UC-NRLF 
 
 B ^ SDb ^^^ 
 
 akd of trade. 
 :n immigration.) 
 
 I 
 
 R E P R T S 
 
 ON THK 
 
 VOLUMK AND EPM!TS OF llECENT 
 
 IMMIGRATION 
 
 FROll EASTERN EtJKOPE 
 
 INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 l^nttnUV to Ibotfi Aotutei of pxrtUunent Us Comnumir o( Vlfr fibifttftv. 
 
 riJINTFP inic llEli MA.IK^STY'S STATlONKIJ Y nl IKF,, 
 JIY KYRE AND SPOTTlSWOOUr;, 
 
 PB1.MKRS TO TUB QOKRN'S UOST K^CKLI.tTXT MJUJiblV. 
 
 At"l to Im) purchased, cither directly or tlirough any Book.splier, from 
 KVKK Aiu Sl'OTTISWOODK. Ka8T Hari>i>(. .Stkkkt, Flkkt SruKin, ^;.'^ 
 
 .v.', AllIK(il)i>N STRKKr. WksTMI.VSTKR, S.W. ; i>r 
 
 JOHN MENZIKS A Co., l.', lUxovKR .Strkbt, Kpinu uaoir, riuI 
 !M», Wkst Xilk Stuf.kt, (Jlasoow ; or 
 HODOr< VIor;i< • '"'r I miTKD, 1'^' <:'Mir..v ^^kkt, Dublik. 
 
 1894. 
 
 ;C.— 710(5.] Price la. 
 
 nufi 
 
GIFT or 
 
 OEPT. 
 
BOARD OF TRADE. 
 (ALIEN Dl MI( IRATION.) 
 
 Px E V Vx T S 
 
 ON TlIK 
 
 VOLUME AND EFFECTS OF llEOENT 
 
 IMMIGRATION 
 
 FROM EASTEKX EUROPE 
 
 INTO THE [^NITED KINGDOM. 
 
 ?9rprffntPtr tn finIT) %nu!frS nf p.nrli.inifnt By Cnmmaiilf nf ?|rr iHajfsfty. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTEl^ FOI{ IlKIl MAJESTY'S STATIONKRY OFFICK, 
 
 BY KYRK AM> Sl'OTTISWOOltK, 
 
 PRI?fTER3 TO THK QUKE.n'S MOST KXCKI.LEXT MAJESTY. 
 
 And to be purclioscd, either directly or through any Bo<iksfller, fnini 
 
 EYRE AXD SPOTTISWOODE. Kast IIakdixo Street, Fleet Street. E.G.. an:l 
 
 32, ABixfJuoy Street, Wkstmi.vsteh, S.AV. ; or 
 
 .JOHN MEXZIES a Co.. 12, Han-<>vi:r Street. Edixburoh, and 
 
 W, West Nile Strekt, Glasgow- : or 
 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, 4 Co., Limited. IM, (Jraftox Street. DrnLiv. 
 
 [C— 740«>.] /'rice Is. 
 
 IS94. 
 
<f 
 
ALIEN IMMIGRATION. 
 
 () 82170. \Vl. r-109. ;i 2 
 
 38120 1 
 
GENERAL CONTENTS TABLE. 
 
 Page 
 
 General Report to Board of Trade - - - - iii 
 
 Statistical Report by Mr. Willis ----- 1 
 
 Report by Mr. Llewellyn Smith - - - - - 23 
 
 Memorandum by Labour Department - - - - 27 
 
 Appendices to Memorandum ----- 138 
 
 Index . - - . - - - - 213 
 
 (For a more detailed contents table with regard to the Memorandum of 
 the Labour Department, see p. 25.) 
 
To the Secretary of the Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have the honour to submit to you the acconipanyinfir 
 
 reports which have l)een prepaifM in accordance with your 
 
 instructions }iy Mr. Willis of the Statistical Department, and l)y 
 
 JMr. Llewell^'n Smith, the Commissioner for Laiioui-, on the 
 
 subject of alien innniiiTation. 
 
 The object of these reports is fully exjilained in each of them 
 as far as their special purpose is concerned, but as they have 
 been prepared in connection with other reports on tlie same 
 subject, which have already been ]iresented to Parliament, it may 
 be useful to explain the connection Ijetween the different reports 
 and the extent of the ground which they cover collectively. 
 
 The reports have been prepared in consequence of instructions 
 issued about the commencement of the Parliamentary session of 
 1893, when there Avere various demands for information as to 
 the progress of alien immigration into this country, and the 
 facts and practice as to immigration in foreign countries, par- 
 ticularly in the United States. The reports already presented 
 to Parliament are those of Mr. Sehloss and Mr. Burnett, and 
 relate specially to the latter subject, th(^ facts as to the amount of 
 innnigration into the United States and the law and practice of 
 that countr}' in the matter l)eing fully set out.'^ Mr. Sehloss 
 and Mr. Burnett, it will be recollected, visited the United States 
 specially for the purpose of their incjuiries, and their reports are 
 now well known. 
 
 The accompanying reports deal specially with different aspects 
 of the alien immigration (piestion at home. The first, that of 
 Ml-. Willis, is a sinumary of the statistics of the immigration 
 itself, with references to tlie various .sources of information 
 where fuller details are to be found. The annual reports on 
 emigration and imuiigratioii during tlie last few j'ears have 
 .supplied full information on the subject from time to time; but 
 these reports deal with emigration from the United King<loni as 
 
 well a.s innnigration into it, and it is believed that in any case a 
 
 • ' 
 
 * See "Reports to the Board of Trade ou .\lien Iinmifrration." — (C. 7113. ]>y>rA.) 
 
IV 
 
 well-digested summary of the various facts from the begimiing-, 
 and not dealing specially with the figures of a particular year, 
 will be convenient to those taking an interest in the subject. 
 Having myself given a good deal of personal attention to 
 these statistics, I desire to draw attention to the able manner 
 in which Mr. Willis has brought the facts together in a 
 few short pages, and shown how the figures from a great 
 variety of sources — the returns obtained privately from shipping 
 companies in the continental passenger trade, the alien lists, the 
 returns of the Jewish charitable organisations, the police reports 
 from different parts of the country, the consular reports from 
 continental cities, and finally the censuses of 1881 and 1891 — all 
 corroborate each other. 
 
 The other report now presented, that from the Labour Depart- 
 ment, contains the result of many inquiries which have been 
 made, not only by the Commissioner for Labour personally 
 but by other members of the staff of the Department, especially 
 by Miss Collet, one of the Labour correspondents. These 
 inquiries related to the destination and condition of the immi- 
 grants after they landed, and the social and economic effects of 
 their aggregation in certain centres of population in this country. 
 Two of the topics specially dealt with are the competition of the 
 immigrants in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry, and 
 their competition with female labour generally, these two special 
 topics, however, being so treated as to throw light on the whole 
 subject. 
 
 Comparing the information now presented with that laid before 
 the House of Lords Committee on Sweating some years ago, and 
 similar information laid before the House of Commons Committee 
 on Alien Immigration about the same period, I believe I am 
 fully justified in saying that the inforination now furnished will 
 add greatly to the general knowledge of the subject, and, in fact, 
 complete the data necessary for judging as to the character and 
 extent of the immigration in question, and the nature of the 
 measTires of regulation or restriction, if any, which may eventually 
 be considered expedient. 
 
 As to the conclusions respecting policy which the facts stated 
 in the various reports may suggest, no opinion is of course 
 expressed. The sole object has been to obtain a record of facts, 
 
continuing" anil oxtenJiny- tUv information j^iven a tow years 
 ap-o to the Connnittees of Lords and Connnons above referred 
 to, so that thi' public and Parliament may be prepared for 
 any further <liscussion that may take place. 1 trust it will 
 be found that no small success has been achieved, connuensurate 
 with the efforts which have been nuuU; to (obtain that success. 
 
 In submitting" these reports I would also beg leave to add 
 that for the latest facts it will still be necessary to refer to the 
 monthly returns and annual report on emigration and immi- 
 gration issued liy the Department. Tiie immigration continuing, 
 the facts are being added to montli l>y month. But the monthly 
 returns and annual report, it is hoped, will themselves be made 
 more useful by the full and connected exi)lanations given in 
 these special reports. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) R. Giffen. 
 Connnercial, Labour, and Statistical 
 Departments, Board of Trade. 
 May, 1894. 
 
STATISTICAL IIEPOKT. 
 
 To the Controller-General of the Commercial, Labour, uud 
 Statistical Departments of the Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The following pages are intended as a kind of compte 
 rendu of the progress made with an iinjuiry, which has now 
 proceeded for some 3'ears, as to the movement of p<'rsons into 
 and out of the United Kingdom, so far as atfecting the character 
 and magnitude of the foreign element in the population of these 
 isles. Much of the information collected has been published in 
 the annual reports on emigration and immigration laid l)efore 
 Parliament in the last four years, but what is here pnjposed 
 is to give a sunnnary account of the statistical material which is 
 now at the connnand of those investigating the subject of alien 
 immigration. 
 
 Origin and Objects of the Inqaivy. 
 
 About the 3'ear 1886 pul)lic interest in the number of foreign 
 workers resident in this country became prominently inanifested 
 as a ri'sult mainly of the attention devoted to the cumlitions of 
 labour in the East End of London. Statements were made to 
 the effect that a colony had sprung into existence here, and was 
 receiving continual accretions, of foreign labourers with a far 
 lower standard of comfort than English workmen had set up 
 for themselves, and content to accept low wages and long hours 
 of work as the price of tinding a refuge in this country, and that 
 these repeated incursions of new arrivals, treading on the heels 
 of their predecessors before these had time to bring themsehes 
 ir.to line with their English fellow-workeis, were responsible 
 largely for the evils set <lown to what was called " sweating." 
 
 Demands began to be made in the country and in rarli^iment 
 that the Government should restrict or control the innnigration 
 of "destitute aliens." ]jut this obviousl}' could n<jt b(V con- 
 sidered with(jut a basis of well-ascertained facts capable of 
 numerical statement. The latest otllcial statistics, however, were 
 those furni.shed by the census of 188L These census figures, 
 analyse<l so as to show the nationalities, occupations, and dis- 
 tribution of foreigners resident in this country, werti set out in 
 a series of tables published early in LS87 as an appendix to a 
 departmental memorandum ex[»laining the ab.sence of official 
 records of the number of pa.ssengers coming to the United 
 Kingdom from Europe. With this memorandum there was also 
 published a report l^y Mr. Burnett, Labour Coi-respondent of the 
 Board of Trade, — based on personal investigation in the East 
 End of London, and communications from tra<le officials in 
 O 82170. A 
 
2 S7'ATISTICAI, llEPORT. 
 
 other parts of the country, — on the dimension which the move- 
 ment of foreign immigration appeared then to have attained. 
 It was known that the immigrants in question were in the 
 main Russian or Pohsh Jews, with perhaps, also, to a certain 
 extent, Germans. But the census of 1881 showed less than 
 15,000 Russians and Poles as resident in the whole of England 
 and Wales. Some years, however, had elapsed since that date, 
 and there was evidence both from residents in the East End 
 and from the reports of the Jewish Charitable Boards (to be 
 referred to again below) that there had been, in the interval, a 
 considerable inflow of persons of these nationalities. 
 
 Evidence to the same effect was given before two committees 
 appointed in 1888, one (a Committee of the House of Lords) on 
 " the Sweating System," and the other (a House of Commons 
 Committee) on '' Emigration ,and Immigration— Foreigners." 
 This latter committee drew attention to the absence of official 
 statistics on the subject of foreign arrivals in this country, and 
 included the following among the recommendations appended to 
 their report : — 
 
 (1.) " That measures should be adopted to secure a complete 
 annual record of the number of alien steerage and deck 
 passengers arriving and departing at the ports of the 
 United Kingdom from and to ports in Europe, and that 
 such annual record should be laid before Parliament." 
 
 (2.) " That measures should be adopted to provide for a 
 record of the names, sexes, ages, occupations, nationalities, 
 and destination of all alien steerage and deck passengers 
 arriving at ports in the United Kingdom, and not in 
 possession of through tickets to other countries." 
 
 Connexion of the Board of Trade ivith tJte Subject. 
 
 The department of Government to occupy itself with the 
 consideration of these recommendations was naturally the 
 Board of Trade, not only because the subject was one involving 
 an important " labour " question, but also because the Board 
 were already charged with the duty of collecting and reporting 
 on statistics of the outward and inward flow of population 
 between this country and places out of Europe, This duty was 
 taken over by the Board from the Emigration Commissioners in 
 1873, with the administration of the Passengers Acts. The 
 primary object of these Acts was to secure the safety and well- 
 being of those passengers by sea known as " emigrants " in the 
 ordinary sense of the word ; the furnishing, therefore, by the 
 masters of vessels of lists of passengers — from which the emi- 
 gration statistics are compiled — was incidental only to the 
 machinery for carrying out these Acts, and the completeness of 
 the lists was at first restricted by legal interpretations of the 
 words " passenger " and " passenger ships " as used in the original 
 Acts. In course of time, however, by alterations of law and 
 
SOURCES OF INFORMATIOX. 3 
 
 practice, the lists were made to include all outward passengers 
 to places " out.of Europe and not bordering on the Mediterranean 
 Sea," and similar lists wei"e also o))tained for inward pas- 
 sengers arriving from the same countries. Obviously, then, 
 therB were here ready to hand important figures to sup- 
 plement any that miglit be obtained as to movement between 
 this country and Europe. Indeed, the latter figiu'es could 
 hardly be read to any useful meaning without the former. It 
 was essential to know how many of the foreign arrivals from 
 Europe in this country were merely passing through on their 
 way to America, and the number of these foreign trans-migrants 
 was incluilcd in the Emigration Returns. 
 
 Steps taken to obtain information. 
 
 But for a.scertaining the numbers arriving and departing from 
 and to European countries, there was no niachinery available 
 like that of the Passengers Acts, and the police information 
 obtained in man}' countries through the passport system 
 was wanting in England. As regards an exact account of the 
 kind contemplated by the Committee of aliens leaving this 
 country for Europe, it was found impossible to require this 
 information from masters of ships without the enactment of a 
 new law for the purpose. No such legislation has been in fact 
 proposed, and there is do doubt that in view of the immense 
 volume of passenger traffic with Europe, and the ditlieulties 
 which would be occasioned by the sliort duration of the voyage, 
 the carrying out of any legislation of the kind indicated would 
 probably entail very considerable expense and vexatious in- 
 terference with traffic. For the inward Ijranch of the move- 
 ment, however, recourse was had to an Act of 6 William IV. 
 (c. 11), which provided, inter alia, that masters of all ships 
 arriving " from foreign parts " should, under a penalty for 
 non-compliance, hand in to the Customs authorities a written 
 statement of the numl)er of aliens (if any) on board, speci- 
 fying their names, rank, occupation, and description. This 
 Act had fallen into desuetude at most ports with the abandon- 
 ment of the passport system, and at the time when the Com- 
 mittee on "Emigration and Immigration (Foreigners)" took 
 evidence on the subject, it was foun<l that the regular supply of 
 nominal lists of incoming aliens as recpiired by the Act was only 
 enforced at tlu' port of London, lists in partial compliance witli 
 the Act being also obtained at Hull, Hartlepool, and Leith. The 
 Act itself, however, ha<l never been repeale«l, and it was decided 
 to bring it again into active operation so far as was necessary to 
 obtain an account of the number of alien arrivals from Europe 
 of the class with which the in((niry was concerned. Arrange- 
 ments have accordingly been made, under which the alien lists 
 referred t(j have been obtained since May LSDO fi-om Aberdeen, 
 Belfast. Bristol, Dover, Dublin, Folkestone, Gla.sgow. Goole, 
 Grangemouth, Granton, Greenock, Grimsl)y, Harwich. Hull, 
 
 A 2 
 
4 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, Leith, Liverpool, London, Middlesborough, New- 
 castle, North Shields, South Shields, Sunderland, and West 
 Hartlepool, to which Sf»uthaui})ton was added in November 
 1891, and Newhaven in September 1892, these ports, 2G in all, 
 of which 20 are on the east and south coasts, being all those 
 needing to be considered with reference to rhis immigration. 
 
 At Dover, Folkestone, Harwich, Southampton, and Newhaven, 
 where what may be called the " ferry-traffic " with the continent 
 is especially large, and obviously includes a very large pro- 
 portion of persons of a quite difFerent class from that con-- 
 templated in the inquiry, it has been thought sufficient that 
 alien lists should be furnished only for deck passengers and 
 those proceeding by rail as third-class passengers. At Hull, 
 West Hartlepool, Grimsby, and Leith large numbers of foreigners 
 are constantly arriving to at once proceed by rail across this 
 country and embark for America, and at these ports, therefore, 
 in respect of such alien immigrants as are actually in possession 
 of through tickets to other countries a return showing only the 
 total numbers of adults and cliildren is accepted as sufficient, 
 detailed lists being, however, required of all alien arrivals not 
 holding such tickets. 
 
 In addition to other means by which care is taken to ensure 
 the accuracy of the lists furnished, it may be mentioned that 
 vessels — to a certain proportion of the total number ariiving 
 eacli month at any port with aliens on board — are selected with- 
 out warning and at irregular intervals for an actual count by 
 the Customs boarding officers, of the total number of alien, pas- 
 sengers carried, and the result is compared with the alien list 
 previously prepared and handed in by the master, the latter 
 being required to explain any discrepancies discovered. 
 
 Further, Avith reference to aliens arriving at the port of 
 London from Hamburg, Bremen, and elsewhere, very full 
 particulars, apart from the alien lists, have been supplied for 
 the past three years by an examining officer of Customs, specially 
 assigned to the <luty of inspecting and repotting on these arri- 
 vals. This officer, in his reports, details the information obtained 
 (generally with the assistance of an interpreter), on personal 
 visits to each ship on its arrival. Different features of the 
 movement have been from tiu^e to time specially dealt with, but 
 in general the reports have set out the total number of aliens on 
 board, distiuguishing the number of men, women, and children, 
 and stating, so far as ascertainable, the number of Russian and 
 Polish Jews and members of other nationalities, frequently adding 
 also the names and occupations of the several alien passengers, 
 with the amount of money in their possession, and the addresses 
 to which they intend to proceed. The same officer has also, 
 at the request of the Board of Trade, been diiected to visit, on 
 two or three occasions, the chief ports of arrival for foreign 
 immigrants on the east coast, and with the experience gained 
 
SOURCES OF IX FORMATION. 5 
 
 in Loinlon has tested the accuracy of the returns of aliens 
 furnished at tliese ports. 
 
 The result of tliese various checks and tests is to leave no 
 doubt tiiat the alien lists are substantially accurate. 
 
 It may be mentioned that the newspaper reports ■which liavc 
 appeared from time to time — especially in the latter part of 1890 
 and in ISOI — of the arrival of batches of Russian an<l Polish Jews 
 in appaiently destitute circumstances at Tilbury, St. Katharine's 
 Dock, or elsewhere, have been investigated, and in no case have 
 they been found to refer to immigrants who were not already 
 included in the returns obtained by tho Board of Trade under 
 the arrangements which have been explained. 
 
 On the other hand, the alien lists no doubt include man}- 
 pei-sons who do not come within the scope of the inquiry, who 
 are by no means "destitute," and are in fact ordinary travellers 
 for business oi" pleasure. The corrections to be applied in this 
 direction will be referred to subsequently. 
 
 The lack of any returns corresponding to the alien lists for 
 foreign pa.ssengers outwards to the Continent has been stated above, 
 and is verv serious when it is desired to arrive at the balance of 
 foreiini innniffrants who remain and become resident here. It 
 has been sought, therefore, to throw light on the question by 
 obtaining a numerical account of the total movement of passenger 
 trafHc outwards and inwards between this country and the Con- 
 tinent of Europe, and for this purpose returns of persons con- 
 veyed in each direction have been sought from and courteously 
 furnished by the English railway companies carrying such 
 passengers, by the Belgian G<n-ernment (in respect of the 
 Belgian State Mail Packets), and by the various shipping com- 
 panies and priv.ite firms engaged in the traflic. It would not have 
 been possible from these various sources to ol)tain comph-te rrtuins 
 of the nationality of pa.ssengers, Init of the total nnndter c;irrieil 
 a practically conqilete account has been compiled which is of 
 the greatest service. 
 
 Further, watch has been kept on the westward Jewish move- 
 ment at its souree an<l in its progress to Continental ports, ami 
 information has been obtained on the subject through the 
 Foreign Office from H.M. Consuls at European ports, with 
 especial reference to the existence and extent of any emigration 
 t<» the United Kingdom of persons apparently destitute. 
 
 Finally, the reports of the Jewish Boards of Guardians and 
 other charitabli- institutions have furnished another method of 
 feeling the pulse of the current, while some information as to 
 the means po.s.se.sscd by alien imnngi'ants and their distribution 
 throughout the country has been gained by in«|uiries made of the 
 police in the chief towns of the kingdom. 
 
 The?e methods of incpiiry, fur which the l^ioard of Trade are 
 mainly responsible, constitute together the apparatus by which 
 it has been sought, without applying to the Legislature for 
 further powers of a more or le.ss intpiisitorial eharacter, to keep 
 
6 
 
 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 a constant watch on the number of foreigners coming here from 
 time to time from Europe. There is, however, much further 
 vahiable information on the subject as to a particular date — April 
 1891 — available only within the past few months, in the tabulated 
 results of the last census, to which reference will also be made 
 subsequently. 
 
 Results of the Inquiry. 
 
 The means, then, now available for procuring continuous or 
 periodical information having been explained with their limita- 
 tions, it remains to review and interpret the results obtained. 
 
 1. Total balance of movement of Aliens inwards. 
 
 It \n\\ be convenient to take first the figures of the total 
 movement of passengers into and from the United Kingdom. For 
 intercourse with European countries we have the unofficial but 
 practically complete figures obtained from the shipping com- 
 panies and other passenger carriers, as described above, and for 
 non-European countries we have the official returns made under 
 the Passengers Acts. Combining these, we have a full account 
 of the inward and outward movement to and from these shores, 
 and are thus enabled to arrive at the balance of emigration or 
 immigration resulting on the whole to this country. Without 
 repeating the details given in the annual reports, we may here 
 set out the totals for 1890-1-2-3, which are as under :— 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Total number of passengers outwards from 
 the United Kingdom :— 
 
 To Europe - - - - ' - 
 
 „ other countries 
 
 392,925 
 31i;,9S0 
 
 418,003 
 334,543 
 
 405,998 
 321,397 
 
 395,362 
 307,633 
 
 Total outwards ■ 
 
 708,905 
 
 752,546 
 
 727,395 
 
 702,995 
 
 Total number of passengers inwards to the 
 United Kingdom :— 
 
 From Europe .... 
 
 „ other countries 
 
 450,514 
 155,910 
 
 504,445 
 151.369 
 
 490,165 
 143,747 
 
 468,642 
 141,054 
 
 Total inwards 
 
 606,421 
 
 655,814 
 
 633,912 
 
 609,696 
 
 Balance outwards 
 
 102,481 
 
 96,732 
 
 93,483 
 
 93,299 
 
 Now it may be said that this balance outwards is made up, 
 and more than made up, by the British and Irish who left the 
 United Kingdom, the native emigration from this country in 
 the years mentioned having reached numbers considerably in 
 
TOTAL NUMBER UF IMMIGRANTS. 7 
 
 excess of the figures triven above, ami that this excess represents 
 the contrary or inward balauco ot" foreigners coming here to 
 remain. And this is true to a certain extent. But it is im- 
 portant to observe that in considering tliis point it is not the 
 f/rc.s'.s but the net native emigration tliat must he taken into 
 account ; e.g., in 1893, for every 100 jiersons of British and Irish 
 origin who sailed for phaces out of Europe 49 came Imck, and 
 those persons who go to and fro on ])usiness or pleasure nuist of 
 course be omitted from tlie calculation of the number of natives 
 permanently leaving this country. Referring again, then, to 
 the annual reports we find the 'net number of emigi-auts (exclusive 
 of foreigners) from this country to places out of Europe to have 
 been 110,218 in 1890,118,090 in 1891,114,972 in 1892, and 
 109,090 in 1893."^ If, then, we assume that the nundjer of 
 British and Irish going to the Continent is on the wliole approxi- 
 mately balanced by the number returning from the Continent, 
 we may deduct from these last figures the outward balances 
 given in the above table, and treat the remainders as the gross 
 maxima for the number of aliens who have come to this 
 country to remain. These work out as under : — 
 
 1890 - - 110,218 - 102,481 = 7,737 
 
 1891 - - 118,096 - 96,732 = 21,364 
 
 1892 - - 114,972 - 93,483 = 21,489 
 
 1893 - - 109,090 - 93,299 = 15,791 
 
 From these gross figures an important deduction is at once to 
 be made from tlie fact tliat the numbers used above for passen- 
 gers brought from Europe include, and do not distinguish, foreign 
 seamen who come to this country as passengers and ship again 
 as crews, and who are thus counted inwards and not outwards. 
 These are, however, sIkjwii separately in the Alien Lists from 
 1891 onwards, (though unfortunately we have not got complete 
 figures fur 1890), and lunnbered 9,797 in 1891, 10,319 in 1892, 
 and 9,7G0 in 1 893. Deducting these, we get as the balance of 
 foreigners of all classes that arrived here, possibly for settlement, 
 the numbers 11,567 in 1891, 11.140 in 1892, and 6,031 in 1893. 
 
 On the other hand, it is known that, contrary to the assump- 
 tion temporarily made ab(jvi', there is a small amount C)f British 
 and Irish emigration via continental ports. Tlie figures are given 
 in the annual reports and were 1,405 in 1891, 1,113 in 1892, and 
 254 in 1893. Taking tliis movement into account, the foreign 
 balance inwards would have to ])e correspondingly increased. 
 
 * These figures are inclusive of the (relatively small) number of passengers 
 between this country anil places out of Europe wliose nationality was not distin- 
 guisheil in tlie piissenjior lists. If we assume that such persons may he distributed 
 between native and foreign passengers to and from this country in the same pro- 
 portion as those emigrants anil immigrants whose nationality is given, the above 
 fif^ures for the iirl native emigration, and, by consequence, the number of foreign 
 immigrants on balance subsequently deduced therefrom, would be diminished by 920 
 in IS'.M. 0*8 in D^'.v.', and 8o7 in 1H'.I3. 
 
8 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 Certain further corrections would no doubt need to be made for 
 complete accuracy. Of one of these some measure has been given 
 (see note on jjage 7) ; the rest are of small moment, and, oj)erating 
 in contrary directions, may be set against one another. On final 
 balance therefore we may conclude, with apj^roximate accuracy, 
 that the whole foreign movement into the United Kinfrdom 
 resulted in an addition to the alien population resident in this 
 country of about 12,000 persons in 1891, of i-ather less than 
 11,500 in 1892, and of something under 6,000 in 1898. 
 
 2. Alien Lists. 
 
 The nature and contents of these lists have been fully 
 explained above, and the most important numerical results 
 collected from them will alone be here stated as briefly as 
 possible, the full details being given in the tables appended 
 to the annual reports. Complete figures for all the ports con- 
 cerned and for the whole year are not available for 1890. In 
 1891 the number of aliens returned on the lists as passengers 
 " en route to America and elsewhere " was 98,705, while those 
 not so shov:n numbered 38,007; in 1892 the corresponding num- 
 bers were 93,801, and 32,486 respectively; while in 1893 the 
 known trans -migrants were 79,518 in number, and the remainder 
 33,188.* Apart from the fact that many of those not holding 
 through tickets yet re- book at once to places out of Europe, 
 while others go on to America shortly by the assistance of 
 friends or relief societies, it appears I'rom these figures that 
 the vast majority of those entered on the Alien Lists liave taken 
 their passages from home to America via England, and are 
 therefore merely transient visitors to this country. These then 
 form part of the foreign emigrants to non- European countries 
 who are enumerated in the returns obtained under the Passengers 
 Acts, and who numbered 112,275 in 1891, 107,351 in 1892, and 
 95,123 in 1898. They have been counted in the figures used 
 above for the volume of outward movement and form no part, 
 therefore, of the net inward balance with which we are dealing. 
 
 Turning, then, to the gross figures made up from the Alien 
 Lists of those " not stated to hold through tickets to other coun- 
 tries," it is to be observed that tliese include the foreign seamen 
 referred to abo\e, who should, as alreaily explained, be omitted 
 for oui- present purpo-^e. Making this deduction, tlie number of 
 foreign arrivals shown in the Alien Lists who have to be here 
 considered becomes 28,270 for 1891, 22,137 for 1892, and 23,599 
 in 1893. 
 
 * In these and subsequeut figures from the Allen Lists of 1893, the number of 
 immigrants recorded at Newhaven is omitted, as the corresponding figures for earlier 
 )-ears are not available. This omissitm is of small importance, as the route is not 
 found to have been one adopted by the class of persons with -which our inquiry is 
 concerned. 
 
NATloNALIIV OK IMMIGRAXTS. 
 
 9 
 
 The (liiuinisliL'd numbers iu 1892 fornicd the subject ot coiu- 
 ment in the annual emigration report for that year, and it was 
 explained that passen^-er traffic by sea had shown a jjeneral 
 diminution in consequence of the outbreak of cholera in Western 
 Europe and the sanitary precautions thi*reupon adopted at the 
 seaports. Similar restrictions operated also in 1893. 
 
 It is important to have the means of analysing still further 
 the current of foreign immigration measured by these figures, 
 and the most important questions that arise are : Of what nation- 
 alities are these inimigiants ? From what poi'ts in Europe do 
 they eudtark ? To which of our ports do they come ? and the 
 details iriven in the Alien Lists enable answers to be mven on 
 these points. 
 
 The chief question, that as to nationalities, is best responded 
 to by the following short table showing — 
 
 " The number of aliens, other than seamen, that arrived in the 
 United Kingdom from European ports in 1891, 1892, and 1893, 
 and were not stated to hold through tickets to other countries." 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 Russians and I'olos . . - 
 
 12,607 
 
 7,538 
 
 7,721 
 
 Norwegians, S«vedcs, and Danes 
 
 4,647 
 
 4,367 
 
 4,597 
 
 Germans . . . - 
 
 5,817 
 
 5,765 
 
 6,562 
 
 Dutch ----- 
 
 911 
 
 839 
 
 880 
 
 Fnncl) - - - - - 
 
 1,453 
 
 910 
 
 977 
 
 Italians _ . _ - 
 
 731 
 
 783 
 
 611 
 
 Other nationalities 
 
 2,lUl 
 
 1,935 
 
 2,2-J] 
 
 Total - 
 
 28,270 
 
 22,137 
 
 23,599 
 
 Of these nationalities \\c know from the (jbservation of our 
 own Customs' Officers and the reports of Her Majesty's Consuls 
 {see below), that the Scandinavian contingent and to a great 
 extent the German, arc made up of emigrants who go on to 
 America. For the rest, other than Russians and Poles, the 
 figures are small. The French too are notoriously a nation whose 
 members leave home only to return again, and not to become 
 permanent settlers abroa<l. This may be said, speaking gene- 
 ally, of the Dutch also, to ju<lgc from the small extent of their 
 emigration out of Euro|»e, the gross lunnbers for which (i.e., 
 withcjut allowing for immigration) only amounted on the average 
 for 188G-91 to 4,730 annually out of a j)opulati<>n of over 4.^ 
 millions. 
 
 It is then the Russian and Polish element on which our atten- 
 tion may be concentrated. Of tliese immigrants, tl>e majority 
 have arrived at London, and, till the autumn of 1892, came for 
 the most part from Hamburg, though since the distvirbance of 
 traffic then occa«;ioned by the ehoh'ra ontbrt-ak, Bremen has 
 
10 
 
 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 become the chief continental port of departure for this country. 
 For the port of London we have from the Alien Lists four 
 years' figures as to nationalities. In round numbers, 7,000 
 Russian and Polish Jews not having through tickets elsewhere 
 came to London in 1890, 9,700 in 1891, 5,600 in 1892, and 
 5,400 in 1893. Thus in 1891 (we have ©ot got the complete 
 figures for 1890) of all the immigrants into the United Kingdom 
 of this description, London accounted for 77 per cent., in 1892 
 for 74 per cent., and in 1893 for 70 per cent., approximately 
 three-fourths, that is to say, in each year. 
 
 The remaining fourth was thus distributed : — 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Arrived at Grimsby - - - 
 Hull 
 „ Hartlepool, West 
 
 Tyne Ports - 
 „ Leith and Grangemouth 
 Other Ports - 
 
 1,112 
 504 
 488 
 104 
 164 
 559 
 
 666 
 499 
 324 
 48 
 113 
 301 
 
 863 
 933 
 75 
 43 
 109 
 291 
 
 Of the total number of these Russians and Poles coming to 
 this country, all but 5 per cent, in 1891, and all but 7 per cent, 
 in 1892, came from Hamburg, and the immigrants of this nation- 
 ality formed, in 1891, 76 per cent., and in 1892, 64 per cent., of 
 all the aliens (not being seamen and not known to be trans- 
 migrants) shown by the lists to have come here from Ham- 
 burg. In 1893, 41 per cent, of these Russians and Poles came 
 from Bremen, and only 37 per cent, from Hamburg. Of the 
 remainder 921, or 12 per cent., came from Amsterdam, Antwerp, 
 and Rotterdam. 
 
 Of the total number of 7,721 Russians and Poles (not known 
 to be trans-migrants) who arrived in this country in 1893, 4,164 
 were men, 2,023 women, and 1,534 children, i.e., in every 100 
 such immigrants there were 54 men, 26 women, and 20 children. 
 The corresponding per-centages in 1892 were 57, 26, and 17, 
 and in 1891 they were 55, 25, and 20. This proportion of chil- 
 dren is much higher than for immigrants of other nationalities, 
 amono' whom they were found to bear a ratio of from 6 to 7 to 
 every 100. 
 
 These Russo-Polish immigrants are frequently classed as 
 " destitute." There is no doubt from the evidence of the consuls 
 who have visited them at the ports of embarkation, and of the 
 Custom House officers who see them on their arrival, that they 
 do in the main present a pitiable appearance on landing. There 
 is no complete official inspection attempted to discover the 
 means they possess. However, the officer of Customs previously 
 referred to as charged with the duty of personally visiting and 
 reporting on vessels arriving in the port of London with these 
 
JEWISH BOARDS OF GUARDIANS. H 
 
 pas.sonf,^ors, has oHaine<I a considerable amnmit of information 
 as to tlieir means and intended destinations, Avith the residt 
 which may be stated as given in the Report issued in 1892: 
 " The immiirrants have been found to incluik; persons formerly 
 " resident in London returning from visits to the Continent, 
 " domestic servants cominy; to situations for which they had 
 " already been engaged, as well as wi\es and families on their 
 " way to join men already settled here ; a considerable number 
 " too were found to possess sums of money, rising in some in- 
 " stances to 30/. and over" — these sums, it may be stated, being 
 pro<luced to the officer himself, — " which removed them from 
 " the class of 'destitute' persons ; further, some, though not in 
 " possession of through tickets, intended to at once proceed to 
 " America, South Africa, or Australia." It is however clear, so 
 far as such examination has been possible, that in the great 
 majority of cases the resources possessed on arrival arc extremely 
 scanty. 
 
 3. Jeiowh. Boards of Gtutrdians, &c. 
 
 Inquiries have not sho^vn that these people have to any 
 great extent become chargeable to our poor-law authorities, 
 but it appears from the reports of Jew^ish charitable societies 
 that these bodies extend assistance to a considerable nundjer. 
 Wherever possible this assistance takes the form of sending the 
 applicants away from the United Kingdom, either on to America 
 or back to their original homes. In this way the " London 
 Jewish Board of Guardians " with the " Russo- Jewish Conjoint 
 Committee," removed altout 2,500 persons from London in each 
 of the years 1892 and 1893, and more than 2,000 in ISIU. This 
 action, carried on as it is on so large a scale, considerably diminishes 
 tlie nund)ers of the foreign Jewish colony. It must be explained 
 however, that the ])ersons so sent away were not all recent arri\ als 
 some having, in fact, been resident here for a considerable time, 
 so that it is difficult to gauge the exact effect produced by these 
 removals from this country between any given dates. 
 
 The statistics of the work done by tiie London Jewish Board 
 of Guardians, with the Russo-Jewish Conjoint Connuittee — the 
 chief of the eharitaljle iigencies here spoken of — are available 
 for a considerabli' peiiod, and may be referred to as throwing 
 light upon the extent of destitution among these immigrants, 
 who form the great majority of the applicants. 
 
 A sunnnnry view of the operations of the two bodies mentioned 
 (taken together) is given in the following table, as to which it 
 is to be noted that " new a])|>lications " arc not confined to those 
 made by new arrivals in this country, though these form the 
 gi-eat majority of such applications. 
 
12 
 
 STATISTICAL EEFORT. 
 
 
 Xumber of 
 
 Applications 
 
 for Relief 
 
 (Cases). 
 
 Cases Relieved. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Total 
 Number. 
 
 New Cases 
 only. 
 
 1884 - 
 
 1885 ----- 
 
 1886 -.,,-. 
 
 1887 ----- 
 
 1888 ----- 
 
 1889 ----- 
 
 1890 ----- 
 
 1891 ----- 
 
 1892 ----- 
 
 1893 ----- 
 
 3,406 
 3,692 
 4,648 
 3,536 
 4,098 
 3,657 
 3,960 
 5,340 
 6,249 
 6,587 
 
 3,147 
 3,514 
 4,290 
 3,434 
 3,820 
 3,309 
 3,603 
 4,912 
 .5,700 
 6,083 
 
 1,423 
 1,656 
 2,053 
 1,296 
 1,596 
 1,209 
 1,524 
 2,458 
 2,682 
 2,869 
 
 Here the large figures of ] 886 are balanced by the small 
 number of 1887, and apart from this fluctuation the most note- 
 worthy point is the considerable increase in 1891, maintained 
 also in 1892 and 1893. 
 
 4. Statements of Police Authorities. 
 
 Since the end of 1890 inquiries have been annually addressed 
 to the police authorities of the chief towns throughout the 
 kingdom for information as to the existence of any colony of 
 indigent foreign Jews in the towns under their supervision, and 
 if any such existed, whether it had recently increased or not. 
 The replies have disclosed the existence of such a colony in Leeds, 
 Manchester, Liverpool, and Birmingham, though, except perhaps 
 in Leeds, on a very small scale. The report from Leeds for 1891 
 stated that there appeared to have been an increase during the 
 year of about 440 Russian and Polish Jews. For 1892 the report 
 was to the eftect that though the existence of cholera on the Con- 
 tinent had latterly checked the flow of this immigration, yet the 
 total Jewish population of the town had apparently been added 
 to within the year by about 1,5U0 ; it was further stated, " There 
 is great poverty among them." At the beginning of the present 
 year it was reported that a further influx of indigent Russian 
 and Polish Jews took place in 1893. On the other hand the 
 reports from Manchester, though referring to an increase in the 
 number of persorrs of this class that arrived in 1891, state that 
 such immigration fell off" considerably in 1892 and again in 
 1893. From Liverpool it was reported at the beginning of this 
 year that there were 19 families of destitute Russian and Polish 
 Jews resident in the city. The reports furnished by the Chief 
 Constable at -Birminghmn have contained statements of the 
 number of alien Jews relieved by the Jewish Bo ird in that 
 town. Thes.i numbere>l 412 in 1891, 422 in 1892, and 459 in 
 1893. I rom Glasgow, Edinburgh, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Hull, 
 Sheffield, Cardifl* Swansea, and Brighton reports have come as 
 
POLICE AND tJONSUl.Alt KKl'DUTS. 13 
 
 to tlie existence of iinniigration of the kind in ([iiestion, but the 
 nuiabers given of those wlio ivuiain in these places are vevy 
 small. The reports received each year from Bolton, Bradford,' 
 Bristol, Bnrton-on-Trint, Darlini^ton Derby, ITastini^^s, Leici'ster, 
 Merthyr 'J'ydtil, Northampton, Xottiny;hani, CUdham, Oxford, 
 Plymcjnth, Portsmouth, Preston, Readino;, South Shields, Stafford, 
 Stockton, Sunderland, Wijj;an, and Wolverhampton were all to 
 the effect that there are no destitute aliens, or very few, resident 
 in these towns. 
 
 5. Information derived from HJf. Consuls in Europe. 
 
 Early in 1890, shortly after the inception of this incpiiry, reports 
 were obtained, through the Foreign OfRce, from H.M. consuls at 
 European ports as to the existence of any emigration of des- 
 titute persons from within their districts likely to be directed 
 to the United Kingdom, ;ind similar reports have since been 
 furnished annually. The reports from Copenhagen and from 
 the Scandinavian ports state that the emigration thence to the 
 United Kingdom is of per.sons who are by no means destitute, 
 and who for the most part go to Hull, Leith, or London, on their 
 way to the United States or Canada. The reports from other 
 places in the north of Europe all speak of the westward stream of 
 enn'gration fi'om Russia as directed to Handairg, or (lattei'ly) 
 Bremen. The reports from Hamburg refer to the fact that the 
 bulk of intending emigrants arriving at that port take ship 
 direct for America, while some cross to England to embaik at 
 Liverpool ; some again, no doubt, — and these, it is said, a])pear 
 to be in many cases fairly described as destitute, — take the 
 shorter voyage to England with no imnicdiate intention of 
 proceeding beyond. 
 
 The statements received from other European ports are to the 
 eflfect that no such emigration to the United Kingdom exists as 
 that referred to, and this negative testimony is valuable as 
 showing that no movement of this kind has gone on b}' an}' 
 route which has escaped attention. 
 
 It is clear, then, that foreign iunnigration from Europe into 
 this country is only part of a large movement of emigration 
 westward from European countries, partly the ordinaiy clilux 
 of the inhabitants of long-settled lands on their way to try their 
 fortune in new countries, 1)ut partly also, of late yeai-s, made up 
 of those escaping from the yeligious persecution to which they 
 are subjected in their own homes. 
 
 Of this streani a Ijraneh takes its course via the United 
 Kingdom, leaving here a certain residuum, jirincipally of the 
 Jewish refugees, unable at once to proceed further. 
 
 The fact that it is America which is the comitry affected to a 
 greatly prepomlerating extent by this transfi-i-ence of popula- 
 tion, will be made clear from the following figui-(.'S, taken from 
 the Unite<l States records, sliowing tiie number of Scandinavian, 
 
14 
 
 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 Russian, Polish, German, and of Austrian and Hungarian im- 
 migrants into that country in each year from 1881 onwards : — 
 
 Years 
 (ended 31st Dpc.) 
 
 Nor- 
 wegians, 
 Swedes, 
 and Danes. 
 
 Russians 
 
 (otlier than 
 
 Poles). 
 
 Poles. 
 
 Germans. 
 
 Austrians 
 and Hun- 
 garians. 
 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1881 
 1885 
 ISSiJ 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 18<J0 
 181)1 
 18itt 
 1893 
 
 91,810 
 100,379 
 63,638 
 4r.,5B6 
 ■39,070 
 52,715 
 78,863 
 74,779 
 51,048 
 63.315 
 (i-2,935 
 65,900 
 60,197 
 
 8,513 
 
 6,283 
 
 249,572 
 
 18,205 
 
 4.246 
 
 282,269 
 
 15,014 
 
 2,151 
 
 184,389 
 
 15,529 
 
 4,369 
 
 155,529 
 
 16.951 
 
 S.lOl 
 
 107,668 
 
 26,820 
 
 (;,396 
 
 8i;.301 
 
 25,815 
 
 4,96(1 
 
 111, .324 
 
 87,353 
 
 5.902 
 
 106.975 
 
 33,487 
 
 4,866 
 
 95.965 
 
 40,922 
 
 19.743 
 
 96,514 
 
 73,271 
 
 31,301 
 
 123,438 
 
 52,33 1 
 
 27,013 
 
 118,400 
 
 51,497 
 
 6,122 
 
 89,603 
 
 28.193 
 29,917 
 30,236 
 31,396 
 25.637 
 40,116 
 39.087 
 41.665 
 42,170 
 63,119 
 70,711 
 69.930 
 65,878 
 
 all 
 
 mw 
 
 ^^ard 
 
 The figures, it is to be noted, are not those of 
 passengers, but refer only to those aliens who are believed by, 
 the American authorities to have the intention of permanently 
 settlino- in the United States. Not only are they, taken as a 
 whole, far larger than those which we have reviewed of the 
 number of foreign immigrants who come to this country, but 
 this is true also of the nationalities with which our inquiry is 
 specials concerned. It is noteworthy that with a diminution 
 in German immigration, and while the Scandinavian element 
 is also either stationary or diminishing, there lias been, in the 
 main a large increase among Russians, Poles, and Austrians and 
 Huno-arians. The number of Russian and Polish immigrants, 
 which was under 15,000 in 1881, was over 100,000 in 1891. 
 
 Reference may here be made to the small number of foreign 
 emic'-rants from the United Kingdom to America who are 
 rejected by the United States' authorities as unfit settlers 
 according to their Immigration Laws, and who are therefore 
 brouo-ht back to this country. The total number of those so 
 dealt with on whatever grounds in the last six years, together 
 with the total number of foreign emigrants to the United States 
 from this country is as under : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Foreign Emigrants from the 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Total going to 
 
 the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Number 
 
 rejected b_y the 
 
 United States' 
 
 Authorities. 
 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 Total for the six Years (1888-1893) 
 
 95,390 
 G9,792 
 81,109 
 95,621 
 85,182 
 64,263 
 
 491,357 
 
 15 
 43 
 18 
 71 
 111 
 99 
 
 35' 
 
CENSUS OF 1891, 15 
 
 It will be seen th.it the fii^ures ure extremely siuuU in pro- 
 portion to the total number of foreign emi<i^rants who t^o from tliis 
 country to the United States, and though tliere is some increase 
 in recent years, yet in 1S93 tluy were only • 15 per cent, of this 
 total, while for the period 18SS-93 the proportion was only 
 • 07 per cent. 
 
 It remains to notice the information offered by the decennial 
 censu.s. Tins, though lyin^ outside the continuous iiKjuiry 
 pursued ijy the Boanl of Trade, with which this menujraudum 
 has hitherto dealt, atibrds such a valual)le means of periodically 
 checking and supplementing (though at long intervals) the 
 results otherwise obtained, that it is essential to the complete- 
 ness of this statement to make use of the statistics as to tlie 
 foreign population of the kingdom in April IS91 which liave 
 recently become availalile. A sunnnar}' account will therefore be 
 given of tlie chief facts disclosed by the census which are of 
 interest in the inijuiry with which we are concerned. 
 
 Census o/ 1891. 
 
 The total number of foreigners in the United Kingdom enu- 
 merated at the Census of 1891 was 219,523, as against 185,640 
 in 1881 and 118,979 in 1871. These are of course the gross 
 figures of those present on the census day, including, therefore, 
 seamen and a large number of other persons not residents but 
 travelling in this country on business or pleasure. 
 
 It should 1)0 stated that, so fur as regards England and 
 Wales, which division of the Ignited Kingdom accounts for 
 more than nine-tenths of the number for 1891 given above, 
 there are reasons for believing that the number of foreigners 
 wa.s .somewhat undei-stated at the enumeration of 1871 and of 
 1881, and overst{xte<l in 1891. Therefore to a certain extent, 
 which, however, there are no means of measuring and allowing 
 for, the rates of increase in the last decade, computed from these 
 figures and stated below, arc in excess of the truth. 
 
 The ]>rincipal nationalities repre.sente<l, and the numl)ers 
 returned for tlie wh(jle of the United Kingdom as belonging to 
 these at the date of each census referred to, with the increase 
 or decrease for each nationality, are shown in the following 
 table, wliich also gives for compari.son the total popu];ition of 
 the United Kingdom : — 
 
16 
 
 STATISTICAL ilEPORT. 
 
 Number of Foreigners enumerated in the United 
 
 Kingdom* 
 
 Country of 
 
 1871. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Increase from 
 1871 to 1881. 
 
 Increase from 
 1881 to 1891. 
 
 Birth. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 Cent. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent. 
 
 France 
 
 1!»,618 
 
 16,194 
 
 22,475 
 
 - 3,4^4 
 
 -/r-5 
 
 6,281 
 
 38-8 
 
 German Empire - 
 
 35,141 
 
 40.371 
 
 53,501 
 
 5,230 
 
 14-9 
 
 13,220 
 
 32-7 
 
 Holland 
 
 6,504 
 
 5,609 
 
 6,715 
 
 — SQS 
 
 -t3-S 
 
 1,106 
 
 19-7 
 
 Italy 
 
 5,973 
 
 7,194 
 
 10,921 
 
 1,221 
 
 20-4 
 
 3,727 
 
 51-8 
 
 Norway, Sweden,' 
 and Denmark - 
 
 8,978 
 
 9,671 
 
 16,542 
 
 093 
 
 7-7 
 
 6,871 
 
 71-0 
 
 Russia - -~^ 
 Rusaiau Poland •) 
 
 9,971 
 
 15,271 j 
 
 25,736 1 
 21,959 J 
 
 5,297 
 
 53-1 
 
 32,424 
 
 212-3 
 
 United States 
 
 9,4(!7 
 
 20,014 
 
 22,838 
 
 10,517 
 
 111 -4 
 
 2,824 
 
 14-1 
 
 " America " 
 
 .3,551 
 
 5,137 
 
 5,061 
 
 1,586 
 20,255 
 
 44-7 
 
 20-4 
 
 - -^ 
 
 -■f's 
 
 ■ 
 
 99,206 
 
 119,461 
 
 185,838 
 
 06,377 
 
 55-6 
 
 Other Countries - 
 
 14,773 
 113,979 
 
 16,179 
 135,6 to 
 
 33,085 
 
 1,400 
 
 9-5 
 
 17,506 
 
 108-2 
 
 Total Number"^ 
 of Foreigners 3 
 
 219,523 
 
 21,661 
 
 19-0 
 
 83.833 
 
 61-8 
 
 Total Population") 
 of tlie United > 
 Kingdom' - ' 
 
 31,484,661 
 
 34,884,848 
 
 37,732,922 
 
 3,400,187 
 
 10-8 
 
 2,848,074 
 
 8-2 
 
 * Not including the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands. 
 
 As already explained, the apparent increase in the number of 
 forciirners between the Census of 1881 and that of ]891 is in 
 excess of the real increase. As the figures stand we are shown 
 an increase during the decade which in [iroportion to the numbers 
 involved may perliaps be I'egarded as considerable, w hile in the 
 case of certain nationalities the ratio of increase was undoubtedly 
 very large. 
 
 But in comparison with the total population cA this country 
 the numbers are still quite, insignificant, the above table show- 
 ing for 1891 only 5'8 foreigners to every 1,000 inhabitants of 
 the United Kingdom. It may be noted here, for comparison, 
 that in the German Empire, according to the Census of J 890, 
 foreigners numbered 8 '8 per 1,000 of the poi)ulation ; that in 
 Austria proper, according to the census of the same year, they 
 numbered 17"2 per 1,000 ; while in France the projwrtion (which 
 has in that country been steadily rising at each successive 
 census) was, in 1886, 297 per 1,000. In the United States of 
 America the ratio is, of course, very high: in 1880 it was 
 143-2, and in 1890 had risen to 1477 per 1,000. 
 
CENSi's or 1<S91. 
 
 17 
 
 It wili l'(^ iif" intrrtv-^t tn fnrtlifr airilysc the census returns of 
 foreigners in tliis er)untry in l.SiH, and especially io localise 
 tlieni so tar as possihio. 
 
 The niniiliers sliow n as present in Scotland and Ireland are 
 very inconsideraltle. In Ireland there were altogether 12,900, 
 or 2 '7 in every 1,000 of tlie pMpulation, of whom 4,1G.j were 
 returned as in Lrinster, .S,;?(i7 in Minister, 4,1*27 in T'^lster, and 
 1,241 in C'onnaught. 
 
 Of this total mnuber 7,4;>!) were stated to iia.ve Ijeen burji in 
 the United States or in " America," which probal)ly also meant, 
 in the majority of cases, the United States. Of the remaining 
 .'.,401, 1,282 were Frencii, 040 Germans, 1.111 Russians, an<i 
 .So Toles. Compared witli the census of ISSI this shows an 
 increase of 108 Frencli, 13 (jtermans, and 879 Russians and I'oles : 
 while in the total number of foreigners enumer.ited in Irelaml 
 there was an increase of 1,690. 
 
 In Scotland the total number of foi'eigners was S,510, or 21 
 to every 1,000 of the population. Of those 2,052 were Germans, 
 1,977 natives of Xorway, Sweden, or Denmark, !)f)9 Russians, 
 47») Russian Poles. 749 Italians, and 44G French, while GOO were 
 stated to have been born in the United States. Conij)ared with 
 the figures for 1881, these numbers show a slight diniinution in 
 the case of Germans and French, while Scandina\ ians had 
 increaseil in the decade by 605, Russians and Russian Poles 
 by 989, Italians by 421, and natives of the United States b}' 
 121. The increase in the total nund)er enumerated was 2,1 11. 
 In the parliamentary burghs of Edinburgh, Leith, and Glasgow 
 were enumerated 4,253, or almost exactly one-hall' of the total 
 number of foreigners in Scotland, and 678 more in Abeideen, 
 J)undee, and (.ireenock. The figures for each of these towns, 
 diowing .separately the nationalities chiefly represented, aie given 
 
 be] 
 
 ow. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 I)iii\di-e ■ 
 KdiiihiirKli 
 (ila.s(?ow - 
 (;re«'nook - 
 Loitli 
 
 loreigners present in 1891. 
 
 French. Germans., Italinn.s. 
 
 ' Russians 
 
 ai'.d Sfundiiiii- 
 , UiLSiiian vian.s. 
 Poles. 1 I 
 
 .\nieri- Total of 
 cans nll.Nation- 
 (U. S.). alitics. 
 
 Total No. 
 
 of 
 Fon-iKH- 
 
 i-rs 
 prt'SiMit in 
 
 ISSl. 
 
 •J5 
 
 2H 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 ■m 
 
 20 
 
 
 •-•8 
 
 r>6 
 
 i^i 
 
 n 
 
 w 
 
 5(. 
 
 2it:f 
 
 HJ 
 
 3^»5 
 
 \(n 
 
 M\ 
 
 i<i 
 
 l.SJ 
 
 1,1 fi2 
 
 '.O 
 
 480 
 
 :U8 
 
 CtlUi 
 
 ■in 
 
 Ml 
 
 2.2US 
 
 13 
 
 (!7 
 
 la 
 
 :n 
 
 77 
 
 _ 
 
 22i! 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 lti6 
 
 20 
 
 l.Vl 
 
 :i71 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 151 
 
 2W 
 
 T'.'t 
 
 1.55.S 
 
 1.308 
 
 The numbers appear to l»e too small to need comment. 
 
 O «2170. 
 
 15 
 
18 
 
 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 In England and Wales the total number of foreigners enu- 
 merated at the Census of 1891 was 198,113, or -08 per cent, of 
 the population. In 1881 the number was 118,031, the apparent 
 increase (subject to the reservation made above) being thus 
 80,082. The composition of this foreign element as to nationali- 
 ties and sexes at each of these dates is shown in the following: 
 table : — 
 
 Number of Foreigners in England and Wales according to 
 the Census taken in each of the years 1881 and 1891. 
 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 Country of Birth. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Persons. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Persons. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Germany - - . . 
 
 50,599 
 
 30,386 
 
 20,213 
 
 37,301 
 
 23,714 
 
 13,587 
 
 Russia .... 
 Russian Poland - 
 
 23,626 
 21,448 
 
 13,73-2 
 11,817 
 
 9,894 
 9,631 
 
 i 14,468 
 
 8,736 
 
 5,732 
 
 France .... 
 
 20,797 
 
 9,803 
 
 10,994 
 
 14,596 
 
 7,775 
 
 6,821 
 
 Norway, Sweden, and Denmark 
 
 14,004 
 
 11,662 
 
 2,342 
 
 7,917 
 
 6,708 
 
 1,209 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 9,909 
 
 7,333 
 
 2,576 
 
 6,504 
 
 5,344. 
 
 1,160 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 6,617 
 
 3,356 
 
 3,261 
 
 4,089 
 
 2,232 
 
 1,857 
 
 Holland .... 
 
 6,350 
 
 3,584 
 
 2,766 
 
 5,357 
 
 3,104 
 
 2,253 
 
 Belgium .... 
 
 3,917 
 
 2,0U3 
 
 1,914 
 
 2,462 
 
 1,450 
 
 1,012 
 
 Austria .... 
 Hungary . . - . 
 
 4,935 
 738 
 
 3,262 
 501 
 
 1,673 
 237 
 
 > 2,809 
 
 2,199 
 
 610 
 
 United States of America 
 
 19,740 
 
 9,726 
 
 10,014 
 
 17,767 
 
 9,226 
 
 8,541 
 
 Other Countries - 
 
 15,433 
 
 8,721 
 
 6,712 
 
 4,761 
 
 3,609 
 
 1,152 
 
 Total . . ■ . 
 
 198,113 
 
 115,886 
 
 82.227 
 
 118,031 
 
 74,097 
 
 43,934 
 
 It will be seen that to the increase of 80,000 from 1881 to 
 1891 Germans contributed 13,000, Russians and Russian Poles 
 30.600, and French and Scandinavians each 6,000. The French 
 increase may be set against a decrease of 3,500 which took place 
 between 1871 and 1881. The number of Scandinavians 
 enumerated is largely made up of seamen, a fact which accounts 
 for the great preponderance of males over females. 
 
 The important additions then to the foreign population were 
 those of Germans, Russians, and Russian Poles. It will be 
 observed that. — if we deduct Americans, — members of these 
 nationalities formed, both in 1881 and in 1891, more than half 
 the total number of foreigners in this country. 
 
 The manner in which the foreign element was distributed in 
 various localities is shown in the following table, which gives 
 for London and the provincial towns most affected the total 
 number of foreigners and the number of Germans, Russians, and 
 
CENSUS OF 1891. 
 
 19 
 
 Russian Poles, as eiiuuieratod at the Ceiisus of 1881 and that of 
 1891 :— 
 
 
 Total XunilMT 
 of Foiviftnt'is. 
 
 GcniiHii.s. 
 
 Kussiaiis. 
 
 Voles 
 (Uussiuii). 
 
 Towns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 London 
 
 95,053 
 
 60.202 
 
 26,920 
 
 21,966 
 
 12,(»t 
 
 1,778 
 
 14,708 
 
 6,031 
 
 Liveriwol 
 
 7.102 
 
 6,858 
 
 1,779 
 
 1,7*4 
 
 1,017 
 
 406 
 
 6:i0 
 
 5-12 
 
 ^laixchestiT - • • 
 
 8,941 
 
 2,805 
 
 1,321 
 
 691 
 
 3.379 
 
 126 
 
 1,701 
 
 762 
 
 Salford • 
 
 1,222 
 
 499 
 
 227 
 
 103 
 
 229 
 
 9 
 
 177 
 
 9 
 
 Hull .... 
 
 2.742 
 
 2,251 
 
 iK)6 
 
 1,006 
 
 340 
 
 128 
 
 316 
 
 217 
 
 Leeds 
 
 5.927 
 
 2.1:}4 
 
 581 
 
 310 
 
 3^120 
 
 :«2 
 
 1,420 
 
 l,()4<i 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 1,966 
 
 1,153 
 
 442 
 
 295 
 
 2(kS 
 
 60 
 
 378 
 
 16t 
 
 Caiditl 
 
 2,687 
 
 1,773 
 
 317 
 
 1S5 
 
 191 
 
 83 
 
 "7 
 
 37 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
 
 1.715 
 
 1,024 
 
 396 
 
 284 
 
 186 
 
 24 
 
 156 
 
 81 
 
 South Sliields 
 
 1.418 
 
 719 
 
 3.i4 
 
 168 
 
 93 
 
 55 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Sundi'iland • 
 
 1,293 
 
 tw:j 
 
 410 
 
 260 
 
 187 
 
 35 
 
 ti4 
 
 U\ 
 
 Comparing this tabic with that last pvcn, it will l>e seen that 
 both in 1881 and in 1891 about half the ioreigners enume- 
 rated in the whole of England and Wales were to be found 
 in London. The increase during the decade was, however, 
 proportionately less in the metropolis than in the provinces, the 
 additional numbers being in London 58 per cent, of the foreign 
 population of 1881, and in other ])arts of the country 78 per 
 cent. 
 
 As to the towns, other than London, specified in this taMe, 
 the only noteworthy increases are those .shown for Manchester 
 and Salford, and for Leeds, amounting in the former case to 0,8.59, 
 and in the latter to 3,703. In both towns, Russians and Russian 
 I'ules are mainly account abk' for the increase, to which they 
 contributed 4,580 in Manchester and Salford, and 3,152 in Leeds. 
 Li the other towns mentioned, the 1891 figures arc somewhat 
 large)- than those of 1881, but in none of them did the total 
 addition to the foreign j^opulation reach 1,000. Most of them 
 are ports, where a large ))r(»portion of ihe foreigners enume- 
 rated would be seamen. This is especially the Ciuse in regard 
 to Scandinavians, who in 1891 nuinbrred in Cardiff 815 (an 
 increase of 524 over the figures of 1881), in Hull 713 (an 
 increase of 233), in Newcastle-on-Tynt' 50() (an incn-asc of 
 238), in S(^uth Sliields 744 (an increase of 387), and in Snii'Ifi- 
 hand 301 (an incre.use of 16(j). 
 
 In London, the addition to the number of foreigners between 
 1881 and 1891 amounted (approximately) to 35,000, to whicli 
 number, as appears from the table given above, Germans con- 
 tributed 5,000, Russians 10,000, and natives of Russian Poland 
 
 1. ••) 
 
20 
 
 STATISTICAL IIEPORT. 
 
 8,000, while as regards other nationalities, the census showed 
 that natives of France and of Austria-Hunga.ry had each in- 
 creased their numbers in London by about 2,000, Italians 
 by 1,600, natives of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark (taken 
 together) by 1,200, and Swiss by 1,000. It is then the number 
 of Russians and Poles iti London and their larcje auomentation 
 (relatively), to which attention is mainly drawn 1)}' the hgures 
 here brought together. Of the 45,074 persons of these nation- 
 alities present in the whole of England and Wales in April 1891, 
 26,742, or 59 per cent., were found to be in London. And as 
 the point has been raised that it is less the total number of 
 these persons present in the whole country, than tlie density of 
 their aggregation within certain limited areas that is of im- 
 portance from a social, economic, and sanitary point of view, 
 it will be of interest to give some figures bearing on their 
 distribution within London. 
 
 The numbers (for Russians and Russian Poles, taken together) 
 range from 17 in Chelsea to 13,538 in Whitechapel. The figures 
 for the (registration) districts most concerned, are given in the 
 following table, which includes also for comparison the numbers 
 returned in 1881 : — 
 
 
 Total Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Russians and Russian Poles, 
 
 Registration Districts. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 Per- 
 sons. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Per- 
 sons. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Whitechapel 
 
 74,445-2 
 
 71,363 
 
 13,538 
 
 7,257 
 
 6,281 
 
 5,293 
 
 2,858 
 
 2,435 
 
 St. George-in-the-East 
 
 15,795 47,157 
 
 4,973 
 
 2,748 
 
 2,225 
 
 5t;6 
 
 353 
 
 213 
 
 Mile End Old Town 
 
 107,592 105,613 
 
 3,440 
 
 1,8(« 
 
 1,572 
 
 893 
 
 522 
 
 371 
 
 Bethnal Green 
 
 129,132 
 
 126,961 
 
 970 
 
 542 
 
 428 
 
 254 
 
 156 
 
 98 
 
 Westminster 
 
 37,312 
 
 46,549 
 
 713 
 
 417 
 
 296 
 
 194 
 
 136 
 
 58 
 
 London City 
 
 38,320 
 
 51,403 
 
 480 
 
 281 
 
 199 
 
 4<55 
 
 269 
 
 196 
 
 In addition it may be noted that in Hackney there were 
 enumerated at the last census 395 Russians and Russian Poles, 
 in St. Pancras 225, and in Islington 214, while there were 
 between 100 and 200 in each of the districts of Marylebone, 
 Kensington, Holborn, Shored itch, St. Giles, and Poplar. In none 
 of the remaining 14 registration districts of London did the 
 number of persons of these nationalities reach 1 00. 
 
 It will be seen that at the date of the census of 1891, there 
 were in Whitechapel, St. George's in-the-East, and Mile End 
 Old Town 21,951 Russians and Russian Poles, and that these 
 districts consequently contained more than four-fifths of the 
 total number of foreigners of these nationalities ]. resent in 
 London. In 1881 the corresponding number was 6,752, the 
 increase in the decade being therefore 15,199. It may be added 
 
CENSUS OF 1891 — CONCLUSION. 21 
 
 that in the three districts named, Russians and Russian Poles 
 formed 71 per cent, ol" the total number of foreigners enumerated 
 in 1JS91, and that fon-igners of all nationalities foi-iiic(l l;V(i ])cr 
 cent, of the total population. 
 
 Some particulars may he added of the occupations as de- 
 scribed in tlie census returns, of the Russians and Russian I'oles 
 enumerated in England and Wales in April 1S!)|. 
 
 Of the l'A,7o'2 male natives of Russia enumerated at the 
 Census, 1,112 were uiuler 10 years of age, while for .S.jl others 
 no occupation was .specified. Of tlkc renuiiuin^- 11,769, 3,S8() 
 were returned as tailors, 1,849 as shoemakers, 0X4 as cabinet- 
 makei-s or upholsterers, 587 as .seamen, 519 ' as commercial 
 tra\ellers, ;^21 as costermongers, 314 as engaged in hat-making, 
 and 318 as painters and glazier.s. 
 
 Females of this nationality over 10 years of age who.se occu- 
 pation was described numbered 2,488, and of the.se 1,124 were 
 stated to ])e occupied in tailoring, 103 as milliner.s and dress- 
 makers, 173 in hat-making, and 221 as domestic servants. 
 
 As regards natives of Russian Poland, males numbered 11,817, 
 of whou) 898 were under 10 years of age, and 817 others did 
 not specify their occupations. Of the remaining 10,102, 4,4(i7 
 were shown as tailors, 1,1G6 as .shoemakers, 397 as cabinet- 
 makers and upliolsterers, 227 as connuercial travellers, 22(j as 
 costermongers, 220 jis painters and glaziers, and 209 as hair- 
 dressers. 
 
 Of females born in Russian Poland, the occupation of 2,271 
 was .specified, and of these 1,144 were engaged in " tailoring," 
 141 were milliners and dressmakers, and 211 domestic .servants. 
 
 Taking together, tlien, the natives of Russia and Russian 
 Poland, it a])pears from the Census figures that of the 23,539 
 males over 10 years of age present in England and Wales in 
 April 1891, 8,303 — i.e., more than a third — were engaged in 
 .some branch of the tailoring industiy, while 2,2G8 women of 
 tliese nationalities were also similarly occupied. 
 
 The f)ther trades chieHv followed were boot ami shoemakiiit'- 
 and cabinetmaking an<l upholstering, the former giving em 
 ployment to 2,515 Russian and Ru.sso- Polish males, and the 
 latter to 1,081. 
 
 CoiicliLsion. 
 
 It does not come within the .scope of this jtajK'r to comment 
 furtlier on tlie figures here brought together, or to consider their 
 bcai-itig on econonnc or othn- ]>i-ol)lems. The aim has been to 
 .show what statistics are availal)le for reference in regard to the 
 subject of alien immigration, and at tlie .same time to give sucli 
 an account of the soui'ces from which these statistics were 
 derived as to allow of tlieir jjroper interpretation. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the restiicted jieriml covered at present 
 by the ligurcs .specially obtained at the instance of the Board of 
 
 &» 
 
22 STATISTICAL REPORT. 
 
 Trade precludes the possibility of any useful attempt to check 
 them in detail by the census figures, but it may be said that the 
 latter give general confirmation to the conclusions expressed in 
 the annual emigration reports, viz., that the number of alien 
 immigrants for settlement in this country, though undoubtedly 
 greater within the last few years, is still relatively small, com- 
 ])ared with the population of the United Kingdom, and that 
 London and, to some extent, Manchester and Leeds are the only 
 places matei'ially affected. 
 
 The figures obtained by the Department for 1891, 1892, and 
 1893, wliich may be used to supplement the census figures, have 
 been already given in detail. The broad conclusions deducible 
 are : — 
 
 (1.) The total number of aliens of all classes who arrived 
 in this country and may be taken to have remained here 
 amounted in 1891 to about 12,000, in 1892 to 11,500, and 
 in 1893 to rather less than 6,000. 
 (2.) The total number of the class with which we are specially 
 concerned who arrived in London without through tickets 
 to other countries, less those subsequently sent away by 
 charitable agencies, was in 1891 something over 7,000, 
 in 1892 about 3,000, and in 1893 rather below this latter 
 number. 
 These figures, then — setting oflJ" the early part of this year 
 ar-ainst that of 1891 — have to be added to those of the census to 
 arrive approximately at the numbers for the present time. 
 
 It will be necessary to await the completion of larger series 
 of figures as to alien immigration from Europe than are now at 
 our disposal before attempting to form any views as to possible 
 regular sequences Mdiich may exist, of contraction or expansion of 
 the movement. So far, moreover, as the figures relate to the 
 Jewish refugee element, they are dependent upon accidental and 
 arbitrary causes, for whose operation no law probably could 
 be found. But it is clear that we are now in possession of 
 means of knowing the exact extent of this movement, and no 
 change of character, magnitude, or route can occur unobserved. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) J. G. WiLLls. 
 
REPOPxT BY T.ABOUR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 To the Controller-General of the Commercial, Labour, ami 
 Statistical ])epartmexts of tlie Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The following- nuMiiomiKhini.pivpaivd liy tlie Labour Dc- 
 partinent, deals with certain aspfcts of alien iiiiniiffration which 
 have recently aroused consideral)le public interest, especially 
 with the economic condition of a particular class of imini'a-ants, 
 and their efiects upon some of the principal industries to which 
 they resort. 
 
 The class of iuuiiii;r;ints to which the uienioranduni relates 
 are the Jews who, during recent years, have been arriving in 
 this country iii considerable numbers chiefly from Russia and 
 Kussian Poland. The unrestricted influx of these immigrants is 
 held bv some to be undesiraltle on the oroumls (amoncr others') 
 that the competition of their labour in certain tiades ivduces the 
 rate of wages and ilisplaces British workpeople ; and, furthermore, 
 that a large proportion of them are " paupers," becoming a burden, 
 if not on the rates, at least upon public charity for support. 
 
 On the other haii<l, it has been replied tliat the innnigrants 
 have not seriously displaced British labourers or reduced their 
 wages by competition, having engaged very largely in eert;iin 
 'branches of jmrticular trades into which native workpeople do 
 not as a fact largely enter, ami having thus created, or at least 
 gi-eatly increased a new branch of industry especially for export. 
 It is also denied that their characteristics, as a connnunity, can 
 riglitly be described as those of " paupers," and it is urgedi that 
 while they seldom or never come upon the rates, the Jewish 
 organisations b}' which they are assisted are not, so far as a 
 great part of their o|n'i"ations arc concei'iie<l, comparable to poor- 
 law institutions. It is further alleged that the numbers of 
 this class of innnigrants arriving annually for permanent settle- 
 ment in this country have been greatly exaggerated. 
 
 Of the ((uestions raised in these arguments on both sides, the 
 last-mentioned (\'i/., as to the numbers an-iving in this coinitry 
 for settlement) has been determined within a VL-ry narrow 
 margin of error in the statistical report prepared by Mr. Willis, 
 which appears in another part of this volunn'. The folhnving 
 sections deal to some extent with the other two (piestions, vi/., 
 as to the industrial j^osition nccupitil in this eountiy by the 
 Jewish immigrants and their etfeet upon British labour in 
 certain trades ; and as to their social condition especially as 
 regards " pauperism " and dependence on charity for support. 
 
 The section dealing with the immigration of Jewish women 
 and the effect of the competition of the immigrants generally 
 on the position of women workers in the tailoring and kindred 
 
24 REPORT BY LABOUR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 trades, has been prepnred by Miss Collet, one of the labour 
 correspondents of the Board of Trade. In the collection of the 
 materials for the study of the boot and shoe trade, and the 
 effects of foreign immigration thereon, which is given on p. 67, 
 I have been largely aided by Mr. Drummond, one of the labour 
 correspondents of the Board of Trade. 
 
 The Department has to return thanks for much kind assis- 
 tance in its inquiries to the Chairman and officials of the Board 
 of Customs ; to Mr. R. E. Sprague-Oram, Her Majesty's Chief 
 Inspector of Factories; Mr. J. B. Lakeman, Her Majesty's 
 Suj)erinteiident Inspector of Workshops, and members of his 
 staff: and to many representatives of employers' and workmen's 
 organisations, Jewish institutions, and others whose names will be 
 mentioned in the particular sections to which their co-operation 
 referred. 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 
 H. LLEWELLYN SMITH. 
 
25 
 
 CONTENTS OF MKMORAXDHiM BY LABOUR 
 DEPARTMENT. 
 
 pAKi' 1. -Gknekal Chauactick and Kffkcts ()1 Tiih Jmlux. 
 
 (i.) Scope ;iii<l Mi'tlioils of IiKjuiiy - - . - 27 
 
 (ii.) Arrival and Disiributiou of liiiini<,n-aiits in J^oiidon - - 28 
 
 (iii.) Position of the Iiniiiipraiits in Ivist London - - - 35 
 
 (a.) Concontratioii in Special Districts - - - 36 
 
 (fc.) Concentration in Special Trades - . - 39 
 
 (iv.) " Pauperism " and the Jcwisli Kclief Organisations - - J5 
 
 (v.) Sanitary Condition ot' the Ininiifirants - - - - 5G 
 
 (vi.) Condition as refxards Crime - - . - GO 
 
 Part IT. — Tii;: Inihstriai, Position' ok tiii: Immigkants in 
 
 CKUTAIN ritAI>K>S. 
 
 Section (a). — General Inlroducliun - - - . c^ 
 
 Section (i). — Alien Immigration in relation to the Boot and Shoe Trade : 
 
 (i.) Present Position and Local Distribution of the lioot and Shoe 
 
 Trade - - - - - - 67 
 
 (ii.) Recent Tendencies in the Boot and Shoe Trade - - (jg 
 
 (iii.) Meaning of "Changes of Wages" and "Displacement of 
 
 Labour " - - - - - - 72 
 
 (iv.) Character and Division of Processes - . .74 
 
 (v.) Recent Changes in the Organisation of the Loudon Trade - 76 
 
 (vi.) Wages and Methods of Remuneration - - - 81 
 
 (vii.) Relation of Foreign Immigrants to Trade Disputes - - 85 
 
 (viii.) Magnitude of the Recent Revival of " Outwork " - . yfi 
 
 (ix.) Alien Immigration in relation to other Rranches of the Trade - 88 
 
 (x.) Kclation of Tniniigrants to growth of Foreign Trade - - 00 
 
 (xi.) General Summary - - - . • 01 
 
 Part III. — Fokkign Immigration ix Relation to Women's 
 
 Larolr. 
 
 Section (n). — Introduction - - - . .95 
 
 Section (i). — Results of Statistical Inquiry : — 
 
 (i.) Position of Foreign Immigrant women on arrival in London - 99 
 
 (ii.) Occupations of Married Jewesses - . . - 1(»3 
 Section (c). — liesults of Trade Inquiry : — 
 
 (i.) Tailoring trade in Fast London - - _ - 105 
 
 » .. ^V'est „ - . . - 1L5 
 
 „ „ I^eds - - . - 116 
 
 „ „ Manchester - _ _ - 123 
 
 „ „ (jcneral Summary - - - 125 
 
 (ii.) Cap-making in Fast London - . . - 127 
 
 „ „ Manchester - . . -128 
 
 ,, ,, Summary - - . - 129 
 
 (iii.) Cigar- making in Fast lymdon - - - - 129 
 
 (iv.) Waterproof gamient making in Manchester- - - 130 
 
 (v.) Mantle-making - - . . - 130 
 
 (vi.) General Summary . - - . . ]3j 
 
 Part IV*. — Concludtng Summary - - - - l.Tl 
 
26 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 Page. 
 A.— APPENDICES TO PART I. 
 
 Appendix I. — ^Tables showing number and distribution of foreigners 
 and of Russians and Poles in East London, Manchester, and 
 Leeds -------- 138 
 
 Appendix IL — Trades to which apprentices are bound by Jewish 
 
 Board of Guardians _--.-_ 142 
 
 Appendix IIL — Particulars of inmates of prisons who are of 
 
 Russian and Polish nationality - - _ - - 144 
 
 B.— APPENDICES TO PART II. 
 
 Appendix IV. — Table showing occupations of Russians and Poles 
 living in various registration sub-districts of East London, and in 
 Manchester and Leeds ------ 143 
 
 Appendix Y. — Statement of the number of various classes of boot 
 and shoe operatives employed indoors and outdoors in various 
 branches of work by 70 London Manufacturers - - - 158 
 
 Appendix VI. — Detailed list of processes through which a boot has 
 
 to go in a large factory employing the newest machinery - - 162 
 
 Appendix VII. — The " Uniform Statement of Wages in Home 
 Trade " recognised in the London Boot and Shoe Trade - - 164 
 
 Appendix VIII. — Form of " permit " granted by the London Boot 
 and Shoe Trade Conciliation Board to lasters and finishers to 
 work at home - - - - - - -170 
 
 Appendix IX. — Particulars of 58 boot, shoe, and slipper workshops 
 in East London, including chamber-masters and outworkers 
 (chiefly Jewish), visited in the course of this inquiry - - 171 
 
 Appendix X. — Particulars of trade disputes in the London Boot 
 
 and Shoe Trade between May 1890 and May 1894 - - 183 
 
 Appendix XI. — Tables showing detailed particulars of exports and 
 imports of boots and shoes from and into the United Kingdom 
 (1873 to 1893) ------- 186 
 
 C— APPENDICES TO PART III. 
 
 Appendix XII. — Table showing particulars with regard to immi- 
 grant women who landed in London during a certain period of 
 1892 -------- 196 
 
 Appendix XIII. — Table showing particulars of unmarried foreign 
 girls brought to the Jewish Home for Girls on landing (July 
 to December 1892) - - - - - - 201 
 
 Appendix XIV. — Table showing certain particulars with regard to 
 Jewish workshops in East London in the tailoring, cap, fur, and 
 dressmaking trades ------- 203 
 
 Appendix XV. — Table showing per-centage of males and females in 
 Jewish tailoring workshops of various classes in London, Leeds, 
 and Manchester ------- 207 
 
 Appendix XVI. — Table showing particulars of apparel and slop- 
 clothing exported from the United Kingdom (1873 to 1893) - 208 
 
 Index .-_------ 213 
 
27 
 
 ME^IORANDUM BY LABOUR DEPARTMENT. 
 
 PART I.— GENERAL CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF 
 
 THE INFLUX. 
 
 (i.)— Scope aud Methods of Inquiry. 
 
 All etibrt is made in the followiiii;- pa^vs to prosuiit some pic- 
 ture oftlie actual jn'ocess of ininii^ratiou of Russian and Polish 
 Jews to this countr}-, of the social and economic conditions under 
 which llie immitjrants live and work, and of the institutions hv 
 which in various ways they are assisted. The account is mainly 
 confined to LoncK)n where all the features of this kind of imuii- 
 gration can be studied on the largest scale, and where the prol)lems 
 connected therewith reach their acutest phrase. East London 
 (with Hackney) contains 53 per cent, of the entire numlier of 
 Russians and Poles living in England and Wales ; it is the greatest 
 seat of the cheap l)oot and clothing trades and of the so-called 
 " sweating system " and it is here that the operations of the great 
 Jewish organisations can best be studied Manchester, Leeds, and 
 other large provincial centres have also their colonics of foreion 
 Jews, their "sweated" trades and theii- Jewish Boards of Guardians. 
 So far however as the Labour Department is informed there are 
 few special features in the immigration to those districts which 
 cannot be studied in London and which it is necessary to treat 
 ill detail. On the other hand, there are obvious advantages 
 in confining this part of the inquiry to a single centre so as to 
 present a more vivid and consistent picture. In the succeeding 
 sections a more detailed description is given of the position wliicli 
 the immigrants occupy in certain groups of trades, but, before such 
 special study can be usefully made, it is necessary to obtain some 
 idea of the general conditions of life, the forces at work aud the 
 recent changes and tendencies among the foreign Jewish colony 
 in the heart of East London. 
 
 The materials for such a study are varied. Among ofiicial 
 published documents may be mentioned the report of the Select 
 Committee of the House of Commons on Immiifration and Emic-ra- 
 
 1 • ^ 
 
 tion which deals with the subject more or less completely up to 
 the year l.S.'Sl). The most impoi-tant official publications of more 
 recent date throwing light on the question, (in addition to the 
 annual reports of the Board of Trade which are summarised in 
 an earlier part of this volume), are the various volumes of the 
 Census of LS91 which supply the statistical basis for any iiKjuir}' 
 into the distri])Ution ot the immigrants by localities ami trades. 
 Among unpublished official documents of which use hjis been 
 made may be mentioned the rough occupation sheets of the 
 Census (kindly placed at the disposal of the Department by the 
 Registrar General), and the reports made to the Boai'd of Trade 
 by a special officer of Customs, on the number and condition of 
 the aliens arriving on each vessel bringing such passengers to the 
 port of London. The reports of the ^t^^dieal Officers of the London 
 
28 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 County Council and of certain East London Districts throw light 
 on the sanitary condition of the workshops and dwellin;^'.s 
 occupied by the immigrants. 
 
 Among unofficial publications supplying valuable information 
 with regard to certain aspects of the question are the reports of 
 the Jewish Board of Guardians, the Russo- Jewish Committee 
 and the Jews' Free Shelter. Reference should also be made to 
 the description of the " sweated " trades and of the Jewish com- 
 munity of East London contained in the volumes of Mr. Chailes 
 Booth's " Life and Labour of the People,"* which deal witli East 
 London. 
 
 Besides the use made of such documents as are indicated above, 
 a great part of the following account is based on special inc^uiry 
 on the spot. In the making of this inquiry I have been con- 
 siderably aided by a personal acquaintance extending over six 
 years v«^ith many of the districts in which the immigrants chiefly 
 settle. I have particularly to thank the Chairman and officials of 
 the Jewish Board of Guardians and the Russian Conjoint Com- 
 mittee for giving me an opportunity of actually seeing the work 
 of those institutions in progress, and thanks for information and 
 assistance are also due to those connected with the Jewish 
 Shelter, the Free School, and other agencies, and to the medical 
 officers, clerks of guardians, and other individuals having special 
 knowledge of the districts affected. 
 
 (ii.) — Arrival and Distribution of Immigrants in 
 
 London. 
 
 Vessels bringing aliens to London are boarded at Graves - 
 end by an officer of Customs and a medical officer of the 
 Port Sanitary Authority. The latter passes the aliens in rapid 
 review and notes down any who appear filthy, and also those 
 who are unable to give a satisfactory address to which they are 
 o-oincr. These names are written down in two lists, No. 1 list 
 including those whose address is wanting or insufficient, No. 2 
 list including those who are specially filthy in appearance. 
 These two lists are handed hy the doctor to the captain. At the 
 same time the Customs officer checks the accuracy of the alien 
 lists, calling over the names and obtaining, for the information of 
 the Board of Trade and Local Government Board, certain ad- 
 ditional particulars with regard to each of the poorer class of 
 aliens not provided with a through ticket to other countries. 
 The vessel then enters Tilbury Dock or more often proceeds up 
 the river to one or other of the London docks. On arrival 
 in London all aliens not included in the two lists drawn 
 up at'Gravesend by the medical officer are free to land at once. 
 The remainder are detained on board until the arrival of the 
 
 * " Life aud Labour of the People," Vols. III. and IV., especially the chapters 
 relating to the Jewish Community, Immijrratiou, Sweating, and the Tailoring, Boot' 
 making and Furniture Trades. 
 
AinnVAL IN LONDON'. 29 
 
 ine<lic{il otHcer or his representative. At this point the 
 niithori.sed agent of the Free Jewish Shelter conies on Ijoard. 
 and the aliens detained, whose address is wanting <>r insnthcient, 
 are handed over by the medical insj)ector to ins chart^e. 
 
 A description of the work of the Free Jewisii Shelter is i(i\en 
 below. It is, howe\er, necessary at this point to give some 
 account of the origin and nature of the agreement entered into 
 between the counnittte of the shelter and the Port Sanitary 
 i\ntlu)rity under which the class o\' aliens sjiecided above are, 
 for the present, handed over to the charge of the shelter agent. 
 
 The power of detention of aliens exercised by the Port Sanitary 
 Authority is entirely based im the regulations for the preventi(jn 
 of the introduction of cholera. In the case of persons likely to 
 inti'dduce cholera into the country it is customary to obtain the 
 names and addresses, to forward these to the medical officers of 
 health of the districts in ([uestion, and thus in times when cholera 
 is prevalent to keep such persons, for a time, umler close 
 observation. 
 
 Formerly, however, a large proportion of the Pvussian 
 and Polish Jews arrivino" in the Port of Lonilon iiad no 
 atldresses, and though now that the regulations are known this 
 proportion has very largely decreased, a certain numbei- still 
 arrive with addresses that are insufficient oi- (in .some ca.ses) 
 evidenth" false. There l)eino; no ade(|uate means of detainino- 
 these intmigrants until the addresses could be verified, the P(jrt 
 Sanitary Authority in May 1893 entered into an agreement 
 with the Jews' Free Shelter in Leman Street to carry out the 
 work of verification for them. 
 
 The authorities of the Shelter are n(jtiHed b}' the Port Sanitary 
 Authority (and also by arrangement with the railway com- 
 panies) of the arrival of innnigrants in the port. The agent 
 Jiccordingly meets vessels and tiains and receives the detained 
 aliens, all of whom are conducted to the Shelter. The under- 
 standing" is that on arrivinf; at the Shelter, all th(jse with 
 some kind of address are conducted to it by an agent of the 
 Shelter, who .-hould satisfy himsi'lf as to its correctness. As 
 regards the remainder of the innnigrants, viz., those who are on 
 their way to other places, or who for other reasons have no 
 address in London, the sinijle, men are accommodated at the 
 
 Shelter itself, siufjle women are handed over to the atrent of the 
 
 . ^ • . . . 
 
 Jewish Ladies' Association and Iodised in their lu^me in 
 
 Tenter Street North, and families are pas.sed on to one or other 
 
 of the private lodging-houses recognised for this purpose by tlie 
 
 Sheltei', where, if nece,s.sary, tlu-y aie temporarily [laid for. Asa 
 
 certain number of non-Jewi.sh innnigrants i^r.ry., Polish Catholics, 
 
 Stundists,<!icc.) arrive from time to time among the innnigrants, it 
 
 is stated that special arrangements are made for theii* accommo- 
 
 datiijn. 
 
 The distribution of innnigi-ants having been carried out the 
 
 following form is filled uj> and sent to the Port Sanitary 
 
30 
 
 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 Authority, and also to the medical officers of the districts to 
 which the immigrants have been taken : — 
 
 The Poor Jews' Temporary Shelter, 84, Leman Street, 
 
 Whitechapel, E. 
 
 London, __________ i 89 . 
 
 To the Medicid Offi^cer of the District. 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I heg to append the list of Names and Addresses to which 
 immigrants arriving at the Port of London have this day been 
 taken by our hnmigrant Officer. 
 
 Yours faithfully, Superintendent. 
 
 Taken off S.S. JDate of Arrival at the Shelter. 
 
 Original 
 Number. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Address. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 The following form is also sent to the Port Sanitary Autho- 
 rity at Greenwich giving the destinations where ascertained of 
 the persons actually lodged in the institution and who afterwards 
 have left it, a copy being sent to the Medical Officers of the Districts 
 in which such places of destination (if in London) are situated. 
 
 B. 
 
 The Poor Jews' Temporary Shelter, 84, Leman Street, 
 
 Whitechapel, E. 
 
 London, i89 . 
 
 To the Sanitary Officer, Greenwich, 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 I beg to append the list of Names of Persons who have 
 left the Institution and have appended their destinations, in 
 such cases where this information was ascertainable. 
 
 Yours faithfully, ' ' v Superintendent. 
 
DISTRIHUTION OX ARRIVAL. 
 
 31 
 
 On S.S. 
 
 Orif^iiial 
 or. 
 
 Nuiiib" 
 
 Xniiie. 
 
 |Ani\ ctl at 
 Shelter. I 
 
 Left 
 
 Shelter. 
 
 Gone to 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 By this arrciugenient the Port Sanitary Authority and the 
 local medical officers are provided with information as to the 
 location of those immigrants whose addresses were on arrival 
 considered insufficient. 
 
 The Customs officer, as a rule, accompanies the ship from 
 Gravesend to London and endeavours in the interval, with 
 the aid of an interpreter, to obtain such additional information 
 with regard to the innnigrants as they are willing to afford in 
 .•luswer to (questions. 
 
 It should l)e stated here that the medical inspection and the 
 special inspection by a Customs official of all ve.ssels bringing 
 aliens is, at present, mainly confined to the Port of London. 
 At other ports, e.g., Grimsby and Hull, the alien lists are checked 
 by " special count " in the case of about one vessel in ten.* 
 
 There is a general agreement as to the care and accuracy witli 
 ■Nviiicii as a rule the alien lists arc kept. 
 
 With regard to the aliens distributed at once to their addresses 
 by the shelter authorities no further statistical information is 
 available. They are under the supervision of the local medical 
 officer, but thty often rapidly change their address and become lo.st 
 to view, except in so far as they reappear as candidates fur relief 
 at the Jewish Board of Guardians or some other charitable body. 
 
 Further particulars, however, arc obtained with regard to 
 those (viz., single men, or married men unaccom})anied by tlieir 
 families) without addresses in London, wlio actually stay in the 
 Shelter. 
 
 History and Operatio'iis of the Jeivs Shelter. — The Poor 
 Jews' Temporary Shelter was opened in 1885 in temporary 
 
 * During the prevalence of cholera, of course mcdiciil inspection is in force, but at 
 present this has 1>een diseontinuefl at these ports. At (Irimsbv, however, as a 
 matter of fact the aliens on board nearly all vessels arriviiij^ yre counted by a 
 Customs officer. 
 
32 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 premises, and was transferred in the spring of 1886 to its 
 present buildino-. The primary object was to lireak down 
 the system under which the poor Jewish immigrants (who since 
 1881 were flockino- in considerable numbers to London from 
 Russia and Poland) were defrauded and robbed by " crimps," 
 who met them on their arrival and detained them in their 
 lodging-houses. For some time past a Jewish baker in East 
 London had received a number of the immigrants free of charge 
 out of compassion, but his premises were cundemned as 
 insanitary and closed in 1884. The Shelter has arrangements 
 wi'h four railway lines to be supplied with information as to 
 tlie arrival of alien Jews in the Port of London or the departure 
 for London of any of such aliens as have arrived at other ports. 
 Since May 1893, as described above, a further arrangement has 
 been in force with the Poit Sanitary Authority. 
 
 The Shelter is not directly connected with the Jewish Board 
 of Guardians, or any other charitable organisation, but is 
 managed by a committee elected by subscribers.* It provides 
 accommodation for 30 at a time, and when this number is 
 exceeded the surplus inmates are lodged elsewhere at the cost 
 of the Shelter where they take their meals. The manager is 
 not authorised to make any charge to the inmates for board or 
 lodging, the Shelter being entirely free. The maximum period 
 during which any inmate may remain in the Shelter is 14 days. 
 One of the principal aims of the Shelter is to facilitate the passing 
 on to other countries of transmigrants. Many of these arrive 
 with through tickets ; others arriving with a certain amount 
 of money but less than the necessary fare, are under certain 
 circumstances assisted out of a special fund to complete the sum 
 required for emigration. 
 
 The secretary states that employers are«not, as a rule, allowed 
 to apply at the Sheltei' for workmen, the exceptions not amounting 
 to more than six in the year. Applications were more numerous 
 at the beginning but the system had to be stopped for fear of 
 encouraging " sweating." 
 
 The " Information and Location Bureau," conducted by the 
 Russo-Jewish Committee, and described below, has no connexion 
 with the Shelter, beyond the loan of a room, and the fact that 
 the manager of the one institution happens to be the secretary 
 of the other. 
 
 The following tables, giving particulars as to the inmates of 
 the Shelter during the past six years, are based on the annual 
 reports of the Sbelter.f 
 
 * It has, however, been subsidised by the Russo-Jewish Committee on account 
 of the assistance given b3' it to Russian refugees. 
 
 "I" The slight difference between the figures here given and those published in the 
 reports is due to the fact that the tables here given represent calendar years instead 
 of November — October as in the reports. 
 
JEWS FUEE SllELTElJ. 
 
 88 
 
 Nr.Mi;i:ii of Xkw Inmatks utlmitted to tlic Ji:\\isii Sii i.i;n.;u 
 arri\iii_i;- I'loin the roUowiug Places diiriri<j;- the uinh-i-men- 
 tioiied Years. 
 
 Years. 
 
 From 
 Iliinihurg. 
 
 From 
 United States. 
 
 Otlier Places. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1888 - 
 
 9:i6 
 
 2:58 
 
 82 
 
 1,256 
 
 1SS9 - 
 
 ;>6:} 
 
 196 
 
 100 
 
 i^yj 
 
 IS'JO - 
 
 l.lol 
 
 207 
 
 118 
 
 1,47C. 
 
 1891 - 
 
 1,913 
 
 9.") 
 
 20 
 
 2,()2K 
 
 1892 - 
 
 1,209* 
 
 I ;Vl 
 
 27 
 
 1 ,:{<.)o 
 
 1893 - 
 
 2,148* 
 
 • ."iS 
 
 — ^ 
 
 2,20(; 
 
 Xr.MLiKii ul' l.N.M.vrEs who left Shelter (hiriiii;- the uiiil.T-nien- 
 tioned Years, witlt Phice of Uestiiiation. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Went to 
 United State*. 
 
 lietiirned to 
 Native Town. 
 
 Went 
 to various 
 Countries. 
 
 Keinained in 
 
 I'uitid 
 
 Kingdom ami 
 
 unspecified. 
 
 1888 - 
 
 261 
 
 :?39 
 
 22 
 
 634 
 
 1889 - 
 
 9G 
 
 268 
 
 18 
 
 477 
 
 1890 - 
 
 10:5 
 
 266 
 
 15 
 
 1 ,092 
 
 1891 - 
 
 532 
 
 269 
 
 139 
 
 788 
 
 1892 - 
 
 288 
 
 78 
 
 781 
 
 243 
 
 189:5 - 
 
 370 
 
 105 
 
 1,110 
 
 321 
 
 It will be seen that during six years a total number of 9,215 
 persons have been inmates at the Slielter. This numbei', it may 
 be repeated, includes only men arriving without woim-n and 
 children. 
 
 Out of the total, 948, or rather over 10 })er cent., came from 
 the United States, mostly, in the opinion of the secretaiy, rii 
 route for their homes in Eastern Europe. The remainder, about 
 90 per cent, of the whole number, came from Hamburg, Bremen, 
 and other ports. As regards destinations, 1,650, or about 18 per 
 cent., went on to the United States, 1 ,835, or 14 per cent., returned 
 to their native town, 2,(j85, or 29 per cent., went to other 
 countries, and 8,555, or 39 per cent., are returned as remaining in 
 the United Kingdom or unspecified. 
 
 It is clear from the account of the operation of the Sheltei- 
 given aliove that it deals at present more with transmigrants 
 than with those intending to settle in this country. This has 
 been very largely the case since the agreement with the Port 
 Sanitary Authority. Thus families ami all persons with a 
 definite London address are usually simply taken to those ad- 
 dresses and do not figure in the returns, while those with 
 
 * From the CoDtinent. 
 
 O 82170. 
 
34 
 
 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 throui;li tickets to other countries find a temporary resting- 
 place at the Shelter until their vessel sails. In ttie earlier days 
 of the Shelter it appears to have dealt much more largely with 
 intending settlers. 
 
 For example, in 1888 out of 1,256 persons admitted, 622 
 were passed forward or returned backward, leaving- 634', or 
 more than half, either remaining in the country or unspecified. 
 In 1893, out of 2,206 persons, no fewer than 1,885 were sent 
 forward or back, leaving only 321, or less than 15 per cent., not 
 so accounted for. 
 
 For reasons given above caution is required in generalising 
 as to the condition and destination of the general mass of 
 alien immigrants from the statistics published by the Shelter, 
 which apply solely to the class of migrants dealt with by 
 them. 
 
 The following particulars as to the length of stay and alleged 
 ages of inmates of the Shelter are based on the reports. 
 
 Number of Inmates admitted to Shelter from 1888 to 1893 
 who claimed to be of Ages within the following limits : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 Ages 
 
 up to and 
 
 including 20. 
 
 Ages from 
 21 to 40. 
 
 Ages from 
 41 to 60. 
 
 Ages from 
 
 61 and 
 
 upwards. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1888 
 
 306 
 
 805 
 
 • 
 
 140 
 
 5 
 
 1,256 
 
 1889 
 
 191 
 
 555 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 859 
 
 1890 
 
 376 
 
 894 
 
 193 
 
 13 
 
 1,476 
 
 1891 
 
 569 
 
 1,261 
 
 192 
 
 6 
 
 2,028 
 
 189-2 
 
 364 
 
 897 
 
 128 
 
 1 
 
 1,390 
 
 1893 
 
 610 
 
 1,396 
 
 193 
 
 7 
 
 2,206 
 
 Length of Stay of Inmates each Year. 
 
 Years. 
 
 iDay. 
 
 2-5 
 Days. 
 
 6-9 
 Days. 
 
 10-13 
 Days. 
 
 14 (Maxi- 
 mum). 
 
 Total. 
 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 208 
 
 314 
 
 342 
 
 152 
 
 240 
 
 47 
 
 168 
 
 235 
 
 130 
 
 279 
 
 74 
 
 146 
 
 390 
 
 180 
 
 686 
 
 2 
 
 202 
 
 706 
 
 729 
 
 389 
 
 ■ — 
 
 10 
 
 526 
 
 594 
 
 260 
 
 ^^ 
 
 109 
 
 486 
 
 994 
 
 617 
 
 1,256 
 859 
 1,476 
 2,028 
 1,390 
 2,206 
 
 The great bulk of the inmates appear to stay over a week, 
 and the large proportion (no less than 27 per cent.) who stay 
 the maximum time allowed is noticeable. 
 
 The reports of the Shelter tabulate the alleged previous occu- 
 pations of the inmates, though it is doubtful how far the 
 statements of the aliens on such points can be accepted as satis- 
 factory. All that is certainly known is that those who stay in 
 
POSITION IN EAST LONDON. 35 
 
 London tlistribute themselves chietly among n certain group of 
 trades and handicrafts of Avliich tailoi'ing and hootmaking are 
 tlie most important. 
 
 (iii.)— Position of the Immigrants in East London. 
 
 We may now leave the Shelter, which acts as a Nolnntary 
 " immigration depot " for receiving certain classes of immigi-ants 
 and passing them on to their destinations in this countr\' or 
 elsewhere, and consider the position locally and indnstrially of 
 those who remain in London, and the agencies and institutions 
 by which they are assisted in various ways. 
 
 Foi-emost among these agencies stands the Jewish Board of 
 Guardians, whieli combines the functions of a loan society and 
 apprenticeship institution, a charity organisation society, and a 
 voluntary outdoor relief agency, not to mention other forms of 
 activity, such as the sanitary inspection of Jewish dwellings an<l 
 workshops. As a general principle, however, the Jewish Board 
 of Guardians does not grant relief to the immigrants until after 
 a period of residence of six months, so that the newly arrived 
 innuigrant does not usually come at once directly into contact 
 with this institution. 
 
 Should he, however, have come to this c<.mntry owing to 
 persecution in Russia (including unrler'that term the euforce- 
 ment of any regulations preventing him from living in the town 
 or \-illage which he had previously inhabited),* he can if dis- 
 tressed apply for assistance to the " Russo-Jewish Committee," 
 which administers funds collected b}' public subscription after 
 the passage of the Russian May Laws of 1881 and again after 
 the increase in the stringenc}^ of their enforcement in 1891. The 
 iuncLion of the Russo-Jewish Committee is to watch over the 
 interests of the refugees who arrive, in or pass through this 
 country, Its work includes: (1.) The relief of distress by grants 
 an<l loan.s. (2.) Emigration or repatriation. (3.) The woi'k of 
 the " location and information l»ui"eau " for helping innnigrants 
 to find work and locating them outside the "congested districts" 
 of Etist London. (4.) The "anglicising" of the innnigrants by 
 means of free a<lult classes foi- teacliiii'^ tliem EnMish. Relief 
 and other a.ssistance is sometimes made conditional on attendance 
 at these classes. (5.) The subsidising of institutions which give 
 assistance to refugees, f.g'., provincial Jewish Boards of Guardians 
 the Jews' Shelter, the Berlin Central Couimittee, ».<:c. 
 
 Two main objects are kept in view l)y the Connnittec iu 
 dealing directly with the refugees: — to pass forward or backward 
 t(T other countncs as many of the innnigrants as possible, and to 
 accelerate in those who remain the process of " assimilation " 
 with their English neighbours. Most of the innnigrants arrive 
 with no knowledge of the English language, and the extreme 
 
 * See pp. 36 and 52. 
 
 c 2 
 
36 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 degree of concentration of the foreign Jewish colony in E-ist 
 London tends powerfully to retard assimilation. 
 
 This local concentration exercises so marked an influence on 
 the conditions of life and progress among the foreign immigrants 
 that it requires to be studied in some detail in onnexion with 
 its causes, and with the efforts made to counteract it by artificial 
 means, before dealing in detail witli the operations of the Jewish 
 Relief Organisations. 
 
 (a.) — Concentration in Special Districts. — It has been indi- 
 cated in another chapter in this volume tliat the great 
 bulk of Russian and Polish immigrants in this country are 
 to be found in certain quarters of a few large cities, especially 
 London, Manchester, and Leeds. Between 1881 and 1891 this 
 tendency, so far from being checked has increased, so that 
 whereas in the former year about 76 per cent, of the total were 
 livino- in the three large cities named above, the per-centage 
 in 1891 had risen to nearly 81. Again, confining our attention 
 to London we find that whereas in 1881 77^ percent, of the 
 total Russian and Polish population of London were living in 
 "Whitechapel, St. George's-in-the-East, and Mile End Old Town, 
 the corresponding per-centage in 1891 was no less than 82. 
 Thus the increase of numbers of immigrants has not been 
 accompanied to any great extent by their wider dispersion over 
 the country. As regards London, which is the main subject of 
 tliis chapter, the three districts named above, covering an area of 
 about two square miles, and containing in 1891 21,951 out of 
 26,742 Russians and Poles living in London, may be regarded 
 for most purposes as sufficiently representative of the areas 
 affected by the foreign inffux. Within these districts whole 
 streets and areas are nearly monopolised by the foreign Jewish 
 colony, and the attraction of these " congested districts" on such 
 Russian and Polish inmiigrants as arrive for settlement in 
 London appears to have undergvme no diminution. The causes 
 of this attraction are indeed very powerful as will be seen below. 
 The Jewish colony in East London is nothing new, dating 
 back as far as the time of the re-ilitroduction of the Jews into 
 England in the seventeenth century. When the influx from 
 Eastern Europe began, it naturally directed itself towards the 
 existing Jewish quarter, and since then the tendency towards 
 concentration has grown, the attraction of community, of 
 religion and customs being now reinforced by similarity of 
 language and identity of nationality. A very large proportion 
 of the immigrant Jews now go direct to relations in East London, 
 but those who have no relations there often bring with them the 
 address of someone in London who has previously arrived from 
 the same town in Poland, or the " Fale,"* and from whom they 
 are likely to receive a helping hand. 
 
 * The " Pule " includes fifteen Provinces of Western and Soutli-Western Russia, 
 to which as a rule Jews are now confined. See p. 52. 
 
CONCENTRATION IX SPECIAL DISTRICTS. 87 
 
 Another powerful influence tending towards concentration is 
 the fact that the iiuhistries and handicrafts which otter the most 
 likt'ly means ol' livcHhood to the untraint-d torui<^ner ha\e 
 become stronyly rooted in Whitechapel an<l tlie a<ljacent 
 districts, and hence tend to perpetuate and increase the attraction 
 wliicli these districts exercise on the Jewish poor. If we add to 
 all tlies(> influi'iict's the ]-»roximitv of Jewish institutions, hoth 
 reliy;ious and secular, whieii are })lanted in or near Whitechapel 
 — the synao-oo'iies and the charities connected tlun-cwith, the 
 " chevras," the great Jews' Free School with its otter of free 
 clothing and partially free board, the Jewish Board of Guar- 
 dians, and the Jewish soup kitchen, not to speak oi the 
 proximity of the trodcsmen who supjily " Kosher meat " and 
 other special forms of Jewish food— we shall arrive at some idea 
 of the magnitude of the forces which make for local concentration, 
 and which have to be reckoned with by those who desire 
 to l)reak up the Jewish colony and scatter its occupants more 
 widely among the non-Jewish (|uarters of London, where they 
 may come more rapidly and completel}^ under " anglicising " 
 influences. r 
 
 For some time past the local concentration of the foreign Jews 
 ha.s attbrded anxiety to the leaders of the Jewish connmniity, 
 and they have endeavoured so far as possible to reverse the 
 tendency by planting institutions further east (c.<j., the Stepney 
 Jewish School) or outside the congested districts. They have 
 recognised that the lociil congestion of newl}^ arrived foreigners 
 in streets and blocks of buildings, where nothing 1>ut " Yiddish " 
 is spoken, ten<ls to prevent the immigrants from learin'ng the 
 English language, which is the lirst and most essential step 
 towards iussimilation. 
 
 Tlie adult classes for learning English established li\- the 
 llus.so-Jewish Committee were last winter held in the evcniuL' 
 in seven centimes (chiefly board schools), the average nightly att<'n- 
 dance Ijeinj-- 490, and the total cost about 57'S/. 
 
 With refjard to these classes and the diHiculties which 
 they have to overcome, the last report of the Jewish Jioard 
 of Guardians states: — "It is evident a lon<i; time nuist 
 " elapse l>ofore the immigrants, stationed in the heart of the, 
 " foreign Jewish (piarter, amid .surroundings which give 
 " them no opportunity to converse in English, but on the 
 " contrary otter every temptation to speak their own native 
 " j*^''r^"^^' ^^''^' ac«iuire the familiai'ity with English habits and 
 " the En<rlish tonrnie which alone will o\ei-coiiie tlieii" reluctance 
 " to seek for a livelihood away from tlieii* comi'adcs and in 
 " districts where tliey may encounter prejudice."* 
 
 A fai- more powerful instrument, however, for "anglicising " 
 the foreiLHi Jewish coiiununitv is the f^reat Jews' Free School in 
 Bell l-jme, Spitallields, which, in the s]M-ing of 1893, was 
 
 *• Report of ■T"wi>li r.«>.iril nf (Tiiurdiaiisfi )r ISO^, p, 23. 
 
38 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 attended by 3,582 Jewish children. Of these, 1,358 were actu- 
 ally bom abroad, and of the remaining 2,224, no fewer than 
 1,628 were children of foreign-born fathers. Thus the propor- 
 tion of children who may be described as of foreign extraction 
 amounts to 83 per cent, of the whole number. This per-centage 
 is somewhat in excess of the average for all the Jewish children 
 attending schools in the East End. Information supplied to 
 the Labour Department by 11 East London schools (excluding 
 the Jews' Free School) largely attended by Jews, shows that of 
 8,403 Jewish children on the registers in the spring of 1893, 
 2,490 (or 30 per cent.) were born abroad, and 3,848 (or 46 per 
 cent.) were English-born children with foreign-born fathers. In 
 the Jews' Free School the corresponding per-centages are 38 
 and 45. 
 
 Every child in the Free School is clothed and shod free out of 
 funds provided by a wealthy member of the Committee. All 
 children who wish it can have free breakfast, and a certain 
 number of the poorer children are provided also with a midday 
 meal. It is therefore not surprising that the school, large as it 
 is, is always quite full, with many names of applicants on the 
 books waiting for admission ; nor is it unnatural that the poorer 
 members of the foreign Jewish community find it to their 
 advantage to reside within its sphere of attraction. To the 
 extent to which this great school tends to perpetuate the con- 
 gestion of the Jewish population in its neighbourhood, it retards 
 the progress of assimilation. So far, however, as its organisa- 
 tion and methods are concerned, it is the most efficient " angli- 
 cising " agency in the Jewish quarter of East London. As the 
 children pass from the "A B C " class at the bottom, in which 
 the energies of the teachers are mainly directed to teaching 
 them the English language and something of English notions of 
 cleanliness, upwards through the standards to the top of the 
 school there is a most marked cliange in their appearance and 
 habits. They enter the school Russians and Poles and emerge, 
 often almost undistinguishable from English children. A similar 
 process is going on in the board schools in the neighbourhood 
 which are attended by Jewish children.* All the teachers, how- 
 ever, regret the extent to which their efibrts are hampered by 
 the fact that the children are accustomed to hear nothing but a 
 foreign language in their homes. 
 
 Thus the second generation of Jewish settlers are far more 
 English in character than the first. l^fany of them become 
 completely assimilated with the English-Jewish community, and 
 gradually move out of the congested districts ; others emigrate ; 
 wliile the Free School and other schools continue their work of 
 anglicising a fresh contingent of immigrants from Eastern Europe. 
 
 * A few of these board schools seem even more foreign than the Free School itself. 
 Thus in 1893 the Berner Street School had 925 Jews on the register, of whom 579 
 were born abroad, and 286 others had foreign fatheris, and in the Hanbury Street 
 School, out of 719 Jewish children, 406 were born abroad, and 291 others had foreign 
 lathers. 
 
CONCENTRATION IN SPECIAL DISTRICTS AND TRADES. 39 
 
 The establishment by the Russo-Jewish Coinmittee at the end 
 of 1892 ot"an " Infonaation ami Location Bureau " was dcsitmed 
 partly to overcome the initial ditKculty which Russian i-ofivees 
 meet in finding work, owing to <litiiculties oi' langua'^e and want 
 of training : [)artly to attbrd a " labour-test " by which to separate 
 applicants for relief who are willing to work from those who 
 are not willing; and partly " to disperse the refugees through 
 " districts less overcrowded than the present nuclei of Jewish 
 " population in the Metropolis."* With regard to the last- 
 named object, however, the report states that " this part of tlieir 
 " expectation has not been realised to any great extent." In 
 seven months ending September LSth, 1803, the Committee had 
 taken in hand 162 cases, of whom it had only been able to plant 
 10 out of Whitechapel. The report ascribes the difficulty to : — 
 
 (1.) luiUspositioii on the part of the iiidiviilual refugee to migrate to 
 
 quarters where he would be mainly among strangers. 
 (2.) Loeal prejiulices against foreigners, anil especially refugee Jews, 
 
 wlio are regarded as interlopers. 
 (.S.) The persistent objection of some of the refugees to acquire 
 
 a knowledge of English. 
 (4.) The ohjeetion to the schooling of tlio children outside Jewish 
 
 influenees. 
 
 The fact is that the forces tending to resist the dispersion of 
 the immigrants on first arrival are so jDowerful as to be almost 
 impossible to overcome. Another illustration of this is shown 
 in the fact that the Stepney Jewish School planted outside the 
 " congested districts " was attended in 1893 by 871 Jews, of 
 whom, however, only 33 were born abroad, and only 100 others 
 had foreign-born fathers. The tendency towards dispersion 
 both east and west appears mainly to begin with the second 
 generation, after the Free School and othei- schools of White- 
 chapel and the neighbourhood have done their work. 
 
 The dispersal of the refugees is only a secondary object of the 
 Information and Location Bureau of the Russo-Jewish Com- 
 mittee, the main aim of which is the placing of refugees in 
 situations. This aspect of its work can best be dealt with after 
 considering the general industi'ial ])Osition of the innnigrants 
 and their concentration in special trades. 
 
 (6.) — Concentration in SiJecial Trades. — No less prominent 
 a characteristic than the local congestion of the foreign 
 Jewish' connnunity in E.ist London is its industrial conges- 
 tion. Not only do the immigrants confine themselves to 
 special districts, liut they flow (maiidy) into a certain group 
 of trades. It has been pointed out above that tlies*' two ten- 
 dencies re-act on each other, — the necessity for pursuing cert<iin 
 highly localised trades tends to keep the immigi-ants in certain 
 districts, and their ]iresence in large inindiei's in those localities 
 tends to force them into those special trader. The character- 
 
 * Report of Ruf.»o-Jewish Committee for 1892-3, p. 7. 
 
40 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 istics of the trades chiefly affected — tailoring, boot, shoe, and 
 slipper making, &c. — and the effects of immigrant laljour thereon, 
 are discussed in another section of this report. Like the local 
 congestion, the concentration of the immigrants in a few crowded 
 trades has been a matter which has caused anxiety to the leaders 
 of the Jewish community, and it will be found below that their 
 efforts, so far as they have had to do with the industrial condi- 
 tion of the immigrant poor, have been directed to scatter them 
 more widely among other trades. Before noticing these efforts we 
 may remark (as before when dealing with local congestion) that 
 the forces which tend towards concentration in a few trades of 
 peculiar organisation and character are many and powerful, and 
 that up to 1891 at all events the tendency was rather increasing 
 than diminishing. Thus in 1881 nearly 48 per cent, of all 
 " occupied" Russians and Poles in England and Wales were 
 returned as engaged in tailoring, boot and shoe making or 
 cabinet making. In 1891 the corresponding percentage was 55. 
 
 The foreign Jew on arrival in East London is ignorant of the 
 English language and often ignorant of any trade. Even where 
 he has practised a skilled trade in Russia, he ffnds English 
 methods of production so different that he has usually to begin 
 again at the bottom of the scale. It is difficult for him as an 
 adult to enter an organised trade as a learner, and he is not 
 suited in physique and inclinations for a life of heavy outdoor 
 labour. Moreover, if he could overcome all these obstacles and 
 find a situation in an English factory or workshop or in some 
 kind of outdoor work, he would find it very difficult to combine 
 such labour with the due observance of the Jewish Sabbath and 
 festivals. The Factory Acts make provision fof" Sunday work 
 in the case of purely Jewish factories and workshops, but not 
 in that of a few Jews working among a number of non-Jewish 
 Avorkmen, nor would it be profitable in the case of factories with 
 steam power to keep the machinery working on Sunday for the 
 sake of a small proportion of the workpeople.* The result is 
 to prevent foreign Jews from mixing with English workmen, 
 especially in factories, and to confine them on first arrival to 
 trades in which the employers are Jewish, and in v;hich the 
 orsfanisation is such as to admit of the entrance of untrained 
 adult workers. 
 
 The practical outcome is that the immigrant Jew tends mainly 
 to enter the small Jewish workshop producing cei'tain cheap 
 
 * Even in the .Jewish tailoring trade, in which " out-work " is most prevalent, the 
 observance of the Sabbath is said to be greatly interfered with by the practice of the 
 non-.Iewish wholesale houses in requiring goods lo be sent in at the end of the week. 
 Until they are sent in they are not paid for, and the small master having little or no 
 capital cannot pay his employees until he has recei^ ed his money from the City 
 house. Consequently even when the men do not work on Saturday they often have 
 to go for their pay on that day, and on Friday evening are sometimes busy long 
 after the Sabbath begins. The late Rabbi of the Federation of Minor Synagogues, 
 from whom the above facts are derived, and many others have made great efforts to 
 maintain Sabbath observance in the tailoring trade by the formation of leagues both 
 of employers and employed, but he finds the task an uphill one. 
 
CAUSES OF CONCENTRATION IN SPECIAL TRADES. 41 
 
 ([ualitit's of elotliiiig, boots, or rurulture. His chief iilU'inative 
 is iiulependciit work as a hawker or petty dealer. Even from 
 tlie hoot trade lie now finds himself to a considerable extent 
 exclnded by the " indoor " arrangement described in another 
 chapter, whereby work formerly done at home is now performed 
 on the employers' premises, and he finds it difficult to leant the 
 trade except in the shop of the small Jewish " ciiamber-master " 
 or of the " ont-worker " working in defiance of the general 
 agreement in the trade. The stream (4" immigrants has, there- 
 fore, been lately somewhat diverted from this trade, and those 
 that still enter it do so inuler conditions which render them 
 unpopular with the trade organisations by wliicli the '• indooi- " 
 .system was inaugurated. 
 
 The above causes which induce the immigrants to work at home 
 or in the small workshop rather than the factory are reinforced by 
 one of their most characteristic tendencies, viz., the preference for 
 a livelihood from petty jn-ofit to that derived from weekly wages. 
 The foreign Jew is not by any means indisposed to handicraft, 
 but he aspires from the first to become a small mastei', and he 
 prefers a trade in which, owing to the smaliness of its scale and of 
 the capital re([uired for carrying it on, the chances are greatest 
 of achievino; this aim. No trade offers such chances in this 
 respect as the cheap clothing industry, especially tliat form of it 
 known as " out-work," in which; the material being supplied by 
 the warehouse or large manufactory, the capital required by the 
 small master is reduced to its lowest point. 
 
 The foreign immifrrants therefore tend naturallv to gravitate 
 towards the cheajj clothing trades, and they* are lor several 
 reascms especially fitted to pursue them with success. Thus, for 
 example, the clothing trades are very intermittent and irregular 
 in character, and the London trade is exposed to the very keen 
 and probably gi'owing c<nnpetition of the large ])rovincial 
 factories. Under these circumstances the Jew is fitted to 
 survive, as compared with the Englishman, by tiie extreme 
 " elasticity " or indefiniteness of his standard of comfort. 
 
 This (piality is the economic aspect of that persistence and 
 itliancv un<l<r ilitliculties of environment which have alwavs 
 characterised the Jews.* The most noticeable ponit about 
 the earninirs of the Jewish workman is not their meagrencss 
 or their magnitude, but their extraordinary range. He passes 
 from low wages to high and (if necessary) back to low 
 without thr (listurbance and possible demoralisation which 
 are .so often the result of such changes on his neigh bonis. 
 Under .such circum.stances the irregularity of the clothing 
 trades htis less terror for him than for them, and hf cheer- 
 fully meets a depression by a lowc'riug of piece-rates, when 
 
 * It must hi- iindorstood that no opinion is t'xprcssed on the controversy a.s to 
 liow far such chiiractciistics arc really racial andliow far they are the product of 
 social circiitustances. (.SVr Jacob's " ]{acial Chanicteristics of the .Tows," Anthropo- 
 logical Jonrnal, Vol. XV., p. 23.) 
 
42 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 the English trade unionist would starve in the effort to 
 maintain the " statement " intact. Moreover, the immigrant 
 Jew shows more resource than the English workman in the 
 organisation of the enforced leisure due to seasonal changes of 
 trade. Perhaps he turns to another branch of industry. The 
 slipper maker in spring takes to lasting or finishing, the tailor in 
 the autumn becomes a hawker, perhaps with the aid of a grant 
 for stock from the Jewish Board of Guardians (which he regards 
 like any other legitimate source of gain, and by which therefore 
 he is not easily " pauperised ").* Or if such material resources 
 fail him, he will often occupy the spare time left him by the slack- 
 ness of his trade in the study or discussion of the Talmud or other 
 Jewish literature. In the immediate neighbourhood of Booth 
 Street buildings in Whitechapel (the block of dwellings which 
 more perhaps than any others is occupied by foreign " greeners " 
 on their first arrival) is a " chevra " or Jews' club and " minor 
 synagogue," which is the resort of Russian and Polish Jews, and, 
 unlike most of the " chevras," is open every day. The dwell- 
 ings are in the heart of the tailoring trade, and the neighbour- 
 ing buildings are honeycombed with small Jewish workshops. 
 In the slack times of the clothing trades this " chevra " may be 
 found crowded with the poorest foreign Jews, eagerly intent on 
 the discussion of the Talmud, which is read and expounded 
 from a raised desk in the middle of the room by one of them- 
 selves. This double life of the Jew, the concentration of half 
 his thoughts on material gain and the other half on his race, its 
 history, and its literature, must be understood in order to grasp 
 the position he' takes in the industrial world. He is thus 
 enabled to survive and find an interest in life under conditions 
 which, to an English workman, would be intolerable, while the 
 continual stud}^ through many generations of the casuistry of 
 the rabbinical law, in the opinion of those who are entitled to 
 speak with the greatest authority on such a subject, has been 
 no mean instrument in sharpening those faculties which make him 
 so formidable a competitor in industry. The English skilled 
 workman often finds in his trade union, with its ideals of the 
 amelioration of the conditions of labour, the satisfaction for a 
 great part of his social and even religious instincts. With the 
 foreign Jew, the two sides of life are kept more apart — in 
 industry he is a purely " economic " competitor, while his " com- 
 munistic " feelings run into the channel of race patriotism rather 
 than of trade organisation. 
 
 The foreign Jew is, therefore, not popular as a workman 
 among English workmen. He is thought (not without some 
 reason) to have no feeling of the dignity of his trade, to care little 
 for the general standard of its organisation, and to evade any 
 agreements generally arrived at for its improvement. 
 
 The fact is that to this class of immigrant the very conception 
 of a " standard " wage is wanting. It corresponds to no clearly 
 
 * See pp. 50 and^53.^ 
 
INDUSTRIAL CHAEACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN JEWS. 43 
 
 formed idea of a detiuite standard of comfort or subsistence. 
 •' As much a.s can be got " is the only formula wliich would 
 express the notion of the Russian Jew as to tiie " certain amomit 
 " of the necessaries, coiiiro)-ts, and luxuries of life " which 
 are embodied in the so-called "standard ol* comfort" of Narious 
 classes of labourers. The newly arrived " greeners " will work 
 cheerfully for the first few months for the barest subsistence ; 
 in some cases close observers are of opinicjn that they work at 
 hrst considerably below sulisistence point, with the ivsult of 
 pennaneutly reducing their mental and physical powers. I'hey 
 will do this, not only because they cannot protect themselves 
 or even because of the extreme pressure of competition, but 
 because while learning a trade they must be content with tlie 
 wages of learners. As soon as a chance of improvement is seen 
 it is eagerly grasped, and the same individual, within the space 
 of a few years, may excite the hostility of his Englisli neighl )Ours 
 for his " pauperism " and their indignation for his wealth. " A 
 " foreign Jew is always either a sweatee or a sweater " was the 
 form in which this ([uality was described by an official of a 
 Union connected with one of the trades into wdiicli the innni- 
 grants flow, and who was consulted during the course of this 
 inc[uiry, and though the statement is too sweeping, there is some 
 foundation for the idea which he sought to convey. 
 
 It is now easy to understand how it comes about that foreign 
 Jews tend to be concentrated in certain special trades, and how 
 their presence in these trades (however little they may interfere 
 directly with LOnglish labour) is sometimes resented by En^dish 
 workmen. It is also not difficult to account for the apparently 
 contradictory accounts which are given by ditierent observers 
 of their industrial condition. To the observer who meets the 
 ves.sels in which they arrive, travel stained, with no money anil 
 no knowledge of a trade, they appear as " paupers " likely to 
 become a public burden ; to those ^\•ho see the " greeners," 
 working early and late for the barest subsistence while learuino- 
 the i-udiments of a trade, they aiv the helpless victims of the 
 " sweater " ; to those wdio watch the growth of the Jewisji trades, 
 they are a persistent and tenacious race which can thrive while 
 others cannot live — not " paupers," but the cause of pauperism 
 in others. None of these views represent the complete truth ; 
 but it is easy to understand how each of them has arisen ajid 
 has found its adherents. 
 
 We may now turn from the des(ri]>tion of the industrial 
 congestion of the foreign Jt'ws to the I'lforts made to counteract 
 the tendency. The Hrst place must be givm to the Apprenticing 
 Department of the Jewish Board of Guardians, whicii ap- 
 prentices about 100 boys and a few girls every year to various 
 trades.* In choosing the tradus, the desirability of dispersion 
 
 * There is also a workroom where 40 or 50 girls or women are taught needle- 
 work, iSic. 
 
41 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 over a large number of industries is especially kept in view. 
 The result is seen in the list of 92 trades in which the appren- 
 tices were employed at the end of 1893, which is printed in full 
 on pp. 142 and 143. 
 
 Daring 1S93, 126 boys and 5 girls were apprenticed to 53 
 different trades. The Board also may exercise some degree of 
 control over the trades entered by applicants for business loans 
 or grants for stock. Except in these respects, and in the promo- 
 tion of attendance at technical classes l)y the apprentices, the 
 Jewish Board of Guardians does not directly touch the industrial 
 life of the Jewish community. 
 
 The technical classes such as those connected with the Jews' 
 Free School and the Stepney Jewish School are also to be noted 
 as an attempt to divert the stream of children from exclusively 
 flowing into particular trades. 
 
 The Russo-Jewish Committee, as noted above, has established 
 a "bureau" with the object of finding situations for a certain 
 proportion of the Russian refugees who apply for assistance. 
 The aim is to overcome in this way the initial difficulty of 
 obtaining work offered by ignorance of the English language, 
 and sometimes of a trade. The placing of applicants is not done 
 through establishing a labour registry to which employers 
 apply, but by personal canvass of employers by the secretary, 
 aided, where necessary, by the payment of a small premium to 
 compensate the employer for teaching the immigrant his trade. 
 
 This experiment, of the results of which " it is too early to 
 speak confidently,"* has been looked upon with considerable 
 misgiving ainong some of the leaders of the Jewish community.f 
 At present its operations are on a limited scale and cannot 
 appreciably affect either the labour market or the condition of 
 the mass of immigrants. During the first seven months in 
 1893, 69 situations were found by the bureau for .58 persons. 
 In 24 cases the situations were refused either at once or after a 
 short trial. In 26 cases the results are stated to have been 
 apparently successful, the persons ]-eraaining in the same 
 situations and earning a fair living. A list of the 26 cases 
 stated to have been successfully dealt with by the bureau is 
 printed in the last report of the Russo-Jewish Committee.* Out 
 of 34 individuals placed in work, 9 have been placed in some 
 department of the boot and slipper trade, 7 in tlie skin and hide 
 industry, 4 in tailoring, 6 in other branches of the clothing 
 trades, 2 set up as hawkers and dealers, and the remaining 6 
 placed in various miscellaneous industries. 
 
 The questions discussed above— of language, of locality, and 
 of trades — are perliaps the three most important points to be 
 considered in connection with the problem of the " assimilation " 
 of the foreign immigrants to their surroundings. 
 
 * Report of Russo-Jewish Committee for 1892-93. 
 
 t .See Reports of Jewish Roard of Guardians for 1892 and 189.3. 
 
ASSl.Mll-ATlON — PAUPERISM. 45 
 
 Ah regards assimihitiou of ciistuuis and ideas there is a pro 
 cess continually going on — too fast for sonic of the stricter of 
 the ct)iiininnity — hy which the newcomers ahsorli the ideas 
 and learn to imitate the practices of Westciui Europe. The 
 sudilen change from di'spotic rule and police surveillance to the 
 complete liberty of this country produces in some cases a com- 
 plete and violent break up of social and religious ideas. Apart 
 from such cases, which are comparatively few, the process of 
 assimilation goes on gradually — slowly with the adults, much 
 faster with the children — until it reaches or may even pass the 
 limits prescribed by the customs and observances of the Jewish 
 connnunity as such. The children of the rawest "greener" are 
 often as English as the oldest established native Jew. 
 
 (iv.) — " Pauperism " and the Jewish Relief 
 
 Organisations. 
 
 In the above sketch of some of the influences at work in the 
 East London Jewish conniuinity incidental reference has been 
 made to Certain departments of the work of the Jewish Board 
 of Guardians and the Russo-Jewish Committee. It is now 
 desirable to describe more fully the work of these organisations, 
 in relation to the relief of distress among the Jewish poor. 
 This is the more necessary in view of the common practice of 
 loosely applying the term " paupers " to the immigrant Jews, 
 and of treating the great Jewish relief organisation as though 
 it were in fact as in name merely a Board of Guardians. 
 
 As a matter of fact, very few foreign Jews come upon the 
 rates for relief. In Whitechapel, in the last week of ]\rarch 
 IfiU-t, 9 Russian and Polish Jews were in the workhouse, 9 in 
 the infirmary, and 6 in receipt of medical relief only. In St. 
 George's-in-the-East, in the same week, -i Russian and Polish 
 Jews were in the workhouse, and 19 in receipt of medical relief 
 only. In Mile End Old Town in the same week there were 2 
 Russian JeMs in the workhouse and about nine Russian and 
 Polish Jews in receipt of mediciil relief. 
 
 Tlie above nundjers are trifling if we take into account the 
 total nund^er of foreign Jews and the volume of pauperism 
 in these districts. During the whole of 1893, 5,240 persons* 
 were admitted to the Whitechapel workhouse, of wluan 40 
 were of Russian or Polish nationality; 5,864 were admitted to 
 the infirmary, of whom 59 were Russians and Poles, Thus 
 while forming LS per cent, of the population of Whitechapel, 
 the Russians an<l Poles contribute less than 1 [>er cent, of the 
 })au})erism. 
 
 In the strict legal sense of the term, therefore, hardly any of 
 the alien Jews are " paupers." The reason is not the absence 
 of distress, nor yet (entirely) the reluctance of the inniiigrants 
 
 * The number piveu refers to admissions, not to separate indivifluals. 
 
46 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF IXFLUX, 
 
 to avail themselves of" rate aid, but the fact that Jewish poverty 
 is effectually relieved in a more eligible way by voluntary 
 Jewish organisations. The Jew is reluctant to enter the work- 
 house, partly owing to the importance attached (especially by 
 foreign Jews) to ceremonial observances, special food or methods 
 of preparing it, and other matters of the kind.* This objec- 
 tion is one which appeals strongly to the charitable rich in 
 the Jewish community, with whom the assistance of the 
 poor is a religious <luty, and the result in the past was the 
 nuiltiplication of overlapping agencies for the distribution of 
 relief which led to much demoralisation. It was as an attempt 
 to organise the distribution of relief to the Jews on better prin- 
 ciples that the Jewish Board of Guardians was formed in 1859 
 1 ly the three city " Ashkenazite "t congregations. 
 
 In addition to the industrial functions of the Board alreadj^ 
 alluded to, and its sanitary work mentioned below, the Board 
 as a relief agency is compelled from the nature of the case to 
 combine two functions which it is usually the aim of adminis- 
 trators of the poor law and of charitable funds to keep as far as 
 possible distinct, viz., the permanent assistance of " helpable " 
 cases and the relief of destitution as such. The latter function 
 is that of the poor law, the former is that undertaken by the 
 Charity Organisation Society and kindred voluntary institu- 
 tions, which can sift their applicants and refer those whom they 
 see no chance of permanently benefiting to the relief provided 
 by the rates. 
 
 The Jewish Board of Guardians has to provide by the same 
 machinery for both classes of cases. It does not make mei'e 
 destitution its test, but it cannot reject, as a rule, the destitute 
 or the improvident, since (granting the validity of the objection 
 to the workhouse) there is no poor law to fall back upon. 
 Moreover, the Jewish Board of Guardians in its dealings with 
 " paupers " acts entirely as an outdoor relief agency, and 
 employs no labour tests. J 
 
 The more elaborate of the application forms used by the 
 Board are almost exactly reproduced from the case papers of the 
 Charity Organisation Society. The degree, however, to which 
 verification is carried in ordinary cases is naturally much less 
 than is possible in the case of a society dealing with a much 
 
 * The Whitechapel Guardians have taken steps to meet the flifficulty by pro- 
 viding special food, &c. for .Jewish inmates. This has not, however, led to any 
 great number of foreign Jews applying for admission. 
 
 t i.e. The Jews coming from Central and North-Eastern Europe, who form nine- 
 tenths or more of the whole Jewish body in England. The Spanish or Portuguese 
 Jews have a small Board of Guardians of their own, but its work has no relation to 
 the influx. 
 
 X A special sub-committee appointed during 1892 to consider the advisability 
 of opening a wood-cutting yard for the purpose of a labour test, reported against 
 the proposal on certain grounds, some of which illustrate the extent to which the 
 policy of the Board is influenced by the possibility of attracting immigrants (p. 13, 
 Report 1892). 
 
JEWISH BOARD OF GUARDIANS. 
 
 47 
 
 smaller nnnil)or of eases, while the rota system makes continuity 
 of treatment more ditticult. 
 
 Inquiries are marie by paid investi<.jators and voluntary visi- 
 tors, and on their I'epoi'ts the cases are deci<led ])y the members 
 of the committee sitting in rotation. 
 
 The following; statistics as to the cases dealt with in recent 
 years are based on the annual reports of the Jewish Board of 
 Guardians. Durinii,- IJSDH, 4i,8<Sl individual cases were ivlieved,* 
 of whom 2,5-i8 were foreigners who had been in England less 
 tlian seven years, 1,8<S6 foreigners who had been here over seven 
 years, and 452 were natives of the United Kingdom. The 4,881 
 eases comprised 18,852 individuals (including 10,883 dependent 
 chililren) ; 1,826, or 37 per cent., of the cases were new, the 
 remaining 3,055, or 63 per cent., having been relieved in the 
 previous or prior years. In addition to the above, 297 cases 
 were investigated and refused relief in 1893. 
 
 The following table gives a classification of the cases relieved 
 during the last five years, according to nationality : — 
 
 
 ISi^O 
 
 1 Qon 
 
 1 Q01 
 
 1 coo 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 (i.) Natives of United KiDgdoni 
 
 455 
 
 419 
 
 451 
 
 448 
 
 452 
 
 (ii.) Foreifineis resident more than seven 
 years in the United Kingdom : 
 Russians and Poles 
 Germans - - - . 
 Dutch - - - - 
 Others . - . . 
 
 822 
 83 
 
 275 
 17 
 
 821 
 
 118 
 
 244 
 
 9 
 
 914 
 121 
 
 267 
 10 
 
 1,008 
 
 124 
 
 351 
 
 15 
 
 1,444 
 
 1G3 
 271 
 
 8 
 
 Total 
 
 1,197 
 
 1,192 
 
 1,318 1,498 
 
 1,886 
 
 (iii.) Foreigners resident less than seven 
 years in the United Kingdom : 
 Itussians and Toles 
 Gel-mans - - - - 
 Dutch ... - 
 Others - . - - 
 
 1,096 
 
 146 
 
 16 
 
 70 
 
 1,483 
 
 183 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 2,462 
 
 150 
 
 53 
 
 40 
 
 2,137 
 
 146 
 
 61 
 
 23 
 
 2,242 
 
 205 
 
 63 
 
 33 
 
 Total 
 
 1,328 
 
 1,740 
 
 2,705 2,367 
 
 2,543 
 
 Grand total 
 
 2,980 
 
 3,351 
 
 4,474 
 
 4,313 
 
 I.Wi^l 
 
 This table makes it clear that the overwhelming majority of 
 foreign Jews who are relieved l)y the Board of Guardians (viz., 
 3,686 out of 4,429 in 1893) are natives of Russia and Poland.' 
 Of the 1,826 new cases which were relieved in 1893, 1,404 were 
 Russians and Pole.s, 
 
 The table also shows that, roughly, one hall' of those relieved 
 in the year had lieen resident in the country less than seven 
 years. The only figures available showing the proportion of 
 
 * Excluding the work of the Loan, Industrial, and Sanitary Departments. Also 
 excludinp the Russian Conjoint Committee work, for which see p. 51. 
 
48 
 
 CHARAOTEK AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 persons relieved during the same year in which they arrived in 
 the country apply solely to the new cases, which may be classi- 
 fied as follows : — 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 Foreigners aniveil duriug the year 
 Foreicruers arrived before the year but 
 
 resident less than seven years. 
 Foreigners resident over seven years 
 Natives ----- 
 
 270 
 
 850 
 
 113 
 
 86 
 
 323 
 
 1,435 
 
 ti31 
 103 
 
 141 
 1,071 
 
 234 
 
 81 
 
 245 
 1,121 
 
 343 
 117 
 
 Total new cases - 
 
 1,319 
 
 2,092 
 
 1,527 
 
 1,826 
 
 The rule of the Jewish Board of Guardians not to relieve 
 persons who have been less -than six months in the country, 
 accounts for the small numbers who appear from the above 
 table to have been relieved during the year of arrival. 
 
 The stated occupations of the persons in receipt of " ordinary 
 relief" set out in the following table, are based on more 
 detailed figures published by the Jewish Board of Guai-dians. 
 
 Table showing the Occupations of the Okdinary Recipients 
 of Relief from the Jewish Board of Guardians in the 
 Six Years 1888-93. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 No. of Recipients of Relief in 
 
 1888. 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1898. 
 
 Building trades . - . 
 
 ]*]niriueeriuff and metal trades 
 Clothing trades : — 
 
 Root finishers and rivetters 
 
 Root lasters 
 
 Other boot and shoe trades 
 
 Slipper makers and sellers - 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses* 
 
 Oai> makers ... 
 
 Furriers . - - - 
 
 Dress, milliner}- and mantle makers 
 
 Other clothing trades 
 Cabinet makers, &c. - - - 
 
 Rakers, confectioners, &c. 
 Rutehers . . - - 
 
 Retail tradesmen . - - 
 
 Hawkers, rag sorters, &c. 
 Cigar makers - - - - 
 
 Stick and umbrella makers 
 Domestic servants, waiters, &c. 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 Others . - - - 
 
 Unspecified - - - - 
 
 Total ordinary recipients of relief 
 
 1 
 
 137 
 
 121 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 217 
 
 169 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 53 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 59 t 
 
 676 
 
 580 
 
 • 31 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 U 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 238 
 
 237 
 
 228 
 
 189 
 
 132 
 
 115 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 65 
 
 58 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 74 
 
 69 
 
 513 
 
 764 
 
 2,681 
 
 2,681 
 
 115 
 
 17 
 
 190 
 
 22 
 
 64 
 
 85 
 
 666 
 
 31 
 
 52 
 
 11 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 160 
 
 245 
 
 129 
 
 30 
 
 79 
 
 29 
 
 74 
 
 433 
 
 131 
 19 
 
 205 
 
 41 
 
 85 
 
 132 
 
 904 
 
 47 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 95 
 
 40 
 
 17 
 
 207 
 
 316 
 
 140 
 
 27 
 
 90 
 
 41 
 
 92 
 
 511 
 
 134 
 23 
 
 205 
 
 33 
 
 85 
 143 
 921 
 
 5] 
 
 62 
 
 23 
 
 60 
 
 85 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 194 
 327 
 146 
 
 41 i 
 
 92 
 
 49 
 
 95 
 777 
 
 112 
 15 
 
 271 
 41 
 85 
 
 171 
 1,070 
 54 
 50 
 13 
 55 
 95 
 58 
 17 
 
 239 
 
 366 
 
 162 
 39 
 
 106 
 48 
 62 
 
 814 
 
 2,541 
 
 3,265 3,611 
 
 3,943 
 
 * Including " machinists," some of whom ma^- be machinists in the boot or other 
 trades. * 
 
JEWISH liOAllD OF GUARDIANS, 
 
 49 
 
 The greater part of the " iinspecitietl " are stated to be widows 
 or old men. 
 
 It will be seen from this Uible that the trades which conti-ibute 
 most laro;ely to the number of applicants are tailors and 
 tailoresses* (1,070) ; boot, shoe, and slipper makers (5()'S). and 
 hawkers, rag-sorters, &c. (86(3) ; which amono- them contributed 
 over G'l per cent, of the total number whose occupations were 
 ascertained. In the previous year the same trades contributed 
 sliirhtlv over GO i)er cent, of the cases. 
 
 Turning from the nati(jnality and occupations of tiie applicants 
 to the causes whieh induce them to apply for relief, we ha\e the 
 
 following classitication : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892. 
 
 189:). 
 
 Classification of Cases. 
 
 Cases 
 Relieved. 
 
 Dependent 
 Wives and 
 Children. 
 
 Cases 
 Relieved. 
 
 Dependent 
 Wives and 
 Children. 
 
 (i.) Permanently helpless cases 
 
 46 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 59 
 
 (ii.) Widows ... 
 
 .543 
 
 97:? 
 
 577 
 
 808 
 
 (iii.) Wives in distress throujili 
 
 
 
 
 
 crime or misfortune of 
 
 
 
 
 
 husband : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ((/.) Ilusliaiid ill j;aol - 
 
 S 
 
 2S 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 (A.) Iluvliand in lunatic 
 
 
 
 
 
 asvhun - 
 
 t 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 (c.) Deserted hy husband 
 
 X,:\ 
 
 903 
 
 340 
 
 854 
 
 (iv.) Unmarried women - 
 
 So 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 — 
 
 (v.) Orphans and deserted children. 
 
 
 
 
 
 and cases of illej^itiniacy 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 19 
 
 4:^ 
 
 Total of classes I. -V. 
 
 1,062 
 
 2,025 
 
 1,009 
 
 1 ,805 
 
 (vi.) Assisted to emigrate only 
 
 370 
 
 l.'il 
 
 548 
 
 4 '.19 
 
 (vii.) Women assisted only to join 
 
 
 
 
 
 husbands or to return to 
 
 
 
 
 
 native country 
 
 75 
 
 141 
 
 171 
 
 284 
 
 Total of classes VI. and VII. 
 
 4.-) I 
 
 292 
 
 719 
 
 093 
 
 (viii.) Gei>eral body of cases not 
 
 
 
 
 
 included in the above, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 having an adult male as 
 
 
 
 
 
 head of family - 
 
 2,800 
 
 10,171 
 
 3,093 
 
 11,473 
 
 Grand total of i.im^ - 
 
 4,313 
 
 12,488 
 
 . „ 
 4,1?81 
 
 13,971 
 
 1 
 
 
 10,801 
 
 18,852 
 
 * Ineludinp 105 "machinists" some <>f whom maybe machinists in the boot or 
 other trades. 
 
 O 82170. U 
 
50 
 
 CHAUACTEli A>fD EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 The character of the relief given to various classes of cases 
 may be thus classified for the year 1 893 : — 
 
 
 
 Number 
 of Cases. 
 
 Amount of 
 
 Relief per 
 
 Case. 
 
 (1.) Cases of emigration which have not received any 
 other relief 
 
 (2.) Persons who have received special relief only, 
 i.e., assistance in confinement or mourning, 
 medical stimulants, surgical instruments, &c., 
 hut who have not applied for any other relief - 
 
 (3.) Persons assisted with tools or money to start 
 business _ . - . _ 
 
 (4.) Ordinary recurrent cases (including such as abo 
 received special relief or relief for business 
 purposes) . - . - . 
 
 (S.) Fixed allowances .... 
 
 719 
 
 436 
 694 
 
 2,813 
 219 
 
 *, s. d. 
 
 1 13 11 
 
 i( Ki 5- 
 3 2 44 
 
 2 5 81 
 12 13 11 
 
 Grand total of cases - - _ 
 
 4,881 
 
 — 
 
 Tlie recurrent cases were relieved partly in money and partly 
 by tickets for necessaii(?s of life, the total amount so expended 
 in 1S93 being 6,41 G^. 
 
 During 1893 219 cases were relieved by " fixed allowances " 
 (i.e., weekly allowances of a fixed amount, but subject to 
 periodical reviiiion) amounting on an averag(5 to about 12^. 14s. 
 a year each. All of these recipients had resided over seven 
 years in the countr^^, ;ind 88 of them were natives by birth. 
 244 cases were assisted by " periodical allowances " (i.e., weekly 
 allowances of a certain amount for a certain definite ]:»eriod). 
 Taking the cases assisted by "fixed" and " periodical " allow- 
 ances together we find that in 63 out of the total 463 cases, the 
 allowance was of the nature of an old-age pension, in 125 it was 
 given on account of illness ; 181 recipients were widows, 65 
 deserted children or orphans, 7 deserted wives, 9 wives whose 
 husbands were in lunatic asylums, and 23 single wome;'. 
 
 A most important part of the Board's operations, and one of 
 the most interesting from the point of view of this inquiry-, 
 consists in emigrating })ersons, either by helping them to proceed 
 to Ameiica, the Cape or Australia, or by sending them back to 
 the Continent. 
 
 The following table shows the number of cases dealt with in 
 this way in the last few years : — 
 
EMIGUATION — KUSSU-J EWl.Sll CUMMITTEE. 
 
 (1.) Emigrated. 
 
 51 
 
 
 To Uiiitfd 
 States. 
 
 To 
 t'apc. 
 
 To Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Heturiitd to 
 Cuiitiuunt. 
 
 Total 
 
 
 Cases. 
 
 1887 - 
 
 215 
 
 .> 
 
 N 
 
 305 
 
 536 
 
 188S - 
 
 317 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 340 
 
 676 
 
 1889 - 
 
 143 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 234 
 
 421 
 
 is;to 
 
 144 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 418 
 
 .".93 
 
 isyi 
 
 344 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 6(52 
 
 1,019 
 
 1892 - 
 
 138 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 330 
 
 486 
 
 1893 - 
 
 ■26: 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 419 
 
 721 
 
 Total for 7 years - 
 
 1,568 
 
 49 
 
 127 
 
 2,70S 
 
 4.4r.2 
 
 Yearly avorajje 
 
 224 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 387 
 
 636 
 
 ( 2.) Migrated to other [xtrts of Great Britain. 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 
 32 
 25 
 20 
 
 28 
 24 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 The total number of cases thus removed from London I*}- 
 emigration or migration during tlie last seven years was 'i.OSS, 
 <.'iving a yearly average of 665. 
 
 The cases included 8,430 individuals, or a yearly average of 
 1,204. 
 
 Liirge as this number is it M'ould lie greatl}'' increased if ^ve 
 added the individuals antuially assisted to emigrate by flu- 
 " Conjoint Committee of tie Jewish Board of Guardians and thi' 
 Russo- Jewish Committee." The average for the years 1887- 
 LS93 of the number of pers<ms helped onwards or to return to 
 the Continent by this committee was 628. During the year 
 1.S93 this nunihei- was 1,182, ot. including 24 persons migrated 
 to the ])rovinces, 1,206. Thus during 1898 the total luimber of 
 Viidividoid-'i forwarded, returned, or migrated by the two 
 agencies was 2,73iS, almost the whole of whom were foreigners.* 
 
 Besides a.ssisting en)igi-ation, the Board takes such steps as it 
 can from time to time to stem the tide of immigration l»y causing 
 paragraphs describing the overcrowded state of tlie Britisli 
 labotn- market to be inserted in Russian and other foreign papers 
 which circulate among foreign Jews. 
 
 It .should be a<lded that the t'liiigration operations of the 
 Board are state<l to have lately been rendered more costly by 
 the rise of fares which lias taken place to the United States, 
 owing to the restrictions there imposed. 
 
 * There is also a Jewish Eiuipratiou Society which annually sends away from 
 200 to ."^OO persons. 
 
 I> 2 
 
C,- J^ 
 
 2 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 Russo-Jewish Committee. — It is unnecessary to describe in 
 detail the relief operations of the E,usso- Jewish Connnittee. 
 Though the money is drawn from specially collected funds the 
 administratioi. of the relief is entrusted to a conjoint committee of 
 the Russian Committee and the Jewish Board of Guardians. The 
 staff of visitors employed is now the same, the cases are dealt 
 with in the offices of the Boaixl of Guardians, and ihe principles 
 of administration do not materially differ from those of the 
 Board itself, except for the fact that the benefit of the fund is 
 confined to cases of " persecuted " Russian Jews, that the six 
 months' residential qualification is not required, and that the 
 coiiunittee employ from time to time the machiner}^ of the 
 " Information and Location Bureau " as a labour test or as a 
 means of plachig applicants in situations. 
 
 Among "persecuted refugees" are usually included persons 
 compelled to leave their homes in Russia by the Administration, 
 either because they had been living in a part of Russia outside 
 the " Pale," to which all Jews except those possessing certain 
 qualifications are confined, or because within the Pale they had 
 been living in villages, from which since the May laws Jews 
 have been excluded. These laws were not at once stringently 
 enforced in alF districts, so that many Jews continued to live for 
 some time without interference in districts or villages, in which 
 they were not legally entitled to reside. In 1891 the stringency 
 Vv'ith wdiich the laws were enforced was considerably increased, 
 with the result of expelling large numbers of Jews from places 
 where they had long resided. In some cases Jews migrating 
 from Russia to avoid conscription or even as deserters from the 
 army are treated as " persecuted cases " by the Russo-Jewish 
 Committee, it being stated that tlie conscription is made to press 
 with undue severity on the Jews in Russia. 
 
 The total number of cases dealt with in 1893 was 1,409 (3,984 
 individuals) compared with 1,697 in 1892 (4,450 individuals). 
 The total outlay of the Committee in 1893 was 5,781?. 
 
 Of the 1,409 cases, 1,155, representing 2,649 individuals, were 
 new, and 254, representing 1,335 individuals, were old cases 
 which re-presented themselves. 294 cases (740 individuals) 
 were emigrated, 297 cases (442 individuals) were returned to 
 their homes on the continent, 7 cases (24 individuals), were 
 migrated to other places in the United Kingdom ; 604 cases 
 (2,262 individuals) remained in London, and were relieved, and 
 the remaining 207 cases (516 individuals) were remanded or 
 refused. 
 
 Causes of Distress mid Destitution. — The causes of distress 
 among the ordinary " recurrent " cases are not analysed iu detail 
 in the annual reports of the Jewish Board of Guardians, but 
 the examincition of the records of a certain proportion of cases 
 visited by one of the Board's visitors leads to the conclusion 
 that the most ])revaleDt causes of application for relief are 
 sickness, or inability to make a livelihood either on account 
 
CAUSES OF DISTRESS AND COST OF RELIEF. 53 
 
 oF low Avao-os or of slaoknoss ('\' ein])lr!ynio)it* Tlif dirii- 
 culty which tlio potty dealer or liavvker tiuds in making a 
 living by selling to people nearly as poor as hiniself, snpplies an 
 impoitant cause of poverty, as is m.t unnatural when it is 
 remembered tliat larg-e nund)crs of Jewish tailors, bootmakers, 
 and others look to hawkini;' as a I'osource in the slack seasons of 
 their own trades. This tendency may perhaps to some extent 
 be encouraj^ed by the grants made for stock to enable applicants 
 whether belonging to other trades or not to try their fortune as 
 hawkers. 11" this mc»de of i*elief does not fail with the poor Jew 
 as it has usually failcMJ with the English pooi-,* this fact is itself 
 evidence of the differences in the nature of the problem ol Jewi-h 
 as compared with ordinary poverty, to which further attention is 
 called below. 
 
 Another cause of distress Avhieh appears very fre(|ue)itly, owing 
 to the special circumstances of an immigrant and transmigi-ant 
 population, is wife desertion. The husband goes on to Ameriea 
 or elsewhere promising to send for his family, and in some cases 
 is not heard of again, the wife and family being thus left destitute. 
 
 GamViling appears to be a well marked cause of Jewish 
 ilestitution, but the two most prominent and incuralile defects 
 which lead to English paujterism, viz., drink and laziness, appear 
 almost absent in the case of the Jews, The most dithcult 
 of all the cases with which the Russian Connnittee- has to 
 deal are said to be those of professional or business men, who 
 have been foiced to leave Russia, who can find no opening for 
 their talents in this countrj-, and who are too old to leaiii anothei' 
 occupation. 
 
 Cost of Jcvnsh Relief. — The total net expenditure of the 
 Jewish Boartl of Guar<liansan<l the Russian Conjoint Committee 
 during 18JK^ on tlie relief and assistance; of the Jewish poor was 
 roughlj' 26,000/. This includes current oHice and administi'ative 
 expenses, and such items of the expenditure of tlie Loan, In- 
 dustrial, Sanitary' and other Connnittees (not directly l•ng^^ged in 
 relief operations), as are not repayable, but excludes loans, (Src, 
 which are recoverable. It includes expenditure on emigration, 
 and an amount of nearly 3,500/. disbursed by the Roard of 
 Guardians in relief to special cases on account of jn'ivate in- 
 dividuals. Taking the number of the Jewish population of 
 London as .S0,000t (a rough estimate which is probably as close 
 as can be made on the veiy imperfect data available \ this would 
 give a payment of about 6s. ISd. per head per annum. If the 
 expenditure on administration, emigration, and otlier items not 
 of the nature of relief be deducted the am(junt expended on lelief 
 by the two organisations appears to have been aliout l.S,()0()/., or 
 about 4.S. 6'/. per head of the .Jewish population of London. 
 This estimate is of course only approximate. 
 
 * See " Report on Ai;enctfs anrl Methods for dealinp with thf L'iniiii>loyC'd," p. 261. 
 
 t Src Rcxitli's "Life ami Labimr of tin- People" vol. III., p. IdC, ; .Tacoh's 
 'Statistics of Jewish I'opulation in London" (1894), p. 3; "Jewish Chronicle," 
 May 25, 1^94. |.. w. 
 
54 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 Ill London, the total amount expended in 1891-2 on poor 
 relief, including maintenance of in-door paupers, out-door relief, 
 maintenance of lunatics, cost of administration, medical relief, 
 and all other expenses, except repayment of loans, was 2,849,372Z., 
 or over lis. per head of the population. If we de luct from this 
 the cost of administration, interest on loans, maintenance of 
 lunatics, and all other expenses, except in-door, out-door, and 
 medical relief, we find that the total so expended in 1891-2 
 was 1,011,399?., or 4s. lOd. per head of the population — very 
 nearly the same figure as that representing the expenditure of 
 the Jewish Board of Guardians and the Russian Committee on 
 the relief of the Jewish poor. Considering the poverty of the 
 greater part of the Jews living in London, the above figures 
 certaiiily do not support the idea of any exceptional degree of 
 dependence on puldio funds on the part of the Jewish com- 
 munity, even if all the amount expended in relief by the 
 Jewish organisations be considered as equivalent to j)oor relief, 
 while on the other hand no account is taken of the large ex- 
 penditure on the relief of the non-Jewish poor by non-ofiicial 
 charitable agencies. 
 
 " Pauperism" aynong the Iinmigrants. — The question remains 
 How far ought the recipients of relief from the Jewish agencies 
 described above to he described as " paupers " ? In the strict 
 leu^al sense not at all, since they are not a charge on the rates. 
 But the question may be pushed further. How far do they show 
 the characteristics which in the British poor are usually regarded 
 as the marks of " pauperism," considered as denoting a defect of 
 character rather than a particular legal status ? 
 
 The answer (so far as any answer can be given to so speculative 
 a (|uestion) appears to be that they show some of these marks, 
 but not all. So far as to be " pauperised " means to acquire the 
 habit of coming for assistance as often as possible, a considerable 
 section of the East London Jewish poor are pauperised. They 
 have hardlv their full share of the feelino- which makes the 
 independent poor dread and avoid the receipt of public charity 
 and relief. Partly it may be that they regard themselves as 
 having the right to assistance from their richer co-religionists 
 whom they are helping to discharge their duty by receiving 
 their alms. Paitly it may be that the relief given carries with it 
 no civil disabilities, and is given in an acceptable form. But 
 the fact remains that a large section of the East End Jews are 
 willing to have recourse to the relief given by the Jewish relief 
 organisations, that many of them apply again and again as often 
 as they are allowed by the Board to do so,* and that they some- 
 
 * As regards the proportion of " chronic " cases the following figures, published 
 hy the Jewish Board of Guardians are of interest : — In. 1893 out of 4,881 rases relieved 
 1,826 were new applications, leaving .3,055 cases which had been dealt with in the 
 previous or prior j-ears. Of the latter number 2,558 had been relieved in the previous 
 3'ear. During 1893 the average number of times on which the same case received 
 relief was 6*5 or eliminating the recipients of fixed allowances and those assisted to 
 emigrate only, 5*3, compared with 4-G in 1892, 4-5 in 1891, and 4*2 in 1890. The 
 .Jewish Board of Guardians and the Conjoint Coniniittee regard it as a great object 
 to be kepi in mind in giving relief to diminish the frequency- of applicatiou. 
 
"pauperism' aM()X(; Tin; im.mi(;kants. 55 
 
 times continue their applications after they are well riMiiovod 
 from all fear of want. As au example of this may l)e quoted the 
 case of a man wild came to iMi^^daud with a wife, married son 
 (with wife and bahv), and two unmariied children. Tlu-v were 
 Russian lefugees and applit'(l for aid to the Russian Committ^'e. 
 Places were found tlmnifrh the " Bureau " for the two sons who 
 were tau;;"ht a tiade, and the family was helped in other ways. 
 A short time a^v) Uw man ajiplied for relief, llo aeknr)\\ lcd(red 
 on being questioned an income amounting lor the whole family 
 to '21. 2.S, 0(/. a week. On l)eing asked what he wanted he 
 replied merely " Help."' Needless to f-ay he was unsuccessful. 
 Again one of the most prominent classes of frequently recurrent 
 cases is that of hawkers who replenish their stock out of grants 
 or loans, and then after exhausting it apply again. 
 
 The idea, however, implied by the u.se of the term "pau- 
 perised" usually includes not only the disposition to apply 
 pereistently for relief, but the relaxation of indi\ idu.d energy 
 and the grndtial deterioration ol' cha)*acter which is produce<l 
 by the habit of relying upon assistance From others. Fi-om this 
 l;ist-mentioned characteristic of the " pauper,' the foreign Jew 
 appears, on the whole, to be freer than the English poor. He 
 will take what help he can get, but he does not therefore neces- 
 sarily slacken in his pursuit of gain. Perhaps this fact, as well 
 as that mentioned before, are both to be explaine<l by the 
 " elasticity " of the Jew's standard of comfort which is alluded 
 to above. As the possession of sufficient wages does not always 
 deter liim from seeking further assistance, so the acceptance 
 of assistance does not deter him from seeking his advantage by 
 other means. In fact, the help given by llie Jewish Board of 
 (luardiaus is often looked on simply as one out of many 
 means by which the applicant can improve his position. There 
 are, of cour.se, many liopeless and hi-lpless cases among the 
 Jewish poor, but the impression left by the evidence is that the 
 ]iroporti(m of cases in which they lose their power of self-help 
 when they accept tlie Inj;ird"s assistance is smaller among the 
 Jewish than among the non- Jewish poor of Ea.st London If 
 this be true, the proportion of "pauper cases " among the Jews 
 is, in this sense, below the average. 
 
 It is gf course to be remembered that tlie definition .if 
 "paupers" here adopted would, if similarly ai)plie(l to the 
 nati\"e poor, include not only those legally so called but a large 
 number of the recipients of charitalile a.ssistance. 
 
 It is doubtless the I'act of the j)re-ence in the foreign Jewish 
 population of the characteristics alluded to above, of tenacity 
 of purpose and elasticity of .standard, which makes po.ssible 
 without the risk of wholesale " pau])erisation " the system of 
 relief admiin'stered by tin- .fewish jjoanl of (Juanlians, which, 
 dealing w ith a congested an<l poverty-stricken population largely 
 coujposed of innnigrants acts jus a purely " out-relief " agency 
 without being able tn fall back u|)on the workhouse test 
 
56 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 It is not proper, in a report like this, to discuss the questions 
 of policy and administration of relief which have lately aroused 
 much interest and divergence of opinion among the leaders of 
 the Jewish community. How far it is possible to replace 
 " doles " by a more adequate system of treatment ; whether 
 cases should be visited and advised, or left to shift for them- 
 selves and to apply for help when forced to do so ; whether the 
 Board should be regarded as a purely eleemosynary institution 
 or whether its functions should have a wider scope — all these are 
 questions on which there is difference of opinion. The proper 
 treatment of ordinary " out-of-work " cases, is a question on 
 which such differences are felt. There is no doubt that the policy 
 of helping such cases, either by grants of money or food or l)y 
 loans or grants to enable them to set up as hawkers may to 
 some extent make more tolerable, and hence encourage, the irre- 
 gularity of some of the " sweated " trades besides possibly 
 acting as a rate in aid of wages. Another mode of treatment 
 — by means of a " bureau " — has aroused divergence of opinion 
 on different grounds. It is to be remarked that in tlie dis- 
 cussion of (questions of relief within the community, it is 
 regarded as an axiom by all parties that nothing should be done 
 which would encourage immigration. The recent influx has 
 strained severely the resources of the Jewish Board of Guar- 
 dians, the last report of which speaks of its financial position 
 as being extremely precarious. Under these circumstances the 
 reduction of immigration is strongly desired by many of the 
 Jewish community, and some would regard with equanimity or 
 active approval any measure of legislative restriction (if such 
 a measure could be devised) which Avould exclude the class of 
 undesirable immigrants who, at present, are so heavy a tax on 
 the resources of the Jewish organisations, and at the same time 
 offer no obstacle to the free entrance of refugees from political 
 or religious persecution. Difficulty, however, is presented by 
 the vagueness of the term " persecution " and by the fact 
 that amono- the class of refugees who Avould still be admitted 
 are to be found some of the most difficult of the " pauper ' cases 
 dealt with. 
 
 (V.)— Sanitary Condition of the Immigrants. 
 
 A question which may well be considered here, as closely 
 connected with the habits, the local concentration, and the trade 
 congestion of the foreigni Jewish population in this country, is 
 that of the sanitarj^ conditions under which they live. There 
 is no question that these conditions leave much to be desired. 
 So much, howevei-, has already been written on this subject in 
 the reports of the Lords' Committee on Sweating and elsewhere, 
 that it is unnecessary to go over the ground again. It will 
 therefore suffice to indicate briefly the results of the present 
 inquirj^ with regard to the recent changes Avhich have taken 
 place in this respect. 
 
SANlTARf CONDITION OF THE IMMIGRANTS. 57 
 
 Ini|uiiios liavo been in:i<lo of the Medical Officers of Health 
 in \\'liiteelui})el, Mile End Old Town, and St. George's -in-the- 
 East, with regard to the present sanitary condition of the 
 dwellings and worksho})s occupied by foreign Jews in those 
 districts eoni])ared both with tlieir condition a few years ago, 
 and with the state of the dwellings and workshops ol" the 
 surrounding non-Jewish population. Mr. Lakenian, H.M. 
 ►Superintending Inspector of Workshops, and liis staff of assis- 
 tants, and the j\[edical Oliicers of Health of the London County 
 Covnicil, who have recently made inspections of selected work- 
 shops, have also given valuable information with regard to the 
 sanitary condition of l']ast London Avm'kshops. 
 
 Besides the evidence obtained from the above authorities, a 
 hirge amount of valuable information with regard to the sanitary 
 condition of Jewish dwellings is to be found in the recent reports 
 of the Sanitary Committee of the Jewish Board of Guardians. 
 
 The Russian and Polisli immigrants come to Great Britain for 
 the most part accustomed to a far lower standard of cleanliness 
 than prevails among the inajority of the inhabitants of this 
 countr3\ On arrival, after a long and tedious journey overland, 
 they are probably seen at their worst, but in the opinion of the 
 medical inspectors who were consulted at Gravesend, as well as 
 of the Custom House officials who meet the vessels which bring 
 alien Jews to London, there has been a marked improvement of 
 late in the appearance of the immigrants on arrival. This im- 
 ]U'ovement is thought to date fi-<mi the enforcement of medical 
 inspection at the time of the prevalence of cholera in 1892-93, 
 wliich (as described above) is still carried out in the port of 
 London. 
 
 There is a general consensus of opinion that the overcrowding 
 of worksliops has been checked during the past year or two, 
 though it still occurs to a considerable (extent. The medical 
 officer in Whitechapel states that they do not there find over- 
 crowding of workshops a very serious ditficidty, the Jews and 
 foreigners Iteing more amenable to pressm-e than the English 
 when they have learnt the requirements of the law. The report 
 for 1893 of tlie medical officer in Mile En<l Old Town nives 
 ]>articulars of all workshops known to the local authority in the 
 district. All these w»M-kshops were visited by sanitary itispectors. 
 most of them at least twice <luring the year. On the whole, 3G2 
 visits * were paid t<j 200 workshops, of which the majorit}' were 
 Jewish. On 22 occasions the workshop is stated to have been found 
 overcrowded. The whole of these cases of overcrowding we)c in 
 the western j^art of Mile Eml, which is aflected by the infiu.x. There 
 is sojne difficulty in <lrawing inferences even from the results of 
 
 * Besides 42 cases in which the worksliop visited wns found to he unoccupied. 
 
58 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 two visits, since some of the trades {e.g., slipper-making) in which 
 overcrowding is complained of are of a seasonal character. That 
 some improvement, however, has taken place is evident from the 
 results of the recent inspection of selected workshops in East 
 London by an officer appointed by the London County Coimcil 
 (under Sections 100 and 101 (1) of the Public Health (London) 
 Act, 1891). The list of workshops to be visited was prepared by 
 the Sanitary Committee of the Jewish Board of Guardians, and 
 included only certain Jewis^h workshops which had recently 
 come under observation, many of whicli were believed to be 
 foulty in one or more respects. Of 110 East London workshops 
 inspected during 1892, 55 were found to be overcrowded. Of 
 these 55, 35 which showed the most glaring defects v/ere re- 
 inspected in April and May, 1893. In seven cases the rooms 
 were found to be no longer used as work-rooms ; in 17 the 
 overcrowding had been remedied, and in seven some attempt to 
 remedy the evil had been made, but some degree of overcrowding 
 was still present. In the remaining four cases {i.e., two in 
 Whitechapel and two in St. George's-in-tlie~East) the rooms 
 were still overcrowded, but " tiiere were no instances discovered 
 " of such gross overcrowding as was seen last December ; in 
 " fact, the masters of the workshops seem now to be alive to the 
 " fact that there is a limit to the extent to which they may 
 " crowd w^orkers into the rooms."* 
 
 Classifying the workshops originally inspected by trades we 
 find that 99 tailoring workshops visited in East London and the 
 Strand, 37 were found to allow less than 250 cubic feet for each 
 person found employed at the time of inspection. Of these 
 three provided less than 150 cubic feet. The average number of 
 cubic feet per head in all the tailoring workshops was 324, and 
 in the " overcrowded " shops (i.e., those with less than 250 
 cubic feet) 202. Of 12 boot and shoe workshops, no fewer 
 than eight contained less than the " minimum " of 250 cubic feet, 
 the average for the whole number of boot workshops being 235 
 feet, and for the " overcrowded " workshops 175 feet. This 
 evidence is very limited, but so far as it goes the state of over- 
 crowding in the boot and shoe shops appears to be the worst. 
 
 The Medical Officer of the London County Council is cf 
 opinion that overcrowding is far the most serious sanitaiy 
 defect in the Jewish workshops. 
 
 As regards the general cleanliness of workshops, the most 
 complete statistical record for any single district is afforded by 
 the tabular statement referred to above, of the results of the 
 inspection in 1893 of the whole of the w^orkshoi s known to the 
 local authority of Mile End, The 362 visits to workshops ma}^ 
 
 * London County Council (Public Health Department) Report on Workshops, 
 May 4th, 18')3. 
 
SANITARY CONDITION OF WOllKSHOFS AND DWELLINGS. 59 
 
 be classified as follows acconliiiff to the flescription f^'ivon in the 
 report : — 
 
 CIjws of Workshojis. 
 
 Di'scribt'd 
 as " Good." 
 
 Dcscribrd 
 a.s- Dirty." 
 
 Di'.soribeil 
 as " over- 
 crowded."* 
 
 Total. 
 
 Tailoring ----- 
 IJoot, shoe ami slipper making 
 t'ap making - . . . 
 Drcssnr.ikers and milliners - 
 ( )tli«rs 
 
 212 1 38 
 34 1 
 
 liG I 
 14 .$ 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 271 
 
 40 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 Total - 
 
 293 47 :i2 
 
 ■.U\-2 
 
 In Wliitechapel and St. George 's-iu-the-East there are too few 
 English woi-kshops to make any kind of comparison between 
 them and Jewish workshops |)ossible. In both districts, however, 
 the medical officers state that the .sanitary condition of Jewish 
 workshops has. improved since 1888 (when the iiKjuiries of the 
 Lords' Committee on Sweating were held), nn-lcr the pressnn; of 
 sanitary inspection. The 1)Ootmaking shops are stated to be the 
 woi-st. ^Ir. Lakeman attril)utes this largely to tlie fact tliat in 
 the l)Oot trade so large a jn-oportion of workshops do not contain 
 any "protected persons " (t.^., women or yonng persons) and 
 conseqnently escape the control of the factory and workshop 
 inspectors. Some particulars as to th(^ sanitary condition of 
 boot and shoe workshops visited in the coiu'se of this imjuiry are 
 given on pp. 171 to 181. On the whole the majority of tho.sc 
 workshops visited seemed in fair sanitary conditi<m, and som<' 
 were very good. A certain proportion, however, were very bad, 
 in some cases totally nntit for occupation. 
 
 Turning from workshotis to dwellings, a con.sensus of opinion 
 is found that the rooms inliabited by the immigrants on their 
 first arrival in London {e.g., in Booth Street Buildings) are very 
 defective from a sanitary point of view. After some period of 
 settlement, however, the immigrants tend to improve in these 
 respects, and they then often pass on from Wliitechapel or St. 
 George's to Mile End or other parts of London, or elsewhere. Thus 
 the congested districts of Wliitechapel are to some extent only a 
 t<'mporary halting ground for the newly-arrived aliens, and the 
 sanitary condition of their homes in these districts is to this 
 extent typical of the condition of the foreign Jews at the time of 
 their arrival in this country rather than after they liave become 
 " anglicised." The process of assimilation, iiowever, frc((uentlv 
 takes a lon^^ time. Little coni|)laint is made of the sanitai-\- 
 condititm of the homes of the old settled .Jews. 
 
 (_)n this point the In^st debiiled information is that published by 
 the Sanitary Committee of the Jewish Board of Guardians, by 
 
 * Including cases of overcrowded mid dirty workshops. 
 
60 
 
 CHARACTER AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 which a large number of the more defective dwellings are inspected. 
 In 1898, 5,209 visits were paid by the officer of this committee to 
 1,746 dwellings chiefly in Whitechapel, St. George's-in the-East, 
 Mile End and Bethnal Green. Of these, 986 dwellings or consider- 
 ably more than half were found to be below the standard of the 
 local authority. In the great majority of cases the defects disco- 
 vered were remedied during the year, but the report makes strong 
 complaint of the condition of certain blocks of tenement houses 
 particularly Booth Street Buildings, which house over 1,300 
 persons, and (as stated above) are chiefly inhabited by newly- 
 arrived immigrants. The report states that the owners of the 
 greater part of this property cannot be induced " to take steps 
 " adequate to secure that the premises shall be kept in something 
 " like a decent and sanitary state." 
 
 In spite of the unsatisfactory condition of certain spots like 
 that alluded to above, there appears to be a consensus of opinion 
 that on the whole the sanitary condition of the Jewish districts 
 of East London has shown an improvement during the past five 
 or six years. 
 
 (vi.) — Condition as regards Crime. 
 
 A census carried out for the purpose of this inquiry hy the 
 Home Office throughout all the local and convict prisons in 
 England and Wales shows that on January 11th, 1894, there 
 were 56 persons of Kussian or Polish nationality in those prisons, 
 viz., 13 in convict prisons, and 43 in local prisons. Of the 
 latter, 4 w^ere under remand or awaiting trial, leaving 39 under 
 sentence, viz., 21 in London and 18 in the provinces. The degree 
 of gravity of the oflfences may be gathered from the following 
 analysis of the length of sentences in all cases in which sentences 
 had been pronounced : — 
 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 London. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Penal servitude. — 10 years - . - 
 
 7 years _ . - 
 
 years - - _ 
 
 3 years ... 
 
 Imprisonment. — 1 year or more 
 
 6 months and under 1 year - 
 3 months and under 6 months 
 1 month and under 3 months - 
 under 1 month 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 
 1 
 5 
 5 
 
 3* 
 
 4t 
 
 1 
 
 .5 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 4 
 
 Total under sentence 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 52 
 
 Of the 56 persons in prison, 1 1 were charged with ofiences of 
 violence and assault of various kinds, 8 with burglary, house- 
 
 * In one case with alternative of sureties, 
 f In three cases with alternative of fine. 
 
CONDrnoN AS EEGARDS CRIME. Gl 
 
 breaking cVc, o with iorgciy, i wilh aisun, i with abduction, 21 
 witli theft, frauil, or receiving stolen goods, 2 with ottences eon- 
 nccte<l with the coinage, and tlic remaining 9 with various minor 
 offences. 
 
 In order to make some kind ol' rough ct»mpari.sun between the 
 extent t)f criminaUty ol" this class ot" i'.nmigrants, and that of the 
 corresponding native [lopulation, it is necessary to compare 
 the total number in prist»n in a given locality with the number 
 of the population from whicli they are drawn. For this ])nrp()se 
 it is best to take London (or rather the area that couniiits 
 p)-isonei"s to London prisons) as tlie area of comparison, since it 
 is here that the majority of Russians and Poles are concentrated, 
 and we are enabled to compare them with a large surrounding- 
 city yiopulation exposed to somewhat similar conditions as 
 regards crime. Moreover, the statistics publislied by the Com- 
 missioners of Prisons show that only 39 occupants of London 
 prisons (or less than one per cent.) were under the age of 16 on 
 March 31st, 1893.* The popuhition tlierefore with which the 
 number should be compared is not the total population of all 
 ages, but the number of pert-ons over the age of (say) 15. This cor- 
 rection is of impoi'tance in estimating the criminality of foreigners 
 since these do not include their full proportion of children. Thus 
 only slightly over 15 ])er cent, of the Russians and Poles in 
 England and Wales arc shown by the Census to be under the 
 age of 15. Apjtlying this percentage to London, we lind that 
 there were in 1S91, 22,711 Russians anil Russian Poles in 
 London over the age of 15.t 21 were in prison at the beginning 
 of 1894, giving a proportion of 1 in 1,081. 
 
 Now, roughly s])eaking, the population ovei' the age of 15 of 
 the entire district from which prisoners are committed to London 
 prisons is about 4,000,000. On an average 4,027 were in prison 
 on any one day during 1893, giving a proportion of 1 in 993, 
 a slightly greater proportion than in the case of the Russians 
 and Poles. In this comparison no account has l>een taken of the 
 fact that since 1891 the foreign Russian and Polish population 
 of London has prol)al)ly grown at a faster rate than the total 
 pojHilation. 
 
 Without laying too nuich stress on the actual figures (which 
 'u\ flealino- with so small a number of Russian and Polish 
 prisoners may possibly be somewhat misleading), it may be 
 stated generally that the evidence shows that the amount of 
 crime traceable to this class of innnim-ants is small in actual 
 volume, and that its proportion to the numbers of the inuni- 
 grantvS is probaV»ly less rather than greater than the normal 
 
 * sixteenth IJcport, juirt I, p. 24. 
 
 t There are alx) a small number of Russians and Poles in the extra-metropolitan 
 districts which commit to London prisons. Their nimiher, however, cannot he 
 ex.nctly ascertained, and may he ne<jlected without serious error. 
 
62 CHAKACTEK AND EFFECTS OF INFLUX. 
 
 proportion among tlie whole ]3opulation of London and the 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 This result confirms the view which has often been expressed 
 by persons conversant with the habits of the foreign Jews, that 
 they are on the whole a peaceful and law-abiding community. 
 
03 
 
 part il~tiie /xdustrjal positjox of tllk 
 immigrajS'ts in certain trades. 
 
 § (a) general introduction. 
 
 Distribution of Immigrants among Trades. — On 
 pp. i-liS to 15() a statistical tal)lc is ^iven sliuwiug the distriluitioii 
 of the clays of inuni^Tiuits iimlcr ciinsidciatioii junonf,' iliftercnt 
 trades ami industries. 
 
 For resusons wiven in tlie hist section it has been thoucrlit 
 sufticient to contiue this analysis to persons born in Russia and 
 Poland and living in each snl)- district of East London,* Man- 
 chester, and Leeds. Tin- materials on which the table is based 
 are extracted, by permission of the Registrar General, from the 
 unpublished occupation sheets of the Census of 189L 
 
 Whatever doubts may be entertained as to tlie absolute accuracy 
 of the total figures, there is no reason to doubt their sul)stantial 
 correctness, so far as relates to the relative distribution of the 
 aliens among the chief groups of trades and occupations, on the 
 day to which the Cen.sus relates. A difficulty, however, is afforded 
 l)y the seasonal character of many of the trades at^'ected, which 
 seriously stands in the way of a very accurate detailed enumera- 
 tion of persons engaged in some of the trades pursued. Thus 
 the London slipper-making is an almost purely seasonal trade, 
 being very largely confined to the last six months of the year. 
 The result is that the Census (taken in April), shows a total of 
 only 172 Russians and Poles in East London engaged in this 
 trade, which in the season must atfbr<l occupation to a nnich 
 greater number, a certain jjroportion of whom work at some other 
 branch of the boot trade in the slack season. Again, the number 
 returned as hawkers, travellers, &c., in the same districts is only 
 19<S, compared with 309 who were actually relieved by the Jewish 
 Board of (iuardians during tiie .same year. One reason for the 
 di.screpancy is undoul»tedly the fact that a certain nundjer of 
 tailors and others, whose busy season is in the .spring when the 
 Census was taken, become petty dealers in the slack season, and 
 api)ear as applicants for relief in this capacity. 
 
 There is, however, no possibility of mistaking the general 
 deductions to be drawn from the table on page lo4. The two 
 main groups of manual trades in which the Russian and Polish 
 Jews in East London are engaged are tailoring (5,727j, and 
 boot, shoe, and slipper making ( 1 ,703;. The.se are followed at 
 a considerable distance l>y cabinet-makers (090), furriei-s (409), 
 cap-makers (400j, cigar-makers (304), dress ami mantle-makers 
 (302), stick-makers ( '200), and bakers (143). Retail tradesmen 
 and shop assistants iiund)er 510, and hawkers 198, though for 
 reasons given alx)ve this last uumljer is probably largely under- 
 stated. 
 
 • i.e., the Tower Hamlets and Hackney. 
 
64 DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGKANTS AMONG TRADES, 
 
 Rough, heavy, or out-door labour hardly attracts any of this 
 class of immigrants. Thus only eight are returned as general 
 labourers, three as carmen, and one as railway worker. 
 
 The vast majority are engaged in petty handicrafts, i.e., 
 handicrafts conducted in small workshops or at home, and 
 requiring no great exercise of physical power, and no high 
 degree of skill. 
 
 As regards local distribution, Russian and Polish tailors and 
 tailoresses are chiefly found in Whitechapel, the northern part 
 of St. George's-in-the-East, the western part of Mile End Old 
 Town, and the southern corner of Bethnal Green. These 
 districts, covering an area of 938 acres, account for 5,601 out of 
 the 5,727 Russians and Poles engaged in these trades in tlie 
 whole of East London and Hackney. Of this number, 4,336 
 are males and 1,265 females. Foreign Jewish boot, shoe and 
 slipiier makers are chiefly confined to the same area as tailors, 
 1,660 Russians and Poles, (viz., 1,629 males and 31 females), 
 being resident therein out of a total of 1,763 Russians and Poles 
 pursuing these trades throughout East London and Hackney. 
 
 Russians and Poles engaged in cabinet making are most 
 largely found in the northern jDart of Whitechapel and the 
 southern part of Bethnal Green, the four registration sub-districts 
 covering this area accounting for 530 out of a total of 690 
 (nearly all males) for the whole of East London and Hackney. 
 
 The distribution in East London of foreign Jewish cap-makers, 
 dress and mantle makers, and persons engaged in the other main 
 Jewish trades does not materially ditt'er from the above. 
 
 Turning to the Russians and Poles in Manchester, we find 
 that tailoring, as in London, easily heads the list of industries so 
 far as regards the numbers engaged, no fewer than 1,123 of this 
 class of foreigners being employed in that trade. The next 
 trade in order of magnitude is cap-making, which employs 281. 
 Slipper-making accounts for l7l, cabinet-making for 139, and 
 boot and shoe making for only 67. Hawkers number 242. 
 
 In Leeds the proportion of tailors is yet more marked than in 
 London or Manchester, this trade accounting for no fewer than 
 1,882 out of 4,540 Russians and Poles resident in the district. 
 Slipper-making follows at a great distance with 185, boot and 
 shoe-making with 145, and hawkers with 89. Cabinet-making, 
 cap-making, and other handicrafts practised by foreign Jews in 
 London and Manchester, do not appear to be carried on by them 
 to any ap])reeiable extent in Leeds, where the wholesale clothing 
 trade nearly monopolises the labour of this class of aliens. 
 
 Character and Limits of the Present Inquiry. — It 
 
 is clear from the above that for the purpose of considering the 
 economic effects, if any, of the competition with British labour of 
 this class of aliens, it will be sufficient to deal with the clothing- 
 trades, including tailoring, boot-making, cap-making, &c., and the 
 furniture trades. There is one other industry — that of hawking 
 and petty dealing — into which they enter to a considerable 
 
SCUPE Of THE TRADE I.NCiL'IRV. 1)5 
 
 extent, ut'teii as a supjiltint'iitaiy resource. Jn an unori^anised 
 and casual employment, however, such as this it is very ditricult 
 to arrive at any definite conclusions as to tlu- efiect on British 
 labour of foi'eiii'n innnifjjrants. 
 
 The industrial jiosition of t'oi-ri^-iK-rs in tlic clothin;^" ti'adis in 
 1888-lS90was dealt with l>y the l-ords' Committee on Swcatinff, 
 and also less elaborately by the 1 lou^e of Commons Connnitteu 
 on Immigration and Emio;i'!iti(.>n in 18.S8. It was also the suli- 
 ject of a Memorandum by the Labour Correspondent of th<i 
 lioard of Trade in LSST. Moreover, it was cart'fully investigated 
 about the same time in the course of the uuolHcinl inquiry into 
 the Labour ami Life of the People in London, instituted by Mr. 
 Charles lHH)th and h's co-workers. So lar, theiefore, as tlu; 
 situation five 3 ears ago is concerned, we are in possession of 
 much information. Since that time, so far as the inijuiries of 
 the Labour Department have shown, the methods of oi-ganisa- 
 tion of the tailoring and furniture tia'Ies, the extent and 
 character of the foreign eonnietition in these trades, an<l the 
 departments of labour whieli it chiefly aflects, have not under- 
 tjfone anv sufficient transformation to make it necessary to cover 
 the whole giound again by a fresh detailed intiuiiy. Witli 
 regard, however, to the tailoring, cap-making, and kindred 
 trades, which employ large nundiers of women, the present 
 in([uiry has been directed to an examination of the industrial 
 j)osition of the women workers, both foreign and Englisl), and of 
 the character of their competition with one another and with 
 foreign and English men. In the course of this inquiry, %vhich 
 was conducted by Miss Collet (the lady Labour Correspondent 
 of the Labour Department), a considerable amount of informa- 
 tion has lieen incidentally obtained as to the position of foreigners 
 generally in the tailoring trade. Miss Collet's report will be 
 found on pp. 95 to 133. 
 
 The boot and shoe trade stands in a somewhat different 
 position, inasmuch as since the publication of the lepoits above 
 alluded to* a considerable change has taken place in the organi- 
 sation of the trade in the direction of the substitution of 
 '• indoor labour " in factories and workshops for outdoor labour 
 in small workshops and the homes of the operatives. This 
 change, "vvhich applies chiefly to the lasting and finishing 
 departments, has liad etlects on the industrial position of 
 foreign labour which recjuire to be somewhat fully discussed. 
 The boot and shoe trades have therefore been selected for 
 sjjccial iiKpiiry in connexion with the present report, both 
 because of the changes which they ha\'e recently undei'gone, and 
 because it is in this groujt of industries that English and 
 foreign innnigrant labour j-eem t<> come into the most direct 
 relations, and in whieh con.sequently t!ie chief complaints are 
 
 * An elaborate inquiry into the stato of the E;i9t London hoot and shoe trade 
 was made in 1888-9 by Mr. I). F. Schloss, the results being publij-hid both in 
 Mr, Booth's volume and in a scpiirati- form. 
 
 O 82170. p 
 
66 SCOPli OF THE TRADE INQUIRY. 
 
 heard of the injurious effects of foreign immigration. The 
 Lords' Committee on Sweating reported that " the cheap boot- 
 " making trade in London is that which attracts the largest 
 " numljer of ' greeners,' and in no trade, not even that of 
 " tailoring, does the sweating system find a more unlimited field 
 " for its action,"* 
 
 It is in the boot and shoe trade that competition between 
 native and alien labour is said to reach its acutest phase, and 
 consequently this industry is even more suited for detailed 
 inquiry than the tailoring trade, which on the whole employs a 
 larger number of alien workers. Thus in most branches of 
 tailoring (so far at least as male labour is concerned) the field 
 is divided more or less completely into departments, some almost 
 monopolised by English labour, and others almost monopolised 
 by foreigners. In boot-making the dividing line appears to be 
 not in all cases so sharply drawn. 
 
 It has been stated that foreign labour has had a detrimental 
 effect on some branches of the boot trade, especially in London, both 
 in crippling the power of the men's unions by supplying a reservoir 
 of cheap labour on which employers who have a di.spute with the 
 unions can draw, and in monopolising the cheaper branches of 
 work on which Britisli workmen formerly learnt the trade. No 
 alleoation is made of actual diminution in the rates of wasfes of 
 British bootmakers, but it has been suggested that the compe- 
 tition of the foreigners has tended to brealc down the recent 
 agreement for the provision of indoor workshops, and to induce 
 a reversion to the old outdoor system. It is also stated that the 
 rates at which newly-arrived foreigners work are often far 
 below the piece rates recognised by the associations of employers 
 and of employed for the cheapest class of work to which the 
 piece " statement " applies. 
 
 In order to deal adequately with the points here enumerated, 
 it will be necessary to describe somewhat fully the general 
 conditions under which the boot and shoe trade is carried .on, 
 especially in London, and the recent changes that have taken 
 place in its organisation. In making this inquiry, the results 
 of which are given in the following section, the Department has 
 to acknowledge the valuable co-operation of H.M. Inspectors of 
 Factories and Workshops, especially of H.M. Superintending 
 Inspector of Workshops and his assistants, and also of the Secre- 
 tary of the London Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association, 
 of the officials of the Metropolitan Branches of the Trade Unions 
 concerned, and of others possessing sp)ecial knowledge on the 
 subjects dealt with. 
 
 * Final Report, p. Ixviii. 
 
BOOT AND SHOE TRADE — LOCAL DISTRIBUTION. 67 
 
 s^ (6.) ALIEN IMMIGRATION IN RELATION TO THE 
 BOOT AN]) SHOE 1T{A])E. 
 
 Present Position and Local Distribution of the 
 Boot and Shoe Trade. -Tlu- (Jensus oT isijl .slu)\vc<l that 
 2-AS,7iS9 persons were then enga^-ed hi various branches ot' the 
 l>oot, shoe, and slipper tradi- in En^^laud and Wales,* viz., 202,()4S 
 males an<l 4G,141 I'einales. Of these o>S,9m;» were in London, 
 24,159 in Leicester, 18,lo6 in Northampton, 7,0G2 in Leeds, 
 0,384 in Norwich, 4,874 in lh'istol,and the remainder in \arious 
 other districts. Out ot" the total, 3,778 (viz., H^GOS males and 
 170 fen\ales) were born in foreign European countries, an<l oi" 
 this foreign contingent 2,G09 (viz., 2,5 15 males and 94 females) 
 were natives of Russia or Russian Poland; 1,7 ()3, or (58 per 
 cent., of the total natives of Russia and Poland engaged in these 
 trades in England and Wales \vere living in East London anil 
 Hackney. 
 
 It is t(j the London trade, therefore, that in the main this 
 in([uiry may be contined. 
 
 It would he a mistake to suppose that all the al>ovc centres 
 of the boot trade are competing directly with one another for 
 the production of the same class of goods. la connnon with 
 Leicester, Bristol, JNorwich, and certain other provincial centres, 
 London is a centre for the manufacture of very varied classes 
 and qualities of boots and shoes, largely, but not entirely, for 
 women's wear. On the other hand, there are districts, like Leeds 
 and Kingswood (near Bristol), which are mainly centres of the 
 " heavy " trade, i.e., the making of men's heavy hobnailed boots. 
 
 The chief centres for the production of the \ery commonest 
 classes of goods are East London, where they are made largely 
 by Jews, and the outlying villages of Leicestershire, where they 
 are profluced largely on the domestic system by families working 
 at homo. 
 
 Tables arc given on pp. 18G to 193 showing the magnitude of 
 tlie exports and iniports of boots and shoes from and to the Unite<l 
 Kingdom for the last 20 years, from which it is evident that 
 the mainifacture for export is a large and growing branch of 
 the trade. In 1893, (i93,049 dozens of pairs of boots, valued at 
 1,097,232/., were exported from the United King<lom, main!}'- 
 to British possessions. The tal)les are further discussed on 
 pp. 90 and 91. 
 
 The largest boot factories are in tho provinces, chiefly in Lcice.-ter 
 and Northam]iton. The London traile is mainly in the hands <»f 
 small and medium employers, who nund)er between 300 and 400, 
 in addition to some 200 " chamber-masters," mainly foreign Jews.t 
 
 * 21,749 persons arc shown by the Ceiisu>< to have hccn cngapod in llie lioot and 
 shoe trailo in Scotland and 2i,.jOG in Ireland in 1H91. Of this number ou\\ .">(> 
 were foreigners, viz., 34 in Scotland and 22 in Ireland. Tliese parts of the United 
 Kingdom may therefore be left out of account in the present inquiry. 
 
 t See p. 86. 
 
 E 2 
 
08 IMMIGRATION IN THK BOOT AND SHOE TKADE. 
 
 Among the 70 London employers wlio have kirn]!}" supi)lied full 
 particulars of the numbers of various classes of workpeople 
 whom they emplo}^ 6 employ less than 10 persons on their 
 premises; 44 employ from 10 to 49 persons, 18 employ from 50 
 to 99, and only 2 em))loy over 100 on the premises, the average 
 number employed indoors by each of the employers making 
 returns being al)0ut 45. As will be seen below, a certain 
 number of outworkers must be added to this number. 
 
 The chief organisations in the London trade are the London 
 Boot and Shoe Manufacturers' Association, including 139 em- 
 ployers ; the Metropolitan Branches of the National Union of 
 Boot and* Shoe Operatives, including about 5,250 members, 
 chiefly lasters and finishers, and clickeis and rough stuff cutters 
 enoacred in the machine-sewn trade ; and the London Branches 
 of the Amalgamated Society of Boot and Shoe Makers, with 
 about 1,700 members, chiefly engaged in the hand-sewn trade. 
 Hardly any women belong to the Unions. A certain number 
 of foreign Jews belong to the National Union. 
 
 Recent Tendencies in the Boot and Shoe Trade. — 
 
 In connnon with tailoring and furniture making, the other two 
 industries in which foreign Jewish labour chiefly abounds, the 
 boot-making industry is in a state of gradual economic trans- 
 formation. From the condition of a pure handicraft, in which each 
 article was made throughout by the hand labour of one worker 
 or group of workers, all these tiades have been gradually changed 
 in character by the introduction of machinery, which has con- 
 verted them from crafts into wholesale industries, carried on 
 under the conditions of subdivision of labour. Li all the 
 branches which have undergone or are undergoing this process 
 of transformation the subdivision of labour has had the effect 
 of graduating the skill required, so that in place of a set of 
 workers of more or less uniform degrees of skill, the operatives 
 engaged in the trades have become classified in different groups, 
 ranging from a low to a high degree of skill, the door being 
 thus opened to a less skilled class of labourers than formerly 
 worked at the trades. Meanwhile the old handicraft method 
 of production has gone on side by side with the newer machine 
 industry, though gradually shrinking in bulk. 
 
 The newer or wholesale branches of the trade tend to become 
 concentrated in factories, owing largely to the use of power, 
 but the process of transformation being as yet incomplete there 
 are important processes or subdivisions of the industry which 
 are still largely carried on by hand without the aid of machinery, 
 and which virtually constitute a new species of handicraft 
 (e.g., boot-lasting or finishing*), which can equally well be done 
 out of the factory. While, therefore, in most centres where 
 factories can flourish the great factor}^ is swallowing up the 
 
 * For explanation of these terms see p. 74. 
 
RECENT TENDENCIES TX IITF] TRADE. 69 
 
 siujill workshop, there lias been a counter tendency to the 
 nuiltiplicntion of small workshops often in the homes of tlie 
 workers for the carrying out of certain subdivisions of the trade, 
 the work boinii; c^iveii out for this purpose from the main factory 
 or workshop, and returned after the completion of the pi-ocess. 
 Thus by the side of or in place of the small maker has i,a-o\vn 
 up the " outworker " dependent on the factory. The changes 
 here described have been imk-pendent of any pressure of 
 competition fic^u foreign labonivrs, boiug the natural result 
 of the economic changes atfeeting the trade in all parts of 
 the country alike. The above description applies, to some 
 extent, to tailoring as well as to bootmaking. In the boot- 
 making trade, however, the tendency towards the outdoor 
 system of work has been lately checked, and in most 
 tlistricts reversed by the operation of two distinct infiuences. 
 In the first plane, the abuses to which it gave rise, both of a 
 sanitary and economic character, led to a protest against it by 
 the (3peratives' Unions, which claimed the provision by all 
 employers of sanitary workshcjps. This "indoor" movement in 
 the trade began in London, about four years ago, and since then 
 agreements for the estaltlishment of the " indoor " system for most 
 branches of the trade previously carried on out of doors have been 
 nuidc between the Unions and the Employers' Associations in 
 London. Leicester, liristol, Northampton, and elsewhere. The 
 second, and in the long run the moie powerful, influence which 
 has encouraged the concentration in factories and work- 
 shops of the branches. of work formerly carried on outdoors has 
 been the gradual introduction, into the finishing and lasting 
 j)rocesses, of machinery with its accompanying subdivision of 
 lal)0ur. This transition fi-oui hand-lasting and finishing to 
 machine work is yet far from complete, but it is a change which 
 may be said already to have determined, so far as the future is 
 concerned, the (piestion of factory versus domestic labour in the 
 liustin*.' and finishini^ branches, at least for all di->tiicts in which 
 factories can llouiish. Whether this new sulxlivision will in its 
 turn develop a fresh form of outwork — in the shnpe of those 
 ]»articular sub-departments of finishing which ''follow' the 
 machines, and are entirely worked by hand — is a (juestion which 
 couhl only be answered by those possessing expert knowledge 
 of the tratle. For the immediate future there is little iloubtthat 
 the intnxluction of finishing machinery driven by power will tend 
 more and more to concentrate this department t)f work in 
 factories. Of lasting the same may be said with .some reserva- 
 tions. Lasting machinery is still in its infanc}', ami a n>cent 
 tendency has shown itself towanls subdivision of the handwork 
 without recourse to machinery, the lasters working in teams of 
 three or more following each other. This is the " team " 
 system, which is still in dispute between the representatives of 
 the operatives and the employers. It appears, however, to be 
 essentially a transitional rather than a permanent mode of la1>our 
 
70 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND 8H0E TRADE. 
 
 organisation in the trade, being almost certainly destined to 
 disappear as machinery becomes more perfected. 
 
 While, on the one hand, the advent of machinery gives an 
 impetus to the adoption of the indoor system of working, the 
 latter in its turn facilitates the introduction of machinery. 
 
 The above general sketch indicates broadly some of the economic 
 forces which are at present at play in determiuing the evolution 
 of the boot and shoe trade. Briefly speaking, the opposing 
 forces are the influence of machinery tending towards concen- 
 tration, and, on the other hand, the possibility of a longer working- 
 day, of family help, and of freedom with regard to the jDar- 
 ticular hours of working which tend to make outwork popular 
 with certain classes of workpeople, while it reduces some items 
 of expense to the employer and lessens his responsibility. It 
 has been indicated above that in this contest of rival tendencies 
 the forces which tend towards concentration are on the whole the 
 most powerful. It is evident, however, that the relative force 
 of the two tendencies will vary very greatly according to the 
 circumstances of each district and the character of the popula- 
 tion. Thus (to take a single example) in the Bristol district, 
 which is an important centre of the boot and shoe trade, the 
 indoor system has lately been established with the general con- 
 currence of both parties, while a few miles off, at Kingswood, 
 the industry is almost entirely carried on on the " outdoor " 
 principle, in small workshops built at the back of the operatives' 
 houses, and at present there is no very strong movement in 
 the direction of indoor work ; the habits of many of the opera- 
 tives in this somewhat isolated district being o^^posed to the 
 regularity and constraint of factory hours. 
 
 Thus it happens that while there is, on the whole, a general 
 tendency to indoor work, showing itself niost strongly in 
 districts where (as, for example, in Leicester) there is a factory 
 population, there are also other districts which form " back- 
 waters " with regard to the general current, and in which, for 
 various reasons, depending on the industrial circumstances and 
 character of the population, the forces are very evenly balanced 
 or in which the tendency towards the multiplication of small 
 workshops is on the whole stronger. London is the most 
 important of these " backwaters," and the reasons for this fact 
 and the influence of foreign labour in the matter demand the 
 most careful attention. 
 
 Before, however, going in detail into the position of the 
 London boot trade it should be remembered that the nmtual 
 competition of different districts, e.g., Leeds with Kingswood, 
 London with Leicester, Norwich, Bristol, and other centres, is 
 very keen, and that this competition acts as a constant pressure 
 on the backward districts to conform to the more advanced 
 methods under penalty of losing part of their trade. 
 
 It must be repeated that the general character of the evolu- 
 tion of the boot and shoe trade has been entirely independent of 
 
RECENT TENDENCIES LN THE TRADE. 71 
 
 foreign iiniiiigratioii, though .some of its symptoms have often 
 been mistaken for results of the competition of alien laltour. 
 Certain methods of lahour division, which will l>e described 
 hclow {c.ij., the subdixision of liand-tinishing l^-tween the 
 ''knifer"and the tinisher proper), are apparently diu; to the 
 foreign Jew, luit they are probaldy " transitional " features of 
 the trade, which disappear with the minute an<l more scientific 
 subdivision which accompanies machinery. The modern ten- 
 dency towards machinery in the trade comes from America and 
 not from Russia and Poland. If it l)e desireil to sunniiarisc in a 
 word the influence of the Russian and Polish Jew on the 
 character (as apart from the remuneration) of the boot and shoe 
 trade in this country it may be said to consist in this — that it 
 has somewhat prolonged the intermediate stage of transition 
 from hand labour in small workshops to machine labour in fac- 
 tories, by the provision of a supply of labourers specially adapted 
 to petty handicraft on the small scale, and with sufficient i)Owers 
 of emluranct' and a sufficiently low stan<lard of living to enable 
 them to make head (for a time at least) against the enormously 
 superior odds of the great machine industry. 
 
 The direct competition of the " sw^eating " workshop in London 
 is not with the haudsewn trade ; but, in the first instance, with 
 the large factory (maiid}' in the provinces), and, in the second 
 instance, and to a far smaller extent, with bootmakers abroad. 
 It competes with the provincial or London factory, in so far as 
 the higher ((ualities of the Avork carried out in the sweater's shop 
 overlap the lower (pialities made indoors in factories and work- 
 shops regulated by the " uniform statement." For a still 
 lower class of goods its competitors are said to be abroa<l. It is 
 asserted b}' the employers that the lowest class of shoes cannot 
 be profitably made in this country under the existing scale of 
 prices, and that it forms a floating margin of the trade, being 
 carried on here or abroad accor<ling to the increa.se or decrejise 
 of the facilities in England for the engagement of " cheap " 
 labour unrestricted by the " uniform statement."* 
 
 Besides the direct competition referred to above {i.e., the 
 competition between diflerent classes of workmen, or workmen 
 in diflerent places oftering to execute the same class of work), 
 there is an " indirect " competition to be taken into account 
 between the wholesale and the old " handsewn " trade. 
 
 The " handsewn " and the " niachine " operatives do not, fur 
 the most part, meet directly as competitors. In many cases 
 neither cla.ss coidd, as a fact, d(j the work of the other. But 
 the market for handsewn boots has gradually contracted, owing 
 to the competition of the cheaper machine-made article. This 
 form of comj)etition, acting through demantl lather than through 
 supply, is very powerful in its ultimate ett'ects on the industry 
 
 * It should, however, be stated that this view is not eutirely admitted by the 
 Union. The point is di.-*cussed on p. 83. 
 
72 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 affected, but in this present case it has tended rather to diminish 
 the numbers engaged in the handsewn branch than to reduce 
 their rates of wages, which, as a matter of fact, have risen 
 appreciably in recent years, especially in East London. 
 
 Meaning of " Changes of Wages " and " Displace- 
 ment of Labour." — From the above sketch of the forces 
 which keep the boot and shoe trade in a state of unstable 
 equilibrium we can realise the difficulty and complexity of the 
 question of determining the precise influence on wages and dis- 
 placement of British labour caused by the competition of a 
 particular class of workpeople, e.g., alien immigrants. 
 
 With what scale of wages is the comparison to be made in a 
 trade which is in a condition of rapid internal evolution, in 
 which there is a continual re-adjustment going on of the func- 
 tions of each set of operatives ? And how is it possible to make 
 accurate comparisons with regard to a class of work which is 
 oscillating between England and foreign countries ? 
 
 A perfectly accurate comparison of wages at two different 
 periods must compare like with like ; either the class of opera- 
 tives or the class of work must have remained the same. 
 Confusion and misunderstandings are freijuently caused by the 
 application of the same term " change of wages " to an alteration 
 in the scale of pay for particular classes of work, and an altera- 
 tion in the proportion which the more and less highly paid 
 branches of the industry bear one to another. Thus it would 
 be said that wages in the boot trade have risen or fallen if the 
 scale of piece rates recognised in the " statements " have been 
 raised or lowered, and for certain purposes this is the most 
 accurate mode of comparison. But those who assert that there 
 has been a rise or fall of wages often mean something quite 
 difierent, viz., that the tendency has been for the proportion of 
 the higher class of work to increase (or decrease) compared \^dth 
 the lower branches of the trade. This mode of approaching the 
 question has much to be said for it if the classes of operatives 
 engaged in the different branches of the trade are similar as 
 regards skill and grade. Where, however (as in the boot trade), 
 this is not the case, this way of looking at changes of wages may 
 be seriously misleading. Can wages be said in any real sense to 
 have fallen if (say) the foreign Jews have introduced a very 
 cheap and low paid class of work, provided the wages of those 
 engao-ed in other classes of work remain untouched ? 
 
 A good illustration of . the confusion above alluded to is 
 afforded by a disputed question which was recently before the 
 London Boot and Shoe Trade Arbitration Board, but which has 
 not been brought to an issue, viz., as to the recognition of a 
 special rate of pay below the present " minimum " for the 
 makincr of wliat are known in the trade as " lasting " shoes. 
 The employers claim that this class of shoe was not provided for 
 in the "statement" of wages agreed to in 1890, and regard the 
 fixing of a lower price for them as merely an extension of the 
 
MEANING OF " DI8PLACEMEN P." 73 
 
 ratline of tlio statement. The men contend thit tli; .stiteiiiont 
 iucliuleil all classes of Itoots and shoes, and look on the empK,3'ers' 
 demand as a proposal for reduction. 
 
 In view of the ditt'eront standpoints from which such (piestions 
 may be re^ardetl, it is not difficult to understand how the most 
 wiilely ditieiin^ statements ma}' 1h' ma<le apparcntl}' with iMpial 
 authority as to changes in wajjjes, which are et^ually ditlicult to 
 prove or disprove. 
 
 The difficulty appeai-s still more clearly if ^\•e try to attach 
 a definite meanint]^ to the teiMu " displacement." The most 
 frc([uent charge against the alien Jew is that he " displaces " 
 Ih-itish lahour. Now a labourer unc|uesti(^nal)ly "displaces" 
 another if he settles down by his side and otters to take the work 
 which he is doing at a lower price, provided that the condition 
 of the industry at the time is a stable one and the demand for 
 its products constant approximately. In this case the new comer 
 getting the work will deprive the tir.st man of it, while (ex 
 hypotkesi) the cheaper price at which he does it will not extend 
 the demand sufficiently to provide work for both. 
 
 But the case is altogether dirt'erent if the demand instead of 
 being constant i.s a peculiarly elastic one, especially if, as is the 
 case in the boot trade, the new comer concentrates his attention 
 largely on that part of the trade in which the demand is most 
 elastic, viz., the export trade. The (juestion becomes a nice one, 
 whether he has " displaced " native lai)onrers (i.e., is doing work 
 which but for his ])resence they would have done), or whether 
 he has introduced a new trade (I.e., i.s making for a demand 
 which he has created, and which, had it not been for his arrival, 
 would either have remained unsatisfied ov ha\c been supplied 
 by |iroducers abroad). 
 
 Still more difficult is it to establish the fact of the displace- 
 ment of labour in any particular district. The London boot and 
 shoe operative who complains that he is being displaced by 
 aliens means that he would otherwise have been doing the work 
 which they are doing. But in the state of constant anil un- 
 remitting competition among different districts, the alternative 
 to the Jewish sweater's shop in Whitechapel may conceivably 
 be, not the London factory employing native labour but the 
 provincial factories in Norwich or Bristol, or the home-workers 
 in Leicestershire villages. 
 
 This is a fact which is often not realised. The London work- 
 man who sees the Jewish " sweater ' taking cnit a low class of work 
 at prices below the recognised scale entertains no doubt that, but 
 for this " unfair " competition, this work W(Mild have fallen to 
 him to do at the higher rate of pay, whereas the real stress of 
 competition niay not be between himself and the "sweater" at 
 all, but Itetween the " sweatei' ' and pi'cjvincial or foreign 
 workei*s. The Leicester factory, with its O.S distinct processes 
 and 59 distinct machines through which a boot has to pass, is 
 in the long run a far more pot«}nt instrument of competition 
 
74 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 than the sweater's workshop, however low may be his piece- 
 rates and however Ions: his houis of work. ^ 
 
 Keeping in mind the above considerations, we may now turn 
 to a more detailed account of the recent history and present 
 position of the London boot trade as affected by alien immigra- 
 tion. 
 
 It is desirable in the first place to define in general terms the 
 main divisions of the trade, the system under which each is 
 carried on, and the classes of operatives concerned, specifying 
 the branches in which foreign workers are chiefly engaged. In 
 what follows no attempt is made at a complete and accurate 
 technical description of the industry, the object being merely to 
 give a sufficient indication of the character and sub-division of 
 processes to throw light on the position of foreign workers in 
 the trade. 
 
 Character and Division of Processes. — Generally 
 speaking the chief operations connected with the making of boots 
 and shoes may be divided into four main classes : (1) " clicking," 
 or the cutting out of the leather for the " uppers," and " rough- 
 stuff cutting," or the cutting-out of the "stuff" for the heel 
 and sole ; (2) the sewing or " closing " of the uppers ; (3) the 
 " lasting " of the boot or shoe, i.e., the bringing together of 
 upper and sole on the last ; (4) the " finishing " of the boot or 
 shoe, including the paring of the sole and heel with a knife, 
 and various subsidiary finishing operations, e.g., blacking the 
 heel, polishing or burnishing the edges of the sole and heel, &c. 
 
 In the " machine," as distinct from the " handsewn " trade, 
 these operations are usually confided to different sets of opera- 
 tives, and some of them are often further subdivided. The 
 limits of subdivision are determined partly by the class of work, 
 partly by the size and equipment of the factory or workshop. 
 It is naturally carried furthest in the case of the great factories 
 employing the newest machinery. 
 
 " Clicking " is a hand operation, almost invariably carried on 
 on the premises of the employer. " Rough-stuff cutting," or the 
 cutting out of the material for sole and heel, is usually done by 
 machinery, also on the employer's premises. Machining, or sewing 
 the uppers, is done chiefly by English women, but partly by 
 foreign men, usually, though not invariably, off the premises of 
 the employer. In the lasting and finishing departments there has 
 been a recent contest between the " outdoor " and " indoor " 
 systems of working, which will be described more in detail 
 below. 
 
 The only subdivision of labour usual in the clicking depart- 
 ment is in the separation of pattern cutting from the actual 
 cutting out of the leather, and the employinent of boys in cutting- 
 linings. 
 
 " Closing " is subdivided into " fitting," " machining," and the 
 work of " table hands," including buttonholing, the addition of 
 bows, buckles, &c. The process of " machining " itself is often 
 
CHARACTER A\D DIVISION OF PROCESSES. 75 
 
 subdivided, each machine being confined to the .sewiug of })ar- 
 ticular parts of the upper, or the lining. 
 
 " Liisting," as distinct from s(^le sewing and tlie attaching of 
 the lieel, is not usually subdivided in the ordinary London 
 worksliop, but two forms of subdivision are to be noted : (I) the 
 '' team " system, whereby hand lasters have been employed in 
 certain ]u-ovincial factories on tlie premises in groups of three, 
 at time rates of wages, instead of each man " lasting " througliout 
 at a piece-rate ; (2) the system of s;ibdivision in force in tiie 
 Jewish " outdoor " system, by which a small master takes out 
 lasting at a piece price, and employs subordinate workers, 
 (usually youths) sometimes on time wages, sometimes at a certain 
 graduated share of t7ie piece-rate. 
 
 " Finishino-" is now almost in\-ariablv, amonir Jewish workers, 
 divided into at least two subdivisions — " knitinu- " and " tinishin<r" 
 proper, the former being the more skilled operation. On the 
 other hand English finishers as a rule, knife and finish throughout 
 without subdivision. 
 
 The above organisation is considerably modified in those es- 
 tablishments which have introduced " lastin<>; " and " finishinif" 
 machinery. Thus, for example, finishing machinery in the largest 
 factories in the provinces may split up the processes of finishing 
 not into two, but into more than twenty consecutive processes 
 with corresponding subdivisi(^n of labour. On pp. 162 to 1G4 is 
 given a list of tlie 98 operations through which a boot passses 
 from the beginning to the end of its construction in a large boot 
 and shoe factory working with the newest machinery. 
 
 As regards the relative numerical importance of the four 
 groups of workers indicated above, returns have been received 
 from 70 establishments in London, employing 3,160 operatives 
 indoors as well as 644 outworkers. Of the indoor hands 541 (or 
 17 per cent.) are clickers and roughstuff cutters, 351 (or 11 i)ei- 
 cent.) machinists, 1,054 (or 33 per cent.) lasters, 868 (or 28 per 
 cent.) finishers, the remaining 11 per cent, being emploj'^ed in 
 various miscellaneous operations not included in the aboAe 
 gi'oups. The precise number of individuals engaged on outwork 
 for these firms cannot l)e ascerttiined, since some of the 644 
 outworkers dcjubtless emplo}' subordinate labour. 35 of the 
 outworkt'rs are finishers and 9 lasters (all working out of doors 
 by special arrangement, and employing no labour), 188* arc 
 machini.sts, 398 " sew-round " and " hand.sewn " hands, 9 sole 
 sewei-s, ami 5 miscellaneous or unspecified. 
 
 Though the firms represented in the returns just sumuiari.sed 
 oidv emiilov a fiacti(jn of the total labour enf^aiijed in the Lomlon 
 boot trade, the proportions of -svcjrkei's engaged in the various 
 operations may l)e regarded as fairly typical of that part of the 
 trade (including the great majority of firms) which is subject to 
 
 * Besides machinists working in the country for one firm. (Numhcr un- 
 specified.) 
 
76 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 the recognised agreement. The detailed particulars with regard 
 to these firms are given on pp. 158 to 161. 
 
 The departments of the trade chiefly affected by foreign labour 
 are the lasting and finishing branches, which, as will be seen 
 above, absorb 61 per cent, of the total indoor workers employed 
 by the firms making returns. Comparatively few foreigners are 
 employed as clickers, but a few foreign Jewish men are en- 
 (jafjed in machininsf. 
 
 The above outline must only be regarded as affording a very 
 rough and general description of the trade as usually carried on 
 in London. A more detailed account of recent changes in the 
 last few years is given below. 
 
 Recent Changes in the Organisation of the Lon- 
 don Trade. — In September 1889, the London Metropolitan 
 Branch of the National Union of Boot and Shoe Rivetters and 
 Finishers,* which at that time chiefly consisted of lasters and 
 flnishers, resolved to make three demands from the employers : 
 (1) to alter the " second-class " statement of piece prices, and to 
 extend its application to all firms who either comj^ete Avith or 
 su})ply the firms paying " statement " wages, (2) to prohibit lasters 
 and finishers from working with assistants other than their sons, 
 and (3) to provide workshops on or off the premises of the em- 
 ployers, who should pay all expenses of rent, light, &c. It was 
 further resolved to enter on a strike if the last-named concession 
 were not granted before March 24th, 1890. Somewhat similar 
 resolutions were adopted by the City (" women's ") Branch of the 
 Amalgamated Boot and Shoemakers', the Jewish Masters', and the 
 Jewish Journeymen Finishers' and Lasters' Societies. At a con- 
 ference held early in 1890 between the trade union executives and 
 the emploj^ers' section of the Conciliation Board, it was resolved to 
 j-ecommend the concurrent adoption of the workshop system and 
 of the principle of arbitration, June 25th being named as the 
 date by which the workshops should be provided. Owing, 
 however, to various causes, this conference did not avert a Avide- 
 spread and prolonged strike, which aflected the whole of the 
 Loudon boot and shoe trade from the end of March to June, 1890. 
 In this strike the men were supported by the Union of Jewish 
 Masters or so-called " sweaters," and eventually terms of settle- 
 ment were agreed to, which should be quoted in full, owing to 
 their widespread influence on the recent course of development 
 of the trade : — 
 
 (1.) That the manufacturers will open workshops for the men at the 
 
 earliest possible date. 
 (2.) That matters relating to classification and all other questions, 
 
 exeludinnj direct reduction of wages, be referred to arbitration. 
 (3.) That a uniform statement of wages be forthwith prepared for 
 
 all shops except the present first and second-ohiss statement 
 
 houses. 
 
 * Now the "National Union of Boot and Shoe Operatives." 
 
CHANGES IN ollGANlSATION OK IHi: I,ONi)ON TRADI'. 77 
 
 (i.) Tli.-U ft joint Itoanl of oonciliutioii and urliit ration 1)0 Initiiwltli 
 appointed, to consist of seven employers and s'-ven workmen, 
 and tliat one arbitrator (who shall he a j>raclical man) be 
 eiecti'd by the employers, and one arbitrator (who shall l)0 a 
 practical man) shall be elected by the workmen, who, when 
 ap|)ointed, shall elect a third arbitrator, who will act when 
 called npon. 
 
 The above settleiiient ap[)lie(l solely to the lasters ami tinishers 
 ill the boot and shoe tr.ule. Clickers and rough stutl' cutters 
 were already workino- on the premises ot" the employers, and 
 machinists (who are largely women) have continued to work 
 as outworkers. The agreement, moreover, has not affected the 
 so-called "sew-round" trade, i.e., the manufacture of t'aticy 
 shoes and slippers, of which East London is an im])ortant centre. 
 The limits of the indoor agreement must l)e carefully remembered 
 in what follows. 
 
 The settlement with regard to the provision of workshops for 
 lasters and finishers was agreed to by 385 employers, representing 
 practically the whole of the trade. 
 
 Lender the ai-reement n(; lasters or finishers were allowed to 
 work at liome except for special reasons (e.g., age) with a permit 
 from the Joint Board.* 
 
 The effect of the change was to sweep into the en\ployers' 
 factories and workshops the great mass of those who had 
 hitherto worked as ''outworkers," including many of the Jewish 
 " sweating " masters, who now took their place as ordinary' 
 journeymen lasters or knifers. There were, however, some of 
 these small masters who were unable to find places as journey- 
 men, and who were practically ruined by the change. The 
 Jewish Masters' Union became a 1»raneh of the National Union 
 of Boot and Shoe Operatives. Its former secretary (now the 
 secretary of the branch), now works as a journeyman knifer and 
 finisher in a workshop. Before the change came al)Out he 
 tlescribed to the Lords' Committee on Sweatino; the state of the 
 boot-finishing industry at that time. Under the old " sweating" 
 system the small master who took out boots to finish did the 
 " knifing" or paring the soles and heels himself, and employed 
 a team var3-ing from two to four less skilled assistants to complete 
 the operation of finishing. Usuall}' there was oidy one sub- 
 division of labour, i.e., between the knifer and finisher, but a 
 skilled knifer could work fast enouirh to" feed "several finishers. 
 In some cases, however, where learners or " greeners" were em- 
 ployed, there was further sub-division among, the finishers 
 proper who worked in a "team," the new-comer iloing the least 
 important part of the work. The mode of tlivision of the joint 
 earnings was simple. The knifer provided the workroom, light, 
 firiuiT, " m'indinrj," tools and materials, did the knifin<r, and took 
 half the price, the remainder being divided among the sulxjrdinate 
 
 • Altogether 209 such permits liave been granted. For the form and conditions, 
 .^ee p. 170. No subordinate labour may be employed by outworkers with permit^. 
 
78 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 labourers. Under this system it is stated that a highly skilled 
 knif er, working long hours and aided by his wife in " shopping " 
 the goods, could make Bl. a week as his share of the gross 
 earnings. The same man, working under the " statement " as a 
 journeyman knifer, can now earn 21. or more a week nett. Under 
 the statement the division of the piece price between knifer and 
 finishers, is in the proportion of 7 : 17 (i.e., S^d. to S^d. out of 
 every shilling) intead of 1:1, but the price thus divided is a 
 nett and not a gross price, the rent of workroom, &c., being no 
 longer a charge on the knifer. Whether the knifer's position 
 has improved or deteriorated by the change is a matter of indi- 
 vidual opinion. In the opinion of some the shorter and fixed 
 hours of the workshop, the absence of responsibility, and the fact 
 that a man's house is now his own, and is not turned into a 
 workshop, are considerations which more than compensate for 
 the lowered earnings. Others doubtless regret the change. But 
 whatever be the position of the knifer, there can be little doubt 
 of the improved position of the " finisher " proper, who can now, 
 if possessed of fair skill, earn higher wages while working moderate 
 liours in a sanitary workshop.* How far the change affects the 
 pocket of the employer it is not easy to judge. Some think that 
 it has unquestionably increased the cost of production, while 
 others are of opinion that better work can be obtained under 
 the indoor system. It is, however, generally agreed that under 
 the indoor system firms governed by the recognised " statement " 
 no longer find it profitable to employ low class or untrained 
 adult labour. The opportunity which the " greener " used to 
 find of taking his place at the bottom of the scale in the team of 
 subordinate labourers in the finishers' back parlour, and of 
 gradually working his way up to the top, and of becoming a 
 small master in his turn, is noAV much diminished, so far as the 
 workshops conforming to the agreement are concerned. He is 
 shut out by the barrier of the standard wage. The only capacity 
 in which "greeners " could enter the workshops would be as 
 learners — like boys, and this door has now been almost closed 
 by the action of the union soon after the new agreement. Since 
 then its members decline to teach the trade to any immigrants 
 who have not already practised some brancli of it in their native 
 country. The result is that " greeners " can no longer learn the 
 trade or find a place in the workshops over which the union has 
 any control. 
 
 It should be stated that the sub-division of labour between 
 knifer and finisher to which (except in the case of sons employed 
 by their fathers) the union objected under the old " outwork " 
 system is now recognised in the workshops, knifing and finishing 
 being frequently carried out in different parts of the building, 
 and regarded as separate departments of labour. The subdivi- 
 
 * He loses, however, the doubtful advantage of being able to employ members of 
 his family. 
 
THE " INDOOR " AGREEMENT. 79 
 
 sion, liowcvcr, is maiuly coutiiu'il to the Jews, who had innin'i'ly 
 practised it under the " outwork " system. 
 
 The case is diftereut with " histin^-," the coninioner bniiiches 
 of which were, during the coiitiiiiiance of tlie outdoor system, 
 carried on to a considerable extent by " teams." As in the 
 case of finishing, the unions discountenanced .sub-division except 
 between father and son, and EngUsh k.sters rarely emj)l()ved 
 adult subordinate labour, the " team " .system being almost 
 exclu.sively adopted l)y foreign Jewish masters. Now that 
 histing is performed indoors there is, as a general rule, no sub- 
 division, each man lasting throughout. 
 
 Such being a brief description of the changes in the position of 
 la.sters and fini.shers caused by the introduction of the indoor sys- 
 tem, it remains to give a short account of the liistory of the sy.stem 
 since its introduction, and tlie difficulties with which it has met, 
 and finally to attempt a picture of the existing state of the trade 
 and the present outlook. 
 
 For the first year, after the agreement of 1890, few com- 
 plaints were heard of breaches of the agreement. From Jul}- 
 1891 onwards, however, disputes have taken place with regard to 
 outwork, chiefly with small employers, and in some cases with 
 employers who did not belong to the Employers' As.sociation, or 
 who had begun business since the agreement. The number 
 (jf shops " blocked " by the union owing to disputes about 
 outwork or other matters since the agreement came into force has 
 only been 25. In a few cjises an understanding has subsequently 
 been arrived at, leaving IG emplo^'ers stated in the official 
 report of the union to be " blocked " at the present time (April 
 18J)4). 
 
 That there has been a cert<iin revival of outwork pure and 
 simple is clear, but it does not appear to be of great dimensions 
 at present, though naturally giving rise to anxiety. The question 
 is dealt with statistically on pp. 86,87. A characteristic example 
 (jf the way in which the revival has come about in .some cases 
 is artbrded by a P<jlish Jew, whose workshop I visitetl in East 
 London in January 1894. He takes out finishing and himself 
 does the knifing, at which he is expert. Four finishers (all 
 foreign Jews) are employed to follow him. According to his 
 a.s.serti(m he has himself been in the countiy seven years ; of the 
 others two have been here for two years, and the others one year 
 and six months respectively. Formerly hf was a finisher (not 
 a knifer) in a team wliich worked out of doors for an important 
 manufactui'er. When the imloor agi-eement came into force lie 
 worked indoors us a Unisher for tlie same manufacturer and 
 thus learned to knife. He has now come out again as a small 
 master employing a subordinate team, alleging that owing to the 
 intro«luction of finishing machinery he was no lon<'-er able to 
 make a living indoors. 
 
80 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 A comparatively bmall proportion, however, of the boot and 
 shoe ti-ade fas distinct from sew-rounds), as carried on at present in 
 small workshops, is outwork pure and simple. Of 51 small work- 
 shops recently visited in East London, mostly Jewish, 17 turned 
 out to be those of manufacturers of boots and shoes, 3 slipper 
 manufacturers, 8 to be " sew-round " hands, 9 machinists, 3 
 finishers, 2 lasters and finishers, and 9 lasters. Thus, excluding- 
 the machinists and sev7-rounds (in which branches outwork 
 is recognised), we bave 14 out of the whole number who are 
 outworkers proj)er. 
 
 The large proportion of small makers, however, suggests a 
 form which the small " sweating " shop may assume under the 
 piossure of the agreement prohibiting outwork. 
 
 The growth of a business from small beginnings to a com- 
 paratively large scale, hns in former times been very common in 
 the London boot trade, and there has probably never been a 
 time when there have not been scattered about London a 
 number of small boot workshops making on a comparatively 
 small scale, either for the retail shops or for '• factors," or even 
 for the purpose of hawking. 
 
 Recent changes may, however, in some ways tend to 
 sthnulate this form of workshop. In the first place firms 
 whicli pay the " statement " price may no longer be able to pro- 
 duce profitably the cheapest class of boots and shoes, and as it is 
 important for them to be able to supply these boots, along with the 
 higher qualities which they manufacture, to their retail customers 
 or to sell them in the retail shops which are often connected 
 with their estaljlishments, they act as factors as well as pro- 
 ducers, liuying up in the open market the produce of the small 
 workshop which is unfettered by the " statement." This is no 
 new feature of the trade, but it has probably grown in im- 
 portance in recent years. 
 
 The system may lead easil}" to evasion of the outwork agree- 
 ment. I have interviewed a foreign Jewish laster and finisher 
 who alleges that he buys the " uppers " ready made from a certain 
 firm (which itself conforms nominally to the agreement), lasts 
 and finishes them, and then re-sells them to the same firm " or to 
 others." It was impossible to say with certainty how far there 
 was an agreement to re-sell, but some understanding of the kind 
 is exceedingly probable.* 
 
 Apart from all question of the evasion of the agreement, the 
 development of the " factor " system gives an impulse to the 
 multiplication of small masters, whose workshops are not in all 
 cases any more sanitary than those of outworkers proper. We 
 have here an illustration of the fact, on which the Lords' Com- 
 mittee on Sweating laid stress, that " the middleman is found to 
 " be absent in many cases in which the evils complained of 
 " abound." 
 
 * I am informed that the Conciliation and Arbitration Board has stopped some 
 cases of evasion of this kind. 
 
WAGES AND METHODS OF REMUNEKATION. 81 
 
 Another impulse to the iniilti|ilieation of small makers as 
 distinct from outworkers ha^ luni ^nvcn by tlie practical closinj^ 
 of the workshops which conform to the " statement," against the 
 newly arri\eil and unti'ainnl foreiifn Jew. The causes of this 
 closintf have been discussed alujve. One eli'ect is that the 
 greener has dirticulty in learning his trade, except either in the 
 employment of the outworker (and the opportunities tor this 
 liave, of course, been enormously restricted) or in the small shop 
 of a fellow countryman who is unaHlected l>y the statement. 
 These small shops are themselves the parents of a new system 
 of outwork on a very petty scale, several small masters giving 
 out part or all of the lasting ami finishing to the same 
 " outworker." 
 
 After the above sketch of recent changes we are in a position 
 to consider more precisely the relaticju of foreign immigiation to 
 wages, displacement of labour, and general contlition of the 
 trade at the present time. 
 
 Wages and Methods of Remuneration. — As a general 
 rule it may be said that piece-work prevails in the boot and 
 shoe trade, except in the case of operatives woi-king machinery, 
 who are usuall}- paid at time rates. 
 
 The piece rates payal)le for each operation in various classes 
 of goods and by various classes of manufacturers are fixed by 
 " statements " agreed upon between the employers and workmen. 
 
 The earlier statements referred naturally to the hand-sewn 
 trade, the uuinufaetuiers being roughly classified intcj four grades, 
 according to the character of the goods principally made by 
 them. The grade to which an employer is held to belong deter- 
 mines the "groundwork" price which he has to pay, <.r., the 
 price for the making of the simplest possible form of boot. To 
 this "ground-work" price may be added various allowances ac- 
 cordiniT to the nature of the materials used, or the adilitional 
 work put into it, or on the other hand it may be subject to 
 certain de<luctions. 
 
 The first " statement " drawn up in London in bs72 lor the 
 wholesale trade was based on the grading not of employers but 
 of cla.sse.s of boots, the classification depending on the natui-e of 
 the material. This statement embraced some fifteen tiinis 
 produeinf the hiirhest class floods in the wholesale trade. 
 
 In ls75 a new " seccmd-class " statement was introdiieeil, a})- 
 plieable to about 2.5 employers turning out goods on the whole 
 inferior to but competing with tiiose manufactured ly em])loyei-s 
 working on the former statement. As in the '• tiist-cla.ss " state- 
 ment till' graduation of thr boots is based on material. 
 
 Until 1M)0 the firms outside the limits of the various state- 
 ments specifie<l above (i.e., the great bulk of the makers of the 
 medium and lower class goods) escaped all general regulation as 
 to piece prices, though a few were induced to adf)pt special 
 agreements (or " shop statcnients ") with wages scales lower than 
 the second-class statement. In LS.S4- an abortive attempt Wiis 
 O 8-2170. F 
 
82 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE, 
 
 made to bring' the lower-class firms under regulation, but it was 
 not until the re-organisation of the trade in 1890, with the 
 accompaniment of indoor workshops and the formation of an 
 arbitration board, that a uniform statement was introduced. 
 
 Thus at present the manufacturers in the wholesale (like the 
 handsewn) trade are classified for purposes of determiniug piece- 
 rates into three groups, according to the character of the goods 
 chiefly produced. Within each group the classes of boots 
 produced are further classified, the graduation depending chiefly 
 on the materials used. 
 
 A specimen of the " statements" is printed in full on pp. 164 
 to 169. 
 
 It will readily be understood that the adjustment of rates, 
 according to material, is a fertile source of disputes, especially 
 since in the course of time materials formerly used in high-class 
 boots are used in commoner qualities, or are imitated, or go out 
 of fashion altogether, while new mateiials are introduced. 
 
 But besides the constant friction due to differences as to 
 classification, the introduction of machineiy for lasting and 
 finishing threatens in the near future to make the piece state- 
 ments to some extent inapplicable. Already there are large 
 factories in the provinces in which almost all the workers are on 
 time-wages. 
 
 As regards the London trade, it may be said generally, that, 
 at present, all members of the Manufacturers' Association pay 
 and all members at least of the unions receive the rates de- 
 termined by the various statements so far as they are applicable. 
 There are also a large number of non-union men receiving full 
 " statement " wages. The only employers not paying the state- 
 ment rates are some of those who are outside the association, 
 including a few fairly sized houses, but chiefly small " chamber- 
 jnasters " in East London engaged on an inferior class of work. 
 
 Members of the association, however^ are not prohibited from 
 acting as " factors " and buying up the produce of the " non- 
 statement " workshops, and this is done to a considerable extent. 
 There is also a class of " factors," pure and simple, who buy up 
 the goods made by the " chamber-masters," without themselves 
 engaging in manufacture at all. 
 
 On pp. 171 to 182 are given some notes on the outworkers and 
 small makers in East London lately visited for the purposes of 
 this inquiry. In most cases no information could be oljtained as 
 to piece prices, and in the remainder the figures given rest on the 
 statements of the occupier. As, however, some of the rates are 
 derived from " outworkers " receivino- them, and some from small 
 makers paynig them, and the results agree fairly well, there is 
 less reason to doul^t their substantial accuracy. So far as these 
 facts are trustworthy it would appear that there is a very con- 
 siderable gulf between the lowest piece prices current for the 
 cheaper forms of " outwork " and the minimum rates in the 
 statement scale. Thus we find the rates for lasting performed 
 
WAGES PAID ]{Y CHAMlJEil-MASTEKb. 83 
 
 in or giveu out by the suuill uon-stateineiit shops as Knv as 
 2.S'. GiL a dozen pairs, a common rate lieing Ss. Gd., fonn)areil 
 with 4.S'. (id. a dozen which is the minimum "statcnieiit " rate 
 for tlie very commonest class of goods pruvided I'or in the 
 scale.* Finishers amin have been found receivinir as little lus 
 2s. a dozen, compared with the minimum ot Ss. in the 
 "statement."* Of course it must not be assumed that there is 
 necessarily an eijuid discrepanc}' between the weekly eaniings of 
 la.sters and tinishers in " sweating" and " statement " shops, since 
 it is possible that the lower class goods may be produced more 
 rapidly than the higher (qualities. 
 
 It is, however, sufficiently clear that many of the " chamber- 
 masters " and other non-associated employers arc getting work 
 done at lower piece rates tlian arc possible in " statement" firms, 
 and that the bulk of the workmen employed by such masters 
 are foreign Jews. The (juestion remains, how far the goods 
 made under the different sets of conditions are really comparable. 
 It has been indicated above that it is a disputtvl (piestion how 
 far the commonest class of shoes wa.s provided for unde)- the 
 uniform statement. The so-called "lasting" shoes, to which 
 the controversy mainly refers, are a cheap class of women's 
 house shoes, the uppers of which, made of a fabric know)\ as 
 " lasting," are imported i-eady cl«xsed from Germany. A few of 
 these shoes are made at jn'esent in London in statement 
 shops; but the gi^eater part are made up by small chamlier- 
 masters employing Jewish labour, t(^ wdiom they are given out 
 1)y factors. ^loreover, the whole volume of production of this 
 class of goods in London has greatly decreased of late years. 
 The Employers' Association as.serts that the trade has been driven 
 into the hands of the non-statement masters or abroad, by the 
 fact that the lowest prices provided in the statement prohiljit 
 the profitable production of this class of shoe.t It appears that 
 the (juestion of embodying a special lower scale for " lasting " 
 shoes in the uniform statemejit came up before the Boar<l of 
 Conciliation and Arbitration when the statement was l)eing 
 drawn up. It was then agreed to omit it"sul>ject to special 
 " consideration of this material in a lower quality if required."^ 
 The employers subseipiently pressed for the ])rovision of a 
 special cla.ss below the existing mininnim so as to end)race this 
 kind of shoe. The union has never, however, admitted its 
 necessity, its contention being that the minimum in the state- 
 ment already admits of the making of " la.sting " shoes (which 
 
 * ;.f., for " lasting " sliDis clasMcl as "II," fur whii-li the grnuiul-work price is 
 bs. for lasting and 4s. Gd. for finishing, .subject to dodiictions rcilucing the prices to 
 4s. dd. and 3s. respectively. See p. 165. 
 
 t Letter from Secretary of Hoot and Shoo Manufacturers' A.ssociation to 
 arbitrators, quoted in evidence hefore KoNal Ctmiinissioa on Labour, tjeclion C, 
 Q. 15,8.57. 
 
 X ^ee Minutes of Board, IGth December ISIio. 
 
84 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 as a fact, are so made in certain quantities), and moreover that 
 what has driven away the trade has been partly a change in 
 fashion, '' lasting " being partly replaced by sheep skin and other 
 cheap materials. 
 
 Between these rival views it is not proposed to attempt to 
 decide. The question at issue, however, is of interest as 
 illustrathig the two views which may be held as to the relation 
 of many of the low paid Jewish workers to the union operatives 
 — the one view being that they are " under-cutting " British 
 labour, the other that they are working at specially low rates on 
 a different class of goods. Possibly neither view can be 
 exclusively accepted as furnishing a complete account ot the 
 matter. 
 
 To turn from a comparison of wages in the " statement " and 
 " sweating " shops respectively to the question of general 
 changes of wages during the past few years, it will be evident 
 tliat such changes are not easy to estimate. The first and 
 second class " statements " have undergone no material alteration 
 during the past ten years, so far as the actual piece-rates 
 embodied in them aie concerned. The change, therefore, from 
 outdoor to indoor labour in 1890, was equivalent to a clear 
 rise in wages, seeing that the cost of rent, light, &;c., has since 
 fallen on the employer instead of the operative, and hence is no 
 longer a deduction froin the hitter's earnings. 
 
 It is evident, therefoi'e, tliat no prejudicial effect has been 
 produced by the foreign influx on the rates of wages current in 
 the higher branches of the trade, in which, indeed, little or no 
 Jewish labour is to be found. 
 
 As regards the remainder of the trade, the uniform statement 
 only came into force in 1890, since when it has not been 
 altered. Before that date there were no genei-ally recognised 
 rates, and there are therefore no satisfactory data for any 
 trustworthy calculation as to the relative weekly or yearly 
 earninos of those eugaoed in the commoner branches of the 
 trade at the present time conqDared with ten or fifteen years ago. 
 Earnings are affected as much by irregularity of work as by 
 changes in piece rates, and (with the excej)tion of the figures 
 showing the recent growth of the export trade) no materials 
 exist for measuring the fluctuations in the demand for labour, 
 much less for separating those fluctuations due to the general 
 conditions of trade from those to be ascribed to other special 
 causes. 
 
 As is stated below, in dealing with the branch of the trade 
 known as " sew-rounds," the " sew-round " hands employed by 54 
 firms obtained a rise of about 12^ per cent, in wages in 
 1890. This rise only affected those engaged on the better class of 
 " sew-round " work, and left untouched the low class sew-round 
 trade in which foreign Jews largely abound. It is, however, a 
 proof that the presence of foreign Jews in the lower grades of 
 
RELATION OF IMMIGRANTS TO TRADE DISPUTES. 85 
 
 tlio trailo has ut)t had the oHcct of iDweriiiij: the lates cuiTciit ior 
 En^Iisli operatives in the hii^dicr ami nu'iliuni l)raiK-hes. 
 
 Relation of Foreign Immigrants to Trade Disputes. 
 — Allusion has been made above to the possibility of the Union 
 bein<; weakened in trade disputes with employers by the 
 presence of a ivservoir of " eh<*ap " foreij^'n labourers, by which 
 tiie strikers' places can readily be taken. As a matter oi' i'act, 
 however, apart from the cases already alluded to of a few 
 employers who seceded from the agreement as soon as ]trac- 
 ticable, and have since been "blocked" by the Union, foreign 
 labour has been a very small factor in actual recent disputes 
 in the boot and shoe trade. Tins will be seen fiom the table on 
 pp. 183 and 184, giving a list of the disputes reported to the 
 Board of Trade as having taken place in the London boot and 
 shoe trade since the introduction of the " indoor " system of work 
 in 1S90. Since that time it will be remembered there has been 
 in operation a board of conciliation and arbitration to which all 
 questions other than tlirect reduction of wages have been referred. 
 Onl}' 13 actual disputes have been recorded in London during the 
 period referred to, the most important being the lock-out of 
 operatives by 150 firms in October, 1891, resulting from a strike 
 of the employees of one firm on the (question of the alleged delay 
 of the board in dealing with their grievances. The strike was 
 in defiance of the union, which compelled the men to return to 
 work, and the lock-out was then withdrawn. The only other 
 dispute of large dimensions was the strike of " sew-round " 
 hands employed b\- 54! firms in Septendjer, 1890, which was 
 followed by an advance of about 12^ per cent, in wages for the 
 better class of sew-round makers. Of the remaining disputes, two 
 Avere strikes of bootmakers for advance of wages, of which one was 
 successfnl, and the other partiall\' successf'uf the men iii those 
 shops which did not concedi- the advance returning to work on 
 the old terms, ;ind not being replaced by others. Two other 
 successful wa^es disputes were a sti-ike in ]\Iarch, 1891, of the 
 rivetters and finishers eiu]ilo3'ed ])y three firms against the 
 refusal of employers to agree to the advanced ])rice list which 
 ha<l been generally accepted, an<l a strike of boot and shoe 
 operatives in September, 1893, again.st the alleged refusal of one 
 employer to pay according- to the London statement. Two other 
 disputes, viz., a strike of finishers in April, 1891, while the ques- 
 tion of a revised statement was mider consideration, and a strike 
 of la.sters and finishers in August, 1891, against the disnii.ssal of 
 certain colleagues, were disapproved by the Union. Another 
 small strike of East London o})eratives took place in June 1893, 
 for a reduction of hours. 
 
 The remaining four disputes are to b(! classed as unsuccessful, 
 the strikers being replaced by othei's. Of these, two were small 
 strikes of clickei-s, one involving 11 peraons, in Felnniary, 1891, 
 against the alleged excessive employment of boys, the other 
 involving 17 persons in August, 1892, against the discharge of 
 
86 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 four clickers for refusal to accept reduced prices. It is to be 
 remembered that clicking is not a branch of the trade in which 
 tlic encroachment of foreign labour is felt as a serious grievance. 
 There remain but two disputes of boot and shoe operatives (in 
 May, 1892, and September, 1893) each affecting a single firm. 
 The cause was the alleged refusal of the employers to pay 
 " list " prices or classify their work on the accepted scale. Sixty 
 persons were affected by one of these disputes, and forty or 
 fifty by the other. They ended in the defeat of the Union and 
 the replacement of " Union " men by others. 
 
 It appears from the above that the part played by foreign 
 labourers in taking the places of boot and shoe operatives 
 engaged in recent trade disputes has been comparatively small, 
 a conclusion which confirms the impression left by other evidence 
 that the extent to which the two classes of v/orkers overlap is 
 on the whole less than is often supposed. 
 
 Magnitude of the Recent Revival of " Out- work." 
 
 — In the sketch given above of the recent history of the London 
 boot and shoe trade it has been indicated that since the agree- 
 ment of 1890 for the provision of workshops by employers there 
 has been a certain, though limited, revival of " out-work " in the 
 branches of the trade included in the agreement, and that the 
 majority of the " out- workers " in the lasting and finishing 
 branches appear to be foreign Jews. It is therefore of interest 
 to inquire how far the revival has gone, and how far it threatens 
 the permanence of the general agreement by which the trade 
 has been so conspicuously benefited. 
 
 The materials for a calculation of the present number of 
 persons working as " out-workers " in the prohibited branches 
 are not completely satisfactory, and any estimate that is founded 
 on them must be regarded as a rough approximation only. 
 
 The employers who are possibly giving out lasting and 
 finishing may be divided into three classes : (1) the firms which 
 have seceded from the agreement, who have left or been 
 expelled from the Manufacturers' Arsociation, and who are now 
 " blocked " by the Union ; (2) a few firms which have come into 
 existence since 1890 and have never come within the agreement ; 
 (.3) small " chamber-masters " (chiefly Russian and Polish Jews). 
 
 The firms included under the first head number 16, and the 
 Secretary of the Manufacturers' Association estimates that, 
 including those who come under the second head, the number of 
 firms other than small " chamber-masters " giving out-work is 
 not more than 30. The number of " chamber-masters " cannot 
 l;)e exactly stated, but from evidence collected from leather 
 merchants and others it appears likely that they number at 
 least 200, some of whom are doubtless giving outwork, though 
 on a small scale. 
 
 Through the courtesj'' of the Factory Department of the 
 Home Office complete lists have been drawn up of outworkers 
 to whom work is given out by 1 8 of the above firms (other 
 
THE RKCENT REVIVAL OF OrXWORK. 87 
 
 than chamber-masters) taken at random. Tlicse lists sliow that 
 work is given out by the 18 firms to 202 outworkers, viz., 13-i 
 mt'u (of whom G7 appeal" to be Jews) and 08 women, all Eng- 
 lish. The women are doubtless all machinists, and need not be 
 further considered. The men may be di\ide<l into " sew-round " 
 hands, machinists and sole-sewers, l.i.stei's, and finishers. The 
 returns do not in all cases distino;uish these difierent classes, but 
 if those returns in which the distinction is ma<le are typical cjI" 
 the whole number, we should conclude that about GO of the 
 Jewish outworkers returned are lasters and finishers. 
 
 A considerable proportion of the English outworkers are also 
 histers and finishers, but in most cases apparently working 
 alone. If, further, we assunic that the employers to whom 
 the lists apply are typical of the whole number of firms (other 
 than chaml)er-masters) giving out lasting and finishing, we 
 should conclude that these 30 employers among thein give out 
 lastini^ and finishing: to about 100 Jewish outworkers. Those 
 outworkers in most cases emploj" subordinate labour. The 1 4 
 workplaces occupied by lasters and finisheis visited for the 
 purpose of this inquiry were found to contain 55 workers at 
 the time of the visit,* or an average of about four each. Apply- 
 ing this proportion to the whole numl)er of outworkers we 
 should arrive at a totil of about 400 lasters and finishers cm- 
 plo^'cd on the "outwork" principle through the 30 employers 
 referred to al)Ove. 
 
 As regards the out-work performed for the chamljer-masters, 
 we have the evidence of the visits paid to the workshops enume- 
 rated on pp. 171 to 170. In 12 small shops coming within this 
 designation, 107 persons Avere found employed, including 2.'> 
 clickers and rough-sturt' cutters, 51 lasters, 22 finishers, ami 11 
 others. Bearing in mind the proportions (given on p. 75) which 
 the various classes of operatives usually bear to each other, this 
 wouM indicate that, so far as the shoes are concerned for which 
 tiie clicking is done on the premises, little or no lasting is given 
 out, but tiiat about 20 finisliers are employed- ofi" the premises 
 in the 12 shops. Probablj'-, therefore, on the whole, between 
 300 and 400 individual finishers and lasters may be employed 
 as " outworkers " by the total number of chamber-masters, on 
 work foi- which the " clicking " is done on the prenn'ses. To 
 this number we must add a conjectural number of " outworkers ''' 
 employed by chamber-masters in lasting and finishing boots of 
 which the uppers are imported and given out by "factors." 
 Technically, the chain ber-ma.sters who receive the^e uppers are 
 not " ontw(trkers," but some of them may sub-let a certain pro- 
 portion of the lasting and finishing to outworkers. 
 
 After making an allowance for this class of outworkers, it is 
 probable that the total number of foreign Jews working at 
 lasting and finishing on the " outdoor " system in London lies 
 
 * See pp. 177 to 170. 
 
88 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 between 800 and 900, a number coQsiderable in itself, but bear- 
 ing a small proportion to the total number of lasters and finishers 
 employed in the London trade. 
 
 Thus the " indoor " agreement may be said to be intact so far 
 as the great bulk of the trade is concerned. 
 
 Alien Immigration in relation to Other Branches 
 of the Trade. — There are certain branches of the boot and 
 shoe trade to which the " indoor " agreement does not apply, and 
 which are carried on entirely or partly by outworkers. It is 
 therefore necessary to note the effects, if any, of alien com- 
 petition in these depa.rtments of the industr3^ 
 
 (1.) Boot Machining. — The " closing " of the uppers of 
 boots and shoes by the sewing machine is, to a large extent, 
 given out to be done by Englisli women in their own homes or 
 in small workshops, though a good many manufactureis employ 
 women machinists on their premises. A certain amount of 
 " outdoor " machining is, however, done by foreign Jewish men 
 who thus come into direct competition with English women as 
 in the tailoring trade. Examples of the two classes of workers 
 are given on pp. 179 and 180, showing particulars of workshops 
 visited in East London. 
 
 The number of men employed in machining is, however, 
 small, and tbey appear to be losing rather than gaining ground 
 compared with the English women. The manager of a com- 
 pany which sup|>lies a large number of bootshops in East London 
 with sewing machines on loan, and so has an intimate know- 
 ledge of the course of the trade, gives it as his opinion that 
 the work of closing uppers so far from tending to fall into the 
 hands of the Jews of East London has a tendency to leave 
 London for the provinces. 
 
 (2.) The Seiv-round Trade. — A branch of tlie boot and 
 shoe trade which lias recently attained considerable proportions 
 in London is the so-called "sew-round " branch, which is con- 
 cerned with the making of light shoes and slippers. ITiis 
 department of the trade has been hardly affected by the recent 
 changes in the organisation of the industry and is still almost 
 entirely an " outdoor " trade, the upjDcrs alieady cut out and 
 " closed " by the machines being given out to makers who work 
 in small workshops or in their own homes. In the West End 
 the system of associated workshops ])revails to some extent 
 amnne: the workmen eno-ao-ed on the Ijetter classes of " sew- 
 rounds." The whole of the industry is a season trade, the busy 
 period being from July to January or February. The sew- 
 round tra<le in East London may be divided somewhat sharply 
 into two sections which scarcely overlap at all, viz., the better 
 and medium qualities made by English operatives, and the 
 lower classes of goods, the productinn of which is monopolised 
 by foreign Jews. 
 
 A reference to the particulars of Jewish workshops on pp. ISO 
 to 182 will give some idea of the character of the lower branch of 
 
THE SEW-ROUND TRADE. 89 
 
 the trade, which has l:ir*;cly ^rown up (hiring- tlie years in wliich 
 the iniliix of foreio-n Jews lias taken place. It is in the cheap 
 sew-round and sHpper trade that some of the woi-st abuses of 
 "sweatinjj '' are found, in the way of lonfj hours, low earninfrs, 
 and irregularity of Avork. The shoes and slippers are nuide 
 partly for home consumption, partly for export. They appear 
 to have created a new demand, chieliy for fancy wear, and not 
 to have taken the place of any other form of shoe. A few 
 En<^lish workers are engaged in the cheap slipper trade, but the 
 number is not appreciable. 
 
 On the other hand, the Jews do not to any appreciable extent 
 enter the higher branches of the. East London sew-round trade, 
 which are governed by a special " statement " of piece-prices 
 agreed to by employers and emploj'ed. In the opinion of one 
 of the Branch Secretaries of the Amalgamated Society of Boot 
 an<l Shoemakers, about 800 men are engaged in these branches 
 in the East London district of whom very few are Jews, though 
 there are two or three Jewish employers (emplo^'ing English 
 workmen) engaged in the trade and paying the "statement" 
 rates of wages. He can only recollect one case of attempted 
 "under-cutting" of prices by two Jewish workmen, and this 
 Avas successfully resisted. 
 
 There is therefore little direct competition between Jc\vish 
 and English workmen in the sew-round and slipper trade. 
 Nor does there ai)pear to have been any great indirect 
 competition through the encroachment of the cheaper qualities 
 of goods produced by the Jews on the market supplied by goods 
 of English make. On the contrary, the English sew-round 
 traile is itself a recent creation, having mainly grown up duriutT 
 the la.st 10 3'ears {i.e., during the period of the inllux). Before 
 that time this chi.ss of shoes and slippers were hxrgel}^ imported 
 from France ; but London has now become an important centre 
 for their production, which appears to be still extending, both 
 for home use and export. 
 
 Most of the goods produced in London are hand-sewn, but in 
 some provincial centres (e.g., Norwich and Leicester) maehinc- 
 sewn work is now being turned out. There is a cheap slipper 
 trade in ]\Linchester an<l Leeds, but the chief provincial com- 
 petition a])pears to come from Norwich ami this ap]ilies oidy 
 to certain giades of work. 
 
 The trjide in Londt»n was unaHected hy the " indoor move- 
 ment," partly owing ti> its want of organisation, partly owii)"- 
 to the absence of maehinerv. 
 
 In LS90 a considerable rise in wages took place in the higher 
 class sew-round trade in London which has since been main- 
 tained, and many of the most .skilled men receive very hio-h 
 wages. The chief evil in the tra«le is that of long hours, due to 
 the s3-stem of family work at honie. 
 
 Neither the I'nion nor the "statement " embraces any ]>art 
 of the " sweated " trade. 
 
90 
 
 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 In the London "sew -round" and slipper trade we have there- 
 fore a good example of an industry divided into two ahnost 
 " non-competing " sections. In the one is found the skilled 
 English workman making for one market, in the other the 
 low-skilled foreign Jew supplying another. Neither the workers 
 nor the markets appear to any great extent to overlap or to 
 affect each other. Both branches of the trade have o-roAvn 
 rapidly during the same period, and the English workers have 
 recently materially raised their wages. 
 
 In this trade, therefore, while the evils of " sweating " from 
 which the Jewish branch suffers acutely are greatly to be 
 deplored in the interest of the foreign Jews themselves, the 
 English workers have no complaint against them for interfering 
 either directly or indirectly with their lal:>our. 
 
 Relation of Immigrants to Growth of Foreign 
 Trade. — In view of the question how far the Jewish alien 
 immigrants have economically displaced British labourers and 
 overrun their industries, and how fiir, on the other hand 
 the real effect of the influx has been to create or at least 
 largely to augment an important trade in cheap clothing, 
 especially for export, it is of interest to analj'se the statistics 
 of exports of boots and shoes during the period covered by 
 the influx and the few years ])receding it. If statistics were 
 available for the home trade tlie comparison would of course be 
 more complete, but as the rapid growth of the cheap clothing 
 industries of late years has been largely a growth in tlie export 
 branches, the statistics of foreign trade are of considerable value 
 for the purpose of comparison. 
 
 A detailed table is printed on pp. 186 to 189 showing for eacli 
 of the 21 years, 1873-1893, the total qnantities and values of 
 boots and shoes exported from the United Kingdom to each 
 country or British Possession. The influx began in 1881, and 
 it is therefore convenient to group the years into periods of six, 
 viz., ] 875-1880, 1881-1886, and 1887-1892. 
 
 The yearly average of the total quantities exported during 
 these periods is as follows : — 
 
 
 Period. 
 
 Yearly Average 
 
 Exports of 
 
 Coots and Shoes 
 
 (in Dozens of 
 
 Pairs). 
 
 
 Six jears immediately preceding the influx 
 
 First six years of influx - - - - 
 
 Second six years - - - - - 
 
 1875-1880 
 1881-1886 
 1887-1892 
 
 437,689 
 553,167 
 665,460 
 
 Increase of aTorage of last period over that of first 
 Ditto. ditto per cent. . . . 
 
 227,771 
 52 
 
FOREIGN TRADE — THE REVIVAL OF OUTWORK. 
 
 91 
 
 It is evident, then, that the influx has been acconipanii-'il lyy 
 a rapid expansion of tlic export branch of the wliolesale V»oot 
 " trade. It (loes not, of course, follow from the above figures that 
 it has been due to the influx, nor is it likely that so limited a 
 cause could account entirely for so large an increase of trade. 
 It nuist be rememberetl that, as pointed out aboxe, the boot 
 trade has been inidergoing a transformation by machinery which 
 has been quite independent of the influx of foreigners, and to 
 this transformation the remarkable development indicated by 
 the figures must be largely due. 
 
 Tlu' figures, however, do not certainly lend any support to the 
 suggestion that has often been made, that the export trade has 
 suffered from the influx owing to the inferior <|uality of goods 
 producetl. 
 
 A table is added on pp. 190 to 193 showing for the same period 
 the quantities and values of boots and shoes imported into the 
 United Kingdom. The average yearly quantities for the various 
 periods are as follows : — 
 
 Period. 
 
 Yearly Average Im- 
 ports of Boots and 
 Shoes (in Dozens 
 of Pairs). 
 
 187.5-1880 
 1881-1886 
 1887-1802 
 
 10.3,284. 
 
 106,166 
 
 115,200 
 
 The great growth in the import trade in l)Oots and shoes 
 within recent years was between LS73 and 1876, when it 
 increased from 40,304 dozen pairs to 109,896 dozen. Since 1876 
 on the whole the imports have remained nearly stationary, the 
 imports in 1892 being 118,386, and jn 1893 122,219 dozen pairs. 
 It ajipears likely, therefore, that the influx of foreigners hsis 
 done .something to check the growth of importation of boots and 
 shoes. 
 
 General Summary. 
 
 The general conclusions to be drawn from the above investi- 
 gation with r(gard to the influence: of foreign Jews on the boot 
 and shoe trade may be thus summarised : — 
 
 (1.) The boot trade being (in common with the slojt clothing 
 and other indu.stries to which foreign Jews chiefly 
 resort) in a state of steady but uncompleti'd economic 
 transformation, owing to the introduction of machinery 
 and other cau.ses, it is a matter of extreme difficulty to 
 
92 IMMIGRATION IN THE BOOT AND SEOE TRADE. 
 
 disentangle the effects on wages and conditions of 
 labour of any special cause (such as foreign immigra- 
 tion) from the general effects produced by the process 
 of revolution which the trades are underpfoin*?. It 
 is clear, however, that the presence of foreign Jewish 
 labour in certain departments of the boot and shoe 
 industry, while it may Ije a symptom of one stage of 
 the evolution of the trade, is in no sense the cause 
 of the transformation itself. 
 
 (2.) The main bulk of the foreign Jews employed in boot and 
 shoe making in the United Kingdom reside in East 
 London, where they are chiefly engaged in the produc- 
 tion of the commonest qualities of boots, shoes, and 
 slippers. 
 
 (3.) Some of them work on the " indoor system " on the 
 premises of manufacturers, but more often they are 
 either small " chamber masters " selling to retail shops 
 or to " factors," or " outworkers " engaged in lasting, 
 finishing, or (to a more limited extent) machining, or 
 in the " sew-round " trade. 
 
 (4.) Some of these foreign Jews work according to the recog- 
 nised " statement " prices, but in many cases, especially 
 amono- the " outworJcers " and " chandler masters," the 
 piece-rates current are considerably below those gene- 
 rally observed in the trade for the lowest quality of 
 goods to which those rates apply. 
 
 (5.) Up to 1890 most of the "lasting" and "finishing" 
 (which between them employ the majority of boot 
 and shoe operatives) was given out to be done off the 
 manufacturers' premises. In that year, however, a 
 great change took place in the organisation of these 
 branches of the trade. A general agreement was 
 arrived at between the eiiij)loyers and employed for 
 the provision by the employers of workshops for these 
 branches of work ; a uniform statement of prices was 
 also compiled applicable to the whole of the trade not 
 covered by former lists, and an arbitration and con- 
 ciliation board was set up for the settlement of 
 differences. 
 
 (6.) Since that date a certain number of manufacturers have 
 broken away from the agreement and again given out 
 " lastino- " and " finishing." The total number of 
 employers, however, other than small " chamber- 
 masters " not observing the indoor agreement is 
 proljably less than 10 per cent, of the total, and the 
 numbers employed by many of them are comparatively 
 small. There has thus been a partial revival of 
 "outwork," chiefly among the foreign Jews, but as 
 regards the bulk of the trade the agreement is 
 observed. The total number of foreign Jews working 
 
GENERAL SUMMAUY. d'3 
 
 at lasting or tinishino- on tho '•' out'loor " system is 
 probably between 800 and 000. 
 (7.) The nunibtT of foreimi Jews enL''J"il!'i''l in the trade in 
 East London has larj^ely increased dnring the 10 years 
 between 1881 and 1891, but since 1.89b the flow of 
 newly-airived Jews into the trade has been cheeked 
 by the t)peration of the " indoor " agreement and the 
 " nn"ninnnii statement " of pieci'-rates, condaned witli the 
 refusal of the Union to allow immigrants who ha\e 
 not been engaged in bootmaking before arrivin*^ in 
 the country to enter the workshops as learners. It 
 has thus become i in practical )le for "greeners" to 
 learn bootmaking in many of the workshops governed 
 by the agreement. 
 
 (8.) This check has apparently ili\erted somewhat the flow 
 of " raw " foreiun laljour from bootmaking to other 
 trades. The agreement of 1890, however, does not 
 touch the " sew-round " hands, the lower grades of 
 whom are almost entirely foreign Jews, and the out- 
 door system here prevails almost exclusively. The 
 inability of foreign untrained Jews to enter " state- 
 ment " workshops may also have tended to stinndate 
 to some extent the multiplication of small Jewish 
 masters and outworkers ungoverned by the agj'eement. 
 
 (9.) Many of the small Jewish workshops are insanitary 
 and overcrowded ; the earnings, at least of newly- 
 arrived foreigners, are low and the hours long. 
 The sanitary condition, however, has improved during 
 the last few years, and the local authorities are taking 
 action with regard to overcrowding. 
 
 (10.) The competition of the alien Jews has not afiect(Ml the 
 piece-rates recognised generally in the trade, which 
 have not been substantially altered since their esta- 
 blishment. The English sew-round hands (engaged in 
 the better class of work) aetualh' gained a con- 
 siderable rise in wages during 1890, while the intro- 
 duction of the indoor system has been equivalent to a 
 rise of wages for lasters and finishers in workshojis 
 governed by the first and second class statements. 
 
 (11.) The foreign Jews arc to a large extent engaged on a 
 common cla.ss of boots and shoes, some of which 
 jn'obably could not profital)Iy be made by Engh'sli 
 lal)Our under tho existing statement, and might 
 hence cease to be pr(«luced, or at least leave London 
 (either for the provinces or abroad), were it not for 
 the presence of Jewish labour. 
 
 (12.) In the machining department, where foreign men com- 
 pete with English women, the latter a)-e gaining ground 
 on the former. 
 
94 IMMIGKATION IN THE BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 (13.) The above conclusions are confirmed by the great increase 
 (amounting- to 52 per cent.) whicli has taken ])lace in 
 the total annual exports of boots and shoes from the 
 United Kingdom, if we compare the average of the 
 last six years (1887-92) with that of the six years 
 (1875-80) immediately preceding the influx. 
 
 (14.) Since the agreement of 1890 there have been compara- 
 tively few important strikes in the London boot and 
 shoe trade, and in very few of these, affecting a small 
 number of persons, has the presence of foreign labour 
 been a considerable factor in the dispute. 
 
 (I'l.) The gradual introduction of finishing and lasting 
 machinery acts as a powerful influence, tending to 
 maintain the " indoor " factory system. This ma- 
 chinery has been more extensively introduced in the 
 provinces than in London, and the main stress of 
 competition on the part of the foreign Jew is pro- 
 bably rather with the provincial factory than with 
 the London operative. 
 
95 
 
 PART m.—FORFAOy IMMrcniATION IK RELATION 
 
 TO WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 (Report hjj Mh.^ Colld.) 
 (a) INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. — OhJECT ANT) SCOPK OF IXQUIItV. 
 
 The object of the inr|uiry was to ascertain the extent to which 
 I'oivit^nors compete with Enjj;-lish women in Jifteivnt industries 
 ol" importance, witli special reference to the effects, which mii;-ht 
 be expected to follow in cases where foreigners destitute of the 
 means of support endeavoured to obtain employment. 
 
 Two aspects of the ([uestion were to be kept in view : — 
 
 (d.) The competition of fi>rein'n women with Eni^lish women; 
 and 
 
 (6.) The competition of foreign men with English women. 
 
 On the one hand, therefore, it was necessary to investigate 
 the conditions under which immigrant foreign women arrive in 
 England in order to measure the extent to which they might be 
 expected to enter the labour market as wage earners. 
 
 On the other, it was necessary to make some survey of the 
 trades in which foreign women were chiefly to be found, to 
 compare the work done and the wages earned by English and 
 foreiu'n women in these trades, to contrast these earninrrs with 
 those of English women and girls in trades in which no foi'eigu 
 women were to be found and finally to note any branches of 
 trade in which foreign men were em[)loyed ori work generally 
 performed by women in establishments managed by English 
 employers. 
 
 The grouml to be covered by my incjuiry was therefore but a 
 limited portion of that already covered previously to 1890 by 
 Governmental and private investigation. The Reports from tlie 
 Select Committee on the Emigration and Immigi-ation of 
 Foreigners for 1888 and 1889 in addition to the general evidence 
 on the subject contain a sunmiary of statistics of wages in 
 188G-87 in the tailoring and trouser-making trade at the East 
 End of London, compiled from schedules distributed and collected 
 and in part tilled up after personal connnunication with 
 employers by the Lal)0ur Correspondent of the Board of Tiade. 
 Mr. IJurnett supplemented his incjuiries for the Board of 'J'rade 
 by further personal investigation in East London and Leeds, 
 the results of which are to be found in Appeijdix G. to the 
 Second Report, and in A|>i)endix O. to the Fourth Rc[)ort, of the 
 Select Committee of the Hou.se of Lords on the Sweating Sy.stem, 
 and in Mr. Burnett's evidence before the Select Committee. 
 The Reports of the House of Lords Committee on the Sweating 
 System contain the evidence given in 1888 and 1889 of large 
 
96 IMMIGKATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 numbers of persons in London, Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham, 
 Hull, Sheffield, Newcastle, Glasgow, and other towns as to the 
 effect of the employment of foreigners on the system of sweating. 
 Contemporaneously with the investigation carried on by the 
 Government, Mr. Charles Booth was superintending a special 
 inquiry into East London industries and published the result 
 in " Life and Labour of the People," Vol. IV., devoting se))arate 
 cha])ters to the study of the Boot and Shoe Trade, the Tailoring- 
 Trade, the Cigar Trade, and the Cabinet-making Trades, the 
 four industries in which Jewish labour w^as most largely found. 
 Only one of these trades, the tailoring trade, at that time 
 involved the employment of any considerable number of foreign 
 women, although the cigar trade employed a certain number. 
 The chapter on the tailoring trade, contributed by Miss 
 Beatiice Potter, together with the reports of Mr. Burnett to the 
 Board of Trade and the evidence on tlie tailorino- trade mven 
 before the Select Committee on the Sweating System, contain 
 nearly all the trustworthy evidence as to the employment of 
 foreign women available previous to 1890. 
 
 In none of the inquiries referred to was any definite attempt 
 made to consider the industrial position of foreign women as 
 distinct from that of foreign men nor to estimate exactly the 
 extent to which foreign men entei'ed into competition with 
 English women as distinct from English men. But the evidence 
 on the tailoring trade referred to above gave indications that 
 such distinctions would need to be drawn in order to arrive at a 
 clear understanding of the persons affected hy foreign immigra- 
 tion or liable to be affected by restrictions on immigration. 
 
 My instructions were, therefore, to concentrate attention on 
 these two aspects of the effects of foreign immigration, and, after 
 personal investigation, to re-state the position for 1S93 and to give 
 supplementary evidence on points merely touched upon in 
 previous inquiries. 
 
 II. — Methods pursued and Materials for Inquiry. 
 
 (a.) Tracing of Individual Immigrants. 
 
 The Select Committee on Emigration and Immigration 
 (Foreigners), 1889, recommended "that measures should be 
 " adopted to provide for a record of the names, sexes, ages, 
 " occupations, nationalities, and destination of all alien steerage 
 " and deck passengers arriving at ports of the United Kingdom 
 " and not in possession of through tickets to other countries." 
 In accordance with this recommendation the Act 6 Will. IV. c. 11, 
 requiring every master of a ship arriving in this country with 
 aliens on board to hand in a list of the names and descriptions 
 of those aliens to the Customs authorities has been enforced at 
 all the principal and many of the minor ports since 1890. Since 
 the early part of 1891, officers of Customs at tlie several ports 
 
MATERIALS USED IN IXl^)llHY. 9? 
 
 conct'rii<<l havf l)oen specially charged with the <liity uT mukin^ 
 personally an actual count oi" all the aliens on board a certain 
 proj)ortion ol" the vessels arriving with such passengers in order 
 to test the substantial accuracy ol" the lists handed in. Further- 
 more, since June 1891, it has \)ccn the special iluty ol' an otiicer 
 ol" Customs to visit vessels arriving in the pcjrt ol" London from 
 Handnirii' likeh' to liave destitute aliens on board. 
 
 The lists supplied by tjiis otiicei- of Customs contain the 
 nationality, sex, civil condition of aliens on Ixjai-d without 
 through tickets for places not in the TTnited Kingdom, and also 
 the addresses and names of relati\es or friends to whom the 
 innnigrants profess to be going together with the sums of money 
 which they allege that the}^ have in their possession. '\\> tliesc 
 lists I was allowed access, and fi'om them I extracted the names 
 and alleged destinations of a number of foreign women who 
 landed in London in 1.S92. All the women, .SO in numbei-, who 
 landed from Hamburg <luring the first fortnight in Ma}' 1<S92, 
 and the women, 37 in numl)er, who came over in one vessel on 
 July 4th, 1892, \vere selected, the former group as representative 
 of innnigrants arriving during a period of normal imnn'gration, 
 the latter as representatixe of imnugrants arriving in large 
 numbers close upon each other. 
 
 Of these selected innnigrant women 25 were passed over as 
 giving for their destination parts of London or elsewhere too 
 far distant froni each other to make inquiry profitable. Of the 
 remaining 92 I endeavoured to discover the histor}' sulxse(|uent 
 to landing in London. The addresses given in each case were 
 visited by nie, accompanied by an interpreter acquainted M'ith 
 Yiddish. Every assistance was rendered to me by the Jewish 
 Board of Guardians, who searched carefully through their 
 I'egisters and those of the Russo-Jewish and Board of Ciuardians 
 Conjoint Connnittee to discover whether any of these 92 women 
 had come before them for assistance, and the Secretary of the 
 Poor Jews' Temporary Shelter performed the same service. Tin- 
 regi.ster of the Home for Jewish Girls was also searched, and 
 information most rea<lily given by one of the lady managers of 
 the home. The results of this in(juiry are given in full in the 
 Report. 
 
 (b.) Occupations of Poor Jewesses. 
 
 The London Jewish Board of Ciuardians placed at my di.spo.sal 
 at their ofiices in Devonshire Square the application sheets of 
 all persons applying to them for relief for the first time from 
 July 1st, 1892, to January :i bst, 189.S, thus enabling me to obtain 
 exact information as to the means by which destitute Jewesses 
 endeavoured to obtain a living. Similar informati«^n was 
 supplied me by the Secretary of tlie Leeds Jewish Board of 
 Guardians. 
 
 O 82170. n. 
 
98 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUK. 
 
 (c.) Reports of tlie London, Manchester and Leeds Jewish 
 Boards of Guardians. 
 
 The London Jewish Board of Guardians publishes annuallj^ 
 details of appHcants for assistance and of persons emigrated, 
 showing their nationality, length of residence in England, civil 
 condition and occupations. The Manchester Board publishes 
 very similar information. The Leeds Jewish Board has hitherto 
 been unable to make these returns. Until 1892 the various 
 congregations in Leeds expended a certain amount in charity 
 without the intervention of the Board ; during the last year the 
 amounts thus subscribed have been paid direct to the Board, the 
 machinery for relief being thus assimilated to that of London 
 and Mancliester. 
 
 {d.) Trade Inquiry. 
 
 In this part of my inquiry I have to acknowledge most 
 valuable assistance rendered by H.M. Chief Inspector of 
 Factories, and b}^ H.M. Inspectors of Factories Mr. Lakeman, Mi-. 
 Gould, Mr. Hine, and Mr. C. W. Shaw, who furnished me witli 
 information as to the trades in which foreign women were to be 
 found, and supplied me with lists of workshops under inspection 
 in the East and the West End of London, in Leeds, and in 
 Manchester. The industries of main importance proved to 
 be the tailoring, waterproof-making, cap-making, cigar-making, 
 and fur-sewing trades. I am especially indebted to the Singer 
 Manufacturing Company, by whose managers and agents in 
 East London, Leeds, and Manchester, no pains were spared 
 and no labour grudged in giving the results of their wide 
 experience as suppliers of sewing machines on hire ; I have also 
 to thank Dr. Murphy,' Chief Medical Officer to the London 
 County Council : Dr. W. H. Hamer, Assistant Medical Officer to 
 the County Council : Dr. Tatham, Medical Officer of Health at 
 Manchester ; and Dr. Cameron, Medical Officer of Health at 
 Leeds, for assistance given me in visiting workshops. 
 
 From evidence from various sources and from the census 
 returns for 1891 it appeared that London, Manchester, and 
 Leeds were the largest centres to which the poorest foreigners, 
 the Russian and Polish Jews resorted, the trades pursued by 
 them in smaller towns being exactly the same as in the three 
 above mentioned. In London, accompanied by Dr. W. H. 
 Hamer, I visited 166 small tailors' workshops in the West End, 
 and in the East End the workshops of 54 coat-makers, 7 vest- 
 makers, 4 trouser-makers, 4 mantle-makers, 3 dressmakers 
 (men), 19 cap-makers, and 12 furriers, making 269 workshops 
 in all. In Leeds, accompanied by a sanitary inspector, I visited 
 75 tailors' workshops, and in Manchester, also accomj^anied by a 
 sanitary inspector, 61 tailors' workshops, 18 cap-makers, 4 
 M^aterproof-makers, and 2 slipper-makers. In the 166 West 
 End workshops particulars of sex and nationality were noted. 
 
POSITION OF I.MMKiRANT WOMEN ON AKUnAL. 99 
 
 In tlie voiiuiiniuo- 2(j'i worksliops visited particulars were obtained 
 whenever possible as to numbers employed in each branch, 
 wa^es paid, ei\il condition ol" women employed, i-ace, and leni^th 
 of residence in Kiii-laud. Inroi-mation was also askf<l i'oi' und 
 obtained from a few wlioK-sale clothiers and iiiaiinfacturt')"s in 
 London, Leeds, and Manchester. 
 
 § {!>.) RESULTS OF STATLSTICAL INQUIRY. 
 
 1. Position of Foreign Lmmicsrant Women on Arrival in 
 
 London. 
 
 The Board of Trade i-eports on emij^ration and inimi^n-ation 
 from and into the United Kin<j^dom in the years 1(S01 and 1892 
 show that the Russians and Poles and the Gei'mans sujiply the 
 lai-<j;est lunnber of foreign iimiiit'Tants into London. 
 
 From these returns it a])|)ears that during;- the last two years 
 the number of women inunii'Tants from Russia and Poland is 
 about halt' that of the men, and that the Russian and Polish 
 immigrants more than equal in numbers the i]nmi<(rants of all 
 (jther nationalities. 
 
 Accordino- to the census returns of 1891 the nundjei' of 
 Russians and P(jles in Lon<lon included l-i,778 males and 11,969 
 females, while that of the Germans in London included 10,440 
 males and 10,480 females. The nundjers of female immi<^rants 
 are in both cases smaller than tliose of male innni^rants, and 
 were the children cla.ssitied apart from the adults the dispi'o- 
 pcjrtion would appear still <^reater. The nuijoi'ity of the adult 
 women wouM therefore probably be married, and it i-emained to 
 be seen whether as maiiitMl women they entereil tiic labour 
 market. 
 
 No facts presented themselves which mi^lit have rendered an 
 inquiry into the occupations of non-Jewish German innnif^rant 
 women neces.sary. Partly owino- to their distribution over a 
 wider area of London than occiu's with the Russians and Poles, 
 anil partly to the demand for German domestic servants, partly 
 t(^ the fact that lar^e numbt^i-s o\' Germans are clerks whose 
 wives do not enter the labour market, no com]>laints have been 
 made so far as I am awan- ef their competition with English 
 workin<; women. 
 
 In order to ascertain whether the Russian and Polish female 
 inmii<;rants came to Lon<lon without any home ])re})ared foi' 
 them by relatives or friemls, and were theref<M'e liable to accept 
 work at very low rates throu;,di destitution, a list of female 
 innnigrants was drawn up, and etf(»rts made to trace them. For 
 
 (; 2 
 
100 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUK. 
 
 reasons already stated this list included the names of tlie 80 
 women Avho landed from 12 vessels arriving in London in the 
 first fortnight of Ma^- 1892, and 37 who came in one vessel on 
 the 4th July 1892. It was compiled from the alien lists 
 furnished to the Customs, and contained the address to which 
 the immigrant professed to be going, the relative or friend who 
 was to receive her and the sum of money she stated to be in her 
 possession. The 117 names Avere submitted to the Jewish 
 Board of Guardians, who after the most careful search through 
 their registers could only identify eight as persons who had come 
 under their notice as l:)eing in need of relief for themselves or 
 members of their families ; of tliese three had been sent to the 
 United States. A similar search was made through the registers 
 of the Poor Jews' Shelter with the result that one name was 
 recognised as that of a woman sent to America by the society. 
 Twenty-five women on the list had given addresses in different 
 parts of Loudon at some distance from the Jewish quarter in 
 Whitechapel and St. George's, and no attempt was made to 
 trace them. 
 
 The results of the inquiry into the remaining 92 cases are 
 given in detail in the tabular Appendix XIL (pp. 196 to 201). 
 
 They may be summarised as follows : — 
 
 (a.) Numbers traced. 
 
 Of remaining 92 women — 
 
 56 were married women or widows. 
 36 were unmarried women. 
 
 Of the 56 married women or widows — 
 
 5 gave either no address or an insufficient or incorrect one, 
 and were not heard of elsewhere. 
 28 could not be traced. 
 
 3 were known to have been met by relatives on landing. 
 20 were traced. 
 
 Of the 36 single women — 
 
 4 gave either no address or an insufficient or incorrect one, 
 and were not heard of elsewhere. 
 
 5 could not be traced. 
 
 1 was known to have been met on landing by a relative, 
 26 were traced. 
 
 {b.) Position of Women traced. 
 
 Of the 20 married women or widows traced — 
 
 11 were known to be supported by their husbands or 
 relatives and to have no wage-earning occupation. 
 1 was known to be with her husband. 
 
POSITION OF IMMIGRANT WOMEN ON- ATtRIVAy.. 101 
 
 3 were known to he li\ing' upart I'n.'m their lnisb;in<ls and 
 to bo eai'iiin^' wjio^os by washing, cleanin;n", or nurfsing. 
 
 2 liatl been sent to the United States. 
 
 2 had received assistance from the Jewish Jiloard of Guar- 
 dians. 
 
 1 was Ii\ino- i.'ntirely on the eharity (jI" ndgliliours. 
 
 Of the 2() sint;-le wtjincn traced — 
 
 6 liad bei'n f^iven into the cliart^e of relatives in Loudon an<l 
 
 had not since been lieard of. 
 
 2 were married shoi-tly after arrival. 
 
 5 detained situations as domestic servants. 
 
 3 obtaineil work as tailoresses. 
 1 obtaiiK'd work as capmaker. 
 
 1 obtained work as ci^^'arette maker. 
 
 1 obtained work as fui' sower. 
 
 3 were known to 1)0 wao-o earners, but the kind of work 
 was not known. 
 
 2 liad been sent to the United States. 
 1 had been sent liomo. 
 
 1 was in a lunatic asylum. 
 
 (c.) Married or Widowed Women not traced. 
 Of the 2S married or widowed women not traced — 
 5 landed in Eng-land witli their husbands. 
 
 3 landed in England with some adult male relative. 
 
 20 were tinaccompanied by any male relative ; of these 13 
 
 professed to be going to their husbands, 5 to their children, 
 
 1 to a sister, and mu.ji have been met on landing : 1 aji- 
 
 peared to have no friend in London. 
 
 None of these could be found on the registers of tlie Jewish 
 
 Board of Guardians or the Poor Jews' Temporary Shelter 
 
 as liaving applic<l for relief, and if assisted must have applie<l 
 
 under some other name. 
 
 Further information witli regard to unmarried iumiigrant 
 women is afforded by tlie records of the " Home for Jewish (!irls." 
 The agent of the Jewish Ladies' Association meets every 
 immigrant ship and ascertains the number of single women 
 on Ixmrd. Those who are not met l>y friends are taken to the 
 Jewisli Home for (Jirls. Tiieir friends, if they have any, arc 
 found for tliem, and if they have none they stay in the homo 
 until employment has been obtained for them. Partij^ulars of all 
 girls thus received between Jul}' 1st, 1892, and Jaiiuary 1st, 1893, 
 Were furnished nn<l are Ljiven in detail in the tabli- on pp. 201 
 and 202. 
 
 The following- is a summar\' of these iiarticulars : — 
 
 24 wore received into the Home. Of these — 
 
 7 t)btained situations a^s <lome.stic servant?. 
 3 obtained work as dressmakers. 
 
 2 oVitained woi-k as glovemakers. 
 
102 
 
 IMMTftEATTON AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 2 obtained work as tailoresses. 
 
 1 obtained work as umbrella, maker 
 
 3 were sent to the United States, 
 
 5 were given into the charge of relatives or friends and had 
 
 not since been heard of. 
 1, who was not Jewish, was transferred to the Travellers' 
 
 Aid Society. 
 
 2. Occupations of ]\rARRiED Jewesses. 
 
 (a.) Occupations of Jewesses who received Assistance from 
 Jewish Boards of Guardians. 
 
 In the foregoing inquiries there was no indication of any 
 tendency amongst poor married Jewesses to enter the labour 
 market, but the scope was too limited to draw , any conclusions 
 from this. A very much better test was furnished by the Jewish 
 Board of Guardians, who placed at my disposal the application 
 sheets of all persons applying to them for relief for the first 
 time between July 1st 1892 and February 1st 1893, who were 
 assisted. The number of cases of persons assisted for the first 
 time during these seven months who had only been in London 
 one year or less than one year was 98 out of a total of several 
 hundred cases assisted during that period. Of these, 17 were 
 cases of men who were either unmarried or had left their wives 
 in Russia or Poland. In the 81 remaining cases there were 
 altogether only 10 women or girls who were attempting to earn 
 a living. These cases were as follows : — 
 
 Occupation 
 
 
 Civil Condition. 
 
 Occupation of 
 Husband. 
 
 No. of Children. 
 
 (1) Charwoman 
 
 
 Married - 
 
 Hawker - 
 
 3 
 
 (2) Cook - 
 
 - 
 
 Widow • 
 
 
 
 Pregnant. 
 
 (3) Washing 
 
 - 
 
 Married . 
 
 Ill . . • . . 
 
 2 
 
 (4) Needlewoman 
 
 • 
 
 (?) 
 
 
 1 
 
 (6) Learning 
 making. 
 
 (6) Learning 
 
 making. 
 
 (7) Learning 
 
 making. 
 
 (8) Charwoman . 
 
 mantle 
 mantle 
 mantle 
 
 • ■ 
 
 Single 
 
 Widow ... 
 
 Assisted to join brotl 
 
 ler in United States. 
 1 
 
 (9) Servant 
 
 • 
 
 Single (17) ■ - 
 
 
 
 
 (10) Needlewoman 
 
 - 
 
 Widow ... 
 
 _— . 
 
 
 Here there is onl}^ one case of a woman with an able-bodied 
 husband to support her. In all the other cases where the 
 husband applied for relief the wife was not a wage-earner. 
 
 During these seven months there were several hundred cases 
 of persons assisted for the first time who had been more than 
 
OCCUPATIONS OF MAlUUED JEWESSES. 
 
 io;i 
 
 one year in Enirland. Of the applicants or wives oi" applicants 
 there were only 80 wage-eurning women and girls. These 30 
 cases were as follows : — 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Civil Condition. 
 
 Occujiation of 
 Husiiand. 
 
 No. of Children. 
 
 1 
 
 
 (1) Tiiilori'ss 
 
 Deserted wife - 
 
 1 
 
 1 -^ 
 
 
 (2) Washincr - 
 
 (?) 
 
 
 
 
 (3) Bonnet niakor (nste t5, 
 
 wanted spictai'les). 
 
 (4) XeH'illcwoman (a 
 
 oripidf). 
 
 (5) Neodlewonian 
 
 Single 
 
 Single - - . 
 
 Deserted wife . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (6) Charwoman 
 
 >• » • ■ 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 (7) Dressmaker - 
 
 Widow 
 
 
 (n 
 
 
 (8) Tailoress 
 
 Deserted wife . 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 (9) Needlewoman 
 
 Married - 
 
 In U. S. A. . . 
 
 
 
 (10) Washing - 
 
 ., - - - 
 
 >» M ■ " 
 
 2 
 
 
 (n) Wasliinfc - 
 
 (12) ".V little fellinp" - 
 
 (13) Buttonholer 
 
 Deserted wifi; - 
 
 Cabinet maker, out 
 
 of work. 
 Cabinet maker, out 
 
 of work. 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 
 (It) "A little dressmakinfr" 
 
 Married - 
 
 "Not in London" • 
 
 2 
 
 
 (15) Needlewoman - 
 
 Deserted wife • 
 
 
 
 
 
 (IG) Hawker (aped »JS) 
 
 (» 
 
 
 
 
 (17) Umbrella maker (bad 
 
 sight). 
 
 (18) Shopkt^per 
 
 Single . - . 
 AVidow . 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 (19) Charwoman 
 
 ^Married - 
 
 " Not in London " - 
 
 2 
 
 
 (20) Needlewoman - 
 
 Deserted wife - 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 (21) Slipper-sock makinif - 
 
 Slurried . - . ' 
 
 Tailor, out of work- 
 
 2 
 
 
 (22) "AlittlowashinK" - 
 
 .. - - . 
 
 >. .. 
 
 3 
 
 
 (2;}) Nit^dlewonian (para- 
 lysed). 
 (24) (,'hai-woman 
 
 Single 
 AVidow • 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (25) Tailoress • 
 
 Deserted wife - 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (26) Nui-se .... 
 
 Single 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (27) Mantle maker - 
 
 AVidow 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (28) ".\ little rharinir" - 
 
 " " " ■ 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 (2;") Nurse .... 
 
 Divorced • 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 (30) Tr«3us«r maker (hand 
 injured). 
 
 Single . . . ; 
 
 1 
 
 
 .V sister (jige <>) to 
 sup|H>rt. 
 
 
 It Avill l)f noticed that of thrsc 30 women only fonr had 
 Imshands living with thcin, and that these four wt-ie <»nly doing 
 Avork of a casnal kiinl while their hushands Avere out of Avork. 
 The rarity of industrial employment among JcAvish m;in-i.d 
 Avomen may he inferred from tin- fact that in the form of aji)»li- 
 cation there is no place for stating the wife's occup;ition, such 
 infonn.ition being sw]>]>li<'d in tie' f<w eases in wliieh if is 
 
104 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 necessary in the notes of the agent who makes inquiries. On 
 the other liand, it is possible that the absence of such a heading 
 may result, to some extent, in a neglect to ask the question. 
 The same inference may be drawn from the experience of the 
 Jewish Boards of Guardians in Leeds and Manchester. 
 
 At the time of my visit to Leeds, about the end of March 
 1893, 70 persons were on the register as receiving relief at the 
 time, and the occupations of the persons relieved were given me. 
 Of these, 35 had been pensioners for a long time. Of the 70 relieved 
 27 were widows, of whom nine were too old to work and 10 
 partially supported themselves and their children by hawking 
 (2 cases), shopkeeping (3 cases), cleaning (2 cases), slipper 
 binding, tailoring, and taking in lodgers (1 case each). Fourteen 
 were deserted wives, of whom seven were from some cause unable 
 to work and seven partially suj^ported themselves and their 
 children by washing and cleaning (4 cases), tailoring (2 cases), 
 and taking lodgers. Li the remaining 29 cases the husband was 
 either ill or out of work, and in only two of these cases did the 
 wife attempt to earn money. 
 
 In Leeds, therefore, as in London, it appeared that among the 
 recipients of charity, at least, a Jewish wife living witli her 
 husband makes no attempt to become a wage earner. 
 
 The Jewish Board of Guardians in Manchester state<l that, as 
 in London and in Leeds, married Jewesses living with their 
 husbands, even when extremel}^ poor, rarely attempted to earn 
 money except by casual employment in domestic services. ^ 
 
 (b.) Married Women in Jewish Workshops. 
 
 The absence of married Jewesses in the workshops which I 
 visited in the course of the trade inquiry detailed below was 
 very noticeable. The results may advantageously be summarised 
 here. 
 
 In London out of 205 Jewesses engaged in 39 coat and vest 
 shops 5 were married and 2 were widows. Out of 25 non- 
 Jewish women in these workshops 7 were married and 2 were 
 widows. 
 
 Of the 83 Jewesses employed in 19 capmaking workshops 
 only one was married ; of the 103 non- Jewish women and girls 
 in the same workshops 6 were married. 
 
 In Leeds out of 307 Jewesses employed in 37 tailoring work- 
 shops, 17 were married or widowed. Out of 224 non- Jewish 
 women and girls in these workshops, 48 were married or 
 widowed. 
 
 In Manchester out of 161 Jewesses employed in 60 tailoring 
 workshops only 1 was married. Of the 19 non- Jewish women 
 and girls 9 were married. 
 
 In the capmaking trade but few adult women were employed. 
 Out of 624 non-Jewish women and girls and 243 Jewesses, 
 there were according to the statements of the employers only 
 4 married women and these were non- Jewish. 
 
TAILOHI\<; TRADE. 
 
 105 
 
 (Alt i)t' .'>7 Jewesses en<jj;ige(l in watcrprool" establishnients, 
 1 \s'as iiiariicil : out of about 400 iion-.lcwisli women an<l ^irls, 
 oO were iiuirried. 
 
 The evidence, tlierefore, deriveil from actual visits to work- 
 shops supports the eonchisions (h-awn IVoni the experience of 
 Jewish organisations to the eli'eet that tlie competition of 
 married Jewesses in tiie labour market as re<;ular workei-s is so 
 sHjj^ht as to be ne^"Hircal)le for the purposes of this inquiry'. 
 
 So far, therefore, as industrial competition of immif^frant 
 women is concerned we need only \y,\y attention to the uniiiai-i-ied 
 women and girls together with a few deserted wives. 
 
 § {c.) RESULTS OF TRADE INQUIRY. 
 
 lu ajjproaching the subject from the trade side the points of 
 iucjuiry were — 
 
 (1.) The mind)ers of male and female persons employed in 
 each branch. 
 
 (2.) The nationality and race (jf persons employed. 
 
 (3.) The nund)er of married women. 
 
 (4.) The number of women and girls in England Imt a short 
 time. 
 
 (5.) Wages in each branch. 
 
 Of the trades in which Jewesses are to be found in consider- 
 able nundjcrs the tailoring trade is the most impo)'tant, and is 
 therefore dealt with first. 
 
 I. — Tailoring Trade. 
 
 (a.) East London. 
 
 StatiMics uf Workshops visit eel. — Particular.s were obtained 
 l)y visits from 54 Jewish coat-makers, seven Jewish vest-makers, 
 four trouser-makers, ami four Jewish mantle-makers in Eiist 
 London. Tlu; particulars with regard to number, race, sex, and 
 occupation of persons employed therein are given below: — 
 
 (i.) NuMi'.ER, R.\ci:, Sex, and Occupation of Persons employed 
 by 54 Jewish Coat-Makers in East London. 
 
 Total XtinilxT. 
 
 Rac«". 
 
 
 
 Hninoli of Work. 
 
 
 
 MoH and 
 Boys. 
 
 Wotiion 
 
 nnil 
 
 Girls. 
 
 1 
 ! 
 
 Press- 
 ers. 
 
 T.-xilors. rhinist.s '''y"':"-^ ll\i°"- 
 
 <>'"'^-)- „£). '"''^"- 
 
 1 '. 
 
 1 
 FelliTs En-and 
 
 and Bo.vs 
 Finish- and 
 
 ers. Girls. 
 
 1 
 
 374 j 217 
 
 5S.. ! 
 (Sdonbl- :W 
 ful). 
 
 S() 
 
 r«t 
 
 IW 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 1« 
 
 i.-} 
 
106 
 
 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUll. 
 
 Of the 33 non-Jewisli females, eight were errand girls, three 
 were machinists. The tliree whose race was not ascertained 
 were errand girls, and were most probably non- Jewish. The 
 other non- Jewish women and girls were all fellers, finishers, or 
 general hands, none being employed on button-holes only. 
 
 (ii.) Number, Eace, Sex, and Occupation of Persons employed 
 by seven Jewish Vest-Makers in East London. 
 
 Total Number. 
 
 Race. 
 
 Branch of Work. 
 
 Men and 
 Boys, 
 
 Women 
 and 
 
 Girls. 
 
 .Jewish. 
 
 Non- 
 Jewish. 
 
 Press- 
 
 ers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Ma- 
 chinists 
 (Male). 
 
 Ma- 
 chinists 
 
 (Fe- 
 male). 
 
 Button- 
 holers. 
 
 Fellers 
 and 
 
 Finish- 
 ers. 
 
 Errand 
 Boys 
 and 
 Girls. 
 
 .35 
 
 48 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 Of the seven non-Jewish persons, two were errand girls, and 
 five were fellers and finishers. 
 
 (iii.) Number, Race, Sex, and Occupation of Persons employed 
 by four Trouser -Makers in East London. 
 
 Total Number. 
 
 Ri 
 
 ce. 
 
 B 
 
 ranch of Work. 
 
 Blen and 
 Boys. 
 
 Women and 
 Girls. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 Non-Jewish. 
 
 Pressers. 
 
 Hands 
 
 workers 
 
 (Female). 
 
 Machinists 
 (Female). 
 
 7 
 
 01 
 
 — 
 
 08 
 
 7 
 
 53 
 
 s 
 
 One of the employers was Jewish, the others were German. 
 Two of the women were German, the rest were English or Irish. 
 
 (iv.) Number, Race, Sex, and Occupation of Persons employed 
 by four Jewish Mantle-Makers in East London. 
 
 Total Number. 
 
 Race. 
 
 Branch of Work. 
 
 Men and 
 Boys. 
 
 Women 
 and 
 Girls. 
 
 .Jewish. 
 
 Non- 
 Jewish. 
 
 Pressers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Machi- 
 nists 
 (Male). 
 
 Button- 
 holers. 
 
 Fellers 
 
 and 
 
 Finishers 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 — 
 
 3 10 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 (nearly all 
 given out.) 
 
 7 
 
 In three Jewish dressmakers' workshops, seven Jews, nine 
 Jewesses, and two non-Jewish women were employed. 
 
KAST ],ONDOX TAlLORlNf; TRADE. 
 
 107 
 
 Proportion of Mai^ned Women in Tailorint/ Workshops. — 
 Particulars' were, asked as to the status of woiiiru as regards 
 iiiarriat(e in 89 coat and vest worksho})s. In these, out ol* a 
 total ol' 25 non-Jewish woniun and twirls employed, st'ven were 
 married, and two wwc widowed. Out of a total of 205 Jewesses 
 live were married and two wei"e widowed. In two trouser 
 workshops, the employers profes.sed not t(j know whether the 
 women (all non-Jewish) were married or single : in a third, out 
 of 11 women, one was married, and two were widowed: in the 
 fourth, managed hy a Jewish emplo3'er, in which, however, no 
 Jewesses were emplo3'ed, out of 20 women, eight were married. 
 
 Very rarely was a middle-aged Jewes.s to be seen in any of 
 tliese workshops ; the few non-Jewish workers in them, with the 
 exception of the eri'and girls, seemed in nearly every case older 
 than the majoi'ity of the Jewesses, veiy few of whom looked 
 over 23 years of age. The small nundoer of 3'oung Jewish girls 
 who seemed under IG years of age, was also remarkable. In the 
 coat, vest, and dressmaking workshops, not one woman had been 
 in England less than one year. One mantle-maker emplo3'e<l 
 four women, of whom three were married women ; two of the 
 three had been in England less than one 3'ear. 
 
 Classification of Workshops hy Size. — By classif3-ing the coat 
 workshops according to numbei's emplo3''ed some idea of the 
 difference in organisation ma3'^ be obtained. 
 
 Occupations of Per.son.s emplo3X'd in 58 Coat Workshops of 
 DiFFERE.NT SizEs in Ea^t London ; and of the Class of 
 Work done in such Workshops. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 — * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 v: 
 
 c 
 
 
 eiiiss of Work 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 Ph , 
 
 P? • 
 
 C 
 
 tU 
 
 
 Done. 
 
 Hags nf 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 '2 
 
 1^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WorVshop. 
 
 •( 
 
 W 
 
 ■Ji 
 
 U 
 
 -^ 
 
 a; 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 5 
 S 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 "5 
 
 Worksliops em- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ployinjr— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 persons niul 
 
 :'- 
 
 :>i 
 
 87 
 
 49 
 
 98 
 
 IS 
 
 240 
 
 liU 
 
 L'l; 
 
 / 
 
 10 
 
 <; 
 
 3 
 
 upwards. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •i to 10 persons 
 
 32 
 
 u 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 31 
 
 t 
 
 71 
 
 til 
 
 1.- 
 
 ^f 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 Under 6 persons - 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 \-2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 
 143 
 
 75 
 
 131 
 
 71 
 
 133 
 
 22 
 
 350 
 
 225 
 
 .•,:i 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 In the smallest workshops, the persons employed were 
 generall3' membei-s of the emplo3'er's famil3', the emplo3'er 
 him.self often being both tailor ami ])resst'r. In most of the 
 workshops the emplo3'er was actualK' at work himsdl" when I 
 called, sometimes being a pressei", more often the fixer in tlu- 
 establishment, and occasionall3' a machinist. The onl3' exceptions 
 were in cases where the employer had just come back from the 
 warehouse. Even in the small family workshops there was only 
 one instance of the employer's wife working at the trade, and 
 her assistance was onlv given nt intervals dui-ing the day. 
 
108 
 
 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN S LABOUR. 
 
 Wages in Jewish Coat Wovhsliops. — The information on 
 wages given below was in nearly every case given by the 
 employer ; whenever the wage stated seemed exceptionally 
 hisfh for a woman, I asked the woman herself what she 
 earned. In the smaller workshops, several of the workpeople 
 heard the statements made by their employer. In a few 
 cases the information was refused, and in many cases the 
 manner in which the other information was given, or the 
 suspicion with which I was regarded, convinced me that it was 
 useless to ask questions as to wages. Such facts about wages 
 as were given exactly, relate to nearly two-fifths of the whole 
 number, and were given, as it appeared to me, straightforwardly 
 and truthfully. The wages of the buttonholers on piecework 
 were obtained from the girls themselves. The recognised daily 
 hours of work for men in East London were in most cases 
 12 hours exclusive of meal times, overtime, liowever, being 
 frequently worked. In some workshops a day's work for men 
 was longer still, but here the machinists and pressers were paid 
 by the piece and are not included in the table of wages given 
 below. 
 
 Table showing the Numbers of Persons of various Occupations 
 earning the under-mentioned Rates of Wages per Day in 
 Coat Workshops (Men 12 Hours, and Women 10^ Hours 
 per Day). 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number earning 
 
 
 
 
 Un- 
 
 2s. 
 
 3s. 
 
 4s. 
 
 5s 6s. 
 
 7s. 
 
 8s. 
 
 9s. 
 
 
 
 der 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 10s. 
 
 Total 
 
 2s. 
 
 3s. 
 
 4s. 
 
 5s. 
 
 6s. 7s. 
 
 8s. 
 
 9s. 
 
 10s. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Average 
 
 Wage 
 
 per L)ay. 
 
 
 
 
 Men and 
 
 Boy 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3Iacliiuists 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1-2 
 
 1(1 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 S. (/. 
 
 6 
 
 Pressers - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 31 
 
 6 11 
 
 Tailors - 
 
 — 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 6 3 
 
 Women and Girls. 
 
 Fellers and Finishers 
 Buttonholers (piece) 
 Machinists 
 
 i; 
 
 27 
 
 4-2 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ] 
 
 .? 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 s. d. 
 
 2 10 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 8 
 
 In one workshop the wages were entirelj'' given me by the 
 workpeople themselves ; here one head machinist averaged on a 
 full day's work lis. to 12.9. net, working from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., 
 with one hour for dinner, the other from O.s. to lO.s. The 
 assistant machinists were two youths, 20 and 19 years of age, 
 and two women who wore paid by their own account Gs. Q)d., 
 5.5. 6r7., 5.S. 4r/., and 3.s. 4^/., a day respectively, the women's day 
 
EAST LONDON TAILORING TKAUE. 
 
 iOU 
 
 being only ten and ;i hull" hours. Although tin- work done here 
 was only stock work, it will be seen that tlu^ principal piece- 
 worker earned niori' forailay's work than an\'<>n(' in all the 
 Workshops where the niaehinists were paid by the <lay. 
 
 If it be assumed that these averaofe rates hold i^ood lor the 
 workshops in which inrorniation as t(j wages was not given 
 (omitting the largest woi-kshop from ccjnsidcration, oAving to 
 special circumstances which make it unlikely that the wafjc.s 
 therein paid would be representative of others) the average rate 
 of wages for men in these Jewish coat shops, comes to G.s. lid. for 
 a day ol" 12 hours, and for women to 8.9. 4tZ. for a day of ten and 
 a half hours ; from this nnist frequently be deducted charges 
 for twist, thread, Sze. The rate of pa}-ment for buttonholes, 
 made by hand averaged hi and ^d. a hole according to the 
 class of work, and the cost of twist came to about Id. in the Is. ; 
 2(7. for five holes was the lowest ijate paid. Buttonholes were in 
 some cases given out to be done at home, or in one or two work- 
 shops used exclusively for muchining buttonholes: the rate for 
 these machined holes ranged from 2.y. to 2.s'. Hd. per 100 holes, 
 the onlv woi-k thus given out being stock work. 
 
 I/O O 
 
 In five out of eight workshops in which ordered work was 
 being done, and in which information as to wa[>es was o-iven, 
 the machinists and pressers were paid by the piece. This piece- 
 work system was only adopted in two out of sixteen such 
 workshops, in which stock work was being done. The average 
 wages of the few pressers and machinists paid day wages on 
 order work in three workshops are therefore by no means 
 representati\'e, but are given in the table below for what they 
 are worth, together witli those paid to other workers <jn stock 
 or order work. 
 
 Taj'.le showing the Number and Average AVacjes per Dav in 
 the following Employments in Coat Workshop.s. 
 
 Class of Work. 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Pressers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Fellors and 
 Fiiiisiiers. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Average. 
 
 No. 
 
 Average. 
 
 No. 
 
 Average, 
 
 No. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Order 
 
 1 
 5 *I 7 
 
 ,v. ,1. 
 5 (i 11 
 
 11 
 
 .V. (I. 
 
 5 !S 
 
 13 
 
 ■1. (I. 
 3 i 
 
 Order and Stock - 
 
 r? .; .3 
 
 8 
 
 I'l :i 
 
 5 
 
 (i s 
 
 U 
 
 3 4 
 
 Stock - 
 
 32 5 10 
 
 13 
 
 7 2 
 
 10 li :, 
 
 48 
 
 2 9 
 
 The average wages of tailors on stock woi-k seem fairly high : 
 this is in some measure due to the employment of women in- 
 cluded amongst fellers and finishers on work which usually 
 would be done by youths. The only ftict which comes out 
 clearly from the above table is the difference in the rate earned 
 by female hand worker's on order woik and on stock work. 
 
 It is one of the special features of the Jewish system of sub- 
 divisif»n to give no part of a garment to a woman to do which a 
 
110 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUK. 
 
 man or boy could do better, and no part to a man which a 
 woman could do better, always provided enough workers of 
 either sex can be ol^tained. Male labour happens to be abun- 
 dant ; skilled female labour is comparatively scarce. Men 
 making button holes are slower than women, and would earn 
 less if paid at the same rate, therefore women in Jewish shops 
 make the buttonholes. In working the machine without steam- 
 power men are physically better adapted to the work than 
 women, and Jewesses very rarely compete for this work. But 
 whenever women can do the same work as youths or men, they 
 seem to be paid in the Jewish workshops exactly the same as a 
 man would be j^aid for the work. Although day wages prevail 
 in London they are fixed according to quantity of work done, 
 and in the few instances in which female machinists were em- 
 ployed they earned high wages, reaching in one case 6s. 6d. a 
 day. In London, in Leeds, and in Manchester, the impression 
 left on me was that the Jewish employers in choosing their 
 workpeople give the preference to capacity rather than to 
 cheapness ; that they engage tlie man or woman who can do the 
 most work in the time, not the one who asks the lowest pay 
 for it. 
 
 That the Jewish employers take out coats at a much lower 
 rate than would be permitted by the Amalgamated Society of 
 Tailors is indisputable ; but the assertion that the Jew is 
 content with much lower earnings for his day's work is more 
 questionable. The order work made in the workshops which I 
 visited was of a class worn by well-to-do artisans and others 
 who, in the majority of cases, if the prices of the coats w^ere 
 much higher, would fall back on ready-made coats. A com- 
 parison of the daily earnings of the Jewish men making these 
 coats on the sub-division of labour svstem, with those of the 
 English tailor making them without any assistance, except from 
 a woman or two, does not fall witliin the scope of my incpiiry. 
 But the average daily earnings of the women and girls in the 
 Jewish workshops may be compared with those mentioned in 
 the following paragraph of the report of the London Tailoresses' 
 Trade Union for the year ending June 1892 : — " About this 
 " time the London County Council had requested that a com- 
 " mittee of clothing trades should draw up a wage log, suitable 
 " for contract work. The Amalgamated Society of Tailors 
 " called together such a committee, to which our society sent 
 " two representatives. That log is now complete ; and as the 
 " County Council have recently passed a resolution to pay trade 
 " union wages, we may hope soon to see it in force. The wages 
 " for tailoresses in that log are stated as 24s. for machinists 
 " and first-class tailoresses, 18s. second class, and 14s. learners 
 " for a week of 54| hours." The London Tailoresses' Trade 
 Union consists almost entirely of West End tailoresses engaged 
 on a better class of work than was being made in the Jewish 
 workshops visited. It would be difficult to say whetlier tliey or 
 
EAST LUXDOX VEST ANli TUoLSEi; WuUKSUUl'S. Ill 
 
 the Jewish tailoresses sutieivd iiiost from slack time. On tla- 
 otlier haiiil the hours state<l in the loiif just given are only 54^, 
 whereas the Jewish tailoresses' week is odh hours. Xearly all 
 the tailoresses in the \\'(^st Eixl, however, actually work as long 
 as this. 
 
 W(ige>t in Vest Worhshop.-t. — The numhcr of Jewish vest ami 
 trouser makers is verv small. The Jewish coat-makers ac- 
 count tor this on the ground that it is " impossihle to make 
 a living on vests and ti'ousers.' ()!' the se\en vest-makers 
 visiteil one employed M2 persons and three employed less 
 than six persons. In thf largest ol" these workshops the 
 head maehinist was paid ijs. Htl. a day, si.x others being 
 employed whose wages were not mentioned ; in another, where 
 there were four macliinists, the two best were paid 7>'. and 6ft. 
 a day; in a third workshop the employer liimself was head 
 machinist, one was paid (is. (id. a day and the other ]2.s'. a week 
 whether he worked or not ; in a fourth the employer was head 
 machinist and his assistant was paid 4s. {yd. a (hiy : in a fifth the 
 employer did all the machining ; in a sixth, lie did machining, 
 pressing, and tailoring by liimself. In the seventh the daily 
 wages paid to the live machinists were 66-. bd., 5s. Od., 4s. ikl., 
 38. (id., Ss. Qd. Eight of the nine pressors employed were paid by 
 the piece : one only was paid by the day and recei\'ed 4.s'. a da}'. 
 The employers did the tailoring except in two sho[)s, where the 
 five tailors received from (]s. to 4.s. a day. Buttonholers w^ei-e 
 })aid at 2d. for six holes on an average in two workshops, 3d. a 
 dozen in two other workshops ; in two cases the holes were 
 giv^n out to be machined, and in one the employer's sister was 
 making them and the rate was not stated. In the largest work- 
 shop nine fellers and finishers were employed, who earned al)out 
 2.9. to 2s. Gr/. per da}- ; in three others the average earned 1)}' I 2 
 women and girls was 2s. 4f/., 3s. being the higliest and Is. the 
 lowest paid. Of the seven non-Jewish women in these vest 
 shops, two were errand girls an<l three were married women : of 
 the 41 Jewesses one only was married. 
 
 Wages in Trouser Worksliops. — As already stated, the (!l 
 women employed in the four trouser workshops \isitetl were 
 all non- Jewish. Men woiv only employed as pressers. The 
 women handworkers, made the tnju.sers thi-outdiout with 
 the exception of the machining. In one workshop the 19 
 handworkers were paid Is., Is. !</., and Iv. 3d. a pair, .ind 
 the two machinists, if at work the full week with (overtime 
 on three nights, would earn about 22v. each, or about 3s. 
 for an ordinary day. In another trouser shop the 16 hand- 
 workers were generally paid l.s-. a pair and extras : three 
 machinists were paid 3s. \d., 3s., and 2s. a day respectively, and 
 a fourth was there as a learner. In a tliird trou.ser shoj) the 10 
 h;ui<l workers were paid Is. a pair and exti'as up to ].*>•. (kl. a 
 pair. (Jiie of these workslio])S managed by a German (not 
 Jewish) was more overcrowded than any other one visited, there 
 being t-ight persons t<xi many in tin' rooms. 
 
112 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 Statements of Managers of Wholesale ClotJdwj Firms. — The 
 following information mainly based on statements by the 
 managers of four wholesale clothing firms is interesting as 
 throwing further light on the East London tailoring trade. 
 As a rule vests are taken out from the city warehouses b}^ 
 English women, the pay varying with the class of work and 
 sinking to a very low rate. Trousers are taken out by English 
 and Germans, both men and women, the women then employed 
 by them being almost invariably English or Irish. The 
 evidence of the managers of four city firms all employing Jewish 
 labour in East London shows that in this respect the state of 
 things shown to be prevalent in 1888 still obtains and that 
 Jewesses do not compete for the less profitable branches of the 
 tailoring trade. 
 
 Employer A. said that his firm employed 50 to GO men in their 
 city tailoring workshop ; these were nearly all English or Irish. 
 He could not give exact figures of the amount given out in 1888 
 as compared with 1893. But ever since the Sweating Committee 
 they had endeavoured to get the work done on the premises. 
 Roughly si)eaking about 75 per cent, of the work that was 
 given out then was now done on the premises, while the whole 
 of the trouser making was done inside, from 80 to 100 j)<?rsons 
 (principally females) being employed in a new workshop of 
 theirs. They still gave out coats to about 8 or 10 Jewish 
 masters. They also gave out vests to women, all English, none 
 Jewish. In their worl<shop they had once employed two 
 Jewesses and would be quite ready to take them if they applied 
 and would allow them to stay away on Saturday ; but so far as 
 he knew they never did apply. He found it most difficult to 
 get as much female labour as he wanted. 
 
 Employer B. stated that within the last four years, the firm 
 had established a workshop on their premises in which they made 
 trousers ; in it there were 15 men and 110 women, of whom one 
 was a Jewess. Since then other workrooms' had been opened; 
 in one about 70 women and girls and 12 men w^ere making coats, 
 no Jewish labour being employed ; in another about 80 women 
 and girls were making vests. Altogether in their tailoring- 
 department 260 women and girls were doing inside what in 1888 
 w^as being done outside ; but trousers had nearly always been 
 made outside by non-Jewish men and women, and vests were 
 always made by women. This left, therefore, about 70 women 
 and 12 men doing, on the premises, work which would in 1888 
 have been done by Jews outside. They still gave out coats to 
 about 14 Jews, and vests to three Jews and 13 non- Jewish 
 women. 
 
 Employer C. said that the customers of his firm were principally 
 working-men ; their trade consisted largely in supplying clothing 
 made to measure according to country orders. They began to 
 make coats and trousers on their own premises three years ago ; 
 the best work was done there ; the men employed in their coat 
 room were all Jewish. The head machinist was paid by the 
 
EAST LONDON TAlLOlllNU EMl'LOVEKs' STATEMENTS. 118 
 
 piece aiKl on^a^fil ami })ai(l his own assistants. Until recently 
 one of his assistants was a woman, non- Jewish, wh) machined 
 linings ami earneil 8n. a ilay. The head machinist was paid 1 \<I. 
 a (garment and Id. for oxtnus. The head prosser paid 
 the un<lerpresser, and hiiiist.!!" received 9'/. a coat. The 
 titter was paiil hi^li wai^e^ and superintentlrd tlie work ol' the 
 tailors ; one man was employeil to do alterations at on. a day. 
 Of the women the Imttonholer, a Jewess, was paid 4.s". a day ; of 
 the six fellers and finishers two were Jewesses, and received 
 3s. (jd. a day in one case and I2.s\ for live days in the other, as 
 improver: the otlu'rs received lS,s\ for five days, 4.s'. a day, and 
 3.S'. a day in two cases. A machinist was paid 188. a week for 
 alterations and a shop girl was paid 4^. a week. 
 
 The best trousers were made on the premises but they gave 
 out ten times jis much as they did inside. Here they emplo3''ed 
 one presser, a German, an<l two under pressei's, 1(5 women han<l- 
 workers and two women machinists. Of the women one was 
 an Ent^lish born Jewess : none were foreiy-ners. Thf haml- 
 workers were paid l.v. a paii', without extras. The actual 
 earnings of the women the week before my visit were 28s. 7i(^?., 
 206-. 4(/., 2os. od., -I'Ss. 4(/., 18.S. 8(/., iT.s. 'Id., I5s. bd., 14.s. f^d., 
 146-. \d., 13.S. 2f?., 1.-3N., ll.v. 2t/., lOcV. \d., 108., 10.s-., 98. 2k/., 28., 
 28. (for one day only in the last two cases). 
 
 They gave out some trousers to two Jewish men and all the 
 rest to English men and women ; one of the women employed 
 several hands. The lowest price paid for the trousers given out 
 was Iv. 4r/. a pair; the bulk were l^. 9'7. andthe maxiinuni price 
 was 2.s\ G'/. 
 
 The coat out- workers were all Jewish eniplo3'ers, about eight 
 altogether, who on an average took out 50 to 60 coats a week 
 each, but worked for other masters, he belie\ed. The prices 
 paid to them for coats were raised^after 1890 : — 
 
 Those for stock stitched morning coats were from 2^^ o'/. to 
 38. G(?. 
 
 Those for stock bound morning coats were from 28. 9'/. 
 
 Those for stock sack coats were from l8. Qd. and \x. 9d. to 
 28. 9(?. 
 
 Those for ordered morning coats were from 38. G(/. anfl 38. 9(/. 
 to 4.8. Sd. and 48. (kl. 
 
 Those made on the premises went up to 7s. and 78. 6d. 
 
 Although more work was done on the premises this ilrm j'et 
 gave out three times as nuich work as they did in 1888, owing 
 to increase in l)usiuess. 
 
 Vests were all made outside still, i)rincipally. b^' married 
 women who would not worlc inside, as vests were small ami easily 
 carried home. They gave out vests to two Jewisli employers, Viut 
 this was quite a new departuri-. Tlie firm also gave them out ttj 
 1.5 women, several of whom employ others and come under the 
 Workshops Act: they probab]3' represente<l about I.jO liands 
 
 U ^2170. 11 
 
114 IMMIGHATIOX AND WOMEX's LABOUE. 
 
 altogether. I'he foreman said that two women working very 
 long hours indeed at home might make five vests a day. The 
 prices were from Is. Sd. to is. 6d. each. The best quality was 
 given to one set of people who probably did them in just as short 
 a time as the others did the cheaper kind. Formerly vests had 
 been bought ready made ; but recently there had been a great 
 extension in the amount of " measured " work, and there w^as 
 therefore little to do at the beginning of the week as the orders 
 came in on Monday and Tuesday for the most part. Stock work 
 could be spread more uniformly over the wliole week. 
 
 Employer D. said that his firm gave out all their work, making 
 none on the premises. They had no country factories of their 
 o\s'n but tliey gave out work to men who had. Vests were 
 nearly all given out to non- Jewish women ; if very busy they paid 
 Id extra all round and the Jewish makers then took some. 
 Trousers were given out (in large quantities to each person) to 
 Gentiles, women principally. Coats were still given out to 
 Jewish masters except the cheaper kind which were sent to the 
 provincial factories referred to above. The class of work done 
 was very much the same as that made in Leeds, and they had 
 probably suffered from competition with Leeds. Their export 
 trade had fallen off since 1888 and with it the demand for the 
 better class of ready-made clothing, and therefore there had been 
 a decided falling off in the amount of wages paid out to the 
 Jewish tailors. They gave out work to about 16 to 18 of these 
 Jewish employers ; only two new ones had been taken on since 
 1888 and they took the place of two others, one of whom had set 
 up a retail trade and the other had retired from business. The 
 ordinary prices paid were from 2 s. 6d. to 3s. for stitched 
 jackets and from 3s. up to 4s. 6d. for morning coats. Dress coats 
 were from 5s. to 8s. The lowest price for lined jackets made by 
 the Jews was Is. Qd. Coats at a lower price than this were 
 made in the provincial factories with female labour. 
 
 From the evidence of the City firms it appears that the com- 
 petition in the coat trade is not between English non- Jewish men 
 and Jews, but l^etween Jews and English women and girls, tlie 
 latter of whom take a lower class of work in most cases at present, 
 and are regarded by the wholesale houses as more amenable and 
 less likely to object to innovations than the Jewish men. 
 
 The season was at its height when the Jewish employers were 
 visited and gave information and they were exceptionally busy ; 
 but if their statements are correct there are but few Jewish 
 workshops which average four daj^s a week throughout the year 
 and manj^ that only averaged from two to three days a w^eek 
 between Christmas and Easter. * 
 
 The general slackness of trade is also shown in the numbers 
 receiving relief from the Jewish Board of Guardians, 921 persons 
 describing themselves as tailors, tailors' macliinists, or tailors' 
 pressers, and receiving assistance during 1892. 
 
WEST l.ONDOX TAlL01UN(i TKADE. 
 
 115 
 
 (6.) West London. 
 
 Ill the West End tlu- conditiuus uiuler which tailoriiiif is 
 carriecl on are entirely different from tliose pre\ailin^ in East 
 London. Fi-oni the factory inspector's list certain streets were 
 cho.sen as ha\in*^ a lart^e proportion of foreij^n tailors, and in 
 these streets 1G() w.irkshops were visited, and the nationality of 
 the workers noted. In the following tabU's the master of the 
 workshop is incln<led in the Tinmber of males in the workshop. 
 
 CL.VssiFlcAriox of 1G() W'oitKsiloi'S ill the West End (Soho) 
 District according to Xatioxalitv of Peksox.s employed. 
 
 
 
 Number of Persons E 
 
 mployed. 
 
 
 Cla.ssification of Workshops 
 
 No. of 
 Work- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aooonliiiir to 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Class of Persons Kiniiloj-fil. 
 
 sllllI)S. 
 
 KiiKlish 
 
 Foreign 
 
 English 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Males. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Females. 
 
 1. Kiiirlisli only : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ((I.) Kn)<;lisli JIales 
 
 17 
 
 21 i 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 26 
 
 {It.) „ Fonialps 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 (r.) „ ifuli'S and 
 
 .",1) 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 ini 
 
 ... 
 
 189 
 
 Fi-niales. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tot.tl I, - 
 
 77 
 
 114 
 
 
 u.-s 
 
 — 
 
 227 
 
 II. FortiK" only : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (a.) Foreign ]l[ales 
 
 111 
 
 — 
 
 Kl 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 441 
 
 (i.) „ Females - 
 
 (1 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 (c.) „ Males ami 
 
 21 
 
 — 
 
 ;« 
 
 » 
 
 26 
 
 61 
 
 Females. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total II. - 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 7. J 
 
 — 
 
 2C 
 
 1(11 
 
 1 11. Kn^lish anil Foreign : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ui.) Knjflisli and Foreign 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 :{ 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Males. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (6.) English Males and 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 Foreiirn Finiales. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (c.) Kngiisli Males ami 
 
 :{ 
 
 1(1 
 
 ;i 
 
 i» 
 
 — 
 
 25 
 
 I'oreiirn .Males, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Knglisli Females. 
 (il.) Foreign JIales and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;ui 
 
 — 
 
 7:{ 
 
 GC 
 
 — 
 
 135) 
 
 English Females. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 {f.) Foreign Males and 
 
 i.i 
 
 — 
 
 n 
 
 ■2C, 
 
 21 
 
 88 
 
 English Females and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Foreiirn Females. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total III. 
 
 l!l 
 
 11 
 
 i2r. 
 
 '.IS 
 
 21 
 
 2M 
 
 Total I.. 1 1., and III. 
 
 ii;<'> 
 
 12J 
 
 201 
 
 211 
 
 47 
 
 68-1 
 
 From the precedinf; taV)le it is clear tliat very few foreiirn 
 women or i^drls enter the West End tailoring trade. In the 47 
 foreign females have been inoln«led 10 girls, daughters of foreign 
 emploj'ers, but English born, and 1(5 foreign-born wives of foreign 
 employers. 
 
lit) 
 
 ]MM1GKATI0N AND WOMEN S LA«OUK. 
 
 Of the 113 Kiiglish women and girls in purely English work- 
 shops 26 were wives of the employers. 
 
 The nationality and sex of foreigners in West Eiid Tailors' 
 Workshops visited are shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 llussian 
 
 or 
 Polish. 
 
 German 
 
 or 
 Austrian. 
 
 Norwegian. 
 
 Swedisli, 
 
 Danish, 
 
 or 
 Dutch. 
 
 French 
 
 or 
 Italian. 
 
 Of 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Extraction, 
 
 but 
 
 English 
 
 horn. 
 
 Doubtful 
 
 (but not 
 
 Russian or 
 
 Polish). 
 
 Males 
 Females 
 
 
 ■i'J 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 10 
 
 32 
 3 
 
 
 ys 
 
 d7 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 IS 
 
 35 
 
 Very few of the foreigners, even including the Russians and 
 Poles, seemed to be Jewish. 
 
 (c.) Leeds. 
 
 Number of Jeiuish Workshojjs, and of Persons employed in 
 them, in 1888 and 1893. — -In 1888 the Superintendent of the 
 Leeds Sanitary Department reportefl that there were 64 Jewish 
 tailoring workshops in the 1 jorough of Leeds in which 2,] 28 
 persons were at work at the time of insj)ection. At the present 
 time there are 98 Jewish tailoring workshops on the register, 
 and from a list supplied by the sanitary inspector it appears 
 that the number of persons found in them when visited and 
 reported upon came to exactly 2,128 in 92 workshops, six work- 
 shops being empty when visited. It does not follow^ that the 
 number of Jewish persons was the same in both cases, and if 
 we take into consideration the increased numbers of girls em- 
 ployed in the Leeds factories since 1888 it seems probable that 
 the number of English girls in the Jewish workshops is less 
 than it was five years ago. 
 
 Nor does the number found at work by the sanitary inspector 
 in 1893 represent the full number employed within the w^eek. 
 At the time of my visit tO Leeds, in March, the tailoring trade 
 was much depressed and had been so for several months. The 
 emplo3"crs were only working three, three and a half, or four 
 days a week, and although in several cases the full number of 
 workers was in the room, in others only a small number remained 
 who were finishing oft' an order, and the slackness everywhere 
 was so marked that for my purposes it w^as necessaiy to obtain 
 from the employer the number that made up his full staft' during 
 the week. 
 
 Of the 98 Jewish workshops on the register I visited 75. 
 
 In three of these work w^as so slack that the employer 
 might be said to have practically stopped working. In the 
 others the number employed on a full day's work came to 1,130 
 
LEEDS TAILOKIX(; TUADK 
 
 117 
 
 men and boys aint 990 women and ;;'irls, or 2,120 )»frsons. JUit 
 in most of these woiksliops I omitted to ascertain the niind)er ol" 
 boys and girls engaged in pulling bastings, rnnning errands, &c. 
 II: these be taken into account an outside estimate oi" thi- inunbors 
 eraplo}ed here would be about 2,250 persons. 
 
 In the worksh'ips not visited the total nundjoi' previously 
 found at work by the sanitary inspector came to 123 men ami 
 1)oys, and 165 women and girls, or 28(S persons. The number of 
 persons employed in .Jewish tailoring workshops may therefore 
 be estimated at about 2,600. 
 
 Nuvifjeri^ and Race of Women a/ad Girls in JnvUli Work- 
 slatjtft in each Branch. — Particulars of race were obtained in 64 
 workshops. With l)ut two exceptions the men and boys em- 
 ployed were Jews. But the number- of English women \vas 
 considerable, and in striking contrast with the very small 
 numbers found in Lontlon and ]\[anchestcr. Out of 898 women 
 and o-irls 518 were Jewesses and 380 were Encrlish and not 
 Jewish. Sub-division of labour reaches a pitch in Leeds un- 
 known in London and Manchester, and the table given below 
 shows a marked tendency for certain branches to fall into the 
 hands of Jewesses, and (Others into those of non-Jewish women. 
 The information tal)ulatcd relates to 52 workshops. 
 
 Race and Occupations of Fe:s[ALES employed in 52 
 Workshops iu Leeds. 
 
 Buitonholersi. 
 
 Fellers. 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 machinists. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 Non-Jewish. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 Non-Jewish. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 Non-Jewish. 
 
 Jewish. 
 
 INon-Jcwish. 
 
 •237 
 
 IJ 
 
 •J;js 
 
 M 
 
 1.-. ' Ift'.i 
 
 i 
 
 1 • 113 
 
 t 
 
 Classijicafion of WorJ.-Khoj'S accordiwj to Size. — Omitting 
 from consideration work.shops in which less than 10 persons 
 were employed, information was given by 44 employers, em- 
 ploying over 1,700 persons, as to the numbers an<l the tlaily 
 rates of wages in the various branches of the trade in each 
 workshop. These Workshops may be divided into three classes, 
 according to the numl)er employed in them : — 
 
 Ciiiss iif Worksho)). 
 
 Niiinber employed. 
 
 1. 
 H. 
 
 III. 
 
 40 and U|>wiirrl?i 
 
 :;.-) 1(1 10 
 10 to 2.'> 
 
 N'unilior of 
 Workshops. 
 
 .\veniK0 Xnnilier 
 
 ill each 
 
 Workshop. 
 
 IS 
 
 58 
 
 11 
 
 .T5 
 
 1- 
 
 IS 
 
 Omitting ba.stings pullers ami «ri-and boys and girls, the 
 numbers employed in each bi-anch are given in the following 
 table:— " ' . " 
 
118 
 
 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 Men and Boys. 
 
 Class of Workshop. 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 Pressers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Fixers. 
 
 urachiuists. 
 
 I. (employing 40 and over) 
 ■ II. ( „ 25 to 40) - 
 
 III. ( „ 10 to 25) . 
 
 107 
 43 
 24 
 
 174 
 
 180 
 67 
 40 
 
 287 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 926 
 
 268 
 114 
 
 54 
 
 436 
 ' 
 
 Women and Girls. 
 
 Class of Workshop. 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Fellers. 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 Buttonholers. 
 
 I. (employing 40 and over) 
 
 II. ( „ 25 to 40) - 
 
 III. ( ,. 10 to 25) - 
 
 55 
 29 
 20 
 
 109 
 88 
 37 
 
 65 
 33 
 21 
 
 133 
 
 72 
 29 
 
 
 104 
 
 294 
 
 119 
 
 234 
 
 1 
 
 
 751 
 
 Wages in each Branch of the Trade. — Owing to the larger 
 numbers employed in Class I., the wages of each person em- 
 ployed in any particular branch were given in comparatively 
 few cases, but the wages earned by the most skilled and 
 the least skilled workers in each branch were, in nearly every 
 case, given with sufficient detail to prove that the feAv work- 
 shops in which the wages of each person were given, were 
 representative of the whole. In Class I., for example, the daily 
 wages of machinists ranged from 7s. and 6.s. for best hands 
 to 4s. ^cl. to 3s. for lining machinists, down to 2s. Qd. and 2s. for 
 sleeve machinists, in some cases greeners, but more frequently 
 boys of 16 or 17. In Classes II. and III. the maximum paid 
 was slightly lower. Wages of pressers in Class I. rose to Qs. ^d,., 
 6s. 8c?., and 7s., but never reached 7s. in Classes II. and III. 
 Buttonholers are always, and fellers often, paid by the piece, 
 and no exact statement can be given of their earnings. The 
 usual rate paid for buttonholes was bd. a dozen, and earnings 
 varying as widely as the skill of the workers, seemed to range 
 between 5s. and 2s. for a full day's work. With the exception 
 of a few learners, the wages of the fellers, whether on day-work 
 or on piece-work, ranged from Is. Qd. to 2s. Qd.^ 2s. to 2s. {kI. 
 being the most common rate. The following table is a summary 
 of the information obtained in cases where full details were 
 
 given :- 
 
WAGES IX LEEDS TAILORING TRADE. 
 
 119 
 
 Table showing the Numhers of Persons of various Occupations 
 earning the under-mentioned Rates of Wa(Ji:s per Day of 
 lOi hours. 
 
 Occupation and Class of 
 
 Workslmp. 
 
 Number earning 
 
 Un- 
 der 
 
 is. 
 
 2*. to 
 St. 
 
 iy.to 
 
 4«. to 
 5«. 
 
 5s. to 
 69. 
 
 '6*. to 
 7*. 
 
 7*. to 
 
 8». 
 
 Total, 
 
 A vera^e 
 
 Wiifte 
 per Day. 
 
 Men and Boys. 
 
 I. Machinists - 
 
 , , , 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 ;{ 
 
 __ 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 II. 
 
 a 
 
 8 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 •W 
 
 4 2 
 
 111. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 51 
 
 •1 e 
 
 I. Pressors 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 ;t 
 
 I 
 
 — 
 
 37 
 
 4 S 
 
 II. 
 
 — 
 
 >> 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 C 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 17 
 
 4 8 
 
 111. 
 
 — 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 G 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 4 i 
 
 I. Tailoi-s 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 ;j 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 H. 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2S 
 
 4 5 
 
 111. „ 
 
 — 
 
 G 
 
 6 
 
 !) 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 — 
 
 31 
 
 4 2 
 
 I, FLxors - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 1-3 
 
 H 10 
 
 II - 
 
 1 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 G G 
 
 
 
 Women 
 
 and 
 
 Girls. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. Macliinists - 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 
 — 
 
 2G 
 
 3 7 
 
 11. 
 
 — 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 3 3 
 
 HI. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 3 t 
 
 1. Finishers 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 2G 
 
 2 4 
 
 II. „ 
 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 23 
 
 2 2 
 
 111. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 2 2 
 
 If the average for each chxss thus obtained be accepted as 
 prevailing in all the workshops in the class, we have the follow- 
 ing results : — 
 
 TAiiLE showing the Ncmher and average Wages per Day in the 
 followinrr Employments in Leeds. 
 
 Branch. 
 
 Number employed. 
 
 A\ 
 
 evage Wi 
 
 ige. 
 
 
 t. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 :• 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 <i 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 •2.1. to is 
 
 w/. 
 
 Mnlrx. 
 
 Pressors 
 Tailors 
 Pixel's 
 Machinists 
 
 Machinists 
 
 Finishers 
 
 Fellers 
 
 Females. 
 
 174 
 
 287 
 
 20 
 
 43fl 
 
 104 
 119 
 204 
 
120 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 The weekly wages cannot be obtained by multiplying by six. 
 Factory employers and inspectors were agreed that there was an 
 unusual depression in the trade of the Jewish coat makers; 
 with but few exceptions, the average number of days' work in 
 any branch since Christmas seemed to have been from 3 to SI 
 days a week. 
 
 In six workshops vests were being made. The number of 
 persons employed came to 28 Jews, 20 Jewesses, 30 non- Jewdsh 
 women and girls, and eight whose race was cot distinguished. 
 In one of these workshops the prices paid for boys' and men's 
 vests ran2fe from 9d. to Is. 6d. : in another from od. to Is. Id., 
 and in a third from Sd. to l.s. Qd., and 2.9. Gd. for order work. 
 
 Prices paidj to JewisJt Masters. — All the w^ork done in these 
 44< workshops was stock work, and the following statements as 
 to the usual class' of men's clothing done, and the prices received 
 w^ere made by the Jewish employers : — 
 (1.) Morning coats, 3.s\ 6d. to 4.§, 
 (2.) „ . „ 2s. 6d. to 8s. 
 (3.) Men's coats up to 3.s\ 9(/. 
 (4.) Men's coats, stitclied, 2s. ; bound, 2s. 6(7. Jackets, 
 
 stitched, Is. Sd. to 2s. 2d. 
 (5.) Men s coats, .stitched, 2s. Sd. ; bound, 2s. dd. 
 (6.) „ „ • „ Is.Gd. to 2.S. 2d.: bound. Is. lid to 
 
 3s. Overcoats, Is. 9d. to 3.?. Sd. 
 (7.) Men's coats, stitched, Is. Sd. to 2s. ; bound, Is. 9(?. to 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 (8.) Men's coats, bound, 2s. 2d. Morning coats, 3s. Sd. to 
 
 3s. Gd. 
 (9.) Men's coats, stitched. Is. 2c?. to l.s\ 6(7. ; bound, Is. 8c?. to 
 
 2s. ' 
 
 (10.) Men's coats, stitched, Is. ta2.9. ; bound, 1.?. 3f7. to 3s. 3c?. 
 •(11.) „ „ „ 1.*. 9f?. to 2.S. 3c7. : bound, 2s. 6c7. to 
 
 2s. 9c?. 
 (12.) Men's coats, stitched, Is. 1(/. to Is. 7d. ; bound, Is. 6f7. to 
 
 2s. 6(7. 
 (13.) Men's coats, stitched, Is. 6c?. to 2s. oc?. ; bound, 2s. to 
 
 2s. 9c?. 
 (14.) Men's coats, stitched, ]s. to Is. 8c?. ; bound. Is. 5c?. to 
 
 2.S'. .5c?. Overcoats, 2s. to 2s. 5(7. 
 (15.) M(3n's coats, stitched, Is. 5c7. to 1^\ 10c?. ; bound, Is. lOc?. 
 
 to 2s. Overcoats, 2s. Hd. to 4.9. 
 (16.) Men's coats, bound, up to 3.9. 6c7. 
 
 stitched, up to 2.9. Gd ; bound, up to Ss. 
 „ Is. 4'/. ; l)Ound, 2s. 
 
 „ Is. 9c?. ; Ijound, 2s. 6c?. 
 „ Is. G(t. to 3.^. and 3s. 6c?. 
 
 1.9. Gd. to 2.*;. 8c?. : l^ound, 2s. 3d to 
 Overcoats, 2s. Gd. to 5s. 
 (22.) Men's coats stitched, Is. lOr?. to 2.*. 3c?. ; bound. Is. Ud. 
 . and upwards. 
 
 (17.) 
 
 
 (18.) 
 
 3) 
 
 (19.) 
 
 J) 
 
 (20.) 
 
 )) 
 
 (21.) 
 
 ?) 
 
 
 3s. 8c? 
 
I'lECE-RATES IN LEEDS JEWISH TAILORING TRADE. 121 
 
 (23.) Men's coats, stitched, l.s. od. to 2s. 10(/. ; bound, it<. 3d. 
 
 to 36-. '2d. 
 (24.) Ucn'a coats, stitched, l.s. Gd. to 28. 10(/. ; bound, U. d<l. 
 
 to 2^. ad. 
 (25.) Men's coats, stitched, 2s. ; Ixnind, 2.^. ()</. 
 (20.) „ „ „ U. to 2s. 
 
 (27.) „ „ „ l8. to Is. Gd. ; bound, l.s. 8d. to 
 
 Is. 11(/. 
 
 The following- general scale of prices obtaining in Leeds wfus 
 given iiic by a witness, who, although not an employer, had 
 special opportunities for knowing the facts : — 
 
 Morning coats, to measure, double stitched, 4s. 6d. to 5s, Gd. 
 
 ,, „ „ .bound, 5s. Gd. to Gs. Gd. 
 
 Lounge jackets, to measure, double stitched, 3s. Gd. to 
 
 4s."6'/. 
 L(3unge jackets, to measure, bound, 4s. 6(/. to 5s. 6c?. 
 Mornino: coats, stock, 3s. Gd. to 4s. Gd. 
 Lounge jackets, 2s. Gd. to os. Gd. 
 Coinmoi; jackets. Is. 9d. to 2s. od. 
 Connnon vests, 7d. to 10c/. 
 Common trousers, 8cZ. to lOd. 
 Slop, less than " common." 
 
 The following prices of work done in <litierent woi'kshops 
 were obtaincil at the warehouse from which the work was taken 
 out : — 
 
 (1.) Mlu.s jacket^, .stitched, 2s. 4t/. to 3s. 6c/. ; bound, 3s. 2d. 
 to 4s. 2d. and 4s. lOd. 
 
 Men's coats, stitched, 3s. 11(/. to 4s. 6c^ ; Ijound, 4s. 2d:, to 
 6s. 4c7. and 6s. 10^/. 
 
 Boys' jackets, bound, 2s. to 3'^. 8cZ. 
 (2.) Mens jackets, stitched, 2s. id. to 3s. Gd. ; bound, 2s. '2d. 
 to 3s. 
 
 Boys' jackets, bound, 2s. to 2s, Id. 
 (o.) Boys' "reef ers, stitched, 2s. to 2n. 6c/. 
 
 Boys' jackets, stitched, Is. 8(/. to 2s. 2c?. 
 
 Buys' Kugbys, to In. 6c/. 
 (4.) Boys' jackets, stitched, Is. \d. (o \s. 1 I-/. 
 (5.) Men's jackets, stitched. Is. Hd. to 2s. 4c/, 
 (6.) Boy.s' Gunbvidges, ls\ Id. to Is. 3(/. 
 
 Boys' Kugb^-s, Is, to l.s'. 1*/. 
 (7.) (Not Jewish) Men's, vests, stitched. Is. 2c/. to Is. 4c/. 
 (8.) (Not Jewish) Men's vests. Is. 
 
 Boys' vests, 8c/. to \0d. 
 (9.) (Not Jewish) Men's vests, stitched, 1 >. 2'/. t<> ^s. 4'/.; 
 bound, l.s'. 2d. to 2s. and 2s. ^d. 
 
 Boys' vests, stitched, 11 (/. to \s. \d. ; boun<l, 11'/. to In. 1 ()//. 
 (10.) (Not Jewisli) Men's vests, stitched, Is. 2d. to l.s\ 4'/. 
 
 Boj's' vests, stitched, \\d. to In. ^d. 
 
122 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 According to the Jewish employers this warehouse pays 
 higher prices than most houses in the trade, but expects work in 
 proportion. 
 
 The marked depression in their trade is attributed by the 
 Jewish employers to the determination of the English firms to 
 replace Jewish male labour in the workshop by English female 
 labour in the factory. In this belief they seem to be mistaking 
 the will for the deed, and to be over-rating the importance of 
 the action of one firm, which, since the strike of Jewish tailors 
 in 1889, has established a coat workshop under its own 
 management. In this workshop, according to the information 
 given me by the manager of the firm, 150 persons are employed 
 of whom only 17 are Jews and 3 are Jewesses. Three other 
 firms have somewhat similar departments, but the Jews are not 
 entirely superseded in any of them, and it is extremely doubtful 
 whether in the more difficult parts of the better class of stock 
 coats the Jewish male machinist can ever be satisfactorily 
 replaced by the English female machinist. The slackness of 
 trade must be rather attributed to the general depression and 
 amongst special causes, to the prolonged labour disputes in the 
 north of England, which have for the last year considerably 
 diminished the purchasing power of an important section of the 
 customers of Leeds manufacturers. Should the English tailors 
 ever grasp the fact that by sub-division of labour higher earnings 
 might be obtained, even though the rates per garment were 
 lowered, the Jewish employers might suffer severely by their com- 
 petition, as the possibility of obtaining coats made to order at a 
 moderate price might seriously diminish the demand for Jewish 
 made goods. At present the Jews need only fear the competition 
 with English female labour, cheaper perhaps, but less competent 
 than theirs. 
 
 In the Jewish workshop the English machinist seems to be 
 paid on exactly the same terms as the male machinists on the 
 same work, but she is very rarely found doing the most skilled 
 machining, and the Jewish employer, whether rightly or wrongly, 
 considers that he gets the pick of the English women, so far 
 as skill is concerned. In comparing the earnings of the English 
 Avomen with those of the Jewesses, the wages of the Jewish 
 buttonholers must be set off against those of the English 
 machinists, and would seem to be quite as high, so far as it was 
 possible to judge from the statements of some of the buttonholers 
 as to their speed. The average age of the Jewish women and 
 girls to be found in the workshops is decidedly lower than that 
 of the English women and their length of experience is therefore 
 less. 
 
MANCHESTER TAILORING TRADE. 
 
 123 
 
 i<f.) Manchester. 
 
 Ill Manchestci" I vifsitcd the workshops of Gl tailors. In 60 
 of tliese the employers w*;i'o Jewish and made coats and vests, 
 and in one (jr two in.stances ju\'enile suits. The otlier work- 
 shop way directed by an Ent^lish trouser maker, who employed 
 no Jewisli laliour, and said that the women he employed genei'ally 
 learnt their trader with Oerman trouser maker.s. In the -Icwish 
 tailors' workshops one man and 19 women were non-Jewish. 
 Out ol' 161 Jewesses one was married ; ol" the 19 non- Jewish 
 women and girls, nine were married. In 17 of these workshops 
 only stock work was done ; in the otliers order work was done, 
 either with or without stock work in addition. Suh-division was 
 not so minute as in Leeds and organisation in this respect cor- 
 responded very closely to the system obtaining in the East 
 London workshops. 
 
 The following taV)le classifies the 60 workshops according to 
 size and shows the numbers employed at various occupations : — 
 
 Class of 
 Workshop. 
 
 Machi- 
 nists. 
 
 Pi-ossers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Button- 
 holers. 
 
 Pollers 
 
 and 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 Krnmd 
 
 Bo.vs 
 
 and 
 
 Girls. 
 
 and 
 Boys. 
 
 Women 
 and 
 Girls. 
 
 Work- 
 shops. 
 
 ill.— (10 to 25 
 
 persons). 
 IVa.— (6 to 10 
 
 persons). 
 IVb.— (under 6 
 
 persons). 
 
 •J8 
 U 
 
 50 
 21 
 
 ■I 
 
 105 
 11 
 
 GO 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 07 ' I'J 
 
 23 ; G 
 
 1 
 3 ( — 
 
 275 130 
 
 108 15 
 
 •11 : 5 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 s 
 
 Total - 
 
 140 
 
 8-t 
 
 137 
 
 82 
 
 P3 i 25 
 
 1 
 
 407 ISO 
 
 60 
 
 Only four macliinists were women, of wliom one was a Jewess. 
 Finishing is fre(|Uently done by the tailors themselves, or by 
 women able to fell, finish, and make liuttonholes if require<l. 
 
 Wiujes. — Piece-work was the rule. In nearly every workshop 
 the head machinist was paid by the i)iece, but engaged one or 
 more assistants him.self, whom he paid by time; 13 machinists 
 were paid day wages l)y the employer: of the remaining 133 
 machinists, 77 were assistants engaged and paid by piece-workers : 
 several of these iis.sistants or " seamers " were boj's of 1-5 or 16 
 years of age. The machinists generally hire the machines and 
 not the employer. The head-pressers were also on piece-work, 
 and engaged their under-pre.ssers on da}' wages. Buttonholers 
 and fellers wen? on piecewcM'k, in most cases paid by the nuister of 
 the workshop, but in a few ctises where thetaihji's were on piece- 
 work the buttonholers were engaged and paid l)y them. In the 
 smaller workshops the tailors were in many cases members of 
 the employer's family, ami in some cases they were on piece-work, 
 but in most of the shops the tiiiloi*s were paid day wages l)y the 
 employer; and their rate of wages alone admits of comparison 
 with those paid in Leeds. 
 
124 
 
 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN S LABOUR. 
 
 Table showing the Number of Tailors earning the underr 
 mentioned Wages per Day of 10| Hours. 
 
 
 Number Earning 
 
 
 Class of 'VVorl^.sliop. 
 
 Un- 
 der 
 2s. 
 
 2s. to 
 3s. 
 
 3s. to 
 is. ■ 
 
 4s. to 
 .is. 
 
 OS. to 
 6s. 
 
 6s. to 
 7s. 
 
 7s. to 
 
 8s. 
 
 8s. 
 and 
 up- 
 wards. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Average 
 
 Wages 
 
 per Day. 
 
 III. 
 IVa. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 22 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 9 
 
 OS. id. 
 is. lOd. 
 
 So far as could be gathered, the net earnings of the machinists 
 and pressors oil piecework were higlier than in Leeds, although 
 those of the seamers and under-pressers seemed low. According 
 to one Jewish employer, who had worked in Leeds as well 
 as in Manchester, earnings were less but work easier in Leeds 
 under the daily-wage system than in Manchester under the 
 piece-work system. This statement was confirmed by other 
 evidence. 
 
 The rate paid for buttonholes was decidedly lower than that 
 paid in London, the highest in Manchester being Qd. a dozen 
 holes, whereas in London the ordinary rates were 6d. for stock 
 work and 9d. for order work. In London the buttonholer 
 frequently finds her own twist and gimp, which cost her from 
 Id. to Ihd. in the shilling. 
 
 Numbers employed in certain Worhslcops in 1888 and 1893. 
 — Dr. Tatham, Medical Officer of Health for Manchester, has 
 supplied me with a copj^ of a Report on 129 Jewish workshops 
 visited in Manchester on April 24th and 26th, 1888. Twenty- 
 seven of the tailors' workshops on this list were amongst those 
 visited by me in the week ending April 29th, 1893. The 
 numbers found at work in 1888' were 161 men, 73 Avomen, 14 
 young persons, and in 1893 were 199 men, 74 women, 11 young 
 persons. The employer himself is included in both cases. The 
 term young person is used in this report, but probably not in its 
 strict legal sense, and under that heading I have placed the boys 
 and girls employed to run errands and do odd jobs. I made no 
 attempt to find out how many girls or boj^s under 18 there might 
 be. In Manchester as in London I was left with the impresssion 
 that few Jewish girls in the workshops were under 16 and a 
 middle-aged Jewess was as much a rarity there as in London. 
 
 Recent Immigrants working in TaAlors Worhslio])s. — A few 
 particulars with regard to the more recently arrived immigrants 
 whom I found working in tailors' workshops in Manchester are 
 given below : — 
 
 Males. 
 
 (1.) Underpresser, in England li years. 
 
 (2.) „ „ „ i year. 
 
 (8.) „ „ „ 1 year 
 
MANCHESTKK TAll.oiMNU TKADE — SUMMAUV. 125 
 
 (4.) Underpresser, in England less than I year. 
 (5.) „ „ „ 1^ year. 
 
 (G.) „ „ „ a lew months. 
 
 '(7.) Macliinist (a boy\ in Enf^daiid less than 1 year. 
 (8.) „ apprentice, iu England 3 months. 
 
 (9.) Underpresser, „ „ less than 1 year. 
 
 (10.) ^ >. ^ ., „ li years. 
 
 (11.) Tailor, in England 8 months. 
 (12.) „ „ ,, 1 year; earns as-. lOd. a day. 
 
 (13.) Underpresser, in England les^s than one year; earns about 
 
 2.S'. (kl. a day. 
 (14.) Tailor, in England 2 years. 
 (15.) Machinist, in England a few months. 
 
 Females. 
 
 (1.) Feller, in England 1 year ; came to her sister and learnt 
 
 the tradt'. 
 (2.) Feller, in England a few weeks; earned 5.<?. G(/. the 
 
 ))revious week. 
 (3.) Fedler, in England nearly 2 years ; to he married shortly. 
 (4.) Helping fellers, in England 1 wetk : to be married in a i'ew 
 
 days. 
 (5.) Feller, in England <S months ; came to her sisters. 
 (6.) „ „ „ nearly 2 yeais. 
 
 (7.) „ „ „ 1 year. 
 
 (tS.) „ „ ,,. less than 1 }'fui' ; "not n]) t(j much ; 
 
 earns 4.s. to os. a week." 
 
 All tlicse fellers were paid by the piece. 
 
 In the ^Fanchester tailoring ti'ade the women and girls employed 
 by .lewish employers an- themselves Jewish in noarl}' all ca.ses, 
 l»nt in no otlu-i- tra<le in which Jewesses are employed is this the 
 case. 
 
 {e.) General Summary of Tailoring Trade. 
 
 The tailoring trade is the only one in which the majority ol' 
 women employed are Jewish, and tlii^ is only ti'ue of one br.iiieh 
 of it — the coat-making. 
 
 Trou.sers are made almost entirely by non-Jewish women 
 ami girls in factories, workshops, or their own homes. The pro- 
 portion ol" nien in this l)ranch is small. 
 
 Vests are in some ca-ses made in Jewish workshops, but as a 
 rule they are made by non-Jewish women in their own homes, 
 in workshops (freijuently managed by English women;, and in 
 factories. 
 
 Even in the coat ilepartment of the ready-made trade the 
 cheapest cla.sses ol" coat are made by non-Jewish women and 
 
126 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 g-irls ill provincial factories or large workshops such as those of 
 liceds, Walsall, Colchester, Dudley, and Bristol, in similar large 
 workshops in London, and at their own homes, both iii London 
 and the provinces. There are but few instances of Jewesses 
 doing such work at home, but in the large clothing factories or 
 workshops a sprinkling of Jewesses (as in Leeds) can occasionally 
 be found. 
 
 Piecework is almost invariably the rule in these branches of 
 the tailoring trade, and even if Jewesses were willing to accept 
 less than non-Jewish girls their numbers are too small ^o have 
 the least effect on prices. 
 
 In the better paid branches of the. ready-made coat trade and 
 in the commoner branch of the bespoke coat trade Jewesses are 
 largely employed. In London and Manchester the women in the 
 Jewish coat shops are almost exclusively Jewish, but in Leeds a 
 conrdderable number are non-Jewish. The comparative number 
 of Jewish and non-Jewish women and girls in coat workshops 
 visited was as follows : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jewish, 
 
 Non-Jewi.sh. 
 
 London 
 
 , 
 
 . , 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 
 211 - 
 
 33 
 
 Manchester - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 161 
 
 19 
 
 Leeds 
 
 • 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 • 
 
 .518 
 
 .380 
 
 In London in 54 workshops employing 621 persons only eight 
 machinists were women, five of whom were Jewish. 
 
 In Manchester in 60 Workshops employing 587 persons, four 
 machinists were women, of whom one- was Jewish. 
 
 In Leeds, in 52 workshops employing about 1,800 persons, 114 
 machinists were women, of whom only one was Jewish. 
 
 In Leeds there was a marked tendency for certain subdivisions 
 of labour to fall into the hands of Jewesses and others into 
 those of non-Jewish women. 
 
 The highest wages are earned by buttonholers (nearly all 
 Jewish) and by machinists (all non-Jewdsh in Leeds). Fellers 
 and finishers earn less wages, but the earnings in the two 
 branches are about the same. 
 
 But in comparing the wages of Jewish and non- Jewish women 
 in Jewish coat shops it must be remembered that the average 
 age of the Jewish women is less than that of the non- Jewish 
 women, as Jewesses marry early and give up w^orking more 
 generally than non-Jewish women. 
 
 In the ready-made clothing trade in those branches which are 
 not managed by Jewish men the number of women employed 
 is much greater than the number of men. This appears very 
 clearly in the census returns for Leeds a centre which is almost 
 entirely engaged in the ready-made trade. In 1891 in the 
 Leeds tailoring trade there were 4,773 males and 10,916 females 
 
TAILOKlX(i TKADK (sUM.MAlIV) — ( Al'-MAKINd. 1 "27 
 
 as ao^aiiist 2,1 -i'S males and 2,740 feiuak's in I.S81, tla- trade 
 havinuf increased ra])idlv durino; the decade. 
 
 In the Jewish workshops the ratio is reversed. 
 
 The per-centages of males and females employed in Jewish 
 tailoring workshops of vaiMous sizes in diflrrcnt centres arc stated 
 in a table on p. 207. 
 
 The smaller ratio of males to t'eniales in Leeds C(jmpared 
 with that of London is ])rincipally <lue to the employment 
 of non-Jewish female machinists in Leeds instead of .lewish 
 males as in London. The higher ratio of males to females 
 in Manchester as compared with London is principall}' dne 
 to the employment of tailors in Manchester on buttonholing 
 and other branches of work usually done by female fellers and 
 finishers in London, the cheaper class of bespoke work being 
 more frequently made in the Manchester workshops visited than 
 in those \isited in London. 
 
 The evidence of wholesale clothiers in London and Leeds 
 showed that under their system of organisation there was a 
 tendency to employ women to do the work usually done b}' 
 underpressers in Jewish shops, and that machining Avas in nearly 
 all cases given over to women ami gii'ls. The only (jbstacle to 
 the displacement by cheaper female laliour of about half the 
 Jewish male labour now utilized seemed to be the superiority 
 of Jewish male labour on the better class of ready-made coats. 
 
 II. — Cap-making. 
 
 (a.) East London. 
 
 Nineteen Jewish cap-makers were visited. In 17 of these 
 workshops were employed <S9 men and 148 women and girls; in 
 two of the wtn-kshops in which were employed 48 women and 
 gii-ls, the number of men was not ascertained. Of the 186 
 women and girls H8 were Jewish and 103 were non-Jewish. 
 Only one of the men was not Jewish. 
 
 The machines used for cap-making are much lighter than 
 those recjuired for tailoring, and this explains the nund)er of 
 Jewesses to. be found working them. Out of 180 machinists 
 46 were men or boys; 90 were women or girls, of wliom 87 
 Were Jewish an<l 5.3 non- Jewish. Of the 88 needlehands 42 
 were Jewish and 41 non-Jewish women and girls. Of the 
 cutters, packers, &c. 13 were women, of whom four were 
 Jewesses. The rest of the men were cutters, blockers, pressers, 
 &c. 
 
 Of the 108 non-Jewish womrn and gii'ls six wei'c niarrieil. 
 Of the cS8 Jewe.sses only one was married. 
 
 All the cap-makers stated that they had less work to do than 
 formerly. They were generally of the opinion that there were 
 fewer workshops in the tra<le than there used to be ; much pf 
 
128 IMMIGRATION AND WOMEN'.S LAliOUli. 
 
 the work that used to be done in them was now done in one 
 very large cap factory in Whitechapel where female labour, 
 both Jewish and non-Jewish, was employed ; some of the men 
 employed had been in England less, than one year, but none of 
 the women had been less than two years in England. All were 
 paid by the piece, and I could therefore obtain no information 
 as to total earnings. There seemed to be no question of com- 
 petition between foreigners and Englishmen, the real change 
 being the displacement of Jewish men by girls, Jewish and non- 
 Jewish, in factories working machines with steam-power. 
 
 (6.) Manchester. 
 
 In Manchester cap-making is almost entirely in the hands of 
 Jewish employers, but the majority of the girls employed are 
 non- Jewish. In the 18 workshops visited there were emploj'ed 
 altogether 867 women and girls, of whom 243 were Jewish and 
 624 non- Jewish. Out of 440 machinists, all female, 98 were 
 Jewish and 342 non- Jewish. Out of 105 hand workers 120 
 were Jewish and 45 non-Jewish. Of the remaining 25 Jewesses 
 and 237 non-Jewish women and girls I did not obtain particulars 
 of the number in each branch. 
 
 The proportion of adult women among the capmakers was 
 small ; there were no married Jewesses and only four married 
 non-Jewish women. The cap machines are much lighter than the 
 tailoring machines, and judging from the large number of girls, 
 both Jewish and non- Jewish, who looked under 16, a considerable 
 portion of the work must be unskilled. 
 
 Piece-work was the rule with one exception. This workshop 
 was managed by a Jew and was closed on Saturdays, although 
 only seven out of 22 girls were Jewesses, and only three out of 
 six men were Jews. The girls only worked five days ; one girl 
 was paid 2s. Gd. a week, the next lowest was 5-S'. ; machinists 
 ranp-ed as hiah as 15.9. and hand workers earned from 6s. to 9s. 6f?. 
 a week. 
 
 At the last-mentioned factory the reason why non- Jewesses 
 were employed was because Jewesses were not olitainable. 
 In one factory only seven out of 200 Avomen and girls 
 were Jewish ; here all l>ut the Jewesses worked on Satur- 
 day, but the employer, a Jew, said that he would l)e (|uite 
 willing to take on Jewesses notwithstanding that they only 
 worked live days. Another Jewish employer, employing 25 
 girls all non -Jewish, gave as his reason for not employing 
 Jewesses that they were " too noisy and cheeky." Another cap- 
 maker, presumably not a Jew, said that he had a " moral 
 antipathy to employing Jews." Another explained that 
 " Jewesses do not take to the machine," at which the machinists 
 have to stand always. Another Jewish capmaker employing 
 about 300 girls, of whom about 100 were Jewish, said that when 
 the cap trade was started by Jews in Manchester there were not 
 
CAP MAKING — CIGAll MAKING. 129 
 
 enoui(h Jewesses to come into the trade: when they did do 
 machining they were quite jis good macliinists as tlie others. 
 Here the works were closed on Saturdays. Another employer 
 who employed 10 Jewesses and 25 non-Jewish women said he 
 worked on Saturdays and therufuie prcieired nun-Jewish girls, 
 but Jewesses did not ajjply so frec^uently as others. A cajjmaker 
 in a small workshop) preferred non-Jewish girls 1 ecause they 
 '• listened to one better than Jewesses." Another had Ikm-u 
 establislu'd in the trade for 45 years and had always employed 
 non-Jewi.sh girls, becau.se wlien he began he could get no 
 Jewos.ses to come He was a Jew, and had no preju'lices against 
 employing Je^vesses. It seemed on the whole fairly cWar that 
 capmaking was not sufficiently remunerative to attract Jewesses 
 from the hettcM' ]iaid tailoring ti-aile, and that capmakers were 
 therefi)re ui)li<'ed lo fall back on Enulish labour. 
 
 (c.) Summary. 
 
 Cap-niaking in small workshops appears to be dying out aiui 
 to be replaced by the factor}- oi- large workshop system. Al- 
 though the majority of employers are Jewish the majorit}' of 
 girls employed are non-Jewish. The industry- is less I'emunera- 
 tive than tailoring, re(|uii-ing nnich less skilled adult laljour. 
 The proportion of male labour required is very small. 
 
 in. — ClGAU-MAKlNG IN EasT LoNDoN. 
 
 In the cicrar trade a considerable numl)er of Jewesses are 
 employed. The secretary of the Women Cigar Makers' Pro- 
 tective Union, who is English and not Jewisji saiil that 
 the Christians and Jewesses worked together quite .satisfac- 
 torily. The Union prints a ([Uarterly balance sheet ; that 
 for the i(uarter ending April 2oi-d, 1892, showed an ex- 
 penditure of 17(J/. and a balance of 122^., with a member- 
 ship of 620, 145/. going for out of work pay at the rate of 
 Cs. per week. 
 
 The balance siieet for tlie (luarter emlin^ Januarv 21st, LS93, 
 showed an expenditure of .S2/. (of which 49/. was out-of- 
 work pay), with a balance of 7'S/. an<l a membership of 
 709. Although the Union had suffered severely from slack- 
 ness of work throughout the previous year the membership 
 had nevertheless increasi-d eon-siderabl}'. Sevei-al of the mem- 
 bers are Jewesses and the treasurer and auditors are Jewish 
 members. The secretary said that there were very few foreign 
 Jewesses in the Union ami <lid not think there were many in the 
 trade. 
 
 O 82170. I 
 
130 IMMIGKATION AND WOMEN'S LABOUR. 
 
 IV, — Waterproof Garment-making in Manchester. 
 
 The waterproof trade is now almost entirely carried on in 
 factories or large workshops, the small workshop system having 
 nearl}' died out. In the largest of these about 100 Jewish and 
 200 non-Jewish men and boys were employed, and 400 non-Jewish 
 and 16 Jewish women and girl?. Of the non- Jewish women 
 12.V per cent, were married ; one of the 16 Jewesses was married. 
 The factory is open on Saturday, but the Jewesses only work 
 five days. 
 
 In a^largc workshop 57 men and boys, all Jewish were 
 employed in waterproof garment making, and 11 girls, all 
 Jewish l)at one. Of these, four pirls were machinincr toijether 
 witli three boj^s, and seven girls were '' finishing." Only one 
 girl was under 16 years of age, and none were married. In the 
 week ending April 14th three girls earned 16.s., five earned 
 from 12s.- to 14.s-., one earned 10s., one 9s., and one 3s. 6c?. The 
 average total weekly wages paid since January were much less 
 than those for the six months from the middle of June 1892 to 
 the middle of December. The average weekly total for tliese 
 six months was paid in the week ending September 2nd, 1892, 
 when 28 women and girls were employed, several being learners. 
 In tliis week : — • 
 
 5 earned 186-. 
 
 1 
 
 17s. 
 
 2 „ 
 
 15s. 
 
 1 „ 
 
 14s. 
 
 4 
 
 10s. to 12«. 
 
 7 „ 
 
 7.9. to 9.S. 
 
 8 
 
 under 5s. 
 
 u. 
 
 In the waterproof garment-making department of another 
 firm 10 girls and 20 men were employed : in the season the 
 numbers of both are doubled. All were Jewish. 
 
 Altogether it appeared that there were not more than 1,000 
 persons employed in the waterproof garment-making branch of 
 the india-rubber trade and that of these the proportion of 
 Jewesses was small. Wages seemed fairly high, but the trade 
 in the two firms last referred to was subject to great fluctuations 
 involving the dismissal of hands in the slack season. 
 
 V. — Mantle Making. 
 
 Both London and Manchester are large centres of the ready- 
 made mantle-making industry and the conditions of production 
 are rather remarkable, a very considerable portion of the mantles 
 being given o\it and made in workshops managed by women. 
 Those that are not given out are made in the warehouses or (in 
 a few cases) in factories, and here also the majority employed are 
 
MANTLE MAKING. 131 
 
 woiuuii and girls. TLeic is considerable .scope for sub-divLsiuu of 
 labour and the rates paid ])er garment to the outworkers can 
 only be remunerative by the adoption of such a system. It is 
 most difficult to (>l)tain from the women managinir these work- 
 shops anv information as to the rates paid to the girls employed 
 by them. Tliey are engaged on the cheaper class of work, have 
 the reput-.ition of i)a} ing very low wages to the girls employed 
 by them, and are of a class inclined to regard a protit of 20.'^. to 
 2os. a week as good. Jn London the domestic workshop is very 
 common, and a \ery cheap kind of mantle is freiiuentiy made 
 throughout by women at their own homes ; Bethnal Green, 
 Shorediteh, and Hoxton being the principal centre for this class of 
 work. In the ordered mantle trade of the West End, and in 
 the high class read3'-made mantle trade men are employed as 
 cutters, fitters, and pressers, but hitherto they have been liUj 
 little employed in the medium and low class trade. In Leeds 
 mantles are being made in factories, Imt in Manchester and 
 London there are only a few houses which use power. England 
 inijiorts cheap mantles from Germany in large i^uantities, amongst 
 the alleged causes being tlie family system prevalent in Germany 
 under which the men as well as the women co-operate in the 
 work. During the last five years a few Jewish workshops Have 
 been established in East London and Islington and are employed 
 on tailor-made mantUs for wholesale City warehouses of a kind 
 liitherto mainly impoited from Germany, and Mr. Lakeman states 
 that in some cases although the employer is generally a Polish 
 Jew, the journeyman is found to be German. In these workshops 
 men do the pressing and (generally) the machining. It is as 
 pres.sers that they are considered superior to women outworkers, 
 and in workshops where power is not used men can generally 
 machiuci more in the day than women. Regarded as competitors 
 witii English women in domestic workshops, the Jewish mantle 
 makers may be regarded as the introducers of a better system of 
 organisation and of a better article. According to the information 
 supplied l>y three London tirins they are in reality making an 
 opening for successful com|>etition with Germany. There are 
 howevei, two ditiercnt systems which may prevent the Jewisli 
 mantle maker from making head way, one, the factory system, 
 rapidiv growing in Leeds, the other, the entr-ancc of English men 
 into the cheap branch of the trade of which at present there is 
 but little sign. 
 
 VI. — General .Summary. 
 
 The general ri'sult of the trade imiuiry is to show that the 
 only trade in which Jewesses ai-e employed in large numl)ers, 
 and, so fai' as Manchester and London are concerned, almost to 
 the exclusion of non-Jewish women, is the coat-making trade. 
 In the worst paid br.anches of the ready-made tailoring trade 
 they are Uf^t employed at all. 
 
 1 2 
 
132 I.MMIGKATION AND WOMEN's LABOUR. 
 
 The statements made by English tailors and tailoresses 
 engaged on bespoke work as to the unfair competition of 
 Jewish men and women must be accepted with some caution. 
 As a fact, an Englishman is hardly ever found at work in a 
 Jewish workshop, and many of the English tailors are somewhat 
 slow to understand tliat with subdivision of labour low rates 
 per garment do not necessarily imply low earnings per da}^ 
 Those accustomed to the West End system often appear to 
 suppose that the charge of unfair competition made against the 
 Jews and the English wholesale manufacturers is amply ] -roved 
 by showing that the rate paid per garment is much lower than 
 that paid to the English bespoke taihn*. 
 
 As a matter of fact when it is remembered that there are but 
 few married Jewesses to be found in the Jewish workshops, 
 and that the average age of the Jewesses in the East London 
 tailoring trade is therefore considerably lower than the average 
 age of the West London tailoresses, of whom a large proportion 
 are married, the comparison between their rates of pay is not 
 very unfavourable to the Jewish tailoresses, allow^ance being 
 made for the difference in the necessary skill. 
 
 As an aid to a comparison of the earnings of Jewish tailoresses 
 with the earnings of English women and girls in different trades 
 a few statistics with regard to the latter may be given. The 
 summary of average normal weekly wages of women and girls 
 in certain occupations compiled by the Board of Trade for the 
 Labour Commission gives 126'. Hd. as the average for 151,263 
 women, and "Js. as the average for 48,772 girls, making for women 
 and girls together an averjioe of 11.5. 3(/. This includes over 63,000 
 women in the cotton trade with tiie high average of 15s. 3a. 
 In a factory in Manchester where 625 women and girls were 
 employed in making corsets, mantles, ready-made shirts, &c., I 
 found the average wage for an ordinary week to be slightly over 
 10s., and 32*8 per cent, of those emi»loyed were over 25 years of 
 age. In Bristol in four clothing factories employing 567 women 
 and girls 5:5-4 per cent, earned less than 10s. in an ordinarj^ 
 week. In the same town, of 2,593 wom'i'n and girls employed 
 in various factory industries (including the four factories referred 
 to), 64 per cent, earned le.-s than 128., and nearly half of these 
 earned less than 8s. In the potteries, of 1,420 women and girls 
 employed in 15 firms, only 14*3 per cent, earned above 12s., 
 although 61-1 per cent, were adults, and 27'4 per cent, were over 
 25. In a large workroom in North London the average w^eekly 
 wao;e of 36 dressmakers was 12s. 8d. ; in a similar workroom in 
 West London the average wage of 82 dressmakers was 12s. 3c?. 
 
 So far as rate of earnings per day only is considered the 
 average rate earned by Jewish girls is higher than that 
 earned on the average by the English women and girls. The 
 average number of days worked per week is probably less ; on 
 the other hand, the Jewish tailoress unlike the English factory 
 girl is not obliged to sit in the workshop on the chance that 
 orders may arrive. 
 
GENERAL SU.MMAUV. 138 
 
 If tho rate of earnin<;s of Jewish ;;-iils lie C()iii]iaivtl witli that 
 prevailinfj in the jam and sweetstutl", ropo, aii<l match iuihistries 
 (hir<:;ely ivcniited from tlio Ano^lo-Irisli population) tht- con- 
 trast is entirely in their favour. In ISN}) I found that in a 
 jam and sweetstutt' factory in Kast l^ondon, out of upwards of 
 GOO women and girls only (I per cent, earned over 12.s'. while 
 about S2 per cent, earned less than lO.v. Out of more than 
 1,000 match workers about 12 per cent earned over 12.s'., and 62 
 per cent, less than KK Tn a Hax mill employinij 700 women 
 and gills, in Leeds in bSDl, the maxinuim wages were aliout 
 IQ.s. a week, achdt women often earning k>ss than Hs. for a week's 
 work. Tn a rope works in East London in 18!)2, out of (S9 
 women and girls, 75 earned from 8.s. to lOs-. Li a rope works 
 at Liverpool where two-thirds of those employed were over 18 
 years of age, 45'5 per cent, earned under bis., and 37"8 per cent. 
 from 8,s\ to 12s'. It may also be noted liere tliat the proportion 
 of married women in these industries is above the average. 
 
 Whereas there seemed to be no tentlencj' amongst Jewesses to 
 un<ler-sell non-Jewish women there is evidently a sti-ong <lesire 
 amongst wholesale clothiers to replace Jewish male labour by 
 non-Jewish female labour as much as possible, a desire which 
 seemed to be due partly to dislike of the Jews, partly to the 
 greater cheapness of female labour, and partly to the greater 
 self-assertiveness and persistence in making a good bargain 
 di'^played by Jewish men as compared with Englisli girls. 
 
 If besides losing the lower class of the rea(ly-made trade 1)y 
 this gio\vth of employment of women in proviucial factories, 
 tlic Jewish tailors were threatened on another side by the com- 
 petition of Englishmen in the manufacture of the better class, 
 on tlie system taught them by the Jews, the consecjucnces to the 
 Jewisli tailoring trade would be most seiious. Nothintr but the 
 conservatism ot the English tnilor |)revcnts him from successfullv 
 entering into the field opened u\) by the Jews. 
 
134. 
 
 PART lY.— CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 
 
 Any useful summary of the results of the present inquiry 
 with respect to the social and economic condition in this country 
 of a certain class of immigrants from Eastern Europe must 
 have reference to the question which of late years has attracted 
 considerable public interest, viz., the desirabilit}'- and possibility 
 of checking the influx of this class of aliens, or of some portion 
 of them, by legislative enactment. It is not within the 
 functions of this report to express any opinion on the merits of 
 this controversy, or even to sum up the arguments on each side. 
 It may, however, fulfil a useful purpose to indicate how far the 
 facts set forth in previous chapters have a bearing on various 
 aspects of the problem, and serve to some extent to define and 
 narrow the issue. 
 
 In the first place the limits of the problem may be more 
 clearl}^ realised after consideration of the results of the statistical 
 investigation embodied in the first report included in this volume, 
 combined with the fact (which is prominently brought out in 
 the course of the report) of the improvement which takes place, 
 after a certain period of residence in this country, in the habits 
 and condition of many of the immigrants, and of the strong 
 tendency towards " assimilation," especially among the children 
 of the immigrants and the second generation of settlers. It 
 thus appears clearly that any social and economic dangers which 
 may be thought to arise out of the influx do not apply equally 
 to the total element which has thus been added to the population, 
 but, in their intensest form, only to that margin of it which has 
 been added during the current and perhaps the previous year, 
 and in a rapidly decreasing ratio to those who have arrived 
 durino- prior years. It is thus the magnitude of the annual 
 influx of persons arriving for settlement, rather than the total 
 number of this class of immigrants resident in the country 
 which defines at imy given time the limits of the problem. 
 
 Next, in dealinfi: with the social and economic eflects of the 
 continuance of this stream of immigration, there are several 
 points of view from which the subject maybe considered, which 
 it is important so far as possible to keep distinct. On the one 
 hand, there is the " internal " question, of the effects of the influx 
 on the immigrants themselves and on the Jewish comnumity 
 generally. On the other hand there is the " external " question, 
 of the effects of the immigration on the welfare of other sections 
 of the population or of the country as a whole. 
 
 The latter question again may be yet further analysed. We 
 have to consider the influence of the immigrants on the welfare of 
 (1) other workmen in particular trades, (2) the other inhabitants 
 of particular districts, (3) the iiublic generall}'. 
 
 It may be well to point out how far the various classes of 
 facts detailed in previous sections of the report bear on each of 
 these aspects of the question. 
 
CONCLUDING SUMMAllV. 185 
 
 As regards the comparative welfare of tlie liulk of the iiinni- 
 orrants in tliis coinitry ami in tliose Avliich they have left, there 
 is ])r()balily little ditferenee of opinion. Perhaps the most 
 important piece of evidence is the mere fact of the continuance 
 of the influx, and of the extent to which the immigrants come 
 to join their fiiends who have already settled in this country. 
 The extremely low wages and long hours of work, usually 
 associated with this class of aliens, have been shown to ap]»ly 
 chiefly to those who liave arrived com])aratively lately. All 
 accounts agree as to tlie " progressive " nature of the foreign 
 Jew, and as to the extent to which the " greener " cheerfully 
 submits to temporary privaticms in the hope of bettering his 
 condition. Doubtless the attraction of this country to the 
 Russian and Polish Jew is not wholly, or perhaps mainly, 
 economic ; the enjoyment of personal liberty and the absence of 
 liarassing restrictions haAing also great weight. But from 
 whatever cause, the mass of the immigrants who come to settle 
 appear to prefer their present to their previous lot, and the 
 Jewish relief organisations by whom they are assisted have 
 often the greatest difficulty in inducing individuals to return to 
 their own country. 
 
 So far as the Jewish community' ofenerally is concerned the 
 case is different. A section of the innnigrants, especially of 
 the newcomers, are a great drain on their funds. It has been 
 explained in the report (pp. 45 and 46) that up to the present time 
 the Jewish poor have been relieved by voluntary agencies, and 
 have not (except rarely) come upon the rates. The amount of 
 relief distributed by the great Jewish organisations is no greater 
 when spread over the total Jewish population than that dis- 
 tributed in indoor, outdoor, and medical relief by boards of 
 guardians in London per head of the London population, and is 
 considerably lower than the amount per head so distributed in 
 some of the poorer districts. It, nevertheless, taxes severely the 
 resources of the voluntary Jewish relief agencies, and many of 
 those who are most closely connected with their administration 
 view the continued inffux with anxiety. On the other hand, the 
 strong feeling of race patriotism among the Jews leads them to 
 lay great stress on the preservation of the right of asylum to 
 refugees from political or religious persecution. 
 
 It may perhaps be considered that the attitude of members of 
 the Jewish community itself towards the continuance or the 
 restriction of immigration is mainly a (juestion of the internal 
 politics of the connuunit}-. It is chietiy of public importance in 
 so far as a change in such attitude might conceivably lead to a 
 modification of the present .system of relief to the Jewish poor, 
 which mifrht have the etfect of throwing some of those now .so 
 relieved ujion the rates for support. In this case the (jue.stion of 
 " pauper " aliens might take a new form. 
 
 Passing from the internal to the external a.s[)ect of tlie (jues- 
 tion, we come first to the question of the detrimental effects, if 
 
# 
 
 136 CONCLUDING SUMMARY. 
 
 any, of the influx on the non-Jewish workers in certain trades. 
 Such cflects might take the form of (1) a displacement of 
 labour ; (2) a lowering of wages ; (3) the breaking down of 
 agreements between employers and employed with regard to 
 working rules ; (4) an interference in disputes by replacing 
 workmen on strike. The question how f:.xr any or all of these 
 kinds of interference with native labour have actually taken place 
 is a trade question, which must be resolved by a c-areful investiga- 
 tion of the conditions of each of the chief industries to which the 
 immigrants resort. The results of such an investigation, so far 
 as concerns the boot and shoe trade, in which the interference is 
 stated to be most marked and most i-esented, are given in detail 
 in the section beginning on p. 67. The conclusions are sum- 
 marised at the end of the chapter, and need not be rcjteated 
 here. Other aspects of the question of trade interference are 
 dealt with in the section beginning on p. 105. Apart from the 
 positive conclusions arrived at, these sections bring oat clearly 
 the difficulty and complexit}' of the ta'^k of defining the precise 
 effects of a particular factor like alien innnigration on the 
 conditions of industries which (like all the chief trades affected) 
 are in a state of rapid econonnc transfonriation, due in the main 
 to other causes. This evolution and the changes which it })ro- 
 duces in the internal organisation of these trades, render it also 
 almost impossible to institute useful comparisons between the 
 present rates of wages and those current several years ago. 
 
 Turning to the questirui of the effects produced on the in- 
 habitants of particular districts we have to take into account 
 the local displacement of population, the sanitary condition of 
 the immigrants so far as it affects the remainder of the popula- 
 tion of the district, their condition as regards crime, and the 
 burden, if an3^ which is thrown on the rates \)y their main- 
 tenance as paupers. The data for conclusions on all these 
 points are given in various parts of this report ; as regards dis- 
 placement on pp. 72 and 73, as regards sanitation on pp. 56 to 60, 
 as regards crime on pp. 60 and 61, as regards pauperism on pp. 45 
 to 56. Opinions may differ as to the degree to which we should 
 take account of other and vaguer causes of like or dislike to the 
 immigrants on the part of the native population of the district, 
 e.g., prejudices of race, religion, or custom. It is sufficient to note 
 here that in some cases such feelings ma}' help to determine, to a 
 greater or less extent, the attitude of the non- Jewish population 
 towards the foreign Immigrants, quite apai't from any question 
 of economic or social interference. 
 
 After exhausting the discussion of the effects of the influx on 
 pfU'ticular classes we arrive at the far wider and more important 
 question of its effects on the well-being of the general body of 
 the inhabitants of the country. Several of the considerations 
 enumerated above have also weight here, though in different 
 degree. Thus the magnitude or otherwise of the contribution 
 which the immigrants make to the volume of national pauperism 
 
.'OXC'LT'DIXC srAIMAl;N. 187 
 
 tiud criim- is a I'actor in tla- (|UL'sLioii. The extent and lajtidity 
 of tlie tendency towards economic and social " assimilation," 
 discussed tui pp. 85 to 4o, have to lie taken into account. 
 The economic etleot <>f the inlliix in relation to the volume of 
 national ])roduction and the possilile extension of foreign traile, 
 is also of imp(jrtance. When the question, however, is reganled 
 from the point of view of the coMinmnity as a whole, rather than 
 IVoni that of particular trades, the innnigrants must be con- 
 si<lere<l as consumers no less than as producers. The result of 
 their ]Mesence in creating a demand for the products of other 
 industries nuist be taken into account as well as any interfeieiicc 
 they may exercire as producers with the labour of particular 
 groups of workers. This is a side of the question which should 
 never be lost siglit of, though it tends often to pass out 
 of view, because the etfect is widely distributed over many 
 trades, whereas the intluence of the immigiants as producers is 
 concentrated in a few departments of a few industries. 
 
 Thi' above are some of the principal points bearing on foreign 
 innnigration, the discussion of which may be facilitated by 
 refertr-nee to the data supplied in this report. 
 
 So far as they bear on the (question of checking immigra- 
 tion the}- relate almost exclusively to the desirability or other- 
 wise of taking some kind of action, rather than to the expediency 
 or possiltility of devising or enforcing particular measujcs of 
 restriction. If, on considerin<r the evidence, some kind of reo-u- 
 lation or restriction should be thought desirable, the further 
 cjuestion would arise, how far such action should take the form 
 of the more stringent enforcement of sanitary and other regula- 
 tions as regards dwellings or workshop.^, with the view of 
 compelling the newly arrived innnigi-ants to conform to a greater 
 extent to the standard of social and economic conditions cus- 
 tomary in this country, or how far it should be directed to 
 stopping tlie stream of immigration wholly <>r in part. 
 
 Certain ])arts of the present report may perhajis give some 
 assistance in arriving at a conchision on this question. S(j far 
 also as it Virings out the characteristic tenacity, persit^tence, and 
 industry of the fneign Jewish population it suggests the diMi- 
 culty of deciding by the appearance of the immigrants on arrival 
 the probability or otherwise that they will nltiinateh- prove an 
 undesirabU- element in the population. 
 
 It nmst, however, be remembered that in deciding such 
 (juestions as are here raised, tliere may be a great Nariety of 
 considerations to be taken into account, many of which it would 
 be out of place to refer to in this report. 
 
138 
 
 NUMBER OF FOREIGNERS 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 (a.) — Table showing the Total Number of Foreigners and of RUSSIANS 
 Districts of LONDON, and the per-ccntage they bore to the total popu- 
 
 Registration Districts and Sub-Districts. 
 
 Total born in Foreign Countries.' 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per-ceiit- 
 age of 
 
 Popula- 
 tion. 
 
 Whitechapel • 
 
 Spitalfields 
 
 Mile End New Town 
 
 Whitechapel Church 
 
 Goodman's Fields - 
 
 Aldgate 
 St. George-in-the-East 
 
 St. George's North - 
 
 St. John, St. George-in-the-East - 
 Stepney - 
 
 Shadwell 
 
 Ratclia 
 
 Limehouse 
 Mile End Old Town 
 
 Mile End Old Town Wester 
 
 Mile End Old Town Eastern 
 Poplar - 
 
 Bow - 
 
 Bromley 
 
 Poplar - 
 Shoreditcli 
 
 Shoreditch South 
 
 Hoxton Xew Town - 
 
 Hoxton Old Town - 
 
 Haggerston - 
 Bethnal Green - 
 
 Bethnal Green North 
 
 Bethnal Green South 
 
 Bethnal Green East - 
 Hackney - 
 
 Stoke Newington 
 
 Stamford Hill 
 
 West Hackney 
 
 Hackney 
 
 South Hackney 
 
 Totals for above Districts 
 
 9,729 
 
 2,624 
 
 3,210 
 
 2,749 
 
 835 
 
 311 
 
 4,229 
 4,102 
 127 
 899 
 241 
 125 
 533 
 
 3,176 
 
 2,601 
 
 575 
 
 1,423 
 195 
 353 
 875 
 
 1,104 
 363 
 347 
 187 
 207 
 
 1,057 
 242 
 557 
 258 
 
 1,725 
 257 
 93 
 421 
 641 
 310 
 
 33MS 
 
 1 
 
 8,232 
 
 17,961 
 
 24-12 
 
 2,408 
 
 5,032 
 
 22-41 
 
 2,729 
 
 5,939 
 
 33-16 
 
 2,331 
 
 5,080 
 
 25 03 
 
 647 
 
 1,482 
 
 22-21 
 
 117 
 
 428 
 
 6-01 
 
 3,204 
 
 7,433 
 
 16-23 
 
 3,182 
 
 7,284 
 
 19-30 
 
 22 
 
 149 
 
 1-85 
 
 294 
 
 1,193 
 
 208 
 
 75 
 
 316 
 
 308 
 
 54 
 
 179 
 
 1-20 
 
 165 
 
 •698 
 
 2-17 
 
 2,521 
 
 5,697 
 
 5-30 
 
 2,092 
 
 4,693 
 
 12-14 
 
 429 
 
 1,004 
 
 1-46 
 
 495 
 
 1,918 
 
 1-15 
 
 107 
 
 303 
 
 -75 
 
 175 
 
 528 
 
 •75 
 
 213 
 
 1,088 
 
 1-93 
 
 551 
 
 1,655 
 
 1-33 
 
 174 
 
 537 
 
 2-67 
 
 163 
 
 510 
 
 1-74 
 
 78 
 
 265 
 
 -93 
 
 1.36 
 
 343 
 
 -74 
 
 739 
 
 1,796 
 
 1-39 
 
 1.53 
 
 395 
 
 •77 
 
 416 
 
 973 
 
 2-91 
 
 170 
 
 428 
 
 •97 
 
 1,198 
 
 2,923 
 
 1-27 
 
 202 
 
 459 
 
 1-48 
 
 81 
 
 174 
 
 -98 
 
 292 
 
 716 
 
 1-68 
 
 433 
 
 1,074 
 
 1-11 
 
 190 
 
 500 
 
 1-20 
 
 ^7.234 
 
 40,676 
 
 4-34 
 
 * Exchiding persons born in these countries 
 
r\^ 
 
 TO PART I. 
 
 IN PARTS OF EAST LONDON. 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 139 
 
 aiul RUSSIAN POLES rosidiiii,' in certain llctjistratioii Districts and Sul)- 
 latiou of those Districts or Sub-Districts, according to the Census of IMIU. 
 
 
 Number born in 
 
 Russia.' 
 
 Number born in 
 Toland.' 
 
 Russian 
 
 Total NumlicT boni in Ru 
 Russian I'olatKl.' 
 
 "isia and ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I'er- 
 
 rent- ' 
 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Totivl. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 [ Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Uffc of 
 
 l'o|)ula- 
 
 tion. 
 
 
 3,497 
 
 2,870 
 
 6,367 
 
 3,760 
 
 3,411 
 
 7,171 
 
 1 
 
 ' 7,257 
 
 6,281 
 
 13,538 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 
 90S 
 
 7KI 
 
 1,645 
 
 905 
 
 960 
 
 1,915 
 
 1,860 
 
 1.700 
 
 3,500 
 
 15 
 
 85 
 
 
 i;>39 
 
 1.127 
 
 2,466 
 
 1.532 
 
 1,319 
 
 2,851 
 
 2,871 
 
 2,4 to 
 
 5,317 
 
 29 
 
 69 
 
 
 996 
 
 804 
 
 1,800 
 
 1.025 
 
 046 
 
 1,971 
 
 , 2.021 
 
 1,750 
 
 3,771 
 
 18 
 
 58 
 
 
 217 
 
 168 
 
 385 
 
 235 
 
 176 
 
 411 
 
 452 
 
 314 
 
 796 
 
 11 
 
 •93 
 
 
 40 
 
 31 
 
 71 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 53 
 
 41 
 
 94 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 
 1,116 
 
 808 
 
 1,924 
 
 1,632 
 
 1,417 
 
 3,049 
 
 2,748 
 
 2,225 
 
 4,973 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 
 1,113 
 
 807 
 
 1,920 
 
 1,632 
 
 1,414 
 
 3,046 
 
 2,745 
 
 2 221 
 
 4.966 
 
 13 
 
 16 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 •09 
 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 78 
 
 
 •14 
 
 
 7 
 
 O 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 
 •20 ' 
 
 
 7 
 
 .> 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 ' 10 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1) 
 
 .> 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 42 
 
 
 •13 
 
 
 726 
 
 562 
 
 1,288 
 
 1,142 
 
 1,010 
 
 2,152 
 
 1,868 
 
 1,572 
 
 3,440 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 
 
 &S7 
 
 535 
 
 1,222 
 
 1,057 
 
 945 
 
 2,002 
 
 1,741 
 
 1,480 
 
 3,224 
 
 8 
 
 •34 
 
 
 39 
 
 27 
 
 66 
 
 85 
 
 65 
 
 150 
 
 124 
 
 92 
 
 216 
 
 
 31 
 
 
 67 
 
 7 
 
 74 
 
 18 
 
 IG 
 
 34 
 
 85 
 
 23 
 
 108 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 »•■", 
 
 — 
 
 43 
 
 8 
 
 1(1 
 
 18 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 61 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 42 
 
 26 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 32 
 
 96 
 
 . 106 
 
 58 
 
 164 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 35 
 
 89 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 
 07 
 
 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 2(1 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 
 10 . 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 
 06 
 
 
 271 
 
 189 
 
 460 
 
 271 
 
 239 
 
 510 
 
 542 
 
 428 
 
 970 
 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 .■d; 
 
 20 
 
 62 
 
 ,30 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 6i! 
 
 40 
 
 112 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 215 
 
 150 
 
 365 
 
 205 1 
 
 189 ' 
 
 394 
 
 420 
 
 S39 
 
 759 
 
 2 
 
 •27 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 .■}<! 
 
 .30 
 
 66 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 99 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 147 
 
 98 
 
 245 
 
 85 
 
 65 
 
 150 
 
 232 
 
 163 
 
 395 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 13 
 
 n 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1'.' 
 
 l» 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 •■* , 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 
 04 
 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 57 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 40 
 
 57 1 
 
 4(1 
 
 97 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 48 
 
 28 
 
 76 
 
 U 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 71 
 
 50 
 
 1 
 
 121 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 SO 
 
 33 
 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 54 
 
 n 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 \ 
 
 137 
 
 
 33 
 
 1 
 
 
 S^Sf 
 
 W^ 
 
 /04s^ 
 
 7,00/ 
 
 '5.»7 
 
 13,iOS 
 
 n^o 
 
 10,77^ 
 
 23,666 
 
 1 
 y5.i j 
 
 who were returned as " British Subjects." 
 
140 
 
 NUMBER OF FOREIGNEKS. — IN MANCHESTER. 
 
 Appendix I. — cont. 
 
 (i.) — Tablk nhowing the Total Nu^ibek of ForeKhNEKs aud of JIusnians 
 and Russian Poles residing in each of the Registration Sub-districts, 
 or portions thereof, that form any parfc of the Urban Sanitary District 
 of Manchestek, and the per-contage they bore to the total population 
 of those Sub-districts or portions, according to the Census of ISDl. 
 
 
 Total born in Foreign 
 Countries.* 
 
 Number born 
 in Russia.* 
 
 Number born 
 
 in Russian 
 
 Poland.* 
 
 Total Number born 
 
 in Russia and 
 
 Russian Poland.* 
 
 Registration 
 
 
 
 
 
 Districts and 
 
 
 
 
 o . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o . 
 
 Sub-districts. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 3.5 
 
 V a. 
 t< o 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 
 Chorlton : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tUiclsburj- - 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 2-54 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■06 
 
 tArdwick 
 
 loi 
 
 178 
 
 332 
 
 ■sr, 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 •Ul 
 
 Chorlton- 
 upon-Medlock 
 
 } C07 
 
 353 
 
 'X,U 
 
 1-61 
 
 , 26 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 2J 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 57 
 
 •10 
 
 tllulmo 
 
 123 
 
 100 
 
 223 
 
 ■31 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 •02 
 
 Manchester : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ancoats 
 
 162 
 
 104 
 
 266 
 
 •58 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 *> 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 •03 
 
 Central 
 
 1,05J 
 
 822 
 
 1,876 
 
 4 '93 
 
 ' 556 
 
 501 
 
 1,057 
 
 2-22 
 
 177 
 
 390 
 
 778 
 
 678 
 
 1,456 
 
 3^83 
 
 St. George 
 
 418 
 
 255 
 
 673 
 
 1-10 
 
 98 
 
 60 
 
 l.-iS 117 
 
 63 
 
 180 
 
 215 
 
 123 
 
 33S 
 
 •55 
 
 Prestwich : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newton 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 158 
 
 •24 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 6 5 
 
 4 
 
 0- 
 
 1 10 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 •02 
 
 Cheethaiu 
 
 2,307 
 
 2,016 
 
 4,323 
 
 10-82 
 
 1,131 
 
 077 
 
 2,108 531 
 
 536 
 
 1,067 
 
 1,662 
 
 1,513 
 
 3,175 
 
 7-95 
 
 tFailswnrthand 
 Elacklcy - 
 
 1 36 
 
 32 
 
 68 
 
 •33 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 •02 
 
 Ashton-uiider- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lyne : 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tAudensliaw - 
 
 ' TotaKU.S.D. of 
 Manchester) 
 
 i) 
 
 10 19 
 
 •57 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 ^,70-/ 
 
 1 
 2,7^9 
 
 2,36-/ 
 
 1 
 
 s,oso 
 
 •03 
 
 I'OI 
 
 } i,97-^ 
 
 ■'i.g68S,()4f 
 
 rrr 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ■/.SSS 
 
 3,.V9 
 
 SgS 
 
 SOS 
 
 * Excluding persons born in these countries who wero returned as " British subjects." 
 tThe figures given relate to tliat portion of the Registration Sub-district only which lies 
 within the boundaries of the Urban Sanitary District of J\ianchcster. 
 
IN LEEDS. 
 
 141 
 
 Appendix I. — cohL 
 
 (c.) — Table showing the Total NaMBiiu uumher of Foueigneks and of 
 Russians and Russian Poles residing in each ol" the Registration 
 Siib-districts, or portions thereof, that foini any part of the Urban 
 Sanitary District of Leeds, aud the per-ceutage they boro to the 
 total population ol' those Sulj-districts or portions, according to the 
 Census of ISi'l. 
 
 llegist ration 
 Districts and 
 Snb-districts. 
 
 Total born in ForelRn 
 Countries.* 
 
 in Unssi.i. Pohuul.' 
 
 Total Xniiiber born 
 in liussiu and 
 llussiiin Poland.* 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 i.2 
 
 ?l 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 To- 
 tal. 
 
 . 
 
 Huuslet : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tllnnslet and 
 Mliitkirk - 
 
 ] 33 
 
 30 
 
 fiS 
 
 •12 
 
 — 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 Holbeck : 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tlloUack 
 
 1:5 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 •12 
 
 2 2 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 •02 
 
 Bra m ley : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JJi-amli-y 
 
 7 
 
 s 
 
 15 
 
 ■10 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •(»i 
 
 Wortley • 
 
 .31 
 
 31 
 
 63 
 
 •13 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 Leeds : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. K. L..,as - 
 
 tn 
 
 .32 
 
 93 
 
 •28 
 
 f) i 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 9 ' 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 111 
 
 (K! 
 
 X. L.ods 
 
 2,498 
 
 2,121 
 
 4.G1U 
 
 7-02 
 
 1,527 1, -271 -2,798 
 
 Mi 
 
 574 
 
 1,216 
 
 2,1(!9 
 
 1.8^15 
 
 4,011 
 
 G-fi2 
 
 vr. ix«cds - 
 
 ■m 
 
 374 
 
 872 
 
 roi 
 
 170 120 290 
 
 110 
 
 79 
 
 189 
 
 280 
 
 199 
 
 479 
 
 •57 
 
 Kirkstall - 
 
 •ts 
 
 511 
 
 1U7 
 
 •3(! 
 
 . 2! 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 •02 
 
 tChaiKjltowa - 
 
 2f. .37 
 
 (;.3 
 
 •#! 
 
 3 9 
 
 .. 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 9I 6 
 
 14 
 
 •10 
 
 Total (U.S.D. 
 of Leeds) 
 
 j S.tiO 
 
 t.ror 
 
 '.or 
 
 /•'I/ 
 
 /,'fS f^OS 3,IJo 
 
 ;6.' 
 
 45tf 
 
 /.{?o 
 
 ■i477 
 
 
 
 4fi\o 
 
 f^Ji 
 
 ' Kxclndipg persons boi-n in these countries who were n-tnrned ns " British sub'ji-cts." 
 + The lijcnres jtiven relate to that portion of the Rejristratioii Snb-dislrict only whirh lirR 
 witliin the lioiindaries nf the Urban Sanitary District of Leeds. 
 
142 
 
 JEWISH BOAllD OF GUARDIANS 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 List of 92 Trades iu which 4:!0 apprentices (apprenticed by the Industrial 
 Committee of the Jewish Board of Guardians) were employed at the 
 end of the year 1893. 
 
 Trade. 
 
 No. of 
 Appren- 
 tices. 
 
 Furiiishiiuj and Wood- 
 workiuij Trades. 
 
 I 
 
 Caliiuet makers (various) - 49 
 
 Upholsterers - - 22 
 
 Wood carvers - - 22 
 
 Freneli polishers - - 16 
 Ivor}' and hardwood turners 
 
 and carvers - - ! 8 
 
 Carvers and gilders - - ! 4 
 
 Overmantel makers - - 8 
 
 Bamboo furniture makers - | 2 
 
 Box and packing case maker I 1 
 
 C'ane and invalid chair maker 1 
 Clock dial silverer and lac- 
 
 querer - - - 1 
 
 Fret cutter - - - i 1 
 
 Furniture japanner - - [ 1 
 
 Glass beveller and silverer - 1 
 
 Marquetrie cutter - - | 1 
 
 Photographic frame maker - 1 
 
 Pianoforte case maker - 1 
 
 Metal Trades. 
 
 Engineers - - - 11 
 Copper, iron and tin plate 
 
 workers - - - 
 
 Bicycle and tricycle makers - 5 
 
 Art metal workers - - 4 
 
 Metal platers and poliiihers - 2 
 
 Metal plate workers - 2 
 
 Brass finisher - - 1 
 
 Cutler - - " I ^ 
 
 Enamelled copper letter | 
 
 maker - - - i 1 
 
 Lathe and tool maker - 1 
 Scale and weighing machine 
 
 maker _ . . 
 
 Scientific Iiistnimeitl Makers. 
 
 Electricians - - - 
 
 Scientific instrument makers 
 Dental instrument maker 
 Optician . . . 
 
 Photographic apparatus 
 
 maker - _ . 
 
 Telegraphic engineer and 
 
 electrician 
 
 ^> 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Carried forward - | 178 
 
 Trade 
 
 No. of 
 Appren- 
 tices. 
 
 Brought forwarr 
 
 Building Trades 
 
 Alarble masons 
 Gasfitters and plumbers 
 Carpenters and joiners 
 Signboard and glass writers - 
 Builders' plumbers and de- 
 corators - - - 
 Fret lead glaziers 
 
 Clothing Trades. 
 
 Bootmakers and clickers 
 
 Clothiers' cutters 
 
 Dressmakers 
 
 Tailors and measure cutters - 
 
 Mantle maker 
 
 rrinting and Bookbinding 
 Trades. 
 
 Compositors and printers 
 Bookbinders - 
 Lithographic artists 
 
 and 
 
 designers - 
 
 Wood engravers 
 Gold blockers 
 Lithographic printers 
 Account-book binders 
 Book and card ed<Te gliders - 
 Compositor and reporter 
 JNIaehine ruler 
 Zinco engraver 
 
 Jeicelleri/ and Precious 
 Metal Workers. 
 
 Watchmakers 
 
 20 
 
 Diamond setters 
 
 6 
 
 Silver chasers and embossers 
 
 5 
 
 Diamond mounters and 
 
 
 jewellers - - - 
 
 3 
 
 Jewellers (working) 
 
 3 
 
 Electro-platers and metal 
 
 
 polishers - - - 
 
 2 
 
 Silversmiths 
 
 2 
 
 Gold and silver caster 
 
 ] 
 
 178 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 G 
 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 .> 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Carried forward 
 
 364 
 
APPIIENTICES TRADES. 
 
 143 
 
 Appendix II. — cunt. 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Tirtde. 
 
 Appren- 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Appren- 
 
 
 tices. 
 
 
 tices. 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 3G1 
 
 Brought forwartl 
 
 389 
 
 Lapidary and jewel cutter - 
 
 1 
 
 Miscellaneniis. 
 
 
 Niekel iilatiT 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mounters (general) - 
 
 12 
 
 Leather and Hair Wttrkcrs. 
 
 
 Pianoforte tuners and po- 
 lishers 
 
 r. 
 
 Harness-makers and saddlers 
 
 4 
 
 Engravers - 
 
 5 
 
 IJajj and {Kirtnianfeau makers 
 
 •.\ 
 
 Ticket and show card writers 
 
 5 
 
 Fancy leatlier workers 
 
 :\ 
 
 ( )rgan makers 
 
 O 
 
 Brush makers 
 
 2 
 
 Dentist (mechanieal) 
 
 
 Uliip uiakers 
 
 • > 
 
 Die sinker - 
 
 
 Chamois leather dresser 
 
 1 
 
 Die sinker and seal engravtr 
 
 
 Portmanteau and trunk 
 
 
 Figure carver and modeller - 
 
 
 maker - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Glass decorator and embosser 
 Lamp maker 
 
 
 Coach and Carriage 
 Builders. 
 
 
 Naturalist - 
 Pencil maker 
 Slate enameller 
 
 
 Coaeh and eart ])ainters 
 
 •) 
 
 Stained glass artist - 
 
 
 Coachsmith - 
 
 I 
 
 \\'eaver of upholsterers' 
 
 
 Wheelwright 
 
 1 
 
 trimmings 
 
 Total number of appren- 
 
 
 
 
 Curried forward 
 
 389 
 
 tices at end of 1893 - 
 
 ■J 31) 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 1 
 
144 
 
 FOKEIGN CRIMINALS : 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 Eeturn givins^ iiarticnlars of Prisoners of Russian and Polish Nation- 
 ality who were in Convict and Local Prisons on the lUth Jannary 
 1894. 
 
 (Abbreviatiuns : — P.S. = Penal Servitude; H.L. = Hard Labour.) 
 
 Prison where 
 confined. 
 
 Name 
 of Prisoner. 
 
 Date of 
 
 Con- 
 viction. 
 
 Place of 
 Conviction. 
 
 Offence. 
 
 Sentence. 
 
 Parkhurst , 
 
 (Convict) ■' 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 (Convict) - 
 
 Roman Mar- 
 witf. 
 
 Joseph Kopc- 
 lewitz. 
 
 Solomon Bar- 
 niasli. 
 
 Maurice Ro- 
 binowitz. 
 
 14.11.92 I Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 t».l.'j;i 
 
 1.5.ii3 
 
 1.5.9.3 
 
 Lazarus Joans 23.5.93 
 
 Birmingham • 
 Cardiff 
 
 Holloway 
 
 Hull - 
 
 Israel Pulman 
 David Bock - 
 
 Solomon Bal- 
 beski. 
 
 D.avid J. Bal- 
 con. 
 
 Judith Geis - 
 
 Samuel Israel 
 
 Lewis Wilkins 
 
 Samuel Blooni' 
 stein. 
 
 John Kelisher 
 
 Franz Gron- 
 quest. 
 
 Rose Piish 
 
 Hyman Kauf- 
 man. 
 
 24.3.90 
 3.5.90 
 19.5.90 
 S.9.90 
 24.11.90 
 
 15.11.92 
 
 7.3.92 
 15.11.92 
 28.12.93 
 
 29.6,93 
 
 6.12.93 
 13.12.93 
 
 Feloniously tlir(jwing 
 corrosive fluid with 
 intent to do grie- 
 vous bodily harm. 
 
 5 years' P.S. 
 
 North Lon- j 
 don Ses- 
 sions.Clerk- 
 enwell. 
 
 Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 Manchester 
 Assizes. 
 
 Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 Northamp- 
 ton Assizes. 
 
 Cent. Crirn. 
 Court. 
 
 Northani])- 
 ton Assizes. 
 
 Birmingham 
 Police Court. 
 
 Cardiff Boro' 
 Quarter Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 Marlborough 
 Street Police 
 Court. 
 
 Hull Police ' 
 Court. I 
 
 Feloniously adminis- , 10 years' P.S. 
 tering a stupefying 
 drug with intent 
 to enable him to 
 commit an indict- 
 able ollence. 
 
 Forging and uttering 7 years' P.S. 
 an order and war- 
 rant for payment 
 of 593/. with intent 
 to defraud. 
 
 Forging and uttering | 5 years' P.S. 
 an order and war- 
 r.'int for payment 
 of :i\VM. with intent 
 to de^'raud. 
 
 Breaking and* enter- i 5 years' P.S. 
 ing dwelling-house ' and 2 years' 
 and stealing there- police super- 
 in 2 books. vision. 
 
 Forgery 
 
 Arson - 
 
 Obtaining money by 
 false pretences. 
 
 5 years' P.S. 
 7 years' P.S. 
 5 years' P.S. 
 
 Receiving stolen 5 years' P.S. 
 goods. 
 
 AYarehouse breaking 
 azid stealing shawls, 
 &c. 
 
 7 years' P.S. 
 
 Burglary and larceny 3 years' P.S. 
 and remanet 
 ;i48 days. 
 
 Larceny in dwelling- 
 house. 
 
 Burglary 
 
 Neglect of family 
 Maliciously wounding 
 
 Stealing 5/. note 
 
 3 years' P.S. 
 3 years' P.S. 
 21 dnys' H.L. 
 
 9 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 2 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 Non-payment of ar- Pay 82*. 6<Z. 
 rears of hastanly ' or 30 days, 
 order. 
 
RUSSIAN AND POLISH. 
 
 Uo 
 
 Appendix III.— con/. 
 
 Prison wliero 
 coutiiied. 
 
 Xanic 
 of Prisonur. 
 
 Date .>f 
 
 Con- 
 viction. 
 
 Place of 
 Conviction. 
 
 ( )irence. 
 
 Sentc'iifo. 
 
 Leeds 
 
 Lewes 
 
 C\ Julius Stein - 
 
 Minks Trevor 
 Berniinl Wine 
 
 Solomon Mark 
 alius Mendal 
 Lofer. 
 
 Abraham 
 Rficketsn//as 
 Rotceszenski, 
 or Roser. 
 
 Charles Julius 
 
 Thomas Zerms 
 
 Martin I'cok- 
 ski. 
 
 23.10.U3 ' Leeds Ses- StealinK the sum of 12 tal. mens, 
 sioiis. 50/. from his muster H.L. 
 
 lit Leeds. 
 
 Liverpool -• 
 
 StealiiiK an overcoat 2 cal. mons. 
 
 at Leeds. H.L. 
 
 Warehouse-lireakiuK 5 r.-il. nions. 
 
 and stealing at H.L. 
 Leeds. 
 
 Sussex As- I Three charges of bur- 
 sizes, glary. 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Pentonville -• 
 
 JohnAA'inslyn 
 
 Dominick 
 Lueschwick. 
 
 Elizalwth Se- 
 chaiz2i. 
 
 ', Peter Smith 
 
 John Snicker 
 
 Gershon Abra- 
 ' ham. 
 
 ! 
 
 : Levy Woolf - 
 
 Mendal Silver- 
 man. 
 
 Patk. Macz- 
 vewski. 
 
 Lewns Cowen 
 
 Simon Nollet 
 Jacob Shynian 
 
 Geonte Brandt 
 Isaac Lone - 
 Barnet Doun 
 
 8.1.t)4 
 8.I.«J4 
 
 4.8.93 
 
 4.8.93 ; 
 
 14.11.93 
 
 U.ll.i"3 
 14.11.93 
 
 14.11.93 Liverpool Stealing seven shirts 
 
 County Ses- 1 
 sions. 
 
 Liverpool Wounding with m- 
 Assizes. tent to do itrievous 
 
 bodily liarin. 
 
 6 ciil. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 20.12.93 LiscardPetty 
 [ Sessions. 
 
 8.1.94 ' Liverpool 
 (Date of I City Ses- 
 
 com- I sions. 
 mittal). 
 
 S.1.94 ! 
 (Date of 
 
 com- 
 mittal). 
 
 5.1.94 I Newcastle 
 (Date of City Police 
 
 com- I Court, 
 mittal). I 
 
 l.,5.93 I Cent. Crim. 
 I Court. 
 
 Assault 
 Stealing a watch 
 
 4 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 3 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 (! enl. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 3 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 1 cal. nion. 
 H.L. 
 
 Awaiting 
 trial. 
 
 Wilful damage 
 
 Conspiracy to defraud 
 Stealing sateen 
 
 Abduction to car- 
 nally know. 
 
 Burglary 
 
 Worship ! Stealing two tiilysons 
 Street Police' 
 
 Court. I 
 
 I 
 Guildhall Po- Assault 
 
 iico Court. ; 
 
 Woi-ship St cnliiig chocolate - 
 
 Strett Police, 
 Court. 
 
 Mansion 
 House Po- 
 lice Court. 
 
 Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 17.7.93 
 
 24.7.93 
 11.9.9.3 
 8.11.93 
 
 20.12.93 
 21.12.93 
 
 23.12.93 
 
 3.1.94 
 
 8.1.91 ' Guildhall Po-| As-ssiult Police 
 lice Court. 
 
 Stealing money 
 R,.V. Frequenting 
 
 O 82170. 
 
 On riuiand. 
 
 l\l cal. nions. 
 (i cal. mons. 
 
 is ciil. nions. 
 12 cal. mens. 
 3 cal. mons. 
 
 I cmI. mnii. 
 I'l weeks. 
 
 1 cal. inon. 
 tl wi'cks. 
 1 cal. mi'M. 
 
 K' 
 
146 
 
 RUSSIAN AND POLISH CRIMINALS, 
 
 Appendix III. — cont. 
 
 Prison where 
 confined. 
 
 Xanie 
 of Pri.soner. 
 
 Date of 
 
 Con- 
 viction. 
 
 Place of 
 Conviction. 
 
 Offence. 
 
 Sentence. 
 
 Pentonvilie— 
 cent- 1 
 
 Reading 
 
 Strangeways 
 
 I 
 Wandsworth -i 
 
 I 
 
 Wormwood , 
 Scrubs. "^ 
 
 Isaac Marks - 
 
 9.1.94 
 
 Harris Marks 
 
 13.11.93 
 
 Max Landay - 
 
 3.11.93. 
 
 Hynian Ben- 
 
 3,1.94 
 
 jamin. 
 
 
 Annie Lazarus 
 
 19.10.93 
 
 Maurice 
 Schindler. 
 
 3.8.93 
 
 Morris Men- 
 delshonn. 
 
 1.1.94 
 
 Levi Jacobs - 
 
 5.1.94 
 
 Charles Weis- 
 nor, alias 
 William 
 Buelski. 
 
 9.1.94 
 
 Louis Selam- 
 berg. 
 
 9.1.94 
 (D.ite of 
 remand.) 
 
 Andrew Fran- 
 ceskoom. 
 
 10.10.93 
 
 Nathan Bloom 
 
 29.12.93 
 
 Arthur Kohn 
 
 23.10.93 
 
 Emanuel 
 Klinberg. 
 
 0,11.93 
 
 Isaac Frak- 
 
 13.11.93 
 
 man. 
 
 
 MikeWoolf - 
 
 20.11.93 
 
 Guilcjhall Po- 
 lice Court. 
 
 Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 Thames Po- 
 lice Court. 
 
 Worship 
 Street Police 
 Court. 
 
 New Wind- 
 sor Boro' 
 Petty Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 Manchester 
 
 City Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 Manchester 
 Police Court, 
 
 South Lon- 
 don Sessions 
 Newington. 
 
 Thames Po- 
 lice Court. 
 
 North Lon- 
 don Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 Cent. Crim. 
 Court. 
 
 North Lon- 
 don Ses- 
 sions. 
 
 R.V. Frequenting - 1 cal. mon. 
 
 18 cal. mons. 
 
 G cal. mons. 
 R.V. Frequenting - 6 weeks. 
 
 Possessing counter- 
 feit coin. 
 
 Fou.nd in house and 
 assault. 
 
 Stealing a purse con- 
 taining a postal 
 order for 15s. and 
 Id. in money. 
 
 Fraud 
 
 Breach of the peace 
 
 Non - payment of 
 money. 
 
 Assault 
 
 Fraudulent bankrupt 
 
 3 cal. mons, 
 H.L. 
 
 6 cal. mons. 
 H.L. 
 
 Sureties, or 1 
 cal. mon. 
 
 Pay 06s. or 
 14 days' im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 Pay 235. or 
 7 days' H.L. 
 
 Remanded 
 till 10.1.94. 
 
 Incorrigible rogue - ; 12 cal. mons. 
 ! H.L. 
 
 Unlawful possession 
 
 1 cal. mon. 
 H.L. 
 
 Feloniously receiving I 4 cal. mons, 
 stolen jiroperty. H.L. 
 
 Stealing a suit of 5 cal. mons, 
 clothes, &c. I H.L. 
 
 Diminishing three 
 sovereigns with in- 
 tent to pass them 
 so diminished. 
 
 3 years' P.S. 
 
 Stealing a quantity 9 cal. mons. 
 of sarcenet of his H.L. 
 master. 
 
APPENDICES TO PART II. 
 
 Occupations of Russians and Poles in East London, 
 Leeds, and Manchester. 
 
 K 2 
 
148 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF RUSSIANS AND POLES 
 
 APPENDICES 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 (ft.)-^TABLE showing the Occupations of Eussiaks and Russian Poles in 
 
 London according to 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 HACKNEY. 
 
 
 Stoke 
 
 Newing- 
 
 ton. 
 
 Stamford 
 Hill. 
 
 West 
 Hafikney. 
 
 Hackney. 
 
 South 
 Hackney. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 
 Building trades 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 
 Eneineeriug and metal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ^~ 
 
 ^— 
 
 1 
 
 -__ 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 Printing trades 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 
 Clothing trades :— 
 
 Boot and shoe makers 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 7 
 
 
 Slipper makers - 
 Tailors and tailoresses 
 Cap makers 
 Furriers - 
 Dress and mantle 
 
 makers. 
 Others - 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 12 
 4 
 5 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 
 Cabinetmakers and wood- 
 workers. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 
 Food and drink prepara- 
 tion trades : — 
 Bakers, confectioners, 
 
 &c. 
 Butchers 
 Others - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 ■Watchmakers, &c. (jewel- 
 lers). 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled oc- 
 cupations. 
 
 Seamen 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 5 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 General laViourers, car- 
 men, and railway 
 workers. 
 
 Clerks and waiehousemen 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Retail tradesmen and shop 
 
 assistants. 
 Hawkers, &c. 
 
 — 
 
 — , 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 : 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 Hairdressers 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 
 Cigar makers, &c. - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 Stick makers, &c. (um- 
 brellas). 
 
 Rag sorters, &c. (mer- 
 chants). 
 
 Domestic servants, 
 waiters, &c. 
 
 Scholars . - . 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 40 
 
 — 
 
 
 Unspecified 
 
 4 
 
 n 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 — 
 
 34 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 125 
 
 
 Own means 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 Total number of Rus-) 
 sians and Poles -J 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 57 
 
 40 
 
 71 
 
 50 
 
 83 
 
 55 
 
 232 
 
 163 
 
 
IN KAST l.oXDoX. 
 
 14!» 
 
 TO PART 11. 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 the under-iucntioued RcLcistratioii Districts and Siilj-lJistricts of 
 tho Census of IsOl. 
 
 SHOREDITCH. 
 
 Shored itch I Hoxton 
 South. New Towu. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. 
 
 Hoxton 
 Old Towu. 
 
 M. 
 
 Hapger- 
 
 stoiie. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 M. 1". I M. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 54 
 
 3 — 
 
 17 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 — 
 
 1 — 
 
 1 — 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 . 
 
 1 - 
 
 .{ — 
 
 G — 2 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 22 
 1 
 3 
 
 i — 9 
 
 17 4 20 
 
 15 12 
 
 6 
 2 
 16 
 1 
 8 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 106 58 
 
 Building tnides. 
 
 Enf^inoerinR juul nictal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades. 
 
 PrintinfT trades. 
 
 ClothiiiK trades :— 
 
 Bool and shoe makers. 
 
 Slijjper makers. 
 
 Tailors .-ind tailoresses. 
 
 Cap makers. 
 
 Furriers. 
 
 Uri'ss and mantle 
 
 makers. 
 Others. 
 
 Cablnotraakers and wood- 
 workers. 
 
 Food and drink preparation 
 tra<los:— 
 Bakers, confectioner.s, 
 
 Ac. 
 Butchers. 
 Otliers. 
 
 AVatclnnakers, &c. (jc.vel- 
 
 lers). 
 JlisccUancous skilled cicon- 
 
 pations. 
 Seamen. 
 
 General lalioiu-ers, car- 
 men, and railway 
 workers. 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen. 
 
 Retail tradesmen and shop 
 
 nssistiints. 
 Hawkers, &c. 
 
 Hairdressers. 
 
 (.'ipar makers, &c. 
 
 Stick makers, &c. (nm- 
 
 hrella.*:). 
 R.ijc sorters, Ac. (mer- 
 
 ehants). 
 Domestic servants, waiters, 
 
 &c. 
 Scholars. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Unspecified. 
 
 Own means. 
 
 \ Total i.umher of Uussians 
 ', and Poles. 
 
150 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF RUSSIANS AND POLES 
 
 Appendix IV. — cont. 
 
 i 
 
 [a.) — Table showing the Occupations of Russiaxs and Etjssian Poles iii 
 
 London accordms? to the 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 BETHNAL GEEEN. 
 
 
 Bethnal 
 Green 
 North. 
 
 Bethnal 
 Green 
 South. 
 
 Bethnal 
 Green 
 
 East. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 Spital- 
 flelds. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 E. 
 
 ! 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 1 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 M. F. 
 
 
 Building trades 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 
 Engineering and metal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades 
 
 2 
 
 ^~~ 
 
 ■» 
 
 __ 
 
 3 
 
 ~"~ 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 : 
 
 9 
 
 _ 
 
 
 Printing trades 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 
 Clothing trades :— 
 
 Boot and shoe makers - 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 58 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 70 
 
 • 
 2 
 
 240 
 
 2 
 
 
 Slipper makers - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses - 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 127 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 145 
 
 43 
 
 568 
 
 205 
 
 
 Cap makers 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 42 
 
 16 
 
 
 Eurriers - 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 19 
 
 
 Dress and mantle makers 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 1 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 
 Others 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 
 Caljinetuiakers and wood- 
 workers. 
 Food and drink preparation 
 trades:— 
 Bakers, confectionei-s,. 
 
 &c. 
 Butchers - 
 
 17 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 • 97 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 116 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 108 
 
 17 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 Others - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 Watchmakers, &c. (jewel- 
 lers). 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occu- 
 pations. 
 
 Seamen 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 17 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 
 General labourers, carmen, 
 
 and railway' workers. 
 Clerks and warehousemen - 
 
 
 __ 
 
 : 
 
 — 
 
 : 
 
 : 
 
 ^~ 
 
 : 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 : 
 
 
 Eetail tradesmen and shop 
 
 assistants. 
 Hawkers, &c. - 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 82 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 
 Han-dressers - 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 
 Cigar makers, &c. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 
 Stick makers, &c. (umbrel- 
 las). 
 
 Rae sorters, &c. (mer- 
 chants). 
 
 Domestic servants, waiters, 
 &c. 
 
 Scholars 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 11 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 11 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 136 
 
 1 
 
 65 
 
 131 
 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 133 
 
 17 
 
 
 Unspecified - 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 46 
 
 266 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 54 
 
 331 
 
 176 
 
 1,115 
 
 
 Own means - 
 
 Total number of Rus- 7 
 sians and Poles - i 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 
 66 
 
 46 
 
 420 
 
 339 
 
 56 
 
 43 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 542 
 
 428 
 
 1,860 1,700 
 
 \ 
 
IN EAST I.ONDON. 
 
 151 
 
 Appendix IV. — cont. 
 
 tbo undev-meutioued Registration Distritts aud Sub-Districta of 
 Census of ISL'l — continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 WHITECHAPEL. 
 
 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Mile End 
 Town. 
 
 Wliite. 
 chapel 
 Cliuroli. 
 
 Goodman's 
 
 Fishiii. 
 
 Aldf. 
 
 ".iw. Totals. 
 
 I. 
 
 M. 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 P. 
 
 M. 
 
 P. 
 
 AI. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 GO 
 
 
 
 CI 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 — 
 
 — . 
 
 191 I - 
 
 IJiiilding trades. 
 
 
 20 
 
 __ 
 
 14 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 ~~ 
 
 1 
 
 ~~ 
 
 50 
 2 
 
 
 I'liiu'liiecring and metal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades. 
 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 26 
 
 — 
 
 I'rin ting trades. 
 
 
 il5 
 
 10 
 
 219 
 
 G 
 
 27 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 902 
 
 18 
 
 Clolhing trades: — 
 
 Hoot and shoe makers. 
 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■ — 
 
 68 
 
 4 
 
 Slipper maktrs. 
 
 
 1.091 
 
 331 
 
 653 
 
 185 
 
 149 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 2,476 
 
 765 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses. 
 
 
 72 
 
 21 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 196 
 
 56 
 
 Cap makers. 
 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 159 
 
 76 
 
 Furriers. 
 
 
 23 
 
 SC, 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 65 
 
 112 
 
 Dress and mantle makers. 
 
 
 s 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 29 
 
 55 
 
 Others. 
 
 
 250 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 70 
 
 22 
 27 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 437 
 
 67 
 
 { 69 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 Ciiliinctmakers and wood- 
 workers. 
 
 I'cHiil and drink pi-eparation 
 trades : — 
 Jiakers, confectioners, 
 
 Uutchers. 
 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 11 
 
 2 
 
 Others. 
 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 72 
 
 — 
 
 Watchmakers, iStc. (jewel- 
 
 
 i'j 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 ^^ 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 ■" ■ 
 
 113 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 -Miscellaneous skilled occu- 
 pations. 
 Seamen. 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 , 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 ._ 
 
 ~~' 
 
 _ 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 : 
 
 (General labourers, carmen, 
 
 and railway workers. 
 Clerks and warehousemen. 
 
 ! 83 
 45 
 
 37 
 
 3 
 
 63 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 249 
 123 
 
 95 
 11 
 
 Retail tradesmen and shop 
 
 assistants. 
 Hawkers, 4o. 
 
 • 15 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 56 
 
 — 
 
 Hairdressers. 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 86 
 
 36 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 162 
 
 84 
 
 ( itfar makers, .ic. 
 
 
 30 
 (5 
 8 
 
 79 
 
 39 
 2 
 6 
 
 1 
 68 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 102 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 235 
 
 Stick makers, ic. (umbrel- 
 las). 
 
 Uair sorters, im. (mer- 
 chants). 
 
 Dcniestic servants, waiters. 
 
 
 290 
 
 310 
 
 132^ 
 
 143 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 586 
 
 612 
 
 Seliolars. 
 
 
 121 
 
 9 
 
 141 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 |445 
 
 45 
 
 MisCfUanoous. 
 
 
 133 
 
 l^U 
 
 168 
 
 1,166 
 
 39 
 
 228 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 ' 617 
 
 4,044 
 
 riisi)ccified. 
 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 48 
 
 Own means. 
 
 ( Total number of Ru-ssians 
 ', and IVilfs. 
 
 
 2,871 
 
 2,446 2,021 
 
 1.750 
 
 452 
 
 344 
 
 53 
 
 41 
 
 7,257 6,281 
 
 1 ' 
 
152 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OF RUSSIANS AND POLES 
 
 Appendix IV. — cont. 
 
 {a) — Table showing the Occupations of Eussians and Russian Poles in 
 
 London according to the 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 ST. GEORGE-IN-THE-EAST. 
 
 St. John 
 
 «*-.^.?!-.^^'HGeoiV 
 in-the- 
 
 East. 
 
 iVorth. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. M. F, 
 
 Totals. 
 
 M. 
 
 STEPNEY. 
 
 Shad- 
 ■ well. 
 
 M. F. 
 
 Rat- Lime- 
 cliffe. ' house. 
 
 M. F 
 
 M. F. 
 
 Totals. 
 
 M. F 
 
 Building trades 
 
 Engineering and metal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades - 
 
 Printing trades 
 
 Clothing trades : — 
 
 Boot and shoe 
 makers. 
 
 Slipper makers 
 
 Tailors and tailor- 
 esses 
 
 Cap makers - 
 
 Fanners 
 
 Dress and mantle 
 makers. 
 
 Others 
 
 Cabinetmakers and 
 
 woodworkers. 
 Food and drink pre- 
 paration trades : — 
 Bakers, confection- 
 ers, &c. 
 Butchers 
 Others 
 
 Watchmakers, &c. 
 
 (jewellers). 
 JMiscellaneous skilled 
 
 occupations. 
 Seamen - 
 
 General labourers, car- 
 men, and railway 
 workers. 
 
 Clerks and warehouse- 
 men. 
 
 Retail tradesmen and 
 shop assistants. 
 
 Hawkers, &e. - 
 
 Hairdressers 
 Cigar makers, ic. 
 
 Stick makers, &c. 
 (umbrellas). 
 
 Rag sorters, &c. (mer- 
 chants). 
 
 Domestic servants, 
 waiters, &c. 
 
 Scholars 
 
 Miscellaneous - 
 Unspecified 
 Own mea!is 
 
 Total number of Rus- ) 
 sians and Poles - j 
 
 61 
 
 12 
 
 3-t3 
 
 63 
 1,042 
 
 68 
 61 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 53 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 43 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 129 
 
 487 
 
 10 
 
 2,745 
 
 4 
 264 
 
 16 
 25 
 39 
 
 15 
 
 9, 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 52 
 16 
 12 
 1,711 
 23 
 
 2,221 
 
 61 
 12 
 
 5 - 
 
 343 1 3 
 
 63 4 
 
 1,042 265 
 
 68 
 61 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 53 
 
 43 
 
 11 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 43 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 129 
 
 16 
 25 
 40 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 16 
 12 
 
 487 1,711 
 10 23 
 
 2,748 2,225 
 
 16 
 
 10 6 1 26 16 
 
 11 6 
 
 1, - 
 
 2l - 
 - 2 
 
 1 - 
 
 2 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 62, 26 
 
IN EAST LONDON. 
 
 153 
 
 Appendix lY.—cont 
 
 the undcr-montiouoa Registration 
 Census of 1^91-conttmied. 
 
 Districts and Sub-Distriots of 
 
 MILE END OLD TOWN 
 
 T, , 1 Mile , 
 ^li'f^'li K.uloKl Totals 
 
 Occupation- 
 
 Building trades. 
 
 Engineering and metal 
 
 trades. 
 Textile trades. 
 
 — 1 I'rinting trades. 
 
 ClothinRtnidcs:— 
 lUiot aiul shoo 
 
 makers. 
 Slipper makers. 
 Tailors and tailor- 
 
 csses. 
 Cap makers. 
 Turriers. 
 Dress and mantle 
 
 makers. 
 Others. 
 
 Cabinet makers and 
 
 woodworkers, 
 t'ood and drink pre- 
 ])aration trades:— 
 ISakers, confection- 
 ers, Jtc. 
 Butchers. 
 Others. 
 
 ■Watchmakers, &c. 
 
 (jewellers). 
 _ Jliseellaneous skilled 
 1 occupations. 
 Seamen. 
 
 General labourers, car- 
 men, and railway 
 workers. 
 
 Clerks and warehouse- 
 men. 
 
 Retail tradesmen and 
 !,hop assistants. 
 
 Hawkers, &e. 
 
 Hairdressers. 
 Cigar makers. &c.. 
 
 Stick makers, 4c. 
 
 (\unlirellas). 
 Uair sortci-H ic. (mer- 
 
 cliaiil>i). 
 Doineslic servants, 
 
 waiters, Xc. 
 Scholars. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Unspecified. 
 
 Own means. 
 
 If Total number of Rus- 
 ( sians and Poles. 
 
154 OCCUPATIONS OF RUSSIANS AND POLES. — IN EAST LONDON. 
 
 Appendix IV. — cont 
 
 (5.) — SuMMAKY of foregoing Table (a.) showing the Occupations of B,ussians 
 and EussLVN Poles in East London and Hackney according to the 
 Census of 1891. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Grand Totals for East Xiondon 
 and Hackney. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Building trades . _ _ 
 
 Euffineerino: aurl metal trades - 
 
 Textile trades - - - - 
 
 Printing trades _ _ _ 
 
 Clothing trades : — 
 
 Boot and shoemakers 
 
 Slipper makers - - - 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses 
 
 Cap makers _ - - 
 
 Furriers - - - - 
 
 Dress and mantle makers - 
 
 Others . . - - 
 
 Cabinet makers and wood workers 
 
 Food and drink preparation trades : — 
 Bakers, confectioners, &c. 
 Butchers - - - - 
 
 Others . - - _ 
 
 Watchmakers, &c. (jewellers) - 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 Seamen _ . - . 
 
 General labourers, carmen, and railway 
 workers - . - - 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen 
 Retail tradesmen and shop assistants - 
 Hawkers, &c. - . - 
 
 Hairdressers . - - - 
 
 Cigar makei's - - - - 
 
 Stick makers, &c. (umbrellas) 
 Rag sorters, &c. (merchants) - 
 Domestic servants, waiters, &c. 
 Scholai's . - - _ 
 
 Miscellaneous - - - - 
 
 Unspecified . - - . 
 
 Own means . . . - 
 
 Total number of Russians and Poles 
 
 299 
 
 80 
 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 1,560 
 164 
 
 4,431 
 
 320 
 
 285 
 
 109 
 
 74 
 
 681 
 
 Females. 
 
 138 
 
 5 
 
 95 
 
 9 
 
 45 
 
 6 
 
 133 
 
 — 
 
 174 
 
 4 
 
 69 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 375 
 
 135 
 
 185 
 
 13 
 
 165 
 
 2 
 
 251 
 
 113 
 
 198 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 349 
 
 740 
 
 744 
 
 801 
 
 72 
 
 1,321 
 
 7,399 
 
 37 
 
 88 
 
 12,890 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 1,296 
 
 86 
 
 124 
 
 193 
 
 82 
 
 Males and 
 Females. 
 
 10,776 
 
 299 
 
 81 
 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 1,591 
 172 
 
 5,727 
 406 
 409 
 302 
 156 
 
 690 
 
 143 
 
 104 
 
 51 
 
 133 
 
 178 
 69 
 
 12 
 24 
 
 olO 
 198 
 167 
 364 
 200 
 41 
 376 
 
 1,484 
 873 
 
 8,720 
 125 
 
 23,666 
 
IN MANCHESTER. 
 
 155 
 
 Appendix IV. — c<ynt. 
 
 ic.) — Tablk sliowine^ the Occupations of Russians and Russian Polks in the 
 L'liBAX Sanitary District of Manciiestku, according to the Census uf 1k:»1. 
 
 Occiipatiouii. 
 
 Russians. 
 
 Russian Poles. 
 
 Total of Russians and 
 Russian I'oles. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe. 
 males. 
 
 >Iales. 
 
 Fe- 
 
 lualfs. 
 
 JIalcs. 
 
 Fe. 
 males. 
 
 1 
 Males 
 and Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Building tiivdos 
 
 70 
 
 — 
 
 37 
 
 — 
 
 113 
 
 i 
 
 113 
 
 Engineering and motal trades 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 _ 
 
 10 
 
 Textile trades ... 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Pinnting trades 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Clothing trades :— 
 
 Boot and shoe makers - 
 
 Slipper makers - 
 
 Tailors and tailoresscs - 
 
 Cap makers 
 
 Furriers - - - . 
 
 Diess and mantle makers 
 
 Others* .... 
 
 37 
 
 91 
 
 567 
 
 85 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 123 
 
 2 
 
 170 
 
 111 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 73 
 
 303 
 
 47 
 
 — 
 1 
 86 
 
 5 
 83 
 38 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 65 
 164 
 870 
 132 
 3 
 7 
 209 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 253 1 
 149 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 67 
 
 171 
 
 1,123 
 
 281 
 
 5 
 
 53 
 
 247 
 
 Cabinet makers and woodworkerst 
 
 105 
 
 — 
 
 84 
 
 — 
 
 139 
 
 — 
 
 139 
 
 Food and drink preparation 
 trades :— 
 
 Bakers, confectioners, &c. 
 Butchers - - . - 
 , Others .... 
 
 11 
 7 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 (i 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 Watchmakers, &c. (jewellers) 
 
 3G 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 48 
 
 "~ 1 
 
 48 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 ir. 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 Gtiienil lal)ourt'rs, carmen, and 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 niilway workers. 
 Clerks and warehousemen - 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Retail tradesmen, shop assistants, 
 
 kQ.t 
 Hawkers, &c.§ 
 
 65 
 171 
 
 20 
 4 
 
 32 
 67 
 
 11 
 
 97 
 238 
 
 31 
 4 
 
 128 
 242 
 
 Hairdressers .... 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Cigar makers, &c. - 
 
 •1\ 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 15 ' 
 
 37 
 
 Stick makers, 4c. (umbrellas) 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 35 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 Bag sorters, Ac. (merchants) 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 Domestic servants, waiters, &c. - 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 Scholars .... 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 115 
 
 103 
 
 218 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 71) 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 113 
 
 11 , 
 
 124 
 
 Unspecifleil . - - - 
 
 107 
 
 1,034 
 
 66 
 
 577 
 
 233 
 
 1,611 
 
 1,844 
 
 Own means .... 
 Total in U.S.D. of Manchester 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 29 , 
 
 35 
 6,080 
 
 1,821 
 
 1,558 
 
 898 
 
 803 
 
 2,719 
 
 2,361 1 
 
 • N'rarlyall watorprocjf garnicni makers. 
 + Inchulini; a few upholston-rs. 
 X Eic-luilinif r|(.thes and furniture dealers. 
 § All people d»'s<'ribing tlionisclvcs as tra»ellcrs, 
 jewellery or dra|)cry travellers. 
 
 hawkers, costers, &c. The bulk of them are 
 
loG 
 
 OCCUPATIONS OB' RUSSIANS AND POLES IN LEEDS. 
 
 Appendix IV. — cont. 
 
 {^(l) — Table showing the Occupations of Eussians and Ectssian Poles in the 
 Urban Sanitary District of Leeds, according to the Census of 1891. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Russians. 
 
 Russian Poles. 
 
 Total of Russians and 
 Russian Poles. i 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Fe- 
 males. 
 
 Males 
 and Fe- 
 males. , 
 
 Building trades - - 
 
 37 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 En^ineeriug and metal trades 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Textile trades 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Printing trades 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 __ 
 
 2 
 
 Clothing trades :— 
 
 Boot and shoe makers - 
 
 93 
 
 3 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 138 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 145 
 
 Slipper makers - 
 
 142 
 
 H 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 175 
 
 10 
 
 185 
 
 Tailors and tailoresses - 
 
 997 
 
 317 
 
 43S 
 
 130 
 
 1,435 
 
 447 
 
 1,882 
 
 Cap makers ... 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Furriers - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Dress and mantle makers 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 Others - * - 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 Cabinet makers and woodworkers 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — , 
 
 10 
 
 Food and drink preparation trades:- 
 Bakers, confectioners, &c. 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 i4 
 
 26 
 
 — 
 
 26 
 
 Butchers - - - - 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 Others . - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "Watchmakers, &c. (jewellers) 
 
 S 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 Miscellaneous skilled occupations 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — j 
 
 5 
 
 .General labourei's, carmen, and 
 railway workers. 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Clerks and warehousemen - 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 ■ — 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Retail tradesmen, shop assistants, 
 &c.* 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 57 
 
 19 
 
 76 
 
 Hawkers, &c.t 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 87 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 Hairdressers . - - - 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 Cigar makers, &c. - 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 Stickmakers, &c. (umbrellas) 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 Eag sorters, &c. (merchants) 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 Domestic servants, waiters, &c. 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 Scholars .... 
 
 108 
 
 95 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 133 
 
 122 
 
 255 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 88 
 
 20 
 
 108 
 
 "Unspecified . - . . 
 
 J 29 
 
 901 
 
 55 
 
 452 
 
 184 
 
 1,353 
 
 1,537 
 
 Own means .... 
 Total in TJ.S.D. of Leeds 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 . 7 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 1,715 
 
 1,405 
 
 762 
 
 658 
 
 2,477 
 
 2,063 
 
 4,540 
 
 * Excluding clothes and furniture dealers. 
 
 t All people describing themselves as travellers, hawkers, or costers. The liulk cf them nrn 
 jewellery, drapery, or boot and shoe travellers. 
 
157 
 
 APPENDICES TO PART 11 
 
 Boot and Shoe Tkade. 
 
158 
 
 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Trade. 
 
 Table showing Nttmbees and ISTatuke of Occupation' of Indook and Out- 
 door WoKKEKS employed by 70 Employees in the London Boot and 
 Shoe Trade who have furnished Returns. 
 
 A. — Firms worTting under 1st Glass State^nent. 
 
 Index 
 
 No. of 
 Firm. 
 
 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 
 
 Occupations 
 
 of 
 
 Outdoor 
 
 "Workers. 
 
 Indoors. 
 
 Total 
 Out- 
 doors. 
 
 Clickers 
 
 and 
 Eoush 
 
 Stufl 
 Cutters. 
 
 Ma- 
 chinists, 
 
 Lasters, 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 Others. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 Hand-sewn men. 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 62 
 
 106' 
 
 4 machinists. 
 
 102 hand-se\vn men. 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 85 
 
 — 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 — 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 ^{ 
 
 3 machinists. 
 
 5 hand-sewn men. 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 — 
 
 
 7 
 Total 
 
 ■ 6 
 
 40 
 
 1(3 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 S3 
 
 1 
 
 Unspecified 
 
 54 
 
 131 
 
 106 
 
 98 
 
 29 
 
 418 
 
 118 
 
 
 B. — Firms working under 2nd Class Statement. 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 65 
 
 6 
 
 Sew-round men. 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 53 
 
 — 
 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 {Hand-sewn men. 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 1^ 
 
 3 machinists. 
 
 8 hand-sewn men. 
 
 14 
 
 Total 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 41 
 
 — , 
 
 
 34 
 
 42 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 
 17 
 
 227 
 
 47 
 
 
ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN WORKSHOPS. 
 
 159 
 
 Appendix Y.—cont. 
 
 C. — Firms loorkhuj binder TJinforui Stale, nout [sometimes hnown as the 3rcZ Class 
 
 Stati'ment). 
 
 Index 
 
 No. of 
 Finn. 
 
 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 
 
 Ocoupiitious 
 
 of 
 
 Outdoor 
 
 M'orkers. 
 
 Indoors, 
 
 Total 
 Out- 
 doors. 
 
 ■"lickers 
 and , 
 
 Rough 
 Stull 1 
 
 Dutters.! 
 
 chiiiists. 
 
 lAsters. 
 
 ?inishers. 
 
 Others. 
 
 Total. 
 
 15 
 
 4 ' 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 37 
 
 9[ 
 
 7 nmcliinists. 
 
 2 hand-sewn men. 
 
 Iti 
 
 1 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 55 
 
 ■'{ 
 
 G miichiiiists. 
 
 3 lasteis. 
 
 4 finisliers. 
 
 17 
 
 S 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 lo 
 
 2{ 
 
 1 niacliinist. 
 1 linisher. 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 37 
 
 »f 
 
 7 machinists. 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 1!» 
 
 f. 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 4 hand-sewn men. 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 lit 
 
 2 
 
 54 
 
 1 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 21 
 
 S 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 ilaehinist. 
 
 2a 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 — 
 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 25 
 
 .2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 "1 
 
 3 machinists, 
 t; finishers. 
 
 hand-sewn men. 
 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 •r. 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 47 
 
 (> 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 2S 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 r>5 
 
 20 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 29 
 
 * 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 0'> 
 
 — 
 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 
 82 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 c 
 
 7 niacliinists. 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 "" 
 
 21 
 
 • 
 
 15 
 
 "^ 
 
 41 
 
 ■4 
 
 2 hi-stcrs. 
 2 finisliers. 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 :u, 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 3 machinists. 
 1 lastcr. • 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 I'l 
 
 22 
 
 — 
 
 
 .T€ 
 
 6 
 
 ft 
 
 — 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 11) 
 
 r:> 
 
 ■■'{ 
 
 2 machinists. 
 1 sole sower. 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 IS 
 
 70 
 
 ■■'{ 
 
 1 Mocker. 
 7 irincliinists. 
 
 ! 1 sew round. 
 
 1 
 
 as 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 ■.w 
 
 '■{ 
 
 5 machinists. 
 1 sole scwcr. 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 '{ 
 
 1 C, machinists. 
 ' 1 linisher. 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1" 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 nia<'}iinists. 
 1 sew round. 
 
160 
 
 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE, 
 
 Appendix V. — cont. 
 
 Q. — Firms working under Uniform Statement — continued. 
 
 Index 
 No. of 
 Firm. 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 Occupations 
 
 of 
 
 Outdoor 
 
 Workers. 
 
 Indoors. 
 
 Total 
 Out- 
 doors. 
 
 Clieker.s 
 
 and 
 RoukIi 
 
 Stuff 
 Cutters. 
 
 Ma- 
 chinists. 
 
 Lasters. 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 Others. 
 
 Total. 
 
 41 
 
 1 
 
 _^ 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 *41 
 
 50 
 
 t 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 — 
 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 38 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 82 
 
 .( 
 
 12 machinists. 
 2 finishers. 
 1 laster. 
 
 44 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 — 
 
 
 48 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 c 
 
 4 machinists. 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 4 machinists. 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 80 
 
 44j 
 
 35 nursery sewers. 
 3 hand-sewn men. 
 2 finishers. 
 
 50 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 
 51 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 121 
 
 5 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 52 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 53 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 machinists. 
 
 1 hand-sewn man. 
 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 2 machinists. 
 1 sole sewer. ' 
 
 55 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 Machinist. 
 
 56 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 ''{ 
 
 2 machinists. 
 1 sole sewer. 
 
 57 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 58 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 
 59 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 * — 
 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 61 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 — 
 
 
 62 
 
 18 
 
 — 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 89 
 
 "{ 
 
 8 machinists. 
 3 finishers. 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 k; 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Total 
 
 280 
 
 157 
 
 577 
 
 498 
 
 193 
 
 1,705 
 
 252 
 
 
 * Including 40 hand-sewn men. 
 t Number unspecified. 
 
ANALY.SIS OF CERT.UX WOHK.SIIOI'S. 
 
 itn 
 
 Appendix Y.—cont. 
 
 D. — Finns woikiny under S^jecUd '• Shop-Staienteats." 
 
 Index 
 No. of 
 Firm. 
 
 
 
 Numbei-s employed. 
 
 
 
 Occupations 
 
 of 
 
 Outdo* ir 
 
 Workers. 
 
 Indooi-s. 
 
 Total 
 
 Out- 
 doors. 
 
 Clickers 
 
 ami 
 R<iugh 
 Stuff 
 
 Cutters. 
 
 ehm"sts. I'*^''"-^- 
 
 Finishes. 
 
 Othei-s. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I'lli 
 
 i!7 
 
 IW 
 Ci» 
 
 70 
 
 Total 
 
 2 10 
 
 5 7 
 
 155 4 
 
 3 — 
 
 8 — 
 
 7 
 16 
 
 243 
 
 6 
 10 
 17 
 
 1 ' 
 
 »i 
 
 10 
 
 ItiS 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i)8 
 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 •id 
 
 ;i!i 
 
 17 
 18 
 42 
 
 ."} Uuspecifled. 
 
 ( 2 la.sters. 
 200-] 11 liiiislieiN. 
 
 (, 187 himd-sewii men. 
 ■i Mueliiiiists. 
 .( 1 maehinist. 
 ( 5 hand-sewn men. 
 15 Machinists. 
 
 173 21 299 , 210 107 
 
 111 1 
 
 810 
 
 1 
 
 227 
 
 E. — Summary. 
 
 Clas.s of 
 Statement. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Firms. 
 
 Numbers employed. 
 
 Indoors. 
 
 Total 
 Outdoors. 
 
 Clickers 
 
 and 
 
 Rough 
 
 Stuff 
 
 Cutters. 
 
 clSts. ^-^'-- 
 
 1 
 
 Finishers. 
 
 t 
 Others. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1st class 
 
 2nd „ 
 
 Uniform 
 
 1 Special Shop 
 Statements - 
 
 Total 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 ■ISO 
 173 
 
 i:n 
 
 42 
 157 
 
 21 
 
 100 
 
 72 
 
 577 
 
 2!K» 
 
 08 
 
 •52 
 
 41)8 
 
 210 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 l'J3 
 
 107 
 
 ■tls 
 
 227 
 
 1,705 
 
 ' 810 
 
 118 
 
 47 
 
 2.V2 
 
 •227 
 
 70 
 
 541 
 
 351 
 
 1,054 
 
 868 
 
 346 
 
 3,160 
 
 644 
 
 1 Average per fini 
 
 Percentage \vl 
 number emj 
 each depart mi 
 of the total n 
 indoor worker 
 
 1 - 
 
 ich tile 
 loyed in 
 'lit forms 
 umber of 
 s - 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 »7'' 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 100' 
 
 9 
 
 Y.— Summary of Ocmpaiionn of" Outdoor uiorh^rs " employed hy the above 
 
 firms. 
 
 Occupations. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Sew-round iind hanil-sewu bands - 
 
 Machinists - - - 
 
 Finishers - - - - 
 
 Sole sowers ... 
 
 I, asters - . - - 
 
 Hiocker . - - - 
 Unspecified 
 
 Total - 
 
 398 
 188 
 35 
 9 
 9 
 1 
 4 
 
 r,44 
 
 O 82170. 
 
162 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 APPENDIX VI. 
 
 Machinery and Sub-Division of Labour in the Boot and 
 Shoe Trade as carried on in Factories. 
 
 The following statement gives a list of processes through, which an 
 ordinary boot or shoe passes before completion, in the '• Wheatsheaf " 
 Boot and Shoe Works at Leicester of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, 
 employing about 2,000 operatives. The particulars given below have been 
 supplied to the Department by the Manager of the Works : — 
 
 [Note : — Processes marhed with an asterisk (*) are done by hand and 
 cannot he done by machinery. All other processes are done by machinery .'] 
 
 LIST OF PROCESSES THROUGH WHICH AN ORDINARY 
 BOOT OR SHOE HAS TO GO. 
 
 Clicking Department. 
 
 *1. Cut patterns. 
 
 {a.) Standard. {d.) Toe-cap. 
 
 (h.) Back or leg. (e.) Lining. 
 
 (c.) Vamp or golosh. 
 *2. Give order out to clicker. 
 *3. Give patterns out to clicker. 
 *4. Give material out to clicker. 
 *5. Clicking, i.e., cut material up to patterns mentioned in No. 1. 
 
 6. Skiving. 
 
 7. Blocking (if an elastic side boot). 
 *8. Rounding after blocking. 
 
 *9. Gouging vamps. 
 
 10. Punching caps, vamps, &c. 
 
 1.1. Crimping. 
 *12. Marking linings, sizes, &c. 
 
 13. Scolloping button bits. 
 *14. Marking facings (if laced boots). 
 *15. Sorting the material into the different qualities after it is cut. 
 
 16. Gilt blocking. (Putting trade mark, &c. in gold on lining, &c.) 
 *17. Tying up work ready for the upper closing room. 
 
 Upper Closing Room. 
 
 18. Make linings {i.e., machine together down the back). 
 
 19. Machine toe linings on to back linings. 
 *20. Ink edges. 
 
 *21. Staying (putting supports on back of quarter to prevent buttons 
 from tearing the quarter). 
 
 22. Closing back seams. 
 
 23. Rubbing back seams down. 
 
 24. Silking back seams. 
 
 25. Beading Initton ijiece by machine. 
 
 26. Machining round button-piece. 
 *27. Trimming button-piece. 
 
 28. Working button holes. 
 *29. Pulling ends of silk through and fastening same between button- 
 piece and button-piece lining. 
 
 30. Barring holes. 
 
 31. Machining button-piece on to quarter. 
 *32. Rubbing front seam down. 
 
 33. Silking front seam. 
 
 34. Stitching buttons on (by hand and machine). 
 
 35. Turning in edge of vamp by machine. 
 *36. Fitting linings to quarters. 
 
 37. Machining round. 
 
SUB-DIVISION OF PllOCESSES. 163 
 
 Appendix Yl.—cont. 
 
 38. Embroidering. 
 
 39. Machining vamps on. 
 *-10. Cleaning oli'. 
 
 ^•11. Covering. 
 
 Pi'epariug Bottom Stuff. 
 
 *4&. Citting patterns. 
 
 (a.) Otit-soles. (d.) Stitlenings. 
 
 (b.) in-soles. (e.) Lilts for heels. 
 
 (o.) Middle-soles. 
 *43. "Welting leather. 
 *44. Hounding tiic leather (taking belly and shoulder ofT the side), 
 
 45. K oiling the leather. 
 
 46. Cutting .soles. 
 
 47. Cutting top-pieces. 
 
 48. Cutting middle-soles, &c. 
 
 49. Cutting lii'ts lor heels. 
 
 50. Levelling. 
 
 61. .Skiving. 
 
 62. Stili'cuing blocking. 
 
 63. Channelling if sewn ; if rivet, pricking soles. 
 *54. Sorting. 
 
 55. Stamping size and shape. 
 *56. Tying up. 
 
 57. Building heels. 
 
 58. Pressing heels. 
 
 59. Top-piecing heels. 
 
 Making. 
 
 60. Feathering in-sole. 
 
 61. Skiving middle-sole. 
 
 62. Fittuig shank. 
 
 *63. Cementing soles, middle-sole and shank together. 
 
 64. Moulding out-sole and in-sole. 
 
 65. Channel opening. 
 *66. Pulling upper over. 
 
 *67. Putin, stiffening, pnlY and side lining. 
 
 68. Lasting. 
 
 69. Tack sole on and sprig seat. 
 *70. Take last out. 
 
 71. Sew (i.e., sewing outsole, middle-sole, upper and i»i-8ole together). 
 
 *72. Put on last again. 
 
 73. Close channel and hammer buttom out. 
 
 74. Attach heel. 
 
 75. Slug heel. 
 
 Finishing. 
 
 76. Ploughing. 
 
 77. Trimming edge. 
 
 78. Trimming waist. 
 
 79. Paring heel. 
 
 80. Taking seat out. 
 
 ♦81. Paring heel cornerB and jointing heel. 
 82. Scouring heels. 
 *83. Inking. 
 
 84. Heel l)urnishing. 
 
 85. Seat wheeling. 
 
 86. Edge setting. 
 ♦87. Stitch wheeling. 
 
 88. Bottom scouring. 
 
 r. 2 
 
164 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix VI. — cont. 
 
 89. Scouring waist. 
 *90. Damping down. 
 *91. Strip marking. 
 
 92. Strip burnishing. 
 *93. Top ironing. 
 *94. Making fiddle waists. 
 *95. Rubbing off. 
 =^96. Socking. 
 
 Stock Boom. 
 
 97. Treeing. 
 *98. Cleaning and dressing. 
 *99. Boxing. 
 *100. Packing. 
 
 SEW ROUND GOODS. 
 
 The only diflerence between these goods and ordinary machine-sewn or 
 riveted goods is in the processes which are as follow : — 
 
 *1. Turn upper lining outside (a sew round is made inside out). 
 
 2. Channel sole on the flesh side, not on grain side as in machine sewn. 
 
 3. Plough sole. 
 
 *4. Fasten sole on last, grain side to the last. 
 *5. Last upper over. 
 
 6. Sew sole and upper together. 
 *7. Trim upper ofi' level with channel of sole. 
 
 *8. Turn upper right side out (up to this point it has been inside or 
 lining outside). 
 9. Hammer bottom out. 
 *10. Attach heel. 
 *n. Put pad in. 
 
 Ready for finishing. 
 
 APPENDIX VII. 
 
 Recognised Rates of Wages in the London Boot and 
 
 Shoe Trade. 
 
 Uniform Statement of "Wages in Home Trade. 
 
 The following is a co]iy of the Uniform Statement of Wages for Lasters 
 and Finishers compiled in 1890 by the Board of Conciliation and 
 Arbitration, and apjilicable to all firms other than those governed by 
 the First and Second Class Statements. 
 
 WOMEN'S WORK. 
 
 To come into Operation on and after Monday, March 23, 1891. 
 
 DescriXition of Standard Women's Boot (size 4). — Button or balmoral : 
 11 in. military heel; puff toe ; 7 in. at back seam of leg; machine-sewn, 
 channels down ; or brass rivets ; pumps or welts ; finished round strip or 
 black waist. 
 
UNIFORM STATKMKN'r ( >K \V.\(!ES. 
 
 Appendix Yll.— conf. 
 
 GUissification of Materinl. 
 
 lOo 
 
 Clasps. 
 
 A 
 
 
 1 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 K 
 
 ,1. 
 
 F 
 
 1 
 
 G 
 
 1 
 
 1 H 
 
 
 </. 
 
 ; <i. 
 
 1 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 d. 
 
 Price per, air {^1-^;;^ 
 
 11 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Material. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. (ilovo kid - 
 
 1st 
 
 — _ 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. . 
 
 
 _ 
 
 2. Ghico kid - 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2ud 
 
 ard 
 
 
 
 
 
 , ._ 
 
 __ . 
 
 3. Patent calf - 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^_^ 
 
 4. Wax calf - 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 .3rd 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ^__ 
 
 .'). lieal French straight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grain and levaut 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 morocco - 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G. Glove and glace 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lanih 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2ud 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7. Seal levant - 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 8. Calf kid - 
 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 
 
 ,,^_ 
 
 9. Glace goat and don- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gola 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 ..^ 
 
 
 
 10. Cordovan (includ- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing bellies and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shanks) - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 I. St 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd , 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. Levant and straight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 grain goat 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 12. Soft alum mock kid 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ut 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 
 
 13. Stuffs 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 
 3rd 
 
 14. Satin hide and kid - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 15, Glove hide - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. Glace and straight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grain sheep 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2Dd 
 
 3rd i 
 
 4tb 
 
 ,^— 
 
 17. All patents (except 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jiatent calf) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 
 
 18. Mock kid - 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 Isi 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 3rd 
 
 19. Grain 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 20. Levant kip and hide 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 21. Sheep Icviuit 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 "" 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 3rd 
 
 Notes on Classijicntion of Material. 
 
 The Board of Conciliation and Arbitration will adopt standard s-aniples 
 in the varions classes. 
 
 CovHjinat'ions of Mnturhil. 
 
 1. (Joods to come under thi.< d< liuition imi.^t oomiirise nt least a "high 
 vamp" of a ditfcrent material lo that in the (|uarters. 
 
 '2. The material in the •' leg " or '' (juarter " to determine the class. 
 
 :'>. When a material which is classed on the statement ns better than 
 that in the "hg" or "(inarter" is used in combination therewith, the 
 price to be tixed midway between that of the "leg' r)r "' (juarter " cla.~s 
 and the class next above in the better material introduced. 
 
 Example. — A woman's "Jnd ^oft alum mock kiil, with real gl(jve, " high 
 vam|>s" would be 8</. to laster, this being the price miilway i<etwcen 
 " E " class in sott alum mock kid and " <' " class in glove kid (this latter 
 beinc the class next above V 
 
166 
 
 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix VII. — cont 
 
 Deductions {from Standard and not accumulative). 
 
 
 Per Pair. 
 
 
 Laster. 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 Leg, 6 in. and under, except .side springs - - - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Side springs and shoes . . _ . - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Top piece heel (| in.), when finished - - . 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Do. split lift and top piece only (i in.) when 
 
 
 
 finished - - - - - 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Spring heel _..... 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Finished Square to heel . > - . - 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 Cut-down waist. F G and H classes only 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 ' A class - . - - . 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 B „ - 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 Heeling by 
 
 c „ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 machinery and - 
 
 D ,> 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 no split lifts. 
 
 E „ 
 
 1* 
 
 
 
 
 F and G classes - - - - 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 H class - - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Breasting military heels - - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Breasting and paring military heels ready for papering 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Paring edges (waist and foreparts) ... 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Socking ... - - . - 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 CA B C classes . . - - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Channels up-<DE „ 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 (fgh „ 
 
 
 
 Foreparts not made out - - 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 Bottoms and waists not made out - - - - 
 
 " 
 
 1 
 
 Extras {on Standard and not accumulative). 
 
 
 
 Per Pair. 
 
 
 Laster. 
 
 Fini sher. 
 
 Leg : — Height above 7 in. - 
 Height above 7| in. - 
 Foreparts : — Coloured welts . - _ _ 
 Bevel edge, painted any colour ... - 
 Fair stitched _----- 
 
 do. when pricked up by fudge - - - 
 
 do. do. hand - - . 
 
 Nailing toe and joint, nails found by laster 
 
 Nailing toe and joint (two rows), nails found by laster - 
 
 Sewn cork welts (^ in.) . - - - . 
 
 do. clumps, inserted and finished split edge, when 
 
 cut out or fitted up by employer - 
 do. round or bevel edge, when cut out or fitted up 
 by employer _ . _ . 
 do. pin points (one row) - - - - 
 
 do. do. (one and a half rows 
 do. do. (two rows) 
 Square edge clumps over ^^ in. when finished, A to D 
 clas.ses ...... 
 
 do. pin points - - ^ » - 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4* 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 d. 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
UNIFORM STATEMEX'I (JF WAGES. 
 
 Appendix VII. — ront. 
 
 107 
 
 Fiddle foreparts - - - . 
 
 Bordered foreparts 
 
 Half wide welts, iij) to -j?y in. when finished 
 
 Wide welts, over 
 
 r.T 
 
 when finished 
 
 Hevel edije chiinhs, not split - . - . 
 
 Marked up dnll foreparts - - . . 
 
 Hnnking forepar(=; _ - - . . 
 
 lieal spike toe ----_. 
 Wiiist : — Fiddle waist, iueliidiug hreast and top piece 
 Brown waist on eonmion work, as por standard sample - 
 Fle.xuru waist, fitted when fjiven out - . . 
 
 Do. when fitted hy laster - - - _ 
 
 Bunking waist ------ 
 
 Peak strip waist - - . - . 
 
 I'pper: — Patent vamps (except house boots), extra to 
 finisher on A to D elasses only . - . 
 
 Toe caps ou vamped work. A to E classes oul}- 
 Brogue wing vamps - - - . - 
 
 F\ir or lamb's wool lining - _ . - 
 
 All goloshed work in leather - - - - 
 
 Patent goloshed work - - . - . 
 
 ■Whole goloshed in leather. A to E classes only 
 Soilable colours, outsides (except sheep and other com- 
 mon material) to be shopped clean - . . 
 Soilable colours, outsides (sheep and other common 
 
 materials) to be shopped clean - _ . 
 
 Leather linings on boots only - - . - 
 
 Leather linings (persians and light basils) on boots 
 
 only E to H classes - - - - - 
 
 Heels: — Overl.\in. - - - - . 
 
 Over 1^ in. .-.-.. 
 
 Over 2 in. - 
 
 French heel (beyond military heel) iij) to 1^ in. when 
 
 finished ...... 
 
 Wurtemberg leather lifts . - _ . 
 
 Cased heel ...--- 
 
 Mock \Vurt6niberg - - . _ . 
 
 Tips filled in. A to E classes - - - - 
 
 Do. V to H classes - - . - 
 
 Tips or plates got up V)y finisher ... 
 
 (I'lates carry no extras to lasters.) 
 Sundries: — Heel pins (when not bespoke) 
 
 Fitting (when not bespoke) . . - - 
 
 ?".ights size and over (except felt ami house boots and 
 
 slippers). A to E classes - - . . 
 
 Eights size and over (except felt an<l house boots and 
 
 slippirs). F to H cla.sses - - . . 
 
 Lasting on wooden last.s . . _ . 
 
 Bracing ------- 
 
 Knunding bottom stuff ----- 
 
 Sample pairs, when given out as sucli - - . 
 
 Measures or bespoke ----- 
 
 Per Pair. 
 
 LaHter. 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 .3 
 
 .■^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
168 
 
 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix Yll.—cont. 
 
 GrRLS' WORK. 
 To Come into Operation on and after Monday, May 4, 1891. 
 
 Description of Standard Girls' Boots. — Button or balmoral : up to 1 in. 
 military heel ; puff toe ; 5i in. at back seam of leg on size 11 ; machine- 
 sewn, channels clown, or brass rivets ; pumps or welts ; finished round 
 strip or black waist. 
 
 Gombinations of material. 
 In girls' work to be subject to the same rules as in women's work. 
 Deductions {from standard and not accumulative). 
 
 
 Per Pair. 
 
 f 
 
 Laster. 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 Sizes, 7's to lO's - - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Legs, 47 in. aud under (except side springs) 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 \ 
 4 
 
 Top-piece heel, under \ in. when finished 
 
 i 
 4 
 
 JL 
 4 
 
 
 Ato C classes, U's to I's ; llrf. 
 
 
 
 
 per doz. from laster 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7's to lO's; 10</. 
 
 
 
 Heeling by machinery J 
 and no split lifts 
 
 per doz. from laster 
 
 
 
 
 
 D to H classes, U's to I's ; 9f/. 
 
 
 
 
 per doz. from laster 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 „ 7's to lO's; 8d. 
 
 
 
 
 per doz. from laster 
 
 
 
 
 
 Breasting military heels - - - - - 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Breasting and paring military heels ready for papering - 
 
 
 
 
 
 Paring edges (waist and foreparts) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Socking ------- 
 
 
 
 
 
 , r A to F classes - - . - 
 Channels up |(.^^^jj^l^^^g^ . 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 All other deductions one-half those on women's work. 
 Classification of Material. 
 
 Class. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 C 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 Price per F 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 pair. < Laster 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 5f 
 
 H 
 
 4i 
 
 H 
 
 U's to I's. [Finisher - 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 Material. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Glove kid 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2. Glace kid 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3. Patent calf 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - — 
 
 — 
 
 4. Wax calf 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5. Real French straight 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grain and levant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 morocco 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6. Glove and glace 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lamb - - - 
 
 — 
 
 Ist 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7. Seal levant 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8. Calf kid - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9. Glace goat and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dongola 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10. Cordovan (including 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bellies and shanks) 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
UNIFORM STATEMENT OF WAGES. 
 
 169 
 
 Appendix VII. — cont. 
 
 Class. 
 
 B 
 
 . c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F G 
 
 H 
 
 Price per f 
 
 pair. < Luster 
 ll's to I's. I Finisher 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 d. 
 6* 
 
 d. 
 4 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 d. 
 
 ^1 
 
 Material. 
 
 11. Levant and straight 
 
 grain gout 
 
 12. Soft uhun mock kid 
 
 13. StulTs - 
 
 14. Satin hide and kip - 
 1.5. Glove hide 
 
 16. Glaci' and straight- 
 
 grain slieep - 
 
 17. All patents (except 
 
 patent calf) - 
 
 18. Mock kid 
 
 19. Grain - 
 
 20. Levant kip and hide 
 
 21. Sheep levaut - 
 
 
 
 1st 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 — 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 1st 
 
 2ud 
 
 3rd 
 
 4 th 
 
 
 
 __ 
 
 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 ^_ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1st 
 
 2Dd 
 
 3rd 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Ist 
 
 2nd 
 
 - 1 
 
 — 3r<l 
 
 ■ 3rd 
 3rd 
 
 Extras {on skindtird and not accumulative). 
 
 
 Per Pair. 
 
 
 Laster. 
 
 Finisher. 
 
 Leg: — Height above 5^ iu. 
 Height above 6', in. - 
 Heels: — Over 1 in. 
 
 d. 
 
 '.V 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 "2 
 
 d. 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 All other extras one-half those on women's work. 
 Notes. 
 
 1. No deductions or extras to be claimed beyond those mentioned in the 
 foregoing lists. Any items not provided for in this statement, unless 
 othcrwiae agreed upon, to be decided by the Board of Conciliation and 
 Ai'bitration. 
 
 •J. No alteration of the classification of materials to be made, except at 
 least thrci' months' notice be given in writing, to the Board of Conciliation 
 and Arbitration. 
 
 3. Any alteration in classification of materials shall take effect either on 
 January 1 or July 1 in any year, but the first notice of alteration shall not 
 take efl'ect until January 1, 1892. 
 
 4. Notice of an alteration in classification of material by the Board of 
 Conciliation and Arbitration shall be given to the trade either on May 1 
 or Novembir 1. 
 
 Signed for the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration. 
 
 Chairman. 
 Vice-Chairman. 
 London, March 24. 1891. Secretary. 
 
 At a Meeting of the Hoard of Conciliation and Arbitration in June, 
 18!>2. the following jjrovisions were adopted as applying to 4's and 6'a 
 children's work : — 
 
 A and B classes, lid- dedartion from CJirl's Standard foi- ll's to I's. 
 C U) E classes, \\d. deduction from Girl's Standard for ll's to I's. 
 V to II classes. Id. deduction from Girl's Standard for U's to I's. 
 It was also decided that tlu; foregoing should come into operation on 
 and after the 11th of July, 1X92. 
 
170 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TKADE. 
 
 APPENDIX VIII. 
 
 FoKM of Permit granted by the London Board of Conciliation and 
 Arbitration to Lasters and Finisbere to work at home. 
 
 Board op Conciliation and Arbitration. 
 Permit. 
 
 Issued to Mr. 
 
 of 
 
 Employed by 
 
 of *"' 
 
 Distance 
 
 Age 
 
 Complaint 
 
 Date 
 
 The bearer, Mr. of . a Laster or Finisher, 
 
 ill the employ of M of is permitted under 
 
 Rule No. owe or three of the Rules applying to Shopping of Work ; to ivork at home 
 on the grounds of age or ill-health ; or to shop his icork to and from the employer's 
 factory and the workshop at 
 
 Dated this day of 189 . 
 
 , , Chairman. 
 
 Secretary, , Vice-chairman. 
 
 30, Finsbury Pavement, 159, Hackney Road, E. 
 
 Loudon, E.G. 
 
 Issued by 
 
 ]>foTE. — A new permit must be applied for upon leaving the employer whose name 
 is mentioned above. 
 
 Rules to apply to the Shopping of Work ivhen Shops are not on the Employer's 
 
 Factory, 
 
 1. That no women be allowed to shop work except in the cases where the men 
 are permitted to work at home. 
 
 2. That all persons allowed to shop work as provided in Rules 1 and 3 must 
 obtain a permit from the Board of Conciliation and Arbitration signed by the 
 chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary. 
 
 3. That no workman be expected to shop work at a greater distance than 
 100 yards from his woi'kshop unless with the sanction of the Board of Conciliation 
 and Arbitration. 
 
 4. That all employers must put up a notice stating the exact shop-time for each 
 w orkman. A workman presenting himself at the time fixed be not detained longer 
 than necessary beyond his time. 
 
 5. That all work required to be shopped other than at shop-time be sent for by 
 the employer. That shopping only be done once a day. 
 
 6. That should any dispute arise in carrying out these rules notice to be given to 
 the Board of ConciHatiou and Arbitration who will at once investigate and report. 
 
 7. That the operation of Rules 2, 3, and 5 be subject to revision in 12 montks 
 from 1st May 1890. 
 
MANUFACTURERS AND fllAMBER MASTERS. 
 
 171 
 
 
 
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172 
 
 EAST LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
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MANUFACTUKEKS ANJi CHAMliEU MASTERS. 
 
 178 
 
 wus 
 =1 
 
 pal Bi 
 
 ■9 ■- 
 
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 »-. 
 
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 c - :l •; = t. •a"- 
 
 >! ~ y 
 
 
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174 
 
 EAST LONDOX BOOT AND SHOE TEADE. 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
 
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 6 
 
 
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 XI 
 
 c3 
 
 fi 
 
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 5 
 
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 Hop 
 
 g i ^ 
 
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 54_l t— I 
 
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 tn 
 
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 • l-H 
 -4-3 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 Domestic workshop in bed- 
 room and living room 
 combined. Occupier 
 stated to be deaf and 
 dumb ; said to make boots 
 throughout for customers. 
 
 Sells to retail shops. 
 
 Knifer at present is 
 only coming for about two 
 hoiu-s a day. One of 
 finishers is a greener. 
 
 Sells to retail shops. 
 
 Statement of Occupier 
 
 or Workmen as to Prices, 
 
 Earnings, and Hours. 
 
 - m ■ ■ • 
 
 They can turn out four 
 dozen a day when busy. 
 These are sold at 2iis. a 
 dozen, out of which Os. 
 goes in wages, 15s. Co!, in 
 material, grindery, and 
 all other expenses except 
 rent, leaving Is. 6(/. a 
 dozen profit to occupier, 
 i.e., a profit of (Is. a day, 
 out of which 12s. a week 
 goes in rent. Of the 
 finishers, one is a greener 
 and can finish six dozen 
 a week ; the others can do 
 nine dozen. 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 and 
 
 general 
 
 Condition 
 
 of 
 Workshop. 
 
 One work- 
 shop, over- 
 crowded. 
 
 
 h5 
 
 |>1 IH 
 
 
 
 •4-» 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 •a 
 
 No. of 
 Out- 
 work- 
 ers. 
 
 I i 1 ^ 
 
 Nature. 
 
 Machining - 
 
 Miichiningand 
 " sew round," 
 and some 
 finishing. 
 
 Machining - 
 
 
 Wo- 
 men 
 and 
 Girls. 
 
 1 ^ ^ , 
 
 •s 
 
 1 0. ^ 1 
 
 
 CO r-l i-l 
 
 Number employed at time 
 of Visit on Premises in 
 
 •saaqiJO 
 
 ■* C-l tH 
 
 C A si 
 
 S.2.S 
 
 ■* •* 
 
 h3- 
 
 
 Ma- 
 chi- 
 ning. 
 
 See 
 
 •aumno 
 fln;s nSnoa: 
 puB suiJioiio 
 
 CD •* r-< 
 
 Trade 
 and Index 
 
 No. of 
 M' or k shop. 
 
 1 
 
MAXUFACTURKKS AND CllAMBEU MASTERS, 
 
 175 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 Si 
 
 o 
 
 
 E 
 g 
 
 S 
 V 
 
 CS 
 
 ^ 
 
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 a> 
 
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 C5i 
 
 
 3 
 
 Ph 
 
 
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 O 
 
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 11 
 
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 a 
 
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 5 
 
 ^ 
 
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 * :: • 
 
 " «a t. 
 
 '•t - ^ 
 
 e to 
 is 
 ture 
 
 
 ^•5^ 
 
 i M O 
 
 
 c ■- s Si a 
 
 o b 
 
 93 C.B O O A 
 
 £2 
 
 o 
 ^ a 
 
 ^ 5 so 
 
 h 3) 
 
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 o 
 
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 a. 
 
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 a 
 
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176 
 
 EAST LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 «> 
 
 
 S3 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 •<s> 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 tfi 
 
 « 
 
 P^ 
 
 V) 
 
 
 
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 ^ 
 
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 0) 
 
 35 
 
 
 
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 ^-* 
 
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 -^ 
 
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 -+J 
 
 1<5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 % 
 
 
 
 t3 
 
 
 
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 (— ) 
 
 -1 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
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 :^ 
 
 
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 «+-! 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cc 
 
 
 
 ;-l 
 
 
 
 cS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 t> 
 
 
 
 • f— 1 
 
 
 
 -»^ 
 
 
 
 ;- 
 
 
 
 cj 
 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 Visited in slack time. A 
 month previously had five 
 irien and four womrn. 
 Expected soon to he 
 busy again. (Tliis is a 
 " blocked " shot), occupier 
 lunins? formerly been a 
 member of the union and 
 now stated to lie paying 
 less than stiitement.) 
 
 Makes hoots throughout for 
 a firm, but claims not to 
 he M\ out-worker. 
 
 Work carried on in two 
 houses. Complains of 
 bad trade. Works for a 
 firm in Hackney. (? Out- 
 workers.) 
 
 Statement of Occupier 
 
 or Workmen as to Prices, 
 
 Earnings, and Hours. 
 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 and 
 
 general 
 
 Condition 
 
 of 
 Workshop. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Good. 
 
 Work 
 
 carried on 
 
 in ordinary 
 
 rooms of 
 
 houses. 
 
 11 
 
 Km- 
 ployees. 
 
 i . 1 I 
 
 Oft 
 
 .11 
 
 4^ 
 
 S 
 
 
 > 
 
 '3) 
 
 No. of 
 Out- 
 work- 
 ers. 
 
 1 III 
 
 £ 
 
 a 
 
 stated to be 
 none. 
 
 Machining - 
 
 Total on 
 Premises. 
 
 Wo- 
 men 
 and 
 Girls. 
 
 1 III 
 
 
 1 II'' 
 
 Men. 
 
 CO 00 c; t>- 
 
 Number employed at time 
 of Visit on Premises in 
 
 •SJ9q40 
 
 1 III 
 
 Fin- 
 ish- 
 ing. 
 
 12 1 ^ " 
 
 03 C 
 
 ll 1 
 
 Ma- 
 chi- 
 ning. 
 
 ll 1 1 - 
 
 i 
 
 •SU144U., 
 j}n4S q:^noa 1 "^ | w rn 
 1 pun 2ni5ioiio 
 
 Trade 
 and Index 
 
 No. of 
 Workshop. 
 
 (21) 
 
 (22) 
 
 (23) 
 (24) 
 
 
 
 » 
 
OUTWORKERS. 
 
 177 
 
 to 
 
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 H 
 
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 ipier 
 Hon 
 
 
 
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 ment of 
 piiT as 
 iniber of 
 s done 
 
 
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 O 82170. 
 
 M 
 
178 
 
 EAST LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 
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 m 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 Ul 
 
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 fe B o 
 
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 C3 <- ^ 
 
 1-^ 
 
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 ^ 
 
 
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 13552 
 
 
 
 
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OUTWORKERS. 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 s 
 
 3 S = S 
 
 •E.3 a >> 
 
 Five men 
 d one girl 
 
 e of an asso- 
 y pait of a 
 ot which is 
 kers— purse- 
 
 hinists and 
 work as a 
 uppers into 
 can do six 
 can produce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5? 
 
 of the em 
 
 montlis 
 
 7 years 
 
 was 4s. on 
 
 a 
 .• si 
 
 lis is a cas 
 i.sts occup 
 use, part 
 ups of wor 
 slippers. 
 
 ' si.\ mac 
 nachines 
 ling of the 
 line alone 
 cam they 
 
 
 
 
 
 go 
 
 
 Two 
 nly tw 
 •Zi to 
 work 
 
 
 al firms. Tl 
 The jii.ichui 
 t top of ho 
 vo other gro 
 g uppers for 
 
 5 -Si;*: 
 
 ■■ 2 o 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ? 
 
 ded. 
 
 been o 
 from 
 same 
 
 ll 
 
 
 
 
 !~0 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 .2| 
 
 2 = 
 
 kshop over-crow 
 'i-eeners," having 
 le others range 
 ate that price foi 
 
 o. 
 
 •kshop over-crow 
 id one woman i 
 isting and fitting. 
 
 worker for sever 
 ated workshop, 
 rge workshop a 
 so occupied by t\ 
 akiug and cuttin 
 
 » 5 a> ? "i 
 3 ?^ ?, ? S C 
 iJ 3S 3 oil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 § 3 
 
 
 .o 3 2. 
 
 O 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 ■^ » J: 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 -?£§. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 Binei 
 upie 
 Hon 
 •ked 
 Day. 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 •o 
 
 ^■4 
 
 
 ■-'=.' c c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;0 
 
 o 
 
 • 
 
 Si. 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 |3 
 
 ■So"" > 
 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 M 
 
 statement of 
 
 Occupier as 
 
 lo Number of 
 
 Pairs done 
 
 in a Day ; 
 
 or as to Daily 
 
 Earnings. 
 
 3 
 
 i '^' 
 
 Knifer earns 
 4s. (net). Fi- 
 nisher 4s. 9rf. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 Kross for fi 
 machines, 
 i.e., 10 doz. 
 per niacbinc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 'A 
 
 If-* 
 
 O 
 1 
 
 l-H 
 
 ement of 
 ecu pier 
 to Price 
 eived per 
 ,en Pairs. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 "8 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 03 
 
 
 ft 
 ft 
 
 <1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 
 
 
 h-3 
 
 
 Whether 
 workinij for 
 
 a Jewish 
 Employer. 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 [A 
 
 i 
 
 Yes. 
 (Woman 
 
 non- 
 Jewish.) 
 
 en 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 tl - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 — 2o 
 
 1 » 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 _rt 
 
 
 2 ^~ 
 
 
 o 
 
 >- 
 
 1 
 
 Hi 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 ?s"' ° 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •4.3 
 
 
 1 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e3 
 Oh 
 
 
 \ 73 
 
 Woiiie 
 and 
 Girls 
 
 ! 1 
 
 1 
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 1 
 
 M 
 
 fl 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■5..^ 
 
 
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 e.2 
 
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 &- '- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
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 c 
 
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 c 5 = 
 
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 « 5^, 
 
 . P^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^f 2 
 
180 
 
 EAST LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 XI 
 
 M 
 
 Si 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 fl 
 ^ 
 
 1| 
 
 w 
 
 o 
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 p^ 
 
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 pq o 
 
 
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 -. 
 
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 C-^'S 60 
 
 
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 i 
 s 
 
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 S3 
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 ^2 
 
 1 
 
 ?^ 
 
 9 b 3> S 
 (» O OS- — 
 
 marks. 
 
 be 
 _C 
 
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 1 
 2 
 
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 o 
 
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 •s'l 
 
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 . 71 P 
 
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 •2 1^ 
 £.5 bt=s 
 
 tf 
 
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182 EAST LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE — SLIPPER MAKERS. 
 
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 DISPUTES. 
 
 xuo 
 
 
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 Eeault. 
 
 Successful. 
 
 Strike was followed by formation of 
 Conciliation Board and an advance 
 of about 12i percent. 
 
 One firm granted advance. Others 
 unsuccessful ; then resumed on old 
 t«rms. 
 
 Unsuccessful. Hands replaced. 
 
 Successful. Employers acceptetl 
 statement. 
 
 Work resumed in obedience to ballot. 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 P 
 
 < 
 
 Cause or Object. 
 
 For advance in wages - 
 
 For uniform statement of wages based 
 on advance. 
 
 For advance in wages - 
 
 Agiiinst excessive employment of boys 
 
 Against refusal of employers to agree 
 to full terms of advanced price 
 list or statement which had been 
 generally accepted. 
 
 Stniek work in defiance of Union 
 while question of revised statement 
 was under considemtion. 
 
 Date of Commencement 
 and Termination. 
 
 1890. 
 June - 
 \ about :J weeks) 
 
 September 30 ■ 
 
 1891. 
 April 18 - 
 April - 
 
 :May - 
 
 1890. 
 June - 
 September (lastei 
 
 September 11 - 
 
 1891. 
 February 7 
 March 
 
 April - 
 
 
 No. of 
 Persons 
 affected. 
 
 1 o 
 
 II 
 About 80 
 
 -too 
 
 
 No. of 
 Esta- 
 blish- 
 ments 
 affected. 
 
 =^ s 
 
 ri n •■-c 
 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 Bootmakers 
 
 Hand-sewn shoe- 
 makers. (Highei^ 
 class sew-round) . 
 
 Boot and shoe 
 makers. 
 
 Clickers, Ac. 
 
 Riveters and 
 flnisi\ers. 
 
 Finishers - 
 
 ] 
 
 
 District. 
 
 1 
 
 London, E.C. - 
 
 London (chiefly 
 M. and E.C), 
 
 London, W. 
 
 Loudon, E.- 
 London, E. - 
 
 London, R. - 
 
 1 -— 
 
184 
 
 LONDON BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 
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APrENDICES TO TART 11. 
 
 Boot and Shoe Trade, Exports and Imports. 
 
186 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE TKADE. 
 
 APPENDIX XI. 
 
 {a.) — Table showing Quantities and Values of Boots aud Shoes EXPORTED 
 
 from 1873 to 
 
 Countries to which Exported. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 FOEEIGX COUNTEIES. 
 
 Holland . - - - - 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 1,853 
 
 £ 
 6,m 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Belgium . - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,027 
 
 7,206 
 
 . — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 France - - - - - 
 
 2,160 
 
 (J,503 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Turkey Proper . - - - 
 
 2,062 
 
 TfiS6 
 
 -- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 6,335 
 
 21,77^ 
 
 4,401 
 
 '12,739 
 
 4,670 
 
 ^3,844 
 
 4,898 
 
 I'i,.'i66 
 
 
 Foreign West Indies - 
 
 3,733 
 
 ■IS,S()1 
 
 2,458 
 
 -fO,3S2 
 
 5,092 
 
 15,399 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Central America ... 
 
 — • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,804 
 
 15,911 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 United States of Columbia - 
 
 17,963 
 
 65,63s 
 
 10,038 
 
 3S,6oi 
 
 2,843 
 
 11,030 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Peru ..... 
 
 17,479 
 
 55,064 
 
 5,238 
 
 ■tSfilfS 
 
 8,821 
 
 2S,sg7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Chili 
 
 8,780 
 
 SS,iS5 
 
 4,449 
 
 13,225 
 
 7,606 
 
 20,003 
 
 8,773 
 
 19,585 
 
 
 Brazil 
 
 39,430 
 
 •/44,44s 
 
 31,320 
 
 ■126,564 
 
 87,720 
 
 141,791 
 
 30,620 
 
 ii6,'iS6 
 
 
 Uruguay . . ■ - - 
 
 11,674 
 
 2S,S94 
 
 4,280 
 
 9,327 
 
 6,210 
 
 11,171 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 Total to Foreign Countries 
 
 41,626 
 
 ■132,350 
 
 18.722 
 
 74.75s 
 
 34,014 
 
 101,629 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 151,192 
 
 511,422 
 
 84,786 
 
 315,134 
 
 110,780 
 
 358,575 
 
 44,291 
 
 150,537 
 
 
 British Possessions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ciiannel Islands 
 
 5,837 
 
 2//,5SS 
 
 7,993 
 
 32,223 
 
 5,214 
 
 a2,9is 
 
 5,313 
 
 23,867 
 
 
 British Possessions in South Africa - 
 
 77,023 
 
 359,215 
 
 75,487 
 
 m.s9^ 
 
 94,153 
 
 314,683 
 
 97,242 
 
 312,164 
 
 
 Bombay and Scinde - 
 
 2,609 
 
 'io,g:ti 
 
 3,305 
 
 ■12,200 
 
 5,823 
 
 21,500 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Madras - - - • - 
 
 906 
 
 s,sgit 
 
 468 
 
 2,177 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Bengal aud Burmah - 
 
 2,740 
 
 ii,66u 
 
 2,315 
 
 ■10,64s 
 
 2,558 
 
 11,297 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Ceylon . - - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,330 
 
 6,670 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Auslraliii .... 
 
 220,063 
 
 677,m 
 
 180,744 
 
 S56,90S 
 
 185,688 
 
 603,251 
 
 193,092 
 
 614,57s 
 
 
 British North America 
 
 13,362 
 
 49M-! 
 
 8,394 
 
 28,641 
 
 7,124 
 
 26,373 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 British West Indies and British 
 Ouianii. 
 
 Total to British Possessions 
 
 To other Countries (not stated whe- 
 ther British or Foreign) 
 
 Grand Total exported from the " 
 United Kingdom - - ) 
 
 31,475 
 
 97,S-i7 
 
 31,394 
 
 11SfiS2 
 
 28,753 
 
 8S,7S9 
 
 35,392 
 
 106,62s 
 
 
 360,015 
 
 1,135,143 
 
 311,430 
 
 1,010,934 
 
 329,313 
 
 1,088,811 
 
 331,039 
 
 1,057,229 
 
 
 '16,487 
 
 6u32i 
 
 13,898 
 
 4^,234 
 
 22,747 
 
 69M1 
 
 67,963 
 
 196,309 
 
 
 '527,694 
 
 1,707,886 410,114 
 
 ! 
 
 1,374,302 
 
 i 
 
 462,840 1,517,267 443,293 
 
 t 
 
 1,404,075 
 
 1 
 
TOTAL EXPORTS. 
 
 187 
 
 APPENDIX XI. 
 
 from tlie TTnited Kingdom to tlio \mder-meutioued Countkies iu each Year 
 1893 inclusive. 
 
 
 1S77. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quiiu- 
 lity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs, 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Do/A-n 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 C.430 
 
 £ 
 yj,r80 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 0,542 
 
 £ 
 
 ■i!t,i6q 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 9,6.% 
 
 £ 
 
 17,77'i 
 
 Dozen 
 Paii-s. 
 10,701 
 
 £ 
 
 ^7M7 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■-- 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,690 
 
 17.171 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 _ _ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,000 
 
 h/mo 
 
 . 1,864 
 
 (5,9/3 
 
 2,894 
 
 0,110 
 
 2,179 
 
 7,450 
 
 
 — 1 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,010 
 
 ■to,36o 
 
 3,036 
 
 9,959 
 
 4,319 
 
 16,051 
 
 3.365 
 
 19,176 
 
 
 ' 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6.071 
 
 8,370 
 
 6,0 U) 
 
 11,551 
 
 
 30,605 107^3.', 
 
 30,118 
 
 ■t/2,333 
 
 82,170 
 
 H1,i/fi 
 
 37,983 
 
 iao,(J6>t 
 
 48.919 
 
 175,750 
 
 46,683 
 
 i6sfi6i 
 
 
 — — ; — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 9,590 
 
 3i/,f0 
 
 12,689 
 
 ^7,200 
 
 14,875 
 
 35,63/, 
 
 16.072 
 
 ■Vi,V/i 
 
 
 30,605 107,284 30.118 
 
 112,233 
 
 54,200 
 
 168,230 
 
 62,114 
 
 188,905 86,714 
 
 262,661 
 
 90,333 
 
 275.692 
 
 
 8,m 
 
 30,gi/f 
 
 7,78'.t 
 
 i6,s36 
 
 8,530 
 
 HifiOO 
 
 5,077 
 
 16,669 
 
 6.207 
 
 ao,6oo 
 
 5,880 
 
 17AS5 
 
 
 77,612 
 
 'Vt,97^ 
 
 93,885 
 
 30i,i6/ 
 
 114,211 
 
 s6.i4Si 
 
 132,715 
 
 i,i7fiSo 
 
 164,492 
 
 /,go,6^ 
 
 169,840 
 
 6oa,fj63 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 4,7tl 
 
 17,061 
 
 8,966 
 
 i7,796 
 
 13,504 
 
 Ufi-V 
 
 14,288 
 
 U9^<)9 
 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,099 
 
 1S,317 5,050 
 
 toju'ii 8,414 
 
 •9^7 
 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 
 207,62(i [ 031,7-^7 
 
 196,407 
 
 576,f.iO 
 
 188,096 
 
 s;sfii^ 
 
 140,493 
 
 m,7o^ 
 
 233,714 
 
 sgo^is 287,040 
 
 7SS,7Ss 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,420 
 
 <)yji ; a,907 
 
 10,6m 
 
 
 30,696 
 
 V>,1i9 
 
 2.S,183 
 
 63..',')/ 
 
 34,050 
 
 'J7,fi90 
 
 36,111 
 
 103. ISO 27,409 
 
 77A-t-t \ 40,907 
 
 iii;Mg 
 
 
 324,048 997,848 326,263 
 
 987,378 
 
 349,628 
 
 1,054,177 
 
 327,461 1.010.302 444,396 1.252,828 519,265 1,511,881 
 
 
 1 
 81.513 ! tSl^0 
 
 73,89-2 
 
 t/6,/to 
 
 29.546 
 
 f>8Mft 
 
 30,614 
 
 sajoik 23,145 
 
 1 
 
 '57.74' 
 
 2-4,806 
 
 1 
 
 7i.90i 
 
 
 436.166 1.336.478 430,273 
 
 1.315.731 
 
 433.374 
 
 1,311,293 420,189 
 
 1,282,221 554,255 
 
 1,583,230634,404 
 
 1,862,477 
 
188 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 
 (a.) — Table showing Quantities and Values 
 
 Country to which Exported. 
 
 1883. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1884. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Foreign Countries. 
 Germany 
 
 Holland - 
 
 Belgium - 
 
 France - 
 
 Egypt - 
 
 U. S. of America, Atlantic 
 
 South America :— 
 Brasil 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 Otlier Foreign Countries 
 
 Total to Foreign Countries 
 
 British Possessions. 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 British Possessions in South Africa 
 
 British East Indies :— 
 Bombay and Scinde 
 
 Bengal and Burmah 
 
 Other - 
 
 Australasia : — 
 West Australia 
 
 South Australia 
 
 Victoria 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Queensland - 
 
 Tasmania 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Other Colonies 
 
 British North America 
 
 British 'West Indies and British 
 Guiana. 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 Total to British Possessions 
 
 To other Countries (not stated whe-") 
 ther British or Foreign) - - ) 
 
 Grand Total exported from the ^ 
 United Kingdom - - i 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 10,049 
 
 6,081 
 
 46,162 
 21,028 
 10.769 
 
 94,074 
 
 7,677 
 100,141 
 
 17,906 
 8,896 
 
 219454 
 
 2,797 
 38,092 
 
 394,963 
 
 24,097 
 
 513,134 
 
 £ 
 
 ■f6,6g£ 
 
 ^7,997 
 
 ■/74,39^ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 12.588 
 
 3,854 
 
 40,024 
 
 12,519 
 
 9,423 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 Zi,632 
 
 11,809 
 
 1 
 
 4,169 
 
 ■fO.s-^S 
 
 3,646 
 
 ■fi^S,^-t7 
 
 39,667 
 
 3i,SS2 
 
 22,842 
 
 2g,$S2 
 
 6,145 
 
 — 
 
 13,055 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 8,935 
 
 11,-ny I 3,683 
 7,484 
 
 ■1^,^17 
 
 ^7,523 
 iS,g03 
 
 5,483 
 
 48,450 
 
 13,901 
 
 4,974 
 
 12,330 
 
 282,020 78,408: 241,561 ! 101,333 294,248 105,240 
 
 Si 1,520 
 
 5$,720 
 3-1,331 
 
 6JiM,JtlS 
 
 ■n,070 
 106,391 
 
 8,934 
 101,110 
 
 12,513 
 10,565 
 
 247,351 
 
 2,935 
 41,997 
 
 iS,03 
 317,336 
 
 33,S0S 
 
 71S,3U 
 
 11,514 
 413,190 
 
 5,856 
 84,623 
 
 13,412 
 
 9,894 
 
 31,681 
 
 29,648 
 168,263 
 
 17,816 
 7,001 
 
 46,350 
 1,857 
 3,094 
 
 30,919 
 
 7,967 
 
 16,491 
 
 SSS,lf05 
 
 U5,662 
 3s,a63 
 
 35,S$6 
 §7,07^ 
 4.59,3 fS 
 46,623 
 so,gos 
 
 1Si,105 
 
 6,133 
 
 13,513 
 
 83,301 
 
 V,937 
 
 7,597 
 83,152 
 
 15,386 
 10,938 
 
 19,263 
 
 29,679 
 
 139,017 
 
 18,703 
 
 11,051 
 
 39,733 
 
 2,959 
 
 3.167 
 
 36,824 
 
 8,648 
 
 £ 
 
 i7,8gS 
 109S5 
 
 31,53g 
 2/, 5 43 
 
 157,058 
 
 s6,gsg 
 17,676 
 
 4o,3gS 
 
 325,036 
 
 ■20,835 
 £4I,U3 
 
 49,oig 
 34,344 
 
 53,733 
 
 86,1 8g 
 
 386,677 
 
 50,351 
 3S,g03 
 
 i35,6ig 
 
 g,663 
 
 i3,ogs 
 
 91,150 
 
 27,is6 
 
 1,180,992 425,405 1,255,803 458,976 1,333,083 425,117 1,223,166' 
 
 7g,o6o 
 
 22,731 
 
 1,542,072 526,544 
 
 80,080 
 
 1,577,444 560,309 1,637,331 530,357 1,548,202 
 
TOTAL EXPUiriN. 
 
 18 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 of Boots and Shoes EXPORTED, &c,—con(i,itied. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1893. 
 
 ]8ft3. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 1 
 
 1 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Valu 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 2,113 
 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 2,913 
 
 1 
 Dozen 
 £ Pairs. 
 H,3f6 2,393 
 
 £ 
 
 6,3i1 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 2,049 
 
 £ 
 6,104 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 1,873 
 
 £ 
 
 5,915 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 2,716 
 
 £ 
 
 7,sa6 
 
 Dozen 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 2,974 
 
 £ 
 
 9,V 
 
 n.l"2 
 
 iifin 
 
 8,926 
 
 i7,6/6 
 
 9,801 
 
 17,635 
 
 8,858 
 
 19,29a 
 
 7,109 
 
 14,972 
 
 7.251 
 
 15,172 
 
 9,807 
 
 22,9t 
 
 2,933 
 
 $,nt 
 
 3..348 
 
 9,670 
 
 3,748 
 
 9.S75 
 
 2,928 
 
 7.7S7 
 
 3,994 
 
 9,61a 
 
 2,886 
 
 7.771 
 
 4,436 
 
 11, Si 
 
 4,821 
 
 nfliO 
 
 5,015 
 
 2i,98l 
 
 4,459 
 
 '9.7i^ 
 
 3,360 
 
 15,579 
 
 2,511 
 
 10,755 
 
 1,891 
 
 7/i1» 
 
 1,423 
 
 6^ 
 
 4,291 
 
 15,3*7 
 
 3,163 
 
 11,370 
 
 5,265 
 
 19,257 
 
 5,847 
 
 at, 092 
 
 3,655 
 
 I2,42f 1 4,482 
 
 15405 
 
 5,481 
 
 154^ 
 
 1.316 
 
 <),65t 
 
 707 
 
 6,673 
 
 886 
 
 7,19' 
 
 703 
 
 5,533 
 
 410 
 
 3,249 ' 607 
 
 3,691 
 
 505 
 
 e,-5. 
 
 5.3,«594 
 
 iiS/iS<) 
 
 52,160 
 
 193,769 
 
 51,745 
 
 192,999 
 
 68,464 
 
 234,649 
 
 62,596 
 
 S/t^9l 
 
 37,445 
 
 t50,315 
 
 53,332 
 
 1554. 
 
 13,893 
 
 30,7 IS 
 
 20,«!9 
 
 39,7!t7 
 
 25,075 
 
 5i,1S2 
 
 8,466 
 
 t2,205 
 
 1,228 
 
 5,569 
 
 681 
 
 2,762 
 
 1,019 
 
 44 
 
 9,srjl 
 
 23,920 
 
 10.725 
 
 2S,36i 
 
 9,233 
 
 21^72 
 
 10,051 
 
 23,979 
 
 8,222 
 
 it,i97 ! 17,310 
 
 40,541 
 
 18,683 
 
 49,7 
 
 11.303 
 
 SUsSi ' 9.507 
 
 si4i» 
 
 9,571 
 
 i9.7'f7 
 
 9,447 
 
 29,129 
 
 10,121 
 
 51,634 j 9,272 
 
 29,930 
 
 10,659 
 
 32.3 
 
 117.438 
 
 361.885 117.233 
 
 356.706 '122,176 
 
 367,496 120.173 
 
 385,287 
 
 101,719 
 
 327,402 '84,541 
 
 259,645 108,324 
 
 307,1 
 
 9.841 
 
 i6,i^.; 
 
 9,026 
 
 13r',9l 
 
 8,920 
 
 i1,52i 
 
 9,868 
 
 23,46!t 
 
 10,921 
 
 26,40s 12,330 
 
 a9,44.', 
 
 12,776 
 
 •6\t 
 
 120.62-1 
 
 3St,Q.iS 
 
 132,929 
 
 ■V7.iii 
 
 174,730 
 
 499,895 
 
 186,610 
 
 515,976 
 
 182,138 
 
 ^.',99. 49/ 
 
 189,769 
 
 m,790 
 
 219,019 
 
 567,2 
 
 16.&93 
 
 SS,rji<) 
 
 11,231 
 
 36,u6 
 
 12,780 
 
 37.597 
 
 14,642 
 
 46M1 
 
 13,9P6 
 
 39,695 
 
 10,190 
 
 29,30/ 
 
 13,490 
 
 36,t 
 
 13,.^01 
 
 io,W 
 
 11.6-47 
 
 3IJi7S 
 
 14,M8 
 
 M,7iO 
 
 13.647 
 
 40.04a 
 
 18,586 
 
 SS,S25 14,683 
 
 4^,697 
 
 17..592 
 
 47.* 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,679 
 
 s,ff', 4,585 
 
 13,232 
 
 3,564 
 
 9-9 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,396 
 
 n,i6\ 
 
 5,105 
 
 is,6ii 
 
 5,894 
 
 19,6/4 
 
 6,454 
 
 19,699 
 
 9,459 
 
 ri,9s6 
 
 7,6-18 
 
 ao,6 
 
 20.328 
 
 si,9i-i 
 
 19,8.<>l 
 
 ;7fio6 
 
 17,3.36 
 
 ii,909 
 
 13,367 
 
 31,299 
 
 14,616 
 
 S64SS 
 
 13,762 
 
 52,639 
 
 18,833 
 
 aa,i 
 
 30.897 
 
 Si,st9 1 -IS .593 
 
 H3,Z()6 
 
 43.7ai 
 
 101,0/,3 
 
 38,967 
 
 99,290 
 
 46,072 
 
 it'.rH 
 
 27,289 
 
 6tfi33 
 
 21.694 
 
 4»,7 
 
 1.^5,960 
 
 a-jfifiij 
 
 162,741 
 
 ',19^99 
 
 138,878 
 
 339,566 
 
 148,884 
 
 392,59? 
 
 166,237 
 
 451451 
 
 138.930 
 
 335,436 
 
 129,828 
 
 267,7 
 
 26,.>ja 
 
 7'.77o 
 
 34,058 
 
 9«474 
 
 26,374 
 
 6/,,463 
 
 20.785 
 
 53,211 
 
 24,034 
 
 61.265 
 
 29.290 
 
 69,093 
 
 17,300 
 
 S9,7 
 
 3,998 
 
 IS,()S0 
 
 t!.m 
 
 19,97s 
 
 7,561 
 
 19,936 
 
 10,881 
 
 t9,3S3 
 
 11,462 
 
 51,997 
 
 8,!I01 
 
 t',,017 
 
 7,744 
 
 194 
 
 39.096 
 
 I3!,ti6 . 39,685 
 
 117^19 
 
 33,372 
 
 93430 
 
 37,59/ 
 
 100,131 
 
 ■16.398 
 
 119,507 
 
 47.225 
 
 n 5,266 
 
 44,010 
 
 io6,g 
 
 4.iS98 
 
 IS,t.',l 
 
 7 
 
 i6 
 
 61 
 
 143 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 74 
 
 a6o 
 
 106 
 
 39a 
 
 90 
 
 a 
 
 3,713 
 
 lifiH 
 
 3,856 
 
 iiA07 
 
 4,162 
 
 13,635 
 
 8,864 
 
 10,999 
 
 3,2-18 
 
 10417 
 
 3,!t90 
 
 12,052 
 
 4,806 
 
 134 
 
 49.7t« 
 
 1 19,1)63 
 
 49,503 
 
 m.tit 
 
 46,371 
 
 104,169 
 
 60,516 
 
 136,905 
 
 49,651 
 
 I09^i6 
 
 58,989 
 
 /»>>.«;/ 
 
 66.026 
 
 m.* 
 
 8,027 
 
 li.S79 
 
 9,074 
 
 t6,060 
 
 10,431 
 
 »9A1S 
 
 10,116 
 
 r7,666 
 
 9,212 
 
 96,767 
 
 5,882 
 
 i7,rS7 
 
 6.355 
 
 ^9.* 
 
 485.278 
 
 1,384,037 544,674 
 
 1.446,020 543,733 
 
 1,421,846 575,629 
 
 1 
 
 1,513.003 604,798 
 
 1,581,924 575,370 
 
 1,440.176 584.725 
 
 1390( 
 
 — 
 
 — 1 — 
 
 1 ~* 
 
 1 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — — 
 
 — — 
 
 — 
 
 602,716 
 
 1.745.922 661.907 
 
 1.802.726 665,909 
 
 j 
 
 1.789,342 695,802 
 
 1 i 
 
 1,898.290 706.517 
 
 1 1 
 
 1,909,326 659,911 1,699.821 693,049 1697!; 
 
 1 1 
 
190 
 
 BOOT AND HHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 
 (b.) — Table shovving Quantities and Values of Boots and Shoes IMPORTED 
 
 from 1873 to 
 
 Country from which Imported. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Foreign Couktuies. 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Germany .... 
 
 7,789 
 
 30,305 
 
 6,222 
 
 2s,Sg-f 
 
 9,940 
 
 3M71 
 
 18,432 
 
 66,iS', 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 5,769 
 
 s6,-fgo 
 
 3,922 
 
 ■11,515 
 
 3,320 
 
 ■fi,-/S-f 
 
 3,073 
 
 f3,7Si 
 
 
 Belgium - . - . - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 8,217 
 
 ZlfiliS 
 
 
 France ..... 
 
 24,962 
 
 S5,goS 
 
 29,940 
 
 9(5,4^-J 
 
 67,274 
 
 ■/§046^ 
 
 75,632 
 
 •2i3,7gs 
 
 
 United States of America 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries - 
 
 38.520 
 
 141,403 
 
 40,084 
 
 139,880 
 
 80,534 
 
 229,116 
 
 105,354 
 
 315,316 
 
 
 British Possessions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British North America 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Total from British Possessions - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 From other Countries (not stated') 
 whether British or Foreign) - S 
 
 Grai\d Total imported into the ") 
 United Kingdom - ■) 
 
 1,784 
 
 5,3lS 
 
 4,658 
 
 ^3,000 
 
 4,199 
 
 ■/o,S$Ji 
 
 4,542 
 
 ■t3,i65 
 
 
 40,304 
 
 146,731 
 
 44,742 
 
 153,870 
 
 84,733 
 
 240,000 
 
 109,896 
 
 328,479 
 
 
TOTAL IMPOUTS. 
 
 101 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 
 into the Un'itkd Kingdom from tho uiulor-montionud Countries in each Year 
 189;! inclusive. 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 ISSl. 
 
 1882. 
 
 
 Qimn- 
 (ity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Q'-- lvalue. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Dozen 
 I'airs, 
 
 U.7M 
 .3.540 
 S,989 
 
 00,025 
 5,9.39 
 
 £ 
 
 9S%tS& 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 10,785 
 13,262 
 
 2,144 
 65,758 
 
 1.879 
 
 9S,iS0 
 
 7fiis 
 
 t6.rr9!t 
 
 6,11$ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 46,903 
 
 4,799 
 
 07,823 
 
 2,827 
 
 s. 
 
 97S,StS 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 12,864 
 16,692 
 
 59.049 
 
 89,205 
 
 £ 
 
 3SMf 
 
 363,281 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 16,931 
 
 23,6S5 
 
 41,109 
 81,725 
 
 £ 
 
 H,77^ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 25,-2U 
 
 28.075 
 
 9,560 
 
 43,089 
 
 £ 
 
 ■fOS,!tSO 
 
 
 93.293 
 
 333.436 
 
 1 
 99,828 362,962 
 
 122,352 
 
 464,034 
 
 377,006 
 
 106,574 
 
 428,151 
 
 ' 
 
 5,818 
 
 i.i,OSS 
 
 2,642 
 
 6^i 
 
 3,053 
 
 9M6 
 
 2,821 
 
 7fi9't 
 
 2,049 
 
 4.5/* 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 5,818 ' 14,058 
 
 i 
 
 2,642 
 
 6,352 
 
 3,053 
 
 9,446 
 
 2,821 
 
 7,694 
 
 2,049 
 2,677 
 
 4,818 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 285 
 
 /49« 
 
 220 
 
 69i 
 
 2,099 
 
 6,0fS 
 
 3,101 
 
 io,6o.', 
 
 8,9S* 
 
 3.385 
 
 9.^49 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 99,396 348,786' 
 
 102,690 370,147 
 
 1 
 
 127,504 479.498' 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 95.487 381,579 86,451 
 
 390,756 
 
 109,959 
 
 437,300 
 
192 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE. 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 
 (b.) — Table showing Quantities and Values 
 
 Country from whieh Imported. i 
 
 1883. I 1884. 
 
 1885. 1886. 
 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 V^lue Quan- 
 ^ '''"®- , tity. 
 
 i 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. Qji^- Value. 
 
 
 POREIG>' COUXTEIES. 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Germmy . . . - 
 
 3,766 
 
 ^04^3 
 
 957 
 
 3,509 
 
 2,703 
 
 6,073 
 
 7.469 
 
 ■f5,i5S 
 
 
 Holl.ind 
 
 28,321 
 
 SS,5S5 
 
 15,539 
 
 5n,iSi 
 
 15,974 
 
 57,993 
 
 15.680 
 
 5-t^s6 
 
 
 Belgium - - . - - 
 
 38,203 
 
 S-/,SS3 
 
 48,761 
 
 gS/jtg 
 
 43,303 
 
 93,936 
 
 52,608 
 
 4S3,0i8 
 
 
 France . . - - - 
 
 53,437 
 
 333,03S 
 
 44,632 
 
 ^96,327 
 
 .39,706 
 
 -IS7,U7 
 
 26,991 
 
 ■{37,959 
 
 
 United States . . - - 
 
 331 
 
 1A00 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 Total from Foreign Countries - 
 British Possessions. 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 163 
 
 5S7 
 
 210 
 
 690 
 
 
 119,058 
 
 411,689 109,889 
 
 348,636 
 
 101,849 
 
 344,736102,958 
 
 327,648 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British North America 
 
 3.080 
 
 6,106 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 461 
 
 1,^77 
 
 255 
 
 582 
 
 
 Australasia : New South Wales 
 
 29 
 
 iOO 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 464 
 
 J,3«7 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 277 
 
 4»9 
 
 287 
 
 Uo 
 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 Total from British Possessions - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 195 
 
 533 
 
 41 
 
 17U 
 
 
 3,573 
 
 9,133 
 
 _ i _ 
 
 ! 933 
 
 2,148 
 
 583 
 
 1,196 
 
 
 From other Countries (not stated'^ 
 whether British or Foreign) - ) 
 
 Grand Total imported into the" 
 I'nitpd Kingdom - - j 
 
 427 
 
 SIJS 
 
 1,515 
 
 j 
 
 3,931 
 
 i 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 123,058 
 
 421,214 
 
 111,204 
 
 352,567 
 
 ! 
 
 102,782 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 346,884 
 
 103,541 
 
 328,844 
 
 
TOTAL IMPORTS. 
 
 193 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 of Boots and Shoes IMPORTED, &c. — ccmlinued. 
 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890, 
 
 18 
 
 »1. 
 Value. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Quan- ,. , 
 tity. ^'''""• 
 
 Quan- V , 
 
 Quim- 
 tity. 
 
 Vahie. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Value. Q;;-- 
 
 Value. 
 
 Qiiau- 
 tily. 
 
 Quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Viihu-. 
 
 
 Dozen 
 Pull's. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozon 
 Pairs. 
 
 t 
 
 Dozen 
 Paii-s. & 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. 
 
 £ 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs, 
 
 i: 
 
 Dozen 
 Pairs. .0 
 
 
 .•!,450 
 
 •Jfi-'7 
 
 2.321 
 
 ',.079 
 
 l.in 6,9S6 
 
 .3.487 
 
 ■isfin 
 
 3,185 
 
 10^6.1 
 
 4,812 
 
 i6/j<js 
 
 4,751 ; is,ist 
 
 
 10,302 
 
 .1.1,030 
 
 15.680 
 
 B0,63S 
 
 14,129 
 
 43430 
 
 8,015 
 
 35,77S 
 
 !l,201 
 
 .lo/>',9 
 
 14,434 
 
 !/),OH(J 
 
 23,501 ' 7S,i(ji 
 
 
 92,476 
 
 i//,tys 
 
 S1.73l» 
 
 179,9^9 
 
 50,184 
 
 fi9^ 
 
 56,743 
 
 is6,9S8 
 
 61,347 
 
 1S6,S03 
 
 63,995 
 
 i-W^j 
 
 60,551 lf^.HS 
 
 
 33,062 f;s,git 
 
 1 
 
 27.815 
 
 iJ^7466 
 
 28.343 
 
 159,111 
 
 2!t,644 
 
 iSS^iS 
 
 26,700 
 
 -I.>,l,i07 
 
 34,166 
 
 1SSM7 
 
 31,131 H.1»',5 
 
 
 — — 
 
 1,300 
 
 i.097 
 
 1.832 
 
 4..',S6 
 
 183 
 
 5.1t 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2.0! IS , .',,$i'j 
 
 
 301 1 .f^os 
 
 125 
 
 ■H9 
 
 74 
 
 .lid 
 
 123 
 
 329,792 
 
 875 
 101,308 
 
 t.T!' 
 
 595 
 
 i,>,S9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 84 ^r/f 
 
 
 140,251 431,578 
 
 129,043 
 
 387,342 
 
 96,336 338,707 
 
 98,145 
 
 1 
 320,993 118,002 372.046 
 
 I 
 122,116 378,829 
 
 
 528 t,us 7i2 
 
 i,i<ji 
 
 3.788 
 
 1^,083 
 
 1,312 
 
 i,76i 
 
 689 
 
 ifi^i 
 
 311 
 
 6i>i 
 
 71 4',S 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 r- 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ■J OM 
 
 
 VW 
 
 aOt 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 " 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 ^ <9 
 
 
 32 s6 
 
 100 
 
 ijjW 
 
 71 
 
 64 
 1 12,149 
 
 ISU 
 
 ' 1,468 
 
 1 
 
 W 
 
 85 
 
 /<$/ 
 
 73 
 
 I5U 
 
 ^J ; tS 
 
 
 694 1,441 
 
 937 2,484 
 
 3,869 
 
 1 
 
 3,219 
 
 1 
 
 774 1,753 
 
 1 
 
 384 
 
 1 
 
 772 
 
 103 227 
 
 
 — 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 389,82( 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 |140,94£ 
 
 > 433,01£ 
 
 1 129,98C 
 
 ) lOC.lOf 
 
 350.85( 
 
 J 99,613 
 
 333.011 
 
 102,085 
 
 1 
 ! 322,74C 
 
 118,38e 
 
 1 
 ! 373,81f 
 
 } 122,219 379,056 
 
 O 82170. 
 
194 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE TRADE — EXPORTS FROM LONDON, 
 
 Appendix XI. — continued. 
 
 (c). — Table showing Quantities and Values of Boots and Shoes (of 
 British and Irish Produce) EXPORTED from the Port of London 
 during each of the Years from 1879 to 1893 inchiaive. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Average Price 
 Per Dozeu Pairs. 
 
 1879 - - - - 
 
 Dozen Pairs. 
 264,680 
 
 £ 
 
 793,813 
 
 £ s. d. 
 3 
 
 1880 - - - - 
 
 233,534 
 
 729,641 
 
 3 2 6 
 
 1881 - - - - 
 
 339,953 
 
 935,162 
 
 2 15 U I 
 
 1882 - - - - 
 
 413,061 
 
 1,192,691 
 
 2 17 9 
 
 188;? - - - - 
 
 313,577 
 
 944,077 
 
 3 3 
 
 1884 - - - - 
 
 337,806 
 
 1,005,573 
 
 2 19 6 
 
 1885 - - - - 
 
 387,260 
 
 1,126,677 
 
 2 18 2 
 
 1886 - 
 
 347,449 
 
 1,011,640 
 
 2 18 3 
 
 1887 - - - - 
 
 370,325 
 
 1,075,200 
 
 2 18 1 
 
 1888 - - - - 
 
 432,407 
 
 1,148,665 
 
 2 13 2 
 
 1889 - - - - 
 
 405,104 
 
 1,070,915 
 
 2 12 10 
 
 1890 - - - , - 
 
 431,154 
 
 1,149,921 
 
 2 13 4 
 
 1891 - - - - 
 
 474,017 
 
 1,250,005 
 
 2 13 1 
 
 1892 - - - - 
 
 429,914 
 
 1,078,145 
 
 2 10 2 
 
 1893 - - - - 
 
 427,374 
 
 997,518 
 
 2 6 8 
 
APPENDICES TO PART III. 
 
 N J. 
 
196 
 
 IMMIGRANT WOMEN. 
 
 APPENDICES TO PART III. 
 
 APPENDIX XII. 
 
 Detailed Table showing Results of Inquiry as to Cases of 
 Immigrant Women who landed m London during a 
 certain Period of 1892. 
 
 Index No. of Immisrrant. 
 
 Relative or | aifeSo 
 
 „ ^'"T. Ko be iif Immi. 
 alleged to be ^^,^^^^,^ 
 
 Possession. 
 
 in London. 
 
 1. Man and wife 
 
 2. 
 
 » )5 
 
 Friend 
 
 3. 31an and danjrliter 
 
 6. Woman and child - 
 
 Priends 
 
 2 marks 
 
 45 marks 
 
 50 marks 
 
 20 marks 
 
 7. German girl 
 
 8. Man and wife 
 
 9. Woman and son, a- 
 
 shoe-maker. 
 
 10. Sempstress 
 
 11. Woman and five 
 children. 
 
 12. Man, brother, and 
 
 sister. 
 
 13. Single woman 
 
 14. 
 
 15. Married woman 
 
 Friend 
 Daughter 
 
 Father 
 
 Husband 
 
 Sister 
 
 Husband 
 
 240 marks 
 14 marks 
 
 20 marks 
 
 10 marks 
 
 Not known at address given. A Jewess, 
 formerly a lodger there, may have 
 been the friend whose address was 
 
 The address given proved to be that of 
 a barber : the friend whose name was 
 given is a customer of the barber. 
 The latter knew No. 2, and said that 
 he was getting on all right as a boot- 
 maker, and his wife was with him and 
 did not so out to work. 
 
 The man, a tailor, and his daughter, 
 age 13, stayed for six months at the | 
 address given. The girl is now in ser- 
 vice as a nurserymaid. 
 
 This woman went to friends at the 
 address given, and is now living in 
 the house of another member of her 
 friends' family. She is very poor and 
 not strong enough to do anything her- 
 self; her father came to England some 
 time before, and supports her and her 
 child. 
 
 Called herself a domestic servant, and 
 gave no address. 
 
 Address insufficient. 
 
 The addi'ess given proved to l)e a 
 common lodging-house for men. No- 
 thing known of her. 
 
 The girl joined her father, who, bow- 
 ever, is not in London now. She 
 learnt cigarette making, and can now 
 earn about 8s. a week, but was then 
 out of work through slackness. She 
 lives with her mother. 
 
 All the people at the address given were 
 newcomers, and knew nothing of their 
 predecessors. 
 
 Were sent to the LTnited States by the 
 Jewish Board of Guardians. 
 
 The sister was living at the address 
 gi-ven. Said that No. 13 came oyer to 
 her fiance, who was in England, and 
 was married at once. 
 
 Was sent on to her brother in the 
 United States by the Jewish Board of 
 Guardians. 
 
 The persons living at the address given 
 were newcomers and knew nothing 
 of her. 
 
ANALYSIS <)l' CASES. 
 
 197 
 
 Appendix XII.— con^. 
 
 Relative or 
 
 I'rioiiil 
 
 alli'ficil to he 
 
 in Lutidon, 
 
 Money 
 
 lllle^eil to 
 
 be ill Iiiiini- 
 
 I Kfnnfs 
 
 Possession. 
 
 Uesnlt of Inf|nir,v. 
 
 16. Austrian - HusV)anrt 
 
 is. Marrieil woman „ 
 
 134 marks ; No address Riven. 
 
 111. Single woninn 
 
 20. 
 
 Sister 
 
 22. Married woman and 
 lioy. 
 
 S3. Sinsrlo woman 
 
 25. Woman and child - 
 
 2<'>. Single woman 
 27. JIaiTied woman 
 
 .V). Man and wife 
 :J1. Married woman 
 
 So. „ ,, 
 
 ■M 
 
 3S. Man and woman 
 
 Husband 
 
 Children 
 
 Husband 
 
 Husband - 
 
 tJ marks 
 
 She found her husbaml, Iml he refused 
 to live with her. She does a litll* 
 w.i-shiiiir and eleanin-..', and is ver.v 
 poor. 
 
 A «irl :i( tlie .■idiln-ss civen saiil that 
 No. IS) i-aiiie thei-c last May to a mar- 
 ried sister who was lodtfiiiir there. 
 'I'hi-.v iiKiM'd aCterwarils. Tim iiiarriiMl 
 sister does not work; Xo. 19 makes 
 button-holes. 
 
 Ooeupiora at the address knew her. She 
 went hyadilTerent name in Rii);lanii, 
 lint they were sure it was the same 
 jM'rson. Slie eame to a married sister 
 as staled, lives with her still anil fcoes 
 out to work : her sister does not work. 
 Statement afterwards verilied. 
 
 Saw No. 22; pretended to know nolhins 
 about No. 2:! until the other lodsrers 
 be'jran to speak about her. and rhen 
 said slie wa'? her sister, and was now 
 a buttoii-lioler earniuij ;ibout 1('«. a 
 week at tlie most. She professed to 
 know noihinf^of No. 2t who was said 
 to be her eousiu. 
 
 Occupier at address iriveu said she was 
 No. 2'>'s dauifhter. Xo. 25 is livini; 
 with a son at Peekhara, and her hus- 
 band (occupier's fathorj has now come 
 over, and is Keltinicon all riirht. No. 
 25 does not work. 
 
 Was taken to the Girls' Home and after- 
 wards to her sister in London. 
 
 Not known at address Riven. 
 
 Occupier at address iriven knew nothiuR 
 of her. 
 
 5 marks - No Jews livinj? at address Riven. 
 
 1 mark 
 
 — I Newcomers .it the address Riv(>n knew 
 
 nothini; of her. 
 
 I 
 
 39. Widow 
 
 40. Siniele wor;;;"' IC^r- 
 man). 
 
 The odice keeper at tin- ;i(Mress piven 
 had no such name on liis hfuiks. A 
 Jew hail livoil thgre until March, and 
 the woman miRlit ha\e stayed at his 
 rooms for a time without the kuow- 
 ledfTO of the ollicc-keeper. 
 
 IKJuKirks Xo such person known by the oflice- 
 keeper at the address (riven. 
 
 In the alien list the woman was entered 
 as the wife of the man, who was said to 
 he drnnk at the time, and to have made 
 a statement that ho was (roinir to tlia 
 TTnited States, and had 2iio marks. In 
 the biKiks of the Girls' Hume is the 
 name of .i woman with the same first 
 name (a peculiar one), who was l)ron.:lil 
 there from the same ship, but iHd 
 not stay the niirht, and was pi-esumahly 
 I called for by friends. 
 
 1 mark - Stated by the secretary of the Poor 
 I Jaws' Shelter to hav« been sent on to 
 United States. 
 
 3.5 marks- Gave no .-uldress and was not taken to 
 . the Girls' Home. 
 
198 
 
 IMMIGRANT WOMEN. 
 
 Appendix XII. — cont. 
 
 Index No. of IramiRrant. 
 
 i Rplative or 
 j PriciKl 
 i alleijcci to be 
 in London. 
 
 Money 
 alleged to \ 
 he in Immi- 
 
 granfs 
 i Possession. 
 I 
 
 Resnlt of Inquiry. 
 
 41. Man, wife, and child 
 
 *2. Man and wife 
 
 Son 
 
 44. Widow 
 
 4S. Man, wife, and two 
 adult sons. 
 
 47. Single woman 
 
 48. 
 
 51. 
 
 52. 
 
 53. 
 
 » 5> 
 
 Uncle - 
 
 Parents 
 
 55. Widow 
 
 56. Married woman and 
 
 child. 
 
 57. Widow and four 
 
 children. 
 
 58. Married woman and 
 
 three children. 
 
 51'. Man and wife 
 
 '^*'-l Widow, daughter, 
 .., i and two children. 
 
 62. Widow 
 
 C4. Married woman and 
 two children. 
 
 fi5. Sinerle woman 
 
 Mother 
 
 Daughter 
 Husband 
 
 Brother 
 
 Daughter 
 
 Husband 
 
 Brotlier 
 
 5 marks - ; Saw the man's wife at the address 
 
 j given ; said her husband got work at 
 
 once as a tailor. The three live in one 
 
 small room, very clean, for whicli they 
 
 j pay is. a week. 
 
 5 marks - Occupier at address priven was a friend 
 and knew them ; said the man lived 
 with his sou, and his wife Jived with 
 a married daughter; she does not 
 work for her living. 
 
 6 marks - Saw an old woman who came two years 
 ago to join her son, and had the sa ne 
 first name as No. 41 ; said no one :ia 1 
 come to the house since. Probably 
 No. 44 had given an account of this 
 woman instead of an account of herself. 
 
 2 marks - Gave no address. 
 
 Address was that of a restaurant with 
 lodgings for men only. 
 
 10 marks Not known at address given. Was 
 taken to the fTirls' Home wlien she 
 landed ; was there tliree days and 
 then went into service ; paid what she 
 owed to the Home afterwards. 
 
 Was taken to the Girls' Home, and then 
 to her parents. Has not been to the 
 Home since. 
 
 No. 51 and No. 52 said they were sisters 
 and both were taken to tlieir alleged 
 l>arents. But No. 52 was brought 
 back, turning out to l)e no relation. 
 A situation in service was found for 
 her next day, to which she went. 
 
 Was taken to the Girls' Home, and then 
 to a mai'ried sister. 
 
 I'.l marks 
 18 marks 
 
 3 marks 
 
 26 marks 
 
 2C inarks 
 
 Not known at address given. 
 
 Occupier at address given knew her. 
 Said she joined her husband, a tin 
 smith ; does not go out to work. 
 
 Not known at address given. 
 
 Was sent on to New York by the Jewish 
 Board of Guardians to join her hus- 
 band. 
 
 Saw the wife at address given. Said 
 her husband was a cap-maker, as in 
 Poland. She herself does not work. 
 
 Address was that of a public-house; 
 nothing was known of them. 
 
 Occupier at address given gave me 
 No. 62's present addi-ess. Saw the 
 woman herself, who said she was liv- 
 ing with her children, who supported 
 her. 
 
 2 marks - The house of which the address was 
 given is now part of the premises of a 
 large shopkeeper, of whom it was use- 
 less to make inquiries. 
 
 20 marks Saw the brother at the address given, 
 lie said that his sister came over 
 unexpecti'dly on a visit, and he sent 
 I lier back again. 
 
ANALYSIS (»r CASES. 
 
 l!)!t 
 
 Appendix XII.- 
 
 IiuK'x Nil. of Iiiimifrruiit. 
 
 Relative or „,^"}f,^ 
 
 ,ill.-i.'e.l to iH- ''^" "'1 ";">'• 
 KiiHit s 
 Fossi'ssion. 
 
 in Loiuluii. 
 
 eO. Man and sistfr-in- 
 law, and hiT child. 
 
 08. Sinjrlo woiniiii 
 
 Sislor • 
 
 82 marks 
 
 1 nmrk 
 
 tJa. Manii'd woman 
 
 ( 
 
 71. Man and wift- 
 
 72. Sinifle woman 
 
 73 (Ger- 
 
 manj. > 
 
 Husband 
 
 s marks - 
 1 mark - 
 
 76. i>in)clo woman 
 
 77. Man and wifo 
 
 78. ^Inrriod woman and 
 two children. 
 
 7''. M.irrio<l woman and 
 child. 
 
 Uncle • 
 
 Husband, a 
 tailor. 
 
 Hnshnnd 
 
 450 marks 
 
 25 marks 
 
 25 roubles 
 
 r 
 
 81. Man and mollirr 
 
 82. Sister - 
 
 8:{. Married woman 
 
 St. Man and wife 
 
 86. Mnrried woman 
 
 87 
 
 88. and mother and 
 children - 
 
 Son 
 
 .10 marks 
 
 _ ■! 
 
 - 100 marks 
 
 Hnstmnd 
 
 
 !- 
 
 Result of Inquiry. 
 
 The woman still lives at the address 
 given. Her brother who was there 
 when the.v came snp|»>rted lier for 
 a few weeks. an<l now she earns her 
 livinir as a nurse. 
 
 Married woman at tlio address jriven 
 said her sister came to see her in May 
 and was now in ("oiney Hatch : sli'e 
 had been in Mntrland before anil had 
 come back again. IJnt lier sister's 
 name bore no resemlilanee to tliat of 
 No. t>8. The airent of the (Jirls' Home, 
 however, stated that, he took No. ts 
 to hei^sister at this address in ^lay. 
 
 Gave no address. 
 
 Received relief from tlie .lowish ]>oard 
 of Gnanlians some time after arrival. 
 
 Saw her sister-in-law at the address 
 given. Said that the girl is working 
 for her brother as a fur sewer in tli9 
 city, and lodges with a friend. 
 
 The agent of the Girls' Home took her 
 to the office of the emi)loyer who had 
 engaged her as domestii' servant be- 
 fore she came over. She eame to the 
 Home recently to iret another situa- 
 tion. 
 
 Address given was that of a shoji. kept 
 by her brother, who said that she 
 eame to live with him and went out 
 to work a.s a btitton-lioli-r for a short 
 time. She is married now and onl.v 
 keeps house. 
 
 Not known bv •couplers at address 
 given. .Some one did come there last 
 .vear and went liack awiin to Poland. 
 
 Found a woman with the same siirMam* 
 at address given, but with dilferent 
 first name. Her huslk-ind is a tailor, 
 bill she has lived llii're two years and 
 kn«w niiihing i)f the wom.-in I was 
 inquiring about. 
 
 Occupier at aililress given said that thr 
 man had letters sent to his house and 
 called for them. Oeciinier knew him 
 yeai-s ago in I'cilaml. The man's wifs 
 came over last year .•ind joined him. 
 Occupier km-w they lived at liow, but 
 did not krow their address. 
 
 All gave the same addivss, but ocriijiier 
 said no strangers hatt Imm-u to the 
 lioiisi' at all diinni; the l;ist .vear. 
 No. 102 who eame over in the same 
 ship did nut know whei-e they lived, 
 but .saw the sister now iinfl then and 
 knew she was a feller hand. 
 
 Occupier had only be«-n at address giv^n 
 six months, and knew nolhinifof liis 
 pre<leces.si)rs. iTIiemnn had lived in 
 Mindon right .ve;irs and had then gone 
 back to Poland.) 
 
 Not known at address given. 
 
 Husliand 
 landed. 
 
 of S7 met them when tlie.y 
 
200 
 
 IMMIGRANT WOMEN. 
 
 Appendix XII. — cont. 
 
 Index No. of Immigrant. 
 
 Relative or 
 
 Priencl 
 
 alleged to be 
 
 in London. 
 
 Money 
 alleged to 
 
 be in Immi- 
 grant's 
 
 Possession. 
 
 Result of Inquiry. 
 
 89. Man and wife and "^ 
 
 90. Sister and three ( 
 
 children - -> 
 
 91. Man and sister 
 
 92. Single woman 
 
 93. Married woman 
 
 91. ,, „ and 
 
 chikh'en. 
 
 95. Mn.n and sister 
 
 96. Woman 
 
 98. Married woman 
 
 99. Married woman and 
 two children. 
 
 102. Single woman 
 
 lOo. Man and danghter - 
 104. Woman and brother 
 
 Wo. Woman 
 
 lOi; 
 
 Mari'ied wnniau and 
 two children. 
 
 Sister ; had 
 lost ad- 
 dress. 
 
 Danghter 
 
 Seelving 
 husband. 
 
 Pricnd 
 
 Husband 
 
 Husband 
 
 Brother 
 
 Father 
 
 Husband 
 
 107. Mari'ied woman 
 
 Children 
 
 20 marks ■ 
 
 3 marks 
 
 3 roubles 
 30 marks - 
 
 4 marks 
 
 3 marks 
 
 5 marks 
 
 4 marks 
 
 6 marks 
 
 Not known at address given. 
 
 A girl entered in the books ot the C4irls' 
 Home by a dift'erent name was met on 
 board this ship. She had lost her 
 sister's address. Her relatives were 
 found, and she was taken to them. 
 The girl was undoubtedly the same. 
 Probably she liad given the Customs 
 agent lier sister's name instead ot her 
 own. 
 
 Not known at address given. 
 
 Applied for and received assistance from 
 the .Jewish Board of Guardians. 
 
 Saw the sister. Slie lived wth her 
 cousin, and did nothing for three 
 months. Tlien she got work at a cap- 
 nmkers in a small Jewish workshop 
 where she machines linings. Slie is 
 20 years old and earns only Cs. a week 
 as at first. 
 
 No address given. 
 
 The occupiers at address given said that 
 a woman with the same first name 
 (Sjjrenza) came there from Poland 
 in 1893 to join her husband, a hawker; 
 lier other name bore no resemblance 
 to the one given me. 
 
 There are two houses with the same num- 
 ber as in tlie address given. One of 
 these was a stationer's shop. Occu- 
 piers in l)oth cases were quite sure no 
 such jjerson had ever come there. 
 Possibly letters were sent to the 
 stationer and called for by the hus- 
 band who may have met the woman 
 on board. 
 
 Saw her at address given. Strong and 
 good looking. Is living in her 
 brother's house and works for him. 
 Fairly well-to-do. 
 
 Incorrect address. 
 
 Occupier at address given knew them. 
 The woman lives with her father, and 
 earns her living as a monthly luirse. 
 
 Gave same address as 104, but was not 
 known there. 
 
 Address given was that of a general 
 shop. Occupier said the woman came 
 over last year and found that her 
 husband was living with anotlier 
 woman. She is very poor, and comes 
 in occasionally to ask if they can find 
 her some wasliing or cleaning to do. 
 
 Residents of three houses in the street 
 remembered some one whom they 
 called Blumberg (the first name of 
 No. 107 was Blnme) who came last 
 July to the address given, and lived 
 with her children there. They had 
 moved to a neighliouring street and her 
 children still support her. 
 
JEWISH HOME von GIRLS. — ANALYSIS OF OASES. 
 
 201 
 
 Appendix XII. — rout. 
 
 1 1 
 
 llelativp or 
 
 Index No. of Iinn.iKi-ant. ,i,i.S'to be 
 
 ill Loudon. 
 
 1 - 
 
 Money , 
 alleged to ' 
 
 be in Ininii-| Result of Li<iuir,v. 
 
 jf rant's 
 Possession. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 'Oecui>iers at addn-ss iiiven knew about 
 tlu'ui. 'I'lioT bad moved now. The 
 
 108. Man and wife aiul ") 
 105). (Umifhlor - -J 
 
 
 man is a tailor ; Itis wife does notbintr, 
 
 
 1 and bis da\ii?b(er aofH out to wcirk 
 
 
 somcwlicri'. but tlicv did not know 
 
 
 
 
 I. where. 
 
 110, Woiiinn 
 
 Sister 
 
 — 
 
 Address unintelligible. 
 
 111. Single woman 
 
 Parents 
 
 *~* 
 
 Ineorreet address. Was taken to the 
 (bills' Home and then to her brother's 
 house. 
 
 112. Harried woman and 
 
 Husband - 
 
 150 marks 
 
 Was not at address given. Found out 
 
 child. 
 
 
 
 about her from the keeper of a grocer's 
 shop who knew her in I'olaiul. She 
 came over to find her liusbaiid. 
 He had heard that she had divoreeil 
 him (whudi was not true), aTid had 
 married again: ho was living some- 
 where in the Commercial Road : be 
 was a very respectable man, but loo 
 poor to do nnytbiug for his first wife. 
 She is lame, and hardly able lo work ; 
 she lodges witli a girl who makes wigs ; 
 she gets orders occasionally for lier 
 and has a sm.ill commission on them ; 
 but on the wliole she lives on the 
 charity of neighbours. 
 
 lis. M:in, wife, and 
 
 
 
 200 marks 
 
 No address given. 
 
 children. 
 
 
 
 
 114. Man, wife - 
 
 Son - 
 
 ] 
 
 C Their son, a well-dre.^sed young m«n, 
 i came to meet th«m. 
 
 115. daiichter, and 
 
 
 c 
 
 son. 
 
 — 
 
 J 
 
 
 116. Man-ied woman 
 
 Husband - 
 
 — 
 
 Not knoNvn at address given. 
 
 APPENDIX XIII. 
 
 Table showing Particulaks of Unmarried Foreign Girls 
 brouii'lit to tho Jewish Home for Girls ou landinc^. 
 
 1 
 l)at« of Laiuling. j Index No. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 July ISSfi 
 
 • t 
 >l 
 
 118 
 
 '.12 
 HI 
 120 
 
 ■ 
 121 
 
 Had lost address of relative*; waa takan to iheHouie; 
 stayed two days, and wa-s then taken to her relatives. 
 
 8<-e foregoing h-^ "( iiiuiiivrMiii-. 
 ,* 
 
 Was found employment at dreasmaking: lived at the ! 
 Home and wnnt out to work. Ai tli« end of one month ; 
 went to .Xmerica to join her brotlur who sent her the | 
 ticket lo go. Stdl owes 26*, for l)oard. 
 
 Situation found for her as domestic servant. Was saving 
 up money to go to America. Paid up her debts to the 
 Home. 
 
202 
 
 JEWISH HOME FOR GIRLS. — ANALYSIS OF CASES. 
 
 Appendix XIII. — cont. 
 
 Date of Landing. 
 
 Index No. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 .July 1892 
 
 12'^ ' 
 
 Had a cousin in London who refused to receive her. At 
 tlie end of a week she found friends, and obtained work 
 as a tailoress (her occupation in Poland): paid the 5». 
 due to the Home three months afterwards. 
 
 »» 
 
 123 
 
 "Was a tailoress in Poland. Situation as domestic servant 
 found for her at the end of a week ; paid tlie 5s. due to 
 the Home three weeks afterwards. 
 
 i9 
 
 124 
 
 Could not find her friends when she landed. Was taken 
 to the Home -. her fi-iends came the same day and took 
 her away. 
 
 !• 
 
 125 
 
 Came witii lier married sister on the way to America. 
 Her marri<-d sister went; but there was not enoueh 
 money for her. She went into service and paid her 
 debt to the Home ^vithin three weeks. 
 
 .. 
 
 126 
 
 Lost address of relatives ; did not find them ntitil a month 
 afterwards ; went out as a dressmaker in the mean- 
 time. Was enaraged to be married when she came. 
 Relatives were very respectable. She is now married. 
 
 9» 
 
 127 
 
 A German, not Jewish, but accustomed to live with 
 Jewish people. A situation was found for her. She 
 owed 7*. to the Home, and paid it a fortnight after. Is 
 in the same place still and visits the Home. 
 
 »> " " 
 
 128 
 
 Went to a situation as domestic servant the day after her 
 arrival. 
 
 >» 
 
 129 
 
 Parents were sent to Siberia. She came to England. 
 Stayed in the Home till January 1893, and then started 
 as a dressmaker on her own account and is doing well. 
 Had worked at a dressmaker's in the meantime, earn- 
 ing from 8.?. to 10s. a week. 
 
 J> ■ ■ 
 
 130 
 
 At the Home for four days : then went to relatives ; did 
 not pay what she owed. " Those who go to relatives 
 rarely do." 
 
 js ■ " 
 
 131 
 
 Had an address of a brother in Essex. One of her 
 brothers came to the Home and sent her to the other 
 brother in Essex. 
 
 August 1892 - 
 
 132 
 
 Came with her father, who had lost the address of his 
 friends. Her father came for her fixe days afterwards. 
 
 « ' " 
 
 133 
 
 Had lost her brother's address; found him two days 
 afterwards. Is a dressmaker. 
 
 t> " " 
 
 134, 135, and 
 1.3(i. 
 
 Thi-ee sisters; came with No. 137 who had a cousin in 
 London. They took a room and lived together ; two of 
 them found work at a glove shop and the third as a 
 button-holer. 
 
 tf * " 
 
 137 
 
 Had a cousin in London. Stayed 11 days at the Home, and 
 then found work at an umbrella maker's, and paid her 
 account. Is a good hand ami learnt the trade in Poland. 
 Is still at the same place. 
 
 «» " ■ 
 
 138 
 
 Was on the way to America; a man took her ship ticket 
 and money and got her in his power. He said she was 
 his wife : she resisted him and came to the Home. Was 
 given money to go to United States and put in charge 
 of the guard. 
 
 » 
 
 139 
 
 Address and purse stolen ; went into service. 
 
 September 1892 
 
 140 
 
 A Christian girl; was taken to the Travellers' Aid 
 Society. 
 
 October 1892 - 
 
 141 
 
 A German ; came over to a situation and was taken to it. 
 
 December 1892 - 
 
 142 
 
 Came from Germany ; travelled first class. Was brought 
 to the Home by the agent for the Poor Jews' Shelter. 
 Was sent on to the L^nited States l)y the Jewish Board 
 of Guardians. 
 
EAST LONDON JEWISH CI-OTHINTJ WORKSHOPS. 
 
 APPENDIX XIV. 
 
 203 
 
 Statkment showinor the Xu.mkkr of Machinks used, and tlio 
 Number of Persons employed in certain Jewish Work- 
 shops in various districts of East London. 
 
 [The information given in tliis Tiiblo was kindly furniahed \>j the 
 CoLLKCTOKs of the " Six(iKU ^[anufactcking Company."] 
 
 General Summary for Commercial Road, Mile End Road, 
 Aldgate, and Whitechapel Districts. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Workshops 
 
 on the List of 
 
 Factory 
 
 InsfM-ctor 
 
 and known 
 
 to Collectors. 
 
 Worksliops 
 in wliich 
 
 Niiinlier of 
 :M:ioliines 
 
 \v:is known. 
 
 Number of 
 IMadiincs. 
 
 1 
 
 NVorkshops 
 
 in wliicli »• I » 
 
 Number of •^"'"'"'•"f 
 
 Persons wi.s IVrso.^s ap- 
 
 known ap. Proxnnately. 
 
 proximately. 
 
 1 
 
 Fur and Watcrjiroof - 
 
 Drc8» - 
 
 Capt 
 
 Mantles 
 
 ^■('•t.^ and Juvenile 
 
 Suits. 
 Trousers 
 
 Total 
 
 !) 
 24 
 27 
 33 
 12 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 21 
 32 
 11 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 154 
 
 138 
 
 46 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 17 
 22 
 31 
 
 !) 
 
 2<; 
 
 35 
 
 (k5 
 
 317 
 
 305 
 
 94 
 
 24« 
 
 137 
 
 115 438 
 
 IKO 
 
 i.oiy 
 
 Coats and General : 
 
 Stock 
 
 Order 
 Doubtful 
 
 ToUl 
 
 1B9 
 
 IJC. 
 
 47 
 
 151 
 31 i 
 
 574 
 
 S39 
 
 71 
 
 1511 
 
 147 
 
 29 
 
 1,2(55 
 
 848 
 
 225 
 (10<i in one 
 workshoj).) 
 
 372 
 
 ■>55 
 
 984 
 
 32t; 
 
 2,338 
 
 Gran.i Total - 
 
 509 
 
 47" 
 
 1,422 
 
 4.35 
 
 3,400 
 
 Addendltm to above Table, showing? the Average Nltviber of 
 Machines and Persons per Workshop, and of Persons 
 per Machine. 
 
 
 Averaore Number 
 
 of ^IncbiMi'K to 
 a Workxhop. 
 
 ATprnira Number 
 
 of IVrsiiiis t'l a 
 
 \\orkshop. 
 
 Averaco Number 
 
 of I'orsons to n 
 
 -Maehinr. 
 
 Caps ..... 
 
 7-3 
 
 U-4 
 
 2-0 
 
 Mantles .... 
 
 4-3 
 
 9 s 
 
 f.K 
 
 Trousers . . . - 
 
 2-4 
 
 9-5 
 
 4-0 
 
 Coats and Geieral : 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Stock .... 
 Order .... 
 
 3 5) 
 
 2-2; 
 
 8- 4-) 
 5-8J 
 
 2-4; 
 
 2-5 
 
 2-»; ) 
 
 i 
 
204 
 
 EAST LONDON JEWISH CLOTHING WORKSHOPS. 
 
 Appendix XIV. — '^^ont 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Machines used, and the 
 Number of Persons employed in certain Jewish Work- 
 shops in various Districts of East London. 
 
 (1.) Commercial Road District. 
 
 Workshops 
 on the List 
 of Factory 
 Inspector 
 and known 
 to Collectors. 
 
 Workshops 
 in which 
 
 Number of 
 ]\Iachines 
 
 was known. 
 
 Number of 
 IMaehines. 
 
 Worksliops 
 in which 
 Number of 
 Persons was 
 known ap- 
 jn-oximately. 
 
 Number of 
 Persons ap- 
 proximately. 
 
 Fur anil Waterproof - 
 
 Dress - 
 
 Caps 
 
 Mantles 
 
 Vests and Juvenile 
 
 Suits. 
 Trousers 
 
 Total 
 
 2 2 
 
 !) 9 
 
 10 I 7 
 
 13 1 13 
 
 8 1 8 
 24 j 20 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 46 
 64 
 37 
 48 
 
 2 
 6 
 8 
 
 13 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 104 
 145 
 
 76 
 213 
 
 66 50 
 
 212 1 55 
 
 591 
 
 Coats and General : 
 
 Stock 
 
 Order 
 Doubtful 
 
 Total 
 
 48 
 75 
 10 
 
 47 
 73 
 11 
 
 200 
 
 171 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 69 
 
 6 
 
 557 
 
 489 
 
 145 
 (100 in one 
 workshop.) 
 
 142 
 
 131 
 
 405 
 
 119 
 
 1,191 
 
 Grand Total - 
 
 208 
 
 190 
 
 617 
 
 174 
 
 1,782 
 
 Addendum to above Table, showing the Average Number of 
 Machines and Persons per Workshop, and of Persons 
 per Machine. 
 
 
 Average Number 
 
 of Machines to 
 
 a Workshop. 
 
 Average Number 
 
 of Persons to a 
 
 Workshop. 
 
 Average Number 
 
 of Persons to a 
 
 Machine. 
 
 Caps - - - . - 
 
 Mantles . - . - 
 
 Vests and Juvenile Suits - 
 
 Trousers (19 Order, 3 Stock, 2 
 
 Doubtful). 
 Coats : 
 
 Stock - - - - 
 
 Order - - - - 
 
 6-6 
 
 4-9 
 4-6 
 
 2-4 
 
 4-4-) 
 >-3-2 
 
 2-3; 
 
 13-0 
 11-2 
 10-9 
 11-2 
 
 12-7-) 
 
 ;-9-3 
 7-i; 
 
 2-0 
 2*3 
 2-3 
 
 4-7 
 
 2-8-) 
 
 >-2-9 
 3-0; 
 
EAST LONDON JEWISH Cl-OTHING WORKSHOPS. 
 
 205 
 
 Appendix XJY. —conl. 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Machines used, and the 
 Number of Persons emplo^'cd iu certciiu Jewish Work- 
 shops in various Districts of East London. 
 
 (2.) Mile End Road District. 
 
 
 Workshops 
 on the List 
 of Factory 
 Ins )ector 
 anil known 
 to Collectors. 
 
 1 
 
 Wdrksliops 
 
 in wliieli 
 
 Xiiniber of 
 
 Jlachincs 
 
 was known. 
 
 Number of 
 Machines. 
 
 Workshops 
 
 ill whidi 
 
 Number of 
 
 Persons was 
 known ap- 
 
 proxiniately. 
 
 Number of 
 Persons ap- 
 IJi-oxiniatcly. 
 
 Fur 
 
 Dress . 
 
 Caps 
 
 Mantles 
 
 Vests and Juvenile 
 
 Suits. 
 Trousei-s 
 
 5 
 9 
 1 
 11 
 2 
 2 
 
 I 
 5 
 3 
 It 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 (i 
 
 a 
 
 42 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 07 
 
 S7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Total 
 
 Si; 
 
 25 
 
 113 
 
 25 ISl 
 
 Coats and General : 
 
 Stock 
 
 Order 
 Doubtful 
 
 27 
 52 
 
 2t 
 52 
 
 St 
 
 101 
 
 11 
 
 10 ! 120 1 
 50 1 2.32 
 1 Xi 
 
 Total 
 
 So 
 
 8(» 
 
 1!)9 
 
 71 ! 385 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 121 
 
 105 
 
 202 
 
 91) 
 
 300 
 
 Addendum to above Table, showing the Average Number of 
 Machines and Persons per Workshop, and of Persons 
 per Machine. 
 
 1 
 
 Averofce Number 
 
 of Miiehines to 
 
 a Workshop. 
 
 Avenuce Number 
 
 of Persons to a 
 
 Workshop. 
 
 Average Number 
 
 (if Persons to a 
 
 Machiuc. 
 
 Caps ..... 
 
 2-7 
 
 10-75 
 
 (5-3 
 
 , Mantles .... 
 
 3-0 
 
 0-7 
 
 2-S 
 
 ' Coats : 
 
 
 
 
 Stock .... 
 
 Oilier .... 
 
 20) 
 
 {•5-3 
 
 yr.) 
 
 2-1-) 
 
 >2-2 
 2-3; 
 
206 
 
 EAST LONDON JEWISH CLOTHING WOKKSHOPS. 
 
 Appendix XIV. — cont. 
 
 Statement showing the Number of Machines used and the 
 Number of Persons employed in certain Jewish Work- 
 shops in various Districts of East London. 
 
 (3.) Aldgate and Whitechapel District. 
 
 
 Workshops 
 on the List 
 of Factory 
 Inspector 
 and known 
 to Collectors. 
 
 Worksho!)s 
 in whicii 
 
 Number of 
 Machines 
 
 was kno\vn. 
 
 Number of 
 JIachines. 
 
 Workshops 
 in which 
 
 Number of 
 Pei'sons was 
 
 known ap- 
 proximately. 
 
 Number of 
 Persons ap- 
 proximately. 
 
 Fur 
 
 Dress - 
 
 Caps 
 
 Mantles 
 
 Vests and Juvenile 
 
 Suits. 
 Trousers 
 
 Total - 
 
 Coats and General : 
 
 Stock 
 
 Order 
 Doubtful 
 
 Total - 
 Grand Total - 
 
 2 
 
 {\ 
 13 
 C 
 2 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 tj 
 11 
 5 
 2 
 
 (i 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 100 
 
 32 
 
 f; 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 146 
 
 71 
 
 10 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 163 
 
 29 
 
 290 
 
 94 
 29 
 22 
 
 94 
 29 
 21 
 
 281 
 64 
 35 
 
 90 
 
 28 
 18 
 
 588 
 
 127 
 
 47 
 
 145 
 
 144 
 
 380 
 
 130 
 
 762 
 
 180 
 
 175 543 
 
 165 
 
 1,052 
 
 Addendum to above Table, showing the Average Number of 
 Machines and Persons per Workshop, and of Persons 
 per Machine. 
 
 
 Average Number 
 
 of Machines to 
 
 a Workshop. 
 
 Average Nuuiber 
 
 of Persons to a 
 
 Workshop. 
 
 Average Number 
 
 of Persons to a 
 
 Machine. 
 
 Caps . . . - - 
 
 9-1 
 
 14-6 
 
 1-6 
 
 Mantles .... 
 
 6-4 
 
 14-2 
 
 2-2 
 
 Trousers .... 
 
 2-2 
 
 5-0 
 
 2-3 
 
 Coats and General : 
 
 
 
 
 Stock .... 
 Order .... 
 
 5-2-8 
 2-2^ 
 
 6-5") 
 4-5.) 
 
 2-2") 
 >2-2 
 
ANALYSIS OV OCCUPATIONS IN TAILOUING TIIADE. 
 
 20^ 
 
 APPENDIX XV. 
 
 Tarle showin*r for certain Jkwisii Tailoring Workshops of 
 various Classes* in Leeds, London, and .NhmcliL'ster, tlie 
 Per-centage that the Number employed at each Occupation 
 was of the Total, distinguishing Males from Females. 
 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total 
 Num. 
 
 lyic'iklity anil Class* of 
 Workshop. 
 
 Pressers. 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Machi- 
 nists. 
 
 !*Iachi- 
 nists. 
 
 Button- 
 holers, 
 
 Fellers, 
 
 Finish- 
 ers. 
 
 which 
 
 Por- 
 
 ccn- 
 
 tajtcs 
 
 aiH' 
 
 l)a.s.(l.t 
 
 Lsed.s : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chiss I. 
 
 10-7 
 
 20-0 
 
 26-9 
 
 .^•5 
 
 13-4 ! 17-0 
 
 fi-o 
 
 996 
 
 11. 
 
 U-o 
 
 16-5 
 
 25-1 
 
 6-4 
 
 15 -8 i vri 
 
 7-3 
 
 454 
 
 .. III. 
 
 10-U 
 
 18-5 
 
 23 -S 
 
 8-8 
 
 li-S 16-3 
 
 1 
 
 D-i 
 
 227 
 
 All Classes - 
 
 London : 
 Class III. 
 
 10'4 
 
 18-8 
 
 2ti-0 
 
 6-2 
 
 U-O 17-5 
 
 7-1 
 
 l.tJ77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14-0 
 
 22-5 
 
 21 -1 
 
 1-3 
 
 12-7 ' 25-t 
 
 :i86 
 
 „ IV*. 
 
 12-1 
 
 21-5 
 
 27-(; 
 
 — 
 
 12-1 
 
 2C-7 
 
 116 
 
 ., IVb. 
 All Classes - 
 Manchester: 
 
 13-7 
 
 37-3 
 23-7 
 
 25" 5 
 
 — 
 
 16-7 
 
 7"S 
 
 51 
 
 25-0 
 
 •y 
 
 12-8 24-0 
 
 553 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Class III. 
 
 14-5 
 
 27-2 
 
 2l-ti 
 
 ■8 
 
 15' 5 
 
 17-4 
 
 3SG 
 
 „ IVa. 
 
 16-3 
 
 27-'J 
 
 2,-|-li 
 
 1 
 
 •7 
 
 13-6 
 
 15*(i 
 
 147 
 
 ,. IVb. 
 
 All Classes ■ 
 
 Leeds 
 
 ' Vi-S 
 
 37 -it 
 
 ' 81-(l 
 
 — 
 
 (i-y 10-4 
 
 29 
 
 ll-'.t 
 
 27 -SI 
 
 2.';-3 
 
 '7 
 
 ]4-<i l(i-C 
 
 .^.t;2 
 
 ' V 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 l,ti77 
 
 
 55-2 
 
 
 
 l-fS 
 
 London 
 
 
 62-2 
 
 
 
 37-8 
 
 563 
 
 Manchestsr 
 
 
 08-1 
 
 
 
 319 
 
 5*!2 
 
 •CldM 1. iiicludps workshops in which the number employed was 40 or above; Cla.ss II., 23 
 to 40; Class I II., 10 to 25 : Class IVa., t'> to 10: and Class I Vu.. under il pei-sons. 
 t Errand boys and errand girls are not includinl. 
 
208 
 
 APPAllEL AND SLOP CLOTHING. 
 
 APPENDIX XVI. 
 
 Table showing the Value of Appakel and Slop Cloxhing EXPOETED 
 
 Year, from 187o 
 
 1873, 
 
 1874. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 Countries to which Exported. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Foreign Counteies. 
 
 £ 
 
 i: 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Germany - . . - - 
 
 27,535 
 
 30,661 
 
 32,862 
 
 33,877 
 
 
 Holland - • ■ , • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 ___ 
 
 
 Belgium . . . - - 
 
 64,23fi 
 
 65,723 
 
 59,296 
 
 61,000 
 
 
 France - - - • - 
 
 38,460 
 
 34,997 
 
 39,860 
 
 51,550 
 
 
 Egypt 
 
 53,712 
 
 — 
 
 111,709 
 
 — 
 
 
 United States of America - 
 
 178,533 
 
 182,957 
 
 94,349 
 
 74,017 
 
 
 South America : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chili 
 
 90,844 
 
 47,827 
 
 34,467 
 
 31,687 
 
 
 Brazil . . - . - 
 
 55,100 
 
 49,206 
 
 38,260 
 
 32,046 
 
 
 Republic of Columbia 
 
 61,530 
 
 45,103 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 jVi-gentine Republic 
 
 236,612 
 
 100,167 
 
 71,433 
 
 27,220 
 
 
 Other Countries . - - - 
 
 93,552 
 
 35,839 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 Total to Foreign Countries - 
 
 Beitish Possessions. 
 
 — 
 
 68,179 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 900,114 
 
 660.659 
 
 482,236 
 
 311,397 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Channel Islands . . - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 British Possessions in South Africa 
 
 458,114 
 
 427,528 
 
 523,340 
 
 529,280 
 
 
 India, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, and 
 British East Indies. 
 
 78,669 
 
 104,105 
 
 95,464 
 
 86,658 
 
 
 \usti'iilasia : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 West Australia - - - • 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Australia - - - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Victoria - - - - ■ 
 
 New South Wales ... 
 
 -1,419,720 
 
 1,411,286 
 
 1,461,639 
 
 1,467,009 
 
 
 Queensland - - ■ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tasmania . - - - - 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Zealand . . . - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Other Colonies . - - - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 British North America 
 
 1245,933 
 
 284,814 
 
 289,268 
 
 233,321 
 
 
 British West Indies and British Guiana 
 
 98,503 
 
 98,096 
 
 84,476 
 
 101,951 
 
 
 Other British Possessions - - - 
 
 Total to British Possessions 
 
 To other Countries (not stated whether 
 British or Foreign). 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 2,300,939 
 
 2,325,829 
 
 2,454,187 
 
 2,41<3,219 
 
 
 236,357 
 
 214,365 
 
 248,902 
 
 232,437 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand Total Exported from the 
 United Kingdom - 
 
 3,437,410 
 
 3,200,853 
 
 3,185,325 
 
 2,962,053 
 
 
EXPORTS, 
 
 209 
 
 APPENDIX XVI. 
 
 irom the United Kingdom to the iindor-mcntioncd Countries in each 
 to Isi'u inclusive. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Value. 
 
 £ 
 
 25,78-l 
 
 ■li),072 
 51,-169 
 
 51,052 
 
 20.072 
 29,7S1 
 
 •W51..3»!l 
 82,318 
 
 1,5.3C,158 
 
 203,018 
 89,011 
 
 1878. 
 
 Value. 
 
 £ 
 
 2.-,.970 
 
 51,080 
 81,218 
 
 69,555 
 
 12,093 
 27,382 
 
 24,050 
 
 230,230 284,348 
 
 ('.28,332 
 71,80() 
 
 1,C0«.741 
 
 180,0-10 
 87,195 
 
 1870. 
 
 Value. 
 
 £ 
 
 19,940 
 
 52,030 
 
 128,8(50 
 
 03,720 
 
 23,010 
 22,710 
 30,530 
 
 42,(190 
 
 405,090 
 
 15,810 
 
 890,890 
 
 91,(551 
 
 1,417,510 
 
 1880. 
 
 Viiliie. 
 
 C 
 14,902 
 18.792 
 62,535 
 145,734, 
 7,780 
 68,302 
 
 15,030 
 23,751 
 27.071 
 27,2-W 
 10,150 
 45,194 
 
 46?,747 
 
 4,200 
 
 917,101 
 
 95,527 
 
 1,301,931 
 
 1»1,7(I0 
 95,770 
 13,M7 
 
 130,197 
 95,185 
 
 27.l>f>2 
 
 1881. 
 
 Value. 
 
 £ 
 
 14,078 
 
 l."),900 
 
 50,802 
 
 141,194 
 
 04,337 
 
 19,923 
 10,210 
 22,455 
 41,180 
 11,237 
 5S,-:43 
 
 461,565 
 
 ll,79s; 
 
 l,o;54,711 
 
 109.04-1 
 
 1,702.091 
 
 179.472 
 7t,051 
 13, 1 1 1 
 
 1882. 
 
 Value. 
 
 £ 
 21,559 
 15,743 
 58,389 
 95,762 
 
 58,579 
 
 22,213 
 17,112 
 18,514 
 42,840 
 14,267 
 .J-2,303 
 
 407,371 
 
 11,518 
 
 1,()S3,(I21 
 
 100,070 
 
 2,120,35^1 
 
 200,80(i 
 
 101,715 
 
 47.049 
 
 2,341,896 2,634,114 2,662,808 2,637,199 3.155,814 3,671,199 
 
 141,0W I l0g.l.-.7 
 
 20UM8 
 
 257.9.50 
 
 04,418 
 
 90,81 -J 
 
 2,834,074 3,176,412 3,208,941 3,212,103 3,711,797 i 4,169,382 
 
 O 82170. 
 
 /n is 
 
 o 
 
210 
 
 APPAREL AND SLOP CLOTHING. 
 
 Appendix XVI. — cont 
 
 Table showiug the Value of Appakel and 
 
 Countries to which Exported. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 18S5. 
 
 1886. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 FoKEiGN Countries. 
 
 £. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 
 Germany . . - ■ - 
 
 30,713 
 
 44,775 
 
 52,267 
 
 59,818 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 26,548 
 
 27,228 
 
 29,985 
 
 28.470 
 
 
 Belgium . . - - - 
 
 64,865 
 
 69,832 
 
 71,436 
 
 72,055 
 
 
 France- . - - - - 
 
 139,008 
 
 238,666 
 
 206,451 
 
 239,930 
 
 
 Ex.vpt 
 
 20,039 
 
 20,272 
 
 42,291 
 
 38.251 
 
 
 United States of America - 
 
 76,221 
 
 100,655 
 
 102,216 
 
 105,816 
 
 
 South America : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chili 
 
 17,405 
 
 25,071 
 
 17,170 
 
 12,485 
 
 
 Brazil . . . - - 
 
 25,360 
 
 36,852 
 
 27,894 
 
 43,352 
 
 
 Republic of Colombia - 
 
 33,497 
 
 41.952 
 
 54,511 
 
 38,571 
 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 4S,21G 
 
 63,026 
 
 43,863 
 
 40,932 
 
 
 Other Countries . - - - 
 
 13,765 
 
 30,753 
 
 25,368 
 
 22,542 
 
 
 Other Foreign Countries 
 
 Total to Foreign Countries - 
 BRiTisn Possessions. 
 
 47,970 
 
 ■16,817 
 
 124,792 
 
 129,851 
 
 
 538,667 
 
 745,899 
 
 778,274 
 
 832,073 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Channel Islands . . - - 
 
 11.236 
 
 13,617 
 
 14,124 
 
 8,375 
 
 
 British Possessions in South Africa 
 
 540,876 
 
 628,958 
 
 623,055 
 
 548,069 
 
 
 India, Ceylon, Straits Settlements, and 
 British East Indies. 
 
 117,465 
 
 161,076 
 
 167,430 
 
 151,466 
 
 
 Australasia : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 West Australia . - - - 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ' 33,279 
 
 39,699 
 
 
 South Australia - - - - 
 
 
 
 230.925 
 
 146,415 
 
 
 Victoria . - - - - 
 New South Wales 
 
 ;-l,924,591 
 
 1,895,903 
 
 342,258 
 883,070 
 
 370,157 
 799,712 
 
 
 Queensland .... 
 
 
 
 225,427 
 
 186,280 
 
 
 Tasmania - - - - - 
 
 J 
 
 
 L 47,785 
 
 58,684 
 
 
 New Zealand .... 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 .389,272 
 
 339,017 
 
 
 Other Colonies . - . - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2,303 
 
 900 
 
 
 British North America 
 
 218,155 
 
 225,008 
 
 246,203 
 
 260,397 
 
 
 British West Indies and British Guiana - 
 
 120,402 
 
 123,229 
 
 113,836 
 
 106,723 
 
 
 Other British Possessions - 
 
 Total to British Possessions 
 
 To other Countries- (not stated whether 
 British or Foreign). 
 
 Grand Total Exported from the 
 United Kingdom - 
 
 20,49-4 
 
 13,170 
 
 63,909 
 
 54,244 
 
 
 2,962,219 
 
 3,060,961 3,382,876 
 
 • 
 
 3,070,138 
 
 
 132,918 
 
 129,023 1 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 3,633,804 
 
 3,936,483 4,161,150 
 
 3,902,211 
 
 
EX1»(.)UTS. 
 
 211 
 
 Appendix XVI. — cunf. 
 Slop CLOTniUG EXPOETED, &v.— continued. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Viilup. 
 
 £ 
 
 74.!>2l 
 2S..W1 
 37,1>82 
 
 22»,1S2 
 24.75S 
 
 lll.tT.H 
 
 11.120 
 
 ihi.USit 
 
 35.1 IS 
 
 25.'ASl 
 
 1(53,820 
 
 855,878 
 
 ll,4.i.{ 
 S2J»,715 
 lt57.2!)S 
 
 3S,02'.t 
 ll-t;{21 
 32«,»i7o 
 HoS.lSo 
 lOJ.Jll 
 
 m.683 
 
 286.2t>S 
 
 1.5.M 
 
 227,7:« 
 
 110.160 
 
 188«. 
 
 Vnluo. 
 
 I 
 
 1891. 
 
 1898. 
 
 V;iliic. V:ilui 
 
 Valii.-. 
 
 V:ihic. 
 
 1:7.221: 
 
 2t;..'tt'>.'> 
 
 2tl..'H'.fi 
 1!M.710 
 
 20,015 
 117.II1.S 
 
 2»?,93l ' 
 
 :i3.S!)<) '■ 
 3(;.1S7 
 
 •».377 ! 
 25.58^t 
 
 188,001) I 
 
 837.712 
 
 12,175 
 ■.•44,01.-) 
 H52,359 
 
 203,!i.SS 
 
 t.»<;,7 - 
 8U5,3y;i 
 
 277,372 
 57.739 
 
 271,94^ 
 1.90S 
 
 291,9'<1 
 
 l«),78:i 
 <J5,73;j 
 
 £ I 
 
 1:1.493 
 
 30,2.'fi I 
 
 .33.754 ■ 
 I9s.r,i7 
 
 .•59,451 
 17!'.225 
 
 37,SS1 
 4i»,22t) 
 22.0iiS 
 80.223 
 23.S33 
 200,858 
 
 952,863 
 
 1«,0G7 
 
 1,. 31.5.057 
 
 139,49!' 
 
 50.39«i 
 182,110 
 
 137.017 
 749.482 
 25^4,252 
 
 61,319 
 
 277,520 
 
 1,392 
 
 .3:il..319 
 
 139,757 
 
 70,463 
 
 £ 
 
 (K>,S81 
 .30,(H)3 
 .31,9.54 
 
 221.055 
 40,70(! 
 
 20i;.770 
 
 23.22r. 
 .53,670 
 23,122 
 29,739 
 19,28(1 
 208,635 
 
 949,641 
 
 20,910 
 
 1,328,421 
 
 UW,841 
 
 55,992 
 211,182 
 409,858 
 
 7;w,ios 
 
 195,029 
 68,209 
 
 285.808 
 992 
 
 346,568 I 
 
 189.562 I 
 73,576 i 
 
 £ 
 
 61.690 
 34,570 
 35.028 
 
 218.475 
 42,C(;8 
 
 1.38,489 
 
 2t.0t:i 
 49,869 
 29,934 
 11,673 
 S,289 
 222,300 
 
 877,034 
 
 27,713 
 
 1,119,8.52 
 
 177,470 
 
 52,498 
 229,074 
 454,622 
 947,510 
 261,085 
 
 80,057 
 
 303,4*9 
 
 1.161 
 
 376,798 
 
 159,911 
 
 82,657 
 
 3,091,428 3,820,877 4,025,650 4,086,056 4,273,897 
 
 240,918 
 74.215 
 
 331,454 
 1,879 
 
 395,581 
 
 171.3ik'^ 
 79,164 
 
 1893. 
 Vnliif. 
 
 •t 
 
 f 
 
 01,250 
 
 55.615 
 
 27,!t94 
 
 25.679 
 
 .30,659 
 
 3 1.01:2 
 
 121.170 
 
 .5! 1.389 
 
 4.5,315 
 
 51,893 
 
 127,086 
 
 102.270 
 
 37,905 
 
 29,fi5-2 
 
 32,043 
 
 46,7i;l 
 
 28,292 
 
 i;i.S69 
 
 20,.550 
 
 is,901 
 
 13,649 
 
 27,822 
 
 177,627 
 
 17.vM>t 1 
 
 723,540 
 
 644,377 
 
 31.753 
 
 :i5,268 
 
 1.26,3.62r, 
 
 1,290,796 
 
 170.713 
 
 161. .3.56 
 
 69.i;iS 
 
 52,023 
 
 174,460 
 
 1 n.921 
 
 336,249 
 
 209,619 
 
 7t»,033 
 
 565,.336 
 
 160,674 
 48.531 
 
 320.o;«> 
 1.7i7 
 
 342.091 
 
 2();i,89 1 
 78,959 
 
 4,123,551 3,615,273 
 
 3,947,306 4,658,589 4,978.513 5.035.697 5,150,931 4,847,091 4,259,650 
 
 n ^'21 70. 
 
•21.S 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Act of 6 Will. 1 v., Ko-cnforcomout of, 3, 96. 
 Agencies for assistinj^ Iinniii^raiits, '.\'). 
 Agi'iicirs (.lewi-ih Uelii'f), Organisation 
 
 of, Ifi. 
 Afrreeinent (Indoor) in IJoot Trade, 70. 
 
 . Hreaches of, 79. 
 
 Alien Immigration in relation to the Boot 
 
 and Shoe Trade, ()7, 88. 
 Alien Lists : — 
 
 Foreign Sailors iucliuled in, 7, 8. 
 
 Nnmber of llussian and I'olish Immi- 
 grants, 10. 
 
 I'orts furnishing, .$, 31. 
 
 He(|nired from Sliipmasters, 90. 
 
 Kesnlts of Iminiry into female cases se- 
 lected from, 100. 
 
 Kesults of Tabulation, 8. 
 
 Steps taken to secure accuracy of, 4, 28, 
 97. 
 Aliens, Inspection of, l\v Customs Officer, 
 
 4, 10, 28, 97. 
 Arbitration Hoard, London Hoot and Shoe 
 
 Trade, 7'2, 76, 8.3, So, 170. 
 Arrival and Distribution of Immigrants 
 
 in Lon<ion, lu, 28, 96. 
 
 Hirminghaiii, .Jewish Coloiiv in, 12. 
 Hoard of Coneiliation and Arbitration in 
 
 London Hoot and Shoe Trade, 72, 76, 
 
 83, 8."), 17i>. 
 Hoard of Guardians, Jewish {sec under 
 
 "Jewish"). 
 Hoarding of Immigrant Vessels on arrival, 
 
 10, 28, 96. 
 Boot and .Shoe Factories in London, Num- 
 
 l>ers of Workpeople in, 68, 7.j, 87, 158. 
 Hoot an<I Shoe \Vorkslioj)s visited in Fast 
 
 London, Hi), 82, 87, 171. 
 Bristol District, Boot and Shoe Trade iii, 
 
 70. 
 Bristol, Wages in Tailoring Trade in, 132. 
 
 Cap-making Trades : — 
 
 London (Fast), 127. 
 
 Manchester, 128. 
 
 Summary, 129. 
 Causes of Concentration of Immigrants in 
 
 Special Trailes, A\. 
 Causes of Distress and Destitution among 
 
 Jews, .'■.2. 
 Census of 1871, 1881, 1891, Number and 
 
 Nationality of Foreigners enumerated 
 
 at, 1.), :56,'99, 138. 
 Census of 1891 : — 
 
 Information obtainable trom, 6. 
 
 Number of Russian* and Poles in 
 various trades, 63, 67, 148. 
 
 Centres of Boot and Siioe Trade, 07. 
 " Chamber-masters " : — 
 
 Classes of Workers employed by, 87, 
 171. 
 
 Wages paid liy, 83. 
 " Changes of Wages " and " Displacement 
 
 of Labour," Meaning of, 72. 
 Changes (Uecent) in the Organisation of 
 
 the London Hoot Trade, 70. 
 (Character and Fffeetsof Intlux of lAjreign 
 
 Jews, 27. 
 Characteristics of Jewish Paupers, .")!. 
 Cliarity, Helation of Jewish jjoor to, .")4. 
 " Chevra " near liooth Street Buildings, 42. 
 Cliolera Piecautions in couue>:iou with 
 
 Aliens, 9, 29, 57. 
 Cigar-making Trade in East London, 129. 
 Clothing Firms in Fast London ( W'hole- 
 
 sale). Statements of Managers of, as to 
 
 Numbers, Nationality, Wages, &e. of 
 
 Persous employed, 112. 
 Clothing Trades {sec also under various 
 
 branches) : — 
 
 Industrial Position of Foreigners in, 
 
 65, 105. 
 Tendency of Jews to enter, 41. 
 Club, Jews", 42. 
 Coat-makers (Jewish) in I'^ast London, 
 
 Particulars of Persons eni[>]oyed by, 105, 
 
 107. 
 Colonies (Jewisli) in Provincial Towns, 
 
 12, 27, 140. 
 Colony (Jewish) iu East London, 20, 27, 
 
 36, 138. 
 Competition (Provincial) iu Sew-round 
 
 Trade, 89. 
 Conciliation Hoard, London Hoot and 
 
 Shoe Trade, 72, 76, 83, 85, 170. 
 Consuls at European Ports, Infornialion 
 
 on Emigration to United Kingdom, 
 
 supplied by, 5, 13. 
 Crime, Condition of Russian and Polish 
 
 Jews as regards, 60, 144. 
 Cu.stoms' Authorities, Ins]H;ction of Ves- 
 sels bringing .Vliens, 10, 28, 97. 
 
 Destitution among .Jews, Causes of, 52. 
 
 " Displacement of Labour," Meaning of, 
 72. 
 
 Disputes in London Boot Trade, Kelafion 
 of Foreign Immigrants to, 85, 94, 183. 
 
 Distress among Jews : — 
 Causes of, 52. 
 Methods of dealing with, 46. 
 
 Dwellings of Immigrants. Sanitary Con- 
 dition of, 59. 
 
214 
 
 INDEX- 
 
 East Lonrlon : — 
 
 Coiicentraticn of Jews, 20, 3G. 
 
 Local Distribution of Foreign Jews 
 engaged in Certain Trades, 64, 148. 
 
 Numbers of Russians and Russian Poles 
 in Certain Trades, 63, 148. 
 
 Tailoring Trade, 10."). 
 Emigrants (British and Irish), 7. 
 Emigration and Immigration ( Foreigners), 
 
 II<iuse of Coumious' Committee on, 2, 
 
 3, 27, 95. 
 Emigration and Immigration, Reports of 
 
 Board of Trade on, 1, 27, t»9. 
 Emigration (assisted), .'jl. 
 Emigration, Statistics of, 6, 14, 33, 51. 
 Emigration, Statistics of Jewish Board of 
 
 Gu'.irdians and Conjoint Committee, 51. 
 Employment Bureau of Russo-Jewish 
 
 Committee, 32, 39, 4 4, 52. 
 Exports : — 
 
 Apparel and Slop Clothing, 208. 
 
 Boots and Shoes, 90, 94, l86, 194. 
 
 " Factor" system in Boot Trade, 80, 82. 
 Factory Act in lelation to Jewish 
 
 Factories and Worlishops, 40. 
 Finishers' Earnings under " Sweating " 
 
 and " Statement " systems, 78. 
 Finishing, Chisses ard Numbers of Firms 
 
 giving out, 86. 
 " First-class " Statement in Boot Trade, 
 
 Description of, 81. 
 Foreign Immigrants, Kelation of, to Dis- 
 putes in Boot Trade, 85. 
 F(.)reign Immigration in relation to 
 
 Women's Labour, 95. 
 Foreign Labour, Effects of, on Boot and 
 
 Shoe Trade, 92. 
 Foreigners in Bont and Shoe Trade, 63, 
 
 67, 148. 
 Foreigners, Industrial Position of, in 
 
 Clothing Trades, 65, 105. 
 Foreigners iu England and Wales, 
 
 Nationality and Distribution of, 15, 36, 
 
 99, 138. 
 Foreigners in London, Increase of, between 
 
 1881 and 1891, 19, 36. 
 Foreigners in Scotland and Ireland, Dis- 
 tribution and Nationality of, 17. 
 Foreigners per thousand of i»(>pulation in 
 
 various Countries, 16. 
 F'ree School, Jews', 37, 44. 
 Free Shelter for poor Jews {see under 
 
 "Shelter"). 
 
 Gambling as a cause of destitution among 
 
 Jews, 53. 
 German Innnigrant Women, 99. 
 Girls (Jewish), Particulars of Inmates of 
 
 Home for, 101, 201. 
 Girls, Number and Race of, in Jewish 
 
 Tailoring Workshops in Leeds, 117. 
 " Greeners," Foreign, 42, 78, 93, 135. 
 Grimsby, Arrival of Aliens at, 31. 
 Guardians, Jewish Board of (see under 
 
 " Jewish "). 
 Guardians, Reports of the Loudon, Man- 
 chester, and Leeds Jewish Boards of, 98. 
 
 Hand Operations in Boot Trade, 74, 162. 
 Home lor Jewish Girls, Particulars of 
 
 Inmates of, 101, 201. 
 Homework in Boot Trade, Regulation of 
 
 Agreement of 1890 in regard to, 76. 
 Hours of Work in Jewish Coat Workshops 
 
 in East London, 108. 
 Hull, Arrival of Aliens at, 3, 31. 
 
 Immigrant Wumen, Position of, on arrival 
 
 in London, 99. 
 Imports : — 
 
 Boots and Shoes, 91, 190. 
 
 Mantles, 131 
 Indoor System in Boot Trade, History of, 
 
 79. 
 Industrial Characteristics of Foreign Jews 
 
 in England, 41. 
 Industrial Congestion of Foreign Jews, 
 
 Efforts to counteract tendency of, 43. 
 Industrial Employment among married 
 
 Jewesses, Rarity of, 103. 
 Industrial Position of Immigrants in Cer- 
 tain Trades, 63. 
 Influx of Foreign Jews, General Character 
 
 and Effects of, 27. 
 Information and Location Bureau of 
 
 Russo-Jewish Committee, 32, 39, 44, 52. 
 Inspection of Workshops (Results of) in 
 
 P^ast London by County Council, 58. 
 Ireland, Distribution and Nationality of 
 
 Foreigners iu, 17. 
 Irish Emigration, 7. 
 
 Jewesses, Employment among married, 
 
 102. 
 Jewesses in Tailoring Workshops in East 
 
 London, Rarity of young Girls and 
 
 middle-aged, 107. 
 Jewish and Non-Jewish TYmales in Coat 
 
 Workshops, 126. 
 Jewish Board of Guardians : — 
 
 Allowances (" Fixed " and " Periodi- 
 cal ") given b3% 50. 
 
 Apprenticing Department, 43, 142. 
 
 Cases relieved, Statistics of, 11, 47. 
 
 Causes of Application for Relief, 49. 
 
 Character of Relief given by, 50. 
 
 Classes (Evening) of Russo-Jewish 
 Conmiittee, Report of, on, 37. 
 
 Cost of Jewish Relief, 53. 
 
 Emigration Statistics of, 51. 
 
 Financial Position of, 56. 
 
 Formation of, 46. 
 
 Functions and Principles of, 35, 46. 
 
 Immigration, Steps taken to reduce, 51. 
 
 In Leeds, 27, 98, 104. 
 
 In ISIanchester, 27, 98, 104. 
 
 Nationality of Applicants for Relief. 47. 
 
 Occupations of Jewesses who received 
 Assistance, 102. 
 
 Occu[:iations of ordinary Recipients of 
 Relief, 48. 
 
 Poverty, Differences in Nature of 
 Jewish and English, 53. 
 
 Recurrent eases of Relief, 47, 48, 54. 
 
 Relief, Particulars of Jewesses applying 
 for, 97, 102. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 215 
 
 Uusources of, Strain on, "it!. 
 
 Knsso-.Iewish Coniinitteo, Conjoint 
 Conunittoo of. 11, 38, ol, 97. 
 
 Sanitary Coniniittce of, 53, 57, .VJ. 
 
 Tailors, \iunbi.T of, n-ei-ivin^' Keiiif 
 ironi, 48, 114. 
 
 Wood-cutting Vartl, l'n)j)0sal to csta- 
 l>li>li a, 4G. 
 
 Workroom for tcachini; Needlework, 
 43. 
 Jewisli Cliiltlreii in certain Kast London 
 
 Schools, 38. 
 Jewish Colonies in Provincial Towns, 12, 
 
 '27. 140. 
 Jewish Colouv in East Loudon, 2ii, -27, 8G, 
 
 138. 
 Jewish roniMiunity : — 
 
 Industrial Coii.i^estion of, 39. 
 
 Local Conufcstion of, :?6. 
 Jewish Factories and Worksliops, Factory 
 
 Act in relation to, 40. 
 Jewish Home for Girls, Particulars of 
 
 Inmates of, 101, 201. 
 Jewish Ladies' Association, 29, Inl. 
 Jewish -Masters' Union, 70, 77. 
 Jewish Population of London (estimated), 
 
 .i3. 
 Jewish Kelief Agencies, Organisation of, 
 
 4C. 
 Jewish Relief, Cost of, 53. 
 Jewish Kelief Organisations and " Pan- 
 
 licrism," 45. 
 Jewish Sabbath Observance, 40. 
 Jewish .'School, Stepney, 39, 44. 
 Jewish Worksiiops, Slurried Women in, 
 
 104. 
 Jews (Foreign) and the Clotliinir Trades, 
 
 41. 
 Jews (Foreign) : — • 
 
 Ceremonial Observances, 40, 4G. 
 
 Industrial Ciiaracteristics of, 41. 
 
 Influence of, on Character of 15oot and 
 Shoe Trade, 71. 
 
 Tendency of, to concentrate in certain 
 Trades, 39. 
 Jews' Free School, 37, 4A. 
 Jews' (Poor) Temiiorary Shelter (.vee 
 
 under "Shelter"). 
 Jews (Ilussi.in and Polish), Condition of, 
 
 as regards Crime, lio, 144. 
 
 Kingswooil, Root and Slioe Trade in, (>7, 
 
 70. 
 " Knifers " and " Finishcr>," Kclative 
 
 PoNitions of, 77. 
 
 Labour, I)isp!ac('ment of, by Aliens, 73. 
 Ladies' Association, Jewish, 29, 101. 
 Lasting, Classes and number of Firms 
 
 giving out, HO. 
 Leeds: — 
 
 Concentration of Jews in, 30, 141. 
 
 Jewish Hoard of Cuardians in. 27. !»S. 
 104. 
 
 Jewish Colony in. 12, 27, 111. 
 
 Nutuber of 'i'ailoring NVorkshops visited 
 in, 98, 11 fi. 
 
 Numbers of Russians and Russian 
 Poles in certain Trades, 04, l.")(>. 
 
 Tailoring Trade in, 1 16. 
 
 Women (Married) in Jewish Work- 
 siiops in, 104. 
 Leicester, l{oot and Shoe Trade in, 70, 73, 
 
 89, 102. 
 Lists of Alii-ns (see " Alien Lists "). 
 Liverpool, Jewish C-oiony in, 12. 
 Lock-out in the Hoot Trade, 85, 183. 
 London Hoot Trade, Recent Changes in 
 
 ( )rgaiiisatioii of, 76. 
 London County Council, Results of Iii- 
 
 siieetion of Workshops in East London 
 
 and Strand, 58. 
 London (East) : — 
 
 Concentration of Jew.s, 20, 30. 
 
 Local distribution of Foreign Jews 
 engnged in Certain Trades, 64, HH. 
 
 Numbers of Russians and Russian 
 Poles in Certain Trades, 63, 148. 
 
 Tailoring Trade, 105. 
 London, Increase of Foreigners in, between 
 
 1881 and 1891, 19, 30. 
 London, Nundicrs and Classes of Work- 
 shops visited, 80, 98, 171. 
 London Tailoresses' Union, llo. 
 London (AVest), Tailoring Trade, 115. 
 
 Machinery in Hoot and Shoe Trade, Com- 
 petitive iuflneuce of, 73. 
 Machinery, Processes in Boot Trade done 
 
 by, 74, 102. 
 Mantle -makers (Jewish) in East London, 
 
 Particulars of Persons employed by, 
 
 lOG. 
 Mantle-making trade, 106, 130. 
 Manchester: — 
 
 Concentration of Jews in, 36, 140. 
 
 Jewish Roard of Guardians in, 27. 9?, 
 104. 
 
 Jewish Colony in, 12, 27. 140. 
 
 Numbers and Classes of Workshops 
 vi>ited, 98. 
 
 Xinnbers of Russians and Rns>ian 
 Poles in Certain Trades, 64, 155. 
 
 Women (Married) in Jiwish Work- 
 shops in, 104. 
 Ma.sters (Jewish Tailoring) in Leeds, 
 
 Prices i)aid to, 120. 
 Mav Laws (Russian^, 35, 52. 
 Mile Kiul Old Town, Particulars of Work- 
 shops taken from Report of Medical 
 
 Orticer of Health, 57, 58. 
 Mile End ( Od Town Union, Number of 
 
 Russian aud Polish Jews relieved, 45. 
 
 National Union of Boot and Shoe Opera- 
 tives, 76, 77. 
 
 Nationalities of .Miens arriving in United 
 Kingdom from European Ports, 9. 
 
 Nationality of Foreigners in Tailoring 
 Work.shops in West London, 116. 
 
 Nationality of Persons employed in 
 Wholesale Clothing Firni^ in Ea>t Lon- 
 don. 112. 
 
216 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Night Classes for Adult Jews, 37. 
 Non-Jewish Females iu Coat Workshops, 
 
 126. 
 Nou-Jewish Workers in Certain Trades, 
 
 Effects of Influx of Jews on, 136. 
 
 Occupations of married Jewesses, 102. 
 
 Occupations of Kussians and Kussiau 
 Poles: — 
 
 In England and Wales, 21. 
 In Leeds, 64, 1.56. 
 In London, 63, 118. 
 In Manchester, 64, 15.'). 
 
 Organisation of Jewish Relief Agencies, 
 46. 
 
 Organisation of the London Boot Trade, 
 Recent Changes in the, 76. 
 
 Organisations (Chief) in London Boot and 
 •Shoe Trade, 68. 
 
 Organisations (Jewish Relief) and " Pau- 
 perism," 45. 
 
 " Out-of-work " Cases, Methods of Treat- 
 ment of, 56. 
 
 Outwork .\greement in Boot Trade, Eva- 
 sion of, 80. 
 
 Outwork in Boot Trade, Example of 
 Revival of, 79. 
 
 Outworkers in Boot Trade, Regulations of 
 Agreement of 1890 in regard to, 76. 
 
 Overcrowding of Workshops, 57. 
 
 " Pale," The, 36, 52. 
 
 Passenger Traffic from and to the Con- 
 tinent, 5. 
 Passengers Acts: — 
 
 Numbers returned under, 8. 
 
 Transference to Board of Trade of 
 Administration of, 2. 
 " Pauperism " among Immigrants, 54. 
 " Pauperism " and the JeMish Relief 
 
 Organisations, 45. 
 I'aupers (Jewish), Characteristics of, 54. 
 Piece-rate Earnings in Coat Workshops 
 
 in East London, 108. 
 Piece Rates in Boot Trade, 82. 
 Police Authorities, Statements of, regard- 
 ing existence of Jewish Colonies in 
 
 certain Towns, 12. 
 Poor (.Jewish), Characteristics of, 54. 
 Poor Jews' Temporarv Shelter {see under 
 
 "Shelter"). 
 Poor Relief, Cost of London, .54. 
 Port of London Sanitary Authority, 28, 32. 
 Ports furnishing Alien Lists, 3, 31, 
 Ports of Arrival of Jewish Immigrants, 
 
 10. 
 Potteries, Wages in Tailoring Trade in 
 
 the, 132. 
 Povertj-, Differences iu Nature of Jewish 
 
 and English, 53. 
 Prices paid to Jewish Tailoring Masters 
 
 in Leeds, 120. 
 Prisons, Particulars of Russians and Poles 
 
 in Enghsh, 60, 144. 
 Processes in Boot and Shoemaking, 73, 
 
 74, 162. 
 
 Provincial Centres of Boot and Shoe 
 Trade, Numbers engaged in, 67. 
 
 Provincial Competition in Sew-round 
 Trade, 89. 
 
 Publications on Emigration, Immigration, 
 and Sweating System, 27, 95. 
 
 Rates, Small Numbers of Foreign Jews 
 
 relieved from the, 45. 
 Refugees, 13, 52. 
 Rejected Emigrants from United Kingdom 
 
 to the United States, 14. 
 Relief Agencies (Jewish), Organisation of, 
 
 46. 
 Relief, Causes of Application for, by Jews, 
 
 49. 
 Relief, Comparison between Cost of Jewish 
 
 and English Poor, 53. 
 Relief Organisations (Jewish) and 
 
 " Pauperism," 45. 
 Remuneration in Boot Trade, Methods of, 
 
 81. 
 Reports by Customs Officer OJi Aliens 
 
 arriving in London, 4. 
 Restriction of Immigration, 134. 
 Revival of Outwork in Boot Trade : — 
 
 Example of, 79. 
 
 Magnitude of, 86. 
 Russian and Polish Immigrants, Numbers 
 
 of, 9, 36, 99, 138. 
 Russian May Laws, 35, 52. 
 Russians and Russian Poles in East Lon- 
 don, Numbers engaged in certain 
 
 Trades, 63, 148. 
 Russians and Russian Poles in Leeds and 
 
 Manchester, Numbers engaged in certain 
 
 Trades, 64, 155. 
 Russians and Russian Poles in Ijondon, 
 
 Distribution of, 20, 36, 64. 138. 
 Russians and Russian Poles, Occupations 
 
 of : — 
 
 In England and Wales, 21. 
 In Leeds, 64, 156. 
 In London, 63, 148. 
 In Manchester, 64, 155. 
 Russo-Jewish Committee : — 
 
 Classes for learning English established 
 by, 37. 
 
 Cost of Jewish Relief, 53. 
 
 Emigration, 11, 51, 52. 
 
 Employment found for Applicants to 
 Bureau, 44. 
 
 Functions and Work, 35, 51, 52. 
 
 Immigrant Women, Identification of, in 
 Registers, 97. 
 
 Information and Location Bureau, 32, 
 39, 44, 52. 
 
 Jewish Board of Guardians, Conjoint 
 Committee of, and, 11, 28, 51, 97. 
 
 Migration, 51, 52. 
 
 Relief (Cases of), Statistics of, 12, 52. 
 
 Relief Operations of, 51. 
 
 Sabbath (Jewish), Observance of, 40. 
 Sailors (Foreign) in Alien Lists, 7, 8. 
 St. George's-in-the-East, Condition 
 Workshops in, 59. 
 
 of 
 
1NJ)EX. 
 
 •217 
 
 St. Gcorge's-iu-tlic-Eii.st Huiuii, Number 
 
 of Ivussiun ami Polish Jews ivliLvcd, 
 
 15. 
 Sanitary Authoritv, Port ol Loudon, 2f<. 
 
 :J2. 
 Sanitary Condition ol' the Inuni^jrants, 5(J. 
 Scandinavian Ports, Class of lunuif^ranls 
 
 urriviiii; from, l.'J. 
 Sclmols in Kast London attomlrd hy 
 
 Jewish Children, Numbers in, ."{H. 
 Scotlanil, Di-itrihution and Nationality of 
 
 Foreigners, 1 7. 
 Seajiort Towns furuishinj; Alien Lists, 3, 
 
 M. 
 Seasonal Trades alTecteil l)y Innni-^ration, 
 
 " Soeond-class " Statement in lioot Trade, 
 
 Description of, 81. 
 Sew-round and Slipper Tiade, 77, 84, 88. 
 " Sew-rouml " Hands, llise in ^^''a^es of, 
 
 84, 89. 
 Shelter, I'oor Jews' Temporary : - 
 
 Ages of Inmates of, 34. 
 
 Arrangement with I'ort Sanitary 
 Authority, •_".», 32. 
 
 Airanj^ement with IJailway Companies. 
 •_'"J, 32. 
 
 Country of Orif^in of Inmates, 33. 
 
 Destination of Inmates, 3:?. 
 
 Detained Aliens, 29. 
 
 Forms for Addresses, vtc. of Inimi- 
 jjrants, '.W. 
 
 History and Operations, 31. 
 
 Tnimifrrant Women, Identification of, 
 in Kefristers, 97, 10(1, lol. 
 
 Innmtes, I'artieidars of, 33. 
 
 Lengtli of Stav of Inmates, 3 1. 
 
 Number of Inmates, 'M. 
 
 Occupations (Subse(|ueuC) of Inmates, 
 35. 
 
 Transmigrants, 33. 
 "."Statements" in Boot Trade, Description 
 
 of, 81, 1(;4. 
 Statistical Dnpiiry relating to Women's 
 
 Labour, Results of, 99. 
 Statistics of Immiiiration available, I. 
 Statistics of Tailoring Workslujps visited 
 
 in Kjist London, 105. 
 Stejiney Jewi.sh School, 39, I J. 
 Strike (IJoot and Shoe), Terms of Settle- 
 ment of (189(1), 7(;. 
 Strikes in the Hoot Trade, 85, 183. 
 Subsistence Wages, Willingness of 
 
 " (ireeners" to work below, 43. 
 Sweating, House of Lords Committee on, 
 
 •2, 77, 95. 
 " Sweating " Master^ in Hoot Trade, Ff- 
 
 feet of Agri-ement of 1890 on, 77. 
 " Sweating " System in the IJoot Tnidc, 
 
 77. 
 
 Tailoring Trade : — 
 
 Foreign Competition in, H6. 
 Leeds, 116. 
 London (Kast), 105. 
 London (West), 1 15. 
 Manchester, 123. 
 Suinmarr (Concnil), \'?.^. 
 
 " Team " system in Loot and Shoe Trade, 
 (•.9. 
 
 'Teehnieal Classes, 44. 
 
 'Transmigrants and the Poor Jews' Tem- 
 porary Shelter, 33. 
 
 Trouser Makers in l'];ist London, Particu- 
 lars of Persons employed by, lUG. 
 
 'Trouser Workshoi)-- in Fast London, 
 Wages in, 111. 
 
 " I'niform Statement "' in Hoot 'Trade, 82, 
 
 1(14. 
 I'nions, Xundais of Kussian and Polish 
 
 Jews relieved by certain East London, 
 
 45. 
 United States, Immigration into, 14. 
 United States, Number of rejected Foreign 
 
 Emigrants from I'nited Kingdom to, 14. 
 
 Vessels ( Innnigrant), Hoarding of, on 
 
 arrival, 10, 28, 9G. 
 Vest Makers (Jewish) in East London, 
 
 Particulars of Persons emploved by, 
 
 10(5. 
 \'cst Wtukshops in East London, Wiiges 
 
 iu. 111. 
 
 Wages and Methods of Kemuneration in 
 
 Boot Tra<le, 81. 
 Wages : — 
 
 In Hoot Trade, 81, 164. 
 
 Ill Hoot Trade, Methods of Comjiarison, 
 
 72. 
 In Cap-making Workshops in .Manches- 
 ter, 128. 
 In Coat Workshops in Fast London, 
 
 and the Anialganiated Society of 
 
 Tailors, 1 10. 
 In Female 'Trailes (other than clothing), 
 
 133. 
 In Jewish Coat Work-hops in East 
 
 London, 108. 
 In M:intlc-niakiiig 'Trade, 130. 
 In Miscellaneous Women's Industries, 
 
 132. 
 In " Statement " ami " Sweating "' Shop.s, 
 
 84. 
 In 'Tailoiing 'Trade in Hristol and the 
 
 Potteries, 132. 
 In Tailoring Tnide in Leeds, 118. 
 In Tailoring Workshops in Man- 
 chester, 123, 132. 
 In Vest and'Trou-.er Workshops in East 
 
 Loriiloii, III. 
 In Waterproof ( iarnu nt-making Trade 
 
 in .Manchester, 1.30. 
 ( )f Dressmakers, 132. 
 Of Persons employed by Whole-salc 
 
 ( 'lothing Firm.s iu Ivist London, 113. 
 Of" Sewround " Hands, Uisc in, 8 1, 81>. 
 Paid by Chamber Ma-lers, 83. 
 (Kango of) of .Icwish Workmen, 41. 
 Waterproof Ciarinent-making in Man- 
 chester. 130. 
 Wt-t Lon<lon 'Jailoriiig 'I'radi', 115. 
 Whitechapel (iiiardian-. Provision of 
 .Spprial Food for Jews by, 4''. 
 
218 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Whiteh.'ipel Union, nuniber>< relieved, 
 45. 
 
 Wife Desertion among Foreign Immi- 
 grant.'^, 53. 
 
 "Women Cigar ^[akers' Protective 
 Union, Accounts of, 120. 
 
 Women Immigrants, liesults of Inquirj- 
 as to Cases of, 100, 196. 
 
 Women (Mairiecl) in Jewish Work- 
 shops, 104. 
 
 Women (Married), Proportion in 
 Tailoiing Workshops in East London, 
 107. 
 
 Women, Number and Race of, in 
 Jewish Tailoring Workshops in 
 Leeds, 117. 
 
 Women's Labour, Foreign Immigration 
 in relation to, 95. 
 
 Workpeople, Xumbers of, in London 
 P.oot Factories, 68, 1.58. 
 
 ^^Vl:•kshops : 
 
 (JJoot and Shoe) Competition between 
 different classes of, 71. 
 
 (Boot) visited in East London, 80, 82, 
 
 87, 171. 
 (Cap-making) visited in East London 
 
 and Manchester, 98, 127, 128. 
 (Coat) in East London, 107, 108, 203. 
 (Coat), in Leeds, 122. 
 (Coat), Jewish and Non-Jewish Females 
 
 in, 126. 
 (Jewish) in East London, Number of 
 
 Persons and .Machines in, 203. 
 (.Jewish Tailoring) in Leeds, 116, 207. 
 Overcrowding of, 57. 
 (Tailoring) in East London, Proportion 
 
 of Married Women in, 107. 
 (Tailoring) in East London, Parity of 
 
 young girls and middle-aged Jewesses 
 
 m, 107. 
 (Tailoring) in Manchester, 123, 207. 
 (Tailoring) in West London, English 
 
 and Foreign Persons employed in, 
 
 115. 
 (Tailoring) visited in East London, 
 
 Statistics of, 105. 
 
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