. 9 Vacaville Feb 9 Dec 19 El Dorado do Nevada Citv . \ Elk Grove Mar 10 Vallev Spring* Apr 28 Dec 18 Elmira NUes i North Bloomfield .... \ \Vatonville Dec 19 Elsinore Mar 1'' Wet Point Mav '*9 Oct 1 Q E-rondido Mar 18 North Hill Vineyard N North Ontario \ \\Y-t ^aticov Feb 3 Exeter Feb. 6 North San Juan .\ Willows Apr 26 Dec 13 Fall Brook . Feb. 8 Oakland F Woodland Apr Dec 4 Farmington Mar 13- Oleta A Yreka Mav ^pt 6 NOTE. Killing frosts occurred in every month of the year at Bodie. Mono County. The observer at Los Angeles reports that there were no killing frosts at that station during the year: the first heavy frost occurred December 11. damaging vegetables in exposed placet At San Diego the most severe frost for five years occurred February 6. but did not damage orchards or fruit in citrus region. 236 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. 1000. Stations. Eleva- tion. Last in spring. First in autumn. Stations. Eleva- tion. Last in spring. First in autumn. Feet. 134 Mar. 13 Dec. 29 North Hill Vineyard Feel. 660 Feb. 7 Dec. 30 208 Feb. 10 Dec. 27 North Ontario 1,800 Dec. 29 Feb. 8 Dec. 81 North San Juan 2,130 Mar. 20 Oct. 29 4,600 May 15 Oct. 12 Oakland 14 Dec. 30 Apr 23 Sept 26 Oleta .. 1,510 Apr. 8 Dec. 1 320 Feb. 19 Dec. 30 Oroville 188 Jan. 24 Dec. 30 Bodie 8,248 June 2 Aug. 7 Palermo 185 Dec. 23 5 500 May 25 Sept 20 723 Apr. 26 Oct 30 194 Apr. 8 Dee. 28 Peachland 220 Dec. 28 Apr. 10 Sept. 26 Pilot Creek 4,000 June 21 Sept. 20 4,675 Apr. 27 Sept. 18 Placerville 1,820 Feb. 7 Nov-. 28 Chico 193 Apr. 10 Dec. 28 Pollasky 1,200 ....do... Dec. 28 423 Mar. 28 Nov. 27 Pomona (near) 857 Feb. 12 Dec. 17 1 759 Feb. 4 Dec. 29 Porterville 461 Feb. 11 Dec. 28 50 Apr 26 Nov 20 3 350 May 28 Apr. 6 Dec. 4 Redbluff 307 Dec. 29 4 543 Apr 30 Sept 26 Redding 557 Feb. 9 Dec 3 Delta 1,138 Feb. 9 Sept. 6 Redlands 1,335 Apr. 9 Dec. 31 790 Feb. 6 Dec. 28 Rosewood 865 Apr. 10 Dec. 23 180 Mar 28 Dec 23 35 Dec 31 4 750 Apr 24 Oct. 29 San Ardo 236 Apr. 10 Dec. 22 1 609 Apr 9 1 054 Dec 31 126 Jan 9 Dec 27 San Francisco 183 Dec 30 Elmira 75 Feb. 8 Nov. 30 San Jacinto 1,500 Apr. ]2 Oct. 28 1 271 Apr 8 Dec 29 San Leandro 84 Dec 30 111 Apr. 4 Oct. 29 San Luis Obispo 201 Apr. 8 Dec. 29 182 Dec 30 San Miguel ... 616 Feb. 10 7 1)50 Apr 10 Oct 24 137 Dec 28 293 Dec 31 anta Clara. . . 83 Apr. 9 Dec. 31 May 1 Dec "8 18 Mar 27 Dec 23 2,750 Apr 8 Nov. 19 Santa Maria 220 Apr. 10 Dec. 13 Gilrov 193 Apr 9 Dec 23 286 Dec 30 65 Jan. 25 Dec 30 Santa Rosa 181 Apr. 9 Oct. 29 3 600 Mav 28 Oct 1 Shasta 1 148 Nov 21 249 Feb. 26 Oct. 25 Sonoma 30 Apr. 9 Dec. 30 100 Oct 29 70 Apr 10 Dec 31 Hollister 284 Apr. 10 Dec. 4 Stockton 33 Do. 3 907 Mar 7 Oct 30 20 Feb 12 Dec 23 lone 287 Feb 8 Dec. 28 Summerdale 5,270 May 28 Sept. 25 Iowa Hill 2 825 Mar 5 Dec 31 4 195 Apr 27 Sept 24 Jackson (near) 1,975 Apr. 8 Oct. 29 Tequisquita Rancho. . Apr. 10 Dec. 23 Jolon do Oct 23 Thebe Mar 15 Oct 1 2 600 May 9 Sept 27 Thermalito 236 Dec 30 Kono Tayee 1,325 Dec 28 Tulare 274 Mar 28 Oct 30 Laporte 5,000 May 28 Sept. 6 Ukiah 620 Apr. 9 Dec. 26 Le Grand 255 Apr 4 Dec 27 175 Feb 7 Dec 29 Lick Observatory 4 209 Oct 2 Vallev Springs C73 Mar 27 Do Lodi 35 Apr 9 Dec 29 213 Apr 2 Man ton Apr 26 Nov 15 Visalia 334 Apr 10 Dec 28 173 Mar 28 23 Apr 8 Mokelumne Hill 1 550 Apr 8 Dec 2 West Point > 3"6 \pr 4 Oct 7 Moreno Dam 3,100 Apr. 29 Oct. 30 H do Dee 28 20 Feb 6 Dec 30 565 do Dec 23 Nevada City 2,580 Apr. 27 63 Mar 5 Nov 29 Niles (near) 87 Apr. 9 Dec 30 2 635 Mar 9 Sept 30 North Bloomfield 3,000 Apr. 14 Oct. 29 Yuba Citv 70 Jan 24 Dec. 29 FROST. AVERAGE DATES OP KILLING FROSTS. 237 Stations. Counties. -^^ Eleva- tion. Average date. Stations. Counties. Eleva- tion. Average date. Last in spring. First in autumn. Last in spring. First in autumn. Anaheim Orange . Fret. 134 320 5,500 194 4,675 1,200 50 180 4,750 1,271 61 293 100 284 3,907 2,825 1,975 35 1,550 20 3,000 660 Apr. 4 Jan. 28 Apr. 26 Mar. 25 May 15 Mar. 17 May 10 Apr. 5 May 10 Mar. 23 Mar. 29 Mar. 1 Apr. 8 ....do... Mar. 23 Mar. 15 Apr. 15 Mar. 12 Mar. 21 Mar. 20 Apr. 17 Feb. 20 Dec. 20 Dec. 15 Oct. 25 Xov.25 Oct. 6 Dec. 5 Nov. 7 Do. Oct. 22 Xov.26 Nov.29 Nov.lo Nov.16 Nov.21 Oct. 25 Dec. 16 Oct. 25 Nov.16 Dec. 15 Nov.15 Do. Dec. 13 San Bernardino . . Feet. 1,800 2,130 14 1,510 723 220 857 3,350 307 1,000 865 35 183 201 220 5,270 4,195 620 175 84 2,635 Mar. 14 Apr. 11 Jan. 7 Mar. 20 Apr. 1 Apr. 14 Apr. 2 May 15 Mar. 27 Mar. 17 Apr. 8 Feb. 16 Jan. 25 Mar. 5 Mar. 10 May 7 May 10 Apr. 14 Mar. 12 Feb. 20 May 24 Dec. 14 Oct 15 Dec. 20 Nov. 19 Nov. 5 Nov. 21 Nov. 20 Sept 14 Dec. 16 Dec. 20 Nov. 7 Nov. 15 Dec. 10 Nov. 18 Nov. 25 Oct. 17 Sept. 22 Nov. 1 Dec. 21 Nov. 26 Sept. 26 Berkeley Alameda Bowman's Dam Nevada Oakland Campbell Santa Clara Oleta Cedarville . Modoc Paso Robles (near) . . . San Luis Obispo . . Claremont Los Angeles . . Crescent Citv . . T)pl Knrtp Dnrhflm , Rnttf Edmanton Plumas i Redbluff Tehama Elsinore Riverside.. Riverside Riverside Tviirpbfi HiimhnlHt Tphftinrt Fresno Fresno . Sonoma San Francisco San Luis Obispo . . Santa Barbara Mariposa Hollister San Benito Independence Iowa Hill . . Inyo Placer Santa Maria Jackson (near) Amador Lodi San Joaquin T-kih Mokelumne Hill Napa(S. H.) North Bloomfield North Hill Vineyard. Calaveras Vacaville Solano. . Napa Nevada Wheatland Yuba Yreka... "siskivou FOG. One of the most marked atmospheric conditions with which the forecaster has to deal on the coast of California is fog. Particularly in the vicinity of San Francisco are the effects of the fog noticeable. Owing to the peculiar topography of this section, there are certain well-marked stream lines in the general movement of the air from west to east; and in these streams great masses of the condensed-water vapor lying beyond the heads and along the coast are carried in through the Golden Gate. There are times when, judging from such reports as are available, fog prevails along the entire Pacific coast. On the daily weather map which is issued at San Francisco attention has been called several times within the last few years to the fact that nearly every coast station reported fog, thus indicating the presence of a bank of fog at sea from 1,100 to 1,600 miles in length. The distance seaward to which this fog extended is not known, but from the records contained in logs of vessels sailing from San Francisco it is thought that an average value would be about 50 miles. Now, fog, whether it appears for a few hours at certain seasons, as in the harbors of the Atlantic coast, or regularly on summer afternoons and winter mornings along the Pacific coast, and whether it lies in sharply defined .streams and strata, as at San Francisco, or in ill-defined general banks, as off Newfoundland, indicates certain sharp contrasts of temperature and air motion. On the Pacific coast there are several well-marked types of fog the summer afternoon fog, moving from the sea to the land: the morning winter land or tule fogs, which move seaward, and occasional nondescript smoke fogs near the larger cities. / At Mount Tamalpais we are able to look down upon the fog streaming through the Golden Gate. On one side the ocean maintains a temperature of about 55 C F., while inland the temperature is much higher. Some illustrations of the fog effects as photographed at the Weather Bureau Observatory were published in the Monthly Weather Review for July and November. 1900. and January. February, and March, 1901, and are here reproduced. The differences in temperature, humidity, and air motion are so marked within comparatively small distances, both horizontally and vertically, in the bay district that it seemed advisable to tabulate in comparative form the meteorological elements for a year at the higher station (elevation approximately half a mile) and the station at sea level. The present paper aims to present, with some photographic evidence of fog forms and drifts, a rough study of the air drainage of the locality in which fog streams and counter streams are of such frequent occurrence that they serve excellently as exponents of air motion. The topography of the section is remarkable, because of the close juxtaposition of ocean, bay. mountain, and foothill. A valley, level as a table, 450 miles long and 50 miles wide, having afternoon temperatures of 100 or over, is connected by a narrow water passage with the Pacific Ocean, the mean temperature of the water in this locality being 55. Thus within a distance of 50 miles in a horizontal direction there is frequently a difference of 45- in temperature, while in a vertical direction there is often a difference of GO C in an elevation of half a mile. High bluffs, ridges, and headlands are at such an angle to the prevailing strong westerly surface air currents that an air stream is forced with increased velocity through the Golden Gate, and there must of necessity be considerable piling up of both air and water vapor at this point. The locality may indeed be considered as a natural laboratory in which experiments connected with cloudy condensation of water vapor are daily wrought, and it is therefore of more than passing interest to the meteorologist. 239 240 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. Much faithful work has been done in physical laboratories on the behavior of water vapor at varying volumes, pressures, and temperatures. Regnault, Thomson, Broch, Aitken, Kiessling, K. von Helmholtz, Hertz, Rayleigh, Von Bezold, Barus, Marvin, and others have worked upon the change of state from vapor to liquid and from liquid to solid; and while man}^ irregularities are noted in the behavior of water vapor, the general problems of decreasing volumes and increasing pressures until condensation points are reached have been solved, and it is well understood that the vapor-liquid and liquid-solid condensations are in themselves but two phases in a chain of condensation phenomena. The problem of fog is therefore a limited one. It may be considered as a special case of cloud development, occurring in the first and second stages of Hertz, viz, the unsaturated and saturated stages. Condensation in the free air, as in these fog formations, takes place under conditions different from those obtaining in the laboratory. There are no fixed restraining walls, though the strongly stratified outlines suggest sharply limited air streams. Again, saturation as it occurs in free, constantly changing air and true adiabatic saturation are not identical. Saturation in the free air must be studied under disadvantageous circumstances, for the work must be done at a distance, with instruments neither sufficiently delicate nor accurate, and there is no control of conditions possible. In passing it may be noted that, except for traces of salt, the air of the section under consideration is partially filtered, as it presumably comes from off the broad ocean and is as free from land dust and smoke as normal air can be. Offshore winds are infrequent and light. An attempt has been made at the Mount Tamalpais station to correlate the surface pressure conditions with fog. A typical pressure distribution accompanying sea fogs has been recognized. In general, a movement southward along the coast of an area of high pressure in summer means fresh northerly winds and high temperature in the interior of the State, with brisk westerly winds, laden with fog, on the coast. An excellent illustration of a successful forecast of fog may be found in connection with the daily weather map of June 30, 1899, and also July 1, 1899. It should, however, be stated that fog does not always occur with these typical fog maps. For example, on June 28, 1899, the pressure distribution was such as to lead to the expectation of fog, but no fog was reported on this date. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR SAN FRANCISCO AND MOUNT TAMALPAIS. In Bulletin No. 28 issued by the Weather Bureau, entitled "The Climate of San Francisco," meteorological data pertaining to the city of San Francisco are given up to the beginning of 1899. It is not necessary to repeat here these records; but the data for 1899, being available, possess special interest: Year and month. Mean monthly tem- peratures. Year and month. Mean monthly tem- peratures. Year and month. Mean monthly tem- peratures. Mount Tamalpais. San Fran- cisco. Mount Tamalpais. San Fran- cisco. Mount San Fran- Tamalpais. Cisco. 1899. January 47.8 47.6 44.6 51.6 51.2 53.0 51.6 52.2 54.6 52.6 1899. 66.8 71.0 61.4 73.2 55.3 56.9 55.9 58.3 58.2 59.3 1899. 49.4 56.8 47.7 49.6 February July . . December April 55. 6 54. 9 May These temperatures, compared with those of 1898, show that the annual mean temperature of both stations for the two years is practically 55, which is also the mean annual temperature, so far as we can judge from somewhat scattered data, of the ocean in the vicinity of San Fran- cisco. The temperature of the lower station naturally approximates sea conditions throughout the year, while the departures at the more elevated station are marked in both winter and summer. FOG. 241 The highest temperature recorded on the mountain during the year was 96, on July 18: the maximum temperature on the same date at San Francisco being 66 C , and at Point Reyes 52. It is worthy of note than within so short a distance as 25 miles, between Mount Tamalpais and Point Reyes, there should be a difference of 44 C . The highest temperature recorded at San Francisco during 1899-was 94 on October 8, while on this date the maximum temperature on Mount Tamalpais was 88 C , and at Point Reyes 74 C . The lowest temperature recorded during the year on the mountain was 23 C , on February 4, and on the same date 34 at San Francisco and at Point Rej^es. The minimum temperature was, therefore, 11 lower at the higher station. As has been elsewhere stated, during summer months there is very frequently, owing to the fog, a cooling of ll c at the lower station. In all of these instances the retarding influence of the water is apparent, in summer the temperature near the sea remaining cool, and comparatively warm in winter. Including every day in the month of June there was found to be a mean daily difference of 11.4", or in other words from the data obtained by means of this mountain station, checked by data from Point Reyes and Mount Hamilton, 'the temperature rose at the rate of 1 for every 203 feet of elevation. This increase held at least up to 2,380 feet. If we consider only those days in the month (twenty-four) when there was a rise with eleva- tion, we have for the mean daily difference in temperature between Mount Tamalpais and San Francisco 15.3, i. e., the temperature rises l c for every 155 feet elevation. This may be adopted as a working normal summer-day gradient. For days when there was a decrease in temperature with elevation, six in all, we find a differ- ence of 5.9, or there was 1 fall for every 402 feet, which, it may be noted, is not quite as steep a gradient as values generally given in text-books, 1 for every 300 feet. We notice first that periods of rainy or cloud}- and cold weather occur when the surface temperatures are higher than those of the upper level. It would seem as if at these times the different air strata from sea level to 2,500 feet had been intermingled to some degree and the cold layer usually existing close to the surface had been ternporaril\ T displaced. Fogs seem to occur at times of steep inverted gradients; in other words, when the tempera- ture of the 2,500-foot level is considerably higher than at sea level. The conclusion to be drawn from what precedes is that the summer fogs of San Francisco result from the chilling of the upper warm air over the ocean by the water, particularly the cold current close to the shore. The strong indraft through the Golden Gate on summer afternoons (see charts of hourly wind velocity, 3 to 7 p. m., fig. 6) carries with it the fog. The movement of the lower fog-laden air eastward and into the valley is compensated by a westward air movement at higher levels. The great difference of temperature between the valley and the ocean, often 50 within as many miles, is probably the prime factor in controlling the circulation. The mountain, as might be supposed, is the drier station, the mean relative humidity being 59 per cent, while it is 83 per cent at San Francisco. Especially during the summer months is the difference noticeable, and, doubtless, it is this dryness which causes such an agreeable "change of climate'' to visitors at this season. The difference may perhaps be stated more clearly in this way: The weight of water vapor per cubic foot varies from 1.9 grains to 3.5 grains on the mountain during the year, while at San Francisco it varies from 3.3 grains to 4.4 grains. The average hourly wind velocity seems to increase with elevation, the values for the mountain station far exceeding those of the lower station. The maximum velocities recorded are. respec- tively. 91 and 47 miles per hour. The total wind movement was 177,017 miles at Mount Tamalpais and 96,602 miles at San Francisco. 1176 Bull. Lr 03 16 242 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. COMPARATIVE DATA. MOUNT TAMALPAJS, 1899. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An- nual. 27. 62 *27.65 27.53 27.54 27.53 27.51 27.50 27.49 27.56 27.52 27.55 27.62 27.55 51.8 53.3 49.5 58.6 58.1 73.9 78.2 68.5 79.9 CO. 7 52.9 52.3 6h5 43.8 41.9 39.6 44.7 44.3 59.6 63.7 54.2 66.6 49.9 45.9 43.1 49.8 47.8 47.6 44.6 51.6 51.2 66.8 71.0 61.4 73.3 56.3 49.4 47.7 55.7 69 71 69 77 82 86 96 79 92 88 61 64 96 32 23 32 32 33 41 46 45 47 . 40 34 23 34 29 36 35 35 39 33 39 32 37 46 41 36 70 56 77 68 62 43 30 50 29 63 91 80 59 5.92 0.28 10.38 1.89 1.70 0.29 0.00 0.01 0.00 4.2'' 7.48 4.65 36.86 1.54 0.14 2.51 0.53 1.39 0.24 0.00 0.01 0.00 l.: 2.51 0.83 2.51 6.0 3.4 6.7 4.7 4.1 1.8 1.2 2.3 2.0 -|. 8.0 4.6 4.1 24 23.2 22.8 19.8 22.9 19.8 17.6 16.5 17.1 18.'- 16.7 23.9 20.2 NW. NW. W. N. NW. NW. NW. W. NW.' NW. NW. NK. NW. 86 84 76 84 78 86 61 91 66 71 56 76 .91 W. NW. :-w. NW. NW. NW. N. NW. NW. NW, W. N. NW. 8 14 7 13 17 24 29 24 26 16 2 16 196 9 13 7 8 9 5 2 4 4 5 10 4 80 14 1 17 9 5 1 3 10. 18 11 at Davs with 01 inch rainfall 14 4 17 7 3 3 1 1 19 13 92 14 2 16 6 3 1 8 15 12 77 174.9 263.8 162. 6 300.7 344.6 404.5 445.4 373.4 354.7 234.0 105.9 177.7 3,342 57 87 44 76 78 91 99 88 95 67 35 60 73 Mean daily range of temperature Mean daily change of temperature . . . 8.0 2.8 17, 821 11.4 3.8 15 608 9.9 4.1 16, 9S6 13.9 6.3 14,234 13.8 4.7 17,074 14.3 6.1 14,257 14.5 5.9 13,108 14.3 4.7 12,283 13.3 3.4 12,307 10.8 4.2 13, 561 7.0 2.1 11,996 9.3 3.1 17,782 11.7 4.3 177,017 SAN FRANCISCO, 1899. 29.98 30.00 29. 89 29.87 29.87 29.78 29.78 29.78 29.83 29.83 29.88 29.98 29.87 58.3 58.0 57.3 61.2 58.3 63.4 61.5 63.5 65.1 66.1 61.0 54.8 60.7 47.6 45.3 47.1 47.9 46.9 50.4 50.3 53.1 51.3 52.5 52.6 44.4 49.1 Mean monthly temperature 53.0 51.6 52.2 54.6 52.6 56.9 55.9 58.3 58.2 59.3 56.8 49.6 .54.9 78 80 74 80 80 75 73 78 73 94 65 63 94 Lowest temperature 40 34 42 43 43 47 48 50 48 46 48 37 34 46 45 48 45 45 49 50 52 52 50 52 44 48 80 82 86 76 79 83 87 84 89 78 86 83 83 Total rainfall 3.67 0.10 7.61 0.62 0.86 0.01 0.00 T. 0.00 3.92 3.79 2.65 23.23 O.S8 0.08 2 15 46 77 01 0.00 T. 0.00 1.94 1.51 1.17 2.15 Mean cloudiness 6.7- 4.6 6.5 3 2 6 2.0 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.0 5.8 3.8 4.0 7.9 9 8 11 7 13 9 14 2 15.3 14.4 12.6 8.5 6.6 8.6 11.0 Prevailing wind direction SE. W. W. W W \V. SW. SW. S\V. W. SE. N. W. Maximum wind velocity .. . 47 39 36 38 37 44 41 39 40 n 30 30 47 sw W W W W \V W W W - w SW SW. SW 5 11 g 18 21 23 16 18 'O i g 18 185 Partly cloudv days 11 10 9 10 5 11 11 8 5 11 g 104 15 7 16 2 3 2 4 2 o 11 7 76 Days with 0.01 rainfall 11 2 15 5 2 1 9 12 10 67 Davs with 0.04 rainfall 9 1 10 3 2 ft o o g 11 10 62 Actual hours sunshine 152.1 215.7 19 9 327 7 365 1 38 4 294 1 308 4 292 5 yr> 5 129 1 190 5 ".12 :! Percentage of sunshine 50 71 52 83 83 86 65 73 78 73 42 64 69 Mean daily range of temperature Mean daily change of temperature . . . Total wind movement 10.7 2.0 5 864 12.7 3.1 5 860 10.2 2.6 7 316 13.3 4.3 8 394 11.4 2.2 10 346 13.0 3.1 1 019 11.3 2.1 11 356 10.4 2.0 10 722 13.8 '2.2 9 066 13.6 3.4 6 (> 98 8.4 1.9 4 757 10.4 2.3 g 430 11.6 2.6 96 60 FOG. sr.VSHINE AT MOrST TAMALPA1S FOR 1899 AND 1900. [X. lat. 37 56'.] 243 Percentage of sunshine recorded during hours ending ( local time) Per- centage :' : - sible. 1. January a 5 m. 6 ^ 7* 8k 9' 10* 11' Noon. 2' 3 4' 5 6' 7 loiai (hours). 60 85 46 78 81 87 98 87 -- 58 30 54 57 -- 48 77 83 100 92 96 64 31 56 56 90 47 76 81 87 100 94 98 61 33 62 62 90 43 76 79 87 100 91 96 66 63 60 85 41 80 72 100 88 100 69 35 62 57 " 45 84 95 ICO 88 71 36 64 57 90 55 85 QQ 100 91 98 76 40 63 54 91 50 -- 97 99 92 97 76 35 58 57 93 49 91 " 97 100 AA 93 96 75 39 59 49 81 50 89 92 97 99 95 94 65 39 55 72 77 27 83 90 98 100 94 - 64 100 - 57 87 44 76 78 91 99 " 95 67 35 60 February 78 26 50 72 87 97 87 94 CQ 31 82 263 8 March ... 25 4 48 64 96 100 76 85 162.6 300.7 11 344.6 78 404.5 96 445.4 29 373.4 354.7 234 April '....1 21 47 4o 84 84 93 94 tV. Mav Julv September ' 96 October 100 November . . tee. a December Sum ZK 531 763 852 71 878 885 73 74 893 74 881 73 912 76 939 78 926 77 937 78 - .- 75 890 173 214 3,342.3 '| I O c z H O > I'lAlt V, Fw. 28. -Foo BILLOW*. FOG. 245 In^Von Bezold's third paper on the "Thermodynamics of the atmosphere" (see Mechanics of the Atmosphere, pp. 257-288) the effect of mixing different air masses is considered. If two masses of saturated air at C. and 20 C., respectively, and at 700 mm. pressure are thoroughly mixed, the greatest amount of rainfall that can occur is 0.75 gram per kilogram of air and water vapor. The temperature of the mixture will be 11 C. (52 F.). The warmer mixture would have yielded the same amount of rainfall by raising it 310 meters or cooling it 1.6 C. by elevation and 0.8 C. by contact. Direct cooling by contact or radiation is shown by Von Bezold to be more efficient as a cause of rainfall than cool- ing by mixture, but in the production of fog it is probable that cooling by mixture (except in the case of ground fogs) is the most important factor to be considered. It is to be noted that reverse pressures should also be studied, for perhaps a close watch upon the conditions prevailing when fog is rapidly dissipating might conversely throw light upon the order and relative importance of the three ways of cooling, viz, mixture, expansion, and radiation. Von Bezold's deductions may be thus summarized: More vapor condenses when a stream of air and vapor at low temperature impinges on a mass of warmer air than with reversed conditions. Ocean fogs as a rule form when cool air flows over warm, moist surfaces, but in the case under discussion, where the ocean surface temperature is 13 C. (55 F.) and the air temperature may reach 27 C. (80 F. ), it is evident that the above does not hold. It is more probable that condensation is the result of the sharp temperature contrasts at the boundaries of certain air currents having different temperatures, humidities, and velocities, and that the contours of the land play an important part in originating and directing these air currents. The summer afternoon fogs of the San Francisco Bay region, then, are probably due to mixture more than radiation or expansion. The winter tule fogs of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys are probably pure types of radiation fog, where the process of cloud building is from the cooled ground upward. Occasionally in summer, when the warm air has been pumped out of the valleys and there is rapid radia- tion, ground fog forms. An illustration of this is given in fig. 22, Plate I, where fog covers a number of valleys. Summer sea fog is shown in fig. 23, Plate II, and, as said above, is probably due to mixture. The wave motions or Luft AVogen of Von Helmholtz are shown in fig. 24, Plate II, and also the surgings or splashings, where a certain condensation results from the mechanical uplifting. In several papers presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Prussia, Prof. H. von Helmholtz has discussed the conditions which must occur in the atmosphere where strata of different densities lie close together, with par- ticular reference to the billow and wave effects near the limiting surfaces of the strata. "It apppars to me not doubtful,"" says Helmholtz, "that such systems of waves occur with remarkable fre- quency at the bounding surfaces of strata of air of different densities, even although in most cases they remain invisible to us. Evidently we see them only when the lowest stratum is so nearly saturated with aqueous vapor that the summit of the wave, within which the pressure is less, begins to form a haze." It is probable, as Helmholtz states, that conditions favorable for the origin and propagation of air waves often exist, but with the exception of certain cloud forms it is seldom that the meteorologist has an opportunity to see this wave action clearly defined. It therefore seems of importance to present a few photographs showing the actual wave effects produced probably by the sharp contrasts of air currents of different densities in the vicinity of Mount Tamalpais. It is thought that in the photographs of fog billows (Plates III and IV) there is evidence of the movement of rectilinear waves propagated, with little change of form and velocity, along the bounding surfaces of the different air strata. AVith a wind velocity of 10 meters per second, which nearly corresponds with the mean velocity of the inflowing colder current (the average summer afternoon velocity of the wind through the Golden Gate is about 22 miles per hour), the wave length, A, is determined by Von Helmholtz to be about 900 meters (2,950 feet). The wave lengths shown in the various fog photographs herewith are of corresponding magnitude and vary, it is estimated, from 100 to 2,000 meters. Helmholtz states further: * " Since the moderate winds that occur on the surface of the earth often cause water waves of a meter in length, therefore the same winds acting upon strata of air of 10 difference in temperature maintain waves of from 2 to 5 kilometers in length/' Equations for the velocity of propagation and the diminution of the speed with a change of the depth of the lower stratum and a discussion of the energy of the waves are given for special cases. It is also pointed out that the elevations of the air waves can amount to many hundred meters, and that precipitation could thus be inechanically brought about. The same wind can excite waves of different lengths and velocities, and the interference and reen- forcement may perceptibly modify the wave form. One of the processes by which waves of great height can be formed is thus pointed out by Helmholtz, namely, where two wave summits of different groups of waves reenforce each other. The wave height may be so great that foaming is produced. Such long and deep waves may have a tearing on the explanation of certain local and nonperiodic disturbances. The demonstrated existence of these air billows and waves is important also in connection with the transmission of other air waves. It is well known that sound waves are reflected and refracted in a marked degree in the vicinity of fog banks, fog walls, and fog billows. The inaudibility of fog signals from sirens is one of the greatest sources of danger and anxiety in navigation. Any increase in our knowledge of the dispersion and aberration of these fog signals will be hailed with joy by many thousand travelers. In the vicinity of San Francisco, as evidenced by the " See Abbe's Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere, p. 94. *See Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere, p. 103. 246 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. series of photographs accompanying these papers, the opportunities for studying the general aberration of sound waves in fog are excellent. It is our earnest hope that in due time some experimental work in this direction may be undertaken at the observatory on Mount Tamalpais. Some very strange effects have already been noticed with regard to the noise of a train when traversing different air strata. Zones of audibility appear to be quite sharply marked, even after making allowance for the many canyons and "mesas" (tablelands). On foggy days these zones are greatly modified. In addition to changes in density and temperature which sound waves would experience, there are changes due to the movement of the sound-conveying medium. The strong air currents moving toward the listener increase the frequency of vibration and raise the pitch; conversely the air currents moving away from the listener flatten the note. There have been several instances on nights without fog where ordinary sounds have been heard distinctly a distance of nearly two miles. On other occasions it has been possible to obtain echoes from hills distant one-half mile or more when the intervening valley was covered with fog. The echoes could not be heard when the fog was absent. The accompanying photographs may throw light upon the much-discussed question of the abnormal aberration of fog signals. It will be remembered that Prof. Joseph Henry, who for twelve years served as chairman of the Light-House Board, thought that the wind played a more important part in the abnormal aberration of sound waves than the so-called acoustic clouds described by Professor Tyndall. It is probable that up to a certain point both explanations may hold, but the wind is seemingly the more active factor in most cases. Sound moving with the wind is refracted downward and moving against the wind refracted upward. From the great mass of conflicting evidence it appears that a homogeneous atmosphere without the internal stream lines (see reference to this under "Air drainage," in previous pages) conveys sound waves very well; but this is not the usual condition. Under normal conditions the mass of air within a mile or two of a light-house and extending upward half a mile is neither still nor homogeneous. One of the main purposes of the accompanying fog photographs is to show the stratification, faulting, and upheaval effects due to differences of temperature and density caused by extensive and rapidly moving currents. Of course the aberration of audibility of fog signals due to changes of the sound-conveying medium is not to be confounded with the aberration in audibility due to topographical features and the normal reflection and refraction of sound waves. Probably within a short distance of every light-house there are zones or points of inaudibility due to the latter causes. An excellent illustration of this can be found in a paper on Fogs and Fog Signals of the Pacific Coast, by Ferdinand Lee Clarke. c It is there shown that the sirens around the Golden Gate and in San Francisco Bay are inaudible at certain points. Here there is an interference of sound waves due to numerous natural reflections. It has been suggested that if the fog signals at Lime Point and at Point Bonita were properly attuned a resulting harmonic might be heard at certain points instead of the weakened noise now heard. We need measurements of the energy producing the air pulsation, the proportionate energy reaching the ship or given point, and the rate of expenditure with different conditions of density and air movement. By the employment of suitable resonators the pulsations reaching the ship might be more easily detected. With the introduction of etheric telegraphy it would almost seem practicable to obtain by this same principle of resonance electromagnetic signals, and by comparing the time intervals between these and the sound waves in air or transmitted through water the distance apart of the vessels or the distance from the shore might be determined within a few feet. The velocity of sound, it is generally stated, is within wide limits practically independent of both intensity and pitch. In dry air at C., according to Rowland, the velocity of sound propagation is 331.78 meters (1,090 feet) per second. In water vapor at 10 C., according to Masson, the velocity is about 402 meters (1,318 feet) and at 96 C. 410 meters (1,345 feet) per second. In water at 10 C. the velocity is about 1,435 meters (4,708 feet) , in copper about 3,560 meters, and in glass from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. The velocity is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, as given by the formula: a =OB-/ 1 h 273 where a = velocity of sound o = velocity of sound at C. The velocity of sound propagation in dry air is therefore about 37 times more rapid than that of the average summer afternoon winds (20 miles per hour), which blow through the Golden Gate with such regularity and which are the prime disturbing factors in the circulation of the air in this vicinity. The question of refraction of sound in free air has been independently studied by Stokes, Taylor, & Henry, c Tyndall,^ and Reynolds, and many of the puzzling phenomena connected with the aberration of sound can be demonstrated to be caused by the bending of the sound beams in traversing air strata of varying temperatures and motions. The most efficient cause of loss of audibility is wind. The loss is not due to an actual retardation of the sound waves by the movement of the air so much as to a refraction of the wave front upward from the earth. Sound traveling with the wind is bent downward and traveling against the wind is bent upward. Knowing this, we are able, by lifting the position of the hearer, Report British Association, 1857. << Philosophical Transactions, 1874. 6 Smithsonian Report, 1875. * Philosophical Transactions, 1876. < Smithsonian Report, 1877. FOG. . 247 sometimes to make sound audible against the wind. Thus Henry shows that a sound moving against the wind, inaudible to the ear on the deck of a vessel, could be heard at the masthead. Reynolds's experiments even more conclusively demonstrate the bending of the wave front downward as a rule when moving with the wind and upward when moving against the wind. The accompanying photographs, Plate V, figs. 27 and 28, show air strata moving with varying velocities. As a rule the upper currents have the greater velocity, but not infrequently this condition is reversed. In such cases audibility should be favored even by an opposing wind, and this is sometimes found to be the case. Thus far We have alluded only to the refraction of the wave fronts due to varying air velocities; but the varying temperatures of the different air masses will also affect the relative audibility. Reynolds instances a marked case, where, owing to a thorough cooling of the lower air strata, and presumably a marked inverted temperature gradient, the audibility was excellent, the sound being refracted downward, and all objects " looming," as it were. It is even possible to work out the retardation or acceleration of the wave front with the degree of variation in temperature. Finally, it may be that the temperature and the air motion may act together to refract downward the sound wave, and it may also happen that the one influence may oppose the other. Thus Reynolds gives an example where, with a heavy dew on the ground, sound could be heard equally well against a light wind as with the wind ' ' Showing that the upward refraction by the wind was completely counteracted by the downward refraction from the diminution of temperature. This was observed not to be the case when cloudiness at night prevented terrestrial radiation." (Proc. R. 8., 1874.) The presence of large quantities of condensed water vapor brings us to the question of refracting surfaces and the reverberation of the sound rather than its velocity. When a sound wave travels over a perfectly smooth surface, such as a glassy sea, or a sharply outlined plane of condensation, the intensity of the sound does not diminish with the usual rapidity. In discussing the propagation of sound in whispering galleries, Rayleigh" shows that the abnormal loudness is not confined to a point diametrically opposite that occupied by the speaker, but that there is a bending or clinging of the sound waves to the surface of the concave wall. Sonorous vibrations at fog surfaces and cloud surfaces may behave in a somewhat similar way, and it is probable that the curvature of the surface is not of as great importance as the comparative smoothness of the surface. Probably the roll of thunder is an excellent illustration of continued reverberation at cloud surfaces. Any memoir upon the fog of San Francisco Bay would be incomplete without a reference to one of the most remarkable of marine accidents. On the morning of Friday, February 22, 1901, the Pacific Mail steamship Bio de Janeiro ran upon the Fort Point Reef during a fog. Within fifteen or twenty minutes from the time of striking the vessel sank, and of the 210 persons on board 130 were lost. Another statement, purporting to be official, makes the total number aboard 207 and the lost 127. The following facts are obtained chiefly from the statements of Pilot F. VV. Jordan. The ship's master. Capt. William Ward, went down with the vessel. The pilot boarded the Rio de Janeiro in the vicinity of the 9-fathom buoy, near the bar buoy, and anchored in 13 fathoms at a little before 6 o'clock Thursday night, February 21. The weather being foggy, the ship remained at anchor till about 4 a. m., one hundred and twentieth meridian time, when the fog lifted and the Cliff House light could be seen, but not the Point Bonita light. Preparations were in progress to steam into the harbor, when a dense fog came out from the Golden Gate, obscuring everything. There is some difference of testimony as to whether the captain or the pilot gave the orders to proceed in the fog, but the vessel was started on a northeast course with Lime Point straight ahead, steering by the whistle. The pilot expected to get an echo of the ship's whistle from Point Diablo, but heard none. The course was changed north-northeast with the intention of running close to Lime Point. The 'vessel was not moving at full speed and was subject to a strong cross current, which, apparently acting at right angles to the length of the vessel, carried the ship to the south, far out of the proper course. The first officer was standing on the starboard side listening for the Fort Point belL No soundings, however, were taken. The vessel struck a short distance to the southwest of the Fort Point light. At the moment of striking the pilot saw the white flash at Fort Point and heard the Fort Point bell. The pilot had had eleven years" experience in the harbor and was considered one of the most capable pilots in San Francisco. He had never previously met with an accident. There appears to be no doubt of the existence of the strong cross current, inasmuch as other vessels entering Theory of Sound, vol. \>, *er. l'*7. 248 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. the harbor about the same time on the same morning came near going on the rocks. The Pacific Mail Steamship Company has a rule that vessels must not enter or leave a harbor when fog prevails. On the morning in question the fog lifted for a few moments and then settled down again; but by 9 a. m., local time, the fog had dissipated. The rest of the day was clear and balmy and the water as smooth as a mill pond. The vessel struck about 5.30 a. m., with the pilot and captain on the bridge, the first officer on the starboard side of the bridge listening for the bell, and the second officer at the telegraph. When the vessel struck, the captain blew the danger whistle, a long blast. Ordinary fog blasts (long enough to count six or seven) had been blown previously. The details of the accident, particularly with reference to the whistles, the course steered, and the motion of the current, are given, because from such evidence as can be obtained at this writing it appears that even after the vessel struck the sound of the whistle was not heard plainly at Fort Point, not more than half a mile distant, where a lookout of the life-saving station was on duty and where a life-saving crew could have hurried to the rescue and probably reached the ship within five minutes, without doubt saving many of those whose lives were lost. There was also a sentry walking post within a short distance of the lookout. It is stated that some soldiers heard voices and also a whistle, but the evidence is very conflicting, and it seems improbable that if the long danger blast was clearly heard it should pass without notice and subsequent action. The Weather Bureau records show that about ,the time of the accident a mongrel tule fog prevailed over the Baj' of San Francisco. At Mount Tamalpais the weather was clear, with a wind of 13 miles per hour from the northwest. At San Francisco dense fog prevailed, with little, if any, wind. The wind vane at the Mills Building indicated a southwest wind blowing about 1 mile per hour. From 1 a. m. to 6 a. m. but 9 miles of wind were recorded. When all is said and done it appears that the fog was the prime factor in causing the loss of the vessel. Owing to the aberration of the sound waves in the fog the pilot was unable to hear the fog signals from either Point Bonita or Lime Point to the north, or the tolling of the bell at Fort Point to the east and north. It has not, however, been shown that the bell was certainly ringing. The Lime Point whistle has great penetrative power. The fog bell at Fort Point is 40 feet above the water, and should be heard for at least a mile. It is supposed to be struck every ten seconds. It is a strange fact that in a paper upon the Fogs and Fog Signals of the Pacific Coast, by Ferdinand Lee Clark, published in 1888, there should occur this statement concerning the fog bell at Fort Point: In point of fact it is said to be hardly ever heard except when too late to be of use. * * * If mariners depended upon its sound to tell them how near they were to the point, they would generally have no time after hearing it tg clear the danger. The loss of the Bio de Janeiro proves that the bell at Fort Point in its present position is sometimes of little value. The temperature at the time of the accident was 50 F. at sea level and 52 at a height of 2,500 feet. The thickness of the fog probably did not exceed a few hundred feet; and, as indicated above, it was a land fog rather than a sea fog. As a general thing the reflected sounds from Point Bonita and Lime Point are heard better on the south side of the channel. On the accompanying rough sketch of the channel the lines of natural reflection are drawn and also the zones of inaudibility. It is not difficult to account for the failure of the echo of the ship's whistle from some portion of the northern shore, as the distance of the vessel from Point Diablo was too great. The sound waves from the fog whistle at Lime Point, however, should have been heard, and as the moderate southwest wind would tend to cause a deflection of the sound wave upward it is possible that while the sound was inaudible on the deck of the vessel it might have been heard by a lookout at the masthead. FOG. 249 The catastrophe furnishes a remarkable illustration of the utter helplessness of a vessel in fog, despite lights and fog whistles. It would seem that under such conditions nothing short of some method of fog dissipation will suffice. It has occurred to the writer, although the suggestion may prove of no value in practice, that if a strong sound had been made under water by some automatic contrivance at either Lime Point or Point Diablo, and the Rio d- Janeiro been provided with some suitable device rendering audible the sound wave through the water, the strong cross current would have facilitated the passage of the sound and a zone of audibility would have been established in the water, while in the atmosphere above the fog signals would have been inaudible. E/eraf/on rang/try /voo to zsoo rr :. - FIG. 31. Probable conditions at time of wreck, February 22, 1901. The accompanying photographs. Plate A 7 !, are submitted to show that to a certain degree the captain and the pilot were justified in assuming that they might soon run into areas free from fog. As a matter of fact on the day in question the fog soon disappeared and a delay of perhaps two hours would have prevented the accident. It should not be forgotten, however, that the captain was unwilling to enter the harbor during the fog Thursday night, and that the vessel remained at anchor for a period of nearly twelve hours and was thereby exposed in a large degree to the danger of collision. THUNDERSTORMS. It is sometimes stated that thunderstorms are exceedingly rare in California and that light- ning is almost unknown along the coast. And it is general!}" believed that the Pacific coast, or at least the southern half of it, is a region free from thunderstorms and the damage by lightning is practically an unknown quantitj'. In the eastern part of the United States consid- erable damage is done by thunderstorms between the months of April and September. In California thunderstorms may occur during any part of the year. In a discussion of 356 reports of thunderstorms in California from July, 1895, to August, 1896, we found that there were 3 dates in July on which storms occurred, 6 in August, 8 in September, 10 in October, none in November, 3 in December, 5 in January, 2 in February, 3 in March, 9 in April. 15 in May, 6 in June, 22 in July, and 17 in August. Some of the storms covered very large areas and were quite generally reported, such, for example, as October 14^15, 1895; May 29 and August 28-29, 1896. Examining certain marine reports, it appears that on January 25, 1896, thunderstorms prevailed in the Pacific Ocean, and it is not surprising to find that a dav or two later thunderstorms were reported in California. These storms apparently moved inland from the. ocean. There is another class of storms, however, apparently connected with the general low-pressure movements from the southwest. A condition favorable for thunderstorms in the valley of the Colorado in July and August is frequently followed within ten or twenty hours by thunderstorms along the Sierra. The following table shows the distribution of thunderstorms in California during the year of 1895-96: DISTRIBUTION OP 1895. 1896. Station. County. Eleva- tion. July. Aug. Sept. 20 Oct. I | Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Fed. 8,248 51 87 1.759 50 180 3 400 18-21 12 oo 23 Briggs Yolo Alameda San Bernardino DelNorte 14-15 14-15 15 8 23 Crescent City 14 21 15 .. 29 q .,, 29 .. 29 17 "ll IS Plumas Santa Clara Los Angeles . . . Mendooino Sacramento ... 4,750 150 800 74 182 17-18 1 14 _ 1 6 .. Follow's Camp 20 18-26 Fo)som City Grass Valley 20 .'7 '-'4 C-21 29 a 9 24 3,600 350 26 17-28 13 15-20 14-15 J. 9 5,000 293 i ono ..- -- 18 19 19 .... .... 17-29 17 24 Plumas Stanislaus 25 Lagrange Lick Observatory.. Lime Kiln... 14-15 IB-IS 6 Tulare... 600 29 25-2t!-27 251 252 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. DISTRIBUTION OF THUNDERSTORMS Continued. 1895. 1896. Station. County. Eleva- tion. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. I u & Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. Lodi San Joaquin. . . Feet. 32 29 27 26 Los Angeles 293 7 Santa Clara. . . . 600 28 McVullen Fresno 229 15 18 26 g Middletown Lake 1,300 22 23 Milton Calaveras 650 29 Mokelumne Hill .. do 1,550 28-29 Santa Cruz 950 15 Napa 95 13-15-16 15 Placer 956 24 Niles Alameda 87 26 15 \orth Bloomfleld Nevada 3,000 18 Oleta 1 610 12-18-19-20 29 26 24 28 Sacramento . 300 29 27 Ontario San Bernardino 1,750 9 Los Angeles . . . 875 26-27 Paso Robles San Luis Obispo 880 6 Sonoma 200 26 6-29 Pichaco San Diego 220 28 Pilot Creek I'lumas 4,000 7 29 Placerville Eldorado 1,820 15-16-17 29 29 26-27 16-21 Plumas 3,350 26 17 21 28-29 Reedlev Fresno 347 | Rio Vista Solano 11 6 Roseville Placer 162 16 24 8-9-18 Tehama 865 17 20 29 18-19 5-9-1 3_<3 1 6 Sacramento Sacramento . .. 35 15 28 San Francisco San Francisco . 155 15 26 16-24 29 San Jose Santa Clara 95 14 / 29 San Miguel Island Santa Barbara 500 19 San Leandro Alameda 48 15 26 29 Santa Clara Santa Clara 83 14 Santa Cruz Santa Cruz 25 29 Shasta Shasta 1 148 19 17 20 28 26-27 18-21 29 2 3- 9 3 28-9 Snedden's Ranch. . Ventura 4,900 27 10 Summerdale Mariposa 5,270 24 Snsanville Lassen 4,195 17 8-29 Turlock Stanislaus . . 106 Ukiah Mendocino 620 17 fl 6-'>9 Upper Soda Lake.. Lake 1,300 28-29 Ventura Ventura 50 27 Washington Nevada 2,140 29 Wcstpoint Calaveras 2, 326 29 Wire Bridge Placer 565 >4 Yreka Siskiyou 2,635 3 28-29 23-29-31 1 2 30 During the summer months in the great valleys and canyons of the eastern and southern portions of the State thunderstorms frequently occur during the afternoon and evening hours. John Muir, writing in the Atlantic Monthly for September, 1901, on the Big Trees, makes the following statement: " Most of the Sierra trees die of disease. Thus the magnificent silver firs are devoured by fungi, and comparatively few of them live to see their three hundredth birth year. But nothing hurts the Big Tree. I never saw one that was sick or showed the slightest sign of decay. It lives on through indefinite thousands of years, until burned, blown down, undermined, or shattered by some tremendous lightning stroke. No ordinary bolt ever seriously hurts Sequoia. In all my walks I have seen only one that was thus killed outright. " Lightning, though rare in California lowlands, is common on the Sierra. Almost every day in June and July small thunderstorms refresh the main forest belt. Clouds like snowy moun- tains of marvelous beauty grow rapidly in the calm sky about midday and cast cooling shadows THUNDERSTORMS. 253 and showers that seldom last more than an hour. Nevertheless, these brief, kind storms wound or kill a good man}' trees. I have seen silver firs 200 feet high split into long peeled rails and slivers down to the roots, leaving not even a stump, the rails radiating like the spokes of a wheel from a hole in the ground where the tree stood. But the Sequoia, instead of being split and slivered, usually has 40 or 50 feet of its brash, knotty top smashed off in short chunks about the size of cord wood, the beautiful rosy -red ruins covering the ground in a circle 100 feet wide or more. '*! never saw &ny that had been cut down to the ground, or even to below the branches, except one in the Stanislaus Grove, about 12 feet in diameter, the greater part of which was smashed to fragments, leaving only a leafless stump about 75 feet high. It is a curious fact that all the very old Sequoia nave lost their heads by lightning. 'All things come to him who waits,' but of all living things Sequoia is perhaps the only one able to wait long enough to make sure of being struck by lightning. Thousands of years it stands ready and waiting, offering its head to every passing cloud as if inviting its fate, praying for heaven's fire as a blessing, and when at last the old head is off another of the same shape immediately begins to grow on." During the months of July and August, 1896, thunderstorms were unusually frequent. During July storms occurred at Bodie on the 4th, 5th, 21st, 23d, and 25th; at Graf ton on the 4th; at Descanso on the 8th, 10th, 12th, 13th, and 24th; at Edmanton on the 5th, 15th, and 16th; at Greenville on the 5th, 16th, 24th, and 25th; at Guinda on the 5th: at Laporte on the 5th and 15th; at Lodi on the 25th; McMullen on the 3d, 4th, 7th, 12th, 17th, and 24th; at Middletown, 29th; Paso Robles, 4th; Peachland, 10th; Pichaco, 9th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 18th, and 24th: Pilot Creek, 5th, 15th, 16th, 25th, and 26th; Placerville, 25th; Quincy, 15th; Reedley, 4th, 5th, 22d, and 24th; Rio Vista, 10th; Rosewood, 5th, 15th, 25th, 27th, and 28th; Santa Cruz, 22d; Shasta, 17th, 26th, 27th, and 28th; Turlock, 4th and 25th; Ukiah, 10th and 29th; Upper Silver Lake, 10th, 27th, 28th, and 29th; Washington, 15th; West Point. 25th: Wire Bridge, Yreka, 25th, 26th, 27th, and 28th. August, 1896. Bodie, 12th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 22d; Crafton, 16th; Crescent City, 29th; Durham, 30th; Descanso,*14th, 15th, and 27th; Edmanton, 22d, 28th, and 30th; Follows Camp, 16th; Folsom. 22d and 30th; Grass Valley, 22d and 30th; Greenville, 22d, 23d. 24th, 28th, and 29th; Iowa Hill, 29th; Laporte, 22d, 28th, and 29th; Los Gatos, 19th; McMullen, 20th and 29th; Mid- dletown, 29th and 30th ; Newcastle, 18th and 22d: Niles.l9th; North Bloomfield.22d; Orangevale. 22d; Peachland, 19th and 20th; Pichaco, 14th, 19th, 26th, 27th, and 28th; Pilot Creek. 17th, 22d, and 29th; Placerville, 22d; Roseville, 21st; Rosewood, 19th, 20th, 23d, 28th, 29th, and 30th: Sacramento, 22d; San Jose, 19th; Santa Clara, 20th; Santa Cruz, 18th; Shasta, 20th and 27th: Susanville, 19th and 23d; Ukiah, 22d; Ventura. 17th: Wire Bridge. 22d; Yreka, 19th, 20th, and 21st. September, 1896. Edmanton (distant) on the 20th and 28th; at Grass Valley on the 28th; at Iowa Hill on the 28th; at Los Gatos on the 21st; at Lime Kiln on the 5th: at Laporte on the 2d, 3d, 6th, 20th, 22d, and 28th; at Upper Lake (Ma. Tel. Vineyard) on the 22d: at McMullen on the 20th; at North San Juan on the 28th; at Pilot Creek on the 5th and 28th; at Rio Vista on the 22d; at Reedley on the 5th: at Rosewood on the 22d; at San Jacinto on the 4th, 5th, and 29th; at Shasta on the 7th; at Snedden on the 5th: at Tulare on the 5th, 19th, and 22d: at Turlock (distant) on the 5th; at Yreka on the 6th, and 22d; at Isabella on the 5th. October, 1896. On the 20th, at Bodie; on the 25th, at Briggs Vineyard: on the 27th, at Descanso; on the 16th, at Famosa: on the 25th, at Guinda: on the 27th. at Las Fuentes Rancho: on the 25th, at Peachland; on the 16th, at Paso Robles: on the 27th. ;it Claremont: on the 16th, at Reedley; on tne 25th, at Sacramento; on the 25th, at Ukiah; on the 25th. at Winter-. During November and December there were few, if any. thunderstorms in California. The following notes relative to the character of the storms may be of interest: On January 26, 1896, the plant of the Haywoods Electric Light Company was struck by lightning. The electrician. Mr. J. Putnam, is reported as .saying: I was not more than 20 feet away from the dynamo when the crash came, and it seemed as if the lightning filled the whole building. The flames shot out from the dynamo about 8 feet, and the wires, magnets, and mica were thrown all over the place. I instantly ran to the switchboard and disconnected the wires, and there was no more 254 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. light that night. The accident was a very simple one, and one that will be guarded against in future. The lightning was conducted to the machine by one of the wires, and of course the dynamo was instantly overcharged and burnt. * * * There is one hole and no trace of the missing metal. The wires that surrounded the magnets were so highly charged that they flew in all directions, and when the mica was free it fell around in showers. It will take several days to fix the wrecked machine. If I had been oiling that dynamo when the lightning struck I would have been charred to a cinder as rapidly as that piece of iron was burned. At Folsom, on the 24th of April, lightning struck the lines of the Electric Light and Power Company five times, and the machines went out of step at each stroke. The lightning arresters were burned and discolored. On April 9, at Ontario, two strokes of lightning entered the electric power house. Wires were burned and a coat belonging to one of the employees set on fire. The first stroke, it is stated, came from overhead, while the second struck the wires miles away and came in when the sky was clear overhead. Lightning conductors were under the floor, but had not been connected, as it was thought there would be no use for them. After the first stroke they were connected. Notwithstanding, the second stroke did more damage in the power house than the former, showing that it was much the heavier charge. The Fresno Republican of October 17 reports that A heavy thunderstorm in the hills caused a shutting down last evening of the entire electric plant of the San Jqaquin Electric Company for twenty minutes. The lightning passing over the lightning arresters caused the points to become welded together, forming a short circuit across the two lines. Occurring at a time when the city was in darkness the delay in repairing was greater than it would have been during the day. No great damage was done to the machinery. In the city of San Francisco houses and barns have been struck and some damage done. A large cypress tree on the southeast corner of Broderick and Green streets was riven from branch to root. A very large branch was torn off and thrown some little distance. On August 19, 1896, the signal-flag pole at Point Lobos was struck by lightning and badly damaged. The pole was 60 feet high, and the upper 20 feet were so torn that a new pole was necessary. Large splinters of wood were thrown over 150 feet away. Lights were burned out at the terminus of the Sutro Electric Railroad, and other damage done in the vicinity. On November 7, 1900, four distinct flashes of lightning, accompanied by loud thunder, were recorded at the Weather Bureau office at San Francisco. The first fla>sli was at 10.15 a. 111. and the others at 10.27, 10.30, and 10.42 a. m. The average interval between the flash and the thunder was about six seconds. On December 14, 1900, during a sharp thunderstorm a flash of lightning struck the relief gasometer at Bay and Buchanan streets, containing 260,000 cubic feet of gas. The tank was demolished and the gas ignited. The flame was carried by the gale a dis- tance of 250 feet, and the roar could be heard above the noise of the storm. The officials of the gas company estimated the loss at $6,000. On Oct< Vr 3, 1901, at Houghton ranch, near Thomas Creek, about 12 miles west of Corn- ing, Cal. , during a heavy thunderstorm Coutea Jobe, aged 20 yeai s, was struck b_y a flash of lightning and killed. The light-house on the Southeast Farallon Island was once struck and a small amount of damage resulted. January, 1898. At Hill Ranch on the 31st. February, 1898. At Fort Bragg on the 20th, Grass Valley 7th, Iowa Hill 27th, Lodi 7th, Rosewood 7th, 20th, and 27th, Sacramento 7th, Shasta 24th and 27th, Wire Bridge 7th and 27th. March, 1898. At Folsom and Grass Valley on the 9th, Hill Ranch 25th, Iowa Hill 9th and 17th, Limekiln, Oleta, Placerville, and Pilot Creek 9th, Rosewood 16th, West Point 9th, Wire Bridge 9th and 26th. April, 1898. At Bowmans Dam 29th and 30th, Descanso 14th, Durham 30th, Edmanton 29th, Elsinore 14th, Fohcm oOth, Grass Valley 29th, Laporte 29th and 30th, North Hill vineyard 6th, Oleta and Pilot Creek 30th, Quincy 29th, Shasta 27th, Susanville and West Point 30th, Yreka 20th and 22d. May, 1898. At Bodie on the llth and 12th, Cedarville 5th, llth, and 13th, Grass Valley 19th, Rosewood 12th, 17th, and 18th, Shasta 17th and 18th, Susanville 14th, Yreka 5th, llth, 12th, and 13th. June, 1898. At Bodie on the 6th, Bowmans Dam 7th and 8th, Cedarville 7th, llth, and 22d, Edmanton 8th and 9th, Manzana 10th, Rosewood 1st, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and llth, Shasta 1st and 8th, Ukiah th. THUNDERSTORMS. 255 July, 1898. M Bodie on the 6th and 29th, Descanso 10th, Edmanton 8th, Los Angeles 4th, San Jacinto 3d and 4th, West Saticoy 4th. Yreka 8th and 21st August, 1898. At Bodie on the 6th, 12th, and 13th, Cedarville 8th and 13th. Crescent City 28th, Descanso 10th, loth, 20th, 21st. 22d, 24th, and 28th, Edmanton 28th, Elsinore 9th, 10th. 12th, and 20th, Fallbrook 9th, Greenville 6th and 7th, Laporte 6th, Oleta 7th, Quincy 29th, Rosewood 6th, 13th, 14th, and 31st, San Jacinto 9th and 21st, Shasta 28th, Sierra Madre 9th. Susanville 13th and 29th, Ukiah and Upper Lake 13th, Yreka 6th, 7th, 14th, 28th, and 31st. September, 1898. At Anada on the 1st, Descanso 8th, Georgetown, Grand Island, Oleta, and Pilot Creek 26th, Rosewood 1st, Susanville 30th, Turlock 26th, Yreka 1st. October, 1898. At Crescent City on the 1st, Durham 3d, Grand Island 3d and 7th, Greenville 7th and 8th, Lodi 2d and 8th, Oakland and Peachland 7th, Rosewood 3d, Turlock 1st and 8th. Wire Bridge 2d. November, 1898. At Crescent City, Del Xorte County, on the 19th. December, 1898. At Escondido on the 9th, Fallbrook 8th and 9th, Long Beach 14th. Poway 9th. January, 1899. At Fallbrook. Irvine, Paso Robles, Ranch House. Santa Barbara, and West Saticoy on the llth, Oleta on the 20th. February, 1899. At Berkeley on the 1st and Mills College on the 2d. March, 1899. At Goldrun on the 12th, Grass Valley 13th, Iowa Hill 12th, Kennedy Gold Mine 28th, Lodi 16th, Oleta 26th, Pilot Creek 12th and 28th. Rosewood and Shasta 24th and 28th, Wire Bridge 13th and 18th, Yreka 28th. April, 1899. At Grand Island on the 25th, Greenville 21st, Guadaloupe 26th, Laporte 21st, Napa 24th, North Bloonitiold 27th. North San Juan 24th, 25th, and 30th. Oleta 23d, Pilot Creek and Raymond 30th, Rosewood 1st and 24th, Thermalito 24th and 30th. May, 1899. At Bodie on the 5th. Bowmans Dam 4th and 18th, Cisco 12th and 18th, Cuyamaca 8th, Delta 5th, Floriston 18th, Folsom 14th, Goldrun 6th, Grand Island 5th and 24th, Greenville 5th and 14th, Iowa Hill 18th and 24th, Lodi 6th, Moreno Dam 8th, North Bloomfield 5th and 14th, North San Juan 6th, Oleta 24th, Placerville 24th, Sacramento 14th, Tehama, Thermalito. and Wheatland 5th. Yreka 24th. June, 1899. At Folsom, Pilot Creek, and Wire Bridge on the 2d, Susanville on the 1st. July, 1899. At Cedarville on the 14th. Cuyamaca and Volcano Springs 20th and 21st. Yreka 14th and 15th. August, 1899. The central and northern portions of the State experienced unusual electrical storms during the first patrt of the month, that of the 3d being the most severe in the month of August for many years: it was accompanied by rain at some places and by heavy 1 ilstorms at others, but no extensive damage was reported. In the San Joaquin Valley, where the storm was most severe, telegraph and telephone lines were interfered with, fuses were burned out and a few poles were struck by lightning, and at North Hill vineyard two horses were instantly killed. During the storm of the 6th. in the vicinity of Chico six persons were stunned by lightning while riding in a wagon and a j T oung colt was killed. On the 10th, at Susanville, Lassen County, several sheep were killed by lightning. The following stations report thunderstorms on the 3d: Auburn, Bodie. also on the 1st, 2d, 4th and 7th: Elkgrove. Folsom, also on the 4th; Goldrun, Grand Island. Guinda, Iowa Hill, also 2d, 4th. 5th, 6th; Lagrange, Lankershim, Lathrop, Lick Observatory. Lodi. Merced. Milton. Minturn. Napa. North Bloomtield, North Hill vineyard, North San Juan, also 4th and 6th: Palermo, also 5th and 6th; Pilot Creek, also 4th. 5th, 6th; Raymond, Riovista. Sacramento. Shasta, also 16th; Stockton, Upper Lake. Vacaville, Wheat- land. Wire Bridge. Woodland. Other thunderstorms were reported as follows: At Boulder Creek on the 4th and 5th, Chico 6th, Covelo 20th, Edmanton 17th, Fort Ross and Grass Valley 4th. Greenville 4th and 6th, Healdsburg 2d, Kono Tayee 1st. Laporte 4th, 6th. 17th. Los Angeles 9th. Oleta 6th, 7th. Orange 9th, Quincy 6th. Rosewood 6th. 7th. Santa Ana 9th. Susanville 4th. 5th. 6th, 10th, 17th, Yreka 13th. 19th. September, 1899. At Arcadia. Buena Park. Compton. Downey. Irvine. North Ontario, Palm Springs. Ranch House, and Sierra Madre on the 9th. There were also thunderstorms in the mountains near Bakersfield, Downey, Huron, and Tejon Rancho on the llth. 256 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. October, 1809. At Arcadia on the 7th, Crescent City 19th, Cuyamaca and Lamesa 6th, Lodi llth and 12th, North Bloomfield 12th, North Hill vineyard llth, North Ontario 6th, Oleta llth and 12th, Pilot Creek llth, 12th, and 20th, Ranch House 6th, Reedley 13th, Represa llth, Rose- wood 12th, 21st, and 22d, Shasta 19th and 22d, Stockton 1st, Summit 10th and llth, Wire Bridge llth and 12th. November, 1899. At Crescent City on the 21st, Fall Brook 17th, Lamesa 14th, Oleta 12th and 15th, Placerville 15th, Rosewood 10th. December, 1899. At Berkeley and Fort Ross on the 8th and Crescent City on the 14th, 30th, and 31st. January, 1900.. At Crescent City on the 7th. February, 1900. At Porterville, Rosewood, Santa Maria, and Yreka on the 18th. March, 1900. At Bellevue on the 3d, Claremont and Follows Camp 20th, Crescent City 26th, Delta 2d, Edmanton 22d and 25th, Folsom, Grass Valley, Greenville, Laporte, Mokelumne Hill, North Hill vineyard, Oleta, Porterville, Westpoint, and Wire Bridge 22d, Lagrange, Raymond, Redding, Represa, Rosewood, Thermalito, and Wheatland 4th, Moreno Dam 14th, North San Juan 7th, Pilot Creek 21st, Susanville 30th. April, 1900. At Bellevue, Bodie, Shasta, Susanville, and Yreka 30th, Bowmans Dam 15th, Branscomb, Durham, Edmanton, Grass Valley, Iowa Hill, Johnsville, Lagrange, Lankershim, Laporte, Le Grand, Lodi, Merced, Nevada City, Palermo, Redding, Rosewood, Vina, Visalia, and Wire Bridge 2d, Elsinore 28th, Greenville 25th, 28th, and 30th, Irvine 3d and 27th, Moreno Dam 27th, Oleta 23d, Pilot Creek 2d and 28th, Raymond 3d. May, 1900. At Bellevue on the 31st, Crescent City, Edmanton, Greenville, Laporte, and Pilot Creek 2d, Folsom, Irvine, Represa, Sacramento, Shasta, Tracy, and Wire Bridge 4th, Rosewood 9th and 10th, Susanville 3d. June, 1900. At Antioch, Brentwood, Campbell, Danville, Jackson, Laporte, Lick Observa- tory, Lodi, Los Gatos, Milton, Mokelumne Hill, North Hill vineyard, Oleta, Riovista, San Luis Obispo, San Ramon, and Wire Bridge on the 13th, Auburn, Georgetown, and Iowa Hill on the 12th, Cedarville lltb, Cottonwood, Red Bluff, and Shasta 15th, Edmanton 9th, Greenville 9th and 15th, Paso Robles 8th, Pilot Creek 12th to 15th, Rosewood 8th, 13th, and loth, Susanville 8th and 9th, Tejon Rancho 8th, Yreka 2d, llth, 15th, 17th, and 22d. July, 1900. At Bodie on the 31st, Bowmans Dam 21st, Cedarville 20th, 21st, and 29th, Elsinore 20th, Greenville 2d, 21st, and 22d, Laporte and North San Juan 21st, Palm Springs 20th and 31st, Pilot Creek 21st, 22d, and 23d, Rosewood 1st, Summit 20th and 24th, Susanville 2d, 20th, 21st, and 29th, Yreka 20th and 29th. August, 1900. At Bellevue on the 7th, 14th, 18th, 20th, 22d, and 28th, Bodie 1st, Cedarville 10th, 14th, and 20th, Edmanton 30th, Elsinore and Fall Brook 1st, La Porte 29th, Mammoth Tank 1st, Manzana 31st, Moreno Dam 1st, Oleta 30th, Placerville 30th, Redding 20th, Rosewood 7th and 28th, Shasta 24th, Susanville 19th, Yreka 14th and 21st. September, 1900. At Branscomb on the 7th, llth, and 13th, Cedarville 7th and 10th, Cuya- maca 2d, Folsom and Grand Island 12th, Greenville 3d, 10th, llth, and 12th, Jackson 12th, Lodi 13th, North Bloomfield llth, 12th, and 13th, North Hill Vineyard 12th, Pilot Creek and Placer- ville 13th, Redding 4th, 5th, 12th, and 13th, Rosewood 4th, 7th, llth, and 12th, Sacramento 12th, Santa Barbara 1st, Shasta 4th, Summit 12th, Susanville 3d, Tejon Ranch 1st and 2d, Visalia 2d and 3d, West Point 3d and 12th, Wire Bridge 12th, Yreka 7th, 10th, and 12th. October, 1900. At Branscomb on the 3d, Crescent City 18th and 23d, Grand Island 28th, Iowa Hill 2d, Keeler, La Porte, and Moreno Dam llth, Pilot Creek 2d, llth, and 28th, Redding llth, Summit 4th, Wheatland 18th, West Point 2d. November, 1900. At Berkeley on the 7th and 16th, Branscomb 20th, Claremont and Cuyamaca 17th, Grand Island, Grass Valley, and Los Gatos 7th, Los Angeles 16th, Mills College 7th and 16th, Niles 7th, North Ontario 17th, Oakland and San Francisco 7th and 16th, Oleta 19th, Rio Vista 21st, Rosewood 7th, Sacramento 21st, San Bernardino and Soledad 17th. THUNDERSTORMS. 257 December, 1900. The following stations reported severe storms, accompanied by thunder, lightning, high wind, and rain, on the 14th: Berkeley, Campbell, Fort Ross, Grand Island, Jack- son, Lick Observatory, Merced, Mills College, Modesto, Oakland, Oleta, Peachland, Pilot Creek, Rio Vista, San Francisco, San Leandro, Sonoma, Suisun, Vacaville, West Point, and Wire Bridge; also at Crescent City and Tequisquita Rancho on the 16th, and Le Grand on the 17th. LOCAL STORMS. With nearly even* general disturbance there are reports of individual disturbances with more or less damage in limited areas. As a rule the State of California is exempt from marked tornadic disturbances. Severe local storms, however, sometimes occur, but, as stated above, these are chiefly straight-line wind storms. The following illustration, however, seems to show more of the violent gyratory action of the whirlwind than of an ordinary storm, and is therefore given. STORM OF DECEMBER 14, 1900. By J. C. STAN-TON, voluntary observer. The storm of December 14 in the vicinity of Rio Vista somewhat resembled a tornado, accompanied by thunder and lightning. The first manifestation seema to have been at Lodi, about 10 miles to the southeast, where consider- able damage was done. It then took somewhat of a southwesterly course to Collinsville, where a hay barn was taken up bodily, carried several hundred feet, dropped, and entirely demolished. The building must have been raised perpendicularly, as a large quantity of baled hay which it contained remained intact and unmolested. From this point the storm took a northeasterly course, arriving at Rio Vista about 10.45 a. m., sweeping through the northwest part of the town, unroofing a carpenter shop, blowing down a high board fence, and overturning two windmills at St. Gertrude's Academy. These were strongly constructed, with iron towers, and from their appear- ance seem to have been twisted off and so badly damaged as to be entirely worthless. About 300 yards from this point the storm demolished another iron windmill, and picked up a heavy handcart, carrying it 600 feet, dropping and breaking it to pieces. By this time the wind was blowing from the west. Half a mile farther on another barn was demolished by being carried a short distance and dropped. From this point the storm traveled easterly, and at a distance of less than a mile unroofed a large warehouse on the bank of the Sacramento River. It then crossed the river in a southeasterly direction, doing some damage. During the storm, which lasted but a few minutes, the wind blew from all points of the compass, commencing from the southeast and returning to the same. SAXD STORMS. Sand storms and dust storms occur quite frequently in man}- portions of the State. Partic- ularly on the southeastern slope of the Sierra and in some of the valleys of southern California do these storms occur. The presence of an area of high pressure over Nevada and Utah, causing strong northerly winds, is probably the prime factor in the formation of these dust storms. As might be expected, the air is highly electrified at such times. Like the "northers" of the great valleys these dust-laden winds are very trying upon people and injurious to stock and crops. Many illustrations could be given, but the following will probably suffice: SAND STORM IN SAX LCIS OBISPO COrXTY. The following report of a remarkable sand storm near Creston, San Luis Obispo County, is furnished by John G. W. and Wilhelmina A. Schulte. The severity of this storm was also noted by many other observers in their monthly reports for June: "On June 30, 1898, there was an unusually heavy sand storm from 10 a. m. to 8 p. m. The early morning had the appearance of light fog, although no moisture was felt, and it was soon realized that a sand storm was approach- ing. The clouds of fine dust became so dense that large oak trees 50 yards away could be but indistinctly seen. The air was very still ami sultry. The little sunlight visible at times through the dust was white in appearance and much resembled moonlight. In a little while all things had a gray or yellowish coating. Animals seemed affected and were quiet. Not a sound was to be heard; not even the chirping of birds. There was an unpleasant odor with the dust, which resembled buhach. "This was said to be the severest storm known in the middle section of San Luis Obispo County. It appeared at Paso Robles, in the northern part of the county, about 8 a. m., but was not felt at Creston, 16 miles southeast, until 9.30 a. m. In Creston there was a slight northerly breeze. Maximum temperature, 91; minimum, 46; temperature at noon, 86." 1176 Bull. L-03 17 EARTHQUAKES. It may be open to question whether the subject of earthquakes should properly be included in a memoir upon climatology. The subject belongs rather to geology. In the absence, however, of any systematic record of seismic phenomena in the State of California, a brief record of the quakes has been kept by the Weather Bureau. There is a well-defined belief among the older residents of California that earthquakes are preceded by a spell of sultry weather, and this is even known by the name of ''earthquake weather." There is, however, no known relation between earthquakes and the weather. As shown by the following table, some of the most severe earthquakes have occurred when the conditions of weather were in nowise those which are said to be characteristic. The true causes of earthquakes must be sought elsewhere than in meteorological conditions. January, 1897. At Niles on the 29th, San Leandro 17th and 23d. February, 1897. At Descanso on the 16th and 25th. May, 1897. At Crescent City on the loth. 23d, and 29th. Edmanton loth. June, 1897. On the 2nth at Campbell, Centerville, Hollister. North Hill Vineyard, Rio Vista. Sacramento. San Francisco, San Jose, San Leandro, Santa Cruz, and Stockton. July, 1897. At Castle Pinckney on the 18th. August, 1897. At Ukiah on the 19th. Sept.1,,1,,-. 1897. At Descanso on the 6th and 22d, Hollister 2d. October, 1897. At Campl>ell on the 2d and 17th, Descanso 27th. Niles 2d. San Francisco and San Jose 17th. Xoi-,-,,,1,, /-. 1897. At Descanso on the 12th and 22d, Escondido and Fall Brook 22d. Dtc,-ili: 1897. At Niles on the 26th. 1898. The only severe shock experienced was on the 30th of March, when considerable damage resulted at San Francisco, Vallejo, and other points in the central and northern portions: and at Centerville. Alameda County, it was reported the most severe since October 21. 1868. Jr!l. 1898. At Claremont on the 30th. Descanso 21st: Fort Bragg. Mills College, Oak- land. Peachland 14th. Pomona 3<>th. Upper Lake 14th and loth. JA'.y. 1898. At Cedarville on the 17th and 19th. Hollister 28th. There were frequent shocks during the month at Fort Bragg. Jim.-. 189*. At Descanso on the 23d and 24th, Ukiah 8th, 9th, and llth. Upper Lake 9th. 259 260 CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA. August, 1898. At Oakland on the 7th, San Leandro 28th and 31st. October, 1898. At Bishop on the 13th, Descanso 30th, San Bernardino 23d, [Tkiah, 15th. November, 1898. At Centerville on the 14th, Sunimerdale 5th. December, 1898. At Centerville and San Leandro on the 7th. January, 1899. Light shocks occurred at Napa and Sonoma on the 13th, ant. v a.t S Bernar- dino on the 24th. March, 1899. Light shock at Ukiah on the 7th. April, 1899. Light shocks at Oakland on the 5th and 30th, Cuyamaca 14th, ^yd ville 16th and 18th. On the 30th quite heavy shocks were reported at Alvarado, Campbell, Capitola, Coyote, Gilroy, Glenwood, Hollister, Los Gatos, Niles (Centerville), Pacific Grove, San Francisco, San Leandro, Santa Cruz, Soledad, Stanford University, and Stockton. ^ M/iy, 1899. There was a light shock at Bishop on the 13th. ^ June, 1899. On the 1st, at 11.20 p. m., severe shocks occurred at San '"isco, Niles, Oakland, Stanford University, Capitola, Mills College, Napa, and Livermore. T shocks were also reported, as follows: On the 1st at Campbell,. Moreno Dam, Peachhu )aklai.d; 5th, Bradle}'; llth, Keeler, Porterville, and Milo; 13th, San Francisco, San Jo 'M-keley; 25th San Miguel. July, 1899. At 12.10 p. m. on the 6th light shocks occurred at Berkelc; Creek, Campbell, Capitola, Coyote, Elmwood, Gilroy, Glenwood, Gonzales, HOJ, ^athrop, Le Grand, Los Gatos, Merced, Milbrae, Modesto, Mount Eden, Napa, Niles. d, Pacific Grove, Salinas, San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Cruz, and Stockton. Sevena severe shocks occurred in the southern portion of the State on the 21st and 22d, followed \>\ li " u>s on the 23d, 28th, and 29th; reports were received from Anaheim, Arcadia, Colton, i r , El Cajon, Elsinore, Escondido, Fall Brook, Florence, Los Angeles, North Ontario, Pas dera, Pomona, Redlands, Riverside, San Bernardino. San Diego, San Dimas, San Pedro, Sar.ra Ana, Spadra, and Ventura. August, 1899. The following stations reported light shocks on the 4th and 5th: Ben Lomond, Boulder Creek, Campbell, Capitola, Glenwood, Lathrop, Los Gatos, Napa, Niles, Oak- land, San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Cruz, and Tequisquita. There was also a slight shock at San Diego on the 21st. September, 1899. There was a severe shock at San Miguel on the 16th; two light shocks at Needles on the 20th. October, 1899. Light shocks occurred at Cuyamaca, Peachland, and Santa Rosa on the 12th; Moreno Dam, llth and 28th. November, 1899. There was a light shock at Napa on the 16th. December, 1899. On the 25th sharp shocks were experienced throughout southern Califor- nia; many observers reported the shocks the most severe ever known. Lisrhter shocks were also experienced frequently from the 25th to the 31st. Reports were reccu /rom the follow- ing stations: Arcadia, Banning, Claremont, Crafton, Cuyamaca, Duarte, Ei Cajon, Elsinore, Escondido, Fall Brook, Follows Camp, Girard, Hemet, Indio, La Mesa, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Monte, Moreno Dam, Needles, North Ontario, Norwalk, Ontario, Palm Springs, Pomona, Ravenna, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Dimas, San Jacinto. Sierra Madre, Tehachapi, Tustin, and Whittier. Lighter shocks were reported at Ciiico on the 12th, 13th, 19th, 20th, and at Napa on the 25th. . January, 1900. At Campbell, Niles, and San Leandro on the 14th, Los Gatos 6th, Moreno Dam 28th, Napa 5th, Palm Springs, ' frequently during the first part of the month," Peachland 31st, San Jacinto 1st, 2d, 4th, 9th, 13th, 15th, and 27th. February, 1900. At Claremont on the 2d, Cuyamaca 13th, Petaluma 9th, San Jacinto 7th and 9th. March, 1900. At Claremont on the 2lst, Napa, Vacaville, and Vallejo 26th, Peachland 20th, San Jacinto -18th. EARTHQUAKES. 261 Jyv.v. //><"/. At Cuyamaca on th.> i'3d. Fall Brook 9th. Napa Itith, San Jacinto 15th and If.th. M 1900 -^ Elsinore on the 18th, Ferndale 16th; Mills College, Nil.-s. and Oakland 31st. San' !ac! o 19th, San Jose. Stanford University and Tequisquita Rancho 31st. *,j>i, ,,J>er, '1900. At Oakland on the 19th and Tequisquita Rancho on the 28th. October, 1900. There was a light shock at Tequisquita Rancho on the 24th. November 'W. Light shocks occurred at Branscomb on the 8th, Cuyamaca 5th and 19th, Fallbrook 14, Moreno Dam 19th. Napa 25th, Oakland 24th, Penn Grove 13th. 00. There was a light shock at San Jose on the 30th. r.. I NDEX. Page. CLIMATOLOGY OF CALIFORNIA 7 Controlling factors ^ 7 Pressure distribution 7 Monthly precipitation at San Francisco (inches and hundredth^) 9 Movement of areas of high pressure 12 Movement of areas of low pressure 12 Storms of the West Pacific Ocean 12 Typhoons of the Pacific Ocean 13 Low areas on the Pacific coast 14 Track of Pacific storm of November 20, 1895 14 Prevailing air drift and ocean effect '.. 15 Topography 16 Table of elevations exceeding 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) in California 17 CLIMATE OF NORTH AND CENTRAL COAST 25 Climatology of Eureka, and weather conditions along the coast of northern California Mean monthly and annual temperatures 25 Summary of monthly mean temperature 26 Weather 26 Rainfall at Eureka, from January 1, 1887, to December 31, 1898 (inchesand hundredths) 26 Dates of first and last light and killing frosts, with lowest temperature at Eureka 28 Monthly precipitation, greatest and least and dates 28 A verage hourly wind velocity at Eureka 28 Highest wind velocity, direction and date for each month at Eureka, from January 1, 1888 29 Average humidity (percent) at Eureka 29 Number of foggy days and thunderstorms in fourteen years at Eureka 29 Total number of days on which precipitation has fallen at Eureka since January 1 , 1887 29 Greatest precipitation in twenty-four hours for each month at Eureka 29 Annual meteorological summary of Eureka for the years 1899, 1900 30 Sunshine at Eureka during the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 32 Climate of San Francisco 33 Seasonal rainfall 35 Monthly mean temperatures 35 Me mthly mean temperatures summary 36 Weather 36 Average temperature for each hour, seventy-fifth meridian time 36 Average pressure (inches and thousandths) for each hour of seventy-fifth meridian time 37 Sunshine for the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 38 Annual meteorological summary for the years 1899, 1900 39 Some maximum ami minimum temperatures 41 Notes from the record of G. H. Gibbons, M. D., 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850 42 Total number of days on which precipitation has fallen from March 1, 1871, to March 1, 1901 43 Number of high winds. September, 1881, to December 31, 1900 43 Highest wind velocity, direction and date for each month to December 31, 1900 43 Average velocity of afternoon winds 43 Greatest precipitation in twenty-four hours for each month 44 Greatest monthly precipitation and date 44 Least monthly precipitation and date 45 Number of times monthly precipitation has exceeded the normal for fifty years 45 Average hourly wind velocity (miles per hour) 45 Monthly relative humidity (per cent) 46 Dates of snowfall in San Francisco since March 1, 1871 46 The great, rainstorm of 1866 46 Rainfall as measured by John Pettee January 1, 1865, to March 19, 1902 48 263 264 INDEX. Page. CLIMATE OP SOUTHERN COAST 59 San Luis Obispo Rainfall (inches and hundredths) for the past twenty-eight years 59 Precipitation in inches and hundredths 60 Wind velocity and direction 60 Snowfall. The only snowfall at the station, one-half inch, occurred March 3, 1896 60 Mean monthly and annual temperature Maximum and minimum temperatures 61 Weather 61 Annual Meteorological Summary for the year.* 1899 and 1900 62 Santa Barbara 64 Climate 65 Precipitation (inches and hundredths) Climate of Santa Barbara Foothills, Pine Crest Station . 67 Los Angeles - 68 Mean monthly and annual temperature 69 Maximum temperature Minimum temperature 70 Mean daily range in temperature 70 Greatest and least daily range in temperature 71 Number of days temperature was above 90 F 71 Number of days temperature was below 32 F 72 Mean relative humidity 72 Highest and lowest mean relative humidity (per cent) 73 Total number of hours of actual sunshine 73 Total number of hours of possible sunshine 73 Percentage of sunshine - _ 73 Number of clear, partly cloudy, and cloudy days 74 Number of days with frost 75 Number of days with thunderstorms 75 Numbei of days with 0.01 inch or more rainfall 76 Monthly precipitation (inches and hundredths) , 76 Total precipitation by seasons. 77 Greatest precipitation (inches and hundredth^) in twenty-four hours 77 Prevailing wind direction 78 Highest velocity of wind (miles per hour) and direction 78 Average daily wind movement (miles per hour) 79 Average hourly wind velocity (miles per hour) 79 Monthly seasonal and annual summaries 80 San Diego 81 Mean monthly and annual temperature 82 Maximum and minimum temperature 83 Mean monthly relative humidity (per cent) 85 Number of high winds in twenty-eight years 85 Summary of monthly means and extremes of temperature 85 Weather 85 Monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation 86 Monthly extremes of precipitation 87 Greatest precipitation (in inches and hundredths) in twenty-four hours 87 Total number of days with precipitation since November 1 , 1871 87 Dates when precipitation equaled or exceeded 2.50 inches in any consecutive twenty-four hours 88 No snow reported to have fallen at San Diego since beginning of record in 1850 88 Highest wind velocity, direction, and date for each month during the past twenty -seven years 88 Average hourly wind velocity (miles per hour) 88 Number of days with one hour or more of fogs and number of thunderstorms in eleven years 89 Average pressure (in inches and thousandths) for each hour of seventy-fifth meridian time 89 Average temperature each hour seventy-fifth meridian time 90 Sunshine for the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 90 F.xcessive precipitation 91 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY 93 Red Bluff 93 Monthly and annual mean temperature 93 Summary of monthly means and extremes of temperature 94 INDEX. 265 CLIMATOLOGY OF THE GREAT VALLEY Continued. Red Bluff Continued. P,^ Precipitation exceeding 2.50 inches in any consecutive twenty-four hours 94 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredth*- ) 94 Greatest amount of precipitation (inches and hundredth?) in twenty-four hours 95 Weather * 95 Number of days with thunderstorms 95 Dates of first and last killing f rosts from 1882 to 1899, inclusive 96 Annual meteorological summary for the years 1899, 1900 96 Sacramento 97 Mean monthly and annual temperatures ; 98 Maximum and minimum temperatures 99 Summaries of monthly means and extremes of temperatures 99 Weather 100 Dates of first and last light and killing frosts, with lowest temperature and snowfall, and dates-of blooming fruit trees from 1869 to 1901 100 Monthly, annual, and seasonal precipitation (inches and hundredths) 101 Greatest precipitation (inches and hundredths) in twenty-four'. hours 103 Dates when precipitation equaled or exceeded 2.50 inches in any consecutive twenty-four hours 103 Monthly extremes of precipitation 103 Average hourly wind velocity ( miles- per hour) 104 Number of days with precipitation from July 1, 1877, to December 31, 1900 104 Number of clear, partly cloudy, cloudy, rainy, and foggy days, and total number of thunderstorms and auroras from July 1, 1877, to December 31, 1900 104 Number of high wind? from July 1, 1877, to December 31, 1900 105 Highest wind velocity, direction, and date from July 1, 1877, to April 30, 1901 105 Greatest precipitation in the shortest periods of time from July, 1877, to April, 1901 105 Fresno Mean monthly and annual temperature 106 Summaries of monthly means and extremes of temperature 106 Dati-s of frost 107 Monthly, annual, and seasonal precipitation (inches and hundredths) 107 Greatest precipitation t inches and hundredths) hi twenty-four hours. .: 107 Monthly extremes of precipitation (inches and hundredths) 108 Weather 108 Foggy days and days with thunderstorms in twelve years 108 Highest wind velocity (miles per hour) and direction for twelve years 108 Average monthly relative humidity for twelve years 109 Sunshine for the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 110 CLIMATE OF SANTA CLABA VALLEY Ill Mean monthly and annual temperature Ill Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 112 Menlo Park 112 Monthly and annual mean temperature 113 Monthly and annual precipitation 113 Maximum teni|>eratures 114 Minimum temperatures 114 San Mateo 115 Monthly ami annual mean temperature 115 Maximum temperatures 116 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 116 Minimum temperatures 117 San Jose 117 Maximum temperatures 118 Minimum teni|>eratures 118 Monthly and annual mean temperature 119 Monthly and annual precipitation 119 Mount Hamilton i Lick Observatory) 120 Maximum temperatures 120 Minimum temperatures 121 M< mthly and annual mean temj>erature 121 Mi >nthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 121 Mean relative humidity 122 Total monthly wind movement ( miles) ^ 122 266 INDEX. LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY: AptOS Page. Monthly and annual mean temperature . 123 Monthly and annual precipitation ( inches and himdredths ) 124 Auburn 124 Maximum temperatures 125 Minimum temperatures 125 Monthly and annual mean temperatures 126 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 126 Berkeley Atmospheric pressure 127 Temperature 127 Precipitation 128 Relative humidity 128 Weather in general 128 Boca 128 Monthly and annual mean temperature 129 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and himdredths) 129 Chico Maximum temperature 130 Minimum temperature 131 Monthly and annual mean temperature 131 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 132 Coronado 132 Average and extreme data for a period of thirteen years 133 Gilroy 133 Monthly and annual mean temperature 134 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 134 Hollister 134 Monthly and annual mean temperature 135 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 136 Independence Monthly mean temperature 136 Summary of monthly means and extremes of temperature 137 Weather 137 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 137 Greatest monthly precipitation (inches and hundredths) 138 Least monthly precipitation and data (inches and hundredths) 138 Number of times monthly precipitation has exceeded the normal for four years .- 138 Total number of days with precipitation since December 1, 1894 138 Foggy days and thunderstorms 138 Number of high winds 138 Highest wind velocity, direction, and date for each month (miles per hour) 139 Average velocity of afternoon winds 139 Average hourly velocity 139 Mean monthly relative humidity (per cent) 139 Average snowfall since December 1, 1894 140 Annual meteorological summary for the years 1899 and 1900 141 Livennore Monthly and annual mean temperature 142 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 143 Mammoth Tank 143 Maximum temperature 144 Minimum temperature 144 Monthly and annual mean temperature 145 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hunnredths) 145 Oakland 145 Monthly and annual mean temperature 14ti Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 146 Redlands 147 Monthly and annual mean temperature 147 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 147 INDEX. 267 LOCAL CLIMATOLOGY Continued. Pge. Riverside 1-1" Monthly and annual mean temperature 148 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 148 Salinas '- 148 Mean, monthly, and annual temperature 149 Maximum temperature 150 Minimum temperature 150 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 151 Salton Monthly and annual mean temperature 151 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 152 San Bernardino Mean, monthly, and annual temperature 152 Highest and lowest temperature 152 Relative humidity 153 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredthg) 153 Clear, fair, cloudy, rainy days; winds 154 Santa Cruz 154 Monthly and annual mean temperature 155 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 155 Stockton 156 Mean temperature, 1871 to 1900 156 Monthly and annual precipitation, 1850-1900 (inches and hundredths) 157 Truckee Monthly and annual mean temperature 158 Monthly and annual precipitation (inches and hundredths) 159 Yisalia Temperature 159 Weather 160 Greatest precipitation in twenty-four hours for each month (inches and hundredths) 160 Mean monthly and annual temperature - 160 Summary of means and extremes of temperature 161 Mi mthly , annual, and seasonal precipitation (inches and hundredths) 161 Extremes of precipitation 161 Total number of days with precipitation 162 Normal monthly and annual temperature - 162 Minimum winter temperature of the high Sierra 164 Places for which precipitation data are given : Anaheim, Orange County - 167 Antioch, Contra Costa County 167 Aptos, Santa Cruz County 124 Auburn. Placer G >unty 126 Bakersfield, Kern County 168 Berkeley, Alameda County 128, 168 Bishop, Inyo County 168 Boca, Nevada County 129 Byron, Contra Costa County 169 Caliente, Kern County 169 Calistoga, Napa County 170 Chico. Butte County 132 Colfax, Placer County 170 Colton. San Bernardino County 171 Corning, Tehama County 171 Coronado, San Diego County 113 Davisville, Yolo County 172 Delano, Kern G mnty 1 72 Delta, Shasta County 1"3 Dunnigan, Yolo County 173 Dunsuiuir, Siskiyou County 174 Eldorado, Eldorado County - 1 < 4 Eluiira. Solano County 1 < 4 268 INDEX. Places (or which precipitations are given Continued. Page. Eureka, Hum bold t County 26, 2 Fallbrook, San Diego County 175 Farmington, San Joaquin County Fernando, Los Angeles County Folsom, Sacramento County 176 Fort Ross, Sonoma County 177 Fresno, Fresno County 107, 108, 109 Fruto, Glenn County Gait, Sacramento County 178 Georgetown, Eldorado County 178 Gilroy, Santa Clara County Hollister, San Benito County 136 Independence, Inyo County - 137, 138 Indio, Riverside County 179 lone, Amador County 179. Iowa Hill, Placer County 180 Irvine, Orange County 180 Keeler, Inyo County 181 Kennedy Gold Mine, Amador County 181 King City, Monterey County 181 Knights Landing, Sutler County 182 Kono Tayse, Lake County . '. 182 La Grange, Stanislaus County 183 La Porte, Plumas County 183 Livermore, Alameda County 1-43 Lodi, San Joaquin County 184 Los Angeles, Los Angeles County 76, 77 Los Banos, Merced County 184 Mammoth Tank 145 Manzana, Los Angeles County 185 Marysville, Yuba County 185 Mendota, Fresno County 185 Menlo Park, San Mateo County 113 Merced, Merced County 186 Modesto, Stanislaus County 186 Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County 187 Mojave, Kern County 187 Monterey, Monterey County 188 Mount Hamilton (Lick Observatory), Santa Clara County 121 Napa, Napa County 189 Needles, San Bernardino County 189 Nevada City, Nevada County 190 Newcastle, Placer County . 190 Newhall, Los Angeles County 191 Newman, Stanislaus County 191 Niles (near), Alameda County 192 North Bloomfleld, Nevada County 192 North Hill Vineyard, Calaveras County 192 North Ontario, San Bernardino County 193 North San Juan, Nevada County 193 Oakdale, Stanislaus County ; ' 193 Oakland, Alameda County 1 46 Ogilby, San Diego County 193 Oleta, Amador County 194 Orland, Glenn County 194 Oroville, Butte County 194 Palermo, Butte County 195 Palm Springs, Riverside County , 195 Pasadena, Los Angeles County 195 Paso Robles, San Luis Obispo County 195 Peachland, Sonoma County 196 Placervi lie, Eldorado County 196 INDEX. 269 Places for which precipitations are given Continued. Page. Point Lobos 196 Point Reyes Lisiht , Marin County 196 Pomona ( near) , Los Angeles County 197 Porterville, Tulare County 197 Poway, San Diego County 197 Quincy , Pluinas County 197 Red Bluff, Tehama County 94, 95 Redding, Shasta County 198 Redlands, San Bernardino County 147 Repressa, Sacramento County 198 Rio Vista, Solano County 198 Riverside, Riverside County 148 Rosewood, Tehama County 199 Sacramento, Sacramento County 101, 103, 104, 105 Salinas, Monterey County 151 Salton, Riverside County 152 San Ardo, Monterey County 199 San Bernardino, San Bernardino County 153 San Francisco, San Francisco County 43, 44, 45, 46, 48 Sanger Junction,' Fresno County 199 San Jose, Santa Clara County 119 San Leandro, Alameda County 199 Sat. Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County 59, 60 San Mateo, San Mateo County 1 16 San Miguel, San Luis Obispo County 200 San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara County 200 Santa Ana, Orange County 200 Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County : 66 Santa Clara, Santa Clara County 201 Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz County 155 San piego, San Diego County 86,87,88,91 Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County 201 Santa Maria, Santa Barbara County 201 Santa Paula, Monterey County 202 Santa Rosa, Sonoma County 202 Sehna, Fresno County 202 Shasta. Shasta County 202 Sierra Madre, Los Angeles County 203 Sisscm, Siskiyou County 203 Soledad, Monterey County 203 Sonoma, Sonoma County 204 Stockton. San Joaquin County 157 Siiisum, Solano County 204 Suinmenlaie, Mariposa County 204 Summit, Placer County ...*. 205 Susan ville, Lassen County 205 Tehachapi, Kern County 206 Tehama, Tehama County .- 206 Tracy, San Joaquin County -07 Truckee, Nevada County 159 Tulare (near), Tulare County 207 Ukiah. Mendocino County 207 Upper Lake, Lake County 208 Upper Mattole, Humboldt County 208 Vacaville, Solano County 208 Valley Springs, Calaverae County 209 Ventura, Ventura County 209 Vina, Tehama County 209 \ 'i-alia, Tulare County 160, 161, 162 Volcano Springs. San Diego County 209 Westley . Stanislaus County 210 Wheatiand. Yuba County 210 270 INDEX. Places for which precipitations are riven Continued. Page. Whittier, Los Angeles County 210 Williams, Colusa County 211 Willows, Glenn County : 211 Winters, Yolo County 212 Wire Bridge, Placer County 212 Woodland, Yolo County 212 Yreka, Siskiyou County , 213 Yuba City, Sutter County 213 SNOWFALL OF CALIFORNIA . 215 Precipitation at high levels 224 FROST 227 Nature of 227 How it injures plants 228 Protection of orchards from 228 FOG 239 ( 'l )M I'AHATIVE DATA 242 Mount Tamalpais 242 San Francisco 242 Sunshine at Mount Tamalpais 243 Notes on Fog at Mount Tamalpais 244 Wreck of the S. S. 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