T H E 
 
 Complete Forcing-Gardener - 
 
 OR THE 
 
 PRACTICE OF FORCING 
 
 FRUITS, FLOWERS ANTD 
 
 VEGETABLES 
 
 TO EARLY MATURITY AND PERFECTION,, 
 BY THE AID OF 
 
 ARTIFICIAL HEAT, in the Various Departments 
 ufually conftrudted for this Purpofe.. 
 
 The whole difplayed, with every new IMPROVEMENT, 
 by which this capital and curious BRANCH of GAR- 
 may be effected with Facility, and Succefs. 
 
 By J;OHN ABERCROMBIE S 
 
 Of TOTTENHAM-COURT, Gardener: 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 M AWE'S GARDENER'S KALE ND AS- 
 
 L O N D O N: 
 Printed for LOCKYER. DAVIS, in Holborni 
 
 M.DCC.LXXXI,
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 General Defcription and Utility of 
 
 Forcing . - Page i 
 
 Hot- Wall Forcing-Frame 33 
 
 The Forcing-Houfe - - 36 
 
 The Cherry Forcing-Frame - 42 
 
 Vineries or Vine-Houfes 47 
 
 Bark-Heat Forcing-Frame - 84 
 Horizontal Forcing-Frame 
 
 by Bark-Heat 98 
 
 Hot-Houle or Stove - 124 
 Dung- Heat Forcing-Frame and 
 
 Common Hot-Bed. - 165 
 
 20GG769
 
 -Lately Pulli/hed. 
 
 THE 
 
 Britilli Fruit-Gardener j 
 
 AND 
 
 ART OF PRUNING: 
 
 COMPRISIN G, 
 
 The moft approved Methods of PLANTING 
 and RAISING every ufeful FRUIT-TREE 
 and FRUIT-BEARING-SHRUB, whether 
 for Walls, -Efpaliers, Standards, Half- 
 Standards, or Dwarfs : 
 
 Together with 
 
 The true fuccefsful Practice of PRUNING, 
 TRAINING, GRAFTING^ BUDDING, &cc. 
 fo as to render them abundantly fruitful: 
 
 AND 
 
 Full Dire&ions concerning SOILS, SITUA- 
 TIONS, and EXPOSURES. 
 
 By JOHN ABERCROMBIE. 
 
 [Price 45. Bound.]
 
 THE 
 
 GARDEN MUSHROOM; 
 
 Its NATURE and CULTIVATION. 
 A TREATISE, 
 Exhibiting full and plain DIRECTIONS for 
 producing this defirable PLANT in Perfec- 
 tion and Plenty, according to the true fuc- 
 cefsful Method of the LONDON GARDENERS 
 By JOHN ABERCROMBIE. 
 
 fPrice is. 6d.J 
 
 Maxims and Moral Refleaions, 
 
 B Y T H E 
 
 DUKE DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULT. 
 
 3* Mr. de Voltaire aflerts, that thefe Maxims con- 
 tributed, more than any other Work, to form the Tafte 
 of the French Nation j and that they are known by 
 Heart. <c Till you come to know Mankind," fays 
 Lord Chefterfield, " nothing can bring you fo well 
 acquainted with them as Rochefoucoult's Maxims. 
 I would advife you to look into them for fome Mo- 
 ments, at katt, every Day of your Life.' Lord Cbejler- 
 
 felcfs Letters* 
 
 {Price 35.)
 
 Speedily 'will be 
 
 THE 
 
 Gardener's Pocket Dictionary : 
 
 I N A 
 
 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT 
 
 O F 
 
 All Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Flowers, and Fruits ; 
 with their Ufes, Propagation, and Culture, 
 in the Britifh Gardens and Plantations, 
 Green -Houfes and Hot-Houfes, 
 
 Alphabetically digefted, and divided into 
 I. Hardy Trees and Shrubs, 
 II. Herbaceous Plants, 
 HI. Green-Houfe Plants, 
 IV. Hot-Houfe Plants. 
 
 COMPREHENDING 
 
 The General Practice of Gardening, and 
 forming a Daily Remembrancer to Gar- 
 deners, Nurfery-men, Florifts, Seedf- 
 men, and all Promoters of Horticul- 
 ture. The whole agreeable to the Li- 
 nsean Syftem, with the Latin and Englifh 
 Names. 
 
 By JOHN ABERCROMBIE.
 
 THE COMPLETE 
 
 FORCING GARDENER, 
 
 General Defcription and Utility of forcing 
 Frames, &c. 
 
 TH E art of forcing choice fruits, 
 Flowers, and efculent plants to early 
 maturity, is one of the moft curious 
 branches of gardening, and as yet little 
 known in general practice. It has hither- 
 to been flighty treated of by authors, but 
 is here fully illuitrated in the various me- 
 thods practiied in the moft eminent Bricifh 
 Gardens. It comprehends not only the 
 true iuccefsfnl practice of forcing fruits, 
 B flowers,
 
 flowers and vegetables, to the higheft 
 degree of early perfe&ion, but alfo of for- 
 warding, and improving many curious 
 forts, which fcarcely will attain maturity, at 
 all,, in this our northern climate, without 
 the aid of artificial heat in rhe different 
 forcing departments ; whereby we imitate 
 the temperature of all climates- and feafons, 
 fo as to raile the plants of almoft every 
 country, in a flouriming ftate at any fea- 
 ibn of the year. 
 
 Hence appears the great utility of For- 
 cing-departments, highly worthy the atten- 
 tion of every one pofiefied of a good gar- 
 den ; especially as fome forts of. them may 
 be erected and worked at a moderate ex- 
 p?nce, and with no great trouble.. 
 
 This eminent branch of gardening, 
 having of late years, only, been improved, 
 to any degree of perfection, and confe- 
 quently the practical knowledge of it 
 being yet very much confined, we have 
 attempted to explain it to the world, 
 
 agreeably
 
 ( 3 ) 
 
 agreeably to the modern pra&ice, with 
 many new and valuable improvements, 
 exhibiting the different conftruclions, di- 
 menfions, materials of hear, and method 
 of working, in the moft effectual, eafiefl 
 and cheapeft ways, both for private uie, 
 and the fupply of the markets. 
 
 The bufinefs of forcing being accomplifn. 
 ed by introducing the trees, plants, ^oots 
 and feeds, into the different departments 
 calculated for that purpofe, each fort (hall 
 be explained under the following heads, viz. 
 
 Fire -heat Forcing-frames^ 
 
 Bark-beat Forcing-Frames. 
 
 Hot-houfe or Stove departments. 
 
 Dung-heat Forcing-Frames. 
 Concerning the feveral kinds of For- 
 cing-departments, we mail fir ft exhibit 
 fome general directions concerning their 
 different forms, and refp^ctive utility, 
 under the denominations of Frames, Hot- 
 walls, Fordr.g-houfes, and common Hot- 
 beds. 
 
 B 2 Thofc
 
 ( 4 ) 
 
 Thofe denominated Forcing-frames, Hot- 
 walls, Forcing-houfes, &c. are fixed erec- 
 tions or high buildings, ranging Eaft and 
 Weft, full upon the South Sun, fronted 
 and roofed with glafs-work, being in 
 widihfrom four to ten or fifteen feet, by 
 twenty to fifty or an hundred feet long, or 
 more, and from eight to twelve feet high 
 behind, with the glafics, and fometimes 
 ranging in one flope from the front, a foot 
 high, to the top of the back wall, and fome- 
 times head-high glafles erect in front, with 
 inclined fames ranged from thence to the 
 back wall, conftructed with the back wail 
 Northward, and a low 0ne a foot or two 
 high in front, either of brick work or 
 wood, according to the materials of heat, 
 by which you intend it mall be worked, 
 and the forts of plants defigned to force : 
 For inflance, if fiie heat be intended, you 
 mud have brick walls, in order to admit 
 of a furnace, and flues, or funnels, pro- 
 ceeding from thence, ranging the whole 
 
 length
 
 ( 5 ) 
 
 length of the walls withinfide, conducing 
 the heat to every part, in order to warm 
 the whole interior air. But if defigned to 
 be worked with bark-heat, or with hrt 
 dung, you may difpenfe with ftrong plank- 
 ing ; and when intended to be worked 
 by hot dung againft the outiide, boarding 
 will admit the heat more effectually ; ob- 
 ferving, of each kind, that the front be 
 wholly of glafs fafhes, as alfo both ends, to 
 admit of all the fun and light poffible. 
 In the narrow departments of four, five 
 or fix feet wide, defigned in the Hot- 
 wall manner, for only one row of trees 
 behind, the glafs work may be of one con- 
 tinued flope from the front, a foot high, 
 to the top of the back wall : but in wide 
 erections, intended for Forcing-houfes for 
 trees, both behind and in front, have up- 
 right glafs work, head high, and from the 
 top of it inclined or Hoping fames, carrk-d 
 to the heighth of the back wall ; in all 
 which departments the glafies are made to 
 B 3 fade
 
 ( 6 .) 
 
 flide open, in order to admit frefh air, and 
 alfo to move entirely away occafionally. 
 
 Sometimes the fixed Forcing-depart- 
 ment^, to fave expences, are erected againft 
 a South wall already built, ranging the 
 glafies as before defer ibed ; , in one flope to 
 the top of the wall, or upright in the 
 front, and Hoping fames at top ; and fome- 
 times if the wall is low, or to fave ex- 
 pences in glazing, a back roof of tyling, 
 &c. is carrrkd up from the top of the 
 wall, forward abou: one third way towards 
 the front, meeting the top of the (loping 
 fafhes, and raifed high enough in front to 
 admit the fun freely in every part j but 
 thofe with the glafits continued quite 
 home to the back erection, which admits 
 the perpendicular light equally in every 
 part of the frame, >are much the bed and 
 beneficial to the fruit-trees, &c. behind. 
 
 In all thefe departments the fruit trees 
 are planted againft the back wall, and oc- 
 cafionaily in the front, in borders formed 
 
 of
 
 t 7 ) 
 
 of the richeft earth, and trained generally 
 to a flight wooden trellis ; and alfo as ftand- 
 ards, both dwarfs, and ftaridards with {mail 
 heads, fome in pots, and (ometimcs placed 
 fully in the ground, where the whole bot- 
 tom (pace is of earth ; alfo as half, and full 
 flandards, with tall Hems elevating the 
 head near the glafies, the heads being 
 trained within a moderate compafs, not ex- 
 ceeding two or three feet, having, for this 
 purpofe, young trained trees of four or five 
 years growth arrived to a bearing ftate ; 
 and, if planted in November a year be- 
 fore, they will be better prepared for for- 
 cing, which is generally begun \n January 
 or February, eiiher by a furnace, as in all 
 the fire heat frames, pafimg along the flues 
 within, or by the affiftance only of tanner's 
 bark heat, by a back bed made in a pit in- 
 tirely the whole length of the buildirtg ; or 
 with hot horfe-ftable dung applied either 
 againft the outfide of the back of the frame, 
 or fomeumes formed into a bed in a pit 
 B 4 vvithinfide;
 
 ( 8 ) 
 
 tvithinfide ; all which will be explained 
 according to the different conftructions of 
 the refpe&ive departments. 
 
 Flowers and plants intended for forcing, 
 n1ay have that bufmefs effected in forcing 
 frames, forcing houfes, &c. alfo in bark 
 or dung-pits, and in common hot-beds, un- 
 der moveable garden frames and glaffes. 
 j3y thefe different modes of forcing, a vaft 
 variety of the mofl curious and defirable 
 jbrts may be raifed to the greateft perfec- 
 lion at an early feafon of the year, when 
 they will prove acceptable rarities, either 
 for private ufe or public fupply. 
 
 Forcing bark-pits, are conftru&ed dif- 
 ferently from the fore mentioned kinds, 
 in the open ground ; thefe form a deep 
 pir, clofe on every fide, with fliding glaffes 
 at top, from four to five or fix feet wide, 
 length at pleafure, five or fix feet deep be- 
 hind, by four or five in front, part funk, and 
 the reft above ground j formed either by 
 . nine inch brick-wall, or ftrong port and 
 
 planking,
 
 ( 9 ) 
 
 planking, with glafs fafhes made to fit the 
 top i and is filled a yard_jndepth_jsvith 
 bark. Sometimesji pit is formed only a 
 yard deep on every fide, in order toHbe 
 augmented occasionally with a common 
 Hot-bed frame placed at top, together 
 with its proper glafies. Thefe forcing 
 bark-pits are filled either wholly with 
 Tanner's bark, a yard deep, or with hoc 
 dung and bark together, the dung firft, 
 two or three feet thick ; and when it has 
 fettled a few days or a week, add a foot 
 of bark at top, in which plunge your 
 pots. In either of thefe beds, of bark, 
 or dung and bark mixed, in January,. 
 February or March, you may plunge pots of 
 plants, feeds or roots of curious flowers, 
 and choice efculents ; fome forts alfo, as 
 melons and cucumbers, may be planted 
 fully in the bed, having a little earth at 
 top; alfo pots of fmall fruit plants, dwarf- 
 cherries, currants, &c. pots of ftrawberries, 
 rofes and the like. 
 
 B 5 HOT-
 
 (10 ) 
 
 HOT- HOUSE or Stoves, are generally the 
 mod capacious ariificial heat departments 
 of any, and prove remarkably ufeful in gar- 
 dening, both as a repofitory for the pine- 
 apple and other curious and tender exotics 
 of hot countries, and occafionally forward- 
 ing alfo many forts of hardy plants, both 
 fruits, flowers, and efculients. They are 
 commonly twelve or fourteen feet wide, 
 ten or twelve high behind, by fix in the 
 front, with the walls all of brick- work, to 
 admit of flues for fire in the winter, and a 
 capacious pit within, in which to have a 
 bark-bed all the year, thereby to effect a 
 certain degree of artificial heat the year 
 round, calculated for the culture of the 
 Pine-apple, and all fimilar tender natives 
 of diftant hot climates, that are unable to 
 endure the full air in thefe our northern 
 parts, but require the conftant aid of a 
 continual warmth, equal to that from 
 which they were originally obtained. 
 
 The
 
 ( II ') 
 
 The heat required for a Hot-houfe, is 
 determined by a thermometer, having the 
 proper degree marked thereon, and it muft 
 always be fuch as to raife the fpirit in the 
 tube of the thermometer to the Pine-apple 
 mark, or within 50 over or under, to effect 
 which, .you muft have fires at night, and in 
 very cold weather during the winter and 
 fpring, from November till April or May ; 
 and always a conftant bark-bed pit both 
 winter and fummer, which imparts a 
 growing warmth at all times ; and which 
 alfo ferves, to plunge in the pots of the 
 more tender kinds of exotics. 
 
 The Pine plants muft be always plunged Pin^ 
 in the baik-bed, for they will not fruit 
 kindly, nor in any degree of fize or per- 
 fection, unlefs they are indulged with that 
 moift warmth, which is peculiar to thefe 
 beds. 
 
 Befides the main hot houfe or ftove for 
 
 Pines, &c. it is right to have one or two 
 
 fmaller departments for forwarding the 
 
 B 6 young
 
 ( I* ) 
 
 young Pine plants to a fruiting flate, read/ 
 for the large Hove or fruiting houfe, viz. 
 a narrow bark pit in the full air, covered 
 at top with glafles, ferving to nurfe the 
 young plants of the year j and a larger pit 
 or a fortoffmall Hove, called a fucceflion- 
 houfe, in which to keep the year-old plants 
 till arrived to full fize of two years growth, 
 then to be placed in the largeft ftove in 
 autumn, to remain to fruit the next fum- 
 mer. 
 
 Where there are large collections of dif- 
 ferent ftove plants, it is of much utility to 
 have exotic ftovcs diftinft from the Pine- 
 *?m a PP* e Hot-houfe, unlefs indeed the Pine- 
 houfe is proportionally capacious to admit 
 of both without confufion. Though many 
 eminent gardens have two or three prin- 
 cipal ftove departments, a Pine ftove, for 
 the culture of Pines, an exotic ftove for 
 all tender plants in general, which is fome- 
 times divided into two divifions, one as a 
 dry ftove without bark-bed heat, principally 
 
 for
 
 ( 13 ) 
 
 for fucculent plants, or fuch whofe ftems 
 and leaves are of a jflefhy nature, full of 
 moifture, and which fucceed beft in a dry- 
 heat; with another divifion, both for fire 
 and bark-bed-heat, in which, to keep all the 
 tree and mrub exotics, as well as tender 
 herbaceous kinds, that are not fucculent-. 
 The moft fimple and cheapeft forcing 
 frames for fmall plants, fome forts of fruits, 
 and numerous flowers and efculents, are 
 
 the COMMON MOVEABLE WOODEN GARDEN 
 
 FRAMES, adapted principally for defending 
 horfe-dung hot-beds ; and which frames, 
 in dimenfions, are commonly ten feet and 
 half long, by four and half wide, eighteen 
 inches, or two feet deep behind, by nine 
 twelve or fifteen in the front, with thefe 
 iliding glafs-lights at top ; though there 
 are alfo Sorter frames of the fame form, 
 for one and for two lights, by way of nur- 
 fery frames, in which to raife various feed- 
 ling plants for final tranfplantation into 
 larger three-light-frames. So that accord- 
 
 ing
 
 r 14 ) 
 
 ing to the dimenfions of thcfe com- 
 mon moveable frames, hot-beds of dung 
 two or three feet or more high, are to be 
 formed for one, two or feveral frames in 
 ranges, extending eaft and weft full to 
 the fun ; being .made three feet and an 
 half high for early work, two feet and an 
 half for the more advanced feafon, and 
 not lefs than half a yard at any feafon. 
 
 The utility of thefe common dung kot- 
 ,beds under iuch frames as above, is very con- 
 fiderable in forwarding numerous forts of 
 fmall plants, fometimes fruits, particularly 
 Dearly ftrawberries, which may be raifed to 
 ^perfection in April; but they are princi- 
 t pally calculated for forcing and preferving 
 imany choice efculent plants of the kitchen 
 '^garden, and many forts of flowers. The 
 general feafon of making fuch beds, is from 
 ^ about Chriftmas until April; early beds, 
 jin January and February, are commonly 
 tfor cucumbers and melons, afparagus, fal- 
 jlading, early radiihes; and in February 
 Q and
 
 ,and March, for kidney beans, and the 
 f choice kinds of tender annuals, ftnall beds 
 being made firft as feed-beds, to raife fuch 
 1 plants from feeds as require transplanting, 
 fuch as cucumbers, melons, and annual 
 1 flowers ; others of a larger fize, made in 
 f a week or fortnight after, in which to prick 
 jthe plants in, if the fmall bed is not fuf- 
 t ficienr, and in a month after, large beds for 
 ,the three light frames to receive the plants 
 jof cucumbers and melons finally; with a 
 bed alfo to forward the annual plants to 
 ^a large fize, and protect them till the fea- 
 jfon fhall admit of placing them in the full 
 ^air. But feveral plants want not tranf- 
 planting out of the bed where firft placed, 
 t as afparagus, fallading, radifhes, &c. Many 
 I perennial flowers may alfo be potted and 
 1 forwarded in bloom in thefe dung hot- 
 beds. 
 
 Fire-heat Forcing-houfes may be con- 
 tinued both to be worked with fire hear, 
 and with affiftance of a bark pit, to be filled 
 
 wholly
 
 wholly with bark, or to fave expence, the 
 greater part may be of hot horfe-dung a 
 yard deep, and when fettled, covered with 
 about a foot deptk of bark, which not only 
 communicates a kindly heat, but admits 
 alfo of having pots of curious plants 
 plunged in the bark for early maturity. 
 
 In fome places an entire Fire-heat For- 
 cing-frame, where fuel, either coal, wood, 
 &c. is plenty, and moderately cheap, is 
 more convenient than a Bark-heat For- 
 cing-frame ; for fince Pine-ftoves, in which 
 a vaft quantity of bark is ufed, are become 
 fo general, the bark is greatly raifed in 
 price, and fometimes becomes very ex- 
 penfive where there is a confiderable ex- 
 tent of pit to fill. 
 
 If hot-walk, are defigned principally 
 for a Angle range of fruit-trees, along 
 the brick wall, are only four, five, or 
 fix feet wide, and to be extended fifty 
 or a hundred feet long, it is beft to work 
 wholly by fire-heat, not with bark-pit at 
 
 all,
 
 ( '7 ) 
 
 all, having a furnace for fire at every forty 
 or fifty feet, each fire place having its fet 
 of flues arranged along the back wall in 
 three or more returns. Sometimes fuch 
 a frame is erected againft a common wall 
 without flues, and worked with hot dung 
 piled up thickly againft the back of the 
 wall ; it is not however fo certain and ef- 
 fectual as fire-heat ; this kind of forcing- 
 frame, though narrow, admitting only of 
 one row of trees behind, may yet alfo 
 have low plants in pots before^ and pots 
 of ftrawberries and the like near the front; 
 and fome vines trained in from without, 
 and carried up thinly along the infide of 
 the glafies. 
 
 The copious fruit houfes, formed hot- 
 houfe fafhion, twelve or fifteen feet wide 
 or more, either without or with a bark- 
 pit, admitting of a row of trees both be- 
 hind and in fronr, with other plants in 
 the intermediate fpace, are rarely extended 
 fo confiderably as the Hot-wall depart- 
 ment,
 
 C 18 ) 
 
 ment ; forty .or fifty feet is a reafonable 
 length, which may be worked with one 
 fire profitably, by having the advantage of 
 a Jarge fpace between the back and front 
 rows of trees to introduce pots of dwarf 
 fruit-trees, or to plant fully in the ground, 
 if the whole bottom fpace is earth ; as alfo 
 ftrawberrics, both in :pots and fully in the 
 borders, together with other low plants, 
 flowers as well as efculents ; or fome- 
 times in capacious fruit-houfes, having the 
 whole bottom fpace one continued plat of 
 earth, ftandard fruit-trees with five or fix 
 feet ftem are planted, particularly duke- 
 cherries, ranged in rows from fouth to north ; 
 or if the fruit- houfe is accommodated with 
 a bark-pit, it may ftiJl prove of more ad- 
 vantage in forwarding fmaller plants, plun- 
 ged in the bark-bed. 
 
 Obferve, in thofe Forcing-frames, Hot- 
 houfes, &c. defigned to be worked by fire- 
 hear, there muft be a furnace of brick- 
 woik, either at one end, or in the back 
 
 wall
 
 ( 19 ) 
 
 wall behind, in which to burn the fuel for 
 ' communicating the fire-heat, by means of 
 flues or funnels of brick^work attached to 
 the inner walls, being ranged along' the 
 front and ends to the back wail, there car- 
 ried in feveral returns one over the other, 
 terminating in the vent or chimney at one 
 end, to difcharge the fmoak after having 
 heated the flues, all which every brick- 
 layer may regulate. 
 
 In tho!e dcfigned to be worked by bark 
 or dung only, no fire place or flues will 
 be required, only a fix feet wide pit, by 
 three feet fix inches de. r p, and in length 
 proportionable to the department, for the 
 jeception of the bark or dung-bed. 
 
 For fruit-tree forcing, &c. the fire-heat 
 departments, worked by re alone, are 
 proper ; by which we often ripen our 
 choiceft wall-fruits in great perfection, at an 
 early feafon, keeping the heat to a certain 
 moderate temperature, as hereafter (hewn, 
 about 10 under Pine-apple hear, though 
 grapes fucceed abundantly well by Pine
 
 ftove-heat; but a fire- heat forcing- houfe 
 having alfo the afliftance of bark or dung 
 formed within in a pit, will require lefs 
 force of fire, and the general warmth will 
 be rather more natural and kindly, both 
 for the vegetation of fruit-trees and all 
 ether plants that you may occafionally force 
 in the fame department. 
 
 Bark heat alone without fire, is the 
 next in utility for forcing early fruits, or 
 indeed, for any general forcing-houfe ; and 
 fometimes may probably be more eligible 
 than entirely fire heat, for its (lead y kindly 
 durable warmth, with lefs trouble than any 
 other artificial heat, and may likewife in 
 fome places be attended with the lead ex- 
 pence, where fuel is fcarce and dear, and bark 
 plentiful and eafily obtained at a moderate 
 rate: on the other hand, in fome places, fuel 
 is plentiful and cheap; and bark is an ex- 
 penfive material, being to be had only at a 
 great diftance, fo that the carriage home 
 in any confiderable quantity comes high ; 
 in all of which circumftances every one
 
 will fuit his convenience j though I would 
 -remark, that if both can be readily ob- 
 tained, and that if bark or dtfng is to be 
 ufcd in a pit, fire-heat conjunctively will 
 be very effectual, &c. A moderate fire in 
 the night, expels the cold and damps, and 
 we may encreafe the heat more or lefs as 
 the weather may require, or as the trees 
 and plants are to be more or lefs forwarded 
 in growth. 
 
 Dung- heat, as the cheapeft and moft 
 eafily obtained, may be fuccefsfully ufed 
 in forcing both fruit-trees, and moft other 
 plants, as well as for common hot-beds. 
 For this purpofe, frefli horfe ftable dung 
 may always he readily procured in fuffici- 
 ent quantities in moft places, either of 
 your own or by purchafe. This is not in 
 all cafes fo effectual as fire and tanner's 
 bark heat; however, in default of thefe, 
 it may be employed with fuccefs in almoft 
 any Forcing-department, except hot-houfe 
 or (loves : but for common hot-beds in 
 
 forcing
 
 forcing kite hen -garden plants, and an- 
 nual flowers, it is of fingular ufe, and is 
 the moll convenient material for this par- 
 ticular branch of gardening. 
 
 The forcing departments for fruits and 
 flowers to early growth, till fucceeded by 
 thofe in natural ground, require the aid 
 of artificial heat, from* January or February, 
 till April or May. 
 
 Pine-apple (loves worked by fire and 
 bark, effecting a conftant heat the year 
 round, ferve as repofitories for tender 
 plants; fome perfons, who are not ac- 
 commodated with other artificial heat de- 
 partments, make them ferve occafionally 
 as Forcing-houfes for various plants, and 
 fome fmall fruits, as ftrawberries, and many 
 kinds of flowers, and fome choice efcu- 
 lent plants, as kidney- beans, cucumbers, 
 &Q. Thefe being placed in pots, and dif- 
 pofed in vacant parts of the houfe, will 
 fucceed remarkably well in their refpeftivc 
 growth : but as to fruit trees, the Fire- 
 heat
 
 heat is rather too much fcr mofl- f rts, ex- 
 cept grapes, whu h arrive thus to great 
 perfection. They fhould always have vines 
 planted on the out fide, to be trained un- 
 der the glafs-work. They may have alfo 
 fome four or five year old vines in large 
 pots, to move into the houfe occafionally 
 in January or February, and placed near 
 the front, or end gbfies. You may alfo try 
 dwarf duke cherits, currants, peaches, 
 &e. in pots, and placed therein about Fe- 
 bruary, next the front, in the moft airy 
 part, and if they produce only a few early 
 fruits, they will be acceptable, and if they 
 do not fu.ceed, by reafon of the heat being 
 too confiderable, there can be no lofs fuf- 
 tained. However, the beft general For- 
 cing-frame for frui's, flowers, flowering- 
 fhrubs and efculents, is that conftruded 
 in the Hot-houfe-fafhion, twelve or four- 
 teen feet wide in the clear, ten or twelve 
 high behind, and five, or fix in front, fur- 
 nifhed either with flues for fire, or a bark- . 
 
 pit
 
 pit for a hot-bed of bark or dung ; and if 
 furniihed alfo with fire -hear, the forcing 
 may be accelerated more at phafure, by 
 making the fires ftronger or weaker. If 
 the bark or dung heat in the pit be fuf- 
 ficient, then no fire at all : having the trees 
 planted in a border, behind, &c. and the 
 various fmaller, in pots plunged in the 
 bark or dung-bed, and placed upon fhelves 
 at top of the flues, &c. But when in- 
 tended principally as a fruit houfe, or to be 
 worked by fire heat only, having the whole 
 bottom fpace of earth, it may either be 
 narrow, five or fix feet in width, any length 
 required, with one row of trees planted 
 next the back-wall, and fmaller plants in 
 front ; or may be wide, hot-houfe-like, 
 with trees both behind, front, and middle 
 fpace; and fmaller plants between, both 
 fully in the ground, and in pors. 
 
 The proper forts of fruit trees for for- 
 cing are, principally peaches* neflttrines* 
 apriccts, cherries, and grapes -, alfo a tree or 
 
 two
 
 of early figs: likewife for variety, fome 
 <kvarf currants and gooseberries, with pots 
 of rafp-berries ; and always plenty of 
 ftrawbe;ries, both in pots, and in the bor- 
 ders. 
 
 Trees for the purpofe of forcing, may 
 be had in the greateft perfection in mod' 
 of the public nurfcry garden?, properly 
 trained, both as wall-trees, to arrange 
 againft the back-wall or occafionally in 
 the front, and as ftandards, both dwarfs 
 and others, with moderate heads to plant 
 in the middle fpace j all of which mould 
 be young trees, not lefs than three, nor 
 more than fix years old, and fuch as arc 
 arrived to a fruitful ftate, and bear in 
 tolerable abundance, according to their 
 age and fize ; generally making choice of 
 fuch as are of a good regular growth, 
 moderately ftrong, but no ways rank or 
 luxuriant (hooters ; thofe of the wall-tree 
 kind with regular fpreading heads full of 
 bearing wood, and with the heads but of 
 C moderate
 
 moderate expanfion : lik' wife the ftandard 
 trees, both dwarfs and full halt ilandaids, 
 mould have very moderate heads, not 
 above two or three fee. fj read ; the lallcr 
 flandarJs, and the dwarfs, Ids in propor- 
 tion : which, if neceffary, ihould be accord- 
 ingly reduced to ordt-r at plan ing, and 
 OicafionaJly afterwards : for they mud not 
 be permitted 10 Ipread at large in thcfe de- 
 partments. 
 
 It is of importance to have the above 
 trees, all planied a year before you begin 
 forcing them, that they may finl be well 
 rooted and firmly ettablilhed, whether fully 
 in the ground or planted in pots ; unlefs 
 they can be tranfplanted with balls of 
 earth about their roots, fo as not to feel 
 their removal ; in which cafe they might 
 be forced the fame year : they being planted 
 in November. 
 
 As to the Other forts of plants proper 
 for forcing, there are many kinds of emi- 
 nent flowers and efculems. 
 
 Of
 
 Of the flower kind, you have the defin- 
 able fibrous-rooted flowers, as -polyanthus^ 
 narciffus, jonquils, early tulips, hyacinths, 
 &c. planted in winter or fpring, fome in 
 pots, others in water-glafles, placing the 
 former upon fhelves or plunging them in the 
 bed, &c. but the glafles place principally 
 upon flielves, or any where towards the 
 front or end-glafifes. Likewife pots of 
 pinks, ftock-gilli-flowers, wall-flowers, car- 
 nations, double- rofe campion, and various 
 fibrous-rooted perennial flowers, for orna- 
 ment or fragrance. Aifo rofrs and other 
 ornamental flowering ihrubs in pots ; all 
 of which being previously potted, may bs 
 placed in any forcing department, or in 
 the hot-houfe, &c. in January, February, 
 March, and Apiil. 
 
 Kitchen efculents may be had early, 
 kidney beans and cucumbers, dwarf 
 peas, beans, {"mail fallading, young mint , 
 and, in the common hot-beds, early afp.v- 
 ngus, melons, radiihes, lettuce, carrots ; 
 C 2 likewifc
 
 V, C *8 ] 
 
 likewife in the hot- beds you may for- 
 ward young cauliflower plants, cofs-let- 
 tuce, and celery, for early tranfplanting 
 into the open ground ; or the fame fort 
 of plants rmy alfo be (till more forwarded, 
 if neceffary, by pricking them out upon 
 gentle hot-beds for two or three weeks. 
 
 So that thofc who have the advantage 
 of any kind of forcing departments, pine- 
 ftoves, hot-bed, &c. have the opportuni- 
 ty of obtaining many choice varieties at 
 early leafons, long before they can be pof- 
 fibly obtained in the natural ground ; and 
 of having many rare plants and fruits which 
 by no art can be made to grow in the open 
 air in this country, as we obferved be- 
 fore; efpecially in the hot-houfc or fuch 
 fire heat departments as are provided 
 alfo with a bark-pit, in which to plunge 
 pots of various plants in the bed, in order 
 to forward them as much as poflible ; 
 alfo feeds and cuttings of many kinds of 
 tender and curious plants, to facilitate 
 
 their
 
 their vegetation, and which probably 
 would not grow at all without the affiftance 
 of artificial heat. , 
 
 By this aid, we can in fpite of the ri- 
 gours of the moft inclement feafons, obtain 
 varieties, both of fiuits, flowers, and culi- 
 nary vegetables in full maturity, in Fe- 
 bruary, March, April and May, which do 
 not in their natural ftate attain perfection 
 till June, July, or Auguft. 
 
 By this affiftance we obtain early flraw- 
 berries in February, March, and April ; 
 cherries and currants fo early as April and 
 May ; apricots, peaches, and nectarines, 
 in May and June; ripe grapes early in 
 June and July ; cucumbers in February 
 and March ; melons in April, May and June. 
 
 After thefe neceffary dcfcriptionss, pre- 
 paratory to the general bufmefs of forcing, 
 we now proceed to exhibit the feveral dif- 
 ferent methods under their refpeclive 
 heads, viz. Fire-beat forcing-frames^ Bark 
 forcing- frames, Hot bottfe and ftove, And. 
 Dung-beat frames^ &c, JF I R E
 
 3 
 
 FIRE HEAT FORCING -FRAMES. 
 
 B"Y Fire-heat departments, a vaft va- 
 riety of vegetable curiofities may be 
 obtained at almoft any feafon of the year, 
 and the curious plants of the diftant warm 
 climates with but little trouble ; as by 
 the fame heat and general culture, we 
 can maintain not only the more tender 
 exotics in a flourifhing ftate, but can alfo 
 raifc our own more hardy kinds to per- 
 fection at an uncommon feafon, fuch as 
 the fineft wall-fruits, the greateft variety of 
 the mod elegant flowers, and any of the 
 choiccft delicacies of the kitchen garden. 
 
 A Forcing-frame defigned to be worked 
 with fire heat, either fire alone, or jointly 
 with bai k, or dung and bark together ; 
 may, in the former cafe, be a narrow erec- 
 tion four or five feet wide, defigned as a 
 
 hot-
 
 ( 3" ) 
 
 hot-wall, for only one row of trees ; or a 
 more capacious department, hot-houfe- 
 falhion, as a forcing houfe/ to admit of a 
 row of trees againft the back wall, and 
 another in the front, together with many 
 fmaller trees and plants in the fpace between 
 the two rows , but if defigned alfo to be 
 aflifted with bark or dung heat, it muftbe 
 a wide department to admit of a fix or 
 eight feet wide pit within, in which to 
 make the bark- bed. 
 
 Then obferving in either of thefe me- 
 thods, that all fire-heat houfes muft have 
 the back front, and end walls, ail of brick- 
 work, to admit of the furnace and Sues 
 for fire, which would be dangerous in 
 wood , the back wall to be from fix or 
 eighr, to ten or twelve feet high, and one 
 or two in the front, and at both ends ; with 
 a furnace for the fire at one end without, 
 or behind ; and flues within, running in 
 feveral returns along the back-walJ. 
 
 C 4 If
 
 If intended to force with fire- heat only, 
 you may have the whole bottom fpace 
 within, entirely of earth, a good loamy 
 foil, for the reception of the trees entirely 
 in the full ground, with alfo fome dwarf 
 cherries, &c. in pots placed or plunged in 
 the earth ; with other fmall plants fet fully 
 therein. 
 
 But when it is defigned to affift with 
 bark or hot-dung, a pit of fix feet wide, 
 by three deep, muft >e formed within fide 
 along the middle fpace, or rather towards 
 the front, extending almoft the whole 
 length of the houfe, funk as much as the 
 nature of the foil will admit, without being 
 wet at bottom, having a four feet border 
 behind, for the row of trees, and if there 
 is room, a narrow one in the front for vines j 
 and the pit being filled with bark or dung, 
 admits of plants in pots plunged therein, 
 with pots of dwarf-trees to move in and 
 out occafionally, thereby having the advan- 
 tage
 
 r 33 ) 
 
 tage of introducing frem trees, keeping 
 fome in pots for that purpofe. 
 
 The Fire-heat Forcing-frames are of 
 two or three different kinds ; denominated 
 Hot - Walls 9 Forcing - Houfes, Hot - Houfes, 
 Stoves ; each as below. 
 
 HOT-WALL FORCING-FRAMES, are nar- 
 row upright fixed erections, four, five, or 
 fix feet wide, having the whole bottom 
 fpace entirely of earth, defigned principally 
 for only one row of trees againft the back, 
 which may be of any length from ten to 
 twenty, fifty or an hundred feet long or 
 more, built with brick, eight, ten, or 
 twelve feet high, furnifhed with returns of 
 flues for fire, with a low wall in front, one 
 foot high, on which is laid a plat of timber, 
 thence are ranged glafs frames, in one con- 
 tinued Hope on proper beams to the top 
 of the back wall, there received into 
 timber work, water tight, generally having 
 the lights difpofed in two Hiding tiers, 
 the upper one made to flide up and down 
 C over
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 over the under to admit fr e fh air, or made 
 to flide fide-ways part one another, and 
 both tiers made to move away entirety 
 when the feafon of forcing is over, that 
 the trees may have the benefit of the full 
 air, rain, &c. to ftrengthen and prepare 
 them for future bearing , and if thought 
 convenient, the whole frame work of wood 
 may be contrived to move further along to 
 a diftant part of the wall, furnifhed with 
 flues as above, and the frame-work remain 
 fixed, and with one fet of glafies to fave a 
 double portion of frame and walling, the 
 wall planted all the way with trees, in 
 order to force one half one year, the other 
 half another, alternately ; that each portion 
 having a year's refpite from forcing, they 
 will more effectually recover proper ft rength, 
 than if fucceflively forced one year after 
 another. 
 
 A frame of forty or fifty feet long may 
 be worked with one fire, but if much lon- 
 ger, two will be neceffary. 
 
 The
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
 The whole bottom fpace of this frame 
 being of good rich earth, two fpades deep, 
 let it be properly tii^zel to receive the 
 trees. Procure th fr -hat are tra ; ne ' in the 
 wall -tree manner, arrived ar a gooJ bearing 
 fta e, and plant diem in a fingle range be- 
 hind, about half a foot from the b .ck wall, 
 to admit of a trellis between them and the 
 wall, on which to train the branches, left, if 
 trained clo r e to the wall, the heat of the 
 flues may fccrch the leaves and young 
 fruit. Thefe being planted in Oclob' r or 
 November, with balls of earth about the 
 root, fo as not to feel their removal, may be 
 forced the fame winter* However, if they 
 have precifely a year's growth in the for- 
 cing frame, cxpofed all the time to the full 
 air, they tonflquently will be the better 
 prepared for the bufmefs of forcing. 
 
 In this frame, you may have pots of 
 
 ftraw berries, or fmail dwarf fruit trees, but 
 
 not t<* (hade thofe behind; alfo vines planted 
 
 on the outfide, and the ftem drawn in thro* 
 
 C 6 a hole
 
 ( 36 ) 
 
 a hole at bottom, and laid up again!! the 
 infide of the glafits. 
 
 This frame is to be worked wholly by 
 fire, beginning in January or February, a* 
 directed under the general head. 
 
 A Forcing-hottfe, by fire heat, is a capa- 
 cious building, ten, twelve, or fifteen feet 
 wide or more, as much in height in the 
 back-wall, and full hand high in the front, 
 which, confiding of a dwarf wall only two 
 feet high, the fame at each end, and on 
 which is erected upright glafs-work, three 
 or four feet high, made to flide open ; and 
 with inclined or doping lights continued 
 from the top of the front, to that of the 
 back wall, difpofed in two tiers to flide up- 
 and down : a fire place being withinfide at 
 one end, or behind the back wall ; from 
 thence proceed the flues nine or ten inchea 
 wide, extending along the infide of the 
 front wall in one range, thence along the 
 ends to the back wall, where dung may be 
 continued in two-or more returns,, the up. 
 
 permoft
 
 ( 37 ) 
 
 permoft flue running into the chimney at 
 one end. 
 
 Obferve, if intended entirely as a forcing 
 houfe, to have the whole internal bottom 
 fpace of earth, two good fpades deep, and 
 light pliable loam, or any good rich garden 
 earth, in which to plant the trees fully in 
 the ground at once. 
 
 Or if defigned to have a bark pit to aflift 
 with a bark or dung hot-bed, and in which 
 alfo to force ftrawberries, flowers, and other 
 fmall plants in pots, allow a fpace of fix or 
 eight feet wide for the cavity of the pit^ 
 and another fpace for a four or five feet bor 
 der along the back wall, or if a narrow baric 
 pit only five or fix feet wide, you may 
 have alfo a narrow border in the front, tiie 
 bark pit being continued nearly the length 
 of the houfe a full yard deep, funk half in 
 the ground, if not wet ; the other half 
 raifed, having the borders in proportion ; 
 the wall of the pit being brick, which is 
 
 beft,
 
 ( 38 ) 
 
 beft, from four to nine inches thick,- or of 
 ftrong planking well put together. 
 
 In this kind of forcing houfe, plant 
 peaches, nectarines, apricots, cherries and 
 vines, and a tree or two of choice plants, 
 having been firft trained in the nurfery- 
 ground, and have arrived to bearing, well 
 furnilhed with bearing wood, planted in a 
 row in the border againft the back wall, and 
 trained to a trellis; and in wide departments, 
 which admit a border in front. Plant 
 trees next the glafifes, or a row of grape 
 vines, in order to be trained up by lights : 
 otherwife have fome vines planted on the 
 outfide to train in for that purpofe; and 
 if there is no bark-pit within, but a conti- 
 nued fpace of earth, plant therein fome 
 dwarf ftandard cherries &cc. o- ibme m pots 
 plunged in the earth ; alfopots of currents, 
 gooieberries, rafpbernes, rofes,&o. 
 
 If there is alfoa bark-pit, ir rr av be occu- 
 pied to gr^at a>ivantag with pots of llraw- 
 berries, and of awan trees and ftirubs, and 
 
 any
 
 C 39 ) 
 
 any kind of flowers, not employing any 
 high plants to fhade the fruit-trees behind. 
 The bark will continue its heat three months; 
 and if at the end of that time it is forked 
 over to the bottom, it will renew its heat ; 
 or if a little frefh tar is added, it will aug- 
 ment the heat in a more lively degree, and 
 be more durable. 
 
 A trellis of light poft and railing muft be 
 creeled clofe along the front of the back 
 wall to which the range of trees there 
 planted are to be trained, in the manner of 
 wall-trees ; not trained dole to the wall, 
 the heat of which, by the flues^ might da- 
 mage them ; have the trellis for this pur- 
 pofe, formed upright three inches thick by 
 one broad, placed about a yard afunder, well 
 fecured to the wall with hold-fafts ; and have 
 inch thick crofs bars arranged homzontally, 
 nine inches a-part ; likewife if the de- 
 partment is capacious enough to admit of 
 a row of trees or vines in front, have alio a
 
 ( 40 ) 
 
 flight low trellis next the glafles in this 
 part. 
 
 At the proper planting feafon, the be- 
 ginning or middle of September, procure 
 proper young trees, previoufly trained in a 
 fanned manner, and not lefs than from three 
 or four to feven years old, arrived to a to- 
 lerable good bearing flate, which may be 
 obtained in the public nurfery grounds in 
 great choice, from half a crown to five 
 fhillings per] tree, ready trained, but the 
 ftandards much cheaper ; being careful to 
 have them taken up with as much root as 
 poflible; or when they can be raifed and 
 conveyed with a ball of earth about their 
 roots, it will be of much advantage, buc 
 particularly, if defigned to force them the 
 fame year j however, this cannot be readily 
 effected, unlefs the trees are within a fmali 
 diftanee, or have been plantd in large pot* 
 a year before, or in large balkets with the 
 balls of earth for carrying them into the 
 deftined place ; but in default of fach, let 
 
 others
 
 ( 41 ) 
 
 others be taken up with their full fpread 
 of roots, and let thofe defigned as wall* 
 trees be planted againft the' trellis work, 
 fix or eight feet diftant, giving a pot of 
 water directly to fettle the earth about the 
 roots and fibres, and prepare them for foon 
 taking frefh root ; then g'r/e any nurfery 
 pruning to retrench irregular Ihoots, &::. 
 and fatten the branches regularly t6 the 
 trellis, fix inches afunder; but double that 
 diftance for vines. 
 
 Between the back and front ran^e of 
 trees, if wholly a vacant fpace, without 
 any bark-pi r, entirely of earth, may be 
 placed dwarf ftandard trees, fome planted 
 fully in the earth, others in pots, fuch as 
 dwarf duke cherries, peaches, apricots, or 
 any of the fructiferous ftirubs, as currants, 
 goofeberries, rafpberries, likevvife pots of 
 ftrawberries near the glaffes ; as alfo pots 
 of any flowering plants ; pots of ki-iney 
 beans* frnall fallading, and in the bord rs, 
 
 dwarf
 
 ( 4* ) 
 
 dwarf early peas, &c. where there is pro- 
 per room without incumbering the trees. 
 
 CHERRY Forcing Frame. 
 
 SOME forcing departments by fire- 
 heat are employed principally as Chtrry- 
 houfss to produce early cherries : thefe 
 trees not requiring fo much heat, nor of fo 
 long continuance as peaches, vines, &c. 
 and often ftandards, are planted for this 
 purpofe, with tall ftems elevating the heads 
 near the top glares, for the greater bene- 
 fit of the fun ; you may allo have half, and 
 dwarf ftandards, they being all previouily 
 trained in the nurfcry to a bearing Itate, 
 the branches well furmfhed with fruit-fpurs : 
 and with quke moderate compact heads, 
 which, if at the time of planting they ex- 
 pand too conliderably, muft be fhortened 
 and reduced within a moderate compafe, 
 
 not exceeding two or three feet. 
 
 la
 
 ( 43 ) 
 
 In this forcing-houfe along with the 
 cherries, you may have a row of peaches 
 and nectarines behind, againft the back wall, 
 trained in the wall- tree way to a trellis in 
 regularorder , and may alfo plant fome vines 
 in front to run up againft the infide glafles ; 
 then plant rows of ftandard May duke- 
 cherries, crofs-ways in full ftandard, half 
 ftandard and dwarfs ; having the full 
 ftandard, with five or fix feet ftems, the 
 half ftandard, three or four, and the dwarfs 
 not more than one or two feet ftema : 
 planting them in rows four or five feet 
 afunder, from the back to the front, the 
 talleft behind, and fo in regular gradation 
 to the loweft in front, or have the whole 
 planted with full ftandards ; there will be 
 mere room for fmaller plants under them, 
 and as their branches will be tlevated nearer 
 the glaffcs, they may prove of advantage, 
 in having a greater . benefit of the fun to 
 forward and improve the fruit. 
 
 In this kind of frame you may alfo have 
 
 various
 
 c 44 ; 
 
 various fmall fhrubs, and plants in pots, 
 in front and between the rows of trees. 
 Strawberries both in pots and in the ground ; 
 or early garden-beans, peas, kidney-bear s> 
 &c. 
 
 It is of advantage to have the trees 
 planted a year before you begin forcing, 
 in order that they may firft have taken 
 good root : though if the trees are planted 
 early, you may alfo force them moderately 
 the firft year, not beginning before February, 
 but efpeeiaHy if they- have been planted 
 with balls of earth about their roots, not to 
 ftel their removal, they will more readily 
 fucceed : thofe however which have been a 
 year in pot?, and then placed in the forcing 
 houfe, either in the pots, or turned out 
 with the ball perfectly entire, not to dif- 
 turb the roots, they will fucceed abund- 
 antly well by forcing the firft year. 
 
 Obferve, the fame trees planted fully in 
 the ground, may fucceed leveral years in 
 forcing, by giving them the full air always 
 
 u
 
 C 45 ) 
 
 as foon as the fruit is gathered, by taking 
 off" the top glafies, to remain fully open 
 till near the time to begm forcing; being 
 careful as they fail or become ill bearers, 
 to have others ready to fupply their places : 
 thofe however in pots may beeaflly fo con- 
 trived, as to force fome one year, and fome 
 another, by having a double portion of 
 dwarf trees potted for this purpofe: 
 which may be forced alternately, one half 
 one year, the other half the next : and 
 that by relieving one another, each half, 
 having a year's refpite from forcing, re- 
 maining ail the time in the full air, taking 
 their natural growth, they will recruit 
 their proper vigour, and be thereby ena- 
 bled to bear in better perfection the next 
 forcing feafon. 
 
 Trees, annually forced, do not continue 
 fo long in a healthful ftate, or free 
 growth and plenteous bearing, as thofe 
 growing always in the full ground and 
 open air, according therefore as any fhcw 
 
 an
 
 an unfruitful or weak fickly habit, others 
 Ihould be in readincfs to plant in their 
 room, and the earth renewed with fomc 
 frem loam and rotten dung. 
 
 Obfervc, in general, that the top glafies 
 are not to be put on till the time is nearly 
 arrived for beginning the work of forcing, 
 not however before the middle or latter 
 end of December, fuppofe you intend to 
 begin forcing early in January ; unlefs the 
 weather fhould fooner change to fevere 
 froft, when it may be proper to defend the 
 trees occafionally, that they may be pre- 
 pared by degrees for forcing; generally 
 beginning to make the fires in January or 
 February, fooner or later in the month, 
 according to the time you defire to have 
 the fruit come to perfection. 
 
 VINERIES
 
 ( 47 ) 
 
 VINERIES or Vine-Houfts by fire-heat. 
 
 t 
 WHERE there is accommodation 
 
 of different forcing frames, it is ad- 
 vifeable to allot one principally for the 
 choicdft kinds of grapes, fuch as the fren- 
 tiniac, mu/cat of Jerufdlem, royal mufcadinc* 
 Tokay, Syriac, Hamburgh, raifin grape, St. 
 Ptttr's and other large kinds, that do not 
 ripen till late in the fcafon in the open air, 
 and fometimes in unfavourable feafons, not 
 at all in England, and confequently will 
 be greatly forwarded and now improved 
 in fize and flavour, if afilfted in forcing 
 houfes by artificial heat, which generally 
 fucceed bed with a fomewhat larger degree 
 than peaches and the like kinds, as they 
 prolper in great perfection, in a pine apple 
 ilove hear, which is too confidtrable in ge- 
 neral, for other trees; and as vines, in for- 
 cing, will alfo require the aid of fheher 
 
 and
 
 ( 4S ) 
 
 and heat longer, in order to have the 
 grapes in their ultimate ftate of perfection ; 
 alfo requiring a confiderable fcope of room 
 ro run. It is of much importance to allot 
 them a forcing department diftinft, where 
 conveniency fuirs. 
 
 However, in default of fuch convenience, 
 plant vines in any forcing houfe, along 
 with other trees, allowing them proper 
 fcope to extend and range the (hoots a foot 
 at leaft afunder. 
 
 Plant fome on the outfide clofe along 
 the front, at three or four feet afunder, 
 then introduced them through holes, juft 
 at the top of the front wall, thence to 
 be extended up along the fides of the main 
 rafter, and the branches conducted regu- 
 larly under the lights. 
 
 Vines to be planted either within or with- 
 outfide, mould be four or five years old, 
 trained up in pots, in which they have been 
 two or three years, and planted with the 
 whole pot of earth entire about their roots, 
 
 whereby
 
 ( 49 ) 
 
 whereby not fuftaining any check by re- 
 moval, they may be forced the fame year ; 
 when they will often bear tolerably, and 
 will encreafe every year to perfection j 
 however, in default of potted plants, pro- 
 cure good ones of two or three years old 
 in the full ground, to be planted a year or 
 two before you begin forcing, that they 
 may have their roots well eftablifhed ; and 
 they will bear the fecond fummer, but will 
 produce tolerably well the third. If you 
 are not provided with proper plants of 
 your own, they may be 'procured at molt 
 of the public nurfery grounds ; where if 
 you obtain potted plants of fome years 
 ftanding, which have eftablifhed their roots 
 firmly in the mold of the pot, they may 
 be planted, pot and all in the ground : the 
 pot afterwards broken and cleared away, 
 is the moft expeditious method to have 
 immediate bearing plants, but if without 
 pots, let the;n be taken up in the nurfery 
 with their full fpread of roots, and care- 
 D fully
 
 ( 50 ) 
 
 fully planted with the whole entire. In de- 
 fault of plants, cuttings of the laft year's 
 fhoots will be found to ftrike root, and 
 'form bearers in three years fit for forcing : 
 but ready raifed plants are moft preferable. 
 "When vines are intended to be planted 
 feparately, in a vinery or grape-houfe, 
 having abroad border along the front and 
 the back wall, and another in front, com- 
 pofed of a good light loamy foil, it would 
 be of much advantage to mix it with light 
 dry materials, fuch as old brick and lime 
 rubbifh, fcrappings of gravelly turnpike 
 roads, and fuch like dry fubftances, worked 
 towards the bottom : to warm the foil, and 
 to improve the flavour of the grapes ; if 
 the ground incline to redundant moifture 
 below, raife the border fufficient to keep 
 the roots from too much wet ; then plant 
 the vines along the back wall in a row, 
 three or four feet afunder j arranged 
 clofe to a trellis fixed to the wall, and to 
 which the vines are to be trained : planting 
 
 alfo
 
 C .5' ) 
 
 alfo another row next the fronf, to "be con* 
 dufted up to the tap glafTes, where muft 
 alfo be a fort of very light thin trellis- 
 work, at fix inches from the lights, on 
 which to train the vines. 
 
 In front of the borders have various fmall 
 plants forwarded, fuch as ftrawberries, 
 French or kidney beans, peas, arid muza- 
 gan beans, &c. as alfo fmall trees, fhrubs 
 and plants in pots j for all the vacant fpaces 
 may be employed to advantage. 
 
 The months for beginning the work of* 
 forcing arc January and February ; if yoiu 
 are defirous to try it as forward aspofiible,,. 
 it may be begun in December, but when* 
 trees are forced too early into bloom, and c 
 fevere weather fucceeds, and hardly any 4 
 fun to'allow of the admiflion of a due de- 1 
 gree of air, they are apt to mifcarry : by t 
 beginning at the times firft mentioned, * 
 the trees will arrive to full blolTom, at a 
 feafon when we may expect moderate i 
 weather and much fun, which, together t 
 E 2 with
 
 with the admifiion of frefli air in fine days 
 will procure abundance of fuccefs; but 
 if too early in bloflbm, with little fun, 
 weather cold, and the glafles obliged to 
 be kept clofe, the young fruit is apt to 
 drop off in their infant growth. 
 
 A week or fortnight before you begin 
 with fire, put on all the glafies, in order 
 to prepare the trees gradually for the arti- 
 ficial heat. 
 
 Obferve, in forcing houfes, furnifhed 
 with a bark pit, or with hot dung, having 
 a foot of bark at top, the pit fhould be 
 filled a week or fortnight before you light 
 the fires in the flues. An entire bark-bed 
 will retain the heat the longeft, but horfe- 
 dung is confiderably the cheapeft, and 
 often proves fufficiently effedual in this 
 kind of forcing , fo that if you would fave 
 theexpence of having all tan, procure frefti 
 hot horfe-dung, fufficient to fill the pit, in 
 the manner as you would make a common 
 bot-bed ; keeping the glafles clofe, to pro- 
 mote
 
 ( 53 ) 
 
 mote the heat, which will fet the Tap of 
 the trees in motion, only fliding the lights 
 a lutle open in the middle of funny days; 
 and in about ten days or a fortnight, the 
 dung will have funk a foot, then fill up 
 the pit with an equal portion of tanner's 
 bark, and the fame evening begin the 
 fire heat. 
 
 If pots of ftrawberries are intended, let 
 fome be now plunged in the back of the 
 hot bed, to come earlieft, others placed 
 upon melves to fucceed them. 
 
 Remark, that whether without or with 
 the aid of a bark and dung hot-bed, it is 
 advifeable to make the fires pretty ftrong 
 the firft night, in order to expel the damps 
 of the houfe and flues, and to warm them 
 properly at firft letting off; afterwards to be 
 made moderately, every evening about four 
 or five o'clock, or foon after fun-fet, and 
 continued till nine or ten, which will be 
 fufficient to keep the houfe warm all night ; 
 obferving, that, if very cold or damp foggy 
 D 3 weather,
 
 ( 54 ) 
 
 weather, you make a very moderate fire in 
 the morning ; or if a fevere froft, keep a 
 gentle fire, from morning till mid-day, 
 or longer occafionally, if extremely cold ; 
 bur, in moderate weather, make fires prin- 
 cipally in the evenings ; having, then 
 a thermometer hung up in the middle of 
 the department, ferving as a guide to ena- 
 ble you to regulate the proper degree of 
 heat, which fhould be about 60, or if for 
 vines entirely, from about 65 to 70 ; 
 this is principally to be underftood for the 
 artificial heat only, the fun-heat of mid- 
 day will often raiie it confiderably higher ; 
 iometimes to So , or from that to 90, in 
 the advanced feafon, which is to be regu- 
 " latecl as you fee occafion, by Hiding the 
 lights at top and front, more or Itfs, open 
 to reduce the thermometer, to about from 
 60 to 70, though it admits of a higher 
 degree of fun-heat, than wholly by fire, 
 which alone mould not exceed 60 for a 
 general forcing- houfe, or 70 for vineries 
 
 or
 
 .*-, ( 55 ) 
 
 or grape-houfes : giving a latitude of 5* 
 under or over, for unforefeen alterations, 
 both of the weather, and that of the arti- 
 ficial heat. 
 
 If the fire-heat fhould at any time be 
 too confiderable, admit air, even if there 
 is no fun, but if no fun, and the heat is not 
 raifed 5 above the allotted degree, no air. 
 is to be admitted. 
 
 However, in all fine funny days, after 
 the trees ar? proceeding in growth, and 
 when in blofibm and fruit, be careful to 
 admit frcfh air in proportion to the railed 
 heat on the thermometer ; and as the 
 warm feafon advances, and the heat of the 
 weather encreafes, and as the fruit en- 
 creafes in growth, give more air in propor- 
 tion : the times for giving air, being from 
 nine or ten in the morning, till three, four, 
 or five in the evening, in which you will- 
 be governed by the natural heat of the 
 day, or -temperament of the outward air, 
 D 4 opening
 
 ( 56 ) 
 
 opening and mwting fooner or later ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 With refpect to water, it is an article of 
 great conftquence, as rain cannot be ad- 
 mitted ; and is necefiary, both to the bor- 
 ders, in moderation, as you feeoccafion, from 
 the earth growing dry, and occafionally 
 all over the branches of the trees before 
 they expand their bloflbm, after which, 
 not till the fruit is fet, only water the earth 
 wherein the trees are growing moderately, 
 .once or twice a week out of the rofe of the 
 watering pot ; as alfo about the ftem of the 
 tree ; for if watered too freely all over the 
 bloiTom, it might deftroy the impregnating 
 len, or fine powder of the 
 
 defigned for effecting the office of fecund- 
 ating_jhe female organs to render them 
 prolific: but when the blofTom is decayed, 
 and the fruit fet, water all over the 
 branches, leaves, and fruit, once or twice 
 a week in funny mornings, from eight or 
 nine, to ten or eleven o'clock ; but more 
 
 feldom
 
 ( 57 ) 
 
 &idom the vines, for too much moifture 
 is hurtful to the growth of the fuit, retards 
 the ripening and reduces the flavour; 
 let them however have moderate fupplieS 
 in the borders ; and in the other tre<s, r&r 
 frtfh the borders, pot^, &c. t^ofe in the 
 pots will require- more frequent waterings, 
 than t lole Crowing fully in the ground-. 
 
 You will Jikewi e obfrrve, that pots of ^ 
 ftr wbtrrit-s cither plunged in the bark-bed* 
 or pi red any where elic, lhou!d have mo- -* 
 derue w^u rings two or three times a weeJc,a 
 according to the heat of the houfe, or t 
 power of the lun, taking particular care v 
 not ro wa er too heavily upon the plants t 
 when in flower; bur after the fruit is fet,-i 
 wat-r freely all Ov'er the plants during rheir t 
 growth, but jpariiigly when full grown, 
 and brginnmj; to ripen ; as mu.h humidi* 
 ty wi.l debafe the flavour, 
 
 Be careful to wat. r all other plants, either v 
 growing in the earth of the borders, &c. or, 
 in pots, thofe in fmall pots will require it . 
 D 5 two
 
 'f 58 ) 
 
 two or three times a week in funny weather, 
 thofe in larger pots, and in the full borders, 
 not fo often ; but give water in general, 
 when the earth appears dry and wants moi- 
 flure. 
 
 For as neither trees nor plants can re- 
 ceive the benefit of falling mowers or re- 
 frefhing dews, all necefiary fupplies of 
 moifture muft be effected by hand ; and 
 which muft be obferved with the greateft 
 attention ; heat and moifture, the great 
 agents in this bufinefs of forcing, muft be 
 duly proportioned together. 
 
 The ftrawberry plants proper for forcing 
 fhould be one year old at leaft, but if two, 
 and arrived to a full fruiting ftate, it will 
 be the greater advantage ; they will bear 
 more abundantly and larger fruit. 
 
 Take them up with balls of earth about 
 their roots, from the beft ftrawberry beds 
 in the full ground, and they will bear 
 plenteoufly in two months. In default of 
 already raifed fruiting plants, rarfe young 
 
 plaats
 
 ( 59 ). 
 
 plants a year before, either from off-fets 
 and fuckers of one fummer's growth from 
 the fides of fume healthful plants, taking 
 them off towards autumn, planted fix 
 inches afunder; or take young runner 
 plants in lumrner, formed from the firings 
 or runners rooting at the joints, fhut up 
 and form young plants the fame feafon, 
 chufing the earlieft and largeft near the old 
 flool, planting them either in a ftiady nur- 
 fery border, or in fmall pots, in ftrong 
 loamy foil, or any good ftrong rich gar- 
 den mold ; give the whole, as foon as 
 planted, a good watering, and place the 
 potted plants in a ftiady border all fummer, 
 being careful during their growth to clear 
 them conftantly from the fummer's run- 
 ners or firings, to flrengthen the main head ; , 
 that they may bottom well, and let them 
 have plenty of water all fummer in dry 
 weather, more efpecially thofe in the pots. 
 In autumn, /hift them with balls into 
 pots a fize 'larger , likewife thpfe in the 
 D 6 beds
 
 beds take up alfo with balls and pots, 
 giving each fome water to fettle the 
 earth firmly about the ball ; and if ftrong 
 well grown plants, place them in the for- 
 cing-houfe at the proper time j though they 
 rarely bear in any abundance till the fe- 
 cond year : So if not ftrong plants the firft 
 feafon, let them have another fummer's 
 growth managing them as before. 
 
 But to have fruiting, or immediate bear- 
 ing plants fit to force directly, have re- 
 courfe in October or November, to any 
 good beds of ftrawberries in the na- 
 tural ground, that are about two or three 
 years old, not more, jufl in perfection, 
 take up a quantity neatly, with balls of 
 earth to their roots, and put them in 
 middling pots (245.) in a good rich loam, 
 or in default of this, the beft kitchen gar- 
 den mould, and give water dirtctly ; then 
 place the pots in a flickered funny fituation 
 till theforcing time. Sometimes fuch plants 
 being taken up only juft at the forcing 
 
 feafon,
 
 feafon, if the weather is open will fucceed 5 
 but it is better to have them poued a 
 month or two before. And it mould be 
 obferved in general of ftrawberry plants 
 intended for forcing-hear, if fevere frofty 
 weather happens before the time of forcing 
 them, give the fhelter of a garden-frzme ; 
 for it is of importance to have the plants 
 in full vigour, not impaired by inclemency 
 of weather. 
 
 It mould likewife be remembered, that 
 in order to have a longer fuccefiion of for- 
 ced ftrawberries cominued till the feafon 
 of the natural ground crops, always have 
 a referve of pots of fruiting plants, fome 
 advancing in a very moderaie dung hot- 
 bed under frames, others placed under 
 frames and lights without heat ; fo re- 
 moving them by degrees into the fruitcry 
 houfcs, at about three weeks or a month's 
 diftance of time, and they will then fuc- 
 ceed one another in bearing, from Fe- 
 bruary
 
 bruary or March, until the . feafon for 
 crops in the full ground. 
 
 It fhould Hkewile be remarked, that it is 
 . proper to have a frem flock of plants for 
 each year*s forcing, and never to ufe them 
 if more than two or three years old ; and 
 always procure them from fuch b ds as are 
 noted for being good forts, and in the 
 mod fruitful ftate, by no means from old 
 beds in which you will certainly be de- 
 reived. 
 
 The beft ftrawberries j-pjrjbrcing arejhe 
 fcarlets; the alpine or monthly ftrawberry 
 and hautboys ma^alfo be tried for vaiiety. 
 
 Pots of goofeberries, currants, rafpber- 
 ries and the like, placed any where in the 
 forcing frame in January and February 
 willfucceed ; the gooieberries and currants 
 .green for tarts, and fome of all three forts 
 ripe in April or May 
 
 Rofes of all forts, fyringas^ fofcrjcums. Per- 
 fianHlies, honey-fuckks, oranges, or any dwarf 
 
 flowering
 
 ( 63 ) 
 
 flowering fhrubs approved of, being potted Ho.^ 
 the year before, may be placed in the 
 forcing-houfes any time from January to 
 February and March, both in thofe with- 
 out, and with, bark pits : they will blow 
 freely early in the fpring , but if deiirous 
 of having fome rofes, &c. as early as 
 pofiible ; and if there is the advantage 
 of a bark-pit, plunge fome pots in the 
 bark, which will forward them in- a .-plead- 
 ing manner to a fine early ibloom. 
 
 Pots of pivks, carnations, [wit-williams, 
 tulips, hyacinths, narciffus^ 'jonquils, ama- 
 ryllis, lilies, pancratiums, anemones^ ranun- 
 culus, and any other choice kinds of har- 
 baceous flowery perennials, both fibrous, 
 bulbous, and tuberous rooted kinds that 
 may be required to flower early, may 
 be introduced in the forcing-houfes in 
 winter or early in the fpring ; fame plunged 
 in the bark-pit, others placed upon 
 Ihelves. 
 
 Any bulbous flower-roots fet in 
 
 blowing
 
 blowing glaffcs of water, being placed 
 upon (helves in the forcing- houies, will 
 alfo blow in fine perfection in winter, and 
 till thofe in the natural ground come into 
 flower. 
 
 Likewife any choice annual flowers; 
 fuch as ttn-iveekftockS) ba'famines, ge-mptire* 
 uas, ntignionettc. and other early flowers, 
 with a Ihowy bloom, rr remarkable for 
 fragrance ; or any of the common hardy 
 forts which you defire (hall flower early ; 
 fuch as pors of bark fpurs, (wear peas, and 
 candy-tuft, &c. which (ow thicK, to re- 
 main where lowed. 
 
 CUCUMBERS, may like wife be raifed by 
 fire-hear, in hoc-hou.es accommodate d with 
 a bark-bed within, part;cularK in pme- 
 ftoves : hav ng lome young pla; ts pre- 
 vioufly raifed from feed in fniall pots, 
 cither in the bark-bed or in a dung hot- 
 bed under corrmon frames, fowi. g the 
 feed in January or February, plunging 
 the pots in the bark or dung bed^ they 
 
 will
 
 will come in two or three days, and 
 when only two or three days old, prick 
 them out in fmall pots, three or four in 
 each, laid on up to their feed leaves, the 
 pots then plunged in the bark or hot-bed, 
 and occafionally very moderately watered, 
 in a funny forenoon. When the plants 
 are a little advanced in growth, having 
 the rough leaf two or three inches broad, 
 tranfplant them where they are finally to 
 remain, either in large pots (16 or 245.) 
 or oblong narrow boxes two or three feet 
 long by eight or ten inches width and 
 depth, rilled with rich light earth, and 
 placed near the upper glafies upon narrow 
 Ihelves towards the back part, a foot or 
 two diftance from the light; or the boxes 
 may be of a more continued length, and 
 fufpended from the rafters of the lights 
 by iron or wooden brackets without 
 (helves ; for it is of much confequence to 
 have the r e plants near the glaffes to receive 
 all poflible benefit of the fun ; not placed 
 
 immediately
 
 ( 65 ) 
 
 immediately under open fliding lights, 
 but a little before or behind that part. 
 
 As to the future culture, give moderate 
 watering, as you ihall fee occafion in warm 
 funny days in the forenoon ; and, according 
 as the plants Ihoot out 'runners in length, 
 place up rods or laths for their fupport. 
 Likewife, when the plants are in blofTom 
 take care to impregnate the female flower 
 with the anthcra of the male, which you 
 will pluck for that purpofe the fame day 
 that both flowers firft expand , pulling 
 away the flower, leaf or petal of the male 
 hlofibm, then holding the fhank betwixt 
 the finger and thumb, introduce the an- 
 thera into the center of the female flower, 
 touching the ftigmata thereof, and twirl it 
 about fo as to leave fome of the male 
 powder upon the female organ, then 
 throw it away, this completes the bufi- 
 nefs, renders the flowers fertile, and the 
 fruit fets freely. And this is called fetting, 
 which fhould be conftantly attended to in 
 
 all
 
 all the early fruit, taking the opportunity 
 of effecting it the fame day the flowers, 
 both male and female open, being then 
 in perfection to enfure fuccefs. 
 
 As to kidney beans, peas, mazagan 
 beans, and any other choice efculents in- 
 tended for forcing, they may be cultivated 
 in pots or in borders. They may be 
 planted in oblong narrow wooden trough- 
 like boxes, of a yard long, by eight or 
 nine inches wide, and ten deep. You 
 may either plant the beans at once, in 
 large pots (245.) or in the boxes finally 
 to remain, three beans in each pot, or in 
 a double row along the boxes, an inch 
 deep, or prev o-ufly in fmall pots (32 or 
 483. for tranfplanting into the l.irger pots 
 or boxes, with the ball of earth about 
 their roots. 
 
 The feafonfor planting them is January, 
 February and March, to fucceed each 
 other, full to the fun, giving but very 
 little water when the beans have fprouted. 
 
 The
 
 .( 68 ) ,: 
 
 The tranfplantation into larger pots/ 
 fhould be effected when they are advanced 
 two or three inches, being in the firft 
 rough an inch or two broad, turning them 
 out with the lump of earth into the larger 
 pots at nine inches diftance ; boxes are very 
 convenient to arrange along the top of the 
 parapet-wall of the bark-pit of forcing- 
 houfes and pine-ftoves. 
 
 Obferving, as to the culture of kid- 
 ney beans forced in thefe departments, it 
 is principally to fupply them with water, 
 being careful to give but very little or none 
 till the beans have germinated or fprouted, 
 for before that, much humidity would rot 
 the bean, but after they have (hot, and 
 in their future growth, fupply them duly 
 with water ; two or three times a week to 
 thofe in pots, and thofe in the ground in 
 proportion. 
 
 They will bear in fix or eight weeks 
 after planting, obferving to gather them 
 twice a week, fuffering none to grow 
 
 large
 
 large, and thus they will continue bearing 
 langer and more abundantly. 
 
 Keep young plants advancing in fmall 
 pots, fowed at three weeks intervals, ready 
 to turn out into larger pots to fucceed 
 the old plants as they decline bearing: 
 thereby continue a fucceflion of beans 
 from March or April until June, when the 
 natural crops come in. 
 
 The forts commonly ufed for this pur- 
 pofe are the early dwarfs, either the 
 white, black, or liver-coloured j but the 
 fpeckled dwarfs are the flrongeft, more 
 plenteous bearers, and continue longeft in 
 bearing. 
 
 Dwarf peas and mazagan beans may 
 alfo be raifed in the fruit houfes, where 
 there is broad borders of earth, to toler- 
 able good perfection to gather in April, 
 they may either be fowed at once in the 
 borders of the forcing-hpufe in December 
 or January, in drills an inch deep, and 
 half a yard afunder, ranging fouth and 
 
 north;
 
 r 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 north ; you may have them coming forward 
 under fome common garden frame, de- 
 fended from froft with the glafies, or in 
 fome gentle dung hot-bed, fheltered in 
 the fa.me manner, being fowed quite 
 thick, either in the earth or in pots, for 
 tranfplanting ; performing the fowing 
 a month or fix weeks before you intend 
 to work the forcing frame, though if in a 
 hot bed, if fowed only a fortnight or three 
 weeks before hand, it is time enough 
 then. When the forcing is begun, move 
 thofe in pots into the houfe, which, as well 
 as thofe not in pots, when an inch or 
 two high, not more, are to be tranfplanted 
 with all their roots into the borders, in 
 rows, the pea-plants two inches apart, the 
 beans three or four, giving directly a mo- 
 derate watering to fettle the earth, and 
 to forward their rooting and free growth. 
 Let them, after this, have moderate re- 
 fremments of water in funny days, once 
 or twice a week or oftener as the warm 
 
 feafon
 
 feafon advances, and the plants encreafe 
 in growth ; but when in bloom, fupply 
 them well with water in warm weather, as 
 alfo when the pods are fet ; obferving 
 likewife when they are in full bloom to 
 pinch or cut off the top of each plant, that 
 all the nourtfhment may be thrown to the 
 fupply of the pods, in which they will fet 
 fooner, more abundantly, and attain per- 
 fection earlier. 
 
 Likewife in any of thefe departments, 
 when hard winters have deftroyed the na- 
 tural early crops of peas and beans, you 
 may have fome forwarded to fupply their 
 places, being fowed thick, in large pots, 
 boxes or bafkets, placed near the heat ; 
 they will foon come up, when they muft 
 be gradually moved to the open air, by 
 placing them out under a frame expofed 
 to the full air all day, and by degrees, 
 hardened to h night and day, then planted 
 put clofe under fjme warm fouth wall, in 
 a fingle row clofe along the bottom. 
 
 SMALL
 
 SMALL SALLADING of any fort, may 
 alfo be raifed early in thofe kinds of fruit- 
 houfes, fuch as crefies, muftard, rape, rad- 
 difh, &c. fowed thick, in large pots or 
 boxes, to be cut for ufe while quite young, 
 in the feed leaf, not more than a week old. 
 You mould fow fome every week or fort- 
 night, very thick, and only juft covered 
 with fine earth ; and if placed any where in 
 the houfe, giving moderate fprinklings of 
 water, they will foon come up, and be fit 
 for ufe in a few days after. 
 
 You may likewife have pots with fpeer- 
 mint roots, thickly planted, an inch deep, 
 and placed any where in the forcing-houfe, 
 which will furnifh early mint for fallads and 
 mint fauce. 
 
 By the affiftance alfo of forcing-houfes 
 furnilhed with a bark-pit, you may forward 
 the ftriking or cuttings of any curious ex- 
 otics, as myrtles, geraniums^ &c. planted in 
 pots thickly, and plunged in the bark-bed. 
 
 In
 
 ( 73 ) 
 
 In regard to the trees, they are fome- . 
 times in their early growth v apt to be at-- 
 tacked with a fort of infectious infect,., 
 caufmg a pernicious blight, which if per-i 
 mired to fpread, will do much mifchief. t 
 In this cafe, it is advifeaWe to fumigate if t 
 with burnt tobacco, in fomigating bellows*; ,. 
 which often proves efficacious in cxtermi-* 
 nating the vermin, but more effectually if t 
 with the afiiftance of a fmoking pot filled^ 
 likewife with tobacco, lighted and blowed* 
 with bellows, to effect a ftronger fumi- v 
 gation. 
 
 However, in trees (lightly infected, t 
 ufe only the common fumigating bellows, t 
 apply the pipe towards the blighted parts v 
 at a fufficient drftance, not to fcorch thtfi 
 leaves, 8cc. continuing to throw a ftrearn v 
 of fmoik againft the trees for fome time. . 
 
 If yoa apprehend the infection fprcading ^ 
 coniiderably, it is of confequence to fumi- v 
 
 * A late invention ; they are fold by the Brazier* 
 and Tin-men. 
 
 E gate
 
 ( 74 ). 
 
 gate the houfe throughout, caufing a thick 
 fmoiher, fo as to darken the houfe, keep- 
 ing the glafles clofe Ihut, which is of 
 great fervice in effectually exterminating 
 the infectious blighty race, proves very con- 
 ducive to the health and profperity of the 
 trees, facilitating a kindly growth, the 
 fruit fwelling freely to its proper fize, 
 which otherwife is apt to get fhorter, and 
 drop before it attains maturity. 
 
 In neglect of the above operation, you 
 will notice fuch {hoots as are attacked 
 with this blight or infect : caufing the 
 leaves and ftioors to ihrivel ; pick off the 
 mot infected leaves, and cut down the 
 flioots below the infected part, to prevent 
 the difeafe from fpreadmg. 
 
 Obferve, if Me fruit of appricot-, 
 peaches, and nectarines, {hould any where 
 fet in thick clufters, let them be thinned, 
 removing the worft, and retain the moll 
 promifing and faireft, fufficiently diftant 
 to give them room to fwell, without 
 
 thrufting
 
 ( 75 ) 
 
 thrufting one another off as they incrsafe in 
 bulk. 
 
 If any bunches of grapes' have the ber- 
 ries confiderably crouded, let the worft 
 and ill grown, be thinned out early, with 
 narrow pointed fciffars, to give the re- 
 mainder full fcope of growth, as well as 
 to admit the fun freely to ripen the whole 
 equally. 
 
 When the forcing feafon is pad, that 
 is to fay, when the fruits are fully ripened, 
 and for the mod part gathered, dp not 
 omit removing off all the glands, in or- 
 der to admit the full air and mowers of 
 rain to the trees, to ripen and harden the 
 young wood more effeiflually, and prepare 
 the general bearers for next winter's for- 
 cing, leaving the whole fully open, night 
 and day, till vuthin a fortnight of the next 
 forcing'time, when they Ihould be put on 
 again. 
 
 Relative to PRUNING, let the trees have 
 
 this operation annually performed ; cfpe- 
 
 E 2 cialiy
 
 C >6 ) 
 
 daily thofe which are trained wall-tret 1 
 fafliion,fuchas peaches, nectarines, apricots, 
 vines, cherries, &c. that are arranged 
 againft the trellis, and the vines trained up 
 under the glaffes ; all of which will re- 
 quire both a fummer and winter prunning. 
 In the fummer regulation, remove the 
 ill-placed and imperfect young wood of 
 the year, and any fuperabundancy, being 
 careful to train in a plenteous fupply of 
 all the well-placed perfect fhoots clofe 
 to the trellis ; in peaches and 'necta- 
 rines, appricots, vines, and figs, which, 
 bearing chiefly on the yearling fhoots, and 
 but one year on the fam wood, a general 
 Tiipply muft be retained in every part of 
 each fummer's fhoots, to chufe out of in 
 winter pruning for next year's bearers ; 
 as they all produce fruit principally on the 
 young fhoots, extend them moftly at full 
 lengch all fummer, and continue them 
 clofe to the trellis during their growih, 
 and until all the fruit is ripe ; but cheries 
 
 and
 
 ( 77 3 
 
 and plums, ?cc. in which the fame branches 
 continue bearing feveral years, not want- 
 ing a general renewal of bearers annually, 
 as peaches, &c. need at this time only, 
 here and there, a good fhoot in the moft 
 vacant ipaces, trained in. 
 
 In lummer-drefilng the vine, obferve 
 well the bearing llioots, which, being the 
 fame year's wood, let plenty of the fruit- 
 ful ones be trained in with great regulari- 
 ty, bqth to furnifh the fame year's grapes, 
 and as fucccffi-jn wood for next year's mo- 
 ther bearers , diverting them of any fide 
 flioots. Then extend them in length clofe 
 to the trellis ; not crofs one another, but 
 all parallel in she ncateft order : and when 
 the bran.hes of fruit are advanced in 
 growth, to difiinguifh their goodnefs, if 
 they are too abundant in any fhoor, dif- 
 place the worft and moft irregular, leaving 
 the largeft and fined branches, three or 
 four in a fhoot. , 
 
 E 3 In '
 
 ( 78 ) 
 
 r 
 
 In the winter-pruning you will obferve 
 ,of thole trees ranged againft the trellis, 
 , wall-tree famion, to continue the branches 
 , regularly trained, five or fix or eight inches 
 ,afundcr, forming a regular difplay of 
 , bearers, covering the fpaces allotted for 
 , each tree; at the fame time, to cut out 
 , worn out or blighted wooJ, and renew the 
 , place with young of laft fummer ; being 
 ^Ifo careful to continue each tree within 
 ,its limited bounds, fo as not to interfere 
 >w:th another. 
 
 ^^ e l ' me ^ or P er ^ orm i n g t ' 1 i s pruning, 
 may be as foon as the leaf falls in 
 November, efpecially in vines, but as to 
 peaches, n eftar'nes. Sec. they may be de- 
 ferred till near the time for bfginning to 
 force, when the fruit or bit (Tom buds will 
 be more advanced to enable you to make 
 a proper choice of the belt Ihoots. 
 
 Trees be .ring on the young wood, as 
 peaches, nedhrines, apricots, &c. muft re- 
 tain a general fupply of lait fummcr's 
 
 flioots
 
 ( 79 ) 
 
 (hoots in every part, for next year's bearers 5 
 and part of the old ones at the fame time 
 cut out in proportion, to give proper fpace 
 to train the fucctflional ftrpJMy ; cutting 
 out the fuperabundan yojng (hoots, if any, 
 and (hemming the reftrved ones as the dit- 
 ierent fees require, particularly peaches, 
 ne&arines, and apricots-, to encourage 
 their furnifrrng more certainly a fupply of 
 collaterals from the lower try es thr proceed- 
 ing fumrrer, as new fucceffion bearers, 
 which otherwife would be apt to rife moftly 
 towards the upper parr, and leave the bo*- 
 tom -, fo that it is right to fhorCen each 
 (hoot in the winter-pruning according to 
 its ftnngth, by pruning off about one 
 half, third or fourth of each, generally 
 cutting each to a leaf or branch bud to 
 furnifh a leader to the bearer, or to a twin 
 bloffom, having a wood bud ifiuing from 
 between, to afford alfo a leading (hoot at 
 the end to draw nourifhment more effec- 
 tually to fupply the fruit. And as to vines, 
 E 4 fhort^p
 
 fhorten them from three or four, to five 
 or fix joints or more, as mentioned more 
 particularly below. Cherries and plumbs, 
 which bear Jevcral years in the fame wood 
 upon fpurs, muft not have the (hoots or 
 branches fhortened, unlefs they moot out 
 of bounds, 
 
 Let the whole, as foon as prunned,* be 
 regularly trained to the trellis in order, at 
 eqyal diftances, not lefs than fix inches, 
 but vines double that diftance. 
 
 Standard cherries, or other fruit trees 
 m the forcing houfes, need but vt-ry mo- 
 derate priming ; remembering that in 
 thofe departments the heads ir.uft always 
 be kept within a fmall compafs, and the 
 branches thin and at regular -diliances. 
 
 Every year eiiher before or alter per- 
 forming th-e neceffary winter pi lining, it is 
 proper to dig the borders - r and once in two 
 years, add forne good rotttn liung, or iome 
 frefh loamy compoft, the whole neatly ; ig- 
 
 ged
 
 ( 8 1- > 
 
 ged in a fpade deep, taking particular care 
 not to difturb the roots of trees.. 
 
 The dwarf trees in pots (hould occafion- 
 ally have the earth flirred at top, and Tome-, 
 times a little of the old removed and re- 
 placed with f.-cfh loam, &c. or occafion- 
 ully fhifted in autumn into frefh earth, re- 
 moving them with the whole mafs of earth 
 about the roots entire, trimming off little 
 of the old earth, then having frem com- 
 poft of loam or other good rich earth in the 
 bottom of the new pot, place the tree with 
 its ball therein, and fill up all around, and 
 at t-,p add more frefh mould, and finifa with 
 a good watering. 
 
 All pots of trees, flirubs, and herbaceous 
 p rennial flowers, &c. when they are paft 
 Suiting and flowering, &c. fnould be 
 movtd into the full air in a fhady ? border 
 for the remainder of fummer and autumn, 
 loafing the earth at top,or fhifting thofe that 
 require it into frefh earth or larger pots : 
 not clefigned to force again next win- 
 E 5 tcr
 
 ( 8* ] 
 
 ter may be turned out of the pots into the 
 ground, (applying them with water all fum- 
 mer.and keepingthe whole clean from weeds. 
 
 If any choice bulbous and tuberous 
 roots have been forced, they may be taken 
 entirely up when the flower is p.ift and 
 the leaves begin to decay, in order to clear 
 off the increafed off-fets : plant them in 
 frefh earth in autumn, either in pots to 
 force again, or in beds for a year, and force 
 a frefh fupply the year enfuing. 
 
 Any other perennial plants, fhrubby, or 
 herbaceous, will be profperous if they have 
 a year of refpite from forcing, having 
 others ready potted to force at the proper 
 feafon. 
 
 Sometimes fruit-trees forced in the nar- 
 row departments, called Hot- Walls, are 
 contrived to have a year's reft from forcing, 
 by having a double portion of walling oc- 
 cupied with frames ; one fet of glafles to 
 fcrve both, made to flide or move along 
 from one part to the other, thereby afford- 
 ing
 
 ing an opportunity of forcing the trees 
 half one year, and the other half the year 
 following, alternately -, each half having a 
 year's refpite in their natural growth, to 
 recover a long (hare of ftrength, in which 
 they will have a better chance of producing 
 more eligible crops of fruit next forcing 
 fcaforu 
 
 BARK
 
 BARK-HEAT FORCING-FRAMES. 
 
 BARK-HEAT forcing-frames are eli- 
 gible where tanner's bark can be ea- 
 fily obtained, fo as to be cheaper than fire- 
 heat; in which cafe fuch forcing frames 
 are well worth attention, and will prove 
 very fuccefsful, by forming the bark into 
 a fubflantial hot-bed, in a deep oblong 
 pit or cavity, within the forcing houfe, 
 called the bark-pit. 
 
 This valuable material is the de'tached 
 bark of the oak tree, chopped to pieces, 
 for tanning of leather 5 and which after- 
 wards becomes an important article in 
 gardening, making the moft eligible hot- 
 beds in the world, being much fuperior 
 for its uniform, moderate, and dura- 
 ble
 
 ( 85 ) 
 
 ble temperature of heat, to horfe-dung hot- 
 beds, which arc apt to heat vehemently 
 at firft and foon decline, and not liable, 
 like thofe beds, to injure tender plants 
 by rank pernicious (team j but fupports 
 a fteady and growing heat three times 
 as long, adopted to almoft every fbrt of 
 vegetable growth j and the beft calculated 
 for forcing every kind of tree, flower, or 
 plant, as well ^ for the cultivation of the 
 pine apple, and all tender exotics. 
 
 A good bark-bed will fupport a moft 
 agreeable fine growing heat, three or four 
 months without further trouble ; and if at 
 the end of that time, the bark is forked 
 even to the bottom, loofening and well 
 mixing the parts together, it will renew 
 its fermentation, and recruit its declining 
 heat, for a month or fix weeks longer ; 
 and with the addition at the end of five 
 or fix months, of a portion of frcfh tiark, 
 equal to one third of the whole, working 
 up all well together, it will renew the heat 
 
 to
 
 ( 86 ) 
 
 fo effectually, that the fame bed will re- 
 tain a growing warmth, for nearly the year 
 round. 
 
 At .the end often or twelve months, 
 from the firft making of the Bark-bed, 
 it requires to be renewed from the tan- 
 yard ; you may previoufly fcreen the old 
 bark, removing all the fmall earthy ftuff 
 that paflfcs through the fcreen, then filling 
 up the pit with frelh bark, fufficiently to 
 allow for fix inches fettling, working up 
 and blending the new and old bark toge- 
 ther , and in a fortnight,, or a little more 
 or lefs time, the bed will acquire a proper 
 degree of heat, for the reception of pots 
 of plin'js, obferving lome precaution at 
 firft plunging, when the bed is new, left 
 the heat prove too violent ; either be care- 
 ful not to place them in the bark too foon r 
 or not to plunge the pots nrore than one: 
 third or half way at firil. 
 
 Thefe
 
 ( 8; ) 
 
 The r e moft ufeful hot-beds, are calcu- 
 lated not only for moft forts of forcing- 
 frames, but are the grand fupport of hoc- 
 houfes, and Pine-apple ftoves, which re- 
 quire th- joint aid of bark-beds, and fire- 
 heat, the latter however only in winter, 
 but muft have bark beds rhe year round; 
 without which the Pine apple, and fome 
 other tender exotics cannot be railed to 
 proper maturity. 
 
 The bark is to be procured by the cart 
 load, or by the bufhel, which, in the en- 
 virons of London, is commonly at the 
 rate of a penny or three-halfpence, and by 
 meafuring the dirnenfions of your bark- 
 pir, you will eaf-ly calculate the necefTary 
 quantity required ; making choice of the 
 frefh lately caft out of the tan vats 5 
 not inch as has lain long and become 
 anyways earthy, chufing alfo the mid- 
 dling fized in preference to the fmal), 
 which decays, exhaufts its vigour, and 
 
 becomes
 
 ( 88 ) 
 
 becomes eaithy fooner than the middling 
 and larger fized bark. Having obtained the 
 quantity required, obferve, if very wet, 
 being newly thrown out or" the tan vats, 
 1'pread it abroad in the fun and full air, or 
 difpofe it in little heaps, to drain off the 
 fuperabundant moiflurej then either caft 
 it together for a few days to promote the 
 fermentation, or, if the bark-pit is ready, 
 carry it there at once, filling up the pit 
 fume indies above the brim r to allow for 
 l.ettling. 
 
 Cbferve, that as bark is a fhort loofe 
 material, it cannot be formed into a bed,, 
 without being thrown into a pit to confine 
 it together, in the form required, which 
 pits for the bark-beds^ denominated 
 bark-pits, as formerly oblerved, being <rf 
 an oblong form, fix or eight feet wide, 
 by three and a half deep, and in length,. 
 proportionable to that of tlie Forcing- 
 houfe, in which they are made, are 
 
 fometimes
 
 forfletimes funk a foot or more into the 
 ground ; the reft above, and formed by a 
 furrounding thin brick wall, or thick 
 board or planking , fometirnes a fimple 
 bark-pit, not conftruifted within a-ny build- 
 ing, is formed in the open air, with glaifes 
 juit to fit and cover it at top, defigned prin- 
 cipally for forcing fmall plants .in pots, or 
 for containing yuung Pine-apple plants. 
 See Hot~bouje Departments* 
 
 Sotr.ecimes b*rk is employed together 
 with hot duag to fave expences, firfl hliing 
 the bajk-pit with new hot horfe-du-ng to 
 the briiiu, and i . n-n o twelve days when 
 it fcctk-s a foot, fill up the pit with die 
 bark ; which together, will effect a very 
 kindiy growing heat, but not near fo du- 
 rable as an entire bark- bed ; it however 
 will anlwer the pu;pofe of forcing feme- 
 f</rts of fruit tiees that foon ripen, fuch as 
 cherries, ibawberrieSj.ind any kinds of flow- 
 ers, kidney-beans, failading^afpuragus,, &c. 
 
 Bark
 
 ( 9 ) 
 
 Bark is alfo ufcd jointly with ho'rfc-dung, 
 in forming hot-beds in the open ground, 
 to be defended with common hot- bed 
 frames, making the btd either -with layers 
 of dung and bark alternately, or whh dung 1 
 below and bark at top ; in the former 
 method, begin with a layer of hot-dung 
 a foot thick, raifed up on both fides, and 
 at each end, to form a cavity for a foot layer 
 of bark, and to-fecure it from flipping 
 down ; covering this with fix or eight inches 
 of dung, railed on the fides and ends as 
 before, then afoot of bark at top of all, 
 iecured on the fides witn the raifed dung 
 as above; this being the o ly mrthod by 
 which a bark- bed can be made without a 
 pit, and makes a very kindly hot-bed, and of 
 much longer durariop than one of all dung; 
 fbmetimes a hot-bed being made almoft 
 wholly of hot dnng below, two feet thick or 
 more, is covered with afoot of bark at top, 
 forming a rampart of dung as above de- 
 j to contain and keep it up. 
 
 In
 
 ( 91 ) 
 
 In thefe hot-beds, place pots of young 
 Pine apple plants, to nurfe them, particu- 
 larly the off-let fuckers of the old (tools, 
 and crowns at top of the fruit, in Autumn, 
 to (hike them for propagation, and nurfe 
 them a month or two or more, or even 
 during the winter, lining the outfidcs of 
 the bed cccafionally with hot dung and 
 litter. 
 
 There a-e different kinds of Bark-heat 
 Forcing frames, agreeable to the ufes for 
 which they arc calculated, fome for fruits, 
 ethers for flowtrs, and fome times efculent 
 plmts i all foni.ed with a bark pit within, 
 from three or fcur to fix or eight feet wide, 
 and a yard deep or more, in whi. h to form 
 the bark-bed ; fome alfo with furnace and 
 fju-^s fcr fire. 
 
 Some Forcing-frames for bark- heat are 
 formed nearly in the hot-wall manner, 
 again !t any South fence, 'and only fix or 
 eight feet wide, with a three or four feet 
 wi^e ba;k pit, coniinued along towards the 
 
 front,
 
 C 92 ; 
 
 of front, with a border behind, of the farce 
 width, to admit of a row of trees trained to 
 a trellis ; another fort is formed in the 
 Pine-houfe manner, twelve feet wide or 
 more,, with a bark pit fix feet wide along 
 the middle fpace, admitting of a border, 
 both agaicfl the back \va.l and the front, 
 for a ro?.' of trees in each 5 or with the pit 
 continued forward to aiimit of a border 
 behind. Other forts are Contrived in the 
 manner of a deep garden- frame, but more 
 capacious in all re-peats, with the bark- 
 pit of the whole width, and the trees planted 
 on the outfiJe with the Item and head, ad- 
 mitted within, to train upon a trellis ranged 
 parallel to the top glaiTes; and fome being 
 alib made for a large garden-frame in a 
 pit, in which to receive pots of trees, 
 Ihmbs and flowers. 
 
 But the moft eligible Bark-heat Forcing- 
 frames for general work, are thofe of the 
 Hot-wall and Forcing- houle kinds. 
 
 The 
 
 .
 
 ( 93 ) 
 
 The HOT-WALL FRAME need only be 
 fix or eight feet wide, with a three or four 
 feet wide bark-pit, arranging towards the 
 front, admitting of the fame width behind 
 for a border, to receive a row of trees 
 againft the back-wall, which mould be 
 feven, eighr, or ten feet high, eicher of 
 brick, as the warmdt, or a ftrong thick 
 boarded fence, c'ofdy joined, which will 
 admit of a lining of dung occafionally, or 
 may be formed againft any ibuth wall or 
 clofe pailing already built; in either cafe, 
 form a wall in front one or two feet with 
 glaffcs, reaching from thence -to the top of 
 the ba<,k tvall, having the bark-pit formed 
 next the front, the whole length, and the 
 width in proportion to that of the whole 
 frame, and three feet deep, either woftly 
 funk, or if in danger of wet, one halt funk, 
 the other raifed ; the wall of which being 
 either four inch brick-work, or plan- 
 ked up, fo y ming tl'.e border behind, raifed 
 more or kfs according to the bark-pit, 
 
 plant
 
 [ 94 ) 
 
 plant a row of trees as in the fire-heat 
 frames, with fome vines on the outfidf , 
 to train in againft the inlide of the glafies. 
 Fill the ^ark-pit with .new bark from 
 the ranners in January or February, ac- 
 cording to the time you defire to have 
 the fruits, flowers, &c. in perfection. 
 When the bed is formed, keep all the 
 glafles clofe, it will draw up the heat 
 fooner, .and be of a good temperature in 
 a fortnight, in which may be introdu- 
 ced pots of ftrawberries, flowers, rofes, 
 kidney-beans, &c. all of which will grow 
 moft kindly. 
 
 THE FORCING HOUSE by bark-beat, 
 may be capacious, in the pine hot houfe 
 form, twelve or fourteen feet in the clear, 
 with a fix or eight feet wide batk-pit 
 along, the middle, allowing a fpace fora 
 broad border behind next the back wall, 
 and a fcnall one in front : the back wall 
 being built eight, .ten, or twelve feet 
 high, or any garden wall already built, 
 
 "full
 
 ( 95 ) 
 
 full to the fouth, with one in front only 
 a foot or two high j on which is placed 
 upright glaffes, four or five feet, and from 
 thence floping lefties continued to the top 
 of the back wall, as obferved in the fire- 
 heat forcing houle, ranging in two tiers, 
 which, as wtrll as thofe in the front, are 
 made to ilide open, and move quite away 
 occafionally ; the bark-pit the width above 
 mentioned is a yard deep, either funk more 
 orlefs as the ground admits, biu not raifed 
 too high to lha;!e the trees behind, and 
 may be either bricked or pl-anked on the 
 fides, but brick work is the be ft. 
 
 Trees are to be planted here in a row 
 next the bark wall, and either a trellis 
 fixed up, or trained immediately to the 
 wail, if no flues. You may plant a row 
 alio next the front glafles, where you may 
 have vines between the trees, 10 be con- 
 cluded up under the inc : ined or Hoping 
 lights, at top, or on the cytftde; with the 
 Items drawn in through fmall Apertures. 
 
 You
 
 You may begin forcing this frame Tn 
 January or February, making allowance of 
 a fortnight for the bark arriving to a pro- 
 per hear, -&ff er feeing put into the pit : fo 
 that if -t>he rnr refilled 'with new tan by the 
 middle' of January, rt will heat and bc-gin 
 to force the trees about the end of that 
 month, and continue its heat two or three 
 months ; or if at the end of two months, 
 it declines confiderably, fork it up to the 
 bottom, which will produce afrem fermen- 
 tation, and a renewed durable heat. 
 In this forcing houfe you may likewife 
 have tfraw berries forced abundantly, 'hav- 
 ing different fupp'ies of plants in pots, 
 placed under frames in winter, defended 
 from froft, ready to move into the forcing- 
 houie at intervals of three or four wteks, 
 to iucceed one another, plunging fome in 
 the bark-bed for the earlieft, others any 
 where in the hoiife near the glafles - 9 and 
 they will furnifh as fine ftrawberries, as in 
 the open ground, in their natural feafon ; 
 
 and
 
 < 97 ) 
 
 and by fupplies of frelh pots of plants 
 twice or thrice in the feafon, you may con- 
 tinue a fucceffion of fruit till the natural 
 crops come in. 
 
 Any kind of low flowering mrubs, flower- 
 plants and roots, potted and placed here, 
 will blow abundantly fine and early ; like- 
 wife may raife any curious annuil flowers 
 to an early bloom ; fow the feed in Fe- 
 bruary or March, in pots, plunge into, 
 the bark- bed, and prick out the feedling- 
 plants into other pots fingly : alfo feeds of 
 hardier annuals may be fowed here in pots, 
 to be forwarded for the open ground 
 bloom ; the young feedling plants being 
 hardened by degrees to the full air, either 
 for pots or the full ground. 
 
 Have alfo pots of kidney-beans, with 
 fome planted fully in the borders under the 
 trees j where likewife, if there is room, you 
 may have fome rows of early dwarf peas, 
 &c. 
 
 F Alfo
 
 ( 98 ) 
 
 Alfo occafionally in this bark-bed, you 
 may ftrike cuttings of various tender exo- 
 tics. Large orange and lemon tree flocks 
 may likewife be fet in the fpring. 
 
 As to the general culture or manage- 
 ment of this forcing department, the prin- 
 cipal care is occafional waterings, and the 
 admiffion of frelh air. 
 
 A HORIZONTAL FRUIT FORCING-FRAME, 
 by Bark-heat. 
 
 T H IS kind of frame is detached from 
 any wall or upright erecTion, is conftrucled 
 of wood, fomewhatin the manner of a com- 
 mon hot-bed frame, but confiderably wider 
 and deeper, having Hiding lights at top, 
 and is placed upon a deep pit for a bark- 
 bed, and the trees planted on the outfide 
 of the front, and trained with the branches 
 expanded juft under the glaflVs, in a fome- 
 what horizontal pofition , it is made wholly 
 of wood, clofe on every fide, having a 
 
 yard
 
 ( 99 ) 
 
 yard deep bark-pit funk underneath to fie 
 the frame; the trees being planted in a 
 border clofe on the outfide of the front ; 
 and the flem and head of the tree intro- 
 duced at bottom of the frame, and trained 
 to a trellis parallel to the glades. 
 
 This kind of forcing frame being made 
 with inch and half, or two inch deal board, 
 fix feet wide by ten long, three feet fix 
 inches deep behind, by half a yard or two 
 feet in the front, both ends in proportion ; 
 has two glafs fames to fhove up and down 
 and move away occafionally. Two, three, 
 or more of fuch frames may be conftrucl:- 
 ed to range in a line, with a bark-pit 
 proportionally long ; each frame having a 
 Hiding door behind for entrance to receive 
 the bark, and to go in to fork it up, to re- 
 new the heat, &V. 
 
 To fit thefe frames, a bark-pit of wood 
 
 or brick work is conftructed of ihe exact 
 
 width and length of one or more frames, a 
 
 yard and fix inches deep on every fide, 
 
 F a funk
 
 fonk 'half a yard, or more, if dry ground j 
 and at top of which is to be placed the 
 frame with its proper glaflVs. 
 
 In front of the pic, a railed border of 
 rich earth is formed three or four feet wide, 
 in which to plant the trees, taking fuch 
 as have three or four feet ftems, with 
 the heads trained wall-tree fafhion, and ar- 
 rived to a bearing ftate ; planting one for 
 each frame, in the middle of the front, in 
 a flanting manner, for the head to be in- 
 troduced in the frame towards the glafles ; 
 the top of the ftem being admitted at an 
 aperture in the bottom of the front of the 
 frame : and a trellis is conflrucled within 
 a foot from the glafTes, ranging parallel 
 thereto, on which to train the branches in 
 the manner of wall-trees. 
 
 The pit of this frame is filled with tan- 
 ner's bark, or hot dung, in February : then 
 put on the glafies 5 the heat will foon rife, 
 will fet the tre<es in motion, and early in 
 bloom j take care to cover the glafles in 
 
 cold
 
 cold nights with garden mats ; give frefh 
 air every warm funny day, and fometimes 
 water the branches of the trees when not in 
 blofiTom, with the fame precaution as ad- 
 vifed in the other forcing frames ; and the 
 trees will furnifh ripe fruit a month or fix 
 weeks before the common feafon. 
 
 If the bark declines its heat in fix weeks, 
 or two months, fork it up from, the bottom, 
 mixing the parts well, which will revive 
 the hear, and continue it more effectually 
 till May ; though if it is worked chiefly 
 with dung, and the heat is declined, it 
 muft be renewed, either by lining the out- 
 fide of the pit and frame behind, fubftan- 
 t:ally with hot dung, and by removing the 
 worn-out from the pit within, adding a 
 quantity of frefh hot dung, working up the 
 remaining old and new together. 
 
 Jf fharp frofts happen while this kind of 
 frame is in forcing, lay fome dry litter 
 around the outfide of the frame, to pre. 
 ferve the internal warmth. 
 
 F 3 A
 
 ( 102 ) 
 
 Pn ly bark- beat, is a fimp'e 
 detached frame, formed in the open air, 
 clofe on every fide, with glafies only at 
 top j it is about fix or eight feet wide, and 
 of any length require^ formed with nine- 
 inch brick walling, five or fix feet deep 
 in the back, to the bottom, by four in 
 front, both ends correfponding, funk 
 partly in the ground, if not wet, or let 
 about one half remain above the furface, 
 if in danger of wet below, and is fome- 
 times formed with a fire-place, and flues, 
 for occafional fire -heat, the flues carried 
 along the upper part of the back- wall, in 
 two returns, and may alfo be continued 
 round the ends and front, above where the 
 top of the bark-bed will come, allowing 
 for it to be full three feet depth of bark ; 
 a plate of timber being framed around 
 upon the top of the furrounding-wall, 
 from which let crofs-bars be ranged to 
 tjie top of the back part for fupport of 
 
 the
 
 the lights, which muft flide up and down 
 eafily. 
 
 This kind of frame being filled up a 
 yard deep at lead, with new bark, early 
 in fpring, January, February, or March, 
 as occaf:on may require, will prove of fin- 
 gular ufe in forwarding cuttings of tender 
 exotics, and others that do not reit freely 
 in the natural ground; and facilitating -the 
 frefh rooting of any newly potted tender 
 plants, &c. 
 
 Another kind of bark forcing pit is 
 formed entirely of wood, by poft and 
 planking five feet wide, as much in depth 
 behind, to the bottom, by four in front, 
 properly framed round at top, on which to 
 receive Hiding glaffes as in the other. 
 
 Sometimes a boarded forcing pit, is con- 
 ftructed all of an equal depth , trut is, only 
 a yard deep on every fide, and exactly the 
 width of a common hot bed frame. The 
 -pit being occafionally filled wich bark, 
 &c. and defended with the frame and 
 F4
 
 glafles, may be employed to much ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Any of the above defcribcd Bark-heat 
 Forcing-pits, muft be filled with bark a 
 yard deep, or with hot dung, and a foot of 
 bark at top, as obferved before ; and when 
 the beds become warm, plunge in the pots 
 of plants, roots or feeds. 
 
 If you have any quite dwarf cherries, 
 &c. in pots, you may try to fruit them in 
 thefepits; pots of ft raw berries phred to- 
 wards the front will fucceed. 
 
 Here you may alfo place many curious 
 bulbous flowers in pots; fuch as the 
 Polyanthus^ Narrijjus, Incomparalilis, and 
 other choicer Narciffus kinds, early Tulips, 
 Jonquils* Hyacinths^ Ptrjian Iris, Crocus 
 , Ranunculus^ dnemotie, Oncthoga- 
 lube-rofes. Pancratium- lily > Jaco- 
 j><a~liiy y Mexican-lily, and any other fpring 
 and fiimmer flowering bulbs. 
 
 Alfo fibrous -rooted perennial flowers, 
 fuch -as Pinks, Carnations, or any other 
 
 choice
 
 ( 105 ) 
 
 choice forts ; dwarf rofes, and other fmall 
 curious flowering fhrubs. 
 
 Seeds of oranges, citrons and lemons,, 
 when intended as flocks for budding upon, 
 in order to raife trees, if fowed in pots, 
 and plunged in the bark, will foon come 
 up, and efFedl a quick growth^ 
 
 A fort of clofe bark-pit is fometimes 
 formed two feet deep, either planked, or 
 four inch bricked, of the dimenfion of a 
 wide hot-bed frame, for forcing early peas 
 and kidney-beans ; filling the pit wiih baik 
 in January or beginning of February, and 
 puting on the .frame, cover the bark 
 fix inches with light mold, to receive the v 
 feed or plants. 
 
 Peafe may be fowed in December or 
 January, either to remain, or for tranf- 
 planting ; chufing the early dwarf forts. 
 If defigned to remain, let them be lowed 
 in drills, an inch deep j the rows fifteen 
 inches afunder; or, if intended to raife 
 the plants in readinefs to plant out when 
 F 5 the-
 
 C 106 ) 
 
 the bark-bed Is made, they may be fowed 
 a month or fix weeks before, either in the 
 natural earth, in a warm border, or in a 
 gentle hot-bed , or may be fown thickly, 
 in November or December, either in large 
 pots, or in the full ground, under a com- 
 mon garden frame, for tranlplantation, 
 giving them the melter of the glafies, if fe- 
 vere f.oft or (harp cold weather fhould 
 happen, and they will be ready for tranf- 
 plaming in January or February ; or if 
 thole in the pois do not rife naturally be- 
 fore Chriftmas, plunge them in a dung 
 hot-b.-d, to run them up; or fome may be 
 fowed about Chriftmas, or foon after, in a 
 hot-bed, or i.i pots plunged in one ; the 
 plants will foon coene up, give them abun- 
 dance of air in fine day*; and when they 
 are an" inch or two high, having then the 
 bark-bed, &c. ready, and covered with one 
 or more hot-bed frames, and earthed 
 fix inches deep with light rich mold, 
 take up >11 the plants, with all the roots 
 
 and
 
 and earth poffible, plant them in rows in 
 the earth, from the back to the front, fif- 
 teen inches afunder, and one inch diftant 
 in the rows ; giving directly a moderate 
 watering to fettle the earth to their roots, 
 and prepare them for rooting quickly and 
 foon flourifhing. 
 
 They muft here be conftantly defended 
 with the glafies, bir indulged wirh frefh 
 air at all opportunities in fine mild days, 
 by ihoving down or tilting the lights more 
 or It's, according to the *ea'her, giving 
 alfo moderate refrcfhmems of water ; and, 
 as the heat of the fcafon encreafcs, give 
 larger fupplies of frefh air, and water l;ke- 
 wite; when the plants have advanced (ome 
 inches in growth, add iome frefh earth to 
 both fi( 4 es of their ftems, and when they 
 advance to blofibm, be fare to admit plenty 
 of free ar; anJ in 6ne warn fun~,y days, 
 iliove the glaffes almofr entirely down, re- 
 peating alfo the wa er>ngs mose abundantly 
 when in bloom and the fruit fetting ; let 
 F 6 them
 
 ( io8 ) 
 
 them have alfo the advantage of moderate 
 warm fhowers of rain, they will thus fur- 
 nifh pods for gathering in March or 
 April, and by having one or two beds in 
 fucceffion, may continue a regular fupply 
 of fmall quantities as rarities, till the time 
 for the natural crops in May. 
 
 Kidney beans may be managed nearly 
 tne f ame manner, only they will not 
 fuccetd by previously railing the plants 
 in natural earth, nor muft they be lowed 
 earlier than February. Procure for this 
 purpofe fome of the fmall early dwarfs, 
 and if to be fowed at once, to remain 
 immediately in the bed, let it be earthed 
 fix inches with light rich earth ; then 
 draw mallow drills an inch deep, and 
 fifteen or eighteen inches diftance, place 
 the beans one or two inches apart in 
 each drill, they may be fowed in large 
 pats finally ta remain, four or five in 
 each, an inch, deep; plunge the pots in 
 the bark-bed without hiving any earth 
 
 at
 
 ( io 9 ) 
 
 at top, or 'he plairs may be firft raifed i 
 any hor-bed or h<n-houle, and bemg lowed *** 
 a fortnight or three weeks before you make 
 the bark bed for their final reception, 
 either thick in large pits to plant feparately, 
 at an inch high, or in fmali pots, three 
 or four beans in each, and when the plants 
 are two or three inches high, turn them out 
 with the balls about their roots, either 
 into larger pots to remain, or fully into 
 the bed furnifhed with earch at top for their 
 reception. Let each planting have di- 
 rectly a moderate watering, but fuch beans 
 as are not come up, muft be very fpa- 
 ringiy watered, much moifture would 
 rot them; let them be always defended 
 with the glaffes as advifed for the peafe, 
 indulge them with frefh air in fine rnild 
 days, and give moderate waterings as the 
 earth becomes dry. 
 
 Be careful as the plants advance in 
 growth, to apply frefh earth about their 
 ffcems,. to promote a ftrong and plenteous 
 
 Bloom/
 
 ( no ) 
 
 bloom, and an abundant crop will come. 
 .^perfection in Ap'il; and by two dif- 
 feren> J:eds you maycontinue the iuccefllon 
 to May and June; till fucceeded by the 
 earlv crops on warm borders. 
 
 For othrr particulars, fee Dung-beat 
 Forcing-' rames. 
 
 Melons and cucumbers may alfo be 
 raifed to penr&ton in the afore- mt-ir.io ned 
 bark pi s, under common hot-bed frames ; 
 the .'; oderate ftear-y durable heat of the 
 bark brd, is peculiarly calculated for the 
 culture of the [Melon, not making the 
 beds earl er than February tor either fort ; 
 the plants to be previoufly rai'ed from 
 feed, fowed a month before in a dung hot- 
 bed ; fowing the feeds either in a pot plun- 
 ged in ihe hot- bed, or in the earth of the 
 bed, they will come up in two or three 
 days. 
 
 In default of plants^ you may fow feed 
 at once in the bark, in the pkci's where 
 the plants are to remain, fome under each 
 
 glafs.
 
 ( III ) 
 
 glafs, which in beds, not made till February /#5*^ 
 or March, may fucceed very well, but 
 will not arrive fo foon to perfection by a 
 month. 
 
 Some imes a bark-bed is formed with 
 the wafte or caft off bark from old hot- 
 houfes i . March or Apnl, tor Melons and 
 Cucumbers; which, if not quite exhaufted 
 to an earthy fuoltance, an i not long caft 
 out of the bark-pit, being well worked up 
 in a bed recovers a moderate warmth. 
 
 Krep the brds conftantly defended with 
 the olafffS, and <'he(e covered every night 
 with mats till May, admit air moder.ite- 
 ly, by raifmg the lights a little, and give 
 moderate waterings j ec tKe glades be 
 always (hut down early towards even- 
 ing with mats, loon after fun fet,. unco- 
 vering them in the morning about fun 
 rifing, or loon after. 
 
 In {harp cold weather, defend the ouffide 
 of the pit and frame, with dry warm lit- 
 fer> or bank up with earth half a foot 
 
 thick
 
 ( 112 ) 
 
 to the to;. 01 r \t pit, to refift the 
 penetration of the fr- K, a d to :<e<p in the 
 hea , or if t e heat bv acu<Je>it d cays con- 
 fiderably, or that the we^thci is rxciem ly 
 fharp, renew the heat bv a lining >f hot 
 dung around the ou.fide of t e p.t and 
 frame; the back firft, then rhr front and 
 ends, at a fortnight interval ; heino careful 
 that the rank vapour or" the irtfh dung 
 does not penetrate internally, wh'.ch would 
 prove pernicious to thofe tender plants. 
 To prevent which as much as pofiibL, lay 
 a ftratum of earth at top of the lining, to 
 keep down the iieam and heat. 
 
 Givefrem air every fineday,by raifmgthe 
 upptr end of the light, proportionally to the 
 he at ot the bed and power of the fun, and 
 according to the early or advanced period 
 of die leafon, from nine or ten in the fun- 
 fh ne mornings, in the early feafon, till two, 
 three or tour in the evening; and in the 
 advanced f.afon, from feven,. eight or nine 
 in the morning, till fun-let, being very at- 
 tentive
 
 ( "3 ) 
 
 tentive to Ihutdng them clofe down, ei 
 when the weather over clouds, changes 
 fharply cold, or the wind is ftrong; then 
 hang a garden mat before the opening, 
 where the air is admitted, to prevent the 
 cutting air or winds, from rufhing imme- 
 diately upon the plants ; but mutthem down 
 always clofe an hour or more before fun 
 fet, in the early feafon : when, more ad- 
 vanced, and the plants ftronger, admit 
 more air, both earlier and later in the. day. 
 
 Refrefh the plants occafionally with light 
 waterings in funny mornings, from nine or 
 ten, to eleven or twelve, as you fee occa- 
 fion, by the earth becoming dry , having 
 particular attention not to over-water, but 
 always with great moderation ; nor t6o 
 frequent, efpecially the melons, when they 
 are fetting, or when the fruit is advanced 
 to full fize. 
 
 When the plants begin to make an ef- 
 fort to pufh their firit fhoots or runners, 
 by forming a bud in the center, flop or 
 
 pinch
 
 - 
 
 < H4 ) 
 
 pinch them at-the firft joint, which is ef- 
 fected by taking off the firft or fecondbud, 
 rifing in the bofom of the fecond rough 
 leaf, with the finger and thumb, or with 
 the point of a knife : this ftrengthens 
 the plants, making them grow robuft, and 
 bottom well, fo as that they will more 
 itrongly pufti out lateral runners to fill the 
 frame ; and which generally proves more 
 fruitful than the firft would if permitted to 
 run ; as the runners or vines of the plants 
 advance, lay them out regular, and peg 
 them down to the earth with fmall hooked 
 flicks. 
 
 l** When the plants mew fruit, particu- 
 larly the cucumbers, fet or impregnate tlie 
 fruitful or female flower, with the male 
 bloflbm, as directed under the article Fire- 
 'beat Forcing-frame, which muft, on no ac- 
 count be omitted. 
 
 The fruitful or female bloflbms are 
 eafily diftinguimed from the male; the 
 former always difcover the germen or em- 
 bryo
 
 ( "5 ) 
 
 bryo fruit, fituated immediately under 
 bafe of the flower, very confpicuouQy, be- 
 fore the bloflbm expands ;' and the male 
 flower, erroneoufly called falfe blofTom, 
 have no germen or apppearance of any 
 fruit underneath ; which male flowers are 
 often by the inexperienced, all pulled off, 
 but this is wrong , for, if all are removed, 
 the female or fruit bloflbm would prove 
 fterile for want of the fecundating powder 
 of the male ; you mould therefore only 
 thin them where they arife in thick clufters, 
 and remove all in general* according as 
 they clofe up and begin to decay. 
 
 Cucumbers from the time the fruit fets 
 will arrive to perfection to cut young, 
 in a week, or a fortnight, according to the 
 growth of the plants and good ftate of the 
 hot-beds. 
 
 But melons from the firft fetting of the 
 fruit will be five or fix wet- ks, and fome- 
 times two months before they arrive at 
 full maturity of ripends. 
 
 Having
 
 Having -remarked that for melons, a 
 bark-bed made with old wafte bark late!/ 
 caftoutofa pine houfe or ftove, fucceeds 
 very well for middle crops, formed either 
 in a common forcing bark-pit, or in a 
 boarded one; in February, March, or 
 April, have a good quantity of old bark 
 thrown together in a large heap, a week 
 or fortnight, to promote fermentation, 
 then make it into a bed, and it will re- 
 cover a moderate heat, but more effec- 
 tually, if augmented with about one third 
 of new bark ; however, in want of this, let 
 caft off bark fuffice, making it into a fub- 
 ftantial bed, three feet deep ; and having 
 fome fine fluff at top, fet the plants or feed 
 fully in the baik without any earth. 
 
 Being furnifhed with good plants or 
 feed, but ready raifed plants of a week, 
 fortnight, or month old, are moil eligible, 
 plant fully in this old bark, or with but 
 very little earth ; firft making (hallow 
 bafon-fafhioned holes, 15 or 18 indies 
 
 wide,
 
 wide, and fix deep, filling them either with 
 fine earth, or fome earthy old bark : 
 place two plants in each hole, cr in wane 
 of plan s, low fome feed, in each hole, 
 half an inch deep ; and when the plants 
 are a week old, thin out the neateft, leav- 
 ing only two or three of the t>eft in each 
 part. 
 
 As to culture in this place, keep the 
 lights of the frame conftantly on, with 
 mats at night ; and admit air in warm 
 funny days as before directed. Water will 
 be required, but very prudently, the bark- 
 bed fupports a moft agreeable moift heat 
 in itfelf, and confiderable waterings would 
 haften its decline : So give only very flight 
 waterings in warm days, cccafionalljr, 
 but fcarcely any when the fruit is fitting, 
 nor after it has obtained full growth and 
 beginning to ripen ; when water is to be 
 given, let it be at a diftance from the main 
 head of the plant ; for redundant moifture 
 is not only hurtful to melons in their gene- 
 ral
 
 ral growth, but more particularly in re- 
 tarding the embryo fruit from fetting 
 kindly, and the full grown fruit from rip- 
 ening with a good flavour. 
 
 If the heat fhould become very weak, 
 it may be renewed, by applying hot horfe 
 dung againft the outfide of the pit, firft in 
 the back, then by degrees to the front and 
 end, efpecially when the fruit is fetting. 
 
 Strawberries may alfo be fruited early, 
 and in a high ftate in bark-beds, new and 
 old, half and half, in any common bark- 
 pit, or under a garden frame , the plants 
 being two years old, potted with balls, 
 and placed in fnch a bed in February and 
 March, giving plenty of frefh air and water, 
 they will fruit in April and May. 
 
 Orange trees, lemon trees, &c. are ex- 
 peditioufly rooted in bark-beds, in wide 
 glafs departments. 
 
 In the fpring, great quantities of orange, 
 lemon, and citron trees, &c. are impprted 
 hither from abroad, previoufly railed with 
 
 tall
 
 ( "9 ) 
 
 tall large ftems, from one to three inches 
 or more, diameter, and from two or three 
 to fix feet length, budded at top a year or 
 two before they are fent ; and when fur- 
 nifhed with ftrong fhoots for the head, 
 they take them up, trim the long (hoots, and 
 the roots, and fend them here in bundles, 
 without any earth about the roots at all, 
 only wrapped up in mofs or the like. 
 Being planted foon after they arrive, in 
 pots, or tubs, according to their fize, a*nd 
 plunged in the bark-bed, they ftrike root, 
 and form as good trees, with handfome 
 heads, in about two years, as we can raife 
 here from the beginning, in ten, fifteen, or 
 twenty, for which reafon many perfoni 
 furnilh themfelves at the Italian warehoufes 
 in London, &c. at from three or four fliil- 
 lings to a guinea each. 
 
 They commonly arrive in the fpring, 
 and the fooner they are procured and 
 planted the better they will fucceed. 
 
 Place
 
 ( ao ) 
 
 Place the root end in a tub of water, for 
 
 a day or two, then wafli the roots and 
 
 ftems clean, trim of? the damaged parts of 
 
 the root, and prune the {hoots to fix, eight, 
 
 ten inches, or a foot long, lefs or more, 
 
 according to their length and fubftance, 
 
 in order to force out lateral (hoots below, 
 
 to form a full, compact, regular head, 
 
 then plant them in large pots, or in tubs. 
 
 Having for this purpofe a proper quantity 
 
 of rich light earth, blended, if poffible, 
 
 with fome good loam and rotten dung, 
 
 and placing fome tiles or ftones over the 
 
 holes at bottom of the pot or tub ; put in 
 
 fome earth, then plant one tree in each 
 
 pot or tub, fill up with more earth, and 
 
 give a watering to fettle the earth clofe to 
 
 the roots ; place it directly in a bark-bed 
 
 of a brifk heat, plunging down to the 
 
 rims, and they will foon ftrike root, and 
 
 begin to moot at top, and form tolerable 
 
 good heads by the end of fuoimer, they arc 
 
 to
 
 to remain here, until the middle or end of 
 July. Wrap a hay-band round the Hem, 
 ligh ly, juft to prevent the fun drying the 
 outer bark too much, and let them be well 
 fupjulied with water, but always with mo- 
 deration ; likewife on very fcorching funny 
 days a flight ihade is advifable ; and 
 when the trees begin to fhoot, let air be 
 freely ad nitted, and now and then water 
 over the Hem and head of the tree, as well 
 as on the earth in the pots, &c. which mud 
 not be luffered to get dry, but always be 
 kept moift. 
 
 If they produce the moots thin or ftrag- 
 ling, it is advifable in June to prune them 
 to a few eyes, to force out lower collaterals 
 the fame year. 
 
 In the middle or latter end of July, re- 
 mov them in their pots into the full air in 
 a def nded fituation, and fupply them with 
 plenty of water c!u:in tue dry weather; 
 here to remjin until O6t >ber, then to be 
 carried imo the green- noufe. 
 
 G For
 
 ( 1*2 ) 
 
 For want of a forcing-frame depart- 
 ment, in which, to ftrike- thefe treeSj it is 
 fometimes effected by plunging them in a 
 common bark-pi^, or. any temporary one 
 juft for that ..purpofe, contriving to erec"l 
 fome garden frames with the giafll s, at a 
 proper height to defend hot-beds, and the 
 hta <s of the trees, and draw them into 
 fhoots , ciofing up the vacancv ?t bottom 
 with mats, &c. or, inftead oi frames and 
 glades, you may defend them with an awning 
 covered at top and front with oiled paper, 
 formed as directed for oiled p 7 per frames. 
 Or, for wane of better, hav? a bark -bed 
 formed in a kind of temporary boarded 
 pit in the green-houfe or any glafs-cafe, 
 in which to pl> nge the trt-es. 
 
 New budded young orange trees may 
 be afllfted giea-lv in itriking, by plunging 
 them in Augufi, a.' foon as ihe budcing 
 is [eiiormcd in the ba r k bed for a tort- 
 night or three week ; the buds from the 
 fun, und the glafles fliaued in the middle 
 
 of
 
 C J23' ) 
 
 of the day, which will facilitate the union 
 of the bud with the ftock, giving the plants 
 air, day and night, andremoving them again 
 into the open air, or into the green-houfe, 
 with the windows all open till the end of 
 Summer.
 
 - { j "id 
 
 _ "_ 
 
 ftl 
 
 ,3ir- t! !l3 51 t a' :"-Hj ' 
 
 HOT-HOUSE OR STOVE; 
 
 HOT- HOUSE Departments, common- 
 ly called Stoves, are defigned princi- 
 pally for the culture of the pine-apple, and 
 other tender exotics ot the Torid Zone, that 
 require conftant aid of artificial heat all the 
 year, and that of actual fire in the winter, 
 and in the early part of the fpring. As 
 thefe departments ferve alfo to force to 
 early maturity fome of our choice fruits, 
 flowers, and etculmt plants, with very 
 little additional trouble, the hot-houfe 
 fhoul i be both of capacious width to ad- 
 mit of a lurge bark-pit within, and have 
 brirk wails ere&ed io as to allow fire- 
 pi ice* and flues, from November until 
 April or May, to lupply more effectually 
 
 the
 
 ( 125 ) 
 
 the cotiftant temperature of heat required ; 
 which is abouj^j^degt^es of *IlLJ^II3- 
 meter ; a curious mathematical inftrument 
 for meafuring the degrees of heat, and 
 \viHT which every fuch department fhould 
 be furniilied, as a fure guide to regulate 
 truTheat in the proper degree. 
 
 Hot-houfe Departments prove alfofin- c 
 gularly ufeful for forwarding to early per-* 
 feet ion many of our choice plants, fruits,,, 
 and flowers, facilitating the growth often- 
 der feeds and cuttings, and vines planted 
 in a border without fide of the front, and 
 trained into the houfe* 
 
 This building fhoukl (land fell ta tlie 
 ibuth fun, arranging lengthways eaft and 
 weft, fronted wholly with glafs-work* 
 
 The dimenfions fhould be cwke W 
 fourteen feet wide in the ekafy to* adffffe 
 of a bark-pit w'uhinfide, fix or eight ficg 
 wide, and an e%hter> iscb, or. two feac 
 alley all abound, both fides and K?S, for $ 
 The length may be fism 
 G
 
 ( 126 ) 
 
 to forty, fixty, or an hundred feet, &. 
 The height ten or twelve feet .in the back- 
 wall, by only two or three in front and 
 ends, on which to ere<ft the upright glaffes 
 jhead high, or about fix feet, wall and glafa 
 vrork together : and from the top of the 
 glafies, the inclined or floping lights are 
 ranged up to the top of the back-wall. 
 
 The walls ihould be a brick and hajf 
 thick, carrying on the fire-place and flues 
 as you advance with the walls, the furnace 
 for the fire-place being formed at the bot- 
 tom without fide, at either or both ends, 
 According to the length, .of the hovfe, If 
 but thirty or forty feet, one fire may be 
 fufficient ; but, if confiderably longer, two 
 furnaces will be requifite, each having its 
 pioper fet of flues, eight or nine feet wide, 
 proceeding within fide along the ends and 
 front, thence to the back-wall, extending 
 the whole length in three or more returns, 
 landing one over the other, feparated by 
 broad paving-tiles, the uppermoft flue run- 
 ning
 
 ning into the vent or. chimney at one 
 end behind; or at both ends, if two fire- 
 places. 
 
 The pit or cavity for the bark-bed, is^ 
 to be fix or eight feet in width, by three^ 
 and an half deep, continued along the t 
 middle fpace, the length- of the depart-, 
 ment, allowing a width of two feet cn w 
 each fide, and at the end, for a path, to ^ 
 pafs quite round : it may be .a foot or half ^ 
 a yard funk, the reft raifed ; forced by a^ 
 four or nine-inch brick wall, iuri\,unding t 
 the cavity, three feet fix inches deep 
 the bottom of the pit to the top ; 
 you fhould finifli with a plate of timber to 
 fecure the whole. 
 
 Some have the flues carried up diflin^ 
 from the walls, detached about two or three 
 inches, to have the advantage of all'. the 
 heat from both fides, without lofifig any 
 on the outer walls. 
 
 Some have alfo flues continued rouffij 
 
 the outfide of the parapat wall of th 
 
 G 4
 
 ( 1*8 ) 
 
 bark-pit, in order to have as long an extend 
 of flues as poflible, to obtain the greater 
 benefit of the heat, without wafting the 
 fuel ineffectually ; but it muft be detached 
 an inch or two from the pit-wall. 
 
 The glafs-work in front and at top, to 
 inclofe the whole internal fpace, is formed 
 upright, in front five or fix feet high, 
 'and inclined or Hoping over head ; the 
 upright range is to be creeled along the 
 top of the front wall, three or four feet 
 high or more, to proper framing of wood- 
 work, with the glaffes a yard and fix inches 
 wide, made to Hide-, Hoping fafhes of t-he 
 fame width, ranging from the top of the 
 front to that of the back wall, in two 
 tiers, fliding one over the other, and fup- 
 ported upon ftout rafters or bearers, ex- 
 tending from the back to the front, at a 
 proper diftance to receive the glaflcs : but 
 fometimes, in wide departments, there is 
 a third or fhort tipper tier, a yard length, 
 
 Exedj
 
 c 
 
 rf*e two lower 
 
 f>er which- ia fide 3*Kfe* $ve 
 g&ffes j~ the glaziers work- ftois 
 formed imb?icatk>nf mai?ne?y of 
 |>ane^or ftjusres of gfefelapp'e^ t 
 ever one' anotl^er^ like fiber tife* 
 .Jbufc, efptciall-y the 1 
 - effeftually to-diichafrge 
 .4iou-W be feid in putty, tfofl leai j. 
 fh^'uppig-bts in FOOC m'ajr be gl^ 
 common 1 way, ckfeer laid fe WGod ; OP J 
 Isad work ; bttcthey are not (b -effcdtualfy 
 water-tighc, a-s in- the fof mer n$atih*F. 
 When- defigned prlneipafly fof fi&e 
 rare e pine app-ks, che-maki. 
 hou- r c fhou4d have th afii^'ance 
 
 ^ or fometrmes- onl/ fimply, s- 
 Thefe are- oi -utility in- rearing the 
 pkics-ffom. tfhe -begjniangr arid 
 them ayear or two r till arrived to a* 
 ing f^ate^ then> to be removed Co iHe maifty 
 
 ro
 
 The SucceflionHoufe is fometimes formed 
 Jiearly on the plan of the main flove, but 
 *" generally of confiJerably fmaller dimen- 
 fions, efpecially both lower and narrower, 
 and fometimes to fave width has no alley in 
 front, but you continue the bark-pit quite 
 home to the front wall; furnifhed with 
 fine* for fire in winter, as in the large 
 houle. 
 
 A Succeffion Department is- fometimes 
 formed in the manner of at pk, as deferibed 
 under the artick BarkJjeat Forcing-pits ;. 
 being formed in the open air diftinft from 
 the other (loves, fix or eight feet wide, 
 inclofed with a brick wall r no upright 
 glaffes in fron-t, only fliding lights at top i 
 paving the back-wall fix feet deep by four 
 or five in front ; and the whole internal 
 ipace forming a cavity for a bark-pit, 
 three feet fix inches- deep; having flues- 
 langing rowid the walls within, for fires? 
 
 But
 
 Bet when there are cotfficferabfe colteff- 
 tfons of pine*, they, befkfes ffee? ffi&i& 
 ftove, and SuecefTion Houfc, fcave' aiflb> : J 
 fiill fmaller deparcrrrent, called & Sarfe- 
 pit, as a nuriery frame for the yotofig 
 plants of tfre year; this b formed B tlif 
 full air, five or fix fees wMe, h&viflg; s 
 nine inch wall, five feet behind by fow iff 
 front, with Hiding lights at fop * fern?* 
 limea wish one or two ranges of flue* 
 along the upper pan of the back-Wai^ ^ 
 make occafionaJ- fires rn- wincey, if t&er 
 young plants fhould be eontintsed 
 during that feafon. 
 
 The general procefs-of thefe 
 departments is as follows r the fma-ller 
 ones receive the yonrig plants^ crowa^ 
 and fuekers of the year, in Atttunw, to 
 ftukeand nurfe them t^/oo? thref fnontJis y 
 or during the Winter*- 
 
 They are then moved to the SaccefEbn-- 
 
 Houfe for a year 5 after whih- being; two* 
 
 G 6
 
 ( rj* ) 
 
 year-plants, arrived to a proper age and 
 ftrength for fruiting, they are then removed 
 to the fruiting-houfe or main Hove, in Sep- 
 tember or Odsber, 
 
 The ufe of haying fnraller flove or pit 
 departments, afiiftants to the main hoth 
 houfe for the culture of pines is this ; that 
 it not only affords more room m the rmin 
 ftove, to cultivate a larger fopply of fruit> 
 ing plants, without crowding thr pit'j, 
 but; the full grown plants fbcceed-i by * 
 Wronger -temperature of fire-heat, to fov- 
 ward them into fruit in due time m she 
 fpring, than is generally thought proper for 
 the infant ad fucceffion phnfs ; which, if 
 heated too- confiderably, are apt to fly inta 
 laiali trifling fruit, in Wiater>or Spring, a 
 year or. two before they attain the proper 
 fize: whereby you both lofe the advan- 
 tage of obtaining piae apples in due per- 
 fediort ; ,an4 of- having afupply of fucxef- 
 fipn , planta*to furnifli the fruiting-hoiiie 
 t-be. irjfuing year, foe young untimely
 
 ffuit-phnts prove ufelefs- for any future 
 p IT r pole. 
 
 By having diftimft departments for the: 
 yearling and fucceffion prnes* we can- -more- 
 readily fupport fuch a? medium of regular 
 heat, peculiar to the young plants* and 
 forward them properly in growth j with- 
 out forcing them' into fruit : to effe<5t this,, 
 you murV always keep the fire-heas in 
 winter of a moderate temperature, and 
 always very regular, never to raite the 
 thermometer 1 above the pine-apple (land* 
 ard, rather always under than over ; and 
 she bark heat alfo equal : by no means 
 plunging the pots finally, v/hi-le the heat 
 is very ftrong to force them too fa-ft in 
 growth : ts> prevent which the bark-bed 
 i* fometimes formed of only one halfraev/, 
 and the reft old bark of former beds, 
 worked up together, to effect a moderate 
 heat ; nor mould the bed in which the 
 plants are plunged-- be permitted t& got 
 before you fork it over, and add 
 
 a
 
 ( '34 ) 
 
 a portion of new bark, when the old b 
 exceedingly declined ^ for a want of heat 
 would, on the other hand, ftwnt the plants * 
 and, by ekhcr the extreme of heat or 
 cold, the young pine plants are almoft 
 certain to rwn up to fruit unfeafonablyj 
 fcut by obferving due moderation, both of 
 fire ana bark-heat, you may always have a 
 plentiful fupply of proper plants in two or 
 i three ftages ; the crowns and makers oi the 
 year, year old and two years phnts, be* 
 fides the fruiting plants in the mair^houfe. 
 The preparation of the pine-apple, as- 
 obferved above, is effected by the luckers- 
 produced from the bottom part of the old 
 plant, iffuing. from between the leaves - f 
 alfo by the crown or leafy part at top of 
 the ripe fruit, as well as by fmall fuckers- 
 emitted from the bafe of it - r all of which 
 are generally fit towards the end of fum- 
 mer and autumn, when the fruit is ripev 
 from July till Odtobers*
 
 At the proper time let them be de-. 
 tached from the mother plants and fruit, v 
 and kid in any dry part of the ftove or eJfe-. 
 where, to heal over the moift part that ad- c 
 hered to the plant, that it may not rot by t 
 the moifture thereof, when planted. Pro-c 
 ceed to plant them in fmall pots (4.85') of c 
 rich loamy earth j previoufly (tripping off\ 
 fome of the bottom leaves next the root t 
 part, to give liberty for the emiffion of t 
 fibres, which done, plant one fucker or 
 crown in each pot, filled with light rich 
 mould, prefiing the earth clofely around 
 them ; dire&ly let them be plunged into 
 any warm bark-bed^ or in a nurfery pit 
 already defcribed, and previously filled 
 either with bark, arrived to a proper heat 
 of a moderate temperature ; or hot dung, 
 having fome bark of any kind at top fix 
 or eight inches deep ; or in want of bark, 
 faw-duft, the fame depth, in which to 
 plunge the pots ; placing the taller plants 
 in rows, behind^ aod the loweft forward ; 
 
 giving
 
 a very m-odarace waterin'g to tl&r 
 earth, r-oc o-vcir ihe planes, bin jaft to fettle 
 them- firmly <n- the tartb of th>- pot, sad 
 facilitate their rooting, whic . they tona- 
 monly ^ffedtln a week's time,, and begin- to 
 grow.. 
 
 As 1 v/e have before noticed, rhsiV. 
 
 plants ii;afy be continued ia any 
 
 fcvepal months, if you are ia waat of rcsoas 
 
 in the larger departments, 
 
 j . Gbferve, as the cold feafon advances, Kr 
 
 , make a moderate Bre at night j if you are* 
 
 jot furnifhed with a fire place in fevers' 
 
 j -weather, line the outfide of the pir, &c, 
 
 round with hot-droig, efpecialiy if tbe heat 
 
 f of ths bark decreafss , and if a wooden 
 
 i frame and pit r line tip the fides the 
 
 ^frame alfo- with* dry litter y to keep out the 
 
 ^froft, and to retain the heat* 
 
 } Obferve Ukewiie during tHe winter, tap 
 
 grvc only * moderate por-cion'of air in fine: 
 
 jwarna fur>y day*,, by fliding fome of the' 
 
 g}afls are iach or two down ; water mud
 
 C '37 ) 
 
 be ufed with great moderation and caution ,. 
 all winter, not above once a week or fort- t 
 night, very lightly on the earth of the pot, 
 only, not over the leaves at this feafon. v 
 Cover the glaffes every night with thick v 
 garden-mats, or hi very fcvere frofts, with 4 
 Jitter alfo, if it ihall Teem neceffary ; but t 
 as the fpnng and power of the fun ad- t 
 vances, encreafc the portion of frefh air, t 
 as alia of watering, but always very mode- v 
 rate. 
 
 Then as to fpring and fummer's culture,' % 
 obferve the neceflary precautions of pre-v 
 ferving the heat by the rules advifed* 
 above; and of admitting frelh air and v 
 giving oceafional light waterings, in fine % 
 warm days ; for we rauft ftill keep up the v 
 heat moderately during the fpring and^ 
 fummer months, till September, this being 
 the principal growing feafon of the plants-; v 
 therefore about April they will require to* 
 have the bark forked up and mixed with 
 about one third of new, removing firfl away w 
 
 the
 
 ( "38 ) 
 
 the moft earthy parts of the old at top and 
 fides, then work up the remain' ng. old and 
 new together, and directly re-plunge the 
 .pots. 
 
 ^ )Jf,apy have been wintered in dunghot- 
 ^)cds, .citjiier ..in a ,pi,t, pr.,iri beds in the 
 <>pea ground, that heat will alib require 
 .renewing. 
 
 as the plants in general have 
 pretcy confiderably in growth, 
 they muft be fhifted into larger po^s in 
 proportion to their fize, which will be re- 
 quired twice a year, fpring and autum ; 
 April or -early in May for the fpring fliifo 
 ing, and Auguft and beginning of Septem- 
 ber for autumn ; adapting the fize of the 
 pot to that of the plants; the firft fhifting 
 may be from 48$. or 645. into 325. thence 
 into 245. or fixteens finally to remain. 
 At each fhifting be careful to have good 
 frtfa loamy compolt, or any rich light 
 loamy foil, or good garden mould, for the 
 new pots, in which,, previoufly place pieces 
 
 of
 
 . 
 
 of tile, or oyfter-fhcJl over the holes, at 
 bottom, then fome freih earth ; and 
 having the pine-plants ready, proceed 
 and fhift them, j^ot and pot .at a time, 
 turning e.ich plant put cf jts prefent 
 .pot, jv.ith the ball of earth enure about 
 the roots* placing it therewith in the new 
 pot, filling up around with more new 
 jtyu'.h, and tipiih with a moderate water- 
 jn,,i -, th^.QbieryJng attach ikye of .fnift- 
 4ng to have the bail; Ued ready forked 
 over, adding fome new if wanted ^.b^C 
 particularly the fpring fliifting, and dire<5t- 
 iy i'c-piwngc t-nc puis in me oafac. 
 
 In the operation of {Lifting, you will 
 . pbferve -if any plant is in a weak fickly 
 itate, it is proper to detach moft or .all of 
 the old earth from ihe roots : examine 
 them, if any diieaied or decayed parts ap- 
 pear, either of the -fibres cr njain ftoek, 
 cut them off and wafli all the rotten part 
 well in water, then put ihem in frefh 
 
 mould,
 
 C 140 ) 
 
 mould, give water, and plunge them in 
 the bark. 
 
 As the young plants in their proper pots> 
 advance in growth, they muft be taken up 
 and replunged thinner, and fome removed 
 -into other departments; that if they are 
 crowded confiderabfy in any nurfery pir^ 
 the largeft ihould be removed into the 
 next larger department, fuch as the fac- 
 cefion houfe, or occafionally into the mam 
 houfe, if you have no other, and: that there 
 is room ; but where there is a fircceflion 
 pit, &c. by n-o means crowd the fruiting 
 plants in the main f!ove, with others not 
 yet arrived to bearing, but continue thenv 
 always in the nurfery departments, if pof- 
 fible, till the fecond autumn *, then being 
 of good iize, remove the general fuppPy 
 of large plants into the fruiting, which 
 fhould every autumn, at the end of Sep- 
 tember, or in October, be filled with a fuc- 
 ceflion of uew fruiting pUnts>
 
 ( t 4 I ] 
 
 When there is onl one common ftove 
 or pme-houfc, both to raife the plants 
 from the beginning,, and to Tear them to a 
 fruiting -date, the whole m,<y De e .t&ed 
 within the iame department, ihough not 
 always wkh equal iucc fs, JSeinti p-o- 
 vided with a pioprr upply of fruiting 
 plants, at firft fetting off, and iuc^ffion 
 ones fo the fucceeding years rruit ; then 
 the crowns and fuckers they produce, 
 being potted in fmall pots, may be plunged 
 in the bark-bed as cloie together as pof- 
 flible, or (lowed between the pots ot large 
 plants whenever there is anv room, fo to 
 take up but as little fpace as poffible, to 
 admit of proper room for the fupply of 
 fruiung plants , and as thefe iyouog ones 
 advance in growth, fliift them into larger 
 pots. 
 
 In this general hot-houfe for both old 
 and young plants, be always careful during 
 the winrer leafon, not to force confider- 
 ably with *oo great fire-heat, left it drive 
 
 all
 
 ._,,' (I ,4*-- ) 
 
 all the young frowns, ftltkcrs, and fuccef- 
 fion plants i> to ^rulr ; you fhould be par- 
 ticul- -lv careful to haW thA fires moderate 
 aikP^uaV'ToW never 'to raife the thermo- 
 meter above the d gree masked an-tnas. 
 
 Though' even in this 'cafe, of having 
 only one ftove Department, and that 
 greatly crowde 1 with y6ung plmts, they 
 may be mbved out in fummer, from 
 April or May, until October' or iNJbvem- 
 ber, in a fubftamial dung-heat bed, under 
 a common hot bed frame, rKe bed be'iig 
 firft red need to a moderate heit, having 
 old -or new bark at top, or into a boarded 
 baVk-pit, of a yard deerj, fitted to the 
 width and length' of oh'e 'or 1 more of the 
 above-mentioned hor-bed fiamc.s filled 
 with bark ; and in either of w' i h nu k-ry- 
 beds, plunge the pots of voting pines, out 
 or ihv mam' ftove, togiv.- room co the \ sit- 
 ing plants, and that the young' ones' may 
 alio nave more room to iirow. In O^lo- 
 ber or November, the itove Ail. b- t ,in* 
 
 ned
 
 ( 43 ) 
 
 ned from the prefen: year'o fVairincj plants*- 
 which may be m '.wed therein f r the A inter. 
 With regard to the general manage-'- 
 ment of the h n-ho fe or (love, take the 
 following obfervations. 
 
 Thi bark-pit orthe- ftove muft be coni 
 tinuedfull of tanner's bark the year round, 
 and Btes kept in wint r and the tarly part 
 of the 'pring ; the bark- beet all the year in 
 fome ftoves being necefiary to'efFsft a con*'; 
 ftanr regular heat in all ieaf-ms, and in 
 which to plunge the pots of pine plants 
 always to remain ; tor they will not fuc- 
 ceed or fruit well, without being placed 
 with their roots in the pots, in the kindly 
 moift warnith of the bark-bed, which is 
 peculiarly adapted to the growth and fruit- 
 ing of thefe tender plants. 
 
 The hot-houfe and other pine- apple 
 departments fliould have (he bark pit 
 filled vvith new tan or bark, every autumn 
 fcafon about Odober, wh-n t: e old beds 
 are pieity wtll cleared from the <i other 
 
 plants
 
 c 144- ; 
 
 plants that produced the fame year's pine- 
 apples ; and at which time, after having 
 refrefhed the bark bed, that of the main 
 houfe muft be filled with a fupply of new 
 fruiting plants of two years old from the 
 fucceffion honfe, this furnifhed with year- 
 ling plants from the nurfery-pits, and 
 thefe with young crowns and fuckers of 
 the year, taken new fro;nthe old mother 
 plants for propagation, to fupport the pro- 
 per flock, in three different ftages of growth 
 one under another. 
 
 Obferve alfo of the yearling and fuccef- 
 fion plants, they mould likewife have the 
 bark bed, &c. renewed in Odober, either 
 wholly, or half new, worked up with the 
 old, plunging the pots of plants in the 
 bark, &c. with the precautions and regu- 
 larity advifed for the fruiting plants. 
 
 Any other very tender exotics that re- 
 , quire bark-heat to fupport their proper 
 ; growth, mould alfo be now plunged^ in 
 , the bark bccT, KucIT as
 
 ( U5 ) 
 
 &c. though moft farts, except the pines, 
 will fucceed, placed any where in the ftove, m 
 upon fhelvf-s, and the fu culrnt plants, 
 being of a flefhy moift temperature, may be 
 placed on the top of the flue, and other 
 dry pans of the houfe.- 
 
 The bark-bed formed of entire ne 
 bark in October, will k'.-ep a proper tern-** ** 
 peratureof hear, till January or February .^ 
 when, if it is much declined, take up all*. 
 the pots, and fork the bark over to the,,.- 
 bot:om, plunging the pots again dirrdly,^ 
 and this operation will renew the heat til! v 
 March or April, at which time an addi-c 
 tional lupply of about one third or more of . 
 new bark will be required \ firft removing^ 
 all the worn out earthy Huff at top and ticks, ^ 
 afoot down, then fill up with the iup^ly^ 
 of new bark, forking up the who'e, new . 
 and old 'together to the bottom, and* 
 plunging the p >ts as before, it will, after * 
 this, main-ain a go--d he.it all futnmer, %, 
 till Scpte, nber or October, when, having %. 
 H moflly
 
 moftly exhaufted its fermentative property, 
 it mult be almoft wholly removed, and the 
 pic filled up with entire new bark, as at 
 firft, prcrvioufly fcreening the old in the 
 pit, retaining the large, and clearing out all 
 the earthy part that p.dTes through the 
 fcretn, then adding the new, wording it 
 up with the remaining old, raifing the 
 whole foijie inches above the brim of i he 
 pit-wall, as it will f ttie half a foot in two 
 or three weeks. Having fermented to a 
 proper degree of ht?a ; , in a week or fort- 
 night, it will be icady to receive the 
 fupply of new pine plants- in th.ir pots, 
 as before directed; and thus the bark-hed 
 of thife dtpartmt-n s, for the cu)tu e of 
 pines and other tender exotics, iruft be 
 an nu a 11 y x managed. 
 
 All Win er, from November until April, 
 or longer, tne internal heat muft be af- 
 fiftcd wiih fire- heat, of coal, 'wood, peat, 
 or turf, iuch as may be m<.ft conveniently 
 obtained, every night, from iun-fct till 
 
 nine
 
 r 147 ) 
 
 nine or ten o'clock, to maintain a .proper 
 heat till day light ; in cold, or very raw 
 foggy mornings, make v alfo a moderate 
 fire, and in levere weaiher continue it with 
 moderation all day, or every oiher day, as 
 it ihall feem nectrflary; being directed by 
 the thermometer, which fhould be conti- 
 nued alvvays in the fiove, as your guide; 
 it having the degre. s of heat for pine- 
 apple and other phnts of fi mill r tempera- 
 ture, generally ma-ked ananas, and the 
 re heat fhould be regulated accordingly, 
 to keep the fpirit of the thermometer 
 uithin, ab ut 5 over or under. Beiore 
 Chriilmas, keep the fires more modera e, 
 bur afterwards, by gradual increaft 1 , a lictie 
 briiker, in order to forward pines into 
 fruit, in February and March, ftill how- 
 ever observing the thermometer as your 
 regulator. 
 
 Likewife during the Winter, keep fires 
 in fuch of the lucceflion pine~:'pplc de- 
 partments as are furnimed with flues, but 
 H 2 keep
 
 -;( 148 ) 
 
 keep them more moderate than in the 
 fruiting houfe, for fear of forcing them 
 "into fruit a year roo foon. 
 ' In rigorous frofty wearher cover the 
 glaflls at top, either with large garden 
 mats, or extenfive painted canvas cloths, or 
 rolls, to let do*n and pull up by pullies 
 and lines ; which occafional canvas is to 
 be ufed only in fevere frofty nights, nail- 
 ing mars alfo againlt the front glades ; 
 and if the froft continue remarkably in- 
 tenfe, and no fun, the top covering may 
 be continued occafionally in the day time, 
 but only during the very frvere wear.her. 
 
 Admit frefh ai; o tafionaliy, both in 
 "Winter and Summer , in Winter wuh 
 caution, in lun-lhine calm day<, from 
 nine, ten, or eleven in the morning, till 
 two or three in the af einoon, a- cording 
 to the power of the fun, an . external 
 he, t of he tiove, &c. by Hiding iome of 
 the from glades a 1 ttle way open ; being 
 fare to mut dole in due time in the aft^r- 
 
 noon,
 
 ( 149 ) 
 
 iron, or fooner, if the weather changes 
 cloudy, or tHe air blows (harp. As the 
 warm weather comes on$ give air more 
 feeely in all funny daysj and when the 
 fun is vehement, freely draw open the 
 glafles. 
 
 Ocafional waterings are neceflary at all 
 tin es of the year, not however above once 
 a week in Winter, juft to keep the earth 
 in the pots moderately moift, but not to 
 water over the leaves at tTiis feafon. In 
 the advanced warmer feafon give water 
 freely, and in the heat of fummer, two or 
 three times a week. 
 
 Watering muft alfo be performed to all 
 other plants in the hot houfe -, thofe 
 plunged in the bark, will not require it 
 fo frequent or abundant, as thofe placed in 
 the open fpace, upon the (helves, flues, 
 cc. the woody kinds will require it mod, 
 the herbaceous forts muft alfo have a pro- 
 per (hare j the fucculent plants require it 
 lead, but thefe muft not be neglected, 
 
 H 3 The
 
 ( '5 ) . 
 
 The old pine- apple plants, after having 
 once borne fruir, produce no more, but 
 they furniih ofF-fet fuckers, as before 
 remarked. 
 
 The crown or top of the ripe fruit is 
 feparated when lerved at table, not before j 
 and from thefe the pLnts are encre.ifed, 
 and the fpecits continued. If any old 
 plants, after the fruit is cu:, furnifh no off- 
 lets, cut down the leaves near the bottom, 
 and plunge them in any hot-be^;, or b.rk- 
 bed, whcie there is a brifk hea r , which 
 will facilitate their emitting iu- kers, which 
 are to be detached, and planted in fmall 
 pots plunged in any h,t bed, and ma* 
 naged according t > the former directions ; 
 and by thus propagating a fufficient quan- 
 tity every year, you wiil be fupplied with 
 a conftant fucceflion of fruiting plants ; 
 both fuckers and crowns, requiring ge'ne- 
 rally two years to grow to a proper fize, 
 to produce good fruit. 
 
 In
 
 C '5' ) 
 
 In the hot houle the various other exo- 
 tics kept for variety being potted, they 
 may be placed wherever . there is room, 
 and fhifced occafiorully into la r ger pets 
 and frefh earth, oner i.i a year or two, as 
 they Or all require. 
 
 Kidney-beans, cucumbers, fmwberries, 
 &c. by being placed in pots, and dilpo:ej 
 in the houfe, will fucceed abundantly well 
 in this degree of heat, and may be conti- 
 nued in fuccefiion till the feafon of their 
 natural growih. ^For_pa_tLu]ars in their 
 obferve what is circc^d un- 
 
 der the articles Fire-hzat and B.irk-beatJFor- 
 c in? frames ; the cucumber has generally the 
 belt chance in the pine- (love , having con- 
 trived ta raile the plants previouQy in any 
 dung hot-bed, &c. in fmall pots, and when 
 in the large rough leaves, turned out with 
 balls into large pots or boxes as before 
 defcribed. 
 
 In the hot-houfe, you may have pots of 
 
 flowers, of the bulbous and fibrous-rooted 
 
 H 4 kinds,
 
 ( '52 ) 
 
 kinds, placed upon (helves, plunged in 
 the hurk-bed : Like wife feeds of tender 
 annual flowers, fuch as balfams, globe- 
 amaranthus, and the like, (owed in pots in 
 February and March, and plunged in the 
 bark bed, will grow freely, and when an 
 inch or two high, prick them ftparatc-ly in 
 fmall pots, giving water, and plunge them 
 alfo in the bark, lupplyirg them with 
 water, and as they grow large, Ihift them 
 imo larger pots. Any other early flower- 
 ing kinds, iuch as ten-week flocks, &c. 
 may be foon raifed to a handfome flower^ 
 ing-ftate. 
 
 The hot-hcufe proves exceedingly con- 
 venient, in linking cuttings of various 
 tender exotics, both green-houfe and ftove- 
 kinds; planting them many together in 
 pots, and plunging them in the bark-bed. 
 Alfo new potted plants having bad roots, 
 or fuch as you would run off expedidoufly, 
 by taking frelh root, which may be effeft- 
 
 ed,
 
 ( 153 ) 
 
 ed, by plunging them in the bark-bed, fcr 
 two or three weeks. 
 
 Pots of choice flowering (hrubs of fmall 
 growth may be placed here occafionally 
 in Winter and Spring, to forward them 
 early into flower, fuch as rofes, fyringas, 
 honeyfuckles, ciftus, oleanders, oranges, 
 hypericums, &c. being potted and trained 
 with low heads, and placed in any vacant 
 part, they will blow early in tolerable per- 
 fection, though they are oftener fuccefsful 
 in a more moderate heat than this of the 
 pine-fiove ; however, place them in the 
 mofl airy fituation, towards the front and 
 ends, and they will have the better 
 chance. 
 
 By planting vines for training into the 
 hot-houfe, we have always the opportunity 
 of obtaining early grapes without trouble. 
 
 For this purpofe, fome good three, four, 
 
 or five year old plants arrived to bearing, 
 
 fhou'd be planted in November dole 
 
 againft the front, in any light warm -foil, 
 
 H 5 ons
 
 ( '54 ) 
 
 ene againft each fupport of the glafies ; 
 and being pruned to one ftrong (hoot for 
 a ftem, fcveral feet in length, train it in 
 through 'a hole, two or three feet from 
 the bottom, thence lead up along the 
 main fupports or bearers of the front and 
 inclined glafies : afterwards fome fhoots 
 trained at wide diftances under the top ' 
 lights, and managed as directed in the ar- 
 ticle, Forcing-houfes, Vineries, &V. they 
 will here, without any other care than an- 
 nual pruning, produce grapes in the 
 greateft perfection, two months before 
 thofe in the open ground, and with an im- 
 proved rich flavour. The proper forts of 
 grapes for the above purpofe, are exhibi ed 
 in the article Forcing-houfes, in the ire- 
 heat departments, &c. 
 
 The culture of pine-apples, without the 
 affiftance of hot-houies, or fire-heat, is 
 fometimes effected with fuccefs. 
 
 A bark and dung- heat department, is 
 
 employed
 
 C 155 ) 
 
 employed for this purpofe, to fave the, 
 expence of larger ereclions. 
 
 It confifts of a pit formed in the open 
 air, fix feet wide, and covered with flid- 
 ing-glafles at top, being either fix feet 
 deep behind, by four or five in front, and 
 fiHed a yard and fix inches deep with bark, 
 and the outfides occafionally fupplied with 
 hot dung. Or, a pit formed three feet 
 fix inches deep on every fide, either with 
 a wall of brick, or with (irong deal boards ; 
 augmented at top with large garden 
 frames, made exactly to fir, and furnifhed 
 with Hiding-lights ; the pit being in length 
 fufficient for one, two, three or morefuch 
 frames, ranging in a line, of inch and half 
 or two inch deal, and three feet fix inches 
 in the back, and two and a half in fronr, 
 for ra-ifing the young plants, but for the 
 fruiting plants, four feet and a half, and a 
 yard C>x. inches in front, by ten or twelve 
 feet lung each,, with three Hiding lights at 
 H 6 top,
 
 top, three upright ones in front, and one 
 at each end. 
 
 To have this as convenient as pofilble, 
 one frame or a fet of frames might be 
 contrived to ferve a double portion of pit ; 
 the frames made to flide along from one 
 divifion to another ; as the heat in the 
 firft declines, make a frefh bed in the re- 
 ferved pit, then (hove the frame along 
 over it, lo moving the plants in their pots 
 accordingly-, which will be particularly 
 convenient when dung htat is intended, 
 in which three or four new beds will be 
 required to continue the plants the year 
 roundi 
 
 If intended to work with dung entirely, 
 it may be affifled without any pit at all, 
 making the beds on level ground, and 
 defended with the frames ; four different 
 new beds will be; required, as aforefaid, 
 to carry the plants on through the year, 
 and each bed iupported with occafional 
 linings, 
 
 Biu
 
 ( '57 ) 
 
 But to have every thing as convenient 
 as pcflible, it is pioper to have both a nur- 
 fery -frame, and a fruiting frame ; that is the 
 nuriery frame to ftrike and raife the young 
 ' plants, and the other to teceive the large 
 plants to fruit them , but the nurfery 
 frame need not be fo deep by a foot, or 
 half a yard, as the fruiting frame. 
 
 Let the pic for thele frames be formed 
 wirh nine inch brick work, or ftrong two- 
 inch planking, nailed to proper pofts fixed 
 in the ground ; and either funk half a yard, 
 more or lefs, according as the foil is wet 
 or dry, obiening, if to be worked chiefly 
 wlh tiung, a boarded pit is rather thebeft, 
 throwing in the heat more effectually ; or 
 even, if for bark hear, the fame kind of 
 pic is very proper, in order to receive the 
 afliftance of occafional dungipg externally ; 
 for the fame purpoie, it mig* t be brick in 
 front and both ends, and boarded behind ; 
 or a moveabie temporary pit, rramed with 
 
 ftrong
 
 ( '58 ) 
 
 fbong planking for bark-heat, might be 
 continued. 
 
 Have the mi fery-frame the fame width 
 of the pit, three fee: fix in-hes behind, by 
 two and a halt in from, an 1 ten and a half 
 long, with three lights at top. 
 
 The nu:f ry frame for the reception of 
 the crowns and fuckers of the year, will be 
 requited in Auguft or September, to con- 
 tinue them here one year, or till large 
 enough for fruiting, then to be femo\ed 
 into the fruiting frame ; obferving, that 
 during their abodr in the nurfery-frame, 
 they may be lupplitd w th frefh air and 
 occafional waterings, confident with the 
 rules explained in the hot houle culture , 
 covering the glades every night with mars ; 
 and, as the heat declines, the outfides to 
 be fupplied with hot-dung. But a new 
 bed will be required every two or three 
 months during the winter, from Oclober 
 till March or April ; thence once in three 
 months till the end of fummer, defending 
 
 each
 
 ( 159 ) 
 
 each bed with dry litter, or a rampart of 
 dry ea r th. 
 
 The fruiting-frame fliould have the pit 
 filled with newbask, ordurcgand barkroge- 
 th-r, about the end of September or in O - 
 tober. At this tinr.e, fill the pic a yard fix 
 inches deep, either with entire new bark, as 
 the moft eligible for its regular and durable 
 heat the year round. Or if more fuitable 
 to your convenience, fiil the pit wuh frclh 
 hoif~ ftible-du-ig, in the manner of mak- 
 ing common hot-beds; and in a week or 
 fortnight, when fettled about a foot, fill 
 u wiih bark, new or old, as can be ob- 
 tained, or with law-d-jft, to keep in the 
 he.it, and in which to plunge the pots. 
 Put on al! the glaffe?, keeping them clofe 
 till they draw up the heat, then open a 
 little for the fteam to pafs away. 
 
 If you judge the heat is too great, 
 plunge the pots only a little way at firft, 
 and fully to their brims in a week or fort- 
 night after, as obicrved of the hot-houfe, 
 
 difpofing
 
 ( 1 66 ) 
 
 difpofing the talleft plants behind, down 
 to the loweft in front; and directly put 
 on the gldfles, and manage as before di- 
 refled, as to warmth, air and water. 
 
 If the hot-bed in the pit is of tanner's 
 bark, line the outfide round with dry 
 warm litter in Winder, or raife a wall of 
 earth ; but if, in November or December, 
 the back is lined fubftanthlly with hot 
 dung, renewing it in a month, it will 
 keep up the heat till January or February ; 
 then, if forked up, it will renew the heat 
 and, affilted with a dung lining foon after, 
 fupport a proper temperature till April j 
 at which time, removing fome of the worn- 
 out earthy bark at top and fides, fill up 
 with new, and fork up the whole toge- 
 ther; and this will fupply an effe&ual 
 warmth in July, Auguft, and September. 
 In October the pit muft be filled with en- 
 tire new bark, and a fucceifion of new 
 fruiting-plants plunged therein for next 
 year's fruit. 
 
 But
 
 But if the hot-bed in the frame is of 
 dun^', made in S ptember or Otobe r, 
 two new ones bcudes will be requisite to 
 conduct thf pUnts throu.h i!i<* Wimer, till 
 April or May, witn the uffitlance cf occa* 
 fional linings to each bed ; and another at 
 that timr, to carry the fruit on t> rull 
 growth. If the dung brd is made in a 
 pit, and there ts a (pare pit, make a new bed 
 therein, about December, in due time to 
 receive the plants in their pots when the 
 firft bed is de. lined j at which time, move 
 the frame along from thence over the new 
 bed, which being covered with bark or 
 faw-dufi, plunge the pots ; and removing 
 the worn out dung of the firft bed, give 
 room to make another at the proper time, 
 about the middle or end of January, or in 
 February, &c. 
 
 Obferving in the interim, during the 
 "Winter, that you defend each bed with litter 
 all round thcoutfide of the pit, and up the 
 fides of the frame j and in a month after ic 
 
 is
 
 is made, remove the litter behind, and ap- 
 ply a ftrong lining of hot -!ung ciofe to 
 the back of the pir, yard wide at bottom, 
 flo[ ing abou two -teer upwards, r.ot however 
 raifingi, the full heght at once, but? by 
 deg ers to the top, and continu d along 
 the front and b >th en^ls in a fortnight 
 after-, covering rhe top with eartn or 
 bark, &c. to keep down the h a , and 
 fliuot off the wet. 
 
 Aft- r this oblerve, that when the heat of 
 the linings of dung decrtafc, for it over the 
 old dung to the bottom, eafting out the 
 muft exhaufted, and adding a portion of 
 new in its (lead, and work the new and 
 remaining old up together, regularly 
 againft the pit and frame as before; the 
 linings will then acquire a frem fermenta- 
 tion and heat, and renew and fupport 
 that of the bed for fome time longer, 
 "When the dung of the linings at any time 
 appears wholly exhauited in refpeft to 
 
 heat
 
 heat, it muft be renewed with entire 
 ' new hot dung. 
 
 When it is 5nten j e 1 to have the fruit- 
 ing bed made wholly of hot dung, in the 
 open air, upon l.vel gjwun i, without any 
 pit, they (houlij alf) be made of the dt- 
 xncnfii.ns of the f-u'ting frames, in M'peft 
 to width and length, and thr e feet and a 
 halfderp of dung, or more, to all>w for 
 its fe- fling; and wren the frame is put 
 on, lay fix or eignt inchrs, or a fb.>t 
 thick of hark, &c. as directed in the pit- 
 beds, to ke p in the heat, and in which 
 to plunge the pots of pine plant". 
 
 The management of this bed, and plants 
 therein, is nearly the fame as directed for 
 that in the pit, borh in regard to occa- 
 fional linings, of hct dung, &c. and of 
 making new beds, as the old ones de- 
 cline their heat, at the end of every ten 
 or twelve weeks ; keeping up the heat 
 during that time with proper linings ; 
 
 and
 
 ( 16+ ) 
 
 and give proper fupplies of frefh air and 
 water, with the neccffary precautions for- 
 merly recommended, and cover the glafTes 
 every night. 
 
 In all thcfe different beds, both thnfe 
 formed in the pit, either with bark or 
 dung, or with dun^ in the open ground, 
 be careful that the roots of the plants 
 have not too much heat, nor are plunged 
 too haftily into the bed, till you judge 
 the burning heat, if any, has fubfided. 
 At the fame time do not lofe the oppor- 
 tunity of plunging them, as fuon, as in 
 due order. 
 
 Obferve exactly the fame methods as 
 directed in the hot-houfe culture ; always 
 keeping up a flock of fuccefiion, and fruit- 
 plants, regularly to fucceed one another. 
 
 DUNG
 
 DUNG -HEAT FORCING, 
 
 A N P 
 
 COMMON HOT-BED FRAMES. 
 
 T"\UNG HEAT FORCING-FRAMES, 
 
 -*-^ both in upright fixed eredions, and 
 in the common moreable garden-frames, 
 for common dung hot-beds, are employed 
 as the c heaped of all the ki.ics of fordng- 
 dep irtments ; betides many have the ad- 
 vanta -e of hoifc-dting of tacir own, or at 
 a verv eafy txpence. 
 
 On .he e .onliderati 'ns 'he bufmefs of 
 for injr by dung-htat may, to many, be 
 more convenicnc than any other. 
 
 The
 
 C 1-66 ) 
 
 The utility of horfe-dung for various 
 forcing-works in gardening, is very great, 
 both in the fixed upright fruit, and floWer- 
 forcing frames, applied againft the back 
 wall, and fometirnes formed into a bed, 
 in a pit, within fide in more capacious 
 frames in the kitchen garden, covered with 
 common frames and lights, for forcing 
 early cucumbers, melon's, afparagus, peas, 
 kidney-beans, fallading, radices, carrots, 
 &c as alfo early ii raw berries, likewife all 
 forts r curious tender annual flowers, and 
 occafi'.mably anychoice bulbous and fibrous 
 rooted perennial flowers. 
 
 What we mean by horfe-dung for the 
 purpole of forcing, is the dung and wet 
 litter together of the (tables: the dung- 
 ings or droppings of thefe animals would 
 aniwer no purpofc without the moid litter 
 of the Rails mixed therewith j the {land- 
 ings or flails being thickly littered ciown 
 every ni^ht, and rendered wet by the 
 dunging and ftalmg of the animal, may 
 
 every
 
 even* rnornuio; b_- all cleared out to the 
 dung hill, where it ferments and heats, 
 often ac fidl too vehement!/ for vegetable 
 growth, but by preparation, as v\,e fhall 
 direct, is reduced of a proper temperature, 
 and of a more durable heat. 
 
 Tnis dung muft befrcfh, moift, fteamy 
 and lull of heat, not having been above a 
 month or two in co'lefting from theftables, 
 that which hab lain long, fo a; to be in a de- 
 cayed ft.tte is improper, which is often the 
 caie when it has heated violently, and ex- 
 haufled its fermentative property ; fome- 
 tii es half rorten and cold. Frequently 
 the very long dry ft-awy litres is binned 
 coniic'erably, and h is a dry whitih mouldy 
 appearance -, which will do nothing in this 
 bufincfs, unlefs well inc jrporat,-d with that 
 which is frcfh and hot; therefore the newer 
 t u e dung rh~ bet er, warm and abundantly 
 fuii of moift, ilcaaiv parrs, long and Ihort 
 to. crher ; or though ever fo long and 
 flruvvey, if moilt and warm, by weh mix- 
 ing
 
 C '68 ) 
 
 ing together, and calling up into an heap, 
 it will acquire proper fermentation for any 
 pU'pofe of forcing or hot beds. 
 
 As to the preparation of it, let it be brought 
 in due quanrity from the dunghill, then tofs 
 it up in an heap, or if a large quaniity, in 
 an oblong hi^h ridge, fhaking the parts 
 well together. 
 
 Then let it remain ten day* or a fort- 
 night, or longer, according to its quanti* 
 ty, and quality, that the rank pernicious 
 ftench, and nox;ous burning fteam may 
 evaporate. If the quantity is confide rable, 
 turn it over once again, which gives greater 
 vent to the n xious vapour to pals off, and 
 the dung to incorporate. 
 
 If you are obliged ro ufe dung rather 
 of an rxiiauftrd ita,e, let it be i proved 
 by the addition of trefh -, or if in want of 
 this, or of a lufficient quant ty, procure 
 jome barrows ot coal afhes, in the piopcr- 
 tii n of two or rooic to each can-JOdd of 
 dung, which will promote a more q ick 
 
 and
 
 ( '69 ) 
 
 lively heat ; the dung being cafl up and 
 mixed with the coal-alhes, and if it be 
 rather dry, throw fome pots of water over 
 it from time to time, as you advance in 
 toiling it up in the heap ; the afhes will not 
 only afiift in recovering a brifk and ftronger 
 heat, but render it alfo of longer dura- 
 tion. 
 
 This improvement of the coal ames is 
 required principally for weak dung; in 
 that of a ftrong quality, full of warmth, 
 it might caufe a too vehement heat. It 
 frequently happens, that afhes are promif- 
 cuouily thrown on a dunghill, near the 
 houfe, in which cafe, if they feem too 
 abundant, make fomc out, according to 
 difcretion, in removing the dung. 
 
 Thus far is necefiary to be obferved in 
 the preparation. 
 
 As to the ufe of it, I would remark, that 
 
 although dung-heat forcing frames, for 
 
 fruit trees, are not fo generally effectual 
 
 and fuccefsful in the earlieft forcing, as 
 
 I fire
 
 fire and bark heat fra Ties, yet they often 
 furnim good fruit a month or fix weeks 
 before thofe in the feafon. And it is worth 
 the attention of thofe who are plentifully 
 furniflied, to erect fome upright frame and 
 glafs-work, either again ft afoiuh wall with 
 trees already formed, or a wall, or ftrong 
 boarded fence, planted with bearing trees, 
 applying the dung at the proper forcing- 
 fcafon behind, on the outfide, &c. as here- 
 after directed. 
 
 Dung heat retains a proper temperature, 
 for this bufinefs about fix weeks, in which 
 time it will require to be renewed, or the 
 heat revived, and removing away fuch as 
 is rotted and worn out, and then applying 
 new to the remainder, working the whole 
 up together. 
 
 Thefeforcing frames confifi of fruitdung- 
 heat frames, flower dung-hear, frames, and 
 common hot-bed frames, both for eiculents 
 and flowers ; the two former are fixed erec- 
 tions, having upright back walls or board- 
 
 ing,
 
 c *7* ; 
 
 ing, five or ten feet high, worked princi- 
 pally by the dung placed thickly againft 
 the oucfide, behind, and at both ends ; and 
 ibrretimes alfo in a pit within fide , but 
 the common moveable hot-bed frames are 
 worked by the dung, formed into a bed 
 diftindt from any erection ; in a!l of which 
 the heat is continued by occafional appli- 
 cation of frelh dung, as the heat of the old 
 bed declines, or by removing from the 
 back of the frame the exhaufted part,, and 
 adding a quantity of new worked up toge- 
 ther as before. 
 
 A FRUIT DUNG-HEAT FORCING FRAME, 
 
 is formed commonly in the manner of a hot- 
 wall, but worked by the hot dung being 
 applied behind, or iomecimes in a pit 
 within-fldc- ; is a fixed erection, iive, fix, 
 or cigh feet high behind, and of any 
 length required. 
 
 Trie dung forcing frame, worked by the 
 dung behind, may be only four or five 
 wide, for one row of trees, arranging 
 I 2 againft
 
 . : :; : ( 172 } 
 
 agamft the back, and fmall plants before ; 
 having the back either a nine-inch brick- 
 wall, fix or eight feet high, or only the 
 foundation of brick work, and ftrong 
 planking, upward, clofely joined, that no 
 fleam of the dung can penetrate, the front 
 formed only about fix inches or a foot 
 high ; from the top of which, to that of 
 the back wall, range the glafies, floping to 
 about fix, ten, or twelve inches width at 
 top, received into proper frame-work ; 
 and fupported alfo upon bearers, rafters, 
 or crofs-bars, reaching from the top of the 
 .back to the front, the width of the lights 
 diftant from one another, having the ' 
 whole well boarded in, water tight. 
 
 A frame of the conftruction defigned 
 principally for forcing early rofes, and 
 other fmall plants in pots, may be formed 
 only four or five feet wide, and five or 
 fix feet high behind, entirely of wood 
 work in the back and ends, of two inch 
 deal, the ends the fame, not above a 
 
 foot
 
 C 173 1 
 
 foot high in front, and fronted with move- 
 able glaffes as above; which frame will 
 blow many forts of plants .to early perfec- 
 tion with little trouble. See Flower Dung 
 I I cat Frtmt. 
 
 With relpeft to the fruit dung-heat 
 erection as before defcribed,.you will pro- 
 vide fome trained trees arrived to a bearing 
 flate. The peach, nectarine, apricot, cher- 
 ,ry, vine, See. fhould be planted in Novem- 
 ber, in the border, againft the front of the 
 back-wall of the frame ; and the branches 
 fliould be regularly trained, either to 
 the wall, or to a trellis, as in the fire and 
 bark heat frames. 
 
 As to the time for forcing them, it muft 
 not be earlier than the middle or end of 
 January , when being provided with a 
 good quantity of new horfe-dung, properly 
 prepared, let it be piled regularly againft 
 the back- wall, and ends of the frame 
 wi'houtfid'-, full two feet wide at bottom; 
 but if three the better, drawing it in gra- 
 I 3
 
 ( '74 ) 
 
 dually upward, to half that width at top, 
 five or fix feet high, and according as it 
 fettles add more dung, to continue it to 
 the proper height, finifliingthc top floping, 
 to throw off the wet ; likewtfe lay Ibme 
 earth at top, beating off fmooth with the 
 fpade, to keep down the heat. 
 
 The lining thus formed will begin to 
 work in a week's time or thereabouts, fo 
 as to throw its heat internally, and fet the 
 trees on growing, and will continue a good 
 heat a month or fix weeks, or longer. As 
 the lining fettles down ftiiTadd more hot 
 dung at top, which will revive and aug- 
 ment the heat for longer duration ; but 
 being careful when the general heat 
 decays ccnfiderably, to renew ir, by 
 forking over and adding new dung , be- 
 ginning at one end, fork over the old, 
 throw out the rotten and decayed, adding 
 an equal portion of new, working it up 
 together againft the frame, as before 
 directed. 
 
 If
 
 If you are fearful of lofing the internal 
 heat, in the time between removing the 
 old and the working of the^new lining, per- 
 form only half ac a time, proceeding with 
 the middle fpace firft. 
 
 Thus the heat of this frame is to be 
 iiipported, thiee or four months *, repeat- 
 ing the linings twice or more or ofcciner, 
 as you (hall fee necefTuy. 
 
 Admit frefh air in all n.ild days when 
 the fun iliines warm, but keep a'l clofe in 
 nights and a'l cold wcatftef, give alfooccn- 
 fional waterings to the borders, and fore- 
 times over the branches, according to the 
 precautions obferved in the fire -he at 
 frames. 
 
 By fupporting a conftant heat in the 
 manner above direcled, together with due 
 fup^lies of water and free air, the trees' 
 will bloflbm freely, and if it proves a fa- 
 vourable fpnng, will produce fome good 
 I 4 carlv
 
 early fruit, a month or fix weeks before 
 the feafon. 
 
 Pots of fmall plants, as ftrawberries, 
 flowers, and fmall rofes may be placed to- 
 wards the front, where they will grow 
 freely, and yield their produce early at an 
 acceptable time. 
 
 A Forcing-frame with a (lung-pit within, 
 may be ten feet wide, with a back-wall, 
 tight or ten high, with upiight ghffes in 
 front, and inclined lights at top j forming 
 a 'pit fcur or five feet wide within, planked 
 or bricked on the fides j and a four-feet 
 border behind, in which plant the trees, 
 to be there trained to the back- wall, and 
 with vines in front, to train up by the 
 glaffts j filling the dung-pit \vith well pro- 
 portioned hot-dung, early in February, 
 working it in firmly, and regular, as in 
 making a common dung hot-bed, raifing 
 it about fix inches above the top of the 
 pit, as it will fettle a foot or more in a
 
 week or fortnight's time ; when, if you 
 have any caft off bark, cover the top of 
 the dung therewith half a foot thick, or 
 with light dry earth, which will keep down 
 the fleam and the heat from evaporating 
 too faft, and ferve alfo to revive pots of 
 ftrawberries, kLiney-beans, and other fmall 
 plants ; and pots of curious feedling an- 
 nual flowers, alfo annuals planted in pots, 
 fuch as tricolors, cockVcombs, balfamines, 
 globe amaranthus, &c. to forward their 
 growth, and draw them up to a goodly 
 ftature. 
 
 The management of this frame is nearly 
 the fame as the former dung-heat fruit- 
 frame -, admitting frcfli air all fine days, 
 with occafional waterings. 
 
 When the heat of the bed decays, it 
 mud be refreflied, either by taking out 
 half the old dung at top, and fill up with 
 new dung, worked finnly down,- but 
 not trodden, which would prevent its* 
 heating regularly; or more effectually to- 
 I 5 fork
 
 ( 178 ) 
 
 fork up the old bed wholly to the bottom, 
 firft taking out fome at one end, forming 
 an opening of a yard wide, for room to 
 work, then proceed to fork over the old 
 dung into the opening, having at the fame 
 time a quantity of new ready, and as you 
 proceed in forking over the bed, cafl out 
 the worn out (tuff, and throw in the new, 
 working ic up firmly with the remaining 
 old, fufficiemly to fill up the pit as at firft, 
 allowing room for a ftratum of bark or 
 earth fix inches thick, in which to plunge 
 the pots of plants. 
 
 Such a frame as above, fix or eight 
 feet high behind, by five in front, is 
 fometimes employed as a glafs-cafe draw- 
 ing frame, in which to draw the choice an- 
 nual flowers to a tall ftature, fuch as the 
 amaranthus tricolor, celofia criftata or cock's- 
 comb, they being previoufly trained from 
 feed in a common hot-bed, and forwarded 
 in pots to two or three feet height, then 
 reinoved into the drawing frame and 
 
 plunged
 
 C 179 ) 
 
 plunged in the hot-bed made in a pit, as 
 before explained ; giving plenty of water 
 they will run up quickly to a handfome 
 fize. 
 
 A FLOWER DUNG-HEAT FORCING- 
 FRAME, is an uprignt fixed eredtion, built 
 with a wooden back and ends, and fronted 
 wiih Hoping glafs faihes , in dimenfions it is 
 fouror five feet wide, by any length required 
 five or fix feet high behind, formed of 
 ftrong inch-and-half deal board, well 
 named together, the front raifed up not 
 above a foo ; thence are ranged the bearers 
 for the glafies, to the top of the back, 
 fupponed at about a foot width, from the 
 top of the back erection, having the top 
 f all well weather- boarded to fhoot off 
 the wet ; within have ranges of (helves 
 fifing gradually behind one another, on 
 which to place pots of rofes, the talleft 
 behind, and with other lower flowering 
 fhrubs in regular gradation to the front; 
 where may alfo be placed pots of pinks 
 I. 6 and
 
 and other low flowers ; alfo any choice 
 bulbous rooted flowers, fome in pots, 
 others in water-glafies. 
 
 This frame is to be forced with the 
 dung behind ; in January, February or 
 March, having frefh hot dung prepared 
 as advifed on former occafions ; lay it up 
 firmly againft the back and ends of the 
 frame, two feet wide or more at bottom, 
 narrowing it gradually in a floping man- 
 ner to about a foot width at top ; in a 
 week's time it will probably be fettled a 
 foot, when more dung muft be added 
 in proportion j laying an inch or two depth 
 of earth upon all, to keep down the 
 heat. 
 
 After this, the lining will foon throw in 
 a fine growing hear, and the plants there- 
 by difcover an early vegetation. And 
 being properly fupplied with frefh air in 
 fine days, they will advance in a very 
 agreeable manner ; and if fupported in 
 a due warmth, (as frequently directed 
 
 will
 
 will flower with great elegance many 
 weeks before their natural fcafon : the 
 bloom mayalfo becontinued by afuccefiion 
 of frefh plants, till fucceeded by thofe 
 in the open ground. 
 
 This kind of flower forcing-frame is 
 much ufed among the forcing gardeners 
 in the environs of London, where dung is 
 plentiful, good and eafily obtained ; and 
 by which, in working the above frames, 
 vaft quantities of rofes, pinks and other 
 fmall flowering ihrubs, and herbaceous 
 flowering plants, are forwarded to an early 
 bloom, for the fupply of Covent Garden 
 and other markets, where we are prefented 
 with a variety of the mod elegant flowers, 
 ionic months before their nanual fcafon. 
 
 HOT-BED FKAMES for common Dung 
 Hot-btds, being low moveable wooden- 
 frames, are of very confiderable ucility 
 in almoft every part of gardening. 
 
 Thefe frames are conftruded with 
 inch, or inch-and-half deal fmoothly 
 
 plained ;
 
 ( 132 ) 
 
 plained, and are of different di mentions, 
 agreeable to the fever jlpurpofcs for which 
 they are intended ; but the moft general 
 hot-bed frame for common life, is three 
 yards and a half long, by one and a half 
 tvide ; two feet depth behind, by twelve 
 or fifteen inches in front; .being generally 
 as high again in the back as in front, to 
 give due flope for the glafles, to (hoot off 
 wet, and receive the due advantage of the 
 fun ; having both ends in proportion, and 
 with thefe moveable glafs lights at top to 
 fit it exactly , bin, from a yard to fifteen 
 inches in depth behind, by half that in the 
 front, is the deep: ft and the "fhallowcft 
 forcommon fra-ncs ; though dial low frames 
 of only eighteen inches, or two feet be- 
 hind, and nine inches or a foot in front, 
 prove the moft el gible in early forcing of 
 cucumbers, melons, fallading, ftrawber- 
 ries, &c. that by being low, the glafles 
 near the plants, receive a greater benefit 
 
 of
 
 of the fun, in proportion, which is a mate- 
 rial confederation in early for i <g. 
 
 But for general fervice, I mould prefer 
 a frame of middling depth,- furn.fhcd with 
 three glafs-lights, made to fie the top com- 
 pletely ; that if the frame is ten feet and 
 a half long, each light muft consequently 
 be one yard fix inches wide, by four and 
 and a half long, being the width of the 
 Hope or top declivity, where muft be two/ 
 crofs bars ranged the width of the lights, 
 diftinct from each end, and from one an- 
 other, both to ftrtngchen the frame, and 
 for the fup^ort of the glafies, which are 
 made to Hide up and down, and to move 
 offoc.aiionally. 
 
 itefides the common three- light frames, 
 it is p.oper to have alfo two others of a 
 Ihoiur length, but or the fame width i let 
 one be only for one lignr, called a one- 
 light box 5 another with two-lights, deno- 
 minated a two light frame ; which cwo lef- 
 fer frames are more particularly rcquilite in 
 
 private
 
 private gardens when but moderate quan- 
 tities of plants are required, and are nccef- 
 fary to ferve as a kind of feed and nurf-rf 
 frames to the larger three- light ones. The 
 one-light frame ferves for a feed- bed to 
 raife a few early cucumbers, melons, cu- 
 rious annual flowrrs and plants, for the 
 firfl crops ; and the two-light frame for a 
 nurfery-bed in which to prick ihe feedling 
 plants from the one- light box, to forward 
 them to a proper fize to tranfplant into the 
 three-light frame. 
 
 The deepefl frames of about a yard in 
 the back, by half a yard or two feet in the 
 fronr, are principally either for forcing or 
 drawing frames, fometimes for forcing 
 dwarf fruit-trees in pots, fuch as Duke 
 Cherries, Dwarf Peaches, Currants aixi 
 the like for curiofity : alib pots of rofes 
 and other low flowering moots, having 
 beautiful or fragrant flowers ; and alfo 
 fometimes for pots of bulbous pinks, &c. 
 placed towards the front ; likewife occa- 
 
 fionally
 
 fionally for drawing curious annual flowers 
 up with tail ftems, having been previously 
 rai fed from fet-d in fhallower frames. 
 
 A DRAWING FRAME for tall annuals, 
 fuch as tricolors and giant cock's-comb, 
 to receive them in pots from other frames, 
 mould be rive or fix feet deep on the back, 
 by three, four, or five in front, and if the 
 front is of glafs work to admit the fun, 
 and light, it will be of much advantage; 
 and for which frame a pic muft be funk, in 
 which to make the hot- bed. 
 
 But fometimes a fort of drawing or mul- 
 tiplying frame for annuals is made in two, 
 three or more different frames of equal 
 length and width, to place one on an- 
 other, to augment the depth according as 
 the planes rife in height and require it ; and 
 this is commonly called a multiplying 
 frame; being competed of feparate parts 
 as above j one is about three fret deep in 
 the back, by two in front, furniihcd with 
 three lights at top, two others are eighteen 
 
 inches
 
 ( 186 ) 
 
 inches deep on every fide, but wiih no 
 glafles, thofe of the other frame ierves for 
 all ; they muft be of the fame width 
 and length to rit one another fo exactly as 
 to appear like one frame ; firft beginning 
 with the deepeft frame furnimed with the 
 glafles, and when the plants have grown 
 that height, remove this frame, place one 
 of the others without glafles in its place, 
 either in the fame or in a new hot-bed if 
 required ; and upon whiJi frame, place 
 the firft frame with the lights, and accord- 
 ing as the plants advance again to the 
 glafles, add the third and laft frame, ftiil 
 placing that with the glaffes uppermoft, 
 and when all is thus pLced, they will, to- 
 gether, form a depth of fix fcer, which is 
 a competent height for any annuals ; but 
 in thefe v TV deep fra-nes, ii: is of great 
 conftquence to contrive the who e front of 
 glaHfes, to admit light loihelowei parts of the 
 plants, othtrwile they are a^t to < ait all the 
 lower leaves, dilcoveung their naked ftems. 
 
 Obfcrve,
 
 ( 187 ) 
 
 Obferve, it is proper that all thefe deep 
 frames have a moderate pit in which to 
 make the hot-bed, funk half a yard or two 
 feet deep, efpecially for the final bed to 
 draw them to their full growth, fo having 
 the bed three feet thick of dung, one half 
 funk in the pit, the other above. 
 
 A GLASS-CASE FRAME is allb very eli- 
 gible for drawing annuals finally in their 
 laft ftage of growth ; being an erection fix 
 or eight feet high behind, and four, five, or 
 fix in the front, by fix or eight wick; 
 upright glaffes in front, and inclined or 
 Hoping lights at top. Withinfide have a 
 funk pit, four or fix feet wide by two feet 
 and a half deep, to be filled with hot dung, 
 and this to be covered with fome wafte 
 bark or dry earth at top, fix inches 
 deep , and in which the plants, after being 
 forwarded tn one, two, or three feet fta- 
 ture in common hot- beds, are to be plunged 
 in large pots to have their finlfhing growth. 
 
 In want of proper drawing frames, as 
 
 abo,- e 5
 
 above, a temporary one may be contrived 
 with a common hot-bed frame, to force or 
 draw curious annuals, which cften anfwcrs 
 the purpofe tolerably wd!. 
 
 This is effected by having a flout wooden 
 poft forced in the ground at each corner 
 of the bed, four or five feet high exactly, 
 to receive the four corners of the frame 
 within them ; in each pofl holes are bored 
 in the iniide an inch wide, and fix inches 
 one above the other, in which to place 
 ftrong wooden pins, one for each- poft ; 
 that when the plants in the frame ad- 
 vance fo much in growth as to touch the 
 glafles, raife the frame fix inches, by 
 placing the pins in the pofts, in which to 
 reft the bottom of the frame ; and accord- 
 ing as they advance higher, continue raif- 
 ing the frame in the fame manner ; and 
 clofe up i he vacancy at bottom with 
 garden mats nailed to the frame, and to 
 the poft at each corner. 
 
 However, with regard to general garden 
 
 frames
 
 ( i8 9 ) 
 
 frames for kitchen garden and fmall flower 
 forcing, they muft always be of moderate 
 depth, half a yard or two feet in the back, 
 by nine to twelve or fifteen inches in the front. 
 
 The London gardeners who employ a 
 vaft quantity of frames for forcing, have 
 mod of their kitchen garden frames mal- 
 low ; for deep frames not only require a 
 greater force of hear, but the glafles being 
 further from the plants they do not receive 
 fo great benefit of the fun, in winter and 
 early fpring -, befides, many forts of efculent 
 plants of quick growth are apt to draw 
 too faft up in height, where there is a large 
 fpace between them and the glades, as they 
 .naturally afpire upward to the light ; and 
 the more fpace they have, the more apt 
 they are to run up weak, particularly cu- 
 cumbers ; alfo early lettuce, and cauliflower 
 plants, wintered in fuch frames without heat. 
 
 For thefe reaions moil of the above gar- 
 deners have frames for wintering tender 
 plants, fuch as lettuces, cauliflowers, fal- 
 lading and for forcing early raddiihes, cu- 
 cumbers,
 
 (.190 j 
 
 cumbers, and the like, not more than half 
 a yard in the back, by nine inches in front, 
 and fome only fifteen inches behind, by 
 feven in the fore part. 
 
 But frames for forcing early ftrawber- 
 .ries, kidney-beans, peas, &c. ihould be 
 half a yard, or two feet, deep behind 9 by 
 one foot fifteen inches in front. 
 
 Neverthelefs, deep moveable frames of 
 two feet and a half, or a yard depth in the 
 back, by half a yard or two feet in the 
 front, prove ufeful in wintering many 
 tender plants in their infant ftate, both of 
 the hardy kinds that commonly fucceed 
 in the open ground, but are tender whilft 
 young, fuch as the arbutus, fome kinds of 
 ciftus, &c. as well as many herbaceous 
 kinds : likewife to winter many of the har- 
 dier kinds of fnall green-houfe plants, 
 fwch as ri.yrtles, &c. either for want of a 
 g een-houfe f or a frame of eafe where the 
 green houle is crowded with plants. 
 
 Or, for grcen-houfe plants, you may 
 have a frame a yard and a half deep in the 
 
 back,
 
 back, and a yard in the front, having 
 the front alfo glazed, confiding of three 
 upright Hiding fames, befides the three 
 floping lights at top : admitting a larger 
 fhare of fun and light will prove conficler- 
 ably more beneficial to the plants, than 
 frames having a boarded front. 
 
 When defigned to winter any of the ten- 
 der kinds of full grown fhrubs, &:. or 
 green-houfe plants, in either of thefe kinds 
 of deep frames, it is advifable to have 
 them in feparate frames, the full- grown 
 plants in one, and the green-houfe kinds 
 in another ; having the plants in pots, 
 place the tailed behind the lower ones 
 towards the front, according to their fize; 
 and in winter, when the froft fets in, it is 
 proper to line the frame round about with 
 dry long litter, not warm litter to force 
 the plants ; or part may be banked up 
 with a rampart of earth, the reft occafion- 
 ally with litter : and the glair- s covered 
 every cold night with niats, dry itraw, 
 &c. efpecially the green-houfe plants ; 
 
 obkrving
 
 ( 19* ) 
 
 obferving to give abundance of air ever) 
 mild day, but more freely to the full- 
 grown plants, which mould have all the 
 air every day when not feverely frofty, by 
 fhoving the glaflcs entirely off. 
 
 Likewife a frame of two feet and 
 a half or a yard deep behind, by half 
 the depth in the fore part, is often ufed as 
 a nurfcry-frame for receiving young pine- 
 apple plants, particularly the crowns and 
 fuckers of the year, and fometirnes alfo the 
 yearling plarits : having a flrong hot bed, 
 made the fize of the frame, in September 
 or October, either of tanner's bark in a 
 pit, or of horfe dung and bark together 
 on level ground, or entirely of hot-dung. 
 Before the frame is fet on, cover the dung 
 with a foot of bark either new or old. In 
 either of ihele beds, when the heat is of 
 a proper temperature, the plants in their 
 pots are to be plunged ; having the crowns 
 and fuckers of the year planted in fmall 
 pots, one j lam in eac'i ; and the year old 
 plants in pots - f a larger fize. 
 FINIS.

 
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