THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES nv^ ■ ./ • . -^ SEQUEL TO SYNOPSIS OF THE TARIFFS AND TRADE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. not anticipated when it was commenced, the Author may he ^ permitted to offer two or three remarks upon its completion. o= He would deprecate any unfavourable criticism upon its Ij construction, or upon the choice of periods or years made for observation, upon which improvements might have been intro- duced, if so large a development of the subject had been contemplated at the beginning. Especially he would claim indulgence for any disarrangement of the order of his state- ments caused by the interpolation of the discussion relating to the Export trade in coal. He would point out that he has purposely abstained from putting forward opinions, though he may have sometimes indicated conclusions, bearing upon controversial points, lest ,they should create an imputation of bias in making the "* numerous calculations and comparisons, which have been ^ prepared solely for the information and use of the Committee rHof the League and the public. In this he hopes he has Lu succeeded, as the reception of the first part of the work has shown that the information contained in it has been adduced in support of exactly opposite views upon the main points whicli the statements were intended to elucidate. The Author desires to express his grateful acknowledgments to Her Majesty's Secretary of State for the Colonies for having referred the first part to many of the Colonial Governments for their observations and correction of figures, in a despatch of which a copy is annexed. These have been noted in the memo- randum of corrections and additions placed in the appendix. The encouragement of the Commercial Committee of the ^ Imperial Federation League, and the liberality of the Council g of that body in undertaking the heavy expense of publication, ^ have stimulated the Author to endeavour to make an adequate return for such generous support. To tlio Council the public 38(iS25 "" IV PREFACE. are altogether indebted for the information contained in this work ; and it will be a disappointment if they are not eventually reimbursed their expenditure by a satisfactory addition to the members of the League, if not by the sale of the limited edition of the publication. P.S. — The delay which has occurred in the publication of this volume has afforded an opportunity, within ten days of the close of the year, of adding the chief results of an examination of the trade of the year, 1888, compared with those for 1887, and of thus demonstrating the usefulness of the method sug- gested by the author. Total Imports — Total tonnage Milln. tons ,, value ,, £ Averiige valu'i' per register ton.... £ Total Exports- - Total tonnage Milln. tons „ valuo ,, £ Average value per register ton.... £ Exports, exclusive of coal — Tonnage Milln. tons Value „ £ Average value per register ton.... £ 1887. 1888. 26-0 3610 13-9 27-1 386-0 14-3 30-2 280-0 9-3 31-7 298-0 9-4 13-7 270-0 19-8 13-7 287-0 20-9 Percentage Increase. 4-2 6-8 2-1 50 6-4 1-0 nil 6-3 5-5 R W. E. 12/'/* Jamiartf, 1889. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Part III.— Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. PAGI Tntroducto rt 1 Cap. 1. Methods of ascertaining Volume of Trade, and changes in aggregates of Value 2 § 1. Mr. GifFen's Method, Index Numbers „ 2. Mr. Bourne's Method ,, 7 3. Method of comparing Value with Tonnage 10 Table A. Method compared with others by Index Numbers 10 Cap. 2. Imports and Exports, United Kingdom 18 § 1. Quantities, Value, and Average Prices ,, a. In each year, 1854-88 „ Tablel b. The same in each month, 188.^)-87 23 Table II 24 The same continued for 1888 26 c. Curves of the same in each year, 1854-87 ... ., Tables III and IV „ 2. Exports of British (United Kingdom) Produce and Manufactures, 1834-88 28 a. Quantities, Value, and Average Prices, 1834-88 „ Table V. Years 1834-54 .30 „ VI. „ 1855-88 31 b. Curves of each year 1834-54 32 Table VII „ 3. Export of Coal ; a new Index Number for Exports 33 Table VIIa. Export and Price of Coal, 1854-88 34 Table VIIb. Value per Ton of Imports, Total Exports, and Exports exclusive of Coal, 1854-88 35 Table VIIc. Tonnage, Value and average value per ton of Exports, exclusive of Coal, 1834-87 39 Table VIId. Curve of the same ,, TI SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PAGE 4. Proportion of chief constituents 40 a. Imports, comparison of 1857 with 1886 ,, Table VIII. 1854-86 „ b. Exports, comparison of 1857 with 1886 44 Table IX. 1840-86 „ c. Principal Articles omitted or added in 1886 47 d. Classification of Articles at different periods, 1855-84 50 5. Prices of chief Articles, 1854-86 51 a. Annual Prices ,, Table Xa. Imports, Food „ Xb. „ Raw Materials ,, XI. Exports , b. Uniformity of Rise and Fall „ c. Rise and Fall of Prices 52 d. Comparison of Prices, 1857-86 '... 53 Comparison of Prices by Mr. Bourne's Method, 1883-87 55 6. Prices of Raw Materials Imported, compared with Prices of Manufactured Goods Exported, Cotton, Flax, and Sheep's Wool, 1854-86 57 Table XII. Cotton 58 „ XIII. Wool 59 7. Proportion of Tonnage and Value Inwards compared with the same Outwards, 1854-86 60 TableXIV 61 8. Re-export of Colonial and Foreign Merchandise 62 Table XV. Value in each year 1854-87 ... 64 9. Transhipments 6io 10. Diagram. Trade of United Kingdom, 1854-87 Table XVI. Showing the Principal Events, Political and Economical, which influenced or resulted from it 68 Cap. 3. Shipping, United Kingdom 71 §1. Tonnage, Inwards and Outwards „ Table XVII. Triads, 1872-86 72 2. Nationality of Vessels in Trade beyond Sea 74 Table XVTII. Tonnage and Proportions, 1877-79 and 1884-86 75 3. Passenger Traffic „ Tabic XIX. Tonnage and Passengers, 1853-55 and 1860-87 76 Table XX. Average Size of Vessels carrying Passengers, 1860-87 77 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. VU PAGE 4. Coasting Trade 78 5. Vessels belongiug to the United Kingdom 79 6. Vessels built in. tlie United Kingdom 80 a. Tonnage built, 1872 to 30tli Sept., 1888 81 b. Size of Vessels, Average, 1872-86 82 c. „ Classed, 1887 83 d. Increase of large Steam Vessels 84 e. Iron and Steel Vessels „ 7. Vessels struck off the Register 8G Cap. 4. Shipping compared with that of other Maritime Countries 87 a. Employment of National and Foreign Vessels in each country ,, Table XXI. Tonnage, National and Foreign, 1850 ; 1860-87 „ b. Employment of British Vessels in Foreign Countries 89 Table XXII. Proportion employed in each, 1850; 1860-87 „ c. Tonnage of Vessels belonging to each Countiy 91 d. Steam Vessels belonging to each Country ... 92 e. Increase of Tonnage in each Country 93 Part IV.— Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. Cap. 1. Imports and Exports, British Possessions 96 § 1. Aggregate of British Possessions ,, Table XXIII. Imports, Value in Triads, 1876-86 97 Table XXIV. Exports, Value in Triads, 1876-86 98 a. British Possessions examined separately 99 b. ,, compared with the United Kingdom ,, c. Estimated increase of Quantity at Prices of 1872-74 100 2. British Possessions in Groups 102 Cap. 2. Shipping, British Possessions 104 §1. Character of Shipping in Trade of each Possession ,, Table XXV. Tonnage and Value of Imports and Exports compared 105 Table XXVI. Tonnage, British and Foreign, in Trade of each Possession, 1877-79, compared with 1884-86 106 via SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PAGE a. Average Value per Ton 107 b. Proportion of Steamer Tonnage 109 c. ,, Foreign Tonnage 110 d. Comparison with the United Kingdom „ 2. Comparison of Tonnage in each Possession Ill 3. Tonnage, aggregate in all Possessions, 1885 112 Table XXVII. Percentage Proportions ... ,, 4. Tonnage, in Groups of Possessions, 1885 115 Table XXVIII. Proportions in Trade with United Kingdom, British Possessions, and Foreign Countries ,, 5. Number and Tonnage belonging to the Empire, 1887 117 Table XXIX. Classed according to Tonnage 120 Table XXX. Belonging to each Posses- sion 121 6. Number and Tonnage built in each Possession, 1887 122 TableXXXI „ Cap. 3. Summary of Trade of each British Possession 123 Table XXXII. Proportion in which each Possession contributed to Trade of Empire 124 Table XXXIII. The same in which each contributed to Trade of the United Kingdom 125 Conspectus of Trade of each Possession. India ,, Table XXXIV. Tonnage in Trade of India, 1877-86 128 Straits Settlements, &c 129 Recapitulation 151 APPENDIX. A. CoiTections and Additions to Parts I and II 153 B. Note to Statement at p. 51 159 1). Detailed Table of circumstances. Economical and Com- mercial, which affected or resulted from the Trade of the United Kingdom in the years 1854-57 161 Part III.— MARITIME TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1854-88. Introductory. It is proposed in the following pages to examine tlie progi'ess of trade in the United Kingdom and in the British Empire respec- tively, during a series of years ending in 1886-87. In the first half of this work* a description was given of the existing tariffs in all parts of the Empire, and of their operation and financial results, with an abstract of the trade (Imports and Exports) of each part, and of the whole, of tlie Empire in the year 1885. The present review will extend, as regards the United Kingdom, over a period of thirty-foui' years, from 1854 to 1888, during which only the com- puted or declared values, both of Imports and Exports, have been recorded, and will be carried still further back as far as Exports are concerned. As regards the Empire the review will be less extensive, but will comprise a period of fifteen years, from 1872 to 1886, which is sufficiently long to furnish a fair view of the pro- gress of commerce in India and the Colonies, and the means of comparison with that of the United Kingdom in the corresponding years. A chapter will be devoted to an examination of the character and nationality of the shipping employed in the commerce of the United Kingdom, and of the several British possessions at different recent periods. Before proceeding further it is necessary to recall the observa- tions already madef with regard to the caution to be observed in dealing with official returns of Imports and Exports, and especially in comparing the value of either in one year with that in another. Mr. Griffen has conclusively shown, in the reports already referred J to, that while the returns exhibit with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes the aggregate value of merchandise imported or exported in each year, according to the current prices of the yeai', they do not show the volume of such merchandise, or the corresponding amount of business transacted from one 3'ear to another, because a general, or even an extensive partial rise or fall in prices will affect the aggregate value, perhaps in direct opposition to the aggregate vohime of trade. The quantity-, or volume, may increase, but a fall in price may cause a decrease in the aggregate value, and there will be an apparent falling off in the trade, although the contrary is the fact ; or a rise in price may counterbalance and conceal an actual decrease in the volume of trade. * Piililislicd by the Inii)erial Fedenition Lensrnc in Mnrch last. t Tart 1, pp. ii'J—[G. + Ibid., p. JO. B Cap. 1. — Methods of Ascertaining the Volume of Trade, and Changes in the Prices of Imports and Exports. § 1. — Mr. Gijfens Method: Index Nmnhers. There can of course be no direct metliod of accurately measuring the volume of trade, composed of such an infinite number of ai-ticles, and recorded in quantities of so many various denominations. If it were possible to bring them to a common denomination, the result would not repay the labour of compu- tation.* But indirect metliods may be found of arriving at a satisfactory process of comparing one year with another — of measuring the volume of trade, Imports and Exports sepai-ately, and of ascertaining whether changes in their aggregate valne are caused by an increase or decrease in the volume of merchandise, or by a rise or fall in the prices of commodities. Mr. Giffen has adopted, and partially applied, one method in the valuable series of Reports above referred to. These are pre- pared with special reference to the question of the effect of changes in price upon the aggregate value of Imports and Exports, and thence of determining what changes, if any, may have occurred in the volume of the' Import and Export trades. It will help to explain the method, if some account be given of the materials which were at Mr. Giffen's command, of the use which he has made of them, and of the valuable results of which so much use has been made in the following pages. The " Statistical Abstract " of the United Kingdom, pu^blished annually by the Board of Trade, contains two series of tables : 1". of the quantities and declared value of the principal articles of Colonial and Foreign merchandise imported, and of the produce and manufactures of the United Kingdom exported ; and 2". of the average declared price of each of those articles, deduced from the declarations of quantities and value. * It lias been suggested that as a majority of the articles are estimated l)y weight, all these might he reduced to a common denomination, say tons, and that most, if not all other articles, even liquids, might be measured by weight, or their ctjuivalent in weight, and by this means a measure of total quant ity might he obtained. But independently of the trouble which such a calculation of millions of transactions would cause cither to traders or officials, there could be no possible advantage in bringing into a common aggregate of weight things, e.g., so dissimil.ir as coals and diamonds, metal and feathers, wine and wood. If it were practicable, there might be some advantage in tliis method if it would indicate the toimage of ship|iing to which employment is given ; but a ton in weight is not a ton in bulk for slii])i)ing ])urposes, and while a knowledge of the total weight of all Imports find Exjjorts would be without value, it is jirobable that the recorded tonnage of vessels entering and clearing with cargoes affords information quite as useful as that of the a])])rox:mate aggregate bulk of all imports and exports, if it were possible to compute the latter. Maritime Trade of the TJnittd Kimjdom, 1854-88. .'> The number of articles thus specified is about 120 of Ini]Kjrts and 70 of Exports. There has been little variation in the number of these articles during the last thirty years, but it will be instruc- tive to examine further on those which have dropped out, and those which have been added to the category of " principal " commodities.* The proportion winch the value of these articles bore to the total values at the extreme ends of the period was as follows : — Value of Enumerated Articles. In 1854. Imports 911 per cent. Exports 95*0 per cent. „ 1886. „ 92-3 „ „ 95-0 In only two years, viz., 1866-67, has the proportion of suclt Imports fallen below 90 per cent., and of Exports it only once fell to 94 per cent., viz., in 1871. The "principal" articles, therefore,, as enumerated in the " Statistical Abstracts," fairly represent the mass of trade. But among them is a number of which the value only is given. as the quantities cannot be stated in a convenient form, or for any useful purpose. The proportion of these has increased consider- ably during the period under review. Thus the proportionate value of enumerated articles of which the quantities are not stated to the total amount was — Of Imports in 1854 2 5 per cent. Of Exports 22'5 per cent. „ '80 10-7 „ „ 26-2 The proportion of the total value which was unavailable for the estimati(»n of the change of prices according to Mr. Gift'en's method was, as stated in his last report — - Of Imports in 1854 11-9 per cent. In 1886 21-4 per cent.f „ Exports „ 31-1 „ „ 39-Ot „ From these materials Mr. Giffen has compiled a series of tables, of which the first shows the average price in each year of eacli principal article of Avhich both the quantities and value are stated. These he calls "enumerated," and the rest " unenumerated." j In * See p. 47. t The difference between these figvn-es iind those resulting' from the prcceiling statements, which are 18-4 and 31-2, arises from Mr. GiU'cn's fij^ures helonging to u series spread over a nuniher of j'cars, in whicli it was necessary to inehide only articles that could be shown for the whole period. X These terms, used in Mr. Giffen's tahles without any qualification, and adopted by Mr. Botirne without remark, arc aj)t to mislead, as in Customs and connnon parlance the term "enumerated" is apjilied to all the "principal"' articles specified by name, whether both the quantities and value, or only the value he recorded, and the term " unenumerated " is aj)])lied to the smaller class of "all other articles" which are not enumerated or specified by name, and of which no separate record is published. But the above distinction in the u.se of tlie terms must be borne in mind. The insertion of the particK' " herein,'' or of some equivalent, would have prevented any niistake. 4 Marifiuie TmAe of the United Kinjdom, 1854-88. bis first Report, laid before Parliament in 1879,* tlie calculations were confined to Exports of the produce and manufactures of the United Kinfj-dom, and to certain yeai-s, ten in number, between 1861 and 1877. In the subsequent reportsf they have been extended to Imports also, and in the last two they have been carried back to 1854 for Imports, and to 1840 for Exports, and forvrard to 1886 for both. The number of ai'ticles embraced in the latest report was 115 of Imports, and 67 of Exports. The second table shows the percentage proportion which the value of each "enumerated" article bears to the total value in tlie same years. Upon this table Mr. Giffen has based his index number, the method of obtaining which is explained in the first Report in tlie following terms : " I have first tried to obtain a suitable index " number for the entire articles constituting our export trade, so " far as they are separately enumerated in the Abstract, and where " quantities and values are given; and taking* the prices of 1861 " as a basis, I have tried to show how much the index number has ' been made to vary in certain years by changes in the price of " each constituent of the number. To get the index number my '" plan has been to ascertain the percentage proportion of the value " of the exports of each enumerated article to the value of the whole " export trade in alternate years since 1861, and to add the propor- " tions for each year together " (p. 5). He has taken the prices of the articles in 1861 as the standard with which to compare the prices of the articles in other years, and the percentages which the enumerated ariicles in 1875 bore to the total value of the Imports and Exports in that year as the index number for the Import and Export trades respectively. To illustrate this explanation, Table II of his series shows that the percentage proportion which the first article, alkali, con- tributed to the total of the year 1875 was I'O ; lower down cotton plain piece goods contributed 14'9 ; the total of specified articles amounted to 73'1, which is the index number of that year. The proportion of unenumerated articles amounted to 26'9 per cent. Some readers may desire to know what an index number means. As here employed, in ascertaining fluctuations in the prices of commodities and in the volume of trade, it signifies a ratio, or propoi-tional number, derived fi'om the aggregate of the average wholesale prices of a large number of the principal articles of commerce, compared with a standard, or unit, obtained at some former time in precisely the same manner. It may be derived from Exports or Imports alone, or from both combined, — from * Pari. ]y.\\wv C-22 t7. t Ibid., C-2 184 of 1S80 ; C-3079 of 1881 ; C-4456 of 1885 ; C-538G of 1888. Maritime Trade nf the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 5 foreign or home products, or both combined, according to the nature of the information desired. The next step in the process is to compare the price of each article in the years under observation with tlie price in 1861, and to show the percentage differences, thus indicating the increase or decrease in each year compared with 1861. This is shown in the first part of Mr. Giffen's Table III. Then these differences, based upon the variations from the standard year of prices 1861, are applied to the relative proportions which each article bore to the total expoi-ts of the standard year of quantity, 1875, and the aggregate of the results yields the figure by which the index number of 1875 is to be increased or decreased. This calculation is shown in the second part of Table III. The whole of the operation may be described by an example. The average price of a horse was according to Table I £80"51 in 1861, and £4213 in 1865, which by Table III, Part A, is a fall of 47'67 per cent.; but as horses constitute only O'l per cent, of the total Exports in the standard year of quantity (1875) the propor- tionate decrease, calculated on the relative importance of horses to the whole Export, is only 0*05 ; while the proportion of the aggre- gate of specified articles in the same year showed an increase of 22' 71 per cent., by which figures the index number of 1875 (73'1) has to be increased and thus raised to 9581, in order to show the difference of total value between the years 1861 and 1865, " irrespective of any decrease in the quantities of trade," which, however, is a most important factor in the calculation. " In other words, if the index number is a fair one, and if the " articles unenumerated or not entered by quantities have been " subject to similar variations of price, the value of the Exports of " 1865 ... in comparison with a year like 1861 would fall to be " reduced by 25 per cent, or more. The Exports of British and " Irish produce in . . . 1865 being £165,836,000, a reduction of '• 25 per cent., would bring them down to . . . about £12-3 millions, " in which case they would show a much less increase on 1861 than " they now do." (p. 5). In fact, the Exports of 1861 amounted to almost exactly £125 millions. Further calculations are required to ascertain from the last result the difference either in volume or price in any given year or series of years. Mr. Giffen does not supply information on either point for a consecutive period, but he gives various illustra- tions of his method, especially by contrasting the results of its application to yeai\s of extreme inflation and depression. It is unnecessary to carry the desoiption further, but the following remarks may not be misplaced. The method, which is admirable for its ingenuity, is not easily understood, gind the 6 MnrUimc Trail' of tie JJnited Kingdom, 1854-88. jn'ocesses are complicated, and require an immense and deterrent amoimt of computation. The materials also are not available for many ramiths after the expiration of each year. Tlie tables embrace all the Imports, but only Exports of the Produce and Manufactures of the United King'dom, omitting' the Exports of Colonial and ForeigTi Produce, which amounted in 1886 to £56 millions, or 20"9 per cent, of the whole Exports, upon the assumption that the prices upon exportation are generally governed by those on importation.* The ti-anshipments also, which in the same year amounted to £10'7 millions more, are not included. It may be a question whether, as is assumed, it is a matter of in- difference what year is chosen for the basis of quantity, or whether the average can be safely applied to distant years. The years 18(31 and 1875 have been taken apparently without reference to their character. The former, which was the standard of prices, was one of depression and low prices of Exports. It is alleged tl)at it does not signify materially which index number of all the years under observation is taken, although it is shown that in the years quoted as an illustration f it does make a difference of 6 to 8 per cent. It is assumed in the composition ot the index number that the prices of the unspecified articles, forming one- fifth of the whole Imports and two-fifths of the whole Exports in 1886, will follow in the same direction, and to the same extent, those of the three-fifths or four-fifths on which the index number is calculated. Some information on this point will be furnished in the following pages, which tends to invalidate the assumption. J The plan, adopted in order to reduce the labour of computation, of furnishing the calculations only for alternate years, or with longer intervals of omission, some of which are of importance, e.g., the years of inflation 1863-4, disappoints the reader by failing to give a continuous view of the trade, or of the relation of each year to its neighbours. It must further be noted and borne in mind that the standard index number for Exports of 1875 has been changed in the last two reports from 73*1, at which it stood in the preceding reports, to 65"8. The reason for this is that in carrying the inquiry sevei'al yeai^ further back, it has become necessary, for the purpose of fair comparison, to omit a few articles of which the record does not extend over the whole period. It is not claimed for this method that it furnishes moi-o than an approximation to the truth, and an indication of the direction and amount of the variations in prices, novel in its conception, and of indisputable value, if no more simple and equally i-eliable method can be ei^iployed. * This point has been investigated at p. 65. t 1875 and 18fil conipaml with 1873 iit p. 6 of lU'povt of 1879. X See pp. 9 and 51. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 185i-88. 7 § 2. Mr. Stephen Bourne' s method : Index Numbers. Another method, based upou the same data, viz., the declared quantities and value of Imports and Exports, has been proposed by Mr. Bourne in two papers which he read, before the British Association at its meetings in 1885 and the present year. Mr. Bourne has scarcely done justice to his method in his manner of presenting and explaining it, or in his exposition of the value of the results to be derived from the use of it, inasmuch as he has limited the latter to a comparison of the annual aggregates of the value and volume, to which also Mr. Giifen's comparisons are contined, and to a comparative abstract of the results as they affect the principal classes of Exports of British produce and manufactures. He does not deal with Imports, but his method is equally applicable to them, and it possesses certain distinct and important advantages. It is simple and easily understood. He adopts 1883, the first of his series, as a convenient standard year for both price and volume. He makes 1,000 the unit of total value, and 1"0 the unit of the value, or price, of each of the articles capable of being so enumeiated. These units become common denominators for all the years of the series. Changes in value are represented by an (percentage) increase or decrease of these figures. He quotes the average prices from the " Statistical Abstracts," and the index number of each "enumerated" article from the Reports already referred to, p. 2. The percentage differences in the price of each article and in the total value, in any year of the series compared with the stan- dard year, is found by ordinarj^ simple calculations. The new index numbers of the value of each article are calculated upon the new total index number of values, and the corresponding index numbers of volume are found by dividing the new index numbers of value by the figures representing the changes in price. The form of his examples is very convenient. By the juxta- position of the changes in the value (price) and in volume (quantity) of each of the enumerated articles, it can be seen at a glance what articles have produced, and to what extent they have contributed to, the change in the aggregates both of value and volume. It presents also the cardinal advantage of basing the annual calculations upon the actual quantities and value of the year, instead of applying the quantities of a single year to a series of other years, which may differ immensely from the arbitrary standard in this material respect. Mr. Bourne has pointed out very forcibly the wide opening for error, if not the impossibility of escape from it, in this stage of ]\Ir. Giffeu's process.* Taking * " Eeport of the British Association for the Year 1885," p. 8G8. 8 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. tlie important article of cotton yarn exported, lie compares the actual proportions of the quantities and value in three years, taken from the " Statistical Abstracts," with the percentage changes on the standard of 1861, and the corresponding alterations of the index number for this article, as shown in Mr. Giffen's tables, with the following results, which cannot be reconciled with one ancitlier : — 1865. 1875. 1883. Actual proportions of quantity ,, ,, value 104 10 + 91-23 + 5-38 216 13 + 16-91 + 1-00 265 14 Results in T T3 , , -, Mr Giffeu's I Percentage cliange on \ 1 , 1 1 standard of 1861 .... J Change of Index Number - 2-31 - 0-14 The great value of Mr. Bourne's method may be seen in the following statements derived from the first table in his later paper, in which he compares the Exports of the produce and manufactures of the United Kingdom in the years 1883 and 1887. He shows that while between these two years the volume of the total Exports had increased from his unit of 1,000* to 1,062, the value had decreased from 1,000 to 922. Of the 65 articles of which both the quantities and value are annually specified, 26 had increased in volume 15 „ decreased ,, 21 „ not changed 3 did not admit of comparison The increase in these 65 had been greater than in the total Exports, viz., from 673 to 775, or 14*8 per cent., while in unenumer- ated articles it had been from 249 to 287, or only 11-2 per cent. The infoi-mation with regard to value, or price, is still more valuable to the commercial world. Out of the 65 articles, 12, representing 8-3 per cent, of the whole increase of quantity, had increased in price as follows : — Per cent. 2 representing 0-9 of quantity liad increased from l-Q to 1 "27 in price 2 „ 0-7 „ „ 1-11 and 1-12 in price 8 „ 6-7 „ „ 101 (a) 1-08 „ 12 8-3 * Mr. Bourne demonstrates the several advantages of adopting this unit, in doing away with the use of the decimal point, and of tlie signs for /ji/w.? and minus, and of cstahlishing a connnon denominator for the comp:irison of diffiTcnt y'^ars. It would have hcen adopted in this paper, wliere practicable, if his suggestion had been noticed sooner. Maritime Trade of the United Kinr/clovi, IS.j-l- But 51 out of the 65, representing 67"8 per cent, of the whole increase of quantity, had decreased in price as follows : — Per cent. 15 representing 122 of quantity had decreased from 1"0 to '90 19 „ 42-8 „ „ -80 13 „ 10-8 „ „ -70 3 „ 1-5 „ „ -02 3 not stated "99 in price •89 „ •79 „ •69 „ 53 67-3 Of the above 12 which had increased in price only 4 had increased in volume also ; of the 26 which had increased iu volume all, with those four exceptions, had decreased in value. The contiast between the above comparison and that shown by Mr. Bourne in his first paper between the years 1883 and 188-4, which corresponds with the otherwise ascertained history of the two periods, corroborates the value of his method. On the other hand his method is open to several of the remarks applied to Mr. GifSen's. It involves a large amount of calculation. The materials are at present only available, like Mr. Giffen's, some months after the close of the year ; but this delay, it appears, might be easily curtailed. Mr. Bourne, like Mr. Giff'en, deals only with Exports of the produce and manufactures of the United Kingdom. He too assumes that the value of the non-ennmerated goods follows the same course as that of the enumerated, and " will give results agreeing with the index number method." But this assumption is not borne out by the figures already quoted from his first table, nor from those to be derived from his second table (of 1888), which show, as seen in the following calculntion, that there is no relation as regards extent of rise and fall of prices between the principal classes of British Exports : — Difference in Price cmnpared with 1883. 1884. 18S5. 1S86. 1887. Textiles 14- 8^7 - 1^0 - 2 0- 8^4 - 16 ^4 - 3 + 13-6 - 5^4 - 18^5 - 1^0 - 19-4 - 3-3 - Minerals Otlier specified nrticles 9-.S - 1 ■() - Not enumerated ,, 15-3 - Total 11-2 - 11-5 - 7^8 - 2-9 - Notwithstanding these detects, some of which are irremediable, the information to be derived from the results of his method is so valuable, as will be more fally shown in another place,* that an effort should be made to give it to the public in as full a form and * P. 55. 10 Maritlinn Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. at as early a date as possible, as a supplement to tliat proposed in the present paper. Other methods of estimating the variations in the prices of Imports and Exports by means of index numbers have been pro- posed by distinguished economists, and the subject is now under investigation by Committees of the British Association and the International Statistical Institute ; but they all involve much labour in the collection and computation of data, and they do not take into account the recorded, and therefore available, factor of tonnage actually employed in the trade under examination. § 3. Method of comparing Value with Tonnage. It is believed that a sound method of measuring fluctuations in the volume of maritime trade, and in the average value (or price) of the aggregates of Imports and Exports, can be proposed, of the simplest kind, based upon data furnished by the Board of Trade, not only annually but monthly, so that the monthly variations can be shown within seven days after the close of each month, and those of the year within the same period after the last day of it. It involves one simple calculation, and appears to be not inferior in its representation of the fluctuations in prices, while it possesses the advantage of taking into account at the same time the fluctuations in the amount of shipping with cargoes employed in the trade of the Kingdom. This method consists in a comparison of the total declared value of Imports and Exports with the total registered tonnage of vessels entering and clearing with cargoes, — in simply dividing the total value by the total tonnage. If all the vessels entering into the computation filled up on each voyage, and if they carried nothing but merchandise, the tonnage, which repi'esents roughly their capacity, would supply a factor by which to measure with indisputable accuracy the annual or monthly changes both in volume and value. But vessels do not all fill up, and they caiTy passengers as well as cargo. During the last thirty years also the character of vessels has greatly changed. Steamers have largely superseded sailing vessels, and the size of steamers and their capacity for stowage have been very greatly increased. The tonnage of large passenger steamers in the trade of the United Kingdom has immensely increased during the last few years.* It might there- fore at first be assumed that these circumstances would hinder a fair comparison founded upon the above data. But it must be borne in mind that the fluctuations in the filling up of vessels * Moreover any material clians^e in the metliod of adiiieasuviii required 15'5 million tons of shipping for their ('onveyance. In this statement of (juantity, bunker coal, or coal taken for the consumptidii of steamers, is not included. A table at p 31 will furnish some useful information with regard to the coal trade. 14 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. titnbei' appear to liavo some influence upon the quantity of ton- nngo, the former employing in 1886 3"4 millions, and the latter 8"G millions out of the total register tonnage entered of 26 millions. But while the average value of a ton of cargo imported in that year (see table at p. 19) was £14'1, the value of a corresponding ton of grain was £12"2, and that of timber was £3'12. Con- sequently neither of these articles affects the calculation of Imports, as regards cither tonnage or value, in the same manner that coal affects the calculation of Exports. b°. It is apparent, upon compaT'ing the columns of tonnage in the tables of Imports and Exports at pp. 18 and 19, with the returns of grain imported and coal exported in the same years, that thei-e is a certain extent of pnrallelism, and that in the years 1872, 1876, 1883, and 1887 the sudden increase in the amount of tonnage entered was more or less owing to an increased importation of grain, while in the years 1879, 1880, and 1883 the increase in the amount of tonnage cleared was more or less owing to an increased exportation of coal. The inference to be drawn from the foregoing considerations appears to be that the method hei-e proposed supplies a ready means of accurately measuring the whole volume of maritime trade, inwards and outwards, taking into account the factor of the tonnage employed, which is in itself the most important single branch of British commerce; also of calculating the fluctuations in the value, or price, of the whole mass of Imports and Exports, with sufficient accuracy as regards Imports, but liable, with regard to Exports, to be affected by any large variation from year to year, in the exportation of coal. It does not thei'efore supersede, especially as regards Exports, the method of discovering by means of index numbers, or other- wise, the fluctuations in the prices of the chief articles in the home and foreign trades, founded upon the prices of a certain number of selected articles, and unaffected by the preponderating influence of any one of them. But if the tonnage of ships laden exclusively with coals exported, and the value of their cargoes, were excluded from the calculation of Exports, and if in like manner the tonnage and value of the cargoes of ships laden exclusively with grain and timber imported were excluded from the calculation of Imports, which could be done with ease, it is believed that a result equal, if not superior, to any index number would be obtained. This subject will be dealt with further on. It need only here be remarked, that although the exclusion of coal from the Exports raises the average value of all other Exports very greatly through- out the series, and elevates them above the Imports, it does not materially affect the review of the general export trade in periods, nor even from year to year. Maritiwe Trade of the TJniiid Kii'fjdom, 18o4-88. ]5 ' It may not be amiss to place in juxtaposition the results obtained for a series of years by the method now proposed, and by some other of the most important methods based upon iudex numbers, brought as closely as possible to the common measure of percentage. Mr. R. H. Inglis Palgrave's voluminous and valuable memorandum appended to the third Keport of the Royal Com- mission on the Depression of Trade and Industry (1886) has presented facilities for this. The annexed table exhibits the percentage annual fluctuations for the tv^enty-nine years from 1858-86, the former year having been selected as the base, or datum line, because it was that from which the return of " The " Economist " started : — * 1. By comparison of total declaimed value with total tonnage of Imports, Exports, and the mean thereof. Calculated on base of 1858.t 2. By index numbers of Mr. GiflTen, based on declared quanti- ties and average prices of all specitied articles of Imports, Exports, and the mean thereof. Calculated on base of 1854.+ 3. By iudex numbers of Mr. Bourne, based on the same data as the last, for Exports only. Calculated on base of 1873. 4. By index numbers of " The Economist," based upon the collective average of prices of twenty-two principal com- modities, without reference to their relative importance as regards either value or quantity. Calculated on price in 1858, as estimated on base of average of eix years 1845-50. § 5. By index numbers of Mr. Sauerbeck, based upon the collective average of prices of forty-five principal com- modities, also without I'eference to the same conditions. Calculated on base of 1858. || G. By index numbers of Mr. R. H. Palgrave, based on the same twenty-two commodities and prices as " The Economist," but taking into account the relative importance of each as measured by the quantity esiimated to remain available for home trade. Calculated on base of average prices of five years 1865-69.^ * Soetbccr's iiick'x inniibcrs Lave not been overlooked, but tbey relate to prices ill a foreign market, Hamburg'. t See table infra at ))p. 18 and 19. J "'J bird IiO] ort of Royal Connnission on Depression of Trade and Indnslry," 1886, p. 329, and completed from "Final Keport of the Kojal 'Gold and Silver' Commission," 1888, p. 17. § Ibid., p. 329. II Calculated from tables in "Journal of tbc Royal Statistical Society," Sep- tember, 1886, p. 617. T[ Tliird report as above, p. ;513. ]6 Maritime. Trade of the United Kingdom, 18-54-88. Table A. — Percentage Fl tod nations of Prices in the United Kingdom, according to various Estimates. 1 u ;i 4 5 7 8 y 10 11 By Comparing Value of By ComparinR Quantities and Prices By Index Numbers based Total Imports and with Total Value of on Wholesale Prices of Principal Exports with Tonnage. Impo •ts and of British Ex ports. Commodities, British and Foreign. Years. Kawson. Giffen. Bourne. Without i-eference to Quantities. With reference to Quantities. Total Imports. Total Exports. Mean. Total Imports. British Exports. Mean. British Exports "The Economist." Sauerbeck. Palgrave. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 18-6 = 141 = 16-3 = 80-36 = in 1854 100 64-85 = in 1854 100 72-60 = in 1854 100 118 = 39-28 = 1858 100 100 100 — — — — 100 100 '59 106 108 107 99 102 100 — 97 103 18(10 112 108 110 . 103 108 'Gl 110 100 103 — — — — 104 107 '62 113 101 107 — — — — 110 111 '63 120 117 118 — — — — 134 113 '64 130 123 126 — • — — — 146 115 '65 120 120 120 118 137 127 — 137 110 Average '66 119 121 120 — • — — — 136 111 of '67 111 108 109 — — — — 116 112 1865-69 = '68 114 104 109 108 119 113 — 103 111 100 '69 110 105 107 — — — — 102 109 1870 109 103 106 103 108 91 '71 108 105 106 — — — 1063 = 108 111 9'» '72 106 115 no — — — in 1873 109 122 97 '73 106 115 110 107 132 119 100 113 127 102 '74 104 107 105 — • — — 94 111 116 100 '75 105 98 101 101 114 107 87 107 110 95 '76 95 84 89 96 105 100 78 104 108 93 '77 95 84 89 99 101 100 78 105 107 94 '78 93 81 87 92 — — 75 97 100 87 '79 92 77 84 88 92 90 75 85 95 76 1880 92 79 85 93 87 97 - 100 87 '81 92 80 86 92 92 92 91 91 97 81 '82 90 79 84 — — — 94 94 96 83 '83 89 74 81 89 92 90 94 90 94 79 '84 87 71 79 84 90 87 91 85 87 75 '85 85 66 75 79 87 83 83 80 82 70 '86 77 65 71 74 82 78 83 78 — 6!) These estimates have been brought together not because they are comparable, for they are compiled from such different data that they are not comparable, but they throw light upon one another, and in several respects confirm one another. They all exhibit an increasingly rapid fall in prices during the last few years. The columns -which -will best bear comparison are those of Imports, Nos. 2 and 5, for tliey arc both derived from the declared Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 17 value of Imports ; but Column 2 is calculated upon the whole \ alue compared with tonnage, and Column 5 is calculated upon the declared value of "enumerated" articles, which form only four- fifths of the total Imports. The near approximation of the results by the two methods points to the approach to adequacy in both. The first has the advantage of simplicity and easy application. Column 3 exhibits the fluctuations of total Exports, including re- exports, which form, as shown at p. 3, rather more than one- fifth of the total Exports, and cannot be compared with Column 6, which shows those only of articles of British (and Irish) produce and manufacture. The mean of each of the above series founded upon Imports and Exports has been given in Columns 4 and 7, in order to bring them more nearly into comparison with the three series in Columns 9 to 11, which are founded upon market prices of certain principal commodities, half or more of which are of foreign origin; these therefore should be compared with Imports, while the others should be compared with Exports. The percentages in these three columns, founded as they are upon average prices of a limited number of articles — twenty- two and forty-five respectively — can furnish only an indication of the probable fluctuations in the great mass of other articles, and the discrepancies apparent in some of their figures inculcate the necessity for great caution in using them for any secondary or inferential purpose. If therefore it be found that a table framed on the method above proposed gives results which are generally consistent with the history of the period, which reflect faithfully the known incidents of inflation and depression, exhibit a remarkable parallel- ism between the Import and Export trades, and can bear the test of comparison, first of one part with another, and then of the whole with corresponding results derived from other data, it is believed that such a table may be accepted as affording an approximate and sufficiently accurate method of measuring the maritime trade of this or any other kingdom which can furnish the same simple data, and of exhibiting the fluctuations both of volume and of price from year to year, and from month to month; that it may in fact serve the purpose of a Commercial Barometer. 18 Cap. 2. Imports and Exports. § 1. Quantities, Value, and Average Prices. Sncli a table is now presented, showing for Imports and Expoi'ts separately, in each year from 1854 to 1888 : — 1. The total tonnage of vessels entered (or cleared) with cargoes. 2. The total declared value of Imports (or Exports). 3. The average value of one register ton of cargo of Imports (or Exports) in each year. 4. The same in groups of years. It must be premised that the Exports include the re-exports of Table I. — Quantify and Value of Merchandise Imported into, and indicated by the Total Tonnage of Vessels which Entered and and Exported, in each Year from 1854 {the date from which the (Compiled from tlie Annual Statistic-ill A. — Imports. Tears. Quantity. Value. Average Value per Kegister Ton. Years. Periods. Milln. tons Milln. £ £ £ £ 1854 7-9* 152-4 19-3* 19-3"] '55 7-0 143-5 20-4 \ 20-9 J 20-7 '56 8-2 172-5 '57 8-7 187-8 21-5 21-5 ^20-3 '58 8-8 164-6 18-6 18-6 '59 91 179-2 19-7 19-7 1860 100 210-5 20-9 I '61 ]0-6 217-5 20-5 [ 20-8 '62 107 225-7 21-0 J '63 111 248-9 22-3 22-3 1 '64 113 274-9 24-3 24-3 I 22-8 Increase '65 121 271-0 22-3 \ 22-2 J 22 3 J 12-3% '66 13-3 295-3 '67 13-3 275-2 20-6 20-6-> '68 13-8 294-7 21-2 21-2 '69 14-5 295-5 20-4 ] 1870 149 303-2 20-3 [ 20-2 -201 Decrease '71 16-4 331-0 20-1 J iri% '72 17-9 354-7 19-8 ■] 19-7 '73 18-8 371-3 '74 19-1 370-1 19-4 f 19-6 '75 19-0 373-9 '76 210 3751 17-8 \ 17-8 / 17-8" '77 22-1 394-4 '78 21-3 368-8 17-3 ^ >17-4 Decrease '79 21-1 363-0 17-2 17-2, 13-4% 1880 24-0 411-2 17-1 f '81 23-2 397-0 17-1 J '82 24-8 413-0 16-6 1 '83 26-3 426-9 16-2 I 16-2 16-2 Decrease '84 24-7 390-0 15-8 J 5-8% '85 25-7 371-0 14-4 1 '86 24-7 349-9 141 y 14-1 14-1 Decrease '87 26-0 361-9 13-9 J 12-9% '88 27-1 386-6 14-3 Maritime Trade of tJie United Kingdom, 1854-88. 10 Colonial and Foreign Merchandise, but not transhipments. Mr. GifPen's tables of Exports refer only to Exports of the Produce and Manufactm-es of the United Kingdom. He could not have readily- shown the results for the total Exports, if he had thought it necessary or desirable, because the prices of re-exports are not given in the " Statistical Abstract ;" and in the present table the Exports of British Merchandise cannot be shown separately, because in the retui'ns of tonnage no distinction could be made of the origin of the merchandise composing the cargoes. The same remarks apply to Mr. Bourne's tables. Exported from, the United Kingdom (including re-exports^, as Cleared with Cargoes, and the Declared Value of Merchandise Imj^vrted Declared Value of Dnporfs has been, recorded) to 1888. Abstracts published by the Board of Trade.) Years. 1854. '55. '56., '57., '58., '59., I860., '61., '62. '6.3., '64.. '65.. '66.. '67.. '68.. '69.. 1870.. '71.. '72.. '73.. '74. '75. '76.. '77.. 78.. '79.. 1880.. '81.. '82.. '83. '84.. '85.. '86.. '87.. '88.. B. — Exports. Quantity. 7-9* 8-3 9-7 10-3 9-9 10-2 10-8 11-3 11-7 11-9 12-2 12-8 140 14-8 15-5 15-9 16-7 190 19-2 191 19-7 20-4 21-5 21-2 21-6 22-8 25-6 263 27-7 29-4 29-3 29-3 29-1 30-2 31-7 Milln. £ 115-8 136-7 139-2 146-2 139-8 155-7 164 5 159-6 166-2 196-9 212-6 218-8 238-9 225-8 227-8 2370 214-0 283-5 314-G 311-0 297-6 281-6 256-8 252-3 245-5 248-8 28(;-1. 297-1 306-7 305-4 296-0 271-4 268-7 280-5 298-3 Average Value per Eegister Ton. Years. 1} £ 14-7* 140 1 4-4 14-1 141 J 15-2 35-2 14 14 165 17-4 17-0 17-1 15-2 14-7 14-9 14-6 14-9 163 162 15- 1 13-8 11-9 11-9 11-4 10-9 11-1 11-3 11-1 10-4 10-1 93 9-3 93 9-4 14-2-> 15-2 14-2. 16-5 17-2 14-9" 14-4 170 16-2 [l^'l 15-1 I 13-8J 11-4 11-4 10-25 10-25 9-3 9-3 Increase 15-3% Decrease 11-1% Decrease 245% Decrease 100% Decrease * See note at, p. 30. (j2 20 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. A brief examiimtiou of tlie first four or five years of the Table of Imjjorts ■will best explain the method and the character of the results. Comparing the year 1855 with 1854, the tonnage decreased from 7-900,000 to 7-0 millions, and the value from £152-4 millions to £143-5 millions. But as the decrease in the tonnage WHS irS per cent., and in the value only 5-1 per cent., or less than one-half, the average value per ton increased from £19-3 ( = £19 6s.) to £20-4 ( = £20 8*'.), which implied a corresponding advance in pHces. In 186G there was a large increase of tonnage amounting to 17-1 per cent., but a still larger proportionate average in the value, viz., 20-2 per cent. The average value therefore increased, but only slightly, to £20'9. By a similar process the a-'-erage value in the next year increased further to £2T5 ; but in 1858 the amount of tonnage remained almost stationary, w^hile the total value deci-eased by £23-2 millions = 12-3 per cent., and the average value fell fi'om £21 5 to £18-G per ton. A. Notes on Table I. Yearly Comparisons. Proceeding now to the principal features of the table, and first as regards Imports, it appears that : — 1. The average value per ton in the first year, 1854, was £19-3, that it increased slowly to 1858, when it suddenly fell from £21-5 to £18-6 ; it recovered slightly in 1859, and continued to ri.se, with the exception of a single year, 1861, to 1864, when it reached for a single year the highest point in the whole series, viz., £24-3. From that year it continued to fall continuously but slowly, \>-\i\\ the single exception of 1868, till 1875, when it suddenly fell from £19-6 to £178; and thence continuously, but gi-adually, to the end, excepting in 1885, when it fell heavily from £15-8 to £14-4; it reached its lowest point of £13-9 in 1887. 2. The difference between the first and last years of the series was 28-0 per cent. ; the rise from 1854 to 1865 — eleven years — was 25-9 per cent., and the fall from 1865 to 1887 — twenty-two years — was 42 -S per cent. 3. The average of the thirty-four years scarcely differed from the value of the first year, being £19-1, as compared with £193. 4. In the first nine years, before the disturbance caused by the American civil war, the extremes of the annual differences were l)etween £186 (or excepting 1858, £19-3), and £21-5, or not more than 161 per cent. The average of the nine years was £20-3. 5. The four years of the American civil war, 1863-66, formed an exceptional period, of moderate increase of tonnage, and of . large increase of value, the latter having risen from £20-3 to £22-8 = 12-3 percent. 6. Durii.g the next nine years 1867 to 1875 the tonnage rose Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 21 greatly, from 13"3 millions to 190 millions, wliile tlie average value fell from £22"2 to £19"6, and returned to about the average of the first nine years, viz., £20"1, a fall of 111 per cent. 7. During the Franco- German war, and the two following- years, although there was a large increase of tonnage, and an accompanying increase in the volume of Imports, there was no increase, but an actual slight decrease, in prices, viz., from £20"3 to £197. 8. The twelve years from 1876 to 1887 divides itself into three periods : in the first, 1876 to 1881, the value per ton remained nearly stationary at an average of £17'4 or 13'4 per cent, below the last period; in 1882-84 it fell further to £16'2, a decrease of 5'8 per cent. ; and in 1885-87 it averaged £14*1, a decrease of 129 per cent. 9. The total fall between 1867-75 and 1885-87 was from £20-1 to £14-1, or 30 per cent. Examining the Exports in a similar manner, it appears that : — 1. The average value per ton in the first year, 1854, was £14-7; it fluctuated slightly below this till 1859-60, in which yeai-s it rose to £15'2, but fell again to £14'2 in the next two year.s, 1861-62. With the American civil war it rose in 1863 to £16'5, and, as in the case of the Imports, it reached the highest point of the series in 1864, viz., £17'4. It did not however recede, as did the Imports, during the two following years, but remained at nearly the same amount. In 1867 it fell heavily from £17"1 to £15*2, and continued to fluctuate till 1872-73, when it rose from £14"9 to £16'o. In 1874 it fell again to £15*1 ; in the following year to £13'8 ; in 1876 to £11'9 ; and from that point it sank gradually to its lowest point, £9-2, in 1886. In 1887 it returned to the rate of 1885, which was £9"3, an insignificant recovery, but indi- cating a turn of the tide, which is confirmed by an examination of the monthly returns for the past eleven months of 1888. 2. The average of the whole period of thirty-four years was £13'5, being 8'1 per cent, less than the value of the first year, which was £14*7. 3. There is a decided correspondence in the matter of fluctua- tions of value between Imports and Exports in periods of years, though not in individual years. Thus the first nine years of Exports fluctuated even less than the Imports, viz., between £14 and £15*2, or 8'5 per cent., but there was no exceptional fall in 1858, and there was a fall in 18G1-62, which did not occur in the Imports. 4. The increase in the four years 1863-66 was even greater than that of Imports, being from 14'4 in 1854-62, to 17'0, or 15'3 per cent. 22 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 5. Tlie decrease in the next nine years to an average of £15-1 corresponds exactly with that in the Imports, both being 111 per cent., notwithstanding the exceptional rise in the Exports in 1872-73. 6. The fall in the next period, 1876-82, from 15-1 to 11 4^24-5 per cent., is nearly double, (82 per cent, greater than) the fall in the Imports, which was only 13'4 per cent. 7. In 1883-84 the further fall to £10-25, amounting to lO'O per cent., was neax-ly double that of the Imports. But in the last three years the fall in Imports has exceeded that in Exports in the pro- portion of 12 9 to 9'2 per cent. 8. The difference between the first and last years of the series was 36' 7 per cent., being nearly one-fourth greater than the fall in Imports ; the rise from 1854 to 1865 was 18'3 per cent., and the fall to 1887 was 46"5 per cent. The corresponding changes in Imports were 25'9 and 42"8 per cent. Comparing the Imports and Exports together, the difference in the value per ton on the whole of the period was between £19'1 and £13"5, or 29'3 per cent. ; but while in the fii'st year, 1854, the difference was between £193 and £14"7 per ton, or 238 per cent., in 1887 the difference was between £13"9 and £9*1 per ton, or 333 per cent. The whole of this, and of many of the above differences, are however owing to the effect of the large export of coal lowering the aggregate value of Exports. It must be noticed that the tonnage of Imports and Exports was exactly the same, 7"9 millions,* in the first year, 1854, but in 1887 the tonnage of Imports had increased to 26'0 mil]ions==229 per cent., and the tonnage of Exports had increased to 30"2 millions = 282 per cent., or, approximately, in the proportions of 3 and 3^ fold respectively. Exclusive of coal the tonnage of the Exports had increased from 5'0 to 13"7 millions of tons = 173 per cent. The differences between the six yjeriods in the table are as follows : — Periods. Average Value per Register Ton. Difference. Imports. Exports. Amount. Per Cent. 1854-62 '63-66 '67-75 '76-81 '76-82 '82-8-4 '83-8-i '85-87 £ 20-3 22 8 2U-1 17-1 16-2 141 £ 14-4 170 151 11-4 10-2 9-3 £ 5-9 5-8 5-0 1 6-0 I 6-0 4-8 290 25-4 24-8 34-5 370 340 The exact figures were : entered 7jS'J'J,742 tuus, ckiired 7,870,536 tons. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 23 In 1864, when botli Imports and Exports reached the highest point, the difference was between £:24'y and £I7'4, or 28"3 per cent., being slightly below the above average of the whole period. It will probably be admitted that this table (at p. 18) bears intrinsic evidence of its adequacy to repre.sent with a sufficient approximation to accuracy tlie annual fluctuations of maritime trade both in volume and in value. The manner in which sudden and violent changes in the amount of tonnage, or of value, some- times in agreement with, and at other times in opposition to one another, are reduced into a moderate and reasonable change in the average value of a ton, the parallelism of the results drawn from the tables of Imports and Exports, and the correspondence of those results with the commercial history of the period, seem to combine in establishing the trustworthiness of the table, independently of confirmation from other sources. This however is not w^anting, and although a comparison between the results derived from this method and those derived from Mr. Bourne's are not strictly com- parable, inasmuch as the former embrace the wliole ti*ade, and the latter are confined to the Exports of British produce and manufac- tures, the remarkable pai-allelism between the two series for the years 1883-87 affords a strong argument in favour of the acceptance of both methods : — ■ Changes in Value (Price). 1883, '84 '85 '80, '87 Bourne. British Exports only. 1,000 971 888 885 922 Eawson. Total Exports. 1,000 971 894 884 894 It must however be remarked that in these five years there has been but a slight and gi-adual change in the quantity of coal exported. The difference in 1887 maj be owing to the increased quantity of coal exported in that year. B. Notes on Table II ; Monthly Comparisons. This table shows the average value of a register ton of cargo, calculated in the sauie manner, for each month of the years 1885-87. It is compiled from the Monthly Accounts of "Trade " and Navigation " published by the Board of Trade, and is computed in the same way as the annual tables. 24 Mai-itime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Table IT. Average value per Ton of Cargoes Imported into, and ^Exported from, the United Kingdom {including re-expnrtf), ascertained by a comparison of the Tcmnage of Vessels which Entered and Cleared loith Car goes, with the Declared Value of Imports and Exports, in each month of the years 1885-87. Average Value per Kegister Ton of Cargoes. Months. Imports. Exports. ATerajje of the '1 hree Years Ib85-87. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1885. 1886. 1887. Imports Exports. January £ 18-1 17 1 16-6 15-6 14-2 121 12-5 11-8 12-9 13-3 14-6 15-9 £ 16-8 16-8 16-5 140 13-4 12-8 12-2 12-2 12-7 13-4 14-9 16-2 £ 16-4 16-3 15-9 15 12-7 12-2 11-7 11-5 12-2 13-5 15-2 16-4 £ 11-7 11-7 9-7 9-0 8 8-7 9-4 8-2 9-2 9-1 8-5 10-1 £ 10-3 10-9 11 9-4 7-7 8-8 8-7 8-8 8-8 8-8 8-7 9-6 £ 10-1 11-2 10-0 9-1 8-2 8-3 8-8 8-5 8-9 9-3 9-6 9-9 £ 17-1 16-7 16-3 14-9 13-4 12-4 12 1 11-8 12-6 13-4 14-9 16-2 £ 10-7 February 11-3 10-2 9-3 May 8-0 June 8-6 July 9-0 August 8-5 September October 9 9 1 Noyember 8-9 December 9 9 Average of year .... 14-4 14-1 13 9 9-3 9-2 9-3 141 9-3 Ayerage of Seasons. May to October 12-6 160 27-0 p. cent 8-7 Kovember to April 10-0 Excess in yrinter / 15-0 p. cent This taWe reveals the fact that the value of caj-goes differs materially, and with great regularity, at the several seasons of the year; that the average value of a ton of Imports in the six months from May to October in the above years yyas only £12'G, while in the six months of yvinter it rose to £16"0, a difFerence of 27 per cent. ; and of Exports the corresponding values were £87 anil £10-0, a difference of 15 per cent. In the preceding years, and in the whole of the six years, the differences stood as follows : — Imports. Percentage Difference. Exports. Percentage Summer. Winter. Summer. Winter. Difference. 1882-84 £ 14-9 12-9 £ 17-9 160 Per cent. 20-1 24-0 £ 10-0 8-7 £ 11-1 100 Per cent. 11"1 '85-87 15-0 1882-87 13-9 17-0 22-3 9-3 10-5 13-0 Maritime Trade of the TJnifed Kingdom, 1854-88. 25 The records are not available for carrying the comparison much further back ; but the combined evidence of the constancy of the difference, of the gradual character of the change, as shown in Table II, and of the total absence of change at a season of commercial quiescence, such as the six months from June to November, 1886, during which the monthly average varied only from £8'8 to £8"7, seems to offer a corroborative proof of the sufficiency of the annual table for its purpose. It has been suggested as one reason for the winter cargoes being more valuable than those of the summer, that the crops of cotton, corn and wool arrive at the former season ; but this would, not apply to the value of Export cargoes; and it seems more probable that the trade in coal, wood, and other bulky — and less valuable — articles, carried on in sailing vessels and ships of an inferior quality, is confined to the summer months. The monthly table presents an equally reliable measure for comparing each month, not with its predecessor, as in the case of the annual table, but with the corresponding month of two, three, or more previous years. Such a comparison, in connection with the upward or downward tendency of the months immediately preceding, seems to offer as correct an indication of the course of prices in maritime trade as that supplied by the annual table. Taking as an illustration the trade of the last eighteen months, as shown in the preceding and following tables, it will be seen, as regards Imports, that the value per ton during the five months from May to September, 1887, was considerably below the corres- ponding months of 1886 or 1885,' but that in October it began to rise above those of the two preceding years ; it continued to rise above either year in November and December; it stood above 1887 in January and February, 1888, but below 1886 or 1885. In March, however, it rose above either of the three preceding years. In April it fell below 1887, but exceeded 1886. In May and June it exceeded 1887, and in the next three months it equalled or exceeded 1887, but fell short of 1886 or 1885. As regai-ds Exports, the turn of the tide began earlier, and indeed in May and July, 1887, the value stood higher than in the corresponding months of 1886. The fall in August, as compared with 1886, was much less than in the Imports; the rise began in September instead of October. In the latter month it advanced more rapidly than in the Imports. It advanced at a lower rate in December and January, showed a slight falling off in February, and rose again in March. In April there was a rise; in May and July a large rise; in August a rise, and in September, for the first time since February, a fall. October exhibits a return to improvement. On the whole of the year 1888, the Imports show a rise of 26 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 2"9 per cent, over 1887, and of 4*2 per cent, over 1886, but have not quite reached the level of 1885. On the other hand the Exports liave risen 2-1 per cent, over 1837, 32 per cent, over 1886, and have exceeded the level of 1885 by 2"1 per cent.* Tahle 11.— Continued for the Year 1888. January Fcbnmr}' March April May June July August Scpteiuber October Kovcmber l)ecember Average of year.... Imports. Exports. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1885. 1886. 1887. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 18 1 16-8 16-4 lG-7 11-7 10-3 10 1 17 1 16-8 16-3 lG-5 11-7 10-9 11-2 16-6 16-5 15-9 16-8 9-7 11 10 15-6 14-0 15-0 14-5 9 9-4 91 14-2 13-4 12-7 13-6 8 7-7 8-2 121 12-8 12-2 12-6 8-7 8-8 8-3 12-5 12-2 11-7 11-7 9-4 8-7 8-8 11-8 12-2 11-5 11-8 8-2 8-8 8-5 12-9 12-7 12-2 12-2 9-2 8-8 8-9 13-3 13-4 13-5 13 6 9-1 8-8 9-3 14-6 14 9 15 1 15-8 8-5 8-7 9-6 15-9 16 2 16-4 16-4 10-1 9-6 9-9 14-4 141 13-9 14-3 9-3 9-2 9-3 1888. £ 10-3 10 10- 9-5 If this does not exhibit an exact measure of the actual fluctua- tions in the course of maritime trade during the last eleven months, it certainly affords a very close indication of them, and one upon w^hich both statesmen and the commercial community may rely. The data on which it is based are furnished periodically by the Government within seven days after the expiration of each month — and the calculations and comparisons are of the simplest kind. A. — Notes on Tables of Curves 3 and 4. Before proceeding to examine the further evidence in support of the sufficiency of these tables for their purpose, which will involve the consideration of other tables leading away from this special point, it will be instructive to inspect the results exhibited * The following: statements afloi-d interestinfj information as to tlie impulse given to industry and the investment of capital durinj^ the first six months of the present year : — 1. The ninnber of vessels undor eimstruction in the United Kingdom on 30th •Tune, 1888, was 34 per eent. greater, anil the tonmige was 45 ])er cent, greater than at the corresponding period of last year; on the 30th September those pro- portions had advanced to (iO and 77 respectively. 2. The inunber of new issmes quoted on the London Stock Exchange in the first six months of 1888 was £17i millions, identical with the amount quoted in tiie whole of the preceding year. In ortiinary years there is but a slight difference in the amount of new issues between the first and latter halves of the year. It may therefore be anticipated that the issues of 1888 will be double those of 1887. Years. 1865] 6 1 7 8 960 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 d 7ri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SO 1 2 5 4 5 6 7 no 1 ! 1 Pa )Li L ?. 270 1 3u RV ts < F h IP' 1 rs 55 5 TC TC 1 E J7 U Mr ■E( ) Ki MQ DO M, 20 z W 150 m 60 30 0- —\ 1 / / • \ (' \ 1 / / "Bo m Tso KG 90 1 1 1 / in rv e 0^ mnti ty / I \ \ -> f / N / / \ \ / ^ '::j i^ r \ a / rv e < in if V Va U \ vU \ on / i I i / (A ^ii r^i V ;<* 'J i / s 1 \ / ^ ,j / y / 1 -' 30 D 30 * / / r' h^ ... > r i 1 1 * -- < ,- ^^ »-« •er V 1 \ f - ^>. i v2 Years. w 66 l£] _7 8_ 9 W 1_ 2 3 ^ 5 6 L 8 ^ 7() / •z 3 f 5 i£ 7 8 9 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .ns.IitJj S; Martii.o Line.WTC 18 C5 6 7 8 7 GO / 2 3 * 5 6 7 8 9 70 1 ;2 5 't 5 6 7 8 7 80 1 2 3 ^ 5 6 7 ^ 1 <:i 1 C k 1 / ^ as 270 [ 1 ; T ^B LE -4 -H -H -- ■ 27(5 |Cl '«! 'E! OF E :xi^oF TJ = R 1 OM 1 1 HI '■ U IITEC y wINGDOK 1, 1 1 (m rv 6 7/^ i 1 8 >5 ] O 1 J8 7. ' Va nj Ift OTl — 1 1 u ^< ^ l«. ^ ^ 2W 1 ^ / 1 1 - lio 1 1 W / 1 1 1 1 180 w i S L i 1 k^ / \ 1 1 / -^ k - — / \, i / \ — rv / \ / \ ^ --, / \ f > 1^ '■ \ 1 \ k _ m / \ S \ 1 1 S k u va^ ve- oi 'V 27" ud im >« 1 in V ih te - y v y r U ^i jr '9 at e) - / \ '/ _ / "f tfO 90 / y r ; / 60 ; GO J ,/ ^j y / f<' PV ^ I 30 ^ / 30 V k^^ V 1 i c f ; .^ Z. 1 r \ / )-. *\ - 0- ^ ,,.. 1 1 N *, K If S^ r g T r' ~ \ r" '^*i >-< »•-' ^ , c xr ye a 'V vr fjCC io rv — \ u I. it *r a ■Oui Hi P pri o^ \- f< k — •< N.- --' •— , k "" ,W 30 'x ^ L.. ..•< r 18 55_ 6_ 718 d_ «I 1 2. 3_ 4_ 5 6 7 5 9 70 1 2 3 f 5 6 7 L 9 SO 1 2 3 f 5 e 7 Kamaon ^ Sons, LiUi. &. Marttuo j-ant.W.i. Maritime Trade of tlie Unifed Kingdom, 1854-88. 27 in a graphic form in Tables III and IV for Imports and Exports respectively : — These show the yearly variations : — 1. Of quantity, as represented in Table I by the tonnage of vessels which entered or cleared at the ports of the United Kingdom with cargoes. 2. Of value, as represented by the total declared value of merchandise imported and exported, including foreign and colonial merchandise re-exported. 3. Of price, as represented by the average value per register ton. The variations of the three factors of quantity, value, and price are calculated as percentage differences from those obtained in 1854, the ordinates representing these differences for each factor, while the abscissae repi'esent successive years. The scale is the same for Imports and Exports, which therefore are strictly com- parable as to magnitude. The influence of price upon value is seen by a simple inspection of the cui"ves of quantity and value, which with a constant price would be parallel, or rather identical. It will be observed in the table of Imports that — 1. The year 1855, during the Crimean war, was marked by a large decrease of tonnage and of value, but at the same time by a rise in prices. 2. There was a continuous rise in pi'ices till 1858, when thei-e was a sudden and heavy fall below the constant. 3. While prices were rising up to 1865, and until they fell below the constant in 1876, the curve of value ran above that of quantity ; but crossed the latter, and in the next year sank rapidly below it, when the curve of price fell permanently below the constant, 4. The curves of quantity and value cross one another, when- ever the curve of price crosses the line of constant, to wit in 1858, 1859, and 1876. The two series touch one another without crossing in the year 1874. 5. The effect of a change in prices is conspicuously exhibited in the difference between the curves of quantity and value in the years 1858, 1865, and 1869, when a fall in price produced a fall in value in spite of a rise in quantity; also in 1876, when the difference is even more strongly marked, and again in 1685. 6. There is only one instance of the reverse action, viz., in 1875, when a slight rise in price caused an increase in value, although there was a decrease in quantity. An examination of the table of Exports and a compai'ison with that uf Imports show the Ibllowing principal results : — 28 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 1. The curves of quantity and value of Exports ran together until 1871, but more irregularly than in the Imports, crossing one another no less than eight times before 1875 ; when, as in the Imports, they crossed for the last time and took opposite directions, the value falling while the quantity continued to rise. 2. The prices of Exports fell in 1855, during the Crimean war, and remained steady till 1859, unlike those of Imports, which continued to rise until 1858, when they fell heavily. Both began to rise in 1859, but Imports continued to rise until they reached their highest point in 1864, when they fell rapidly and never rose again till the end of the series, except very slightly in two single years, 1868 and 1875. On the other hand Exports remained stationary in 1860, fell in 1861, began to rise rapidly in 1863, and reached their highest point, like the Imports, in 1864. 3. They maintained themselves better than the prices of Imports in 1865-66, but fell more heavily in 1867 ; made no upward movement in 1868, and fluctuated below those of Imports up to the end of 1871. 4. In 1872-73 they took and maintained an upward course, in which Imports did not share; hut in 1874-76 they fell heavily and continuously, while the heavy fall in Imports did not begin till 1876. 5. Prices both of Exports and Imports remained steady in 1877 ; but since then there has been a continuous fall in both — heaviest in Exports — except in the years 1880-81, when there was a slight rise in Exports, which was scarcely visible in the Imports. 6. The years in which in the table of Exports the effects of a fall in price on the amount of value is most conspicuous are 1861, 1867, 1874 to 1876, and 1878. The year 1872 is noticeable for a sharp rise in prices, which converts a slight rise in quantity into a very large rise in value. 7. There is no instance of the reverse action in the table of Exports. 8. The rise in the value of Exports in 1887 has been higher than that of Imports. § 2. Exports of British. Produce and Manufactures, 1834-88. a. Quantities, Value, and Average Prices. It has been pointed out that it is only since 1854 that the declared value of Imports has been recorded, and it is only since 1852 that the declared value of re-exports has been recorded. Therefore, although it is possible to carry further back an exami- Maritime Trade of tlie JJ^iited Kingdom, 1854-88. 29 nation of the annual Exports of British Produce and Manufactures, it is not possible to add to them the value of Colonial and Foreign JMerchandise, and to compare this aggregate with the tonnage, as has been done in Table I, and represented in the preceding curves. Yet, as the amount of re-exports has not varied much from year to year, and as the proportion to the total Exports was gradually diminishing in following the years back from 1854, a table may be prepared in which, assuming for the nonce that no re-exports took place, the value of British Expoi'ts may be compared with the tonnage, and the value of a ton of merchandise may be esti- mated minus whatever addition should be made each year for the actual value of the re-exports. Thus in 1834 2'2 millions of tonnage cleared with cargoes, and the value of British Exports was £41"6 millions, which gives an average of £18'9 per ton,* to which would have to be added from 6 to 12 per cent, for re-exports, in order to obtain an average corresponding to that in Table I. But for the purpose of com- paring the price of British Exports in the year 1835 and each following year up to 1886 with its predecessor, and thus con- structing a table upon the same principle as Table I, which shall exhibit the annual variation in prices, the omission of the re-exports may be disregarded, and the calculation may be carried on for British Exports only down to the latest year, 1886. Moreover the sufficiency of this calculation may be tested by adding the value of the re-exports from a date when their value was recorded, and comparing the result with that exhibited in Table I, derived from a comparison of the tonnage with the total Exports. The almost completeness of the identity through the whole period from 1854 to 1886 appears to demonstrate the sufficiency of the comparison from year to year, notwithstanding the imperfection of the calculation, as indicative of the average price of each year, to which, in order to show the average value of total Expijrts, would have to be added a sum varying from £2 to £4 each year for re-exports, according to the experience of the years from 1854 to 1886 during ^\ hich it was recorded. The average difference during this period Avas £2' 7. To show these particulars two tables have been prepared : 1. No. V, which exhibits the variations (in the price of British Exports) from 1834 to 1854; 2. No. VI, which continues that table on the same basis up to 1886, and exhibits the result of adding together and showing, in (juinciucnnial pei'iods, the value of British, foreign, and colonial Exports, and a comparison of the figures so corrected with corresponding averages taken from Table I :— * This is tlie accurate average after allowance for fractions in the factors. 30 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Table V. — Tonnage of Vessels which Cleared with Cargoes, and of the Declared Value of British and Irish Produce and Manufactures Exported, from Ports of the United Kingdom, with the Average Value of such Exports per Register Ton, in each Year from 1834 to 1854. (Compiled from " Statistical Abstracts.") Value Average Value per Tonnage of Exports of Register Ton. Cleared with British and Irish Produce Events. Tears. Cargoes. and Manufactures. Years. Periods. MiDn. tons Milln. £ £ 1834 2-2 41-6 18-9* 19-2-| 21-3 ^-18-9 1834. Slave emancipation. '35 2-4 47-4 19-6 \ 21-3/ '36 2-5 53-3 '36. U.S. national debt paid ofP. '37 2-6 42 161 16-1 17-3J '37. Commercial panic, London. '38 2-9 50-5 17-4 1 171/ '38. Famine in India ; Affghan war. '39 31 53-2 '39. War with China. 1840 3-4 51-3 15-1 1 15-0 / 151-| 1840. Treaty of London ; Eastern qviestion. '41 3-5 51-5 '41-42. Manufacturing depression. '42 3-7 47-3 12-7 13-2 1 14-4 '42. Peace with China. '43 3-8 52-2 13-7" '43. T)-ade with China opened. '44 3-7 58-5 15-8 > 15-8- '44. Bank Charter Act passi d. '45 4-3 601 14-0 140 '45. Peel's tariff; railway mania. '46 4-5 57-8 12-8" '46. Commercial panic ; Corn laws repealed ; > 12-7-^ Spanish marriages. '47 4-7 58-8 12-5 '47. Gold discovered in California. '48 50 52-8 10-4~ '48. Chartist demonstration in London ; revolutionary movements in Europe. '49 5-4 63-6 11-7 11-4 120 1850 5-9 71-3 12- 1 " '51 6-5 74-4 11-5 1851. Discovery of gold in Australia. '52 6-9 78-0 11-3^ '53 7-6 98-8 1301 12-3 J 1 '^-V i '53. Australian mint established. '54 7-9 971 1^ t -> '54. Crimean war. * These are accurate averages allowing for fractions omitted in previous columns. In this table and the corresponding curve, a correction is necessary to place it in series with the following table, bj adding 7"3 per cent, to the tonnage before the 1st January, 1855, and by diminishing the average value per register ton by a corresponding amount. A similar correction is required in Table 1, and the corresponding curves, for the years 1854 and 1855. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 31 Table VI. — Coutinuatioyr of the f receding Table for each Year from 1855 to ] 886 ; together ivith Quinquennial Arerages, and the Corresponding Average Value of a Ton of Exports of all kinds, including Colonial and Foreign Merchandise, calculated. 1 hy an addition of the Percentage Value of re-exports, and 2 ^(,pon the Average Value of a Register Ton of Total Exports, as shown in Table' I. (ComjDiled from "Statistical Abstracts.") Average Value per Average Value per Kegi.ster Value of Ex- ports o\ Britisli and Irish Produce and Manufactures. Registei Ton. Ton of Total Exports. Tears. Tonnage cleared with Cargoes. Years. Quinquen- nial Calculated by addition of Percentage Calculated on Average Value per Ton of Averages. Proportion of Value Total Exports, according to of re-exports. Table I. Milln. tons Milln. £ £ £ £ £ 1855. .. 8-3 95-7 11-4"! '56.... 9 7 115-8 11 9 1 '57.... 10 3 122 11 8h 11-9 14-2 14-4 '58.... 9 9 116-6 11- 7 '59.... 10 2 130-4 12 7J I860.... 10 8 135-9 12 6"^ '61.... 11 3 125 1 11- '62.... 11 7 124-0 10 <^ )■ 11-9 15-5 15-5 '63.... 11 9 ]46-6 12 3| '64... 12 2 160 -4 13 u '65... 12- 8 165-8 12 9^ '66.... 14 188-9 13 4 2^ '67.... 14 8 180-9 12 12-4 15-7 15-8 '68.... 15 5 179-7 11 6 '69... 15- 9 189-9 11 9J 1870.... 16 7 199-6 12 o^ '71.... 19 223-1 11 7| '72.... 19 2 256-2 13 n 12-5 15-4 15-4 '73.... 19 1 265-2 13 31 '74.... 19 7 239-5 12 IJ '75... 20 4 223-5 10 91 '76... 21 5 200 -6 9 3 '77...^ 21 2 198-9 9 3 . 9 9-4 12-0 120 '78.... 21 6 192-8 8 '79.... 22 8 191-5 8 4J 1880... 25 6 223-0 8 7" '81... 26 3 234-0 8 8 '82.... 27 7 241-5 8 6 > 8-3 10-5 10-8 '83.... 29 •4 239-8 8 1 1 '84.... 29 3 233 7 -9J '85... '86.. 29 29 •3 •1 213 -0 212 4 7 7 1} 7-3 9-3 9-2 '87.... 30 ■2 221-4 7 3 '88.... 31-7 233 -7 7-4 The main deduction to be dr;i,wn from these tables, -whicli is shown in a striking form in tlie curves attached to them in Table 7, is, that although prices ranged much higher before the years. 32 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-^ 1845-46, when Sir R. Peel established his tariff, and the corn laws were repealed, the fluctuations were much more frequent and more violent before those years than subsequently, and that from the year 1848, when the opei-ation of those two great changes may be supposed to have wrought their chief immediate effects, there was an almost continuous uniformity of price down to the year 1874, broken only on rare occasions, generally brought about by external influences, and then only to a slight extent. This will be seen in the following extracts : — Average I'rice. £ ,.y~ /-average lyZ '36 '37 21-3 161 Years. Average Price. £ 12-7 ,.,q i- average 17'3 '401 '•il 1 '42 i '43/ '44 '45 151 average 13'2 15-8 140 'r avee. 12-3 t>£i|.o 84G 1 ,^^ I average '48-52 11-4"^ '53-54 12-9 '55-60 120 '61-62 10-1 '63 '64-66 131 '67-71 11-9 '72-73 13 3 '74 121J There has been a still greater unif(jrmity since 1876 from year to year, but there has been an almost continuous decline. The great break and sudden decline occurred in the years 1875-76 : — £ £ 1875 10-9 I 1878-83 86 '76-77 9-3 I '84-86 7-3 b. Ctirves of the same, 1834-54. The Table 7 of the cnrves of Exports from 1834-54 has been framed to correspond as closely as possible with that of the curves of total Exports from 1854-87, Table 4. The two cannot be made to correspond exactly, because the declared value of re-exports were not recorded in the earlier period ; but inasmuch as the amount varied slightly from year to year, and continued to diminish as the series went backward, the curve approximates closely to that which would represent the total Exports; and as it is calculated upon the same ba.sis as that for 1854-87, viz., the tonnage and declared value of 1854, the whole may be viewed as indicative of the actual line of progress from 1834 to 1887. It will be seen that at the commencement of the earlier period pi'ices ruled very much higher than in 1854, or at any subsequent date, and if the value of re-exports were added, those prices would h'lve been still higher, probably 6 per cent, in the earlier, increasing to 12 per cent, in the later, years. On the other hand the curves of quantity and value at the earlier period are in a corresponding degree below those of 1854 and subsequent years. ^-^^'^^''=- ^N^ L-\-lJ^ IS3i e 7 8 9 iC 1 23450789501 3 3 t\ vJ\ i iB Y '■ ii Z \ .' ', CirvtoFPnce. z \ '' \ W ( «Te of fitiantiiy - ;.- ■ ■■■' : i83i Bisswiiats&jaaioiss* Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 33 They exhibit in a striking form — 1. The continuous growth of the tonnage, or qunntitj, increasing slowly during the first half of the period, and with much greater rapidity during the latter half. 2. The rapid fall and extreme variations in the curves of price up to the year 1846. 3. The rapid increase in value subsequent to this date, notwith- standing thtt heavy fall of prices in 1847, owing to the combined effect of a recovery of prices and an increase of quantity. § 3. Export of Coal ; a new Index Number for Exports. The annexed table exhibits a view, probably unexpected, of the extent and growth of the exportation of Coal during the years 1854-87, of the amount of tonnage required for its carriage, and of the proportion v^hich such tonnage bore to the total tonnage cleared with cargoes. The balance shows the tonnage employed in the exportation of all other articles in the same years. The table also exhibits the annual fluctuations in the quantities of coal exported, in the amount of tonnage cleared with cai'goes, and in the price of coal. In addition to the remarks at p. 13, it may be noted that while the relation between the quantity of coal exported and the total tonnage cleared in the first five years 1854-58 was 61 to 100, it was 78 to 100 in the five years 1882-86, showing so far the increased influence of the export of coal on the total tonnage. But it must not be overlooked that daring this period there has been a very large increase in the carrying capacity of the tonnage employed. The average annual increase in the export of coal during the whole period has been about half a million tons, and has only thrice amounted to one million or more, viz., in the years 1874-76, and 1880. In the year 1873, when the price of coal reached its highest point, 20s. 5rf., the export fell from 13'2 to 12'6 millions of tons. As regards the value of the coal exported, it amounted upon the average of the whole period to only 2" 75 per cent, of the tcjtal value of British Exports. In the three years 1872-74, when the average price of the other 30 years rose from 9a'. 6rf. to 17s. 7d. a ton, the above propoi-tion only rose from 2"75 to 3'8 per cent. The average price of coal in 1854-58 had cjuly fallen in 1884-88 from *Js. bd. to 8s. hd. a ton. 34 Manfime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Table VIIa. — Export and Price of Coal; Tonnage Cleared wifli Cual, and all other AH ides, in each Yfur, 1854-87. Qu.intitifs of Coal Tonnage >f Vessels Percentage Increaee Exported.* Cleared wi h Cargoe.s. or Decrease. Average Price of Coal per Ton. Tons Ton.s Total. Exclusive Coals. Total Weight. Capacity. of Coal. Tonnage. Milln. Milln. Milln. lon.'i Milln. tons ,v 1851... 4-3 2-9 7-9 50 95 '55.... 50 3-2 8-3 5-1 15" + 51 + 9-5 '56.... 5-9 3-9 9-7 5-7 18 „ 150 „ 9-3 '57.... 6-7 4-5 10-3 5-8 14 „ 7-0 „ 9-3 '58.... 6-5 4-3 99 5-6 3 - 3-8 - 91 '59.... 7-0 4-7 10-2 5-6 8 + 30 + 9-2 1800.... 7-3 4-9 10-8 5-9 4 „ 5-3 „ 8-9 '61 7-8 5-2 11-3 61 7 ,, 50 „ 90 '62.... 8-3 5-5 11-7 62 6 „ 3-4 „ 8-9 '63.... 8-3 5-5 11-9 6-4 0-6„ 1-5 „ 8-8 '64:.... 8-8 5-9 12-2 6-8 7 „ 2-4 „ 9-3 '65.... 9-2 61 12-8 6-6 4 „ 5-4 „ 9-5 '66.... 9-9 6-6 140 7-4 9 ,, 90 „ 101 '67.... l(,-4 6-9 14-8 7-9 4 „ 5-9 „ 10-2 '68.... 10-8 7-3 15-5 8-2 4 „ 4-2 ., 9-7 '69.... 10-7 7-2 15-9 8-8 1 - 2-6 „ 9-4 1870.... 11-7 7-8 16-7 8-9 9 + 6-2 „ 9o '71.... 12-7 8-5 190 10-6 8 „ 13-9 „ 9-6 '72.... 13-2 8-8 19-2 1(1-5 4 „ 1-0 „ 15-5 '7:i.... 12-6 8-4 191 10-7 4 - 0-5 - 20-5 '74... 13-9 9-3 19-7 l(.-5 10 + 3-2 + 170 '75.... 14o 9-7 20-4 lu-7 4 n 3-3 „ 13 1 '76.... 16-3 10-9 21-5 10-6 12 „ 5-3 „ 10-8 '77.... 15-4 10-3 21-2 lU-9 5 - 1-5 - 10-0 '78.... 15-5 10-3 21-6 11-2 0-6 + 1-8 + 9-3 '79.... 16-4 110 22-8 11-9 6 „ 5-9 „ 8-6 1880.... lS-7 12-5 25-6 13-2 14 „ 12-4 „ 8-8 '81.... IS -6 131 26-9 13-8 5 ,. 2-5 „ 8-8 '82... 20 9 140 27-7 13-7 6 „ 5-2 „ 90 '83.... 22-8 152 29-4 13-2 9 .. 60 „ 9-2 '84.... 23-3 15-5 29-3 13-5 3 „ 0-3 - 9-2 '85.... 23-8 15-8 29-3 13-5 2 „ Nil 8-8 '86.... 23-3 15-5 291 13-6 2 - 10 - 8-3 '87.... 21-5 16-5 30-2 13-7 5 + 5-7 + 8-1 '88.... 270 180 31-7 13-7 10 „ 5-0 „ 8-4 * Exclusive of bunker coal, or coal sliip})cd for the consumption of steamers en£;agecl in tlie foreign trade, -wliic-li in tlie last three years*, 1886-88, has averaged 6'9 million.s of tons. The next table ha.s been compiled to show in jnxta-position the average value per register ton of all imports and Exports, as calculated in Table I (p. 18), and the value of all Exports other than coal, dividing the trade into periods corresponding closely with those arransfed in Table I. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 35 Table VIIb. — Average Value per Register Ton, of Total Imports and JE.qyorts, also of Exports exclusive of Coal, calculated by tlie omission of the Estimated Register Tonnage and the Declared Value of that article exported, at Ports of the United Kingdom, in each Year from 1854 to 1887. Value per Register Ton. Imports. Total. Periods. Years. Total. Exports. Total, Exclusive of Coal. Tears. 20-3 20-, 20-3 14-6 ^ 20-1 14-9 r iii-8 lG-3 19-6 197 19-4 10-2 151 19-6 13-8 rr;-8 11-9 17-8 11-9 17-3 111. 17-4 < 17-2 10-9 171 HI ^171 11-3 l '87 19-0 198 '88 20-9 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-^ 37 7°. A monthly table similar to that at p. 26, but for Exports onlj, exclusive of coal, brings out more distinctly the fluctuations in the price of general merchandise, and the fact that there has been an improvement in the present year from £19"0 in 1886 and £W-S in 1887 to £21-0 per ton. Mrmtlihi Exports, Exclusive of Coal. Months. Average Value per Kegistcr Ton. 1886. 1887. 1888. Average. January " £ 20-7 20-2 22-9 17-6 16-8 191 17-4 19-8 18-1 ISO 18-0 211 £ 21-6 21-2 20-7 18-2 16-7 18-5 19-6 18-3 19-6 19-7 19-3 211 £ 20-9 23-6 21-9 190 20-4 20« 22-2 20-8 180 210 221 21-3 £ 20- 11 February 2111 March 21-8 April Mav 18-3 1710 June 19-4 July 19-8 August 19-6 JSeptember 18-6 October i9-<: November 1911 December 21-2 Average of year 19-0 19-8 21-0 19-9 To complete and embody the suggestion of a new index number for Exports, a curve has been prepared, which shows the quantity, value, iiid price of Exports, exclusive of Coal, in each year from lb34 to 1887, taking, as before, 1854 as the base line, in order to afford the means of comparison with the curves No.s. 4 and 7, which include coal, and show the whole of the Export trade. The figures for the series are given in the next page. In this table and the corresponding curves the tonnage is stated throughout according to the new admeasurement, and. lO per cent, has been added to the value in order to meet the xalue of foreign and colonial merchandise re-exported. Some remarks upon these curves are desirable. 1. It will be seen, on comparing them with the preceding curves which include coal, how little the curve of value is changed by its omission between 1834 and 1887. In fact the value of coal exported in the first year of the series amounted to only 4-8 per cent, of the total value of Exports, and in the last year to 3"7 per cent. It is only in years when tliere was a large increase in the export of coal, such as 1874-76-80, that the curve of total Exports is sensibly modified by the eliminaticm of coal. The contrast between the proportions of value and quantify is very striking. In the first year the proportion of tonnage employed iv 38 Maritime Trade of the TJnUed Kingdom, 1854 88. the export of Coal to total Export tonnage was 10" 7 per cent. ; in 1887 it had increased to .54-7. 2. The curve of Quantity also changed biit little before 1854, starting a little below the curve of Yalne, and rising gradually, not subject to the same violent fluctuations as the curves of Price and Value. From 1854 to 1867 it rose in the same direction as those two curves, but considerably below both. In 1867 the curve of Price, which had reached its liighest point in 1865, had begun to fall, but the curve of Quantity continued its upward course in the same direction as that of Value, thus maintaining the latter, notwithstanding the fall in Price, until 1870, when the curve of Value made an extraordinary upward shoot, reaching its highest point in 1872, while the curve of Quantity rose but slowly, with much oscillation, until 1876. It then shot upward until 18'!*, when it met the curve of Value, which had fallen continuously from 1871 to 1878, and the two ran parallel and close together until 1881, denoting a comparative steadiness of price during that period. The curve of Quantity then fell for a couple of yeai-s, 1882-83, when it recovered itself and rose steadily to its highest point in 1887. 3. The difference between the closing point in 1887 of Export Tonnage without Coal, as compared with the same including Coal, was as 136 to 302 millions of tons. The difference in value at the same point was as 271 to 281 million £. 4. As regards the curve of Price, the most conspicuous differ- ence is the lowering of the scale, especially in the years 1848 to 1852, which may be accounted for by an insufficient allowance (10 per cent.) for Re-exports. This arbitrary addition to one of the factors necessarily detracts from the worth of this part of the table, previous to 1854, but does not affect the rest; and the curve when taken in connection with that in Table 7, where no such addition was made, shows distinctly the great fluctuations and heavy falls in prices which occurred before the year 1852, and the commencement in that year of an almost continuous rise up to 18G5. From the latter year the curve in its general outline agrees with the curve of total Exports, and confirms the statement made at p. 14, that the elimination of the Export of Coal does not materially affect the review of the general Export trade in pei-iods, or even from year to year, beyond raising the price of the mass of other Exports throughout the whole series. 4. The most striking feature is that although prices have fallen greatly from the height which they reached in 18(54, they were but slightly lower in 1885-87 than they were in 1854, and are now higher tlian they were in 1848-51, after making full allowance foj- the possible error noticed in the preceding paragraph. 1 2 3 f\3 6 7 S 9^dJ J 2 3 3e. \ 7 2 3 t^ 5 6 7 5 9 7C / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 98 6^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S, i: >gar^ S^66789KfS34Se7aSUrS3f&6789 10 /'3t5S7a ) Vt S 3 4^ 5 S 7 8 9 K I 2 3 'fS 6 7 i T ^ i 1 1 ; T..L« 7? 2 Curves of Exports ffiom the United Kingdom. ,i LA ^^l^--^ic i / \ i V/: : 7^ 7 : gi -I -- y'- „ - so - C iirt ir P-i -e J ■, ^ - 3i_,,.l; /^^/ _L A, i„ : Cur, (/■ Vilit.:. .7 1 -" li-^..MJ«lj ir7»3W/2J'»jei7»9lS]5<7»9 7li/Jj«i«7«9«;2J»J«7 Marifime Tradu of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 30 5. Turning lastly to the table on which these curves are based, it is satisfactory to notice how distinctly it I'epresents periods of inflation and depression. Mr. Griffen notices and defines two of each of these in his report of 1879, viz. : — Of inflation 1863-GH and 1871-73, and of depression 1867-69 and 1875-77 ; and each of these periods is clearly defined in this table. In one instance, 1871-73, the change took place a year later tlian that indicated by Mr. GifFen, and it may be a subject deserv- ing of inquiry whether changes in the declared value of Imports and Exports precede or follow changes in the market prices of commodities. The succession of almost triennial periods of rise and fall in prices during the above period from 1863 to 1878 is worthy of notice. Table VIIc. — Tonnage cleared with Cargoes and Value of Exports, both exclusive of Goal, aiui average Value of a Register Ton of Exports exclusive of Goal, in each. Year from 1834 to 1887. Export s from the United Kingdom, exclusive of Coal. Years. Tonnage cleared. Value. Average Vdlue of Register Ton. Years. Tonnage cleared. Value. Average Value of Register Ton. Milln. tons. Milln. £ £ Milln. tons. Milln. £ £ 1834 1-9 45-6 24-0 1861 6-1 156-1 25-5 '35 20 51-8 25-9 '62 6-2 162-5 26-3 '36 2-0 58-3 28-1 '63 6-4 192-7 30-0 '.37 2-0 45-7 22-8 '64 68 2U8-2 30-6 '38 2-2 551 25-0 '65 6-6 213-7 32-2 '39 2-3 57-9 25-2 'm 74 2335 31-6 '67 7-9 221-3 28-0 IS 10 2-5 55-8 22-3 '68 8-2 222 1 27-2 '41 2-5 55-9 224 '69 8-8 231-8 26-4 '■J2 2-5 50-6 2U-2 '43 2-7 5(>-7 21-0 1870 8-9 238-4 26-7 '44 2-7 636 23-6 '71 10-5 277-3 26-3 '45 2-8 650 23-2 '72 10-4 304-2 29-1 •46 3 62-5 20-4 '73 10-7 297-8 27-8 •47 3-3 63-7 19-3 '74 105 285-6 27-2 '48 34 56-9 16-7 '75 10-7 271-9 25-3 '49 3-8 57-8 15-2 '76 10-6 247-9 23-2 '77 10-7 24I.-5 22-4 1850 3-9 66-1 16-9 '78 11-2 238-2 21-1 '51 4-5 69-4 15-4 '79 11-9 241-6 20-3 '52 4-8 84:4 17-5 '53 5-3 1070 20-2 1880 l:V2 2780 21-0 '54 5-4 113-7 21-0 '81 13-8 288-3 20-9 '55 5-2 114-3 21-9 '82 13-7 297- 1 21-6 '56 5-7 136-4 2:{-7 '83 13-2 291-8 22-3 '57 5-8 143-0 2 11- '84 13-5 2sr)-2 21-1 '58 5-6 136-8 •2 1 • 1 '85 13-5 2()0-8 19 3 '59 5-6 152-4 27-3 '86 13-6 2o8-9 19-0 'S7 13-7 270-8 19-8 1860 5-9 160-9 273 •,ss 13-7 2S7-8 2()-9 40 § 3. rrcrportions of Chief Covstitnents. The next two tables, the materials for which are gathered from Mr. Giffen's reports, show the proportion in which each of the principal articles of Import and Export enumerated by him enter into the composition of the total amount of the trade of the United Kingdom. The yeai-s are not continuous ; they are those for which the data are supplied in the reports. T\i;r,K VIII. — Percentage Prajwrtion which each of the jirincipal Articles Imforted of Years, not consecutive, (Coiiipilpil from " Bonrd of Trade Reports 1854. 1855. 1857. 1859. 1861. 1863. 1865. 1866. A. Art ides of Food. 1 . Corn, grain, and uioal of all kinds 2. Hii^ar, raw, refined, and molasses 3. Tea , 14-25 7-U7 3-64 2-37 1-42 1-03 0-75 0-59 0-59 063 5-39 37-73 1219 7-65 3-64 2-14 1-43 1-18 102 0-43 0-72 0-99 5-19 10-31 8-73 2-49 2-17 1-10 0-92 0-81 0-56 0-52 1-08 511 10-07 6-99 3 24 1-55 1-16 109 0-84 0-16 0-58 1-23 3-70 16-05 609 3-15 1-78 2-25 1-21 0-93 0-62 0-75 0-99 4-66 10-42 4-97 4-28 1-81 1-82 1-67 0-98 1-10 0-76 0-92 4-54 7-64 4-80 3-71 1-44 219 1-70 2-05 0-79 0-91 0-81 4-02 10-18 4-14 ' 3-80 1-60 2-02 1-38 1-78 0-64 0-95 0-73 4-13 4. Wine 5 Butter (1. Coffee 7. Animals, cattle, and sheep 8. Bacon and hams 9. Cheese 111. Fruit 11. Oilier Total 36-58 33-80 30-91 38-4'. Silk, raw, thrown and k'lubs 16. Fla.K and tow, dressed & undressed 17. Metals 18. Flas and linseed 19. Guano 20. Tallow and etearine 21. Hemp and jute 22. Oils, palm 23. „ other 24. Hides and skins 25. Leather 26. Indigo . .. 27. Other Total 47-69 49-07 53-61 47-65 52-11 55-13 53-71 C. Other ^^ enumerated" Articles. \ Total / 2-66 88-08 1192 3-29 2-52 2-54 2-45 3-00 2-92 2-68 ,, " unenunicrated " ,, 88-94 11-06 89-93 10-07 88-88 11-12 88-58 11-42 88-33 11-62 88-11 11-89 87-74 12-26 100-00 Total 10000 100 00 100-00 100 00 100-00 100 00 100-00 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 18o4-J 41 a. Imports. TIio Imports extend from 1654 to 1886, and are classed under four heads : — a. Articles of food. c. Other " enumerated " articles. b. Raw materials. d. " Unenumerated " articles. The Exports, which comprise only the Produce and Manufac- tures of the United Kingdom, do not call for the same distinctions, and are divided into "enumerated" and "unenumerated." They extend backwards to the year 1840, and are shown at pp. 42 and 43. into the United Kingdom contributed to the Total Value of such Imports, in a series extending from 1854 to 1886. on Prices of Exports and Imports.") 1870. 1871. 1875. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1868. 1873. 1877. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 13-38 11-26 12-90 1394 14-20 16-12 16-88 15-29 15-32 15-85 12-31 14-36 12-45 510 5-79 5-59 5-71 5-87 6-93 6-16 5-59 6-15 589 5-08 4-98 457 4-22 3-33 3-52 3-06 3-68 3-16 3-10 2-82 2-82 2-70 2-69 2-87 3-23 1-85 1-59 2-14 2-23 1-82 1-81 1-48 1-57 1-42 1-28 1-37 1-38 1-46 2- 15 2-24 2-10 1-87 2-27 2-42 2-86 2-95 2-74 2-76 3-22 312 317 ••l 1-65 1-63 1-63 1-95 201 1-97 1-95 1-67 1-20 1-16 0-96 0-89 0-91. 1-82 1-28 1-31 1-21 1-63 1-38 1-79 2-30 1-97 2-50 2-37 2-11 1-86 0-61 0-58 0-82 1-68 1-87 1-74 2-44 2 68 2-70 2-35 2-24 2-34 2-40 0-87 1-08 i-oi 1-09 126 1-21 1-05 1-24 1-32 1-15 1-28 1-10 111 0-86 0-71 0-95 0-82 102 1-10 1-05 0-80 101 0-98 1-09 l-('5 0-97 3-40 5-13 4-99 5-97 5-52 6-22 6-84 6-35 6-15 6-31 6-50 6-97 41-17 6-98 35-91 34-02 36-96 39-53 41-15 4406 45-60 43-26 42-83 42-93 3911 11-41 39-14 18-73 17-63 1689 14-73 12-37 898 9-97 10-40 1104 10-55 9-83 10-90 404 4-34 3-65 5 06 4-12 514 2-96 4-07 3-78 4-03 3-86 4-12 3-(;o 5-13 5-21 542 5-26 6-27 6-23 6-49 6-41 6-55 5-«5 6 -80 5-71 6-45 3-74 307 2-96 1-99 1-06 1-24 1-09 1-00 085 0-88 1-18 0-63 0-74 1-25 li)'.) 1-78 1-44 1-20 1-32 1-01 102 88 0-70 0-80 0-89 0-71 2-40 2-20 2-27 2-,'^ 5 2-81 2-51 2-51. 2-47 2-46 2-55 2-72 2-78 2-67 1-49 1-32 1-11 1-11 1-37 1-15 113 104 110 112 0-98 1-18 1-21 0G9 1-15 0-60 0-57 0-35 0-42 0-19 0-20 0-12 0-17 Oil 007 0-15 102 1-09 0-95 0-85 0-55 065 0-58 0-56 0-53 0-49 0-54 0-43 Oal 1-36 144 1-82 1-60 1-28 1-24 1-35 1-41 1-53 1-62 1-46 1-47 1-36 0-64 0-52 0-55 0-46 0-40 0-41 0-37 0-37 0-30 0-31 0-36 0-33 0-30 110 105 1-22 1-Ot 103 89 0-83 0-69 0-80 0-73 0-65 0-67 0-61 1-20 1-54 1-56 1-80 1-54 1-25 1-18 1-39 1-23 1-34 1-53 1-58 1-61 0-39 0-42 0-54 78 1-00 100 95 1-10 1-21 1-28 1-39 1-56 1-68 0-97 0-90 0-89 0-66 0-43 0-42 0-53 0-42 0-59 0-58 0-64 057 0-55 3-65 416 3-93 3-31 3-76 3-43 2-99 3-55 3 14 4-03 4-55 4-46 4-50 40-00 48-03 4614 43-25 39-54 36-28 34-16 36-10 36-11 36-23 38-98 36 28 37-31 2-79 2-67 302 2-82 304 3-15 2-70 2-50 2-75 2-66 1-93 216 217 86-70 84-72 86-12 85-60 83-73 83-49 82-46 81-86 81-69 81-82 80-02 79-61 78-62 1330 15-28 13-88 14-40 16-27 16-51 17-54 1814 18-31 18-18 19-98 20-39 21-38 100-00 10000 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 42 M'iritinia Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. In examining this and the following tables, the remarks made in the note at p. 3 must be borne in mind. The class of " unenumerated " articles contains a large number, of which the value is stated, many of which are of great importance, and which, would swell in different propoi-tions the three groups of A. B. C, the latter of which consists chiefly of manufactures. The labour of eliminating and distributing these for the series of years would be too great, but the following epitome for the two extreme years will give an idea of the results oE such an operation. In 1854 this class amounted to 2"5 per cent, of the whole, and consisted of only 4 articles, all maimfactures, viz., clocks and watches, and manufactures of hair, silk, and wool. In 1886 it amounted to ll'l per cent., 'and consisted of 27 articles, of which 3, amounting to 0'6 per cent., belonged to Group A ; 9, amounting to 2"4 per cent., belonged to Group B; and 15, amounting to 8'1 per cent., belonged to Group C* The first Table (VIIT), relating to Imports, exhibits the follow- ing results : — 1. On the average of the twenty-one years the relative pro- portion of each class was : — Per cent, Of articles of food 37-99 ,, raw materials 41-32 ,, otiier eiminerated articles 2-69 „ unenumerated ,, 85-001 Uoo 15-00 J 2. The differences between the first and last years of the period, with the necessary correction by apportioning the known items of the unenumerated class, was as follows . — 1854. 1886. Of aitirlcs of food ., r^t w materials 37-73 47-69 5-16 39-74 39-71 ,, other enumerated articles 10-27 Total 90-58 89-72 Of unenumerated articles 9-42 1028 10000 100-00 I'hus tlie propoi'tion of ai'ticles of Food lias increased 5'3 per cent. Haw materials has decreased 16-9 „ Otlier enumerated articles has increased 99 „ Unenumerated articles has increased 91 „ 3. In the year 1886 ten articles in the first class, viz., corn and grain of all kinds, sugar, tea, wine, butter, coffee, cattle and * The details of these are given at p. 48. Maritime Trade of the United Kivgdom, 1854-88. 43 sheep, haeon and hams, cheese and fruit composed 32"2 of the total Imports ; corn and grain alone constituted 12"4 per cent. In the years 1880-83 the last named had ccntiibuted 15"5 per cent. 4. In comparing the latest year, 1886, with one of the earliest, it is desirable not to take the tirst or second year, 1854-55, during which commerce was deranged by the Crimean war, nor 1856, which was affected by the reaction consequent upon the peace, and for which, indeed, the data are not given, but rather 1857. Com- paring then 1886 with 1857, which w^as a fairly average year, the total Importation — Of all food Had increased from 33'8 to 39-1 per cent. „ corn and grain .... „ » tea ,, „ butter „ „ coffee „ „ cattle and slieep.... „ „ bacon and hams.... „ „ cheese sugar Had decreased from 8 7 wine ,, fruit ,, other articles Had increased from 3 , 12-4 2-5 , 3-2 11 , , 3-2 0-9 , 0-9 0-8 , , 1-9 0-6 , 2-4 0-5 , 11 8-7 , , 4-6 2-2 , 1-5 11 , 1-0 51 , 7-0 5. The extremes of fluctuation during the twenty-one years ranged — For corn and grain .... From 7'6 per cent, in 1865 to 169 per cent, in 1879 corn and grain .... Frc sugar , tea , m7-6 4-1 2-5 wine 1-3 butter , 11 coffee , cattle and sliecp... , bacon and hams .... , clieese , fruit , 0-9 0-7 0-2 0-5 06 other articles , 3-4 '66 „ 8-73 '57 , 4-3 '83 „ 2-4 '57 ,, 3-2 '85 „ 20 '54 „ 2-5 '59 „ 2-7 '57 , 1-3 '54 „ 1-2 '68 , 7-0 '63 '54 '83 '81 '81 '59 '86 or more than 100 per cent, for most of the ai'ticles. The minor articles in this class have fluctuated in like manner between 34 per cent, in 1868, and 7 per cent, in 1886. The population of the United Kingdom increased between the same two years 30" 2 per cent. 6. Extending a similar comparison to raw materials, fifteen articles or classes of articles, viz., raw cotton, wood and timber, sheep's wool, silk, flax and tow, metals, flax and lin.seed, guano, tallow, hemp and jute, oils, liides and skins, leather and indigo, composed 32'8 per cent, of the total Imports in the year 1886, and of this 109, 01' exactly a third, consisted of raw cotton. 44 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 7. Comparing the year 1886 with 1857, the following changes, some of which are very notable, have taken place ; but it must be borne in mind that the changes are relative, not actual. The pro- portion of the total importation — Of all raw materials.... Had decreased from 53*6 to 37'3 per cent. „ „ cotton „ 15-6 „ 10-9 ,, wood and timber... ,, 51 „ 3'6 ,, „ silk „ 7-8 „ 0-7 „ Uax and tow ,, 1-9 „ 0-7 „ ,, ,, linseed .... „ 1"6 „ 1"2 „ ,, guano „ 1"9 „ O'l „ „ tallow and steariue „ 1'8 „ 04 ,, „ palm oil „ 1-0 „ O'S ,, other oils „ 1'8 „ 6 „ „ hides and skins .... „ 2"-l* „ 1'6 „ „ indigo „ 1-2 „ 0-5 ,, „ sheep's wool Had increased from 5'1 „ 6'4 „ „ metals „ 2o „ 27 „ „ hemp and jute .... ,, 10 ,, 1"4 ,, „ leather „ 04 „ 1'6 ,, „ other articles „ 25 „ 45 „ 8. The extremes of fluctuation during these years had been for each article severally : — * An exceptionally large importation. Table IX. — Percentage Proportion ichich each of the principal Articles of British and Irish of such Exports, in a series of yeart,, vol (Compiled from the Board of Tradt- 1840. 1841. 1S45. 1848. 1849. 1S52. lSo3. 1854. 1855. 1857. 1859. 1 -1 1.3 -b 31-8 1-6 6-2 3-1 2-4 0-9 10-0 1-3 14-1 29-1 1-9 6-1 3-8 2-6 1-1 10-7 70-7 8-6 1-5 11-6 30-1 1-8 4-6 3-8 2-1 1-8 12-3 49-6 7-5 2-0 11-2 29-7 0-9 4-8 6-9 2-9 ]-5 10-4 1-6 10-5 29-6 1-2 4-9 5-9 3-7 1-7 11-0 1-7 8-5 27-8 1-5 4-8 6-2 2-8 1-8 10-8 1-5 7-0 24-2 1 2 4-4 8-1 2-S 1-5 9-8 2-0 6-9 24 -2 1-0 3-9 8-6 2-5 1-6 9-0 60-5 6-9 67-4 32-6 2-4 7-5 27-3 10 3-9 7-1 3-0 2-0 7-6 2-5 7-1 23-6 1-4 3-4 12 -3 3-3 2-3 8-1 2-4 7-3 28-4 1-3 3-3 10-7 2-; 2-2 8-7 "-'. Cotton yarn 70-9 8-2 70-3 6-2 70-1 6-0 68-9 4-2 60-0 7-3 61-7 9-0 64-0 3-6 67-6 32-4 67-0 3-4 70-4 29-6 79-1 20-9 100 -J 79-3 77-1 76-5 23-5 76-1 23-9 73-1 26-9 67-3 32-7 100-0 70-7 29-3 ,. of articles " unenunicrated " and 20-7 22-9 100-0 Total 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 Note. — ^The sudden rise in the proportion of iron and steel, and the corresponding fall in that of all other " enumerated " likewise a small proportion of yellow metal and of linen manufactures were similarly arranged under their pcricd. b. Exports. The pecnnd Table (IX), relating to Exports, exhibits the follow- ing results : — Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 4-5 Of raw cotton From 9'0 per cent, in 1877 to 26'3 per cent, in ISGfi ,, wood and timber... „ 3"0 „ '79 ,, 7'7 ,, '•il' ,, sheep's wool „ 4"3 „ '54 „ 6"8 ,, '84 ., silk „ 0-9 „ '81 „ 7-8 ,. '57 „ flax and tow „ 07 „ '83 „ 2-3 „ '55 „ metals „ 20 „ '54 „ 2-8 „ '75 „ flax and linseed .... „ I'O „ '84 „ 18 „ '55 ,, guano „ 01 „ '85 „ 22 ,, '55 „ tallow „ 0-4 „ '86 „ 1-8 „ '55 „ hemp and jute .... „ 09 ,, '61 „ 1'8 „ '71 r '81 1 „ palm oil ,, 0-3 ,, < ,gj, V „ 1-2 „ '55 „ other oils „ 06 „ '86 „ 2-5 „ '55 „ hides and skins .... „ I'l ,, '65 „ 2'4 ,, '57 „ leather „ 02 „ '61 „ 16 „ '86 „ indigo „ 0-4 „ { '8o}" l'-^ » '61 „ other articles „ 1"6 „ '55 „ 4-5 „ '84 It will be seen that the fluctuations, which in articles of food did not much exceed 100 per cent., have seldom been less than 300 per cent., and have been in some cases much higher. In both classes variations in price have had a great if not the greatest influence in constituting the proportion of each article in each year. 9. There has been a tolerably steady increase throughout the period of unenumerated articles, interrupted only by a fall in 1861, and a sudden rise, not maintained, in 1870. Produce and Manufactures Exported from the United Kingdom contributed to the Total Value consecutive, extending from 1840 to 1886. Reports of Prices of Exports and Imports.) 1863. 1868. 1873. 1877. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1861. 1865. 1866. 1870. 1871. 1875. 1879. 1880. 18S1 2-7 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-9 2-7 2-6 4-8 4-1 3-8 3-5 3-5 3-5 4-2 4-4 4-7 4-3 7-4 6-5 6-2 7-2 8-2 7-4 6-8 6-2 5-9 6-1 6-3 5-3 ft-t, 5-6 5-9 5-6 5-4 2S-9 25-6 27-1 30-7 27-9 26-8 24-0 22^0 24-0 26-4 24-5 25-8 25-3 •23-1 22 -2 22-6 23-6 1-3 1-7 1-5 1-3 1-3 1-1 1-0 0-8 0-8 0-6 0-6 0-4 0-5 0-4 0-5 0-5 (1-4 2-9 4-2 5-3 4-9 4-1 3-8 3-6 3-2 3-5 3-4 3-5 3-4 3-4 3-0 3-0 2-8 2-9 8-9 10-1 9-5 9-1 10-0 12-1 11-6 14-8 11-0 10-2 10-1 12-8 11-8 11-8 10-6 10-3 10-1 2-.0 4-0 2-6 2-1 2-6 2-4 2-3 2-1 2-3 2-5 2-4 2-3 2-2 2-1 2-2 2-1 2-0 2-7 3-3 3-1 2-4 3-5 2-5 2-7 2-1 2-3 1-8 1-9 1-5 1-4 1-4 1-7 2-1 2-1 8 f> 10-0 11-7 11-0 10-5 10-5 11-7 9-2 9-2 8-2 7-6 7-1 7-2 7-1 8-0 8-2 s-fJ ef,-% 6ii-8 6^-5 71-2 71-0 69-3 66-3 6'. -2 63-1 63-0 60-4 62-1 60-9 .58-7 58-5 58-9 59-4 ^•A 2-5 1-7 2-5 2-4 2-7 3-6 2-0 2-7 3-4 3-2 2-0 2-0 2-3 1-9 1-3 2-2 71-1 69-3 71-2 73-7 73-4 72-0 69-9 67-2 65-8 66-4 63-6 64-1 62-9 61-0 60-4 61-2 61-6 28-9 30-7 28-8 28-3 26-6 28-0 30-1 32-8 100-0 34-2 33-6 36-4 35-9 37-1 39-0 39-6 38-8 38-4 100-0 100-0 100 -0 100 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 100-0 articles in 1857, was causet I by th e tran far of certain descr I)tions of the forme r from the 1 atter c atecory. So proper headings in 1 8J5 an d 1852 respec lively. The o llier a ■tides range withou t Chan ge thr ougho It the whole 1. On the average of the same twenty-one years the relative proportion of each class was: — 4G Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Of nine principal enumerated articles (quantities stated).... G3'9 per cent. „ all other enumerated articles ,, .... 32 ,, „ enumerated articles (value only stated).... 2S" I „ ,, uueuumerated „ .... 4'5 ,, louo 2. The differences between tlie first and last years of the period, with the changes corresponding to those made in the notes on Imports, were as follows : — Of nine principal enumerated articles (quantities "1 stated) J „ other enumerated articles (quantities stated) .... „ enumerated articles (value only stated) .... ,, unenumerated articles ,, 1854,. 1000 1886. 60-5 59 -t 6-9 22 27-6 334 50 50 1000 3. The proportion in whicdi each of the above nine enumerated articles contributed to the aggregate on the average of twenty-one years was as follows : — 1. Cotton piece goods 25"5 per cent. 2. Metals, iron and steel lO'? „ 3. Woollen inaniifacturL^; 90 „ 4. Cotton yarn 64 „ 5. Linen manufactures 3'7 ,, 6. Coals and culm 3"2 ,, 7. Metals, otlier 2-5 „ 8. Woollen yarn 21 „ 9. Linyn ,, 09 „ Total 64-0 4. In comparing the year 1886 with 1857, the proportion of the exportation of — Coals and culm Had increased from 2'5 to 4 3 per cent. Woollen manufactures .... ,, 8'1 „ 8'6 Cotton piece goods Had nmiained stationary at 23'6 „ 23'6 ,, yarn Had decreased fi'om 7'1 „ 5'4 Linen „ ,, 1'4 ,, 0-4 „ manufactures „ 3'4 „ 29 Metals, iron and steel .... „ 12-3 „ lO'l „ other „ 3-3 „ 20 Woollen yarn „ 23 „ 2 1 Other enumerated articles ,, 36 „ 23 It must be noted that the comparison for iron and steel is not fair, as 1857 was an exceptional year. The average of 1855-59 and IbGl was only 100, instead of I'l'o per cent, as above. This Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 47 statement affords an illustration of the extent to wLich new articles of commerce have entered into the ag-g-iegate of Exports since IS.") 7. 5. The extremes of fluctuation during the twenty -one years ranged — For coals From 20 per cent, in 1854 to 4 8 per cent, in 1S73 „ cotton yarn „ 5;3 „ '80 „ 82 ,, '08 „ „ piece goods.... „ 222 „ '84 „ 307 „ '(,6 r'8o-| „ linen yarn ,, 0*4 „ ■< 'S3 )■ „ IT „ '6-i L'86j „ „ manufactures.. ,, 2'8 ,, '85 „ 5-3 ,, '(i5 „ metals, iron and steel „ V'l ,, '55 „ 14-8 ,, '73 other „ 2-0 „ '86 „ 4-0 „ '()3 woollen yarn „ 1"4 „ I'ssf" 3-5 „ 'G8 „ „ manufactures „ 7'1 ,, ■{ ,(,.> ;•„ 11"7 „ i .,1'^ i oi J L ' l The range, it will be seen, has been less wide than in Imports either of food or raw materials ; it has been widest in coal, metals, linen and woollen yarns. 6. The increase in the proportion of articles entered by value only has occurred chiefly within the last seven years, viz., from 1879 to 1886. It has not been deemed necessary to carry the comparisons further back than the year 1854. 0. Priyicipal Articles omitted or added. A strong indication of changes in the course of trade is furnished by the following statements of the articles which were included among the "principal" commodities of Imports and Exports in 1856, and have since been omitted, and also of those which have been added in the latter years : — Imports. A. Articles included in 1850, and omitted in 188(J. Value in 1856. £ 1. Dyeing stuffs, geraneine 177,394 Included with madder. 2. Silk manufactures of India 401,6-15 „ silk goods. 3. Skins, sheep, tanned or dressed 37,567 4. „ lamb „ 2.462 5. „ goat „ 52,826 6. S]nces, Cassia Lignea 4(),575i 7 cloves 32 -,n9 I Included with other sorts " r-'^,',^,\\ of spices. 8. „ nutmegs 54,(102] ^ Total 805,640 4S Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom., 1854-88. V>. Arficles insprtrcl in ISSfi, and nnf included in IR.'jG. 1. Butterinc 2. Candles of all sorts 3. China, porcelain, and earthenware .... 4. Cotton manufactures 5. Drugs, Peruvian bark H. ,, opium 7. Dyeing stulfs, unenumerated 8. Dye woods 9. Feathers, ornamental 10. Flax, tow, or codilla 11. Fruit, raw, exclusive of nuts 12. (rum of all sorts 13. Hemp, dressed 14-. Lace and articles thereof 15. Leather Ifi. Meat, unenumerated, salted or fresh.. 17. „ preserved, other than salted .... 18. Metals, iron ore 19. „ ,, and steel, wrought or] manufactured J 20. ,. zinc, crude, in cakes 21. ,, ,, manufactures 22. Musical instruments 23. Nuts and kernels, for oil pressing .... 24. Onions, raw 2.5. Painter's colours and pigments 20. Paper, for printing or writing 27. ,, other, except hangings 28. Petroleum, unrefined and refined 29. Poultry, game, and rabbits 30. Pyrites of iron or copper 31. Seeds, grass 32. ,, cotton 33. Silk, knubs or husk-*, and waste 31'. Skins, furs of all sorts 35. Toys 36. Woollen and worsted yarn, Berlin, &c. 37. „ for weaving Valce in 1886. £ 2,962,264 307,0(J(J 2,147,309 inclu l,51fi,851 1,169,777 506,710 639,704 incl Raw Materials. Manufactures. 801,353 749,942 415 891 1,287,595 427.819 1,046,345 ded with undr 5,536,225 1,894,626 2,200,265 774,938 598,529 778,027 1,02!» 839 udcd with clo 1,491,670 815 742 817,.j65 2 228,715 £ 143,652 521.418 1,858,918 essed 447,253 326,004 729,805 476,884 1,011,037 2,091,276 9,727,165 22,351,190 8,188,643 618,576 263,820 40,266,998 As rcLj^aids Imports, it will be seen how few and unimportant are those which have ceased to be classed as "principal" — only 8 out of 112 — valued at £805"G40 or 0"5 per cent, of the total Imports; while in 1886, 37 articles have been added, valued at ,£40 millions, or ll'l per cent, of the total Imports. Of this addition — Milln. £ 9"7 consisted of food 223 ,, raw materials 8'2 ,, manufactures Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 49 In 1856 the value of uneiiuraerated articles amounted to 8'5 per cent, of the total Imports, and in 1886 to 7*7 per cent. A similar comparison of the following statements of Exports shows the following results : — The omissions from the list in 1856 are 9 out of 88, valued at £1,161,897, or 1-0 of the total Exports. The additions have been 24 in number, valued at £15" millions, or 7"1 per cent, of the total Exports. It is worthy of notice that 4 out of the 9 omissions since 1856 consist of agricultural implements, bacon and hams, beef and pork, and horses ; while among the Exports pictures have assumed a position. Exports. A. Articles included in 1856, and omitted in 1886. Value in 1856. £ 1. Agriculhiral implements 154,993 2. Bacon and hams 214,199 3. Beef and pork 122,527 4. Carriages 143,208 5. Glass, window 35,311 fi. Horses 100,349 7. Metals, copper, bars, rods, &c 239,315 Included witli other sorts. 8. „ lead ore, red and white 1 , ^i qo" lead, and litharge J ' 9. Jewellery — „ Plate, &e. Total 1,1G1,S97 B. Articles inserted in 1886, a7id not inserted in 1856. Value in 1886. £ 1. Biscuit and bread 518,169 2. Bleaching materials 502,919 3. Candles of all sorts Stearine only in 1856 4. Caoutchouc manufactures 971,108 5. Carriages, railway 913,244 6. Clocks and watches 207,461 7. Coals, products, except dyes 622,398 8. Cotton piece goods, mixed materials 11,536 9. ,, stockings and socks 487,378 10. „ thread for sewing 2,586,765 11. Linen yarn, jute 273,315 12. „ nianiifiicturcs, sails added to sail cloth .,.. — 13. „ thread for sewing 366,774 14. „ jute manufactures 1,.S07,322 15. Manure 1,614,613 16. Medicines 814,213 17. Alctals, steel manufactures, or of iron and steel ... 403,452 18. Musical instruments 207,842 19. Oil and door cloth 688,773 20. Pictures 242,491 21. Rags and otlier materials for paper 383,406 22. Skins and furs, British 490,888 23. „ foreign, British dressed 352,229 24. Umbrellas and parasols 526,348 Total 14,991.,(;74 50 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. d. Classification of Articles at Different Periods. The following statement, compiled from the Return in the Appendix to the Royal Commission, already referred to, furnishes an instructive analysis of the composition of Exports of British and Irish Manufactures and Produce exported at different periods in the years between 1855 and 1884 : — Fercentage Proportion of Declared Value of Exports of British Produce. Quinquennial Periods. Manufactured Goods. Articles partly Manufactured. Eaw Materials. Articles of Food. Total. 1855-59 1860-64 1865-69 1870-74 1875-79 1880-84 £ 74-2 75-3 76-0 74-8 76-0 76-7 £ 17-2 15-9 16-7 15-8 14-0 13 £ 3-4 4-4 4-0 5-6 5-5 6 £ 5-2 4-4 3-3 3-8 4-5 4-3 £ 100 100 100 1(0 100 100 Average.... 75-5 15-4 4-8 4-3 100 It will be seen how the pi'oportion of Exports of manufactured articles has gradually increased, except in 1870-74, when the increase in raw materials and food diminished it considerably ; how that of articles partly manufactured has gradually and largely decreased, except in the years 1865-69, when it increased at the expense of raw materials and food ; how raw materials, coal and iron chiefly, have very largely increased, but especially in the years 1870-74 ; and how articles of food decreased largely between 1855 and 1869, recovered themselves partially between 1870 and 1879, and have fallen off slightly in the last period. This refers only to the relative value. The actual value in the last three periods has been : — In 1870-74 „ '75-79 „ '80-84 Eaw Materials. Articles of Food. Mil. £ Mil. £ 13 7 11 9 14 10 3 T*nu X,-.lr.r..yc /V,a^ »/(/.. rnnnj-.l /lr/.W« 0/ V-V. ,If/i?fr.-i(t ImperrUd into the Untied Kiv^dmn, deduced from the deelared Qitantitut and Valuer in each Tear from 185* to 1886. A. -FOOD. taUd in tht Stoli*tic5 - .)0I lOJ) 1 " "6. ,«. ,s». - . 18S0. ™' '" - IS - 1834. 1 18 35.18 88, 1 Win. p g»li. .h. ,. ' ■ f ;■•» iljo IS, .rii :: ?f .56 '«•» !! '^ ? ii (,4! 1S40 i-8. lt° ■5 i* 5-H ,9«J i -« 4«J 1 ii- OS £:^:5 ':: z -: 20J80 IB ^if 20 ^0 l'.Ti:rntn((opn>porlionot»«lu9 0fBbo»l)«rtio1oil 1 - ■id - J. «.< - .!.. - ■ ,,» .,., - JO., ~ .;-,, ,,.j, jijl - |j'-9'] - |jS'»J „ 5' " 1 "" i " " =471 "5 <9 is. !6 ' 1 1 1 0.1 of 11 .n.cl™ Im 1151 10 IBM, lUing flUlDg .... = ■; J • ,0 • ] ' ; ; 5 '; 1 '1'' ". ; 5 s ; li ^ t n '1 J!|_S y^ Taiji,!: X.—CmIU. " -RAW MAT :riai. '•"■ '"-• '"• ,«y.... ,«., IWO. ,«1. «. .m. «.. '»• .«. «.,.«.. '»«• 1«70. '"'■ 1»7.. ■ «3. 1S71. ■B,5. 1870. .877. »"• «»■ .880. .881. .88.. .888. .88.. .88. .886. a. WoodttmltiiuWOOI-o*" I'.lMd „ T. {b)«™orq.Ut ,. ,. T. S. Wool, (lioopy DDd all otlior p. lb, d, r. J*07 SO'JI 4«'oo 41-14 4» - 4«'Io !'«4 ' 4(i-6o — ,r.. .../..■I«r« of tk- Uni AbitficU of the UniUd Kingdom •} p., a. T. : 651 — 631 I — 630 li!!. o n 61 § 5. Prices of Chief Articles. a. Annual Prices ; Tables X and XL This series of tables, compiled from Mr. Giffen's Reports, exhibits the average prices of the principal articles of Imports, distinguishing articles of food from raw materials, and of Exports of the Produce and Manufactures of the United Kingdom, in each year from 1854 to 1886, rising prices being distinguished from falling prices by being placed in a diiferent line, and printed in a different type. At the bottom of each of these tables the percentage proportion of the value of all articles specified in it to the total value of all articles is stated for those years in which the information has been furnished ; and below each is stated the number of articles of which the price rose and fell in each year. The design of this latter annex is twofold : first to ascertain whether, and to what extent, a rise or fall in prices extends over all the enumerated articles in the same year, and secondly to show in figures the diiference already exhibited in the Tables of Curves between the two equal periods of sixteen years into which these tables are divided. b. As to Uniformity of Rise and Fall. As to the first point, and as regards Imports — Out of 11 articles of Food — 11 rose together in no year" 10 9 8 2 years 2'^ 11 fell together in 2 10 „ 2 9 „ 4 8 „ 5 7 rose together in 2 7 fell „ 2 6 rose ,, 5 6 fell „ 3 ■13 20 -12 Total 32 Out of 16 articles of Raiu Materials — 16^ ±0 14 > rose together in no ycar- 13. » G 12 „ 4 years 11 9 JJ „ - 16 fell together in 1 ^ 15 1 ,, 14 13 2 1 " • 12 12 1 )> 11 ^ )> - 18 10 fell togctlier in 5 ' 9 rose „ I " >-14 9 fell „ 2 8 rose and 8 fell 6 ■• - Total Wl — Y. 2 52 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. As regards Exports, out of 12 ai-ticles — 12 rose together in 2 years"] 10 ., 1 9 8 12 fell toj 11 10 9 3 1 ther in 3 3 2 5 4 t-17 7 rose together in 4 7 fell „ 3 6 rose and 6 fell in 1 Experts can from the above figures foinn a judgment as to the extent to which uniformity usually prevails in the rise or fall of prices, and also as to the degree of uncertainty which attends the application of avei^age prices drawn from a limited number of articles to the whole volume of trade. As to the second point, it is shown that di\'iding the whole period into two equal terms, viz., from 1854 to 1870, and from 1871 to 1886, the contrast between the two as regards rising and falling prices is very striking: — In 1854-70. In 18 "I-S6. Eising. Falling. Rising. Falling. Imports — Articles of food Kaw materials 89 123 87 133 65 90 Ill 166 Total 212 220 155 277 Exports of British Merchandise 90 102 66 126 The excess of falling prices was comparatively small in the first term, but it was very great in the second ; and in both terms the excess was greater in Exports than in Imports. c. T\.ise and Fall in Prices. An examination of these three tables warrants the assumption that if all the prices were reduced to a single denomination, — that of a shilling would not require many changes, — and if a larger number of articles were included in the calculation, the yearly aggregates would furnish a useful and easily computed index to the yearly variations in the price of the bulk of Imports and Exports. As it is, it has been found that by adding up the very Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-? 53 dissimilaj' items in these tables, composed of the extreme denomi- nations of pounds and pence, and relating to such incongruous things as a ton of iron and a pound of cotton yarn, the aggregates, though meaningless in themselves, when brought into comparison with one another do exhibit a general approximation to the actual rise and fall of prices in each year, and afford a rough means of comparing each year with its predecessor or successor. It is found that a scale of annual prices calculated upon these aggre- gates, taking for the starting point in 1854 the same figure as that founded upon the relation between tonnage and declared value, exhibits a striking similarity to the scale founded on the latter relation, and that the most striking differences may be accounted for by the insufficiency in the number of articles included in tliese tables of prices, and the consequent excessive preponderance of some of them upon the average price of the whole mass. Exceptio probat I'egulam. As an illustration, when in the years of inflation 1872-73, the extraordinary development of the coal and iron trades caused the average value of a ton of Exports to rise from £14'9 to £16"3 and £162, the corresponding rise in this table of prices, in which coal, iron, and steel form comparatively so large a proportion of the articles, was from £14"9 (mark the identity of the starting point) to £ly'2 and £21"5. The correspondence in the fall in subsequent years is no less remarkable : — 1874 75 '76 Table I. Calculated on Table XI. £ 15 1 13-8 11-9 £ 19-0 17-0 15-4 The general approximation of the two series is sufficiently close to afford an interesting illustration of the possibility of arriving at an approximation to the truth by the conjunction and comparison of such unequal data. They will therefore be stated side by side in the Appendix.* d. Comparison of Prices in 1857-86. It would occupy too much time and space to enter into a full examination of these two tables of prices, but it may be well to supplement the preceding compariscms of the proportionate value of the volumes of each article in 1857 and 1886t with a similar comparison of the average price of each in the same years : — * P. 159. t P. 45 et seq. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854!-88. Imports — A. Food. "Wheat per cwt. Wlieaten flour ,, Sugar, raw „ „ refined „ Tea per lb. Wiue per gall. Butter per cwt. Cotiee Oxen and bulls each Cheese per cwt. Rice, not in the husk „ Average of above 9 articles B. — Eaw Mateeials. Cotton, raw per cwt Wood and timber (a) hewn per load (b) split Wool, sheep's and all other per lb. Silk, raw ,, Flax, dressed and undressed per cwt. Guano per ton Flax or linseed per qr. Tallow and stearine per cwt. Hemp, dressed and un- dressed „ Jute „ Palm oil ,, Indigo „ Caoutchouc ,, Hides, dry and wet ,, Leather per lb. Average of above 14 articles EXPOETS. Coals and culm per ton Cotton yarn per lb. „ piece goods — Plain.... per yd. Printed ,, Linen yam per lb. ,, manufactures — white or plain per yd. Metals, iron pig per ton >r .. bar „ „ steel (un wrought) „ „ ,, (manufactured) ,, „ copper (unwrought) per cwt. Woollen yarn per lb. „ cloths per yd. Average of above 9 articles.... Average Prices. sh. sh. d. sh. £ sh. sh. d. 1857. IS 12-8 7-5 18-0 11 35-1 13 1 46-0 16 7 17-4 11-8 7-9 7-0 4-7 5-3 3-3 3-3 18-7 181 2-5 2-2 11-5 7 '5 3- 3 2 17' 21 39- 2' 12- 54- 32' 20' 43 32 5- 4- 23' •4 2- •5 2\ •8 2-. •9 9- •8 13- •0 41- •9 2- •5 7- •5 25- •0 28- •9 11- •7 20- •0 22- •8 11- •1 3- •9 17- 8-3 10-8 2-2 3-2 14 1 6-0 43-2 51 30-0 2-2 23-2 39-6 Percentage Difference in 1886. Increase. Decrease. 12-8 6-3 95-3 3 62-5 Per cent. 420 37-8 (52 -8 63-6 32-4 11-0 3-7 10 34-8 33 1 26-3 38-0 21-6 49-3 36-9 29-5 37-6 52-9 11-2 46-2 52-1 30 1 27-0 28-7 34-8 10-6 8-2 26 1 24 18-6 43-4 41-6 63-2 16 28 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom^ 1854-88. 55 It will be seen that in each table two articles have increased in price or remained stationary, viz., butter, coffee, flax, caoutchouc, linen yarn and woollen cloths, and that the decrease among the other articles has been in each class as follows : — Imports, articles of food 33'1 per cent. ,, raw materials 34'8 „ Exports 28-0 „ A still more interesting comparison is that to be derived from Mr. Bourne's tables between the years 1883 and 1887, which is presented in the form in which it might be advantageously given to the public by the Board of Trade monthly — either synchronously with, or soon after, the present monthly accounts of " Trade and " Navigation." The comparison might be either with the corres- ponding month of the previous year, or with the preceding month of the same year, as might be deemed most useful to the mercantile community. There will be a little trouble, but much convenience, in arranging the articles alphabetically in the three proposed classes. There would be no difficulty in giving at the same time a calcula- tion of the average value of a ton of Imports and Exports after eliminating the trade in grain and timber inwards, and that in coals outwards. Proportion of Total Value, showing Volume. Average Value, showing Price. Change in Proportion of Volume. Change in Proportion of Price Above or Below Average of 100. 1883. 1887. 1883. 1887. In- crease Per 1,000 3 1 3 10 De- crease In- crease De- crease A. Articles hicreased in Vo.lue. 1. Animals, horses each 2. Anas, fire ,, 3. ,, gunpowder lb. 4. Glass, flint cwt. Per 1,000 2 1 2 1 2 2 5 3 14 31 Per 1,000 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 17 41 £ s. d. 55-62 27-40 5-83 44-94 9-27 4-88 3-26 5-93 23-41 38 -30 £ s. d. 57 -85 .34-75 6-40 48-64 9-45 5-48 4-15 6-70 23-73 40-04 Per 1,000 1 04 27 11 08 02 12 37 13 01 04 - 6. Tin ,, 7. Silk, broad stuffs yard - 9. Wool, yarn lb. 10. „ cloth „... yard — Total 63 79 — — No. of 4 article 1 s U. Articles Unchanged in Value. 1. Zinc cwt. 2. Salt ton 3 1 2 13-89 12 •S4 13-91 12 -82 1 1 _ Total 3 3 — - 1 1 56 MaHtime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. C. Articles Decreased in Value. 1. Alkali cwt. 2. Bags dozen 3. Beer brl. 4. Books cwt. 5. Butter „ 6. Camlles doz. lbs. 7. Cement cwt. 8. Cheese „ 9. Coals ton 10. Cordage cwt. 11. Cotton yarn lb. ,, manufactures — rj. plain yard l;i. printed ,, 14. mixed „ 15. stockings dozen 16. thread lb. 17. Fish, herringa brl. 18. Glass, plate sq.ft. 19. Hats dozen 20. Leather cwt. 21. ,, boots doz.prs. 22. Jute yam ... lb. 23. ,, manufactures yard 24. Linen yarn lb. ,, manufactures — 25. white yard 26. printed „ 27. sail cloth ,, 28. thread lb. 29. Iron, old ton 30. ,, pig 31. ,, bar ,, 32. „ railroad 33. „ wire „ 34. ,, sheet ,, 35. ,, galvanised ,, 36. ,, hoop „ 37. ,, tinned ,, 38. ,, ca.st ,, 39. Steel, wrought ,, 40. ,, manufactures ... ,, 4L Copper, ingots cwt. 42. ,, yellow metal ... ,, 43. „ other kinds ,, 44. Brass ,, 45. Lead ton 4(i. Oil, seed gall. 47. Paper cwt. 48. Soap „ 49. Sugar „ .50. Wool lb. 51. ,, flannels .52. „ stuffs 63. ,, carpets Total of specifled articles All other ,, Total 1.000 Proportion of Total Value. showing Volume. Per 1,000 9 5 8 5 1 1 4 142 87 706 294 Per 1,000 158 90 2 15 7 1 6 7 8 1 10 4 18 1 1 1 3 12 8 26 3 3 15 3 26 20 13 3 6 4 7 1 775 287 1,062 Average Value, showing Price. 6-12 5-16 79-82 139 -58 6-72 2-31 84-15 9-35 51-05 3-28 3-27 29-73 1-42 21-50 60-10 3-47 7-06 6-19 14-80 10-12 15-18 7-77 17-47 12 -97 19-10 42 -70 3 -.38 2-99 3-87 4-47 14-07 2-15 2-61 3-62 5-81 3-05 2-64 14-36 6-95 7-80 11-73 22-96 21-40 12-71 14-82 9-94 28 -24 1887. 5-66 4-07 76-14 112-81 4-66 1-94 79 -26 8 -.32 45-67 20-62 1 -12 19-08 2-27 3-17 2-32 2-02 13-77 6-07 6-12 11-01 29-74 5 -.50 4-56 13-58 9-06 11-75 16-06 13 -56 11-16 29-93 2-26 2-08 2-58 3-75 13-75 1-74 47-26 19-98 13-19 1 1 -25 12 -27 8-87 24 -26 Change Proportion of Volume. In- crease Per 1,000 De crease Change in Proportion of Price Above or Below Average of ICO. In- crease Per 1,000 1 1 1 irticle 12 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-!! 57 Tlie table will show at once the number of the G5 specified articles (all for which the information can be furnished) wliich have inci'eased or decreased in volume and in price, and how many have remained stationary, also the extent to which they have changed in either respect. Comparing the two years together, inasmuch as in 1887 the total price of the 65 articles had generally fallen from 1"000 to '922, the volume must have increased from I'OOO to r062 in order to produce the sum of £221 millions, as compared with £240 millions in 1883. It must however be borne in mind that the changes in the proportion of the volume of the several articles are relative to the change in the total, and the actual increase or decrease of each must be looked for in the ti^de returns. The same remarks do not apply to the changes in price which are positive, or actual. An abstract of this table might be framed in the shape of the table shown at pp. 8-9, indicating in addition the names of the articles in each category. § 6. Prices of Baw Materials compared with those of Manufactured Goods. Reverting to the table at p. 62, and comparing the fall in Exports with that in the Imports of raw materials, the results show as follows : — Change on Imports. Per Cent. Cotton, raw fall 26'3 rise 6-3 Flax, dressed and un- 1 dressed J Wool, sheep's, &c fall 49-3 Change on Exports. Cotton yarn fall „ piece goods, plain.. „ ,, ,, printed ,, Linen yarn rise „ manufactures,"! ^ ii white or plain... J Woollen yarn ,, „ cloths rise Per Cent. 8-2 26-1 240 3-0 18-6 160 62-5 A more detailed comparison of the trade in cottons and woollens will be found in Tables XII and XIII, which show — 1. With regard to cottons: the price of raw cotton on import- ation, -and the prices of cotton yarn and cotton plain piece goods on exportation in each year from 1854 to 1886, with the annual fluctuations in each year above or below the mean of the five years 1855-59, taken as the unit of 100. The year 1854 has been omitted as that of the Crimean war.* 2. With regard to woollens : the price of foreign wool on importation and of British wool on expoi-tation, and the prices of woollen yarn and cloths on exportation ; with a similar account of 1855 ought to have been omitted for the same reason. 58 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. tlie annual fluctuations, and a comparison between Britisli and foreio-n wool. Table XII. — Statement of the Average Price of Haw Cotton on Imiwrtation, and of Cotton Yarn and Cotton Plain Piece Goods on Exportation, in the United Kingdom, in each year from 1854 to 1886. (Compiled from Table in Appendix to Report of Royal Commission on Depression of Trade and Industry and Statistical Abstracts.) Price Price Annual Fluctuations, on on the mean of 5 years, 1855-59, being Importation. Exportation. taken as the unit=100. Years. Cotton, Eaw Cotton, Cotton, Plain Raw Cotton, Plain Cotton Yam, Piece Goods Cotton. Yarn. Piece Goods. Imported. Mean Exported. Mean Exported. Mean Per cwt. Per lb. Per yard. (3-06). (11-23). (•2 -93). £ d. d. 1854.... 2 55 10-92 2 85 83 97 97 '55.... 2 62 10 -44 2 79 85 93 95 '56.... 2 89 10-62 2 88 94 94 98 '57.... 3 38 11-81 2 99 110 105 102 '58... 3 26 11-49 2 90 106 102 99 '59.... 3 16 11-81 3 07 103 105 105 I860.... 2 88 12-00 3 09 94 107 105 '61.... 3 44 12-54 3 02 112 111 103 '62.... 6 65 15-97 3 66 217 142 125 '63.... 9 41 26-01 4 97 307 231 169 '64.... 9 79 28-80 5 79 320 256 197 '65.... 7 56 23-98 5 05 247 213 172 'm... 6 30 23-66 5 09 206 210 173 '67.... 4- 61 21-11 4 13 150 188 141 '68.... 4- 65 20-27 3 67 152 180 125 '69.... 5- 21 20 04 3 79 170 178 129 1870.... 4 47 18-92 3 55 146 168 121 '71.... 3 52 18-66 3 33 115 166 113 '72.... 4 24 18-87 3 51 138 168 120 '73.... 4 01 17-76 3 45 131 158 117 '74.... 3 62 15-79 3 22 118 140 110 '75.... 3 47 14-66 3 13 113 130 107 '76.... 3 02 13-19 2 83 99 117 96 ■77.... 2 93 12-85 2 83 95 114 96 '78.... 2 80 12-47 2 76 91 111 94 '79 ... 2 76 12-33 2 65 90 109 90 18S0.... 2 94 13-25 2 73 96 118 94 '81.... 2 92 12 -.39 2 65 95 110 90 '82.... 2 93 12-96 2 71 96 115 92 '83.... 2 91 12-25 2 -61 95 109 89 '84.... 2 85 12-24 2 47 93 109 84 '85.... 2 •86 11 -.58 2 33 93 103 79 '86... 2 49 10-84 2 21 81 96 75 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1864-88. 69 Table XIII. — Statement of the Average Price of Sheep's Wool, including Wool of Lambs, Alpaca, and the Llama Tribe, hnported : of Sheep and Lambs' Wool of British Produce Exported, and of Woollen and Worsted Yarn, and Woollen Cloths, ^c, of British Manufacture Exported, in the United Kingdom in each Year from 1854-86. (Compiled from same as last table.) Prices of Sheep's Wool. Prices of Woollen Manufactures on Exportation. Annual Fluctuations, the Mean of Five Years, 1855-59, being taken as the unit = 100. Price of Foreign and Colonial on Importa- tion. Per lb. British on Exporta- tion. Per lb. Woollen and Worsted Yam. Per lb. Woollen Cloths, .. ..|,. 7, >. 70 .0 : .0 v 17 17 ■^7 TT ' " '.'■ I ii ■; ,r. ,^ i : "I r ■■I r ■■ "..' ':i •J K a "J V - r. 3J ; _ "Z I ? w ,: 3 1.7 '!J •ii s .. .. .. « .. ., " ., .. .. .. „ .. ., ,. .. " I. .. ,.,. ,. ,. >. „ 7. •0 ., .. .0 .. ,. .0 .7 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854- f)9 The followino' is a list of these events : — Wars, (fcc, British. ,, ,, Foreign. Crises in the United Kingdom, com- mercial, financial, or ])olitical. Famines in India and China. Special circumstances (for which see table). Harvest in the United Kingdom. Price of wlieat. Importation of corn and meal. Production and price of coal. „ „ pig iron. Export of coal. ,, pig iron. Import and consumption of raw cotton. Import and re-export of sheep's wool. Ships built — sailing and steamers. Emigration. Gold bu lion and specie, Import- and Exports. Gold, coined, and excess of Imports. Price of consols. Silver bidUon and specie. Imports and Exports. Silver, price. Bank rate. Joint stock companies registered. Railway bills deposited. Bankruptcies, &c. New issues of loans and companies. Where the facts are represented by figures, averages and con- spicuous changes only are insetted, in order that the eye, on looking down any year that may be under examination, shall catch only those items which may have contributed more or less to the character of the year, or may have resulted from the events of it. But in order to furnish fuller information, if it should be required, a table has been added in the Appendix which contains the figures for each year. These have mainly been compiled from the Appendix to the Report of the Royal Commission already re- ferred to, and brought up to date from the latest statistical Abstracts. Most of the leading features of this diagram have already been pointed out in the discussion of the preceding tables, but the following points are worthy of observation : — In group 1 the tonnage inwards, starting from the same point as the tonnage outwards, drops below it in 1855, and remains below it to the end, except in 1879, when it rises above it for a single year. From 1880 the distance between the two has widened greatly, and while in the last five years the tonnage inwards has fluctuated con- siderably from year to year, the outward tonimge has not fluctuated at all until 1887, when they both rose together. The increasing number of large passenger steamers em- ployed in frequent periodical voyages to and from the United Kingdom has doubtless contributed somewhat to this difference, but apparently, as has been shown at p. 11, not to the extent that might be anticipated. It is rather to the increasing exportation of coal that the diff'ei-ence is due. In giT)up 2 the cui-ves of values of Imports and Exports kept pretty closely together up to 1872, though the fluctuations 70 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. were more strongly marked in the former ; but between 1872 and 1877 they were moving in an opjiosite direction. Since 1877 they have resumed a more simultaneous action, but the fluctuations are more marked in the Imports, and the di'op from 1883 to 1886 was sharper. They both i-ose in 1887.* In the same group the net Import, or consumption, has, as might be anticipated, followed closely the total Imports. So, in like manner, in group 3, the curve of value of British Manufactures exported, is almost identical with that of the total Exports, as the value of British raw materials and produce foi^ms but a small proportion of the latter aggre- gate. During the years 18.55-84 they averaged only 9"1 per cent. The differences however in tlie Imports of raw materials and food are very striking. It will be seen that in 1854 the former started and remained above the latter until 1802-64, when they came close together, but immediately separated, raw materials rising increasingly higlier above food until 1872, when they ci'ossed one another, food losing and raw materials falling more or less continuously until 1879, when the latter took a start upward and con- tinued to rise until 1883. In 1884 food had a sudden and considerable fall. The figures are not given for the subse- quent years. In gi'oup 4 the very gradual and equally slow rise of the value of Colonial and Foreign Manufactures imported is con- spicuous. The re-exportation of Colonial and Foreign Merchandise has been slight!}^ greater and more irregular.t In the last group, No. 5, the relation of the annual differences in the prices, as indicated by the avei-age value per ton, is brought into striking relief. They have already been dis- cussed in the notes on the Tables of Curves III and IV, p. 26. A comparison of the supplementary table with the diag-ram will amply requite the investigator, but as it must necessarily involve a considerable amount of speculation, and a large amount of detnils, it has been deemed expedient not to enter upon it in this summary. In this matter the old motto of the Royal Statistical Society offers a suitable guide — " Aliis Exterendum." * For tijjuics ?.ue Table I. 71 Cap. 3. Shipping in the Trade of the United Kingdom. § 1. Tonnage Inwards and Outwards. The information contained in tlie foregoing pages relating to tlie shipping employed in the trade of the United Kingdom is confined to— 1. The total tonnage* of vessels which entered and cleared with cargoes in each year from 1854-87, contained in Table I, and shown in the last described diagrams. 2. The total tonnage of vessels, distinguishing sailing from steam vessels, which were built in the United Kingdom in the same years, contained in tlie table supplementary to the same diagram. It is now proposed to show in Table XVII the progress of the shipping trade during the last fifteen years, from 1872-86. f The triad, or triennial period, has been adopted as affording a sufficient average for comparison; single years are manifestly insufficient. The period has been selected as that embraced in the last annual volume of the " Statistical Abstract;" but it must be premised that this shuts out of view the sudden and great increase of tonnage, both inwards and outwards, which occurred in the year 1871, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the aggregate value of Imports and Exports, but without a corresponding change in price, which marks an era in the trade of the countiy. These changes may be briefly noted : — Imports. Total tonnage milln. tons „ „ value „ £ ,, Value of Register ton £ Exports. Total t/onnage milln. tons „ ,, value „ £ „ Value of Register ton £ Exports, exclusive of Coal — Tonnage milln. tons Value „ £ ,, of register ton £ Averaire of Averase of Percentage 1868-70. IS71-73. difference. 14-4 17-7 + 22-9 297-8 352-3 + 18-3 20-(J i;v7 - 4-3 lO-O 101 + 19-4 23(3-.'i 303-0 + 28-7 1.J.-7 15-8 + 7-4 8-6 TOO + 23-2 230-8 2i>31 -^ 2fi-5 2(;-8 27 7 + 3-3 * Toiiiinge, unless otlK'r^vise stated, nieiuiK net totuiage, see p. 81. f Tlie Hgurrs (or 1887-88 have since b.cu added. 72 Maritime Trade of the TJidted Kingdom, 1854-88. Table XVII. — Total Tonnage of Vessels (Sailing and Steamers) distinguishing British from Foreign, which entered into Ports of the United Kingdom with Cargoes and in Ballast; also of such Vessels which entered and cleared tvith Cargoes only, togethfr with the Percentage Proportion of British to Foreign, and of the increase of British and Foreign respectively, in each Triennial Period from 1872-86, and in each of the last three Years 188-i-8G. (Coiiijiiled from " Statistical Abstracts.") Periods. 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 '81-83 '8i-86 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 '81-83.. '84-86 '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 1872-74. '75-77. '78-80. '81-83.. '84-86 . '84 '85 '86 '87 '88 Entered with Cargoes and in Ballast. Annual Average. Tonnage (omitting lOOO's). British. 14,502, 16,327, 18,780, 21,797, 22,919, 23,037, 22,980, 22,741f 24,303, not Foreign. 7, 8, 8, 8. 8, 8, 8. 8. 8, jet 280, 133, ('19, 517, 809, 651, ,8S2, 294, 686, publi Total. 21,782, 24,460, 26,799, 30,314, 31,728, 31,688, 31,862, 31 ,035, 32,984, shed Percentage Proportion. Biitish. Foreign. 66-6 66-8 7o-0 720 72-3 72-7 72-1 73-3 73-7 33-4 33-2 300 28-0 27-7 27-3 27-9 26-7 26-3 Percentage Proportion of Increase or Decrease at each Period. British. Foreign. Total. 12-6 150 ICO 51 5-7 0-2 10 6-6 11-7 1-4 6-2 3-4 1-5 2-7 6-6 4-7 12-3 9-6 121 4-6 4-5 0-5 2-6 6-3 Entered with Caeqoes. 12,455, 6,139, 18,594, 67-0 330 13,806, 6,926, 20,732, 66-6 3:V4 + 10-8 + 12-8 15,523, 6,613, 22,136, 70 1 29-9 -f- 12-4 - 4-5 17,953, 6,829, 24,783, 72-4 27-6 -1- 15-6 + 3-3 18,396, 6,618, 25,014, 73-6 264 + 2-4 - 31 1S,209, 6,487, 24,696, 73-8 26-2 + 1-4 - 5-0 18,759, 6,905, 25,664, 731 26-9 + 3-8 + 6-4 18,220, 6,4(53, 24,685, 73-9 L'61 - 2-9 - 6-4 19,311, 6,689, 26,000, 74-3 25-7 + 6-0 + 3 5 20,116, 6,961, 27,077, 74-3 25-7 + 41 + 4-0 11 5 6-7 11-9 0-9 0-3 4-0 3-8 5-3 41 Cleared with Cargoes. 13,746, 15,004, 17,248, 20,711, 21,965, 21,946, 21,885, 22,065, 23.116, 24,127, 5,634, 6,035, 6.123, 7,091, 7,266, 7,326, 7,432, 7,041, 7,05.'), 7,538, 380, 030, 371, 802, 232, 273, 317, 107, 171, (;64, 29-6 28-7 26-2 25-5 21-8 250 25-3 24-2 2'<-4 238 -f- 9-0 -h 14-7 1- 20- 1 + 60 + 5-9 - 0-3 4. 0-9 + 4-7 + 4-4 71 1-4 15-8 2-5 3-3 1-4 5-2 0-2 6-8 90 111 18 9 51 5-3 01 0-7 36 4-9 Maritime Trade nf the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 73 a. Notes on Table XVII. This table shows in triads, 1872-86, and in single years, 1884-88— 1. The annual average of the tonnage of vessels, distinguishing British from Foreign, entered in the ports of the United Kingdom with cargoes and in ballast. 2. The same of vessels which entered with cargoes. 3. The same of vessels which cleared with cargoes. 4. The percentage proportion of British and Foreign tonnage. 5. The percentage increase or decrease of British and Foreign tonnage at each period. The principal results of this table are — 1. The proportion of British to Foreign vessels which entered ■with cargoes and in ballast rose from 66"6 per cent, in 1872-74 to 72'3 per cent, in 1884-80, and still further to 737 per cent, in 1887, the last year for which the figures are published. The periodical increase in each triad has been favourable to British shipping ; foreign tonnage advanced more rapidly than British in 1885, but it lost all the advantage so gained in 1886 and 1887. 2. The returns of vessels entering and cleariug with cargoes exhibit similar but less decided results. 3. The increase in the last triad or in any subsequent year, has been greatly inferior to that in any of the preceding triads, as the following comparison of the last two triads will show : — 1881-83. 1884-SG. Of vessels entering -witli cargoes ard in ballast ,. only ,, clearing ,, ,, 16-0 15-6 201 51 2-4 5-2 4. The percentage proportions do not give an adeqxiato view of the actual relative increase of British and Foreign tonnage, wliicli the following figiires supply : — Of vessels entering with cargoes and in ballast- British, millions of tons Foreign ,, Of vessels entering with cargoes only : — British, millions of tons Foreign ,, Of vessels clearing with cargoes only : — British, millions of tons Foreign ,, '74 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 18o4-88, It is only in the last category that tlie increase of foreign tonnage exhibits a material advance, but this was not nijiintained in 1886 or 1887, when the advance only amounted to '2o'0 per cent. In 1888 it rose again to 338 per cent. The differences in the entrance and cleai'ance of vessels in ballast within the United Kingdom are not without interest. In 1887, of the total tonnage, British and Foreign, which entered, less than a fifth (192 per cent.) was in ballast ; of the same which cleared, rather more than a twelfth (8'5 per cent.) was in ballast. Of British vessels 18'3 per cent, entered and 4"9 per cent, cleared in ballast. Of foreign vessels the corresponding propor- tions were 21'6 and 18'7 per cent. Of the total tonnage sailing in ballast, only 0"3 per cent, entered from British Possessions, and 12*4 per cent, cleared for them. Of the total tonnage entered and cleared in ballast more than three-fourths (77 per cent.), wa& confined to the trade with the four European countries — France, Germany, Holland, and Belgium. But while 44 per cent, of the entrances in ballast came from those four countries, only 11 "4 per cent, of the clearances were bound for them, showing that in the trade with those countries a large number of empty vessels come to take away cargoes from ports of the United Kingdom, or which is more probable, that a number of vessels which took cargoes to those countries, very likely colliers, returned empty. There is not a material difference in the proportion of British and Foreign vessels entering in ballast in the trade with these four countries, the percentages being respectively 45'6 and 40'4; but the proportions on clearing are very different, viz., 20"0 and 7"6 per cent., showing that British vessels generally load up for those countries, although many return in ballast. § 2. Nationality of Vessels in Trade beyond Sea. Table XVIII shows the nationality of the vessels which entered with cargoes and in ballast at ports of the United Kingdom in the first and last triads of the years 1877-86, from which it results that while the tonnage of British vessels had increased 29'4 per cent., that of foreign vessels had increased only 10*9 per cent. There has been a large percentage increase in Greek, Spanish, Dutch, German, and Danish tonnage, and a lesser increase in French, Swedish, Portuguese, and Norwegian, which has been in some measure counterbalanced by a large decrease in American (United States), Austrian, Italian, and to a less degree in Russian. The increase of the British has been nearly three-tenths, that of the foreign a little over a tenth : — Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854- 75 Tablr XVIII. — Total Tonnage of Vessels (Sailing and Steamers) belonging to each Nation lohich entered anmially into the Ports of the United Kingdom with Cargoes and in Ballast, on the average of the first and Last three Years of the Decennial Period ending in 1886, and slionnng the percentage Proportion! of the Increase or Decrease of the Tonnage of each Nation between these tivo periods. (Compiled from " Statistical Abstracts.") [OnO's iimittPfl.] Total Tonnage ; Annual Average. Percentage Proportion of each Peruontatie Increase or J)t-orease of each Nation between the Nations. two P eriijU.s. 1877-79. 1884-86. Difference. 1877-79. 1885-86. + — British 17,707, 22,919, -f- 5,212 690 72-2 29-4 Foreign — Russian 281, 234, - 47 11 0-8 — 16-7 Swedish 642, 674, + 32 2-5 21 50 — Norwegian.... 1,858, 1.934, -f- 76 7-2 61 41 — Danish 587, 736, -t- 149 2-3 2-3 27-2 — German 1,378, 1,856, -f- 478 5-4 60 34-7 — Dutch 506, 715, + 209 20 2-3 41-3 — Belgian 248, 281, + 33 10 0-9 13-3 — French 769, 923, + 154 2-9 30 221 — Spanish 247, 460, -t- 213 10 1-5 86-2 — Portuguese 20, ^1, + 1 0-1 01 5-0 — Italian 614, 347, - 269 2-4 11 — 43-4 Austrian .... 184, 83, - 101 0-7 0-3 — 54-9 Greek 35, 584, 79, 223, + 44 - 361 0-1 23 0-3 0-8 1250 United States 61-8 Other 9, 24, + 15 — 27-8 166-6 Total Foreign 7,942, 8,809, + 8G7 31-0 10-9 Total 25,649, 31,728, + 6,079 1000 100-0 23-7 — § 3. Vessels Empluyi'd. in Passenger Trajjic. Thi.s is an important, branch of trade from the United Kingdom, but neither the rate of its innrease, nor the increase in tlie size of the vessels employed in it, has had any important influence upon the total general trade of the country, or in any degree vitiates the soundness of the deductions drawn from a comparison of the tonnage and value of Imports and Expoi'ts. Two Tables, XIX and XX, exhibit— 1. The number and tonnage of vessels, British and Foreign, employed in this traffic, as far as regards emigration from the United Kingdom under the Passengers Acts to countries out of Europe, the number of passengers, and the proportion which the British tonnage bore to the total tonnage clearing with cargoes, in the years 185:1-55, and in each year from 18(30 to 1887.* • Tarl. Paper No. 198 of 4th June, 18b8, p. 31. 76 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854- 2. The average size of passencrer vessels compared with that of sailing and steam vessels, and of all vessels, in the same years.* Table XIX. — Number and Tonnage of Vessels, British and Foreign, which Cleared under the Passengers Acts from the United Kingdom to Ports out of Europe, and the Number of Passengers carried by them in the Yearns 1853, 1855, and in each Year from 1860 to 1887. (Compiled from Parliamentary Paper No. 19S of 1888, and Statistical Abstracts.) Vessels Carryini; I'assenKi'rs Cleared from the United Kingdom. Passengers Carried. Total Percentare Tonnage Cleared Outwards PropoTtiun Years. British. ForeiRii. Total. of Passenger In In witU to Num- Tons. Nuni- Tons. Num- Tons. liritish Foreifrn Cargoes. Total ber. OOO's OOC's ber. OOO's Vessels. Vessels. Tonnage. omitted. omitted. omitted. Milln. tons. 1853.... 524 354, 460 480, 984 834, 109,643 192,015 '55.... 263 213, 272 345, 535 558, 58,653 88,403 8-3 67 I860.... 210 256, 184 249, 394 505, 48,618 50,376 10-8 4 7 '61.... 199 257, 108 137, 307 394, 42,339 23,611 11-3 35 '62.... 277 315, 137 175, 414 52", 69,050 30,791 11-7 4-4 '63.... 402 533, 189 241, 591 774, 124,371 72,362 11-9 6-5 '64.... 406 514, 138 186, 544 700, 131,462 58,922 12-2 57 '65... 417 5GG, 92 126, 509 692, 160,805 31,,300 12-8 5-4 '66... 414 615, 80 101, 494 716, 149,621 24,015 140 51 '67.... 402 6 0, 52. Go, 454 665, 163.838 10,097 11-8 4-6 '68 ... 406 615, 31 40, 437 655, 167.029 9,041 1.5-5 42 '69.... 480 751, 20 30, 500 781, 230,385 7,891 15-9 4-9 1870.... 539 878, 18 27, 557 905, 229,781 4,8o5 16-7 5-3 71... 553 953, 20 31, 573 984, 225,833 4.774 19-0 5-2 '72 ... 638 1,192, 8 12, (ji6 1.204, 251,871 1,913 19 2 6-2 '73.... 678 1,220, 6 13, 681 1,233, 281,797 970 19 1 6-4 '74.... 641 1,157, 21 4t, 662 1,221, 206,1.56 5.291 197 61 '75.... 501 967, 26 52, 527 1,019. 137,378 5,420 20-4 5-0 '76.... 424 842, 26 52, 450 894, 98,591 4,397 21 5 41 '77.... 359 772, 23 -16, 3S2 818, 79,765 4,509 212 3-6 '78.... 433 952, 25 50, 458 1,002, 11 •.5,8 11 4,842 21-6 4-6 '79.... 595 1,282, 32 63, 627 1,345, 171,825 8,142 22-8 5-9 1880.... 704 1,55], 35 70, 739 1,621 285.863 12,498 25-6 6-3 '81... 816 1,851, 34 68, 8.j0 1,919, 347,423 14,564 26-3 77 '82.. 826 1.934, 35 70, 861 2,004, 37< 1,679 14,318 277 70 '83.... 836 2,016, 31 62, 867 2.078, :<55,477 9,218 29-4 6-4 '84.... 700 1,812, 28 56, 728 1 ,878, 263,870 8,161 29-3 63 '85.... 620 1,603, 13 26, 633 1.621^, 228,676 4,7.S1 29-3 5-5 '86.. 687 1,812. 13 26, 701 1,838, 291,772 4,919 29-1 63 '87.... 729 1,927, 16 32, 736 1,959, 355,378 7,806 30-2 6-4 Notes on Table XIX. 1. This table shows that in 1858 and 1855 foreign passenger vessels were much larger in size, and carried a much larger iiUTnl)er of passengers out of England than liritish. In 1861 * Pari. Pajior, No. 198 of Itli .Tmio, 1SS8, p. 34, aiul " Annual Statement of Navigation and Shipping for 1887." Marifrme Trade of (he United Kingdom, 1854- 77 however the proportions were equalised, and while the foreign have increased in size, and for many years have averaged 2,000 tons, British passenger vessels have increased to 2.ti50 tons; and while the British passenger tonnage has increased from 286,000 tons on the average of 1860-62, to I,78l,0o0 on the average of 1885-87, the Foreign tonnage in the same period has decreased from 187,000 to 28,000 tons. 2. The foreign vessels convoying passengers from the United Kingdom ran almost exclusively to the United States. 3. The proportion of passenger tonnage to total tonnage has averaged 55 per cent, throughout the whole period. It has ranged from 3"5 (in 1861) to 7'3 per cent., bnt only on one occasion (in 1881). Table XX. — Average Size of British Sailing and Steam Vessels, and of British Vessels carrying Passengers, luhich Cleared from Ports in the United Kingdom in each Year from 1860 to 1887. (Compiled from Statistical Abstracts and preceding Table.) Average Size of British Vessels Cleared from the United Kingdom. Sailing Vessels, steam Vessels, Vessels not Years. with Cargoes. with Cargoes. Total. Pistingui.shcd, with Passengers. Tons. Annual Increase. Tons. Annual Increase. Tons. Annual Increase. Tons. Annual Increase. I860.... 249 332 261 1,218 '61.... 240 - 9 335 3 26-' 1 1,294 72 '62.... 249 9 348 13 273 11 1,244 - 46 '63. .. 258 9 370 22 285 12 1,326 82 '64.... 271 13 372 2 300 15 1,266 - 60 '65.... 275 4 397 25 312 12 1,597 3;u '66.... 282 7 411. 17 328 16 1,486 -111 '67.... 288 7 405 - 9 333 5 1,493 7 '68.... 290 1 42'. 1 24 3i3 10 1,514 21 '69... 308 18 438 9 359 16 1,543 29 1870.... 290 -18 469 31 360 7 1,628 85 '71.... 285 - 5 489 20 370 4 1,722 94 '72... 304 19 509 20 400 30 1,8-9 147 '73... 281 -23 525 16 413 13 1,799 - 70 '74,... 306 25 532 7 429 16 1.804 5 '75.... 320 20 538 6 4 If) 17 1.930 126 '76... 325 5 540 2 4.55 9 1 ,985 55 '77.... 345 20 546 6 470 15 2,150 137 '78.... 335 -10 564 18 481 11 2,19S 76 '79.... 354 19 590 26 511 30 2,155 - 13 1880.... 356 2 614 24 528 17 2,203 48 '81.... 379 23 61.0 26 564 36 2,2(;S -182 '82.... 390 -11 648 8 57(5 12 2.342 321 '83... 406 36 6.S0 32 61 S 32 2,100 58 '84.... 410 4 6S1, 4 629 11 2,589 189 '85.... 443 33 704 20 6.-).-^ 24 2,5S5 - 4 '86.... 455 12 728 24 677 24 2,638 53 '87 ... 477 22 732 4 692 15 2.675 37 78 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. A glance at the column in this table wliieli shows the annual change in the size of vessels of all kinds clearing with cargoes in each year, will indicate how gradual has been the increase, which has never been interrupted in any single year, although the average of sailing vessels has decreased six times during this series of years. The years 1872, 1879-81, and 1883 show the largest increase on all vessels, 1881-83 and 1885 on sailing vessels, 1863-65-70, 1879-81, and 1883 on steamers. They correspond to some extent with an increased activity in shipbuilding. 2. The average size of sailing vessels has increased from 246 tons in 1860-62, to 458 tons in 1885-87 ; that of steamers from 338 to 721 tons, an increase of 86 and 116 per cent, respectively. Of the total tonnage the increase has been 116 per cent. Of passenger tonnage the increase has been from 1,250 to 2,633 tons, or 110 per cent, less than that of the total tonnage, affording another proof that the size and increase of passenger traffic does not derange the comparison of tonnage and value. 3. If the whole of the passenger tonnage were deducted from the total tonnage cleared outwards with cargoes in the last five years 1882-86, the average size of the remaining vessels would only be reduced from 652 to 632 tons. § 4. Vessels Employed in Goastinrj Trade.* The tonnage of British and Foreign vessels (sailing and steam) which entered and cleared coastwise with cargoes only, at ports of the United Kingdom during the fifteen years from 1872 to 1886, increased between the first and last triad 29'3 per cent. (COO'S omitted.) Average of 1872-74 '84-86. Inwards. Tons. 20,426, 26,882, Outwards. Tons. 18,828, 24,383, Total. Tons. 39,254, 51,215, The increase inwards was somewhat greater than the increase outwards, viz., 31*5 and 29'2 per cent, respectively. At both periods the tonnage inwards exceeded the tonnage outwards by 8"5 and 10"4 respectively. The proportion of foreign tonnage entering into the coasting trade is insignificant. It avei-aged 0'6 per cent, in 1872-74, and 0-4 per cent, in 1884-86. The proportion of steamers to sailing vessels in the coasting trade had increased between the two periods from 60'0 to 72'7 per cent., or nearly from three-fifths to three-fourths. In the small * Compiled from " Stutistieal Abstriicts." Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854- J proportion of foreign vessels entering into this trade, steamers have hirgely displaced sailing vessels between the two periods, having increased from 16 to 50 per cent, of the whole foreign tonnage engaged in it. § 5. Shipping registered as belonging to the United Kingdom* In considering the quantity of shipping registered as belonging to the United Kingdom, it is necessary to take into account the number as well as the tonnage of the vessels, for whilst in the period under observation there has been an increase of tonnage, there has been a decrease in the number of vessels, a difFerence caused by a considerable increase in the average size of the vessels. The following are the principal facts : — 1. The differences in the total number and tonnage of registered vessels were : — • In 1872-74 „ '84-86 Dt'crea.'e. 25,613 23,710 Per cent. } - { Tonnage. IncTea.se. OOO's omitted. 5,845, 7,400, Per cent. 26-6 2. This results from a gradual increase in the average size of vessels, both sailing and steamers, which was thrice as great in the latter class. Average Tonnage. In 1872-74 „ '84-86 Sailin'r Vessels. 190 201 5-8 Steamers 445 597 Increase. Per cent. 26-7 3. There has been a continuous gradual decrease in the number of sailing vessels from 22,103 in 1872, to 10,162 in 1886, amountiiio- to 26"8 per cent., but the tonnage kept slightly increasing up to 1877, from -which year it has gradually decreased. The difference in tonnage between the same two years 1872 and 1886 is a decrease from 4,213,295 to 3,396,516, or 19-6 per cent.* 4. On the other hand there has been a continuous gradual increase in both the number and tonnage of steam vessels, except in the last year, 1886, when there was a slight decrease of tonnage, with a still slighter increase of the number of vessels. The number increased from 3,673 in 1872, to 6,653 in 1886, or 81 per cent., and the tonnage from 1,538,032 to 3,965,302, or 157 per cent.f * Compiled from " Statistical Abstracts." t In the " Annual Statement of the Navigation anil Sliipping of the United 80 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdo))/, 185 t-t § 6. Vessels Built in the United Kingdom. a. Tonnage Built, 1872-88.* The trade of sliipbuikliug in the United Kingdom has been for a long period of a fluctuating character, as will be seen in the statement of tonnage of sailing and steam vessels built in each y;'ar from 1854 to 18b6 which is contained in the supplementary table to the Diagram at p. G8. During the last fifteen years it appears to have been peculiarly unstable, as the following figures will show, but to have made an extraordinary stride forward in the present year 1888 : — f Total Tonnage of Vessels, including War Vessels, Built. 18721 .yajavge. '74 i6 >-avge. '77j '7S 79 1 '81 J '821 '83 l-avge. '84 J '85 '86 '87 Under con- struction '88, 30 Sept Sailing Vessels. For Home and the Colonies. 71,750 187,313 230,285 141,165 69,672 151,584 208,411 138,362 81,279 45,543 For Foreigners. 2,442 1,781 3,368 7,108 1,466 4,785 10,683 6. 887 5,848 9,5 1872") '73 >-avge. '74 J '75 '76 '77 '781 .ygjavge. '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87 Under con- struction '88, 30 Se])l Steam Vessels. For Home and the Colonies 318,009 178,905 123,475 221,330 292,400 346,361 408,764 521,575 621,758 335.208 196,975 154,638 225,440 548,663 For Foreigners, 80,207 47,796 13,457 15,075 41,029 68,470 106,346 113,637 122,368 79,887 24,943 31,641 64,631 94,264 " Kiufjdoni for the year 1887," tliere is an apparently coirectcd statement of the fi-m-es for 1886, viz.: — Sailing vessels 8teaui ,, Total 15,473 6,663 22,136 Tonnage. 3,249,907 4,085,275 7,335,182 * Compiled from Tables of Merchant Shipping, Pari. Paper, No. 198 of 18fe8. f See also Statement in the note at p. 26. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Of the tonnage built for foreigners there were for — 81 Norway Germany France Spain Other countries in Europe South America Japan (steamer) Honolulu (sail) Total. 7 13 4 8 11 11 3 1 58 Total Tons. 9,080 36,916 7,139 22.056 16,790 6,623 4,300 885 103,789 Average size. Tons. 1,297 2,840 1,785 2,757 1,526 602 1,433 885 In April last Lloyd's Register enumerates 172 British and 155 Foreign war vessels which had been built of late years in private shipyards within the United Kingdom. Besides the sudden and violent changes in the tonnage of sailing vessels throughout the whole period, and the rapid decrease in the last two years, the most notable facts are the great increase of steamers, both for British owners and foreigners, built in 1881-83; the sudden fall in 1884, accompanied by an increase in the tonnage of sailing vessels, which brought them to an equality on the average of 1885-86, the increase of steamers in 1887, and the great increase in 1888. On the whole period of sixteen years the tonnage of steamers built for foreigners averaged 24 per cent, of that built for British owners. b. Size of Vessels. The average size of vessels, sailing and steam, both belonging to the country and built in it, is a subject of interest. The figures for each year from 1872 to 1886 ai-e shown in the following table. Net tonnage is stated. The figures for 1887, since published, show a lai'ge increase in the size of steamers, returning to the average of 1883, viz., from 502 to 700 tons. The sailing vessels built have further fallen off from 381 to 315 tons, and the number built annually has fallen still further from 363 in 1886 to 258 in 1887. The average size remains the same. 82 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Averafje Size of Vessels. Sailinfc- Steam. Tears. Eefcistered as belonging. Built. Registered as belonging.; Built. 1872 Tons. 1951 197 201 201 201 198 190 191 190 191 1921 203 l^^^- So/ 202 196 Tons. 1351 3/0 J 427 345 302 241 150 165 257 402 399 3761 313 Tons. 4181 444 -g- 463 J **^- 466 462 468 480 499 519 546 573 595 5971 598 -g- 596 J ^^^ 514 Tons. 672] '73 712 UlS^- '74 693 J ^^^ '75 502 '76 380 '77 569 '78 '79 575 722 '80 '81 730 840 '82 '83 '84 '85 855 771 5801 500l\\f,^- '86 502/ ^-7 Average 663 From tlie above it result.s — 1. That until the year 1885 there was no increase, but rather a falling off, in the average size of sailing vessels belonging to the United Kingdom, which was rather less than 200 tons (196), although the average size of such vessels built in the fifteen years was more than 50 per cent, greater. It miist be inferred from this that a proportionately larger number of sailing vessels of large size have disappeared from the register. 2. The average size of sailing vessels built in the last fifteen years has been 60 per cent, higher than that of the average on the register, and in the last three years 100 per cent, higher. 3. The average of those built in the last triad exceeds the higher average of the first by 67 per cent. 4. The average size of steam vessels belonging to the United Kingdom in these fifteen years was 514 tons, and the average size of those built in the same period was G63 tons, or 29 per cent, higher. 5. It is remarkable that while the average size of sailing vessels built has increased within the last three years, that of steam vessels has decreased from 692 to 527 tons, or 23"8 per cent.* b. Size of Vessels on Register in 1887.t The size of vessels on the register in the United Kingdom, • See also remarks in § 3 on pas-sengcr tonnapfc, p. 75. t From "Annual Statement of Navigation and Shipping," Pari. Paper C-5399 of 1888, pp. 239 ar ri27 407,689 1 3,500 4,000 „ — — 84 315,090 4,0U0 4,500 „ — — 60 254,219 4,500 5,000 „ — — 29 137,490 5,000 5,500 „ — — 14 72,395 5,500 6,000 „ — — 1- 2 6,085 ■{ 4 22,220 J. 38 135,910 6,000 6,500 „ — — 5 31,010 6 500 7,000 „ — — 1 6,932 7,000 7,500 „ — — 2 14,061 7,500 8,000 „ — — 2 15,436 8,000 and Tot above — — J L 2 27,059 J al, gross 15,473 3,362,724 15,473 3,249,907 6,663 6,523,626 6,663 1,085,275 Total Sailing, Number 15,473 „ Steam „ 6,663 Tonnage Gross 3.362,724 „ 6,523,626 Net 3,249,907 „ 4,085,275 22,136 9,886, 3.')0 ,335,1 S2 It will be seen how widely different are the gross and net ad- measurements of steamers, and how necessary it is to observe the distinction. Bi'icflv summarised acmrdinc to trross tniinago tliere were — Sailing. Steam. Number. Tons (Gross). Number. Tons (Gross). Of vessels under 200 tons „ from 200 to 1,000 tons ,, 1,000 „ 3,000 „ ,, above 3,000 tons 12,649 1,644 1,177 3 15,473 7so,0(;o 8(l7,r)29 l,765,8,-,2 9,271- 3,362,724 2,312 1 ,6f;4 2,357 330 191,061. 92-1,136 4,103,925 1,304,201 Total 6,663 6,523,626 8-t Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. The net tonnage of steam vessels is 62'7 per cent., little more than three-fifths of the gross tonnage. There is a slight difference between the gross and net tonnage of sailing vessels, 0'4 per cent., which, is accounted for by a small allowance made in certain classes of vessels for the accommodation of crews. The allowance in the case of steamers is for the engines and machinery. This is regulated by an Act of Pai-liaraent of 1854, very slightly modified by an Act of 1867 ; there has therefore been no material change to affect calculations founded upon the variations in the tonnage recorded during the period under review. d. Increase of Large Steam Vessels. Ten years ago, on the 81st December, 1878, the number and tonnage of vessels of 1,000 tons and upwards was — Number. Tons. Average. Of sailing vessels „ steam ,, 944 1,146 1,483,499 1,498,729 Tons!. 1,571 1,307 On the 31st December, 1887, th ere were — Number. Tons. Average. Of sailing vessels „ steam „ 1,180 2,687 1,775,126 5,408,126 Tons. 1,504 2,012 At the former date there was only one steam vessel of 3,000 tons — which was the only steamer of that size in Europe :* at the present date there are in the United Kingdom 330 of 3,000 to upwards of 8,000 tons gross, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,304,201, averaging 4,000 tons each. According to Lloyd's Register, 4 more were added up to 30th April of the present year, at which date there were owned in foreign countries 188 steam vessels of above 3,000 tons, of whicn 48 ranged from 4 to 6,000 tons. France owned 68, Germany 33, the United States 20, Spain 17, Italy 15, other countries 25. e. Iron and Steel Vessels. The first iron vessel appears to have been built in the United Kingdom as early as 1818, although the material did not come into general use until many years later. The first iron regular ocean steamer, the " Sirius," was built in 1837, and the first steel vessel * According to M. Kia^r, in his " Statistique Internationale, Navigation Mari- " time J Les Marines Marcliandes." Cliristiania, 1881. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854- 85 in 1862, but it was not till 1877 that mild steel as now used was adopted for the construction of ships. Steel vessels were not distinguished in statistical tables before the year 1879. Their increase will be shown below. Composite vessels, of wood and iron, were not disting-uished before 186G. Their number and tonnage has been insignificant since 1870, and in 1886 no vessel of this description Avas built. The extent to which iron and steel have supplanted wood in the construction of vessels is shown in the following comparison, com- piled from a return obtained from Lloyd's registry office. The figures include vessels built for foreigners :— Average of Merchant Vessels Built in the United Kingdom. Proportion of each Class. Vessels. 1860-62. 1884-86. 1860-62. 1 1884-86. Num- ber. Tons (Net). Num- ber. Tons (Net). Num- ber. Tons. ! \^- Tons. Wood, sailing.... „ steam .... Iron, sailing .... ,, steam Steel, sailing .... „ steam .... 758 163 48 163 123,948 65,262 26,786 65,262 265 53 134 266 39 187 16,241 1,263 123,110 146,437 29,231 123,110 67-0 14-4 4-2 14-4 440 28-1 23-2 5-6 9-5 ' 14-2 23-3 1 281 — 4-1 — 19-9 3-7 0-3 280 33-3 6-7 28-0 Total 1,132 281,258 944 440,056 100-0 100-0 , 1000 100-0 The return for 1887 shows that steel is rapidly supplanting iron, and that wood has ceased to be employed except in the con- struction of small sailing vessels, which averaged only 60 tons, and of (apparently) steam launches averaging 24 tons. The war steamers built fiDr foreigners in 1887, not included in the following statement, consisted of 17 vessels of 3,936 tons, all of steel. Mf-rchant Vessels Built in 1887.* Sailing. Steam. Number. Tons. Number. Tons (Net). Tons (Gross). Iron 44 34 179 46,557 25,235 9,357 76 227 18 18,910 205,907 610 34,475 Steel 328,890 Wood 1,069 Total* 258 81,279 322 225,440 364,453 Tnc'liuling a fi'w (■oii)i)osit(' ve.sscls. Compiled from Annual Statement, &c., for 1887, pp. 280 — 83. 86 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-J § 7. Vessels stnick off the Register,* T''rom the comp.arison of the number of vessels belonging to anrl Imilt in the United Kingdom in each year, the number which disappear annually from tlie Register as sold, lost, broken up, or otherwise disposed of, can be deduced. The following are the figures for sailing and steam vessels respectively, and of the average annual disappearance for the whole period, which is almost identical in the two classes, and falls short of 5 per cent.: — Sailini; Vessols. Stoamcrs. 1B81 Sailing Vcssfls. Steamer.s . 1872 No. 823 733 739 834 678 696 915 948 972 No. 206 312 220 155 160 237 211 254 228 No. 995 845 793 1,494 1,219 No. 301 73 '82 360 '74 '83 229 '75 '84 350 '76 '85 299 '77 '78 '79 'tsO Average percentage of number in each class > 4"3 per cnt. 4-5 p. ct. * Compiled from " Statistical Abstracts.' 87 Cap. 4. Shipping compared with that of other Maritime Countries. The Annual Merchant Shipping Tables before referred to (see note at p. 76) supply the means of making several important and interesting comparisons between the amount and progress of ship- ping employed and built in the United Kingdom and in the other principal maritime countries of the world. Some of them are exhibited in the following statements : — a. Employment of National and Foreign Vessels in each Country. The first of these shows the amount and percentage proportion of national and foreign tonnage respectively employed in the trade of each of the principal maritime countries at decennial periods between 1850 and 1880, and in the latest year, 1886 or 1887, for which the information is recorded : — Table XXI. — Shipping employed in the Foreign Trade of Principal Maritime Countries : Tonnage of National and Foreign Vessels, Sailing and Steamers, toith Cargoes and in Ballast, entered and cleared in each Country, in certain Years hetween 1850 and 1887. (Compiled from Tables of " Merchant Shipping," Pari. Paper No. 198 of 1888.) [ooo's omitted.] Countries. United Kingdom Russia in Europe Norwaj Sweden Denmark Germany Holland France Portugal Spain Italy United States United Kingdom Russia iu Europe Norway Sweden Denmark Germany Holland France Portugal Spain Italy United States Tonnage of Vessels entered and cleared. Nationa 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1886 or 1887.* y,442, 13,915, 25,072, 41,349, 47,950,* — 696, 784, 1,135, 993,* 1,050, 1,513, 2,263, 2,717, 3,023, — — 1,374, 2,564, 3,301,t — — tl,771. 2,352, 3,207, — • — t4,101, 5,109, 6,979, 731, 1,048, 1,034, 2,116, 2,454, 1,891, 3,503, 4,289, 7,522, 9,599, — — 297, 371, 347, — 799, 1,312, 3,651, 6,648,J — — 2,780, 3,425, 2,979, 5,206, 12,087, 6,993, 6,825, 6,625, Foreign. 1850. 1360. 5,062, 347, 1,017, 2,719, 3,504, 1870. 1880. 110,774, 11,568 3,518 517, 1,604, 6,231, 968, 2,954, 11,823, 6,640, 2,610, 4,954,1 9,317, — I 2,213, 2,230, 4,841, 1,798, 4,978, 11,332, 17,387, 8,840, 1,268, 4,330, 2,110. 7,957, 4,728. 17,510, 5,375 10,092. 6,422^ 29,249. 1886 or 1887.* 17,212,* 11,508,* 1,663, 5,715, 2,708, 7,734, 5,717, 17,151, 6,615, 10,433, J 9,260, 24,945, Pehcbntaqb Peopoetions of National and Foeeign. 651 75-2 41-8 41-0 59-8 56-3 68-4 70-4 73-6* 34-9 43-7 31-6 29-6 16-5 11-2 11-4 7-9* — 83-5 88-8 88-6 74-5 70-0 68-2 64-5 24-8 25-5 300 31-8 — 31-8 37-2 3fJ-6t — — 68-2 62-8 — 49-3t 52-7 542 — — 50-7t 47-3 — 35-9t 391 42-8 — — 64-lt 60-9 39-5 28-4 30-9 300 58-2 60-5 71-6 69-1 4.1-4 31-5 300 35-9 590 58-6 6S-5 70-0 11-8 6-5 50 — — 88-2 93-5 30-7 370 26-6 38-91 — 69-3 63-0 73-4 36-5 34-8 24-3 — — 63-5 65-2 708 38-2 18-9 210 40-2 29-2 61-8 811 26-4« 92-1* 35-5 63-4 45-8 57-2 70-0 641 95 6l-lt 75-7 790 t Year 1885. X Year 1875. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. The chief results to be gathered from it are : — 1. The exceptions to a steady increase of the national shipping throughout the period are observable in Russia, Portugal, Italy, and the United States. 2. The national shipping of the United Kingdom employed in the trade of the kingdom, which in 1870 fell somewhat short of the national shipping employed in the trade of all the other countries, eleven in number, exceeded it in 1880, and in 1886-87, viz.: — In 1870 .... „ '80 .... „ '86-87 Briti.sh. 25,072,000 41,349,000 47,950,000 Other Nation.s. 26,978,000 37,797,900 46,155,000 3. The several cotmtries stand in the following order as regards the total tonnage, national and foreign, which entered and cleared in the poi-ts of each in the last year, 1886 or 1887 : — [OOO's omitted.] United Kingdom „ States France Germany Spain Russia Italy Sweden Holland Portugal Denmark Norway Total 65,162, 30,569, 26,750, 23,299, 17,081, 12,501, 12,239, 9,016, 8,171, 6,962, 5,915, 4,686, 222,351, Percentage. 29-3 13-8 120 10-5 7-6 5-6 5-5 4-1 3-7 31 2-7 21 100-0 4. Spain has made the greatest proportionate increase in the amount of its national tonnage employed during this period. 5. The percentage proportion of national tonnage employed has increased notably in the United Kingdom, and less considerably during the years for which the record exists in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and Spain ; and has fallen off more or less heavily in Russia, Norway, Holland, France (with a revival in 1886), Portugal, Italy, and the United States. 6. The order in which each country stood as regards the employment of its national shipping, and its dependence on foreign tonnage, in 1887 was as follows : — Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 89 United Kingdom Norway Denmark Germany Spain Sweden , France Holland Italy United States .. Russia in Europe Portugal Employment of National Tonnage. Per cnt. 73-6 64-5 54-2 42 -S 38 9 36 -6 35-9 30-0 24-3 21-0 7-9 5 Foreign Tonnape. Per cnt. 26 35 45 57 61 63 64 70 75 79 92 95 b. Emflo^jmerit of British Vessels in Foreign Countries. The next statement stows the extent to which British tonnage has been employed in the trade of the other principal maritime countries during the same years as in the last abstract. Table XXII. — Percentage Proportion of Tonnage of British Vessels, Sailing and Steamers, with Cargoes and in Ballast, which Entered and Cleared in each Country in certain Years hetvjeen 1850 and . 1887. (Compiled from same as Table XXI.) Percentage Proportion of British Tonnage Entered and Cleared in Trade of each Country. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1886 or 1887.* United Kingdom 651 10 34-7 29-3 56-3 20 37-2 29-8 24-8 68-4 37-7 1 11-8 11-4 1 31-9 11 53-8 39-8 66-7 25-8 441 70-4 42-7 t 11-8 13-5 38-1 49-8 40-6 630 34-3 51-7 73-6* 48-3 Norway 13-8 Sweden 18-2 § Germany 34-2 Holland 51-9 France 41-7 Portugal 56-0 Italy 48-4 United States 50-7 + Year 1875. % Year 1881. II Year 1875, and including coasting trade. § Year 1885. It will be seen that — 1, The proportion of British tonnage employed in the United Kingdom, which appears to have fallen off heavily between 1850 and 1860, recovered itself in 1870, and has increased slowly up to 1887. 90 Maritime Trade of the United Kinrjdom, 1854- 2. Between 1870 and 188G-87, for which years the returns are complete, it has increased greatly in Russia, Sweden, Italy, and the United States, and moderately in Norway, Germany, and France ; and has decreased in Holland and Portugal. 3. The following is the actual amount of British tonnage employed in the trade of each country in the latest year for which a record is furnished, and the percentage proportion which it bore to the total tonnage in each :— Year. Tons. [OOO's omitted.] Proportion to Total Tonnage. United States 1886 1885 12,505, 4,837, 11,153, 5,925, 5,586, 4 243, 3,941, 1,643, 654, Per cent. 50-7 Kussia in Europe 48-3 France 41-7 Italy 48" 4 Germany 342 Holland 51-9 Portugal Sweden 56-6 182 Norway 13-8 Total ~ 50,487, — 4. The total amount, 50,487,000 tons, exceeds by nearly 9 per cent, the total amount of British tonnage employed in the trade of the United Kingdom in the same year, 1886, which amounted to 46,078,299 tons. 5. It represents 50'5 out of 118 millions of tons, or 42-8 per cent., of the total tonnage employed in the trade of the above nine countries in the year 1886. 6. If the above 50'5 millions of tons be added to the 46 millions of British tonnage employed in the trade of the United Kingdom in the same year, the proportion of British tonnage to that of foreign tonnage employed in the trade of these ten countries (including the United Kingdom) will be 96'5 millions of British tonnage to 138*7 millions of foreign tonnage, or 41 per cent, of the shipping trade of the whole. 7. The amount of British shipping employed in the " carrying " trade " of these eight countries may be ascertained by deducting from the above 46 millions of tons the amount of British tonnage employed in the direct trade between the United Kingdom and those countries, which amounted to 24"5 millions of tons. The dift'erence as 21'5 millions of tons. If to this be added the same proportion (42'8 per cent.) of the other seven principal maritime countries of which the returns for the year 1885 are furnished in tlio latest Statistical Abstract of foreign countries published by the Board of Trade, viz., Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. PI Chili, the Argentine Eepublic, China, the British tonnage employed in the carrying trade of these fifteen countries will amount to 45"8 millions of tons, or within a fraction of the total amount of tonnage employed in the trade of the TTuited Kingdom in the same year. If on the one hand it be objected that British tonnage in foreign countries includes Colonial, on the other hand it must be noted that a probably much larger addition must be made to the above 45 '8 millions of tons on account of the British shipping employed in the carrying trade of all the rest of the world, including all British Possessions. 8. The foreign tonnage employed in the trade of the United Kingdom in 1886 was 16" 7 millions of tons, out of a total trade of 62-8 millions, or 267 per cent. In 1887 it was slightly reduced to 17'2 millions, out of 65 millions, or 26"4 per cent. c. Tonnage of Vessels belonging to each Country. The next statement exhibits the total tonnage belonging to each country in the same years. Tonnage of the Merchant Navies of the principal Maritime Countries in certain Years betioeen 1850 and 1887. (Comjjiled from same as Table XXI.) [OOO's omitted.] Total Tonnage belonging to each Country. Countries. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1886 or 1887.* X-'nitpcl KiiTTclom 3,505, 727, 4,587, 1,124, 5,618, 1,531, 6,520, 1,927, 7,296, 1,839, Total, British Empire 4,232, 5,611, 7,149, 8,447, 9,237, Russia 298, 71, 68, 293, 35, 688, 1,586, 1,900, 559, 142, 122, 434, 33, 996, 263, 2,546, 2,753, 1,022, 347, 179, 184, 172, 982, 390, 30, 1,072, 1,012, 329, 404, 1,517, 2,678, 468, 1,519, 543, 219, 244, 270, 1,182, 328, 76, 919, 999, 291, 492, 1,524, 517,t Denmark 272, Hamburg 341, 334, German Empire, total 1,285, Holland 286, 87, 993, Italy 946, 262, 259,* United States, foreign trade 1,.353, I.OIC, „ home and internal ditto.... 2,715, 3,090,* t Year 1885. It shows with regard to those countries for wliicli the returus run through the whole period thus : — 92 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. The tonnage between 1850 and 1886-87 has doubled in theUnited Kingdom. ; more than doubled in the British Possessions and Bel- gium ; has increased five-fold in Norway, Hamburg, and Bremen ; increased in Holland in 1860-70, and decreased in 1886 below the amount at which it stood in 1850 ; has remained stationary in France since 1860 ; had increased in the United States as regards shipping employed in foreign trade in 1860, but has since decreased to one- third below the amount at which it stood in 1850 ; as regards the river, lake, and home trade it has increased slowly since 1860. As regards the other countries : the tonnage since 1870 has in- creased considerably in Sweden, Denmark, and the German Empire ; has fallen off in Italy and Austria-Hungary ; has increased slightly in Russia since 1880. d. Steam Vessels belonging to each Gauntry. The next statement shows a similar return of the tonnage of steamers only, in which the progress among foreign nations has been somewhat more rapid, and in the latest year of the series has in several instances outstripped the United Kingdom; but a glance at the relative proportion between the steamer tonnage of all the countries put together and that of the United Kingdom, and an examination of the remaining tables of this series, will remove all apprehension of any serious disturbance of the present proportions. Tonnage of Steam Vessels belonging to the Merchant Navies of the prin- cipal Maritime Countries in certain years between 1850 a7id 1887. (Compiled from same as Table XXI.) [OOO's omitted.] Tonnage of Steam Vessels Country belonging to each - 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1886 or 1887.* United Kingdom 168, 20, 452, 48, 1,111, 91, 2,721, 228, 4,081, 329, Total British. Empire 188, 500, 1,202, 2,941, 4,410, 3, 3, 2, 14, 45, ■481, 10, 8, 10, 4, 68, 17, 770, 14, 10, 32, 41, 82, 19, 9, 154, 32, 50, 5, 192, 883, 89, 58, 81, 52, 99, 59, 216, 64, 65, 278, 77, 63, 147, 1,065, 130, 113, 110,t 88, Hamburg Bremen 206, 116, German Empire, total 454, Holland Belgium 109, 81, France 500, Italy 144, Austria-Hungary Greece United States, foreign trade „ home and internal trade.... 90, 31,* 173,* 1,369,* t Year If^S.-i. Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 93 The principal results of this abstract are : — 1. The steam tonnage of all countries (exclusive of that em- ployed in the United States in the river, lake, and home trade) was, as compared with British : — British Empire. In 1870 1,201,000 „ '80 2,949,000 „ '86-87 4,410,000 Other Countries. 640,000 = 34 per cent, of the total 1,346,000 = 31 „ 2,335,000 = 33 2. The steam tonnage of the United States employed exclusively in the river, lake, and home trade has nearly doubled since 1860, and now amounts to 1,369,000 tons. If this be added to the above total of other nations, British steam tonnage will still show an excess of nearly a million tons. In connection with the preceding comparisons, it should be noted that according to " Lloyd's Universal Register " the number of British vessels belonging to the United Kingdom on 30th April 1888, was- sailing Tessels 3,403 Steam „ 4,966 8,369 and that at the same date the number of vessels belonging to the British colonies and foreign countries which had been built in the United Kingdom was — Sailing vessels 1,328 = 37'0 per cent. 1 of the number belonging Steam „ 2,373 — 47'7 „ J to the United Kingdom 3,701 Deducting the number belonging to British colonies, (741) 2,960 had been supplied by British shipbuilders to foreign countries, which is just 35 per cent, of the number on the res-ister of the United Kingdom. e. Increase of Tonnage in each Country. This is shown in the two following statements, the first exhibiting the total tonnage added in each of the pi'incipal maritime countries of Europe at decennial intervals from lb50 to 1880, and in each year from 1881 to 1886-87 ; and the second comparing the addition made in the United Kingdom, and in all the other European countries, in each year from 1878 to 1886-87. 94 Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. Tonnage of Shipping added to the' Merchant Navies of the Principal Maritime Countries of Europe in certain Years between 1850 and 1886. (Compiled from same as Table XXT.) Total Tonnage to Merchant Navy of each Country. Total of Yrs. United preceding Kingdom. Norway. Sweden. mark. Germany. Holland. France. Italy. Foreign Coun- tries. 1850 133,695 11,115 — — 18,572 44,032 '601301,535 20,884 — — — 11,866 43,823 — — 70 391,831 69,415 25,434 — — 19,406 63,372 106,162 — '80 411,736 71,427 13,152 12,273 80,827 14,690 46,830 31,863 271,062 '81 561,750 78,748 18,274 18,455 88,537 18,883 55,644 41,090 319,631 '82 714,521 74,776 15,171 17,146 118,728 12,777 135,206 43,548 428,352 '83 751,950 88,311 18,201 20,259 128,145 27,560 84,610 41,055 408,141 '84. 51-9,89G 84,896 26,237 17,654 85,919 17,032 77,634 39,619 348,991 '85423,711 69,421 17,458 9,197 44,179 13,433 25,611 30,165 209,464 '86 323 897 37,495 ■ — 5,908 52,405 8,443 41,467 49,473 212,649 '87 384,537 — — — — — — — Tonnage of Shipping added to the Merchant Navies of the United Kingdom, and of the other Principal Maritime Countries of Europe, viz., Norioay, Sxveden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, France, and Italy, in each Year from 1878 to 1887. (Compiled from same as Table XXI.) Years. 1878 '79 '80 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 '87, United Kingdom. 464,511" 561,750i vsiSih''''"^ 549,896j 423,7111 - 323,897/'^'^'°°^ 384,537 Other European Countries. 268,711 266,578 271,062 319,631 428,352 408,141 348,99lJ 209,4641 211000 212,649/"'^^'""" average 269,000 ■376,000 I'rom the latter it will be seen that simultaneouslj with the great increase in shipbuilding in the United Kingdom during the four years 1881-84, which averaged 50 per cent, above the mean of 1878-80, there was an increase on the continent which averaged 40 per cent. This increase was greatest in Norway, Germany, and France. 2. The sudden decrease commencing in 1884 was spread alike over the United Kingdom and continental Europe. In the two Maritime Trade of the United Kingdom, 1854-88. 95 years 1885-86 it amounted to 42 per cent, in the former, and 40 per cent, in the latter. 3. The rate of increase of the continental mercantile marine has been diminishing at each period, as compared with that of the British, viz. : — Total Annual Increase. Percentage Proportion of Increase. British. Foreign. Average of IBYS-SO Tons. 698,000 1,020,000 585,000 62 63 64 38 „ '81-84 37 ,, '85-86 36 4. The addition to the tonnage of Europe in the nine years 1878-86 was 7,374,000 tons, of which the United Kingdom fur- nished 4,613,000 tons, or 62'6 per cent. In the last year, 1886, the United Kingdom furnished 60 per cent. 5. Of the 37'4 per cent, added by continental Europe — 10*3 per cent, was furnished by Germany. 8-5 7-5 4-9 2-2 20 2-0 37-4 Norway. France. Italy. Holland. Sweden. Denmark. 6. Although France is among the European countries in which the addition to its shipping has been the greatest, a large propor- tion since 1872, when the distinction was first made in the retui^ns, bas been by purchase from foreigners, viz. : — From 1872 to 1886 Built at home 493,000 tons = 56 per cent. Bought from foreigners 396,000 „ = 44 „ 889,000 100 The sales to foreigners during the same period have amounted to 238,000 tons, equal to 27 per cent, of the total built and bought. 96 Part IY.— TRADE OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1872-86. § 1. Aggregate of British Possessions. The fourfh and last part of this review will comprise the Imports and Exports of the whole Empire, and of its several parts, for a period of fifteen years, from 1872 to 188fi, being the usual term comprised in the annual, " Statistical Abstract," and the compa- risons being brought down to the latest date of publication. It might have been better, as the years 1872-74 were a period of exceptional commercial inflation in the United Kingdom, to have commenced the comparison from an eai'lier date, but the trouble and delay of computation created an obstacle to this, and it will be sufficient to keep the point in mind, and, where practicable, to carry the starting point further back, in order to make the comparisons as fair as possible. At the same time it is in these tables that the difficulty caused by variations in prices, and in the case of the United Kingdom by the continuous and heavy fall in the pi'ices both of Imports and Exports during the last fifteen years, comes into full force, and calls for the exercise of the greatest caution in drawing conclusions from the simple figures as to the volume of trade at different dates. Nothing is known— or at least I'ecorded — as to the variation of prices in the several Possessions, but it may reasonably be assumed that if they have fallen, their fall has not been generally comparable with that which has occurred in the United Kingdom. Notes on Tables XXIII and XXIV. These two tables contain a return of the average annual value of Imports into and Exports from each part of the British Empire, calculated in ti-iads from 1872-74 to 1884-86, with the percentage difference of increase or decrease at each triennial period. Trade of the British Empire, 1872-8G. 97 Taiu.k XXIIT. — Total Value of Imports {inclvding Bullion and Specie) info each part of the British Emprire in each Tnennial Period between 1872 and 1886 ; also the Percentage Proportion of the Difference at each period. (Conipili-d from " Statistical Abstracts.") [OOO's omitted ] India Straits Settlements... Ceylon Mauritius Labuan Australasia — New South Wales Victoria South Australia Western Australia , Tasmania New Zealand Queenslanu fiji Cape of Good Hope.. Natal St. Helena Lagos . Gold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia Canada Newfoundland 15erniuda Honduras liiitish West Indies — Bahamas Turk's Islands Jamaica St. Lucia St. Vincent Barbados Grenada TobaL'o Virgin Islands. St. Kitts Nevis Antitcua Montserrat Dominica Trinidad British Guiana... Kalkland Isiands . An-STRACT. India Asia and Mauritius Australasia Afiica America — North West Indies South Total of British Possessions Total Value of Imports (Annual Average). 1872-74 1875-77 ,903. ,929, ,360, ,576, ICO, ,962, ,726. ,542, 296, .057, ,576, ,5S3, 5,789, 986, 79, 3.'5, 26-, 411, 122, 25,532, 1,447, 2.'-)8, 194, 204, 24, 1,685, 133, 158, 1,117, 127, 49, 4, 159. 46. 172, 21, 63, 1,300, 1,884, 29, 39,903, 19,957, 39,742, 7,972, 27,431, 5,265, 1, 13, 142,183, 45,811, 12,193, 5,603, 2,279, 133, 13,923, 16,251, 4,468, 366, 1,209, 7.303, 3,508, 137, 5,683. 1,153, 10:i, 517, 379, 340, 108, 21.917, 1,523, 256, 168, 160, 23, 1,671, 123 154, I.IJO, 120. 60, 5, 135, 32, 1<=.5, 25, 61, 1,627, 2,016, 34, 45,811, 20,208, 47,16.% 8,289, 23,864, 5,481, 2,050, 152,868, 52,166, 14,135, 5 008, 2,275, 157, 14,306, 15 251, 5,438, 380, 1..320. 7,764, 3.201, 200, 7,449, 2,077, 96, 473, 35 1 , 476, 182, 18,162, 1,465, 246, 196, 179, 23, 1,438, 115, 154, 1,099, 142, 41, 6, 173, 34, lh9, 26, 64, 2.169, 2,073, 36. 160,715, United Kingdom... 396,550, 416,995, |40.%275, British Kmpire ,5.38,733, 569,86.3, .%5,990, 1881-83. 1884-86. 62,696, 16,967, 4 43:t, 2,7li5, 129, 19,883, 22,4-22, 17,73 6,080. 477, 1.645, 8,013, 5,538, 375, 8,709, 1,959, 77, 426, 391, 402, 179, 24,792, 1,691, 234, 206, 2li, 1,4,3.% 148, 143, 1.146, 134, 51, fi, 179, 40, 172, 28, 69, 2 429, 2,036, 69,627, 19,155. 2,571, 83, ,696, ,240, ,7 8, ,143, ,978, ,212 .079, 194,096, 431,547, 391,634 18,."i92 6,297, 643, 1,723, 7,301, 6,302, 325, 4,741, 1,508 61, 479, 4.'-)6, 351. 126, 22.900, 1,444 266, 243, 202, 28, 1,442, 121, 10>, 970, 140. 28, 186, 148, 2,610, 1,634, 69,027, 26.086, 62, 1.05, 24,' 853, 0.060, 1,697, 198,650, rerctntase. DitTerence at each Period. 1875-77 62.5,643 '.590,284, 14-8 2-3 4 -11 33-0 39-7 3-3 26 -2 14 11 35-8 - 1 16-9 3H-1 5:1-1 45 -9 -17-3 - 1 1 -o -14-1 •5 '2 -0-8 -13-4 21 -5 - 4-2 - 0-8 - 7-5 1878-80. 1881-83. 1884-86 13-9 15-9 -10-6 - 0'2 18-0 6-1 21-7 3.8 9-2 6.3 - 8-7 46-0 31 1 80-1 -12-0 - 8-5 - 7-4 40-0 68-5 -17-1 - ;V8 - 3-9 16-7 -11-9 - 13 -0 -6-5 0-3 - 1 -9 - 5-5 5-9 22-5 -31-6 25 -0 r-i5-i \-;^ (iold Coast Sierra Leone Gambia Canada Newfoundland H' rimiia llonilur.'is Hiitisli West Indies — Bahamas Turin's Islands Jamaica St. Lucia St. Vincent Barbados Grenada Tobago Virgin Islands St. Kitts Nevis Antigua Montserrat Dominica Trinidad British Guiana Falkland Islands AfSFBACr. India Asiii and Mauritius Australasia Africa America — North West Indies South Total of British Po.ssessions Total Value of Exports (Annual Average). 1872-74. 1875-77. 1878-80. 1881-83 1814-86. £ £ £ £ 59,381, 61,106, 67,200, 81,205, 86,467, 11.178, 11.576, 13,396, 1.5,002, 17.214, 4,321, 5,205, 4,714, 3,378, 3,093, 3,213, 3,332, 3,663, 3,807, 3,575, 106 126, 163, 136, 83, *8,759, l.'?,267. 13,859, 17,.551, 16,783 14,872, 14.707, 14,444, 16,281, 14,466, 4,243, 4,749. 5,231, 4,884, 5,510, 301, 3S7, 468,. 511, 494, 910, 1,211, 1,376, 1,625, 1,373, 5,351, 5,943, 6,037, 6,605, 6,861, •3, ISO, 3,930, 3,357, 4,117, 4,950, 113, 197, 239, 318, 681, 728, 723, 777, 932, 4,436, 3,8^7, 4,030, 4,609, 3,920, 32, 51, 44, 29, 20. 446, 624, 603, 545, 608, t385, 393, 435, 369, 457. 461, 345, 386, 409, 343, 139, 120, 183, 201, 133, 18,179, 16,300, 16,578, 20,730, 18,465, 1,3.59, 1,377, 1,193, 1,519, 1,122, 71, 70, 73. 96, 83, 220, 178, 190, 267, 281, 141, 109, 134, 141, 161, 27, 27. 24, 28, 32, 1,362, 1.462, 1,360, 1.399, 1.391, 161, 161, 186, 202, 124, 217, 189, 160, 164, 106, 1,062, 1,179, 1,168, 1,158, 1,021, 1-50, 165, 157, 191, 191, 68, 80, 72, 59, 33, 5, 5, 5, s, 4, 157. 148, 188, 1237, } §-^04, 60, 54, 48, t61. 143, 201, 244, 224, 165, 33, 31, 32, 36, 23, 70, 75, 74, 61, 50, 1..529, 1,785, 2,096, 2,413. 2,. 508, 2,481, 2,806, 2,613, 2,993, 1,988, 38, 45, 70, 83, 102, 59,381, 61,106, 67,2(10, 81,205, 86,467, 18,m21, 20,239, 21,836, 22,323, 23,966, 37,616, 44,307, 44,9.59, 61,813, .50,755, 6,. 580, 6,168, 6,404, 6,929, 6,413, 19 829, 17,926, 18,034, 22.612 19,951, 5,175, 5.671, 6,947, 6,368, 6,003, 2,519, 149,921. 2,851, 2,683, 3,076, 194,326, 2,090, 1S6,644, 158,257, 167,063, 335,111, 295,879, 284,947, 323,029 300.276, 485,032, 464,136, 452,010, 517,355. 495,920, Percentage DifTerence at each Period. 1875-77. 1878-80. 1881-83, 2-9 3-6 20-4 3-7 18-9 ( 51 -5 - 1-1 11-9 28-6 33-1 11-1 23-6 6-9 -12-1 59-4 39-9 2-1 ■ 10 -3 1-3 - 1-4 -19-1 -22-7. -12 -9 11 -0 10-0 37-9 9-9 15-7 -9-4 6-9 29-4 4-4 - 1-7 10-1 18-4 13-6 1-6 ! -14-6 1 74-3 -0-7 3-4 i -13-7 -3-4 10-7 11-9 ,52 -5 1-7 -13-4 4-3 6-7 22-9 -Il-l - 7-0 14-9 -15-3 - 0-9 - 4-9 -10-0 - 5-7 -lO-O 40-5 - 6-1 7-1 16-7 13-1 18-4 2-9: 7-5! 12-5 ■ 6-4 - 9-6 9 -el 13-2 27-0 -11-1 21 -3 3-2 - 1-3 17-4 - 6-8 55-5 9-9 7-9 1-5 4-0 0-6 4-9 -5-8 5-6 ■11-7 - 6-3 20-8 12-0 -■-8 -3 6-9 -16-6 26-6 12-7 -6-6 11-6 18-1 9-4 7-4 14-3 -34-1 - 9-6 -17-4 5-9 9-8 25-0 27-3 31-5 40-5 5-2 16-7 2-8 9-2 - 3-7 -0-8 21-7 -18-1 26-1 27-1 - 8-2 9-4 -17-6 15-1 14-5 18-6 20-8 2-2 15-2 8-2 25-3 7-1 14-6 5-5 3-7 16-3 13-3 Exclusive of overland traffic t Kigures of 1872. t Average of 1881-82 § Kicures of 1883-86. Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. 99 a. liritish Possessions examined separatehj. The several Possessions have been p^rouped in the same manner as previously in Part II, and the tigures for the United Kingdom have been added, although for the reason above stated there is strong ground for believing that a fair comparison cannot be instituted between the aggregates of the Possessions and those of the United Kingdom, while the increase in the former disappears, and the aggregate of the Empire is dragged down by the fall in prices in the last triad of the period. The trade of all the British Possessions taken together may be examined first. There has been a continuous increase both of Imports and Exports in each triad, but the increase in the years 1881-88 has been in both three or four times as great as in any of the other triads. Thus : — Trade of the British Possessio7is. Total Value [OOO's omitted]. Percentage Increase at each I'liini. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 '81-83 '84-86 £ 142,183, 152,868, 160,715, 194,096, 198,650, £ 149,921, 158,257, 167,063, » 194,326, 195,644, Per cent. 7-5 51 20-8 2-3 Per cent. 5-6 5-5 16-3 0-7 On the above it may be noted — - 1. That the increase has been greater in Imports than in Exports in three out of the four periods. 2. That the actual amount of Exports exceeded that of Imports in each of the first four periods, but the excess was gradually diminishing, and had nearly disappeared in the fourth ; and that in the fifth and last the Imports had begun to exceed the Exports, indicating in this respect a growing a[)proximation to the propor- tions which have long existed in the United Kingdom and the majority of old countries. 3. The total increase between the first and last triad has been for Imports 39'8 per cent., and for Exports 30"5 per cent., the increase in both having been small in the last period, after the very large increase in the one immediately preceding it. b. British Possessions compared ivith the Lirited Kingdom. The corresponding figures for the United Kingiloin tell a different tale, as far as the recorded value of the trade is cou- n 2 100 Trade of the British Empire, 1872 8G. cei-ned ; but if the variations in prices in the British Possessions coukl be ascertained, and if it should turn out that there has been no such fall as in the United Kingdom, the difference would not be so striking, and a comparison between the two might be fairly instituted ; but this is now, and will probably remain for some time, an impossibility. As they stand, the figures run thus : — Trade of the United Kingdom. Total Value (OOO's omitted). I'ereentage Difference at each Period. Imports. £ 396,550, 416,995, 405,275, 431,547, 391,634, Exports. Imports. Exports. 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 £ 335,111, 295,879, 284,947, 323,029, 300,276, Per cent. + 5-2 -2-8 + 6-5 - 92 Per cent. -11-7 - 37 '81-83 '81-86 + 13 3 - 70 1. Here, instead of a continuous increase, there has been generally a decrease, except in the years 1881-83, in which, as in the British Possessions, there was a notable increase both in Imports and Exports. 2. The Imports have always largely exceeded the Exports. On the average of the fifteen years the excess was just a third, or 32 8 per cent. 3. Instead of an increase between the two extreme triads, there has been a falling off in Imports of 1'2 per cent., and in Exports of lO'l. But it must not be overlooked that 1872-74 was a period of great inflation. If the comparison be made with the years 18(19-71,* there has been an increase of 16'8 per cent, in Imports, and of 8 per cent, in Exports. c. Estimated increase of Quantity ax Prices of 1872-74. The method employed in this review, of measuring the average prices in each year, supplies the means of calculating what the value of Imports and Exports into and from the United Kingdom in each triad would have been, if the prices had remained stationary, tlie same as they were in the first triad. The comparative results are shown in the following statements : — * Duclanii value of Imports in 1869-71. „ E.\.porLb „ 339,276,000 277,907,090 Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. 101 iDijiiirfs into the United Kinr/df)))). As recorded. Calculated on ?> ices of First Tiiad. Percent;! i;e Increase on calculated Average A verage rices Price per Fri.e per at each Pcriml. [000s omitted.] Ton. [OOO's omitted.] Ton. £ £ £ £ I'er cent. 1872-74 306,550, 19-6 396,550, 19-6 — '75-77 41fi,995, 18 1 450,155, „ 13-5 '78-80 405,275, 17-2 461,825, ,, 2-6 '81-83 431,547, 10-7 506,4S6, ^j' 9-6 '84.-86 391,634, 14-8 518,650, » 2-4 which .shows an increase of 30*8 per cent, bt'tweeu the tir.st and last triads, comparable with the increase of 39"8 per cent, in the corresponding Imports into the British Possessions. Exports from the United Kinijdom. As recorded. Calculated at Price of First Triad. Percentage Incn ase at calculated Amount, Average PriLe per Amount. Average Price per Prices at each Period. [OOO's omitted.] Ton. £ [OOO's omitted ] £ Tun. £ £ Per cent. 1872-74 335,111, 15-9 335,111, 15-9 — '75-77 295,879, 12-9 364,688, ,, 8-7 '78-80 284,947, 11-1 406,365, „ 11 -4 '81-8< 323,029, 10-9 471,207, ,, 13-2 '84^86 300,276, 9-5 502,567, ■' 6-6 which shows an increase of 50 per cent, between the first and last triads, largely exceeding the increase of 8()'5 per cent, in the coiTCsponding value of Kxports fi'om the British Possessions. For the reason above given it does not appear expedient to exhibit here the aggregate of the United Kingdom and the Posses- sions, as the resnlts would give a misleading view of the total trade, but the figui-es are available for examination in the table ; and for the same reason, in comparing the proportion which the trade of the United Kingdom and the Possessions bore to one another at the two ends of the period, it appears desirable to show the calculation both for the actual declared value, and for the estimated value on the supposition that the prices had remained .stationary. lOi Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. Cakulateii on Declared Value. Calculated on Stationary Value. Percentage Proportion of Percentage Proportion of United Kingdom, British Possessions. United Kingdom. British Possessions. Imports. 1872-74 '84-80 Exports. 1872-74 '84-8(5 740 6r)3 fiOO GOG 260 337 310 394 740 72-3 69-0 72 260 27-7 310 28-0 The proportions are not so ranch changed as might be antici- pated, and it may be assumed that the real pi'oportions lie about midway, and that the proportion at the present time of Import trade of the Empire carried on by the Posses.sions is about 30 per cent., and of the Export trade about 35 per cent. § 2. British Posnexsions in Groups. As regards the progress of trade in different parts of the Empire, Table XXIII shows, with respect to Imports, that— 1. There has been a continuous increase at each triad in India, Asia, and Australasia, the amount of which has been very steady in India, and very variable in the other two sections. In all thi-ee the greatest increase was in 1881-83. 2. In Africa there was an increase in the earlier triads, with a heavy falling off of 364 per cent, in the last. The inc.-rease in 1878-80 was very large, one-third (33"9 per cent.). 8. In North America there was a heavy falling off in the earlier periods, a large increase, 344' per cent., in 1881-83, and a moderate falling oif in the following triad. 4. The West Indies exhibit a moderate continnons increase in all but the last triad, in which there was a small falling otf of 2'4 per cent. 5. In South America the first two comparisons exhibit a moderate or small increase, and the latter two one small and one large decrease. 6. There was a large increase in 1881-83 in India, Asia, Australasia, and North America, and only a small increase or a falling off in Africa, the West Indies, and South America. Similar compaiisons with regard to Exports derived from Table XXIV exhibit the following results. There has been — 1. A continuous but an unsteady increase in India and Asia. 2. An increase in Australasia and the West Indies — very Trade of tlie British Empire, 1872-86. 108 Tinsteadv in the former — and a small falling- oif in tlie last triad in both. 3. A decrease in the second and last triads in both Africa and North America, and great unsteadiness, culminating in a heav\' falling off, in the last triad in South America. 4. There was a large increase in 1881-!-!3 onlj in India and North America, a modenite increase in the same triad in Australasia and South America, with a small increase in Asia, Africa, and the West Indies. An examination of the trade of each Possession will be ju'esentlv made in connection with the shipping, and the distribution of the trade of each. Before quitting this branch of the subject it will be interesting to ascertain whether, and to what extent, the trade of the British Posse.ssions taken collectively has increased, in proportion to that of the United Kingdom, and the following statement shows that it has increased considerably and continuously, and also to the same extent both in Imports and Exports, during the last fifteen years : — Imports. Exports. Vears. United Kingdom. British Possessions. United Kin^d ni. Briti-h Poesessions. 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 '81-83 '84-8^4 and 1885. 106 Trade of tie British Kmpire, 1872-86. Table XXVI. — Total Tonnage of Vesselx, British and Foreign, tchich Entered and Cleared with Cargoes and in Ballast (exclusive cj" the Coasting Trade), in each jiart of the British Empire, in the two Triennial Periods \H7 7 -79 and 1884-86; also the Percentage Proportion of the Foreign Tonnage at each period, and the Increase and Decrease of British and Foreign respect ircli/ let ween the two periods. [OOO's omitted.] Total Tonnage Entered and Cleared. Percentage Proportion of toriign. Percentage Dif- ference between the two Periods. J877-79. Annual Average. 1884-86. Annual Aver age. Total. 1877-79. 1884-86. British. I'oreign. British. Foreign. Total. British. Foreign. 4,600. 2,843, IH. 3,780, 2,176, 343, 2,173, 1,049, 1,764, 760, 152, 338, 742, 33, 1,011, 259, 109, 280, 109, 277, 97, 4,076. 537, 138, 53 50, 27, 552, 105, 37, 319, 129, 1-, 9, 61, 82. 15. 19, 4«5, riot (lisli 20, 4.60". 9.160, 7,011, 2,142, 4,804, 1,8G'2, not disli 29,579, 3.5,830, 65,409, 985, 1,336, 2, 1,2-28, 381, -209, 239, 44, 145, 77, 9, 1, 132, 15, 203, 29, 2i», 67, 32, 55, 49, 2,396, 56, 45, 34, 119, 69, 185, 46, 5, 93, 19, '"33 17, 2, 7, 251, nguislied 3, 985. 3,1.56 062, 455, 2,531, 846, iipruislied 8,535, 16,117, •24,6.52, 5,585, 4,179, 20, 5,008, 2,5.57, 552, 2,412, 1,093, 1,909, 837, 161, 339, 874, 48, 1,214, 288, 129, 347, 141, 332, 146, 6,472, 593, 183, 87, 1G9, 96, 737. 151, 42, 412, 118, 12, 9, 94, 99, n, 26, 696, 537, 23, 5.58.5, 12,316, 7,673, •2,597, 7,335, 2,708. 560, 5.829, 4,370, 45, 6,034, 3,033, 373, 3,854, 3,320, 2,958, 1,446, 454, 653, 939, 103, 1,351, 368, 111, 346, 492, 369, 107, 4,073, 6^25, 208, 102, 60, 64, 723, 376, 161, 786, 263, 10, 367. 3ti3, •204. 277, 736, 422, 14, 5,829, 1.3,855, 13,727, 3,144, 5,808, 4,488, 436, 1,235, 2,391, 4. 1,899, 632, 310, 497, 24, 424, 287, 16, 8. 89, 111 226, 33, 11. 75, 93, 49, 43, 3,185, 17, 38, 132, 159, 185, 225, 54, 11, 93. 5, 1, "21, 19, 2, 3, 369, 230, 26, 1,235, 5,236, 1,356, 530, 3,372, 1,147, 256, 7.064, 0,761, 49, 7,9.33, 3,665, 683, 4,351, 3,344, 3,382, 1,733, 470, 661, 1,0'28, 114, 1,577. 401, 12^2, 421, 585, 418, 150, 8,058, 642. 246, 234, 219, 249, 948, 430, 17^2. t 879, 268, 99, 10, 388. 382, •206, 280, 1,105, 652, 40, 7,064, 19,091, 15,083, 3,674. 9.180, 5,635, 69'2, 60.419, 63,798, 17-6 31-9 10-0 26 5 15-0 37-8 9-9 4-0 7 -5 9-1 5 -5 0-2 15-1 31-2 16-7 10-4 15-5 19-5 '22-6 16-5 33-5 35-4 H-0 •24-6 38-9 70-4 71-9 -25-1 30-5 12-0 22-8 12-9 0-0 35-1 17-1 11-8 •2G-9 36-1 13-0 17-6 ■25 -6 8-6 17-5 34 -5 31-2 17-5 35-4 8-2 •23-8 17-3 45-4 11 -4 0-7 12-6 16-6 3-5 1-2 8-7 9-7 14-4 8-5 9-6 17-9 15-9 11-6 •28-7 39-6 2-7 15-4 56-5 72-5 74-3 -23-7 12-6 6-4 10-6 1-9 1-1 0-0 5-4 5-1 1-0 1-0 33-5 .35-3 65-0 17-5 27 -n 9 14-4 36-8 20-3 37-0 •26-8 53-7 150-0 59 -6 39-4 9-0 77-8 216-5 67-7 90-2 198-7 93-2 26-5 212 -i 33-6 42-1 1 -9 23-6 351-4 33-2 10-3 19-5 16-2 50-8 92-4 20-0 133 -3 30-9 258-1 335-1 146-4 103-9 716-6 11-1 501-6 34-3 l,26( -0 1,357 -8 65-4 *5-0 26-8 51-2 95-8 46-8 20-9 141-0 •25 -4 Straits Settlements 78-9 100-0 54 -6 6ii-0 48-3 Australasia — New Si ■nth Wales 108-0 -45 -5 192-4 272-7 77-7 700-0 -32-6 Fiji -26-6 11-3 Natal 14-0 St. Helena -45-0 11-9 190-6 Sierra I^one -10-9 12-2 Carnda 32-9 -69-6 -\h-h 268-8 British West Indies- 33-6 Turk's Islands 169-5 21-6 17-4 100 -0 -73-7 -36-1 11 8 Montserrat Dominica -57-1 Trinidad 47-0 83 i -3 Abstract. India Asia and Mauritius •25 ^4 6.«>-9 104-8 16-5 33-2 35 -6 South Total of British Pos.sessions* 38,774, 51,947. 90,721, 47,287, 46.380, 93,667, 13,132, 17,418, 30, .550, 22 -0 31-0 21 7 27 -3 60-0 ■29-4 43-2 53-8 8-1 „ British Empire r24,217. 27-1 ■24-6 23-9 * Exclusive of Malta and Gibraltar, from which the returns are not comparable with the others, and Heligoland, from which there is no return. f Average for l8-'4-85. Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. 107 Class. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. £21-4 per £13-5 £10-5 £8 to £9 £5 to £6 6. 7. £4 to £5 £3 to £4 8. 9. £2 to £3 £1 to £2 10. £0-5 to £1 , 11. Under £0-5 , ton. British iTidia. , New Zealand. , United Kingdom. , New South Wales, Mauritius, Victoria. , South Australia, Natal, Stj-aits Settlements, Britisli Guiana, Cape of Good Hope. , Canada, Fiji, Tasmania, Trinidad. , Newfoundland, Queens.Iand, Labuan, Falkland Islands. Western Australia, Jamaica, Honduras, Lagos. , Cejlon, Barbados, Bahamas, Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Bermuda, Gambia, Grenada. , St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Helena, Virgin Islands, Antigua. , St. Lucia, St. Yinccn*^, Tobago, Turk's Islands, Dominica, Montserrat. Similar order of groups : — 1. India 214 2. United Kingdom 105 3. Australasia 7'0 4. South America 5'0 5. North America 46 6. Africa 3"4 7. Asia 2-3 8. West Indies IS Upon these statements it may be observed — 1. It is difficult to account for the immense difference between India and the United Kingdom ; one cause may be a differ- ence in the proportion of vessels in ballast ; another may be the difference in the proportion of steam vessels ; a thii-d will be the proportionately lai'ge importation of bullion and specie into India ; and possibly one cause may be a greater proportion both of Imports and Exports of low value in England. 2. The high proportion of New Zealand compared with the Australian and other Possessions, may partly be accounted for by the small proportion of its inter-Colonial trade, which was only 20 per cent, compared with 49"2 per cent, in the Australian Colonies. It may be assumed that the proportion of vessels in ballast is much larger in an inter-colonial trade with neighbours than in a trade wirh distant countries. 3. The position of the several Australian Colonies in thi.s table corresponds somewhat with the proportionate amount of the trade with British (chiefly Australian) Colonies, and with the United Kingdom and foreign countries, shown in Table VII Ia of Part I of this woi-k. Western Australia and Tasmania may have been depressed in the scale by steamers entering somewhat more largely into their trade. 108 Trade nf the Bn'h'sh Empire, 1872-8(5. Avt-rajri' Value per ton. New South Wales .... Victoria I'erientat'e l'ni|iortion ol Tutiil Trailc with British Colonies. United Kinedom and Kort'ign Countries. £ 8 to 9 40-8 38-3 380 71-8 610 45-2 59-2 61-7 5 „ 6 4 „ 5 3 „ 4 South Australia Tasmania Queensland 620 28-2 390 2 „ 3 Western Australia .... 54-8 •i. Three causes have a material eif ect in producing the average value per tou in the several Possessions. One is shown con- spicuously in the next statement, namely, the proportion of steamer tonnage, as exemplified in the trades of West Africa and the West Indies, w^here the periodical visits of passenger steamers swell the aggregates of tonnage, but contribute comparatively little to the aggregates of Imports and Exports. Another cause is the proportion of small native craft which move about constantly, but carry little cargo that is recorded at the customs. A third cause is the proximity of a Possession to some other territory with which a constant intercourse is kept up, but which contributes little to the record of Imports and Exports. Ceylon offers a conspicuous example of the operation of all these causes, reducing the average value of a ton to £1'7. In the returns from this island the tonnage of steamers is not distin- guished from that of sailing vessels, but the large proportion of it may be inferred from the fact that of the total tonnage which entered atid cleared in 1885, nearly 4 million of tons, H millions (3"^ per cent.) sailed in ballast. Of the 5,828 vessels which entered and cleared in the same year, 1,035, or 28 per cent., were British, of an average size of 1,734 tons, evidently chiefly passenger steamers, and 4,193, or 72 per cent., were Colonial vessels, chiefly native craft, of an average size of 82 tons. Of the total trade of the island in the same year 71 per cent, of the Imports and 19 per cent, of the Exports wei'C shipped to or from India, to which must be added the large passenger traffic in coohes. Furthermore it appears that while the value of Imports and Exports has decreased of late years, the tonnage (especially of foreign vessels) has increased considerably, which, to whatever cause it may be attributed, helps to account for the very low average value of cary-oes. Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. 109 b. Proportion of Steamer Tonnage. The next statement shows the order in which each Britisli Possession stands with regard to the proportion of tonnage of steamers compared with that of sailing vessels, employed in its trade, inwards and outwards collectively. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Proportion of Per cc nt. Labunn 98'7 Gold Coast 97'5 Dominica 9fil Montserrat 96 Lagos 953 St. Lucia 94o Sierra Leone 938 Straits Settlements 938 Grenada 91'7 St. Vincent 91-2 Tobago 90-6 Gambia 90"5 Antigua 87 8 St. Kitts and Nevis 867 Tasmania 86'0 Western Australia 80'2 Jamaica 78"8 Victoria 78-1 Bermuda 78-0 Cajx' of Good Hope 77-8 Trinidad 76"5 Steamer Tonnage. Per cent. 22. Honduras 74-9 23. New South Wales 701 24. St. Helena 70-1 25. Bahamas 68'3 26. India 65-3 27. Fiji 651 28. Turk's Islands 620 29. Canada 592 30. Falkland Islands 565 31. Newfoundland 54-8 32. Mauritius 497 33. British Gviiana 445 34. Virgin Islands Nil 35. Ceylon 36. Hong Kong 37. South Australia 38. New Zealand 39. Queensland 40. Natal | -^ 41. Barbados J It will be seen that in Labuan, the West African Possessions, and all the smaller West Indian Islands, a large proportion of the tonnage consists of the passenger steamers which visit them periodically. Returns are wanting from several important Colonies. c. Proportion of Foreign Tonnage. The next statement, deduced from Table XX\'', shows the order in which each British Possession stands with regard to the pro- portion of foreign tonnnge employed in its trade, inwards and outwards collectively, upon the average of the years 1884-86. no Trade of the Brllisli Empire^ 1872-86. Per cent 1. Turk's Islands 74-3 2. Bahamas 725 3. Falkland Islands 64-1 4. Honduras 56'o 5. Mauritius 45'4 6. Canada 39 6 7. Straits Settlements 35"4 8. Britisli G-uiana 35'3 9. Trinidad 33o 10. Gambia 287 11. Hong Kong 238 12. Jamaica 23'7 13. Lagos 17 9 14. India l7o 15. Ceylon 17 3 16. South Australia 16-6 17. Gold Coast 15-9 18. Bermuda 154 19. Cape of Good Hope 144 20. Victoria 126 21. St. Lucia 126 Proportion of Fore!(jn Tunnm/e. Per cent. 22. Sierra Leono ITG 23. New South Wales 11-4 24. Barbados 10-3 25. Fiji 10-2 26. St. Helena 96 27. New Zealand 8"7 28. Natal 8-5 29. Labuan 82 30. St. Vincent 6-4 31. St. Kitts and Nevis 5 4 32. Antigua 5"1 33. Western Australia 3-5 34. Virgin Islands 3-0 35. Newfoundland 27 36. Grenada 2-0 37. Tasmania 1"2 38. Tobago 11 39. Dominica 11 40. Montserrat 1*0 41. Queensland 0"7 Tlie above are divided into three classes: 1, those in which the proportion of foreign tonnage exceeds a third ; 2, those in which it ranges from 10 to 30 per cent. ; and 3, those in which it is less than 10 per cent. The four Possessions in which the proportion exceeds 50 per cent, are not important for the amount of their trade, but five important Possessions employ from 33 to 45 per cent, of foreign tonnage. Among these is Canada. The Australian Colonies employ but a small proportion ; Queensland less than 1 per cent. d. Comparison with the United Kingdom Taking a summary view of this table, the avei-age value of a ton in the whole Empire was £83, in the United Kingdom £10".5, and in the Possessions £6'0. In these latter the average ranged fi'om £21 4 in India to £1 8 in the West Indies. The proportions of Britisli and foreign tonnage employed in the trade of the Empire were as close as possible 75 and 25 per cent, respectively. In the United Kingdom the proportion of foreign was somewhat greater, viz., 27"3; in the Possessions th;it of British was to the same extent greater, viz., 78"3. The several groups of Colonies exhibit very different propor- tions : — Trade of the Britiah Empire, 1872-86. Ill Percentage Proportion of Foreign Tonnage. South America 37 North „ 36 Asia and Mauritius 27 West Indies 20 India 17 Africa 14 Australasia 9 ATeragc 21 The proportion of steam to sailing tonnage in the trade of the Empire is 80 to 20 per cent. In the trade of the United Kingdom it is slightly lower, 78'6, and in that of the Possessions slightly higher, 81'6 per cent. The order in which the several groups stand is : — Percentage Proportion of Steam Tonnage. Asia and Mauritius 90 Africa 86 West Indies 83 Australasia 74 India 65 Korth America 59 South ,, 45 Areraffe 81 '6 § 2. Comparisons of British and Foreign Tonnage in each Possession. Table XXVI compares the total tonnage entered and cleared, distinguishing British and foreign, in the first and last triad of the ten years 1877-8G. It shows that — 1. The total tonnage employed in the trade of the EmT)irc, inwards and outwards, had increased from 00" 7 millions of tons to r24'2 millions, or 37'1 per cent. British tonnage had increased from 65"4 to 93"7 millions, or 432 per cent. ; foreign tonnage had increased from 24"6 to 30'7 millions, or 24 per cent. 2. In the trade of the United Kingdom separately the corres- ponding changes were : — British from 35*8 to 46 "4 nilHioii tons = 29 '4 per cent. Foreign „ 16 •! „ 17 4 „ - 8-1 „ Total. 51-9 63-8 22-7 4. And in the trade of the British Possessions : — British from 29-6 to 47-3 million tons =60-0 per cent. Foreign „ 8 '5 „ 13-1 „ = 54-0 „ Total. 3S-2 60-4 112 Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. § 3. Tonnage in Trade of nil Possessions, 1885. Tables XXVI I and XXVIII contain an epitome of a serio^ of tables prepai-ed for the Defence Committee of the Imperial Feder- ation League, which may be consulted in the office of the League. They contain a return of the tonnage, distinguishing British from Foreign, which was employed in the trade of each British Posse.s- si(m, carried on inwards and outwards, with each country, in the year 1885. These are brought together in different groups according to their locality, and the groups into a single aggregate, showing the shipping trade of the British Possessions in the latest year for which the returns were available. These tables are too voluminous and too detailed for this review, but some of the most interesting features are shown in the abstracts published hei'ewith, and others will be brought out in the following; remarks. Table XXVII. — Percentage Proportions of the Total Tonnagp, British and Foreign., employed in the Trade, Inwards and Out- tvards, of all the British Possessions, exclusive of the Unittd Kingdom, ivith different Countries, in the Year 1885. (Conii)iited frnm returns compiled from Blue Books of tlie several Possessions.) In Trade with Percentage Proportions of Total Tonnage of British Possessiims. Total. United Kingdom . . British Possessions- Australasia India West Indies ... Hong Kong ... North America Africa Mauritius British Guiana Other Total of British Possessions. Foreign Countries — Cliina and Japan United States Asia Europe and Egypt Africa Foreign West Indies Central America Soutli America All other, and Fislieries Total of Foreign Countries .. Total 24 f) 20-2 22-40 ! 15-1 15 G 15-35 ! 9-0 9-7 9-35 3-6 3fi 3-«0 1 2-4 2-7 2-55 1 1-2 1-3 1-25 t 1-2 1-5 1 35 0-5 0-5 -50 3 0-3 0-3() 10 0-6 0-so 34 -3 35 -8 35 -85 14-0 14-6 14 30 9-0 9-2 9-10 8-1 9 8-55 4-0 5-8 4-90 1-8 1-9 1-85 1-4 1 •« 1 50 0-9 11 1 -00 1 0-8 0-6 0-70 0-4 0-2 30 4] I 440 42 55 100 100-0 100 00 Trade of the British Empire, 1872-8G. 113 Proportions in Trade with Different Countries. Notes on Table XXVII. It must be borne in mind that these tables relate exclusively to the shipping trade of the British Possessions. The first shows the percentage proportion of tonnage, not distinguishing British from Foreign, employed in the trade of all the British Possessions with different countries. The notable results are — 1. The proportion employed in the total trade with the United Kingdom, inwards and outwards, is between a fourth and a fifth, viz., 22'4 per cent. The intercolonial trade amounts to 35'05 per cent., and the trade with Foreign Countries to 42"55. 2. There are some differences sufiieiently great to be worthy of notice in the inward and outward trades. The proportion of ton- nage arriving from the United Kingdom exceeds that despatched thither by 44 per cent. On the other hand that of tonnage despatched to other Colonies is 1'5 per cent, in excess, and that despatched to Foreign Countries is 2'9 in excess. This seems to indicate, if tonnage affords any measui-e of trade, that the Posses- sions import more from the United Kingdom than they export thither, and that they export more to other Colonies and to Foreign Countries than they import from them. The annual statements of Navigation and Shipping afford the means of comparing the proportions of the tonnage employed in the United Kingdom in the Foreign and Colonial trades respec- tively with those so employed in the British Possessions. Thus in the year 1885 — Tonnage, OOO's omitted. Inwards. Outwards. Total. Trade of British Possessions — In trade with United Kingdom .... „ other Countries 7,890, 24,173, 32,06.3, 6,349, . 25,094, 14,239, 49,267, Total 31,443, 63,50R, Trade of United Kingdom — In trade with British Possessions.... ,, Foreign Countries .... 4,] 55, 27,707, 31,862, 6,105, 26,314, 10,260, 54,021, Total 32,419, 64,281, The chief points to be noted in the above figures are — 1. The total tonnage in the trade of the United Kingdom in the year 1885 exceeded slightly that in the trade of all the British Possessions. 2. In tlie British Possessions the total tonnage inwards I 114 Trade of tie British Empire, 1872-86. exceeded tlie tonnage outwards; in the United King-dom the excess lay in the opposite direction in about the same proportions. 3. These proportions however are found to differ both in the United Kinodom and the British Possessions when the trades between them and between Foreign Countries are examined separately. In the United Kingdom the imports from Foreign Countries exceed in the proportion of 51 to 49, but the Exports to the Possessions exceed, in the proportion of 60 to 40. In the Possessions the Imports from the United Kingdom exceed in the proportion of 55 to 45, while the Exports to Foreign Countries exceed in the proportion of 51 to 49. The identity^ of this latter proportion in the two cases is remarkable, as is also the near approximation in the other proportion, which -will be best seen in the followino' statement : — Proportions of Tonnage. Inwards. Outwards. Trade of British Possessions — In trade with United Kingdom other Countries Per cent. 55 49 40 51 Per cent. 45 51 Trade of United Kingdom — In trade with Biitish Possessions 60 40 3. There is one feature in the above figures which requires investigation and explanation : how the 6'1 millions of tons which cleai'ed from the United Kingdom figured as 7"9 millions on arrival in the Possessions : and how the 6'3 millions of tons which cleared from the Possessions figured as only 4'1 on their ai'rival in the United Kingdom. Of course they were not the same ships — but the difference is too great to be accounted for by the fluctua- tions in the annual trade. 4. After deducting the double entry of trade between the United Kingdom and the British Possessions, the aggregate of tonnage employed in the trade of the British Empire in 1885 stood thus : — Tons, OOO's omitted. Trade of the United Kingdom with British Possessions 12,250,* „ ,, Foreign Countries 54,021, ,, British Possessions with other British Possessions 22,283, „ „ Foreign Countries 26,984, Total 115,538, 4. The trade with China, Japan, and the rest of Asia is slightly greater than that with the United Kingdom, being 22"8 and 22"4 respectively ; and is greater than that with all other countries * Taking the mean of the figures in the statement at p. 111. Trade of the British Empire, 18r2-86. 115 put together, being 22"8 and 197 respectively; the trade with China and Japan is only inferior to that with Australasia; the trade with India and the United States is nearly equal, being 9'3 and 9"1 respectively; but the most striking feature is that the direct trade with all foi'eign European countries and Egypt is less than 5 per cent. § 4. Tonnage in Trade of Groups of Possessions. Notes on Table XXVIII. This table has been prepared for the purpose of showing the proportions ,in which British and Foreign tonnage is ennployed in the trade of the British Possessions, and in the several groups into which they have been divided. The sa.me obstacle exists as in the case of the last table, to combining the returns for the United Kingdom in the same form, and so exhibiting the aggregate of the British Empire. Table XXVIII. — Percentage Proportion of British and Fondgn Tonnage employed in the Trade, Inwards and Outwards, of the British Possessions in different parts of the World, exclusive of the United Kingdom, distinguishing the Trade with the United Kingdom, other British Possessions, and Foreign Countries, in the Year 1885. (Compiled from same returns as Table XXVIII.) Inwaeds. United Kingdom. British Colonies. Foreign Countries. Total. British. Foreign British. Foreign. British. Foreign. British. Foreign. British Asia 92-7 99-2 88-4 85-2 95-8 640 7-3 0-8 11-6 14-8 4-2 360 83-0 96-3 94-1 9.5-8 930 83-4 17-0 3-7 5-9 4-2 70 16-6 51-2 291 78-1 43-5 57-7 29-6 48-8 70-9 21-9 56-5 42-3 70-4 68-0 90-7 85-4 62-9 8')-0 62-4 32-0 Australasia Eritish Africa „ N. America.. ,, West Indies. ,, S. America.... 9-3 14-6 371 200 37-6 Total 91-9 81 9u-9 9-1 50-5 49-5 74-7 25-3 OUTW AEDS. Biitish Asia 911 95-9 97-8 78-3 911 86-9 8-9 4-1 2-2 21-7 8-9 131 84-4 94-9 92-8 81-2 95-8 710 15-6 51 7-2 18-8 4-2 29 53-9 57-2 70-9 •15-3 61-7 34-9 46-1 42-8 291 .'1-7 651 67-7 90-7 84-1 531 7'.<-5 611 32-3 9-3 British Africa 15-9 „ N. America.. ,, West Indies.. „ S. America.... 46-9 20-5 38-9 Total 88-7 113 82-3 17-7 54-2 4;-rS 74-.1 25(1 12 lit; Trade of fJie British Empire, 1872-86. The tabic divides the British Possessions into six groups, viz.: — Britisli Asia. Australasia. British Africa. ,, North America. ,, West Indies. ,, South America. And it shows the percentage proportion of British and Foreign tonnage respectively which entered and cleared in, each group during the year 1885, in trade with the United Kingdom, other British Colonies, and Foi'eign Countries respectively. The principal results are : — 1. In the home (United Kingdom) and inter-colonial trades inwards, the proportion of foreign tonnage employed does not amount to 10 per cent. In the outward trade with the United Kingdom it is considerably higher than in the inwards trade, being 8'1 and 11'3 respectively. In the inter-colonial trade the propor- tion of foreign in the outwards trade is nearly double that in the inwards. These facts may be easily explained. In exporting merchandise from the United Kingdom to the Possessions, British bottoms obtain the preference, and can always be engaged ; while in the Possessions British bottoms may not always be available, and foreign bottoms vrill be eager to obtain cai'goes. 2. There is a considerable difference in the proportion of foreign tonnage employed in the different groups in the above trades. In the Australasian groups it is less than 1 per cent, in the inwards trade from the United Kingdom. In the large home trade of British North America it rises to 14"8 and 21'7 inwards and outwards respectively, and in the smaller trade of British South America (chiefly Bi-itish Guiana) it mounts to 36"0 of inward tonnage. 3. The very low proportion in the Australasian trade tends to lower materially the average of the aggregate. 4. As regards the trade with Foreign Countries British shipping appropriates a full moiety and considerably more in the outward ti'ade. In the direct trade with Foreign European Countries and Egypt, the proportion inwards is 27"5, and outwards 49'1 per cent., indicating the preference given by each country to its own flag, when available. 5. The contrast between the employment of foreign shipping in the trade with the United Kingdom and British Possessions, and of British shipping in the trade with Foreign Countries, is very btnkiuu' ; — Trade of tie British Einpire, 1872-86. 117 stripping : British Possessions. Trade — inwards and outwards, witli United "1 Kin'.'doni J ,, inwards and outwards, with British! Possessions . J ,, inwards, with all Foreign Countries .. ,, outwai'ds ,, ,, inwards, with foreign Europe, and "1 Kgjpt J ,, outwards, with foreign Europe, and "I Egypt / Per cent. 91-3 90-9 50-5 54-2 27-4 491 Per cent. 97 91 49-5 45-8 72-6 50-9 6. The returns do not sliow the nationality of the foreign vessels, only the countries in the trade with which they are employed. But it may be assumed that to a great extent the trade of each country is carried on under its own flag, if not in British vessels. In such a case as that of Australasia, where the whole of the inward trade with France, and most of the trade with French Possessions, is carried on in foreign bottoms, it may safely be assumed that the vessels were Fi^ench. The same remark applies to the trade of Australasia with Germany. 7. The proportion of foreign vessels in the total trade, inwards and outwards, was about the same, and slightly exceeded one-fourth, viz. : — Inwards 26"1 per cer.t. Outwards 25'6 „ This approximates in a remarkable manner to the proportion in the trade of the United Kingdom in the same year, where the proportions were — Inwards 279 per cent. Outwards 27"7 ,, The proportions for the whole of the Empire were — Inwards 26'7 per cent. Outwards ; The same. § 5. Sliippinc) belonging to the Britinh Empire. The annual statements of the Navigation and Shipping of the United Kingdom contain several returns relating to Bi-itish Possessions, among these are returns of the shipping belonging to each Possession, and of the shipping built in each. From the last statement for tlie year 1887, published during the present year, liavc been abstracted three tables, showing: — 118 Tiade of ihc Britiih Empire, 1872-86. 1. Table XXIX. — The nnmlier and tminage of vessels, snilinof iiiul steam, classed according to tlieir tonnage, which belonged to all the British Possessions, the United Kingdom, and the British Empire respectively. 2. Table XXX. — The number and tonnage of vessels, sailing and steam, belonging to each Possession, with the average size of such vessels, at the close of the; year 1887. 3. Table XXXF. — The number and tonnage of vessels, sailing and steam, and distinguishing those made of iron, which were built in each Possession in the year 1887. The most noteworthy facts to be derived from an examination of these tables are: — 1. Of the total number of vessels belonging to the Empire, viz., 3'5,752, 60 per cent, belonged to the United Kingdom and 40 per cent, to the British Possessions. 2. Of the total tonnage of vessels belonging to the Empire, viz., 9,135,512, 80 per cent, belonged to the United Kingdom, and 20 (]9'7) per cent, to the Possessions, the diiference in the pro- portions compared with those of the number of vessels arising from the diiference in their size. 3. Of the sailing vessels belonging to the Empire, 27,599, with a tonnage of 4,72 ),509, the proportions belonging to the United Kingdom and Possessions respectively were of ships 56 and 44, and of tonnage 69 and 31 per cent. 4. Of the steam vessels belonging to the EmpLre, numbering 9,158, with a tonnage of 4,410, OUO, the proportions belonging to the United Kingdom and Possessions respectively were of vessels 73 and 27, and of tonnage 92'7 and 7"3 per cent. 5. The average size of sailing vessels was 210 tons in the United Kingdom, and 121 tons in the Possessions, and the average size of steam vessels was 613 tons in the former, and 130 in the latter. There were 60 sailing vessels and 9 steamers in the Possessions exceeding 1,5U0 tons, and in th^' United Kingdom the corresponding numbers were 432 and 660. 6. The character of the shipping belonging to each Posses- sion, which to a great extent may be taken as indicative of the character of its trade, is shown in the following arrangement of the Possessions in the order of the average size of the sailing vessels belonging to them in 1887 : — Trade of the BntLJi Empire, 1872-86. 119 Average size {Tornuuje^ of Vtssels helonrjinr/ to each Posses-'^uni . Sailing Vessels. Steamers. 1. India 363 326 183 181 239 2. Hong Kong 'S. Victoria 525 254 4. Gibraltar 208 5. Canada 170 99 6. Bermuda 159 — 7. New Zealand 140 235 8. New South Wales 118 108 9. South Australia 117 115 123 10. Falkland Islands 99 35 12. Mauritius 90 31 13. Malta 89 105 14. Queensland 15. Straits Settlements 85 82 60 214 16. Fiji 71 68 60 19 172 18. Western Australia 92 19. Ceylon 20. West Indies, not distinguished.... 68 56 255* 41 21. Jamaica 52 43 758* 22. Bahamas 247 23. Newfoundland 42 11^5 21-. British Guiana 41 94 25. Trinidad .. 32 65 26. Honduras 23 19 10 82 27. West Africa 41 28. HeUgoland * One only. The principal features of this statement are : — 1°. With few exceptious the ships belonging to the several Possessions are of a size suitable for coasting and short voyages, rather than for a trans-oceanic trade to distant countries. Many of the Possessions therefore are wholly or mainly dependent upon English or foreign vessels for this biunch of their commerce. 2°. The average size of ships belonging* to India is twice as great, and that of Hong Kong is nearly twice as great as that of ships belonging to any other British Possession, while the size of steamers belonging to Hong Kong is double that of steamers belonging to India. 3". The other Colonies divide themselves into classes : — a. Victoria, New Zealand, Canada, Gibraltar, and Bermuda average from 183 to 14U tons. The high position of the latter two is noteworthy. b. New South Wales, South Australia, Falkland Islands, and Cape of Good Hope, with Natal, from 118 to 99. c. Among the rest, including several important colonies, e.g., Queensland and Tasmania, Ceylon and Mauritius, British Guiuna and Trinidad, the average size dwindles from 90 to 10 tons. 120 Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. f^ 'S L.^ ^ - s3 I S 5 t£ ^ ^ i s. E w ■S n 3 c^ ^ — ' C-. 1^ X 'O ;b X 1- X -^ -t"iX;Or0C0(MNC0MXO-**JW'MrH eo 1 E CO ao' cc" r-< rn" B si CO c -r" 0" t-^ ^ o" co" !> iC 0' «- ""-O 'M Ci lO CO i-li-ii-(i-li-irH(N>OiOl^C003iMr-l COI>t^C5COCOX«)XOCD.HOX«Qt) CDt^-^rftJO-^COt^COt-iMt^COt^OSCO rHO5i>T}leO«(NIMNlftlfl»»C0r-l 00 CO CO ■3 c E- ■*"" >(5 05" eo" co" cc oT i-T '>!" yf CD eo «r oT CD i>ooo;-^xcoc^jcoXTfraWlM'Hi-li-t^r-ICI5-^l>CO(M CO c S 'MiftsqcocoeoiMOi-icgxcccocOf-iuq OCC.-HCCCOOCOO'*XMCOX05r-( 0_ i« X_^ X «5 CO N (M (M CO ■* 10 CO co'tCof CO Oi «~.' 'M s o c 3 S c s i^-" x' x" X X cT CO* o~ r-^ cc aoi^ t-T co' -*' co cocococcoic^i>'*t->raxt^io-T'xox CO CO CO i^ t^ X N -f 1.0 CO >o >o t- Oi CO x__i.o-*s<)oq(MiM(MNo»«»ncoi-i CO ^ cc' 1^*^ 'I 1 a CO a cd" co' i-T ffT i-T CO iri" -^ i-T 00 co" i-T oT oT CD Oion<)oxxxxeoo^.-icoioo] t^ ira X fM fM 35 1-1 W05_lCTfl(M^,_(,-lrHCg5<|-*rO co' •*' -*' C 1 ^ S ej o 3 ^. c o o n c t>riM'c:rr>ot-rio'-^'i> o'x'i-H'r-TrH' ■ x' , lMCOCOCO(M(MIMiH-H(N(>J(M.H | | C b S u S 51»OO-*t^CD^^C0(MCiCCC0 00 CqT}Ot^l^iM-*CO^iMt~O:COC0 1^C0 OOX'MO!NXI>"-OlMlO.-llO 1 1 t^COC-l^TjicOr-i 1-I.-I1-I II Co'im' r-T 1 c c ■■a .,---.-_>-.-.,.: io^oooooooooooo ? :oocooooccoooco 5 : i-H M CO •<* >ra CD t- X C M lO^ c_^ io_ o_ _g : t( -4' r-T r-T in' C>f co' ^ ■1 'B _ 03 -t- 400000000COOOOOOO -iCOOCOOOCCOOCOOO S; i-H N CO 'J" «o cc 1^ X o *!_ «q C -q o Ti — ' — r — <' of ai co" = «*H , c H Trade of the British Empire, 1872-86. 121 Table XXX. — Numher and Tonnage of Vessels, Sailing and Steam, with their Average size, which tvere Registered in each of the British Possessions on the ^\st December, 1887. (Compiled from same as Table XXIX.) Possessions. Sailing. Steam. Average Size. Number Tons. Number Tons. Sailing Steam. India 101 305 25 20S 77 643 108 260 230 106 170 38S 14 29 jl33 5,755 2,026 23 lt.6 557 66 85 337 133 7 27 100 47 36,692 25,219 8.152 14.238 6,936 75,974 9,225 47.610 27,084 6,436 11,537 54,451 1,004 2,873 2,543 982,196 86,017 3,673 3,937 23,886 3,439 2,696 19,091 5,566 805 4,893 8,938 461 71 80 37 1 3 485 82 115 96 8 33 168 1 17 6 1,194 26 3 17 1 1 6 9 11 19 17,012 17,124 19,466 255 92 52,660 4,920 29,223 11,810 737 5,378 39,516 19 605 244 108,814 5,079 246 4,210 758 65 247 849 2,296 2,005 363 82 326 68 90 118 85 183 117 60 68 140 71 99 19 170 42 159 23 43 52 32 56 41 115 181 89 10 121 239 214 Hon" Konc 525 Ceylon 255 31 Australasia — .New South Wales 108 Queensland Victoria 60 254 South Australia 123 W^estern Australia 92 172 235 Fill 19 Cape of Good Hope and Natal .... West Africa (Bathurst, Freetown, and Lagos) 35 41 99 195 Bermuda 82 British West Indies — Bahamas 247 758 Trinidad 65 Other Islands 41 British Gruiana 94 Falkland Islands Gibraltar Malta 208 105 Heligoland Total — — 130 Averag e of Un] ted Kii igdom.... 210 613 * fncludini' ve.^isels registered for iidand navigation onlv. Lloyd's Universal Register of British and Foreign Shipping furnishes the means of comparing the sliipping belonging to the British Empire with that belonging to the rest of the world in tlie month of April of the present year. The figures do not agree with the above, because all vessels nnder 100 tons are excluded. The chief results are as follows : — 1. Of the total number of ships, sailing and steam, 3.S,200, and of the total net tonnage of the snme 20"7 millions of tons, 37 and 51 per- cent, respectively are British. 122 Trade of the British Empire, 18"/ 2-86. 2. Tlie correspond inp;- proportions of British sailing vessels are 28 and 37"5 per cent., and of steam vessels 58 and '61 per cent. 3. The countries which approach nearest to the British Empire are, for sailing vessels, the United States, which show a percentage of vessels of 14 per cent., and. of tonnage 14"6 per cent ; for steam vessels, Germany, which shows a percentage of number of steamers amounting to 6 per cent., and of France, a percentage of tonnage of stearaer.s amounting to 6"8 per cent, 4. The average size of British steamers is 838 tons net, of Bi'itish colonial 334, and of foreign 648 tons. The average size of sailing vessels is of British 646, of British colonial 433, and of foreign 364 tons. 5. There is a somewhat greater difference in the relation of net to gross tonnage in foreign than in British steanitrs, viz., 67 per cent, in the former, and 63 per cent, in the latter. Vessels Built in each Possession. 7. The total number of vessels built and registered in the Possessions in 1887 was 421, of 31,227 tons. The number built in the United Kingdom in the same year was 580 of 306,719 tons. The proportion built in the Possessions was 42 per cent, of the total number, but only 9"2 per cent, of the total tonnage. 8. Of the total tonnage built in the Possessions in 1887, 7Q> per cent, was built in Canada, 15 per cent, in Austra,lia, and 5 per cent, in India, leaving only 4 per cent, distributed over the remaining Possessions. Table XXXI. — Number and Tonnage of Vessels, Sailing and Steam, Wood a)id h"on, Built and JRegistered in each British Possession, m the Year 1887. (Campiled from same as Table XXIX.) SailiiiR. Sieam. Total. Nunilior. Ton.s. Niinitier. Tons. Number. Tons. 20 2 30 7 2 199 35 4 1 2 1,592 36 1,358 1,974 58 21,148 664 37 18 48 1 2 1 23 4 83 2 .1} 20 741 1 656 J 2,391 1 283 J 23 1 2 65* 2 285 35 4 1 2 ,, iron 1,637 Hoiifi Kong IMiUtritiiis Au>lralia and .New 1 Zealand J Ditto iron Soiitli Africa 20 36 4,748* 58 Erit ish K orth Aniej ica ,, iron British West Indies „ Honduras ... „ Guitina Malta 23,831 6P4 37 18 48 Total 303 26.963 f 118* 4,164* 421* 31,127* Including composite vessels. 1J3 Cap. 3. Summary of Trade of each British Possession. It remains to furnish an epitome of the trade — Imports, Exports, and Shipping — of each British Possession. This must necessarily be brief, and in order to make it as concise and as complete as possible, the same information, arranged in the same order, will be given in a form which will render it more suitable for reference than for perusal, but which will give the essence of several of the tables in this and. the first part of the work in a shape the most illustrative of the commercial position of each Colony, and the most useful to the general inquirer. The several tables from which the following descriptions are compiled are Nos. Vltl and VIIIa, XI, XII, and XIII of Parts I and II, and Nos. XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXX, and XXXI of Parts III and IV, with the Statistical Abstracts of the United Kingdom. As the several Possessions are arranged in the following pages in their geographical order, it may be well to help the reader to form an idea of their relative importance and contribution to the trade of the Empire by presenting them in a table showing the order of that importance. Hong Kong, Malta, Gibraltar, and Heligoland are necessarily omitted for reasons explained in the first Part. This and the following table will supply a new, and probably unexpected, view of the proportions in which the several portions of the Empire contribute to the trade of the whole Empire, and to that of the United Kingdom. 1. As regards the Empire, the United Kingdom and India contribute more than three-fourths, 77'4! per cent.. New South Wales, Canada, the Straits Settlements, and Victoria each from 3'8 to 32 percent.; New Zealand, Queensland, Cape of Good Hope, and South Australia each from I"3 to 1"0 per cent. : the next eleven colonies each from 0'7 to O'l per cent., and the remaining twenty colonies taken togethtr a trifie over 0'5 per cent. 2. As regards the trade of the United Kingdom nearly three- fourths, 73" 6, are carried on with foreign countries — 9*8 per cent, with India, and the remaining 1G"6 per cent, with all the other colonies, to which last figure Australasia contributes S'O per cent., and Canada 29 per cent. These figui'es suggest many weighty considerations. The large export of coal constitutes only I per cent, of the proportion con- tributed by the United Kingdom to the value of Imports and. Exports of the Empire. 12-1- Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. Table XXXII. — Shoivincf the Order in ichich the several Parts of the British Empire contributed to the Total Declared Value of Imports and Exports, and the Percentage Proportion of the Trade of each, in the Year 1885. (Compiled from Table VIIIa in Part II.) [OOO's omilteil.] Divisions of British Empire. Total Value of Imports and Exports. Per- centage Pro- portion. 61-4* 160 3-8 3-8 3-4 3-2 1-3 1-1 11 10 0-7 0-5 0-4 0-3 0-3 0-3 0-2 0-2 0-2 01 01 Divisions of British Empire. Total Value of Imports and Exports. Per- centage Pro- portion. Total of British Empire £ 1,046,342, 22. Gold Coast 963, 651, 634, 499, 415, 352, 322, 317, 303, 231, 217, 215, 166, 146, 103, 74, 69, 59, 37, 35, 1. United Kingdom .... 642,372, 167,160, 40,007, 39,991, 35,559, 33,596, 14,300, 11,666, 11,216, 10,706, 7,586, 5,748, 4,488, 3,268, 3,071, 2,896, 2,396, 2,380, 1,894, 1,157, 1,097, "1 3 New South Wales ... 23. Sierra Leone 24. Fiji 25. Honduras 26. Bahamas ^0-4 27. St. Kitts and Nevis 28. Bermuda 9. Cape of Good Hope 29. Grenada 30. Antigua J 11 Ceylon 31. St. Vincent 32. Gambia 33. St. Lucia 11. Britisli Guiana 34. Labuan 35. Falkland Islands ... 36. Dominica ;» 01 1 J Y 0-02 17. Natal 37. St. Helena 38. Tobago 39. Turks Islands 40. Montserrat 20 Lagos 1 21. Western Australia.... 41. Virgin Islands J 38-08t 0-52 100-0 * Of which with British Possessions ^^^IIqi-.^^ if transbipmeuts were added, this Foreign Countries 45'2 J ^ proportion would be increased to 62'6 per cent. t Of which with United Kingdom and British Possessions 18' Foreign Countries 19'' ■71 i-4/ 38-1 A similai" table showing the proportion borne by each Pcsses- sion in the trade of the United Kingdom cannot be given, as the Statistical Abstracts do not furnish the information in the same detail, but the following table will supply it for the several groups as arranged in those abstracts, for the sauie year. Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 125 Table XXXIII. — Shoioing the Order in which the several Groups of the Possessions of the British Umpire contributed to the Total Declared Value of the Imports and Exports of the United Kingdom, and the Percentage Proportion of the Trade of each, in the Year 1885. (Compiled from " Statistical Abstract.") [000s omitted.] Countries. Total Value of Imports and Exports. Percentage Proportion. Total of United Kingdom £ 642,371 100- ■witli Foreign Countries 472,545 73-6 With British Possessions — 62,761, 51,429, 18,722, 8.638, 6,967, 6,608, 5,012, 2,955, 1,518, 1,257, 1,242, 731, 601, 338, 390, 643, 9-8 80 2-9 4. Cape of Good Hope and Xatal ... 1-3 11 6. West Indies and British Guiana .. 10 0-8 8. Ceylon 0-5 0-2 10 Malta 0-2 11. Gold Coast 0-2 12. Gibraltar 01 01 005 15. West African Settlements 16. Other 005 0-1 Total 169,826 26-4 India. — The trade of British India is so important as to call for a detailed notice. For purposes of reference it may best be shown in a semi-tabnlar form, which might be applied to each Possession if time and space permitted : — British India. Percentage proportion of the Trade of the British Empire in 1885 — Total Imports 13 3 per cent. „ Exports 18'8 „ Percentage proportion of the Trade of the United Kingdom in 1885— Imports into United Kiiigdoni 8'6 per cent. Exports from United Kingdom 11'3 ,, Percentage proportion of the Trade of British India vvitii the United Kingdom in 1885 — Imports 70-5 per ceut. Exports 39 „ 126 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. British India — Contd. With Bi-ifcish Possessions — Imports 1]'4 per cent. Exports 21'0 „ With Foreign Countries — Imports 18'1 ,, Exports 40'0 ,, Excess of Exports over Imports in 1885 — Amount £12,910,000 Per cent 169 per cent. The distribution of the trade in the same year was as follows :- [nno's omiitfci.] British Possessions. Hong Kong Straits Settlements llauritius Australasia Ceylon All other Total Imports Exports. £ 3,739, £ 9,566, 1,697, 3,701, 1,106, 956, 980, 590, 792, 2,176, 278, 1,727, 8,652, 18,710, Foreign Countries. Frontier Trade... C'liina United States ... Italy Persia and Grulf Arabia France Austria Tin-key in Asia... Egypt Zanzibar Germany Holland*. Belgium 8. America All other Total Imports. Exports- £ ,991, ,982, ,437, 890, 832, 699, 656, 653, 342, 296, 381, 120, 12, 267, 1, 219, 13,778, £ 4,046, 3,115, 3,047, 3,658, 1,411, 976, 6,751, 2,015, 425, 3,386, 417, 408, 539, 3,730, 439, 1,243, 35,606, With regard to the propcress of trade in India it has been, as already stated, continuous and very steady througliout the fifteen years 1872-86, with an expansion in 1881-83, but the Imports have increased in a much higher ratio than the Exports : — Total Value. [OOO's omitted.] Percent aije DitTcrtnce at each Period. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1872-74 £ 39,903, Ml 1872-74 am 59,381, 1884-86 14-8 13-9 20-2 11-0 '75-77 '78-80 2-9 9 9 '81-83 20-8 '84-86 .- 6-5 Increase betwct 74-5 45-6 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 127 The proportions of the trade with the United Kingdom have been very similar as regards Imports, the incre?.se in the same period having been 72'5 per cent. ; but the increase as regards Exports vpas very different, being only 20 per cent. With regard to shipping, its character has already been described, bnt may here be recapitulated. The value per ton of the cargoes in 1886 was very high, £21"4 per ton, double that of the United Kingdom. The proportion of foreign tonnage on the average of 1884-86 was low, 17 per cent.; and that of steam to sailing vessels was also low, 65 per cent. The increase between 1877-79 and 1884-86, as shown in Table XXVI, was 26 per cent., the British showing a slight preponderance, 26'8 to 25'4 per cent, of foreign. The proportion of foreign at the two periods was almost identical, viz.,, 17-6 in 1K77-79 and 17-5 in 1884-86. A table. No. XXXIV, bas been prepared to sbow the shipping trade of India in the same form as that of the United Kingdom detailed in Table XVII. The results differ from the above owing to this latter table relating only to tonnage inwards, whereas in the former the inward and outward tonnage are thrown together. This table exhibits the following resnlts — 1. There was a greater or less increase in British tonnage entering inwards in each period, and in each of the last three years 1884-86, except 1885. 2. Although there was a large increase of foreign tonnage in 188.3-86, that increase was at the expense of British Indian and native craft, not of Bi-itish, and there has been a decrease in the ! proportion of foreign in each of the last two years, while that of British tonnage has been on the increase. 3. The decrease both in the amount and proportion of Bi-itish Indian tonnage has been continuous and large. The difference between 1886 and the average of 1877-79 has been 39 per cent, in amount, and 54 per cent, in proportion. 4. In like manner the decrease in the trade carried on in native craft has been between the same periods 32 per cent, in amount, and 71 per cent, in proportion. 5. Between the same periods British tonnage has increased by 840,000 tons, or in proportion to the whole trade from 75"2 to 79"5 per cent. ; Foreign tonnage has increased 188,000 tons, or in pro- portion to the whole trade from 128 to 14 8 per cent. 128 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. Table XXXIV. — Total Tonnage of Vessels (Sailing and Steamers), distinguishing British from Foreign, ivhich entered into Ports of British India with Cargoes and in Ballast, together with the Percentage Proportion of each Class, and the rate of Increase or Decrease in each Class, in each Triennial Period, from 1877 to 1886, and in each of the last three Years 1884 to 1886. [OOO's omitted.] Periods. 1877-79 '80-82 '84-86* ... Years 1884 '85 '86 1877-79 '80-82 '83-86* .... Years. 1884 '85 '86 1878-79 '80-82 '83-86* .... Years. 1884 '85 '86 Total Tonnage Entered with Caegoes and IN Ballast, Annual Ateeages. British. British Indian. Native Craft. Foreign. Total. 2,055, 221, 107, 349, 2,732, 2,679, 203, 91, 472, 3,446, 2,761, 152, 75, 532, 3,520, 2,806, 176, 83, 565, 3,632, 2,581, 146, 68, 494, 3,291, 2,895, 135, 72, 537, 3,640, Percentage Phopoetion of each Class. 75-2 8-1 6-9 12-8 100 77-7 5-9 2-7 13-7 )> 78-6 4-3 2-1 15-0 77-2 4-9 2-8 15-6 78-4 4-5 21 150 79-5 3-7 2 14-8 ). Peecentage Increase oe Decrease in each Period. + 30-4 + 3-4 + 1-6 - 8-0 + 121 - 8 1 - 25 1 + 15-8 - 17 - 7-5 - 14-9 - 17-6 + 10-7 - 18 1 + 5-8 + 35-2 + 12-7 + 6-2 - 12-6 + 8-6 + 26-1 + 2 1 + 3-1 - 9-4 + 10-6 * Average ot four years. The shipping registered as belongiug to India on 31st December, 1887, was— Xuiiibcr. Tonnage. Average Size. Sailing 101 71 36,692 17,012 Tons. 363 Steam 239 Total 172 53,704 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 129 Of the total tonnage 43 per cent, belonged to the Bombay Presi- dency, 273 per cent, to Bengal, and 29" 7 to Madras and the rest of India. Two-thirds of the steamer tonnage belonged to Bombay. The amount of shipping built in India in 1887 was insignificant : It consisted of 23 vessels, with a tonnage of 1,637, including three small steamers of 45 tons. The Straits Settlements furnished in 1885 3'3 per cent, of the Imports and 2'1 per cent, of the Exports of the Empire, but only 1"3 and 0'8 respectively of those of the United Kingdom. More than half their trade, 56 per cent., was with Foreign Countries, one-fifth (20 per cent.) with the United Kingdom. Their Imports were 9 per cent, in excess of their Exports. The former were chiefly from Java and Dutch Posses.sions in Asia, United Kingdom, British India, Malay Peninsula, Hong Kong, and Siam ; and the latter to the same places, but in diiferent proportions. The average value of a ton of cargo was high, £5*4 ; also the proportion of foreign shipping, 35 per cent., and of steam tonnage very high, 94 per cent. From this latter fact it must be inferred that either little or no trade was carried on in native craft, or that it was not taken into account. The increase of both Imports and Exports had been continuoiis throughout the fifteen years. The increase of shipping has been correspondingly great in the last ten years ; the percentage was double that of India. The British has increased 54, and the foreign 79 per cent. The shipping belonging to the Straits Settlements on 31st December, 1887, consisted of 385 ves.sels, with a tonnage of 42,343, Of these 80 were steam vessels, with a tonnage of 17,124, averaging 214 tons. Of the total tonnage 67"5 per cent, belonged to Singapore, and 32'5 to Penang. In the case of the following Possessions, the trade of which is less than 1 per cent, of that of the Empire or of the United Kingdom, the above two general comparisons will not be noted ; and to avoid repetition it must be understood that when the trade of a single year is spoken of, the year 1885 is referred to. Ceylon. — The Import trade was almost entirely with the United Kingdom and with other British Possessions, 25 and 73 percent, respectively ; with Foreign Countries it was only 2 per cent. The Export trade was differently distributed, 58 per cent, to the United Kingdom, 23 per cent, to British Possessions, and 18 per cent, to Foreign Countries. The K 130 Trade of tJie British Possessions, 1872-86. Imports exceeded the Exports by 26 per cent. Ceylon drew nearly tln-ee-fourtlis of its Imports from India, and nearly one-fonrtli from the United Kingdom, only 3*5 per cent, from other countries. But it shipped only one- foui'th to India, three-fifths to the United Kingdom, and IB per cent, to other countries, chiefly the United States, France, Austria, and New South Wales. The Imports and Exports have both fallen ofi in each of the last three triads, but less in the last. Comparing the last with the first triad, the decrease in Imports has been 20 per cent., and in Exports 28 per cent. The chai-acter of its shipping has been already described.* The increase of tonnage has been large, 43 per cent. ; of British 39, and of Foreign Q6 per cent. The shipping belonging to Ceylon On 31st December, 1887, consisted of 208 sailing vessels, of 14,238 tons, and one steamer of 255 tons. Mauritius imported one-fifth from the United Kingdom, a half from British Possessions, and more than a quarter from Foreign Countries. It exported nearly three-fourths to British Possessions, and 14 per cent, both to the United Kingdom and Foreign Countries. Its Exports exceeded its Imports by 52 per cent. Of its Import trade 37 per cent, was with India, 20 with the United Kingdom, the rest chiefly with France, New South Wales, and Madagascar. Of its Export trade 42 per cent, was with India, 14 per cent, with the United Kingdom, 23 per cent, with New South Wales, and the rest chiefly with the United States, Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, and France. The imports fell off in each triad except 1881-83. The Exports showed a small increase in each, except the last. The Imports decreased less than 1 per cent, in the fifteen years; the Exports increased 11 per cent. The average value of the cargoes was among the highest, £8'5 per ton. The proportion of foreign shipping was very high, 45 per cent. Sailing and steam vessels were equally divided. The increase of tonnage during the last ten years has been very small for British vessels, only 9 per cent., and for foreign 48 per cent. The shipping belonging to Mauritius on 31st December, 1887, consisted of 77 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 6,936, and 3 steamers of 92 tons. Two sailing vessels of 36 tons were built there in the year 1887. Australia. The Statistical Abstracts of the United Kingdom do not exhibit the trade of the several Australian colonies * P. 108. Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 131 separately. They as well as New Zealand and Fiji are included under the head of Ansti-alia. According to this arrangement the trade with Australia furnished in 1885 6*3 per cent, of the Imports, and 10'3 per cent, of the Exports of the United Kingdom. Netv South Wales furnished 41 per cent, of the Imports, and 3'5 of the Exports of the Empire. Of the Imports more than a half, 51 5 per cent., were drawn from the United Kingdom, nearly four-tenths, 38 per cent., from British Possessions, and only a tenth, 10 per cent., from Foreign Countries. Its Exports to the United Kingdom and British Possessions were 44 per cent, to each, and to Foreign Countries 12 per cent= Its Imports, £23'4 millions, exceeded its Exports, £16"5 millions, by 42 per cent. These figures include its overland trade. The distribution of the trade in 1885 was : — [OOO's omitted.] Imports. Exports. In trade with — United Kingdom £ 11,985, 8,505, 1,008, 551, 969, 447, £ 7 293 Australasia 6 838, United States 985 India and Asia (chiefly Hong Kong) Europs 432, 584 Other countries 409 Total 23,465, 16 541 The Import trade from Europe was almost entirely from Gei'many, France, and Belgium : the Export trade to Belgium and France. Of the trade with Australasia, 26 per cent, of the Imports, and 47 per cent, of the Exports, were carried overland. The progress of the Import trade of New South Wales has been continuous, but by most unequal bounds, and the same of the Export trade, except that there was a decrease in the last tinad. Total Value. Percentage Difference at each Period. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 1872-74 '75-77 '78-80 '81-83 '84-86 £ 9-962 13,923 £ 8,759* 13,267 Per cent. + 39-7 + 2-7 -f 390 + 12-8 Per cent. not eon)i)arable -t- 4-4 -f- 26-6 - 4-4 *■ Overland trafTic not infludcd. K 2 132 Trade of the British Possesdons, 1872-86. The total increase between tlie first and last triad of Imports was 125 per cent. ; the Exports are not com- parable. The average value of the cargoes was among the highest, £8'6 per ton, the proportion of foreign tonnage very small, 11 per cent., and the proportion of steam tonnage moderate, 70 per cent. The increase of tonnage daring the last ten years has been large, that of foreign preponderating, viz., 77 and 108 per cent. The shipping belonging to New South Wales on 31st December, 1887, consisted of : — 64.3 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 75,974, averaging 118 tons. 485 steam „ „ 52,fi60 „ 108 „ Total.. ..1,128 128,634 Of the total tonnage 112,272 tons belonged to Sj'dney, and 16,362 to Newcastle. The ships bdilt in the several Australian Colonies are not distinguished in the returns. The total number of sailing vessels built in Australia and New Zealand in 1887 was 37, of 3,322 tons, of which 7, of 1,974 tons, were of iron ; and the number of steamers was 27, of 1,397 tons, of which 4, of 656 tons, were of iron. Queensland furnished 1"1 per cent, both of the Imports and Exports of the Empire. Its trade was almost exclusively with the United Kingdom, Australasia, Hong Kong, and the United States. Its total foreign trade was only 3 per cent, of Imports and 3 per cent, of Exports. Its Impoits exceeded its Exports by more than a fifth, 22 per cent. The progress of its Imports and Exports has been con- tinuous, and by rapid strides, except in 1878-80, when there was a decrease in both. The increase of Imports between the first and last triad was 144 per cent. The Exports are not comparable, as the overland trade was not included in the first triad. As regards shipping, the average value of cargf)es was less than half of the amount in New South Wales, only £3"4 per ton, affording evidence of a smaller trade with countries beyond Australia. The proportion of foreign tonnage is less than 1 per cent. (0"7). The steamer tonnage is not distinguished in the returns. The tonnage of British vessels which entei-ed and cleared between 1877-79 and 1884-86 increased more than threefold. The shipping belonging to Queensland consisted on 31st December, 1887, of 108 sailing ves.sels, of 9,225 tons, and 82 steamers, of 4,920 tons. Tntde of the Britif^li Po.-isess{(yns, 1872-86. 1H3 Victoria furnished 31 per cent, of the Imports and 3'3 per cent, of the Exports of the Empire. Of its Imports nearly one half, 48 per cent., were drawn from the United Kingdom, 85 per cent, from Briti.sh Possessions, and 17 from foreign countries. Of its Exports more than half, 52 j)L'r cent., were shipped to the United Kingdom, 42 per cent, to British Possessions, and 6 to foreign countries. There is this difference between Victoria and New South Wales with regard to their trade with foreign counti-ies, Victoria imported 60 per cent, more from such countries than New South Wales, but exported exactly one half less to them. The Imports of Victoria exceeded its Exports by 16 per cent. The progress of both the Import and Export trade of Victoria shows to a disadvantage compared wiih that of New South Wales. A short table will best exhibit the contrast. Prrce)ifa'je Differevre at pacli Period. Imports. Exports. New South Wales. Victoria. New South Wales. Victoria. 1872-74 "lo-ll '78-SO '81-83 '84-86 -f 39-7 + 2-7 + 39-0 -t- 12-8 + 3-3 - 61 -r 16-3 + 4-8 + 4-4 -1- 26-6 - 4-4 - 11 - 1-7 + 12-7 - Ill In Victoria the difference between tiie tirst and last triad was for Imports an increase of 18 per cent., and for Exports a decrease of 3 per cent. The corresponding increase in New South Wales for Imports was 12*5 per cent. The increase in Exports for the same period cannot be stated, but between 1875-77 and 1884-86 it was 26 per cent. It would be interesting, but out of place, to speculate upon tlie causes of these great differences. The distribution of the trade in 1885 was as follows : — [OOO's oinittfd.; Imports. Exports. In trade with — £ 8,946, 5,679, 747, 1,045, 602, 773, 252, £ 8,159, 5,655, United States 159, India and A.sia (cliiefly Mauritius 1 and Hong Koug) / C'liina 821, nil Kurope 683, 74. Total 18,014, 15,551, lo-i Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. The European trade was chiefly with Norway and Sweden, Germany and France, for Imports — and with France and Belginm for Exports. The average vakie of the cargoes was among the highest, £8"1 per ton; the pi'oportion of foreign tonnage was small, 13 per cent, and that of steam tonnage moderately large, 78. The increase of British tonnage between 1877-79 and 1884-86 was 68 per cent., but that of foreign tonnage was threefold, 192. Its proportion to British tonnage had increased from 7"5 to 12'6 per cent. The shipping belonging to Victoria on 31st December, 1887, consisted of — 260 sailing vessels, of 47,610 tons, averaging 183 tons. 115 steam „ 29,223 „ „ 254 „ Total 375 76,833 Of these all but 2,089 tons were registered at Mel- bourne. South Australia contributes 0'9 per cent, to the Imports, and I'l per cent, to the Exports of the Empire. Its Import and Export trade is carried on chiefly with the United Kingdom, 53 and 61 per cent, respectively, and with other parts of Australia ; with Foreign Countries only 8 and 2 per cent., which is equally divided as regards Imports between the United States and Europe. The Exports exceeded the Imports by 2"4 per cent. The progress of the Imports was continuous and large in the first three triads, but there was a considerable decrease in the last. The Exports showed a decrease only in 1881-83. The increase between the first and last triad was very near 50 per cent, for Imports and 30 per cent, for Exports. As regards shipping the value of the cargoes was half- way between Queensland and New South Wales, viz., £5"9; the proj)ortion of foreign tonnage was larger than in any other of the Australian Colonies, 166 per cent. The steamer tonnage was not distinguished. British tonnage had increased 90 per cent, between 1877-79 and 1884-86, hut foi'eign tonnage had increased nearly foux-fold in the same period. The shipping belonging to South Australia on 31st December, 1887, consisted of 230 sailing vessels, of 27,084 tons, and 96 steam vessels, of 11,810 tons, registered at Adelaide and Darwin. Western Australia had little trade except with the United Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 135 Kingdom, South Australia, and Victoria ; 87 per cent, of its Imports and 80 per cent, of its Exports were confined to tliose countries. Its trade with Foreign Countries was only 1 per cent, for Imports and 5 per cent, for Exports. The Imports exceeded the Expoi-ts by 30 per cent. The progress of Imports had been large and increasing, except in 1878-80. That of Exports has been continuous, but in diminishing proportions, until the last triad, when there was a small decrease. The increase between the first and last triad has been 117 per cent, for Imports, and 64 for Exports. The value of the cargoes was lower than in Queensland, only £2"8 per ton, being apparently the consequence of its large trade with the neighbouring Colonies, and the influence of a high proportion of the steamer tonnage, 80 per cent., upon the small amount of trade. The foreign tonnage was only 3 per cent. British tonnage increased threefold between 1877-79 and 1884-86; foreign tonnage increased only 78 per cent. The shipping belonging to Western Australia on 31st December, 1887, consisted of ] 06 sailing vessels, of 6,436 tons, and 8 steam vessels, of 737 tons. Tasmania received 37 per cent, of its Imports from the United Kingdom, and 61 per cent, from British Possessions, of which two-thirds were from Victoria, and the rest chiefly from New South Wales, Mauritius, and New Zealand. Of its Exports 86 per cent, were shipped to Australasia, almost the whole to New South Wales and Victoria. Only 14 per cent, was sent to the United Kingdom. The Imports exceeded the Exports by 33 per cent. The progress of the Imports has been continuous but unequal, having been very large, 25 per cent., in 1881-83, and only 5 per cent, in the last triad. In the whole period the increase has been 63 per cent. Exports increased largely up to the last triad, when they fell oS heavily. Their increase during the whole period was 50 per cent. The value of the cargoes was half-way between Queens- land and South Australia, viz., £45. The proportion of foreign tonnage was only 1 per cent. Steamer tonnage was high, 86 per cent. British tonnage had nearly doubled between 1877-79 and 1884-86. The shipping belonging to Tasmania on 31st Decembci-, 1887, consisted of 170 sailing vessels, of 11,537 touK, and 33 steamers, 186 Trade of the British Pusseitsions, 1872-86. of 5,378 tons. Of the total tonnage, 13,442 was registered at Hobart, the remainder at Launceston. New Zealand contributed 1"3 per cent, to the Imports, and 1'4 per cent, to the Exports of the vvliole Empire. Its trade was chiefly with the United Kingdom, 70 per cent, of Imports, and 72 of Exports. Of the remainder about 8 per cent, was with foreign countries. Tlie distribution iu 1885 was as follows : — [OOO's omitted.] I'nited Kingdom .\ustral;isia, cliiefly New S'>uth "1 Wales and Victoria J United Slates India Mauritius China Europe Other countries Total IlDpOltS. £ £ 5,227, 4,907, 1,285, 1,391, 401, 405, 129, — 139, 2, 129, 7, 20, 1, 150, 107, 7,480, Kxports. 6,820, The Imports exceeded the Exports by 10 per cent. The progressive increase of the Import trade bas been diminishing, until in the last triad it was changed into a decrease. The increase of Exports has been continuous, but fluctuating in amount. The increase between the first and last triad was for Imports 11, and for Exports 28 per cent. As regards shipping, the value of the cargoes was £13"5, above that of the United Kingdom, and second only to that of India. The proportion of foreign tonnage was small, only 9 per cent. The steamer tonnage was not distinguished. The increase of tonnage between 1877-79 and 1884-86 has been small, and in striking contrast to the other Australasian Colonies. Of British shipping tliere has been an increase of 26 per cent ; of foreign shipping there has been a decrease of 33 per cent. The shipping belonging to New Zealand on 31st December, 1887, consisted of: — 388 sailing vessels, of 54,451 tons, averaging 1-JO tons, 168 steam „ 39,516 „ „ 235 „ Total.... 55G 9.^967 Of the total tonnage, 22,156 was registered at Auckland, 31,419 at Littleton, 28,610 at Dunedin, and 3,771 at Wellington and other poi-ts. Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 1*}7 Fiji. These islands were only annexed in 1874. The record of their trade commences theiefore in 1875. Their trade was chiefly carried on with New South Wales, Victoria, and New Zealand. The Imports and Exports from and to British Possessions were respecti%'ely 87 and 79 per cent. The same from and to the United Kingdom were only 9 and 7. Imports from foreign countries amounted only to 4 per cent., but Exports thereto reached 13 per cent., chiefly to Portugal and Grerraany. The Exports exceeded the Imports by 10 per cent. The Imports increased greatly in 1878-80, and still more in the succeeding triad, but decreased in 1884-8*0. The Exports have increased largely throughout the twelve years. The value of cargoes was moderately high, £49, a little above that in Tasmania; the proportion of foreign shipping was low, 10 per cent. ; that of steam tonnage low, 6'^, the same as in India. The increase of British tonnnge between 1877-79 and 1884-86 has been threefold. There has been a decrease of 27 per cent, in foreign tonnage. The shipping belonging to Fiji on 31st December, 1887, conj'isted of 14 sailing vessels, of 1,004 tons, and 1 steam vessel of 19 tons. Cape of Good Hope contributed 0'8 to the Imports and I'S to the Exports of the Empire. In the Statistical Abstract Natal is included with it. The two Colonies contributed to the trade of the United Kingdom 1-2 of the Imports and T5 of the Exports. The trade of the Cape Colony ■was chiefly with the United Kingdom, viz., 78 per cent, of Imports and 94 per cent, of Exports. Its Imports from British Possessions were 14 per cent., and Exports to them only 1 per cent. Its foreign trade amounted to 9 and 4 per cent, of Imports and Exports respectively. After the United Kingdom the chief Imports were from Natal, South Australia, Brazil, and the United States. The Exports to any single country except the United Kingdom were insigiiilicant. 'J'he Exports exceeded thft Impojts by 24 per cent. The progress of the Import trade has been very unequal, a small decrease in 1875-77, a large increase in the next triad ; an incix'ase to half the extent in the third, and a very great decrease, 45 per cent., in the last. Between 1872-74 and 1881-83 Imports had increased 50 pei* cent.; between the former period and 1H84-8G they had deci-eased 18 per cent. P^xports e.xliibited corresponding ini(|ualities in the same periods, 138 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. but in different proportions. Between 1872-74 and 1881-83 they had increased 4 per cent. ; between the former period and 1884-86 they had decreased 12 per cent. As regards shipping the average value of cai'goes was moderate, £5"0 per ton ; the proportion of foreign tonnage was small, 14 per cent., and that of steamer tonnage moderately high, 78. The increase of British tonnage has been moderate ; that of foreign tonnage has been only one-third of the amount, 33 and 11 per cent, respectively. The shipping belonging to the Cape of Good Hope and Natal on 31st December, 1887, consisted of 29 sailing vessels, of 2,873 tons, and 17 steam vessels, of 605 tons ; 2 sailing vessels of 58 tons were built there in 1887. Natal i-esembles the Cape of Good Hope in the character of its trade. It drew 81 per cent, of its Imports from the United Kingdom, and sent thither 79 per cent, of its Exports. It shipped however a considerable amount to the Cape. Its foreign trade was of small amount, 7 and 4 per cent, respectively. Its Imports exceeded its Exports by 72 per cent. Its Imports increased very largely, 8U per cent,, in 1878-80, but have fallen off in both of the following triads. The Exports have increased moderately except in 1878-80, when they r'ecreased by less than 1 per cent. These opposite changes may be ascribed to the effects of the war in Zululand during that period. The average value of cargoes was higher than at the Cape, viz., £5'8 per ton ; the proportion of foreign tonnage was very small, only 8 per cent.; the steamer tonnage was not distinguished. The increase of British tonnage in the last ten years has been moderate, 42 per cent. ; that of foreign tonnage still less, 14 per cent. St. Helena drew half of its Imports from the United Kingdom, and 38 per cent, from foreign countries, almost exclusively from the United States. Its Exports were insignificant. The Whale Fisheries contributed largely to its trade, and supplied the bulk of the Exports, or rather transhipments. Its Imports were four times the amount of its Exports. The triad 1875-77 showed a large increase both of Import and Exports; since then they have been rapidly decreasing at each period ; the decrease in the whole period has been 22 per cent, of Imports, and 37 per cent, of Exports. The average value of cargoes was only £0'7 per ton; Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. 139 the proportion of foreign tonnage was 10 per cent., tliat of steamer tonnage 70 per cent. The amount of British tonnage has remained almost stationary ; that of foreign vessels has decreased by 45 per cent. West Coast of Africa. Of the four Colonies comprised under this head, three resembled one another in many respects. Gambia diflf'ered most from the others — and the differences in the others were sufficient to call for a separate notice of each. Lagos, as well as the Gold Coast and Sierra Leone, had little trade with British Possessions. It drew 54 per cent, of its Imports from the United Kingdom, and 46 from foreign countries. It shipped 32 per cent, of its Exports to the former, and 68 per cent, to the latter. Germany was its chief market for both Imports and Exports, to which were added France and French Possessions in Africa for Exports. The latter exceeded the Imports by 13 per cent. The trade inwards and outwards was flourishing in 1875-77, fell off in the next six years, and revived in 1884-86. Between the first and last triad the Imports increased 47, and the Exports 36 per cent. The average value of cargoes was £2'0 per ton ; the proportion of foreign tonnage was low, 18 per cent., that of steamer tonnage very high, 95 per cent. It was similarly high in the other three Settlements. The increase of tonnage has been moderate — of British double that of foreign. Gold Coast carried on a larger proportion of its trade with tlie United Kingdom than Lagos, viz., 63 per cent, of Imports and 48 per cent, of Exports. Its chief foreign trade was with the United States, but it exported largely to Ger- many. Its Exports exceeded its Imports by 6 per cent. There has been a continuous increase in Imports except in 1878-80, and in Exports except in 1881-83. The increase between the first and last triads has been 76 per cent, for Imports, and 18 per cent, for Exports. The average value per ton was less than in Lagos, oidy £1"3 a ton ; the proportion of foreign tonnage about the same, 16 per cent., and that of steamer tonnage 97 per cent. The increase of tonnage, both British and Foreign, has been excessively large, so much so, that it can only be accounted for by some great change such as the estab- lishment of a line of steamers visiting the port. Sierra Leone drew a lai'ger proportion of its Imports from the 1 10 Trade of the British Possessions, 1872-86. ITiiited Kirm;dom tlian eitlier of its sister colonies, viz., 7(> per cent. The balance was drawn cliieHj from the United States, German}', France, and West African ports. Of the Exports 37 per cent, were shipped to the United Kingdom, 56 per cent, to the same foreign countries, excepting Germany, and 6 per cent, to the Gambia. The Exports e.vceeded the Imports bj 1 per cent. The Imports bave decreased at each period except in 1878-80. The Exports decreased in 1875-77 and 1884-86. On the whole |)eriod the Exports decreased 14 per cent., and the Exports 25 per cent. The average value of the cargoes was the same as on the Gold Coast, £1"3 per ton; the proportion of foreign tonnage was rather less, 11 per cent., as also that of steamer tonnage, 94 per cent. The increase of British tonnage was 33 per cent.; foreign tonnage decreased 11 per cent. Gamhia. The smaller trade of this Settlement differed mate- rially from that of the other three. It drew a fourth of its Imports from Sierra Leone, only 38 per cent, from the United Kingdom, and 35 per cent, from West African ports, the United States, and France. It exported 8 per cent, to the United Kingdom, and S8 per cent, to foreign countries, of which the greater portion went to France, and the i-emainder to West African poi'ts, Madeira, the United States, and Italy, with a trifle to Sierra Leone and Gibraltar. The Imports exceeded the Exports by 11 per cent. ; the Imports showed a large increase in 1878-8U, and a decrease in each of the other triads. The Ex])orts also showed a large increase in 18/8-8' >, with a small increase in the next triad, an.d a decrease in the other two. The increase of Imports between 1872-74 and 1881-83 was 46 per cent., but between the former period and 1884-86 was only 3 per cent. In like manner the inci-ease of Exports in the first corresponding period was 44 per cent., while thei'e was a decrease in the latter ui 4 ])er cent. The average value of cargoes was only £1"1 per ton, the proportion of foreign tonnage large, 29 per cent., explained by the large trade with France ; and that of steamer tonnage also large, 90 per cent. The increase of tonnage has been very small. Althongh the increase of foreign has slightly exceeded that of the British, the proportion of foreign to British has decreased. The shipping lielonging on 31st December, 1887, to ports in West Africa, viz., Bathui'st, Freetown, and Trade of tlie British Pobsessio^is, 1872-86. 141 Lagos, consisted of 133 sailing vessels, of 2,543 tons, and six steam vessels, of 244 tons. Canada contributed 3"7 per cent, to the Imports, and 3"9 per cent, to the Exports of the Empire. The Statistical Abstracts do not separate Canada from the " North " American Colonies," which include Newfoundland and Bermuda. These combined contributed 2'8 per cent, to the Imports, and 31 per cent, to the Exports of the United Kingdom. Canada drew 40 per cent, of its Imports from the lA United Kingdom, only 2 per cent, from British Posses- "^ sions, and 57 per cent, froin Foreign Countries. Its Exports to the United Kingdom amounted to 47 per cent., 4 per cent, to British Possessions, and 49 per cent, to Foreign Countries. The Imports from the United States amounted to about 80 per cent., and the Exports thereto to about 90 per cent, of the whole Foreign Trade. The distribution of the trade will be best seen in the following abstract : — [OOO's omitted.] United Kingdom ,, States Britisli West Indies and British 1 Ciuiana J Other British Colonies China and Japan Crermany France Spanisli Possessions in West In■> 1 „ -ii 5J 12 " " >> 11 „ 42 11 11. „ 43 It 6. „ 44 11 24 J) 11 11 37. 45 „ 53 „ 7. „ 22. „ 44. „ 17. To tlie table in tliis page may be added Jamaica, with the following figures: Duties, Sjoecific, £187,418 ; Ad val., £7^^,913; Total, £365,601; Per- centage proportion, 70"7; 29*3. Ceylon. Add to same table for Ceylon : Specific Duties, £224,071 ; xid. val, £39,792 ; Total, £263,863 ; Percentage propor- tion, 84-9; 15-1. Jamaica. To the table in this page add Jamaica, £732,532; £640,031; £115,270; £1,487,834; 49-2; 43-1; 77. „ It depends on the port of shipment. It has been suggested that often all the manifests are impi'operly made out for the last port to which the vessel is destined. Cape of Oood Hope. For £69,069 read £69,064. Jamaica. Transhipments are not included, and there is no transit trade. Cape of Good Hope. Goods in transit are exchided from returns of Exports. Natal. It is pointed out that the trade with inland foreign States absorbs quite one-half of the Imports. This would apply to other Possessions similarly situated, and would affect all comparisons made between the value of Imports and amount of Customs Duties and the population in such possessions. Gold Coast. Entries for consumption are recorded. Natal. Bullion and Specie are not included in the Imports. Gold raised in the colony is included in the Exports. For £162,288 read £162,298. Jamaica. Import duties are charged on Value at port of shipment. Mauritius. Since 1882 the duties have been charged on the declared fii-st cost at the port of shipment, but for statis- tical record to this have been added cost of freight chai-ges and exchange. Natal. 10 per cent, is by law added to the in- voice value of Imports in levying the duties, which is very much less than the amount of freight and charges. 156 Corrections and Additions to Parts I and II. Table I. Cejlon. For Customs Duties £267,280, read £209,008. Natal. As to additional duty of 2| per cent., see note above on p. 11. Tasmania. Unennmerated articles are charged 10 per cent. Western Australia. Collection of Customs duties, for £134,116 read £134,842. Cape of Good Hope. If Government articles and specie be excluded, read in Column of Customs Duties and those following for £1,073,372, £1,040,098 ; for 32-3, 31-3; for 17-1, 16-3; for 2150, 23-23 ; for 22-35, 2407. Cape of Good Hope. Changes corres- ponding to the above. See also note above. Natal, p. 44. The tariff duties on malt liquor and spirits are levied on the old wine gallon. Lead pays 1/2 per lb. Tin and zinc pay 0/1 Ij per cwt. As regards additional duty of 2| per cent., see note above. Natal, p. 11. Cocoa, prepared, and chocolate pay 8%. In consequence of the difference between the old and Imperial gal ions liquors pay the following- duties : — Malt liquor, in wood, per imp. gal. 0/4|. ,, in bottle per doz. 2/6 Spirits, rum and gin, per imp. gal. 0/0 other „ 9/0 Wine, sparkling, in bots., per doz. 5,0 ,, all others per imp gnl. l/l Biscuits, sweet, charged as confec- tionery, pay 12| %. Cocoa, prepared, and chocolate, pay 121%. Coffee and rum, foreign, are prohibited for consumption. Molasses are free. Cigarettes are charged 1/0 per lb. as manufactured tobncco. Salt pays 1/0 per 100 lbs. Copper and other metals 12| %. Tables II, III, and IV. Table V. Gold Coast, Lagos. Ceylon. Natal. Barbados. Jamaica. Corrections and Additions to Tarts I and II. 157 Tasmania. Gold Coast Ceylon. Barbados. Jamaica. Table Y. Tasmania. Unenumerated articles pay 10% ad val. Pickles, for pints read quarts. Cape of Good Hope. Wheat flour pays 3/11 per cwt. Copper pays 15%. Copper and iron ores, if Foreign, pay 15%. Tin in blocks pays 15 %. Linen Piece Goods, Caoutchouc waves, and Gutta Percha pay 10%. Cartridges, not filled, pay 1/0 per 100. Blasting Powder pays 15/0 per 100 lbs. Arms, guns, pay 10/0 each. Gunpowder pays 0/3 per lb., charged for storing in Government magazine. Cement pays 1 /3 per barrel. Starch pays 1/1| per cwt. Shingles, Cypress, pay 6/0 per 1,000 ; other kinds 4/0. Cape of Good Hope. Hoop iron pays 15 %. Sewing Machines pay ,, Silver and plated wares 15 %. For £3,076,751 read £3,071,751. For 4,889, 0-41, 0-16, read 10,508, 0-90, 0"34. See note above at p. 34. For 3,102, 75, 1,956, 73-3, PS, 58-3, read 3,056, 121, 1,955, 72-2, 2-8, 582. For 1,124, 1,317, 14-3, 857, read 1,123, 1,314, 14-5, 85-6. Cape of Good Hope. The year ends 31st December. Table VHIa. Ceylun. For 3,010. 3,885, 689, 7,586, 397, 513, 9-1, read 3,013, 3,871, 736, 7,620, 39-5, 50-8, 97. Near the bottom. Total of British Empire, for £1,048,342 read £1,046,342.' Table XI. Ceylon. Imports from China, for £1,756 read £2,171. Total Exports, for £25,412 read £25,891. Some other trifling changes need not be specified. Table XII. Caj^e of Good Hope. Column of Imports : United Kingdom, for £3,878,071 read £3,377,537. After Sandwich Bay read Foreign Pos- sessions. Table VI. Ceylon. Table VIII. Ceylon. Tasmania 158 Corrections and Additions to Parts I aiid IT. Table XII. Cape of Good Hope — Contd-. Porhignese Territories, for £1,919 read £2,403; Native States, for £1,988 read £1,088. Sweden, read £24,653. Coluniii of Exports : Opposite Italy insert 15 ; countries not distinguislied read 192. Jamaica. Column of Imports. Tliose fi-om Foi-eign States not distinguished are cliiefly fi'om Colon. Table XIV. Gold Coast. Goods entered for consumption, £449,947. The Governor of the Bahamas reports the following changes made since the publication of the first part : — Tobacco raw, Salt, Steam Launches, Half Barrels, &c. used for packing. Staves, Hoops, and Heads for making Barrels, exempted from duty. Hemp, hithei'to free, charged with 20 % ad val. Bounty of \d. per lb. on exportation of Sisal Fibre, or Hemp, in quantities of not less than one ton avoirdupois. The Governor of New Zealand sends, with the Trade Statistics for the year 1887, a copy of an entirely new tariff, dated 8th July, 1888. An analysis of this tariff in the same form as that employed in Table I of the former Part for the preceding tariff shows — 187 articles enumerated exempt from duty. All articles unenumerated exempt from duty ; also such articles as may from time to time be specified by the Commissioner of Customs, which are suited only for, and are to be used wholly in the fabrication of goods within the Colony. 242 articles charged. 326 rates of duty, of which — 143 specific. 183 ad valorem, viz., at 5 per cent 3 10 „ 1 15 „ 49 20 „ 110 25 „ 20 In addition to a Customs Duty of 3/6 per lb.. Tobacco pnys an Excise Duty of 1/0 per lb., and Cigars and Cigarettes, in addition to 7/0 per lb., pay an Excise Duty of 1/6 per lb. 159 Appent)IX B. — Note to Statement at pp. 52 and 53. The following is a collocation of the annual aggregates of the prices of the chief articles of Import and Export, as stated in Tables X and XI, in each year from 1854 to 1886, showing by a difference of type as w^ell as by the figures whether the aggregates indicate a rising or a falling market, and how far the fluctuations agree with those indicated in Table I : — Years. 1854 '55 '56 '57 '58 '59 1860 •HI '62 '63 '61. '65 '6G '67 '68 '69 1870 '71 '72 '73 '74 '75 '76 '77 '78 '79 1880 '81 '82 '83 '84 '85 '86 Imports. Averaa;e Value per Ton. As in Table I. £ I9'3 20'4 20'9 186 197 20"9 205 24' 3 22-3 22 2 20 6 2 I '2 204 203 201 198 197 19-4 I9'6 17-8 178 173 172 171 171 166 162 15-8 14-4 141 Agsregate of Value of Inipcirts, as in Table X. Food and Raw- Materials. £ 49.097 48,308 48,106 4^,879 45,165 47-4'''4 Exports. Aggi-egate Value of Exports as in Table XI. £ 22,908 21,851 22,190 22,574 21,157 21,353 49,107 21,228 46,609 20,728 47.70'i 21, '^67 46,979 24,00^, 46,811 26.C170 46,631 25,086 47,828 25,741 48.406 24,786 48,7^6 23,567 47,420 23,434 46,449 22,988 45,271 -0,311 45.V44 29,424 45,501 32,852 44,181 29,087 43,578 25,997 43,562 23,613 44-voi 22,307 41,926 21,216 39,792 19,534 41.595 20,cg7 40,518 18,379 40,436 "«,7M 40,020 1 9. ""'9 37,641 18,034 35,006 17,981 32,474 17,488 Average Value per Ton as in Table I. £ 147 140 i4"4 141 141 I5'2 1 c;'2 141 14-2 16-5 i7"4 170 i7'i 152 14-7 14-9 14 6 14-9 i'^-3 162 151 13 8 119 11-9 114 109 III "•3 111 104 101 93 92 ICO Appcniix. Bearing in mind that when two consecutive years exhibit the same aveiage or aggregate they are placed in the same category of ascent or descent, and that the slightest difference in the amount may change the category, it is remarkable to what extent the aggregates, heterogeneous as they are, agree with the averages derived from so different a source, especially in the first half of the period, before the disturbing influences of the years 1872-74. This agreement is fui-tlier shown in the following comparison of the fluctuations of an annual standard for Exports calculated from the above averages, taking the aggregate of the first year 18o4 as equivalent to the average value of a ton of Exports in that year, as shown in Table I : — Average Annual J'luctuations Average Annual Pliietuations Years. Value per Ton in Prices, Years. Value per Ton in Piiecs, as Calculateil on above as CaUulafed on above in Table I. Aggregates. in Table I. Aggregates. 18r,4 14-7 14-7 1870 14-6 14-7 '55 14-n 140 '71 14-9 14-9 '56 14-4 14-2 '72 16-3 18-9 '57 141 141 '73 16-2 21-2 '58 141 13-5 '74 15- 1 18-7 '59 15-2 13-6 '75 13-8 16-7 '76 11-9 15-1 1860 15-2 13-6 '77 11-9 14-3 '61 141 13-3 '78 11-4 13-6 62 14-2 13-8 '79 10-9 12-5 '63 ,64 65 'm 14-5 17-4 170 171 15-4 16-7 161 16-5 18S0 '81 '82 '83 111 11-3 111 10-4 131 11-7 11-9 122 '67 15 2 159 '84 101 12-5 '6S '69 14-7 149 151 150 '85 '86 9-3 9-2 11-4 11 1 Tt will be seen how, with the exception of the years 1859-60, for which doubtless an explanation may be found, the two columns run in close agreement up to the year 1872, when that abnormal rise in prices took place, and caused a disturbance in the former eciuilibriuin of these arbitrary aggregates, from which they have not yet recovered. But the error may be detected and meastu'ed by a reference to the recorded facts of the amount of tonnage and value of Exports in these years ; because if the average arbitrary price in 1886 remained as high as £11"1, the recorded tonnage wu)nld not have been sufficient to have taken away the recorded value, estimated on the same relative basis as before the year 1872. Tills incongruity arises from the very great influence of the export of coal, which has been since ascertained and described at pp. 33 — 39. APPENDIX D.—Delm 1 led Table nf Cmumllaiices, Emmmic and Commercial, wtiich afeeled, or nsvltedfrom, llie Trade of the TJuiled Kingdom in the Yeart 1854-87. 1611 (Fo r,oa •a.. fin om lion .™ Expl .n„k ry Note, !,,. — " oil Si on wi Ml 1 01) on il SO] II 9S| 1 n 2-ee oil 2' 611 Mi j OIJ DOl 11 _o-ao lo' O-AG 001 68 69 70 71 72 Ml 1 1.0M 00! Ml ?,' Quantities and value from Annual Statistical Abstracts. ^Imports and consumption from same as Nos. 4 and ^), i Appendix No. 11. Pi'ice and value from Annual Statistical Abstracts. > Same as Nos. 4 and .5, Appendix No. 14, and annu t). 7. 8. 8a. '.). 9a. ^ 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. For years 187() to 1881, from Mr. Giff'en's paper on the Use of Import and Export Statistics, in "Journal of " Royal Statistical Society," June, 1882. For subsequent years, compiled from half-yearly I'eturns in the " Statist." 22. Fui'nished by Mr. H. C. Burdett ; com]nled from his annual volumes of '■ Official Intelligence." Generally — Figures for 1887, where not otherwise stated, have been obtained IVoin official sources. 14, and annu. il absti-acts 15 2 2(; 27 28 33 32 30 40 41. 42. LONDON' : nARRISON AXD SON^, TKINTERS IN OTIDIXARY TO IIER MAJESTF, ?T. martin's LAXE. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles UNlVliiKSiTl Ol DAUi^KNlA AT LOS AWELES LIBRARY UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 005 728 9 r~ t.v>OND BY I HARRISON & SONS. Is: MARTINS LANE. :!^mL