Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN sr, A PENTAGLOT DICTIONARY. CRITICAL NOTICES OF DB. PALMEB'S PENTAGLOT DICTIONAKY. THE following notice of the present work is transcribed from Dr. JAMES JOHN- SON'S well-known MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL REVIEW, for April, 1842. " IN this stupendous work, we scarcely know which to admire most the extensive erudition, or the unwearied, we might say super-human, labour of its author. Dr. PALMER may well exclaim, with the Roman bard, ' Monumentum exegi are perennius.' JOHNSON'S great Dictionary, in four volumes, cost not one-tenth the pains and research that Dr. P's. Pentaglot must have done. Dr. PALMER will not be rewarded, during his life-time, for the labour he has undergone, and the wear and tear of mind and body which he must have experienced in the construction of a book that might well be considered a hard task for a long life of literary drudgery in the study, free from every other avocation or pursuit. What, then, must have been the destructive toil by the midnight lamp, stolen from rest and sleep, during the compilation of this immense Cyclopaedia of dry technical terms, definitions, and derivations !" " Any analysis, or even the most superficial review, of such a performance, would be preposterous. The only thing we can do is to take a specimen at random a brick out of a majestic piece of architecture." (Here, the Article, ANEVRISME, is quoted, from the Dictionary, by the Reviewer.) " We need hardly say that a work like this, which costs but a trifle,* though the re- sult of years of labour, should be in the hands of every student and practitioner who wishes to keep pace with the current of medical literature, and glean knowledge from foreign, as well as domestic sources." Critical notices, equally favourable and encouraging, of the First and Second Parts of the PENTAGLOT DICTIONARY, appeared in the British and Foreign Medical Review, in the Lancet, the London Medical Gazette, and the Analyst, for the respective years in which those Parts were published, 1834 and 1836. * With a view of promoting the rapid diffusion of the work, and rendering it accessible to the Medical Student, the price has been reduced to TEN SHILLINGS, which is less than half the price necessarily fixed upon it by the original publisher. OF THE TERMS EMPLOYED IN ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, PRACTICAL MEDICINE, SURGERY, OBSTETRICS, MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, MATERIA MEDICA, PHARMACY, MEDICAL ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND CHEMISTRY; IN TWO PARTS: PART I. WITH THE LEADING TERM IN FRENCH, FOLLOWED BY THE SYNONYMES IN THE GREEK, LATIN, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH; EXPLANATIONS IN ENGLISH J AND COPIOUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. PART II. A GERMAN-ENGLISH-FRENCH DICTIONARY, COMPREHENDING THE SCIENTIFIC GERMAN TERMS OF THE PRECEDING PART. BY SHIRLEY PALMER, M.D., OF TAMWORTH AND BIRMINGHAM. LONDON: LONGMAN AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW; DULAU AND CO., SOHO SQUARE; J. W. PARKER, WEST STRAND; H. C. LANGBRIDGE, BIRMINGHAM. MDCCCXLV. PREFACE. THE importance of an accurate knowledge of the French and German languages to the student of Medicine, few, in these enlightened times, will be ignorant enough to douht, or have the effrontery to deny. Most auspici- ously for the honour of our Profession and the interests of the public, such knowledge is, at length, recognized in the Schools, as an essential branch of medical education. Every attempt, therefore, to facilitate the attainment of these languages, and impart an additional impulse to the youthful and aspiring mind, even though it fail to acquire celebrity, must deserve encouragement and command respect. Of the profoundly scientific character and high practical value of the pub- lications upon Medicine which are continually emanating from the continental press, none but they who have access to those productions of the Master- Spirits of our art in their original language, can form an adequate conception or correct estimate. Translations of those works into the English are com- paratively rare : and the slovenly or defective manner in which such translations have too commonly been executed, is little calculated to awaken regret at the infrequency of their appearance. If the conquest of difficulties by the unaided efforts of mind or body be regarded as pre-eminently qualifying an individual for the direction of others in the path of labour which he has, himself, trodden and explored ; I shall not incur, in the arduous enterprize which I had the courage to conceive, and the perseverance to bring to a successful issue, the imputation of inordinate vanity or presumption. Amidst the toils and anxieties of a widely-extended provincial practice, I acquired in my earlier years, without the assistance of an instructor, a knowledge of the elements of several of the continental languages : and so deeply was my mind impressed by a retrospect of the difficulties with which I had, at first, to contend in the perusal "of foreign scientific work, that I then formed the resolution of attempting, should an opportunity ever present itself, to clear for others the path which, to my own progress, had been so painfully and so tediously obstructed. Some years after my removal from Tarn worth to Birmingham, such opportunity was unexpectedly offered. I was applied to, by an intelligent and enterprizing Publisher* of this town, to compile for the use of the Medical Student, a Dictionary of French and German Scientific Terms. The proposition, after a deliberate survey of the difficulties attendant on the execution of such a work, was favourably entertained. In the summer of * Mr. John Chamberlain Barlow, formerly of Bennett's Hill. The work has, however, within the last few days, passed into the hands of Mr. Langbridire, Bull Street, Birmingham. S. P., May 6th, 1845. 1G74C76 IV. 1834, the First Part of the Dictionary was published. It was followed by the Second, in the spring of 1836. The kindly reception with which these efforts have been honoured by the Profession, and the eulogies bestowed on them by the periodical press, are most gratifying to my feelings. At length, I have the unspeakable satisfaction of presenting to the public the Third and last Part of my protracted labours. In the unwearied atten- tion bestowed upon it, and the general accuracy, the value, and extent, of the information which it contains, this portion of the work will assuredly suffer no disparagement from a comparison with its predecessors. To those Gentlemen who have evinced so warm an interest in its progress and completion, some explanation and apology are justly due for the unex- pected delay which has occurred in the publication of this, the concluding portion of my work. On the completion of the Second Part, my health at once gave way beneath the labour and loss of rest which I had then for three years consecutively incurred. A short absence from my home and my coun- try served only to aggravate the distressing prostration of frame and spirit under which I suffered. In vain did I attempt to resume, towards the close of 1836, my literary occupations. The mind, like a blunted instrument, refused to operate upon the materials subjected to its power. And from that period, fifteen rnqnths had well-nigh elapsed ere I was enabled to shake off the torpor from my intellect, and return, with the wonted energy and system, to my lexicographical labours. In March, 1840, the body of the Dictionary was finished. It is, altqgether, somewhat more voluminous than I originally contemplated. But an excess of three sheets above the proposed number, in a work of such magnitude, will not, it is presumed, be visited with a very heavy sentence of public con- demnation. If, however, for such encroachment on the public indulgence, an apology be required, I shall readily find shelter beneath the authority of names far loftier than my own; and plead, in extenuation of my fault, the example of delinquents, in this respect, more guilty than myself. The great difficulty, indeed, with which I have had to contend, has been the compression of an exuberant supply of materials within the limits to which the work was necessarily restricted. Many are the subjects which I could have introduced, many those upon which I could have more largely expatiated, with pleasure to myself, and advantage to the reader. In my solicitude to repress these propensities, of which none but an author can comprehend the seductive force, the process of literary condensation has, per- chance, been sometimes carried so far as to involve obscurity. Fourteen months have since been exppnded in the preparation of the German Index, or rather Dictionary, which terminates the work. To the student of the medical and scientific literature of Germany, this portion of the volume will prove a valuable guide. The variable manner in which the same term is frequently written by different German authors, and the discre- pancy exhibited in the formation of the apt and expressive compounds with which their noble language is enriched, have rendered the construction of such an Index a process of incredible labour and perplexity. V. Such as it is, I now offer up ray work at the altar of Science, confident of its favourable reception, although deeply sensible of its manifold defects ; and, with a fervent wish that it may serve to stimulate their zeal, and accelerate their progress, in the acquirement of useful and interesting knowledge, I formally dedicate it to THE MEDICAL STUDENTS OF MY COUNTRY. Many have been the disadvantages, and many and formidable the obstacles, which Y have had to struggle with and overcome in its execution. It was not composed in the genial atmosphere and repose of philosophic retirement, but amidst the duties and distractions of an active and anxious professional life ; for the most part, during hours which might otherwise have been given to recreation, or passed in sleep ; and, not unfrequently, under circumstances of depression and discouragement known only to myself. I had no literary friend to consult for the solution of doubts, or the removal of difficulties, which were continually arising on my path ; no library to refer to, save my own limited but valuable collection of scientific works. I began my labour, and I finished it, without availing myself of the counsel or co-operation of any human being ;* with no assistance but that of the members of my family in the occasional revision of the proof-sheets, and the collection and arrangement of the materials which constitute the German Index. I regretted, only when it was too late, that I had not followed out my ori- ginal design of inserting the Italian f synonymes in each Article of the work, and thus rendering it an Hexaglot, rather than Pentaglot, Dictionary of Medicine, as it now is. The defect may, however, at some future period, be partially remedied by the construction of an Italian Index on the same com- prehensive plan as that of the German now published. And, should the voice of the Profession to which I have the honour to belong, distinctly call for such an extension of the work, I shall gladly resume my labours as a Lexicographer, with a zeal in the cause of science which no difficulty has yet appalled, with a spirit of perseverance which, while my present vigour of health and intellect remain unimpaired, no difficulty will subdue. There are some persons who, looking upon the study of medicine with an eye not sufficiently elevated or comprehensive, may, peradventure, regard as irrelevant, or at least as not directly connected with the subject, some of the terms which I have introduced into this Dictionary. To such fastidious ob- jectors, if such there be, I would fain address a parting sentence of apology or exculpation. The seasons of retirement from the toils of practice, which all the Professors of our art occasionally enjoy, cannot be invariably or ex- clusively devoted to the study of medicine. The intellectual, like the physical organs of man, require their hour of "relaxation ; and will derive strength and renovation from judicious change of exercise. Such seasons of * Tn the preparation of one of the early sheets of this work, I was, indeed, favoured with th assistance of an amanuensis and corrector of the press. A brief experiment on the value of sue] an auxiliary sufficed to convince me : 1 did not repeat it. VI. relaxation, if duly improved, will, while relieving the mind from the tedium and exhaustion of the severer studies, exert upon it a most salutary influence, and, instead of disqualifying, render it more apt, for the prompt and vigorous performance of its sterner and more painful duties. But, to realize all the fortunate results of which it may be productive, such relaxation must be sought for in objects of study, which, while they exercise the observing and reflecting faculties, will exalt the professional character, and signally enhance its dignity and its usefulness, in the public estimation, and the pub- lic service. Hence, Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, Zoology, Botany, Geology, Chemistry, and the Physical Sciences, offer boundless fields of observation and experiment, into which the practitioner of medicine may, as safely as decorously, turn aside from the toils and anxieties of a pro- fessional life, to refresh and tranquillize his weary and perturbed spirit. Such subjects, and the scenes and pursuits to which they allure their willing votary, are far more congenial to the deeply-reflecting and philosophic tone of the medical character, far more consistent with the purity, the elevation, and decorum by which it should be distinguished, than the vain and frivolous amusements of the fashionable world. And if, by the perusal of this defective volume, and of the articles on Natural History which it contains, my exemplary sons, and others destined, like them, to the exercise of our noble and benefi- cent profession, should be incited to emulate a father's zeal, and prosecute the path of stern self-denial, and unremitting labour and research, which I have undeviatingly trodden ; if, in their minds, it awaken, or encourage, a taste for the pure, the elevating, and delightful studies which have long formed the solace of my anxious and troubled life ; memory will revert, wilh conscious pride and satisfaction, to the many tranquil and solitary hours which have been devoted to its composition ; and I shall descend to the grave of my fathers with the cheering reflection that I have not lived and laboured in vain. S. P. BIRMINGHAM, MAT 24TH, 1841. POSTSCRIPT. THE date of the preceding Preface, accurately transcribed from a perfect copy of the Dictionary which came into my possession in June, 1841, and which I still possess, will incontrovertibly prove that the last sheet of the concluding Part of the work had then received from my hand, its final correction. Justice to my character as a writer, demands that this fact be distinctly placed upon record ; and extorts from me the formal avowal that, for the delay which has since taken place in the publication of this Dictionary, I am not responsible. The principle upon which I have been induced to select the French as the leading language of the work has frequently been questioned, and discussed, by literary men. My reply is that it was expressly intended to assist the uninitiated in acquiring a correct knowledge of French and German medical and scientific literature ; and as the French is much more extensively studied than the German, in this country, and is Vll. generally spoken, or read, in all the great Medical Schools and Scientific Institutions of Europe, the expediency of rendering it a French Dictionary is at once obvious. Upon this ground, I am induced to hope that my work may acquire not only a British, but an European, circulation. The French possesses, moreover, the signal advantage of furnishing a great number of modern scientific terms which will be in vain sought for in the Latin, and in the other European languages. For the base and illegitimate character of many of the Latin synonymes, introduced into this work, I must apologize to the learned reader. They will not be found in the productions of any pure and classic writer or lexicographer. The sin of paternity of this spurious offspring rests not, however, on my head. I adopted them rather from necessity than choice. Among the numerous terms of this kind which presented them- selves for adoption, some were so execrably vile that I hesitated not, for a moment, to reject them. Within the four years which have elapsed since this Dictionary was completed, many branches of science which it was intended to illustrate, have been cultivated with extraordinary energy and success. In Com- parative and Microscopic Anatomy, Systematic Zoology, Palaeontology, and Organic Chemistry, the stride of discovery and improvement has been most rapid and conspicuous. Hence, in these departments, defects which would not have occurred if my labours had been protracted to the present period, will be discovered. With the knowledge and experience which I have subsequently acquired in scientific lexicography, I am vain enough to believe that I could, by this time, have produced, upon the present plan, what a learned correspondent, with whom I have not yet the honour of being personally acquainted, has been pleased to designate this imperfect volume, " a national work."* That I may be induced to compile a Supplement, or Appendix, to this Dictionary, accompanied by Latin, Italian, and English Indexes, is not improbable. Materials for such an extension of my labours have long been accumulating in my Portfolio. Gentlemen meeting, in the perusal of French literature, with apt and legitimately constructed terms which have eluded my vigilance and research, will, therefore, confer a favour upon me by noting, as they may occur, any such terms, and transmitting them to my residence in Tamworth or Birmingham. SHIRLEY PALMER, M.D. Tuesday, May 6th, 1845. Dr REID CLANNY, of Sunderland. LIST AND EXPLANATION OF THE PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK. adjective. Linn. Linnaeus. Annee, French. Mod. Modern. Arabic. m. masculine. besonders, German. n. neuter. Blumenbach. Ph. Gall. Pharmacopoea Gallica. British. pi. plural. Chaussier. s. substantive. t Olivier. Daudin. 8. I. sing. singular. Dumeril. s. m. substantive masculine. English. s. n. , French. Somm. Sommering. feminine. S P . Spanish. Fabricius. Syn. synon. synonymous. Fleming. t. torn. tome, F. German. usw. und so weiter, G. Greek. v. vol. volume. Italian. V. verb. Jussieu. v. a. active. Latin. Vig. Vigors. Lamarck. v. n. verb neuter. Adj. An. Arab. bes. Bl. Br. Ch. Cuv. Baud. Dum. E. P. f. Fabr. Fl. G. Gr. It. J. L. Lam. Any term, printed in small capitals, which does not constitute the leading term, or one of the leading terms, of an Article, as DYSECIE and PARACOUSIE, in the Article COPHOSE, and ANEMONE, in COa.wru t I plunge) : a name given by Galen to the crown of the trephine which had formerly the figure of a truncated cone to prevent the sudden plunging of the in- strument into the brain in the operation of trephining. Eine trephine ein trepan mit konischer krone, G., a trephine a trepan with a conical crown. ABATARDISEMENT, s. m^ degenera- tio, deprayatio, f. L.,--ausartung, G., . degeneration, depravation. Ex. d'une race .d'un animal du type primitif, F. B ABD degeneration of a race an animal from the original type. ABATABDIR (s'), v. n., degenerare, ausarten, to degenerate. ABATTEMENT, s. m. virium defectio, L. kraftlosigkeit, mattigkeit, f. G., loss of strength, sense of general weakness and depression. ABATTBE, v. a., dejicere, deprimere, Li., niederwerfen, niederstossen, G., to depress. Ex. la cataracte, F. den staar stechen, G. to depress the cataract. ABCKDEH, v. n. abscedere, L., eitern, schwaren, G., to suppurate, to terminate in suppuration or abscess. ABCES, s. m., abscessio, f., abscessus, m. (from abscedere), apostema, n. L. a,*i>irrnftu, eiterbeule, f., geschwiir, n., G., impostume, abscess : a collection of pus in a cavity formed by a morbid pro- cess, with or without tumour. The ab- scess is acute, aigu, when succeeding acute inflammation ; chronic, chronique, or scro- fulous, scrqfuleux, when resulting from chronic or scrofulous disease ; idiopathic, idiopathique, when occupying the same site as the previous affection ; symptomatic, symptomatique or metastatic, metastatique, when appearing in a remote situation. Abscesses are also distinguished by the names of the parts with which they are Connected. Exs. Abces lombaire, lacrymal, biliaire, urinaire, stercoral, abscess origi- nating from, or connected with, disease in the loins, in the lachrymal, biliary, urina- ry, or lower intestinal passages Lanzette zur 6'ftnung von geschwuren, G., a lancet for opening abscesses, an abscess-lancet. ABDOMEN, s. m.. abdomen, abdumen, n. (abdere, to conceal), venter, m., venter imus, infimus, alvus, f., L. -yxtrrrip, unterleib, unterbauch, schmeerbauch, m., G., the belly: one of the three great vis- ceral cavities, possessed by the higher ani- mals : bounded, above, in man, by the di- aphragm ; posteriorly, by the lumbar ver- tebrae ; laterally and anteriorly, by (he abdominal muscles and integuments ; and communicating, below, wifh the pelvis It is invested, internally, by the perito- neum; and contains, in addition to the chylopoietic organs, the large abdominal blood-vessels, thoracic duct, and part of the urinary and generative apparatus. See BAS-VENTRE. The Abdomen, ia In- sects, includes the whole portion of body situated behind the thorax, back as well as belly. The legs, in this class, are never attached to the abdomen: all the six limbs are strictly thoracic. ABDOMINAL, adj., abdominalis, L. zum schmeerbauche gehorig, G. belong- ing or relating to the belly, abdominal Exs. Anneau abdominal, aorte abdominale, (unterleibes-aorta, G.), muscles abdomin- aux (bauchmuskeln, G.), parois abdomin- ABD ales, abdominal ring, aorta, muscles, pari- etes. The term, Abdominal, is also employ- ed, in Ichthyology, to designate one of the four orders of osseous fishes, of Linnaeus, and one of the families of the Malacoptery- gii, or soft-finned fishes, of Cuvier ; the individuals belonging to which are distin- guished by having the ventral fins placed behind, or nearer to the tail than, the pec- toral. Exs. Common Pike and Salmon. ABDOMINOSCOPIE, s. f., abdominosco- pia, f. L. (abdomen, and ax'o-jetu, I survey), exploration of the belly, (die untersuch- ung des unterleibes, G.) for the detection of disease. ABDUCTEUR, s. m. and adj. abductor, m., abducens, JL. (abducere, to remove from), abductor : a name given to those muscles (musculi abductores, L. ; abzieh- ende muskeln, G.), whose office consists in withdrawing the members or parts which they are destined to move, from the me- sial line of the body, or of the organ, to which they belong. Exs. 1. de rceil, abductor of the eye. See DROIT externe . 2. du petit doigt, abductor of the little finger. See OPPOSANT. 3. de la cuisse, abductor of the thigh. See FESSIER and FASCIA LATA. 4. transverse du gros orteil, of the great toe. See TRANSVERSAL. 5. (court) du pouce, (carpo-sus-pha- langien du pouce, Ch.) abductor brevis pollicis manus, L., kurzer abzieher des daumens, G., short abductor of the thumb : a triangular muscle extending from the os scaphoides, and adjacent part of the anterior annular carpal ligament to the exterior side of the summit of the 1st phalanx of the thumb. 6. (long) du pouce, (cubito-sus-meta- carpien du pouce, Ch.), abductor longus pollicis manus, langer abzieher des dau- mens, G., long abductor of the thumb : a muscle extending from the posterior long- itudinal crest of the ulna and radius, to the exterior of the summit of the meta- carpal bone of the thumb. Syn. Extensor primus, primi internodii, ext. ossis me- tacarpi, pollicis. 7. du gros orteil, (metatarso-sous-pha- langien du premier orteil, Ch.), abduct- or pollicis pedis hallucis, L., abzieher der grossen zehe, G., abductor of the great toe : a plantar muscle extending from the os calcis, cuboides, and posterior extremity of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones, to the sesamoid bone and 1st pha- lanx of the great toe. 8. du petit orteil, (calcaneo-sous-pha- langien du petit orteil, Ch.), abductor minimi digiti pedis, L., abzieher der kleinen zehe, G., abductor of the little toe: extends from the os calcis and 5th ABL metatarsal bone, to the 1st phalanx of the little toe. ABDUCTION, s. f. abductio, f. JL. (abdu- cere), abziehung, f. : die bewegung eines muskels der ein glied ausw'drts zieht, G., abduction : the action of a muscle by which a limb (or part) is drawn outwards from the mesial line. ABEILLE, s. f. Mlx/a-a-a, Apis, f., L., Imme, Biene, f. G., Bee: a genus of the Class Insecfa, Order Hymenoptera, and family ApidtB of modern Entomologists. The genus, as now constituted, compre- hends but one species, the abeille mellifi- que domestique, of French ; apis melltfica domestica, of systematic, honigbiene, of German, and honey-bee, of British wri- ters ; well-known for the sting which the female and neuters possess, and for the honey and wax produced by the latter. The male or drone, has no sting. For an account of the Family, see Kirby's Mono- graphia apum Anglice; of the Genus, Fau- ne des Medecins, vol. 1, p. 74. ABELMOSCH, s. m. : a term, from the Arabic, signifying masked seeds, graines musquees F., grana moschata, L. , bi- samkorner, G.; and employed to designate the fruit, possessing a musky odour, of the Hibiscus abelmoschus. See AMBRETTE. ABERRATION, s. f., aberration, f., L. (aberrare, to deviate) abweichung, abir- rung, f. G aberration : irregularity ; derangement, or deviation from the healthy condition, in the aspect, structure or functions of an organ or apparatus of organs. Exs. de la nutrition, des fa- culte's physiques ou intellectuelles, F., aberration of the functions of nutrition, of the physical or intellectual powers. AB-IRRITATION, s. f., abirritatio, f. L. ab-irritation : a term, of obvious deriva- tion, incorrectly applied, by Broussais, to denote diminution of the vital phenomena in the various tissues : nearly synony- mous with ASTHENIE and ATONIE. ABLACTATION, s. f., ablactatio, I.. Cab, from, lacto, I suckle), absaugung, G., ablactation : cessation from suckling, as regards the mother ; and thus distin- guished from weaning, sevrage, m. F., a lacte depulsio, L., entwohnung, G., on the part of the child. ABLATION, s. , ablatio, f. L. (auferre, to remove), absonderung, , wegnehm- ung, f. G. ablation: separation or re- moval of a part, organ, limb, or tumour, by accident or surgical operation, from the animal body. ABLUANT, adj., abluens, L. (abluere, to wash): Ex. Abluentia, L., abfuhrende reinigende mittel, G., abluent cleansing remedies. See ABSTERGENT. ABLUTION, s. f. ablutio, f , L. (same), abwaschung, G., ablution : the act ABR of washing with water or other fluid,part or whole of the body. By lavage, F., pharmaceutical substances are purified from the extraneous matters frequently mixed up with them. ABOLITION, s. , abolitio, f. I/, (abo- lere, to abolish), abschaffung, f. G., abolition : cessation of the functions of the whole, or part, of the animal machine. Exs. de la sensibilite, du mouvement circulatoire ou musculaire, de 1'action des organes des sens, de la vie, F., abo- lition of sensibility, of the circulating or muscular motion, of the action of the organs of the senses, of life. ABOMASUM, ABOMASUS, s. m., aboma- sus, m. L rivuirrfav, caillette, f. F., der unterster (vierte) magen der wiederkauen- den thiere, G., the lowermost (fourth) sto- mach of ruminating animals, rennet. In ruminantibus, quatuor numerantur ven- triculi : primus dicitur venter; deinde reticulum, omasus, et abomasus, L. The three first may be regarded as mere re- ceptacles preparatory organs of digestion of the food. A fourth stomach exists also in the Cetacea. ABORT IF, adj., abortivus, L. (aborto y I miscarry) ixrj>vp.a.rixi>s, unzeitig, G., abortive, relative to abortion. Exs. foe- tus abortif, F., eine itnzeitige geburt, G. a foetus born before its time. Abortiva (re- medes aborlifs, F., abtreibende mittel, n., G., abortive remedies) sunt medicamenta quae uterum aperiunt, foetumque et pla- centam prcemature expellunt. In Botany, those flowers are termed neuter or abor- tive, flores abortivi, L., in which both sta- mens and pistils are defective. ABOUCHEMENT, s. m., anastomosis, in- osculatio, , L., zusammenflus, m., ein- miindung, zusammenmundung, f. G. anastomosis, inosculation, conflux: the union of vessels in the animal body. Exs. de deux arteres, F., der zusammenflus zweyer blutadern, G., inosculation of two arteries, conflux of two veins. ABRASION, s. f. abrasio, (dbradere, to scrape), abschaben, n. G., abrasion : a term, when applied to the intestines, signi- fying superficial ulceration, with loss of substance in shreds, of the intestinal mu- cous membrane. Abrasio intestinorum est ulceratio partium superficialium in intestinis, qua earundem partium ramenta educuntur una cum fcecibus. Externally, excoriation ; ulceration of the skin, of like character. ABRICOT, s. m., malum armeniacum, Ij., aprikose, f. G., apricot: the fruit of the AMcotier, m. F., aprikosenbaum, m. G., apricot-tree, Prunus armeniaca, of Linnaeus, Armeniaca vulgaris, pf La- marck ( Icosandria, monogynia, ^>.; Rosaccce, J.) : came originally from Armenia ; flow- B2 ABS ers in March : trunk and branches afford much gum ; the kernel, hydrocyanic acid. ABROTANUM, s. m. ( priv., fyoros, mortal), a species of shrub aurrfne, ci- tronelle. f. F., stabwurz, f., G., south- ernwood : Artemisia abrotanum, ( Synge- nesia,polygam.superflua; Corymbiferee): in- troduced from south of Europe : bitter, anthelmintic, slightly tonic. ABRUPTION, s. , abruptio, f. L. (ab- rumpere, to tear asunder), abbrechung, abreissung, f. G. abruption : sudden separation by violence. Ex. Partis ossis ab alters^ separatio, L., die abreissung eines theils des knochens von dem andern, G., abruption of one part of the bone from another. ABRUS, s. m., Liane a riglisse, Abrus- strauch, m. G., Wild-liquorice: a genus in Botany (Diadelphia decandr. ; Legumi- noscB); containing only one species, A. precatorius, Jamaica wild-liquorice. Its seeds pois rouges des Indes, F. Indian- ische rothe erbsen, G., of a bright-scarlet colour with a black spot, formerly employ- ed for necklaces and rosaries, are said to be eaten like those of other leguminous plants, in Egypt. Linnaeus describes them as poi- sonous : and Gmelin, on the authority of Sloane, (Hist, of Jamaica, v. \, p. 180), says that, "when swallowed, they induce vio- lent vomiting, pains, convulsions, and even death." The long sweet cylindrical roots are used in the W. Indies, Uke those of the common liquorice in Europe. ABSCES. See ABCES. ABSCISSION', s. f. abscissio (abscidere, to cut off), ablatio, f. L. abschneidung, f. G., excision : removal of an organ or soft part by the knife. Employed also to denote fracture or wound with loss of sub- stance ; and abrupt termination of a dis- ease. Sometimes incorrectly written Ab- cission. ABSINTHE (grande) s. f. ( priv., ^/v^, sweetness) aluine, f. F. vermuth, m. G., wormwood, Artemisia absinthium, (Syngenesia, polyg. superft. ; Corymbiferee) : a bitter aromatic plant, reputed to pos- sess stimulant, tonic, and anthelmintic virtues. LA PETITE ABSINTHE ( A. pon- tica), lesser wormwood, exhibits like pro- perties in an inferior degree. ABSORBANT, s. and adj., absorbens, L. (absorbere, to suck up, to imbibe), absor- bent. This term, in Medicine, has three different significations : it is applied, 1. to certain minute vessels destined to absorb chyle from the intestines and lymph fronv other parts of the body, vaisseaux absor- bans, F., vasa absorbentia, L., die einsaug- endengefiisae, G., the absorbent vessels: 2. to pharmaceutical substances which possess the property of taking up, or neu- tralizing, acid generated in the primse vise, ABS remedes absorbans, F medicamina absor- bentia, L., die sa'ure zerstorende oder ab- sorbirende arzeneymittel, G., absorbent or ant-acid remedies, as creta, magnesia: and 3. to substances employed, in Surgery, for the absorption of moisture, or repres- sion of haemorrhage, from a wound or sore ; as lint, sponge, agaric, or spider's web. ABSORPTION, s. , absorptio (same) resorptio, f. L., einsaugung, f. G. ab- sorption, the act of absorbing : a func- tion common to all beings endowed with life, plants or animals ; whereby the for- mer take up from without, and the latter from the interior of their own body, a sup- ply of materials essential to the suste- nance of the living principle : also, a pro- perty possessed by some inanimate or unorganized substances, of porous struc- ture ; as sponge or chalk. ABSTEME, s. m., and adj. abstemius, L. (abs, without, temetum, wine), 0,01110;, qui vino abstinet, L. der sich vom wein enthiilt, G., one who abstains from wine, abstemious. This is the precise meaning ; but the term is vulgarly em- ployed to denote moderation in dietetic indulgences of every kind, abstinence a cibo et potu, L. from solid food as well as liquids. ABSTERGENT, s. m. and adj. abster- gens, L. (abstergere, to cleanse), abf uh- rend, G. abstergent. Remedes abster- gens, F abstergentia, L., abfiihrungs- mittel, G., abstergent or abstersive re- medies are applications which possess the property of cleansing organic surfaces from the viscid matters, or sordes, which adhere to them. Their efficacy depends on the presence of a saponaceous principle. Soap and water constitute an abstergent application ; simple water, an abluent. Applied to suppurating surfaces, the former acquire the appellation of Deter- sives. ABSTERGER, v. a. (same) nettoyer, F. abfiihren, reinigen, G. to absterge, to cleanse. Eine wunde oder geschwiir ab- fiihren, G. to cleanse a wound or sore, by an abstergent or detersive application. ABSTERSIF, s. m. and adj. abstersivus, L., an abstersive ; abstersive : synony- mous with Abstergent. ABSTERSION, s. , abstersio, L., abf uhrung, f. G. abstersion : the act. of absterging ; the operation of abstergent re- medies. ABSTINENCE, s. , abstinentia (absti- nere, to abstain), temperantia, continentia, L. anna, ^ip..y%t(t, enthaltung, ent- haltsamkeit, G. abstinence, conti- nence : privation, perfect or imperfect, of food, drink, sexual intercourse, study, or other object of physical or intellectual en- joyment. French writers somewhat awk- ACA wardly employ the term diete as synony- mous with abstinence from stimulant food. ABSTINENT, adj., abstinens, L. (same) enthaltsam, G abstinent : besonders im essen und trinken, G., especially as re- gards food and drink. ABSUS, s. : in Botany, a small plant, Cassia absus, L. ( Decandria, monogyn. ; Le- guminosae), four-leaved Cassia: a native of Egypt and Ceylon. The powdered seeds are employed, mixed with sugar, as a topical remedy hi Egyptian ophthalmy. ABUTILON, s. f., a species in Botany, Sida abutilon, L. ( Monadelphia, potyandr. ; Malvacece), broad-leaved Sida: an annual, growing in both Indies: mucilaginous and emollient. ACACIA, (sue d') (' Axax/a, not * ?) gomme Arabique, F., acaciae gummi, gum- mi Arabicum, L., Arabisches gummi, mi- mosengummi, n. G gum arabic, acacia gum : a solid substance, exuding from an Egyptian tree, Mimosa nilotica, ( Polyga- mia, monoecia; Leguminosts), der Acacien- baum, Egyptischer schotendorn, m. G. the Egyptian thorn Acacia (Acacia vera, of L,oudon's Encyclopaedia, p. 358). An infe- rior sort of gum, obtained from the fruit of the black-thorn, Primus spinosa, L., prunellier, F., schlehendorn, schwarz- dorn, G.; and called Acacia nostras, L., schlehensaft, G. is frequently substi- tuted for it in the shops. ACAJOU (noix d') elephantenlaus, aka- junuss, f. G., cashew-nut: the fruit of the Anacardium occidental ( Enneandria, mo~ nogyn. Terebintaceee ), der elephantenlaus- baum, acajoubaum, G Cashew-nut tree, growing in the East Indies and South America. The Apple, from the end of which the nut protrudes, has a grateful sub-acid, somewhat astringent flavour : it is eaten roasted; forms good lemonade and punch. The juice, fermented, yields an agreeable wine ; distilled, a fine and powerfully diuretic spirit. The Pericarp presents numerous small lacunae filled with an inflammable, acrid, and caustic oil, which stains linen of a rusty-iron co- lour ; prevents decay in wood ; destroys ringworm, cancerous ulceration, warts, corns; violently irritates the skin and blisters the lips when brought into con- tact with them : and, taken internally, operates, according to Gmelin ( Pfianzen- ffifte, p. 378), as a strong poison. The Kernel, resembling in shape and size, a hare's kidney, aifords a sweet milky juice; is excellent food, fresh or roasted ; and imparts, when dried, a delicious flavour to Madeira-wine. The Tree yields, on in- cision, a milky fluid which gives to linen an indestructible black dye; and, by exu- dation, a gum equal to that of the Acacia. ACAMPSIE, s. f. ( priv., xdftwrw, 1 bend), 5 ACA acampsia, rigiditas, f. L., unbiegsam- keit, f. G., inflexibility, rigidity, Exs. rigiditas articulorum, L., inflexibility of the joints (synonymous with Anchylosis) , die unbiegsamkeit (akampsie) der glieder, G., rigidity of the muscles. ACANTHABOLE, S. m. (&KK10K, a thorn, /SaXXw, I strike) acanthabolus, m., vol- sella, f. L. gratenzange, , em chirur- gisches instrument zum herausziehen der knochensplitter, G., an instrument employed in Surgery, for the extraction of splinters of bone, or other foreign bo- dies from a wound or from the pharynx. ACANTHE, s. Branc-ursine, a genus in Botany, Acanthus, (Didynamia angio- sperm. ; Acanthacete), Branca ursina, L Barenklau, m. G., Bear's breech : one spe- cies, A. mollis, smooth bear's breech, a na- tive of Italy, is emollient ; roots a good substitute for those of marsh-mallow. ACARDIE, s. f. acardia, f. L. (a priv., xapb'ia, heart), herzlosigkeit, fl G. , the condition of a foetus born without a heart, der zustand eines foetus ohne herz, G. ACARE, s. m., acarus, m. L. (*a^V, indivisible), ciron,m., mite, f. F., milbe, G., mite : a tribe of minute animals belonging to the Articulata, of Cuvier; formerly included among apterous insects by Linnaeus ; constituting one of the gen- era of Arachnides, of modern French and a distinct Class, Acari, in the systems of British zoological writers. The Acari differ from true insects, in being destitute of antennae, and possessing occasionally eight legs. The ckon mite sarcopte de la gale, F., Acarus ( Sarcoptes) scabiei, L., sometimes found in or near the vesicle of Itch, but not invariably attendant on the disease, belongs to this tribe. See Bate- man, Synopsis, p. 201 ; Rayer, Traile, vol. ii, p. 407 Plumbe, Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin, p. 343. ACATAPOSE, s. f., acataposis, L. ( priv., xaTx-rofi;, deglutition) : das unvermo- gen zu schlucken, G. inability to swallow. ACAULIS, adj. ( priv., xauXoV, stem), acaulis, L,., ohne stangel, G., without stem, stemless : a term generally applied to plants which have no stem, as dandeli- on ; and particularly to a British species of thistle, Cnicus acaulis, dwarf plume- thistle. ACAWERIA, s. m. : a term applied, in Ceylon, to the bitter root of Ophyoxylum serpentinum, (Polygamia, monoecia) red- flowered ophioxylum, a supposed anti- dote to the poison of serpents : hence the generic name (Ufa, serpent, S-i/'Xav, wood.) ACCABLEMENT, s. m. torpor, m. L., ueberhaufung, f. G., torpor : an over- whelming sense of weakness and oppres- sion. ACCELERATEUR s. m. and adj., acceler- ACC ator : a term applied to a pair of muscles (bulbo-caverneux, Ch.), muscles accelera- teurs, F., acceleratores urinse, L., treib- muskeln, barn und saamenschneller, G., which extend from the bulb of the ure- thra to the corpora cavernosa penis, and accelerate, by their contraction, the expul- sion of the sperm and urine. ACCELERATIONS. , acceleratio, f. L.., acceleration : a term employed, in Phy- siology and Pathology, to denote increased rapidity (die vermehrte schnelligkeit, G.) of action in the heart and lungs. Exs. du pouls, de la respiration, F. acceleration of the pulse, of respiration. ACCELEKE, adj., acceleratus, L., accelerated. ACCES, s. m., accessus, m., accessio, f. (accedere, to happen), exacerbatio, , pa- roxysmus, m. ., yapa^v/r^ts, paroxys- mus, zutritt, zugang, anfatl, m. G., ac- cess, accession, attack, fit, paroxysm, exa- cerbation : a term employed in speaking of both moral and physical affections. Exs. de tristesse, de colere, a fit of grief, of anger; d' hemoptysie, d' e'pilepsie, an attack of haemoptysis, a paroxysm of epilep- sy. In Medicine, the term, access, is re- stricted to the assemblage of phenomena which signalize the recurrence of periodical diseases, as intermittent fever; and com- prehends their cold, hot, and sweating sta- ges: while paroxysm and exacerbation are employed more especially to designatelhe aggravations of continued and remittent fevers ; which consist in simple increase of the febrile symptoms, unpreceded by shivering. The term, Fievre d 1 acces, is, however, used by the French, as synony- mous with intermittent, remittent, or pe- riodical fever. ACCESSOIRE, s. m., and adj. accesso- rius, L. accessory : that which accompa- nies, or is auxiliary to, some principal part or organ. In Botany, organes accessoires, E., organa accessoria, L. die nebentheile, G. accessory organs. In Anatomy, the term is used to designate certain auxiliary muscles, glands, nerves, and subordinate parts of organs. Exs. 1. du long (grand) flechisseur commun des orteils, accessorius flexoris longi digi- torum pedis, caro quadrata Sylvii, planta- ris verus, L. : a square muscle, extending obliquely from the os calcis to the exter- nal border of the long flexor of the toes. 2. de f obturator interne, accessorius obturatoris interni, L. : a name applied, by Petit, to the gemini muscles, (zwillings- muskeln, G.) of the thigh. 1. d6 Cowper (glande) : two groups of mucous follicles, situated between the prostate gland and the bulb of the ure- thra; then: orifices opening into the canal of the latter : glandular anteprostatse, L. 6 ACC die Cowperschen driisen, G Cowper's glands. 2. de la parotide : an appendage of the parotid gland, almost always continu. ous with it, and accompanying the parotid duct. 1. du nerf crural: a name given to the 4th and 5th pairs of lumbar nerves. 2. de Willis, nervus accessorius ad par vagum, spinalis accessorius, L*, bey- nerve, Willisischer beinerve, eilfter hirn- nerve, G. spinal accessory : a pair of nerves, originating from the spinal chord; traversing the vertebral canal and foramen occipitale ; joining the eighth pair within the cranium ; issuing with it, from the fo- ramen lacerum ; perforating the sterno- mastoid, and distributed to the trapezius and adjacent muscles. Accessoire du pied d 1 hippocampe, acces- sory of the pes hippocampi : a prominence which forms the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain. In Pathology, the term is applied to phenomena, symptomes accessoires, F., symptomata accessoria, L., accompany- ing those which are essential to the dis- ease ; and, themselves, of secondary im- portance. In Therapeutics, moyen acces- soire, F., implies an auxiliary remedy, it- self possessed of li ttle energy, but intended to assist and sustain the operation of more powerful agents. So, in common lan-r guage, Sciences accessoires a la medecine, signifies the Sciences auxiliary or tributary to medicine. ACCIDENT, s. m accidens, L. (accide- re, to happen), zufall, m. G., accident: a lesion occurring unexpectedly in the course of a disease, and not essentially connected with it, symptoma quod aegro accidit, neque ab ipso malo pendet, Ju. : hence differing from symptom, a pheno- menon inherent in the morbid state. In Surgery, haemorrhage, excessive pain, erysipelas, constitute the accidents of a wound ; and, if the accident be such as to demand particular attention, it becomes a complication. See EPIPHENOMENE. AccroENTEL, adj accidentalis (same) zufallig, G., fortuitous, casual ; taking place, not necessarily, but by accident. Ex. sympt6me accidentel, F., an accidental symptom. In Morbid Anatomy, the term, tissu accidentel, is applied to all structures developed as the consequence of a morbid process. An artificial anus is also some- times termed anus accidentel, F. ACCLIMATE, adj. climati assuetus, L., ans klima gewohnt, G., inured to a climate, acclimatized. ACCLIMATEMENT, s. , climati assue- tudo, L. gewohnung ans klima, G in- urement to a climate: the modification ACE effected in the human organism on passing from one climate to another. ACCOMPAGNEMENT, s. m., adjunctum, L.., begleitung, f., G., adjunct, accom- paniment. Ex. de la cataracte, F., accompaniment of the cataract : a whitish viscid matter which surrounds the opaque crystalline ; and, remaining after the ope- ration, sometimes induces secondary cata- ract. ACCOUCHEE, adj., used substantively, s, acer, L., scharf, G., acrid : an epithet applied to sub- stances, dietetic or medicinal, which excite in the throat, an unpleasant sense of irri- tation and astriction. Exs. Poison acre, F., an acrid poison ; medicamma acria, L., die scharfe mittel, G., acrid medicines The dry pungent heat, sometimes experi- enced by patients, or felt by another on coming into contact with them, is termed, in French, chaleur acre. ACRETE, s. f., acritas, f. L., scharfe, f. G., acrimony : the quality peculiar to acrid substances. Synonymous also with AIGREURS. ACRIDOPHAGE, s. m. and adj. {ix.fis, a locust, tfa.'yia, I eat), acridophagus, L., heuschrekenesser, heuschrekenfresser, G. locust-eater, locust-eating. The prac- tice of 'feeding upon the locust has prevailed in the East from remote antiquity, and still exists. The diet of John, the Baptist, (St. Matthew, c. iii, v. 4), consisted ofaxpi- Ssj xcil pixi aypuv, locusts and wild honey. ACRIDOPHAGIE, s. f (same), acrido- phagia, f. L,., heuschrekenessen, n. G the practice of locust-eating : also, accord- ing to Kraus, the name applied to an her- petic disease, eine herpetische krankheit, G. prevalent in Ethiopia. ACRISIE, s. f. (a priv., xp'iffis, crisis), .,-acrisia, L., terminaison d' une mala- die sans crise manifesto, F., termination of 11 ACR a disease without evident crisis. ACRITI- QUE, adj., acriticus, L. unkritisch, G., acritical. Ex. Maladie acritique, F., eine krankheit ohne kritische erscheinuna- en, G M a disease without critical phenomena. ACROCHIR, s. m., */, acrochir, extremamanus, extremi digitorum apices, L., das ausserste ende der hand, die fin- gerspitzen, G., the extremity of the hand, finger-ends : in Hippocrates, the fore-arm, der vorderarm vom ellnbogen bis zu den fingerspitzen. ACHOCHORDE, s. m , Acrochordus, m. L., "Warzenschlange, (wart-snake) f. G. : a genus of serpents found in Java ; cha- racterized by the innumerable small scales assuming in dried specimens, or on in- flation of the living body, the appearance of granulated warts or tubercles, which cover every part of the animal : hence the generic name. The Acrochordi are said by some, to possess, instead of the common poison-fang, a peculiar bone ; to be veno- mous; and to subsist on vegetable sub- stances. These statements are denied or doubted by Cuvier, (See Regne Animal, v. ii, p. 85.) One species only A. javen- sis, is, at present, well known. The Chi- nese esteem it delicious food. ACROCHORDON, S. f. a.xfo^af^ui, VCT- rue pediculee qui survient aux paupieres, F., a wart with slender stem, occurring on the eye-lids: verrucarum species, in- terdum dolens, orbicular! figura, cum an- gusta basi, quse pensilis verruca vocatur, L., a species of wart, sometimes painful, of globular figure, with a slender base ; which is called a pendulous wart, (hange- warze, f. G.). ACROMIAL, adj., acromialis, L., zum akromion gehorig, G belonging to the acromion : arlere acromiale, F., arteria acromialis, scapularis externa, L., acro- mial artery, one of the thoracic branches of the Axillary. ACHOMIO-CORACOIDIEN, adj., acromio- coracoideus, L.., acromio-coracoid : a name given to the ligament which extends from the acromion to the coracoid process of the scapula. ACROMIO-HUMERAL (sous) : a name given by Chaussier, to the Deltoid mus- cle. ACROMION, s. m. (oixpas, extreme, 4"?> shoulder), acromion, acromium, n. L,., schulterhb'he, , akromion, n. G., a- cromion : the large process terminating the spine of the scapula above and out- wards ; receiving on an articular surface, the scapular extremity of the clavicle ; and affording attachment to the deltoid and trapezius muscles. ACROMPHALE, S. m. (cixfas, and IftQa.- >.os, navel), acromphalus, m. L.. : the point of the navel, die spitxe des nabcls; ACT also, incipient umbilical hernia, der an- fangende nabelbruch, G. ACROTHYMION, s. m. (&xpos, and tufiiov, wart), acrothymion, L. : une verrue co- nique, rugeuse et saignante, F., ein keg- elformiges, rauhes, blutendes warzchen, G., a conical, rugose, and bleeding wart. ACTE, s. m., actus, m. L., werk, n. G. act. Ex. de la reproduction, F., act of generation. ACTIF, adj., activus, L., active Applied to diseases, the term is synony- mous with acute : Ex. inflammation active, F., hitzige entziindung, G., acute in- flammation. In Therapeutics, it signifies energetic, powerful : Ex. remede actif, F., ein Tcr'dftiges mittel, G., apowerful remedy. The vie active of Buisson is synonymous with the vie animate, animal life, of Bi- chat. See AIGU. ACTINIE, s. (a*7/v, a ray) Actinia, L, Meeranemone, Thierpflanze, f. G. Sea-anemone, Animal-flower: a genus in Zoology, belonging to the 1st Order, Orties de mer, fixes in the 4th Class, Polypi, of the Zoophyta, in Cuvier's last arrange- ment. See Regne Animal, v. m, p. 291. The genus contains more than twenty species ; several edible. One only, A. vi- ridis, stings like the Medusae. The Actin- ia, when mutilated, exhibit extraordinary powers of reproduction. ACTINOZOAIRE, s. m. (axjlv, a ray, aav, an animal): a term employed, by Blainville, to designate the animals, here- tofore included in the Class Zoophyta, of Linnaeus, and the Radiata, of Cuvier. ACTION, s. , actio, f. L. (agere, to act) wirkung, bewegung, G., action : the manner in which one body acts or operates upon another. Action is physical, organic, or animal physique, organique, animale, F., as taking place in bodies which oper- ate by laws common to all, like those of gravity ; in bodies merely organized, as vegetables ; and in those endowed with animal life. In the latter, it is cerebral, vascular, muscular, cerebrale,vasculaire, rnusculaire, F., as it takes place in the brain, or the vascular, or muscular sys- tem. ACTIVITE, s. f , activitas, L., wirk- samkeit, G., activity: the faculty of acting or entering into action ; and, by an extension of meaning, promptitude vi- vacity of action. ACTUEL, adj., actualis, L., actual : that which acts immediately. The hot iron, das gluhende eisen, G., employed in Surgery, is called cautere actuel, F., cau- terium actuale, L., actual cautery; be- cause it exerts an instantaneous action on the animal organs by imparting the calo- ric with which it is penetrated. The term, potential, is, on the contrary, applied 12 ADD to those substances, which, like nitrate of silver and pure potass, produce disorgani- zation of the tissues by virtue of their chemical action. See CAUTEHE. ACUMINE, adj., acuminatus, L. (acu- men, a point), langgespitzt, G., acu- minate : a term applied, in Botany, to all those parts of a plant which terminate suddenly in a point at their summit. Ex. leaves of the common Hazel-nut. ACUTANGULE, adj., acutangulatus, a- cute-angulatus, acutangulus, I..., scharf- eckig, G., acute-angled : an epithet given to those parts of a plant which pre- sent acute and projecting angles ; as the capsule of Corchorus acutangulus, ACUPUNCTURE, s. , acupunctura, L. (acus, a needle, punctura ure), nadel- stechen, n.G., acupuncture: an operation originally practised in China and Japan. It consists in the adroit introduction of a gold or silver needle into various parts of the body affected with pain or swelling ; and is sometimes productive of temporary relie The modus operandi of the reme- dy is not obvious. See a Treatise on Acu- puncturation. By J. M. Churchill, Lon- don. ACYSIE, s. f. : same derivation as, and synonymous with, ACIESIE. ADCLIVITE, s. , adclivitas, f. L. Loder has given the term adclivity of the tibia, adclivitas tibiae, L to the rough and projecting surface which separates the two articular cavities of the summit of this bone. ADDEPHAGIE, s. , SSipay/a, adde- phagia, voracitas, L. gefrassigkeit, , die iibermassige esslust, G., voracity, in- satiable craving for food. ADDUCTEUR. s. m. and adj., adductor, adducens, L. (adduco, I draw towards) : a name given to those muscles (musculi ad- ductor 'es, L. ; anziehende muskeln, G.) whose office consists in drawing the limb or organ moved by them, towards the mesial line of the body or member to which they belong : ein muskel der ein glied einw'drts zieht, G., a muscle which draws a limb in- wards. Exs. 1. de r ceil, adductor of the eye. See DHOIT interne. 2. (premier ou moyen) de la cuisse, (pubio-fe'moral, Ch.), adductor longus primus femoris, L., langer anzieher des schenkels, G., long (or middle) adductor of the thigh : a muscle extending from the spine and body of the os pubis to the mid- dle of the linea aspera of the os femoris. 3. (second ou court) de la cuisse, (sous- pubio-femoral, Ch.), adductor brevis se- cundus femoris, L., kurzer anzieher des schenkels, G., short (or second) ad- ductor of the thigh : from the lower part of os pubis to upper third of linea aspera. ADE 4. (troisieme mi long) de la cuisse, (ischio-fe'moral, Ch.), adductor magnus tertius femoris, L., grosser anzieher des schenkels, G., great (or third) adduc- tor of the thigh : from the ascending ra- mus and tuberosity of the ischium to the whole length of the linea aspera, internal condyloid ridge and condyle, of the femur. 5. du p&uce, (metacarpo-phalangien du pouce, Ch.), adductor pollicis manus, L., anzieher des daumens, G. adductor of the thumb : extends from the whole length of the 3rd metacarpal bone to the root of the 1st phalanx of the thumb. 6. du petit doigt, (carpo-phalangien du petit, doigt, Ch.), adductor minimi di- giti manus, L,., anzieher des kleinen fin- Eers, G., adductor of the little finger: om the os pisiforme to the superior ex- tremity of the 1st phalanx of the little finger. 7. du gros orteil, (calcaneo-sous-pha- langien de 1' orteil, Ch.), adductor polli- cis pedis hallucis, L., anzieher der grossen zehe, G., adductor of the great toe : from the os calcis to the 1st phalanx of the great toe. ADDUCTION, s. f., adductio, f. L., an- ziehung, f. G., adduction : die bewegung eines anziehenden muskels, G., the action of an adductor muscle. ADELIPARIE, s. (Bjv, abundantly, Xvrapos, fat), adeliparia, f. L. : a name given, by Alibert, to Polysarcie; which constitutes in his Nosologie Naturelle, the first genus of the Ethmoplecoses. ADEMOXIE, s. , (%nft,av'iu, I am griev- ously tormented) angor, m., anxietas, f. L., angst, G., anguish of mind, anxi- ety. ADENALGIE, s. (Siv, a gland, cL\y;, pain), adenalgia, f. L., driisenschmerz, m. ; eine schmerzhafte driisengeschwullst G. Pain seated in a gland; a painful swelling of a gland. ADENEMPHRAXIE, s. ($nv, \pq>pa,, I describe), sedoiographia, L.., descrip- tion of the genital organs. ./EDOIOLOGIE, s. f. (same, and Xoyo; , dis- course), sedoiologia, s. f., discourse or treat- ise on the genital organs. ^EDOIOPSOPHIE, ^EDOPSOPHIE, s. f. (same, and t^oifof, noise), cedopsophia, f., L., emissio sonora flatuum ex urethra vel vagina, L.., ein horbarer abgang von luft aus der mannlichen hamrohre, oder durch die vagina, G., an audible emission of fla- tus from the male urethra, or the vagina. ./EDOIOTOMIE, s. f. (same, and ripvu, I cut), aedoitomia, L., dissection of the genital organs. JEDOITE, s. f. (same), sedoitis, f. L.., in- flammation of the external organs of gene- ration. jEoAGRoriLE, EGAGROPILE, s. m. (*J$, goat, ypos, wild, and it7Ko$, a ball of 15 AER hair) aegagropilus, m., gemsenkugel, f. G., hair-ball : a concretion sometimes found in the stomach and ccecum of the Solipeda (Solidungula), more frequently in the paunch and rennet of the Ruminantia. It is composed of the detritus of plants, cal- careous particles, and hair, cemented toge- ther by intestinal mucus. ./Bo i LOPS, s. m., alyi>.u^, (a.'!%, goat, u^>, eye) : ulcere place* au grand angle d' 1'ceil; reposant sur, ou pene'trant le sac lacrymal; maladie a laquelle les chevres sont suiettes, F., an ulcer in the great an- gle of the eye, situated upon, or penetrat- ing, the lachrymal sac; a disease to which goats are subject. Tuberculum, ut pluri- mum cum inflammatione, a sacci lachry- malis affectu ortum ; majorem oculi can- thum obsidens ; et sic dictum quia hoc af- fectu caprce saepe laborant, L., a swelling commonly attended with inflammation; originating from an affection of the lach- rymal sac ; occupying the greater (intern- al) canthus of the eye ; and so called (jEgilops) because goats frequently sufter from this affection. Geisauge, n., aug- enwinkelgeschwiir, thranensackgeschwur, n. G., goat's-eye : an ulcer in the angle of the eye, in the lachrymal sac. Ac- cording to Blanchard, the swelling is call- ed Anchylops, while yet entire; JEgilops, when the abscess has burst. The dis- charge, he adds, is very acrid ; and, if it be not seasonably let out, the subjacent bone becomes carious, and Fistula lachry- malis ensues. See ANCHILOPS. ./EGOPHONIE. See EGOPHONIE. ^EGYPTIAC, s. m., pharmacum aegypti- acum, L. : onguent compose* avec le vin- aigre, le miel, et le vert-de-gris, F., un- guentum ex aceto, melle, et aerugine com- positum, L., eine aus essig, honig, und grunspan bestehende salbe, G., an oint- ment (or rather liniment) composed, or consisting, of vinegar, honey, and verdi- gris. AERIEN, adj., ae'rius. L., luftig, zur luft gehorig, oder aus luft bestehend, G., aerial, belonging to, or consisting of, air. AERIFERE, adj. aerifer, L. (aer, air, ferre, to convey), luftfuhrend ?, G., aeriferous : a term applied to those tubes which are destined to convey air into the living body ; as the windpipe and bronchia of the higher animals, and the tracheae of insects. AERIFICATION, s. , aerificatio, f. L. (a'cr, and facere, to make), aerification : the action of converting a body into gas or elastic fluid. AERIFOHME, adj., aeriformis, L. (same, and forma, form), luftartig, G., aeri- form : that which assumes the/ormof^as or elastic fluid. Synonymous with gas- eous. , adj. (^, air, Ima.- PH, force), aerodvnamica, L., luftkraft- lehre, aerodynamik, f. G. : a term applied to that part of physics which involves the study of the phenomena dependent upon atmospheric pressure. AEROGRAPHIEj S. f. (f, and lygaifiu, I describe), aerographia, L., luftbeschrei- bung, f. G., aerography: description of, or treatise on, the air. AEROLITHE, s. (>)/>, and \i6os, stone), aerolithus, L., aerolith, luftstein, me- teorstein, m. G., aerolite, aerolithe, air- stone, meteoric stone : a name improperly given to mineral substances fallen from the atmosphere ; whose composition is pe- culiar, and origin utterly unknown. AEROLOGIE, s. f. (same, and Xay,, dis- course), aerologia, , L aerologie, , die lehre von der luft, G., aerology, doc- trine of, treatise on, the air. AEROMETRIE, s. (same, and ftirpov, measure), aerometria, f. L., aerometrie, luftmesskunst, , G., aerometry: that part of physics which treats of the history of the physical properties of atmospheric air. AEROMETRE, F., aerometron, L.,_ aerometer,luftdichtigkeitsmesser,m.G., aerometer: an instrument wherewith to measure the density of atmospheric air. AEROPHOBIE, s. f. (same, and QoS'ia, I fear), aerophobia, f. L., luftscheu, f. G. : horror of the contact of a current of air , sometimes observed in the delirium con- sequent upon inflammation of the brain or its membranes : the term is often incor- rectly used to designate dread of light, (Photophobia), a symptom much less rare, and usually accompanying the horror of water in Hydrophobia. AEROPHOBE, adj., aerophobicus, aerophobus, L. : one ex- periencing the dread of air. JEsrixG, s. a corruption of aspic, asp ? in Zoology, the Swedish name of a ve- nomous serpent , Coluber Chers&a, Linnae- us, Viper Cherscea, Daudin, of the Class Reptiles, Order Ophidiens, Cuvier, vipere rouge (red viper), of French Schwedische viper, of German writers : found princi- pally in north Europe. It is much small- er, and inflicts a wound more rapidly fa- tal, than the common European species. Length, 6 inches ; abdominal plates, 150; double sub-caudal scales, 34 : hence differ- ing from the vipere rouge of France and Switzerland, length, 17 inches ; abdomi- nal plates, 155; sub-caudal scales, 36, commonly referred to the same species. See Gmelin, Allg. geschichte der thierischen gifte, p. 75 ; Cuvier, Regne Anim., vol. iii, p. 85 ; Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, v. i, p. 236. jEsTHKME, s. m.,a,i'f0np,K, sensatio, L., empfindung, G., sensation. , s. , aiV^W/f, sensibilitas, 16 AFF f. L., gefiihl, gefuhlsvermogen, n. G., sensibility. ./ESTHETEHE, s.m., ulfHwrripicv,- aisthe- terium, sensorium commune, n. L., der hauptsitz der empfindung, G., principal seat of the sensations common sensorium. ./ETHER. See ETHER. ./ETHIOPS. See ETHIOPS. ./ETIOLOGIE. See ETIOLOGIE. AFFADISSEMENT, s. m., saporis depri- vatio, L., beraubung des geschmacks, f. G., the loss of taste, of tne power of discerning the flavour of substances taken into the mouth. AFFAIBLISSEMENT, s. m., debilitatio, L., schwachung, f. L., weakening, di- minution of power. Exs. de la vue, de 1' ouie, F., impairment of the sight, of hearing. See AMBLYOPIE, BARYECOIE. AFFAISSEMENT, s. , collapsus, m., depressio, f. L., verringerung, f. (i.,_ collapse, abatement, diminution of vo- lume or tension, depression. Exs. du bas-ventre, des mamelles, de la cornee, decrease of tension of the belly, of the breasts, of the cornea ; des forces d' un malade, F., depression of the strength of a sick person. AFFECTIF, adj., that which affects or excites emotion. The Affective Faculties (les facultes affectives, F.) constitute, in Spurzheim's phrenological arrangement, a distinct Order, including three genera : the Animal Propensities ; the Sentiments common to man and the lower animals ; and the Affective faculties peculiar to man. See FACULTE, INTELLECTUEI,. AFFECTION, s. , affectus, m., affectio, f. L., Affection has two different significa- tions : 1 . In Medicine, the deviation of an organ from its natural and healthy state: 2. in common language, an emotion of the mind, joyous or painful. In this two-fold meaning of disease and passion, the term, ra,6i>s, is employed by the Greek writers. Affection, in the former case, is commonly further distinguished by the epithets mor- bid, organic, cerebral, nervous, muscular, and so forth, according to the precise na- ture or seat of the mischief indicated (Af- fection morbide, organique, cere'brale, ner- vcuse, musculaire, F.) ; and is then sy- nonymous with maladie, f. F., morbus, m. L. (totro;, of the Greeks), krankheit, f. G., disease. Ex. Maladie du cceur, cordis morbus, krankheit des herzens, dis- ease of the heart. In the latter, it is ex- pressed by passion, f. F., passio, , pa- thema, n. L., leidenschaft, f. G., passion, emotion. Ex. Animi pathema, pathemata, pi. (TK^/^a ira^^ara rris "^"J^i), gemuthsbewegung, passion of the mind. Certain modifications of the fundamental qualities of the mind, not resulting from tee action of any particular organ aestin- AGA ed For the performance of such function, as grief, terror, joy, jealousy, and rage, are, by Gall, designated Affections. See PASSION. AFFERENT, adj.. afferens, L. (adferre afferre, to convey to) : a name given to those lymphatic vessels, vaisseaux affer- , ens, F., vasa afferentia, L., which ter- minate in a lymphatic gland, and convey to it their contained fluid ; the free borders of their valves being directed towards the gland : diametrically opposed, in significa- tion, to DEFKRENS. AFFINITE, s. f., aflfinitas, f. L., ver- wandtschaft, f. G., affinity : the points of resemblance which various objects exhibit, in form, external characters, and struc- ture ; the tendency or disposition in cer- tain bodies to unite chemically ; the pow- er by which the constituent molecules of these bodies are impelled to adhere toge- ther, and enabled to preserve their state of union. AFFLUENCE, s. f., AFFLUX, m., afflux- us, m. L. (affluere, to flow towards), zufluss, m. G., afflux: a determination (increased flow) of humours, particularly of blood, to any organ. AFFLUENT, adj., affluens, L., affluent: flowing towards. AFFUSION, s. f., afFusio, f. L. (af- fundere, to pour upon), affusion : appli- cation of water, by sudden pouring out, to a part or whole of the body. avec 1'eau chaude ou 1'eau froide, F., affusion with warm or cold water. AGACEMENT, s. m., setting on edge: Ex. des dents, F., stupor nebetaticx- den tin m, L. : the unpleasant sensation resulting from the contact of acids with the teeth. AGALACTIE, s. f. ( priv., yx, milk) agalactia, f. L., der mangel an milch, ausbleiben der milch in den briisten, nach der niederkunft, G., want of milk, ab- sence of milk from the breasts after de- livery. Synonymous with AGALAXIE. AGALLOCHE,S. m., ayaXXo^av: the re- sinous and fragrant wood (bois d'aloes, F., |i/xxj lignum Aloes, L., aloeholz, G.), of an East-Indian tree, Excacaria agallocha (Dioecia, monodelph. ; Euphorbi- acece,) : much prized in China and Japan for the odour which it exhales during combustion; and, in this state, formerly used as a cephalic. It contains an exceed- ingly acrid juice. AGALORRHEE, s. f. (priv., yaXa, milk, p'sia, I flow), cessation of the flow of milk. See AGALACTIE ; which differs from this, as signifying absence of secretion, not sup- pression after it has commenced. AGAMI, s , 1'oiseau-trompette, in .Zoo- logy, a South-American Bird, Psophia cre- pitans (Grallce, Linn. ; Echassiers, Cuv. ; Aleclorides, Temm.), der Agami, G., 17 AGA golden-breasted Trumpeter: readily do- mesticated ; evinces strong attachment to man: flesh, an agreeable aliment. AGAMIE, s. f., ( priv., y&fMi, marriage), Agamia, f. L., Agamie, f. G absence of sexual characters : a term incorrectly substituted by continental Botanists, for that of CUYPTOGAMIA : since sexual or- gans, although not conspicuous, probably exist in the various plants which it is meant to comprehend. AGAME, adj., agamus, L., sexless : Ex. Plantes agames, F.,ffeschlechtlose (ohne befmchtungsorgane ) pflanzen, G., agamous plants. AGARIC, s. m., agaricus, m. L., . schwamm, blatterschwamm, pilz, m. G., agaric, mushroom : a genus in Botany (Cryptogamia, fungi), originally compre- hending a great number of species ; which have since been distributed into several distinct genera. Some of the plants be- longing to this group, are edible; many, unwholesome or poisonous. Among the former, may be enumerated Agaricus cam- pestris, edulis, agaric des champs, come- stible, F., common mushroom ; and A. aurantiacus, agaric orange', oronge, F., orange agaric : among the latter, A. semi- fflobalus, virosus, halbkugelichter blatter- schwamm, G , poisonous agaric or toad- stool ; A. piperatus, fastens, agaric fe'tid, F., pfeft'erschwamm, G., pepper agaric ; A. vernus, bulbosus, agaric bulbeux, F., fruhlingsschwamm, G., bulbous-stemmed agaric ;- A. (Amanita) muscarius, agaric fausse oronge, F., fliegenschwamm, G., fly agaric ; and Phallus fetidus, impudi- cus, satyre impudique, F., die wilde mor- chel, G., stinlcing morell. See Greville, Scottish Crypt. Flora, Edinburgh ; Roques, Histoire des Champignons comest., et venen. Paris, 1832. The term, Agaric, F. and Br., 'Aya.oix.ci, Agaricum, L., is also ap- plied, in Medicine, to two species of the genus BOLETUS. One of these, B. laricis, agaric blanc ou du meleze, F... lerchen- schwamm, G., growing on the Larix corn- munis, Europeea, in Asia and South Eu- rope, appears in commerce, in white pieces, of extraordinary bitterness and acridity ; is a violent drastic purgative; recom- mended by de Haen, against the colliqua- tive sweats of phthisis ; but now rarely employpd except in veterinary medicine. The other, . quercinus, igniarius, aga- ric de chene, angule', amadouvier, F., eisenschwamm, feuerschwamm. G., touch- wood Boletus, is the substance which sup- plies the Amadou or Agaric, of surgeons ; employed for the suppression of haemor- rhage from minute vessels. It operates mechanically or as a simple absorbent; and possesses none of the astringent pro- perties formerly attributed to it. See Purton, Midland Flora, vol. ii, p. 672. AGI AGE, s. m., aetas, f. I..., alter, n. G., age : the measure of time elapsing be- tween life and death ; presumed natural duration of life in an organized being ; a period of life characterized by a particu- lar state of the organs. AGEDOITE, s. fT: an immediate princi- ple of vegetables, crystallizable in. octa- edrons; tasteless, containing azote; in- soluble in water ; soluble in the sulphuric and nitric acids ; and exhaling, when tri- turated with potass, an ammoniacal odour. It exists in the juice of Liquorice. AGENESIE, s. (a priv., yinins, genera- tion), agenesis, f. L., sterility ; not the impotence resulting from malformation of the sexual organs, nor from deficiency of the sexual appetite. AGENT, s. m., agens, m. L., agent, m. G., agent : that which acts. Exs. morbifique, deletere, F., any agent or pow- er by which organic action is injured or destroyed ; hygienique, therapeutique, an agent whereby that action is maintained, or restored when injured ;chimique, any substance or power acting chemically on bodies. AGERASIE, s. f. (a priv., y^aj, old age), agerasia, insenescentia, f. L. : old age unattended by infirmity or complaint. Vieillesse vigoureuse et verte, F., senec- tus vegeta, L., ein munteres, kraftiges griinendes alter, G., a vigorous green old age. AGEUSTE, AGEUSTIE, s. f, a.ytv.;a, speech), mutitas, f., loquelse defectus, m. L., sprachlosigkeit, , verlust der sprache, G., mutism, dumbness, loss of speech. See APHONIE. ALAMBIC, s. m. (al, augm., a^/f, pot), alembicus, m. L., destillirkolben, destil- lirhelm, m. G., alembick : an apparatus employed in distillation ; and usually con- sisting of four pieces, the retort, cucur- bite, fT; sand-bath, baine-marie, m. ; head, chapiteau, m. ; and worm, serpentin, m., F. See these different Articles. ALANTIKE, s. f. See INUXINE. ALBARA, ALBARAS, ALBAROS. See ALPHOS. ALBATRE, s. m., aX?a and Coulson's Edition, p. 360. 25 ALO ALLELUIA, s. f. : the vulgar name of Ox alls acetosella, weisser Sauerklee, m. G., Wood-sorrel. See OSEILLE. ALLIAGE, s. m., alligatio, metallorum permixtio, f. L., vermischung durch schmelzen, G., admixture by fusion, of a metal with one or more others. ALLIAIRF,, s. f., alliaria, L. (allium, garlick) : the specific name of a plant be- longing to the genus Treacle-mustard, Erlsymum. See VELAR. The E. alliaria, knoblauchkraut, n., ramschelwurzel, f. G., garlick treacle-mustard, common un- der hedges, and flowering in May, emits, when bruised, a powerful alliaceous smell; and is diuretic, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic, and expectorant. ALLIANCE. See ACCOUPLEMENT. ALLOTRIOPHAGIE, s. f. (aXXo{, full of hairs). The mo- dern Greeks call the shad u, I am agitated), alysmus, m., anxietas, f. L., unruhe, beanstigung, f. G., restlessness, anxiety. Swediaur has made it a genus of diseases. AMADOU, s. m., agaricum, igniarium, n. L., agaric (of surgeons). AMADOU- VIER, s. m., agaric de chtne: the name of the plant, Boletus igniarius, L., fetier- schwamm, eisenschwamm, m. G., from which agaric is prepared. See AGARIC. AMAIGRISSEMENT, s. m., macies, ma- ceratio, f. L., abmagerung, abzehrung, f. G., emaciation : wasting of the flesh ; the condition of a person who has lost, or is losing, flesh. AMALGAMATION, s. f. (upu, together, v, tonsilla, L., is also termed, amygdale, F., amygdala, L,., ohrenmandel, G., almond of the ear. See AMYGDALE. AMAKITA, s. m., Oronge, A^av/Vjjj Amanita, f. L. : a genus in Botany (Cryp- togamia, fungi ), comprizing several edible, but, for the most part, poisonous, plants, formerly ranged under Agaricus. See A- GARIC. The genus, a sub-genus in .Lou- dons Encyclopedia, p. 986, contains, ac- cording to French writers, all those spe- 28 AMB cies of agaric whose stem, or pedicle, is tumid at the base; and which are com- pletely enclosed in a volva previously to their perfect developement. This defini- tion will include, in addition to the A. muscaria and nivalis, of Greville, his Aga- ricus bulbosus, and several other bulbous- stemmed fungi. Greville, on the other hand (Scott. Cryptog. Flora, v. i, pi. 18, 54), restricts his genus Amanita to species whose cap is " furnished with a stem and volva (wrapper), and bears on its inferior surface straight sporuliferous lamella (gills). Stem either with a ring-like veil, or naked." See also ORONGE. AMARANTHACEES, s. m., Amarantha- cevt/Apm>;, febris quotidiana, L., alllagige fieber, G., a fever which re- turns every day, fievre qui revient chaque jour, F., a quotidian intermittent. AMPHIARTHHOSE, s. f., /zft.tvov, oleum a- mygdalinum, L., almond-oil. AMYLACE, adj., amylaceus (amylum, starch), apv^o;, amylaceous : of the na- ture of, or relating to, starch. AMYXIE, s. f. (a, priv., fiv%a, mucus), amyxia, f. L., schleimmangel, m., der mangel normalen schleims, G., deficiency of the natural mucus. ANABOLE, s. f., voXj (v, upwards, /SaXXa, I throw), sursum evacuatio, ma- teriae rejectio per superiora, L., ausiverfen nach oben (besonders durch erbrechen), G., evacuation upwards f particularly by vomit- ing). Of like signification, are ANAGOGE, S. f.j avayayj) (v, and a-yia, I Conduct) ; and ANAPHORE, s. f., -civaipopa (v, and , I convey). AVAHROCHISME, S. m., uvapo%iffft,o; (ava, across, fipa%es, a noose), anabrochis- mus, m., modus extrahendi pilos palpe- brarum inverses, qui oculum irritant, L. : an operation which consists in seizing, with a running noose formed by a hair, the inverted eye-lashes which irritate the 32 ANA eye, in Trichiasis ; das ausreissen der au- genliederhaare mittelst einer passenden schlinge, G., snatching out of the eye- lashes by means of a loop or noose. ANABROSE, S. f., v/3^2w-/s (ava$patrx.a, I corrode), anabiosis, erosio, f., partis alicujus in corpore, ab humoribus acribus, erosio, L,., zerfressen, n. G., corrosion, erosion. ANACARDE, s. m., Malacca Bean : the fruit of the Anacardier, m. F., Anacardi- um orientale, of Linnaeus, Avicennia to- mentosa, of succeeding Botanists. The fruit contains a white edible kernel : the pericarp, an acrid juice employed in the manufacture of ink and in the marking of linen. See ACAJOU. AXACATHARSE, S. f, avaxutfapiris, (ava- xccfaipiiY, to purge upwards), anacatharsis, f., purgatio, seu evacuatio, per superiora, L., das reinigen nach oben, G., purga- tion, or evacuation, upwards : das aus- leeren von unreinigkeiten durch husten oder erbrechen, evacuation of impurities by cough or vomiting. ANACATHARTI- QUE, s. m. and adj., anacatharticus, L., Aliacathartica., Qapftaxa. tzvaxatlaprixu, remedes anacathartiques, F., nach oben ausleerende mittel, G. sunt medicamenta quse per superiora purgant, L., anacathar- tics are remedies or medicines which eva- cuate upwards durch erbrechen oder durch lungenauswuri) by vomiting or by expectoration. ANACHREMPSIE, s. f., crachement, v- ZZiff^'is, anachrempsis, exspuitio, f. L., ausrauspern, n. G., spitting. ANA- CHREMPTIQUE, adj., anachrempticus,L., ausrauspern bewirkend, oder damit ver- bunden, G., that which causes spitting, or is connected with it. ANACONCHYLISME, s. m., avKx/>y%v^i, I run), anadrome, reflnxus humorum, vel etiam materise arthriticse, ad superiora, L. : ein hastiges aufsteigen des bluts zum kopfe ; das uebergehen einer rose von den untern theilen auf das gesicht ; oder der gichtbeschwerden iiber den kopf, G., a suaden ascent (determina- tion) of blood to the head; the transit (metastasis) of an erysipelas from the low- er parts (of the body) to the face ; or of gout-affections to the head. AN^EMIE. See Anemie. AXJESTHESIE. ANAISTHESIE. See ANESTHESIE. ANAGRAPHE, s. m., vyfapj (ava^- , I write out), formule, recette, F., medicamentorum praescriptio, L., recept, n. G., fo r mula, medical prescription. ANAGYRK, s. m.: a genus, in Botany, Anayyris, L. and G. (Decandria, monogyn. ; Lcguminosa) ; the leaves of one species of which, A. fastido,, bois puant, F., stink- baum, m., das stinkende Anagyris, G., stinking bean-trefoil, a shrub, growing in South Europe, are bitter and purgative. ANAL. See ANUS. ANALEFSIE,S. , nt\v$is(*vx).<*fitivv, I restore), analepsis, renutritio, f. L., wiederzunehmen, n., besserung, gene- sung, erholung, f. : die wiederherstel- lung eines durch krankheit abgezehrten korpers^ G., recovery : the restoration of a body wasted by disease. Also, the sup- port of a fractured limb by means of a suitable apparatus. ANALEPTIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same), analepticus, recuperator ius, I*, star- kend, herzstarkend, nervenstarkend, G., analeptic, restorative. Analeptica ($.- P.O.X.O. awaXwrixa, die schnell st'drkende mittel, erquickungsmittel, G., Analeptics) sunt medicamenta quae vires resocillant, L. Those articles of diet are also termed analeptic (alimens analeptiques, F.) which accelerate the progress of convalescence by furnishing materials to nutrition, and ex- citing the action of the organs of digestion. ANALGKSIE, s. f. ivaXyxir/a (* priv., Ays, pain), analgesia, f. L.., schmerz- losigkeit, f. G., absence of pain. ANALOGIC, s. f., avxy/, analogia, f. L., analogic, ubereinstimmung, f., die ahnlichkeit bestimmter verhaltnisse ver- schiedener dinge, G., analogy, accord- ance: the resemblance, -in certain relations, of things or objects differing from each other. ANALOGIQBE, adj., aaXyf, analogicus, L., analog, analogisch, ver- haltnissmassig, G., analogical. ANALO- GISME, s. m., Kta^oyta-pos, analogismus, L. and G., analogism : the method of proceeding by Analogy. ANALOSE, S. f., ia./.u^wffi(, (- virX(f9, I fill up), repletio,f.L., anfiil- lung, ausfiillung, f. G.. repletion, filling up : in Surgery, the supply of deficient or the restitution of lost parts of the body (see PHOTHESE) ; filling up of a wound accompanied by loss of substance. ANAP- LEHOTIQUE, adj., avafrXjjjsT/xoj, anaple- roticus, L. Anaplerotica, die ausful- lende mittel, G., sunt medicamenta vul- nera carne implentia ; et deficientia in cor- pore, quantum possibile, restituentia. AXARRHEE, 8. f. ) a<>pa., mouth), anastomosis, inos- culatio, f. L., zusammenmiindung, verei- nigung, f. G., anastomosis, inosculation, union: Ex. An ou inosculation des vais- seaux, F., inosculatio vasorum, L., ein- mundung der gefasse, G., inosculation of vessels : the communication between two vessels emanating from different trunks, or, at least, not proceeding from the same branch. See ABOUCHEMENT. ANASTO- MOTIQUE, adj., iyttffTaftariKOS, anasto- moticus, anastomotic : Ex. Branche a- nastomotique, F., ramus anastomoticus, L., an inosculating branch. Applied to re- medies, medicamens anastomotiques, F. (7, man, avaroftn, dissection), andra- natomia, f. L., -die zergliederung einer mannlichen leiche, G., dissection of a AK- man body. Syn. with ANDBOTOMIE. ANDROGYNE, adj., (ivrjj, man, ytnti, woman), androgynus, semi-virilis, semi- femineus, L., ^mannweiblich, G., an- drogynous. This term, in Botanv, has a sense completely different, as applied to & D2 ANE single Hower, or to a whole plant. In the former case, it is synonymous with herma- phrodite, and signifies that in one floral envelope, both kinds of sexual organ sta- men and pistil are present. In the lat- ter, it is equivalent to monoecious, and an- nounces the existence of male and female flowers in the same plant. It is also sometimes employed as signifying common to intended at the same time for both sexes, beiden geschlechtem gemeinschaft- lich, fur beide geschlechter zugleich be- stimmt, G. : Ex. xTg ivfyoyuvx, balnea androgyna, L, bader, worm zugleich manner und frauen baden, G., baths wherein men and women bathe together. Substantively Used, a.^^oyvins, avfya-yut/as, androgyna, hermaphroditus, m. L., ein zwitter, mannweib, G., an hermaphro- dite. See HERMAPHRODITE. Etiam, sic vocantur (androgynce, eunuchi) quibus exclsa sunt membra virilia, L. ANDfiOMiVNfE, S. f., avSgopatia, (>>!, and >>/, fury), andromania, f. L., mannollheit.-f. G., man-madness. Syno- nvmous with NVMPHOMANIE. ' ANDROFHAGE, s. m., and adj av$os, dread), androphobia, f. I.,., die manner- scheu, G., hatred or rather dread of the human race. ANDROTOMIE, s. f., avS^T^rj (>?, and riftva, I cut), androtomia, f. L. See ANDRANATOMIE. ANDRUM, s. m.: a swelling of the scro- tum, connected with Elephantiasis, ein grosser wasserfleischbruch mit Elephanti- asis verbunden, G., endemic in south Asia, and described by Koempfer. ANE, anesse, s. t, oW, asinus, m., asina, f. L., esel, m., eselinn, f. G., ass (male and female) : in Zoology, a species belonging to the genus Eq$iu. See CHE- VAL. Onagre, ane sauvage, F., J'vay^a,-, onager, m. L., wilder esel, G., the wild ass. Anon, avueiov, asellus, jun- ger esel, ass-colt. The asses milk lait de I' anesse, F., lac asininum, L,., die eselsmilch, G., is a favorite remedy in weakness and emaciation of the system consequent on acute diseases, in pulmo- nary phthisis, and hi atony or irritation of the cnylopb'ietic organs ; especially when attended with constipation. See LAIT. The flesh, chair des anes, F., caro asi- nina, L., das ese/sfleisch, G. especially that of the young animal, is still eaten, as a delicacy, in the East ; and constitutes the basis of the celebrated Bologna sau- sage. Every other part and product, even the cerumen and excrements, of the 36 ANE animal were employed in ancient medicine. See Faune des Medecins, v. L, p. 386. ANEANTISSEMENT, s. m., extinctio, ad iiiluluin redactio, f. L., vernichtung, f., G., extinction, annihilation : an hyperbo- lical expression, vulgarly employed to de- note extreme depression, die tiefste de- miithigung, G., exhaustion, from exces- sive fatigue, of mind or body. ANEBE, adj., impubere, v/3 ( priv., >)'), puberty), impuber, L., unmiindig, unmannbar, G., one that has not attain- ed puberty, under age, unmarriageable. ANEMASIE, ANEMOSE, s. f. Syn. with ANEMIE, s. f. (a priv., aTpa, blood), a- nmaeta, f. L., blutmangel, m. G., defi- ciency of blood : a disease in which the blood appears to have lost its natural co- lour, consistence, and exciting properties, and is deficient in quantity for tne pur- poses of life ; condition of the body after profuse loss of blood. ANEMOGHAPHIE, s. f. (avi/ta;, the wind, ya.$u, I describe), anemographia, f. L., die beschreibung der winde, G., ane- mography : that part of physics which has for it's object the description of the winds. ANEMOMETRE, s. m. (a.npos, and^ir^y, measure), anemometrum, n. L., wind- messer, m. G., anemometer : an instru- ment for determining the force and veloci- ty of the wind. ANEMOMETBIE, s. f., anemometria, f. L., the art of employing, ANEMOMETROGRAPHIE, s. f, descrip- tion of, such instrument. ANEMONE, s. f., 'Avs^a/vo (quia flos a ven- tis facile propellitur) : in Botany, a genus of plants, Anemone, ( folyandria, poly- gyn. , Ranunculacev, v$u , water, and y^a,, a vessel, curGima., weakness), angio-asthenia, f. L., atonie dergefasse, G., atony oi' the vessels. ANGIOLEUCITE, s. f. (ayyeJov, andxw- xos, white), angioleucitis, f. L., inflam- mation des vaisseaux blancs, F., entziin- dung der lymphatischen gef'dsse, G., ^in- flammation of the white lymphatic ves- sels, lymphatic inflammation. ANGIOPYRE, ANGIOPYRIE, s. f. (xyyii- v, and ieufy fever), angiopyria, f. L. : a term given, by Alibert, to inflammatory fe- ver ; which constitutes the 6th genus of his family of Angioses. ANGIOSE, s. f. (uyyiiov), angiosis, f. li. : the 6th family in the Nosologie Natu- relle, of Alibert ; comprehending all the diseases which have their origin in the blood-vessel system. ANGIOSPERMIE, s. f. (et-yyuav, and , I stretch), angiotenicus, L., angiotenic : proceedmg from tension of the coats of a vessel. This term is applied, by Pinel, to all diseases characterized by fulness, strength, and rapidity of pulse, without apparent local lesion. ANGIOTOMIE, ANGEIOTOMIE, s. f. (a,y- .Yi, and yXa/ovra, the tongue), ancy- oglosson, ankvloglossum, n. L., -die zu starke verwachsung der zunge mittelst des zungenbandchens, the too close adhe- sion of the tongue, by means of the froenum lingua ; verwachsung der zunge auch mit andern theilen, mit dem grunde des mundes, oder gar mit dem gaumen, G., adhesion of the tongue to other parts, as the floor of the mouth, and even the gums : also, according to Blanchard, an in- dividual, ancyloglossus, m., qui fr-nf faoa^i ?/>,-, Or ^KK-rvKiurns, 41 ANO digitus annularis, ^oMinger, G., . ringmnger, because the ring is usually worn upon it : also to various ligaments, and to a portion of the cerebral organ formed by a junction of the crura cerebri and cerebel- li, on account of their figure : Exs. Liga- mens annulaires, F., ligamenta annularia, Ij., rtn^bander, G., annular ligaments, as those of the wrist ; Protuberance annu- laire, tuber annulare (pons "Varolii, die Varolische briicke), annular protube- rance of the brain. ANNELIDES, s., in Zoology: the 1st Class of the Articulata, in Cuvier's ar- rangement, vers a sang rouge, F., the only invertebral animals possessing red blood, contains three Orders: Tubicolce, Dorsibranchite, and Abranchial. Of the genera belonging to these Orders, the in- habitants of the Serpula and Sabella, the Nereis and Aphrodita, Lumbricus and Hi- rudo, afford respectively illustrations. See Cuvier, Jtegne Animal, v. iii, p. 182, ; Coulson's Blumenbach, p. xlvii. ANNEXE, s. , appendix, f. L., an- hang, ansatz, m. G., appendage : an acces- sory part or organ. See ACCESSOIHE In Anatomy, the appendages of the eye, annexes de 1'oeil, are the eyelids, pau- pieres, F., palpebrae, L.,_die augenlied- er, G. ; and eye-brows, sourcils, superci- lia, die augenbraunen : those of the womb, de I'ute'rus, the broad ligaments, ligamens larges, ligamenta lata, die breiten mutterbander ; and the Fallopian tubes, trompes, tubse Fallopii, die muttertrompe. Geoffrey St. Hilaire also gives the name of sternal appendages, an- nexes sternales, to the superior and infe- rior pieces (hyo and hypo sternal) of the sternal bone. In Botany, the princi- pal Appendages of plants fulcra, L., are, the stipule, fioral leaf, thorn, prickle, ten- dril, gland, and hairs. See STIPULE, BRACTEE, EPINE, AIGUILLON, CIRRHE, GLANDE, POIL. ANNUEL, adj., annuus, L., einjah- rig, G., annual. An annual, plante an- nuelle, eine einj'dhrige pflanze, is a plant which does not live beyond one year. Sown in spring, it acquires perfect development, during summer ; and, hav- ing matured its seed, dies in autumn : employed also as the specific designation of certain plants : Ex. Capsicum annuum, common Capsicum. ANODYN, s. m. and adj., a'*Si/yy ( priv., tdvtfi, pain), anodyne, pain-stilling: Ex. ag/u.uxit uvubuiia., remedes anodyns, F anodyna, remedia anodyna, L., schmerx- stillende mittel, G., anodyne remedies. ANODYNIE, s. f., d>ca$ui/iu, anodynia, indolentia, insensibilitas, f. L., schmerz- losigkeit, gefuhllosigkeit, f. G., absence of pain, insensibility. ANO AKOIE, s. ,_ ( priv., va , mind), anoia, imbecillitas, dementia, L., der blodsinn, die verstandesschwache, ver- standeslosigkeit, G., mindlessness, idio- cy, imbeculity loss of intellect. 'Av- onra;, void of understanding. ANOLIS, s., roquet, in Zoology, a Sauri- an Reptile, Anolis bullaris, Daud., Lacerta bullaris, Linn., grey Lizard : inhabits the West-Indian islands and adjacent conti- nent ; and formerly celebrated for its anti- cancerous properties. See Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, voL i., p. 437- ANOAIALACIE, s. f. ( priv., v'opos, rulej x**<, I break through), anomalacia, f. L. : in Botany, the title of the 25th and last Class of Richard's system, correspond- ing with the Polygamia, of Linnaeus. ANOMALIE, s. f., ava/^aX/a (a priv., o- paXos, equal), anomalia, f. L., anomalie, ungleichmassigkeit, regelwidrigkeit, ab- weichung von der regel, f. G., anomaly, inequality, irregularity, exception, devia- tion from rule. ANOMAL, adj., a.vup.a.\of, anomalus, L., anomalisch, ungleich- massig, regelwidrig, G., anomalous, irre- gular: Ex. Symptome anomal, maladie ano- tnale, F., an anomalous symptom, dis- ease. In Botany, Tournefort calls ano- malous, the flowers, fleurs anomales, F., flores anomali, L., die anomalischen blumen, G., which he could refer, as those of the genera Viola and Utricularia, to no determinate figure. ANOMIE, s., pelure-d'-oignon : the shell of an acephalous Mollusca (Ord., Testa- cea ; Fam. Ostracece), Anomia ephippium, Linn. : common on the shores of the Medi- terranean, and British channel. This shell, a toothless, inequivalve bivalve, is ex- ceedingly delicate, and often as transpa- rent as the peel of onion. The animal named Echion, by Poll attaches itself to submarine bodies, Crustacea, and shells, frequently those of the oyster ; which lat- ter it resembles in its edible properties. Phosphorescent: and hence named eclair (lightning) by the fishermen of Rochelle. ANOMOCEPHALE, s. m. ( priv., opaf, rule, xs^x, head), anomocephalus, m. L. : the generic name under which Geof- frey St. Hilaire comprehends all animals with a mis-shapen head. ANOMPHALE, s. m., and adj. ( priv., i/ttfa.Xost navel), anomphalus, L., ohne nahcl, G., anomphalous, without a navel. ANOXES, ANONACEES, Anonaceae, L. : a natural Family of dicotyledonous poly- petalous plants, with hypogynous sta- mens : fruit of many genera belonging to it, as Annona, Custard-Apple, edible. ANOPSIE, s. f. (a, priv., u$, eye), anop- sia, caecitas, L., blindheit, , der man- gel des gesichts, G., loss of sight. ANORCIIIDE, adj. ( priv., i(%if, testi- 42 ANS cle), anorchides, L.,- ohne hoden, G. A~ norchus, L., #, substantively em- ployed, according to Kraus, ein Mann ohne hoden prive de testicules. ANOREXIE, s. , avo^ia, ( priv., fyifyt, appetite), anorexia, anorexis, f. L., a- norexie, appetitlosigkeit, , der mangel an esslust, G., anorexy, loss of appetite. A- NORECTiuuE?,adj., anorecticus,L., mit mangel an esslust behaftet, G. ; Anor- ectus, adj., L., dvagix-ras, mangel an ess- lust leidend, connected with suffering from A norexy. ANORGANOGENIE, s. f. ( priv., fyytvtoi, organ, yinns, origin), anorganogenia, f. L. : the study of the origin of inorganic bodies; as minerals. ANORGANOGNOSIE, S. f. (a, ogyavav, and yivuirx,u, I know), anorganognosia, f. L., die kenntniss, G., the science ANORGANOGRAPHIE, s. (same, and ypuifu, I describe), anorgano- graphia, f. L., die beschreibung, G., the description ANORGAKOLOGIE, s. f. (same, and xbyos, discourse), anorganolo- gia, f. L., die lehre, the doctrine der un- organischen naturkorper, of inorganic na- tural bodies. ANORMALIE, s. f. (ab, out of, norma, rule), abnormitas, f. L., unregelmassig- keit, f. G., irregularity, exception to the common rule. AXORMAL, adj., abnor- mis, unregelmassig, irregular. ANOSMIE, s. (a, priv., i, I strive), antagonista, m., musculus alter! musculo, in actione oppositus, L., gegenkampfer, widerstreber, m. G., antagonist : a name given to muscles opposed, in their action, to other muscles. ANTAGOXISME, s. f., a.ira.yuwr[t.tt., antagonismus, L/., and G., der wechselkampfj G., the action of an- tagonist muscles. ANTALGIQUE, ANTI-ALGIQUE, adj., (same, and aAyaj, pain), antalgicus, L., schmerzstillend, G., antalgic : calculated lo allay pain. Synonymous with ANODYN. ANTAPHRODISIAQUE, ANTI-APHRODI- SIAQ.UE, s. m., and adj. (same, and 'A/>{, a flower, A.yj, a discourse, or xiy, I cull), anthologia, f. L., anthologie, , die blumenlehre oder blumenlese, G., antho- logy, discourse upon or gathering of flow- ers. ANTHOLOGICIUE, adj., anthologicus, anthologisch, anthologicaL ANTHORE, s. m. : in Botany, an Euro- pean species of Aconitum, A. anthora, L,., wholesome Wolfs-bane. See ACONIT. ANTHRACINE, s. f. (Mg*%, carbuncle), anthracina, f. L. : variete de cancer, F., a variety of Cancer, characterized by blackness of the degenerated structure, or the presence of Melanosis. ANTHRACOMETRE, s. m. (4|, carbon, ftirgov, a measure), anthracometrum, n. L., anthrakometer, n., kohlenstoffmesser, m. G., anthracometer : in Chemistry, an instrument employed to determine the quantity of carbonic acid contained in a mixture of several gases. AXTHRACOSE, s. m. (v^|), anthraco- sis, f., carbunculus oculi, m. L., augen- carbunkel, augenbrand, augenliederbrand, m. G., carbuncle of the eye or eyelids. ANTHRAX. See CHARBON, CLOU, Fu- BONCLE, JAVART. ANTHRENE, s., in Zoology, a genus of Coleopterous Insects, the Byrrhus, of Linnaeus ; Anthrenus, of modern Entomo- logists. Two species, Anthrene du bou- cage, et destructeur, F., A. pimpinelke, musceorum, L., commit great depreda- tions, in the larva state, on cantharides, castor, musk, and other dried animal sub- stances, as zoological and anatomical pre- parations. Sulphur and tobacco-fumi- gations, and dressing with an alcoholic so- lution of oxymuriate of quicksilver, are the best remedies for the evil when exist- ing ; perfect exclusion from air, its only effectual preventive. ANTHROPIATRIQUE, s. (av^wrof, man, ixraixii, medicine), anthropiatrica, f. L., anthropiatrik, menschenheilkunde, f. G., human medicine : the art of treating human diseases. Synonymous with ANTHROPO- THERAPIE, s. f., F., and G., anthropothe- rapia, L. (&v6^u-ras, and h^tt^rtiu, treat- ment of a patient). ANTHROPOCHIMIE, s. (same, and khi- mia, Arab., chemistry), anthropochemia, f. L., the chemistry of man, that part of science which has for its object the know- ledge of the results of chemical analysis of the various structures of the human body. ANTHROPOGENIE, S. , a.^eu-rayavia (same, and ymaw, I procreate), anthro- pogenia, L., die erzeugung des mens- chen, G., the procreation of man. ANTHROPOGRAPHIE, s. f. ( same, and 44 ANT yjaipw, I describe), anthropographia, f,, L anthropographie, f. G., anthropo- graphy : according to Kraus, die beschrei- bung naturgeschichte des mentchei, die anatomische beschreibung des menschen- korpers, G., the description natural his- tory of man, description of the human body : according to the older writers, the whole mass of knowledge, constituting hu- man anatomy and physiology ; to the modern French, the exposition of those peculiarities in the structure, and mode of action, of the organs, which distinguish man from the lower animals. ANTHRO- POGRAPHE, ? s. m., anthropographus, m. L., anthropograph, m., ein anatomischer schriftsteller, ein lehrer der anatomie, G., an anthropographer, an anatomical wri- ter, a teacher of anatomy. ANTHROPO- GRAPHIQUE, adj., anthropographicus, L., anthropographisch, G., anthropogra- phie : belonging to anihropography. ANTHHOPO-MAGNETISME, s. m., an- thropo-magnetismus, m. L., animal mag- netism. ANTHROPOMETRIE, s. (same, and ^i- TV, a measure), anthropometria, L., anthropometrie, , die messung die bes- timmung der maassverhaltnisse der ein- zelnen theile des menschlichen korpers, G., anthropometry : the admeasurement, determination of the proportions in size, of the different parts of the human body. ANTHROMETHIQUE, adj., anthropometri- cus, L., anthropometrisch, die anthropo- metrie betreffend, dazu gehorig, G., an- thropometrical : concerning, or belonging to, Anthropometrie. ANTHROPOMORPHOLOGIE, s. f. f same, po)>, form, and xy{, discourse), anthro- pomorphologia, f. L., die lehre von der menscnengestaltung, G., the science of the figure of the different parts of the hu- man body. Synonymous with ANATOMIE. ANTHROPOMORPHE, adj., anthropomor- phus, menschengestalt habend, anthro- pomorphous : possessing the humanfigure. ANTHHOPONOSOLOGIE, s. f. (same, vorof, a disease, and Xayo;, discourse), an- throponosologia, f. L., anthroponosolo- gie, f., die lehre von den krankheiten des menschen, G., anthroponosology : doctrine of the diseases of man. ANTHROPONOSO- LOGISTE,? s. m., anthroponosologus, an- throponosolog, anthroponosologist. AN- THROPONOSOLOGIQUE, anthroponosolo- gicus, -anthroponosologisch, anthropo- nosological. ANTHROPOPHAGIE, s. f. (same, and T/, against, and iVva?, sleep), anthypnoticus, L.: Ex. Remedes anthypnotiques, F., an- thypnotica, L., mittel gegen den schlaf, G., remedies against sleep. ANTHYPOCHONDRIAQUE, ANTI-HYPO- CHONDRIACIUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and i/iroxofyiuxii;, hypochondriac), anthypo- chondriacus, L. : Ex. Anthypochondriaca, Li., mittel gegen die hypochondrie, G., remedies against hypochondriasis. ANTHYSTERIQUE, ANTIHYSTERIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and i/rrtgixos, hyste- rical) : Ex. Remedes anthysteriques, F., anthysterica, Li., mittel gegen die hysterie, G., anti-hysterical remedies. ANTIADITE, s. f. (avr/aStj, tonsils), an- tiaditis, f. L., mandelnentzundung, f. G., inflammation des amygdales, F., of the tonsils. See AMYGDALE, ANGINE. ANTIADONCES, s. m. (vnSsj, and oy- xas, tumour), antiadoncus, m. L., toneU- len mandeln-geschwulst, f. G., gonfle- ment des tonsilles, F., swelling of the tonsils. See AMYGDALE. ANTIBRACHIAL, ANTEBRACHIAL, adj., antebrachialis, L. (antebrachium, the fore-arm): Ex. Extremite" antebrachiale de rhume'rus, F., antebrachial (ulnar) extre- mity of the humerus. ANTI-CACHECTIQUE, s. m., and adj. (atri, xa^ti/'a, cachexy, bad habit of body), anticachecticus, L., antikachek- tisch, G., anti-cachectic. ANTI-CACOCHYMIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and xa.x.o^u/j,'ia,, a bad state of the hu mours), anticacochy micus, L., anti- cacochymic. ANTI-CARCINOMATEUX, s. m., and adj. (samr, and xajx/v*)^*, cancer), anticarci- 45 ANT nomatosus, L., anti-carcinomatous : Ex. Anticarcinomatosa, L., mittel gegen den Icrebsgeschw'ur, G., remedies against carci- noma. Of like signification is the French term, ANTI-CANCEREUX, adj., anticance- rosus, L,., anti-cancerous. ANTICARDE, s. m. (VT<, before, *|S/a, the heart), scrobicule du co2ur, F., anticardium, n., scrobiculus cordis, m. L.., herzgrube, f. G., the preecordial region. ANTI-CATAHRHAL, s. m., and adj. (vn, against, xardfpoos, catarrh), anticatarrh- alis, L., anti-catarrhal : Ex. Anticatar- rhalia, 1 1., mittel gegen katarrh, G. } re- medies against catarrh. ANTI-CAUSOTIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and xavfts, ardent fever), anticausoticus, L.: Ex. Remedes anticausotiques, F., An- ticausotica, L., mittel gegen das brennfie- ber, G., ^remedies against ardent fever. ANTI-COLIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and KU^IKOS, subject to colic), anticolicus, L., anti-colic : Ex. Anticolica, L., mittel gegen Koliken, G., remedies against colic. ANTI-DARTREUX. See ANTI-HERPE- TIQUE. ANTI-DIARRHEIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and Svvs, herpes), antiherpeticus, L,., anti-herpetic: Ex. Remedes contre les dar- tres, F., antiherpetica, L., remedies a- s. m., and adj. (same, v'Swf, water, and s, dread), an- tihydrophobicus, L., anti-hydrophobic : operating against hydrophobia or rabies. Synonymous with ANTI-LYSSE, antilys- sus, Ii. (same, and Xuavo, rabies). ANTJ-HYDUOPIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and t>'$fwt^, dropsy), anthydropicus, L., anti-dropsical : Ex. Remedes anti-hydro- piques, F , anlhydropica, L., rm\\,Q\ gegen wassersucht, G., remedies against dropsy. ANTI-ICTERIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and "xTt^e;, jaundice), antictericus, L., anti-icteric : operating against jaundice. ANTI-LAITEUX, s. m., and adj., anti- lacteus, L. Syn with ANTI-GALACTNIUE. ANTILOBE, s. m., avr/Xo&sv ? antilo- bium, n., pars auris contra posita Xagf , L,., anti-lobe : the eminence (tragus) of the external ear, placed opposite to the lobe. ANTI-LOI'MICIUE, s. m., and adj. ('VT/, against, Xoifios, the plague), antiloimicus, I,., pestwidrig, G. : Ex. Antiloimica, L,., pestmittel, mittel gegen die pest, G., remedies against the plague. ANTILOPE, s. m. : a genus, in Zoology, (Mammalia, Bisulca, Bl. ; Mammiferes, Ruminants, Cuv.), Antilope, f. G., Ante- lope, containing many species, two of them, European. The horns of one spe- cies, A. saiga, an inhabitant of south Po- land and Russia, resemble tortoise-shell, and are employed in the construction of surgical instruments. Another, A. leu- coryx, gazella, Lin., the real oryx of the ancients, Algazel, F., so frequently furnishes the once celebrated substance, Sezoar, as to have acquired the title of Gazelle du bezoard : although the produc- tion is common to all the goats and ga- zelles of the African and Asiatic moun- tains. See BEZOARD. The flesh of the various species of Antelope constitutes a nutritious and digestible article of diet. See Faune des Medecins, vol. i., p. 484. ANTI-MELAHCHOLIQTTE, s. m., and adj. (*VT), and ^sXay^aX/a, melancholy), an- timelancholicus, L., anti-melancholic : operating against melancholy. ANTIMONANE. See CHLORTTRE D' AK- TIMOINE. ANTIMONIATE, s. m., antimonias, m. L., antimoniate : a salt formed by the combination of antimonic acid with a salifi- 46 ANT able base. AKTIMONITE, antimonis, L., antimonite : the combination of anti- monious acid with such a base. AKTIMOINE, s. m., Antimonium, Sti- bium, n., L., Antimon, Spiessglanz, Spiessgknzmetall, n. G., Antimony : a soh'd metal, commonly found in combina- tion with sulphur, and then forming Sul- phuret of Antimony, iv/^/? Sulphure d'Antimoine, F., Sulphuretum Antimonii, "L,., sch warzes sdiweic\tpiessfftanz, schwe- felantimon, G., usually called crude An- timony, Antimonium crudum,L., roher spiessglanz, G., to distinguish it from the pure metal, which rarely exists in nature. Antimony is capable of uniting with oxy- gen in three definite proportions, accord- ing to Berzelius, four, according to Ure. ANTIMONIEUX, adj., antimoniosus, L,., antimonious : Acide antimonieux, F. : the term applied to the deutoxide of Antimo- ny, of Berzelius, and to the tritoxide, of Ure : as ANTIMONIQUE, adj. (Acide anti- monique, acidum antimonicum, L., anti- monic acid), to the peroxide of both che- mists. See Ure's Chem. Dictionary, Art. Antimony; and Schwartze, Pharmakol. Tabellen, v. ii., p. 146. The principal French and German Offi- cinal Preparations: a While Oxide, Oxidum Stibii album, P. Pharm., Weisses Spiess- glanzoxyd, Schweisstreibender Spiess- glanz (Ant. diaphoreticum), G. ; a James* Powder, pulvis de Phosphate Calcis et Sti- bio compositus, P. Ph., Jamespulver, Jakob's fiebervertreibendes pulver, G. ; a Tariarized Antimony, Tartras Potassse Sti- biatus, P. Ph., Brechweinstein, Spiess- glanz wein stein, Spiessglanzhaltiges wein- steinsaures Kali, G. ; a Wine, Vinum e- meticum, stibiatum, P. Ph., Huxham's Spiessglanzwein, G. ; and a Red and Yel- low Hydrosulphuret, Hydrosulfuretum ru- brum Stibii sulfurati, P. Ph., Braunro- ther Spiessglanzschwefel, (Kermes mine'- rale, F.,) G., and Hvdrosulf'uretum lute- urn Oxidi Stibii Sulfurati, P. PA.,_Gold- farbener Spiessglanzschwefel, (Sulphur Antimonii auratum) G. See OXYD, Poir- DRE, TARTRATE, VIN, HYDROSUI.FATE. Antimonialia, L.., spiess^/an^mittel, G., antimonial remedies. ANTi-NEFHRETiauE, s. m., and adj. (tivrt, against, vup^m, disease of the kid- ney), antinephriticus, L., anti-nephri- tic : Ex. Anlinephritica, L., mittel gegen nierenentzundung, gegen nierenkrankhei- ten, G., remedies against inflammation, against diseases, of the kidney. ANTI-ODONTALGIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and oSvraXy/, tooth-ach), antio- dontalgicus, L., gegen zahnschmerz wir- kend, G., anti-odontalgic : calculated to relieve tooth-ach. ANT I-P ARAL YTIQTJE, s. m., and adj. ANT (vitris, phthisis), anti-phthisicus, .L., anti-phthisical: Ex. Antiphthisica, L., re- medes contre la phthisic, F., mittel gegen Schwindisucht, G., remedies against phthis- is. ANTI-PLEURETIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and vt-tv^ris, pleurisy), antipleu- riticus, L., anti-pleuritic : Ex. Antipleuri- tica, L., mittel gegen Pleuritis, G., re- medies against pleurisy. ANTI-PODAGRIQUE, s. m., and adj. (same, and oraSay^a, gout in the foot), an- tipodagricus, L. : Ex. Antipodagrica, L mittel gegen das Podagra, G., anti-poda- gric remedies. See ANTI-ARTHRITIQ.UE. ANTI-PROSTATA, s. f. ('v), rgax.Tii, amis, po- dex, m. L., after, hintere, m. G. : the cir- cular orifice situated at the lower extre- mity of the rectum, das ausserste des mastdarms, G., by which the residue of the alimentary mass is expelled. French writers term the external opening which sometimes results from wound of the low- er bowel, or from gangrene, consequent upon strangulated hernia, and affords is- sue to the faeces, Anus accidentel, anor- mal ; that which is made by the Surgeon, in cases of imperforation or deficiency of the rectum, Anus artificiel. ANAL, adj., analis, L., anal : belonging to the Anus. ANXIETE, s. f. See ADEMONIE. ANXIS, s. m. (Hy^u, I strangulate), constrictio, L., einklemmung, beklem- mung, G., constriction. AOCHLESIE, s. , d/>x\rnr'ta, aochlesia, tranquillitas, f. L., ein ruhige, kummer- lose zustand, G., a state of rest. AORTE, s. , aagrti, aorta, f. L., aor- ta, die grosse pulsader, schlagader, G. : the large artery which emerges from the left hence called aortic ventricle of the heart, about the level of the 5th dorsal vertebra ; and, having made a curve to- wards the left, descends along the spine ; and, opposite the 4th or 5th lumbar ver- tebra, bifurcates to form the two common iliacs. In this course, the Aorta is dis- tinguished into two portions, the thoracic, aorte thoracique, and abdominal, ab- dominale, F., aorta thoracica, abdomi- nalis, L.., brustaor/a, unterleibes-aorta, G., 1 determined by the point at which the vessel passes through the aortic open- ing, ouverture aortique, F., hiatus aorti- 48 APE cus, I..., of the diaphragm. AORTIQUE, adj., aorticus, L., aortic : belonging to, or arising from, the Aorta. AORTEVRISME, s. m., aorteurysma, n. L., die aortenweitung, krankhafte er- weiterung der aorta, G., aortic aneurism, morbid dilatation of the Aorta. AORTITE, s. m., aortitis, f. L., die aortewentzimdung, G., inflammation of the Aorta. APALLAGE,S. , assraXXayw (aiira.\\u.ifft,oi, Hip- pocratis Aphorismi, L., the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. APHORISTIQUE, adj., dSi- ?, foot), a- podes, pede privatus, L., fusslos, G., apodal, footless : a term applied, in Ana- tomy, to animals destitute of feet, from original defect of structure, perhaps, from mutilation ? in Zoology, to animals naturally footless. Thus the larvae of dip- terous insects, as the blow-fly, and those of many of the Hymenoptera, as the bee and wasp, and the whole Order of Ophidi- an reptiles (serpents) are strictly apodal. The 3rd Order of Fishes (1st Osseous), of Linnaeus, and the 4th (3rd of the soft-fin- ned), of Cuvier, are also, from the absence of ventral fins, designated Apodes: Ex. Common Eel. See ABDOMINAI. APOGALACTISME, s. m., dxeya.>.ttx,gs, apractus, L., unproductive, ineffectual, useless : a term employed to designate les parties genitales inhabiles a la copulation, ou a la ge"ne'ration, F., organa genitalia apracta, JL., unbrauchbare geschlechtstheile, G. APSYCHIE, s. f., a^w^/a, (apriv., -^u^)i, soul), apsychia, f., summum animi deliqui- um t n. L., ohnmacht, bewusstlosigkeit, f. G., lifelessness: an extreme state of 'faint- ness. APSYCHE, ? adj., l-^u^o;, apsy- chicus, apsychus, L., 4eblos, ohnmaehtig, G., lifeless, inanimate, fainting. x J' a 1 r APTERE, adj., a.-Ttr^o? (a, pnv., -TT^OV, a wing), apterus, L., fliigellos, ungeflii- gelt, G., apterous, wingless : a term, in .Zoology, employed to designate certain genera of Cetacea without a dorsal fin, sans nageoire dorsale, F., ohneriickflosse, G. ; Insects, without wings, sans ailes, ohne fliigel, as a sexual or an orderic distinc- tion ; and Plants, the petioles, or other organs, of which are destitute of the mem- branous borders called wings: Exs^ 1. The genus Physeter includes the three known species of Spermaceti Whale, characteriz- ed by the presence of a dorsal fin : those in which the organ is deficient, formerly referred to Catodon, now constitute the genus Physeteraptera (see CETOLOGIE): 2. The male of the glow-worm, Lamp\yris noctiluca, is winged ; the female, apterous : and the Aptera, or wingless Insects, com- prehending, according to Linnaeus, many animals widely different from true insects, form a well-defined, although small, Order in modern Entomology : 3. The petiole of the orange-tree is winged ; that of. the Lime, Citrus limella, wingless. See AILE. APYETE, s. m. ( priv., *vov, pus), apy- etos, m. L. : a tumour, or other external disease, not terminating in suppuration APYIQTJE, adj., a.*vo;, apyicus, L,., ohne eiterung, G., without suppuration. APYBENE, ? s. f. ( priv., vvfiv, stone of fruit), apyrena, f. L., KOXXO; a.-rii^nvos,-~> eine kernlose steinlose beere, G., bacca apyrena sine nucleo, L., a berry without a hard seed. APYREXIE, s. f., a.fv^ia. (apriv., #ugt%- is, fever), apyrexia, f. L., apyrexie, f. G., absence of fever : a term employed to denote the interval between the parox- ysms of fever; cessation of the febrile state; E2 ARA decline of an acute disease. APYRI?TIQUE, adj., a.'jru^ixToi, awugiros, apyrecticus, a- pyretus, fieberlos, free from fever. AauATiauE, adj., aquaticus (aqua, water), L., tipotis, im wasser lebend o- der wachsend, G., aquatic, living or grow- ing in water : Exs. Oiseau, insecte, plante aquatique, F., wasservogel, insekt, gewachs, G., an aquatic bird, insect, plant. In Pathology, Cancer aquatique, F., scorbutic ulceration of the mouth. AauEDUC, s. m., aquaeductus (aqua, ducere, to convey) L., uSpopoa,, v$ gap pees, wasserleitung, G., aqueduct: a term, in Anatomy, applied to certain canals in bones, although they convey no fluid : Exs. Aqueduc de Cotugno, du vestibule, F., aquceductus Cotunnii, L., a canal ex- tending from the vestibule of the internal ear, to the posterior surface of the petrous portion (le rocher, F., the rock) of the temporal bone ; de Fallope (canal spiro'ide de 1'os temporal, Ch.), aquceductus Fallo- pii : a canal perforating the " rock," and transmitting a twig of the facial nerve ; du Iima9on, passing from the tympanum to the posterior border of the " rock," be- fore the fossa jugularis. Applied, also, to designate a canal of communication be- tween the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain, Aqueduc de Sylvius (canal interme- diaire des ventricules, Ch.), aquaeductus Sylvii. AQUETJX, adj., ii^anu^ns, aquosus, L., wasserig, G., aqueous, watery : resem- bling, in colour and consistence or com- posed of water. This term is applied, in Anatomy, to one of the humours, hu- meur aqueuse, F., die w'dsserige feuchtig- keit, G., of the eye : in Pharmacy, to preparations made with, or consisting prin- cipally of, water ; as the Extrait d'Aloes aqueux, F., Extractuin Aloes aquosum, L.J w'dsseriges Aloeextract, G. ARACHIDE, s. f. : a genus, in Botany, Arachis (Diadelphia, decandr. ; Legumino- sa), die Erdnuss, G., Earth-nut, con- taining one species, A. hypogcea, pistache de terre, F., American earth-nut. The pods of this plant bury themselves in the earth, after fecundation, (hence its name), to mature the seeds; which constitute an agreeable and nutritious article of food; yield half their weight of oil, nearly resem- bling that of the olive ; and, when roasted and mixed with one third of cocoa, form a pleasant paste. The plant is extensively cultivated in South Europe. ARACHNITE, ARACHKITIS. See ARACH- NO'I'DITE. ARACHNOI'DE, adj., Jign%vt>u$>is (oi^^vn, a spider's web, iTSei, resemblance), arach- noideus, L., spinnenwebenfb'rmig, G., arachnoid: an epithet applied, in Anato- my, to different membranes, on account of 52 APA their extreme tenuity, formerly, by Cel- sus and Galen, to the capsule ofthe vitre- ous humour (membrane hyalo'ide, F.) of the eye ; but now restricted to the deli- cate and transparent membrane (lame ex- terne de la meningine, Ch.) interposed be- tween the dura and pia mater (membrane arachno'ide, F.,^ [&miy% a/>a%vmi$tis, mem- brana arachnoidea, L., die spinnenweben- haut, G.) of the brain. This important membrane, commonly designated, by the French, YArachno'ide, and constituting a perfect sac, invests the whole surface of the brain, without descending between its convolutions ; affords to every nerve and blood-vessel entering into, or issuing from, the brain, a covering which accompanies, and is reflected on, them ; so that none of these organs are contained within its cavi- ty. After extending over the whole spi- nal chord, it forms a long cylindrical canal which descends around the fasciculus of lumbar nerves, to the extremity of the sa- cral canal, where it is finally reflected on the dura mater. The arachnoid is distin- guished, by French writers, into an exte- rior and interior portion (Varachno'ide exte'- rieure and inte'rieure). The latter, passing through an oval orifice, discovered by Bi- chat, proceeds to invest the third and late- ral ventricles of the brain, and finally de- scends into the 4lh (ventricule du cerve- let, F.), by the aquaeductus Sylvii. ARACHNOIDITE, s. f., arachnitis, arach- noiditis, f. L., entziindung der spinnen- webenhaut des hirns, G., inflammation de Varachno'ide, F., inflammation of the a- rachnoid membrane : an affection until lately confounded with phlegmasia of the other membranes of the brain. See PHRENESIE. ARAIGXEE, s. f., 'A^O^HJJ, Aranea, f. L., Spinne, f. G., Spider: in Zoology, a genus of Invertebral Animals, belonging to Class Arachnides, Order Pulmonaires of French and Arachnoidea, of British Na- turalists : formerly included, by Linnaeus, in Order, Aptera, of his Insecta ; from which, however, they are distinguished by several striking peculiarities of structure, and now consequently separated. See A- RANEIDES. The common house-spider, Aranea Tegeneria domestica, L., 1'a- raigne'e domestique, F., is not ordinarily venomous. Its web, Toile d'araignee, F., aga,%>iov, tela aranearum, L,., spinnen- gewebe, G., was once much employed, internally, against intermittent fever, ex- ternally, as a substitute for agaric in the repression of haemorrhage from wounds. ARALIACEES, ARALIES, Araliacets, A- ralus, L.. : a family of dicotyledonous, po- lypetalous plants, with epigynous sta- mens ; differing from the Umbelliferae only in the presence of a pericarp, and resem- ARB bling them in their properties. The Ara- lia (Pentandria, pentagyn.), Aralie, F. and G., constitutes one of its principal gene- ra. From the bark of the A. Umbettifera, an aromatic gum-resin exudes. Other species are employed, in Cochin China, a- gainst dropsy and itch. See GINSENG. AHANEEN, adj., araneosus (aranea, a spider) L., a.^a.^al^, fya%iKo;, pertain- ing to spiders or spiders' webs : an epithet, in Pathology, applied to the pulse, pouls aranien, F., pulsus araneosus, L., when so feeble as to resemble the almost imper- ceptible motion, and to the urine, araneene, urina araneosa, when loaded with filaments exhibiting the appearance, of spider's web. ARANE'IDES, ARACHNIDES, pi., Ara- neidete, Arachnoidea ('Ag&%vn, spider, sTSoj, resemblance), L., die Spinnen, G., Spi- ders : originally a genus in Class Insecta, Order Aptera, of Linnseus ; but forming a distinct Class, in modern systems of Zoo- logy. Spiders differ from real insects, in the want of antennae, possession of more than six (usually eight) legs; in the num- ber and disposition of the eyes, mode of respiration, and non-subjection to meta- morphosis. Cuvier divides the Arachnides into two Orders; Pulmonaires, Pulmo- narise, L. ; and Tracheennes, Trachea- rise. The former, including the common- ly reputed Spiders, and Scorpions (see SCORPION), respire by pulmonary sacs with lateral stigmata: the latter, by radiated or ramified tracheae, into which air is ad- mitted through two spiracles situated near the base of the abdomen. The Class, Arachnides, contains nume- rous genera. The bite, inflicted by some of the species, as the Tarentula (see TA- RENTULE), has, occasionally, been attend- ed with curious, formidable, or even fatal consequences. The bodies of others, as Segestria cellarls, araignee des caves, cave-spider, discharge, on bursting, a highly corrosive fluid: and many, as Te- generia medicinalis, the medicinal Spider of America, possess the irritating pro- perties of the Cantharis, and may be ex- ternally, or internally, employed as a sub- stitute for that insect. See Cuvier, Regne Animal, v. iv., p. 206; and Faune des Me- decins, v. i., p. 471 ; ii., p. 61. ARBORE, adj., arboreus, L., SttyiKo;, belonging, or relating, to trees. ARBO- RESCENT, adj., arboresceus, SsvSgas/Sijj, baumartig, G., tree-like. ARBOUSIER, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Arbutus ( Decandria, monogyn. ; Ericece), it., der Erdbeerbaum, G., Strawberry- tree, Bearberry, comprizing, among se- veral others, two European species, em- ployed in medicine : one, common Straw- berry-tree, A. unea'o, no^a^os, arbousi- 53 ARB er, F., landbeere, G., with insipid fruit, x'ofaa^ov eaten only by the poor (hence x.op.ugixpu'yos, a term applied to one who lives meanly) ; leaves astringent and anti- diarrhaeal: the other, red Bearberry,. A. uva ursi, buserrolle, raisin d' ours, barentraube, barenbeere; astringent, di- uretic, and frequently prescribed in calcu- lus nephritis. ARBRE, s. m., Ss^av, 2-t/Xov, arbor, m. L,., baum, m. G., tree: in Botany, a term comprehending, in its more extended signification, all plants with a woody stem. These, however, have been more precisely arranged, by Botanists, according to their distinctive characters : Arbres, SsvS^a, arbores, biiume, trees, woody plants, holzpflanzen, G., stem simple below, branching above; Arbrisseaux, SbS^/a, arbuscula, baumchen, little trees, stem branching from root, bearing buds ; Arbustes, 60.^101, frutices, straucher, shrubs, stems divided, destitute of buds; < and Sub-arbrisseaux, Hapi/ia, suffruti- ces, perennia, mehrjahrige krauter, oder strauden, perennial plants, with woody stems, permanent below, herbaceous and annual, above. In Anatomy, the arborescent appear- ance, exhibited by the central medullary substance, on vertical section, of the lobes of the cerebellum, is termed Arbre de vie, F., arbor vitse, L., lebens&zwm, G. ARBRISSEAU, ARBUSTE. See ARBRE. ARC, s. m., arcus, m. L., bogen, m. G., arch : the portion of a curved line, and, more especially, of a circle. The term is applied, in Anatomy, to any part or organ which exhibits this figure :' Exs. Arc du colon, F., arcus coli intestini, L. ; de 1'aorte, bogen der aorta, G., arch of the colon, of the aorta. ARCADE, s. , arcuatio (arcus), f. L., bogenstellung, G. : a term applied, in Anatomy, by the French, to any part, whether bone, tendon, or blood-vessel, which presents an arch-like figure or dis- position : Exs. 1. Arcade alve'olaire, F., alveolar arch (or process) of the jaw-bone (see ALVEOLE) ; temporale ou zygoma- tique, the arch formed by the union of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, der wangenfortsatz des schlafen- beines, with the corresponding projection of the os malse, wangenbein,G. : 2. Arc crurale, arcus cruralis, inguinalis, L., formed by the tendon of the external o- blique muscle (Poupart's ligament), in the groin: 3. Arc palmaire, et plantaire, the palmar and plantar arch, respectively formed, hi the hand, and foot, by anasto- moses of the radial and ulnar, and of the plantar arteries. ARCANE, s. m., arcanum, n. L.,. ge- heimniss, geheimes mitlel, n. G. : in me- ARC dicine, a nostrum, a secret remedy or pre- paration. ARCEAU, ARCHET, s. m., arculus, m. L,., kleiner bogen, m. G. : a thin piece of wood, of semi-circular figure (a small bow), so disposed as to preserve the dis- eased or wounded parts of a patient from the pressure of the bed-clothes. By an edict of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, mo- thers and nurses were compelled to adopt, in sleeping with infants, the precaution of guarding the latter with the arceau. ARCHE, s. : in Zoology, a genus of shells, Arca^ forming the envelope of an acephalous Mollusca (Ord. Testacea, Fam. Ostraceas) ; belonging to the dentated Division of Bivalves ; and containing se- veral species. The principal of these, A, Noce, Arche de Noe', F., rare in north Europe, is common in the Mediterranean and Red Sea. The inhabitant, a Daphne, according to Poll, exhibits striking peculi- arities of internal structure : it has two hearts, and a stomach perforated by a three-pointed crystalline stile. It forms a common article of winter-food on the coasts of Italy and Arabia ; but acquires, during summer, when the ovary is distend- ed by its innumerable ova, an intolerably acrid flavour. See Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, v. ii., p. 81; and Montagu, Tes- tacea Brit., pi. iv., f. 3. ARCHEE, s. f., Archaeus, m. L. (&ex,*> first cause); a term, invented by Van Helmont to designate the first efficient cause of all things, the principle of the life of man, and of all nature, the soul of the universe. ARCHEISME, s. f., archaeism: the doctrine of an Archceus. ARCHELOGIE, s. f., archelogia, L. (.*?%*>> an( i *-'oyos, discourse) : a treatise on the fundamental principles of the science of man. ARCHIATRE, s. m., 'Agx&wwtf (?, prince, Ituroos, physician), Archiater, m. L., der Oberarxt, Protomedicus, G., first, or principal Physician. ARCHIMIE. See ALCHIMIE. ARCHORRHAGIE, s. ($, the rectum, pfiyvupi, I flow with force): profuse dis- charge, commonly of blood, from the rec- tum. Passive intestinal hcemorrhage is, on the contrary, expressed by ARCHORRHEE, s. (<%?, and j>iu, I flow). ARCHOPTOSE, s. m., chute du rectum, archoptosis, , archoptoma, n. L. (a^os, and wrung, -XTiapv., prolapsus), prolapsus ani, L., mastdarmvorfall, m. G. ARCHOSYRINX, s. , F. and L,. (same, and evpirZ, a fistula, or pipe), mastdarm- fistel, G.,-~.fistula in ano : also, a glys- ter-pipe or syringe, klysterspritze. ARCTATION, ARCTITUDE, s. , re"tre- cissement d'une ouverture naturelle, jirctatio, arctitudo, L., enge, G., 54 ARE contraction of the orifice of a canal, especi- ally of the vulva, of the orifices of the rectum and uterus : also, intestinal consti- pation, alvi adstrictio, f. L. ARCUATION, s. , arcuatio, f. L., krummung, f. G., curvature of the bones; and especially the anterior projection of the sternum, in Rachitis. ARDEUR, s. f., ardor (ardere, to burn), L., xKVfjta., hitze, brennende hitze, f. G. : a term employed, in Pathology, to express a sense of burning heat in any re- fion, or organ, of the body : Ex. Ardeur estomac, F., TOU ffTOfta%ot> xavffufta, brennen im magen, G.,heat of the sto- mach ; de Purine, urdor urinse, L.., the burning sensation, caused by excretion of urine from an irritated or inflamed bladder: de la fievre, the heat parox- ysm of fever. ARDENT, adj., ardens, hitzig, ardent, burning : an epithet applied to affections attended with a sense of burning or scalding ; to organs reddened by inflammation; and diseases characterised by excessive heat : Eas. Urine ardente, ceil ardent, scalding urine, an inflamed eye : Fievre ardente, the bilious inflam- matory fever, of Pinel. See CAUSUS. AREC, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Areca ( Monoecia, polyandr. ; Palmce ), I,., die A- rekapalme,G. Cabbage-tree, containing a few Asiatic and American species. One of the former, A. catechu, Arec de 1'Inde, was long supposed to vield the medici- nal catechu : the kernel of its fruit, resem- bling nutmeg, but more voluminous and hard, possesses an astringent flavour, and enters into the composition of BETEL. Among the latter, A. oleracea, Arec d'Amerique, produces, in the centre of its leaf, a heart or bud, bourgeon, F., resembling artichoke in flavour, and eat- en in the W._Indian islands, under the name of chou-palmiste. Its fruit yields oil: its pith, a farina analogous to sago. AREFACTJON, s. , arefactio, f. (arefa- cere, to dry), L., tyfws* austrocknung, f. G., desiccation, the art of drying : a pharmaceutical process. ARENATIOV, s. , arenatio, f. (arena, sand), L., arenation : in Therapeutics, immersion of the whole, or part, of the a- nimal body in heated sand. See AMMO- CHOSIE. AREOLE, s. , areola, f. (dim. of area ), L. : in Anatomy, the interstice formed, in the structure of the various organs, by the anastomoses and ramifications of the capillary vessels, and by the inter-crossing entre-croisement, F., of fibres and fas- ciculi ; also, the coloured disk which sur- rounds the base of the human nipple, areola papillaris, L., der kreis um die brustwarze, G. : in Pathology, the disk which encircles pustular inflammations of ARH the skin. AREOLAIRE, adj., areolaris, L.: an epithet applied to any object which exhibits an areolar structure, une tex- ture areolaire, F. AREOMETRE, s. m. (i,o; (a priv., //, root), arhizus, L.., ohne wurzel, G., rootless : without root. Arhizes, pi. : a term, in modern Botany, synonymous with Cryptoyamla. See ACOTYLEDON. 55 ARM ARHYTHME, adj. ( priv., pvfyo;, rhythm), arhythmus, arrhythmicus, I,. : Ex. Pouls arhythme, F., ar^vyfj.^ appi/fans, ein unregelm'dssiger puls, G., an irregu- lar pulse. ARIDITE, s. f., |jja./' see MET,ANCHOLIE of the Greek and schwarxe galle, of the Ger- man writers. ATKABILAIRE, ATRABI- I.IEUX, adj., atrabilaris, atrabiliosus, L.., atrabiliary, atrabilious : connected with, sufferi ng from black bile. ATRESIE,S.f, ATRETISME,S.m.(aTrJ, unpierced), atresia, imperforatio, f. L,., der mangel einer normalen offnung, G., imperforation: deficiency of a natural open- vug. Atrelus est, cui anus, aut genitalia non perforala sunt, L. ATRICES, s. f. pi., F. and L. Syn. with CONDYI.OME, ATJIOPHIE, s. f., ar^oty'ia., atrophia, f. Ij., atrophie, daarsucht, f. G., atrophy : want of nourishment, wasting, emaciation. ATROPHIE, a.T/>os ( priv., TUVO;, type), atypicus, L.., atypisch, unregel- massig, G., atypical : an epithet applied to periodical diseases, as intermittent fe- ver, when exhibiting irregularity in their recurrence. AUBIER, s. m., alburnum, n. L.,_ spint, m. G. : in Botany, the exterior woody portion of the trunk and branches of trees ; interposed between the bark and true wood, into which it is annually con- verted ; forming concentric circles. AUDITIF, adj., auditorius (auditus, the sense of hearing), L., axovtrnxos, audito- ry. Syn. with ACOUSTIQUE. Exs. Con- duits auditifs, externe et interne, F., meatus auditorius externus et internus, L. ; osselets auditifs, de 1'ouie, ossicula auditoria, auditus, L., ^eAb'rknochelchen, G., bones of the internal ear. AUDITION, s. , auditus, m. L.., *., autumnus, m. L., herbst, m. G., autumn : a period of the year extending from the summer equinox to the winter solstice. AUTOM- NAL, adj., autumnalis, herbstlich, au- tumnal, belonging to, or appearing in, au- tumn: Ex. Febres autumnales, JL., the intermittent fevers which prevail in Au- tumn. AUTOPSIE, s. f., Kvro^iu, autopsia, f. I.,., autopsie, f, selbstsehen, n. G., au- topsy : the act of examining for one's self, personal inspection. This term has late- ly been introduced, in combination with an adjective, by French writers, to express the act of inspecting the animal body for pathological or medico-juridical purposes : Autopsie cadaverique. Although not un- objectionable, it is surely less offensive to correct taste, than the'baibarous "post- mortem examination," of certain British pathologists. AUTOPTIQUE, ? autopti- cus, autoptisch, autoptical : pertaining to Autopsy. AUTRUCHE, s. f. : a genus, in Ornitho- logy, Slruthio ( Struthiones, Bl. ; E'chassi- 65 AVC) en, brevipennes, Cuv.), L. : also, the prin- cipal species, S. camelus, rretuttKeiiAnKtt, Straus, m. G., ostrich, a large, swift- footed bird, inhabiting the sandy deserts of Africa. The flesh, proscribed, as an ar- ticle of diet, to the Israelites, was eaten by the Roman Emperors. The egg has a sweetish flavour. Its shell, and the fat of the bird, were formerly much employed in medicine. AUXESIE, s. f, $#/{, auxesis, f., augmentum, n. L.., vermehrung, zu- nahme, f. G., increase : Ex., in Patho- logy, Auxesis morbi, L., die zunahme der krankheit, G., increase aggravation of the disease. AUXILIAIRE, s. m., and adj., auxiliaris (auxilium, aid), L.,^-auxiliary. Svn. with ADJUVANT. A.VA& T-BOUCHE, s. f., os anticum, L. : that part of the cavity of the mouth which extends to the velum palati. AVANT-BRAS, s. m., cubitus, m., pars inferior brachii, L., vorderarm, m. G., fore-arm : in Anatomy, that portion of the thoracic extremity, which is comprized be- tween the proper arm and hand. See Ax- TIBRACHIAJL. AVANT-CCEUR, s. m. Syn. with ANTI- CARDE. AVANT-COUREUR : a term, in Patholo- gy, employed to express the precursory signs or phenomena, signes ou phe'no- menes precurseurs, F., signa prcecurren- tia, L., of diseases. AVEtTGLE, adj., rtxpXof, C36CUS, I,., blind, G. and E., deprived of sight, dark : an epithet employed, in Anatomy, to de- signate certain holes and cavities which terminate in a cul-de-sac ; as the trou aveu- gle de 1'os frontal, de la langue, F., fo- ramen caecum (bhndes loch, G.) ossis fron- talis, et linguae, L. ; and intestin aveuyle, caecum intestinum, L., ru/p^ov iWia>, blinde darm, G., the caecum, or blind gut. AVEUGLE-NE", s. m., and adj.,-^-rwp;uyjv>j;, born blind. AVEUGLEMENT, S. m., Tt/, life, Svvafti;, power), azoodynamia, L., der mangel an lebensthdtigkeit, G., diminution, or privation, of the vital powers. AZOTATE, s. m., azotas, m. L. Syn. with NITRATE. AZOTE, s. m. (a priv., *, life), azo- tum, n. L., azot, nitrogen, n., stickstoff, m., stickluft, G., azote, nitrogen : a simple gaseous body, specifically lighter than atmospheric air, but constituting four fifths of that fluid : unfit for the sus- tenance of combustion and animal life ; her.ce its name. It enters into the com- position of nitric acid, ammonia, all ani- mal, and many vegetable, substances AZOTE, adj., azotatus, L, containing azote. AZOTENESE, s. , azotencsis, f. L. All diseases induced, or supposed to be induced, by the predominance of azote in the human body, have been classed toge- ther, by Baumes, under the title of Azo- teneses. AZOTEUX, AZOTIQUE, adj., azotosus, azoticus, L. : epithets, which some che- mists have proposed to apply to the nitrous and nitric acids, respectively. In this case, the terms, AZOTATE and AZOTITE, s. m., azotas, azotis, m. L., must obvi- ously be substituted for the Nitrate, and Nitrite, at present employed in French Chemistry. AZOTUHE, s. m. : the combination of azote with a simple combustible body. AZYGOS, adj., agwytis (a priv., gvyas, yoke), azygos, L., ungepaart, G., un- matched, pairless, without a fellow. This term is applied, in Anatomy, to a muscle of the palate, Muscle Azygos, (palato-sta- phylin, Ch.), F.,azyffos uvuUe, ~L.,un- AZY gepaarter muskel? G., extending from the palatine suture to the tip of the uvula ; and a vein, Veine azyyos, pxe^ &%"'**> vena azygos, die ungepaarte blutader, G., which, originating from the inferior vena cava, or the mesenteric, or some- times one of the lumbar or renal veins, passes up, on the right of the vertebral column, with the aorta and thoracic duct ; and pours the contents into the superior cava near its termination in the right au- ricle of the heart. Chaussier calls this vessel, veine prelombo-thoracique; and distinguishes, by a prefix of the epithet, petite, a smaller, Veine demi-azygos, which, taking its rise from the left renal and corresponding lumbar veins, creeps up the left side of the spine ; and,,about the level of the 8th dorsal vertebra, ter- minates in the larger vena azygos. AZYME, adj. (a priv., &p.?i, leaven), un- leavened : Ex. Pain azyme, F., a^rot ci&fAit;. panis azyrnus, L., wiges'duert brod, G., unleavened bread. B. BAD BAI BABEURE, BABEURRE, s. m., lait de beurre, butyri serum, n. L., butter- milch, f. G., buttermilk. BABILLEMENT, s. m., aSoXsyj, libra, f. L., wage, wagschale, f. G., balance, pair of scales : a lever of the first kind ; consist- ing essentially of a beam, fieau, m. F., and of two "flat or concave plates pla- teaux ou bassins of metal, glass, or wood, employed to ascertain the weight of vari- ous bodies in air. Balance hydroslatique, hydrostatic scales, is an instrument used for weighing substances in distilled water, in order to determine their specific gravi- ty. The inferior surface of one of the scales of this instrument, which must be very delicately constructed, is furnished with a hook, upon which the substance about to be weighed, may be suspended. BALANE, s. f. : a name heretofore ap- plied to pessaries or suppositories, from their resemblance, in figure, to an acorn, SaXavas, balanus, L. : also, a genus, in Conchology, Balanus. recently separated from the Lepas, or Acorn-shell (Order, Afultivalve;T)iv., Toothless; Section, Oper- culated), the inhabitants of several species of which, as B. sulcatus, and tintinnabu- lum, Balane glande-de-mer, and Balane tulipe, F., were used, by the ancients, as artkles of diet ; and are still eaten by the modern Greeks and Chinese. The diete- tic employment of these animals, among the Romans, is attested by the following quotation from their comic Poet, Plautus : " Ostreas, Balanos, captamus conchas." BALANITE, s. f. (6Xavf, penis suprema pars, prseputio tecta), balanitis, f., glandis penis inflammatio, L., eichelnentziind- ung, G., inflammation of the glans penis. BALANORRHAGIE, 8. f. (same, and pwytvpi, I flow with force), balanorrhagia (balanoblennorrhcea, or balanorrhoea), f. BAL Li., eichelschleimfluss, eicheltripper, m- G., a mucous running from the glans. BALAUSTE, s. f., 6aXaiW/s, balusti- um, n. L. : a name given to the flower of the Pomegranate (les fleurs du grenadier, F., flores mali Punici, L., die granat- bliithen, granatapfelnbliithen, G.) ; quo- rum usus in gargarismatibus est frequen- tissimus, L., most frequently employed in gargles. See GRENADIER. BALBUTIEMENT, s. m., begaiement, rjai/x/^o?, ^exx/^of, balbuties, titubatio linguae, L., stammeln, stottern, n. G., stammering, stuttering. The causes and nature of this singular affection are, at present, but little understood ; and its treatment, founded upon narrow views, and conducted in an empirical spirit, as unscientific as ineffectual. Three varie- ties of impeded utterance may be distin- guished in practice: the congenital, re- sulting from original defect in the struc- ture of the brain, and usually connected with idiotism or mental imbecility ; mor- bid, induced by sanguineous congestion, or extravasation into the substance, of the brain, as in Apoplexy or Paralysis, or con- sequent on active disease, originating from, or implicating, the cerebral organ ; and acquired, as it often appears, uncon- nected with congenital defect or organic lesion, most commonly in young persons, of fervid imagination, acute sensibility, in- ordinate " love of approbation", and defici- ent " self-esteem." In the first variety, the impediment is incurable ; in the se- cond, it will frequently yield to physical remedies, especially continued vesication of the posterior cervical region ; in the third, moral discipline is principally to be relied on. The defect is, in all, essentially connected with paralysis, or with an ato- nic condition, of the inferior laryngeal (re- current) branch of the pneumo-gastric (8th pair of) nerves. See Palmer, Illus- trations of Medicine, p. 63; and Voisin, Du Begaiement, Paris, 1821. Impeded ut- terance, partaking of the torpor of Para- lysis, and the convulsive character of Cho- rea, is evidently a nervous affection ; and, as such, should occupy a place immediate- ly after them, among the Neuroses, hi a philosophical system of Nosology. BAL- BUTIES, v. n., be"gayer, ^sxx/lsiv, bal- butire, L., stammeln,G., to stammer. BEGUE, s. m., balbus (-v/^xxos, stam- melnd, stammering), adj. L., substan- tively employed, stammler, m. G., a stammerer. BALEINE, s. f., *aXaa, Balsena, f. L., Wallfisch, m. G., Baleen or Whale- bone "VVbale : in Zoology, the only genus in the section, Finless, of the sub-order, Toothless ( Edentata J, of the Order Ceta- cea ; and containing one species, Baleine BAL franche, F., B. mysticetus, comm on black, or great Greenland Whale. See CETACEE. Its jaws are furnished with the substance called Whalebone, instead of teeth, see FANON : and the blubber, der wallfischspeck, G., interposed be- tween the muscular structure and skin, affords the Fish-oil, fischol, n., fischthran, m., in abundance. Formerly all the known species of Whalebone Whale (four or five) were referred to Baltena; but those which are furnished with a dorsal or back fin, constitute, in modern systems, a distinct genus, Baleenoptera, Baleinop- tere, F., Balanopter, Flosswallfisch, Wallfisch mit einer riickenflosse, G., Balaena, with a dorsal fin. See APTERE. The flesh of the Baleena, red, coarse, hard, and difficult of digestion, is common- ly eaten by the uncivilized inhabitants of maritime districts, or by men suffering from privation of ordinary food : and the tongue, heart, and even tail of the young, are represented as constituting delicate articles of diet. For an account of these stupendous animals, see Lacepede, His- toire Naturelle des Cetacees ; Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, v. ii., p. 221 ; and Scoresby's Account of the Arctic Regions. BALIGOULE, s. m. : the name of an edi- ble fungus, Agaricus eryngii, which springs from the roots of Eryngium cam- pestre. See PANNICAUT. BALLE, s. f., gluma, f. L., spelze, kelchspelze, f., balg, m., die ausserste hiille der bliilhe bei den grasern, G., glume or husk: the chaffy calyx peculiar to grasses ; of which the awn (see ARETE), although commonly attached to the chaffy corolla, glumella, L., kronenspelze, balglein, G., is occasionally an appen- dage. The dried husk (chaff) of the oat, Avena sativa, serves for the construction of the cushions (sachets ou paillassons, F.), employed in the treatment of fractured limbs. BALLON, s. m., *.r,x.v0<>s, ampulla, f. L. : a spherical glass vessel, with a cylin- drical neck, which constitutes its only orifice. Furnished with a stop-cock, ba'l- lon a robiquet, it is employed in the weigh- ing of gases : when perforated with one or more additional orifices, ballon tubule, it serves for a receiver in the process of distillation. BALLONNEMENT, s. m., Iftvviv/tecTutrts, inflatio, f., partis alicujus, et maxime intestinorum, a flatibus distensio, L., aufblahung, f. G., inflation, inordinate distension of any part, especially the ab- domen, by an accumulation of gas (flatus) in the bowels or peritoneum. It fre- quently occurs in gastro-enteritis, perito- nitis, hysteria, and typhoid fevers towards their fatal close. BALLONNE, adj., BAN nutvet, inflatus, inflated : Ex. yentre ballonne, F., a belly distended with flatus. BALLOTTEMEXT, s. m. : the action of agitating. Mouvement de , F. : the motion imparted to thefcettts in utero, by alternate pressure, or striking, with the lianas applied to the abdomen of the mo- ther ; and constituting, when clearly per- ceptible, an unequivocal sign of preg- nancy. BALSAMIEB, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Amyris ( Octandria, monogyn. ; Terebintha- ceee), L., der Balsamstrauch, G., Balm- tree, containing several exotic species, which yield resinous substances employed in Medicine ; as the A. elemifera, see E- LEMI ; A. opobalsamum, and gileaden- sis. See T^REBEXTHINE. BALSAMIQUE, adj. (SaXfafiot, the fra- grant wood of the balm-tree), balsami- cus, L., balsamich, G., balsamic : pos- sessing the physical properties, or the vir- tues, of the balsams. BALSAMITE, s. f. : a genus, in Botany, Balsamita ( Syngenesia, polygam., superfl. ; Composite, Corymbiferee), JL, die Frau- enmiinze, G., Costmary, containing a few species ; one of which, S. suaveolens, grande-baume, baume des jardins, com- mon in the south of France, and cultivated in gardens, has a warm taste, and strong, aromatic smell ; is generally regarded as stimulant, emmenagogue, and vermifuge ; and, by some writers, as a powerful correc- tive of Opium. BAMBOU, s. m. : a species, in Botany, of the genus Bambusa ( Hexandria, mono- gyn. ; Gramineae), L.., Roseau d'lnde, F., das Bambus-rohr, G., Bamboo- Cane. This gigantic plant, B. arundina- cea, a native of India, yields a juice which is employed in the treatment of Dysentery. 13 AX A N IE R, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Musa ( Hexandria, monogyn. ; Musa- cea), L,., der Pisang, G., Plantain- tree, containing, among others, two large, palm-like species, M. paradisiaca, and Sapientium, common Plantain and Banana-tree, which furnish a fruit, BAXAXE, s. f., fruit du Bananier, exten- sively used, as an article of diet, in Asia, Africa, and America. See BACOVE. BANC D' HIPPOCRATE, s. m., Gxfyev 'Ixiroxeiirtio*, scamnum Hippocratis, n. L., die Hippokratische zienbank, G., Hippocrates' bench : a machine invented by Hippocrates, for the reduction of dis- locations and fractures : long since fallen into disuse. BAXCAL, adj. : an epithet applied to persons who have deformed legs. It com- prehends two varieties of crural deformi- ty, respectively distinguished by the La- tin terms, Valgus (*/, Galen.), and Vana, (peuSof). Valgus est is cui tibiae non 70 BAN rectae, sed extrorsiim convexae sunt, pe- dibus femoribusque approximatis. In Varo, contra, tibiae versus interiora con- vexae sunt, suris aut genubus sibi approx- imatis ; pedibus verb a se invicem mutub recedentibus. BAXCELLE, s. f., ein krummbeiniges weibchen, G., a bandy- legged little woman. BAXCROCHE, s. m. and adj., krummbeiniges miinnchen, a bandy-legged (rickety) little man. BAXDAGE, s. m., to-fitm, alligatio. fasciatio, fasciarum applicatio, f. L., wickeln, winden, n. G. : the act of binding up, or applying bandages ; application me'- thodique des bandes, des compresses, et des autres parties des appareils chirurgi- caux, F. The bandage, employed in Surgery, bandage, bande, F., tcr/'Ssir^j, fascia, f. L., binde, G., is termed simple, when consisting of one piece only ; compound, when several pieces, as splints and com- presses, enter into its composition. Of the principal forms of bandage, required in the dressing of wounds or fractures, and the relief of other injuries, the following is an enumeration. For more precise in- formation on the subject, the reader is re- ferred to the articles Bandage in the Dic- tionaire des Sciences Medicales, with two illustrative plates, v. ii. ; Dictionaire de Mededne, v. iii. ; and Cooper's Surgical Dictionary. Bandage a bandelettes separees ou de Scul- tet, F., fascia fasciis separation dispositis, seu Sculteti, L., Scultetus' bandage; a dix-huit chefs, fascia octodecim capiti- bus, eighteen-tailed band. ; de corps, ser- viette, mantile, L., body-band., support- ed by shoulder-straps ( 'scapulaires ) ; des pauvres, ou de Galen,. fascia pauperum, seu Galeni, poor man's, or Galen's band. ; herniaire, bracherium herniarium, see BRAVER ; inguinal, fascia inguinalis, inguinal band ; route, ou compressif, fascia convoluta vel compressiva, com- mon roller ; en T, (simple ou double) fas- cia formae literse T., figure of T band ; ou mouchoir en triangle, fascia triangu- laris, triangular band for the headT In addition to these, there are the Gante- tet, fascia manus, hand-bandage ; ban- dage pour la saignie du bras, etdu pied (etrier), venesection-bandage for the arm and foot; and Monocle et Binocle, bandage for one, or both eyes. See also the Ar- ticles, SUSPEXSOJRE and TOURXIQUET. BAXDAGISTE, s. m., bandagist ? : an in- dividual wholly devoted to the construc- tion of bandages, particularly those des- tined for the retention of hernia; bruch- bander, m. G., a truss-maker. BAXDE, s. f. : a term, in Surgery, see BANDAGE. In Anatomy, applied to the description of any narrow, elongated, and BAR flattened structure : Ex. Bandc aponevro- tique, medullaire, F., an aponeurotic, or medullary band. BANDEAU, s. m., pittacium, n. L., stirnbinde, kopfbinde, f. G., a bandage applied round the head. BANDELETTE, s. f., petite bande, fasci- ola, f. L., eine kleine bande, G., a little band, or strap. In Surgery, bandelette ag- glutinative, F., the adhesive strap. In Anatomy, bandelette de 1' Hippocampe ( des cornes d'Ammon), corps frange, F., taenia Hippocampi, corpus fimbriatum, L., is the thin internal border of the Hippocampus ; bandelette demi-circu- laire ( des eminences pyriformes, Ch.), fascia tsenia semicircularis, the grey- ish-white medullary line, which separates the thalamus nervi optici from the corpus striatum, in each hemisphere of the brain. BANGADA, s. f. : the Indian name of the Convolvulus pes-capree ; the leaves of which serve for the composition of anti-ar- thritic cataplasms. BANGUE, or BANGI : an Indian species of Hemp, Cannabis Indica ( Dioecia, pen- tandr. ; Urticea) ; the leaves of which are employed, in mastication and vapour, as a substitute for tobacco. Adanson regards this plant as the Nepenthe of the Ancients. BAOBAB, s. m., pain de Singe : the French name of the largest and most du- rable tree yet known, Adansonia digitata (Monadelphia,polyandr. , Bombacea), L., der AfFenbaum, G., - Ethiopian sour Gourd, or Monkey Vbread ; a native of the sandy coasts of Africa. Its leaves, abound- ing in mucilage, are emollient, and the gourd-like/rat/ contains an acidulous pulp, useful in Dysentery, from which the sweet, reddish, and astringent substance, called Terre de Lemnos, is said, by Alpino, to be prepared. BARBE, s. f., -xayuv, barba, f. L., bart, m. G., beard : the collection of hairs which invest the chin and lips la- biorum et menti pars pilosa, L., of Man , and certain other animals, commonly of the male sex, among the Vertebrata ; as the Goat, Capra hircus : in Botany, the short hairs, disposed in row or tuft, with which divers parts of plants, as the three exterior segments of the perianth of the Iris, and the anthers or filaments of other genera, are provided : also, the name applied to the awns of certain gonera or species of the Graminece, as Hordeum, barley ; and, by some writers, to the lower lip the part opposed to the galea, helmet or upper lip of the ringent corolla, in the Labiates. BARB ti, adj. , ssuyuvmr'ns , barbatus, bartig, bearded : an epithet employed, in Zoology, without strict reference to its o- riginal meaning, for the specific designa- tion of certain birds and fishes ; as the 71 BAR bearded Titmouse, Pants biarmicus, and three-bearded Cod, Gadus tricirratus. Some other fishes, besides this latter, as the barbel, Cyprinus barbus, burbot, Ga- dus lota (see BARBE AU and LOTTE), and the bearded Loche, Gobitis barbatula, are furnished with appendages to the jawsy . barbillons, F., from which the term, beard, has been derived. It is also remark- able that the males of many species of in- sects, those, for instance, composing the family of the Bombycidee, among the Le- pidoptera, may at once be distinguished from the females, by their bearded, or pec- tinated antenna. In Botany, the epithet is applied to the parts and organs before enumerated, and, for particular designation, to certain spe- cies or varieties, as Mesembryanthemum barbatum, and some kinds of wheat fur- nished with an awn or beard, and hence named bearded wheat. See ARETE. BARBEAU, s. m., purraxaros, mod., barbus, m. L., flussbarbe, f. G., barbel : formerly a species, in Ichthyology, of the genus Cyprinus (OiA. Abdominales, Linn.); now forming the type of a new sub-genus, Barbus, among the Malacopteryg. abdomi- naux, Cuvier. The/?/t of the barbel, B. vulgaris (C. barbus, Linn.), is proverbially insipid, innutritions, and indigestible ; but said to improve with age. The roe of the female, although the fact has been contro- verted, is poisonous : it produces, when largely eaten, violent vomiting and hyper- catharsis : and in some countries, is em- ployed as a popular purgative. See Faune des Medecins, v. ii., p. 236. The same observation will apply to the ova of some other fishes ; as the pike and burbot. See BROCKET and LOTTE. The Barbel has four beards barbillons, F., two at the point, and two at the angles of the upper jaw. The organs of mastication are situa- ted in the pharynx. BARBILLON, s. in., cirrus, ? m. L. : a term, in Ichthyology, applied to the deli- cate, sensitive, and flexible filaments which are implanted near the lip, in cer- tain fishes, as the Barbel and Loche. See BARBE. They may be regarded as an organ of touch, probably analogous, in function, to the palpi of Insects. BARDANE, s. f. : a species, in Botany, Arctium lappa (Syngenesia, polygam. cequa- lis ; Composite Carduacece), L., kletten- kraut ? n. G common Burdock, or Clot- bur. The root, slightly sudorific, is em- ployed in chronic cutaneous affections and syphilis : Withering describes it as equal, in medicinal virtue, to that of Sarsaparilla. The stems, peeled previously to the period of flowering, are edible, boiled or raw. The ashes of trie plant, obtained between the times of flowering and seeding, yield a BAR large proportion of yery pure subcarbonute of potass. BARGE, s. f. : in Zoalogy, a genus of Birds, Limosa (E'chassiers, Cuv. ; Gralla- tores, Temm.), Godwit, comprizing two European species, common Godwit, L. rufa, B. rousse, F., rostbrauner wasser- laufer, G. ; and the Black-tailed, L. me- lanura, aegocephala, B. a queue noire, schwarzschwanzige sumpflaufer. The flesh of both is edible. They were con- founded, by Linnaeus, with the genus Scolopax. BAHILI.E, s. f. : the vulgar name of a marine plant, Salsola Kali; also of common (subcarbonate of) Soda, on the southern coasts of France. See SOUDE. BARITE, s. f. (Gagvf, heavy), barote, baryte, terre pesante, f. F., barita, ba- rites, terra ponderosa, f. L., baryt, n., schwererde, f. G., baryta, protoxide of Barium. This substance exists only in nature, in the states of carbonate and sul- phate. Its specific gravity is 4. By the galvanic pile, and even by the application of intense heat, according to Clarke, it is decomposed into Oxygen and Barium. It possesses the characteristic properties of alkalis ; is caustic, virulently poisonous ; and, even when applied to the cellular membrane, is rapidly absorbed, and produ- ces fatal convulsions by its operation on the nervous system of animals. With sulphuric acid, it forms an insoluble comr pound, sulphate of Baryta ; and affords an admirable test whereby to detect the pre- sence of even the minutest admixture of that acid in any fluid. Hence the utility of the internal administration of soluble neutral sulphates, in cases of poisoning by Baryta. In the form of hydrochlorate (muriate) muriate de baryte, F., murias barytse, L., salzsaurer Baryt, salzsaures baryumoxyd, G., it is medicinally em- ployed, as an excitant of the lymphatic system, in Scrofula. BARIUM, BARYUM, s. m., barium, plu- tonium, n. L., the metallic base of Bary- ta, discovered by Davy : is capable of uni- ting with oxygen in two proportions ; thus constituting a protoxide, Baryta, and a deutoxide. It decomposes water at the natural temperature, seizes the oxygen to form Baryta ; and the hydrogen is libe- rated, it is not employed in medicine. BAROMACROMKTRE, s. m.j[Sag;, weight, futx^o;, long, pirgoii, measure), baroma- crometrum, n. L., baromakrometer oder kindermesswage, G. : an instrument for determining the weight and length of new- born infants. BAROMETRE, s. m. (d^;, weight, (*.<- TJ>, measure), barometrum, n. L., ba- rometer, wetterglas, n. G., barometer, weather-glass : an instrument for determi- 72 BAS ning the weight of the atmosphere. BARO- MTHIQUE, adj., barometricus, baro- metrical. BAUOMETHOGRAPHE, s. m. (?;?, pi- rpw, and y%u$a, I write), barometrograr pnium, n. L. : an instrument which, itself, inscribes on paper, the variations of at- mospheric pressure. BAROSCOPE, s. m. ("K^OI, and v, voice), baryphonia, f. L., ein schwere, tiefe, harte stimme, G., a heavy, deep, hard voice. Heavy, slow, difficult articu- lation, or speech, which French Lexicogra- phers represent this term as signifying, would be more correctly expressed by the newly constructed synonyms (Baryglossie, and Barylalie) of Baryglossia, and Baryla- lia, L., employed by Kraus; and derived from the combinations of Sa^us with s, or vessel destined to contain solid or liquid substan- ces). The term, Pelvis, in Anatomy, is applied to one of the three great visceral cavities possessed by Man and many of the Vertebrata. It is constructed of four bones, the two ossa innominata, sacrum, and coc- cyx, which support the vertebral column, and afford points of attachment to the lower or posterior, hence called pelvic limbs or extremities, membres pelviens, F., Its principal contents are the rectum and bladder, with the appendages, in the male; and uterus in the female. It com- municates above, or anteriorly, with the ABDOMEN, Strictly speaking, Man alone possesses a pelvis : as in the lower ani- mals, the corresponding bones invariably deviate, more or less, from the basin shape. In the Cetacea, two small bones, attached to the lower part of the belly, are suppo- sed to represent the ossa pubis : and nei- ther pelvic extremities, nor pelvis, are found. In Birds, with one or two remark- able exceptions, the bones composing it, are widely separated below. It is repla- BAT ced, in FisJtes, by two bones, which sup- port the ventral fins. No trace of such cavity exists in the Invertebrata. Certain other parts of the body are also distinguished by this term : as the pelvis of the kidney, see BASSINET ; a small conoid excavation, existing in the anteri- or part of the third cerebral ventricle, infundibulum seu pelvis cerebri; and the cavity of the tympanum, pelvis auris, L. BASSIN, (gondole) oculaire, pelvis o- cularis, scaphium oculare, L.., augenbeck- en,? G.: in Surgery, a small vessel, of por- celain, glass, or metal, for the application of lotions or medicated fluids to the eye. BASSINER, v. a., fovere, L., bahen, G., laver avec de 1'eau ou un autre li- quide, F., to foment, to bathe with water or other liquid. BASSINET, s. m., petit bassin, canali- culus, infundibulum, pelvis renum, L., nierenbecken, n. G., pelvis of the kid- ney : a term applied, in Anatomy, to the membranous cavity which occupies the summit of the ureter, and posterior part of the fissure of the kidney. It is situated behind the renal vessels, and receives from the orifices of the calices, tMe fluid secre- ted by the kidney. BAS-VENTRE, s. m., alvus, , venter imus, infimus, m. L., unterbauch, un- terleib, m. G., strictly rendered, the hy- pogastrium, or lower part of the belly, of animals; but employed by French wri- ters, as synonymous with ABDOMEN. BATITURES, s. f, plur., batiturae, f. L.., minute scales or particles more or less oxidated, which are detached from the various metals, in the forge or smithy. BATRACIENS, plur. (Sdr^^as, a frog), Batracice, L die Batrachier, G.: in Zoolo- gy, the 4th order of the Reptiles of Cuvier, but constituting a distinct class, 4th of the Ostiozoaires, in Blainville's arrange- ment. See AMPHIBIE. It comprehends, among others, the Frog and Toad tribes, animals whose body is furnished with limbs, but destitute of scales, shells, and claws. Respiration is voluntary; the heart single: the large artery, arising from the ventri- cle, divides into a pulmonary and an aortic branch. The ova, enveloped in mem- brane, are fecundated without actual coi- tion : for the male has no membrum virile. The young animal, at first, respires by gills ; and undergoes divers metamorpho- ses in its progress to the adult state. See BRANCHIES, CRAPAUD, GRENOUILLE. BATTEMENT, s. m., -raX^a;, e-^vyftas, pulsatio, , pulsus, m. L., klopfen, schlag- en, n. G., pulsation : a term, in Physio- logy, applied to the movements of contrac- tion and dilatation of the heart and arte- ries : see DIASTOLE, SYSTOLE, POULS : also, in Pathology, to express inordinate 74 BAU action palpitation of the heart, batle- ment du cceur, F., cordis palpitatio, L., das herzklopfen, G. ; and the spasmo- dic contractions sometimes observed in the muscles of the exterior, or in the in- ternal organs, as the eyelids and stomach; and the throbbing of inflamed parts. BAUHIN (valvule de) : a name, in Ana- tomy, applied to the valve of the ileum, valvule ildo-ccecale, F. ; which Bauhin pretended to have discovered in 1579: al- though other anatomists had previously demonstrated its existence, and given an accurate description of the valve ; especi- ally Costanzi Varoli, who died in 1575. See ILEO-CCECALE. BAUME, s. wa., JaXra^v, balsamum, n. L., balsam, G. and E. : a term appli- ed, in Chemistry and Pharmacy, to divers productions of nature and of art. The Natural are concrete or liquid substances, obtained from the vegetable kingdom ; o- dorous, bitter, acrid, composed of resin, benzoic acid, and sometimes an essential oil ; giving out the acid on the application of heat ; soluble in the volatile oils, alco- hol, and ether; yielding, on admixture with alkalis, a soluble benzoate, and pre- cipitating the resin. There are but five Natural Balsams : 1. Benzoin, or Benja- min, see BENJOIK : 2. Balsam of Peru, Baume de Peru, F., Balsamum Peruvi- an um, Myroxyli Peruiferi Balsamum, L., Peruvianischer Balsam, G., the pro- duct of Myroxylum Peruiferum (Decan- dria, monogyn. ; Leguminosce ), L., a large Brazilian and Peruvian tree : of this, the Germans have a Tinctura and Syrupus Balsami Peruviani, and Mixtura oleoso- balsamica, Perubalsamft'nctar, soft, and Balsamisch-olichte Mischung : 3. Balsam of Tolu, Baume de Tolu, Balsamum Tolutanum, Toluiferse balsami Balsamum, Tolubalsam, Balsam von Tolu, obtain- ed from the Tolui/era balsamum (Decan- dria, monogyn. ; Terebinthacete ), L., a South-American tree : the French and Germans have a Syrupus balsamicus Bal- sami Tolutani, Sirop balsamique, Tolu- balsaima/< ,- and the latter, also, a Tinctu- ra, Tolubalsamft'nctor : 4. the liquid, and 5. the solid Storax, Styrax liquide et solide. See the Articles STYRAX, and STORAX. There are other resinous substances, usually termed Balsams, which are really Turpentines ; as the Balsams of Canada, Copaiba, and Gilead, Baumes de Canada, de Copahu, de Gilead, F. See TERE- BINTHINE. The Factitious Balsams the results of artificial combinations, are very nume- rous; consisting principally of Unguents, and solutions or resinous or other substan- ces, in the fixed or essential oils, or in alco- BDE hoi. The following are the most useful or celebrated of these preparations : they have been selected, as deemed worthy, by the authors of the Pharmacopeia Gallica, of insertion in their work : Baume d'Ar- caeus, Balsamum Arcsei, Unguentum de Terebinthina et Adipibus, an ointment con- sisting of suet, lard, Venice turpentine, and Elemi-resin ; de Genevieve, Ung. de Terebinthina camphoratum, oil olive, bees'-wax, red saunders wood, turpentine, and camphor; nervin, nerval, balsa- mum nervinum, Ung. ex oleis volatili- bus, balsamo Peruviano, et Camphora compositum ; tranquille, Balsamum tranquillans, Oleum de Narcoticis, bella- donna, mandrake, henbane, thorn-apple, and other narcotics, macerated in olive-oil with aromatic plants; opedeldoch, Ung. opedeldoch, Sapo ex Medulla bovinzi am- moniacalis camphoratus, a Soap made of beef-marrow, alcohol, the essential oils of Kosemary and Thyme, ammonia, and the muriates of ammonia and soda : Baume de soufre anise, succine, terebinthiue', balsamum sulphuris anisatum, succina- tum, terebinthinatum, solutions of sul- phur in oil of aniseed, of amber, of tur- pentine : and, lastly, Baume de comman- deur de Perme, Teinture balsamique, Tinctura balsamica, a solution of Styrax, Benjamin, Balsam of Tolu, Olibanum, Myrrh, Aloes, and Ambergris, in Alco- hol, impregnated with the flowers of Hy- pericum perforatum. The term, Baume, is also applied, by the French, to divers aromatic plants : as Baume aquatique, to Mentha saliva ; des jardins, to Balsamita suaveolens ; and le petit baume, to Croton balsamiferum. BAUMIER, s. m., balsambaum, m. G., balsam-tree : a name, in Botany, applied to various trees which produce the bal- sams ; especially to that which yields the substance, called Baume de Judde. See BALSAMIER, and TEREBINTHINE. BAVE, s. , humor salivus, saliva ex ore fluens, L., geifer, speichel, m. G., slaver: the saliva which involuntarily flows from the mouth of old men, children and idiots ; the frothy liquid which issues from the throat of rabid animals, and of the human subject when affected by mer- curial salivation, or the epileptic parox- ysm : in the latter, it is named froth or 'foam, ecume, F., spunia, L. The glairy viscous fluid whereby the snail attaches itself to the surface over which it crawls, is also, by the French, denominated have. In Pathology, the term is employed, by Sauvages, as synonymous with Salivation, BDELLIUM, s. m., $i\\u>v, bdellium, n. JL., and G. : a gum-resin, which exudes, in the form of a milky juice, from an un- known East-Indian tree, supposed to be a 75 BEC species of Amyris. Acid, bitter, and sti- mulating, it is rarely employed in modern Medicine, except as an ingredient in plas- ters ; although loudly eulogized by the an- cient writers. BDELI.OMETRE, s. m., (fStXXa, a leech, f^ir^ov, measure), bdellometrium, n. L. : a term, of obviously improper construc- tion, for a surgical instrument intended to serve as a substitute for the leech, in ex- traction of blood from the capillaries Kraus proposes to call it, Antibdella. The term Bdella, borrowed from the Greek, is by some authors, employed as synonymous with Leech. See SANGSUE. BEC, s. m., ffyxas, rostrum, n. L,., schnabel, m. G., beak, bill, snout : the term, beak or bill, is applied, hi Zoology, to the two mandibles of Birds, taken collec- tively ; and to the mouth of certain ani- mals, which resembles those organs in fi- gure or substance. Six bones compose the beak of birds : the superior and infe- rior mandible, the palatine bones, and ossa quadrata, L., les os Carre's, F. The up- per mandible exhibits a moveable articula- tion with the cranium ; as is conspicuous- ly seen in the Owl and Parrot tribes : the lower is connected with, and moves upon, the os quadratum. The beak is provided with numerous muscles, ten pairs in the duck, and sometimes invested at its base, as in the Rapaces, with a coloured mem- brane, called Cere. The organ differs greatly in size and figure, as the horny substance, which covers the bones compo- sing it, in consistence ; and affords an ad- mirable chaiacter for the construction of genera and sub-genera. In Entomology, the term, rostrum, is applied to the elonga- tion of the head, supporting the antennae, in the Curculionidee ; and, more especially, to the sucker which characterizes the Hemipterous Insects. In Anatomy, the extremity of the cora- coid process of the scapula, is named, by the French, bee coracoi'dien ; and the cala- mus scriptorius of the 4th cerebral ventri- cle, bee de la plume a e'crire. The term, Bee, is also applied, in French Surgery, to divers kinds of forceps desti- ned for the extraction of teeth, or of fo- reign substances from the interior. Of these instruments, the most remarkable are the bee de corbin, de perroquet, de vau- tour, de grue, rostrum corvinum, psit- tacinum, vulturinum, gruinum, L. : in Surgical Pathology, to the hare-lip, .Bec-de-Tievre, F., labium leporinum, L., die hasenscharte, G., whicn lesion may be natural or congenital ; accidental, or con- sequent on external violence ; and simple, double, or complicated with separation of the maxillary bones, or defect or deviation of the teeth i finally, in Natural History, BEH to certain genera, or species, of Birds and Plants ; as fiec-croise, Cross-bill, Loxia (see CURVIROSTRE) ; and JSec-de-grue, Stork's-bill, der Storchschnabel, G., Pelargonium (Monadelphia, heptandr. ; Gc- ranaceee), L., containing numerouss spe- cies. BECASSE, s. : in Zoology, a genus of Birds, Scolopax (E'chassiers, Cuv. ; Gral- latores, Temm.), comprehending, in three sections, five European species ; the flesh of which forms a delicate article of food. Section 1. contains the Woodcock, 2xaX- !, Scolopax ruslicola, L., Becasse ordi- naire, F., waldschnepfe, G.; 2. the Great, common, and little, or Jack-Snipe, So. major, Gallinaffo, Gallinula, L., Be- cassine grande, ordinaire, sourde, F., mittelschnepfe, heerschnepfe, moersnepfe, G.; and 3. the Brown or Red-breasted Snipe, Sc. grisea, Bicassine ponctue'e. See Temminck, Manuel a" Omithologie, v. iL, p. 6^2 ; and Faune des Medecins, v. ii., p. 268. BECCABUNGA, s. f. : a species, in Bota- ny, belonging to the genus Veronica ; see v ERONIQUE. The leaves of V. beccabun- ga, brooklime Speedwell, frequently mis- taken for those of water-cress, are regard- ed as antiscorbutic. The term is also ap- plied to another species, V. Anagallis, long-leaved Brooklime. BECHIQUE, s. m., and adj., %/** (ftj|, a cough), bechicus, L., expecto- rant, pectoral : Ex. Remedes bechiques, F., \ix,es, biliosus, gallig, gallicht, bilious : caused by, or affected with, bile : Ex. Fievre bilieuse, temperament bilieux, febris biliosa, tem- perainentum biliosum, a bilious fever, and temperament. BILOBE, adj., bilobatus, bilobus, L., , bilobulated : a term applied, in Botany, to those organs of plants which are divided into two lobes by an obtuse sinus ; as the leaves of Bauhinia porrecta. Applied to seeds, it is synonymous with DICOTYLE- DONE. See BIFIDE. BILOCULAJRE, adj., bilocularis, L,., zweifachrig, G., bilocular : a term, in Botany, applied to any organ which exhi- bits two cells ; as the capsule of Lilium, and the anther of Orchis. See ANTHERE. BIMANE, s. m., and adj., bimanus, L. : a term applied, in Linnaean Zoology, to Man, as possessing two hands: by French Zoologists, to a genus of Saurian Reptiles, as the Siren, characterized by the absence of posterior pau's. BINAIRE, adj., binarius, L., binary : a term, in Chemistry, applied to a com- pound of two elementary, or simple sub- stances. BINOCLE, s. m. : a bandage for both eyet. See BANDAGE. BIOLOGIE, s. f. (j8/j, life, Xayaf, discourse), biologia, f. L., biologie, lebenlehre, f., die lehre vom leben, G., biology, the doctrine of life. BioLooiauE ? adj., biologicus, biologisch, zur biologie geho- rig, biological, belonging to biology. BIPARTI, adj., bipartitus, L., zwei- theilig, G., bipartite : a term, in Botany, applied to any organ, as calyx, petal, or style, which is divided into two portions by a slit, extending beyond its middle ; and, in this respect, differing from the condi- tion indicated by BIFIDE. BIPARTIBLE, adj., bipartibilis, L., susceptible of spontaneous separation into two portions ; as the pods of most of the Leguminosce, and the capsules of Digitalis, and Nicotiana. BIPEDE, s. m., and adj., WSf, bipes, L., zweifussig, G., biped : a term, in Zoology, applied to Man, and all other BIS two-footed animals : by the French, to a genus of Saurian Reptiles, characterized by deficiency of anterior paws. ' BIPINNATIFIDE, adj., bininnatifidus, 1, Leaves, in Botany, are called bipinna- tijid, when they exhibit on the lateral parts of the common petiole, divisions themselves pimiatifid ; as those of Sonchus tenerrimus. BIPIXXE, adj., bipinnatus, I* Leaves are said to be bipinnated when the common petiole gives out secondary petioles, fur- nished laterally with leaflets; as those of Fumaria officinalis. BISAXNUEL, adj., S<5TK, biennis, L.., zweijahrig, G., biennial: a term, in Botany, applied to plants which live two years; ordinarily bearing fruit, the second: Ex. Gaura biennis, biennial Gaura. BISCUIT, s. m., panis biscoctus, L., zwieback, n. G., a hard unleavened bread, twice baked, in order that it may not suffer the alteration incident to tbe more com- mon kinds; and employed as the food of sea-faring men in long voyages : it forms an excellent article of diet for the invalid in certain morbid affections of the intes- tinal canaL Also, a delicate pastry, com- posed of flour, egg, sugar, and some aro- matic ingredient ; and commonly, but im- properly, given to young children and convalescents: as an aliment, the sweet biscuit is indigestible, and favours the ge- neration of flatus in the bowels. BISEXE, BISEXUEL, adj., bisexuinus, I,., bisexual: exhibiting the characters of the two sexes. Syn. with HERMAPHRO- DITE. BISMUTH, s. m., Marcassite, ^Bismuth- urn, n., Marcassita r f. !>., Bismuth, Wis- muth, Maikasit, m. G. r Bismuth: a solid metal,. spec: grav. 9,822, existing in nature, either pure, or combined with oxygen, or with sulphur and arsenic Inert in the metallic state, it forms, with nitric acid, the Officinal Preparation, Sub- nitrate (oxide) of bismuth, nitrate (ou sous-nitrate) de bismuth, blanc de fard, F., nitras, (sub-nitras ), magisterium bismuthi, L., salpetersaures bismuth (bismuth-oxyd), wismuthmagisterium, G. : a valuable medicine in some chronic de- rangements of the stomach; but, in large doses, poisonous. Bisox, s. m. : a species, in Zoology, be- longing to the genus, Bos, see BOSUF; and, like its congener, the Musk-Ox, B. moschalus,\e bceuf musque, F., der bisamstier, G., a native of North Ameri- ca. The Bison, B. Americanus, Ame- rikanischer wilder ochs, G., is the larg- est land-animal of the new continent: its distinguishing characters, short, spreading horns ; a long mane ; and gibbous back. Bissus, s. m.,, /Saws?, byssus, m. L. : 81 BIT the silk-like filaments, or beard, laine de pinne-marine, soie de mer, poil de nacre, F., die feine seide der seidenmuscheln, G., by which the molluscous inhabitants of the shells, belonging to the genus, Pin- na, (see JAMBONEAU), attach themselves to the rocks. This substance is formed from the secretion of a particular gland, by means of an appendage, or foot, resem- bling a small tongue. In Italy, Corsica, and Smyrna, it is manufactured into very fine stuffs, which are said to promote cu- taneous perspiration, and consequently recommended to be worn next the skin, in rheumatism and gout. See Dumeril, E'lemens des Sciences Naturellez, vol. ii., p. 58 ; and Turton, Conchylia InsuL Britan- nicarum, pi. 19, fig. 1. BISTORTE, s. : a species, in Botany, of the genus, Polynonnm (see PEHSICAIHE). The root of P. Bislorta, schlangenwurz, natterwurz, f. G., great Bistort, snake- weed Persicaria, contains much tannin ; and is astringent and tonic. The plant derives its specific name from the twice- bent (bistorta) figure of the root. BlSTORTIER, BlSTOTIER, S. m., StoS- sel, m. G., pestle: a wooden instrument, pilon du bois, F., employed for tritu- rating pharmaceutical substances in a marble mortar. BISTOURI, s. m., scalpellus, gladius Pistoriensis, L.., bistouri, einschnittmes- ser, n. G., bistoury : in Surgery, a knife or scalpel ; so named from the town of Pislori, once celebrated for the fabrication of these instruments. The bistoury is va- ried in figure and construction, according to the precise purpose which it is destined to serve. Thus the blade, lame, F., may be straight or curved ; convex or concave; plain, or guarded at the point, surmontee d'un renflement olivaire. There are, also, bistouries with fixed, slid- ing, or spring-blades, bistouris a lames fixes, flottantes, ou a ressort. Among the more complicated, are the bistouri gas- trique de Morand, and cache de Bien- aise, employed in operations for strangu- lated hernia, and lithotomy. BISUI.CE, adj., S/jX, bisulcus, L., bisulcous, cloven-footed : a term applied to animals with divided hoofs, rait gespalt- enen klauen, G. The Bisulca constitute, in Zoology, the 6th Order of the Mamma- lia, of Blumenbach, the 5tb, Pecora, of Linnaeus; and comprehend all those gene- ra which Cuvier has since arranged in his Order, Ruminantia. See RUMIKANS. BITERXE, adj., biternatus r L., biter- nate : a term, in Botany, applied to leaves, with the common petiole divided into three, each secondary petiole bearing three leaves ; as those of Imperatoria, Mas- terwort. G BLA BITUME, s. m., aiffxi>(t.iv>>, of DioSCOlideS. These insects suffer no real metamorpho- sis : the larva and nymph differ from the adult, only in the absence of the elytra and wings. B LK, s. m., fires, frumentum, n. L., getreide, n. G., corn : every species of grain employed in the manufacture of bread. Ble cormt, See ERGOT. d'Es- pagne, d~Ilulie, de Turquie, See MAIS. noir, See SARRASIX. de la Saint- Jean, See SEIGI.E. BLECHRGPYRE, s. f. (/3x?^$, weak, -rug, fever), blechopyra, f., febris asthenica seu adynamica, L,., ein schwaches unbe- deutendes fieber, G., an asthenic slow, nervous fever. BLENNELYTRIE, s. f. (/Sxtwa, mucus, {XuT^av, a sheath), blennelytria, f. L. : a term applied, by Alibert, to vaginal ca- tarrh,-Aer weisse fluss der weiber, G., the leucorrhcea of women. It constitutes the 6th genus of the Blennoses, in his No- solof/ie Naturelle. BLENNENTERIE, s. f. (/SXma, and Vv- TSJOV, intestine), blennenteria, f. L. : A- libert's term for Dysentery ; which consti- tutes the 3rd genus of his Blennoses. BLENNISTHMIE, s. f. (same, and lvtp.s, throat), blennisthmia, f. L. ; a catarrhal affection of the membrane of the pharynx and larynx, schleimhautkrankheit des rachens, G., is thus designated by Ali- bert. It constitutes the 8th genus of his Blennoses. BLENNOPHTHALMIE, s. f. (same, and BLE o^aX/u.o;, an eye), blennophthalmia, f. Ij. : the 7th genus of Alibert's Blennoses ; comprehending all the different species of Ophthalmia. BLENNOFYRIE, s. f. (/3Am, mucus, *?, fever), blennopyria, f. L.., schleimfieber, n. G., mucous fever : the 10th genus of the Blennoses of the Nosologie Naturelle ; in which are comprehended divers disea- ses, ordinarily known by the names of mesenteric, slow nervous, gastric quotidi- an, and adeno-meningeal fever. BJLENNORHINIE, s. f. (same, and piv, the nose), blennorhinia, f. Ij. : Alibert's tenn for Coryza, nasenschleimfluss, m. G. ;- constituting the 1st genus of Blennoses. BT.ENNORBHAGIE, s. f. (same, and pvyw- ftt, I flow with force), blennorrhagia, f. L,., schleimfluss, m. G. : acute inflamma- tion of the urethra and prepuce in the male, of the urethra and vagina in the female ; followed by the discharge of a yellowish or greenish fluid : frequently the consequence of venereal contagion BI.ENNORHAGIQTTE, adj., blennorrhagi- cus, an blennorhagie leidend, dazu geho- rig, suffering from , pertaining to '- Blennorrhagia. BLENNORRHEE, s. f. (same, and p'stu, I flow), blennorrhoea, f. L., blennorrhoe, f., ein chronischer schleimftuss, G. : the chronic stnge of blennorrhagia. Blehnor- rhoiciis, adj. L. : suffering from , relating to Blennorrhcua. BLENXOSE, s. f., BLENNOSES, pi. (same), Blennosis, es, fl !>.-, Schleimkrank- heit, en, f. G.: the name of the 10th Fa- mily of the Nosologie Nalurelle, of Ali- bert ; comprehending all the catarrhal af- fections of the mucous membranes. BI.ENNOTHOHAX, s. m. ({sKivva.,^ and 6i>p- as, the hum of bees, a buz or murmur), sonitus aurium, L., ohrenlauten, ohren- tdnen, lauten in den ohren, n. G., noise buzzing in the ears. Employed, also, as synon. with BORBORYGME. 85 BON s. m., bombias, m. L. : in Chemistry, a genus of salts resulting from the combination of bombic acid, 1'acide bombique, F., acidum bombicum, L., sei- denwiirmersaure, G., with divers bases. Discovered by Chaussier, in a cavity of the silk-worm, the caterpillar ofBambyxMori (seeVER-A-SoiE), this acid was, at first, re- garded as peculiar ; but is now proved to be well-nigh, if not perfectly, identical with acetic acid. BOMBYCE, s. m. ()So^/3w|, the silk-worm): a genus, in Entomology, Bombyx ( Lepi- doptera, nocturna, Cuv.), L., containing several species ; the caterpillars of which spin a cocoon at the period of their meta- morphosis into the chrysalid state. One of the most familiar of these is the silk- worm Moth, Bombyx Mori. See VER-A- SOIE. Several other species are deeply interesting to the naturalist and the phy- sician, either from their extraordinary ha- bits and productions, or from the painful and even formidable irritation which the contact of their hairs, exuviae, web, or co- coon frequently excites on the human skin. Of these, the principal are the Bom- byce processionnaire, F., Bombyx Pha- leena Cnethocampa processioned, L. ; pythiocampe, B. pitiocampa, see PYTHI- OCABIPE ; chrysorrhe'e, B. Phalana Porthesia chrysorrhosa ; martre, B Phalcena Lithosia Arctia caja ; and dtoile, B. Phalaena Orgyia antiqua. The caterpillar of Bombyce queue-four- chue, B. Phalcena Centra vinula, which lives principally on the poplar, has also the property, when irritated, of eject- ing, from an orifice situated on the lower surface of the body, between the head and anterior feet, a clear, powerfully acid, stimulating fluid. See Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, vol. iii, p. 39 ; and Boisdu- val, Collection Iconograph. et Historique des Chenilles d" Europe, Paris, 1832. BON-HENRI. See ANSERINE. BONNET, s. in., le reseau, arsineum, reticulum, n., ollula, L., die haube, miitze, , magenzipfel, m. G., bonnet, honey-comb bag, king's-hood : in Compa- rative Anatomy, the second stomach of ruminating animals, le second estomac des ruminans, F., zweyter magen wie- derkauender saugthiere, G. It is a glo- bular appendage of the first stomach or paunch, see ABOMASUM, and PANCE; but distinguished from the latter, by "the polygonal and acute-angled cells" of its internal coat. See Blumenbach, Hand- buck der verffleich. Anatom.,p. 133; Carus, Lehrbuch der Zootomie, p. 409 ; or the Translations by Lawrence, Coulson ; and by Gore. BONPLANDIE, s. f. : a genus, in Bota- ny, Bonplandia, See ANGUSTURE. BOH BORACIQUE. Syn. with See BORE. BORATE (Sous), s. m., sub-boras, ni. L. : in Chemistry, the generic name of salts boraxsaure saLze, G., formed by combination of boracic acid with different bases. The only species employed in me- dicine, are the Borax, sub-borate of soda, borate sursature", -sous-borate de soude, tinckal, chrysocolle, F., boras supersatu- ratus -boras sub-boras, sodae, chrysocol- la, L.., boraxsaures, basisches boraxsaures sodiumoxyd, G. ; which exists, in an im- pure state, in certain lakes of India, and is subsequently purified by solution and crystallization : and the sub-borate of quicksilver, borate de mercure, sel seda- tif mercuriel, F., boras hydrargyri, L., boraxsaures quecksilber, ? G., a product of art, recommended, but rarely prescrib- ed, in syphilitic affections. BORBORYGME, s. m. po/tSoftwyftof, bor- borygmus,m. L., knurren im leibe,n. G.: the hollow rumbling induced by the pre- sence of flatus in the intestinal canal. Borborygmi the term is usually employ, ed in the plural, borborygmes, F., /3g- ovy[jt,al, leibkollern, G., frequently pre- cede, in diseases attended with obstinate constipation, a critical evacuation by the bowels. BORD, s. m., .margo, m. I,., rand, m. G. border, margin : a term applied, in descriptive Anatomy, to the boundaries of the surfaces of organs, whether bone, mus- cle, or viscus : Exs. Bord superieur de la pommette, F., mqrgo superior ossis zy- gomatici, L., oberer rand des wangen- beines, G. ; bord interne du muscle cou- turier, F., margo internus musculi sarto- rii, L.; bord anterieur du foie, F., vor- derer rand der leber, G. The term, bord libre, is also given to the unattached bor- der of an organ : while that which exhibits a contrary disposition, is designated le bord adherent. When the edge of one bone is united to another, as that of the frontal to the corresponding margin of the parietal, it is named bord articulaire. BORE, s. m., bora, , boriuin, n. L., boraxstoff, m. G., boron : an elementary body, the basis of boracic acid, Acide bo- rique, F., acidum boracicum, L., borax- saure, iorowsaure, G., which is found pure in some lakes of Tuscany and India. Boron itself does not exist in a state of purity. Heated in contact with oxygen or atmospheric air, it is converted into bo- racic acid ; and may be obtained by decom- posing this salt with potassium or sodium which unites with the oxygen, and sets the boron free. Not used in medicine. BOHGNE, adj., unoculus, qui unum ha- bet oculum, L., einaugig, der nur ein auge hat, G., one-eyed : a term, in Anatomy } 86 BOS synonymous with AVEUGLE : in Patholo- gy, applied to an individual, codes, L/., who sees only with one eye : in Surgery, to fistulse, lesfistules bm-gnes, F., which have but one orifice. If the orifire termi- nate on the surface, such fistula is farther distinguished by the epithet cxterne: on the contrary, it is designated interne, if communicating only with an interior cyst or cavity. BORIQUE, adj. See BORE. BOROSAIL, ou ZAEL : the name of a disease, common in Ethiopia ; which at- tacks the human organs of generation, and exhibits a striking analogy with Syphilis. BORRAGINKES, s. f. pi., Boraginece, Boraginoidece, 1,. : a family of dicotyledo- nous, monopetalous, hypogynous plants ; which derives its name from the Latin, Borago. See BOURRACHE. The species, which it comprehends, are, for the most part, mucilaginous and emollient : and, in the juice of many, nitrate of potass, im- parting a diuretic pioperty, is contained. The roots of several afford a red colouring matter. BORURE, s. m., boruretum, n. L. : a compound of boron and a simple body. BOSSE, s. f., gibba, f., gibbus, m., tuber, n. I*., buckel, hocker, m. G., promi- nence, tuberosity, hunch : a term applied, in Anatomy, to the rounded eminences which occur on the surface of flat bones ; as the frontal eminence, bosse frontale, F., tuber frontale, L., stirnhocker. G., of the os frontis ; the external occipital tuberosity, bosse ou protuberance occipitale externe, protuberantia occipitis externa, of the occipital ; and the bosse parie'tale, schei- telbeinhocker, of the parietal bone: in Pathology, the projection which results from a morbid deviation of the bones of the trunk. It is most commonly formed by the vertebral column, or the sternum; sometimes by the ribs or the pelvic bones. The spinal curvature may take place in three different directions, posteriorlv, anteriorly, and laterally. The first, arid most frequent, constitutes the xv$affi;, and recurvatio, the third, the ffxoKiuiris, and obstipatio, of the ancient Greek and La- tin writers. These morbid deviations of the osseous system occur, for the most part, in early age, and are the consequence of a rachitic or scrofulous affection. In vulgar language, the tumour resulting from the contusion of the integuments which immediately cover a bone, as those of the cranium, is designated bosse, F., English, bump. In Botany, the term, bosse, is also ap- plied by the French, to the minute appen- dages which exist at the entrance of the corollae of certain plants, as Borago offici- nalis, and EOT BOTAL (Trou de): a name given, in Anatomy, to the oval orih'ce of communi- cation, le trou ovale, F., foramen ovale, L., das eirunde loch, G., which exists, in the foetal state, between the auricles of the heart ; from its supposed discovery by Leonard Botal. It had, however, been previously known and mentioned by Ga- len and Vesalius. BoTANIClUE, S. f., Botanica, f. (/3at>6^'tav xttpaXri, head), L., der Grubenkopf, G. : in Zoology, the 25th genus of the 4th Order, Cestoidea, of In- testinal Worms, according to Rudolphi; and distinguished by the following cha- racters: Corpus elongatum, depressum, articulatum. Caput sub tetragon um, bo- thriis duobus vel quatuor oppositis in- structum. The genus contains nume- rous species, but only one, B. latus, the Tcenia lata, of Linnsean Zoology, the T. inerme umana, of the Italian Brera, and der breite bandwurm, of the Germans, which inhabits the human intestines. See Rudolphi, Entozoorum Synopsis, p. 136 469; and Bremser, Traitt Zoolog. et Physiolog. sur les Vers Inlestin., p. 163. BOTTINE, s. f., ocrea levior, L., halbstiefel, m. G. : in Surgery, a strong half-boot, furnished with springs, straps, and buckles ; and employed as a remedy for deformities of the feet and legs in children, Bouc, s. in. : in Zoology, the adult male goat, rgayaj, hircus, m. L., bock, in. G. See CHEVRE. BOUCAGE, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Pimpinella ( Pentandria, digyn. ; Umbelli- ferce), L., 4ie Pimpernelle, Bibernelle, G., Burnet-Saxifrage, containing seve- ral species. See ANIS. The P. magna et saxifraga, Boucage majeur et mineur, F., 87 BOU are, also, sometimes employed in medi- cine, as excitants : the essential oil of the former imparts its blue colour to brandy. The Germans have a simple and com- pound Tincture, Pimpernell- und zu- sammengesetzte Pimpernelltinctur, of the P. alba, weisse Bibernelle. BOUCHE, s. , ffrofAK, os, n. L., mund, m. G., mouth : in Anatomy and Zoology, the superior or anterior orifice of the intestinal canal : also, the cavity comprized between this, the anterior or facial, and the posterior or pharyngeal orifice, named by some authors, arriere- bouche, F. ; by others, isthme de gosier, isthmus faucium, L. The supposed open extremities of the absorbent vessels are, moreover, termed bouches des vaisseaux absorbants, F., vasorum lymphaticorum ora, L. In Conchology, the aperture of an univalve shell : in Botany, the open- ing, ostium, n. L., mundung, f. G., of a tubular corolla. BOUCLIER, s. m., pelta, f. L., schild, m. G., shield : in Botany, a name given, by Sprengel, to the thin, broad, flat, cori- aceous, and most commonly emarginate fructification which is developed on the border of the thallus in certain lichens ; as, for instance, L. islandicus. See Spren- gel, Introduction to the Study of Cryptoga- mous Plants, London, 1807. BOUFFE, s. f. : in Anatomy, the term given, by Dulaurens, to the little emi- nence formed by the union of the two lips. BOUFFISSURE, s. f., inflatio, tumefac- tio mollis, f. L., geschwulst, aufgebla- senheit, f. G., puffiness: in Pathology, a soft swelling, general or partial, without redness, and caused by infiltration of air or serum into the subcutaneous cellular membrane. BOUGIE, s. f. (literally, a little wax candle or taper, candelula cerea, L., ein wachsstock, G.) : a term applied, in Surgery, to a flexible cylinder of wax, virga cerea, L., wachserne sonde, G., plaster, catgut, or elastic gum, which is used for the removal of stricture of the urethra, rectum, or resophagus. The Bougie differs from the catheter in being solid ; and varies, in length and volume, according to its peculiar destination, and the condition of the canal into which it is to be introduced. It may be simple or medicated, simple ou medicamenteuse, F. The latter, when furnished, at the extremity, with nitrate of silver or pure potass, is, moreover, designated an armed or caustic armee ou caustique, bougie ; an instrument fortunately well-nigh banished from surgical practice, in this country. BOUILUE, s. , pulticula, f., pulmen- tum, n. L., brei, m. G., gruel : an all- BOU ment administered principally to children and invalids ; and prepared by the decoc- tion of some vegetable farina, or seed, for the most part, oatmeal or groats, in water, with or without an admixture of milk. In the former case, it constitutes the milch-brei, mt/&-gruel, in the latter, the griltz-brei, groat- or oatmeal-gruel, of the Germans and English. BOUILLON, s. m., jus, jusculum, n. L,., bruhe, f. G., broth : in Dietetics, a de- coction of animal or vegetable substances in water. Animal broth, containing gela- tine, is very nutritious, especially when prepared with the flesh of adults : as it then also holds in solution a proportion of osmazome which is wanting in the product of the flesh of young animals, or of bones. The latter, bouillon >, breath), brachypncea, respiratio brevis, f. L., kurzathmen, n., kurzathmigkeit, f. G., short respiration. Bja^-rvoof, adj., brachypnus, kurzathmig, short-breath- ed. BRACHYPTERES, pi. ((3^0,^1, and vngov, whig) kurzflviglig, G. : a term ap- plied, in Zoology, to short-winged birds, Aves brachypterce, L., die vogel mil kur- zenflugeln, G., with webbed feet. The Section, bearing this title, will, conse- quently, include the genera Colymbus, Uria, Mormon, and Alca, of Temminck. See Manuel d'Ornithologie, p. 908. BRACTEE, s. f., bractea, f. L., deck- blatt, n. G. : in Botany, a leaflet placed below the point of insertion of flowers, which it covers previously to their deve- lopment. It usually differs from other leaves, in form, colour, and structure: when resembling them, it is termed a flo- ral leaf, Feuille florale, F. BRACTEI- FERE, adj., bracteifer, L. : an epithet ap- plied to plants which produce one or more bractece; and syn. with BRACTETE, deck- blattrig, G. BHACTEIFORME, adj., brac- teiformis, L., deckblattformig ? G. : ex- hibiting the figure of a bractea. BRACTE- OLE, s. f. bracteola, f. L.,_ deckblattchen, n. G., a small bractea. BRACTEEN, adj. : an epithet applied to the strobili of certain Amentaceous and Co- niferous plants ; as Alnus and Thya : be- cause they are formed by bractete. BRADYPEPSIE, s. f'., /SjaSusrs^/a, bra- dypepsia, tarda in ventriculo ciborum concoctio, f. L., langsame verdauung, f. G., tardy digestion. BRADYSPERMATISME, s. m. (ft^ls, slow, f, seminis emissio), bra- dyspermatismus, m., emissio seminis tarda in concubitu, L., der langsame abgang des samens bei'm beischlaf, G. BRANCHE, s. f., rameau, m., ramus, m. L., ast, m. G., branch : in Anatomy, the divisions of the larger blood-vessels and nerves are thus designated : Exs. Ra- meau hdpatique de Partere coronaire sto- machique, F., ramus hepaticus (leberas/, G.) arterise coronariae ventriculi, L. ; ra- mus superior (oberer ast, G.) nervi oculo- motorii, L. : also, parts or processes of certain organs, especially bones : Ex. Branche descendante du pubis, F., ra- mus descendens ossis pubis, L. ; branche (montante) de la machoire infe'rieure, F., unterkieferos*, G. To the minuter di- visions of the blood-vessels and nerves, the term, ramuscule, F., ramulus, ra- musculus, L., zweig, G., twig, is ordi- narily applied : Ex. Ramuli nervi splanch- BliA nici inferioris, L., die zweige ties untern eingeweidennervens, G. In Botany, the term, Branche, xXaSwv, brachium, n., ramus, L., branch or bough, is employed to designate the divi- sions of the trunks of trees, or the limbs which project from them. For the diffe- rent kinds of branch, and the epithets by which they are distinguished, see Catechis- mus der Botanik, Erster Biindchen, p. 132. The smaller ramifications of the branch are denominated xXaSiV^o;, ramulus, astchen or zweig. BRANCHE URSINE, s. f. : in Botany, the popular name of the Acanthus genus, and, more especially, of one of its species, A. mollis. See ACANTHE. fausse: the vulgar designation of the berce piquante, A. spinosus sauvage : of the cnicaut des pres, Cnicus oleraceus; and of the chardon tubereux, Carduus tuberosus. BRANCHIAL, adj., branchialis, L., re- lating to the Branchiae or gills : Exs. Arcs branchiaux: the o?seous pieces sustaining the series of lamellae, whereon the pulmo- nary vessels are distributed in animals which respire by gills, see BRANCHIES. There are generally four complete pairs in fishes ; but the rudiments 01 a fifth have lately been discovered in several : Dents branchlales : bony or cartilaginous pieces which are inserted into the concavity of the branchial or gill-arches, kiemenbo- gen, G. See Geoff'roy-St.-Hilaire, Philo- sophic Anatom. p. 213, and 398; pi. vii. BRANCHIES, s. f. pi. fyayxia., the gills of fishes), branchiae, f. L., kiemen, f. G., . gills : in Comparative Anatomy, the respiratory organs of animals which respire air through the medium of water. The gills consist of lamellae, plumes, or fila- ments, with blood-vessels ramifying on their surface ; through which the water, destined to operate on the blood contained in those vessels, must necessarily pass. The respiratory organs of Fishes, Branchies des poissons, branchice piscium, L., die fischkiemen, G., are situated on the sides of the head, for the most part in fissures, ouvertures branchiales ou oper- culaires, vulgarly termed ouies, F., kiemenoffhungen, fischohren, G. They consist of numerous lamellae arranged like the teeth of a comb. Each series is attached to a bony arch, see BRANCHIAL, composed of at least two pieces, and ar- ticulated with the basis cranii and hyoid bone. Ordinarily, this apparatus is pro- tected, as in the Osseous Fishes, by a gill- cover, see OPERCULE, beneath which the water escapes after its passage through the gills. Sometimes, it is simply covered by a membrane perforated with holes ; as in the Lamprey : and on this peculiarity of structure is founded the division of 91 BRA Cartilaginous Fishes into two Orders.! See BRANCHIOSTEGES, and CHONDRO- PTERYGIENS; and alsoGoiian, Histoire des Poissons, Strasbourg, 1770. Certain Batrachian Reptiles, as those belonging to the genera, Proteus and Si- rena, Protee et Sirene, F., are perma- nently provided with both branchice and lungs". The young of others, as the larvae of the Salamander, and the tadpoles, 1- tards, of the Frog, possess the former only for a time, and subsequently lose them, as, on their approach to the adult state, the dormant lungs are developed, and come into action. In all these ani- mals, constituting the Amphibiens, of Blainville, the branchiae consist of tufts or fringes, panaches, F., appendices fim- briatae, L., attached to the sides of the neck. See Swammerdam, Book of Na- ture, pt. ii, p. 112, pi. xlviii ix; Hum- boldt et Bonpland, Observations de Zoolo- ffie, v. i, p. 93 126, pi. xi xiv ; Schrei- bers, Philosoph. Transact., 1801 ; Config- liachi e Rusconi, Monografia del Proteo anguino, Pavia, 1819; Dhere, Essai de la Nutrition, p. 102; and Cuvier, Regne Animal, v. ii, p. 101. The breathing-organs of the Invertebra- ta, Branchies des Animaux Invertebres, F., -are much more variable in site and structure, than those of fishes. In the Sepia genus, among the Mollusca, weich- thiere, G., see SECHE, they are situated far asunder on each side of the abdomen, and composed of very complicated lamel- lae. In the Doris, they form a radiated apparatus around the anus ; in the Scyl- leea. disposed, by pairs, upon the back : while they constitute in Ostrea, see Hu- ITRE, four folds placed one upon the o- ther. In the Crustacea, Crustacees, F., Krustenthiere, G., the branchiae are pyramids situated upon the base of the legs ; and composed of lamellae in the Cancer see CRABE ; and of tubes in As- tacus, see ECREVISSE : while, in the Ma- rine Vermes, seewiirmer, G., these or- gans consist of minute tufts ranged along the back. See Cuvier, Lemons consists of one bone, acted upon by ten muscles which pass to it from the scapula and the trunk ; and ope- rating on the fore-arm and hand, by thir- teen others, which extend from it to these portions of the limb ; one main artery, > see BRACHIAL, with the two accompany, ing veins, venae comites, L., and the basilic and cephalic ; five principal ner- vous trunks, the radial or median, the spiral, ulnar, and external and internal cutaneous ; the absorbent vessels, and (/lands ; and cellular membrane, fascia, and integuments connecting and enveloping the whole. The term, bras, is also ap- plied to the 3rd joint of the claw of the CRUSTACEA ; to the first pair of limbs in the real (hexapodal) Insects ; and to the appendages of the superior part of the body of the Cephalopoda, among the Mol- lusca ; and of certain Polypi, Polypes a tentacules, F., among the Zoophytes. Bras de la moelle alongee is a term more- over applied, in Anatomy, to two large medullary pillars lying almost horizontal- ly on the basis cerebri, and extending from the optic thalami to the anterior part of the tuber annulare. Syn. with PEDONCULE du Cerveau. BRAYER, a. m., bracheriolum, brache- rium, n. L.., bruchband, m. G., truss: an herniary bandage, with single or dou- ble pad. The name is supposed to be de- rived from broccee, L., calecons, F., breeches or drawers; because the instru- ment, in question, is worn under this por- tion of the dress. BREBIS, s. f : in Zoology, the female of Ovis aries. See MOUTON. BRECHET, s. m. : in Anatomy, the po- pular designation of the ensiform cartilage, see XIPHOIDE ; of the sternum or breast-bone, and, in this signification, syn. with brustbein, G., brisket, E. ; and of the hollow which exists below, scrobi- cule du cceur, F., scrobiculus cordis, Ij., herzgrube, G., in man and several of the lower animals. BREDISSURE, s.f., trismus capistratus, m. L. : in Pathology, inability to open the mouth in consequence of an adhesion of the membrane of the gums to that of the internal surface of the cheeks ; and ordi- narily the result of inflammation. BREDOUILLEMENT, s. m., titubantia, L. : in Pathology, a hurried, indistinct, 92 BUG and imperfect articulation of words; which exhibits some analogy with stammering. BREGMA, s. m., /Jjs^a, f>^W> s (&P~ X,u, I moisten), bregma, n. L., der vor- dere mittlere theil des kopfes, G.: the summit of the head ; so called quia ilia ossa, ossa bregmatis, parietalia, L., les os parie'taux, F., die scheitelbeine, sei- tenwandbeine, G., infantibus, et saepe adultis, humida et tenera sunt. BREME, s. f. : a genus, in Ichthyology, Abramis, separated, by modern naturalists, from the Cyprinus, of the Order, Abdomi- nales, of Linnaeus, Malacopteryg. abdo- min. Cuv. ; and containing few species. The principal of these, A. brama, la Brime commune, F., the ?/($, of A- thenseus, der brassen, G., the bream, is a common European fresh-water fish; and constitutes an agreeable article of diet. The organs of mastication are situ- ated in the pharynx. BRIDE, s. f., frenulum, retinaculum, n. L zaum, m. G., bridle or band : in Morbid Anatomy and Surgical Patholo- gy, a membranous and vascular filament, extending between the opposite parietes of an abscess, or traversing the course of a gun-shot wound ; the elongated adhe- sion between contiguous membranes in a state of inflammation or ulceration ; the septum which occurs in the urethra from chronic inflammation, and opposes an ob- stacle to the free egress of urine ; the a- poneurotic band or slip which exercises a compressing and strangulating effect either on inflamed membranes or hernise. BRIQUET, s. m., feuerstahl, m. G. : a term applied to every description of in- strument, or apparatus, which is destined for the prompt procuring of light. The principal kinds of light-striking apparatus are the Briquet electrique, oxigene, phos- phorique, and pneumatique ou a air. The epithet, distinguishing each, clearly indi- cates the nature of the means, chemical or physical, by which the effect is produced. BROCKET, s., a species, in Ichthyolo- gy, of the genus Esox, see ESOCE, the pike, E. lucius, Xi/*af, der hecht, G. : a common European river-fish ; of vora- cious habits, and frequently attaining a very large size. Thejlesh affords a deli- cate aliment. The ova of the female, like those of the barbel, see BARBEAU, sometimes exert a noxious influence, when eaten by man. BROMATOLOGIE, s. f., bromatologia, f. (Qpufta, food, xyaf, discourse), L., die nanrungsmittelkunde, G., a treatise on aliments. BROME, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Bro- mus, ( Triandria, digyn. ; Gramineee), L., die Trespe, G., Brome-Grass; contain- ing many species, of great utility in rural BRO and domestic economy. The seeds of one species, Bromus purgans, le brome purga- tif, F., are cathartic. BR6ME, s. m., bromus, m. (fyupoi, a stench), L. : a simple body, very volatile, and of highly offensive and suffocating odour, discovered, by Balard, in 1826. It should occupy a situation in the systems, between chlorine and iodine. With oxy- gen and hydrogen, it forms two acids: the one 1'acide bromique, F., acidum bromi- cum, L., Sromsiiure, G. ; the other, hy- drobromique, a. hydrobromicum. BRO- MATE, s. in., bromas, m. L.: a genus of salts, bromsaure salze, G., formed by combination of bromic acid with salifiable bases. BRO MK, adj., bromatus, L. : con- taining brome; as some mineral waters, especially those of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Tjeicestershire. See Ure, Chemical Dic- tionary, Art. BROME. BnoMOGRAPHiE, s. , bromographia, bromatographia, f. (figwfias, food, y^atyta, I describe), die beschreibung der nahrungs- mittel, G., a description of aliments ; a treatise on the nature of alimentary sub- stances. BROXCHE, s. m., jS^y^aj, bronchus, m. Ij. : in Anatomy, the ancient designa- tion of the windpipe, die luftrohre, G. This term, in the plural, les bron-cJics, F., $y>yW-> bronchi, bronchia^, L., die bronchien, luftrohreniiste, G., is, by mo- dern writers, applied to the two branches which result from the division of the trachea, behind the aorta, opposite to the 2nd or 3rd dorsal vertebra, and convey air into the lungs. BRONCHIAL, BRONCH- IOLE, adj., bronchialis, bronchicus, L., zur den iisten der luftrohre gehcirig, G., belonging, or relating, to the bronchia : Kxs. I^es arteres , les veines bronchlqnes, F., arterise , venae bronchiales, L., die /M/froArschlagadern, luflrohren\A\\\.&- dern, G. : Muscle b>-onchique. See STER- NO-HYO1DIEN. BRONCHEAL, adj. In Comparative A- natomy, the cartilaginous or bony pieces, attached to the convexity of the gill-arch- es of fishes, are designated by the epithet, bronchtaux. See Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire, Philosophic Anatorn., p. 400, pi. vii, fig. 76. BRONCHITE, s. f., bronchitis, f. L., die bronchitis, G., in Pathology, the modern term for inflammation of the bron- chia, die entziindung der luftrohren'dste. BRONCHOCELE, s. f., /3jy;ox5X (/3^y- X,m the windpipe, xfa*, a swelling, espe- cially that of a rupture), bronchocele, f. L. : a term ordinarily applied, in Patho- logy, to an enlargement of the thyroid gland, le goitre, F., der kropf, G. : al- though, from its derivation, evidently in- tended to signify a hernial protrusion of the internal membrane of the larynx or 93 BIIU windpipe,- oin luftrohrenbruch, GL a morbid condition the existence of which has never yet been demonstrated. For the best account of the nature and causes of Bronchocele, see Fodere*, Traite du Goi- tre, &.C., Paris. Ann. viii. BRONCHOFHONIE, s. , bronchophonia, f. (fyov%iK, the bronchiae, ., nebel, m. G., a mist or fog: in Physics r an acsumulation of aqueous vapours which occupies the lower strata of the atmosphere, and troubles its transpa- rency. BROWN IEN, adj., brunonian : an epithet applied, in Science, to the medical theory, BROWNISME, s. m., brunonism, of the once celebrated Dr. Brown. BROWN- ISTE, adj. : a partizan of the Brunonian doctrines. BRUCEE, s. f. : a genus, in Botany, Brucea, belonging to the natural Order, Terebinthacete. The leaves of one of the species, an Abyssinian shrub, B. ferrugi- nea, brought home by the traveller Bruce, are employed in the cure of dysentery, by the natives. The second bark, known by the name of spurious Angustura, fausse Angusture, F., cortex Angusturse spurius, Angustura pseudo-ferrugmea, vi- BRU rosa, L., die unachte f'alsche, oder os- tindische Angustui'arinde, G., contains a poisonous organic alkali, la BKUCINE, s. , brucina, L., which exists in combi- nation with gallic acid ; and, operating specially upon the spinal marrow, induces tetanus. BRUCHE, s. m. : a genus of Coleopterous Insects, Bruchus (fauxa, I devour), L., belonging to the family Rhynchophores, Cuv. The genus contains several species; among which, the four following are, from the depredations which they commit upon divers articles of human sustenance, wor- thy of particular enumeration : B. pisi, bruche du pois, F., der erbsenkafer, saamenkafer, F., the seed-beetle, which, in the larva state, destroys the seeds of the pea, the vetch, and other leguminous plants ; B. cacao, br. du cacao, inhabit- ing the almond of the cacao-nut ; B. nu- cleorum, br. des noyaux, the interior of divers Brazilian nuts, and, particularly, those of the Bactris major, of Jacquin ; and, lastly, B. granarins, br. des graines, feeding, as its specific designation indi- cates, on various kinds of grain. The first and last are common European In- sects. See Cloquet, Faune des Medecins, v. iii., p. 123. BRUIXE, s. f., pruina, f. L., reif, staubregen, m. G., rime : an exceedingly fine drizzling rain, which results from the condensation of fogs, and falls very slowly. BRUISSEMENT, s. m., fremitus, m. L, , a dull confused noise. This term is employed, by the French, to designate the peculiar sound caused by the passage of the blood through the heart, in the last stage of aneurism of that organ. BRUIT, s. m., sonus, m. L., gerausch, n. G., noise or sound : in Physics, a sen- sation produced by the agitation of the atmosphere, on the organ of hearing Bruit de Soiifflet, belle ws-sound : in Pa- thology, the peculiar sound which some- times exists, as a morbid phenomenon, in- stead of that naturally heard, during the diastole of the heart and arteries. This sound is sometimes grating or rasp-like, rdpeux, F., raspelnd, G. ; at others, hiss- ing or sibillant, sibilant, zischend respiratoire pulmonaire : the slight but ex- tremely distinct murmur heard in the chest, and indicating the penetration of the air inlo the cellular structure. BRUI.URE, s. f., ustio, adustio, ambus- tio, comhustio, f. L M brand, m., verbren- nung, f. G., burn, burning : a lesion pro- duced by the action of concentrated caloric on the animal organs. Six degrees of this injury, varying from simple rubefaction, to perfect carbonization, of the limb or part suffering from it, are distinguished by Dupuytren. BRULANT, adj., sestu- 94 BUB ans, urens, L., brennend, G., burning: an epithet applied, in Botany, to plants which are armed with slings ; as Malpi- ffhia uretis, and Urtica asstuans. BRULEH, v. a., urere, comburere, verbrennen, to burn. BRUTE, s. f, li\yi>t (*>ov), bestia bru- ta, f., brutum, n. L., vieh, n. G., brute: an animal destitute of reason. BRUT, adj., brutus, L., viehisch, G., brute : an epithet applied, in common language, to the lower animals, die wivemiinfligen thiere, G. In Natural History, the un- organized bodies of creation, as minerals, are termed corps brute, F., corpora brttta, L,., in order to distinguish them from the organized, plants and animals. BRYOLOGIE, s. f., bryologia, f. (f>^i>/>v, moss, or more correctly, according to modern Botanists, the genus, Bryum, Thread-moss, in the Cryptogamic Order, Musci, see Hooker's English Flora, vol. v, E. 57, and Xoyoj, a discourse), L., die ?hre von laubmosen, G., bryology : the doctrine of, or a treatise on, Mosses. BHYOHE, s. f. : a genus, in Botany, Bryonia ( Monoecia, monadelph. ; Cucur'bi- taceae), L., die Zaunriibe, G., Bryony. The large and succulent roots of a common European species, B. dioica, formerly, alba, fiaonviat, bryone dioique, vigne vierge, blanche, F., weisse zaunriibe, weisse stikwurz, G., red-berried Bryony, con- tain an abundant f'ecula, impregnated with an acrid, bitter, and caustic juice, to which their violently cathartic and even delete- rious properties are attributable. A pe- culiar bitter and poisonous substance, BRYONINE, Si f., bryonina, f. 1,., has, also, been lately discovered in the root of this plant, by Vauquelin. BUBON, s. m., jSauio/v, (which signifies either the groin, or a swelling of the ingui- nal glands), bubo, in. I.., leistenbeule, driisenbeule, f. G. : an inflammatory tu- mour of the lymphatic glands, developed in the cellular tissue of the groin, or even of the axilla or neck. The bubo may be simple, venereal, or pestilential. The former results from primitive inflamma- tion of the structure in which it is seated. The two latter, venerien, occurring as a symptom of syphilis, and pestilential, as an attendant upon plague, are, by some writers, included under the common de- signation of Bubon malin, malignant bubo. BUBON, s. m. : a genus, in Botany, Bubon ( Pentandria, digyn. ; Umbelliferce ), L., der Steineppich, G, containing a few species ; one of which, B. galbanum, bubon galbanifere, F., yields GALBA- NUM; and another, B. gummiferum, b. gommifere, both from Africa, a gum- resin, of analogous properties. The seeds of a third, B. Macedonicum, b. de Mace'- BUC tloine, a native of Greece and Barbary, were formerly employed as carminative ; and the leaves, for the cure of inflamma- tion of the groin. Hence the name of the genus. BUBONALGIE, s. f., bubonalgia, (fatiGeuv, the groin, cLxyos, pain), f. L., der leisten- schmerz, G., pain in the groin. BUBONOCELE, s. m., /3t/va*7Xw (/3t/-