Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/explanationssailOOmaurrich J ./ EXPLANATIONS AND SAILING DIRECTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS, APPKOVED BY 4~H i T-V m k -«- -»T -W-^ -» T ERRATA. Page 226, line 1, for ''Jamiary'^ read May. Pages 843, 844, 846, and 848, 4tb, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th, and 16th columns, for latitude" read longitude W. Page 868, in the table, column 8, "course" for "NW. by W." read W.SW. Page 868, column 16, for "W.SW." read NW. by W. Note. The navigator will please make these corrections when he receives this volume. BY M. F. MAURY, LL.D., U. S. N., SUPERINTENDENT OF THE U. S. OBSERVATORY AND HYDROGRAPHICAL OFFICE, WASHINGTON. VOLUME II. EIGHTH EDITION-ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. WASHINGTON: CORNELIUS WENDELL, PRINTER, 1859. / '.r.f .'-II EXPLANATIONS AND SAILING DIRECTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE WIND AID CURRENT CHARTS, APPROVED BY CAPTAIN D. N. INGRAHAM, CHIEF OP THE BUREAU OF ORDNANCE AND HYDROGRAPHY, AND PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF HON. ISAAC TOUCEY,, SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. BY M. F. MAURY, LL.D., II. S. N., SUPERINTENDENT OF THE U. S. OBSERVATORY AND HYDROGRAPHICAL OFFICE, WASHINGTON. VOLUME II. EIGHTH EDITION-ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. WASHINGTON: CORNELIUS WENDELL, PRINTER, 1859. VKsoz CONTENTS. Page. From the AUardic to thl Gtdf ports. . ............. . .. 1 Monthly averages, p. 16. From Europe to the Oidf ports .... ---- — ....--..--..-..-. 17 To the Caribbean sea, p. 17 ; bottle papers, pp. 17, 227, 607, 680 ; currents, p. 19 ; storms of Chiriqui, p. 19 ; the Coatzacoalcos, p. 20. Bowtes to and from Europe. . - 21 Eoute tables explained, p. 21 ; best average routes, p. 24 ; computed routes from New York, p. 26 ; ditto to New York, p. 31 ; tables of times and crossings from New York to Europe, p 36 ; ditto from Europe to New York and ports East, p. 48 ; the computed routes tested, p. 61 ; a shoal {?), p. 63. Sailing Directions from Sea to Sandy Hook . 64 Steam Lanes. . ..... 71 Yearly wrecks and collisions, p. 80. Sailing directions for the voyage between ports south of the Delaware and the North of Europe ......... 81 Crossings, p. 81 ; ditto of the best for the month, p. 91. From Europe to the West Indies and ports south of the Chesapeake.. 1 92 Trade-wind route, p. 93 ; beautiful performance of the Georgia, p. 94 ; crossings from Europe, p. 96 ; averages by north and south routes compared, p. 103. To Gibraltar. — Crossings, p. 105 ; ditto of 313 ships, p. 110 ; ditto from Gibraltar, p. Ill ; different routes compared and performance of vessels discussed, p. 115 ; crossings north of 40°, p. 117 ; ditto between 30° and 40o, p. 118 ; ditto south of 30°, p. 119 ; best route from Gibraltar to the United States, p. 120. Between the United States and Africa 121 Crossings to Cape Verde Islands, p. 121 ; ditto to Liberia and Sierra Leone, p. 122 ; ditto from Cape Verde Islands and Africa, p. 123 ; from Cape de Verdes to southwest coast of Africa, p. 124. To the White sea 125 Commodore Irminger on currents 126 The Arctic current 133 To the South Atlantic 138 Sixteen days to the Line _ 140 From the United States to the "Fair Way" off St. Roque 143 Time table by different routes 144 Average speed and difficult passes - 147 Gains by the new route to the Line since the publication of the preceding edition of this work 148 Computed route to the Fair Way off St. Roque— December 149 Table of crossings for ditto, p. 152; current off St Roque 158 Texeiros shoal ,. 162 Tide rips 162,322,572 K}.'Xi'i/% s^^n ly CONTENTS. Page. Crossings for January. - -- - -- 168, 170 Difficulties of crossing the Line to the W. of long. 32o examined, p. 172 ; Commodore Mervine's opinion, p. 173. Crossings for February . 180 Coming out of port, how to steer — --. 191 Crossings for March . 192 A lesson for navigators .- - -- 194 An easterly current 209 Crossings for April - - 211 Keeping the man-of-war log. 220 Doubters and their mistakes --. -- 221 Crossings for May - 224 Captain Windsor and Cape St. Roque 235 His track discussed — -- 238 Two lee sides to Cape St. Roque.. 240 Crossings for June 245 A whirlwind .. . 254 Crossings for July 258 The best runs in July - — 264 Crossings for August 275 Falling to leeward in the doldrums, p. 277 ; how to cross the calm belts, p. 280. Crossings for September 289 The myths of St. Roque .• 292 Beating by St Roque 306 Crossings for October - 310 The famous voyage of Captain Hildreth, in the Sancho Panza, discussed 330 How false dread of St. Roque has prolonged many a voyage.. _ 333 Barometric tide .- 335 Crossings for November - 337 Review -- — - 342 Rocas, cocoa-nut trees to be planted on _. 343 Mean crossings of 281 vessels by old and new routes 35O Crossings W. of 33° and E. of 25° 30' compared 35I Mistakes in the route 1. 356 Old and middle route crossings - 357 Frmi Europe to the South Atlantic - 365 From the Lizard to the Line .--. ^. ...... 869 Dutch and American crossings 370 Average miles from the Lizard to 30° N 37I Average daily runs through the trades by several routes . 373 The run of the Aetos to Bombay 373 Passage from the Lizard to the Line ought to be shorter ...... 374 The best route 376 Red fogs 377 / CONTENTS. V Page. Crossings from the Lizard to the line for December, p. 381 ; January, p. 386 ; February, p. 391 ; March, p. 396 ; April, p. 400 ; May, p. 404 ; June, p. 410 ; July, p. 415 ; August, p. 421 ; September, p. 427 ; October, p. 433 ; November, p. 440. Barometric anomalies off Cape Horn 446 Opinions of shipmasters -. 447 Mean height of the barometer 450 Dove's "Law of Eotation" -^■=^-. 451 The importance of the magnetic telegraph to meteorology and navigation - 453 Commodore Wiillerstorf on the winds in South Latitudes - 454 Difficulties with the Cyclone theory 457 Veering of the wind in a storm may be due to one or all of three causes. 458 Ihrni St. Roque to Cape Horn -. . — .._-- 459 Opinions of navigators -- 466 Straits of Le Maire 471 Nassau Bay 473 Crossings for January, p. 475 ; February, p. 483 ; March, p. 490 ; April, p. 499 ; May, p. 508 ; June, p. 516 ; July, p. 523 ; August, p. 530 ; September, p. 539 ; October, p. 547 ; November, p. 554 ; December, p. 564. Eesum 6 of Cape Horn Crossings — 569 The Straits of Magellan _. ' — - - 570 The South Atlantic from lat. 0° to long. 0° 571 Kelative speed of American and Dutch vessels . 575 Equatorial crossings by'!A.merican and Dutch vessels 576 Best crossing place of lat. 0° . -- 577 Jansen' s diagram of the SE. trades ...... 578 Equatorial crossings for Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope the same 579 Ice table for Australia.. ---..... ..... -. 580 The barometer in high southern latitudes again 583 To Australia .... .... .- . 584 The great circle to 585 Distances - 586 The new route - 587 The Admiralty Sailing Directions 588 How the passage to Australia has been shortened 691 Value of time saved. , 592 Amount of cooperation -. - 593 Difficulties interposed by ignorance .. 595 Crossings south of 40° . . 598 Eoyal Charter, Cosmopolite, and Tarret 601 Opinions 605 Admiralty route ; logs . 607 Outward-bound Crossings from the Line to the Prime Meridian for January, p. 629 ; for February, p. 633 ; for March, p. 637 ; for April, p. 639 ; for May, p. 642 ; for June, p. 650 ; for July, p. 655 ; for August, p. 659 ; for September, p. 662 ; for October, p. 665 ; for November, p. 669 ; for December, p. 675. Ta (he East Indies 678 Currents by the way 679 ▼I CONTENTS. Page. Agvlhas current... .~^. 683 NW. Monsoon of Sumatra — wood cut 685 Catherine Shoal of Horsburgh a myth .... 689 Water Spouts i ..._ 691 Dangers 693 Time table to Bombay, Zanzibar, and Mocha 695 To Calcuita — . . 696 Average miles per day from long. 0° 697 Specimens in natural history from the sea, p. 699 ; time tables to Calcutta, p. 701 ; streaks of cool and warm water, p. 707. To the Straits of Sunda .. . ..... 708 Best route, p. 709 ; Cochin China current, p. 712 ; gales of the China sea, p. 713 ; to Manilla, China, Japan, and the Amoor, p. 715 ; average of the Dutch crossings, p. 716. From 50° S. in the Pacific to Calif omia and the Northwest Coast, p. 717 ; where to take the SE. and lose the NE. trades, p. 718 ; various crossings of the Line compared, p. 720-7^7 ; crossings from 50° south to the Line, p. 721 ; gain on the voyage to California, p. 736 ; monthly averages arranged according to crossings, p. 746 ; length of passage by the old route, p. 749 ; two hundred and eight of the best runs, p. 750 ; best crossing of the equator, p. 753 ; table of monthly averages from the Line to California, p. 765. From the Sandtvich Islands to California...... . . 756 Crossings 760 Between the Northwest Coast and Asia . . .. 764 Crossings from China to California 768 Between California and Australia . 768 What the passage ought to be 771 Panama, California, and the Northwest, p. 773 ; more logs wanted, p. 776 ; Panama to Valparaiso, p. 777 ; to Panama from the South, p. 779 ; from San Bias to Panama, p. 780. From California to CaUao ....... .--- — -- 782 How the passage has been shortened by increase of knowledge, p. 784 ; time tables, p. 785. Between the Sandwich and Society Islands . . . .- 790 A strong current 792 From Australia to Callao .- — 792 IVom the Socidy and Sandwich Islands to CaUao and Valparaiso 793 From Callao and Valparaiso to India 795 From Australia to China ... ..... 796 IVom Australia, via Cape Horn, homeward — ....... ...... . 798 From the Sandwich and Soddy Islands home ._ 800 A great change of temperature in the sea, p. 801 ; homeward from the intertropical islands of the Pacific, p. 801; running to the east in the South Atlantic, p. 806 ; the Great Circle from the Society Islands, p. 807 ; route from Valparaiso around Cape Horn, p. 807. From Calcutta homeward .... ... ....... 808 Time tables to the offings of the Cape, p. 809. From the Straits of Sunda homeward. 814 Tables of crossing, p. 815 ; runs of Dutch and American vessels in the Indian ocean, p. 820 ; average runs, p. 831 ; the strongest trades along the route, p 832 ; average gain by American vessels from crossing to crossing, p. 833. CONTENTS. VII Page. Doubling the Cape of Good Hope, homeward hound 834 Crossings, p. 835 ; from 30° S. to the line, American route, p. 837 ; ditto crossings from the Line to 350 N. , p. 843 ; average Dutch and American runs through the trades'of the Atlantic, p. 850 ; the freshest trade-wind belt, p. 850 ; Dutch and American crossings from 30° S. to the Line, monthly means, p. 851 ; from the Line to 35° N., p. 852 ; the freshest trades in the North Atlantic, p. 852 ; average strength of the trade-winds, p. 853 ; from the Line to the Lizard, p. 855 ; time in the doldrums, p. 855 ; the run from the Line to the Lizard ought to be made in less time than it is, p. 856. Average force of the trade-winds, discmsion of ... 857 Force of the NE. trades of the Atlantic, p. 858 ; ditto SE. trades of the Atlantic, p. 860 ; ditto of S. Indian ocean, p. 861 ; rate of sailing through the NE. and SE. trades, p. 864 ; tabular statement of sailing along the home- ward route, p. 865 ; ditto across the NE. trades by different routes, p. 867; ditto across the trades of the South Indian and South Atlantic oceans, p. 868 ; the importance of determining, with the assistance of local observations, the prevailing force of the wind in all latitudes, p. 869. QmdUions on which navigators receive the Wind and Currerd Charts . 870 General order to the navy, p. 870 ; cooperating nations, p. 871 ; claim to charts forfeited by failxire to keep abstract according to form, p. 871 ; form of receipt, p. 872 ; a list of the Charts published, p. 873. % FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. I I The Gulf Steeam, with its eddies and counter currents, renders the navigation of the Florida pass one of the most dangerous in the world. These currents have strewn the Florida Reefs with carcasses of ships and men, and have caused the loss of many millions worth of property. At the instance of one of the marine insurance offices of New York, I undertook in the summer of 1857, with the assistance of Lieutenant Young, to examine the time by the several routes into the Gulf of Mexico, for the purpose of ascertaining if, without any consid- erable lengthening of the passage, the Gulf bound vessels might not enter this Mediterranean sea of America by the Yucatan instead of the Florida pass. All vessels from the Atlantic to the Gulf ports have to cross the parallel of 30° N. , and from this parallel the way into the Gulf is the same for all. I therefore prepared a table to show, first, these ports, the time from them to the parallel of 30° N. , and the place of crossing this parallel ; and second, the time thence by the different "passages" to the destined Gulf port. With this formula in hand, all the log-books in the office were overhauled, and the ' ' crossings ' ' and time tabulated according to the month. I The result of this examination does not encourage the hope of any change of route. The entrance by the Yucatan pass is the safer, but it prolongs the voyage ; and in this age, when "time is reckoned as money," to ships as well as to men, I know not how any change in the present routes between the Atlantic and Gulf ports of the country is to be ejffected without the aid of underwriters themselves. It is safer to enter by the Yucatan pass, but it takes more time. Routes into the Gulf of Mexico^ from latitude 30° north. JANUARY.— via HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. 1 o 6 cs Barque Attica Jan. 24, 1844 Jan. 5, 1834 Jan. 4, 1835 Jan. 4, 1836 Jan. 13, 1839 Jan. 13, 1841 Jan. 13, 1842 Jan. 19, 1850 Jan. 30, 1849 Jan. 11, 1848 Jan. 12, 1848 .Jan. 12, 1831 Jan. 19, 1832 Jan. 6, 1832 Jan. 5, 1848 Jan. 27, 1831 Jan. 19, 1837 Jan. 22, 1838 13 days from Portland in 71 04 W. 11 P'ortland 68 56 9 Portland 71 34 8 Portland 68 15 9 Portland 69 13 11 Portland 75 14 10 Portland 66 GO 10 Portland 70 20 4 New York 70 40 7 Boston 71 00 6 Bath, Me. - 72 50 11 Port'and 67 51 10 Portland 71 58 9 Portland 70 04 8 Portland 68 15 8 Portland 66 20 6 Portland 72 03 12 Portland 73 18 To Matanzas. Matanzas Havana Havana 12 14 7 29 15 13 25 2*1 Brig Blakeley Barque William Smith Barque William Smith 16 37 Brig Motto .. Havana 24 20 Brig Hogan Brig Hogan 23 Brig Portland Cardenas . Ship Ohio Apalachicola Mobile New Orleans Havana 14 12 8 24 13 22 9 27 13 8 18 19 Ship Tarquin Ship Milan . 14 35 Brig Washington Brig Washington Havana 23 Brig Washington Matanzas Matanzas Mobile Matanzas Matanzas -- 31 Barque Mary Lowell Barque Statia 17 35 Brig Henrietta 19 Brig Henrietta 20 WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Routes into the Gulf of Mexico for January — Continued. Name of vessel. Ship Aspasia Ship Orion Ship Ionia Ship Thomas Perkins . Ship Zephyr Ship Woodside . Ship Aberdeen . Ship Creole Ship Princeton Ship Albion Brig Nun . Brig Samuel and John . Ship Franconia Barque Statira Ship John Marshal Ship President .. Barque Octavia Brig Agenoria Brig Mary J. Sargent.. Brig Henrietta Brig Washington Brig Washington Barque John Browner. Barque Herkle Brig Catharine . . , Barque Wagram., Brig Washington , Ship Mary. Barque American. Barque American. SchooLer Dorsas Schooner Barnstable Date of cross- ing 30O N. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Schooner Mary E. Balch , Brig Hellen Jane Jan. BiigNora.. Jan. Jan. 28 Jan. 7 Jan. 22 Jan. 31 Jan. 9 Jan. 6 Jan. 13 Barque Delaware .. Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Jan. 25 1826 1856 1856 1856 1855 1849 1849 1850 1854 1833 1839 1840 1847 1833 1855 1843 1848 1839 1840 1839 1839 1841 1846 1854 1849 1848 1824 1852 1855 1848 1807 1844 1845 1851 1850 1852 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 6 days from Newport 5 6 5 7 6 5 5 7 3 7 10 5 9 12 14 8 9 9 10 6 9 Boston Boston Boston Boston New York New York New York New York Charlestown Portland Frankfort New York Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland New York in 69 00 W. 73 00 68 44 69 25 70 23 73 00 71 00 72 25 73 52 74 41 72 41 70 05 73 50 68 54 70 34 71 00 71 50 73 14 05 69 59 71 30 72 44 67 10 72 22 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 5 days from New York in 66 06 8 6 4 13 7 13 VIA MONO PASSAGE. 11 dajsfrom New York in 65 52 Boston 67 34 Wilmington, 75 30 N.C. Boston 69 10 Boston 68 14 Philadelphia 73 00 Portland 64 22 Portland 65 40 Portland 66 40 3 12 Wilmington Boston 63 47 Whither bound. To New Orleans- New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans- New Orleans. Mobile Apalachicola. New Orleans. New Orleans. Mobile Havana Havana . New Orleans. Mobile New Orleans. Matanzas Matanzas.. .. Matanzas Matanzis Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Apalachicola. Cardenas To St. Jago. St. Jago. Jamaica Jamaica .. Truxillo... Cienfuegos Jamaica. . . Trinidad . . Trinidad . . To St. Juan de Nica- ragua. Mayagues Aux Cayes 19 15- 14 12 27 11 6 10 9 14 16 11 14 20 9 13 15 10 11 9 8 12 7 5 9 19 13 12 11 20 12 11 10 10 12 Average crossing of 30° N. latitude :— From Boston and Maine (mean of 34 passages,) a. 6 days, between 70° and 71° W. longitude. Mean of 17 best :— 6.9 days, near 70° W. longitude. New York, (mean of 7 passages,) 5.8 days, between 72° and 73° W- longitude. Mean of 4 best: — 4.7 days, near 72° W. longitude. AVERAOK FROM 30° N. LATITUDE : — To Matanzas, (mean of 13 pas- sages,) 11.9 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best: — 8. 8 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mobile, (mean of 5 passages,) 16.8 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 3 best :— 12.3 days, 73° near W. longitude. New Orleans, (mean of 9 passages,) 14.2 days, near 71° W. longitude Mean of 4 best :— 9.7 days, near 71° W. longitude. FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. Routes into the Gulf of Mexico- — Continued. FEBRUARY.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Ship Louisville Ship Chasco Ship Houston Ship Senator Ship Richard Alsop Ship Alleghany Ship Hobart Ship Adelaide Ship St. Louis Ship Chasco Barque Elizabeth _ - Brig Athens Barque Montauk . . Ship Vicksburg Ship Vicksburg Ship Sarah Ship Edwina Barque Brilliante.. Barque Mexico Ship Jessore Ship Vicksburg Barque Mopang Ship Vicksburg Ship Sarah Boyd _ . Barque Nimrod Ship Burmah Brig Sublime Brig Erie Ship Tarolinta Ship Tarolinta Ship Thomas Wright. Brig Washington Brig Samuel Brig Virginia Packet. Brig Albion Brig Turner Brig Merida Barque John Brown.. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Feb, Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Brig Catherine Barque A. B. Sturges. Barque American Barque A. B. Sturges. Feb. 22 Feb. 13 Feb. 4 Feb. 12 1840 1852 1S55 1855 1850 1844 1834 1848 1852 1852 1849 1823 1853 1845 1847 1843 1849 1852 1830 1845 1851 1851 1848 1852 1851 1835 1838 1838 1843 1846 1848 1834 1841 1834 1835 1837 1840 1847 1850 1851 1847 1852 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 4 7 G 5 6 4 7 6 6 7 6 7 4 5 6 13 5 8 6 7 5 5 7 8 7 7 5 16 1 9 12 13 11 10 15 10 13 VIA 6 6 from New York in 75 New York 71 New York 72 New York 73 New York 72 Philadelphia 73 New York 71 Philadelphia 70 New York 72 New York 71 Philadelphia 74 Boston 70 New York 73 New York 74 New York 7 1 Portland 74 New York 72 New York 76 Portland 74 New York 72 New York 75 New York 74 New York 74 New York 68 New York 71 Portsmouth, 70 N. H. Portland 73 New York 74 Boston 78 Charleston 76 New York 68 Portland 68 Portland 64 Portland 69 Portland 72 Portland 60 Portland 72 Boston 64 WINDWARD PASSAGE. from New York in 66. New York 70. Portland 67. New York 74. 30 W. 53 00 14 00 37 04 08 20 53 32 39 57 00 52 20 38 10 34 41 27 04 40 30 38 50 59 22 38 50 53 35 15 47 23 51 30 06 00 32 00 01 Whither bound. To New Orleans New Orleans Galveston New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans Vera Cruz ... New Orleans New Orleans Havana Havana .... Galveston _ New Orleans New Orleans Mobile Mobile New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans Cardenas New Orleans Havana New Orleans New Orleans Havana ... Apalachicola Apalachicola .. .. Matanzas Vera Cruz ... Matanzas Havana Havana Matanzas Matan zas --. Havana Apalachicola To St. Jago de Cuba. St. Jago de Cuba. Trinidad St. Jago de Cuba . 10 10 15 12 10 10 10 19 12 13 7 10 14 11 10 21 15 11 17 15 9 17 12 13 9 18 18 10 9 5 19 14 15 15 9 20 7 20 8 5 12 6 WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Routes into tlie Gulf of Mexico for February — Continued. GULF STREAM. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. ' Ix)ngitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. 02 6 3 Barque Erie Feb 9, 1851 4 days from New York in 72. 09 W. To Apalachicola 9 13 VIA MONO PASSAGE. Ship Corsair I Feb. 9, 1849 I 7 days from Boston in 62. 00 I To Chagres 1 15 I 22 Average crossing of 30° N. Latitude from : — Boston and Maine, (mean of 13 passages,) 10.8 dajs, near 70° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best: — 8 days, between 72° and 73° W. New Yorx, (mean of 20 passages,) 6 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 10 best : — 5 days, near 73° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, 12 days, between 69 and 70 W. longitude. Mean of two best : — 7 days, near 74° W. longitude. Mobile, (mean of 2,) 18 days, between 73 and 74 W. longitude. New Orleans, (mean of 17,) 11.7 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 8 best:— 9.7 days, near 73° W. longitude. MARCH:- VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. 12, 1846 14, 1847 10, 1845 5, 1854 8, 1857 23, 1853 25, 1841 12, 1827 16, 1830 9, 1844 31, 1846 1, 1834 5, 1838 17, 1840 7, 1844 8, 1833 9, 1840 19, 1846 17, 1835 16, 1847 10, 1842 30, 1841 4, 1848 30, 1851 5, 1850 23, 1855 5, 1857 9, 1854 Whither bound. Ship Mary Francis . . Ship Mary Francis - , Sliip Warsaw Ship Panchita . Barque Apollo Barque Hecla Brig Flora Ship Washington . . . Brig Argo. _ Ship Sarah Barque Nautilus Ship Burmah Ship Tarolinta Ship Tarolinta Ship Tarolinta Schooner Emeline . . Brig Henrietta Brig Harriet Brig Emeline Barque Mary Lowell Ship Walpole Ship Medford Ship Wisconsin Ship Antarctic Ship Vicksburg Ship Cynthia Barque Montauk Ship Nabob.... Mar, Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 4 days from New York 13 9 16 7 10 10 4 5 5 6 9 10 14 5 9 2 5 6 5 7 New York New York New York New York New York Portland Portland Portland Boston Boston Boston New York New York Boston New York Portland Portland Portland Portland Boston Savannah New York New York New York New York New York Boston in 76 74 73 70 73 71 70 69 72 76 71 74 72 71 70 74 70 66 68 74 72 78 74 73 75 75 72 71 00 w, 16 12 25 42 00 45 16 09 03 22 01 30 30 00 09 19 25 34 12 45 06 00 00 22 20 42 49 To Mobile Mobile New Orleans. Cardenas . - . . Havana Cardenas Havana Havana Havana Mobile Havana . . . . . Havana New Orleans. Mobile Apalachicola. Matanzas Matanzas Havana Matanzas Matanzas New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. Galveston New Orleans. 10 8 10 8 7 7 12 12 9 17 4 8 10 14 7 9 11 13 23 4 8 10 12 15 10 13 17 27 14 13 17 16 15 15 25 21 25 24 14 18 14 19 12 15 20 23 37 9 17 12 17 21 15 21 25 34 FEOM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF POETS. Eoutes into the Gulf of Mexico for March — Continued. Nik HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Ship Bostonian Ship J. W. Fannin. Brig Washington.. Ship Creole Barque Cordelia Ship Fanshon Ship Arcole Brig Chinchilla Ship Mary Ann Ship St. Louis Barque Eienzi Schooner Emeline . Brig Morgiaua Brig Henrietta Barque Macedonia . Brig Henrietta Barque Attica Brig Emiline Ship Clinton Ship Clinton Barque Catharine. . Brig Henrietta Barque Attica. . _ . . Bhip Panther Brig Gratia Barque American Barque J. W. Blodget Brig Hellen Jane Steamer Philadelphia Brig Tarquina Barque American Barque American Date of crossing 30O N. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. 1854 1854 1842 1850 1851 1844 1847 1852 1845 1851 1851 1834 1834 1836 1848 1841 1845 1836 1845 1846 1844 1842 1845 Longitude of crossing 30° N. , 7 6 13 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 10 15 8 7 9 10 5 10 7 10 I from Boston New York Portland New York Philadelphia New York New York Baltimore Boston New York Boston Portland Portland Portland Boston Portland Boston Portland Bath, Me. Boston New York Portland Boston in 68 67 70 74 75 71 73 73 70 71 69 69 72 71 71 72 67 72 71 71 75 72 67 30 W. 58 00 38 45 20 03 00 55 30 08 03 44 35 15 23 39 51 33 14 57 30 39 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. Mar. 12, 1854 7 days from Boston Mar. 4, 1852 2 Baltimore Mar. 21,1848 7 Boston Mar, 31,1848 7 Boston Mar. 14, 1852 7 Boston Mar. 31,1850 3 New York Mar. 26, 1845 4 New York Mar. 24, 1843 6 Portland Mar. 27,1845 7 Portland in 66 57 71 52 68 20 69 10 67 40 72 41 70 43 72 20 66 38 VIA MONO PASSAGE. Brig Captain Tom I Mar. 5,1850 1 5 days from New York in 67 51 Whither bound. To New Orleans.. Galveston Matanzas New Orleans.. Havana Mobile -. Vera Cruz Cardenas New Orleans^. New Orlean's.. New Orleans. . Matanzas Havana . Matanzas . Matanzas Matanzas Apalachicola . Matanzas Havana Havana New Orleans.. Havana Apalachicola , . To New Orleans Port Maria, Ja Trinidad . - . St. Jago .. Turk's Island and Truxillo. Chagres St. Jago de Cuba . Trinidad Trinidad 14 10 5 10 13 9 9 11 12 11 8 6 8 8 11 7 9 8 15 16 11 26 10 11 8&6 6 20 10 To Chagres I 12 15 27 14 9 14 17 13 16 18 22 26 16 13 17 18 16 17 16 18 23 24 16 32 12 18 15 21 11 10 26 17 17 Average crossing of 30° N. from :— Boston and Maine, (mean of 28 passages,) 9.1 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 14 best :— 7 days, near 71° W. longitude. New York, (mean of 20,) 6 days between 72° and 73° W. longitude. Mean 10 best, 4.8 days, near 73° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to :— Matanzas, (mean of 10,) 10 days between 71° and 72° W. longitude. Mean of 5 best :— 6.6 days between 71° and 72° W. longitude. Mobile, 11.8 days, near 74* W. longitude. Mean of 3 best:— 9.3 days near 74° W. longitude. New Orleans, 11 days, near 70° W. longitudei WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Routes to ports in the Oulf of Mexico — Continued. APKIL.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vesseL Ship Sultana Brig R. H. Douglass.. Brig Samuel Ship Tarquin — Brig Oxford Ship Neutrality Ship Creole -- BrigBlakely Brig Charlotte- Barque Macedonia.. . Barque Macedonia Barque Henrietta Barque Samuel . - Barque Samuel Barque Washington.. Barque Washington.. Barque Washington.. Barque Washington . . Barque Henrietta Brig Henrietta Brig Henrietta. Brig Washington. Brig Washington. Brig Samuel Barque John Browner Ship St. Louis Brig Washington — . Brig Washington Barque Octavia Ship Peparter . Ship Vicksburg Barque Attica Ship Vicksburg Brig Samuel. .. Ship Jessore. Ship Mary Ann Barque Hecla Brig Washington Barque Mopang . _ . Barque American Barque American Brig Catherine BrigG. W. RuEsell... Date of cross- ing 30© N. April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April April 6 April 27 April 10 AprU 13 1851 1848 1843 1845 1853 1809 1849 1835 1841 1846 1847 1843 1839 1840 1835 1836 1837 1838 1837 1838 1839 1839 1840 1844 1848 1852 1844 1828 1848 1854 1846 1846 1848 1842 1846 1849 1854 1828 1851 1844 1847 1849 1851 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 9 days from New York 6 12 11 12 11 6 13 10 6 12 8 20 15 10 16 10 11 10 10 6 14 9 13 6 4 10 9 7 7 5 6 5 12 8 6 7 12 4 New York Portland Boston Portland Portland New York Portland Portland Boston Boston Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Boston New York Portland Portland Portland Boston New York Boston New York Portland New York Boston New York Portland New York in 75 72 69 70 64 75 70 72 72 68 73 69 63 72 73 66 73 72 70 72 67 71 72 70 73 72 71 73 71 75 74 75 69 72 70 70 69 72 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 6 days from Portland iu 69 10 Portland 60 6 New York 72 3 Baltimore 71 51 W. 20 25 40 25 40 11 18 23 48 00 52 46 31 31 14 31 31 23 00 00 46 13 10 55 24 17 34 20 50 00 10 39 33 23 48 37 52 10 20 27 34 Whither bound. To New Orleans New Orleans Matanzas Mobile Havana Havana New Orleans Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas- New Orleans Havana Havana Havana . . . Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas . Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Havana Apalachicola New Orleans Matanzas •-. Matanzas Cardenas New Orleans New Orleans Havana . New Orleans Havana New Orleans New Orleans Cardenas Havana Cardenas To Trinidad Trinidad St. Jago de Cuba Port Mario, Ja.. I'ROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. Routes to 2^orts in the Gulf of 3Iexico — Continued. APitlL :— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30O N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. O 6 bo Brig Helen Jane ....__. April 24, 1853 April 27, 1850 April 15, 1851 April 21, 1854 April 5,1809 April 11, 1839 o , 9 days from Boston in 66 17 W. 6 New York 67 03 To Turk's Island and Truxillo. St .Tacrn Ap. f!nhn. 8&8 8 8 13 15 17 25 Brig Catherine. ....... 14 Barque A. B. Sturges Barque Sarah Chase _ . Brig Crocket........ 5 New York 74 18 St. Jago de Cuba . 9 New York 66 40 Cienfuegos 11 Portland 64 25 St. Jago de Cuba . 9 Portland 70 43 Trinidad. _ _. 13 22 26 Brig Leo ...... . 26 Average crossings of 30° N. from :— Boston and Maine, (mean of 29 passages,) 10.4 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 14 best:— 8.4 days' near 71° W. longitude. New York, (mean of 9 passages,) 6 days, between 73° and 74° W- longitude. Mean of 4 best : — 4.5 days, near 74° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, (mean of 15 passages,) 9 days near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 7 best: — 7.6 days, near 71° W. longitude. New Orleans, (mean of 10 passages,) 15.7 days, near 73° W. longi- tude. Mean of 5 best: — 12,6 days, near 75° W. longitude. MAY :— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Ship Senator Ship Lowell Ship Hobart United States ship Cyane . Ship Diadem Ship Diadem ... Barque William Smith ... Brig Merida ... Schooner Emeline Brig Albion Brig Washington Brig Washington Brig Henrietta Brig Washington Brig Plato Ship Mary Francis Ship Vicksburg Barque Octavia . Brig Agenoria Brig Washington Barque American Steamer Philadelphia Brig Cuba Schooner Mary E. Balch.. Barque Panchita Date of cross- ing 30° N. May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May 15 May 7 May 7 May 1 May 26 1854 1848 1835 1855 1852 1849 1836 1840 1834 1835 1833 1834 1840 1841 1842 1846 1845 1847 1839 1824 1842 1850 1856 1852 1854 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 6 days from New York in 73 75 12 New York 9 New York 6 Boston 6 New York 6 New York 12 Portland 13 Portland 15 Portland 11 Portland 11 Portland 12 Portland 9 Boston 21 Portland 15 Boston 9 New York 5 New York 16 Portland 13 Portland 11 Portland VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 11 days from Portland in 67 4 New York 9 Boston 15 Boston 7 New York 19 W. 00 25 54 30 20 10 43 18 26 53 05 48 09 59 04 39 48 44 15 58 W. 07 15 59 00 Whither bound. To New Orleans Galveston New Orleans Key JVest. Mobire Mobile Havana .. Havana Matanzas ... Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas^ Havana _. Matanzas Havana ... Mobile New Orleans Havana. ...... Matanzas Matanzas To Trinidad Chagres Kingston, Jamaica Jeremil, Hayti Santa Cruz, Cuba.; 14 14 8 14 9 11 9 17 12 18 18 15 17 15 11 7 15 14 10 11 6 11 11 16 14 26 23 14 20 15 23 22 32 23 29 30 24 38 30 '20 12 31 27 21 22 10 20 26 24 WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Boutes into the Gulf of Mexico — Continued. MAY.— VIA GULF STREAM. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. 00 -a o d 6 1 Ship Hindoo May 15,1848 O / 6 days from Philadelphia in 74 00 W. To New Orleans 12 18 Brig Washington Barque Eachelle.. - . Ship George Porter. . Barque Minatononi. . Ship Burmah Brig Erie --. Brig Nunn -. - Brig Samuel & John . Barque Apollo. Brig Washington Brig Washington Brig Washington Steamer Philadelphia. Ship Pelm Ship Ocean May 6,1826 May 17,1847 May 8, 1847 May 31,1852 May 13,1836 May 4, 1838 May 31,1838 May 24, 1840 May 9,1850 May 10, 1830 May 3,1831 May 6, 1832 May 7, 1850 May 25, 1851 May 31,1841 VIA. HOLE IN THE WALL. 14 days from Portland in 70 38 4 7 6 11 5 14 6 8 7 13 15 4 4 9 New York Boston New York Boston New York Portland Portland New York Portland Portland Portland New York Baltimore Boston 73 30 75 38 68 31 73 47 71 02 •70 00 73 33 72 07 75 00 66 50 71 47 72 07 73 20 74 32 To Matanzas Havana New Orleans. New Orleans. Havana Apalachicola. Havana New Orleans. Havana . Mobile Matanzas Matanzas New Orleans. New Orleans. 14 9 21 16 5 13 11 22 11 '23 17 10 9 19 28 13 28 22 16 18 25 28 19 30 30 25 13 28 AvERAQE cRossiNB OF 30° N. FROM : — Boston and Maine, (mean of 22 passages) 11.7 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 11 bett 9 days, near 72° W. longitude. New York, (mean of 12 passages) 6.7 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best 5 days, near 7o° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, (mean of 10) 14.7 days, near 69° W. longitude. Mean of 5 best :— 12 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mobile, (mean of 4) 14.2days, near 75° W.longitude. Meanof 2best:— 10 days, near 76° W. longitude. New Orleans, (mean of 8) 14.5 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 4 best : — 9.5 days, near 72° W. longitude. JUNE.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. d 3 Ship Genesee Brig Mar}' Ann June 5 June 8 June 12 June 9 June 17 June 2 June 6 June 6 June 14 June 2 June 4 June 13 June 14 June 14 1848 1847 1856 1836 1846 1852 1853 1853 1851 1838 1851 1837 1841 1844 9 days from New York in 75 15 W. 7 Philadelphia 70 00 7 Boston 71 17 20 Boston 72 40 13 Portland 68 49 7 New York 74 51 6 New York 72 26 6 New York 72 16 10 New York 69 30 20 Portland 70 41 5 Philadelphia 72 11 9 Portland 73 59 15 Portland 69 41 12 Boston 74 06 To New Orleans .; Sisal 9 13 18 9 18 8 7 6 7 11 9 15 14 6 18 20 Ship Zephyr. ........ New Orleans Matanzas.. New Orleans 25 Brfg Henrietta ....... 29 Barque Macedonia Ship Sarah Boyd ..... 31 15 Barque Panchita .. Cardenas Matanzas Cardenas Matanzas Havana .. Matanzas Matanzas Havana 13 Barque Hecla ............ 12 Barque Mopang ... ... 17 Brig Agenoria. . . ... 31 Barque Cordelia ....... 14 Barque Wm. Smith 24 29 Ship Medora 18 ft FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. Monies to ports in the Gulf of Mexico — Continued. JUNE.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. s Brig Portland Brig Abeona ...... . Ship Warsaw Ship Geneva Barque Apollo Barque Mary Lowell . Brig Washington. ... Barque J. W. Blodget. Brig Helen Jane Steamer Philadelphia Barque American Barque A. B. Sturges. Brig Catherine. . Ship Affghan. . ...... Schooner Catherine. . June 24, 1849 June 12, 1852 June 24, 1846 June 6, 1848 June 14, 1844 June 6, 1847 June 2, 1827 June 25, 1854 June 25, 1856 June 16, 1850 June 30, 1843 June 14, 1851 June 29, 1849 June 16, 1852 June 8, 1847 8 days from Portland 8 New York 9 New York 9 Boston 8 Boston 10 Portland 13 Portland in 68 27 W. 72 03 72 15 67 45 70 00 71 27 74 00 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 7 days from New York 10 Boston 3 New York 13 Portland 10 New York 1 Bermuda 6 New York 4 New York in 67 00 W. 65 36 73 58 68 35 67 22 64 17 70 30 74 02 To Cardenas Cardenas New Orleans New Orleans Havana Matanzas Havana To Sisal, Yucatan Truxillo, Hondu's Chagres Trinidad St. Jago de Cuba . St. Jago de Cuba . Navy Bay St. Jago de Cuba . 13 5 19 12 5 11 12 30 17 6 13 17 13 21 13 28 21 13 21 25 37 27 9 26 10 9 23 17 Average CROSSING of 30° N. Latitude from :— Boston and Maine, (mean of 12 passages,) 12 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best : — 8. 5 days, near 70° W. longitude — New York, (mean of 7 passages,) 7. 8 days, near 72° W. longitude. Average, (mean of 6,) from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, 11 days, near 72* W. longitude. Mean of 3 best : — 8.6 days, near 72° W. longitude- Mean of 5 to New Orleans, 15.2 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 3 best : — 13 days, near 71° W. longitude. JULY.— VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. <» Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. 'fV^hither bound. d 6 Ship Montreal . . July 4, 1848 July 2, 1848 July 23, 1848 July 26, 1850 July 20, 1845 July 30, 1842 O / 9 days from New York in 65 25 W. 9 New York 71 45 12 New York 70 01 7 Baltimore 68 40 12 Calais, Me. 62 24 13 Portland 67 48 To Vera Cruz Vera Cruz St. Jago de Cuba . Kingston, Jamaica Kingston, Jamaica Trinidad 29 21 8 11 20 13 .^fi Ship Nebraska 30 Brig Orbit 20 18 32 26 Brig G. W. Russell Brig Harriet Barque American Ship Streglite Ship Vicksburg .. Ship Montreal Ship J. W. Fanin. Barque Montauk . Ship Vicksburg . . July 17, 1842 July 10, 1848 July 4, 1848 July 1, 1854 July 6, 1850 July 7, 1850 VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. 18 days from Boston 19 New York 10 New York 7 New York 8 New York 12 New York in 70 31 W. 74 28 65 25 72 30 68 00 73 19 To Havana New Orleans. Vera Cruz ... Galveston Galveston New Orleans . 11 9 21 16 24 24 29 28 31 23 32 36 * No routes, via Gulf Stream or Mona passage, during the month of July. VOL. II 2 10 WIND AND CUERENT CHARTS. Boutes to portes in the Oulf of Mexico — Continued. JULY.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL— Continued. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. i o 6 "A 6 1:8 ft 3 Barque Monsoon .._... July 28, 1848 July 14, 1848 July 4, 1851 July 27, 1848 July 11, 1837 July 14, 184« July 17, 1843 July 10, 1829 July 21, 1848 July 8, 1848 July 15,- 1839 July 31, 1835 17 days from New York in 73 o'o 10 New York 74 30 14 New York 72 23 12 Portland 73 01 15 Portland 70 20 8 Boston 75 02 12 Boston 74 08 26 Portland 68 06 7 New York 71 15 8 New York 71 30 20 Portland 69 12 18 Portland 67 28 To Matanzas New Orleans New Orleans Cardenas Havana . 13 15 19 15 29 18 10 17 9 12 16 15 30 Ship Sarah and Eliza Ship Sultana. ............ 25 33 Barque Octavia 27 Brig Susan Jane.......... 44 Brig Tjiiry Ann ....... Vera Cruz Havana . 26 Barque Oxford . 22 Brig Washington Havana . 43 Ship Cvffnet ... ... New Orleans New Orleans 16 Ship Silas Holmes ... Brig "Dante" 20 35 Brig Washington ...... Matanzas . 33 Average crosbino from 30° N. latitude from : — Boston and Maine, (mean of 8 passages,) 16 days, near 71° W. longitude ; Mean of 4 best : — 11.7 days, near 73° W. longitude — New York, (mean of 10,) 11.2 days, between 71° and 72° W. longitude ; — Mean of 5 best : — 8 days, near 72° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas (mean of 2,) 14 days, 70° W. lon- gitude — New Orleans, (mean of 6) 14.7 days, near 73° W. longitude. AUGUST.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. Brig Washington Barque Montauk Barque Genesee .... Ship Ashland Ship Rajah ........ Brig Lowell Barque Erie Barque Tedesco. Brig Washington Brig Hogan Brig Albion Brig Sublime Barque Mary Lowell Brig Washington Brig Washington Barque A. B. Sturges Barque American — Barque American Aug. 21, 1824 Aug. '6,1853 Aug. 13,1845 Aug. 30,1849 Aug. 13,1856 Aug. 22,1847 Aug. 5, 1850 Aug. 3, 1847 Aug. 8, 1828 Aug. 20,1840 Aug. 12,1835 Aug. 10,1838 Aug. 11,1848 Aug. 22, 1836 Aug. 10,1837 Aug. 23,1851 Aug. 17,1845 Aug. 2, 1848 11 days from Portland 10 9 6 14 8 13 24 28 12 15 11 13 12 13 New York New York New York New York New York New York Portland Portland Boston Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland in 74 72 74 74 72 72 76 75 76 74 72 69 69 71 70 35 W. 07 28 27 31 00 15 55 41 59 12 32 04 27 50 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 8 days from New York in 71 40 14 Calais, Me. 67 28 18 Portland 69 10 To Havana Galveston New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans Galveston New Orleans Matanzas ... Havana New Orleans Matanzas . . Havana .. .... Matanzas . Matanzas . Matanzas .. . To St. Jago de Cuba Jamaica Trinidad .... 22 20 17 17 26 13 16 6 31 22 6 34 16 19 17 33 30 26 23 40 21 29 29 69 84 21 46 29 31 30 16 23 17 31 14 32 FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. n Boutes to ports in the Gulf of Mexico — Continued. AUGUST.— VIA. WINDWARD PASSAGE— Continued. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither hound. 1 O 6 1 Brig Mary Ann. __..._..-. Aug. 18, 1847 Aug. 5, 1847 Aug. 16,1848 4 days from New York in 69 40 W. 11 New York 69 46 11 New York 75 18 To Balize, Hs St. Jago de Cuba . Belize .._.. 22 8 22 26 Schooner Catharine . Barque J. A. Gardiner 19 33 Average crossing of 30° N. from: — Boston and Maine, (mean of 9 passages,) 15.4 days, near 73° W. longitude. — Mean of 4best: — 11. 5, near 73° W. longitude.— New Yorlc, (mean of 6,) 10 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 3 best : — 9 days, near 73° W. longitude. Average from 30° N.to :— Matanzas, (mean of 5,) 12.6 days, near72° V(. longitude. Mean pf 3 best :— 9 days, near 73° W. longitude.— New Orleans (mean of 5,) 19.6 days, near 75° W. longitude. Mean of the 3 best passages :— 16.6 days, near 75° W. longitude. SEPTEMBER.— VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. Name of vessel. Barque American.., Brig Helen Jane BrigG. W. Russell.. Schooner Catherine . Schooner Catherine . Brig Blakely Ship Lebanon Ship Clinton . Ship Mary Francis.. Brig Henrietta Brig Washington Ship Chasca Brig Jane. . . Ship Garrick Ship Milan Brig Washington... Brig Angeline Barque Mary Adelia Brig Hogan Ship Vicksburg Date of cross- ing 30O N. Sept. 26, 1843 Sept. 15, 1854 Sept. 25, 1850 Sept. 28, 1847 Sept. 20, 1848 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 1835 1849 1846 1846 1837 1844 1852 1841 1855 1849 1830 1850 1850 1841 1845 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 8 days from Portland 9 Boston 7 Baltimore 5 New York 6 New York in 68 59 W. 62 21 71 40 72 01 70 37 Whither bound. VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. 9 days from Portland 5 4 6 12 10 10 7 6 5 17 5 8 7 4 New York New York New York Portland Portland Boston Portland New York Philadelphia Portland New York Boston Portland New York in 71 71 75 73 73 72 74 72 72 73 72 74 72 74 75 15 W. 12 20 48 34 58 09 10 26 19 28 48 35 10 05 To Trinidad Truxillo, Hs Kingston, Ja St. Jago de Cuba. St. Jago de Cuba. To Havana New Orleans Brazos St. Jago Mobile Havana Matanzas . New Orleans... Matanzas New Orleans New Orleans Havana . Mobile New Orleans Havana New Orleans 22 22 7 15 13 10 15 9 12 10 11 7 15 14 17 18 12 16 12 12 30 31 14 20 19 19 25 13 18 22 21 17 22 20 22 35 17 24 19 16 Average crossing of 30°N. from .—Boston and Maine, (mean of 8 passages,) 10 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 4 best:— 7.7 days, near 7i° W. longitude. New York ,(niean of 6,) 5 days, near 74° W. longitude. Mean of 3 best 4.3 days, 75° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, (mean of 2,) 13 days, 73* W longitude. Mobile, (mean of 2,) 12 days, between 74° and 75° W. longitude. New Orleans, (mean of 5,) 14.8 days, near 73' W. longitude. Mean of 3 best :— 13,6 days, near 73° W. longitude. 12 WIND AND CUEEENT CHAETS. Routes to ports in tJw Gulf of Mexico — Continued. OCTOBER.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Brig Washington .--.. Brig Albion Brig Henrietta Barque Octavia .. Ship Reporter Barque Mopang Barque Nimrod Brig Argo _ Barque Fenelon Ship Vicksburg Ship Mary Ann Ship Gallia Brig Dante Ship Vicksburg Brig Flora Ship Walpole Brig Margaret and Sarah Ship Walpole Ship Thos. Wright Ship Walpole Barque Montauk Ship Herculean Ship Tarquin . Brig Washington Ship Winfield Scott , Ship Neptune Ship Champlain Ship Malabar Date of cross- ing 30° N, Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. ,1840 ,1834 , 1836 ,1847 ,1853 ,1851 ,1850 ,1820 ,1850 ,1850 ,1848 ,1851 ,1835 ,1848 ,1840 ,1842 ,1816 ,1843 ,1847 ,1845 ,1856 ,1854 ,1845 ,1842 ,1854 ,1841 ,1841 ,1843 Longitude of crossing 30° N. Brig "Catharine" .... Barque Macedonia Ship John H. Stephens Oct. 8, 1849 Oct. 20,1847 Oct. 28,1847 Ship Rajah I Oct. 9,1848 from Portland in 72 40 W. 9 Portland 72 49 7 Portland 72 19 16 Portland 68 54 6 Boston 70 16 6 New York 74 49 7 New York 74 07 10 . Portland 74 00 6 New York 74 17 7 New York 74 02 6 New York 72 38 4 New York 74 40 12 Portland 73 14 5 New York 74 57 16 Portland 72 25 6 Boston 73 14 7 Boston 71 25 7 Boston 73 39 7 New York 73 29 6 Boston 72 58 4 New York 74 52 6 New York 74 40 6 New York 73 27 14 Portland 72 14 6 New York 74 54 6 Portsm'th,N.H. 71 00 4 Philadelphia 75 10 9 Waldoboro' 74 28 VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. 6 days from New York in 70 58 9 Portland 70 08 9 Lubeck, Me. 67 20 VIA GULF STREAM. 4 days from New York in 75 36 Whither bound. To Matanzas Havana Havana Havana New Orleans Cardenas New Orleans Havana Apalachicola. New Orleans, New Orleans, Mobile Matanzas New Orleans Cedar Key. . New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans Galveston _. Mobile Mobile Matanzas Mobile New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans 10 6 11 9 6 10 5 9 7 12 12 17 12 36 13 28 10 9 7 22 7 9 9 8 15 9 To St. Jago de Cuba . 9 15 St. Jago de Cuba . 16 25 Montegobay 18 27 To New Orleans 19 23 16 19 13 27 15 12 17 15 15 14 18 16 29 17 42 19 35 17 16 13 26 13 15 23 14 21 13 17 Average crossinos of 30' N. from: — Boston and Maine, (mean of 14 passages,) 9.3 days, near 72° W, longitude. Mean of 7 best :— 6.4 days, near 72° W. longitude. — New York, (mean of 12,) 5.8 days, near 74° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best :— 5.2 days, near 74° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to : — Matanzas, (mean of 3,) 11.3 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 2 best : — 8.5 days, near 73 W. longitude. — Mobile, (mean of 4,) 9 days, near 75° W. longitude. Mean of 2 best : — 7.5, and 75° W. longitude. — New Orleans, (mean of 13,) 10 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best:— 8 days, near 73° W. longitude. FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. Boutes to ports in the Gulf of Ilexico — Continued. NOVEMBER.— VLi HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vessel. Brig Washington Ship Vicksburg . Ship Toronto Ship Albania . Barque Attica Barque Warwick. Brig Portland _' Brig Argo Brig Samuel . . Barque John Broiiwer Ship Burmah . Ship Burmah . Ship Burmah Brig Washington Brig Henrietta . Brig Washington Schooner Emeline Ship Memphis Barque Montauk Ship Diadem Barque Commerce Brig Washin gton Brig Henrietta Ship Warsaw . Ship Vicksburg Brig Samuel Ship Alleghany' Ship Plymouth Brig Lowell , Ship Sarah Ship Zephyr . _ . Ship Ashland , Ship Tarquin , Ship Nebraska , Ship Reporter , Date of cross- ing 30° N. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 1827 1847 1848 1848 1846 1846 1848 1819 1844 1848 1833 1834 1836 1833 1835 1841 1833 1853 1853 1853 1851 1826 1839 1845 1846 1840 1843 1834 1847 1845 1855 1850 1842 1848 1854 Longitude of crossing 30° N. 9 days 4 4 6 12 9 10 7 6 6 6 13 7 7 10 6 7 5 8 9 7 6 5 12 4 12 5 8 10 6 8 4 6 from Portland New York New York New York Boston Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Boston Boston Boston Portland Portland Portland Portland New York New York New York Portland Portland Portland New York New York Portland Philadelphia Bath, Me. New York Portland Boston New York Boston New York Boston in 7 1 47 W. 74 45 74 35 75 36 63 08 75 18 73 00 69 34 71 12 71 07 71 80 72 45 73 53 65 47 74 47 71 35 70 54 76 05 75 20 72 20 70 05 69 16 73 23 71 49 72 36 69 33 74 00 71 00 74 00 71 30 71 02 76 08 70 28 72 30 74 00 Whither bound. To Havana New Orleans. NewOrle ^s. New Orleans. New Orleans. New Orleans. Cardenas Havana Havana Apalachicola. New Orleans. New Orleans - New Orleans- Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas New Orleans. St. Mark's Mobile New Orleans. Matanzas Matanzas New Orleans. New Orleans. Havana New Orleans. New Orleans. Galvestoji. .. Mobile New Orleans. Mobile Mobile Apalachicola _ New Orleans. 22 8 9 14 22 12 9 10 9 20 11 10 9 10 9 11 19 7 16 9 16 13 10 18 10 14 9 16 11 17 18 15 10 15 12 31 12 13 20 34 21 17 18 19 27 17 16 15 23 16 18 29 13 23 14 24 21 17 24 15 26 13 28 16 25 21 21 18 19 18 Average crossing from 30° N., from :— Boston and Maine, (nifeans of 23 passages,) 8.6 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 11 best :— 6.9 days, near 72° W. longitude New York, (mean of 11,) 5.3 days, near 74° W. longitude. Mean of 5 best :— 4.4 days, near 74° W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to:— Matanzas, (mean of 6,) 12 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 3 best :~6.9 days, npar 71° W. longitude Mobile, (mean of 4,) 12.7 days, near 72° W. longitude. Mean of 2 best: — 9.5 days, near 71° W. longitude. — New Orleans, (mean of 15,) 11.9 days, near 73° W. longitude. Mean of 7 best : — 9 days, near 74° W. longitude. 14 WIND AND CUKRENT CHARTS. Boutes to ports in the Gulf of Mexico — Continued. DECEMBER.— VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Name of vesseL Barque Attica Brig Charlatta Barque American — Barque Macedonia . . Ship Sarah Ship John Knox Barque F. A. Perley Barque Macedonia.- Brig Henrietta Brig Henrietta Brig Turner Barque Mary Lowell Brig Samuel Ship Mary Francis. - Brig Emeline Brig Emeline -- Brig Washington — Brig Washington Ship Athens Barque Fenelon Ship Aberdeen Ship Senator Ship Cornelia Ship Richard Alsop . Ship Walpole Brig Samuel Brig Samuel Brig Washington — Ship John Marshall . Ship John Marshall. Ship Sabina Ship Uncas Brig Samuel Brig Washington Brig Washington Brig Washington Brig Washington Brig Washington Ship Morgiana Ship Mas. Livingston Brig Washington — Schooner Emeline . . Date of cross- ing 30° N. Dec. 9 Dec. 31 Dec. 28 Dec. 13 Dec. 17 Dec. 29 Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec, Dec. Dec. Dec Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 1845 1840 1842 1845 1844 1854 1848 1846 1840 1842 1832 1846 1839 1846 1834 1835 1843 1824 1848 1850 1850 1856 1848 1849 1841 1841 1842 1829 1837 1838 1837 1845 1843 1834 1835 1836 1837 1852 1833 1848 1829 1832 longitude of crossing 30° N. 6 11 9 11 9 9 9 9 II 6 10 5 8 12 13 8 6 9 7 4 6 6 6 II 12 7 6 7 3 7 12 8 14 14 9 4 7 8 10 19 from Boston Boston Portland Portland Portland Bucksport, Maine. Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland New York Portland Portland Portland Portland Boston New York New York New York New York New York Boston Portland Portland Portland Baltimore New York New York New York Portland Portland Portland Portland Portland New York Portland New York Portland Portland in 73 43 W. 69 40 67 30 69 30 68 29 70 46 69 39 66 08 72 23 71 40 69 46 70 24 70 39 75 10 72 38 65 38 74 20 73 45 69 03 73 25 75 21 74 07 71 55 73 52 74 33 70 57 71 13 71 50 75 40 70 56 74 24 72 03 71 05 72 54 63 01 69 17 64 29 68 20 71 46 72 38 68 19 69 44 Whither bound. To New Orleans. ^Matanzas . . . Trinidad Matanzas Mobile Havana Havana Mobile Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas . Havana .... Mobile ...... ... Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Mobile New Orleans Mobile New Orleans Mobile.. New Orleans . . New Orleans Havana Matanzas New Orleans Mobile - Mobile Mobile New Orleans Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Matanzas Mobile Havana Apalachicola ■ Matanzas .' Matanzas 17 7 12 14 14 6 9 13 9 9 13 8 17 10 16 13 10 13 10 14 15 18 II 10 13 7 10 17 II 19 14 14 10 25 18 9 14 9 II 11 17 7 FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE GULF PORTS. 15 Boutes to ports in the Gulf of Mexico — Continued. DECEMBER.— VIA WINDWARD PASSAGE. Name of vessel. Date of cross- ing 30° N. Longitude of crossing 30° N. Whither bound. OS O O 6 1 P< 1 Baroue American __-..---. Dec. 11,1848 Dec. 28,1847 Dec. 8, 1847 Dec. 20,1828 Dec. 25,1832 Dec. 4, 1855 Dec. 19,1848 O / 8 days from Portland in 70 05 W. 10 Boston 68 40 6 New York 72 00 12 Portland 65 14 8 Boston 65 00 6 New York 68 23 8 Portland 65 15 To Trinidad Trinidad St. Jago de Cuba . St. Jago de Cuba . New Orleans Nicolo Mole Trinidad.. 12 11 6 12 19 6 12 20 Barque J. W. Blodget Schooner Catharine. Brig Washington Ship Saphire --•-__.. 21 12 24 27 U. S. Frigate Potomac Barque American- 12 20 Average crossing of 30" N. from:— Boston and Maine, (mean of 30 passages,) 9.7 days, between 71° and 72° W. longitude. Mean of 15 best : — 7.5 days, between 70° and 71° W. longitude. — New Yorlf, (mean of 12,) 6 days, near 71° W. longitude. Mean of 6 best, 4.8 days, near 73' W. longitude. Average from 30° N. to :— Matanzas, (mean of 18,) 12.3 days, near 70° W. longitude. Mean of 9 best:— 8.9 days, near 71° W. longitude. — Mobile, (mean of 10,) 12.5 days, between 71° and 72° W. longitude. Mean of 5 best: — 10.2 days, near 72° W. longitude. — New Orleans, (mean of 27,) 14.7 days, near 73* W. longitude. Mean of 4 best:— 12.7 days, between 73° and 74° W. longitude. 16 WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Monthly averages of passages from Atlantic to Gulf ports. VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Months. January February . , March .... April May June July August September. October November . December . Number of- Vessels to 30° N. li -do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. 19 20 11 12 5 6 5 .. 17 .. 20 .- 17 Number ofi— Days to 30° N. 6. -do.... .do.... .do-... .do.-.. .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... -do.... .do.... .do.... 6.2 6.0 7.2 6.7 9.4 1L6 10.8 6.7 6.1 6.5 6.1 Number of days- From 30° N. to New Orleans and Mobile 15.1 do do 12.4 .....do do 12. do do o 15. 1 do ..do 14.4 do do 15.2 do do 14.7 do do 19. 6 do do 13.2 do do 10.9 do do 12. 6 do do 1^.4 Days. Total passage .. 21.1 do 18.6 do 18.0 do 22.3 do 21.1 do .„. 24.6 do 26.3 do 30.4 do 19.9 do 17.0 do 19.1 do 19.5 Monthly averages of passages from Atlantic to Cuban ports. VIA HOLE IN THE WALL. Months. Number of — Number of — Number of days — Days. January February. March April May June July August ■ . September. October _ November . December Vessels to 30° N. 23 .do..., .do.... .do..., -do--., .do-.., .do..-, .do.... .do.... .do.-.. .do-... 12 25 27 19 15 11 Days to 30° N. 9. 5 .do 23 .do.... .do..-, .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... -do -do.... .do.... .do.... .do .. 9.5 .. 9.0 .. 10.4 .- 12.6 .. 10.5 .. 17.3 ._ 15.9 .. 10.5 .- 9.0 .- 8.3 .. 10.6 From 30O N. to North Cuban ports 12,9 do do 12.5 do do 9.4 do..._ do 9. 6 do do 13. do do 9.2 do do 15. 6 do do 18. 7 do do 12. 7 do do 10. 2 do do 12.3 do do 11.8 Total passage... 22 4 do 22 do 18.4 do 20 do 25 6 do 19 7 do 32. 9 do 34. 6 do 23. 2 do 19. 2 do 20. 6 do 22. 3 i FROM EUEOPE TO THE GULF POETS. 17 The passage to 30° N. is most tedious in June, July, and August ; and from 30° N. the passage both to the Cuban and Gulf ports is most tedious during the same months. The passage during this season ought not to be so long : with proper use by navigators of the lights before them, and an attentive study of the Pilot and Trade-Wind Charts, time can be saved, and the voyages considerably shortened in summer. tFROM EUROPE TO THE GULF PORTS, AND FROM ASPINWALL. Vessels bound from Europe to any of the Gulf, or Central American, Caribbean, or West India ports should proceed as though they were bound to ports beyond the equator, until they cross the calms of Cancer. The Trade-Wind Chart, together with the winds, the barometer, and the weather at the time, will enable the navigator to judge when he has crossed this belt, and when he may "stick her away west :" — rwhen and how to cross the calms of Cancer, &c. How to proceed thus far on the route, full instructions are given in the chapter on the route from Europe to ports beyond the equator. The intelligent navigator, however, will take care not to follow those directions blindly. Suppose, for instance, after getting his oflfing, the winds should be fresh and fair for making westing, he should avail himself of all such favorable opportunities to make the best of his way westward. In crossing the place where the calm belt ought be, even with a ' ' smashing breeze, ' ' care should be taken to run slantingly across, and having crossed it, the only further caution necessary is for the navigator to place himself fairly within the northeast trades and then ' ' run them down" into the Caribbean Sea. From Aspinwall, and all the Caribbean ports to the west, vessels bound to Europe or the ports of North America, instead of taking a dead beat to the eastward of Carthagena, are recommended, having a due regard to the shoals off the Central American coast, to do precisely as they are advised to do with regard to Cape St. Roque, when they cross the line well to the west, viz: stand boldly on, take advantage of slants, and do not beat until the shoals, or the land, compels you to stand off. There is little difference as to currents, no odds where you beat ; perhaps the currents along the Central American coast are a little more favorable than those on the Carthagena coast. But there is this gain by the northern route at least, viz : you need not beat any further than it may be necessary to weather the diflSculties in sight. Having gained an offing, the route is then via the Yucatan pass and so out upon the Atlantic with the Gulf Stream. There is a constant set from the Caribbean Sea into the Mexican Gulf to feed the Gulf Stream. Vessels passing up to the northward may take advantage of it. It is bifurcated just after entering the Gulf. The bottle paper of the Hermes followed this Yucatan current to the "fork" and then took the western branch: — "Her Majesty's ship 'Hermes,' 15th of April, 1856, latitude 17° 59' N. ; longitude 78° 50' west. "J. E. SOLFLEET, Master. "HENRY CONGTON, Commander.'' This paper was found on the 23d of August, 1857, on the south point of Padre Island, latitude 26° 05' N., longitude 97° 10' W., and forwarded to this office from Point Isabel by Mr. John R. Butler. The following is an extract from his letter accompanying it : The drift shown by the course of this bottle confirms my own observation since I have been here, viz : that the current of the Caribbean Sea divides between Cape Antonio, west VOL. II 3 18 THE WIND AND CUREENT CHARTS. end of Cuba, and Cape Catoche, east end Yucatan ; the eastern part of it rounding Cape Antonio, and passing out by the Gulf Stream ; while the western part of it, after following the northeastern coast of Yucatan, turns westward round Cape Catoche, and keeps a westerly course until it reaches this coast between San Fernandino, on the coast of Mexico, and Corpus Christi on our coast, where it meets the southwesterly current from the coast of Florida and Louisiana. And it is strange to remark the mixture of floating objects thrown on the beach of this coast by this meeting of the currents. Flat-boats, oars, saw-logs, clap-boards, old skiffs, &c., from the Mississippi, mixed up with branches of mangrove, mahogany, bay-cedar, young cocoa-nuts blown from the trees, canoe paddles of mahogany, &c., from the Caribbean Sea and coast of Honduras. ' ' You will perceive that this paper was thrown overboard in the Caribbean Sea, southwest of Jamaica, sixteen months ago, and has, no doubt, travelled along the whole coast of Hon- duras and Yucatan." This current is well and happily described Mr. Butler. On the west side of the Yucatan Pass there may often be found an eddy from the Gulf, setting back into the Carribean Sea, and vessels bound south may use it. The bottle paper of the "Admiral" took the same fork ; so also did one from the United States brig Dolphin thrown over in the mouth of the Amazon by Capt. Lee, in 1852. It was also picked up in Texas. "Ship Admiral, for London, Samuel Picken, commander. On the equator longitude 30° 45' W.; sixty-five days out from Melbourne; all well, I7th February, 1856." Came ashore at Aransas Pass, Texas, 24th October, 1856 ; and forwarded by D. M. Has- tins, postmaster. This bottle, like that of the May Queen, (see routes to Rio, for February,) appear to settle very nearly the rate of the great equatorial drift which feeds the Gulf Stream. They were both thrown overboard on the equator in February. This was in the water 250 days, that 58. This drifted about 4,300 miles, that 1,400. This averaged about | of a knot, that a knot an hour. It is probable that the Texas-bound bottle after passing Yucatan and turning off to the west from the main feeder of the Gulf Stream, lessened its speed very much. From the Bight of Benin, via the Caribbean Sea, to the Gulf of Mexico, the equatorial drift may be reckoned with considerable accuracy on the average at about 20 miles a day. As far as Jamaica its general direction is about "W.NW. Shipmasters trading in the Carib- bean Sea, or any port west of the Amazon, will do well to bear this in mind. Barh ^ ^ Arethusa^' ' {Charles A. Homans^) from " Gloucester,^ ^ Mass. ^'■Paramaribo, January 9, 1867. — I thought by seeing the water colored so far at sea to have found the coast current unusually strong, I found it so in some measure, but yet not so much so as I would have expected. About 75' N. by W. of the Marowyne Eiver I passed a large tree, which had not been long in the water, the coast current was here full two miles per hour setting NW. by N. In 6° 30' I felt no more current, but made my course south, steered at the time as straight as possible. •'The water was much clearer on the coast than I ever saw it before, and looked more like rain or river water than is usual with this muddy, dirty water, all along this coast. In certain months (I believe from August to December) there is very little coast current, though this year may well prove an exception, as there has not been more than a dozen days without rain, for we have had no dry season for a twelve month." BOTl'LE PAPER. 19 Capt. Wm. C. Berry says : "Having had long experience in the trade between New York and New Orleans, I herewith furnish you with a few remarks on wind and currents. For the last six years I have commanded the ship Vicksburgh, constantly trading between these two ports. In making the passage out, after passing the Hole-in-the-Wall, I have frequently found a current from one to three miles per hour, setting to the eastward through the northwest channel of Providence, particularly after the wind has prevailed from the westward a few days. This, no doubt, has been the cause of putting a number of vessels on shore among the Berry Islands. I have latterly made it a point to take the last bearings of the light on the Hole-in- the-Wall, and either haul up or keep off as I found the current ; generally running on a west course until quite down with Little Stirrup Keys, then steering W. by N. ^ N., by compass, if in the night, until I was up with the Great Isaacs. The last three voyages, having reached the vicinity of the Little Isaacs in the day-time, I have hauled in on the bank between the western Little Isaacs and the east Brother Rock, and steered SW. by W. , by compass, which has brought me out in good passing distance from the Moselle Shoal. During one of my summer passages out, after passing the above shoal, I was compelled to anchor, and remained there for six days. The wind during all this time was light from the southward, and I could not help remarking the regularity of the current setting along the Bemini Islands ebb and flow, about two miles per hour. This continues as far as Gun Key, when it is broken off by the Gulf which sets close in to the Key. From this point up to Orange Key, when close in, little or no current is experienced, except the ebb and flow, which is directly off the bank. In crossing the Santaren Channel, the current is governed greatly by the winds ; with strong southerly winds the current sets about N.NW., two miles per hour; on the other hand, with strong northerly winds, little or no current is felt. After leaving the Double-headed-Shot Key ,1 have generally hauled over for the Florida Reef, and in the daytime kept close in, when I have frequently found an eddy current setting to the westward from one to one and a half miles per hour. After passing the Tortugas, I have invariably felt a southerly current until I had reached the longitude of 84° 30' W., and even further than thi^ at times, as will be seen by referring to my journals, particularly in November, 1848. Returning from New Orleans, I have always made it a point to keep to the wetsward until I had reached the longitude 85°, latitude 28° before keeping off. My object in doing this is, that the wind here generally prevails from the northward and eastward, and that the current generally sets to the southward and east- ward, which generally facilitates the passage. After rounding the Tortugas. with the wind from the eastward, I have generally beat down on the Florida side, knowing that the strongest current prevails on that shore, unless too close in. From Carysfort Reef to Mantanilla, I have always endeavored to keep in the centre of the stream. During all my voyages, I have made it a rule to steer from Mantanilla to latitude 22° N. by W., and then north to latitude 31° before hauling up NE. by N. ; by so doing I have, with a few exceptions, kept the strongest current. On some other occasions, I have hauled up on a NE. by N. course, when in latitude 30°, longitude 79° 40', an have soon found myself on the eastern edge of the gulf. After rounding Cape Hatteras, it is advisable to keep to the westward, especially in the winter season, on account of the prevailing westerly winds." Lieut. Vaneechout, of the French navy, mentions a singular use of the hygrometer, as per following extract of a letter dated iParis, December 8, 1857 : "During our sojourn, in the roads of Chiriqui (New Grenada) in December, 1853, and January, 1854, we had," says he, "at different times violent gales from north and northeast which deserve especial mention, for the reason that no variation of the barometric column 20 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. indicated their approacli. I may add that on this side we have constantly found these variations scarcely sensible. ' ' These storms sometimes last two or three days and announce themselves like a hail, by gales followed by intervals of calm, but their most remarkable characteristic is the influence which they exert upon the hygrometer. This instrument, which, during the strongest rains, has never reached beyond 40° or 50°, and which during the dryest and hottest days never fell below 29° or 30, descended at the commencement of these gales to 10°, then to 5° and marked 0° when they attained their maximum. Some hours before the storm commenced to abate, it had already arisen again several degrees, and when it became really diminished it rose to 20° then to 30° and 35°. ' ' During these storms, the sky very clear ; it showed, in the direction of the sea only, a free horizon and some light white cirri ; on the mountains, however, from base tatop were great immovable clouds, white and cottony, seeming as though compressed at their summits, and leaving nothing visible but the summit of the volcano of Chiriqui. It is by the appearance of these clouds, upon the mountains forming the back ground in this direction, by their form, and especially by the isolation of the summit of the volcano, that the people of the country foretell the approach of these north winds. "We had only the now obsolete 'horse-hair hygrometer.' "The barometer was silent during all our stay. It indicated, as usual in the gale, 30.36 inches. The thermometer stood at 86° before the gale, and went up to 89°. 5 at its height ; some hours before the wind began to abate, the temperature began to fall, and went back to 86° when the gale was over." SAH^ING DIRECTIONS FOR THE COATZACOALCOS RIVER. Capt. Foster, of the Alhama, to Lieut. Maury. "Sailing vessels bound for the Coatzacoalcos ought to make the land to the .eastward. This precaution is necessary on account of the prevailing trade-winds, which cause a strong westerly current ; also in case of a norther, to have the advantage of sea-room. The entrance to the river may be known by the virgia or tower situated upon the western side ; likewise from the sand cliffs extending from that point to the westward. "The best mark for crossing the bar is to bring the tower* to bear S. | W., by compass. Having passed the bar, haul up to the east of south, and steer in midway between two points that form the entrance to the river. The wind, after crossing the bar, often falls to calm ; for this reason it is necessary to have an anchor ready to let go, as the current on the ebb, even in the dry seasons, sets out strong. ' ' The extent of the bar, eaat and west, is about 220 fathoms, and the width, by "actual measurement, 108 feet. The bottom, composed of sand and clay, is hard, on which account it is not reliable to shift. It forms in hard northerly gales a narrow barrier of breakers, and cannot be crossed without imminent risk. The depth at high water, on full and change, is about 13 feet, and falls as low as 10^ feet. The general depth, however, is twelve feet, from which it suddenly deepens to 5 or 6 fathoms. ' ' Except in heavy weather, there prevails a regular land and sea breeze. The latter sets in between the hours of 9 A. M. and noon." April, 1851. * This tower, of great solidity, is destined to last for ages. ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. 21 ROUTE TABLES TO AND FROM EUROPE.* The information contained under this heading relates to the best routes, under canvas, between New York and Europe. Upwards of thirty thousand observations on the winds in this part of the ocean alone, have been collated, compared, and discussed for these routes. The best average route, each way, as it regards the winds, independent of currents, is only indicated, not established, by the "route tables." The routes therein indicted are the results of this mass of materials, and these routes are to be looked upon as the mean or average track of all the vessels engaged in making the voyages which have afforded these observations, supposing that each vessel, under all circumstances and on every occasion, had made the most judicious courses. My information is yet quite meagre in many portions of this part of the ocean, and the present routes should be regarded not as fixed and final determinations; they are rather approximations. Though they be approximations to those routes which further investigations, based on more ample materials, may establish as the best, their importance will no doubt be readily appreciated when it is considered that the average per centum of calms, head and fair winds, is itated for each district of 5° square of ocean through which the vessel is recommended to pass ; and that they are so stated in the tables, and exhibited on the Charts, the navigator, who pursues these routes and consults the authorities before him, will be freed from all doubt and perplexity which tack to take when the wind comes out dead ahead. Upon a right decision in such cases often depends the success of the voyage as to time. I have now before me the log-books of two vessels which afford a case in point ; they were bound to Europe — were together, and had accomplished more than half the voyage ; the wind came out ahead ; one stood off to the northward on the starboard tack, the other to the southward on the opposite tack 5 one was right, and the other wrong ; for, in consequence, one got into port ten days before the other. In such cases, those who pursue these routes with the Pilot Charts on board, would be left in no doubt as to the tack having the greatest number of chances in its favor. Permit me to call attention to a very remarkable part of the ocean through which these tracks pass. It is about 45° N. and 50° W. The water here is permanently cold ; so cold that the water thermometer is sometimes found, within the distance of a few miles, to fall 40° of Fahrenheit; and I notice in many log-books the remark, "water, colored." The spot is also remarkable for its fogs and its disturbed atmospherical conditions. If a i vessel could be sent to examine into it, important service might be rendered to navigation, by t! showing how, when the heavenly bodies are obscured, the mariner may determine the position ' ! of his ship by dipping his thermometer into the water ; or the examination might lead to other . results not less important. It is probably the centre of great atmospherical disturbances. EXPLANATION OF THE ROUTE TABLES. The computed routes of the tables have been "got out" according to the method de- scribed pp. 300-2, vol. 1. The tables of crossings are the actual tracks of ships, with this remark columns 1, 2, and 3 of the Computed Route tables explain themselves. Columns 1, 2, and 3 (see Tables of Routes, pp. 26 to 35 ; also those of the route to Rio) explain themselves. *Ijetter to the Secretary of the Navy, January 1, 1850. 22 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. Column 4 gives the distance by middle latitude sailing, to be run on the course in column 3, when the winds are fair. Column 5 shows the per centage by which the distance in column 4 is to be practically increased on the average, by adverse winds. The numbers in this column are obtained upon this principle : That, if a ship sail with the wind dead ahead, and within six points of it, she loses 62 miles in every hundred — that is, she has to sail 100 to make 38 miles good ; when she sails within 4 points of her course, that is, when she has a slant wind, that will allow her to lay within 4 points of her course, she loses 29 miles only in 100 ; and when she sails within two points of her course, that is, when she has a slant wind 4 points from the course she wishes to steer, she then loses only 7.6 miles in 100. This problem, ^. e. the calculating from the Pilot Charts, the best route across the sea, involves many conditions ; which conditions are, and must of necessity be, made up of chances and averages ; and it is precisely one of those problems which would be exceedingly refractory under any attempt to treat it rigidly or to subject it to exact formulge. For instance : We discover that the wind on the average blows thus and so in square B, (Plate I ;) and we can say that, according to the doctrine of chances any ship in endeavoring to sail on any particular rhomb through B, must make so many miles "good" with fair winds, and so many miles ' ' good' ' with adverse winds ; and to do this she must make a detour of so many miles. If that were all, the problem would be easy ; but the winds differ in force, and the ships vary in speed not only as compared one with another, but also with themselves as they may be sailing close or large, 15.9 8.5 3.2 7.6 4.3 1.1 2.2 6.3 10 12.0 to 8.4 9.0 8.3 84.1 69.9 69.3 69.5 68.2 79.4 79.5 93.1 89.5 75.4 90.1 90.8 81.7 84 80.2 79.0 49.7 4.1 1.4 }4.1 5.3 0.9 2.5 5.0 4.8 3.9 1.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 151 206 126 118 108 121 200 109 80 90 90 74 67 116 67 , 12 f 40 00 42 45 42 00 43 31 43 31 E.N.E E.N.E E.S.E E.N.E B 43 31 B 43 31 K 43 31 B 45 00 46 27 46 27 E.N.E E.N.E E 47 52 50 00 E.N.E N.E 50 44 N.E.byE E To Livefpool. 50 00 2919 67 194 3099 3154 75 213 49 40 E.iS To Channel. 3352 28 THE WIND AND CURKENT CHAETS. APRIL.— NEW YORK TO EUROPE.— Computed. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT. Total No. observa- tions. Latitude. True. Per cent. Average. Head. Slants from— Fair. Calms. Northw'd. Southw'd. 40° 27' 40 27 74'> 00' to 70 00 65 OOd 60 00 55 00 50 00 45 OOd 40 00 35 00 30 00 25 00 20 OOd 15 00 10 00 5 00 13 06 10 00 E. 182 244 223 237 233 226 207 207 207 221 215 196 196 196 9.2 12.3 12.7 7.9 5.0 3.3 6.6 5.5 10.1 15.6 12.9 8.8 4.6 20.9 4.0 3.6 199 274 251 256 244 233 320 218 sas 255 242 213 205 237 3.0 3.2 5.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 5.3 4.2 3.6 1.1 5.5 1.1 0.0 9.6 8.3 7.8 6.4 w 9.9 0.0 10 5.5 5.0 8.8 11.8 6.7 IT 13.2 1.1 11.0 4.4 3.6 wUA wll.l w 9.1 5.7 tc7 2 8.3 u>16.5 0.0 i»20.9 u>16.3 tolO.g 3.6 w 7.7 «;33.0 5.5 3.6 76.0 77.4 77.9 85,5 83.9 91.7 78.0 92.5 70.3 66.7 78.3 79.6 90.1 50.5 89.0 93.8 7.1 2.5 7.3 4.1 10.1 0.0 5.6 7.6 5.5 7.4 5.9 7.5 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 180 161 88 126 120 12 19 43 92 145 125 86 89 12 89 80 42 00 42 00 E.N.E E 43 31 45 00 46 21 46 27 E.N.E. E.N.E E.N.E E 46 27 E 46 27 E 47 52 49 14 49 14 49 14 E.N.E E.N.E E E. 49 30 E.iN E.N.E. ...... E.N.E To Channel. 50 00 Cape Clear 2990 79 130 3375 82 135 j- To Liverpool. 2807 3150 MAY.— NEW YORK TO EUROPE— Computed. Latitude. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. Total No. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. tions. Sandy Hook to— 40° 27' 74° 00' 42 00 70 00 E.J 8 185 14.4 211 5.4 9.1 7.7 77.8 4.0 235 41 34 65 00 E.N.E 246 10.2 271 2.7 11.0 6.8 79.5 7.3 281 43 06 60 00 E.N.E 240 10.4 265 1.2 18.2 7.8 62.8 3.9 189 44 36 55 00 E.N.E 234 8.8 254 1.2 4.3 11.0 83.5 3.0 170 44 36 50 00 45 00 40 00 35 00 E-. 214 214 214 215 11.5 7.3 5.6 4.3 238 229 226 224 3.9 2.2 1.1 0.0 8.5 7.6 6.8 5.3 8.5 6.0 5.1 10.1 79.1 84.2 87.0 84.6 3.9 4.8 2.9 1.5 160 44 36 E 195 44 36 E 180 45 00 E.J N 136 45 00 30 00 25 00 20 00 fi 212 212 290 4.8 5.1 9.6 222 223 318 0.7 0.8 3.0 7.8 6.4 9.0 4.3 4.0 9.0 87.2 88.8 79.0 4.8 5.6 3.0 132 45 00 E 131 48 25 N.E 137 48 25 15 00 10 00 El 198 198 210 11.5 16.8 16.8 220 231 245 2.9 4.8 2.8 10.9 21.6 11.3 10.2 10.4 33.6 76.0 63.2 52.3 3.6 3.2 5.5 142 48 25 E 129 To Channel E.N.E 38 30K 3377 50 16 15 do E.N.E 213 16.4 246 8.7 8.7 75,3 3.6 142 To Liverpool . . . 10 00 E.N.E 194 14.0 221 4.4 13.2 79.1 1.1 96 2882 3148 > EOUTES TO AJI^D FROM EUEOPE. 29 JUNE.— NEW YORK TO EUEOPE.— Computed. DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. Total No. Latitude. Longitude. Course. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. tions. Sandy Hook to— 40° 08' 73' 00- E.S.E 50 9.7 55 1.7 11.0 9.2 78.1 [ 2.7 232 41 13 70 00 E.N.E. 170 8.7 185 1.8 4.8 10.9 82.5 42 45 65 00 E.N.E 241 8.5 261 1.8 3.5 3,9 90.8 3.5 235 42 45 44 15 60 00 55 00 B.; 220 236 10.9 8.5 244 256 4.5 3.3 8,0 3.8 4.5 7.1 83.0 85.8 3.8 1.1 216 E.N.E 184 45 43 50 00 E.N.E 230 5.1 242 0.5 5.8 8.2 85.5 3.1 202 47 10 45 00 E.N.E 224 5.9 237 2.3 0.0 6.8 90.0 0.0 44 48 33 40 00 E.N.E 217 4.8 227 1.4 0.9 7.0 91.6 9.9 78 49 54 35 00 E.N.E 212 10.7 234 3.1 5.0 11.9 80.0 3.1 165 51 13 30 00 E.N.E 207 2.0 211 4.0 0.0 2.0 94.9 0.0 47 51 13 51 13 51 00 25 00 20 00 15 00 B. 188 188 190 0.8 2.2 15.4 189 192 218 0.0 0.0 7.2 9.0 0.0 6.0 2.0 6.9 4.7 98.0 93.1 82.1 6.1 2.3 0.0 52 E.' 44 E.iS 82 50 40 10 00 E.i S 194 10.0 214 4.9 13.3 15.4 66.4 5.6 150 209 5.1 219 3.9 18.2 1.3 76.6 0.0 78 2976 3184 Accon ling to the Obai ts, this is the best track y« 't developed. and ought to give the shortest passages. JULY.— NEW YORK TO EUROPE.— Computed. Latitude. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. Total No. observa- tions. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. 40° 27' 74° 00' to • 40 27 70 00 E.. 182 12.0 204 3.6 7.2 5.1 84,1 4.2 322 Calms. 42 00 65 00 E.N.E 246 5.0 260 3.0 7.0 9.1 80.9 8.7 414 Calms. 43 30 60 55 E.N.E 237 4.2 247 0.9 3.3 4.8 91.0 8.4 350 43 30 44 59 55 00 50 00 e; 218 233 10.3 5.9 240 244 4.4 0.4 5.6 8.8 8.0 7.6 82.0 83.2 5.6 5.4 263 236 e.nCe 44 59 45 40 45 OQd 40 00 E.' 212 214 12.6 8.0 238 231 4.4 1.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 3.0 79.4 88.0 8.1 4.0 173 103 E.byN 47 06 35 00 E.N.E 224 3.3 231 0.0 2.2 11.0 86.8 4.6 95 47 06 47 06 30 00 25 00 E. 204 204 5.9 9.0 216 222 1.1 2.1 10.6 10.6 4.1 8.2 84.2 79.1 3.2 6.5 77 100 ^ 48 29 20 00 E.N;E , 218 8.8 237 4.2 2.1 6.3 87.4 9.4 105 49 50 15 00 E.N,E 213 8.5 231 2.5 13.2 3.3 81.0 2.5 125 ) 92 ) 50 30 10 00 To Liverpool.. 195 13.4 220 5.7 5.6 9.1 79.6 4.5 Liverpool. 2800 3021 48 29 15 00 E 198 5.8 209 2.5 5.8 0.8 90.9 2.5 125 ■» 48 29 10 00 E 198 17.8 234 6.5 17.5 3.2 72.8 2.2 94 I Channel. 49 00 To Channel E.N.E 213 12.8 240 0.0 28.0 8.0 64.0 0.0 24 J 30 THE WIND AND CUERENT CHAETS. AUGUST.— NEW YORK TO EUROPE— Computb!d. Latitude. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. Total tMo. observa- tions. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. Nortli. South. Fair. Calms. 40° 27' d 40 00 39 12(2 39 12 74° 00' to 70 00 67 30 65 00 62 30 60 00 55 00 50 00 45 00 44 26 40 00 35 00 30 CO 25 00 20 00 15 00 10 00 5 00 e:j8 E.S.E E 186 125 116 116 125 246 241 235 34 260 201 201 201 201 201 214 195 3098 13.0 8.7 6.6 8.0 7.6 7.1 11.1 14.3 9.4 7. 8.2 8.0 3.0 8.4 3.0 3.7 5.0 209 135 123 125 134 263 268 268 37 279 217 217 207 218 207 221 205 3.0 3.1 1.6 3.0 2.0 7.1 3.0 4.8 2.8 0.0 2.4 3.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 9.5 2.9 17.0 6.5 9.5 7.0 6.5 12.0 4.5 11.4 7.2 4.0 5.0 9.0 8.0 11.2 5.1 18.0 10.7 7.1 5.5 5.0 8.4 11.0 12.6 11.2 12.6 7.2 5.0 6.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 8.4 69.5 83.3 74.3 85.0 83.5 77.5 79.5 70.6 81.5 76.0 83.2 88.0 89.0 86.5 90.0 88.0 86.0 6.0 l 3.6 !" 6.8 6.5 3.7 5.0 7.9 9.4 2.9 1.1 7.8 4.2 3.2 0.0 194 229 193 157 213 166 147 123 129 106 69 100 130 36 39 12 E 40 00 41 34 43 06 44 36 45 00 E.N.E E.N.E E.N.E E.N.E N.E 48 08 N.E 48 00 E 48 00 E 48 00 E 48 00 E 48 00 E 49 23 49 30 E.N.E E Liverpool. 3333 SEPTEMBER.— NEW YORK TO EUROPE.— Computed. DISTANCES WINDS— PER CENT. Total No. Latitude. Longitude. Course. observa- tions. True. Per cent. Average. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. 40° 27' 74" 00' to 40 00 72 35 E.S.E 71 5.4 75 0.0 9.9 5.4 84.7 1 59.5) 4.5 115 40 49 70 00 E.N.E 128 15.3 147 0.9 30.6 9.0 40 49 65 00 60 00 55 00 E; 227 227 243 10,4 15.5 5.6 250 261 256 4.2 6.3 0.0 9.0 13.3 13.8 3.6 4.9 5.4 83.2 75.5 80.2 5.3 5.3 3.7 178 159 167 40 49 E 42 22 E.N.E 42 -22 50 00 E 222 16.3 257 6.0 14.4 9.6 70.0 6.2 172 43 53 45 00 EN.E 237 15.0 272 4.9 11.2 14.0 69.9 5.8 147 45 22 40 00 E.N.E 232 9.8 255 4.2 8.4 4.2 83.2 2.2 138 46 48 35 00 E.N.E 225 8.9 245 2.6 9.1 7.8 80.5 1.3 78 1 ' 48 12 30 00 E.N.E 220 4.7 229 1.2 6.3 5.1 87.4 6.2 85 49 35 25 00 E.N.E 213 4.2 222 0.0 9.0 5.0 86.0 8.0 109 Liverpool. 49 35 20 00 15 00 E 192 201 12.2 7.6 216 216 3.6 1.8 11.7 3.6 15.3 19.2 69.4 75.4 0.9 1.8 111 64 50 33 E.byN 60 33 10 00 E 191 12.8 213 3.3 7.7 17.6 71.4 1.0 96 J 2830 3114 45 22 35 00 30 00 E 211 211 9.9 5.3 222 3.9 1.3 5.2 2.5 6.5 8.8 84.4 87.4 1.3 6.2 78 ■ 85 45 22 E 46 48 25 00 E.N.E 225 4.2 234 0.0 9.0 5.0 86.0 8.0 109 46 48 20 00 15 00 E 205 220 12.2 11.4 230 245 3.6 3.6 11.7 2.4 9.0 9.6 75.7 84.4 0.9 1.2 111 • 81 To Channel. 48 12 E.N.E 48 12 10 00 5 00 E 200 213 14.8 15.0 230 245 3.6 0.0 21.6 10.0 5.4 40.0 69.4 50.0 1.8 0.0 57 20 . 49 34 E.N.E ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE 31 JANUARY.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK,— Comptjtbd. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT.' Total No observa- tions. Latitude. True. Per cent. Average. Head. Slants from— Fair. Calms. Northw'd. Southw'd. 49° 30' 49 30 5° 00' to 10 00 15 OOd 10 00 15 OOd 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 COd 55 00 60 00 65 00 70 OOd 74 OOd w 192 192 202 213 219 226 211 211 232 215 237 244 225 225 183 0.0 30.2 36.1 37.1 24.0 29.3 22.7 28.8 18.0 19.6 17.0 22.1 16.3 26.8 24.4 192 250 275 293 272 292 259 270 276 256 277 298 261 285 226 3540 0.0 12.6 16.5 14.0 9.0 10.8 6.6 9.0 5.5 4.4 3.6 5.5 6.4 9.1 9.0 0.0 16.8 15.5 to 30.8 to 22.5 18.0 15.5 12.0 to 18.7 to 20. 9 13.2 to 25.3 to 14.8 to 21.0 to 23.0 0.0 16.8 17.5 23.8 7.5 to 24.0 to 20. 9 to 28.5 16.5 13.2 to 19.2 15.7 12.8 16.7 11.0 100.0 53.8 50.5 31.4 61.0 47,2 57.0 50.5 59.3 61.5 64.0 53,5 66.0 53.3 57.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.8 3.1 7.0 2.1 9.2 6.8 0.0 8.5 4.4 3.2 3.6 2.1 12, 43) 105' 74 - 67 92 91 71 78 91 89 94 64 143 97 From long. 5° W. 49 30 w 50 40 49 30 48 08 46 45 45 18 45 18 W. byS. JS.. w.s.w w.s.w w.s.w w From long. 10° W. 45 18 w 43 49 43 49 w.s.w w 42 19 40 46 40 46 w.s.w w.s.w w 40 46 w 40 27 W.iS 2843 Average sailing distance, from 5° W., by this route, 3,707 miles ; and from 10° W., coming out of Liverpool, 3,540. The aggregate of adverse winds, expressed in their equivalents of winds dead ahead, give 697 miles from Liverpool, and 687 from the Channel, for the average number of miles to be overcome by a dead beat during the voyage. It will be observed that the most difficult parts of the route are between longitudes 15° and 20°, 25° and 30°, and 35° and 40° W. ; and that calms are most prevalent between longitudes 25° and 30°, 35° and 45°, and 50° and 55° W. FEBRUARY.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT. Total No. observa- tions. Latitude. Longitude. True. Per cent. Average. Head. Slants from— Fair. Calms. Northward. Southward. 49° 00' 47 38 47 38 d 10° 00' to 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 OOd 55 00 60 00 65 OOd 70 00 74 00 W.S.W w 216 202 202 202 225 208 208 230 213 234 239 233 184 9.9 18.8 16.6 24.8 22.2 29.4 17.1 5.5 23.9 16.7 20.9 24.1 11.3 237 239 235 242 275 269 244 242 264 275 288 290 204 1.9 5.6 4.0 6.3 4.0 11.2 3.0 0.0 8.8 4.4 6.0 8.5 0.0 to 20.9 11.2 15.0 17.2 to 27.0 12.8 16.5 9.1 to 22.0 to 25.3 to 31 .2 10 27.2 10 21.1 0.0 to 19.6 to 21.0 to 25.4 24.0 to 19.2 to 22. 8 to 27.3 16.5 7.7 8.4 11.9 13.5 77.2 63.6 60.0 51.1 45.0 56.8 57.7 63.6 52.7 62.6 55.0 52.4 65.4 1.9 1.4 4.0 4.3 4.9 3.1 1.5 9.0 2.3 7.8 0.0 6.6 1.9 52 69 47 38 W 103 47 38 46 12 46 12 w. w.s.w w 111 106 65 46 12 w 66 44 44 44 44 ws.w w 12 88 43 15 41 44 40 44 40 29 w.s.w w.s.w W. by S. iS.... W. i S 96 84 62 106 2796 3304 Average sailing distance, from 10° W., by this route, 3,304 miles ; for 308 of which the winds average ahead. It will be observed that, from longi- tude 25° to 35°, a vessel is more liable to adverse than fair winds ; and further, that in this month the winds prevail very much from the westward, though not 80 much so as in some of the other months. From port, steer for longitude 10' in latitude 49°. ^ 32 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. MARCH.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT. Latitude. Longitude. Course. Slants from — Total No. observa- Average. Head. Northw'd. Southw'd. 49* 30' 5" 00' to 50 00 50 49 6 54 10 00 W.N.W W.N.W 79 128 6.6 15.4 85 147 0.0 3.0 to 16.6 14.0 8.3 14.0 75.1 69.0 0.0 2.7 38 i rrom Channel. 50 00 13 06 w.s.w 128 25.9 161 10.0 16.4 18.0 55.6 8.5 110 49 30 15 00 w.s.w 79 23.0 97 3.0 UJ38.0 21.0 38.0 0.0 67 49 30 2a 00 25 OOd 30 00 35 00 w 195 195 290 208 24.6 17.5 26.5 14.8 244 228 366 238 6.0 3.3 9.0 3.4 to 26.0 17.0 to 30.8 15.4 23.0 to 25.3 8.2 to 21.0 46.0 54.4 52.0 60.2 0.0 2.2 1.1 1.7 74 90 90 59 49 30 w 46 05 w 4C 05 s.w 46 05 40 00 45 00 50 00 53 40d 55 00 w 208 208 208 170 61 25.0 22.6 12.6 10.0 13.9 260 253 234 187 148 9.1 6.0 6.0 0.0 4.7 7.0 19.0 to 6.0 to 25.0 to 12.3 to 25.0 20.0 3.0 0.0 8.4 58.9 55.0 85.0 75.0 74.6 1.2 1.5 0.0 8.3 0.9 82 67 36 13 108 46 05 w 46 05 w 45 00 w 44 37 W.S.W 43 08 60 00 w.s.w 234 8.9 255 0.9 to 16.9 8.9 73.3 5.3 118 41 36 65 OOd w.s.w 239 17.3 280 4.2 to 18.2 14.1 63.5 4.1 126 40 02 70 00 w.s.w 245 17.2 286 4.1 to 18.8 12.8 64.3 1.4 200 39 37 71 00 w.s.w 65 19.4 77 5.7 15.2 14.4 64.7 2.0 457 40 27 74 OOd W. by N. J N . 146 20.7 176 0.5 to 20.0 15.6 58.9 3.0 304 3086 3722 Average sailing distance, from 5" W., by this route, 3,722 miles. The average per centum of adverse winds is equivalent to winds dead ahead for 636 miles. It will be observed that the most diihcult part of this route is between longitude 10' and 30° W., where there are few calms, but a great prevalence of westerly winds. APRHi.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Compdted. Latitude. 49° 30' 49 30 49 30 50 40 49 30 46 06 45 00 44 46 45 00 44 46 44 46 44 46 44 46 43 16 41 43 41 43 40 27 40 27 Long itude. 5° 00' to 10 00 15 OOd 10 00 15 00 20 00 21 34 25 00 3D 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 OOd 55 00 60 00 65 OOd 70 00 74 00 Course. W. W. W.JS... S.W s.w W. iW.. W. i N.. W. i S.. w w w w.s.w. . W.S.W... w W.i .-•.. w DISTANCES. Direct. Per cent. True 195 195 205 289 93 147 147 147 313 213 213 234 242 223 240 182 2973 213 230 317 104 168 171 172 256 271 253 268 276 272 268 210 WINDS — PER CENT. Head. North. 5.5 1.1 7.5 9.8 2.5 0.0 6.0 6.7 12.4 7.1 5.2 8.9 4.1 6.5 7.3 3.6 toll.O 14.7 17.1 to 18.0 to 14.3 14.0 7.5 8.6 12 5 23.9 14.7 tol8 1 14.7 19 5 iol4 8 10.2 South. 5.5 13.2 18.2 13.2 11.7 to 33.6 to 13.0 to 10.5 to 23. 9 24 tol7.3 10.0 10 26.2 19.5 12.8 to 19.8 Fair. Calms. 78.0 71.7 57.2 49.0 71.5 52.4 73.5 74.2 .52 2 45.0 6-3.8 63 7 55.0 54.5 66.4 60.4 5.6 0.0 4.0 7.5 5.9 5.7 4.5 1.0 2.7 2.7 6 9 10. 1 4.1 7.5 2.5 7.1 Total No. observa- tions. 85 86 125 37 70 104 115 115 115 120 126 86 161 180 Prom Channel. Average sailing distance from 5° W., 3,437 miles ; average per centum of adverse winds equivalent to winds dead ahead for 464 miles. Frequent calms in this mouth. ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. 33 MAY.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. Latitude. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS — PEK CENT. Total No. observa- tioiiS. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. Channel to 50° 50' 50 50 50 50 10 00 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 OOd 40 00 45 00 50 OOd 55 00 60 00 65 00 70 00 W.N.W w 209 191 191 191 191 209 286 228 213 213 234 239 245 184 7.8 17.6 13.2 8.2 20.5 14.1 18.2 15.2 21.3 22.3 18.0 21.7 27.2 10.0 225 226 216 206 228 237 337 261 258 260 276 282 310 202 2.8 5.5 4.4 0.0 9.6 2.9 5.0 0.0 7.0 7.2 3.1 7.2 10.6 2.5 11.2 18.7 5.5 12.0 6.4 5.9 20.0 24.0 9.8 13.7 15.8 17.1 17.1 10.8 2.8 11.5 15.4 9.6 12.8 17.7 9.0 28.0 23.2 22.2 21.3 11.0 13.0 14.5 83.2 64.3 74.7 78.4 71.2 73.5 66.0 48.0 60.0 56.9 59.8 64.7 59.3 .72.2 5.5 l.l 6.7 0.0 3.2 0.0 5.0 3.9 4.8 3.9 3.0 3.9 7.3 4.0 38 96 95 42 32 17 104 53 195 160 170 189 281 235 w 50 50 W 50 50 49 30 46 08 W w.s.w s.w 44 41 44 41 w.s.w w 44 41 w 43 11 41 39 40 05 Port w.s.w w.s.w W.S.W W.i N 3034 2815 3524 3299 From Liverpool. Aim to make a straight course from dto d. Captain Oliver Eldridge, of the Liverpool packet ship, the Garrick — to whom I am indebted for much valuable information, and who is, moreover, a most zealous and efficient co- operator in collecting materials for these Charts — reports, on a recent voyage from Liverpool, two deep-sea soundings. They were without bottom ; but they are the first I have received from a merchant ship, and I quote them as well for their value as for the example which they afford to the industrious and intelligent navigator, as to what he may do in assisting men of science to solve this interesting problem — the depths of the sea. A line of deep-sea sound- ings hence to Europe would be of great value and interest. It is supposed that the depth of the sea in that quarter is not very great, and that, therefore, these soundings may be had without much trouble to those who may be disposed to undertake them. The following is from the abstract log of the Garrick, on her voyage from Liverpool to New York, May and June. ''3Iay 30.— Latitude, 48° 5' N. ; longitude, 41° 39' W. ; temperature, 55°; let 1, 150 fathoms line run out without finding bottom. ''June 2. — Latitude, 45° 14' N.; longitude, 46° 36' W.; temperature, 48°; no soundings with 450 fathoms line, and. a strong current setting SE. by E." His distance per log was 3,385 miles, being only 86 miles more than, according to the above route for May, he should have logged. This is but one of the many instances that I continually receive, illustrative of the correctness of the routes recommended. Steer such courses, the tables say, and you will meet, on the average, such and such winds ; and the distance which you will have to sail, in order to accomplish your voyage, will be so many thousand miles. The navigator does it, and, in some instances, the computed distance and the actual distance by the log, will be found, after a voyage of 4,000 or 5,000 miles, to differ only a few leagues. In this case of the Garrick, the difference, though comparatively large, is leas than 30 marine leagues. VOL. II 5 -^ 34 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. JUNE.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. Latitude. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT. Total No. observa- tions. Direct. Per cent. True. Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. Channel to 48° 18' 10° 00' 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 00 55 00 60 00 65 00 70 00 W.S W S.W S.W W.S.W w 213 292 310 247 230 230 230 230 2.30 230 247 226 231 184 29.4 12.1 2.4 14.2 23.2 12.5 26.0 18.3 13.2 22.3 20.4 25.3 30.0 19.3 276 327 316 281 283 259 290 272 263 281 297 283 300 220 9.1 1.7 0.0 4.0 7.1 0.0 11.0 5.0 2.8 7.2 7.6 8.0 14,0 6.2 16.9 21.0 3.0 18 14.3 12.0 15.8 8.0 6.0 10.0 3.1 7.0 7.5 11.5 35.1 9,3 6.0 11.4 22.0 20.0 17.3 24.5 22.8 22.3 22.0 36.0 19.4 23.3 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 4.4 5.6 3.4 3.4 2.5 4.1 0.9 3.8 3.5 2.7 78 44 52 129 41 13 33 39 39 51 39 39 57.0 68.0 55.9 62.5 78.4 65.5 67.3 49.0 59.1 59.0 189 39 39 w 200 39 39 w 215 39 39 w 213 39 39 w 251 39 39 w 281 41 13 41 13 W.S.W w 925 210 40 28 Port W.byS w 235 232 3330 3948 A tedious time of the year is the month of June to the homeward bound. JULY.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Comptjted. Latitude. Longitude. Course, DISTANCES. WINDS— PER CENT. Total No. observa- tions. Direct. Per cent. True, Head. North. South. Fair. Calms. \ 49° 40' 48 18 48 18 5° 00' to 10 00 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 CO 45 00 50 00 55 00 60 00 65 00 70 00 74 00 W.S.W w 213 200 295 212 212 212 212 212 212 233 240 245 230 183 15.6 23.0 14.2 37.8 18.5 11.0 24.9 14.8 24.2 20.0 26 9 35.0 27.8 29.9 245 246 336 292 251 235 264 244 263 279 ■ 305 330 294 237 4.2 5.5 1.6 15.0 5.0 3,0 10.5 5.4 8.7 5.5 8.3 13.6 10.7 11.2 25.0 27.5 27.8 15 14.9 4.0 5.6 8.1 10.0 17,8 21.2 19.8 10.8 7.7 0.0 14,3 8.2 30.0 16 2 14.0 18.2 8.7 20.0 17.1 19.2 21.3 26.0 35.9 70.8 52.7 62.4 40.0 63.9 79.0 65.7 77.8 61,3 59.6 51.2 45.3 52.5 45.2 0.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 16,2 7.4 6.3 4.7 8.1 5.4 5.6 8-4 8.7 4.2 24 94 125 36 93 104 151 155 173 236 263 350 314 ^2 44 50 S.W 44 50 W 44 50 w 44 50 W 44 50 w 44 50 w 44 50 w 43 20 41 48 40 14 40 14 W.S.W W.S.W W,8,W w Port w 3131 2950 3821 3623 From Channel. From Liverpool. Ik* ROUrES TO AND FROM EUROPE 36 AUGUSr.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. Longitude. Course. DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. Latitude. True. Per cent. Average. Head. Slants from — Fair. Calms. Total No. observa- tions. N'dorE'd. S'dorW'd. 49'' 40'' 48 20 44 55 5° 00' to 10 00 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 00 55 00 60 00 65 00 70 00 74 00 W.S.W S.W 210 291 234 238 223 223 223 223 223 244 250 250 229 183 19.0 22.4 14.9 15.6 16.8 21.4 18.6 18.1 16.3 17.9 22.7 10.8 19.0 16.3 250 255 269 275 260 270 264 263 259 268 306 277 272 208 5.6 7.2 6.2 1.7 5.8 6.0 4.8 5.6 7.8 3.5 6.6 2.0 7.5 7.0 11.2 26.4 12.4 28.9 11.6 15.0 12.0 9.8 4.2 19.5 12.6 7.0 9.6 8.0 16.8 5.6 0.0 11.9 11.6 22.0 20.8 19.6 7.2 17.0 20.4 17.5 16.2 12.5 6G.4 60.8 81.4 58.5 71.0 57.0 62.4 65.0 80.8 60.0 64.4 73.5 66.7 72.5 0.0 3.2 6.2 0.0 2.9 1.9 4.7 5.0 3.7 6.5 7.9 4.3 6.3 6.0 36 130 43 25 41 54 41 54 W.S.W W.S.W w 17 60 35 41 54 w 106 41 54 w 133 41 54 w 147 41 54 w 166 40 20 38 44 W.S.W W.S.W 213 164 40 20 40 20 W.N.W w 193 336 40 20 w 194 3244 3696 SEPTEMBER.— EUROPE TO NEW YORK.— Computed. I.idtitude. 49° 30' 46 09 45 00 44 00 44 00 40 18 40 18 40 18 39 42 39 42 39 42 39 42 39 43 40 39 38 45 40 30 Longitude. 5° 00' to 10 00 11 38 15 00 30 00 25 OOd 30 00 33 00 35 OOd 40 00 45 00 50 00 55 00 58 09 65 00(2 70 00 Course. S.W... S.W... W.S.W W S.W... w w W.S.W, w w w w W.N.W. W.S.W. W.N.W. W DISTANCES. WINDS — PER CENT. True. Per cent. Average Head. North. | South. Fair 284 98 155 216 314 229 143 94 230 330 230 230 149 349 250 183 3384 3.0 13.3 3.6 7.7 6.2 19.6 6.8 14.0 15.2 14.2 16.7 13.9 16.1 14.0 19.1 16.4 292 111 160 231 333 274 152 107 265 263 269 262 173 398 298 212 8800 0.0 l.S 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 1.3 6.2 4.4 3.2 6.3 5.6 4.4 3.5 6.5 6.3 0.0 12.6 18.0 5.5 7.7 10.2 7.5 11.3 13.2 20.8 16.8 10.5 16.0 16.1 16.5 20.7 90.0 65.8 82.0 72.5 84.6 64.3 83.4 79.9 69.2 68.0 73.4 77.6 68.8 69.9 67.5 67.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 7.7 7.0 8.7 0.0 7.7 5.1 3.6 4..0 3.4 5.4 4.5 Total No. observa- tions. 20 57 17 18 14 62 87 95 139 145 144 148 154 194 115 36 THE WIND AND CUEKENT CHAETS. i rid 1 i •jiod S S ^ i?l 5? ^ S 8 2 t3 3 S S : S S S f 03 30 35 O 1 CI 00 rcjoi 1 •pjEziq 01 "AV 1 I ,^ «)0, ^IQI I I • I I • • ■ 1 •C>1(?*C0-C« : : n C I T}< „gx wo-iJ sXca : : ^ ntf nK- H« "N- --I" «*♦ o t^ U} 9 Q 1 _„ at 1 — )^— (f^rH-H-H»^-*TH^.-t^ • -< -H ^ -^ «*«■ -+♦ Hot H* 00 — r* 05 05 05 00 00 ?, Tr-^^^-^-^^-^'q*-«i* • ■ t^ g ■^^^^^■^■^^■^^^o^'^ » 1? ■* o» I Q ntr »!« -!« -[« -U -I* -Iti '-' ^ H* «tf «H- H+ «*♦• H* "t* • CD O •* CO to TO to o in O in ?5 ■«• CO < Q ^(N-^i-f'-tCi^-HrH.H.-Hf-l.-l 1— ' *H a Oi ^ H« t^ CO o •* § •>r 3 Q fHC«.-lrH^rtr-|r^.-H(?»(?lrHCO • '^ "" ^ n m o^ in n yf n -: ts o ^ ^^^^Tj^-T^TT^'VMTP-^Tf • CO •«• Q o ^ {NrHrHr-i-lr-,C<(7}^«nHrHC4 ^ ^ '^ o ^ ■**•"*«•_-. »^ m St r-t cq '^■*r'^'^" -I* -+» ^^t^^^rH,-,C^O)rHr-^^(^»C« . ■^ ^ n 00 ^^cQ'«r'^eO'v«'^«-j*'^ . •>r to 10 Q -{• Ha H« Ha ^;A^C«i-t.-i.-lW.-l.-lrH»-tW mK- -I« «I« H« "H- •*♦■ ^ "k -lot _ CO •>»• n ■w c^ . H-. "H- 00 TO TJ. •V to in Q -la -ta Ha Ha r-iOIC^*H(N«p-.(Mrt^.-H(?<.-. ^ a(» Ha '♦f H» _ 00 1 ^ ^ 1 - n « Q ^■Hai Hat -»• HaiH«H*_ (N -1 c«e«''a'at»«'0'0 . >. u >. 5> -a -o c > o S o > o > • a > ■ ■ • ce > c« > O • p 'hJ >J 33 J U iJ iJ ; K 3 : : : K 'iJ; S ;;j iJ td ^ tc to . ; • ■• ' ^ !3 : <3 •a e J ■^ « It : f- « c ^ : .1 CO o 1 1 il , •S .5 -a < 1 i 1 § ^ ? c ■ f ■5 u •E 5 S c u -a «■ ^ § f = i2 .? ■< c O. EX CU C o ^^ »« S ■- ^ 2^ ' m ? 1 1 1 o H m M < •< S l.O.Q.O.D.O.O'O. 9 5^ "5, 'C 92 BM 9. o U K a c c !< S S 2 X ra Q<2 m or : OQ « oa as K 1-^ S a ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. 37 to (M ■}jod 01 s-iup |Bjox n S S o 55 § S :o oj §5 s m ■piBZiq 01 CO j •M. oSl tuoJi ^^^Ci in CO m . t : &^ rt* -lot nt* nK nff •*r •*i Ha ok Ha 00 (N d 03 O O OJ !» r^ C» 00 5? in O ''T ■>? m o ■» Tf •^ •* •TT 3 § IT Q He« -10. -hi -I* 05 iP n '^ CJ (N -^ «D "^ "^ ^ -^* ^ «(v ~ 3? Ha ol» -» Ok- -l» -k -h< CO o a 00 03 — 00 1^ 00 r~ O 1 •V lO ■V ■* ■n -^ in ■ r> 15* •v in a OJ ■* „ Q Hoi xla -la n '"' '"' r-i -t rn ■^ ■"^ '^ "^ '"' ^ -I* -hi S? 00 — ' o> a r- U3 H-f to Ha CO -H i? ■<>" m ■^ ■<»< U3 ^ Tj< ij- r- •* ■«r iji 00 ^ e'. •«p Q -1+ -to Ho -W '"' -_ 00 r~ O t^ U5 CO r •. •* r- •* « O !N CO in S •* ■f ■0" •!• T" CO CO CO ir CO IT 9. S r^ o d '^ '-' '-' -' rt S" rH r^ '^ -> -r « o ^ 00 00 t~ r- in to CO 00 t~ ^ ip iri M >— < r-i rn a o ft o d ft o k< o o •a a o 1. o n •a kt •a b< > T3 •a O 73 > > • ta > o > B o ja d s o i3 : iJ ij : a: 13 — 3 1-3 O >. c ^ M • - a c C5 H g £ I I 9 o c o o o. E ca ew Foi urton. ria.... o o 5 o a £ q o i. Ta sz Andr Ashb Bavai o .o fe V Z ^ rt ^ 5 C < in s o CD < 1 a O c J2 o !2 is a. O. Q. O, 5 2s ft ft is _ft ft be GQ oa OQ en 02 QQ 03 OS CQ m K Q S 3 o g ^ a 5 o t« ■< Ph 3 - 3 .£i ■S to ^ !f ■TJ ■S o t4H 1— 1 ^ +J o ' lO rl P-. —' n C4 =i 0) o ^ o 2 M P< p, o .S 2 2 -f? -3 .S -= a 2 a 1 p R ;>, OJ -a ,p +j ^ •4J -H 13 S cS 00 ""^ as M O" fee ^ ^ ^ 9 a a -^ a -^ 00 o .S 5 fe .s cs in 2 -^^ t-H ,H ■*^ o 55 38 THE WIND AND CUREENT CHARTS. •jjod oj sXbp ibjoi i'53S2S£5i;S2 ^ ^ sssssjsa^ s ^ g •piBZIl 01 •M. oSt "lOJj sXbq j 1 : n n i : TO 1 c • 1 O < 3 s ii: H !5 o o fa o w o is EH C5O3J00Ol0000ai^ 00 «(♦ BM- -1* c ■3 •* » ^^SP^ 1 iH W -H p^ ^ * ^ ^c^^^^ppSf r ^ -la wH- CO m H« -k «k- r^la «la «loi ( ' 00 00* Q Hci «H- «|ai 0> rt p ■> ^ S f » § ^ » f $' § CO o> ^ Oi \n a> 00 P-* Qo" 00 r 5 pH Q •Hfa nH^ -!♦ Ho -I* - Hoi H-4- Ho " C^ ©< ^ -H d r-i - ♦ -I* CI 9 — ^ § ^ ^ ^ CD CO C^ <0 t* 0» ■V ■V •^ ■V ■» ■* -1* -k 5 ^ 5 TO Q i-l(N(Nr-lr-l01i-lt- - (M rt ^ fM -H — (N r-l 1- - t: 1" ^ S $'? 1 "If Q -, ;?. rH -- rf i* rt rt -!« -la -|« -4« rH PH ,-. ^ 01 ^ r- a -*» S rH o ■* T). -»• •» -tst Hot M Tf — CO CO ■*■>)••<}< •^ ■>»' ^ H« -lot n|<4- h|OI n^t -tat a c n -1« -la - « ;? « 3- „ ;T ;? .H ^ - C£ ^ ^ ■* ^^ c? 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Q A Is cn OQ .3 .D. ic c CI ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. m •jjod oj sXbp ibjox 1(5 3) —■ 0< -^ 2 o 04 CO OI S 11 § s n ?J § S CO OJ CI § o tr s in 01 Q "'* ^ r-l ^ -ia Hoi -i« 0» (M i-i -^ i" -H Hoi ^ S? Hoi o. S- -H -> -< TT -> -1 -' &^ c*f ■H* H» -k "tt -lot -lot in t^ • IT) tj< •<>• rl< TT ■v tr tr in tr 1 ^ in 01 Q •-I —1 (D rl (M OJ "^ Ol ^ ^ I— 1 *"* ^H *"* *"* '"' " ^ ^ "H- 0!h- Hoi ;A* o OI •»< tr vr tr tr o 93 ^ O OS t~ tr « — 1-1 (M CJ f-i -H Oi --< •-• OJ »-• -H C! rH OI •H i-t -H •-^ O t£ _. ^ ■^ -T n n ■» ■>r ■>>■ Tf PJ tj. TJt ■tr rr tr Q ? tr -r L3 H I.': CO Q ^ ^ n ^ _^ i* -lot c-i < iJ ^ f*t Ho -u nk- toH nt* ct(r Hot «fr "H- -lot -la g S g S W ^ i5^ S CO ■^ tjt ,p CO tr S tr Q -Id -1. CO f-1 ^ -M -k -» H» -l« H«i - Hoi Hoi Hot «|ai '•lot -^ OJ Hot " Hot Hot OI - 01 Hot t- O) ^ ■*r -!♦ -I« -ta -I* -1* .OH- H* S CO ■» •»" tr CO 1 ^ ?5 p -fat -l« (N H« Hoi nH- -|« - - ^ <— 1 CO 1— I 1^ - - Hot H+ - ;? - - -^ •^ T &i -1 e "1* Hei Hoi <*■ "h- 0*- -It k* s ■V ■V n n n ■<»• •» tr n tSi n tr tr tr CO g S ^_, Q r-l rt M CN .X OJ 0* m S) o» '"' rH OJ '^ •"• '~' OJ '"' OI '^ &: ■*■ -lot s?^ *■ -k H« "H- IT « TT CT s s CO ?1 If ■T n CO CO CO CO CO CO in c ^ (r< -1 (M *"* r- rH '"' "^ '"' OJ OI o< '"' " CO '^ C bD 2 § § § 85 S S " •>»< s ■* g^ ^ (—1 00 OJ S t^ 00 Ui OJ OJ o» OI - >n . o in 4) .3 _^ •^ S'i ■& ^ ■< o , & X o o s e & 6 6 C c d ^ c a. o O o e 6 £ fc^n S- o 0) c b 3 1 1 •c ■c ^ 3 ■a "C •c •c > a K 2 o 5 3 T3 c o 41 > 3 c o > c o 01 3 •a ■c 1 . . 03 '/J , 1 Si s is. • S ■ • BO • ll i •S S N £ ^ H c c J c c 1 C C e c > s Eh < C 1 o a. CS O >. a a s 'S > "^ (= o c c > s 2 ^ 3 < S 3 O blj H 3 o ■a a o i B > a a O •a 1 a o g S s 3 O o 1 o H q B 2 B O CJ c Q 1. CO x> c s M OJ o. a. a is 5 2 c '.c is >. a. IS D. 3 ic 2 .2" Q. 1 .£• a. •rl 1 cc n n »; OL au ou OS ■«; rjj OQ m (fj IK 7J tS ad to £ 40 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. I ^f^ o i CO s (N 1 00 1 Ha • •jiodoisyfcp imoi s OJ ^ 55 s s s S S g; S; 00 00 CO pH Tf -H ^ (N 00 o Ol t~ OS O OS o r- OS OS o • ■^ ■ r^ OO CD 05 I^ CO 00 O C» os to oo 00 —1 . ^ ■9" ^ ■ T ■«r ■"J- V rp ■«• ■V TP TP TP "T TP TJ. TP ^ ^ ■> (N 1 O Q -lo " 5? -> -^ ^ -Id ^ 51 TO .H -< Q) !N r^ -1 4 ^ ■*.■ A' -H -10. -1^ «t* -loi -Ml -k -k «*r u 5 t~ ■^ Of O TO r~ lO ^ I^ t~ 00 TP CO oo CD ■^ TT rt* ■^ ^ ■^ ij' Tp ^ ■v •fl' TP TP TP TP TP i in h T p ■^ 5 TO_ < Q -14 -loi -Iff -!♦ -fa -ia -k -la i-H (N e* 1— 1 -H rH (N rt — (M rt -H ■1 -H Q M ca ^ rt» H« ■*f Ha -la rtr i; OS ca P5 •^ a o TO CO ■* r!i ifi uo r- TO TP CD ^ S ■"J- •"T •# •«I> •f •

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II- 42 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. 5^ r4$ !^ o •sXsp IBJOX S S 5i 53 85 M 2SSiS^§lS53 i^ U5 o •pjBZIT OJ 1 CO e>o I • ::;co»oJJ-|-;- in CO 1 O DQ < w H ta 1 O W Q & ■«! f O OS 00 O Oi TJ« tT »0 TT SS^^^SSSoSto-^ CO 3 d ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^i-.^OOQ6 en o? p -i« -1* -1* -i« c> o 00 r^ 00 t^ ■* Tf> -» -q" -la «|ai H« -lot -Im -Im «!♦ OOOSQOl^COaiCOOOOiOlO 00 ■3" CO a -l« «*«■ -!» ^_ o 00 to t~ 1^ T)< •» rr •«• o 00 Q "'* i-t «(.# H* -!e« -)« H» «!« CO co_ ^ i? «3 CO CO Ift (N -1* «f* H« -< o o5 00 ^ ■.r CO w «t* nft- -k «♦* nk ■ otf -1* -la S 5! § § §^ 5 § § S § 5 o d i- ^ ;i- 5? s!r^«5!r:2ri"i*3". s anomoioi'-iot-vioot s; 1 & 3 London . . . ....do Liverpool.. ....do «> : o : _■ o : : : : cj cs > c3 o > • • : ; W H h5 W J U : : : ; i c C 1 12 > i Ship Margaret Evans Do.. Ship Ashburton Ship Cultivator is 0) 3 c a <§ Ship New World.... Ship Atlantic Ship Hendr'k Hudson Ship John R. Skiddy. Ship Isaac Webb ... 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'^ > •'& i n o •S P eS c3 o a; c- ts 1 > ■§ S o. c c BS H IZ ^ L c o. a, c > », a. S s j3 .a j= .2 .a £ .C J3 J3 j: JS QB DO r« W QQ [/ ! t/ 2 OL » a m ROUTES TO AND FEOM EUROPE. 47 •sXcp lElOX S J^ S S S S •5 t^ CO 00 3> e oinoot--»ooo P," 21.2 17.1 •pjBzi'r 0% irj 1 5f ■ oj J J J J J 1 'S' o «i Is < 3 w B s m m o O a Q tJ < -1+ «^ -!■*■ H* Oi ^ cj i-« ■^ iTi TT 10 lO »r5 -lfl« "1* -1* ^*t -id HM -let «!« -1* -la 00 c» OS OJ Q at i-i -la -let ^ 01 ^ ^ .-t f-H rH -la -Is. -Ic ^ TT &: § fg 0) QU O) 0> ■^ rr Tf »o ^ -1* -!■* "h- -I* -la nff nH- -1* OOOJOOt^t^OOOJOOOO in TO o> OJ Q -i« -i« -i« -I-* ^ .H « c« i* ^ i* ^ i=" ^ -la n —1 00 5? nt^. n(» «(♦ -IM -la cx) 00 r^ Qu OS cn TO -la -la nH- -|a -|« nk -|a -la •J 00 00 Q Ha -k ~l« -H ^ ^ Cn ^ -H pH -1* -la OH- -la - 3 — &: k (~ (X> 00 t^ CO f* X) oo to ■^ -^ ''T "^ Tf -^ 'tj* .^ nh. 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Ship New World .... Ship Henry Clay.... ShipE. Z Ship Patrick Henry.. i 5 XI c CS 48 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. o I O J ^ -H t- 1 •sXbp imox ^ § S? •pt d 01 ^ T-H -!« H* -)M Hs* •AioO i mojj sXeq OJ-HtMOINOJTOinojr-ltMO 53 ^' (N f -w -It. -w ; ■ ■ lot .01* [0. 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OC r OJ m in •"T I? in ■«»> ■* T ■«>■ •>r 5 •«■ ■"f t •<» CT 00 o ■^ TT e» ft Ha "W- H« Ha •*• ■=!» H-* «*f -k ntt -la CC CO' rl tH ■"• ^ rt CO '^ '^ CO If — —■ Ha •*>■ t* I- H « nk- nt. t*- -k «t* KH- -k nk _, - -<* CO — O! a> OJ — 1 OC/ a> —1 TT in CC in ■* ■O" in in T ■^ in ■* ■V •>r in in ■^ r If 00 o Tt ■*■ -1 * H« Ha -1 ."mT "niT -la -1 »~H i °' O) ft in m CO irt 01 CO (N ' o f-- -^ c •^ QC at — 1 IT- — s ^ at c ^ _, in CO ^ bL O) o> 0. > a ■3 j< j;< 1 1 ^ c c t c c c c c c c c c c c 1 ■= TZ s 6 ■a •0 "O X ■C3 "O •a "c ■c ■0 "C •z ■c w g !s * 2 o eu »* 1 _• _; *« s S c c e- § = c c .c c 1 i " c 4 1- a c 3 tt ►: •< 3 1^ ■ a J cc a BS CO n M J e V S' c XI > ca c •*. a, > |5 c o £ a ■ 1 . ??§S.^S§?S§S?i ootocoojocoo-jootoi-oininoj •^■^'5'coco'^cotOCT'^^co'rco •Siop IBIOX CO (N S Ol •nod oi •M cOi luo-y ^^^O P5 ?? (M!N(JJTO?!>*S'S*(Mrt-H COt— ti-f'^t.-t.^i-IC^i-HCOpHrHCOi-l o> f- ^ ew -;« -tot e^ -1* est* -1* -tot -tot tiN- -tot -I* -1* * -tot 1^ CO t~ Q -tot -i* en* nf* tT(* -!a -1* -tot -1* -tot • "*^ o)cocor-i(Sc>(rHOj(rr-■ nH- «l« --Is* "R- «U- -fat "loi «H- «)* -la -la -k -I* -la n»- wh- -tot •*ti<->j>co'co'*t3"tr' sf sr :? A- (N O! ^ "lai nt* "tot n(* "!« ^^nA*n^*^^^^o^r,-^ n Ol fS ^ •j<'-*mT)J"u5-o''n-^»o-^ ■0" o« ^ T)< lO uo-vo-v-^-^io-a'-'j'i' ^ in SI Q -1* nH- -k "tot -la nft- "tot "!■ 0> rt ^ ^ n r-i -i at ^ OJ (N -H -H -1 o« -H CO "^ '"' ^ aS-^* i- s s i* o c s 3? 5^ 5? f ar I" s o Oi Ki-n'in-^'aTtau^-^-v s ■^ Q f~ TO -la e^ -la -|a -la -la -tot -N (rjcoeocot~t^-^--i>nco nH- nH nH -k "la -la -k -tot osojiocoioweooo-Htroooooom m CO -^ S Tftor^oco— tco— toooooooc^c^ be C* I-* »-t p^ i-i f-« t- aj . ft i e 3 •-> • 1 M . • j< Ji ^ i o o • • • o • E-> >* •• C tH e ?H c >. . OO.OOOOOOOQ^O. ^ X •o'o-e-a-O'a'aTSTS'c a) ■ o « o a) to 0. Eh z : : so Z P5 !S H ^ 5 o ; ; ; Oc • i I 1 s s Eh o ; "3 : M a : c c d c c r d -g c o. : « 1 = c _ o o & c (B -2 D. _ s -^ ! O 1 •=! ^ § 5; -^ '. 1 s •« s s .^ ^ J : . J J : a 1^ a ^ U Ki iJ " : c CD ;> fl -, ♦J? . c 1 'c a. c a 3 SI j= •< C c f i ■c - C ii c c C • > : « : 2 <= £ S, = > E? c Q S ^ c 1 ■: = c es c £ "I r a ■c c 1 C t c c c c x A. a c •c c c E- 1 S 1 . _ C c c 1 1 s Cm o i 54 THE WIND AND CUREENT CHARTS. /^ o as O "to ^ 1 -|M ^5, -k -*. 1 -|3I 1 °° to , BXljp idox Ol Oi -^ n n n S ^ ts CO in CO -T M- 73 oj o m CO CO ■T -"T CO -r « CO CO 1 ^ s •JJOd OJ ^ * ~z -to I -to -to to co_ •MoOi UlOiJ sjCbq ' '. "^ rt — 01 -^ a* ^ - 01 r-l r-, (N ™ '^ '"' ^ -l« -u -k -lo. -to -k '^ -to „ -to -k -to t+r CD ■q" Cl O) OJ ? CO (3> Oi ■* ■*• r^ ■>r ■<»• •» TT ^ ^ CO -^ CO -^ -^ o ■* ■^ in ^ Q -k -Id H« -to -to «k -ia — — (N OJ -H (N (M (N (N (N (N CO (M — . ot oi &^ -^loi nH- «K- -^ t-*+ 1* to k -k to CO UJ o» — -^ TJ — . -. 01 CO a> — — (N (M 1 TJ. TT -"T •q. TT Tf -^ ■^ ^ TJ* T CO -^ ^ ^ -^ ■a< 5 d * (M ej (M (N ^ S-^T '^lei «to nh- -k -to "t* CO CO CO -^ -H (N CO 00 oJ 01 ^ H« Hot H-t (M rt « v*t -k -k n(T CO •^ (N ci ?i — OJ C*3 (N (N O CI TT CO _ m IN (?< "^ — TT rr ■<»< •* TT rr -^ ^ -^ ■«r to' co' in ■^ ^ 1 o C CO A' ^ - A* ^2? CO g? airt o(+ -k -k (M (N CO — (N to Of CO ^ 4' 1' ?? -to -to -to -to -k -to -i -^ (M ' . CO T T CO = f. 1J. TT TT ■* •>»' •*•>!' •>r ■ in P^ S f -4» _ •*>■ -k -to mH- -to -to ■* OJ •* — 00 ■<«• CO ? ? ?! (N TT 5" «s>' ^ T? ir ■* a &5 rr TT TT •» T • H Q H-t -l-t -lai *!»♦ -la -hi •*. -k -k OH- -to (N ir —. CO — CO (N 01 93 C9 CO CO ^ at rr CO Ci t~ 5! ^ in «= « n» in 01 ■o' CO (N in CO m tP TT -^ ■ -T •* -v ■* ■<»■ m o •* ■T 1 •^ i nH- -hsi tM -k "t* «**■ -k oH OH- -k in t~ — C5 CO CO (N — . (U •» CO (N OJ ^ f-< r- CO CO oi OJ o ^ nN- -l« -k -l« «H whf -to -to -to «H t~ t^ in o CO •1' -T (^ ■^ t^ (M CD CO in ^ "•g* Tj< in ■^ TP TT ir ■<(< T). -^ -a- TT -^ rr ■<)• in CO S 00 •fl" H" •*■ -k -k «H- -to -to -k in EH d in ST — (N CO •<• ro CO (H CT CO (N ro -^ (?» (N Oj' oi <1 ^ CO TT -^ (N ^ ^ •>»■ S ?'tococot^5?A*co OJ •<3' TT vn ■^ -"T U^ ■«■ TT T ■>»> f -"T -v ■* •n tj« -^ lo ^ ■■r ■«' CO OJ o) t~ r- in -^ m ^ Tt* «^ r* lO T ^ ^ TT lO -^ TT -^ o> S Tj" in d CO oo in i*5^ lO CO *0 CQ i^ t^ m S 2 0? in in 1 ° 1 "^ O bi S 55 S gj ^ 00 CO f- c OJ in W CO ■* rr i-i -^ 1-1 0* o« — c >. JS =3 3 fi Ill ■ £ > : 0, 5 C r Q, *3 C > 5 S > 'i3 a 3 !s - II < H a ►:! S tc V > 1 u A > SI o (U S CO c 11 .1 P ft* •£ Is C 1 c ■tS c 3 g c c c OJ CL d .'■ ° C ._ ci KJ c ^ cc ^ (B E- 5 tt ^ a C » (S < b: a. s 1 ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. 55 . ^ r^ 1 sXup imoj. C* *!• iM r- i- f?) r^ at 00 OS i^ to to 00 00 tr — in — 1 tr to CO in at n CO (J» Cl »• -^ -I- ■<). tr CO tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr tr d -ic ^ -k -I* -1* -la -b -la -k «tf -la -k -k -k OJ OS O) -H n o» — — . rt tr (M rt e» ©) — ■a- (N (?1 — Ol CO CO oJ r^ ^ -1* ~, Ha ._ __ t»r _,, -k nk -tat -la -la nH- -k e^H- -tat «H- -ta 1 o CO n n »• ■>)• TJt T CO T tr tr tr tr tr tr -r tr tr tr tr ?0 tr - -1. -k -k "It -tai -la -ta -tat -tat Ml* -k -k "w 1 ^ 1 '^ S oi at (N CO to at at at -H LO rH m -H -^ CO -1 tr 1 ^ 1 *•' w S ^ -i» -1* 12 ;2 -Ja €*«• eitf -k« -k lA lO — tO :^ s? ?? ^ ^ in (^ -la -k -la -k -1 tr 00 r~ r~ CO -tat -tat -la c*f 1 O CO Ol ■* 05 1 . o u 5:1 TJ* Tjt ^ TT -v ■ in in tr Tf '^ £- to s tr - tr o nH- gj- "h (D (M ^ ST -tat eoH- -la -!a -k CO in CO oi (TJ (N ^ 2r i- CO sr o, « OJ ■* OJ t^ ^ G s -k -la -k -la -k 00 d in t~ to to OJ o r- ^n to r» -f -toi t~ t^ to cc S" CO i * to tcs hJ ^ •^ tjt •V o tj. tr ir ^ tr tr T ■V tr m m tr TT ^ tr tc oc tr •^ d -1* "t* -k -tat -tat -la OH- -k -la -la e^ -k -la -1 ' Ol 1 ^ — CO ■'■' ^ „ „ O) CO CO CO CO rt CO -H — — r^ ;:* Ol Ol oi 1 -<' e^ -k -k t*f -k -i» «=(«■ OH- ein wH- wH- -k w(T -1 t CO _, 00 05 o= CO C^ t- UO 00 t^ t^ to 00 XI OJ lo in lO -T in — ■* in ■* tj. •«• ■* 33 5 ■•r tr tn ■^ tr in in tj TT '^r T to en s tr tr Q rt* eo 0) -k -k -^ (N 3' tr in in •^ tr ? m t^ tj tr m tr tr tr tc g 00 Q -l-t . -! » -k nk- -k -k -k -k -tat -k esk t^ '^t -k H« » 1 o to OJ o» oi (M (N -H rt at — at " at ai — OJ CO rt .^ tr - 1 5J ■^ ^ ■it- -1* 00 o -1+ -la -tat -k -k -i '*t -k ^ ^ -tat ok ok -la ol- f o to o O 00 00 (^ 3 " t^ 00 ff 1^ 00 00 c ' CO tr ir r^ tc lO CO • lo 1 '" tr (M — CO 00 to 00 to iTi ai tc o o — tini-tootoostrr--^ o ^ (N OJ OJ (N " CO at ■-1 OJ OJ -- • 2 3 0*0 5 CD 3 « lo < i M • Jf • j< • M M 1 M k ^ O c ;S il • <5 1 c . o c !^ * 2 '^ 'o c c b to 6 c o ^ = \r « 6 c ■ff -a * ^ "a tJ & •c ■c -c "C •o -a •C 1! ► S & » fe ■= ■'3 n 03 c o « o « c c C-i » : IS ^5 n a c : « !?; a ;s PC U o . e^ ; • 1 ^' • . : a • • 3 • O B |1 = 2 £--i S £ a c c c 1- '^ c « : I g is c c 13 n O c c > t» ti a •a c "a 0) -^ & ■£ a c " O) 'C •H o' = •a t: " .5: c > t •- 1^ : 1-3 Z C >^ r^ 01 s •< ^ ■^ 3 < - a tc 01 o V 1 a i> C a i 2 ^ 1 t a a •o ■c 1 c c 5 c E IS i ^ 11 .S o » in 't c PC 1 c e "5 C 1 > ■< J < C & c 1- c > £ 03 C c i . i i 5 c c c £ c ' a 2 tt c s 2 c c " 1 c c s -c ^4 ■.#• 56 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. t^ '^ ^<1 ^ * 1 - 1 o 1 •sXbP IBIOJ, S S ?? §5 § B ?3 S S S 1 a-: 1 r- 1 1 o* 1 S •jiod oj H-* «!♦«(♦ «|ot ^!oi nH- «*«■ 1 ^ 1 _ •M oOi ^01} eXva ' 1 -^ f H« -k -Iti Ha -l« c»» -!♦ BM- 1 CO 1 a 0^0050003000 1 ■ o ■^"9<'''noP5— i(M(N(r}C> 1 fe ■"T'T-^Tr'r'fl'-'rTr-^'q ' § ^' b, d -I* "H- H'f -1* -1* "M " ♦ "■ t- O 2 ©Ir^^Ol^rtMrt-TlT 1 _ 'i ^ -let «ff H* -la -l« «!♦ -1* p>! 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S- « Si* - c4* i* i" ;: ^ a o> a s &^ -k -tet «H- -la» -ht -U «4«- -k H ot ir ■o toirstroctiCTiocoM- H Js trti<-i'--q"Tr-fl<-fl ■ 5' 33 ■* d e^r HtJt Ha Hot -l«t "t* Hot - , c t^ ev •^ • &= c+f «H- -M Hot ~ ^_^ w aor5iraoi~(Nt-CT«- ^^^^^^^^^^ T) CO 09 o T T o ■5Wrt^5■ eJ ^ Qoaoaoo*(N?3ooCTeo- t- _^ ^^•(jtTr^Tjitit'^'i'rj u- ■<)> Q lO rt t3 d -lot -k Hot -k H« r-t)0) H ^ f It Oi -^ ^ ^ !§ d -lot c*«- -k -k Hot -k - ll i^ 00 « -i e^ Hoi Hot nk -lot -lot -k -lot -k osos-^to^toojffototr; •'9'T o: lO h 5 i d nN- nK- tok «H- c^ -lot -lot -k .-1 (N-HirarH» ■ ,c *j 1 '5 05 i ji I 1 bt ^ c c c c c c c ^■a-oTS'a'a'C'O'a'c iS : O • a< J 1 0) • 1 s o o Q. t o O - o o b ^ •§ ^ "g & S S ^ 5 ^ •^ O J Z M J ~ cc m > e 1 ) o 1 es 1 'c 1 c c C M (. 1 2 c c t z a 1 C C c eg 1 o i -^ ROUTES TO AND FEOM EUROPE. 57 o CO ( sXbp IBIOX ?5 S§ S E€ CO CO CO coo3oaico;ntDaotoi'0>(Maocpco cocoo(r)iJico-T}<-g<-*Teo-*-*-*'r-*- lO rt f-< — '-' r1 ^ "1^ H* -k -k Ha nft- -la Ha Ha -k H« «H- co — coeoCTmoooieoo^Tfeoeoco CO l~ 1 S Tf -T ■* •* TT ■»" TT ^ « » S* US (N J4* •* CO O «■ oi ^ 5f # ^ CO nH- «tr -10. nh- -k -k -la H-t «(♦ "h- -la nh- nk -tot «+▼ -k CO — T).-*-.t-^o — too-^r-^co-* 00 in < Pn Tj. ■*■<)• ■"r -J. T). Tj< ^ I* (6 Q -M -In -U •«r ^3 i-H CO -k «** o» « -^ -(N(N;i*cfvTt.2'Sr(N«-*-5? ^ rt, -h» on- ^ -* S? o> !S in If^ ^ *«« >0 ■* T). !? § d — (M ■nc)Vi"oTr'soooPoeocoinco?-°"co«5in"t^Ti<-^X(r) r- 5" 00 -- t~ CO -H eip-io<,H^co — co — e<« ^ "^ ■- ^ ;5 •- 4 -^ ■c s s; g '>3 f^ ^j «! oa h3 a hJ ■J H^ >- •s ; » H : > o « ■ c -1 il »^ '11 c c 2 Of 1 1 i a 1/ D • o < H- ;z; ff 2 t i S" " : n p 4 *< i P ' 5 b. i ^ < e ) a i ' VOL. II- 58 THE WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS. CO O 5§ i •sXup [BJOX •jiod oj GO ?-^ O O 00 cn CO rr M ^■^innotnatoin'^nainn^ oST « of C3 01 d>* Ui r-i i-i 1-1 n 1" $ $ S t S o 5? ^ «» o TT 5? • (N A* - in TO — O CO «t* "k -(♦ -k «l* -I o o oi 53 ^ (N — ^ ^ CO ^ ^ ^ CO ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -le. -!♦ n(» .♦«• «*♦ -• "h- -U CTCO-HCOi-ie3i-ipHOJ(N(N"CO CO r- CO -I* -R rt* -|« O rt O — 1 g (J» to -. — Ol O* OOtOlOCOCO'» i-c (N OJ •»< !S ^ •^ t^ O r^ 00 (^ ^ CO ^^ir^-^j.^r^^^TT 2? 00>^-HeO©|i-i<-lr-. i-i c« ro t^ r-* ©t t- ^ c« r- s? 5" 0» U5 00 t~ <0 O ^ lO ■o ^ -o >« o, „ _> C J£ ^> O .- ra o i-i K^ ^ fe „= M g H 5 2 ° o ■? o J2 o a eu, ROUTES TO AND FROM EUROPE. 59 CO Ol •B^ep jmox cooooj-^r^QQOotooo TO C 5 = ^ 5^' ??■ jiod 0} nt« »loi - a -lo TO TO r-T r-,(N — TO TO ■* 1 " to' ^ Ho OH- o^r oH- -1 o ^ ^ rr - — -< s t 1 '^. - 5Tr«-<5'-<}< ■^ -^r Tl< 1 CI ifS •V ■* CO 1 n (^ Q Ho '^ :o -lo (n -^ -T !» at i. ^ -H CO ^ n a u 1 TC' oi &^ OH- o H- - O T}< t- 3 C TrfCT-^TPrJiTr-^r-q" TT 'J' T !• — ' ■cr CO «n ■f n(» Ho Ho o ^^■^OJ^MWTfOI ^ -H ? 5 (M oi H* H« - o o ofr Ho o(T Ho (N in «■<»■- « •«< ei cj « CO e» ■* TO r 5 Ss ■"••^Tf-V-O.-V'WTf.rr •"J" TT <; 5 i 1 1 5l CO b. Q H* H* Ho O Tt ^ rp T ^ - 1 TO -M (N rt ^ ■1 OJ ■^ P= «(^ H* "1* — io iracccjjr-oicoiovrt -lo f "^ co_ <: ^S^csr-'fli'"?'-")'-*-* ^ Tf ■< 3 lO CO O) d Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho -*» - to ca oj^pj^rtco — roeo OJ TO - 1 01 Ol a S ^ Ho Ho oW- OH- o O) CDJU3DOC)C0r-0)'>» CD o c; 5 w •^•*TOir5-*->»<- (N 3 en •>»'OTOlO'>»<'fl>K3lO->»' •* lO •'I r f-' a> CO o r< ■V O ■^ Ol TO S4 O Q ;? ^* ?? CO 5P 5 "(NO I CO 1-1 S" p J TO* oi ^ ■vwTOO-vSSin'* HO 2r ^ oj w k "T ■^ Q CO Ol d 5/ojojeD!Mn(NcoTr - o - oi § fc CO* eo S" r? ■'T - oH- ol OJ Ho n r-_ roiO'^ in lO If oJ o hJ 8 •* o O ~ TO~~ CO Q Hot H^ Ho Ho o( ♦ 1-4 ra (M ■* « o« •*•<»' T 0» oJ ^ n^*- «^ - ♦ -lo OH- - o 00 r* ej 0 lO -^l 5 in Q H« nt<- p-lo -lo Ho - TO TT -^at'ieinnnoi in o - (M* oi ^ -lo Ho -lo Ho o( * •V o> 5:!S?SSSSfiJSS O ^u3nTr^u3"jwj^' o in in OJ Q -1* "H- mH- - o -lo H-t __ oH- Ho - CO — . coi-i-«i'eo in r- m ••» vn o in CO in . «lo »- « Ho -lo -to oH- -1* " tj- m "■ ^ TT -^ ■* TO CO in ■ : : :' Ss P 1 • i f = c e c c hi d e e c : i e fc •« t: •a -o ■& ^ -a "O ■a •« t: « c V 03 ?; X e u • • o " PLC ; • 1 : -* £ ^ ^ • • S o - o « o o Box o o Oct £ S- c 6 6 6 2 & c ; * a g £ iJ H^ W % I ' ■c ■c ■a % I ^ B ;3 : : • H ■« c Z i o U) £ ^ ■S s .o a 1 3 = 1 1 CS i s S 1 0) a a a " J3 Xi o rt ■c cs > i M cd o a